* UMASS/AMHERST • 312066 0333 2714 1 ^*RSt UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS LIBRARY nDDnaDnnannDaaaDDDnDDnDnDDDDDDDD D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D n D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D nDDDnnDnDanaDnnnDnDDDannDnnanDDn 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Contents of this Number. Amateurs 10 Bees in Clamps 14, 15 Bees in Court 18, 21 Bee-keepers, Amateur 10 Black Brood in New York 18 Clamps, Hutchinson's H, 15 Clover, Sweet 9 Exposition, Buffalo .• 17 Giraud Pabou 11. 12 Honey v. Sugar as Food 8, 9 Honey, Candied, Fowls on 12 Honey, To Sell 9 Legislation for Bee-keepers 9 PropoHsin 9 Queen-rearing in France 11 Secor's Report of N. B. K. A 17 Snakes and Bees 10 Stings as a Remedy 8 Utter V. Utter 18 21 Wintering. Doolittle on 15 Honey Coiumn. Faxcy. — All -ecti ms to be well filled, combs straight, flrmly attached to all four sides, the combs unsoiled by travel stain, ■or otherwise; all the cells sealed except an occasional cell, ■the outside surface of the wood well scraped of pi-opolls. A No. 1.— AH sections well filled e.xcept the row of cells next to the wood; combs straight; one-eii^hth jiart of comb surface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soiled; the outside sur- face of the wood well scraped of propolis. No. 1.— All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs comparatively even ; one-eighth part of comb surface soiled; or the entire surface slightly soiled. No. 2.— Three-fourths of the total surface must be filled and sealed. No. 3.— Must weigh at least half as much as a full weight section. In addition to this the honey is to be classified according to color, using the terms while, anibei, and dark; that is, there will be " fancy white." " No. 1 dark," etc. CITY MARKETS. Albany. — Honey market not so brisk as it was. We don't change quotations, but to move any amount we would have to shsde our quotations. Extracted very dull, and prices are asking prices at present. White comb. 17; No. 1, 16; No. 2, 15; mixed, 13@14; buckwheat, 13(0)13^. Extracted, white, 8@854; mixed, '^@1Vi\ buckwheat, 6. MacDougal & Co., Successors to Chas. McCulloch & Co., Dec. 19. Albany, N. Y. New York.— There is a good and steady demand for all grades of comb honey; but very little is coming into this market. If producers have any on hand, we advise marketing it at once. We quote: Fancy white comb, 15(ait); No. 1, 14; No. 2 12@13; buckwheat, 11® 12. Beeswax, firm and in good demand at 28. No large demand for buckwheat extracted as yet. ,Some sales are being made at 5^. Francis H. I,eggett & Co., Franklin, West Broadway, and Varick Sts., Dec. 17. New York City. Detroit.— Fancy white comb, 15@16; No. 1, 13@14; dark and amber, 10@12. Extracted white, 7J^@8 ; dark and amber, 6@7. Beeswax, 26@28. Dec. 22. M. H. Hunt & Son, Bell Branch, Mich. New York —Our market for comb honey is firm, with shipments coming in less frequent; demand is not what we can call good, but fair, and equal to the stock that is here and that is arriving. We quote : Fancy white, 17@18; A No. 1 1.5(ffl6; No 1, 14® 15- No 2, 12@13; fancy buckwheat, 11®,12; No. 1, 10(241; No. 2," 9@10. Extracted, white, 8@8^; light amber, 7@7i/^; buckwheat, 5^@6^. Beeswax, demand limited, 27@ 28. Chas. Israel & Bros. Dec. 18. 486-8 Canal St., New York City. Cincinnati.— The market for comb honey here is becoming a little bare, although higher prices are not obtainable. Fancy white comb sells for 16, lower grades do not want lo sell at all. Extracted is selling slow, amber sells for 554 and higher; fancy white clo- ver brings 8@8^. Beeswax, 28. C. H. W. Weber Dec. 26. Chicago. — The honey market is dull. Extracted is lower; also amber coml), with fancy white steady, there being very little of the latter offered. Beeswax, 28. R. A. Burnett & Co., Dec. 18. 163 South Water St., Chicago, 111. Boston. — We quote our market as follows : Fancy No. 1 white in cartons 17; A No. 1, 16; No. 1, 15(5 16, with a fairly good demand. Absolutely no call for dark honey this year. Extracted, white, 7J4@8; light amber, 7@7^. Beeswax, 27. Blake, Scott & I,ee, Dec. 18. 31, 33 Commercial St., Boston, Mass. San Fr.'^.ncisco. -Fancy comb. 14; A No. 1, 13; No. 1, 1254; No. 2, 1054: No. 3, iy.. Extracted, lightamber, 5-gallon tins, 2 tins to case, 6>4; white, 1%. Dec. 21. Guggenhime & Co. New York. — Good demand continues for all grades of comb honey. We quote fancy white, ]5(8).16 ; No. 1 white, 14; No.' 2 white, r2ra)13; ainber, 12; buckwheat, 10(ffill. Extracted in fairly good demand at 7%(wH for white, and 7 for amber; off grades and southern, in barrels, at 65(5)75 per gallon, according to quality. Not much demand for extracted buckwheat as j et. Some little selling at 554@6. Beeswax firm at 28. HiLDKETH & SeGELKEN, Dec. 22. 120, 122 West Broadway, New York. Wanted. — Comb and extracted honey. State price kind, and quantity. R. A. Burnett & Co., 163 South Water St., Chicago, II;. For Sale.— 20,000 lbs. extracted honey from alfalfa and light amber from Rocky Mountain bee-plant. Two cans, 120 lbs. net, S8 40; also 5 and 10 lb. pails. In ordering state if you want white or amber. M. P. Rhoads, Las Animas, Col. For Sale.— Extracted alfalfa honey, 954c per lb.; light amber extracted, 854c : in cans. Sample, 5c. I. J. Stringham, 105 Park Place, New York. For Sale.— White alfalfa honey at 18.50 per case of ten gallons, weighing 122 pounds net. Buyer to pay freight charges. H. L. Weems, Lemoore, Cal, For Sale.— Choice alfalfa honey. Two cans, 120 lbs. net, whitest, $9 00 ; tinted, partly from other bloom, $8.40. Al.so small cans. The .\rkan.=)as Valley Apiaries, Oliver Foster, Prop., Las Animas, Btnt Co., Colo. For Sale. — Buckwheat extracted honey, in large or small quantities. Write for prices. C. B. Howard, Romulus, N. Y. For Sale.— Extracted honey from alfalfa ; 60 lb. cans at 7 cts., and smaller cans. D. S. Jenkins, Las Animas, Colo. About Bees. revised edition. How to get QILT-EDGEO HONEY Send '2c stamp to THE A. I. ROOT CO., Medina, Ohio, or F. Danzenbaker, Box 66, Wa,shiugton, D. C. A Honey Market. Don't think that your crop is too large or too small to interest us. We have bought and sold five carloads already this season, and want more. We pay spot cash Address, giving quantity, quality, and i>Tice. Thos. C. Stanley & 5on. Fairfield, III. CHAS. ISRAEL & BROS., 486, 488, 490 Canal St., Corner Watt Street, N. Y. HONEY & BEESWAX. Liberal Advances made on Consignments. Wholesale Dealers and Commission Merchants. Established 1875. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jan 1 Grand Clubbing Offers, ^ Magazines and Post Fountain Pen «^ to the amount of $9.00 for $5.00. Gleanings in Bee Culture |i oo "^ All ^f fVificp» cf^nt i-n Review of Reviews (new) 250 | ^^^^ ^^ LllCbC bCUL LU li^^?ev:;:z::zv;;;::z::z:v:z^^ i ^ ^ one or separate ad- pos[^ntaini^n;;:;:;::::;;:::::::v:;::::::::::::::::::::::: I °o j dresses one year for ^ $5.00 READ EVERYTHING ON THIS PAGE. ^ Here are a few Sample Combinations. SAMPLE COMBINATIONS. Regular Price. Our Price Gleanings, Review of Reviews (new), McClure's, and Success I5 50 $3 50 " " " " and Cosmopolitan 5 50 3 50 " " " Pearson's, and Cosmopolitan 5 50 3 25 " Success, McClure's, and Cosmopolitan 4 00 2 75 " " Pearson's, and McClure's 4 00 2 75 " " Cosmopolitan, and Pearson's 400 250 " " and Cosmopolitan 3 00 2 00 " " and Pearson's 3 00 2 00 " " and McClure's 300 2 25 '■ " and Munsey's 3 00 2 25 " and Success 2 00 i 50 " and Cosmopolitan 2 00 1 50 " and Pearson's 2 00 i 50 " and Woman's Home Companion 2 00 i 50 Other Combinations can be made from the Table Below. Every order tnust include Gleanings. No. I. * 25 cents. No. 2.* 50 cents. No. 3 * 75 cents. No. 4 Am. Poultry Advo. Poultry Keeper. Rel. Poultry Jour. Poultry Monthly. Am. Poultry Jour. Farm Poultry Farm and Home. Farm & P'ireside. Ag. Epitomist. Prairie Farmer. Success. Woman's Home Companion. Ohio Farmer. Mich. " Practica " Kansas " Indiana " Cosmopolitan Pearson's Munsey's. McClure's. Rural N. -Yorker Nat'l Stockman and Farmer |i.oo. Am. Gardening. Christian Herald Post Pen. No. 5 $1.25. Rev. of Reviews. Country Gentle- man. Youths Compa'u Orders Jor these three must be for new subscribers. No. 6. =* $1.50. Pacific Rural Press. Country Gentle- man (renewal). ♦These prices are not the publishers' prices for these papers, but they are our special reduced prices when taken in connection with Gleanings. In many cases they are just one-half the regular rate. How to get the Price for any or all of the Papers Named Above. 1. Gleaning-s in Bee Culture, one year, $1.00. 2. If you want only one additional paper, add the price found in the top of the column in which that paper appears. For instance: Gleanings, and Success (2d col.) will cost you $1.50. 3. If 3'ou want several papers in addition to Gleaning-s, each one may be had at the price named at the top of the column. For instance: Gleanings, Success (2nd col.) and Rural New-Yorker (3rd col.), will cost you $2.25. 4. You may select as many papers from each column as j-ou wush. 5. Every order sent us must include Gleanings. CONDITIONS.— Offers subject to withdrawal Dec. 31, 1900. Subscriptions to the Review of Reviews, Youth's Companion, and Country Gentleman must be strictly new. New subscriptions sent for Success, Youth's Companion, or Gleanings will receive the balance of this year free. Neither the Review of Reviews or Post Fountain Pen will be sent in any combination amounting to less than $2.50. CHRISTMAS PRESENTS. — We will send all papers or pen to one or separate ad- dresses as desired. In this way you can easily make desirable Christmas Presents. THE A. I. ROOT CO., Medina, Ohio. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 5 Special Notice! I Last winter's cut of basswood is the whitest it g has been for many seasons. We are now mak- 0 ing sections out of this new stock, and therefore S are in a position to furnish you with the very § 8 finest quality in the market 0 I Lewis' - White - Polished ■ Sections - are - Perfect | S in;workmanship and color. § i9 Orders shipped immediately upon receipt. Five different styles of 0 X Bee-hives. A complete line of every thing needed in the apiary. § g Lewis Foundation-fastener, simplest and best machine for the g purpose. Price, $i.oo, without lamp. Send for our catalog. 0 Q. B. Lewis Co., Watertown, Wis, U.S.A. | BRANCHES. • AGENCIES. 0 G. B. Lewis Co., 19 So. Alabama St., I,. C. Woodman, : Grand Rapids, Michigan. 8 Indianapolis, Indiana. Fred Foulger & Sons, : ; : Ogden, Utah. ^ G. B. Lewis Co., .515 1st Avenue, N E., E. T. Abbott, : : : : St. Joseph, Missouri. 0 Minneapoli-!, Minnesota. Special vSouthwestern Agent. 'z Biggest, Brightest, Best— Tlie Oliio Farmer. —Only 60 Cts. a Year.=Clevelan(l, 0,=A 20-page Weekly.— There is no other weekly farm paper published that has as large an actual list of paid-in - advance subscribers as THE OHIO FARMER has. Farmers read it and pay for it because it is clean, reliable, practical, and progressive. It is a 20-page weekly (often 24 pages) with the largest^staff of editors and correspondents (all farmers) of any farm paper published ; liber- ally illustrated every issue. Our subscription price is only 60 cents a year (52 copies), making it the cheapest, as well as the best, in America. We furnish free sample copies on request, also our illustrated premium list of useful articles, which we furnish at wholesale prices, or give free for clubs of subscribers. Send for these and clubbing rates with other papers, all at cost price. ^miiMMiiid^iMiJJ4^M£ For only $1.10 we will send The Ohio Farmer and Glean- % ^ )i Ciiir i* i* ^ i^^s in Bee Culture both one full year. Gleanings in Bee ^ Q '1 r\(( f i Culture costs you §1.00, and you can get The Ohio Farmer 5 OpcCml V-^IIcr . ^ ^^g year by adding 10 cents. Subscriptions may be either new or ^WMWMWAWWWVWW*'^ renewal. Send all orders to THE OHIO FARMER, - - - CLEVELAND, OHIO. In writing advertisers please mention Gleanings. 2.H9.U 6 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jan 1 dllllMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIII^ I Wm. A. Selser, Honey Expert, I I Office of the A. \. Root Company. I 1 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa. | TilllilllllllllllilllllllillllMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIillllllllllllllllMIMIIIIIIIIIIillPIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIItlMlllllin BEST WHITE HFALFA HONEY IN 60-POUND CANS. We have a quantity of the finest white al- falfa honey in 60-pound cans at these prices : Sample by mail 8 cts. ; two 60-pound cans, boxed, at 9 cts. a pound ; 4 or more 60-pound cans, at S}4 cts., f. o. b., Chicago. Cash must accompany each order. Remember, we are HEADQUARTERS IN CHICAGO FOR BEE-SUPPLIES. We carry a full line of the best goods for bee-keepers, and would like to serve you. Give us a trial. THE AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL we issue every week. You should have it. A sample will be mailed free, and also our bee- supply catalog. Ask for them. Address GEO. W. YORK & CO., 118 Michigan St. CHICAGO, ILL. Bee Supplies. Root's Goods — at — Roofs Prices. My stock IS complete. My prices are right. Send for catalog, mailed free. 5EEDS. I make a specialty of FIELD and GARDEN SEEDS. Send for my IL- LUSTRATED CATALOG. My seeds are true and reliable, all tested by me personally. G. H. W. WEBER, CINCINNATI, 0. 2146 CENTRAL AVENUE. f^ J/^FS. One-pound square, $5,00 a gross ; with labels, $5 60 a gross. Cartons & Shipping-cases for all sizes of sections. Our cartons are of a superior qual- ity of cardboard, but cost no more than others. Sample free. Untested Italian queens, 60c. Tested, $1.00. Catalog free. I. J. Stringham, 105 Park Place, N. Y. Maries at cien coveTErr • DELVOTELD •andHoNE.Y--; *MD HOME, Ubhshedy tkeH iI^ooI" Co. PERVtAR'"^@ Medina-Ohio- Vol. XXIX. JAN. I, 1901. No. I. H. G. QuiRiisr thinks the loss of young queens results in many cases from the lack of young brood in the hives. — Ai)ier. Bee-keeper. " Air he is not dependent upon his bees for his living. Then when said apiary is turned over entirely to other parties for management, and the owner goes off after greenhouses and gar- dening, of course he is an amateur bee-keep- er. And what has amateur A. I. Root given to the fraternity ? He gave us the pound sec- tion and the dollar queen. He has given us Gleanings in Bee Culture and the "ABC of Bee Culture," the most popular up-to-date text-book, and the largest supply-manufactory in the world, where new things too numerous to mention are being tested and introduced, and bee-keepers are handling the industry with less manual labor than in former days. Prof. A. J. Cook is another amateur, and has given us an excellent manual, and contin- ues to give us good things from time to time in the journals. George W. York, of the American Bee Jour- nal, is another very useful amateur, and fol- lows weekly in the steps of Samuel Wagner, its founder, and an amateur. In the same c jnnection we place Thomas G. Newman, ed- itor, author, and stanch defender of the rights of bee-keepers, and an amateur. Arthur C. Miller, who gave us the hot-plate foundation-fastener, is an amateur, and may possibly soon give us another useful machin>. . When I once met Mr. Danzenbaker he was an amateur bee-keeper. He will possibly now claim to be a professional, but I am sure he invented his hive while an amateur. Crossing the ocean again, we find J. Meh- ring, a German, the first inventor of comb foundation. He was an amateur. In England we find many amateurs, among them Cheshire, who gave us a fine work upon scientific and practical bee-keeping ; and Mr. Thomas W. Cowan, editor of the British Bee Journal, and author of a very correct and comprehensive work on bees, also inventor of the Cowan hjney-extractor. ]'K)1 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 11 There are probahly nnny oth- er useful amateurs ; but from the foregoing the amateur bee-kefp- er shows up well for usefulness. May he continue to bless the frateriiitv. —• -•— QUEEN-REARING IN FRANCE. Following American Methods ; 314 Queens from One Hive; How it was Done. BY GIRAUD-PABOU. I began bee culture in 1889. In 1892 I adopted the Dadant hive, a hive with frames 11)^X 16>^, 12 frames in a hive. In 1893 I harvested an average of 66 lbs. per colony. One hive gave us a crop of 143 lbs. It was then that I began to see the ad- vantage of selecting breeders for queen-rearing. We subscribed to the Revue hiteruatiotiale, of Bertrand, bought the " Hive and Honey-bee, "and also subscribed for the British Bee Journal, which one of my sons was able to read. We finally dropped this paper to take Gleanings, and it was in the last-named magazine that we found our new method of queen-rearing, taken from different writers. FIG. 2. — DOOLITTLE CELL-BUILDING ; LATER ATTEMPTS. FIG. 1. — DOOLITTLE CELL-BUILDING; FIBST ATTEMPT. The past spring we tested sev- eral colonies to ascertain which one vvas most likely to raise a great number of queen-cells. The colony selected was placed in a hive holding 18 large frames, and divided in two by a partition of perforated zinc 10 keep the queen out of the compartment in which the fjueen cells were to be reared. The cells were made of artifi- cial cups by the Doolittle meth- od, with larvae 24 hours old, ami each provided with a little royal jelly, as we had noticed that they were less readily ac- cepted when they were not pro- vided with any jelly. The queen - rearing compartment was divided as follows: Against the perforr.ted zinc, one comb of brood, next to this the frame upon which are fastened the sla's bearing the cell-cups, as in ti:e cut sent first, eighteen or twenty cells in two rows ; next to this another comb of brood, then another frame bearing on five slals the cell cups taken from frame No. 2 as fast as they are sealed, each slat being numbered to take the cells in regular order. See photos sent \Aith this letter. The fifth frame is again brood, and the others 12 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jan 1 are pollen and honey. The brood is re- newed from time to time with brood taken from the same queen on the other side of the perforated partition. So this hive makes a continual hatching of queens possible, while it keeps up a hive full of bees, since it has a good queen laying. As soon as the cells are ready to hatch they are placed in cell-protect- tors and given to nuclei. Our nuclei are made to contain ten half frames such as are describ- ed in the " Hive and Honey-bee " (page 267, American edition) by Mr. Dadant, who used them himself when he reared queens for sale. We find them better than the same surface in large frames, and they can be joined together when the nuclei are either destroyed or en- larged. CANDIED VS. BOTTLED LIQUID HONEY. Figuring up the Profits on Bottled Honey; Answer to Mr. Aikin. BY CHAI^ON FOWLS. And now remember, Mr. Aikin, Nae kind of license out I'm takiu' ; Frae this time forth I do declare I'se ne'er ride horse nor hissie niair. — Robert Burns. As suggested by the editor I will now " pay my respects to the Ridgepole (F)ow]." It seems the sage of the Ridgepole must have been Aikin for a fight or he would not have started out gunning after Ohio poultry. He " puts up a good game too" as defense, but he GIR.\UD-PABOU AND WIFE READING GI^EANINGS. In this manner one single hive reared and brought to the hatching-point 314 queens, all from this single selected queen, during the season of 1900. Our first trials in this line were made in 1897, but we did not fully suc- ceed until the summer of 1899. This year the result was superb. We have about 100 colo- nies, and make our own foundation, as we are unable to find any thing but adulterated goods on this side of the ocean. [The above was translated by C. P. Dadant, who says Mr. Giraud-Pabou has three sons with him, the youngest of whom is 16. They are in the mercantile business at Landreau, and their specialty in the bee business is queen- rearing. \ The person holding the frames of completed queen-cells is a son of Mr. Pabou, and proba- bly the one who achieved such remarkable re- sults in queen-rearing. Even a Doolittle or a Pridgen might be proud of that batch of cells shown in Fig. 2. — Ed.] should have noticed that in my article on page 304 I disclaimed any intention of attacking his methods of marketing in Colorado. I suppose in the " wild and woolly West " they have such great crops that, with the sparse population, there is a perpetual glut in the honey market, and no doubt 6 cts. a pound, or the price of sugar, is all it will bring ; but the case is different down here. People are willing to pay something for flavor. Now, Bro. Aikin, you may be safe clear up on the top round of the apiarian ladder with that owl so close ; but he is an old enemy of the fowl tribe, and I have mounted up high enough to get a squint at him, but I shall urge my numerous family to get after you both. You say he's peaceable; but I'm too old a Fowl to be fooled like that. I can see through his thin disguise, and I'm going for him with my gun and a brinistoiie-pot, for he's a Miller, and I always tell my friends to beware of those. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 13 Now, I've no quarrel with you for selling candied alfalfa honey at whatever price you can in Colorado ; but just wait till I catch Dr. Miller. He talked about selling candied hon- ey in Ohio. Editor York said he ought to keep his fingers out of the pie, and I am afraid for our pie, for he looks as though he might have a bad mouth for it. Now, Bro. Aikin, no doubt I am but a bun- gler in the use of language, and that is proba- bly the reason I did not make myself under- stood in my article on page 304, and I want to make it plain now that I do not now and never did intend to criticise your methods of mar- keting in Colorado ; and the opinion express- ed by the New York man you mentioned is his sentiments and not mine. But when it comes to applying your methods, that are per- fectly proper in your section, where the sup- ply always exceeds the demand, to our sec- tion, where the demand exceeds the supply, then I protest that such a policy would not help us, but would be a real damage to our market. And now that we are discussing the subject I want to call attention to some mis- conceptions in your article. I did not say that your alfalfa honey would bring 25 cts. a pound in Oberlin, but I did call attention to the fact that Mr. Selser's fine bottled honey was selling for that ; but that was clover, if I am correct, and I do not think that alfalfa honey would sell here or anywhere in this section at the highest price ; and in saying this I mean no reflection on the qual- ity of alfalfa honey, but just this : While alfalfa honey would bring the highest price in your market, clover and basswood would sell higher here, as the people are accustomed to the fla- vor, and regard with suspicion any thing different ; so you see I could not buy your honey, for it would not do for my trade at all. I tried alfalfa honey of the best quality years ago, and know that nine out of ten of our people will take clover and basswood, even at a higher price, and I have been paying 10 cts. per pound for the latter in ton lots when I could get alfalfa honey at8>^. Now a word about selling prices and com- missions. I want you to understand. that that " pesky stingy Fowls " is not getting rich bot- tling and selling honey — not by a long shot, but I am just making wages in buying and bottling honey in off years, with the idea of holding trade so as to have a good market for my honey when I do have a good crop ; and if I had to sell at prices at which candied hon- ey sells for, or such prices as obtain a thou- sand miles west, I should be in a worse fix than the Irishman in your cartoon, for I should not be able to get even bread for my Molly. Now it's my turn to do a little figuring. The A. I. Root Co. and myself are selling at the same price to the trade; viz., $2 25 per dozen for the No. 25 jar (one-pound size), and the grocers retail them at the uniform price of 25 cts. each. The best honey is worth 10 cts. per lb. at Medina (see p. 794); Root's No. 25 jars are f7.00 per gross, about 5 cts. each, or a little more if you allow for breakage ; then al- lowing, say, % cent more for labels and freight from Medina on honey and jars makes 15^ cents ; cost of selling, 10 per cent of $2.25, or nearly 2 cts. more, makes 17 X cts. I will explain that I pay a drummer for a wholesale grocer 10 per cent to take orders for me in near-by counties, and I also sell some to wholesale grocers at about the same discount. But the largest share of my honey is sold to the grocers in my own county ; and when hauled to the neighboring town and delivered from my wagon at each store I am sure that the extra 10 per cent is honestly earned. So in either case there is the cost of selling to be deducted, which makes it about as follows: Net price to grocers, 183/ minus 17^ equals \yz — a little over xy^ cts. per lb. for hauling the honey and jars from the depot and back again ; unpacking and washing jars, liquefy- ing, filling, sealing, and labeling, as described in the Dec. 15th Gleanings, after which the FOWLS AND HIS FOWLS AFTER THE OWL(d) MAN. jars are to be wrapped and boxed, tagged, and stenciled " Glass, this side up," so as to ship safely, and then there are the bills to make out before I can get my money back, and there is interest on the capital invested yet to account for, and, say ; am I getting too much for my work ? It might be figured a little more in my fa- vor, but not much. Perhaps you will say that your arrangement of prices would be better, as you would give the retailer only about half as much, and allow me 5 cts. a pound, which would give me a good profit after allowing for the work. But I will explain that, after try- ing both ways, I am satisfied that it pays to arrange it so that the retailer will have a good profit. If his margin is too small he will not care to handle it, but will very likely take glucose mixtures that will bring him 40 or 50 per cent profit. No doubt some would say the retail price, 25 cts. a pound, is too high ; but it is no higher than comb honey when put up in the No. 25 jars, as the buyer gets a very fine self sealing fruit-jar worth 4 or 5 cts. ; be- sides, the price of pure honey should be high- er than glucose mixtures. To illustrate : Be- 14 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Jan 1 fore my prices were raised, the half pound glasses were retailed at 10 cts. each. The dealer's profit was much smaller than on the glucosed honey, and his customers would oft- en say, "Why, this brand is labeled pu^e ; but I don't believe it is, for it is all sold at the same price, and this other kind las the groceries, and sells very slowly at a low price; and while locality and the supply and demand have very much to do with it, that is not all the reason for good prices. General attrac- tiveness counts with almost any thing. This is a great dairy region, and butter sometimes se'ls for 10 cts. per Ih.; yet a fancy article. wiNTERiNG BEES IN CLAMPS ; SEE NEXT PAGE. — Bee-keepers' Review. formula printed right on it." No, the grocer's profit is not too large, and I am not alone in this opinion either, as is shown by the fact that able business men like Mr. Selser and The A. I. Root Co. have adopted this same policy ; and, Bro. Aikin, the demand here in Ohio for choice honey, put iip liquid in neat and attractive style, is constantly increasing , while candied honey is seldom seen in the coming from some one who has a reputation of producing only the best, alivays brings 25 cts. a pound or more. Oberlin, Ohio. [I have concluded that it would be better for me to keep out of this mince pie or I'll be dreaming of owls, fowls, and all kinds of night-hawks. After all, both are right for their localities. — Ed.] 1901 GIvEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 15 WINTERING BEES BY BURYING THEM IN CLAMPS. Ventilation vs. no Ventilation ; some Interesting Experiments. BY W. Z. HUTCHINSON. For many years I have wintered bees bj' burying them in the ground, much as farmers bury potatoes and other vegetables. I don't remember where I first got the idea, but I do remember having some correspondence on the subject with Mr. C. J. Robinson, of Richford, N. Y. He very persistently urged me to give no ventilation. He asserted that the bees would winter better with no ventilation — that the hibernation would be more perfect than in a "sea of oxygen." I was very loath to take this advice ; and it was with many mis- givings that I finally ventured to risk six col- onies with no ventilation except that which would come through the earth. At the same time I buried a dozen other colonies, giving them ventilation by means of a four-inch tube laid along the bottom of the trench, and ex- tending out into the outer air. There was also a similar tube at the top, extending from the bottom of the pit up through the earth some three or four feet. I remember that I had a thermometer hung, by means of a string, in this upper tube, and that I often climbed up and drew up the thermometer to learn the temperature. The outside temperature had very little effect upon that inside the pit. When the mercury stood at zero in the open air, the thermometer drawn up from the clamp showed 43°. It did not vary three degrees from this in all winter. The bees wintered perfectly in both clamps. It seemed as though they were just about the same as when set in the previous fall. The straw around them, and the hives and combs, were dry and clean, and free from mold. My belief in the ability of bees to pass the winter with no ventilation was greatly strengthened. The next winter I put 32 colonies into one clamp, and wintered them perfectly with no ventilation. This brought my confidence up to such a height that, the next winter, I put 96 colonies into one clamp, and lost nearly all of them. There were 16 hives that had live bees in them when ■dug out in the spring. These were weak in numbers, and several of them balled and kill- ed their queens when they were set out. This was the most serious loss with which I ever met while in the bee-business. There was no dysentery. The combs were clean and dry and full of honey, but the bees had deserted the hives, and crawled all through the straw. Perhaps the heat generated by so great a num- ber piled in such close quarters drove out the bees. Perhaps they went in search of air. They certainly went. Since then I have several times wintered a dozen colonies in one clamp, and always with good success except in clay soil. Two or three times I have tried it there, and the bees win- tered poorly, the hives and combs coming out in the spring reeking with mold and damp- ness. My successes have all been on a dry sandy hillside. With such a location I should have no hesitancy, whatever, in putting any number up to 2.5 or 30 into a clamp. It is pos- sible that a large number might winter all right if given sufficient ventilation, but I am without experience on that point. The work of burying the bees is about as follows : First dig a trench wide and deep enough to allow the hives to be set down in till the tops of the hives are level with the surface of the earth. Put in a little straw and lay in two rails a foot apart. Set the hives in a row on these rails. Put some straw around the hives, and then lay some rails over the hives, putting some short pieces of rails across under the rails to support them. Next cover the hives liberally with straw, say to a depth of two feet, and then shovel on the earth to a depth of 18 inches. Sometimes I vary this by putting on only a few inches of earth, and then another layer of straw, and then a few more inches of earth, covering the whole with a light covering of manure. I do not know that wintering bees in clamps has any advantages over that of wintering them in the cellar, and it is certainly consid- erably more work ; but when one has a few colonies to winter at a place where there is no cellar, and experience has told him that in- door wintering is better than outdoor, he can successfully winter the bees by putting them in a clamp, if the soil and location are suitable. Don't winter in clay. Don't bury them where water will stand. Don't try wintering large numbers without ventilation; in fact, my ex- perience is against large numbers, and I do not know that there is any objection to giving ventilation, even with small numbers, but I have never found it necessary. — The Bee-keep- ers^ Review. WHAT NEXT? " Good afternoon, Mr. Doolittle. I have my bees all fixed for winter, and thought I would come over and ask what next I can best do (to be preparing in the best way) so I may be per- fectly ready for next season when it comes." " I am very glad indeed, friend Jones, to hear that you have your bees all ready for win- ter thus early (October 30), for many leave the matter of preparation for winter till cold weather comes, the last of November or fore part of December. And I am also glad that you wish to commence preparations for next season now ; for it gives me assurance of your success. The ancient wise man said, ' Seest thou a man diligent in business ? he shall stand before kings ; ' and the proverb is as applica- ble to these times as it was to his." " But there are no kings in this country to stand before ; and if there were, I should rath- er know all about what I can do during the winter to best advantage than to stand before a hundred kings." 16 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jan 1 " Well, I am not so sure about there being no kings in this country ; for we often read about the ' money kings ' of Wall Street. But we will drop that matter, and I will ask if you have your surplus arrangements all ready for next year." " No. I have nothing but the bees ready. What would you do with the surplus arrange- ments ? " " My first work in preparing for the next season has always been to get around the su- pers to the hives which have been in use the past season, and scrape off all the propolis ad- hering to the separators, or any bits of comb that may be adhering to any part of the supers, so that the sections may fit in these supers just as well as they did when they were new. If you allow propolis to accumulate on all parts of the surplus arrangements for years, you will soon find that this will make a certain number of sections of the same size occupy more space than at first, this causing fuller, or, more properly speaking, heavier, sections of honey than formerly ; besides, your keys, springs, or wedges, will not work well in tight- ening the sections together." "I think that would be a good idea; but how is it best done ? " " My way is to take a cold day for this, working in a cold room, because at such times the propolis is very brittle, and will easily fly off ; while in warmer weather it is more plia- ble, and will stick tenaciously to what it ad- heres to. Lay the separators down on some flat surface, and with a chisel, or other iron having sharp corners, go over the surface of the separators, allowing the chisel to lie flat on the separator, when, with a swift motion over the separator, the propolis is easily knock- ed off." " I think I understand this part. What next about getting the supers ready ? " "All sections which are partly filled with honey should have the honey extracted from them (unless you think you will need it to feed in the spring), as very likely the honey now in them will not correspond as to color and flavor with that gathered next season to finish out the sections." " But will it not spoil the combs to try to extract this honey during cold weather? " " Yes, if you try to extract while cold ; but it can be done nicely by fixing a shelf close to the ceiling of your room. Put the honey thereon and keep the room so warm that the mercury will stand at 90 to 100 degrees for three or four hours before you commence ex- tracting. By placing the honey near the ceil- ing it does not require nearly as much fire to heat it as it would if placed on the floor or a bench." " What is to be done with the sections after the honey is extracted from the combs? " " They are to be used for ' baits ' as they are called, to entice the bees to enter the supers very much sooner than they would were no comb given in the super." " How are they arranged ? " " They are placed in the center of the super generally — one, two, four, or eight being used in each super, just in accord with the number of partly filled sections you have in proportion to your colonies. Where a person has two, four, or eight to the colony it is best to so ar- range these baits that one section having only foundation in it can come between each two baits. This causes the bees to commence work in the sections between as soon as they do on the baits, and leads them to commence soon on all of the sections in the super." "What next?" " The next work is to make up all the sec- tions you think you will need during the sea- son, furnishing each with a starter of comb foundation, or filling them entirely, as you can afford or think best. Then fill out each super having baits in it with these ; and those having no baits in them, entirely." " Do you use any supers without baits? " " Yes. I put baits only in the first super that goes on any colony. When the bees are well at work in this first super it is generally raised up, and a super with no baits placed un- der it, and this causes the bees to work in the second super as well as they would were baits used." " You speak of filling the sections with foundation at this time of the year, for using next season. Will not this foundation become hard and tough where so put in, so that the bees will not work on it as soon as they would on new ? I think I have read something of this kind." " There used to be great stress laid on using only foundation fresh from the mill, or that dipped in tepid water immediately before plac- ing on the hive ; but bee-keepers soon learned that the heat of the hive softened and made pliable any foundation, no matter how old, so the bees worked it readily, providing the foundation had not been in the light long enough to bleach and harden it." " Again allow me to ask, what next ? " " Supposing your supers are all filled, as we have talked, you are to pack them away all nicely so they will be ready at a moment's no- tice, when the honey harvest arrives in June, 1901 ; and having this done I would next look over all empty hives which are stored away for future use ; and if any repairs or cleaning is needed, this can be done, and they are stored away also, all in perfect readiness for the first swarms which issue." "One question right here: You spoke of getting the supers ready, and filled with sec- tions ; but you did not tell how many I need- ed for each colony I have now. How many do you calculate are needed to each old colony in the spring ? " "After trying various numbers I settled down on 150 one pound sections for each old colony I had when I was preparing the sec- tions during the winter. Probably all of these will not be filled one year in four ; but if you try to get along with less, there is likely to come a ' down pour ' of honey when you least expect it, and you will not be able to secure it all by not having sections enough. It is far better to have a few too many, always, than to be caught with not enough " " Again, what next ? " " Having your hives in readiness, and pack- 1901 GI.EANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 17 ed away, look over every thing else you have stored away which you expect to use next sea- son, and clean and repair things up generally, so that all and every thing will be in perfect order and readiness to be used at just the right time to secure the best results ; and if you have more time left, get around your back volumes of bee-papers, and any bee-books you may have, and reread these, for you will scarcely read half an hour but you will run across some little kink you had forgotten to put in practice, which will prove, perhaps, more valuable, when put in practice, than very much you may now be using. No bee-keeper can afford to neglect posting himself up dur- ing the long evenings or days of the winter months, by reading all he can get hold of on the subject. It is the man who is best posted that makes the greatest success out of his call- ing." that the next convention of the National may again go to Buffalo next summer. Owing to the great crowd in our printing department, I am obliged to omit reports of the several conventions which I have attended during the last two or three weeks. In our next issue I hope to give brief reports of all the conventions. THE PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION. On my recent trip eastward, Mr. Hutchin- son and I, piloted by Mr. O. L. Hershiser, had the pleasure of visiting the grounds of the Pan-American Exposition. Most of the build- ings were well up at the time of our visit, so that we could form some idea of what the great show will be when it is formally opened next season. While it will not be so large, of course, as the World's Fair at Chicago, yet in the matter of quality and variety of exhibits I think there is no question that it will very much excel it. Its nearness to the great source of power at Niagara Falls will make the elec- tric displays something the world has never seen before. The framework of the electric tower was well up ; and this structure alone, when completed, will extend hundreds of feet into the air ; and at night, when ablaze with the cataract fires of the Niagara, will make the eighth wonder of the world. There will be electric fountains, lakelets, and lagoons, beautiful parks and gardens, all over the en- tire grounds. My impression is, from what I have seen thus far, that the Pan-American will so excel the World's Fair in real novelty and variety, that one will go away feeling that he has seen more than the World's Fair had to offer. The only respect in which the Chicago ex- position could be said to surpass the one at Buffalo is in the matter of size of buildings and grounds. This is not a paid pufiF nor an advertisement; but I speak of it because there is a possibility THE MAGNIFICENT SHOWING OF THE NA- TIONAL BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION FOR 1900. The Fourth Annual Report of the National Bee-keepers' Association has just been issued. It appears that 1 900 has been a record-breaker in the matter of work done. The General Manager first calls attention to the fact that the two bee-keepers' societies, the National Bee-keepers' Union and the United States Bee-keepers' Association, were amalgamated into what is now known as the National Bee-keepers' Association. He next refers to the case of Utter v. Utter, the one between two brothers — one a fruit- grower and one a bee-keeper ; how in the low- er court, before a justice, the learned judge decided against the bee-keeper, and assessed him §25.00 and costs ; of the alarm which was expressed by bee-keepers and others over the effect of this decision, especially if it were left unchallenged. He therefore, with the concurrent judgment of the Board of Direct- ors, ordered the case appealed to the county court. This involved a pledge of |;100 toward a favorable verdict, and also the expense of expert witnesses which he had sent to the scene of the trial. During the year the General Manager com- piled and published a 12-page pamphlet show- ing the value of bees as pollenizers and fruit- producers. In 1899 the Association put up a fight against adulterated honey in Chicago. While the outcome of the suit at first was unfavora- ble, yet it appeared from the statements of Prof. Eaton and Commissioner Jones, of the Illinois State Pure-food Commission, at the Chicago convention, that this work had not been without its moral effect. As an indirect result of the fight made, newspapers all over Chicago said so much about the matter that a pure-food bill was drafted and enacted into law, the effects of which have been such as to practically wipe adulteration out of Chicago. Mr. Secor acknowledges his thanks to the Division of Entomology, and especially to Prof. Frank Benton, for the valuable services render- ed at various times. He refers to several cases of trouble arising between bee - keepers and city authorities ; but copies of the celebrated Arkadelphia de- cision were sent, which no doubt had a re- straining influence. Mr. E. T. Abbott, one of the Directors, was sent to the third annual convention of the pure-food congress, which took place in Washington, March 17, 1900. The Hakes trial, to which a representative of the Association was sent, involved the pros- ecution of a dealer for selling adultered hon- ey. The court instructed the jury to render a verdict of guilty, which was done. The re- sult of the verdict is such that Mr. Secor has no doubt it will have a wholesome effect in Michigan and in all other States where pure- food laws are in force. The financial statement stands as follows : 18 GLEANINGS IN BEK CULTURE Jan 1 RECEIPTS. Bal. on hand as per last year's report $131.22 Rec'd from Mr. Newman 173.95 " " Dr. Mason, Sec 7B.8.b " " members direct 383.47 Total. DISBUKSEMENTS. 765.49 Paid Dr. Mason's expenses to Jackson, Mich $ 3.60 Freight on printed matter from Mr. Newman.... 4.25 Mr. Abbott attending Pure-food Congress 41.25 " Bees and Horticulture " pamphlet 12 00 Postal Cards and printing 16.25 Postage-stamps 39 30 2500 envelopes and printing same 8.00 This report— 6.50 copies 12 00 Other printing 11 00 Salary of General Manager 76.69 Extra clerk hire 20 00 Bal. cash on hand 521.15 S765.49 It appears from the foregoing that the As- sociation, from a financial point of view, was amply equipped to enter into the fight that has resulted so happily in reversing the deci- sion of the lower court in the case of Utter v. Utter. If it had accomplished no more, the bee-keepers all over this land, far and wide, might consider it worthy of its support ; but it has done more. It has put up a fight against town councils, against disagreeable neighbors, and against adulteration. The showing for 1900 is simply magnificent ; indeed, in the matter of actual results no organization, ei- ther past or present, has for one year equaled it, in my humble opinion. Every bee-keeper in the land should at once send in one dollar, thus in a substantial manner showing a merit- ed appreciation. BLACK BROOD IN NEW YORK UNDER CON- TROL. In my recent trip through New York there seemed to be a general impression among bee- keepers that black and foul brood were under control. As a corroboration of this, the re- port of the Commissioner of Agriculture will be read with much interest. It is as follows : The work of the Department of Agriculture by the four inspectors who have charge of diseases among bees has just closed for the season, and has been most satisfactory. Statistics convey only in part an idea of the labors performed by these experts. They have visited some of the fall fairs and other meeting places of apiarists, and their " missionary" work has awak- ened an interest which will stimulate the industry to more profitable proportions. The sections of the .State where foul brood has ap- peared are now known, and its control and extermi- nation may be expected. Number of apiaries visited 1,128 of colonies 30,372 " " found diseased '7,253 " " condemned for treatment or destruction 5,972 " " destroyed 1,281 C. A. Wreting, Com. of Agriculture. This goes to show that one inspector could not have done this work. The Wisconsin law, which has often been pointed to as a model, provides for only one inspector ; but the New York law is flexible enough to permit the Com- missioner of Agriculture to appoint as many nspectors as, in his judgment, the exigencies of the case require. Four inspectors were ap- pointed last season, and this number was deemed sufiicient to cover those portions of t^e State where the disease had been raging. The very fact that 7253 diseased colonies were found, is pretty good evidence that a real dan- ger was threatening the very life of bee-keep- ing in one of the best honey-producing States in the Union ; and that it was found necessary to destroy over 1000 colonies is further evi- dence of the awful spread of the disease, and what it might have done had it not been brought under control. Of course, it will break out again next spring and summer ; but the task of controlling it will be much easier than it was last season ; and in the very near future I have reason to believe it will be stamp- ed out. Fortunately the disease was confined to a narrow section in the eastern part of New York. I did not hear of any traces of it in the western or central portions of the State. bees in court ; the case of utter vs. utter; a verdict for the bees. The celebrated case of Utter v. Utter came off on the 17th, 18th, and 19th, at Goshen, N. Y., the county- seat of Orange Co. The case was a peculiarly hard-fought one ; and after 25 or 30 witnesses had been examined on both sides the jury brought in a verdict, after being out about ten minutes, for the defendant, bee- man Utter. I need not say that the National Bee-keep- ers' Association took an active part in this case — one that seemed to involve the very life of bee keeping in New York. It pledged $100 to Bacon & Merritt, two of the leading at- torneys of Orange County — lawyers who have been retained in some of the most important cases that have been tried in that vicinity. The trial was originally set for the 13th, but was postponed to the 17th. A. I. Root and myself arrived in the little city on Saturday, the 15th. We found that Mr. Benton had pre- ceded us, but would be back in time for the trial on Monday morning. On the 17th, Mi. O. U. Hershiser, an attorney and also a bee- keeper, came from Buffalo, and also W. F. Marks, of Chapinville, N. Y. These five came prepared to render expert testimony to the effect that bees do not and can not puncture sound fruit. Something over a dozen witness- es from the vicinity, as well as from New Jer- sey, had been called by bee-keeper J. W. Utter. Among them were nurserymen, fruit-men, and bee-keepers, so that, all in all, the defense represented two of the best attorneys in New York, and some 16 or 17 witnesses. The at- torney for the plaintiff, Mr. Sanford, at the last moment, called upon a distinguished at- torney, a Mr. Cane, to assist him, as he had probably found he would have to put up a hard fight to win. The battle royal began on Monday afternoon, and continued until Tues day night, with the result as already stated. There were many laughable incidents and some queer statements on the part of the wit- nesses for the plaintiff as to how the bees did and could puncture fruit ; how they used their "horns" (antennae) to make the holes, etc. In the lower court, several of the witnesses, so I am told, testified that the bees get up "on their hind legs " and stung the fruit ; went off 10!) 1 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 19 and left the peach, and stung others ; that a rotten spot at the points pierced by the stings would soon set in, and this would be subse- quently visited by the bees. In the higher court, that same set of witnesses testified that the bees punctured the fruit with the "head end " and not with the "business" end. It was evident that the prosecution had realized the utter absurdity of the former statement. The plaintiff, fruit-man Utter, while on the stand went on to describe how the bee moved its head first to one side and then the other, and raised upon its legs and flopped its wings; that after this performance he found there was a hole. This was corroborated with some va- riation by his two sons. It was amusing to see the plaintiff try to mimic the bee, on the witness-stand, as he swayed his head from one side to the other, raised up on his legs, and flopped his arms. His motions were so Utter- ly ridiculous, and so contrary to the real acts and movements of bees, that every one in the court-room, including the jury, laughed, and laughed heartily. I sincerely believe that, if the jury had gone out at that supreme mo- ment on the evidence then presented, we should have had a verdict in our favor, even without one word of rebuttal testimony. Another witness, Mrs. W. H. Utter, the wife of the plaintiff, testified that the bees would alight on the fruit, and then with their "horns" make holes in the peaches. She stated that there were eight holes in one peach she examined, and that three bees were on it ; that, after they left, there were three more holes, or eleven in all. Mr. Bacon, one of our attorneys, in his cross-examination, got at the facts something in this way : " You say, Mrs. Utter, that there were three holes after three bees had visited that peach ? '" "Yes." " You say that the bees made these holes with their horns? " " Yes, sir." " Where were these horns located ? " " On the top of the head." "Two prongs like this?" said he, putting his two hands over his head. " Yes." "And they took tho,se two horns, and dug them right down into the peach, did they?" " Yes." "Well, now, Mrs. Utter, will you tell the jury how three bees, each with two horns, could make only three holes ? Shouldn't there have been six holes ? " " Wy ah, wy-ah, wy-ah ; they took those two horns and put them together, and then poked them into the peach." " O — h ! " said Mr Bacon, with a wise look. At this there was an uproar of laughter. When the jury and the audience had subsided, Mr. Bacon continued : " You are sure the bees made these holes with their horns?" " Yes." " Well, don't you know that those are an- tennae, or feelers?"* Several had talked about the so-called "horns," and how bees make holes with the horns ; but after the learned counsel had shown the Utter absurdity of the horn theory, then the prosecution began to talk about the " jaws ; " and some of the witnesses told how the bees ran their "bills" down into the peach — meaning, of course, the tongue. But the bill theory was untenable, and the rest of the testimony was then confined to the jaws, which, it was averred, were powerful enough to puncture the skin of peaches. The prose- cution claimed, among other things, that afttr the bees had punctured the peaches the juice ran down on the limbs, causing them to with- er and dry up. In the former trial it was maintained that the trees were utterly destroy- ed ; and even in this trial the Peach Utter at first talked of the destruction of the trees, and claimed damage for the loss of trees and fruit. The defense, on the other side, showed by two good witnesses that the plaintiff, Mr. Utter, the fruit-man, had said to each of the affiants that these trees were going to die, and he would have to pull them up, and this was before the bees are alleged to have visited the fruit. In this connection I might state that a great deal of testimony was produced on the subject of peach-trees with "wet feet," peach-trees with "curl," and peach trees with the " yel- lows." From all the evidence, it seemed very clear that sotnethhtg was the matter with Peach Utter's trees before the bees ever came near them. It was admitted that the fruit ■was very early, and from the expert testimony of fruit- men it seemed to be pretty clear that the trees had been forced up, or borne too early, with the result that the fruit itself decayed prema- turely, resulting in injury to the limbs of the trees. There was testimony produced showing that early pei^ches will very often develop rot- ten spots, even when kept away from the vis- itation of bees ; that these spots, at first invis- ible, will be readily discovered by bees ; and as the spots enlarge sometimes within the space of two or three hours, the bees often gel the blame for doing a kind of mischief that clearly should not have been laid at their door. I omitted to say that Peach Man Utter testified that he caught some bees from the peaches and put them in a box. These bees he liberated at different points, and he said that, in every case except one, they flew to- ward his brother's apiary. But the defense showed that there were six or eight apiaries all around Bee Utter's place, and that it proved nothing to say that the confined bees flew to- ward Utter's apiary. So there was no real proof that Bee Utter's bees were the only tres- passers, if trespass there was. I do not need to rehearse here the testimony that was introduced by expert bee-keepers, though I can not omit reference to the testi- mony of Prof. Frank Benton, Assistant Ento- mologist, Department of Agriculture, Wash- ington, D. C. Prof. Benton had been sent by the National Bee-keepers' Association to ren- der expert testimony on the mouth parts of * I believe the witness was honest in believing that the antennae, or feelers, were " horns : " and as they moved up and down, touching the peach, she errone- ously assumed that they were puncturing the peache s. As to the three extra holes, she was evidently blinded by prejudice. 20 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jan 1 the bees, and he certainly was the star witness for the defense. He showed by live and dead specimens of bees, and also by charts which he had brought for the occasion, that in his opinion it was a physical impossibility for the bees to puncture fruit with their mandibles, or jaws ; that the jaws of bees were very differ- ent from those of wasps and other insects hav- ing cutting edges or teeth. He chloroformed some live bees and then passed them around to the jury, after our attorneys had obtained consent from the court to do so. He showed them that the delicate tongue, so far from be- ing a "bill" which could puncture a sound peach, was more like a camel's-hair brush ; that it would be absurd to suppose that they could run this through the skin of any sub- stance. He admitted that bees could tear by picking away at fiber, but denied the possibili- ty of their cutting the skin of any fruit. The jaws, or mandibles, had smooth rounding edges, which, he showed by charts, were dif- ferent in this respect from the jaws of a wasp, .that has cutting edges or teeth ; that the man- dibles were made for forming plastic sub- stances like wax ; and even then the wax had to be brought to a temperature of about 90 degrees before such work could be per- formed. The professor's testimony, so far from bear- ing evidence of prejudice, was what might be termed in legal phraseology " candied," the kind that weighs with a jury. There was no evasion, and no attempt on his part to make all of his testimony in favor of the bees. When asked whether he regarded the experi- ment of confining a few bees in a box with a peach as worth any thing to prove that bees would not or could not puncture sound fruit, he said that, in his opinion, it did not count for much, as he doubted whether they would even help themselves to honey under like cir- cumstances. At the conclusion of the testimony for the defense the prosecution called Peach Utter back to the stand, and asked him whether the trees, the fruit of which the bees were alleged to have stung, causing the limbs to die, were alive and in good order. He said yes, in very good order. This testimony was produced, probably, to show that the trees did not have the " yellows " or "wet feet," as was claimed by the defense. But Mr. Bacon, in his final plea before the jury, called attention to the fact that the plaintiff first testified that his trees had been destroyed, and that now they \v&re good a?id sound ; and yet he desired com- pensation for the trees which he at first said were destroyed ! Mr. Bacon made a strong plea, picking up all the important threads of evidence, and hurling them at the jurj' in a most forcible manner. The attorney for the plantiff, Mr. Cane, while he did not attack the testimony of Mr. Benton, turned his guns upon A. I. Root, shaking his fist in his face, and calling him the great " poo-bah " of the West. A. I. R. did not appear to relish the compliment ; but the rest of us enjoyed the joke immensely, though there wasn't one of us who knew what "poo-bah" meant. We consoled A. I. by saj ing that it signified something big, and told him not lo feel bad. Of course, no one could tell absolutely what the jury would do ; but it seemed to be made up, if I could judge by their faces, cf a lot of intelligent, thinking men. The judge, in his charge, rehearsed very carefully and impartially the full case, and then said that the j'iry, in order to render a verdict for the plaintiff, must find that the bees of the defendant, and his bees alone, were the trespassers ; and that it (the jury) should further give very careful consideration to ex- pert testimony. The jury then retired, and in about ten minutes returned with a verdict of " no cause for action." It will be interesting in this connection to give a few statements from some of the news- papers which, of course,, in the personages of their reporters, looked on the case with an unprejudiced eye. The New York Su7i for Dec. 19 contains this item : The National Bee-keepers' Association secured many expert witnesses to prove that bees will not attack perfect fruit. Among them are Frank Benton, assist- ant entomologist of the United States Department of Agriculture, and A. I. and E. R. Root, of Medina, Ohio. Bee-keepers from all over the State are assem- bled, and will spend much money to win. Peach Tree Utter's case is tottering, so the local agriculturists say, and there is much rejoicing among the bee-keepers. This shows that the National Bee-keepers' Association was regarded as a power on this particular occasion ; for it will be noticed that the item goes on to state that Peach Tree Ut- ter's case was beginning to totter ; and this was before all the evidence had been introduc- ed. On the next day this same paper referred to the evidence of Prof. Frank Benton in the following language : The star witness for the defendant, however, was Prof. Frank Benton, an assistant entomologist of the United States Department of Agriculture. He had spent thirty years studying bees, and for that purpose spent four years in Austria, four in Germany, and several in Eastern countries, in pursuit of bee knowl- edge. He said that the tongue of the bee was soft and pliable, and could not puncture a peach. The inner tongue of the bee is spoon-shaped, and covered with hair. It can not become rigid. It laps its food, which is called nectar, and is fond of rotten peaches. Its feelers are soft, and can not pierce any substance that offers the least resistance. They are supposedly the organs of touch and smell by which bees recognize each other by the odor of the body. Sometimes they will meet and wind their feelers about each other. This is their method of shaking hands. The Rochester Democrat and Chronicle for Dec. 21 contained this editorial item : After hearing an abundance of expert testimony, a jury in Goshen, New York, has decided that honey- bees do not injure peaches. It was admitted by all that bees are attracted to wounded or decaying peaches, and get some sweets from them, but are in- capable of puncturing a sound peach. The deciding testimony was given by Prof Frank Benton, assist- ant entomologist of the Department of Agriculture. He described the organs by which the bee secures food, and showed that they were soft, and unequal to the puncture of the hairy skin of the peach. A law- suit between brothers was based upon the unfounded supposition that a bee can puncture the skin and in- duce decay. Some other insect or a bird is the proba- ble cause of the injury that became the subject of complaint. It is well for the peach-growers of West- ern New York to understand this matter. We have not room to give more clippings ; but these are sufficient to show that the Na- tional Bee-keepers' Association exerted a pow- reful influence in the case, in that it enabled 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 21 Mr. Utter, the bee-man, to employ the best legal talent, and, in addition, furnish expert testimony on the bee side of the question, so that an unprejudiced jurj', seeing and know- ing the facts, would render a verdict accord- ingly. This case was a hard-fought one from be- ginning to end. There was no lack of legal counsel on either side, and no lack of wit- nesses ; but, thanks to the Association, we were able to show that the evidence adduced by the plaintiff was, for the most part, to put a most charitable construction on it, founded on misapprehension, ignorance, and prejudice. There is no doubt that some witnesses for the fruit-men actually believed that the bees did puncture sound fruit with their " horns or bills." If they did so believe, and if they heard our evidence, their belief must have been most severely shaken before they went away. OUR homes; BY A. (. R O OT. What doth the I,ord require of thee but to do justly, and to love mercy, and to walk humbly with thy God? — MiCAH (i:8. I presume there has always been a great de- mand for men for office who will be jus/ ; but at present there seems to be greater need of men who can be trusted than ever before since the world began. Our text speaks of not only doing justly, but loving mercy, and walking humbly with God. Sometimes we feel as if we could get along very well if we could find men who would " do justly," to say nothing about mercy or having the fear of God in their hearts. The people who take lead in these shameful scenes of lynching excuse themselves by saying there is no justice to be obtained, and no redress to be secured by law; and when we notice the hundreds and thousands of dol- lars that are required to get one criminal pun- ished by law, it does seem somewhat discour- aging. The man Ruthven, whose life was full of crime, and who not only shot a policeman, but tried to shoot other people right and left in broad daylight in Cleveland, had to go through a long-drawn out and expensive law- suit before he could be found guilty and sen- tenced to death as he has been. No one ques- tions, unless it is his own attorneys, the mat- ter of his guilt. And, by the way, I can not quite understand how it is that lawyers will spend so much time and money to try to get such a man (with no monej' to pay them) out of the clutches of the law. Perhaps I had better stop here or I shall be finding fault, and criticising our courts, when I started out to do just the reverse. In our last issue, on page 974, I expressed a fear that our colored friends could hardly ex- pect protection from our laws — especially such protection as our white citizens have a right to expect. Since that was written I have had a pleasant experience along that line. Just a week ago to-day, Dec. 15, I visited Goshen, Orange Co., N. Y., in the interest of bee keepers in the suit between the Utter brothers ; but as Ernest will tell you about this, I wish to speak about something else just now. Our suit was to be taken up at 9 o'clock on Monday morning, the 17th ; and when all the parties were on hand we found there was another suit in ahead of us that they thought would occupy only an hour or two. However, it occupied almost the entire day. As we bee- keepers and fruit-growers wanted to be on hand promptly, we remained in the court- room and witnessed the trial between an elec- tric-railway company and a colored man who had been knocked down and thrown off the car by the motorman. During my busy life I have hardly found time to be present at csurt proceedings. In fact, I am not sure I ever at- tended unless I was called in as a witness, and just one time when I was on the jury for two days. Well, in this case the colored man sued the trolley company for damages. I very soon made up my mind that, even though he had been roughly handled, he stood no chance of getting any damages at all. Between Mid- dletown and Goshen there is a park. I notic- ed it as I passed through, and saw the signs on the buildings of the different kinds of beer that were sold there in the summer time. By the way, that park ( I have forgotten the name of it) or, rather, the buildings with inscrip- tions on them, are a disgrace to Orange Co. as well as to the whole State of New York. But as I say it I recognize that our own State of Ohio is cursed with any number of just such summer resorts. The row that brought this case before the court occurred on Sunday, as you might expect, and after some if not all the parties had been drinking. Green, the colored man, said under oath that he had had two glasses of beer and one glass of whisky. He claimed the motorman was drunk also, but this was not proved conclusively. Near the park a second drunken man was permitted to get aboard. The conductor did not want to let him get on, but Green desired that he should. The conductor tried to put him off because of his profanity and obsceni- ty. Green and his wife quieted him down and tried to get him to behave himself. When the drunken man had no money to pay his fare, the conductor again tried to put him off. This, of course, started the profanity once more. Green evidently tried to act as peace- maker, and says he volunteered to pay the fare for his friend ; but the conductor evident- ly thought best to put him off. Being unable to do this he called the motorman to his aid. Green remonstrated, either by words or ac- tions, and the motorman struck him with his trolley-crank, knocked him off on the ground, and laid bare his skull. He climbed back on the seat, however, and every thing went on pleasantly. Let me pause right here to say that I was forced to admire the skill and ingenuity with which four lawyers went to work to bring out every little item of fact regarding the matter. More than a dozen witnesses were examined, and it was really wonderful to me to see how 22 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jan 1 the lawyers unraveled the conflicting testi- mony, and held all the facts in the case up be- fore the light of day. A young lawyer who looked as if he might be a Christian, from his fairness and evident sincerity, strongly im- pressed me, and he gained his case. The jury, greatly to my surprise, gave Green a ver- dict of $50.00 damages. The railway com- pany had, as a matter of course, two bright and skillful attorneys. I admired them too, and I thanked God in my heart again and again for the lawyers of our land — that is, if those I heard that day were a fair specimen of the legal profession. The judge, J. G. Beattie, of Warwick, N. Y., is an exceedingly able, fair-minded, and kind gentleman. I watched him with the keenest scrutiny to see if I could detect any bias on his part, either one way or the other. Ernest will give you a picture of him in due time. Now, then, for the point of my story. The above are not the exact words, but as near as I can remember in substance; and during the whole trial not a word or suggestion was made by any witness or lawyer, by way of re- flection on the colored people because they were colored. The State of New York cer- tainly ignores color in the administration of law and justice. Long live the Empire State — in this one particular at least. Three color- ed people, if not four, had more or less to do with the affray, and there were a good many more colored people in the car, as it appeared from the witnesses ; but although I kept ex- pecting it every little while, not one word was dropped to indicate that the fracas was caused by a lot of drunken negroes on a car during a Sunday excursion. By the way, I wonder if Sunday excursions do not alwaj'S go with beer and drinking ; and I wonder, too, if it is not true that, if we break down one, we shall break down the oth- CIvASS OF GIRI.S LEARNING BEEKEEPING. The attorney for the railway company, in his opening words to the jury, said something like this : " Gentlemen, let me impress on your minds, at the very outset, that the fact that this man is black, instead of white, must not in any way prejudice you against him one hair's breadth. He is in no way responsible for the color of his skin. He is, however, responsi- ble, like all the rest of us, for his behavior and character before the world. Give him just as good a chance in your minds as you would give the whitest man that ever lived. He has just as good a right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, as any one of us. The only question is in regard to his behavior and general character." er. If we stop Sunday excursions the beer- drinking will stop — at least to a great extent ; and if we stop the sale of beer on Sunday, is it not true that we shall stop the Sunday excur- sions ? This unfortunate man declared from his own testimony that he had had two glasses of beer and one of whisky. His wife said she had one glass of beer, and that was all. His colored comrade, who was at the bottom of the whole disturbance, had beer and whisky — we do not know how much ; but we do know that when he felt in his pocket he could not find even a nickel left to pay his fare. How are we as a nation going to deal justly, love mercy, and walk humbly before God, while we run Sunday excursions, carry colored peo- ple and everybody else, then permit the brew- 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 23 ers to advertise on the buildings, and push their beer and whisky before these people by every art that wealth can command ? Why, the wonder to me is there is not ever so much more free fighting than we have now. Permit me to say right here, even if it is outside of the line of my text, that throughout the trial between the bee-keepers and fruit-growers I was impressed in the same way, not only with the wisdom and fairness of Judge Beattie, but also by the skill and wisdom, and, as a rule, with the honesty, of the lawyers. One law- yer was undignified and uncourteous enough to call me names, and to per- vert the truth of my statements, when I went there to help both the bee-keepers and the fruit- growers. I am told this thing is common ; but, even if it is, I protest. In my opinion it is not only ungentlemanly, but I think it hurts any attorney to go out of his way to be un- courteous and uncivil to a wit- ness who comes from a distance, and who has at least a fair rep- utation among men. This law- yer lost his case ; and I should not be surprised if this one thing contributed largely to his prejudice. pervisioii, however, over all the young women at the institute, fou have said enough he shows fight ; and it does not make any difference who it is, even the boss of the ranch. When I was ab- sent in York State he and Mrs Rout had sev- eral pitched battles. He decided to drive her out of the poultry-house, when she went near the nest to get the eggs, and I think he came pretty near doing it. When she brought them a dainty mash prepared by her own hands he knocked the dish out of her hands, and she was absolutely obliged to get a club in order to teach him to be respectful to his mistress. Do you begin to suspect that poultry is going to be my next hobby ? Well, is it not a pretty good one, anyhow ? The Rural New - Yorker says the eggs and meat produced each year in the United States in the poultry business are worth as much as the entire crop of wheat. But let us now get back to this trap nest. I should not wonder if some good man or wo- man has been saying, " Well, I suppose there are some people who have nothing to do but to watch hens and take them off the nest, and count the eggs ; but you do not catch me go- ing into any such small business as that." But, just hold on, my friend. These hens that have a big record back of them are the ones we want for breeders. If they do not sit at all it does not matter, because the incubator as now made is a success. Yes, I know there has been lots of money wasted on incubators, and lots of people have been disappointed. But one of the girls in the office, right close to where I am sitting, uses an incubator that cost only $5.00, and she makes a success of it. The fowls I have been speaking about were just purchased from her flock. Get a pullet with a good egg-record, and her chickens are likely to produce layers like their mother. These choice pullets, with a record by means of the trap nest, are worth anywhere from $2.00 up. May be some of the poultry-keepers who know more about this than I do can tell how much some pullets are worth. At the Willow Crest poultry -yards at Goshen, N. Y., three or four days ago, I saw several hens valued at $25.00 each ; and I also examined a White Wyandotte rooster for which the firm recently paid $125. Do you say "stuff and nonsense"? Why, look here, my friend. They have already got a lot of orders for eggs at $5.00 a dozen. These eggs are to be from choice pullets fa- thered by this high-priced male bird. If you are going into the poultry business you can grow high-priced layers just as easily — in fact, easier — than to grow worthless stock. It costs a little more to start with. I can very well re- member when the Light Brahmas were intro- duced somewhere down east, just a few years after we had had the long-legged Shanghais. The first Light Brahma eggs were sold at a dollar apiece. The orders were so far ahead that people came long distances, and boarded at the hotel until the egg was laid. The min- ute biddy dropped the choice egg, the owner handed over his dollar and started off home a happy man, and well he might be. In a few short weeks — perhaps I had better say months —he could have a flock of Light Brahmas of his own ; and while he might not get a dollar 26 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jan 1 apiece for his eggs he could get several dollars a dozen. The advent of the Light Brahma gave the whole poultry business a boom, and added, I think I might say, millions to the wealth of the world. ^'^5 PECI Ab-'NOT,! c Es *'• "-^ BUSINESS^ MANAGER 1^ BY Y/ BINDERS FOR GLEANINGS. We can supply a very simple binder for Gleanings, called the Monitor, at 15 cents each, postpaid. These are made of tin in the form of two half-round tubes, between which the copies of Gleanings are placed as received. They are held securely in good shape, and you would find them a great convenience Then we have a much better and more expensive binder which incloses in a cloth-bound cover the numbers as they arrive until the year's volume is complete. Price 60c ; or with leather back and corners, 75c ; by mail, 8c extra for postage. gleanings and AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST. A great many have written us within the past two ■weeks, inquiring if they can not, as usual, have the American Agriculturist or Orange Judd Farmer, or A^. E. Homestead, clubbed with Gleanings for SI 00, We have betn compelled to reply no, because the pub- lishers of these papers have withdrawn the special clubbing arrangement they formerly made, and that the best rate we can now offer on the two is f 1 50. Some have not taken the precaution to write, but have sent on their order for both papers with 81 00. If we can get such through on the old rate we will do it ; but we have scarcely a right to ask it after the arrange- ment has been withdrawn, and we no longer include the paper in our clubbing offers. Please make note of this, as we can not accept any more such combina- tions at the old rate. Special Notices by A. I. Root. advance in prices on medium, and peavine (or mammoth) red clovers. Instead of $5.50 per bushel, as in our catalog, the lowest price we can possibly make at present writing, Jan. 1, is S6 00 per bushel, sack included. Price for small quantity will be the same as given in our cat- alog. the book, STODDARD'S NEW EGG-FARM. Just about a year ago I became very much taken up with this book ; and because of the big write-up I gave it we have sold toward 100 copies ; and to tell the truth, my friends, it is this very fact that troubles nic . When I read the book I took it for granted that the author either had an egg-farm of his own where the work of caring for the poultry was managed by ma- chinery, or that there were some institutions operated on some such plan scattered over the land. So far I have not been able to find any such establishment, neither have I been able to find an egg-farm any thing like the one described there. I have written theo. Judd Co., the publishers of the book, and they have promised me to look into the matter and see why the author of the book does not answer nie. If the plans outlined in the book are all on paper, and have never been demonstrated in actual practice, we who have purchased the book have a right to know it I still think the book is a valuable one in exhorting, not only that poultry shall be cured and kept well by a large amount of outdoor exercise, but in teaching us that a like principle runs through the whole animal kingdom. I do not believe the book is a bit exagger- ated in this respect, and I think pjultrymen are fast accepting this great truth. We know something has been done in the way of using machinery to care for poultry, because many of the cuts in the book are from actual photos. Now, then, if any reader of Gleanings knows where Stoddard's system is in ac- tual practice I wish he would write and let me know about it. I wish also I could get at least a postal card from each one of you who have purchased the book through my advice, telling what you think of it, and state whether the purchase of the book was a good investment or not. CLOVER FARMING, BY HENRY WALLACE. The above is the title of a little book, paper covers, from the Wallace Publishing Co., Des Moines, la. It is a volume of 220 pages, and contains a veny large amount of valuable matter. It discusses all the clovers ; how to sow the seed, and when : enemies of the clover; and it discusses briefly the different varie- ties of clover, and certainly ought to be worth many times its price to any farmer who is interested in clo- ver. I confess, however, I was somewhat disappoint- ed at not finding a single hint that clover seed might be put in in the fall, and get root enough to winter over. There is a slight mention of crimson clover, but not very favorable. (While I write, Dec. 4, a most beautiful stand of criinson clover greets my eye just out of the window, over in the lot ; and if this winters over— and lam sure it will— it will make the sixth sea- son I have succeeded perfectly in carrying through crimson clover sown in August). Sweet clover is al.so noticed very briefly. Perhaps half a page is given to it out of the whole 220. There is just one para- graph, however, that partly atones for its very brief mention. When, however, other grasses fail, it is found to have very considerable feeding value; and as a fertilizer, it is doubtful if it is exceeded or even equaled by any of the clovers. Alsike clover is also briefly touched on, but the book does not accord it any thing like the value made out of it by the three recent writers in Gleanings. If the author could have talked a little more with sjme bee-keeper before his book was put out, I think he might have made it more valuable. As it is the only book we have, devoted entirely to the clovers, we welcome it, and it ought to have a large sale. We can mail it from this office for 35 cents; or you can have it for 30 cts. shipped with other goods. The book is written in such a familiar, off hand way, that if you once begin it you will be likely to want to read it through, even if you are not particularly in- terested in the growing of clover. CONVENTION NOTICE. The annual meeting of the New York State Asso- ciation of Bee-keepers' Societits will be held in the Kirkwood, Geneva, N. Y., on Wed., Jan. 9, 1901, at 10 A. M,, and continue through the afternoon and even- ing. C. C. Howard, Sec'y, W. F. Marks, Pres. Romulus, N. Y. HONEY FOR SALE. strictly pure extracted honey, in original five-gallon cans, as received from the apiary, 2 cans in case, 7J^c per lb., f. o. b. Provo Utah; or if wanted East, Sc per lb. f. o b. Chicago. Write S. T. Fish & Co., Chicago, 111., who will ship from there. Honey guarauteed. strictly pure. WM. M. ROYLANCE, Wholesale Fruits and Produce, Established 1885. Provo City. Utah. S. C. BROWN LEGHORNS. I use well-striped breeding cocks Eggs, SI. 00. Cockerels, Jl.OO and up. Also Italian bees. Circular free. H. M. Mover, Shanesville, Pa. The Modern Farmer and Bnsy Bee. Emerson Taylor Abbott, Editor. A live, up-to-date Farm Journal with a Gen- eral Farm Department, Dairj', Horticulture, Live-stock, Poultry, Bees, Home and General News. The Editor has had practical experi- ence in every department of farm work. To introduce the paper, it will be sent to New subscribers one year for 25c. Sample copies free. Best Advertising Medium in the Central West. Clubbed with Gleanings for $1.00. Modern Farmer, St. Joseph, Mo. 40.«0 Arlineton fop. ... $1 4.30 .J]*50.0<) " " ....*It.OO «60.00 Kenwood "....1*21.50 Otiicr MarhineH at ^8.00. ^i>.00 and #10.50 Large illustrated catalogue and testimonials Free. CASH BUYERS' I SIGN. 158-164 W.VanBuren St., B-345,Chlcago {jnion^Combmati^onSaw Fcr Ripping, Cross- nittiug. Rabbeting, Miteriiig, Grooving, Gaining, Boring, Scroll- sawing, Edge-moulding, Beading. Full line FOOT and HAND POWEE machin- erv. .Sexd for catalog A. SENECA FALLS MFG. CO. <4 Water St.. Seneca Fa., N. 7. Improved Ohio Farmer REPAIR OUTFIT. Our Price Only $1.65. We have examined sam- ples from all manufactur- ers, and believe this is the very best repair outfit on the market ; ea.sily w^orth f 1 more than those offered by stores and other papers. It contains 48 articles, all full size a:id first class, and we guarantee satisfaction or will refund money. Half- soles alone are worth .OOc, atid are not included in other outfits. It will .soon pay for itself in repairing boots, shoes, rubbers, har- ness, and tinware. Repair Outfit with Ohio Farmer one year for only S2.15, or the Complete Out- fit free for a cHib of 10 sub- scriptions to the Oh'o Farmer. By freight. Send for our illustrated premium list, giving whole- sale prices on watches, sewing-machines, knives, and lots of other useful articles. Mention this paper. The Ohio Farmer, : Cleveland, Ohio. PLANERS The above cut shows one of our small Planers, of which we make twelve different styles and sizes. Also large Planers, Band Saws, Buzz Planers, Moulders, Wood Lathes, and all kinds of WOOD WORKING MACHINERY Send for Catalogue. The FRANK MACHINERY CO. BUFFALO. N. Y. The Power Ciuestion —for farm use, dairies, creameries, cheese factories— anything reqiUr- ing light power, is best settled by bu> in^ one of these LEFFEL ENGINES. They aie made in both horizontal andupii^ht pattern, with engine attached to boilers. Being very \<\ '_s^ simple and direct in coustruc- \ \/' I >^ ti n they are economic of fuel creaui. oliurninr. Ae. Made of the best materia 1 1 liroughout the\ are durable and long lived. ^^ Send stamp for our linok on Englnea and Power. JAME8 LEIFI^L &. CO., Box 89, Sprinefieid, O. pOR SALE.— Fox, coon, rabbit, and blood hounds, *^ al>o game chickens. El IAS Fox, Hillsboro, Wis. In writing advertisers please mention Gleanings. 30 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jan 1 LOTS OF EGGS ^e^ws lots of money. If you can double the egirs you double the money. tJreont'ut Uono is tiie only thing which -^, ivill double the egfj product. It is easily secured, easy to prepare and feed and is cheap, '^"j MANs^'S NEW BONE CUTTERS are the difference between profit and loss in the poultry business. Cut fine, fast and easy. MannV Clover Cutters, Granite Crystal tirit and Swingincr Feed Trays make the business profitable. Catalogue free. F. W. M AJiN CO., Box 8? MlLFOKl), MASS. IN ALL ITS BK.V\< liES." This is tlie title and theme of our new Year Book. Contain; pages, 8x11 in.; UOt) new and oiiginal ill a >t rations or I jest jn.ultrj- farnis.buildings.etc.,in the coun- try. Deals with every phase of the poultry industry in an instrtictive and profit bringing way. Treats also of the famous non-mois- f^VDUCQC Iftlf^lIB JiTfllSC guaranteed to out- ture, self-vent 1. t.iig a ^uL. ting U I r nClSO inuUDAIU'ed, hatch any other in three or more tests or monev refunded. Sent for 10c in stamps. Ask for book 74 Circular and prices free. Address nearest office. CYi'ULKS INCLBATOR CO., Chicago, V\ ayiuiid. ]V.Y.,l{o8ton,Ma»8. INVESTIGATE BEFORE YOU BUY. We want , to be _ of uU iucubatu ettlv satistied beforetbe, spend the r monev. Investigate the aodlhend-^cide. We believe you will tind that tue SURE HATCH INCUBATORS AND COMMON f»ENSE FOLIUNG KROODEIJS are giving letter eati^factinn than any other maile. It's because they are so simple, s. n-^iMe and snre Th- y are built ti.j busy people, " ho haven't time to fuss and bother. Our catalogue Is FKl'^fc. We ..ou't ask vou to pay for it. Isn'ti t worih esamii. ng? SURE HATC" INCUBATOR COMPANY, CLAY CENTER, NEBRASKA. ; ill the latesticnTirovemenis.aresoId , ."a It very low prices aua guaran* eg 1 teed to i>ieai»eevervcustomer..';end i Jjitj cento ror ourl.'il nagecataintrue, ■"=^10 n men cnntams full dcseriptious J ,^f of our extensive line and tells how J''^ to raise poultry sueeess- [ fully. Hans tor poultry and brooof oo'ises. (Des Moines Incubator Co.. Box 503 -.Des Moines, la 0ur Incubators Satisfaction guaranteed ormoney refunded on every Catalogue! mCUBATORJc BROODER t* VI II. Are not thn=;e reasonable terms? inus vu how nuKh faith we have LiiiLhmtb. Either HOT WATER* ■ HOT AIR machines. A child can work Eleventh yt-ar on the maraet. MARILLA INCUBATOR CO. c.stamps. Box62RoseHiil N.Y. Recognizing that there was ."room at the ed not an ordinary catalogue but the ^Oth Century Poultry Book. Contains the latest andbest thought on the poultry question, from the egg through all its changes, to the market. No subject missed. Written from practical experience, ,'_^" The world renowned jReiiable Incu- bators .md iiruodera, used all over the U. S. and in 51 foreign COniitrifS. receive deserved attent on. Book mailed anywhere for lOc, RELIABLE INC. & BROODER CO., P.ox B-49 Quincy. Ill gg Incubator for s 1 2oOO Perfect in construction and action. Hatches every fertile egg. Write for catalogue to-day. GEO. H.STAHL. Quincy. IN. I Onn FERRETS FOR SALE I ZUU Small, medium, and larg' sized; some trained. Pirst-clas& stock. New price list free N A. KNAPP, Rochester, Lorain County. Ohio. Sharpies Cream Separators -Profitable Dairjiiig. A BASKET FULL OF EGGS by usinK LeyV Poultry Condition Powders. Puts all fowls in a normal rondition; destroys all di.sease germs; purifies the blood; is a tonic and nutrient. Price 25 cts. a pk. ; 5 for *1 00. Ley's Thoroughbred Minorca's Eggs. ?! no for 13 Also Thor- oughbred Beigiin Hares. Ceo. J. Ley, Florence, Cal. EASY EGG MONEY Auiancan easily make money selling eggs if he can but get thee g^^ He can get the eggs sure— twice as many, if he will feed his hens on Green Cut Bone. No better way to prepare it than with GREEK BQlil ADAM' CUTTER It cuts on the shear plate principle. Takes off a fine ribbon like piece, easily consumed by the i chicks or fowls. No sharp splinters to injure throat, i- . - « ^— Turns easily. Only ball-bearing cutter made. ForhandorpOWCT. CatalogueN' 39 free. W. J. ADAM, ilollet, III. In writing advertisers please mention Gleanings. i;)()i GLEANINGS IN BKR Cin/ri'RK 31 logue free. Frnitand Oraamentalf Slirabs, Bofseiii, Vines, Plants, Bulbs* SeedfS. Tlie best by 47 years test. 1000 acres, 40 in Hardy Roses. 44 Rreenhowsos in Everblooming Roses and Plants. Mail size postpaid, safe arrival suaranteod, larger by freight or express. Try us, our goods will please yon and direct deal will save you money. Correspondence solicited. Valuable STORRS & HARRISON CO., Box 223 PainesviSSe, Ohio. I. X ^^Pt^n^f TrQ GIRDLE TH The "Planet Jr." Year Book for 1901, like its predecessors, will lie the best catalogue of the season. Last year it took 35u,0U0 copies to supply the demand. We have issued a like amount for this year and shall print subsequent editions as re- quired. To those who know us we need oniy say that the new catalogue surriasses that of 1900. Sixteen fidl page half tone views made from original jjliotographs will show how they farm at home and in foreign lands, lllui-trates fully the complete "Planet Jr." line, comprising Seed Drills, Wheel Hoes, Cultivators. Harrows, Two Horse Cultivators, and Sugar Beet Seeders and Cultivators. We mail this catalogue free upon re- qiiest to everybody having crops of any kind to cultivate. We fit every case from the smallest garden to the largest farm. Prices greatly reduced for 19()1. S. L. ALLEN & CO., BOX 7I0-H, PHILADELPHIA, PA. 7'm'o Gold Medals at Pai is Ejcposit ion ; Hiyliest Award. ,50c SEED DUE BILL Send us to-iiay, your name ' and address on a postal and we will mail you\ f JiiEK nui-handsome Illustrated Seed Caialotj fcontuininir l»ue Bill and plan trood for 50e (north of Flower or Vctretuble Seedw FREE. j Your selec-tion to introduce I TKe Best Northern Grown Seeds Idirect from grrower to )y.anter, from Saginaw IValley Seed Gardens. Seed Potatoes, Vegetable, ; Flower, Field Seeds and Plants. 100.000 PACKAGES SEEDS FREE I on above plan. Write quiclc. Send names of , ^neighbors who buy seeds. Jliiii cash for , best list See thecatalogut HARRY N. HAMMOND SEED CO. ^Box69, BAY CITY, MICH ;/ vf lundd. OLDS I Seed Potatoes Always Give Satisfaction 18.000 bushels this year. Largest and best stock ever Krown. Pat's Choice, Pingree, Vigorosa, Bovee. Ey.Mieh., Ey. Ohio, Acme, McKinley, C'arni. 3. Sir Walt. Ral.. Livingston, etc. Pure Slock. Low Prices. Olds' Field and Garden Seeds. Quality the best; price as low as the cheapest. FIr< Hried Seed Corn a upeolalty. Seed OaK Barl vRajie, Millet, rlover, ^ ield Peas, Ve^etahle and FloweT Steds 40 p Ihus. Catalog Free. L.L.OLDS, Drawer H, Ciinlon.Ws. '^EEDS Ferry's Seeds are known the country over as t!io i!io8t reliable Seeds that cuii be bought. Don't save a nickel on cheap seeds and lose a dollar on the harvest. 1901 Seed Annual free. D. M. FERRY & CO., Detroit, Mich. DUE ToKet new custOTiiers to test njy seeds, I will mill m\ 1901 catalogue, filled with more liurjruiiiN tiiMri ever and a lOcIkue Bill good for lOe worth of Seedn tor trial sbMoIutely free. All the KestSeeds, Bult>K, Plants, ItoMeN, Farm Seeds, Potatoes and many >'ovelties at lowest prices, trtnmeiig, the great money making pl.int. Oiniit I'rize To- matoes, 2 to t he toot. Pan American Oats, sent ou tfiee to farmeis, and two Free Passes to I'lin American Expo- sition, Buffalo, N. Y. are offered. «2,C;ir) OO n cash premiums. Don't give your order until you see this new catalogue. You'll be Surprised at mv baru lin offers. Send posta > for cataiogae to-dav. It Is FHKE to nil. Tell vour friends to send too. F. U. MILLS, Box 105, Base bill, Unonda5aCu.,N. X, ...BULL- STRONG... With our Duplex Automatic Hall beaiing Woven Wire Fence Machine, any farmer can make H»0 Styles, and from SO to TO rods a day of the best and must practi- cal fence on earth at a cost for the Wire to make it of from 20 to 30c. per rod We sell Orn,ameutal Fence and Gates, Farm Fence and Gates, Plain, Barbed and Coiled Spring Wire direct to the farnierat wlKde- sale ]>rices. Catalogue free. KITSELMAM BROS. Bos D6\. Muncie, Ind. In writing a: ^ it contains. Send your address on a postal and get it now. Established 1884. % J. M. JENKINS, Wetumpka, Ala. 34 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jan 1 Our Advertisers. Green Bone as an Egg=Maker. At this time of year the poultryman wants eggs abo%'e every thing else. If his hens ever have an op- portunity of showing what they can do, now is their chance, for eggs mean money during this and next month. It is hardly worth while at this time to §o into the necessity of careful and judicious feeding in order to get a supply of eggs. Every poultryman realizes that the hen can lay eggs only when she has the necessary ingredients at her command, and that she must get these ingredients in her food. The lead- ing poultry-raisers of the country (we do not know of a single exception) are a unit in saying that of all foods which can be given poultry, none has a better effect on the egg-basket, at a less expense, than cut green bone. Since the day when the original bone- cutter (the Mann) was put on the market, green bone has increased in popularity and has doubled the in- come of many a poultry-raiser. The Mann Bone cut- ter was the original, and is still the one most largely used. Its popularity is the best indication of its mer- it. Send to F. W. Mann Co., Milford, Mass., for new catalog and book on feeding. The Swarthfflore Cage |> is the most perfect lursery yet devised, admits of practic- ing all methods of cell-getting, lessens manipulation, does away with all division and honey boards, may be placed like any comb in any hive, no small parts, all in one piece; acts as cell-protector, hatchery, nursery, and magazine ; a single cell or all may be separated without cutting, or all may be allowed to hatch at once. The Swarthmore plug-cup is the simplest cell- cup of all — no delicate waxwork. Price, complete, by mail, with full directions, 11.00. The Swarthmore Apiaries. Swarthmore, Pa. Send for queen circular — 13th year. E L. Pratt. QUEENS! QUEENS! If any of the readers of Gleanings are look- ing out for their queens for 1901, remember The Jennie Atchley Co. are preparing to rear queens largely, and will try to be ready to fill orders promptly in any quantities. Write to- day for a catalog, giving queen-rearing, and full instruction how to manage apiaries for profit. The Southland Queen The Only Southern Bee- paper. §1.00 per year, together with a premi- um untested queen, to new subscribers. You can send your subscription now, and get the queen-bee when you want her. Bee-keepers' Supplies. THE JENNIE ATCHLEY CO., Beeviile, Bee Co., Texas. UPPLIES. Best-equipped factory in the West ; car- ry a large stock and greatest variety of everv thing needed in the apiary, assur- ing BEST goods at the I^OWEST prices, and prompt shipment. We want every bee keeper to have our FREE IlylvUS- TRATED CATALOG, and read descrip- tion of Alternating Hives, Fergu.son Su- pers, etc. ll'rite at once for a catalog. ^ — agf;ncies : t Trester .Supply Co., 108 So. 11th St., X,\n- ^ coin, Nebra.ska : C. C. Richards, t I, llbu uun, luiiui 1223 17th St., Denver, Col. ^ ^fe:&S:& «-:&:& t&:& %^^fc &:&:)&.&&& &&S- fe-*-.*s- & S-ttt feSr* &*^S-. fe-.S-.S-. &^.& fes:& &S-.& &$-:& &S^& t^S-^ ST ] MADE TO ORDER. % >ii ^n< BINOHAM CO K B^ ■ a M^ J/^ ■ M ins KRETGHMER M'F'G CO,, Red Oak, Iowa. Bingham Brass Smokers Made of sheet brass, which does not ru.st or burn out ; should last a lifetime. You need one, but they cost 25 cts. more than tin of the same size. The little open cut shows our brass hinge put on the three larger sizes. No wonder Bingham's 4-inch smoke-engine goes without puffing, and does not drop inky drops. The perforated steel fire-grate has 381 holes to air the fuel and support the fire. Heavy tin smoke-engine, 4-inch stove, per mail, $1.50 ; 3^-inch, 11.10; 3-inch, 81.00; 2}4-inch, 90c; 2-inch, 6.5c. Bingham smokers are the originals, and have all the improvements, and have been the standard of excellence for 22 years. Only three larger ones brass. T. F. Bingham, : : Farwel!, IVIich. BINGHAM SMOKER. Dear Sir:— Inclosed find $1.75. Please stnd one brass Smoke-engine. I have one already. It is the best smoker I ever used. Truly yours, Henky Schmidt. Hutto, Tex 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Contents of this Number. Bee and Fruit Men in Session 54 Bees and F uit — Green on -13 Bee keepeis, Value to of N. B. K. A 54 B'ack Bro >d. To Cure 55 Bro 'ui Se Ige 52 Buckwheat. Great Yield from 53 Clover. Sweet 43 Clove s in Wisconsin 52 Convention, Geneva 55 Convention. Ontario 55 Co-op ration, Aikin on 46 Dadant in Pari'; .' 45 Extracting outfit, Gilstrap's 48 G-afting with Pipette 53 Hives, nioliltle on 51 Honev, Bleaching Dark Extracted 56 Nevada, Hone^- from 45 Popp eton. O. O 47, 54 Sections, Thin. Transparent 53 Sections U.se of PHrlly Filled 43 Sect •on folder. Mint It's 50 Space, Proper Bee 44 Sugar, Beet v. Cane 44 Uniting in Winter 53 Utter Ca.sp, Vaue of 44 Utter Trial, Personnel of 53 Honey Column. GRADING RULES. Fancy.— All sections to be well filled, combs straiprht. flrml.y attached to all four sides, the combs unsoiled by travel stain, or otherwise; all the cells sealed except an occasionai cell, the outside surface of the wood well scraped of propolis. A No 1.— All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood; combs straight; one-eighth part of comb surface soiled, or the entire surface sli(,rhtly soiled, the outside sur- face of the wood well scraped of propolis. No. 1.— .\11 sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs comparativel.v even ; one-eifrhlh part of comb surface soiled; or the entire surface slightly soiled. No. 2. — Three-fourths of the total surface must be filled and sealed. No 3.— Must weigh at least half as much as a full weight section. In addition to this the honey is to be classified according to color. u>ing the tenus while, amber, and dark; that is, there will t)e •" fancy white." " No. 1 dark." etc. CITY MARKETS. BuF?\\LO. — Comb honey, fancy, 16(a).17c: A No. 1, 15 @16; No. 1, 14(3)15; No 2; IS&U: No.' 3, 12wl3. Ex- traced, white, 7(a8; dark. 5^(5.6; beeswax, 28^30. The remand for honey since the holidays is pretty si w I think h ney is .scarce enough so that it can be all ma'keted at about the prevailing prices. Jan. 8, 1901. W. C. Townsend, Buffalo, N. Y. Alb.\ny. — Honey market dull, and prices nominal. White coinb, 15rai6; mixed, 13@14; dark, 11@12. There is a good deal of complaint of honey hardening in comb; and when it does, ccnsumers think it is not pure, and it injures the sile. Extracted market quiet; v/hite, 8@,8J^; mixed, 7@754 ; dark, 5^(5 6. MacDougal & Co., Successors to Chas. McCulloch & Co., Jan. 11. Albany, N. Y. New York. — Both comb and extracted honey mar- ket, dull and featureles-;. No New York State white Comb honey on the market to speak of, but some buck- wheat to t)e had. We quote : Fancy white, 1.5@16; A No. 1. 14@15; No. 1, 14(al5; No. 2, 12@13; fancy buck- v^heat, 11; No. 1, 10; No. 2,9. Extracted, white, 8; light amber, 7(5,7^; amber. 6(2654; buckwheat, 5J4@6. Beeswax, dull but firm, 27'a28. Chas. Israel & Bros. Jan. 11. 486-8 Canal St., New York City. Philadflphia.— As we predicted some weeks ago, the cars of California honey in comb have been unload- ed, and pushed to get returns, and mirket broke down. We quote: Fancy comb. 15; No 1, 13(a.l4. Extracted white, 7 ; amber, 6. Beeswax, 28. We are producers of honey, do rjot handle on commission. Wm. A. Selser. Jan. 11. 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa. New York. — The demand for all grades of comb honey still continues to be very brisk. Our receipts are rather light. We quote: Fancy white comb, 15(a;16; No. 1, 13'3)14 ; No. 2 12i4®13H ; buckwheat, 10(5/11. There is but a small demand as yet for buckwheat ex- tracted. .Some small sales are repo' ted as low as 5^. Beeswax is in good demand, and firtn at 28. Francis H. 1,egoett & Co., Franklin, West Broadway, and Varick Sts., Jan. 11. New York City. Denver. — Demand not very active Fancy white, 83 25 per case of 21 sections: No. 1, S3.00. Extracted white, 7li(qi8. Bee.swax, 22(3)25 The Colorado Honey Produceks Ass'n. 1410 Market St. Wanted.— Comb and extracted honey. State price, kind, and quantity. R. A. Burnett & Co., 163 South Water St., Chicago, 111. For S.^le. — Light amber extracted honey, in bar- rels, 7}4c a lb.; buckwheat, in kegs, 6c per lb. I. J. Stringham, 105 Park Place, New York. For Sale. — Choice alfalfa honey. Two cans, 120 lbs. net. whitest, S9 01) ; tinted, partly from other bloom, 88.40. Also small cans. The Arkansas Valley Apiaries, Oliver Foster, Prop., L,as Animas, Btnt Co., Colo. For Sale.— Extracted honey from alfalfa ; 60 lb. cans at 7 cts., and smaller cans. D. S. Jenkins, I,as Animas, Colo. A Honey Market. Don't think that your crop is too large or too small to interest us. We have bought and sold five carloads already this season, and want more. We pay spot cash Address, giving quantity, quality, and nrice. Thus. C. Stanley '& 5on, F^airfield. III. CHAS. ISRAEL & BROS., 486, 488, 490 Canal St., Corner Watt Street, N. Y. HONEY & BEESWAX. Liberal Advances made on Consignments. Wholesale Dealers and Commission Merchants. E.stablished 1875. HONEY FOR SALE. strictly pure extracted honey, in original five-gallon cans, as received from the apiary, 2 cans in ca.se, 7^c per lb., f. o. b Provo Utah; or if wantele use). Corn we sell at sc per half-pint package; but at this price purchasers must pay postage, which is ^c for each half-pint. If wayited in larger quantities the price {where no price is given ) -will be, pt. yc; qt. loc; pk. 6^c; bu. $2.25. Kendel's Eariy Giant Sweet Corn. Ford's Early Sweet. Stowell's Evergreen. Pt. .5^; qt. 8c: pk. .50c; bu. $1.75. Late nammoth Sugar. Country Qentlemiin, or Impro ed Shoepeg. Sweet Corn foi fodder. Pk. 40c: bu. $1.50. CORN SALAD. Oz r,c\ lb 40r CRESS. Extra Curled, or Pepper Grass. Oz. 5c; lb. 40c. Water Cress, true. Oz 25: lb. $2.-50. CUCUMBER. Early Frame. Oz. .5c; lb. :i5c. Improved Early White Spine, or Arlington. Oz. 5c; li. H.5c. Green Prolific, or Boston Pickle. Oz. .5c: lb. 3.5c. LETTUCE. Grand Rapids Lettuce. Oz. 5c: lb. .50c; 5 lbs. $2.00. Boston riarket (or White-seeded Tennis-ball). Oz. 5c: lb. .50c. Henderson's New York. Oz. 5c; lb. .50c. MELONS, MUSK. Casaba, or Persian Muskmelon. Oz. 5c; lb. 3.5c. Banana. Oz. .5c: lb. 3.5c. Extra Early Citron. Oz. 5c: lb. 3.5c. Emerald Gem. Oz. .5c; lb. 3.5c. Miller's Cream, or Osage. Oz. 5c; lb. 35c. Paul Rose IMuskme'on Oz , .Sc; 1 lb., 60c. Rocky Ford Canteloupe Muskmelon. The same that .so many people enjoved at the Omaha exposition. Pkt. 5c; oz. 8c; 1 lb. 60c. MELONS, WATER. Phinnev's Early. Oz. .5c; lb. 30c. Landreth's Boss. Oz. 5c: lb. 30c. Sweetheart. Oz. 5c; lb. 25c. ONIONS. A leaflet on ^^ Growing Onions to Bunch up" will be mailed on application. Yellow Globe Danvers Oz. 8c; lb. 7.jc; 5 lbs. $3.2.5. Large Red Wethersfield. Oz 8c; lb. 7.5c; 5 lbs. $3.2.5. Prizetaker. Oz. 20c; lb $1.7.5. White Victoria. 40r Wood's Early Frame. Oz. .5c; lb. 40c. Beckert's Chartier. Oz. 5c: lb. 40c. ChineseRose Winter. Oz. .5c; lb. 40c. 1001 GLKANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 41 SALSIFY, OR OYSTER PLANT. New nammoth. Oz. 10c; lb. SI. 00. SPINACH. Bloomsdate Extra Curled. Oz, oc; lb. 20c; -i ll>s. 75c. SQUASH. Giant Summer Crookneck. Oz. .")c; lb -lOc. Huhbard. Oz 5c; n>. oOc; 5 Ib.s. f2.2o; U) lii.s. $AM TOHATO. Oo"den Queen. Vki oc; oz. 15c; lb. S-'.OO. Ignolum Tomato, 'j oz. Sc; oz 15c; lb. jf 1.50. Li ving.-iton's Beauty. Oz. 12c; lb. Si. 75. Earlie5t-iii = ihe = world Tomato. Va oz. 10c; }^ oz. 1.5c; '•o oz I'Sc; oz. 50c. Fordhook First. Oz. 20c; lb 82 75. Dwarf Cliampion. Oz. 12c; lb. $1,75. Buckeye State. Oz. 15c; 11>. S1.75. Livintjstori's New Stone Tomato. Oz. 1.5c; lb. $2.25. Trophy I omato. Oz 10c; lb. 7.5c. Pears'haped Tomatoes. Oz. 20c; lb. S2..50 TURNIP. Yellow Aberdeen. Oz 5c; lb. 25c. White Esrg. Oz. oc; lb 30c. Brcadstone. Oz. .5c; lb. 30c. Purple-top Whitc=globe. Oz. 5c; lb. 30c; 5 Ib.s, Jl.2.5. BEST PRESENT PRICES ON THE CLOVERS, AND SEEDS OF OTHER HONEY-PLANTS. Alsike 1 lb., by mail, 30 cts.; bv express or freight, 1 lb., 20 cts.; peck, »2 25; ]4 bu., 84.25; bu., $8.00. Alsike is very scarce, and we have had difficultv in finding any at any price. We have, however, just .secured .30 bushels of an extra-fine lot of isfed grown by a bee keeper; but it co t us so nearly S8 OJ a bushel that it is almost •swapping one dollar for anotht-r to sell it at that. When this I'.t of seed is sold out I do not kno v where we are going to get any more. Bet- ter put in your orders now if you wa t it so as to have it on hand when the right time to sow it comes. Alfalfa, or Luctrne. .Same price as Alsike above. Medium White Dutch, and Peavine or Hammoth Red clovers. Bu , .S7 00; « bu., $3.75; pk., 12.00; 1 lb , 15 cts.; 1 lb. by mail, 25 cts. Sweet Clover. 100 lbs at 5 cts. per lb.; 10 lbs. or 111 re, f) cts.; 1 lb. by mail, 18 cts. The above prices on sweet clover are for immediate orders We can not tell how long these very low prices will hold. Jap3nese Buckwheat. TAobushel bag. $1..50; bu., 85 cts ; ^2 bu., 45 cts.; peck. 25 cts.; lb. by mail, 15 cLs. Seed Potatoes. We will ship potatoe*; any time during the winter to any Doiut further .south than we aie. at our risk of freezing; or we will set aside all potato-s sold, and keep th-ra in an excellent cellar and ship them in good ' rder after April 1 If vou hive not the very best kind nf cellar you had better let us keep them for you. We have done it for year-; without a failure, and ■we can keep them without sprouting until April 1. TABT.K OF PRICES. Name. Varieties are In order as reprards time of matur ins; earliest first, next earliest second, and so on. Red Blis»Tri.inir>h.... ♦White Bliss Triumph Earh Ouki E. I l.v Trumbull Bovee Eai ly Vermont New gueeii Lee's Favorite Freeman Twe' ti th Century ... St.te. f MaiMe Maule's Ccmimercial.. Ci.riiian No 3 Sir Walter Raleigh... New Russet N- ■ • ■ ^ t "Z ? J3 J4 a V iS s j: 0- U .o 3 ^ OT .S.' X S pa t IS » 40 » 30 f 40 » 75 * 1 25 2n .50 :» 50 85 1 6'i 25 .511 •5 .50 S5 1 50 2,T .50 3.) 60 85 1 .50 25 50 35 .50 «• 1 50 1.^ :<5 to 35 SO 1 00 Ih ;i5 20 35 60 1 00 15 «i 20 3.5 00 1 00 18 40 30 40 75 1 25 'ih ,50 35 ,50 85 1 .5( 15 »5 20 35 fiO 1 (.0 IX 40 M) 40 75 1 25 15 H5 20 35 fid 1 00 1ft :<5 20 3.'. (50 1 00 15 35 20 35 3n 60 ) 00 * This is tut Same ihiug as Junior Pri e. Seconds of any of the above will be (while they last) half the price of firsts, with the understanding that the seconds not only contain the small potatoes but those thst are scabby, prongy, or cut in digging. The scabby ones are just as good for seed if tieated in the usual way with corrosive sublimate, but ihey are a little more trouble. Seed PotatuCA as Premiums. Any one sending $1,00 for (i leanings, and asking for no otlier preniuim, may have 2.5 cents' worth of potatoes. And any one who is a sub.scriber, and who sends us $1.00 and one new name may have .50 cents' worth of potatoes; but if the potatoes are wanted by mail the subscriber must pay postage. Please notice we give potatoes as premiums, but we can not afford to give postage-stamps. A descriptive sheet of the above varieties wdl be mailed on application. Early Ohio and the New Russet, Michigati giown, can be shipped at above prices from Travel se City, Mich,, when our cust'.mers are nearer that point. HUBBARD SQUASH SEED. Last season we had some trouble about seed not be- ing true to name; but every complaint has been fixed up so far as we know. This year we have a splendid !• t of seed — the handsomest I ever saw — grown by one of our bee-keepers, from seed furnished \-y ourselves. T^esedwas not removed from the squa^lie-i until the ini'ldle of the winter Yon will notice by Gregory that such seed is very much plumper, and superior to that taken out in the fall Good Hubliard squashes a'-e never a glut in the market— at least I never heard of such being the case. See very low prices above. Cold-Frame or Hot«Bed Sash at Lower Prices. '2S:2.3QE2^'i2S^Si3*^KS^sxji2»iii^sas-«^'' The sash aro nf the regular size, 8 ft. 4 iudies by 6 ft., for four rows of glass 8 inches wide. If any pit fer larger glass we will furnish sash for 3 rows of 11 inch glass .it tlie same price. riiesesasli are usually shipped from here knocked d.wn at a low rate of fieight, and they can be put t-.-Mther by anybody. If done securely they are just as strong as tlie regular sash. They are 1?8 in. ill ck, outside bars about 3 inches wide, and inside 1)1 es about IJ^. The bars are groovt d to slip the g ass in place If a light of glass is broken, move ibem up close and slide anotlier in from the bottom end. If any )>refer the bars rabbeted to set glass in IJUitv, we will make them so on re(4uest. Price of one sash, in the fi-it, for sample, with- out glnss. 70 cts. ; 5 in 'he flat. 65 cts. each: 10 in the Hat. 60 cts each. Gla-s, 8xlo, just right for the tibove, f2 75 per bo.v ol 9 i lights. Sash put up. no glass or paint, 10 cts. each extra; III CIS. each extra for each coat of paint, and gl.OO each extra for glass s-t in place, making the sash put up, painted two coats, and tilled with glass, at ■t 1 95 each in lots of .5. The risk and freight t harges are so much more shipped put up witn glass that we do not recommend you to order this way, and we can not well pack less than 5 safely. We would not advise shipping a less number than five; but if you take our advice you will have all .\our glass sash shipped in the flat. In this case Ihey go as fourth-class freiglit: whereas, all com- plete they will have to go as first-class, and some I'oads rate them as double first-class. The new white bush bean, the Prize=winner. During the past season we grew two crops (ripe and drv) of these on the same ground. Quality and yield were both ahead of any white beans we ki ow of. This was fully described on pages 930 and 938 Glk.\nin<;s for IJec. 1. We have just secured fr( m the grower enough so that we can make the following very reasonable prices ; \^ p'lit, 12c ; pint, 20c ; quart, 35c ; peck, $1,25 ; '2 bushel, S2 25, The A. I. Root Co., Hedina, O. 42 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jan 15 iJiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin I Italian Bees. I WM. A. SELSER, I 10 Vine Street, I Philadelphia, Pa. = Office of The A. I. Root Co. I am booking orders now for spring shipment of Thoroughbred Italian Bees and Queens. My two apiaries kept for breeding are situated on high sandy soil — are strong with young bees and brood, when queens at my other apiaries have just com- menced laying — never known any diser.se. Seud in your orders now to insure prompt shipment when season opens. Full colonies, with queen in shipping-case, $6.00 ; 3-frame nucleus, with queen in shipping-case, ?3 00. In lots of 10 to 25 full colonies or nuclei, 10 per cent off. As our spe- cialty is Full Colonies and Nuclei, we do not care to send single queens before May. ^niiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiin: BEST WHITE ALFALFA HONEY IN 60-POUND CANS. We have a quantity of the finest white al- falfa honey in 60-pound cans at these prices : Sample by mail 8 cts.; two 60 pound cans, boxed, at 9 cts. a pound ; 4 or more 60-pound cans, at 8}4 cts., f. o. b., Chicago. Cash must accompany each order. Remember, we are HEADQUARTERS IN CHICAGO FOR BEE-SUPPLIES. We carry a full line of the best goods for bee-keepers, and would like to serve you. Give us a trial. THE AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL we issue every week. You should have it. A sample will be mailed free, and also our bee- supply catalog. Ask for them. Address GEO. W. YORK & CO., 118 Michigan St. CHICAGO, ILL. Bee Supplies. Root's Goods — at— Root's Prices. My stock is complete. My prices are right. Send for catalog, mailed free. SEEDS. I make a specialty of FIELD and GARDEN SEEDS. Send for my IL- LUSTRATED CATALOG. My seeds are true and reliable, all tested by me personally. > G. H. W. WEBER, CINCINNATI, \l 2146 CENTRAL AVENUE. 0. I. J. Stringham, 105 Park Place, New York City, Keeps in stock a full line of modern appliances for bee-keepers. COMB FOUNDATION is one of our specialties. If you expect to itse any quantity get our prices. Catalog free. Apiaries at Glen Cove, Long Island. I. J. Stringham, 105 Park Place, New York City. JourMai^ • DELVoTE.DK •■fo'BELE.^- •AND Hon EY •WiD HOME, •INTE.FiEST^ ^^Z ^/- \ \^1%^^. l'^f\o^^^i '."^S«v .^ ^^~ J^^'-a-ta ,^a"*"_j ^ oo-fCo. $i=° PER VtAR'"^@ "Medina- Ohio- Vol. XXIX JAN. 15, 1901. No. 2. Isn't that a foul proceeding for Fowls to go fowling af er such fowls as owls and Mil- lers the way he does on page 13? Clarifying extracted honey is urged in Deutsche Bienenziicht. Heat slowly to not more than 145°, so as to melt all the granules; then let cool slowly ; the more slowly, the brighter the honey. Some people will say slow cooling makes no difference, but I'm only giving it as I find it. The uncapping - fork continues to be vaunted in the German bee-journals as supe- rior to an uncapping-knife. Has any one tried it in this country, or does it work well only in the German language ? it is now made with adjustable forks or needles, so that, if one is broken, it may be replaced. Price, with 4 ex- tra needles, 33 cts. More progress in bee culture has been made in the past 60 years than in the entire previous history of the world. In 1842 ap- peared the Dzierzon theory; in 1851 Lang- stroth gave us movable combs; in 1857 Johann Mehring comb foundation ; in 1865 Hruschka the honey-extractor ; Hannemann the queen- excluder, when ? Then there's the smoker, sections, etc. ; when and by whom were they ? It's well for us at the beginning of the new cen'ury to make an inventory of our blessings, and to be thankful for them. DooLiTTLE is reported in Deutsche Bienen- zucht as distinguishing between drone cells and store -cells (unterscheidet geradezu Drohn- enz-^llen und Vorratszellen). In proof of this he is quoted as saying (Gleanings, p. 438) that store-cells "den Drohnenzellen an Groes- se gkichen" (resemble drone-cells in size). Doolittle's exact words were, "store comb, which is of the drone size of cell." I hardly think he meant to teach that a drone-cell dif- fers from a store-cell except as to its use. [This is a good example, showing how Ameri- can ideas are sometimes perverted simply be- cause the language is misunderstood. — Ed.] Sweet clover in Ireland is reported as growing 5 ft. high, p 9. Now some one re- port what it can do in this country, say out west, where it isn't thickly settled, and where it has room to grow. [Sweet clover grows right here in Medina, along the sides of the roads, a great deal more than 5 feet high. I have not measured it, but I am sure I have seen it along the road for a quarter of a mile a great deal higher than I could possibly reach. — A. I. R.] C. A. Green, editor of Green's /^rttzV-Croze/- er, says : " But as regards bees injuring fruit, there is no doubt in my mind that this is a fal- lacy which should be corrected by the agri- cultural and horticultural press throughout the country. Make it plain to all inquirers that bees do not injure fruit, but that they are the friends of fruit-growers." [This is most important testimony, coming as it does from a representative of the fruit-growing interest. When we get right down to it there is no real antagonism between the two interests, fruit and bees. — Ed ] If I understand rightly, Doolittle advises, p. 16, to extract partly filled sections, and use them for bait without having the bees clean them out. Now, will there not be particles of candied honey in those sections? and will that not hasten candying in them when filled ? [It does not seem to me that Mr. Doolittle re- ally meant this ; for among practical bee-keep- ers it has always been laid down as a rule that unfinished sections, when extracted, should be cleaned out by the bees, else there will be par- ticles of candied honey in the sections when they are filled the second time. — Ed ] According to the report in American Bee Journal, all but one member of the National convention voted in favor of the reform spell- ing used in that paper. Now, was that an " unbiast " vote, or were all those sensible people hoodooed by that man York? [If I remember correctly there was a large number who did not vote on either side. If there was any " hoodooing " it was by that man Mason. But, nevertheless, I believe in short spelling, but do not see how it is practicable to carry it into effect at the present time in our own es- tablishment.— Ed. ] 44 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jan 15 Bro. a. I., you speak of a young man *' picking out a girl just because of her good looks," p. 24. Well, now, that isn't as bad as it might be; for when a fellow's over head and ears in love with a girl she's the best-looking girl in the world to him, no matter how home- ly others may think her. Don't you remem- ber? I do. [Yes, doctor, I do remember. The girl I am thinking about was " all the world to me," and for that matter she is yet — or at least I tell her so almost every day. — A. I. R.] Tha.t Utter-Utter decision is alone worth more than all the money that has been put into the N. B. K. A. treasury. So was the adulteration fight in Chicago. Now, my friends, who are not yet members, don't you think you can afford to put in a dollar each to help on the good work ? A lot more good can be done by the Association if it has a full treasury. I just suggest it to you. [In my humble judgment the decision of the Utter trial was worth more — vastly more — than that of the celebrated Arkadelphia case, important as that was. If the decision in the first nam- ed had been against us, and left there, bee- keeping might have been wiped out of many fruit sections of the United States. The Ark- adelphia case related only to bees in towns and villages ; and if that had gone against us it would have wiped beekeeping out of the great centers of population only, but would not have affected it in the least in the great areas of country half a mile and more from those centers. Why, it seems to me that the results of the Utter trial are worth thousands and thousands of dollars. If the National Bee-keepers' Union, the United States Bee- keepers' Union, or the North American Bee- keepers' Association, now all merged into one, had never done any more, we could still feel that the money that has been put into the sev- eral treasuries was well invested. — Ed ] Fresh warning is given in the Br-itish Bee Journal against the use of beet sugar made in imitation of Demerara cane sugar. A London daily has an article on " Beet Sugar and Arsenic," in which it is said that " in course of manufacture of the white granulated grades of sui^ar, considerable quantities of sulphuric acid are used " to clean the vacuum- pans, "wash" the sugar white, and give it the proper " bloom." The British Bee Joiir- nal has steadily insisted that beet sugar is bad for bees. A large part of granulated sugar in this country is from beets. Can our experi- ment stations tell us about its purity ? also its wholesomeness for bees? [In our recent con- vention at Traverse City, Mich., Prof. Ran- kin, of the Michigan Agricultural College, emphasized very particularly the fact that su- gar from beets is exactly the same thing as sugar from cane, and no chemist can tell a particle of difference. He said the idea that beet sugar was not as good for bees as cane su- gar is all foolishness. You' may be aware that I have taken the same ground for years. Our sugar makers, with their great costly plants, and wonderful skill that has come through ages of experience, manufacture sugar that is almost absolutely chemically pure, no matter what they make it of. Prof. Rankin said that the greater part of the sugar now in the mar- kets of the world is made from beets. — A. I. R.] Good thing that Rambler champions ama- teur bee-keepers, p. 10. An amateur may or may not be a novice. He generally knows less than the professional, but he may know more. We owe a big debt to amat<:-urs. But I protest against Rambler's classing among amateur bee-keepers a man who doesn't keep bees at all. Still worse : how could you, Rambler, say "of course" A. I. Root is an amateur bee-keeper when he turns over his bees to others and goes off after greenhouses and gardening ? He 7vas an amateur, a fact greatly to the profit of bee-keeping, and at present you may put him into almost any class of bee-keepers you like, but not among ama- teurs. He is an amateur florist, an amateur gardener, just now an amateur poultry-raiser, and I don't know what next ; and when A. I. is an amateur in any thing he is an amateur of the most pronounced type. [Now look here, doctor ; I appeal to the good people of that convention at Traverse City whether I did not rank fairly with the best scientific bee-keepers of the age — at least when I attend- ed that convention. Why, several times I was rated as the great " poo-bah " in bee cul- ture— yes, and not only in Michigan but in York State too.— A. I. R.l A'. J. Fisher sends a tough conundrum. With old comb l^V think, and ]/% added for cappings, spaced \}i, there is only i\ between combs; then he flmgs this at me: "If you began anew, would you space 1^ or 1 )^ ? " I don't know, but I think not. I'd space 1/g, unless swayed from it by its being too much out of fashion. It does seem that 1>^ ought to give a better chance for proper clustering in winter. [Now look here, doctor ; why do you back down, for you have formerly believ- ed that iy% was the right spacing ? Don't you remember that, out of 49 measurements of comb naturally built in straw hives, Wey- precht found that the distance was 1 3^^ from center to center? and that Berlepsch, in 49 measurements, ver'fied this result ? Old comb Ijig thick must be 25 years old ; and we may safely say there is not more than one comb in ten thousand — no, nor in five hundred thou- sand— that will be that old. Then, again, Mr, Fisher is assuming that ]\ is too small a space for bees between combs. There are some who believe that ^^ is the right bee-space, and we certainly know that that spacing is by no means impracticable. No, sir, 'e, doctor ; don't you countenance wider than \y%. If any thing, make it a shade less. And don't you know, too, that if the frames are 1^ wide, propulis will increase the spacing ? The older the comb, or the older the frame, the wider will be the spacing. Leaving theory entirely out of the account, practical experience in hundreds of thousands of self-spacing frames has shown that 1^ is not too narrow. And one more fact : Narrow spacing has a tenden- cy to keep out drone comb and drone-rearing. —Ed.] 1001 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 45 }/XOM 0MN£IGHB0/t5 FIELDS; 2M^ :^"'c:sp«^:;3i*:vc?a3^s«cr?w^ Again the weather is as mild As balmy April's breath ; The sun shines down on pleasant fields Scarce touched by winter's death. AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL. The chief feature of interest in the issue for Jan. .") is Mr. D idant's review of the itjterna- tional bee keepers' congress in Paris last Sep- tember. Although the congress was interest- ing, Mr. D thinks more beneficial results ha\ e been achieved in national meetings in this couniry. There were 15 different nations rep- resented, 21 foreign associations, and 35 French. The various representatives under- stood French except two or three ; but the different topics were placed in the hands of committees with foreign chairmen to control the discuesions Mr. Dadant says that, al- though these men who occupied the chair in turn were very familiar with French, they still showed in their speech that it was a tongue foiei:5n to them. At the door Mr. Dadant was required to register his name, and show his credentials before entering. This was the only method that could be used to compel miembers to help sustain the institution by paying a membership fee. Otherwise, they said, a number of people, who could enjoy the meetings, would come and listen, and even discuss and vote, and would go home without having subscribed a cent toward defraying ex- penses. Mr. Dadant says he has heard it de- plored that there are bee-keepers at each con- vention in this country who take advantage of the meetings without helping in a pecuniary way. There were about 150 delegates present, and Mr. Didant says he was impressed by the great number of doctors, teachers, and clergy- men whom he met. The clergy are dis- tinguished there by their clothing. He says he never met a pleasanter set of men than the clergy. It was the opinion of the majority that the destruction of drone comb, and re- placing it by worker comb, was desirable, and a motion to recommend it was passed. This was opposed by one man who said he weighed 5 hives with many drones, and 5 hives with few drones. The 5 with many drones in- creased 116 kilograms, and the 5 with few drones increased 123 kilograms. This shows a difference of 16 '< lbs. in favor of few drones. Mr. Dadant comments : The gentleman did not think that this difference is sufficient to condemn the drones, and thinks they are advantageous in kef ping the brood warm. He did not stop to note thit, bef'ire these drones could keep the other bf-ood warm, they hid to be kept warm them- selves while in brood, and thrst. too, at a time when the bees are not numerous and the weather is c loler than during the honey crop ; and that if there had been workers reared instead of drones they would be just as likelv to be able to keep the brood warm if the weather became cold enough to necessitate this. It was asserted by some that bees change worker comb to drone comb when all the drone comb has been removed, but Mr. Da- dant entirely disbelieves this. He attributes the apparent change, not to the bees, but the sagging of the cells in combs of foundation, caused by heat. He says he has seen this in a few instances. Foul brood was discussed. Mr. Dadant says he thinks that in Europe as well as in America many .so called cases of foul brood are only chilled brood. One French bee- keeper told him that he had had foul brood, but it disappeared without his doing any thing with it. One speaker asserted that foul brood is not so bad a disease as reported, and one man ridiculed all the writers who advise such strong measures against it ; but the interrup- tions and laughing of the majority showed him that he had no hope of convincing them. Several leading men, on the other hand, rec- ommended fire and boiling water as the only sure remedies for this dreadful scourge. In coming home, to pass away idle hours the passengers got up an evening entertainment at which each one was required to say or sing something for the entertainment of the others, under the payment of $1.00 into the sailors' orphans' fund, and they had Mr. Dadant down on the program for a talk on bees. The few words he spoke led to more questions than he could have answered in a week, and some of them were decidedly foolish. This is men- tioned as showing the general ignorance among the masses on the subject of bees. A fine view of the president of the congress, Mr. Gaston Bonnier, is given. I have long felt interested in the work of this man, and it may not be beyond the bounds of possiLility to give a short sketch of him, together with his portrait, in these columns. An interesting letter appears from Mr. J. T. Hammersmark, written at Reno, Nevada. That State figures but little in print so far as bees are concerned It is the State of great ex- tremes in some respects. It has an area of 110,700 square miles (more than twice that of Illinois), with a population of only 42 000, or the thirty sixth part of that of Chicago alone. The chief crop for honey there is alfalfa, as we all know. One is always sure of a crop, al- though it may not be more than 40 or 50 lbs. per colony. The writer says the average crop for 20 years would not be less than 100 lbs. per colony. He says some have asked him whether alfalfa honey is of good flavor. He replies that alfalfa honey of that region is pre- ferred to that of California by buyers. In his estimation it comes next to pure white-clover honey. We have had a great deal of Nevada honey here at the Home of the Honey-bees, and have so far placed it at the head of every thing else in the honey line. If it could not be had for less, the writer would call it cheap at 40 cts. a pound for extracted, and will will- ingly pay that. We are not aware however, of any difference in the same kind of honey, whether raised in Colorado, Nevada, or Cali- fornia. One of the drawbacks suffered by the people of Nevada is thus described by Mr. Hammersmark : 46 GlyEANINGS IN BEE CUI.TURE. Jan 15 Think of a ride on the cars from Chicago, for in- •stance, from three to four days, first through our fertile neighboring States, then over the vast desert of waste land and mountains of the far West. How- ever, this would not be so bad if the railroad company did not charge you a small fortune to get there. Then our freight charges aie something awful. Suppose I order a carload of bee-fixtures from the East to be laid down in Reno, Nevada. My goods go no further than Reno, but the company charges me with freight to San Francisco, and then back freight again to Reno Of cour.se, they are the big fish and I am of the little fish, and during the present state of political corruption, and as long as the men who make our laws can be bought and bribed to do as the big fish dictate, regard- less of the rights of the people, the little fish must either submit to their robbery and be sa'allowed alive, or keep out of their way. There are hopes, however, that such things will some day be modified, for the people will not always be silent. Comment is needless. The writer says alfalfa is cut there in its best bloom for koney. The past season the bees did not work more than seven or eight days on each crop before it was cut. It is of the sweet-clover order. It commences to bloom about July 1, and will bloom for ten weeks or more if not cut. "What a lot of sweet could be produced from 1000 acres of al- falfa raised for seed!" Mr. York gives his readers a fine picture of Mr. Hammersmark and his little son, one of the finest-looking boys I ever saw. CO OPERATIVE ORGANIZED WORK. Its Benefits Demonstrated ; Conditions Demand Co-operation ; the Colorado Honey-producers' Association; an Information Scheme. BY R. C. AIKI.V. It is now time that we begin to think about what we are to do in the way of perfecting the organizing of bee-keepers. We need to co- operate in a way (or ways) not yet touched. I propose here to follow out more in detail the lines touched upon in my essay before the Na- tional Association at Chicago in August last. I will again refer to the matter of marketing small fruits as practiced here at Loveland. I have before mentioned the matter, but we have since passed through another fruit sea- son, and the results prowing out of the system we practice are a good illustration of some of the points I wish to get before the bee-keep- ing public. Before the fruit growers organized, every man shipped for himself or sold to the local stores, and they each shipped separately. There was no system. I did not know what my neighbor was doing, nor he of me. We were just as likely to ship all the same day to the same town and same firm. You see one house might be badly overloaded, and anoth- er house or market have none. Such things result in a glut, demoralized prices, and spoil- ed berries. S3meb ody loses heavily, dealers are disgusted, hard feelings are engendered, and it is unsatisfactory all around. Besides other difficulties, the individual growers were not all posted as to reliable firms, or the methods of doing business, the needs of this and that about putting up the fruit, what trains best to ship on, etc. As a result, there were rascally firms that never paid, things were going wrong here and there, and very many discouragements. The people organized, and a buying and sell- ing agent was employed. The people report to the agent the prospective need of boxes and crates, and these are ordered in car lots, all be- ing regular, and a good supply on hand. The growers produce the berries, and deliver them at certain hours at the depot, each grower's number on the crates, and there the grower's trouble ends. The agent takes the fruit ; ships, collects, and pays over the money when the returns are in. The agent begins to hunt up and book his customers before the fruit comes on, so that, when it does begin to come, he knows just where to place it. He keeps in touch, daily, with all the consuming territory — mail, telephone, and telegraph keep him posted as to supply and demand in the various markets, so that there is an equal distribution. He also has the commercial rating of the houses, besides knowing personally very many of them and what to expect of them. All this brings the business to a system, and there is economy in distribution, in collecting; in every way the business is more satisfactory. The poor widow with her few rows of berries and half a dozen crates to market, gets her product sold just as quickly, just as safely, and at the same expense or commission, as the wealthiest grower in the whole country. I produce some fruit ; and were I obliged to market for myself I should have to quit the fruit, for I can not leave my bee and honey work to putter with a few crates of berries ; but by the aid of the association system my berries are put into the agent's hands, and I have no more bother but to draw my pay by and by. As I have repeatedly said in print, and by word of mouth, our commercial systems de- mand a.xi.^ must have co-operation. Sending our products so far and into the hands of per- fect strangers, trusting strangers to get the goods transported, etc., all demand that we get all done by co operation and a complete system. A little community doing business by itself, and having no dealings with the outside world, has little or no need of all this organizing ; but the more fa*- -reaching, the more we need organized effort. Do not get scared at the thought of organizing, and cry " trust." There are right and wrong motives. A robbing trust is the rascal's machinery ; but a trust to facilitate and improve our methods is a grand and a good thing — our weapon of defense against robbers, and a mutual help and protection. The Loveland Fruit growers' Association is no robber's scheme. Without 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CUIvTURE. 47 this combine, many who now market fruit with profit would be out of the bus'lness, and miany who now have fruit to eat would not have it. Now let us apply the ideas to honey-pro- ducers. An apiarian organization must neces- sarily be much more extensive and far reach- ing, because our products are from widely dis- tributed territory, and are sent over great dis- ter should be by and with the others. When a few of us in a county or State have, by hard study and work, wrought out a good thing, why not all fall in and use the results of this knowledge and experience, instead of groping along over the same ground '^^^'^!^!^ ip We have in Colorado a marketing associa- tion known as "The Colorado Honey-pro- ducers' Association." This is a corporation O. O. POPPI,ETON. — SEE EDITORIALS. tances. A big crop of honey in the Atlantic and Pacific States means competition to the in- terior, and vice versa. Ivoveland small fruits seldom go out of the State ; but my honej' may go to Boston. A county organization is a good thing ; a State is better ; but a nation- al CO operation is by far better than either. The former can operate separately, but the lat- doing business under the laws of our' State. The statutes provide that any organization or association doing business for profit must in- corporate. Of course, we expected to do_busi- ness for profit, so we incorporated. - ;;;:::_ ,^ Right here I want to protest against a com- mon idea that seems to be in the minds of many — that we should not organize for-profit, 48 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jan 15 but that we should simply co-operate for mu- tual benefit, without salary or any such thing as pay. Let all such know that it is possible for a few people to perform " a labor of love " to aid their brethren ; but to keep it up very long will wear out both the patience and pocketbook of the laborer. The Bible teaches us that, in the matter of moral and spiritual things, "the laborer is worthy of his hire," and never once hints that service should not receive compensation, though we are led to the thought that a labor of love and good will receive its reward — if not in this world, in the one to come. It is Bible teaching, and, as well, a common duty, that we recompense our brother for service rendered. The gist of this is, let business enter into all organization and CO operation. Our Honey-producers' Association is a busi- ness concern on business principles. The ob- ject is to co-operate to the business advantage of those concerned. Those concerned are all the honey producers of the State. True, not all of our producers are members of the com- pany, but they may and should be. Those who are outside the company, and even those who are working against it, receive benefit be- cause of it. Remember what I have told you about our Loveland Fruit-growers' Associaiion, and the benefits growing out of it, as com- pared with the demoralized condition before organizing. The Colorado Honey-producers' Association, imperfect and incomplete as it is, and hampered and injured in its work by jeal- ous and suspicious persons who ought to be lending a helping hand, makes it possible to market more systematically and thoroughly our product, and both directly and indirectly benefit the State's producers. The company business manager is in touch with nearly all the producers in the State, and with every producing part of the State. If there is a crop in one valley and none in some other, our manager knows somewhat of it. If honey is wanted, he knows where it is. He makes it his business to know, as far as possi- ble, the crop prospects in the whole United States, and all this information he applies to the protection and benefit of the industry in the State, anl in particular to those who sup- port him by moral and financial help. It takes thought and energy, time and money, to do this work ; but in the end it pays the pro- ducer and works him no hardship. We will admit that our organization has re- duced the profits, probably, of a few middle- men (I am not objecting to a middleman, he is a necessity in our business); but it has very much benefited the producers. One tl ing is .absolutely fundamental and necessary to the welfare and upbuilding of the nation and its business : it is, the prosperity of the producers. I wish these ideas could be in bold relief, in letters of blood before our politicians and rulers and law makers, till they would never forget them. Break down the producer, and you destroy our prosperity, middlemen and all ; build up the producer, and you unavoid- ably build up the dependencies. I will, in my next, enter into the plans I have in mind for organizing the bee-keepers all over our nation into a co-operative business concern. That we should do this I have not the least doubt. Economy and justice de- mand it. Duty to ourselves and oihers makes it a necessity. We shall have neglected a very important duty if we leave this work undone. Before closing I want to call attention to a work done this summer and fall by our Mr. F. L. Thompson It illustrates somewhat the benefits of organizaiion and co-operation, is the beginning (and snly a beginning) of what should be carried out all over our land. Mr. Thompson's work was this : He conceived the idea of getting reports from producers all over the State, as to amount of old honey carried over from last year, to- gether with prices ii was selling at ; how the bees wintered, and prospects for a crop, both as to condition of bees and other features ; from time to time the progress of the flow, the harvesting of crop, prices crop was held at, and when sales made, price obtained, etc. From reports sent to him, Mr. T. compiled re- sults, and mailed the same to the reporters in the vaiious locations. It is too t-oon yet, while I am wriring this, to know the benefits derived from the work ; but no doubt it has done much jjood. This is merely a modest be- ginning— just a start. Mr. Thompson can not devote a life to this kind of work unless help- ed. The whole country ought to be covered with this report, thoroughly organized, and the work paid for. I shall, m forthcoming articles, outline some plans for consideration and discussion, out of which may grow great good to our industry. EXTRACTING-OL'TFIT. Conveniences at an Exlracting-jard. BY W. A. H. GItSTRAP. With the producer of extracted honey, a matter of no small considerati.jn is the house and appliances by which the apiarist is enabled to put his product into marketable condiiiun. Having had an experience of eleven )'ears in fourteen home and out-apiaries run for ex- tracted honey, in whole or in part, and having assisted others in extracting, possibly my views will be worth something to others. Perhaps the first thing to mention is the cart or wheelbarrow. This is a matter of lo- cition, to a great extent. On very uneven ground the cart is out of the question. If you want the hives to be in a few nearly straight rows, tracks may be laid and cars run on the same at slight outlay of labor provid- ing the lay of the ground is favorable. But the general appearance of different hive loca- tions should be guarded against to &void the loss of queens. On soft ground the broad face of an ordinary gang-plow wheel is the most 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 49 satisfactory for a wheelbarrow of any thing I have tried. My preference is to have the wheel slightly under the load, leaving just enough weight on the handles to keep the wheelbarrow stead}' when in motion. If the extractiug-house is not to be used for other purposes, a building 8X16 feet is large enough for one or two men. Gravitation should be used when we can do so. M}^ preference is to excavate sufficiently from one end of the house so the honey can run from the extractor through a pipe which empties into a Mclntyre strainer on the tank. Another pipe should carry the honey from the uncapping-box to the strainer. A door should be in each end of the house, or in the side near the end. The screen used to ventilate the house should extend several inches above the windows and a bee space from the wall, thus forming good bee-escapes. —9.0 N°. 1 N°.2 This top view of the tank is to illustrate the appear- ance before the upper bottom is in. A, A. A, supporting-strips soldered to bottom. B, B, B. B, corner pieces from top of tank to upper bottom, or floor. C, C, C, C, opening from top of tank to reservoir at bottom. D, honey-gate. E, screw-cap to draw water out of reservoir. NO. 2. DIAGRAM. A, ealvanized iron braces. B, first bottom, and space between. C, clipped covers in first bottom. D, honey-gate. E water-cock or cap. F, crating to support tank. Among the various extractors I have used, the Cowan line suit me best. For rapid work, give me the six-frame size. But a man dreads to look at one flfter he extracts a few tons of honey with it — at least a medium or small man does. It means hard work to run one. Another defect is, the baskets swing against a circle, which has a tendency to bulge the baskets and rack them ; and it also is trying on the combs. I extracted several carloads of honey with one of this size, and then sold it. With slight repair it can make several season's run yet. Where there is much moving to do, the four-frame size suits me better. There is a question in my mind whether a two-frame machine would not suit most people better. The baskets rest plump against the irons, which keeps them true. It is light, and far more effective than many might dream. In this country we get our honey ripened in the hives so well that there is usually no need of a tank for that purpose. But we must let the honey settle to supply the demand of our exacting market. To let the honey run through those play strainers which come with the extractors might do — no one, perhaps, has the patience to find out. How such men as Messrs. France and Coggshall can sell honey right from the extractor is a kink we have not learned yet. If we are to handle honey by gravitation as much as possible it follows that, in most places we need a shallow tank. This year I made one of galvanized iron, two feet wide, two high, and four feet long. The distinguishing feature about it, which must not be patented, is a double bottom. Strips of heavy galvan- ized iron were soldered securely to the lower bottom — such strips as are used to fasten sheet iron together for shipment. These strips are bent to strengthen the bottom. After the second bottom is put in, strips of galvanized iron six inches by two feet are first riveted in, and then .soldered. Of course the corners of the upper bottom are cut away. The accom- panying diagram will probably make it clear. To hold it in shape it should be crated. The tank is nailed to the crating at different points near the top ; but the crating does not quite reach the bottom. Between the bottoms there is a space of about 1 Yz inches which can be filled with water at either corner. During the late fall flow, when honey granulates so quick- ly, you can warm this water by an oil-stove, or by wood fire in furnace under tank, and it is much more convenient than digging honey out of the tank and melting up elsewhere, as I have frequently been forced to do. The tank may also be used for liquefying honey at other times. A round tank could be made with the same distinguishing feature ; but I like this form better. Whatever the style of tank, a platform scale should be under the honey-gate ; and when you draw off 60 pounds net, take the can oflf the scales and it will be just right. Grayson, Cal., Nov. 27. [Referring to the hoop or circle against which the baskets swing in Cowan extractors, I would say that we could make it eight-sided or six-sided, so that the baskets would strike against the flat surface rather than at the cor- ners, but we had never supposed this would be any advantage. We will take the matter under consideration, however, and if, after testing, the change is found advisable, we will adopt it. We are always glad to get sugges- tions, for it is only by taking the ddvice and experience of practical men that we can make an article that meets the demands of severe and prolonged usage. The great majority of producers run the honey from the extractor into a large tank, or reservoir, not alone for the purpose of allow- 50 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jan 15 ing the honey to evaporate but also to allow particles of dirt and sediment to precipitate down so that, when the honey is drawn off, it will be clear and limpid. Mr. Coggshall, I know, does run the honey into pails, and from the pails directly into kegs. But it should be remembered that a large part of his honey is buckwheat and buckwheat mixed. If there were slight particles of sediment scattered through the honey it would not show ; and as this sediment consists only of pollen grains and minute particles of wax it does no harm. If Mr. Coggshall were located where you are, and producing white honey he certainly would have to depend on precipitation to clarify his honey or else use some sort of strainer. iHere it is again — the matter of locality. Our artist has made a little mistake in the engraving. Instead of showing the 60 pound pail he should have shown the 60 pound square can ; for after the honey has stood long enough to precipitate sediment, it is run into the regular marketing packages — namely, square cans. If nothing prevents, I hope to make a run through California during the extracting sea- son, my plans having been modified by the fact that my brother-in-law, Mr. Bo3'den, went in my stead to Cuba and Florida. — Ed.] Hubbard press brings a gradual squeeze, forc- ing the dovetails together. The machine is certainly very ingeniously MINTLE'S LIGHTNING SECTION-FOLDER. BY E. R. ROOT. Some little time ago Mr. J. R Miiitle, of Glenwood, Iowa, sent us one of his section- folders to test. A careful trial showed that it is probably the fastest machine that has ever been built ; and while our experts with the MINTI.E SECTION-FOI.DER. Hubbard press can fold sections just as rapid- ly as they can on the Mintle, yet I am strong- ly of the opinion that, if they were equally expert with the last named, they would reach a greater speed. An objection to it is, that it is more liable to break sections than the Hub- bard. This liability is due to the fact that the section is folded with a blow, whereas the 2nd Position 3d. PosiTiori. FIG. 1. — FRONT VIF.W. A— Bed bli ck. B, B — Slots and movable pins. C — Sliding forming-block. D — Movable head-block. G Foot-hold. J — Adjustable plate. FIG. 2. — BACK VIEW. A— Bed-block. B — Sl'.its and back view of B pin holder. E — Movab'e Itver for working C and D. F — Stop-block with hook to fasten lever E. G— Foot hold. H — Elastic springs. I— Handle. First position, section in position on bed-block, with C above, ready to d* scend. Second position, first fold produced by C. Notice at B the pins in cavity of bed-block and ready to rise in slot. Third position, pins B B. rising and following di- rection of .slots, force the re.'t of the section forward, where it is met, and the dovetail locked by the de- scent of D. As the lever return-* to its first position the block C, in its ascent, throws off the formed sec- tion if the machine is inclined forward a trifle. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 51 constructed, aud to be understood and appre- ciated it needs to be seen. Still, our artist has succeeded in making a set of engravings that show its manner of construction, as well as its exact modus operandi. The operator siis down in a chair, as shown in the small engraving, wilh a pile of section- blanks in his lap. He picks up a blank, puts it in the machine as shown, and with the left hand brings down the slide with a blow. As the block D comes down, the corner block C precedes it, crowding the 5;ecti:)n down into position. The fingers BB then draw the two ends together, bringing them almost in con- tact, when the block D bangs the ends togeth- er. As D moves up it picks up the section and gives it a toss into a basket. The whole thing is done so quickly that its exact manner of operation can not be seen. All one sees is the sections being spit out of the machine as fast as the hand can move up aud down. Mr. Mintle writes us that he has overcome the defect of breaking sections by substitut- ing a lever movement for the hammer action ; but the improved machine I have not yet seen, and therefore can not certify as to its merits. There is another objection ; and that is, it is considerably more complicated than the Hubbard, requiring a very nice adjustment of all the parts. And then there is the danger that it will get out of order. The Hubbard has only two moving parts, and can be operat- ed by any man, woman, or child without in- struction and without experience ; nor can it possibly, with ordinary usage, get out of or- der. Its speed, while probably not as great as that of the Mintle, would probably come with- in 2-5 per cent of it, and it might equal it. REGARDING BEE HIVES. A rap at the door, and on opening it I find Mr. Jones, who says, "Good evening, Mr. Doolittle. The evenings seem so long now ■that I thought I would run over a little while and have a chat with you." " Glad you came, Bro. Jones. And what is the chat to be about ? for I see by your looks that you have something on your mind." " Well, you know I found two swarms of bees in the woods this fall ; and if they winter through I wish to get them into hives in the spring, as a start for an apiary. I want to make the hives this winter, and I was wonder- ing what size would be best for them." "When I first commenced keeping bees, Langstroth, Quinby, Gallup, and others rec- ommended a hive holding about 2000 cubic inches as the right size ; and if you expect to make only a box, without any frames in it, I should say that the size recommended by ' the fathers' would not be very bad for you, es- pecially if you calculate to go into the busi- ness for only a little honey for your own use. ' ' "But I think I wish to use frame hives. What number of frames did the Langstroth hive take or hold? " "Mr. Langstroth made and advocated a hive holding ten frames, about 16)4 by 8)4 in- side measure, which would give about 2175 cubic inches iii.'ide the frames, or 1450 square inches of comb." " Well, was that all right ? " "As the size of the brood chamber has much to do with the average yield of section honey, perhaps it would be well to look iuto the matter a little." "Section honey! Why, is that different from the box honey of the past? " " It is just the same, only the box honey of the past was honey stored in boxes holding two or more combs, and weighing from four to fifteen pounds, while the section honey of to- day is stored in little boxes or sections, each one of which holds only a single comb, the section box and all weighing only about a pound." " I think I understand. But how are you going to look into the matter of hives ? " " To look properly into the matter of hives we must begin with the queen, or mother-bee, only one of which is allowed with each colony of bees, except at times of after-swarms." "What has the queen got to do with the matter ? " " The queen is the mother of all the bees there are in a colony, hence lays all of the eggs from which the bees are produced. As a rule she wid not occupy more than 800 square inches of coub for aay length of time ; there- fore you will see that, if you use ten Lang- stroth frames, you will have 65(» square inches of comb filled with honey and pollen." " Well, what if I do? Isn't that all right? " "If you want honey only for family use, this may be all right ; but from your wishing to start with frame hives I took it for granted that you wished to produce honey for market. In case we hive a new swarm in such a hive we shall have from 500 to 600 square inches of comb, filled with the best of honey, which would be from 25 to .'JO pounds. So each year you would have this nice honey in your hives, instead of having it in the sections, and turn- ing it into cash." " But would not the bees need this for win- tering? " ' ' In case of a very poor season such large hives sometimes have honey for wintering when smaller ones do not ; but with the small ones, very few lack in stores, when there is a yield of honey sufficient to have any stored in sections. When a shortage does occur, the bees can be fed sugar syrup, which is fully as good for winter stores as honey." " But how about the pollen you mentioned a while ago ? " " In order not to get any pollen in our sec- tions it is best to allow 200 square inches of comb for that, and the honey the bees always will have in the upper corners of the combs. So allowing this we have 1000 square inches of comb, or about 1500 cubic inches, as the right size for the brood-chamber, regardless of what 52 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Jan 15 style of frame is used ; and this is the size I have used mostly during the past 30 years." " What number of Lands' roth frames will give that size of brood chamber ? " " About 7 '< ; and where I use the Lang- stroth frame I use only seven in some hives and eight in others." "Bat do you have two different sizes of hives ? " " No. As, occasionally, a queen will occupy ten L frames with brood I make all the L. hives I use to hold ten frames ; and by the use of dummies the hive can be contracted down from a ten frame hive to one holding only five or six, if the queen is only equal to such a number of combs." " What is a dummy ? " " I make them of inch lumber — rough hem- lock or the cheapest pine being as good as any thing for this. The lumber is cut the same dimensions as the outside of the frames less the top-bar, and then the top-bar to a frame is nailed to it. Thus the dummy hangs in the hive in place of one frame." " And these boards are used to take the place of the frames the queen does not fill with brood? " " Yes. All frames which she does not have filled with brood at the beginning of the hon- ey-flow are taken out, and their places filled with these boards ; and in this way even a four- frame colony can be made to contribute some- thing toward our crop of comb honey ; though better results accordingly can be secured from the colony whose queen will keep 7, 8, 9, or 10 combs occupied with brood immediately preceding the honey harvest." " You have spoken several times about the honey harvest. What do you mean by that ? I thought bees could get honey at any time when the weather was pleasant." "In this thought you erred, especially in this locality. Our first honey comts from the willow. The next from fruit-bloom ; but neither of these generally jit-lds more than the bees need to carry on brood-rearing prop- erly. After fruit-bloom we have a period dur- ing which little or no honey ii gathered, last- ing from fifteen days to three weeks, no mat- ter what the weather is, as there are no hon- ey producing flowers in bloom at that time. About the middle of June the white clover opens sufiiciently for the bees to begin storing from that, where white clover is abundant." " But our land is kept so constantly under the plow that we have little here." "You are right in this, and so we do not calculate much on white clover for surplus. But basswood yields honey (or nectar) in large quantities, as a rule, and for this we cal- culate and plan, and at the opening of bass- wood is the time to use the dummies, as we talked about." " Whew ! Is that nine the clock is strik- ing? How short the evening has been! I told Mrs. Jones I would be home before nine, and I must be going. Good night." The winter thus far has been comparatively mild. ALSIKE AND OTHER CLOVERS IN WISCONSIN; ALSO SOMETHING ABOUT PROPOLIS. 3/r. Root : — Since the clover symposium was published I have received a number of in- quiries regarding the alsike, two of them from Oregon. I am pleased to see so much interest in this the best of the clover family. Our second crop (after-growth) here in Northern Wisconsin this season made a heavier hay crop than the first crop, the weather be- ing more favorable the latter part of the season. Our bees worked diligently on the second crop from Aug. 1 until the alsike was harvested the latter part of September. No other plant yields nectar for so long a time, except, per- haps, sweet clover. We sometimes get a splendid catch of clover by sowing in August, as A. I. Root has written of the Traverse re- gion. I have some sown Sept. 12 that appears to be still growing under six inches of snow ; but there is no frost in the ground. We often read in the bee-journals of large yields of honey in different sections of the country. There are, perhaps, localities where they secure greater yields of honey per colony than we do here ; but when it comes to big yields of propolis I claim the championship for our bees. At the close of summer they plaster every crack and crevice, fasten brood- frames and sections together solid, glue the cover fast to the hive, so that we need a strong chisel to pry them apart. The plant from which our bees collect propolis is dwarf birch, Betula gUnidulosa. I have frequently watch- ed his beeship gather his load from the resin- ous dots on the birch. I have also seen them gather propolis from some of the thorough- worts, EupatoriuiH. Wm. Robinson. Chapman, Wis., Dec. 4. BROOM SEDGE AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR THE broom; ALSO FOR BRUSHING BEES OFF THE COMBS. While traveling through Tennessee I noticed a peculiar kind of tall grass, and asked a resi- dent of that State what it was. He told me it was broom sedge, and that it grew in wornout fields. Last winter, while remaining at a hotel for two days, on the shore of St. Andrews Bay, I noticed a large field of broom sedge near, and that there were brooms in every room made from it. On talking with my landlady in reference to it she said, " I have enough gathered before heavy frosts come to make a yeir's supply of brooms, and I make them only as I need them." It was quite cool while I was there, but I went out to the field during the warmest part of the day, and gathered sedge, and tied it up into brooms which I took home. A northern friend, seeing them, remarked, "I don't see why people here do not make brooms the usu- al way, and put them upon the market." 1091 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 53 The stems of the sedge are wrapped with twine, which forms the handle ; and my land- lady said she could not sweep with a wooden- handled broom, on account of her rheuma- tism, but she could with one of these. Every room had a fireplace, and the floors were bare, and the brooms were fine in sweeping up litter into the fire. When I returned to my home in the North I brought in my trunk a short-han- dled broom, and it is the nicest brush I ever had to brush the bees from combs. I'm sur- prised that Southern bee-keepers have not used them for this purpose, and told us about them. The landlord formerly kept a good many bees, but of late years the)' had not done well. His bees were in tall box hives, made of the heavy southern pine, and he had tried mova- ble-frame hives, but he did not like them, as his bees did best in box hives. He gave his bees little attention, as his family preferred Florida syrup to honey. Mrs. L. Harrison. St. Andrews Bay, Florida. [Now, Mrs. H., do you see the prospect of starting you in an industrial business ? Per- haps you had better turn the broom making task over to Booker T. Washington, and let the colored women who have the apiary at Tuskegee, Ala., manufacture brooms for bee- keepers.— A. I. R.] A GOOD REPORT FROM BUCKWHEAT. My bees averaged about 60 lbs. of buckwheat extracted honey this year. S. J. Snyder. Venice Center, N. Y., Dec. 7. [The above is given because so many people inquire what amount of honey they may ex- pect if they sow an acre or several acres of buckwheat. In our locality it has been many long years since we have had any thing like the above, or even half as much. If friend Snyder had told us how many colonies of bees he had in one place we could tell better about it ; and very likely this large yield was made where there were hundreds of acres within range of the bees' flight. — A. I. R ] UNITING BEES IN WINTER. Please tell in G1.EANINGS how to double up colonies for winter. Is it not necessary to use a double screen between the two colo- nies during the night ? I used a single screen, with the result that, in the morning, I found over a quart of dead bees above the screen, and nearly a quart below. There had been a fierce battle. That was in August. Vancouver, Wash. G. W. Minki^er. [It is not usually necessary to have even a single screen, let alone a double one. Of course, a great deal depends on what kind of bees you propose to unite. If they are cross hybrids or Cvprians, one may have a good deal of difficulty. In such cases I would place the two clusters of bees, one on each side of the hive ; close them up quietly, and then go back in fifteen or twenty minutes and open them very quietly ; and if there is no fighting, let them go. But if there seem to be " wars and rumors of wars " I would smoke them pretty thoroughly with tobacco smoke ; but be care- ful not to overdo it. After that they will usu- ally unite quite peaceably. With our ordinary Italians we scarcely ever have any trouble. We simply place two lots of bees together, and close the hive up. — Ed ] Next issue will have 16 extra pages. The weather all over the country has been exceedingly mild. This will mean good win- tering. We have quantities of reading-matter on hand that has been lying over from issue to is- sue simply because vse have not been able to find loom fi r it. A little latter on we shall be able to get it before our readers. Our printers say we never before had so much " good stuff " on hand as now, and I think t^ey are right. Mr. Herschisfr, at the Geneva conven- tion, in speaking of the tall thin section, men- tioned one fact that I had not thought of be- fore ; namely, that the thinner the box the more transparent and beautiful the honey. Mr. H. has had long and extended expf rience in the matter of honey exhibits, and expressed himself as generally favoring the tall box. THE PERSONNEL OF THE UTTER TRIAL. We find it impossible to show in this issue ^h.^ personnel of those who took an active part in the celebrated Utter trial at Goshen, N. Y., the engravings having arrived too late ; but in our next i.^-sue we will give you pictures of Ba- con & Merritt, of the judge who presided at the trial, of the star witness, Frank Benton, entomologist from the Division of Entomolo- gy, Washington, DC, and of the defendant bee-keeper Mr. J. W. Utter. Our printing de- partment has been taxed to its utmost to fini.sh up the latest edition of our ABC book, of 500 pages, and now that is out of the way we shall he able to get out extra pages for Gleanings. Just now we have on hand enough matter, some of it in t\ pe, to make complete two or three extra numbers. In our next we will be- gin the subject of bottling honey. GRAFTING CELLS WITH A MEDICINE-DROP- PER. A CORRESPONDENT Suggests the use of an ordinary medicine-dropper, or pipette, or what some call a fountain-pen filler, for the purpose of handling royal jelly. If some one else has suggested such a device, I do not now recall it ; but I feel confident that royal jelly could be handled this way easily. Its manner 54 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jan 15 of use would be something as follows : Squeeze the rubber bulb, insert the glass point in the royal food, allow the bulb to expand, when the food will be taken up iuto the glass tube ; then for the purpose of grafting, squeeze the bulb a trifle, and a small drop would be exud- ed into a cell cup. This operation could be easily repeated on cell cup after cell cup. It looks pretty in theory, but it may be poor in practice. SHAI,!. THERE BE A JOINT MEETING OF BEE AND FRUIT MEN ? The suggestion was made at the Geneva convention that the National Bee-keepers' As- sociation meet at the Pan-American Exposi- tion at the same time as the American Pomo- logical Society ; that now a great interest hav- ing been stimulated in the matter as to wheth- er bees puncture fruit, it would be of great im- portance to have a joint session of the bee and fruit men, of one day, say, at which time the two interests could discuss these matters dis- passionately, with the view of getting at the actual facts. The place as to where the next meeting of the National Bee-keepers' Association will hold its convention has not been decided as yet. There was a rumor, apparently unfounded, that the Grand Army of the Republic had completed arrangements for holding its next encampment at Denver, and that a rate of a cent a mile had been secured ; but in some of the later papers I see this has been contradict- ed. WHAT THE NATIONAL BEEKEEPERS' ASSO- CIATION DID FOR BEE-KEEPERS. The following letter, received , from a sub- scriber who, I judge, has not been a member of this Association, explains itself : Mr Root .—I wish to congratulate you on the inter- est 3'ou have taken, and the results oL)tained, in regard to the Utter vs. U ter bee-suit. Hurrah for the Nation- al Bee-keepers' Association ! I atn glad my eyes have been opened sufficiently to cause me to send in my name and a dollar to General Manager Secor, a.sking to become a member of the very best order bee keep- ers ever had. I wonder if bee men in general realize what the results of the Utter suit means to them, and what it would have meant had the opposite decision been the result. I learned of the result through the Rural .Xe2u- Vot ker. Suppose, for once, that the lower court's decision had bet-n .sustained ; whei e would bee- keepers stand? All the ignorant fruit growers in the country would have ground us into the tarth. and we should have had to grin and bear it. So, again, I say, " Hurrah for the National Bee-keepers' Association ! " It has laid the cornerstone of a very solid founiation upon which we, as bee keepers, can build our hopes in regard to having our rights protected. Kingston, N. Y., Dec 31. Aaron Snyder. There ought to be five thousand more bee- keepers who would see and feel the same way. What could we do if we had such a member- ship? But with only five hundred we have been able to bring about a verdict in favor of the bees that will be worth to the bee keepers of this land thousands of dollars. Already, as I understand it, a case that was about to be tried, of a similar nature, was dismissed as soon as it was known how the Utter trial had been decided at Goshen. We do not know how manv more c ises would hive sprung up if the verdict had been for the fruit-men. But I wish it distinctly understood that this was not only a case of bees versus fruit, but a case which showed that the two interests, so far from being antagonistic, are in entire har- mony with each other ; that fruit, at least, is dependent for its proper fertilization, to a great extent, on the work of the bee. I would suggest that our subscribers send in short articles for their local agricultural pa- pers, giving the result of the trial at Goshen, N. Y. Let us spread the news far and wide. Strange as it may seem, and yet not very strange, the progressive fruit-men, with per- haps one or two exceptions, are very much pleased with the verdict. O. O. POPPLETON. On page 47 of this issue we are able to pre- sent a very natural likeness of our old friend and correspondent — Mr. O. O. Poppleton, of Stuart, Florida. There are very few bee-keep- ers in the United States who have had a more extended and more varied experience in dif- ferent climates than our friend. He is familiar with the conditions necessary to success in bee culture in Iowa, Florida, and in Cuba. The first we know of him as a bee-keeper was in Iowa. Here he began the business moderately, but made the few he did keep yield large averages. But poor health on the part of his wife finally compelled him to seek a more favorable climate, which he found in Florida. Here he engaged in his favorite pur- suit, but at this time it appears that he took up with what is known as the " Long Idea " hive. The frames were 12 inches square, and anywhere from 20 to 24 frames to the hive. Instead of piling the hives one on top of anoth- er, on the tiering-up plan, the hive proper was extended in a horizontal line. If the bees re- quired 10 or 12 frames of brood they were al- lowed to have them. Then the surplus frames were placed on either side of the brood. But the Long Idea is primarily intended for the production of extracted honey. Mr. Popple- ton himself believes that the hive first devised by Mr. Langstroth 50 years ago has not been improved upon, so far as shape and propor- tion of frames are concerned, for the produc- tion of comb honey. But the production of extracted honey is so different, he thinks it is doubtful if the same style of hive and frame can be best for both. While he is using a special extracting hive, frames 12 inches square, yet if he were going to start over he would keep the same depth but lengthen the frames 2 inches. This would more nearly ap- proximate the proportions of the Jumbo frame, or what is in reality the Langstroth, but 2% inches deeper. Mr. Poppleton is a practical, conservative bee-keeper. While not a voluminous writer, yet what he does write always finds its way into the bee-journals. My father once said, when he had the editorial management of this journal, " Whenever \ou see any thing from that man Poppleton " (showing me manuscript he had just received from him), " just hand it right in to the printers. It is alzvays good copy. He is sound and p'^actical." During 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 55 the time I have had charge of the bee depart- ment, I have found this statement literally true. During all the ) ears since he first began keeping bees, ]\Ir. Popplelon has been a close student, and exceedingly careful in drawing conclusions^ — so much so that the Root Co. has at various times had him conduct experiments in advance of the season at the North, because we knew we could rely on whatever he s^aid. Mr. Poppletou last season was r.iihcr moie fortunate than most bee-beepers, for he had a large crop of honey. Whether this was due to his locality or to his careful management, I can not say ; but I am inclined to believe that the latter has very much to do with it. THE STATE CONVENTION OF NEW YORK — SPRAYING DURING BLOOMING-TIME. I HAVE just come from a very important meeting of the New York State Association of Bee keepers' Societies. I will not attempt at this time to give a report, but merely state that two professors from the Geneva Experi- ment Station were present, and gave us some most valuable proof to the effect that spray- ing during blooming-time is not only detri- mental to the development of pollen, but does most decidedly cut down the output of fruit. But more of this anon. BLACK BROOD, AND HOW TO CURE. I had quite a talk with the New York foul- brood inspectors, and from them I received further assurance that black brood was being rapidly brought under control, although they admitted there were some sections where the disease had done some destructive work the past season, and that it would probably break out again the coming season. But the most interesting fact to me was that the McEvoy treatment, such as has been prescribed ior/oul brood would, when carefully administered, also cure black brood. Mr. Stewart believed that the reason the treatment had proved a failure was because the bee-keepers in some cases had not bten careful enough to disinfect their persons and clothing, and had been a little careless in letting bees get at diseased combs or infected honey. He did not believe the disease was any more difficult to cure than foul brood. The first sympt< ms of black brood, he explained, were usually a yellow spot about the center of the coil of the larva. In some cases the whole grub would have a yellowish cast. The larva would appe r to act as if something was the matter with it — wiggle and squiim around. The spo' would grow larger until the whole larva was yellow. It would then die and turn brown. The dead matter would not p pe. It might string out a quarter of an inch or so, but never ]i,^e io' 1 biood. Black brood has a sour, yeas y smell. Another importan'. characteristic wt-s iHat the larvae of black brood usually died before be- ing capptfd, while in foul brood the reverse was tiue. As to pickled brood, it looked very much like black brood, but the dead matter was more watery. At tim s ih re woi^l I be a fungus or mold on it which is never found on black brood. THE ONTARIO BEE KEEPERS' CONVENTION AT NIAGARA FALLS. As I have already stated, this was not large- ly attended, but the discussions and general interest were of the very best. I arrived one day late, just in time to hear the report of Wm McEvoy, Inspector of Api iries. From that report I have made a digest as follows : During 1900 he visited bee yards in 13 coun- ties. He inspected 100 apiaries, and found foul brood in 33 of them, and dead brood of other kinds in many others which had been mistaken for foul brood. The first thing he did when he entered a locality was to pick out the best bee keeper in it and get him to take him from place to place so that he could see how he managed the business, and, if requir- ed, would make a valuable witness. He did this for the last ten years, and kept up a cor- respondence with the most of them, and by this means he always knew pretty well how all were getting on at the curing. At this work he burned a good deal of midnight oil, and sometimes he wrote all night and part of the n ext morning Sometimes death and sick- ness in families delayed the curing ; and in all places where he found this to be the case he went and did the curing himself. Since he was first appointed inspector, Mr. McEvoy has had thousands of diseased colo- nies cured of foul brood, and very many apia- ries that were once in a bad state with foul brood have not only been cured but have giv- en some of the largest average yields of honey of any ever taken in the Province of Ontario. One of the treated apiaries gave an average of 200 pounds of clover and basswood honey per colony, and 50 per cent increase in bees, and had plenty of clover and basswood honey left in the hives to winter the bees. This yield was taken in a locdlity where no buckwheat was grown. Every bee-keeper visited during the past season treated him in the most courteous and generous way. I regret that I am unable to give even a pass- ing mention of the other valuable papers that were read. But there was one paper or ad- dress from Dr. Fletcher, of the Experiment Farm, Ottawa, that was listened to with the closest attention, more especially as it related to a vital subject ; namely, the question of bees in orchards, and whether they injure fruit or not. He said that the subject had doubtless been discussed by the council, ow- ing to the great lawsuits which were now at- tracting the attention of the bee-keepers in the United States and Canada. The case of Mr. Sparling, which had only yesterday been given in his favor, and the case of the Utter brothers, of Amity, N. Y., had been watched carefully, as it was thought that these would be taken as precedents. He pointed out the advantage of every member of the Association keeping well posted in all matters bearing di- rectly upon the subject of whether it is possi- ble for bees to injure fruit or not. It had been claimed in both of these cases that several things which every bee-keeper knew were ut- terly impossible had been done. He was nei- ther a bee-keeper nor a fruit-grower, but he 56 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jan 15 was keenly interested in finding out what were the actual facts with regard to the alleged in- juries to fruits by insects. He had studied the matter carefully for a great many years, and from all he had been able to see and learn from the writings of reliable observers there had been no case of actual injury to uninjured fruit proved which was undoubtedly due in the first case to bees. He showed a diagram of the mouth parts of the bee and the wasp, and explained the use of each. He was under the impression that nearly all of the injuries attributed to bees were begun in the first place b)' wasps, ants, or some other insect or bird. Tue question was by no means a new one — it had been studied for a great many years, and he believed that there was a great deal of ignorance about the whole question which ought to have been solved before this, either by bee-keepers or the students of insect life. However, from all that he had been able to read he believed that en'omologists were al- most all of the opinion that bees were not re- sponsible for the injuries somtimes attributed to them. He read from the Rural New - Yorker of November 10th an article entitled " Do Bees Injure Fruit? "which was written by Prof. Shngerland, of Cornell University, one of the very first practical entomologists in the United States. This article detailed some very care- ful experiments which were carried out by the Agricultural Department at Aurora, Illinois, by which colonies of bees were kept in a closed building so that they were brought to the stages of hunger, thirst, and starvation by ar- tiicial conditions, but could nnt be induced in any instance to attack the fruit exposed unless it was first punctured or injured in some other way. He thought that every member of the Bee- keepers' Association should read this article, and should be in position to speak definitely with his neighbors and those with whom he came in contact on this question. These tests were continued for many weeks, and the conclusion drawn by Prof. Slingerland was that the experiments showed that honey- bees are not only unable to penetrate the skin of fruits, but they also appear to be unable, even when impelled by the direst necessity, to penetrate the films surrounding grapes, even after the skin has been removed. One of the contentions with regard to bees being a nuisance was that bees stung pickers in fruit gardens, and worried horses when they went to the trough to drink. His own opinion was that, although many people were afraid of bees, and often made them sting by hitting at them, bees never sting except in self-defense or in defense of their hives. Attain, it was claimed by many that the bees stung the fruit, and that this induced decay. This he believed was entirely erroneous ; and although he had not tried any experiment he would certainly suppose that the formic acid which forms the poison of the bee's sting would have exactly the opposite effect, and would preserve the fruit rather than cause it to decay. It is well known that wasps pre- serve the caterpillars and other insects which they stored up for their young by stinging them, and that insects stung by wasps remain- ed alive, but in a perfectly torpid condition, for several weeks. The formic acid of a bee's sting is almost identical, chemicall}', with chloroform, so that practically the food of wasps was chloroformed and remained as fresh food for the grubs of the wasps for a long time, owing to the antiseptic properties of the poison. An interesting feature of this address was an explanation of many of the devices found in flowers as the means provided by nature to secure cross fertilization. Some of the more prominent methods by which certain insects, particularly those which, like the honey-bee, fly rapidly from plant to plant, were illustrat- ed by means of excellent diagrams showing the different forms of flowers and their parts ; that the stamens and pistils, the two essential organs in many plants, were not ripe at the same time ; and experiments were mentioned by which it was proved that it is more advan- tageous for a flower to be fertilized by pollen from another flower, or from the same kind of flower, but on a different plant, than it is if its own pollen were used. It was even stated that some flowers are actually sterile to their own pollen. He urged bee-keepers to strive to put them- selves in the position of being able to give definite opinions on sucli important questions as this one which had now come up, and pointed out that it was one which concerned every one of them ; that as a society they should band themselves together for mutual protection, not against fruitgrowers or any one else, but simply to be able to speak posi- tively, and give the actual truth with regard to these and similar matters. He was quite sure that bees did not injure fruit, however ripe it might be, unless the skin was actually cracked bt forehand, either with their mandi- bles or tongues or stings. Many of the en- lightened fruit-growers know only too well the enormous advantage of having bees near their orchards, and s- me actually keep bees in their orchards simply for the benefit of bees work- ing on the flowers. He felt sure that fuller knowledge of the actual habits of the bees would bring about a better understanding be- tween fruit-growers, and would be of enor- mous advantage, both to them and bee keep- ers, whose interests were identically the same. In our next issue I hope to give a report of another paper read at this convention — exper- iments in wintering, showing comparative losses between outdoor and indoor wiutering. G. N. Z., Conn. — We know of no way of bleaching colored extracted honey. If you desire a light-colored article for pharmaceuti- cal purposes, the only thing to do is to buy the light colored honey in the first place. The whitest honey in the world is that from wil- low herb. This is almost absolutely water- white. The next lightest is the mountain sage, and the next in order is basswood, then clover. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Who is he that overcometh the world but he that be- lie%'eth that Jesus is the Son of God .' — I. Jobn 5 : 'y. The relation in which the father and mother stand to each other is the fouiuHtion of every home. It is the cornerstone. No true home can be built securely, and stand securely, with- out perfect harmony between the father and mother — or, if you choose, between the hus- band and wife. No matter what the parents may say to the children, their words will have but little weight or effect unless these words correspond with the conduct. The home should be harmony — harmony between the parents, and harmony between the children ; and, more important still, if any thing, har- mony between parents and children. Some- times when Mrs. Root and I see our children each one taking up different departments in our business, and all being satisfied and con- tented to work together — I do not wish to boast, dear friends, for God knows how little I have to boast of ; but I do thank God every day of my life for the peace and harmony in which all the members of our family work to- gether. As our children get married, and have homes of their own, this same harmony seems to take in and include the new members also ; but, dear friends, I wish to tell you that this has not been done without much hard work. Many fervent and earnest prayers have been offered up, and much struggle and fighting against our own inclinations and impulses. Some of you may think it is easy for ine to be gentle and kind. You are mistaken. The only reason why I take this subject up just now is because I am so deeply concerned and so z'^ry anxious about the members of different homes of which I know ; and the thought that perhaps I may help you by some chaptrrs in my own experience is what calls me to take up this talk to-day. In Our Homes for Nov. 1 I told of the happy time Mrs. Root and I had together on that farm in the woods. I told you that, although we were about sixty years old, and had brought up a family of children, we enjoyed our out- ing in the woods as much as we enjoyed being together when we were both in our teens. I told you of the great flood of joy and peace that seemed to spread like a mantle over me. Some of you may ask, " How long did it last?" Well, it ought to have lasted the rest of my life. Yes, it may last from now on, during the rest of our lives, providing we both grasp the beautiful thought in the text I have chosen ; yes, if even oue of the parents g( ts hold of the great truth in that great text, the other will pretty surely come along. Several times in this eventful life of mine I have heard husbands tell how impossible it was to get along in peace and quietness with such a wife — I was going to say, such a wife as God had given him, and I sti',1 think that is about the way to put it. Yes, I have heard wives too (not so many of them), but & few women have told me how impossible it was for them to live with such husbands as God had given them. Sjmetimes when the dear Savior lifts me up so I can get a glimpse of the mount of transfiguration, I feel almost as if I could li\e in at least tolerable peace and har- mony with almost any woman. I feel that, through the spirit of Christ Jesus, I might wifi her out of her fretful and unlovely ways into peace and harmony. Yes, I have urged and enjoined unhappy wives to try to win their husbands by love and gentleness away from evil and vicious hal its. Mind you, dear brother or sister, I am not boasting of what / can do or would do as a peacemaker ; but I am boasting of what the spirit of Christ Jesus may do. Well, after we got back home from that pleasant trip away off in the woods, the Holy Spirit did seem to follow us. We were happy in talking over our experience, and in telling the children about it ; and, for the time, we were very patient and kind to each other. I began to think the rest of our lives was really to be a long honeymoon. For one thing, my health was better while I was in the Traverse region. This may be owing largely, however, to the fact that I was away from business cares. Please do not imagine that Mrs. Root and I are ever in the habit of quarreling. We sometimes scold each other, but mostl}' in pleasantry. Our lives are very busy ones — at least they have always been so thus far. When there was so much to do, and so much to see to, some things would be neglected mere or less. As an illustration, it has always been my habit to have tools, baskets, and every thing else, put under shelter before a rain. Very few people seem to think it worth while to take care of tools and implements as I do. It is not so much the value of things as it is- getting in the habit of letting go to ruin and waste things that in the aggregate cost a great deal of money. Well, Mrs. Root is a very neat housekeeper. She does not like to have- her domain lumbered up with things of uncer- tain or no value. Sometimes she pushes them outdoors to get rid of them ; then when I am not feeling very well I sometimes scold. Per- haps I blame her for something she did not do ; and she, being tired like myself, does not reply just as kindly and lovingly as we used to talk to each other during that holiday up in the woods. Perhaps somebody may say, "Why, Mr. Root, husbands and wives always talk to each other in that way. They do not mean any thing, and it is all right." But I happen to know by experience that it is not all right or best for me. After I have scolded about some unimportant matter, and perhaps brought on myself replies that are not always gentle and kind, I discover that the gentle, loving spirit of Christ Jesus has been driven out of my heart. My happiness is gone, and it is not an easy matter to get it back again. Sometimes it takes me quite a little spell to get back into the straight and narrow path where peace and happiness reign. I am fortunate in at least this one respect : Whenever I am feeling sorry I spoke cross or hastily, and come up to Mrs.. 58 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Jan 15 Root and put my arm about her lovingly, she al- ways forgets and forgives. Yes, thank God, she is always ready at any time to go more than half way. S jmetimes when others are around, and I do not wish to attract observation, I simply lay my hand quietly over hers. She under- stands it, and we two start out to meet life's conflicts once more, hand in hand. Some of you may think it is hardly worth while to be so very careful about such little disagreements as I have mentioned. As I think it over, and watch humanity, I have decided it is one of the most important things in this world, that this perfect peace and harmony, this full un- derstanding, this tender relation between father and mother, shall ne%'er lapse for a sin- gle instant. You may have to pray most ear- nestly fur the influences of the Holy Spirit to keep you from making a mistake and doing harm, but it can be done,* After I had been home a few weeks my old trouble from malaria came back. I caught cold — I do not know exactly how. It settled in my throat, teeth, and ears. I had tooth- ache, earache, and sore throat all together. I could not stand drafts, and had to be bundled up. I had just got my new poultry-house fix- ed very nicely with a floor of dry dust. Mrs. Root admired the dry dust with me, but she did not like to have it tracked into the house on her carpets. One day when I was suffering from my '" compound " maladies, I forgot and walked through the house, leaving dry dust at every step (at least she says I did). Well, when she began to remonstrate, in no very gentle terms, ptrhaps, I had partly opened my mouth to say that a little dust on the carpet was a trifling matter compared with some oth- er things ; and then I thought of adding that she made a great deal of fuss about a little matter. Then Satan added (I know it was Satan, because the observation or the sugges- tion he made bore his ear-marks so plainly), " If I were you I would just tell her that she makes herself miserable, and everybody else, by chasing around with a brush and dust-pan, and making such a row about a little dust." I really hope Mrs Root will not read this. I am going to keep it away from her if I can, because I do not know but she will bristle up (like our big white rooster), ready for a fight when she finds out that I ever tolerated for one brief moment even the thought of saying any thing so unkind and unreasonable. But I did not say it, thank God, and, in fact, I did Every little while somebody takes the ground that people who c mmit suicide are iu<-ane. I can not agree with them. A few day.s ago a girl in her teens was planning to go to a party. Her whole mind was taken up with parties, and her mother hud objected because of her youth, and because of the character of those she was meeting Her mother told her she could not con- sent to let her go. The girl declared she ri:'0!ut for seed, and got aliout Ihrei- cjiiarts; ,and the price voti paid for vour first seed ($100 00 per lb. 1 would not buy it u'ntil I gro ^ more. You can not undcrsiand how difTerenlly we feel this winter from last— haidly .1 sjM.ttiMl ]ilantin the whole hou>^e. and • ach secti' n turning but )"> t.. ro imxes of first-class sfufT instead of 1.5 to 20 boxes of very poor stuff as it did last winrer. Price is iiO cents inste.ad of 2). If you want a little sted to grow seed troiii in the >|'ring. I think I can spare you a little No charge, but it is not/or sale. Waterloo, Quebec. Dec. 27. Tnos. Slack. Now, friends, it does seem too bad that either friend Davis, Thomas Slack, who writes the above, or vour humble servent A. I. Root, can not, one or all of them, personally superintend growing some choice Grard Rapids lettuce seed. Eet's see — we shall have to call 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 61 it "O'lt-edged stock seed." The California-growu seed which we have been selling for a year pasi is far in advance of most of that on the market ; but still it is not up to what we have just been writing and talk- ing about, .'■eed saved from carefully selected heads or plants. Eugtiie Davis has none to spare, and friend Slack says in closing that what little he has is tiot for sale. We have about li ounces left, sent us by Mr. Da- vis ; and while it lasts we will let those have it, who wish, in five cent packets, putting only a few seeds in each. When you order, just say you want a packet of that " gild-edged stock seed." Vou can, from this lit- tle packet, glow quite a good lot of seed during the coming year. As friend Slack seems to know better than anybody else exnctly what is wanted, I suggest that he go rigtit to work and grow seed enough so he can offer it for sale next fall. A VISIT TO FLORIDA. Providence permitting, some time during the month of February I shall make a hurried trip to Florida ; and those of ( ur readers who would like to have me make a brief call on them can drop me a postal. I can not prorai-e to see all of you, but I will arrange my trip so as to take in as many as possible. I am plan- ning to start about Feb. 1. — A. I. R. A RARE COMBINATION HARTMAiy STEEL ROD PICKET FENCE. Besi and handsomest for laiTDH, parks, cemeteries, school ^ronnda ■^anything. Send lor our free catalogue — know more about it. HARTMAN M'F'O. CO.. BOX 80 ELLWOOD CITY, PA. UrKoora 40. S01> Brua:iiry aii«l Creamery — the 'ilifFeien." dairy p.tper — devi ted to mi'iiMv iiiHltiriij dairying, not tlieories. Send for fice Biniple ropv. We « nut aeeiits for iiuick scll'ni; novtiti.s. Write for terms. You lan make h gmoiiey. Aereeaule woik. DRAPER PUB. & SUPPLY CO., CHICAGO, ILLINOIS. Strawberry-plants. I have a large supply of Lidy Thompson, Excelsior, and Cre.scent plants. A limited supply of Bismarck, Clyde, Barton's Eclipse, Brunette, Gertrude, Brandv- wine, Wm. Belt, Biibach, Haverland. Gandy, and "Warfield. S'2.00 per 1000, f. o. b. here, or 70 cts. per 100, postpaid. .Satisfaction guaranteed. J. P. LEA, Fayetteville, Arkansas. VV ANTED. — A competent man to start and manage an apiary, that can sion be developed into some 500 colonies; every convenience: no apiary near; 3 miles from Jacksonville P. O. Plenty of "bee-trees. Only a few colored people have hives. H. Turner, Matthews, Duval Co , Fla. AQ COLOMES BEES FOR SAI E ; SI.OO per colony; ^^^ 70 empty hives, one h •nev-'-xtractor for Am. frame, etc. P. R. ncLAUQHLIN, Shiloh, O. pOR SALE.— Fox. coon, rabbit, and blood hounds; also game chickens. EL1AS FOX, Hillsboro, Wis. Italian Queens for early shipment from the South; are reared in full colo- ties by the best methods krown to qiieen-bretders. .Spring prices — full colonies, S(i 00. two frame nucleus without queen, Sl.'iO ; three-frame nucleus without queen, $2.00. Add price of queen wanted to piice of nucleus. Tes»ed queen $'2 00 ; untested, ffl. 00 ; six for ffSOO; 12 for S9 00. I^iberal discounts on large orders. Combs built on full sheets of foundation in wired Hoffman frames. Shipments to the North by New York, Baltimore, Philadelphia, or Boston steamer via Savannah, Ga. CHRISTIAN & HALL, Meldrim, Ga. HONEY QUEENS!! I have them, as daily letters te tify. Recent conclu- sions force the belief that the leather-colored strain of three-banders excels in honey-gathering. If you want Goldens my .strain takes the lead ot all others, and I have tried them all; 2.50 colonies for honey, and 200 strong nuclei that will winter over. I am prepared to send you a queen any day vou may order. Tested or untested qucrens, SI. CO. L,eather breeders, S2 50. Owing to increased demand straight 5-band breeders are $5.00 each. W. H. LAWS, Beeville, Texas. SUPERIOR QUEENS. Bee-keepers, here i>^ your chance to get queens of a superior strain for business, beauty, and pTolificness. According to measurements by The A. I. Root Co , I have the noted lo g-tongued h-es. I have also the D-iolittle and Pridgen strain which I am offering at reduced prices. I want 10,000 new names in this, the new century to whom I will mail my catal g for 1901, which expliins it all. To introduce my queens I give free a $3 00 breeder to evei-y 100 names. I make tested and choice br- eder-; a special v. Write to-day for price list. PORTER A. M. FEATHERS, (Superior Qiir-en-brf edt-r), Oak Hill. Volusia Co.. Florida. PRICE OF Lone Star Queens AFTER APRIL IST. 1 tested queen fl 50 3 tested qiu. en- .3 75 ■; 1 untested queen.. 75 X 3 untested queens 2 00 1. We have both the golden and leather - color from imported mothers at same price. Agent for Root's goods. G F. DAVIDSON, Fairview, Wilson Co.. Texas. READY FOR 1901. We are agiin ready to furnish our superior strains of Bees and Queens for 1901. We have tne best stock of bees that money and skill can procure, as our nu- merous testimonial- prove. We guarantee satisfaction. Let us have your orders. WE WANT your name and addi ess fo; our circular giving valuable informa- tion, al-o de.script on and p ices of queens. We have 890 queens wintered over for spring orders, among them .50 fine Go'den breeders. Prices, either Golden, 3banders, or Holy Lands. Untested— June, July, Aug., and Sept.— 1 7.5c; 6, 84 25. Untested— all other months— 1. 81 00; 6 85 00. Tested, 1. fl.25; 6. 8(i75. Sel. Tested, each. 82 0:). Breeders, 83 00 and $5,00 e; ch. Discount in quaniiiies, and pre- miums given away to our cusiotners. Addre s O. p. HYDE &, SON, Hutto, Texas. Anrrnfa firtilfc Handsome pets; profitable /\UJ^Ula \aiiaia. stock. Large new circular for stamp. F-DW. W. COLE & CO., Kenton, Ohio. CRU-HED OVSTER SHELLS for iioultrv ; 100 lbs., 60 cts.; 200 lbs., 81 00 WISE & CO., Whole'iale Grocers, Butler, Ohio. w ANTED. — Potatoes for cash, in sections where crop is large. F W. Dean. New Milford, Pa. ;OR SALE. — Clover and buckwheat extracted honey. E. D. TowNSEND, Hubbardston, Mich. 62 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jan 15 Wants and Exchange. Notices will be insisted uniier tliis head at 10c per line. You nui^-t SAY von want >our ad In llils department, or we will not lie re.si»>iisibie fur any error You can have the notice as many lines a- von please; hut all over ten lines will cost you aeconliiiir to our reernlar rates. We carnot be responsible for dissatistaotioii ari-insr from tliest •'swaps." WANTED. — To exchange buckwheat extracted honey as ca>h. for 2d hatid hives — Simplicity or 10 frame only. Have your neighbor)- got any, or store combs? " ' W. I< Cogcshail, We .'it Groton, Tompkins Co., N Y. WANTED — .\ position with a good bee-keeper, or will t^ike evjtiie charge for you ; 15 3'ears' experi- ence. Good refeience to give. J. E. Henderson, Elm Grove, Ohio Co., W. Va. WANTED. — .\ competent man to take chai-ge of four or five hundrt d colonit s To the i ight man a good proposition wi 1 be made. Write, s'ating amount of experience, age, etc. I. A. King, Almond, San Diego Co., Cal. WANTED. — Two or three apiaries for ca.sh ; located in Colorado; write full particulars; first letters and lowest ci'^h price; comb hi nev preffrred. Thos. C. Stanley & Son, Fairfield, 111. WANTED. — To exchange modern firi arms, for old flint-lock guns, and oH, antique dishes. Address 216 Court St , Reading, Pa. WANTED — To exchange Danzi nbaker complete hives and Ideal cleated separators, for piano, organ, feed-cutter, feed-mill, 18-inch pony planer, or any thing I can use. F. G. Bass, FrontRoyal, Va. WANTED.— To exchange 12 000 uplodste poplar dovetailed sections in flat ; 100 Hoffman hives and frames with bolloms and roofs painied; 2(iO su- pers for said hives, for buckwheat extrac ed honey or bees. D. E. Floyd, Nelliston, N. Y. WANTED. — An experienced man with family to take charge of my bees, poultry, and farm ; work to be done on charts. Address John Ifft, Zelienople, Pa. Lfflerican Gardenin 10 Sample C'-pies separate issues. 10 rents. Published at 13(j Liberty Street, New York. l^nn PPPRPT^ All sizes; some trained; first- lAUU rUrlVIMwlO. class stock. New price list free. N. A. Knapp, Rochester Lorain Co., Ohio. Tour of All riexico in Pullman's finest Compartment Drawing Room, Li- brary, Observati n. and Dining Cars — all Vestibuled — with the celebrated Open-t p Car " Chililitii " for Observation in the Mountains and Canyons, and Dining-car in the Trot>ics. A delightful trip of 38 days with Three Circle Tours in the Tropics of the South of Mexico, and a Visit to the Kuined Cities All exclu>>ive features of these itineraries of leisure- ly trtvel and long stops. The Special Train starts Tuesday, January 22, from Chicago. Tour of Puerto Rico. Special Pdllman Cars leave Chicago Thursday, January 1 7, and Thursday, February 14,at!):.S0A m , connecting with the splendid new .steamships Ponce and San Juan sailing from New York the second day following. Individual Tickets sold for other sailing dates, alternate Saturdays. Tickets Include All Expenses Everywhere. These select limited parties will be undtr the special escort and management of The American TotR st Association, Reau Cfimphell, General Manager, 1423 Marquette Building, Chicago. Itineraries. Maps, and Tickets can be had on appli- cation to Agents of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul R'y. WHERE TO LOCATE? Why, in the Territory Traversed by the Louisville & Nasiivilie RAILROAD. THE Great Central Southern Trunkline KENTUCKY, "" TENNESSEE, ALABAMA, MISSISSIPPI, FLORIDA. WHERE Farmers, Fruit-growers, Stock-raisers, Manufacturers, Investors, Speculators, and Money Lenders will find the greatest chances in the United States to make "big money" by reason of the abundance and cheapness of Land and Farms, Timber and Stone, Iron and Coal, Labor- - Everything. Free sites, financial assistance, and freedom from taxation for the manufacturer. Land and farms at $1.00 per acre and upwards, and 500,000 acres in West Florida that can be taken gratis under U. S. homestead laws. Stockraising in the Gulf Coast District will make enormous profits. Hall fare excursions the first and third Tuesdays of each month. Let us know what vou want, and we will tell you how to get it — but don't delay, as the counti^ is filling up rapidly. Printed matter, maps, and all information free. Address R, J. WEMYSS, Cen'l Immigration and Industrial Ag't, Louisville, Ky. Mr. A. I. Root's Writings of Grand Traverse territory and Lee- lanau County are de'-criptive of Mich- igan's most beautiful section reached most conveniently via the .... Pere Marquette R. R. For particulars address W. C. Tousey, D. P. A., Toledo, Ohio. Low Rates to the South. Excursion tickets at reduced rates are now being sold by the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway to the prominent resorts in the South, including Jack- sonville, Fla.; Mobile, Ala.; New Orleans. La ; Savan- nah, Ga.; El Pa.-o, Tex., which are good for return passage at any time prior to June 1, 1901. Informa- tion regarding rates, routes, time, etc., can be obtain- ed on ao'.'lication to any < oupon-ti"ket agent of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 63 No Money in Advance Oil I- elejrant >'ew Jowell'ioii- huail ^ewinl^ Macliine pl>s^ess- mg all the latest imirove- ineiits, hi^'h quality ami thor- out;h workmanship. Shipped direct at $12.50,the lowest piice known. 30 da.vs' free trial, nev refunded if nut as lepresent- Guaranteed 20 years. All Pt ■hments free. 125.000 sold. .00 Arlliieton for....* 14.50 iJ.-.O.OO •• " ....ijilT.OO #60.00 Kenwood " .. ..ijililSO Utinr MarhineR at #8.00, #9.00 and #10.50 Lartre illustrated cataloprue and testimonials Free. CASH Bl VERS' IMON. 158-164 W.VanBaren St., B-34S,Chicaga PLANERS The above cut shows one of our small Planers, of which we make twelve differentstyles and sizes. Also large Planers, Band Saws, Buzz Planers, Moulders, Wood Lathes, and all kinds of WOOD WORKING MACHINERY Send for Catalogue. The FRANK MACHINERY CO. BUFFALO. N. Y. Barnes' Hand and Foot Power Machinery. This cut represents our combined circular saw which is made for bee keepers' use in the con struction of their hisfs, sections, ^oxes, etc Alachines on trlml S-nd for illustrated cata logue and prices. W.F.&John Barnes Co.. 545 Ruby St., Rockford, - - III. Guaranteed for 10 Years. Frgt. Prepaid and Money Back if not Satisfactory, ^ Send us SIS 00 and we will send you one of our NEW IMPROVED OHIO FARMER HIGH-ARM SEWING- MACHINES, freight prepaid Use it for all kinds of work, and if not satisfactory you can return it in 90 days and we will refund your money and pay freight boih ways. All Guaranteed New Machines. Self-setting needle ; automatic bobbin-winder, with oak or walnut woodwork; new bent wood top; seven long skeleton drawers. Full and complete set of at- tachments and illustrated instruction book sent with each machine. Every machine we send out guaran- teed to give ENTIRE SATISFACTION OR MONEY RE- FUNDED. We can furni'^h repairs or needles at any time. Remit by postoflSce order, registered letter, New York draft, or express If you want the BEST sewing-machine made in the world at the LOWEST PRICE ever offered, send us your order. Drop Head, $20.00. This is the .^ame machine, except the cabinet, which is made so that head drops out of sight when not in use. Four drawers. Freight prepaid. With same attachments as the $18.00 machine. Our No. 2 Machines. Have old-style top tension instead of the new side tension furnished on the others. Not quite as much work on them as the others, which accounts for the lower price ; but we guarantee them for the same time, furnish same attachments, and prepay freight. High Arm No. 2. 5 Drawers. Only $15.00. Drop Head No. 2, 4 Drawers, Only $16.50. Send for our new illustrated catalog. Address The Ohio Farmer, Cleveland, Ohio Note.— We have known the publishers of the Ohio Farmer for many years. They are entirely responsi- ble, and will fully make good their agreements. Thk a I. Root Company. (Inion Combmatioii Saw For Ripping, Cross- cutting, Rabbeting, Mitering, Grooving, Gaining, Boring, Scroll- sawing, Edge-moulding. Beading. Fnll line FOOT and HAND POWEE machin- ery. ^Send for catalog A. SENECA FALLS MFQ. CO. H Water St.. Seneca Fa., N. T. POULTRY-BOOK FREE. 64 psgts. illust'd, with 3 mo-i. trial subscrip- tion to our paper, lOcts Inland Poultry Journal Belgian Hares I have some fine hares for sale at reasonable prices. J. F. Moore, : Tiffia, Ohio. In writing adveitisers please mention Gleanings. gi.I':anings in brk culture. Jan 15 New Smith Premiers Nos, 5.^n±6, The No. 6 takes paper \S% inches wide and writes lines 16 inches long. The No. 5 takes paper 1 1 inches wide and writes lines vy^ inches long. These new machines in essential mechanical principles are the same as Models Nos. 2, 3 and 4 — un- equaled, Write for Printed Matter Free. ^gpsMEitEr Co- 158 Frospeot Street, Oleveiand, Ohio. Biggest, Brightest, Best— The Ohio Farmer. —Only 60 Cts. a Year.=Clevelan(l, 0,=A 20-page Weekly.^ There is no other weekly farm paper published that has as large an actual list of paid-in- advance subscribers as THE OHIO FARMER has. Farmers read it and pay for it because it is clean, reliable, practical, and progressive. It is a 20-page weekly (often 24 pages) with the largest stiff of editors and correspondents (all farmers) of any farm paper published ; liber- ally illustrated every issue. Our subscription price is only 60 cents a year (52 copies), making it the cheapest, as well as the best, in America. We furnish free sample copies on request, also our illustrated premium list of useful articles, which we furnish at wholesale prices, or give free for clubs of subscribers. Send for these and clubbing rates with other papers, all at cost price. «^ ^ Our ^ e^ I Special Offer! | For only $1.10 we will send The Ohio Farmer and Glean- ings in Bee Culture both one full year. Gleanings in Bee Culture costs you ?1.00, and you can get The Ohio Farmer one year by adding 10 cents. Subscriptions may be either new or renewal. Send all orders to THE OHIO FARMER, - - - CLEVELAND, OHIO. A Great Combination. ^''^ '"*«"'™ f™'"' ^^'^ ^"^y ^^- Good reading for every niernbcr of the family at one-half price. Gleanings in Bee Culture Reg. price, fl.Ofl. The Mich. Fa' nier (weekly)... '■ (W. The N Y Tribune (weekly)... •' 1.0'. Ptari-on's Magazine " 1.00. People s Ho ne Journal " l.f'O. The Poultry Journal " .50. At regular price would cost $5 10. We will send any cne the entire lot for S2 60 each one a full year, all pos'pge paid. Each puhlicatiiiM is the bc-t of it.skind published. The Michigan Fahm- ER i.s a larj;e, popular farm, sto.k, and home journal, published at Detroit. Mich., has a large circulation, and is uaticnal in evi-ry way except in name. Send to them for a f i ee sample copy. The other papers are all well known and popu'.ar. The offer is a rare barg in. Address all orders to this office. The Michigan Farmer, Detroit, Mich. S. C. BROWN LEGHORNS. I u.se well-striped hiteding cocks Eggs, fl.OO. Cockerels, 61.00 and nn Als i Italian bees. Circular free. H. M. Moyeb, Shanesville, Pa. Emerson Taylor Abbott. Editor. A live, up to-date Farm Journal with a Gen- eral Farm Department, Dairy, Horticulture, Live-stock, Poultr}', Bees, Home and General News. The Editor has had practical experi- ence in every department of farm work. To introduce the paper, it will be sent to New subscribtrs one year for 2oc. Sample copies free. Best Advertising Medium in the Central West. Clubbed with Gleanings for $1 .00. ADDRESS Modern Farmer, St. Joseph, Mo. QUEENS. Warranted, November, $i 00: dozen, ffl 00; tested, SI 2.5: dozen, 812 00 See late ads Guaianteed. J. B. CA5E, Port Orange, Fla. In writing advertisers please mention Gleanings. lOjl GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 65 Always Fresh. Always the Best. ' 2kre sold everywhere. 1901 Seed Annual free. D. M. FERRY & CO., DETROIT, MICH. For Sale! A .splendid little fruit and bee- farm, in the midst of about half a dozen of the finest summer resorts in Northern Michigan, will be .sold at less than one-half it.s value. Fartn contains 1(1 acres with 1500 choice fruit-trees, nearly all in bearing, 5 to 7 years old, consi'^ting of 3U0 chrrrv (mostly sweet), 250 pear, 250 peach, 300 plum, and -100 apple trees, all of them of the most profitable varieties. Also 1% acres in straw- berries, 2 acres in raspberries, 3 acres in clover, and the rest under cultivation for gardening purposes. The soil of the best; 3}4 miles from Traverse City (a town of about 12,000 inhabitants, at the head of Grand Traverse Bay, with the largest State builiiings in the State), -10 rods from a go id school, and good graveled roads all over this part of the country; markets good, climate healthy. The buildings all new, and well built and finished, consisting of house with 7 rooms, upright llj.\24, l!2-story, with good cellar, stone wall, full size of this part of house; wing part on'e-storv, dining-room, kitchen and wood-sht d 16x36 with soft water in the kitchen. B^rn, 16-foot posts, 30x32; hen- house, 12-foot posts, 12x24 All buildings on stone foundation Plenty of good water. Terms : J.3000 ; SKXX) down, balance to suit purchaser. Will also sell all of my personals, a-t'ong them 40 colonies of Italian bees in chaff hives; team of horses, cow, one spring and one lumber wagon, and all other farming tools. Address J. P. Berg, Box 8, Traverse City, Mich. Improved Ohio Farmer REPAIR OUTFIT. Our Price Only $r.65. We have examined sam- ples from all manufactur- ers, and believe this is the very best repair outfit on the market ; easily worth SI more than those offered by stores and other papers. It contains 48 articles, all full size and first class, and we guarantee satisfaction or win refund money. Half- soles alone are worth 50c, and are not included in other outfits. It will soon pa\' for itself in repairing b.iots, shoes, rubbers, har- ness, and tinware. Repair Outfit with Ohio Farmer one year for only 82.15, or the Complete Out- fit free for a c'ub of 10 sub- .scripiiui'r, Lo ilir Oil o Farmer. By freight. Send for our illu.strated p'emium li.st, giving whole- sale prices on watches, sewing-machines, knives, and lots of other useful articles. Mentir>n this paper. The Ohio Farmer, Cleveland, Ohio. SEED bTl T0L'etnewcu^l..Mtr. to t, ^t n.v •-.•.•.U. I will nnii m-. I'JIll catalogue, tilled willi more ISurtJilillH l.i iii ever.iDil a l<»c l»»e Bill good tor lOe north ol Ste nil. T-11 vour friends to send too. f. U.iHLLt»,liox lU5,lio8ehUl,UDuiidagaCu.,M. T. ne'W things for i90l) Maule's('^ Seed Catalogue You should, by all means, have this most iiio4l<>rii eatnlo^'ue of utodei-ii times. It is brimful and overUowing with good things in vegetable, farm and flower seeds, flowering plants, fruits, bulbs, etc. It contains 35 noTeitie.s in ve$;etables and floM ers never offered before, has VM large pages, seven handsome colored plate.s and hundreds of illustrations. It gives practical, up-to-date cul- tural directions and offers man.v cash prizes. The first edition alone costs over $30,000, so while we send it free to all customers, we must ask others to send 10 cents for it, which amount they may deduct from their first order. You will make a mistake if you do not write to-day for this the Novelty Seed Book of the year. Address, WM. HEWBY mAVI^E, Pbiladelphia. Cxtt*s Eai*Sy /^dmit*al Dewey ( iij-in>te I ind inri-oduced by IHARRY ^S. HAMMOND SEED CO (' " ' fjiti/ f o« 69' ^ay-City, IVSich. Lar^rest ,^roi\er^ of Seed loiatoers in Anifrica. The !>e«vey is the most wonderful Xew Fotalo. Its merits are fully described in Hammond's 1901 catalog. ■ for Ihc asUiii?. Address as a ove. Write to-day. 20 ether 'tiea of potatoes. Also Vegetable an'' Flower Seeds. I Sharpies Cream Separators Piofitable Dairjing. In wri ing acvertisers please mention GUauings. 6G OLKAXINGS IN BEE; CULTURK. Jan 15 VEGETABLE and FLOWER. Everything in the Nursery and Florist's line. Direct deal with us will insure you the best and 'save vou uioii'ev. Mail size postpaid, lareer liy freight or express, sate arrival and satis- faction guaranteed. Try us. A valuable 168 page Catalog for the asking. 47 years, lOOOacres. 44 greenhouses. TUK STOKRS <& HARRISON CO., Hox'iSS , Fainesville, Ohio NOTHING CAN COMPARE WITH IT. VVlK-n it this " comes to an a'l-round han ly and useful garden tool, nothing compares with Pluif't Jr." Ko. 25 Hill and Diill Heeiler and Double Yv'heel Hoe, Cultivator 1 Piow. It is made to fit the man who has a good sized garden, yet not quite luch to justify owning a separate wheelhoe. Asa drill it does a'll our famous 'Tianet J." No. 4 does. As awdieel lioe it is identical with oui- '-Planet Jr." Kg 12. Has llj^in.wlieels. cultivates between the rows, or on each side the row, throws dirt to or from the row, hills up, plows, marks out. etc. Easily and quickly changed from one to the other. We givo this tool the strongest possible recommendation. Y T should have one of the 350,000 copies of our new 1901 cata- logue. It is better than ever. Tells all about our full line of Seed Drill-;. Wheel Hoes. Cultivators, Harrows, Two Horse Cultivators, Sugar Beet Seeders and Cultivators, and our reduce i prices for 1901. Illustrates by photographic views how they are used at homo and in foreign countries. Mailed free. S.L. AIIen& Co.,Box7I0-H, Philadelphia, Pa. Two Gold Medals at Paris E.rposition ; lliijlmt A irard BURPEPS FARM ANNUALr9°o^ "QUARTER-CENTURY EDITION" A Grand New Book of two hundred and twenty pages. Entirely rewritten at our famous FORDHOOK FARMS— the largest Trial Grounds in America. New Directions for culture, New Leaflets, New Novelties of unusual merit in both Vegetables and Flowers, Elegant New Colored Plates. The Ouarter-Century's Record of Progress, New Cash Prizes, *and other New Features. The largest, most complete, and BEST SEED CATALOGUE ever published. Mailed for ten cents, which is less than cost per copy. Name this paper, send ten cents (silver or stamps) and with this great catalogue we shall send a 15=ccnt packet of either Burbank's Unique Floral Novelty or Burpee's wonderful, new, dwarf, meaty, bright-red, earliest Tomato, — '■'Quarter-Century." >e®= Should you object to paying ten cents for a seed catalogue (even though it is worth a dollar), then write a postal card for Burpee's "SEED=SENSE" for 1901,— a "strictly business" catalogue of ninety pages. y^ ATLEE BURPEE & CO., PHILADELPHIA, PA. MONEY i-^GABBAlGE ■ www IF YOU PLANT The Right Seeds. My new Seed Book tells all about the best vari- eties of CiibbuKe and everything of interest in seeds; how to grow them for profit, etc. Write r"H»S P to-day ^^r^^ ind ' Mention this Paper ■ill send you a sample pucknge ct Buekbef> Kcw Century Cab- bage. The BEST ON EARTH. tosrftherwithBeautituianr h.striictive Seed and I'lant Book, H.W.BUCKBEE, Kockford Seed t arms, Box f!]4 Rockford, III. SALZER'S SEEDS -WaS-L MAKE YOU RBGH" This is a during; statement, but Sal- V; zer's seeds bear it out every time- i, Combination Corn. Oreii test corn on earth. Will positively \ revolutionize corn growing. C Billion DollarCrass. ~. Greatest marvel of tlie acre; > 12 tons of hay per acre. F W/-. What Is It ? with our new patent KEROSENE SPR&VERS iple Indeed. Keioseue Kmul- sion made while pumping. Yl var- ieties sprayers. Bordeaui and Ver- morel .Nozzles, the World's Best. THE DEJHINQ CO. Salem, 0. ^ Western Agents, Henion& Hub- - ])ell, Chicago. Catalog, formulas free In writing advcitisers please luciiiiou oicauuig , V Cataloirne tells. FOR Mc. STAMPS iTid this NOTICE ■ 1 s seed catalo.r, 10 Gram '- iniplesincludin^ali )ve, also S|.lu (80 bu. per A.) Cats, (2iU bu.iiHl per A.) R.j.e, l>a \ (ITiui.ptrA) I'eauat, etc. \Vorth$10.togetaBtart. John A. Salzer Seed Co. La Crosse. , 'St lieud our GUAKANTEF. :g§ Record Book Free. 1 alogiK contains a l2-page to kt-ep ti-ivk of KumphreyXatabif'Oytter griaranteed to cut more bone in less time and with lei^sl ibor than any other .utter made. Your money bark if you're not satisfied. Humphrey & Sons. Box %^ , Joliet, Ills. 1901 GLKAXINOS IN BEE CULTURE. 67 ^^Profitable Poultry ICeeping «• AM. ITS ni.".VS< lli:s."' ThisistUe title and tlieine of our lieu- Year I'.ook. Contain.. i',.2 IN A I |jujj:w. fixH ill.; 'Mi) no sv and oiininalili cist rations or host jH.iiltiy tarnis. Inn iiliM;;s. etc., in tlio coun- try. Deals with every phase of the iioultr.v imlustry in an inslrnctivi' and jiroUt hringiny way. Treats also of the famous non-mois- nVnUCDi(S> llir>IBD ATADC guaranteed to out- ture, self-veniilat.ugai..! r^.^uLumff blrnClnd InuUDAIlInd, liatch any other in REGULATING J three or more tests ormonev refunded. SentforlOcln stamps. AsIc for hook 74 circular and prices free. Sttf-VENliuniNGB Address nearest office. CYl'IItUS IXCCBAXOK CO., Chicujjo, Wayiuiid, ]V.Y.,lio»tuii,Mu88. INVESTIGATE BEFORE YOU BUY. We want our cuKtoiners to be pencitlv aatistied before t he. .'^pend the r m<>nev. Investigate the chiinsof all incubatur.s aa.i'thtn decide. We helieve you wil 1 hnd that tue SURE HATCH INCUBATORS AND CO.HMON SK.\>E yOLl>I\G UROOMKIJS are giving Letter Batisfacti^.n than any lUher iiiaile. It's because liiey are .so simple, smsilile and mii-e. Th-y are built tor busy people, » ho haven't lime to fuss and bother. Our cataloffue is FKKE. We ooo't aak'vou to pay for it. I sn't i t wori h examiii ng? SURE HATCW INCUBATOR COMPANY, CLAY CENTER, NEBRASKA. Strong, Healthy Chicks YOU OUGHT TO KNOW are natched by our incubaii of toem liiaD Dens can batcn. Why? Because ourresuialor never rails to keep * the heat just risht. Catalogrue > rintcd In ."> laiienaees gives rull y s» rintions.UluBlrationsana prices, and much information for poultry raisers. Sent for 6 cents. DES BOUiES UiCl'BATOR CO.. Box 503 Des Unines, U. f -ir- 200-Egg Incubator for $12.00 Perfect in construction and I action. Hatches every fertile! enn. Writ* for catalopue to-day. I GEO. H. STAHL, Quincy. III. EASY EGG MONEY Amancao easily make money idling eggs if he can but get thtfc ggs. He can get the eggs Hurc^twice aa many, if he will feed hie hena on Green Cut Bone. No better way to prepare it than with An All 'C GREEN BONE AUAm a CUTTER It cuts on the shear plate principle. Takes off a fine ribbon like piece, easily consumed by the ij chicks or fowls. N'osharp splinters to injure throat. 1 Tarns easily. Only ball-bearing cutter made. For hand or power. CatalogueN. 89 £ree. W. J. ADAM, Jollet, 111. A BASKET FULL OF EGGS by usini? Ley's Poultry Condition Powders. Puts all fowls in a normal condition; destroys all diseas" germs; purities the blood; is a tonic and nutrient Price 25 cts. a pk.; .5 for SI 00. Ley's Thoroughbred Minorca's Eggs, »1 00 for lA Also Thor- oughbred Belgian Hares. Ceo. J. Ley, Florence, Cal. BIJLL- .STRONG! ....PIG-TIGHT.... An Illinois fainici s:;id thataft- er harvest he had lullv 200 bush- els of loose oats on the ground that he could not secuie any beu- eht trom, because the fence iround the field would not turn logs Figure the loss for yourself, tie also said, all tliis ^^ ould have been saved if he li.-id used the Kitselman Woven Wire Coiled Spring Fencei and tlie value '■■jiild )]ux(' g(.iie a long ways ■ w.iids paying cost of the fence. With the Duplex Machine any farmer can iiniko it himself %t the actual cost ol' tln' wire Catalogue free for tlie a-kina-' „ KITSELMAN BROS. Box D.ji. Muncie, Ind. ^^__.^^ , everything between the covers al.'.'iSSBy of our ZOthCENTURY POULTRY BOOK I order to best succeed in ibe poultry t.uai- It tells everything necessary and no ! more. It's .1 compend of poultry knowl- edw^e. Among other things ii fully describes Reliable IncuhatorA and Kroodern, which are known and used all over the world. We mail th^ book for 10 cents as long as they last. Hurry your order in at once. Reliable Incubator & Brooder Co., Box 3.49 Quincy, Ills. MARILLA. That's the name which means highest excellence in Incubators and Brooders — tlie most perfect regulation of temperature and moisture. Hot air or hot water. Send ac for catalogue and giiar- tee. Your money back if you 3 not satislied MARILLA INCUBATOR CO., Box 63. Rose nill. N. T. Highest Price fffp ^QfiS cornea in the winter when > carce. Green Cut .p^^redV:: Mann's New Bone Cutter Pinakes hens lay at any time. It doubles the egg product. Slann's Oranite t'rystal (Jrit, t'lover t'utter and Swing, tag Fend Tray mean hen comfort and hen profit. Catalogue free. F. W. MANN CO. Box 37, Mllford, Mass. leSElPER'S POUITRY always tlo well. TiOstMudard varieties. Handsom- est poultry liook of the season for 8c stani|.s.Full of nioiiey-making hints. My birds are winners. B. H. CREIDER, Florin, Pa. AT ANY TIME- summer time or winter time, the BEST POWER foi all purposes on the farm. In til* clan J, creamery or chee.e factory, ^^ LEFFEL ENGINE, They are very simple in construc- tion, and easy to run and keep In order. Are very economic of fuel, are easy steamers and ureiit power developers. They are made both horizon- tal and upright with engine mounted on boiler. Every- thing is made of best material throughout. The.y are ideal for ( lifting and grinuing teed, saw- ing- wood, pumping v.ater, run- mng cream separators, churns, butter woi vei s etc Send stamp for Book on Power. *AMtS LtFFEL. A, CO., Box 8», Sprlnefleld, O. Ill writing aovertiseis please mention Gleaniugs. GLEANINGvS IN BEE CUIvTURE. Jan ]5 Three Times as Much ! I have recently returned from atrip through New York, where I attended a series of bee- keepers' institutes, or conventions. "While at Romulus and Auburn, several bee-keepers U'ld me of the wonderful performances of the bets from a queen that I had sold Thos. Brod- erick, of Moravia. Mr. Broderick had reared qui ens from this queen for both himself and a ftw friends, and nothing in those parts had ec[ualed this strain of bees. Wishing to have the particulars direct from Mr, Broderick him- self, I wrote ard asked him if he would be so kind as to give them to me. Here is his reply : Moravia. N. Y., Dec. 31, 1900. Afr. W. Z. Huiclunson, Flint Midi. Dear Sir: — II is with pleasure that I wiite concern- ing the queen that I purchased of yt u three years ago, as 1 have reason to believe her one of the most re- markable queens ever possessed by any bee keeper in this part of the countrv. At the end of the first .season, as you may remem- ber, I wrote you my appreciation of thi- queen, but I will now go nio'e into dftiil. Upon receiving the que en. May 24, ISilS I gave her to a colory that scarce- ly covered four Gallup combs. She built up that col- ony and gave me I-IO well-filled sections, mostly from buckwheat. This I considered remarkable, as, pie- vious to that time. 75 ibs was the very best yield that I had ever been able to take from my best colonies. In the fall, after prepaiing my colonies for winter, by some accident the super containing the absorbent was knocked out of place, thereby letting the heat of the cluster pass out of doors all winter. Thev were prote ted from the wind by a shock of corn fodder, fnd in this way they passed three monhs without a flight Thev came through the winter somewhat re- duced in numbers ; but. again the colony built up and gave me a cop of 96 lbs. of well-filled S' ctions. The pai^t season this colony gave me 48 lbs. of comb honey, which I consider good considering the age of the queen (four yf ars ) and th- very poor season. It was in the sea.son of 1X99 that I reared the first queens from this queen The past season the colony from one of those voung queens gave nie a crop of 17-1 sections which tipped the beam at M^H lbs. The only thing that I did to this colony in the wa}' of manage- ment was that, some time in May, I robbed it of a comb cf horey and replaced it with an empty comb This queen was the only one of this stock that passed the winter in a full colony, all of the others 1 eing given to artificial cnlonies that were formed late in the season They all wintered finely, although each colonj^ occupied nnh' some five or six' Gallup combs. The pa.st season they all built up and gave me on an aver'^ge 90 lbs. each of con'b honey. My best colony gave me a c op that ws t/itee times as large as that prt ditced by tlie best colonies of my neighbors. Queens of this strain occupy every comb in the hive, anil it makes no difference whether the combs are the Gallup, the Ouinby, or the hive a two story L,angstroth. The bees never crowd these queens if given plenty of room. The 1 ees are as ge tie as one could wish ; cap their honey as white as any bees cap it ; and, as work- ers— well, i can't explain it. It is needless to say that this strain of bees will be in evidence in my apiary as long as I keep bees You are at libeitv to publish this if jou vci?h. Thos. Broderick. To those who are thinking of trying this strain of bees, I would say, don't wait until next spring before sending in your order. Last spring, when I began sending out queens, there were orders on ttiy books for nearly 200 queens. Orders are already com- ing in to be filled next spring. They will be filled in rotation ; so, if you wish to get a queen next spring, send in your order this fall. The price of a queen is $1 50 ; but safe arrival, sate introduciiou, purity of mating, and entire satisfaction are all guaranteed. The queen can be returned any time within two years, and the money refunded, and 50 cents additional sent to pav for the trouble. The REVIEW for this year and the back numbers for 1900 (two years) and one of these queens for only $2.00. As soon as your order is received, the back numbers for last year will be sent, and your subscription put on the book to the end of 1901, and next spring the queen will be sent you. Address all Orders to W. Z. HUTCHINSON, FLINT, MICHIGAN ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ \ Marshfield Manufacturing Company. X Our specialty is making SECTIONS, and they are the best in the market. ^\■isconsin ba.sswood is the right kind for them. We have a full line of BEE - SUPPLIES. Write for FREb, illustrated catalog and price list. ♦ Marshfield Manufacturing Company, Marshfield, Wisconsin. ♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ BEE-HIVES AND HONEY-BOXES. in car lots — wholesale or retail. Now is the time to g-et prices. We are the people who manufacture strictly first-class goods and sell them at prices that defy com- petition. Write us today. Interstate Box & Manufacturing Co., Hudson, Wis. 1900 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 60 ♦ ♦ ♦ DO YOU WANT ♦ ♦ ♦ Printed Stationery, Queen-cages, or Folding Cartons for your next season's honey crop ? If so, here are a few prices which will hold good for a short lime only. ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ High-cut Melon Laid Envelopes, 6'^>,8's at 82 00 VerlOO.). If you haven't use for tha' many will print and send by mail, postpaid, 100 for 50 cts. Round-corner Die-cut Cards -153X2%, 81 80 per M. Letter-heads, llXS'.^, 82 00 pjr M. Folding Cartons, printed one s-ide, 13.20 per M. Sample for stamp. Polished Queen-cages, 89.00 per M. We have on hand 2000 second hand L-size brood- frames at Sl.OO to SI. 25 per 100, aUso 150 hives. If any readers of Gleanings would like a fine trio of Belgian Hare.s, will ssy that we have some very fine imported and domestic pedi- greed stock. Also some cheap unpedigreed. We breed improved queen bees in season. Re- member that. Parkertown is now a money -order office, so please con't send stamps for goods if you can help it. ADDRBSS ALL ORDERS TO H. G. Quirin, Parkertown, Erie Co., Ohio. Roofs Bee-supplies for the South fitlantic States at Roofs Prices, Quick Shipments. Low Freight Rates. We call your attention to our one- horse Winner Wagon. Star Force-feed Wheelbarrow Clo- ver Seeder. Pea-Threshers. Buffalo Pitts Harrows. We carry a full line of the most approved Farm Implemenis, etc. Send for catalog- G. Rawlings Implement Co., 209 S. Charles St.. Baltimore, [iVwywvMvyw^yvwvywuww^wywwww^wuvvywvywvvww^vvuwvyvwy^^ 1881 PAGE & LYON MFG. CO. 1900 We manufacture a full line of the latest BEE-SUPPLIES, Our motto is, " Perfect Goods and Prompt Shipment/ Send for our new free illustrated catalog, PAGE & LYON MFG. CO., New London, Wisconsin. | NOW READY ! 64-PAGE CATALOG OF EVERY THING BEE-KEEPERS NEED. Illustrated and fully described. Especially valuable to beginners for the information it contains. Send your address on a postal an 1 get it now. Established 1884. J. M. JENKINS, Wetumpka, Ala. 70 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jan 15 Our Advertisers. We take pleasure in calling the attention of our readers to the advertising pages of this number. In these pages you will find inmy whose advertisements are new in Gleanings. We take every precaution to keep out any unreliable concern, so you will find those who advertise with us are the very best in their respective lines. It will pay you to write for their catalogs; and when you do this be sure to mention Gleanings in Bee Culture. If you desire catalogs from three or more whose names are found in our pa- per you may send your request to us and we will get them for you. This will save you writing to so many. Be sure to give the full names and addresses of all whose catalogs you desire. TYPEWRITERS. Do you want a typewriter' Then write the Smith Pnmier Tvpewrter Co, 158 Prospect St., Cleveland, Ohio, for their catalog. See page M. We use only these machines in our office, and have for the past ten years. FARM AND GARDEN TOOLS. Do you want first class work done on your farm or garden? If so, you will be interested in the catalog of S. I^ Allen & Co.. Box 710, H, Philadelphia, Pa. Their tools are sold all over the world. We can sup- ply with our goods when desired. Get the Best Queens. Evansville, Ind., Sept. 27th, 1900. The Jennie Atchley Co , Beeville, Bee Co.. Texas: Dear Friends: — 11 gives me great pleasure to forward you th s uii.solicited testimonial regarding the merits of Atchley queens. The three (3) dozen queens pur- chased of you hive made an excellent record for themselves. Not an Mchlej' queen among the twenty colonies lost during the severe drouth in July. I have bought queens from many breeders; and although the prtsent crop is exceedingly short, the tiers of supers show where the Atchley queens are, and speak vol- umes for your method of queen-rearing. I find the progenv to be very gentle, strong winged, uniformlj' marked, long-lived, of la'ge size, and, last but not least, the best honey gatherers I ever had. I shall want 100 more next season. Yours fraternally, J. C. Wallenmeyer. ENGINES. We used to manufacture small engines our.'elves ; but the large manufacturers are able to do this much more advantageously than we, so we discontinued this some years ago. We .still get a good many in- quiries, however, and we take pleasure in referring any and all who need a fir.st-class engine, large or .small, (o Tas. I^effel & Co., Box 89, Springfield, Ohio. See page (i7 Prices for Queens. Tested $1 50 each; SS 00 for 6, or $15 00 per dozen. Unte.sted, February, March, April, an l May, SI 00 each; S5.00 per 6, or S9 00 per dozen Fine breeders, fo 00 each We have as good bees and queens as monej' and labor produce. We breed three-band Italians Goldens. Carni ilans, Cj'prians, and Holv- lyands, in thei-- purity, bred in separate yards 5 to 20 miles apart If you want the best, call for Atchley's improved strains. Sife arrival guaranteed. Send for a sample copvof "The .Southland Queen," the only southern bee-paper. 81 00 per year. To new sub- scribers we offer as a premium a nice untested queen in order to get oui paper introduced. Catalog, giving queen-rearing and management of apiaries for profit, FREE. THE JENNIE ATCHLEY CO., Beeville, Bee Co., Texas. BEE-SUPPLIES. Best-equipped factory in the West; car- r>' a large stock and greatest varietj' of everv thing needed in the apiary, assur- ing BEST goods at the I^OWEST prices, and prompt shipment. We want every bee-keeper to have our FREE II^IvUS- TRATED CATALOG, and read descrip- tion of Alternating Hives, Ferguson Su- pers, etc. Write at once for a catalog. AGENCIES : ^ Trester SuDply Co., 103 So. 11th St., Lin- I KRETCHMER M'F'G CO,, Red Oak, Iowa. '^iSt^^:^^^^''^ MADE TO ORDER. •^V BINGHAM SMOKER. Dear Sir:— Inclosed find Sl.T.'i. Please .semi one bia-is Smoke-engine. I have one aheady. It is the best smoker I ever used. Truly vours. Henry ScHJnnT. Hutto, Tex Bingham Brass Smokers Made of sheet brass, which does not rust or burn out ; should last a lifetime. You need one, but they cost 25 cts. more than tin of the same size. The little open cut shows our brass hinge put on the three larger sizes. No wonder Bingham's 4-inch smoke-engine goes without puffing, and does not drop inky drops. The perforated steel fire-grate has 381 holes to air the fuel and support the fire. Heavy tin smoke-engine, 4-inch stove, per mail, $1.50; 3^-inch, 81.10; 3-inch, 81.00; 2^-inch, 90c; 2-inch, 6.5c. Bingham smokers are the originals, and have all the improvements, and have been the standard of excellence for 22 years. Only three larger ones brass. T. F. Bingham, Farweil, Rflich. % ^i ^^« ^^-5 -$:S^ ^^^ -S^3 ^^ J -» 3^ « ^-S iS9 J ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ -553 -53^^^ ^^^ *^^ *5^ «^^ ak'^ 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Contents of this Number. Bees, Weight Can Carry SO Belgian Hares, Morrison on 8rj Belgian hare Business Dead 81 Brteding-slock So Brood chambers, Shallow 88, 89 Cans V. Barrels 81 Chickens, Visit to Mapes' Yard 108 Clipping Wings. Barber's Plan S.j Clover and Snow 70 Conihs 25 Years Old SO Counties, Dry, of Ohio 107 Cuba. Disadvantages cf 90 Dojliltlein Arkan.sas 102 Eggs in Winter 109 Honey. To Lad on Wagons 101 Honey bottling Symposium 93 Map of Honey Centers 83 Negroes Position of 107 Officiary of N. B. K. A 102 Organization, Cooperative 82 Pollen in Shallow Brcod-chambers 100 PiiL~e Rate in Colorado 101 Sage, Rambler on 81 Salve from Propolis 101 Sp'aving, Prof. Beach on 103 Stings, Immunity from 79 Sngsras Food 80 Sulphuric Acid in Refini- g Wax 101 Surplus Arraneement, Adju.stable 99 Swarms, Artificial Brushed 86 Symposium on Bottling Honey 93 Tipping 82 Tongues, Charton's Measurt mcnt 80 Tongues, Rankin's Measurenients 84 Tongues, To Measure 101 Utter Trial, Personnel of 91 Wax, To Prevent Cracking 79 Wintering at Ontario Con vtn lien 102 Wintering in the S uth 90 Wintering under Snow lOl Honey Column. GRADING RULES. Faxcy.— All sectiins to be well tlUed. combs straight, firmly attachefl to all tour sides, the coinb.s unsoiled by travel stain, or otherwise; all the cells sealed except an occasional cell. the outside surface of the wood well scraped of propolis. A No 1.— All sections well tilled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs straight; oneeiKhth part of comb surface soileil. or the entire surface sliirhtly soiled; the outside sur- face of the wood well scraped of propolis. No. 1.— .\U sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs comparatively even ; onp ti>.'hth ]iart of comb surface soiled; or the entire surface slightly vnih-il. No. 2.— Three-fourths of the total surface must be tilled and sealed. No. 3.— Must weigh at least half as much as a full weight section. Tn addition to this the honey is to be classified according to color, u.-ing the terms white, amber, and dark; that is, there will be ■' fancy white." " No. 1 dark," etc. CITY MARKETS. Denver. — Demand not verv active. Fancy white, S3 25 per case of 21 sections ; 'No. 1, S3 00 ; No. 2, $2 75. Eittracted white, 7],ifS8. Beeswax, 22(a25. The Colorado Honey Produceks' Ass'n. Jan. 23. 1440 Market St. Buffalo. — The h-uey tnatket is very dull. I think if prices were lower it would not increase the demand very much It is a time of the year when honey al- ways moves slowly. Fancy whi e comb, 16(S)17; A No.'l, 15tol6; No. 1, 14®15: No. 2, 13(&14: No. 3, 12(313; buckwheat, 10(a]2. Extracted, white, 7(0,8; dark, 6@ 6>4. Beeswax, 28(S30. Jan. 21. W. C. Townsend, Buffalo, N. Y. New York. — The supply in hand for all grades of comb honey seems equal to the demand, which at present is but moderate. We quote: Fancy white comb, 15(3)16 ; No. 1, K%14 ; No. 2 \2(a)}2y2 ; buck- wheat. 10@11. Buckwheat extracted, ol{@b%. Bees- wax, 28. FRANCLS H. IvEGGETT & Co., Franklin, West Broadway, and Varick Sts., Jan. 19. New York City. Boston. — We quote our market as follows : Fancy No. 1 white in cartons 17; A No. 1, 16; No. 1, 15^16, with a fairly good demand. Absolutely :io call for dark honey this year. Extracted, white, 8(^8}4; light amber, 7^(g)S. Beeswax, '21. Blake. Scott & I,ee, Jan. 18. 31, 33 Commercial St., Boston, Mass. Chicago.— -Honey is selling slowly. This applies to all grades, with the exceptions of white-clover and basswood comb honey. It bells readily at 16. provid- ing it grades number one or better. All other kinds of white comb honej' sell at from 14 to 15, and candied white comb honey at ft om 8 to 10: travel-stained and ofT grades, comb, 13(5)14; amber, 12'3)13. amber extract- ed, 7®~]{; dark and buckwheat, 9(3 10; white, 7^(58; basswood and white clover bring the outside prices; buckwheat and other dark grades, 6(5 6i/{. Beeswax, 28. R. A Burnett & Co., Jan. 19. 163 South Water St., Chicago, 111. Detroit. — Fancy white comb, 15(316; No. 1, 13@14. Extracted white, 7(§(7J^ ; dark and amber, 6^6^. Beeswax, 26(327. Jan. 19. M. H. Hunt & Son. Bell Branch, Mich. Cincinnati. — Market very quiet. No change in prices. Fancy white comb sells for 16. Extt acted dark, sells for 5%. and better grades bring 6J4 to 7}^; fancy white table honey brings from 8 to 9. Jan. 16. C. H. W. Weber. Schenectady. — Market was very quiet dur'ng the holidays, but we note an improved demand again lor comb honey, with prices unchanged. Extracted con- tinues selling very slowly, and producers are ge'ting anxious to sell, and are willing to accept a lower price than they would early in the season. Jan. 21. C. McCulloch, Schenectady, N. Y. Albany. — Honey market quiet, with light stocks of h'lnev. Prices nominal. White clover, 16'017; mix- ed, 13(3,14; buckwheat. 11(3,12 Extracted white, 7J4@8; mixed, 1@7% ; buckwheat, 5J^(3 6. MacDougal & Co., Successors to Chas. McCulloch & Co., Jan. 21. Albany, N. Y. Philadflphia.— As we predicted some weeks ago, the cars of California haney in comb have been unload- ed, and pushed to g'^'t returns, and imrket broke down. We quote : Fancy comb, 15; No 1, 13(gl4. Extracted white, 7 ; amber, 6. Beeswax. 28. We are producers of honey, do not handle on commission. Wm. A. Selser. Jan. 24. 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa. New York. — Demand for comb and extracted hon- ey is verv dull. We quote : Fancy white, 1.5(316 ; A No. 1. 14@15; No 1, Utg/15; No. 2, 12(^13; fancy buck- wheat, 11; No. 1. 10; No. 2, 9. Extracted, white, 8; light amber. 7(37^^; amber. 6(2 6^; buckwheat. 5^(36. There is no great .stock of either white or buckwheat comb honey on hand; lut the extracted buckwheat is plentiful, with prices ransing from 5 to 6c, with little demand. Beeswax, '26'a28. Chas. Israel & Bros. Jan. 25. 486 8 Canal St., New York City. San Francisco.— Fancy comb. 14; A No. 1, 12; No. 1, 9^; No. 2, 7%. Extracted white, 7; light amber, BJ^. Jan. 22. Guggenhime & Co. For Sale. — 20.000 lbs. extracted honey from alfalfa and light amber from Rocky Mountain bee-plant. Two cans, 120 lbs. net. 88 40; also 5 and 10 lb. pails. In ordering state if you want white or amber. M. P. Rhoads. Las Animas, Col. Wanted. — Comb and extracted honey. State price, kind, and quantity. R. A. Burnett & Co., 163 South Water St., Chicago, 111. For Sale. — Light amber extracted honey, in bar- rels, 754c a lb.; bu:kwheat. in kegs, 6 : per lb. I. J. Stringham, 105 Park Place, New York. For Sale— Choice alfalfa honey. Two cans, 120 lbs. net. whitest, 59 00 ; tinted, partly from other bloom, $8 40. Also small cans. The Arkansas Valley Apiaries, Oliver Foster, Prop., Las Animas, Bent Co., Colo. For Sale. — Extracted honty from alfalfa ; 6'J-lb. cans at 7 cts., and smaller cans. D. S. Jenkins, Las Animas, Colo. 76 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULT URE. Feb. 1 "ELECTRIC" GOODS. Thousands of farmers all over the country knowtiiat the name "Electric" stands for the highest (jualitv, the Kreatest durability, the 1( (West price. Everything put out of our factory carries the reputation of being "as good as money can buy." Electric Metal Wheels of all sizes and varieties, to fit any axle on anv vehicle or farm implement. Either direct or staggered oval steel spokes. Electric Handy Wagon, the neatest, strongest, most dur- able, easiest to load wagon made. Metal wheels, any width of tire, any height from 24 to 56 inches. Best angle steel hounds. Tanks of All Kinds. Sheep DippingTanks. Watering Tanks and Feed Troughs of all shapes and sizes. Trucks for engines, water tanks, etc. ^end for our new catalogue. We ship our goods everywhere and guarantee to save you money. Electric Wheel Co., Box 95, Quincy, Ills. In wriliug advertisers please mention Gleanings $1.75 FOR ONLY 75c. THE NATIONAI< MAGAZINE —over lOO pages choicest reading matter, replete with the finest iUu.«trations. and in all re- spects the equal of Miinsey's, McClure's, and that class. THE HOME MAGAZINE — a 20-page story, fashion, and fancy-work magazine for the home, size of the I,adies' H >me Journal. Both the above magazines a full year, and a 25c seed due bill and our seed catalog and newspaper catalog, all for 75 cts. if you will order at once, and at the same time send us 10 go d names of peo- ple that buy garden seeds A. I. Root will tell you we are square and do as we agree. C. M. Qoodspeed, Skaneateles, N. Y. I AM NDW booking orders for my superior queens, Hlfi llUif reared from best stock. My incieasing trade proves that they please. J. B. CASE. Port Orange, Pla. Bee and Poul- try Supplies.... Fine barred Plymouth Rock eges, SI. 10 for 1.5; oyster shells, (i5c per cwt. All kinds of bee -and poultry supp'ies. Get catalog G. Boutzahn, Menallen, Fa. (^UR CATALOOof varieties and prices of Small- ^-^ fruit Plants, Dahlia Bulbs, S. C. W. and B. Leghorns, B. P. Kocks Berry Crates and Baskets, ready Feb. 1. Send for it before ordering. H. H. AULTFATHER, Hinerva, Ohio. HONEY FOR SALE. strictly pure extracted honey, in original five-gallon cans, as received from the apiary, 2 cans in ca.se, 7^c per lb., f. o. b Provo Utah; or if wanted East, 8c per lb. f. o b. Chicago Write S. T. Fish & Co., Chicago, 111., who will ship from there. Honey guaranteed strictly pure. WM. M. ROYLANCE, Wholesale Fruits and Produce, Established 1885. Provo City. Utah. Tour of All riexico in Pullman's finest Compartment Drawing Room, I^i- brary. Observation, and Dining Cars — all Vestibuled — with the celebrated Open^top Car " Chililitii " for Observation in the Mountains and Canyons, and Dining-car in the Tropics. A delightful trip of 38 days with Three Circle Tours in the Tropics of the South of Mexico, and a Visit to the Ruined Cities. "^^ All exclusive features of these itineraries of leisure- ly travel and long stops. The Special Train starts Tuesday, January 22, from Chicago. Tour of Puerto Rico. Special Pullm-vn Cars leave Chicago Thursday, January I7, and Thursday, February 14, at 9:30 a m , connecting with the splendid new .>-teamships Ponce and San Juan sailing from New York the second day following. Individual Tickets sold for other sailing dates, alternate .Saturdays. Tickets Include All Expenses Everywhere. These select limited parties will be under the special escort and management of The American Tour'ST Association, Reau Campbell, General Manager, 1423 Marquette Building, Chicago. Itineraries, Maps, and Tickets can be had on appli- cation to Agents of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul R'y. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 77 NOW READY! 64-PAGE CATALOG OF EVERY THING BEE-KEEPERS NEED. Illustrated and fully described. Especially valuable to beginners for the information it contains. Send your address on a postal and get it now. Established 1884. J. M. JENKINS, Wetumpka, Ala. A Bear in the Apiary. I have just lost an entire api- ary of 52 colonies by bear. I had the very good fortune to kill a very large one ri^rhf in the tnidst of the wreckage. I have a very good 5x8 picture of this Bear, in the apiary he destroy- ed. This is the greatest novelty in the way of an apiarian view I have ever seen. I will send you one of these pictures for 35 cts. postpaid, or as a pretnium for each half dozen queens ordered. Don't forget that my specialty is the best queens from the best stock that it is possible to pro- cure, and that my motto is protnptness. I also handle The A I. Root Co. 's supplies at their prices, plus 55 cts. per 100 lbs. to pay carload freight. Send for price list. W. 0. VICTOR, WHARTON, TEXAS. QUEEN SPECIALIST. Notice. ♦ ♦ ♦ DO YOU WANT ♦ ♦ ♦ Printed Stationery, Queen-cages, or Folding Cartons for your next season's honey crop ? If so, here are a few prices which will hold good for a short time only. ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ High-cut Melon Laid Envelopes, O^Xo^s at S2 00 Ver 1000. If you haven't use for thai many will print and send by mail, postpaid, 100 for 50 cts. Round-corner Die-cut Cards 45^x2^, SI. 80 per M. Letter-heads, 11x8^^, S2 00 per M. Folding Cartons, printed one side', 83.20 per M. Sample for stamp. Polished Queen-cages, 19.00 per M. We have on hand 2000 second hand L-size brood- frames at 81.00 to SI 2,5 per 100, also 150 hives. If any readers of Gleanings would like a fine trio of Belgian Hares, will say that we have some very fine imported and domestic pedi- greed stock. Also some cheap unpedigreed. We breed improved queen bees in season. Re- member that. Parkertown is now a money -order office, so please con't send stamps for goods if you can help it. ADDRESS ALL ORDERS TO H. G. Quirln, Parkertown, Erie Co., Ohio. I. J. Stringham, 105 Parle Place, New York City. Keeps in stock a full line of modern appliances for bee keepers. COMB FOUNDATION is one of our specialties. If you expect to use any quantity get our prices. Catalog free. Apiaries at Glen Cove, Long Island. I. J. Stringham, 105 Park Place, New York City. 78 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb 1 djiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiMiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiMMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin I Italian Bees. I am booking orders now for spring shipment of Thoroughbred Italian Bees and Queens. My two apiaries kept for breeding are situated on high sandy soil — are strong with young bees and brood, when queens at my other apiaries have just com- menced laying — never known any dises.se. Send in your orders now to insure prompt shipment when season opens. Full colonies, with queen in shipping-case, $6.00 ; 3-frame nucleus, with queen in shipping-case, $3 00. In lots of 10 to 25 full colonies or nuclei, 10 per cent off. As our spe- cialty is Full Colonies and Nuclei, we do not care to send single queens before May. I WM. A. SELSER, I 10 Vine Street, I Philadelphia, Pa. I Office of The A. I. Root Co. ^lllllllillllllllllllllllilllllilllilillllllii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiilllllllllillliillllllllllliilllililllliilllllllliiiiiiiillllllllllllllllllllf? C. B. Lewis Co., Man'f'rs of Bee-keepers' Supplies, Watertown, Wis., U. S. A. \i/ it; \b \i/ \b V)/ \ii an nil it/ Our Improved Langstroth Simplicity Hive. We show here a cut of our Langstroth Simplicity Hive, the style which you will find described on page 3 of our new catalog. It is one of our oldest styles, and is considered the simplest and best hive for general use ever manufactured. We are confident it will suit a large number of bee- keepers who wish a good and serviceable hive but do not care for so-called up-to-date devices. We manufacture four other styles. Watch our next adv't for cut of our Wisconsin hives. Our 1 901 Catalog is now ready. If you received our 1900 edition you will rtceive our new one. If you did not, kindly send your address, and a copy will be mailed you. BRANCH : 19 Sou. Alabama St., Indianapolis, Indiana. AGEN1.IES: I^. C. Woodman. Grand Rapids, Mich ; Fred Foulger & Sons, Ogden, Utah; Colo. Honey- producers' Association, Denver, Col.; E. T. Abbott, St. Joseph, Missouri, Special Southwestern Agent. fSS ^\ (?> (♦> NEW and complete stock of Root's goods < at Root's prices for 1901 now at hand. > I am their representative for Cincin- ^ nati and surrounding territories. Our con- y venient R. R. facilities enable us to ship at short notice to any direction. You save freight by having goods shipped from this point. Bee-supplies ! { G. H. W. WEBER, 2146-2148 CENTRAL AVENUE, CINCINNATI, 0. Before buying elsewhere write for my cat- alog and prices, whfch will be mailed you free of charge upon application. The goods I handle have gained a wide reputation on account of A No. 1 quality and lowest prices. > ^A^^AA^A/»AVS^A^A/^»^A^^AAAA^»A«^^^AAAAA^ lbs. " The labbits thus bred are kept in cages or boxes. When in cages, they are placed im- mediately on the ground ; ashes are usually scattered on the spot covered, then a layer of loose stones is placed on the ashes, and finally the stones are covered with straw. This meth- od keeps the cage in a sanitary condition, and is excellent for fattening rabbits for the mar- ket." All I can add to this is amen ! It agrees with my views exactly, and the rabbits I have now are kept on this plan, though I never knew that it was a Belgian plan. My experi- ence is that pure-bred rabbits are hard to breed. I mean they have few young in a litter, and they are apt to die in the most unexpected manner, and this experience tallies with that of others. For all practical purposes I think a cross of the lop eared kind with the Belgians would be most profitable for market purposes. But if any of your readers are actually thinking of going in for the new business in a scientific and professional manner, I would advise them to get the best book which I believe has been printed ou the subject, and which looks at it from a doUar-andcents point of view. This is the title of the book : "The Wild Rabbit in a New Aspect; or, Rabbit-warrens that pay. A record of recent experiments conducted on the estate of the Right Honorable the Earl of Wharncliffe, at Wortley Hall. By James Simpson." The author received a gold medal for his experiments in this field. The price of the book is $1.2o, and the publishers are Wm. Blackwood & Son, Edinburgh, Scotland. The other books that I have seen on the sub- ject are fanciers' books, not studying the rab- bit for profit. From what I know of the busi- ness I am safe in saying it will not suit bee- keepers. The two pursuits of bees and rabbits would hardly dovetail, the latter requiring so much of the bee keeper's time as to keep him from his legitimate sphere — the apiary. The rabbit business is more of a craze than a busi- ness, and it will be some time before it be- comes a real business. I incline to the view that what bee-keepers want is a greater culti- vation of field crops that yield good honey in large quantity. I mean such crops as alfalfa and buckwheat. I can mention three other crops that are as great and important as the two just mentioned — sainfoin, field beans, and rape. These are great crops in every sense of the word, and by and by will occupy a large space in American farming ; and it is the duty of bee-keepers and bee-papers to boom them. If the average bee-keeper would read up on these crops I am sure he will agree with me that, when these crops become the fashion, bee-keeping will yield a much more certain income than it does now. I believe the bee- papers could do much to boom these crops into popularity. They need only a little per- sistent booming to get them started. It is honey- flowers the American bee-keeper lacks. He should try to encourage floral crops among his neighbor farmers. Skill and bees will do the rest, and he has these now. Warwick East, Bermuda, Nov. 7. ARTIFICIAL BRUSHED SWARMS. Objection to Artificial Swarming Before the Nat- ural Swarming Impulse Comes on. BY C. DAVENPORT. I read Mr. Stachelhausen's article, page 840, with much interest, as I have largely practiced artificial swarming for a number cf years. Our experience does not coincide in all re- spects; but we are a long way apart, and the difference in our locality probably accounts for much of it. As I understand it, his prac- tice is to swarm colonies at the beginning of the main flow, if they are strong enough, with- out regard to whether they have started queen- cells or not. It is far from my intention to criticise any thing Mr. S. says ; but here I do not consider it profitable to swarm colonies before they contract the swarming fever, no matter how strong they are, especially when running for comb honey ; for with a large yard, or on a range well stocked, a good many strong colonies will not swarm naturally; and such colonies will store more surplus than they would if artificially swarmed, except, possibly, if the flow were very short, and they were hived in a shallow brood chamber, and given supers of drawn or partly drawn comb. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb. 1 Under these conditions I have secured fully as much, perhaps more, from strong colonies swarmed before they contracted the swarming fever than would have been the case without swarming ; but the drawn comb formed a very important part as to the results ; for a colony that has not contracted the swarming fever is not prepared to build comb, as is one that has. This is a very interesting fact that any one can verify by looking at a colony preparing to swarm, and that has cells well under way. The wax formation between the segments can be seen on a large number of the bees, which shows that they are expecting and preparing to build a large amount of comb in the near future. This wax secretion can be seen on a large number of bees in any strong colony during warm weather, whether they are pre- paring to swarm or not, but to a much greater extent in colonies that have preparations for swarming well under way; and when a colony which has not got its wax-works well under way, if I may use such a term, is artificially swarmed, they do less satisfactory section work here than one that has ; and in quite a per cent of the colonies I have swarmed be- fore they had the swarming fever, the queens sulked, or, for some reason, refused to lay until considerable comb below was built and filled with white honey, which should have gone into the sections. Why a queen that has just been laying profusely should, under these conditions, in some cases, refuse to be- gin work again in less time than one that has slacked up laying in anticipation of swarm- ing, is something I can not understand. It would be natural to infer that it would be the other way. And, again, I have in numerous cases had the bees themselves sulk and refuse to do much work for a number of days when all the brood was taken away. Mr. S. does not seem to attach much im- portance to the fact of his leaving a frame of brood; but when I have artificially swarmed colonies before they had made any prepara- tion to swarm, I have secured much better re- sults by leaving them permanently two frames of brood, but after a colony has once con- tracted the swarming fever, nothing can be relied on to cure it, barring a sudden cessa- tion of the flow, except the removal of all the brood — that is, when the full force is kept to- gether. THE USE AND ABUSE OF SHAI,LOW BROOD- CHAMBERS IN THE PRODUCTION OF COMB HONEY. I notice more experience is called for from those who have used shallow brood-chambers for comb honey. I commenced using these a number of years ago, and have been gradu- ally increasing their use since ; and, under certain conditions, considerably more surplus honey can be obtained with them than can be from full depth ones; but it is done at the ex- pense of increase and with less stores in the brood-chambers. When increase is not desir- ed, and in a locality like mine, where the con- ditions are such that swarming does not natu- rally occur, or has to be done before the main flow commences, or is well under way, I con- sider their use very profitable; for, as editorial- ly stated, a swarm hived in one of these shal- low brood-chambers must of necessity store most of the honey in the sections. My prac- tice is to hive two swarms in each of these shallow hives ; and the amount of section work these allied forces will do in a good flow is surprising; but during the hard work of the main flow their strength rapidly decreases, and there is not brood-chamber room enough in one of these shallow hives to allow the strength of a normal colony to be kept up. After the main flow these colonies will, as a rule, be practically without stores in the brood-chamber, and weak in bees ; but the pile of filled sections accounts for the hosts that have vanished. One of the problems with me is to keep down increase; and these shallow brood-cham- bers solve the matter in a most satisfactory manner, for the increase is, so to speak, turn- ed into filled sections. Soon after the white flow I unite enough of these shallow chambers to make good strong colonies for the fall flow, if there is any. By the use of zinc the queen is, in those united, kept confined to the lower story; so when the fall flow commences, these upper stories can be removed and shaken free from bees. These colonies are then in excellent shape to do section work again through the fall flow ; or I sometimes run them for extracted honey in the fall. After this last flow the bees in these hives are united with the weakest colonies in frame hives. By this means I am able to have all colonies in frame hives strong in bees for winter. In theory I do not intend to winter any colo- nies in these shallow hives ; but if, on account of sales or winter losses, it is desired to do so, two sections are left together during the fall flow, which they are allowed to fill up for win- ter stores. As a rule there will be but a small amount of honey in the removed sections. What there is, is used for fall and spring feed- ing, and the combs are removed and rendered into wax. While the wax is no small item, when a large number of these hives are used on the plan I practice, the combs are not re- moved for the profit there is in the wax itself, for I have obtained much better results by using these shallow hives empty, or without combs or foundation to hive swarms in ; but I have not space to explain why, for I wish to point out that, under some conditions, the use of these hives might not be as profitable as would that of full depth. In localities where swarming naturally oc- curs, or can be profitably done artificially some time before the main flow commences, so that at least part of the brood-chamber room could be filled with comb and brood before the real flow commenced, probably as much if not more section work would be done by using full-depth brood-chambers, for these would allow the force of the colony to be kept up to full strength, and still not allow any more room for honey to be stored below than would be the case with shallow chambers under con- ditions such as they are in in my locality; or if increase were desired at some expense of surplus, I would not think of using these shal- 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 8 low chambers, for, as I have explained, colo- nies in them are, at the end of the main flow, unless it is of unusually short duration, weak in bees, and short of stores, and the latter condition would be present if the flow were short. Of course, feeding could be done to overcome this ; but one of these sections is too small to contain stores and allow a colony to build up or even hold its own So with feeding, two sections would have to be used, which would make a full (or more than full) depth brood-chamber, and the work and ex- pense of feeding would, I think, more than offset the extra amount of surplus that could be obtained by using one shallow section dur- ing the main flow. Southern Minn. [You have aroused a curiosity in me to know more about your shallow brood-cham- bers. What kind do you use ? style of frame and the depth of it ? Then you say there are other things in this connection that you would refer to but can not for lack of space. I hope j'ou will in another article or two cover all of this ground.— Ed.] HIVING SWARMS ON SHALLOW BROOD-CHAM- BhRS NOT SATISFACTORY. BY E. F. ATWATER. T have had some experience with the meth- ods of producing comb honey by hiving natu- ral and artificial swarms in contracted brood- nests, as practiced by Harry Lathrop, Danzen- baker, Stachelhausen, and others. In this lo- cality we have a long, slow flow from sweet clover, followed by goldenrod, at no time rap- id, commencing abou' June 1st to 13th, and lasting well into September. In such locali- ties I am firmly convinced that the above methods do not pay. To illustrate, the past summer I hived a strong natural swarm in a single section of the Heddon hive. The frames contained foundation starters Yt, inch wide. The hive was put on the old stand. The three Ideal supers were taken from the parent colo- ny and placed on the swarm. Work in the supers went on for about two weeks. By that time the colony was so weakened by loss of old bees that super work was almost entirely discontinued. A little over half as much comb honey was taken from this colony as from col- onies of like strength that did not swarm. Had the swarm been hived on full sheets of foundation, the results might have been much better, as enough bees would have been reared to gather the late summer and fall crops. About June 15, 1889, I shook two colonies having cells built for swarming. Each colony was given a frame of unsealed brood, accord- ing to Danzenbaker's method. Supers were taken from the old hives, and put on the new swarms. Both colonies swarmed out about 10 A. M. the next day. The swarms were re- turned. One colony settled down to work, completing about 40 sections. The other loaf- ed during the best part of the season, complet- ing about 30 sections. Now compare these yields with the average from that yard, of over 60 lbs. per colony. A strong colony having made no prepara- tions for swarming was shaken on starters, and given a frame of drone brood. They gave less than 40 completed sections in a yard where the average was 60 lbs. Swarms hived on starters in a single Heddon brood-nest, or in a Langstroth hive contracted to five or six frames, have invariably stored pollen in the sections, regardless of the use of a honey-board. Despite the arguments of S. A. Deacon in the Atnerican Bee Journal, and others, I know that I secure far better results in comb honey by hiving natural or artificial swarms on full sheets of foundation, because, as I have said before, I have a honey-flow last- ing from 8 to 10 or even 12 weeks ; and, fur- thermore, pollen in the sections is the great- est objection to the use of a very shallow hive. I have had little opportunity for experiment during the past season, as less than three per cent of the colonies swarmed. You say, Mr. Editor, that " putting the bees on starters has decidedly a tendency to check swarming;" but I have shown that sometimes it serves to hasten swarming, apparently making the bees the more determined to swarm. Yankton, S. D., Nov. 24. [Your conditions, friend Atwater, are per- haps a little peculiar. In your first paragraph you speak of having hived a swarm in a single section of the Heddon hive on half-inch start- ers, and then placed thereon three Ideal supers. You say the work in the supers went on for two weeks, anS about that time the colony was so weakened by the loss of old bees that the super work was almost entirelj^ discontinued. A little lower down you speak of preferring to hive on full sheets of foundation in a contract- ed brood-nest. Now, I fail to see how, if you had done this in the case under consideration, the swarm would have been any better oflf. You say that in about two weeks' time the colony was weakened by the loss of old bees. Even if you had hived the swarm on full sheets of foundation it would have taken a month, at the least calculation, to have gotten a force of field bees, so that your remedy would not have helped the matter at all. If, however, the colony^had not swarmed, and they could have had the new blood, or, rather, a new force of field bees from the brood in the parent colony, then I can see how work might have continued in that super. In your locality I should say it was an ad- vantage not to have any swarming. While that is true of any locality to a great extent, yet it seems to be particularly so for yours. The only argument, then, it seems to me, that you advance against shallow brood-chambers is in the pollen going up into the sections. We have had a great many reports of this with brood-chambers as shallow as the Heddon ; but only two, so far, I believe, were brood- chambers 7 inches deep. I am not advocating shallow hives ; but we must be sure not to let one swallow make a summer, or base our con- clusion on the work of three or four colonies. I still think that hiving on starters has a ten- dency to discourage swarming. Any swarm, 90 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Feb 1 when newly hived, is liable to swarm out again, no matter what the conditions. But if we can make them once stick for a day or two, we can hold them. — Ed ] WINTERING BEES I\ THE SOUTH. BY J. W JACKSON. Some time ago some one from the South asked Gleanings why it did not tell hovv to winter bees in the South. The substance of the reply, as well as I recollect was that the same conditions did not apply; in other words, that the winters are so mild in the Soulh that there is no such thing as wintering. Wintering here is not of such moment as it is at the North, but still it should have some attention. Opelousas is only 6}^ or 7 degrees north of the Tropic of Cancer ; but it gets very cold here sometimes in the winter, compara- tively. The thermometer may drop in a day from 75° or 80° to 25° Fahr., and then the bees, small colonies especially, when left as they were in the summer, suffer from the cold. After a cold night of a cold " snap " I have seen apparently a quart of dead bees lying at the entrance of an upright triangular hive. Wintering here, then, would consist in pro- tecting the bees against these sudden and ex- treme changes of the weather. Winter before last — the coldest one on rec- cord — the thermometer went down to 5° or 6° Fahr. ; ice floated past New Orleans for the first time in a hundred year*. Of course, many unprotected or insufficiently protected bees were destroyed. During the winter of 1888 there was no ice at all, and no frost (hoar frost) after November. Corn planted in Feb- ruary came up in five days. China-trees, usu- ally in full bloom about the 10th of April, were in full bloom then the first of March ; on the 3d of March there was a freeze that caught the advanced vegetation, killed the young corn, and killed the limbs of many China and even peach trees, to the body of the tree. Bees nec- essarily suffered. Bees, then, should have some protection in winter. I use the gable-end cover on my hives, for summer ventilation. About the last of October I put oilcloth on the tops of the frames, to protect the bees against the cold air of the nights and cloudy days passing through the cover ; I also reversed the bottom-board (Danzenbaker) so as to have the 3^-inch side up and the %-inch side down, and contracted the entrance according to the strength of the colony. The weakest colonies I reduced in space with division-boards. So far this has been all that was necessary. But I have ready, for the cold snaps that may come, an oilcloth sack or box for each hive, to protect its in- mates during the existence of the snap — some- times a day or several days, a week, and pos- sibly longer. I use the ten-frame Langstroth hive, and I find that oilcloth 46 inches wide is very good in size. I cut a strip off 23 inches wide. It is then 46 inches long. It runs lengthwise of the hive, making top and ends of the sack or box. I mark it so the top is 23 inches, and the ends each 11>^ inches. Then I cut another strip 11^ inches wide, and di- vide it in the middle. Each piece is 11)^X23, and makes the sides, the ends of the top piece uniting with the ends of the side pieces. The sewing can be quickly done on a machine. When a cold snap comes I propose to drop or place a sack over each hive while it lasts. This year I have some bees, gotten late in the season, that have not two sets of combs. Others have two sets, and were working in the upper story. One had even three boxes. With these I put the upper story on the bot- tom-board, laid on it a honey-board, and put the brood-chamber on top. I think they will winter better in that condition. On Saturday, Dec. 1, the weather was so mild that I saw many bees out after sundown. Opelousas, La. CUBA. A few Plain Facts for Those who Think of Going There. BY THE AMERICAN TRAMP. It is quite a while since I had the pleasure of writing to Gleanings ; but after reading Mr. Osburn's article on page 915 I should like to give my view of conditions here, and ask him for some information. I think a man with a little money had better stay out of Cuba, no matter how much push and perseverance he has. A good doctor or dentist who has a good paying practice here, or some one holding a government or other good paying job, if his personal habits are not too extravagant, can afford to go into bee- keeping here. Mr. Osburn says the price of every thing is high. I think this should read, "The price of every thing we buy is high, and what we have to sell is worth nothing. " Let us take honey. The price of the best honey at the present writing is 40 cents per gallon, Spanish gold. This is equal to 36 cents American . It costs the bee-keepers here, on an average, $3 00 for freight and cartaee on the emp'y and full hogshead of honej' (100 gallons). This brings the price down to 33 cents per gallon, or 2:^{ cents per pound. Now, the cost of living here is more than dou- ble what it is in the United States ; so, com- pared with the bee-keepers of America, as we have to live by our product, we are getting the very high price of 1 ^-i cents per pound for honey. In the same issue of Gleanings I see Mr. Aikin criticised for selling his honey for 6 cents. He'd better sell out up there and come to Cuba, where he can get the very high price of If^ cents per pound, taking the price of living here into consideration. I have not overdrawn this, as there are plen- ty of everyday staples that we have to pay not only double for, but four times as much as they cost in the United States. If Mr. Osburn calls 3 cents a pound a high price for honey, will he in his next article please rise and tell us what he would call a low price ? Artemisa, Cuba. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 91 THE PERSONNEL OF THE UTTER TRIAL BY E. R. ROOT. As promised in our last issue, I take plea- sure ill introducing to you some of those who took a conspicuous part in the celebrated case of Utter V. Utter at Goshen, N. Y., a case that involved new principles in law; and has, since the trial, been heralded, on account of its nov- elty, over the entire United States. *.<•' HENRY BACON, THK ATTORNEY WHO MADE THE PLEA BEFORE THE JURY. The National Bee-keepers' Association, to- gether with Mr. Utter, employed as attorneys the firm of Bacon & Merritt, of Goshen. This firm has been engaged in active practice for sixteen years, and I was told by numerous residents that they were the best lawyers in the county, and that we had made no mistake in having them to defend bee-keepers and their interests. They had been retained in some important railroad cases; and very re- cently had won in a celebrated drainage case involving something like .?15,000. The next personage to whom I introduce you is Judge John J. Beattie, of Warwick, N. Y., who presided at the Utter trial. As al- ready stated, he was as fair a judge as ever sat on the bench. If he had any prejudice or leaning for one side or the other it could not be discovered. He has held his position for two terms, and is now on his third term. Of him it is said that the evil-doers of the county hold him in wholesome fear ; that he has al- ways tempered his decisions with justice and mercy. He is a man of large physique, of commanding presence, a kindly, benevolent face, and every inch a judge. JOSEPH MERRITT, ONE OF THE ATTORNEYS IN THE DEFENSE. JOHN J. BEATTIE, THE JUDGE^WHO PRESIDED. The defendant, Mr. J. W. Utter, has been engaged in keeping bees and raising fruit for a good many years. Unfortunately, there has been a difficulty between him and his brother, Mr. W. H. Utter, the plaintiff, over the settle- ment of their mother's estate ; and during the years that have since elapsed there has been more or less trouble between them, culminat- ing in this celebrated suit with which our read- ers are now so familiar. From all the evidence that I heard in the court, and from what I could hear from local residents, it appeared that Peach Utter had it " in " for his brother, and continued to annoy him on every occasion. 92 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb. 1 What appeared to be a family feud resulted finally in bringing out a test case — a case that, in the language of the lawyers, had up to that time never been adjudicated, and there- fore involved the introduction of new prin- ciples. But the star witness in the case, on the side of the bees, at least, was acknowledged by all to be Prof. Frank Benton, Assistant Entomol- ogist of the Department of Agriculture, Wash- ington. Probably no other bee-keeper in the world has had so wide and diversified an ex- perience in different climates, in different countries, and with different species and races of bees, as Frank Benton. His earliest expe- rience with bees began in Michigan, where he was born and reared. We next hear of him as a student at the Agricultural College, at Lansing, Mich. He was known as a close, careful student, and an accomplished linguist. These qualifications especially fitted him for the trip with D. A. Jones in 1879 and '80 through the Orient, for new races of bees ; and as a result, Cyprian, Syrian, and Pales- tine bees were introduced in the United States and Canada. Later on, Mr. Benton made tours to India alone, after the celebrated Apis dorsata, captured them, if I mistake not, but was not successful in getting them alive to the United States. Subsequently we find him in Germany managing a series of out-apiaries a thousand miles or more apart. About this time he was engaged in sending queens of the various races to the United States, prominent I am correct, they were not bees worth prop- agating as compared with other races. A few years ago he came back to his native land. J. W. UTTER, THE DEFENDANT. among which were those of^the Carniolan race. ^._ At some time in his career, I do not know just when, he made his way down into the northern part of Africa, studied the Tunisian bees in their native habitat, but concluded, if PROF. FRANK BENTON, THE STAR WITNESS. finally entering the service of this govern- ment. As a witness in this celebrated case of Utter V. Utter he gave incontrovertible evidence ; and while the attorneys for the plaintiff made vigorous attempts to break down the testimony of many of the other witnesses on the defense, when they came to Prof. Benton they very wisely concluded that they had run up against one who could neither be scared nor shaken. During the last few weeks there have been numerous clippings from agricultural and daily papers sent us, concerning the Utter trial. The case was so new, involving as it did so many new principles, that it gave the reporters free scope wiih the pen. It would make "mighty interesting reading" if we could publish all the various accounts, but space forbids. I can not, however, pass by one in rhyme that has betn going the rounds of the prtss. Leaving out entirely supple- mentary matter in prose, the account in stanzas reads as follows : " Peach Tree" utter took no ease When he learned his bi other's bees Ate the peaches on his trees, And caused them all to rot. " By." says he, ' the Hiily Grail I'll git upon the criiters' trail An' kitch a couple by the tail." But, b'gosh, tiieir tails weie hot. Further yet than eye could see, Dail}^ o'er the vcidaiit Ita Flew the busy little bee, Hutnniing mei rilj' is song. " Peach Tee " then experimented Till he had a cage invented, When his natiire steru relented. And he chuckled, loud and long. 1901 GIvEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 93 Jeffry Utter and his fellows Claim the veaches all had " yellows," E'en though William loudly bellows That, b'g'ish, it warn't so. And all the country roundabout Is twixt a " holler and a shout," While they're waitin' to find out, 'Cause they're anxious fur to know. Our Honey-Bottling Symposium. How to Wash the Bottles ; FiUing with Hot Honey or Cold ; Bottles with Corks or Self-sealing Tops ; Temperature of the Honey to be Bottled. BY G. A. DEADMAN. There are comparatively few bee-keepers who know much about bottling honey ; at least it is so in " this locality." It pays, not only from the standpoint of advance in price, but also in increased demand for our product. honey was in them, so we now do this before filling, and when still moist from the washing. It is for this reason we do not let them dry in the sun, but as soon as washed place them in- side or in a shady place. Before washing, a boy examines and re- moves any scales of glass that may be adher- ing to them. He does this with a screw- driver or some such thing, and hands them to the party who does the washing. vSome bot- tles do not require this, but others do, and es- pecially the 1-lb. jelly-bottles, which we pre- fer to all others. I have given my order in advance, specifying particularly that they be free from these scales ; but occasionally we find them, and I feel safer to go over them all before washing. I say before ivashing, for they are much more difficult to remove when wtt. I know some pay no attention to these ; but I do not like the thought of the possibili- ty of any one getting a piece in the mouth or throat, as the consequences may be serious. WASHING AND CLEANING THE BOTTLES. It is not so difficult as some may imagine, nor so slow as many might suppose. The first thing is to have yottr bottles all cleaned and ready, and the best time to do this is the day before filling. Not only are they less in the way, but in better condition for wiping before labeling. Formerly we would wipe them after being filled, just before wrapping them, previous to packing them. We found, however, that they ■were then much harder to polish after the hot In washing, it is easier and better to use plenty of water, and three pails are preferable to two. It is for this reason we prefer doing this work near a well. It is an easy matter for two persons to examine and clean six gross or more in a day, which is as many as you will fill in the same time. Next in order is the filling. We always warm the honey before doing this. To keep it from granulating is not the only reason. It would be too slow work otherwise. The tem- 94 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb 1 perature we prefer is 170° F., and we never want it more than 180°, believing that, if much hotter than this, the flavor is injured ; and if allowed to come near the boiling point the honey is darkened as well. The round all-glass dairy thermometer is best for this purpose. We suspend it by a string from the top of the can so it is always ready for ex- amination. The question is now, when and how shall we heat the honey ? The kitchen stove will do, but we do not recommend doing it there. As we bottle all our honey in the back shop of our drugstore, we prefer warming it outside, and as near the back door as we can get, until this year, when we used a sugar-kettle having sufficient water in to surround the honey nice- ly. The objection is, a waste of fuel, and the annoyance from smoke. Not long ago some ble stove we can warm the honey as fast as we can fill 1-lb. bottles or smaller. As it takes about an hour to get the first lot ready by starting at 7 o'clock, the honey will be ready by 8. We can then take off 40 lbs. every half-hour, which means one hour for this quantity when using two tins. This would be from 700 to 800 1-lb. bottles in a day. If the honey is granulated it is absolutely necessary to stand it in water ; and then two boilers on a cook-stove would be better. You do not re- quire to use water if the honey is sufficiently liquid to pour. Though honey is strained as it comes from the extractor, we do this again through thin cheese-cloth on the can we fill from. Keep the honey on the stove covered also, if for no other reason than to preserve the aroma. When filling 1-lb. bottles we take the tare of each, using a double-beam scale MR. DEADMAN AND BOYS BOTTLING HONEY. one (unlike those we read about who live in Muskoka) walked oft with our kettle; and when looking for it, or something to take its place, I found on a heap of old iron the read- ily movable stove seen in the picture. I have been glad more than once that my kettle was stolen, as this stove is so much better. It is nothing more than the oven part of an old- fashioned cook-stove. There are no legs and no bottom, so we set it on the ground and move it where we please. Two lots of honey are warmed at one time ; and as the pipe is at the back, and not, as with box stoves, at the end, it warms with equal rapidity. This is an advantage in itself. With this readily mova- for this purpose. We can then guarantee each bottle to hold this quantity. We are careful, however, not to give much over this. Half an ounce over on each bottle would mean 15(5 lbs. when filling 5000, as we did one year. Then you may meet some merchants who will say you are charging too high ; and when be- ginning on the price of the honey, and the cost off the bottles, they will make no allow- ance for overweight. The quart gems (wine measure) that we used this season, would not hold 3 lbs., so we filled without weighing, and sold them as quarts. One-pint gems hold a little over 1 )< lbs. ; but as the 1-lb. screw-top straight jelly-bottles look nearly as large we I'JOl GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 95 now use very few of the former. We usually fill the quart when getting behind with the 1-lb., as it would require two or three stoves to warm the honey last enough to keep one filling them. The bottles to be filled are piled up behind the one who does the wiping and labeling. They are then handed to the one who does the filling, who, in turn, gives them to the person who covers and puts them away. If a child is to do the labeling it is best to have the bottles wiped beforehand. They will then be encouraged by easily keep- ing ahead. If short of help, label also before- hand, but it makes less handling when all is done at the same time. We always use gum- med labels, and we moisten the gum by placing them in a fold- ed cloth kept wet. This is bet- ter than doing it with the tongue. We think the label looks better when placed about half way between the center and top. Never put it across the center of a bottle. We pre- fer a label going across rather than one up and down, believ- ing the former shows the honey off better. Have " Pure Hon- ey " in clear bold type; next the directions small, and then the name and address in clear type below. Many labels in use have directions about the honey granulating, etc., and read, " This honey will granulate." Now, as we do not expect our bottled honey to do this, but at the same time wish to educate and provide against a possible chance of its doing so, we say on the label, 'Should this honey granulate it can be liq- uefied by placing the bottle in a warm oven or in the reservoir of the stove." The tin covers for the 1 lb. bottles have a card- board inside. We have never known the honey to leak unless the bottle was faulty. We are careful, however, not to allow the hot honey to touch the cov- er, and therefore do not roll them in paper until next day, when they are placed away ready for packing. As a customer will invariably prefer a bottle with a cover rath- er than one with a cork, and as they can be bought so cheaply, we see no reason for using the latter. Should you wish to do so I would soak the corks for a few hours before using, unless you wish to seal while hot. Soaking them not only gathers up any cork dust found in the crevices of large corks, but makes them fit much better. They must be allowed to dry before sealing, should you wish to do this. We prefer pure beeswax for this purpose. Have it kept hot, and in- vert the bottle, holding it perpendicularly when placing in the wax. You may require to dip the second time. Before sealing, cut off any projecting cork with a sharp thin- bladed knife. If you wet the corks first they easily pound in level, using a wooden mallet. If you wish something cheaper than bees- wax, then combine equal parts of resin with about one-fifth tallow. A little vermilion will improve the color. If I were using corked bottles I would have a label with my address, etc., made especially for the purpose, and stick it on ; but so long as the public pre- fer, and I can buy 1-lb. bottles, such as I have described, and have a profit on them at four cents each, I shall never bother with those re- quiring corks. There are other sizes of the same make ; but as the smaller sizes cost near- SEAI^ING THE BOTTEES. ly as much I prefer the 1-lb., and always the "straight." There is another make that's shorter, a little larger at the bottom than at the top, and that have a projection near the top. They not only do not look as well, but are more difficult to pack so as to keep from breaking. The straight ones ship well, and are easy to pack, having had only one broken out of .5000 shipped one season. We use only warm water for washing t1;e bottles when it is too cold to be comfortable without. On a hot day the cold water is pi •- f erred, but on a cold day the warm is better. Never wash them in the house unless you are 96 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb. 1 obliged to. Only the water that is used for the first rinsing is changed, as it, of course, needs changing most. The one that was used for the second rinsing now takts first place, and the one for the final rinsing the second place, so that we always have the clean water for the last rinsing. With the " readily mov- able " stove it will warm as fast as required. As to wiping the bottles, this is done only on the outside. After standing for an hour or so to drain over night, the hot honey will at- tend to the inside. In wiping, all that is nec- essary is to hold the bottle in one hand, then with the other hand and a soft towel encircle as much of the bot'le as you can, and go from Taking xiiii TiiMPiiKATURE. top to bottom, then turn the bottle around and do the other side the same way. This is all that is required. When filling, have a towel and water handy so that only clean hands touch the bottles. They will then not require any more wiping. The papers we use for wrapping are old newspapers, which can be had from newsdealers for two or three cents per pound. A thin bladed honey knife is the best for cutting to desired size. Wrap as soon as cold, and before any dust can gather on them. There are two ways of doing this. One is by folding as you would a parcel, and the other by rolling the bottle in the paper. The latter is preferable. When folding in the ends, always begin where the paper ends. They are now not only ready for delivery or shipment, but if there is any leakage the paper will show it. Before doing this we go over the covers and sec that all are reasona- bly tight. If those with cardboard covers have been properly put on they will not re- quire tightening — not so, however, with ihe fruit-jar-s. I ihink having all this done at one time is better than having to give them a " bath " before being able to fill an order, and they will look just as " fresh and clean " after three months as they do the day they are wrapped. I have had occasion to liquefy some that had granulated in the botile, but I never do it from choice. I'uless one had extensive appliances for heal- ing, it would be alljgether too slow. Then one can only guess at the temperature ; and the filling is not only slower, but ic is impossible to be as ac urate. I decidedly object to han- dling hot bottles, whether for cltaning or labeling. They get warm, it is true, when bot- tling the honey hot ; but it is not until they are placed away after covering. We prefer, when warming the honey, to have one more tin than the number on the stove, so as to have one ready to put on immediately when one is taken off. We prefer to have about 40 lbs in each, except when begmning, when we have about half as much in one, till we get a start. Any tins will do for this pur- pose. Ours are round, hold- ing fully 60 lbs.; have han- d es to lift off with, and are made of heavy tin. The 60- Ibs. , same as you store your honey in, will do, but I prefer the top all open. I omitted to mention that, when filling without wtigh- ing, you should have your bottles a little fuller than you wish them when cold, as the honey occupies more space when hot. Brussels, Ont., Can. BOTTLING HONEY. The Right Kind of Honey for the Purpose ; Mixing Honeys to Secure a Flavor; Why Honey Should be Heated in the Botiles. BY EARL C. WALKER. Before proceeding to describe the various steps in the process of bottling honey, allow me, Mr. Editor, to say a few words concern- ing the honey which is to be bottled ; for, aft- 1901 GLEANINGS IN BKE CULTURE. 97 er all, more depends upon the grade and qual- it}' of the honey than upon the manner in which it is put up. Bottled honey is, as a rule, purchased by a class of customers who demand a fancy arti- cle, and are able and willing to pay a fancy price for it. This being true, only a first-class article should be bottled. A great majority of the people who eat this bottled honey nev- er see the package or jar in which it was bought. The cook empties the honey, and sends it to the table; if it is good, and tickles the palates of those who eat it, they demand more of the same kind ; but if it is an inferior article, with a rank flavor, they want no more of this or any other kind, for they either de- cide that they don't /tke honey, or that it is impossible to obtain a good or pure article. Bat not only should the honey, to be bot- tled, be of fine flavor, but it should be light in color. Dark honej- looks bad in glass, and is a drag on the market. Recently I tried to sell some bottled honey to a fancy grocer. He said no ; he wanted none, for it would not sell. " Why," said he, " I have honey in just such jars as those, which I have had on hand for years." I asked to see some of the honey he referred to, and was shown several jars of very dark honey on which were the labels of Chas. F. Muth. They were out on the coun- tar, too, in plain view, but no one wanted to buy such honey. Now, if dark honey, put up by a man with such a great and good reputation, would not sell in jars, how can any of /is hope to dispose of cheap goods in fancy jars, and at fancy prices ? This grocer would not buy any of my fancy honey, but agreed to take two dozen j irs on trial, with the understanding that I would take them back if he could not sell them. In less than two weeks he ordered more, and he is still a customer. Now as to mixing the different varieties of honey to secure a standard flavor. I know many practice this, but I think it is a poor practice. Why not label the different kinds and flavors, and thus educate the public taste? The sooner the public learns that there are different kinds and flavors of honey, the bet- ter. Many people who are fond of clover hon- ey can not bear the taste of basswood or pop- lar, or vice versa ; nor can they stand a mix- ture of them. There is no more excuse for mixing the different kinds of honey than there would be for mixing all the different kinds of jelly to get a standard flavor. Better label each kind, and let the customer choose that which he likes best. This is no theory with me, but it has been demonstrated by experi- ence in bottling and selling honey. A gilt-edged article of extracted honey should be put up in a neat and attractive pack- age. I have used mostly the Ponder and Muth jars, but I am now trying a new kind, a self- sealing jam-jar with a glass lid and rubber ring, which saves the trouV)le of waxing corks. But, regardless of what kind of j ir is used, the process of bottling is practically the same. The first thing to be done is to thoroughly wash the jars and remove the fine glass splin- ters or slivers which are so often found pro- jecting from the interior surface of the same. The jars are then drained and dried. They are then ready to be filled with honey. The jars are filled from a large tin tank fil- ter with a good sized honey gate. If the weather is cold, and the honey is thick and stiff, it should be warmed before being placed in the large tank, for it will then flow rapidly from the honey-gate into the jars, and save a great deal of time. When the honey is being poured from the cans into the tank, and when it is being drawn from the tank into the jars, it becomes mixed with air, and filled with bubbles. If you doubt this, take one of the jars you have just filled and hold it up to the light. You will see that the honey is filled with hundreds of little beads (or bubbles) of air. Now, it is this air in the honey which helps it to granu- late. You may seal it up as tight as you please ; and if these air-bubbles are left in, it will ca}idy as soon as it is exposed to cold. To drive out all of these airheads I place the jars in large tin trays of water, which are heated to 175 or 180°. Any grt-ater degree of heat will injure the flavor of the honey, and tend to darken it. The trajs used are made of galvanized iron, and are about 5 inches deep, and large enough to hold conveniently about 40 jars. A gaso- line-burner keeps the water at the right tem- perature After the honey is thoroughly heated, and all the air is expelled, the jars should be seal- ed at once, before being allowed to cool. The corks are sunken slightly below the top edges of the jars, and then covered with melted wax. In this way they are hermetically se led, and will all be sold before they will granulate. I have kept clover honey, sealed in this way, two years, and there were no signs of candy- ing. When the corks were drawn, the air could be heard hissing in, thus proving that, when the jars cooled, a vacuum was produced. The above, Mr. Editor, will answer your question as to the reason for heating the hon- ey after it has been placed in the jars. This is a little " wrinkle," but an important one. If self-sealing jars, mentioned in the begin- ning of this article, are used, no waxing of corks is needed, as the rubber ring and glass lid make an air-tight seal. If the regular honey- j^rs with corks are used, a tinfoil cap adds greatly to their at- tractiveness. The method for putting these on is so simple that it need hardly be describ- ed. The method that Chas. F. Muth used, as described by him in his catalog of jears ago, is as good as any. The last thing of all to be done is to put on the labels. I use a dark-blue label printed in gold. The dark label is not as easily soiled as a light-colored one ; and then by contrast the honey looks lighter in color with the dark labels An attractive label is a great help in selling the honey, and then it is an advertisement for the producer. I use dextrine to stick the labels on the jars; and by spreading it over both surfaces of the labels they will never curl up or come off. 98 GIvEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb 1 The bottling of honey is an important sub- ject, and I am anxious to read your sympo- sium, and learn how others do it. New Albany, Ind., Dec. 14. BOTTLING HONEY. Size and Construction of Vats for Heating the Bottles of Honey ; Tumblers vs. Jars or Bottles. BY WALTKK S. POUDEB. Bottling honey, with me, is done according to the time we have to devote to the work, making a sort of fill-in job of it. For in- stance, we wash a batch ot jars one day, and fill and cork them at another time, and so forth, although we try to get a good stock ready in the fall before granulation starts. In washing jars we use a vat containing five gal- lons of clean water. Take one jar at a time, and with the jar half full of water shake and then rinse the outside of the jar. We now in- vert them till well drained, and then place them right side up and allow them to stand till dry. In heating the filled jars we use a two-burner gas stove which stands eight inches above the floor. We like the low-down stove because it is very convenient in lifting off sixty-pound cans of honey or heavy pails of beeswnx. For heating jars we use vats made of gal- vanized iron, 11X18>4 and 5% deep. Heavy handles are riveted at each end, and we find this a very convenient size to handle. In the bottom we place thin boards with narrow cleats secured to the under side to prevent the jars from touching the metal. As many of these vats can be used as business may require. They hold 28 one-pound jars, 40 eight ounce jars, or 54 five-ounce jars. On a two-burner gas-stove we use two vats at a time. If we wish to melt honey in five-gallon cans we use a vat covering two burners, and melt two cans at once. If we used Mason jars or tumblers we would then have vats made especially for them If we did not use gas for fuel we would then use a gasoline-stove, because we must have a fire that can be easily regulated. I have no doubt that a tumbler is a very de- sirable receptacle for honey in Mr. Fowls' lo- cality; and the fact that a tumbler is still a useful article after its contents have been used is worth considering ; but I have often won- dered if the consumer takes this into consid- eration. I abandoned the tumbler because I learned that I was competing with a tumbler exactly like one I was using, and containing a thin slice of comb honey and a whole lot of glucose mixture. The jars are not convenient for such adulterated goods, and to my knowl- edge 1 have never seen them used for any but pure honey. We cork all jars immediately after filling and before heating. I prefer the cork to fit easily; but if they are properly steamed, quite a large cork can be inserted in a small-mouth- ed jar by hand. On one-pound jars I use a labil covering one side of the jar and a foil cap over the cork. This side label consists of a guarantee of purity, and directions how to liquefy in case the contents should granulate. On the smaller jars we use a round gummed label over the cork and a slender label around the neck. Indianapolis, Ind., Jan. 9. [It has been our practice to pour the honey into the jars when cold, and then heat the jars with the honey in the vats of water, of the kind described by Walter S. Pouder. After looking over the various methods this seemed the more practicable for our conditions and circumstances ; and now it would appear that it is altogether the best method in that it may (I don't know positively) preserve the honey in a liquid condition longer than when the honey is poured into the jars while hot. I had never thought of it before ; but if jars are filled with either cold or even hot honey, and corked, innumerable small bubbles of air would be scattered, I should suppose, all through the honey. Whether this is true or not, these would necessarily disappear if the honey were heated gradually, and then corked. I had not thought of it before, that air in hon- ey will hasten granulation ; but our own ex- perience leads me to believe that the theory of Mr. Walker is correct. We have taken some of the honey that we bottled during the past fall, placed it outdoors in the cold air, to be subject to all sorts of variation, from 70 de- grees down to zero, or nearly so, and yet it has remained clear. Mr. Fowls, in his article on bottling honey, described how he heated the honey in the first place, poured it into the jars hot, and then sealed. In one of his pre- vious articles he tells how he goes around and gathers up all the jars in the local groceries where the honey is candied, takes the bottles that are cloudy, and gives them, in exchange, bottles of clear honey. Now, I don't know, but it strikes me if he were following the plan that Mr. Ponder, Mr. Walker, and ourselves use he would not have to go into this kind of exchange business. Mr. C. H. W. Weber, of Cincinnati, who has been doing a large business in bottling, and who bought out C. F Muth & Son, told me of a valuable little kink, and that is, in the method of inserting corks. The jars are filled, and then the corks are laid loosely on top of the bottles, or just barely entered, we will say. After half a gross of the bottles are so prepared he goes around with a mallet hav- ing a rubber face, and drives these corks clear down into the mouth of the bottle. One or two blows force the corks clear down ; and it is done so quickly that it leaves all other methods of forcing corks down clear in the shade. Some insert them by means of the weight of the body on the hand. Others use a lever. But this wastes lime as well as re- quiring a great deal of strength. Mr. Weber did not tell us where he got his mallets with rubber noses ; but here is a sug- gestion : Take a common wooden mallet and put on each of its faces one of these new-fan- gled rubber heels, such as you can buy at any shoestore for a few cents. These rubber heels are about half an inch thick, and are secured 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 99 to the shoe by means of three or four nails whose heads are countersunk into the rub- ber. In all the articles, reference is made to the use of beeswax for smearing over the corks to make a hermetic sealing ; but we have found, and our experience seems to be that of a num- ber of others, that a mixture of paraffine, bees- wax, and resin, equal parts, makes a much better sealing than pure beeswax. The mix- ture will spread evenly over the cork, without cracking or leaving air-bubbles, while the wax alone is liable to do both. Mr. Poudtr's and Mr. Walker's method of bottling is almost exactly the same as the one we use here at the Home of the Honey-bees, with this difference, that we use steam, which is much more convenient. I wish to indorse particularly, one of the points made by all three of the writers in this symposium ; and that is, the importance of getting all the particles of glass off that cling to the inside of the bottles. — Ed ] AN ADJUSTABLE SURPLUS ARRANGEMENT. Returning home from the postoffice last night I found Mr. Smith and Mrs. D. in the siiting-room awaiting my return. Upon pass- ing the usual salutations, and remarking about the nice winter weather, Mr. Smith launches out thus : " A Iriend of mine, who keeps bees, told me to-day that you had a surplus arrangement for comb honey that you could enlarge or con- tract at will to suit the size of the colony or the season of the year, and I have come over to have a little talk with you about it — that is, if you have no patent on it, and feel free to tell me about it." " Relative to your last point, I never even thought of getting a patent on any thing I ever made or planned. And as to telling any one about the things I use, and how I use them, it is something I have been at for the past thirty years, and it always gives me pleasure if I can help any one in any way." "Thank you. And now how is that surplus arrangement made ? " " All that is necessary is to make the wide frames, which hold the sections, so they will fit the top of the hive and allow the hood or cap to the hive to rest down over them, for this arrangement is best used with a hive that has a cap or hood. However, it can be used by putting a wide shade-board over it. Get all the pieces out true and square, after which nail them over a true square form, so that each wide frame will fit true and square against its neighbor, for this surplus arrangement is made out of a number of wide frames." " Do you use separators on these wide frames ? " ■'Yes. I advise using separators on or in any surplus arrangement, for after thirty years of experience I am led to believe that a strictly fancy article of comb honey can not be secured in any other way." " Can this arrangement be used on the tier- iug-up plan ? " "Yes, it can be so used by making both tops and bottoms a plump one-fourth inch narrower than the ends. If to be used only one tier high, then have the top the thickness of the tin separator wider than the ends, for the separator is to be nailed to the ends." " Do you use tin for separators ? " "Yes After using several kinds of ma- terial for separators, I prefer tin to any thing else." " But doesn't the tin kink and warp when it is nailed to the wide frames ? I could never nail it so but that it would." " The nailing-on of this tin has much to do with our liking or disliking this plan for a surplus arrangement. The first year or two, to prevent the kinking you speak of, I used a hand vise, so arranged that I could pry over one end of the wide frame, after having nailed the tin at the other, thus stretching the tin so tightly that it would fairly ring when hit a little. While thus working one day I noticed that in drawing the tin very taut I often sprung the top and bottom of the frame out or in, as the case might be, and from this I soon had a way of putting on tin perfectly every time. I made a form a trifle shorter than the frame was long, outside measure, this form being perfectly true and square, which gave advantage over the vise method, for with that the frame was sometimes drawn out of true. Next I made a block the size of the in- side of the frame, except a little shorter, and of the same thickness as the ends to the frames. To use it I sprung or bent the top and bottom bar a little outward, thus shorten- ing it, until it went into the form, when I laid the tin separator in the proper place, placed a straight-edge on top of the tin, and on this a heavy weight. I now had the tin just where I wished it, with all kinks and bulges taken out, when it was nailed fast to the wide frame. Upon removing the frame from the form, the top and bottom sprang back into place again, thus drawing the separator as tight as a drum- head." " I am very glad you explained this to me so fully, as it will help me much in nailing separators to wide frames. But having the separators and wide frames all in readiness, what is the next move? " " They are now to be filled with sections, the same having starters in them, or filled with foundation, as you can afford, while it is best, if Dossible, to have at least two wi''e frames filled with bait sections, for each hive you expect to work for comb honey." " Bait sections ! What are those ? " ' ' Simply sections left over from the previous year, that are half or more filled with comb, but which were not sufficiently filled with honey to be salable. These are called baits, because they entice the bees to commence work in the sections much sooner than they otherwise would, because bees will go to work 100 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb. 1 filling empty comb before they will build new." "Thanks again. This is something that I never knew about before, and I often wished I knew of some way of getting the bees to work in the surplus arrangement sooner. But having the wide frames all filled and in readi- ness, what next ? " " The wide frames are to be keyed together. I have tried almost all ways of keying these wide frames together, using in clamps, etc., all of which I did not like, as I wished for a plan that would allow of my using as few or as many wide frames on a hive as I pleased, ac- cording to the season and the strength of the colony, from two up to twelve. By most of the other plans we must give just so much room or none, no matter what the season or what the strength of the colony." " But what keeps the bets from going out at the sides of the wide frames and sections, whether keyed or otherwise ? " " A thin board is gotten out the same size as the wi le frame, outside measure, this board having a cleat nailed at either end, so as to keep it from warping or twisting away from the sections or wide frame. In each end of this cleated board a wire nail is driven, and two of these boards are used with each sur- plus arrangement " " I see. These boards are to come flat up against the outside of each outside wide frame." " Exactly. And to hold the number of wide frames together, pressed right up tightly to each other, as in a vise, a coiled wire spring is used, prepared by tying a suitable length of string to one end of the spring. The spring is now hooked over the nail in the end of one of the boards, and, after stretching the spring sufficiently, the string is wound around the nail on the other board on the opposite side, when, with a spring fixed in the same way on the other end, we have the number of wide frames we wish to use, all tightly clamped in- to a surplus arrangement, which can be han- dled as a whole, no matter whether the wide frames number two, three, four, or a dozen. And they give all the lateral movement re- quired, so as to use the number to the hive which the apiarist may desire. And they can be taken off as one surplus arrangement, or each wide frame separately, tiered up, revers- ed, interchanged, etc., according to the views of the most exacting." "Well, this is quite a scheme, and I am glad I came over, for I now understand better how to work for what I want. But allow me one more question before I go." " Certainly." "Do you use anv honey-board with this surplus arrangement? " " When not enough wide frames are on to cover the top of the hive, something must be used to cover the rem lining portion. Other- wise I use no honey-board of any kind, uidess I contract the hive so that the queen is liable to enter the sections and fill them with brood. In this case I use a queen-excluding honey- board, which keeps her below, no matter how small the brood chamber." " What do you use to cover the remaining portion of the top of the hive, when only a few wide frames are used ? " ' ' Where a cap or hood is used over all, I use a piece of enameled cloth, or an old bee quilt; and where no hood is used I have pieces of board of different sizes, to suit a certain number of wide frames, these pieces covering that por- tion not covered with the number of frames used. But the quilts and the hood are best for this arrangment." " Well, I must be going. Good night." " Good night." POLLEN IN THE SECTIONS OF SHALLOW BROOD CHAMBERS. Mr. Editor : — Will you kindly permit me to reply to Messrs. A. J. S. & Bro., of Virginia, who write me they have decided to use the Dinzenbaker super arrangements but say there seems to be trouble about the story of pollen in the sections, with shallow brood- chambers ? If I can guarantee there will be no such trouble they will reduce their old hives to fit my fixtures. I infer this "trouble" has been brought to their notice, as it has to that of others, by Dr. Miller's S' raw in Glean- ings ; and I desire to say to them and others whom it may concern, that there is nothing of the kind with proper or even ordinary man- agement. The 10 frames, 7>^ inches deep, of my hive, contain a trifle more comb surface than the eight frame Dovetailed hives, which gives ample room for pollen, and brood of aver- age queens during the honey-flow. Bees naturally store pollen at the side of and beneath the brood-nest in the coolest part of the hive, and the honey above the brood in the warmest part of the hive, but never store honey beneath the brood or in cells that have a drop of honev in first, but will store honey in cells partly filled with pollen. In case the brood-nest becomes gorged with honey before the supers are put on, or they are put on too long before the flow begins, there might be a few cells of pollen stored in the sections ; but I have not lost a dollar on that account in ten years. I have in that time raised and sold thousands of sections from my hives, without any show of pollen in the sections. Bees gather very little pollen during the while-honey flow. If supers are put on at the right time, and made nearly air-light by waxed-paper mats or enameled sheets, with ample covering to retain the bee heat, and render the super the warmest part of the hive, the bees will store their honey there, where it ripens soonest, and store pollen in the cooler part of the brood-nest. Thousands of shallow seven-inch frames were used with full satisfaction, before I ever tried them, by such men as Dr. G. L Tinker, New Philadelphia, O.; Dr. Geo. W. Brodbeck, 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 101 Los Angeles, CaL; C. H. Dibbern, Milan, 111.; M. M. Baldridge, vSt. Charles, 111.; Wm. L. Ewing, Vincennes, Ind.; Z, T. Hawk, Audu- bon, la ; H. Bandy, Clinton, Mich.; M. J. Bundy, Angola, N. Y. F. Danzenbaker. Washington, D. C. [The presence of pollen in Dr. Miller's case may be more a matter of locality than of im- proper management. However that may be, we hear little of this kind of trouble in con- nection with the 7-inch brood frames. — Ed.] CARRYING COMB HONEY ON WAGONS — HOW SHOULD IT BE LOADED ? Friend Root: — In regard to loading honey, page 883, /am of the opiaionjjo« are correct. I have hauled a good many bees and consider- able honey, both in sections and extracting- frames, and have always loaded lengthwise of the wagon, spring or no spring, and have never broken a comb when crossing bridges, culverts, or ditches. The jar is entirely length- wise ; also in stopping and s arling tlie team ; and even the ruts often let both wheels drop at the same time. But the rule is with ruts, there is not much of a drop, for the descent and ascent are gradual ; and when there is a drop of one wheel in a single rut, the bump is more downw;ird than sidewise. Hillsboro, Wis., Nov 26. Ecias Fox. MAKING SALVE FROM PROPOLIS. On page 921, Dec. 1, Mr. Holtermann speaks of making salve by heating propolis and sweet oil. I tried to mix propolis and sweet oil by heating I stirred it on the stove until I was tired, then took it off the stove and stirred it until it was cold. I then had a solid piece of propolis lying in clear sweet oil The only way that I have been aVjle to mix propolis and sweet oil is by pulverizing the propolis and then rubbing the oil and propolis together. Maggie M. Johnston. Malvern, Iowa, Dec. 15. wintering under snow. The place I have selected for my apiary is the most convenient in every respect. But there is one thing that might prove to be a drawback — that is, in severe winters the snow drifts four and five feet deep, and packs so hard it would nearly hold a horse. Would bees (weak colonies as well as strong) live under this snow until it melts ? Troutdale, Ore., Dec. 4. F. E. Bates. [I think your bees would winter all right. —Ed.] pulse rate in colorado. 3Ir. Editor: — In your issue for Nov. 15 you say you wouldn't live in Colorado if you were paid for it, because your pulse rate is so high here. I venture the opinion that your health would be greatly improved by a year's resi- dence here. Your pulse rate becomes high here because of deficient lung capacity, which would certainly expand, and then the pulse rate would return to iis normal state. S. W. Morrison, M. D. Ignacio, Col., Nov. 24. /. 7)/., f lah. — It is impossible for us to give you proportionately the amount of sulphuric acid to use in water for refining wax, as so much depends on the condition of the wax, its color, whether it is in the form of old combs or wax cakes ; but I would use about a spoon- ful of sulphuric acid to about a quarter of a pail of water. Put the kettle on the stove ; and when the water is hot, put in the wax.' After it is thoroughly melted, set the kettle on the back of the stove and allow it to stand over a low fire for half an hour, but not long enough to let the wax cool. Then drip off the wax carefully into receptacles. If the wax has not attained through the process the prop- er color, the next time use a little more acid ; and if the wax after refining smells a little of the acid, use less. W. B. P., Cal.~li the combs that you transferred into Hoffman frames are crooked, you can still straighten them. Such combs should be placed in a warm room or in the sunshine, after which they should be laid on a fiat board, and then forced back into position again with the palms of the hands, or even with another flit board placed on top Yes, you could get the bees to draw out foundatioii in the upper story in the manner you suggest. To do thi?:, take out a frame of brood from be- low with the queen and bees ; put this in the upper story, and then place between the two stories a perforated zinc honey-board. The bees will gradually work upward. When the brood is hatched out, if it is along in the fall they will dest rt the lower combs for the up- per ones. If it is during the honey-flow the combs below will be filled with honey, which can be taken out and extracted, after which they may be straij/htened or put into the solar wax extractor to be rendered up into wax. O. P. //., Ti\ras.—VJ& do not sell the appa- ratus for measuring bees' tongues. It con- sists simply of a machinist's steel rule that you can get at any large hardware store, one, two, or three inches long, having on one side an inch marked off into hundredths. This, together with an ordinary 15 cent or 20 cent magnifying-glass, 10 cents' worth of chloro- form, and two darning-needles, constitute all the apparatus that is needtd Catch a few bees whose tongues you desire to measure ; put a few drops of chloroform on a common handkerchief, and place it directly over the wire cloth of the cage ; and when the bees are stupefied, cut off the head of one bee, lay it with the tongue stretched out on the rule graduated to hundredths. Stretch the tongue as far as it will go, by pressing upon the head or face of the bee. Count off the hundredths from the point where the tongue leaves the mouth to its end. This is a very simple oper- ation, and any one with a little skill and pa- tience should be able to do the work as well as an expert. 102 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Feb 1 ble. There may be cases in which a large principle is involved, where it may be neces- sary to defend some one who was not at the time a member of the organization ; but these cases are rare. Mild weather, la grippe among men, and good wintering among bees. Sixteen extra pages this time, and more to follow in our next. We still have on hand a large amount of good available matter that is still wailing a place in our columns. DOOLITTLE IN ARKANSAS. For some weeks past, our old Borodino cor- respondent has been sojourning at Ft. Smith, Ark. He has rented a farm of 133 acres at Ursulo for a term of five years. In a letter just received from him he sajs he enjoys the sunny South during winter, but has conclud- ed that, on the whole, he is better off at his old home at Borodino, N. Y. It appears from this that the bee-keepers of the Empire State can still claim one among their number whose writings are, perhaps, as familiar as those of any writer on bee- lore in all beedom. THE OFFICIARY OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIA- TION. Mr. Arthur C. Miller, of Providence, R. I., in refening to the editorial in Jan. 1st Gleanings, in which mention is made of the good work of the National Bee-keepers' Asso- ciation, says no statement is made as to where in the United States the Association has its head, who its general manager is, or who any of its officers are, nor how, when, and where outsiders can get into it, and thus receive the benefits of the organization. I have looked up the editorial in question, and find that I must plead guilty to the charge ; but I have said so much about General Manager Secor, and about sending |l 00 to him, 1 supposed that every one would certainly know all about the organization, and all I needed to do was to make bee-keepers see and know that the Association was doing something, and a very important something too. Perhaps it would be well to keep a standing notice in our columns, giving the names of the officers, or at least the General Manager and the executive board, and here they are : E. R. Root, President, Medina, O.; R. C. Aikin, Vice-president, Loveland, Colo.; Eu- gene Secor, General Manager, Forest City, Iowa. To get into the organization, and thus be entitled to its benefits, at the same assisting in the good work, send i?1.00 to the General Manager as above named. This will entitle you to membership for one year, securing for you protection against dishonest commission men, against town councils and disagreeable neighbors, and at the same time giving you the additional benefits resuliing from the fight against adulteration. It should be un- derstood that one who is not a member can not justly expect the protection of the Associ- ation unless he joins before he gets into trou- indoor v. outdoor wintering as dis- cussed at the ONTARIO convention AT NIAGARA FALLS. At one of the sessions we listened to a val- uable address by Prof. John Fixter, of the Ot- tawa Experiment Station. In this he detailed an interesting series of experiments that had been conducted under his direction for four, five, and six winters by the station, on the various methods of wintering bees indoors, underground, and even outdoors. A series of colonies of average strength in common Dove- tailed hives were set apart in pairs, and pre- pared in various ways as follows : Experiment No. 1. He had put two hives in a cellar under a dwelling. Under the back end of each hive was placed a three-inch block by means of which the hive was raised so as to insure free ventilation. The regular outdoor covers were removed, and replaced by cushions made of chaff, 4 inches thick, and long enough and wide enough to lap over the hive all around about two inches. The tem- perature of the cellar varied from 46 to 47. The bees were very quiet all winter, only a scrt of hum being noticeable at times ; and at such times cold air was let in by opening slides in the doors of the cellar at night, and closing them in the morning. The average loss of stores for a period of six years was 11 lbs. 1^ ounces. Experiment No. 2. Two colonies were put into the cellar, having the covers and bottoms on just as they were out in the bee-yard. They were watched for dampness to compare the amount of honey consumed. During De- cem'^er and January the bees in both hives made considerable noise. Drops of water were noticed along the entrances of both hives. The colonies were removed from the cellar in the spring in fair condition, but the combs were slightl)' moldy. The average consump- tion of stores for six years was 13 lbs. \% ounces. Experiment No. 3. Two other colonies were placed in a root house. The covers were re- moved, and replaced by large chaff cushions. Between the bottom-boards and the hive prop- er were inserted four blocks, two inches high, one at each corner. The house was opened frequently, to put in and take out vegetables. The temperature varied from 38 to 40. The bees made considerable noise. Along in March the hives showed signs of dysentery, dampness, and mold. The average consump- tion of stores for four years was 14 lbs. 4 ounces. Experiment No. 4. Two colonies were pre- pared by being raised ofT the bottom-boards two inches. The covers were removed, and in their places were put chaff cushions. Hives were then put into a pit 3 ft. wide, 3 ft. deep, and 10 ft. long. At each end of this trench there was a ventilator. This pit was then cov- ered with cedar poles : over these a layer of 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 103 straw, and over all a foot of soil. Arrange- meuts were made for taking the temperature •during the winter. The mercury showed 38 to 39 degrees F. The loss of stores during the four years was 11 lbs. 4 '4 ounces. Experiment No. 5. Two colonies were pre- pared for the house-apiary, having chaff cush- ions on top with a space of two inches between the hive-body and the bottom-board. The hives were removed a foot from the wall, and covered above and all around with a double thickness of sacking, and outside of this was a foot of cut straw. The average loss of win- ter stores was 15 lbs. 15 ounces for a period of four years. Experiment No. 6. Two colonies were put into a cellar with the bottoms of the hives left just as they were brought in from the bee- yard. The covers were removed, and nothing was left on except the quilts sealed down with propolis. The entrances were left wide open. During the entire winter the bees remained perfectly dry. The average loss of stores was 11 lbs. 1% ounces for four years. Experiment No. 7. Two colonies were put into the cellar, covers were removed, and chaff cushions put on top. The front of the hive was tilted up with a three inch block placed between the bottom board and brood-chamber, making an entrance 3 in. across the whole front. The bees thus prepared wintered the best of any, showed no uneasiness of any kind during the whole winter, and came out in the spring in excellent condition. The average loss during a period of four years was 10 lbs. S}i ounces. Experiment No. 8. Two colonies were left on their summer stands with extra packing all around their sides and on top. The cover was removed, and replaced by chaff cushions. No flying took place from Nov. VI till April 7. On the 15th of April the hives were taken out of the packing-case, and found to be deserted. The frames were dry and clean, and had an abundance of sealed stores. The average loss in weight, including live bees during six years of trial, was 19 lbs. 1^^ ounces. During only two seasons did the bees come out in fair condition. Prof. Fixter's conclusion was that, in the locality where he tried the experiments, where the temperature would go below 15 below zero, outdoor wintering was wasteful and ex- pensive, both in stores and bees, and he would recommend wintering in the cellar. The av- erage loss from good indoor cellar wintering in stores was about 11 lbs., while the average loss of the outdoor-wintered colonies, even when they*'came through alive, was almost twice as much, or 19 lbs. The experiment in the root-cellar showed that, while bees can winter in a room or repository subject to fre- quent disturbance, yet they will do much bet- ter in a quiet cellar. At the conclusion of the professor's interest- ing address a lively discussion followed. While the majority seemed to favor indoor wintering, some among this number, promi- nently among whom was Mr. Darling, took the ground that it is a bad practice to leave the bees in the cellar too long. Mr. J. B. Hall, a bee-keeper of large experience, and whose opinion is valued most highly by the Ontario Bee-keepers' Association, winters both indoors and outdoors. He seemed to feel that, although outdoor-wintered bees consumed more stores, yet they were enough stronger to make up for the extra consumption of food. Had it not been for Mr. Hall I should have drawn the conclusion that for Canada, at least, indoor wintering was the only method. But when Mr. Hall said he wintered half of his bees one way and half the other, the infer- ence was that what was gained in one case was offset by greater strength and vigor of bees in the other. There is one thing certain : Indoor winter- ing, where it is very cold, causes a very much smaller consumption of stores than outdoors. Now, then, is it true that outdoor-wintered bees are always stronger in spite of the extra consumption of stores ? SPRAYING FRUIT WHILE IN BLOOM ; VALUA- BLK EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED AT THE GENEVA EXPERIMENT STATION, N. Y. At the convention of the New York State Association of Bee-keepers' Societies, held in Geneva on the 9th of January, we had the very great pleasure of listening to an address by Prof. S. A. Beach, of the Geneva Experiment Station, detailing a very interesting series of experiments that were instituted to determine the advantage, if any, of spraying trees while in full bloo>n. These investigations had been requested by a certain class who believed that spraying during the time that the trees are in full flower was essential to the best develop- ment, growth, and maturing of the fruit. Prof. Beach called attention to the fact that a certain manufacturer of spraying-outfits, had sent circulars broadcast over the country, advocating and urging the administering of poisonous mixtures during the time that bees work on trees. Then there were also some among the fruit-growers of New York who ad- vocated spraying at such times, but who could not carry into effect such practice because a law had been enacted in 1898, making it a misdemeanor for any one to spray during the time the trees were in bloom. Some of the fruit-growers (not all) sought on several occa- sions to have this law repealed ; but being failed they finally secured the passage of an amendment which provided that trees might be sprayed during blooming-time for experi- mental purposes. The object of this amend- ment (and it appears the bee-keepers did not object to it) was to determine whether there was any advantage in spraying when the trees were in full bloom, irrespective of any damage that might accrue to the bee keeper. As a re- sult of this amendment a series of experiments was begun at Geneva, and also at Cornell. In the conducting of the experiments, Prof. Beach stated that several questions were kept in mind : What was the effect of spraying while the trees were in bloom ? did the spray- ing at such times affect the blossoms? did it kill the pollen ? and if not, did it affect the setting or the development of the fruit ? what part did the bees play in the matter ? 104 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb 1 Some bee-keepers, he stated, were inclined to make sweeping assertions, to the effect that no fruit could set without the agency of the bees. This was altogether too strong a state- tdk nt. That bees did play a most important p irt in the fertilization of some kinds of fruit- trees could not be denied. That question might be considered settled. In the experiments that had been conduct- ed, it was found that the blossoms that were sprayed just at the time they were in full bloom were either killed or injured. If the spraying were administered only during the blooming-time the poisonous mixtures did not go to the right spot, in a good many cases, for the simple reason that no cluster of apple- blossoms, for example, opened out at one and the same time. Some blossoms would be closed, and impervious to the effect of the spraying-liquids ; and if no more spraying were administered after blooming-time, then those blossoms that were not open would not receive the benefit, and the fruit-eating insects would then get in their work. The profess- or brought out the point clearly, that if spraying were applied before blooming and after, the leaf-eaiing insects in the first case, and the fruit eating insects in the other, would be de^t'oyed. He further showed that the spraying-mix- tures are exceedingly harmful to the develop- ment and growth of the delicate pollen. Some pollen was gathered and taken into the labo- ratory and mixed with a thin syrup, then after- ward a quantity of spraying-liquid was applied, of about the strength that is used in spraying trees. It was found in every case that the pollen failed to grow. Then the spraying- liquid was reduced 50 per cent, and still mix- ed with pollen and syrup which had been pre- pared, and still the pollen grains failed to grow in most cases. The professor said he was decidedly of the opinion that spraying during blooming-time was exceedingly harm- ful to the delicate reproductive organs, and to the pollen itself in the flowers of the fruit- trees. He referred to a certain Mr. Kellogg who had tried spraying strawbenies while tbey were in bloom, and much to his sorrow. He mentioned a number of instances of fruit-men who formerly had believed that spraying dur- ing blooming-time was the correct practice, but had now been completely converted. In the experiments that were conducted in four orchards located in different parts of the State, a certain set of trees were set apart and sprayed while in bloom, and only then, and others were not sprayed. Even though the bloom was exceedingly abundant, it was found that those trees that were nol spraved during blooming-time yielded from a third to a bushel and a half more of fruit. In some cas^s they sprayed a half of one tree several times during blooming time, leaving the other side of the tree not sprayed. There was a marked difference in the setting of the fruit on the two sidt's of the trees, and that differ- ence was decidedly in favor of the side not sprayed. F)xperiments were conducted in fruit-orchards in different parts of the State ; and in one instance, at least (the professor would not give the name) a certain fruit-man who believed that spraying during blooming- time was the right thing to do, estimated, after he had sprayed his whole orchard at such time, that he had lost nearly a thousand dol- lars. He had had enough of that business. The professor stated, however, that there was one instance when spraying right during blooming-time might prove to be advanta- geous; and that was, to kill the apple-scab that might come on at just that time ; but even in such a case it has not yet been proved that spraying before and after bloom may not be equally efficient. But, generally speaking, the conclusion seemed to be that spraying dur- ing blooming-time was not only wasteful but decidedly harmful as well, cutting down the supply of fruit to an extent that, if gen- erally practiced, would amount to thousands of dollars to the fruit-men all over the State. On the evening of the first day we listened to an excellent address from another professor of the same station — Prof. V H. Lowe. The experiments that had been conducted under his direction were for the purpose of deter- mining the value of insects in poUenizing fruit-blossoms. A certain set of nine .'mall pear-trees (it was not practicable to use large ones) were enveloped in a hood of sheeting. This hood was large enough to slip down over the whole tree, something in the form of a bag — the bag tied at its bottom around the trunk of the tree. The object of this was to keep out insects, ants, bees, or any thing that might assist in poUenizing the blossoms. For the purpose of ventilation, some windows were made in the sheeting, and the openings covered with a fine netting. On all of these trees so covered, there was a large number of buds, and all the conditions were favorable for a good crop, except that the flight of in- sects was entirely cut off. Now, then, for the results : Out of the whole lot of trees covered, there was just one fruit. On another set of trees not covered there were 145. In the other case, where it was not practicable to envelop the whole tree, one large limb, for instance, would be inclosed in the bag, the mouth of the bag being tied around the trunk of the limb. In one such instance there were 2483 buds of an apple-tree that were thus covered with the sheeting. Out of that number jnst one fruit matured. There was plenty of fruit on other portions of the tree where the limbs were not covered. In one case, where the sheeting broke open so that insects could get in, there were 13 perfect fruits from 818 buds. It was clearly shown that bees or other insects play a most important part in the pollination of average fruit-trees. When the professor was at-ked how much of this pollination was attributable to bees and how much to other in- sects, he said he could not tell ; but Mr. O. L. Herschiser, in referring to a similar set of ex- periments made some years ago at the Michi- gan Agricultural College, showing the same results, said that the bees were altogether the earliest insects out ; that at the time the aver- age fruit-tree is in bloom it is too early in the spring for other insects to be of any value. In his opinion the covering of the limbs or the 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 105 covering of the whole tree as explained by Prof. Lowe (with the result that little or no fruit had set) showed clearly that the bees, and they alone, did the mixing of the pollen. At the conclusion of both addresses, both professors were given a most hearty vote of thanks for the interesting and valuable testi- mony they had produced ; and this testimony was the more valuable because both men be- gan these experiments at the solicitation of the fruit men, anxious to show that spraying during blooming-time was not detrimental but decidedly advantageous. Verily the bees in York State have been and are being vindi- cated on every hand. President Marks said he had made the statement that 95 per cent of the bee men of the State were also fruit growers. He wished it understood that a large number, yes, the ma- jority of fruitgrowers, acknowledged that the bees were their best friends ; that it was only a few of the fruit-men who were at variance wi.h the bee-keepers ; that there was no real fight between bee keepers and fruit-groweis. OUR homes; BY A.I. ROOT. The effectual fervent prayer of a righteous man availeth much.— James 5:16. Dear friend, do you know of somebody who is very kind, accommodating, skillful, and helpful in every way when he feels just like it ; but when he does not happen to feel just like it he can be as contrary, disobliging, and vexatious as he is at other times good-leniper- ed ? I suppose such people are all over the world. When you take them just right, or when they happen to feel like it, they are mos'. estimable ptople and valuable citizens. At ether times they are so contrary, disoblig- ing, and ugly (to get right down to it), that it is hard work to live near them and be oblig- ed to have any thing to do with them.'-' May be you remember having got hold of a certain hired man or girl who was of this sort. When she or he first began work you wondered how it was that he changed places so often, and *Sjmetimesa man is wanted for a particular job — oftentime.s something of very great importance. The question is, " Who can do it ? " Finally we hit upon a man who would til the bill exactly, providing he took a notion to. Sometimes the question comes up before acommiitee. This man is peculiir. Jf the right per- son should present the subject to him when lie hap- pened to be in one of his accommodating mcods he might fall in with it and do it to our entire satisfac- tion. Again, if somebody he did not like should pre- sent the matter, or he did not happen lo be in an "accommodating mood,' he would refuse to have any thing to do with it, ind, may be, declare flatly it could not be done. A great many times I have met just such co.,tingencies. It is not only in business matters, Init in temperance work, and in various greatly needed reforms. We can not say we will have nothing to do with one who is so changeable (and we might almost say urtiuthful i : for sometimes it seems as if the world could hardlv gt t along without them. All we can do is to make the best of circumstances and of the peo- ple we meet. Earnest prayer and patient labor are the two things needed, and a broad charity for those who are beset with these human infirmities and weak- nesses. May God help us. yet was so reasonable in his charges. As time passed, and you became a little better acquaint- ed, little by little this person began to f-how out his moods and streaks and inconsisten- cies, and then the secret was out. What are you going to do with such people ? SomeViody said a while ago she would not have a girl on the premises who would tell deliberate false- hoods. But, my friend, you can not very well lay down rules. I have sometimes thought these people I have described did not really inean to tell a falsehood, and that, in fact, it hardly ought to be called a falsehood. Your hired girl or man gets one of these .streaks, and declares the thing you want done can not be done. You explain fully what is wanted, and tell him you could do it yourself easily if you had time. But, unfortunately, a bad spirit has got hold of the otherwise usually skillful and ready helper. He insists it can not be done, gets contrary, and pretends he did not understand just what you wanted. The result is, wasted time and loss of property. There is a controversy or conflict between you two, and the hired man comes out ahead May be it is the hired woman or hired girl who comes out ahead. In one of our Home Papers recently I expressed a dislike for the term "hired girl ; " and just as I expressed a dis- like for it a writer suggested that we say "housemaid." The woman of the house is the housekeeper, or housewife, if you choose. Her helper is the housemaid. Well, now, this housemaid, or hired man, as the case may be, thinks he is telling the truth when he said he did the best he could. If you question him, perhaps he will insist that he did the best he could, and furthermore declare, per- haps, that the thing you wanted can not be done. May be by this time you are sufficient- ly stirred up so you drop other important du- ties, and go to wrk and show him just how easily the thing can be done if one goes about it in the right way ; or perhaps you call in somebody else who has not " got his back up " on this particular matter, and let your hired help see you are right. Is he convinced, and does he beg your pardon ? Generally speak- ing, he does not. He is still contrary ; and this is one of the sad phases of humanity. Perhaps somebody puts in right here, "Get rid of him.'" But, my dear friend, this same person has many grand good qualities, and he has many lovable traits. He can do things that nobody else can do or has learned to do You can not afford to let him go, unless, in- deed, you let the same spirit into your heart that has found a lodging-place in his, and "cut oflf your nose to spile your face." I beg pardon for such a piece of slang, but it just hits the spot. Per-haps some of you say, "Well, Bro. ROot, what would you do? or what fl'o v^ do under such circumstances?" In the jflf st place, I try to keep my temper. IfjjBu' l(jse your temper you have stepped 3own from the throne where reason holds sway. You are standing exactly on the same level with your contrary man. " He that rul- eth his own spirit is greater than he that tak- eth a city." But if you get stirred up you can not take any city at all ; in fact, you can not 106 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb 1 capture one single commonplace individual. The man who allows himself to get angry is like one who has let go of the lines with a runaway horse — yes, even when even his very life depends on a firm steady hand. Therefore do not let your opponent see he has vexed you. Very likely that is just what he is trying to do. When you have got the contrary spirit all out of your heart, then you are ready for our text, especially the latter part of it — " the effectual fervent prayer of a righteous man availeth much." Pray ior the man who vexes you. Some of you, especially those who do not be- lieve in prayer, may say, "Why, Bro. Root, the whole thing is preposterous, to pray for a min who has spoiled your property, wasted your time, and then looks you fairly in the face, and lies.'' I know, dear friends, it is demanding a good deal of humanity — especially untrained hu- manity. It is easy enough to read over the words, " Pray for those that despitefully use you " when you are not in conflict with some- body ; but to ask a man, right when he is greatly vexed, to stop and to try to pray for the man who acts in the way I have described, is a pretty hard thing to do. I know, because I have tried it ; but, O dear friends ! it is the 07tly road from earth to heaven ; it is the otily way to save the world from sin. Our text says the prayer of a righteous man availeth much. If you are contrary, ugly, and un- truthful, like your hired man, there is no promise that the prayer will avail ; and, oh dear me ! I have come now to the saddest part of my talk. When I was trying to describe to you the contrary hired man or housemaid it kept forc- ing itself on me that I was almost unconscious- ly describing my poor self, or at least a part of myself that too often comes in sight. While I think of it I can only say, " May God have mercy on i>ie a sinner." If I, then, am ready to acknowledge that I am one of the contrary sort — one thing at one time and another thing at another — what right have I to expect my prayers shall amount to any thing? Well, in one sense I have not any right; but the dear book says (thank God) that Christ Jesus came into the world, not to save the righteous, but to bring sinners to repentance. We read, too, " Him that comeih to me I will in no wise cast out," and this includes sinners like me and everybody else. Now. then, dear brother or sister, do not turn off your housemaid because she has a fashion of behaving as I have described. Pray for her — pray that the spirit of Christ Jesus may get into her heart and drive out this spirit of Satan. Do not forget to in- clude yourself and your own heart in this plea to the great Father above. When you are off by yourself in your own closet, where none but God can hear, you can say, if you choose, " O God, have mercy on <^o/A o/m5. Help me to set a good example ; help me to forget these unpleasant acts and untruthful words ; and may the Holy Spirit rule and guide both of us." O dear friends, you do not know how such prayers help. I have seen men and wo- men transformed in just a little while. Yes, I have been so astonished at the result of such prayers that I have gone off by myself again and again, just to thank the dear Savior, and to ask him to forgive my want of faith — to for- give me for not having faith to believe that such blundering prayers from a heart already stumbling and blundering so far out of the straight and narrow path should avail so much. Oh howl do like those two words, "avail- eth much " ! Suppose you have forgotten yourself, and ordered your impudent, untruthful hired man off the premises. Would it have made him behave any better with his next employer ? I do not believe it would, especially if you are a professing Christian. He would have gone away soured against all the world — pro- fessing Christians especially. Years ago I had a man working for me whom I had taken from our county jail. In just a few days there was a fight started between him and one of our regular men. I got between them, and, after a good deal of hard work, had the two shaking hands, and begging pardon for the misunderstanding. He told me afterward that he had been in lots of fights during his life, but he never before saw a fight end in that way ; and I am afraid his experience is too much like that of a good many others. Our text enjoins us to confess our faults one to another. Of course, the man who employs some one to work for him must preserve prop- er dignity. If your hired man sees that you are afraid of him when he gets contrary, he may undertake, especially if he is one of the ignorant sort, to take advantage of you. The matter should be settled in the outset that you are to direct things and he is to work ac- cording to directions. If he is a reasonable man he will agree to this ; but, sad to say, it is not the hired man and the housemaid alone who are sometimes one thing and sometimes another We have neighbors who act in the way I have described ; yes, we have sisters and brothers in the church who seem to forget themselves, and think it no very serious thing to be contrary ; and, oh dear me ! I almost forgot to say that we have employers who will be pleased with work at one time and at another time get into a mood so they would not be pleased with any thing, and scold and make a fuss when every thing is all right. Yes, there are housewives who are this way. There are policemen and sheriffs who let a man go scot free at one time, and then take him up at some other time for a very trifling offense as their mood changes. And we really can not stop with policemen and sheriffs. I have seen judges on the bench, who, because they were prejudiced against a certain one who was in their power, would so far forget themselves and their — I almost said sacred calling, for the man who is chosen to hold the property and sometimes the life of a fellow- being in his hands does have a high and sa- cred duty and a great responsibility on his shoulders. Yes, even judges on the bench, I am sorry to say, sometimes let little personal spites or prejudice for or against certain per- sons warp and bias their decision. May I suggest that not only the governors of our 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 107 States, but even the President himself, does, at times, show, let us say, " human weakness " in the direction I have been talking about. May God help us. not only in dealing with the hired man and the housemaid, but in whatever we have to do with the affairs of the town, city. State, and nation. May we also remember that the fervent effectual prayer of a righteous man availeth much. Dear friends, as we step out into this new century we have certainly one thing to rejoice about and to thank God for — the decision of both House and Senate in regard to beer among the soldiers. For a time it seemed as if those in power were all against us ; but we are, as a rule, a praying people. I knew of the fervent prayers of righteous men and women that were ascending to the great throne of Him who judges all the earth, and in view of this I ought not to have been sur- prised when some of our great officials in Washington said they would vote for the ab- olition of beer, not because they believed it was best, but because of the iiiiportunities of the people. Truly the fervent prayer of a righteous man does avail much, not only in humble places but at the very head of our government. Let us have faith, and let us believe that, if we follow the teachings of God's holy word, we shall prevail, not only in the home and on the farm, but at the very head of the government of this nation. In closing, permit me to quote some beauti- ful words that came from the Bible Truth De- pot, Williamsport, Pa. : When you are forgotten or neglected, or purposely set at naught, and you smile inwardly, glorying in the insult or the oversight — that is victory.'. When your good is evil spoken of, when your wishes are crossed, yoir tastes otTcnded. your advice disre- garded, your opinions ridiculed, and you take it all in patient, loving silence — that is victory. When you are content with any f?od, any raiment, any climite, any society, any solitude, any interrup- tion— that is victory. When jou can bear with any discord, any annoy- ance, any irregularity, nnpnnctuality (of which you are not the cause)— Wa/ is victoiy. "When you can stand face to face with folly, extrava- gance, spiritual insensibility, contradiction of sinners, persecution, and endure it all as Jesus enduied \\.—that is victory. When you never care to refer to yourself in conver- sation, nor to record yo.ir good works, nor to seek aft- er conimt ndation. when you can truly "love to be unknown" — that is victory. PLACING THE NEGRO ON THE SAME FOOT- ING WITH WHITES. I have been accused of this in our two last issues ; but permit me to plead not guilty. All I undertook to do was this : To hold the colored people responsible for their behavior, which is something they can help, but not hold them responsible for the color of their skin, which is something they can not help. Where I spoke of having a colored man or woman sit down with me at my table, I sup- pose I gave the most offense to some of my good friends in the South. My position was and is that behavior should decide whether he is fit to sit at the table, and not color. Who- ever works for me, outdoors or in my home, I shall try to teach good manners, truth, and righteousness ; and if having a person sit down with me at the table, say once a day, would help in lifting him up, I should be will- ing to put up with whatever inconvenience it might cost. If he persistently refused to be decent and respect tble, I presume I should give up the experiment. Quite a number of letters have come, protesting against what I have written along this line. Just tivo have ordered their journals stopped. But there is one other subscriber who said he had decided to take Gleanings another year just because of my defense of the colored people ; so at present writing we have lost only one sub- scriber. The Country Gettilenian was so well pleased with my treatment of the hired girl that the editor copied my article entire, and here is what he says at the conclusion of it : One of the editors of the Country Gentleman has em- ployed only colored servants for fifteen or twenty years ; and it is fair to add that in all the number there has never been one that was not scrupulously honest. Perhaps the colored help mentioned in the above were brought up in the North. And then another fact seems to stare us in the face right here. It makes a difference as to whom the colored help (or white help either, for that matter) is working for. Some employers would discourage any form of dishonesty at the very outset, and I am sorry to say there are others who would without meaning it tend to encourage it. In regard to Tuskegee, so large and influen- tial a periodical as the Outlook has just em- ployed Booker T. Washington to write them a series of articles in regard to his industrial school and his lifework. Now, dear friends, I am sorry to have even one of our readers order his journal stopped because of any thing I may do or say ; but when I feel sure that I am doing " as Jesus would do " I do not know how I can change my views or teachings. Temperance. The following from State Superintendent P. A. Baker will certainly be of interest to all Ohio people, and it ought to interest, and I rather think will, everybody else, no matter what State he lives in, especially if he is inter- ested in the matter of getting rid of the sa- loons. I presume you have heard of the splendid victory we won last week at Lebanon in putting out 14 saloors, thus adding another county-seat to our temperance belt, making six county-seats in Ohio without s-aloons. I believe we can make Warren County a dry one in a short; time. The six county-seats referred to in the above are as follows : Lebanon (Warren Co.); Belle- fontaine (Logan Co.); Cadiz (Harrison Co.); Jefferson (Ashtabula Co. ); and last, but not least, Medina (Medina Co.). Now can't some- body tell us of another county-seat that is al- most ready to be included in the roll of hon- or ? 108 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb. 1 NOTES or TRAVH < BY A. I. ROOT . Some of you will remember that in Novem- ber, 1897, I gave a picture of a hen and chick- ens, entitled "The Youthful Mother," the White Leghorn pullet that commenced laying when she was 4 months and 16 days old, and in 5 months and 21 days she was the mother of a brood of chickens. I said then I should like an oil painting of the hen and chick- ens to hang up where I could see it every day. A lady who reads GIvEanings volunteered to make the picture. It is in our dining-room, where I see it and feel happy several times a day. Well, this youthful mother belonged to O. W. Mapes, of Middletown, N. Y., the " electric hen-man." Ever since reading this story I have had a great desire to visit the electric hen-farm. After I had promised to attend the Utter trial it occurred to me this egg-farm might be somewhere in that part of York State. Sure enough, Middletown is in Orange Co., the same one where the unbroth- erly brothers live, just one station away from Goshen. So I started off a day or two ahead of the time for the trial, and, finding we had a beekeeper in Middletown, I proceeded to look him up. Somehow I had several streaks of good luck during that visit. Mr. C. Belding is not only a bee-keeper, but a gardener and florist, and has been all his life. Just now his boys (like mine) are taking charge of the greenhouse and other business, and letting him take things easy. Friend B. knew all about the electric egg-farm, and kindly volun- teered to take me there with his horse and buggy. Although Orange Co. is one of the richest ones in the State of New York, it contains some stony and hilly ground that is almost unfit for any thing imless it is an egg-farm. All around among these stones and hills Mr. Mapes several years ago started his egg-farm. Little houses to the number of 50 or more are scattered all through among the rocks and hills. For three or four years he had com- munication with each house by means of elec- tricity. As many of the little buildings are so far away from home, and out among the wilds, it becomes quite necessary to shut the pullets up nights on account of wild " var- mints " as they used to express it in olden times. Electric wires open the houses all at once, every morning, and shut the doors every night after the last straggler has got inside. These same wires open the feed-boxes and close them. Now, I do not exactly under- stand whether it is the same wire or an extra one that does this. Stoddard and many other good authorities claim, you know, that fowls, to do their best, must have just what they need in the way of food, and not all that they will eat if they can get it all day long. More than one poultryman, however, has found out that it is a big job to give several thousand chickens just so much and no more. After working the machinery for three or four years, Mr. Mapes has drop- ped it ; and now as he goes around to the houses every morning to carry feed and wa- ter, he lets the chickens out and then makes another trip every night to gather the eggs and shut the hens up. He is satisfied that as good results are secured by giving the chick- ens all they will eat all day long — that is, cer- tain kinds of food, and food that is just right. Perhaps the expense of the apparatus, and keeping it up, has something to do with it. He has made a great many exhaustive experi- ments — among others, one in regard to the matter of exercise, the point on which Stod- dard lays so much stress. He confined a hen under a peach basket where she could have no exercise at all except to turn around, and she laid 84 eggs, if I remember correctly, without missing many days. Of course, he gave her the best kind of rations, and supplied every thing as well as he could except exer- cise. I believe, however, he places a value on a reasonable amount of exercise, for his fowl- houses are something like 6 or 8 rods apart all over the farm. With this arrangement all the chickens go "home" to roost. I forgot to ask if he did not have a few gossipy hens that went gadding all over town, stirring up muss- es and jealousies. Oh ! by the way, roosters never quarrel when there are no hens around. In fact, he had thirty or forty in one pen, and they were as brotherly as could be. The hens stir up jealousy and hatred. Come to think of it, I do not think this is true of boys and girls. How is it, young people ? Thank God, we are a notch or two higher up in the scale than chickens. Mr. Mapes keeps almost entirely White Leg- horns, like the picture of the pullet I gave you. He gets from 5 to 8 cts. a dozen more for his eggs because the purchaser knows ex- actly what day they were laid. Every case is sent to New York city, with a certificate that the eggs were laid on such a day, and conse- quently there are never any bad ones or stale ones. Very likely j('0« can not do it unless, indeed, you have as good a reputation for truthfulness as Mr. Mapes has. Although it was a cold freezing day, as our trip was taken along toward noon, when the sun was warmest, the brooder-houses where the young pullets were kept were opened, and they were allowed to jump, run, and fly over the fields, up hill and down. The brooder buildings were closer together than those for laying hens. I should think that perhaps a hundred half-grown chicks were in each build- ing. A lamp with an ingenious hot-water brooder kept the chickens warm. I expressed a fear they would take cold by going out into the frosty air after being around the hot-water pipes ; but the way they cut up and ran there did not seem to be much danger ; besides, they had lived in that way till they were fully feathered out, and were as handsome as white doves, and about the same size. You see, if a chick felt cold or tired it could go back into the brooder whenever it felt so disposed. As a rule, each chick goes back into its own home like a bee out of its hive. But their owner said if they got mixed up somewhat it did not 1901 GIvEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 109 matter. I think he sells the manure to tan- ners. Some of his methods for saving time made me think of our veteran friend Doolittle when somebody was asking about being so careful about killing a bee. Friend Doolittle suggest- ed that a man's time was of too much value to wait for one or two bees to get out of the way. Well, Mr. Mapes cures silting hens by putting them in a rough cage in the upper part ©f the poultry-house. He does not make any provision for food or water. It would make a great deal of extra trouble, and he says they get over the sitting fever rather bet- ter for their fast of 48 hours. Fifty fowls have four nests to lay in. I asked him if there would not be too many in one nest. He said they were sometimes even "two or three deep " when laying, but he did not think it mattered. When I asked what kind of nest- egg he used he looked at me in surprise. "Why, what do you suppose I want of a nest-egg? "' I ventured to suggest, timidly, that they would lay more eggs. I do not remember just his reply, but it was somewhat to the effect that when they were ready to lay the eggs must be put somewhere. Now, I hope I am not presuming, in disagreeing with such good authority as Mr. Mapes ; but when one of your biddies plays a trick on you, and slips off by herself, and fixes up a real nice nest, doesn't she get that nest full quicker than if she had to lay in some conspicuous nest occu- pied by several other hens? Right here in the middle of January, during two or three warm days one of my pullets strayed into a sunny place in an unused open shed, and made a most elaborate nest, and laid an egg in it. I saw her skulking around out of my sight, and I was pretty sure that was just what she was up to. I feel a good deal disap- pointed because the weather is so cold she can not get off so as to use that nest again to day, for I think she would work harder, and lay more eggs, if she thought she was managing things all on the sly. Friend Mapes urged us, on our way home, to look in at a plate-glass window on a partic- ular street. What do you think we saw ? Why, some 20 or 30 White Wyandotte pullets, the handsomest chickens I think I ever saw anywhere. A beautiful placard right over their heads, plain enough to be read clear across the street, was something like this : "We were hatched during fair time, last fall. We have been fed all our lives on Mapes balanced ration for poultry. In fact, we have never had any other food. Aren't we beau- ties ? ' ' And they seemed to be just as happy there in that window during that cold winter day as if they were out in the green fields chasing grasshoppers. The above was an advertise- ment for a certain firm, I know ; but I think such advertisements are all right. Mr. Mapes uses this poultry food very largely in all his operations, and he has a theory that the prop- er amount of this food, with every thing else kept away, will cure the roup ; and this I think he has demonstrated several times.* Chickens, like human beings, depend large- ly for their health and happiness on having plenty of pure wholesome food instead of be- ing obliged to drink stagnant water and eat all kinds of filth, as they have to do when they are starved to it. I feel a little sorry because I am having so much to say about poultry just now, to the ex- clusion of so many other important matters ; but somehow the spitit seems to move me in just that particular direction this winter, and I believe 1 have got hold of some valuable facts. Oh, yes ! I described to Mr. Mapes my un- derground tunnel warmed by exhaust steam, and asked him what he thought of getting eggs in winter by having the ground under the poultry-houses dry, and warmed by steam, or even running smoke and hot air through drain-tile or sewer pipe a foot under ground. He said that, with what experience he had had, he was quite well satisfied this arrange- ment would give an abundance of eggs when the weather was very cold and the price away up. With exhaust steam, as we use it, he said there was no question about it ; but if one had to fire up, and keep a little fire going to warm the ground under a range of poultry-houses, only a test would decide whether it would pay for the cost of fuel and some one to look after the fire. "high pressure" — EGGS. A short time ago every one was wanting eggs, and there were none to be had. There were none at the stores, but there were a few skillful poultry-keepers who were getting eggs every day. The price ran up to 18, 20, 22, 24, and finally to 26 cts. a dozen ; and I am told some people paid 30 cts. a dozen rather than go without eggs entirely. There were two reasons why the hens did not lay. The old ones had not finished moulting, and the young ones had not commenced laying, and it was too cold weather. I made some investigations as to how the skillful ones managed to have eggs at such a time. It was usually a flock of poultry where women had the management, and I talked with these skillful women about it. Finally an idea came into my head. A few years ago while visiting friend Boardman at East Townsend, O., he invited me out to visit his hot-beds. This was in the middle of winter ; but when he raised one of the sashes, instead of seeing Grand Rapids lettuce and vegetables I saw some fine-looking chickens scratching and having a fine time there under the glass, even if it was almost zero outside. The fowls could go from the warm house right out under the glass. *If you want to know more about this balanced ra- tion for poultry, address I,. R. Wallace, Middletown, N. Y. 110 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb 1 Now, if you will turn to your ABC book and find the winter view of our own apiary, under the head of " Wintering," you will no- tice a row of hot-beds running from the facto- ry over toward my residence. This row of hot beds is right over the pipe that carries the exhaust steam to warm our house. Over near the evergreens there is a hot-bed 12x28 feet. I raised the sashes on this high enough to stand under, making a close warm north wall. You will notice the apiarist has passageways about 6 feet wide so he can get through the line of hot-beds. In order to let the poultry get from one bed to another I made some un- derground tunnels right beside the exhaust- steam pipe When I told Mrs. Root of my plan she said, " You will never get chickens to go down into burrows under ground in that way. It might do for wild animals." Well, I did have some trouble in educating the biddies ; but after I scattered corn through that tunnel, and then cut off their rations un- til they had to go in there or go hungry, they learned the trick ; and now my Brown Leg- horns will dive down into that underground passage and out at the other side quicker than a wink. In fact, during very severe weather the underground tunnels have become a favor- ite place to scratch in and keep warm. Just as soon as I got the thing rigged, and the fowls had learned how to use it, my pul- lets all began to lay. You see the ground in these tunnels is perfectly dry — not only as dry as dust, but as warm as dry dust baked in an oven. I have talked with several poultry-men about having steam-pipes, or even flues, a foot or more under ground, right under a line of greenhouses. Just common tiles will do, and you can send either exhaust steam or even smoke, on the plan of fire hot-beds described in the tomato book. This will keep the ground dry and warm. You do not need to have a fire in it every day. When the ground is once thoroughly warmed up it keeps nice and dry for several days, especially if protect- ed so that no rain or snow can get on it. Glass sash does this beautifully. I have talk- ed with several poultry-raisers in regard to this method of keeping the ground warm and dry under a range of houses. They all declare it would be tiptop. The only objection is the expense. Well, with the exhaust steam here that is available, there is no expense except the cost of the apparatus ; and with high- priced fowls — that is, where there is a range of houses — the expense of fire enough to warm up the ground under the chickens' feet need not be great. We are told again and again that poultry can not stand dampness ; and that dry earth or dry dust is the best remedy for insect enemies and disease. Dry warm earth to scratch in is the natural thing for chickens ; and a lot of dry leaves scattered right on the dry warm ground seems to be just the thing. Poultry manure is never offensive, and there ntver come any bad smells from it, if it drops into the d>ydtis{. I was particular- ly struck with this in visiting poultry-ranches in Florida. The dry clean sand that covers the ground everywhere seemed to take care of the droppings so they were never offensive to the sight. Well, as soon as I can get a hen to sit I am going to try my hand at raising chick- ens in those dry underground tunnels. As soon as they can run about I think it will be safe to let them take exercise right under those glass sashes, even if it is zero outside of the glass a foot above their backs — that is, when they are alongside of this warm steam- pipe. One of the beds is to be filled with Grand Rapids lettuce. When the chickens are small we will let them run right among the lettuce-plants. I have before remarked I believe it would pay to grow Grand Rapids lettuce just for poultry and nothing else. This winter I propose to make a test of it. If the lettuce brings a big price we will sell it, giving the chickens the refuse. If there should be no great demand for it, then we will turn our lettuce into eggs, just as the farmer turns his corn into pork before he sells it. Now while we are getting eggs all the time as I have described, a larger number of fowls in the poultry-house and in the barn (and this is a y^ood warm place also) did not lay an egg during December or January. But, of course, they do not have the warm underground tun- nel to run into. ®r 5PEC I Ab^N drjcEsVl^ SYRUP-CANS. We are putting in a stock of a carload of cans of ]-qt., 5^-g4c " 85 4 kegs Buckwheat ay.c " 88 6 cases Amber Calif. 7c " 89 73 " Ivight amber California 8'/^c " 90 2 " Buckwheat 7c " 93 2 " Buckwheat 7c " 94 6 " Goldf nrod 7^c " 95 18 " Clover 9c " 96 2 Vbls Ratan vine 7c " 97 19 cases Mesquite and horsemint 7Kc BUSINESS AT THIS DATE. While business was rather quiet through the fall we have had plenty to do siuce Dec. 1, and are alreidy somewhat behind on our caiload .shipments. With the .'■everal cars we are working on as we go to press we have shipped twenty cars of bee-ke^ pers' supplies, a half of them being exported, and the other hal' go- ing in vaiious diiections. We have orders entered for ten cars more, and others expected before these are completed. Mr Danzenbaker has been developing such a trade in his hive that he has thought best to put in a carload of stock in Washington, D. C, where those in the East and South can order of him direct. In thisconnection we might say that the Danzenbaker hive for comb honey is becoming more popular each year, especially in the East. Special Notices by A. 1. Root. WANTED — SWEET-CLOVER SEED. If any of you have any. send us a sample and tell us how much you have and what you want for it. RICE POPCORN, EXTRA FINE. We can furnish a very superior article of rice pop- corn, either for pipping or planting, as vou choose, for 10 cts. per quart, 60 cts. per peck, or S2 25 per bushel. If wanted by mail, add 15 cts. per quart for postage. STRAWBERRY-PLANTS, VEGETABLE PLANTS, ETC. With all the other busine.ss we have on hand at the present time, we are, somewhat re'uct!»ntly obliged to give up dealing in plants. We shrill grow choice strawberries, mainly in order to test new varieties, and may offer them for sale at the proper season in tens and hundreds. Forany larger quantity, we take pleasure in referring you to Flansburgh & Peirson. of Leslie, Mich. We have just printed for them 15,000 very pretty catalogs of .strRwberry-plants, seed pota- toes, etc. Better send for their catalog, anyhow ; and if you send them an order I am sure they will give satisfaction. We h^ve never received any nicer plants than those we had fiom the above firm. ADVANCE IN THE PRICE OF CLOVERS. All of the clovers except white — namely, alsike, al- falfa, white Dutch, mediiim, peavine, or matnmoth, are worth now, bushel, S8.00; half bushel. S4.2.5; peck, $2.25 : 1 lb., 20 cents ; 1 pound by mail, 30 cents. The above prices take the place of all other previous quo- tations; and we can not guarantee them except for immediate orders as soon as this reaches you. Prices are going up so rapidly it is almost impossible to guar- antee quotations one day ahead. Ni w, then, this is rather bad for the p^ ople who are obliged to buy; but it offers a splendid chance for those who are prepared to grow clover sec'l. If farmers u.-^ed to make a fair living at three or four dollars a bu^-hel, what should they be able to do at present prices? STODDARD'S NEW EGG-FARM. The above book seems to be getting your humble servant into trouble. While many who have purchas- ed it report that, all together, they think it worth what it C( st, there are quite a good many who rather lost confidence in A. I. Root when they came to see the book he gave such a trf mendous recommend. Well, friends I first wish to humbly beg pardon. Isuppo.'ed that such a plant for growing chickens by machinery was in actual operation ; but since I have not found it, all you who did not get the worth of your money mav mail th- book back and I will extend Gleanings to the amount you paid for it, and after this 1 will go slower in recommending nice chicken-books, even if they are full of pictures. THE PLANET JR. CATAXOG FOR 1901. It seems to me that every one engaged in market- gaidening, etc., should send for one of these catalogs, just to look at the pictures. The photos of the grounds of successful high-pressure gardeners ought to be woith a great deal in the way of an object-lesson for one to look at. It shows what crops are possible, and also shows the importance of getting your ground in excellent condition. It gives you glimpses of succe.ssful work that you might have to travel a thousand miles or more to see otherwise, describing all the latest improved tools for both man and horse power. We can furnish you the catalog on applica- tion, and we can also furnish the tools described in it. As a work of art this new catalog is a gem. It contains halftone pictures of 28 different farms and gardens to illustrate how these tools are used on growing crops. See advertisement of S. I,. Allen & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., on page 117. THE AMERICAN COFFEE-BERRY, OR EARLY SOJA BEAN. We have received two communications recently in regard to the value of the abnve for food. On page 1.57, 19('0. Mrs. Axtell says : " We like them very much; we like the taste of them, and then they are so bene- ficial to our health. They seem to be nutritious and very laxative. Until u'ing them Mr. A. had to use cathartics every day ; now, scarcely ever." Now, this is an important matter where wholesome food can be made to take the place of medicines. In our next we will give a report of where eight bushels of mature beans were grown on \i acre, on poor soil in our neighborhood, and that with ordinary culture. We have secured the crop and offer it for sale as fol'ows : Pint. 10 cts.; quart, 15; ptck, 75; bushel, 82..50 If wanted by mail, add 15 cts. per quart for po'itage. R* member, these beans are just as good for coffee as they ever were. Mrs. Axtel suggests usirg a fourth of real coffee; then you have the coffee taste together with the nou' ishing properties of the soja bean. Our experiment stations tell us there is scarcely any thing grown with the amount of nutrition in so .small a compass as the soja-bean. The crop we offer for sale was planted May 15, and the beans were matured and harvested Sept 5 Soja beans, same as above, only longer in maturing, peck, 60c ; bushel, $2.00. OFF FOR FLORIDA. Providence permitting, I expr ct to leave home Feb. 4, to be gone until about M-rchl. Will the friends who usually correspond with me direct in regard to gardening, fruit, etc., please bear this in mind? CONVENTION NOTICE. The Wisconsin State Bee keepers' Association will hold its 17ih annual convention at the State Capitol, Madison. Wis., Feb. .5th and 0th. E. R. Root, editor of Gleanings in Bee Culture, will present his stereopticon views on the evt ning of Feb- ruary 5th These we know to be highly entertaining as well as instructive, and to be appreciated they must be seen. Since Mr. Root presented these at the Na- 112 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb 1 tional Convention he has obtained many new slides which will prove to be instructive and interesting to fruit-g'owers as well as to bee-keepers. G. W. York, editor of An:e>ican Bee Journal, and so well and favorably' known to many of the Wisconsin bee-keepers, will also be present. A general discussion will follow each topic, and a free use of question-box and answers will be a promi- nent and valuable feature. Excur^ion rates, within 200 miles of Madi?on, one and one-third fare for round tiip, ticket purchased February 4, 5, or 6 good to February 9. Tickets in Wisconsin, over 200 miles from Madison, same rate if purchased February 4, good to February 9. N. E. France, Pres. Ada Iv. PicKARD. Sec'y, Richland Center, Wis. WHEELS FARM WAGONS any size wanted, any width of tire. Hubs to fit any axle. No blarkNniith'8bill!!« to pay. No tires to reset. Fit your old wagon with low steel wheels with wide 4 tires at low price. Our catalogue tells you how to do it. Address EMPIRE MFG. CO., Quincy, III. F^ C I I -^ splendid little fruit and bee- pQp 03lC ' farm, in the midst of about half * a dozen of the finest summer resorts in Northern Michigan, will be sold at less than one-half its value. Farm contains 16 acres with 1.500 choice fruit-trees, nearly all in bearing. 5 to 7 years old, consisting of 300 cherry (mostly sweet), 250 pear, 250 peach, 300 plum, and 400 apple trees, all of them of the most profitable varieties. Also i% acres in straw- berries, 2 acres in raspberries 3 acres in clover, and the rest under cultivation for gardening purposes. The soil of the best; 3'/^ miles from Traverse City (a town of about 12,000 inhabitants, at the ht-ad of Grand Traverse Bay, with the largest .State buildings in the State), 40 rods from a go id school, and good graveled roads all over this part of the country; markets good, climate healthy. The buildings all new, and well built and finished, consisting of house with 7 rooms, upright 16x24. 1^-story, with good cellar, stone wall, full size of this part of house; wing part one-story, dining-room, kitchen and wood-shed 16\36 with soft water in the kitchen. Birn, 16-foot posts, 30x32; hen- house. 12-foot posts, 12x24 All buildings on stone foundation Plenty of good water. Terms: J3000 ; 81000 down, balance to suit purchaser. Will al-so sell all of my personals, among them 40 colonies of Italian bees in chaff hives; team of horses, cow, one spring and one lumber wasou. and all other farming tools. Address J. P. Berg, Box 8, Traverse City Mich. Strawberrv-plants. lave a large supply of L,ady Thompson, Excelsior, Crescent plants. A limited supply of Bismarck, e. Barton's Eclipse. Brunette. Gertrude, Brandy- I ha Clyde, Barton's Eclipse. Brunette. Gertrude, Brandy- wine, Wm. Belt, Biibach, Haverland. Gandy, and Warfield, 12.00 per 1000, f. o. b. here, or 70 cts. per 100, postpaid. Satisfaction guaranteed. J. P. LEA, Fayetteville, Arkansas. T T HONEY QUEENS I have lliem. as daily letters te-tify. Recent conclu- sions force the belie? that the leather-colored strain of three-banders excels in honey-gathering. If you want Goldens my .strain takes the lead ot all others, and I have tried them all; 2.50 colonies for honey, and 200 strong nuclei that will winter over. I am prepared to send you a queen anv day vou mav order. Tested or untested queens, Sl'OO. Leather 'breeders, S2 50. Owing to increa.sed demand straight .5-band breeders are 55.00 each. W. H. LAWS, Beeville, Texas. SPRAYING FRUIT-TREES. The question of spraying fruit-trees to prevent the depredations of insect pests and fungus diseases is no longer an experiment hut a necessity. Our reaueis will do well to wiuc vv lu. aianl. Ouincy, 111., and get his catalog describing twenty-one styles of Spraying Outfits and full treatise on spraying the different fruit and vegetable crops, which contains much valuable information, and may be had fori the asking. PRICE OF Lone Star Queens AFTER APRIL IST. 1 tested queen _8l 50 3 tested queens 3 75 1 untested queen.. 75 y 3 untested queens 2 00 -. We have both the — golden and leather ^^~~~ color from imported "5«'r. mothers at same price. Agent for Root's goods. G F. DAVIDSON, Fairview, Wilson Co.. Texas. Italian OiK^anc for early shipment from the llctliail yUCClia South; are reared in full colo- ties by the best methods krown to queen-breeders. Spring prices — full colonies, SB. 00: two frame nucleus without queen, 81.50; three -frame nucleus without queen, $2.00. Add price of queen wanted to price of nucleus. Te.sted queen. $2 00 ; untested, SI. 00 ; six for So 00; 12 for S9 00. Liberal discounts on large orders. Combs built on full sheets of foundation in wired Hoffmnn frames. Shipments to the North by New Yoik, Baltimore, Philadelphia, or Boston steamer via Savannah, Ga. CHRIST! AN & HALL, Meldrim, Ga. READY FOR I90I. We are agiin ready to furnish our superior strains of Bees and Queens for 1901. We have the best stock of bees that money and skill can procure, as our nu- merous testimonials prove. We guarantee satisfaction. Let us have your orders. Wfc WANT your name and address for our circular giving valuable informa- tion, also descripton and p'ices of queens. We have 800 queens wintered over for spring orders, among them 50 fine Golden breeders. Prices, either Golden, 3-banders, or Holy Lands. Untested— June, Julv, Aug.. and Sept.— 1 75c; 6, 94.25. Untested— all other months— 1, 81 00; 6. 85 00. Tested, ■ 1. $1.25; 6, $6.75. Sel. Tested, each. 82 00. Breeders, 83 00 and 85,00 each. Discount in quantities, and pre- miums given away to our customers. Address O. p. HYDE &, SON, Hutto, Texas. All This 100 sheets paper, ruled, 100 envelopes. No. 6, Nice Print- [ lOO neat card; ing only $1. SENT POSTPAID BY EARl.V M.\IL. LITHO FEINT, Box 5, Swarthmore, Penn. E. L. Pratt. In writing advertisers mention Gleanings. 19U1 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 113 Wants and Exchange. Notices will be inserted under this bead at 10c per line. You must SAT you want your ad. in this department, or we will not he responsible for any error. You can have tlic notice AS many lines as you please; but all over ten lines will cost you acconlinn to our re^rular rates. We cannot be responsible for dissatisfaction arising from these "swaps." Y^ANTED. — To exchange buckwheat extracted ' ' honey as cash, for 2d hand hives — Simplicity or 10 frame only. Have your neighbors got any, or store combs? W. Z,. Coggshall, West rGroton, Tompkins Co., N Y. VVANTED — A position with a good bee-keeper, or "' will t-ike entile charge for you ; 15 years' experi- ence. Good reference to give. J. E. Henderson, Elm Grove, Ohio Co., W. Va. \VANTED. — A competent man to take charge of '" four or five hundred colonies. To the light man a good proposition will be made. Write, stating amount of experience, age, etc. I. A. King, Almond, San Diego Co., Cal. Y^ANTED. — Two or three apiaries for cash ; located '' in Colorado ; write full particulars ; first letters and lowest cash price; comb honey preferred. Thos. C. Stanley & Son, Fairfield, 111. IVANTED. — To exchange modern firearms for old '~ flint-lock guns, and old antique dishes. Address 216 Court St., Reading. Pa. Y^ANTED. — A refined girl or widow woman, a s house- '' keeper in small family, one interested in bee- keeping preferred. Addr» ss Elias Fox, HilLsboro, Wis. Y^ANTED. — Business. Could act as agent, local or '" traveling, prefer local ; must furnish good clear references ; would like a little hustle to it. Write, stating terms, and get references to A. R. Bodge, Dexter, Maine. Y^ANTED. — A number of good strong colonies of '• Italian bees with good quantity of stores and young queens, in healthy condition, for spring deliv- ery. Hoffman frames in 8 or 10 frame I,, or Danz. hives preferred. W. Hahman, box 3, Altoona, Pa. Y^ ANTED. — To exchange 25 or 30 new 8-frame hives ' — nrver used — with Hoffman frames and division- boards, for any kind of bees. Correspondence re- que.>.ted. F. L. Rehn, Collingdale, Del. Co.. Pa. W YL/ ANTED. — Man about 25 or 30 years of age, for '' ranch Must be a good hand with team. Steady work to a good man. P. Clegg, New Wind.'or, Col. /ANTED.— To exchange .50,000 No. 1 polished sec- tions, for beeswax. W. H. Norton, Skowhegan, Me. ANTED. — To buy an apiary in Colorado or Arizo- na. B. Howard, Hayt's Corners, N. Y. Y^ ANTED. — To es change Btlgian haie-. for any '' thing useful to an apiarist. Good healthy st'^ck; good color. Domestic, $1.50 per pair ; pedigreed, $3 to $5 per pair. Ralph P. Daly, L,ockport, N. Y. w Low Rates West and Northwest. On February 12th and on each Tuesday until April oOth, the Chicago. Milwaukee & SI. Paul Rail- way will sell one-way second-class tickets at the fol- lowing v^ry low rates : To Montana points, - - - S25 00 To North Pacific Coast points, - - 30 00 To California, - - - - 30 00 These t ckets will be good on all trains, and pur- chasers will have choice of six routes and eight trains via St. Paul, and two routes and three trains via Mis- souri River each Tuesday. The route of the famous Pioneer Limited trains and the U. S. Government Fast Mail trains. All ticket Agents sell tickets via the Chicago, Mil- waukee & St. Paul Railwaj', or for further informa- tion address F. A. Miller, General Passenger Agent, Old Colony Building, Chicago. WHERE TO LOCATE? Why, in the Territory Traversed by the Louisville & Nashville RAILROAD. THE Great Central Southern Trunkline KENTUCKY. "^ TENNESSEE, ALABAIVIA, MISSISSIPPI, FLORIDA. WHERE Farmers, Fruit-growers, Stock-raisers, Manufacturers, Investors, Speculators, and Money Lenders will find the greatest chances in the United States to make "big money" by reason of the abundance and cheapness of Land and Farms, Timber and Stone, Iron and Coal, Labor- -Everything. Free sites, financial assistance, and freedom from taxation for the manufacturer. Land and farms at SI 00 per acre and upwards, and 500,000 acres in West Florida that can be taken gratis under D. S. homestead laws. Stockraisitig in the Gulf Coast District will make enormous profits. Halt fare excursions the first and third Tuesdays of each month. Let us ktiow what you want, and we will tell you how to get it — but don't delay, as the country is filling up rapidly. Printed matter, maps, and all information free. Address R. J. WEMYSS, Cen'l immigration and Industrial Ag't, LOUISVILLE, Ky. Mr. A. I. Roofs Writings of Grand Traverse territory and Lee- lanau County are descriptive of Mich- igan's most beautiful section reached most conveniently via the .... Pere Marquette R. R. For particulars address W. C. Tousey, D. P. A., Toledo, Ohio. Career and Character of Abraham Lincoln. An address by Joseph Choate, Ambassador to Great Britain, on the carte and character of Abraham Lin- coln— his early life — his early struggles with the world — his character as developed in the later years of his life and his administration, which placed his name so high on the world's loll of hone r and fame, has been published by the Chicago, Milwaukee & St Paul Rail- way, and may be had by sending six (6) cents in post- age to F. A. Miller, General Passenger Agent, Chica- go, 111. 114 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb 1 New Smith Premiers Nos, 5^n±6, The No. 6 takes paper 18J^ inches wide and writes lines 16 inches long. The No. 5 takes paper 1 1 inches wide and writes lines Sj/g inches long. These new machines in essential mechanical principles are the same as Models Nos. 2, 3 and 4 — un- equaled. Write for Printed Matter Free. ^gypemnter Co- 158 Prospect Street, Cieveland, Ohio. Bi9[gest, Brightest, Best— Ths Ohio Farmer, = — Only 60 Cts. a Year.=Cleveland, 0,=A 20-page Weekly,™ There is no other weekly farm paper published that has as large an actual list of paid-in- advance subscribers as THE OHIO FARMER has. Farmers read it aud pay for it because it is clean, reliable, practical, and progressive. It is a 20-page weekly (often 24 pages) with the largest staff of editors and correspondents (all farmers) of any farm paper published ; liber- ally illustrated every issue. Our subscription price is only 60 cents a year (52 copies), making it the cheapest, as well as the best, in America. We furnish free sample copies on request, also our illustrated premium list of useful articles, which we furnish at wholesale prices, or give free for clubs of subscribers. Send for these and clubbing rates with other papers, all at cost price. ^ ^ Our ^ J- Special Offer! For only $1.10 we will send The Ohio Farmer and Glean- ings in Bee Culture both one full year. Gleanings in Bee Culture costs you $1.00, and you can get The Ohio Farmer one year by adding 10 cents. Subscriptions may be either new or renewal. Send all orders to THE OHIO FARMER, - - - CLEVELAND, OHIO. with onr new patent Kerosene Sprayers^ ' is .simple Lidei-,!. Kt-rosene emulsion made while pumpiug. 12 varieties sprayers, Bordeaux and ^>^morel Nozzles, the "World's Best." ' THB DEMING CO., SALEM, 0. Western Agents, Henion& Hubbell. Chicago. Catalogue and formulas free. If You Raise Sheep vnu need the great semi-monthly W ool Markets and Sheep, ncvoted to the breedmg and care of sheep and the market- ing ot wool. It helps yon make money. 50 cents a year, including liberal prem- ium We want agents for publica- lirnsanduse ul novelties. Sampleafree. Draper Tub. ii bui>plf Co., Chicago, III. I50VARIETIES. 1 1 breed tine poultry on one of the best equipped poultry f.armsir the world. Sen.. 8c in slan.ps for new 1901 Book, telling all about 50 varieties, with special prictson fowls andeggs. B. H. CREIDER, Florin, Pa. In writing to advertisers, mention Gleanings. Afflerican Gardening 10 Sample Copies, separate issues. 10 cents. Published at ISO Liherty Street, New York. 64 pages, illust'd, with 3 mos. trial subscrip- tion to our paper, 10 cts. Inland Poultry Journal, Indianapolis, Ind. POULTRY-BOOK FREE. A BASKET FULL OF EGGS by usinj,' Ley'> I-'iiiiltrv Coiiilitiun Powders. Puts all fowls in a noimal condition; ilestrovs all di^-eas" ffeiins; purities tlie blood; is a tonic and nutrient P. ice 25 cts. a pic. ; 6 for *1 00. Lev's TliorouKlibred Minorca's Essrs. »1 00 for 13. .Also Tlior- ouglibred Belgian Haie.s. Ceo. J. Ley, Plorence, Cat. CRU5HED OYSTER SHELLS for poultrv ; 100 lb.?., 60 cts.; 200 lbs, «1. 00 WISE & CO., Wholesale Grocers, Butler, Ohio. P^|. Calp A fiuit and sugar-beet farm, 24^ acres, rui ocliCa six acres fruit, six-nomed brick house, 60 rods from central school, posloffice, and store ; S% miles from Spritigville. I,ocated in center of large alfalfa district. For further particulars, addre.ss W. A. Warthen, Springville, Utah. 1200 FERRETS. All sizes; some trained; first- class stock. New price list free. N. A. Knapp, Rochester, Lorain Co., Ohio. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CFLTURE. 115 $18 Guaranteed for 10 Years. Frgt. Prepaid and Money Back if not Satisfactory. » Send us 818.00 and we will send you one of our NEW IMPROVED OHIO FARMER HIGH-ARM SEWING- MACHINES, freight prtpaid Use it for all kinds of work, and if not satisfactory you can return it in 90 days and we will refund your money and pay freight both ways. All Guaranteed New Machines. Self-setting needle ; automatic bobbin-winder, with oak or walnut woodwork; new bent wood top; seven long skeleton drawers. Full and complete set of at- tachments and illustrated instruction book sent with each machine. Every machine we send out guaran- teed to give ENTIRE SATISFACTION OR MONEY RE- FUNDED. We can furni-h repairs or needles at any time. Remit by postoflfice order, registered letter, New York draft, or expre>is. If you want the BEST sewing-machine made in the world at the LOIVEST PRICE &\^r offered, send us your order. Drop Head, $20.00. This is the same machine, except the cabinet, which is made so that head drops out of sight when not in use. Four drawers. Freight prepaid. With same attachments as the 818.00 machine. Our No. 2 Machines. Have old-style top tension instead of the new side tension furnished on the others. Not quite as much work on them as the others, which accounts for the lower price ; but we guarantee them for the same time, futni!5h same attachments, and prepay freight. High Arm No. 2. 5 Drawers, Only $15.00. Drop Head No. 2, 4 Drawers. Only $16.50. Send for our new illustrated catalog. Address The Ohio Farmer, Ckveland, Ohio Note. — We have known the publishers of the Ohio Farmer for many years. They are entirely responsi- ble, and will fully make good their agreements. The A. I. Root Company. The Modern Farmer and Bnsy Bee. Emerson Taylor Abbott. Editor. A live, up-to-date Farm Journal with a Gen- eral Farm Department, Dairy, Horticulture, Live-stock, Poultry, Bees, Home and General News. The Editor has had practical experi- ence in every department of farm work. To introduce the paper, it will be sent to New subscribers one year for 25c. Sample copies free. Best Advertising Medium in the Central West. Clubbed with Gleanings for $1,00. ADDRESS Modern Farmer, St. Joseph, Mo. No IVIoney in Advance Our elejraut New Jewel Droii- ^liead hewiiij^ Jlacliine pi>sset.s- "" II. g all the latest iinprove- nieiits, hif;h quality and thor- ough w,)r.,mansliip. Shipped directat $12.o0,the lowest pi ice ever known. 30 days' free trial. Money refunded if notasrejiresent- ed. Guaranteed 20 years. All nt tnchments free. 125.000 sold. ♦ 4«.«0 Arlington for.. ..ijil 4..-.0 Hir.o.oo " " ....*i?.oo iil(>0.«)0 Ronwond "... .1*31.50 Otiitr Mac'hlneo at *8.0<). iJitt.OO aiiiii,'ht pattern, with engine attathed to boilers. Being- very simple and direct in construc- tion they are economic of fuel kand g^reat developers of Ipower. Best for outtine and rtiri tiding feed, saniiig wood, pumping water, »>epuruting cream, churninir. Ae. Made of the best material throuL'-hout they are durable and lon^ lived. I Send stamp for our Book on Engines and Power. JAME8 LEVFKL. & CO., Bos 89, Springfield, ik PLANERS The above cut shows one of our small Planers, of which we make twelve differentstyles and sizes. Also large Planers, Band Saws, Buzz Planers, Moulders, Wood Lathes, and all kinds of WOOD WORKING MACHINERY Send for Catalogue. The FRANK MACHINERY CO. BUFFALO. N. Y. Union Combination Saw F;r Ripping, Cross- cutting, Rabbeting, Mitering, Grooving, Gaining, Boring, Scroll- sawing, Edge-tnonlding. Beadins:. Full line FOOT and EAHD POWEE machin- ery. .Send for catalog A. SENEGA FALLS MFG. 00. <4 Water St.. Seneca Fs., N. 1, In writing mention Gleanings. 116 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb 1 ■nnuiouuiuuiiiinaiuiiuuuiiiiiuiinininiuiiiiiiiuuusnuunniiiiinniiiniiiiuiiiiiininiii DEAL DIRECT with the Makers. When you buy a carriage, bnggy orlarness. Choose from the biggest stock and fullest a,ssortment, and pay ODly the cost of making, with but one moderate profit added. Our plan of selling direct from the factory insures satisfaction —your money back if you're dissatisfied with your purchase— and enables you to gg^g tp,g dealer's profit. Our complete illustrated catalogue, showing many styles of high grade vehicles, harness, robes, blankets and horse equipments, with detailed de- scriptions of each, mailed free. Write for it and learo how cheaply you can buy when the jobber's and dealer's profits are cut off. No 2W ^inale Stran THE COLUMBUS CARRIAGE AND HARNESS CO., Box 772, Columbus. 0. Buggy Harness. Price 87 95. No. 3034 Buggy. Price $38.30 with leather quarter top. YOUR MONEY'S WORTH. You have a right to expect that, because you are mtitled to it. To meet this condition is our aim and has been so lur tlit ~s j ears we lia\ e been in this business. To do this we sell all goodsdirectlromour factory tothe con-1 siimer at \vliolesalc pricec. The advantatres ot tkis plan are many and obvious. This plan hab built us up until ive are now the larjrest manulacturersof vehicles and hnriicss in the world selling to coii-^ Hiimer'* exclusively. We make I'SstylesL of vehicles and 65 styles of harness, The\ buyer takes no risk on our plan as we ship our goods anywhere for examination and guarantee safe arrival. 3 Send at once for a copy of our larg "illustrated catalogue— FKEE. Elkhart Carriage A Harness Manfg, Comg Bkhari Indiana^ No. 81 6 —Canopy Top. Two. sprin^Carriage with side curtain^ Btorm apron, sun shade, lamps, fenders, p^le or shafts, $65, Same as sells for $35 to $50 more. Makes The lawn Beautiful. HARTMAN STEEL ROD LAWN FENCE adds to the attractiveness and value of the home. Strong and durable; keeps out everj'thin? but the sun- -hine. Unequaled for School Lawns, Church Enclosuies, Parka, Cemeteiies, Private Lots, etc. Cntalogue free. MARTMAN M'F'Q CO.. BOX 80 ELLWOOD CITY. PA. OrKooni -iii. &Ui) liruadwuy. i\ew \ ork Lily. HORSE- HIGHi ... BULL-STROMO ... With our Duplex Automatic Hall bearing Woven Wire Fence Machine, any farmer can make 100 Styles, and from SO to TO rods a day of the best and most practi- cal fence on earth at a cost for the Wire to make it of from 20 to 30c. per rod We sell Ornamental Fence and Gates, Farm Fence and Gates, Plain, Barbell and Coiled Spring Wire diiect to the farmerat wlu.le- sale jjriees. Catalogue free. HITSELMAM BROS. Box D31. Muncie, Ind. Belgian Hares I have some fine hares for sale at rtasonable prices. J. F. Moore, : Tiffin, Ohio. Take a Short Cuf . . It li.-ui II.,- iiiaiiiiiauiuieis. ^ave retailer'!, large prutit. We make fctrui.g. iun-l\ Hii- yished. reliable VEHICLES. ^^11 AK.VESS and SADDLES. C-'Jifr?/f?5^i'/l^^A'^^\/^"^''^ ''1"'^ *^''"t stand hard V)0/^r\\/ K./V'Or \y I'-^ein all sons of we.-ither. ^-NC I \^ ^— ^.\TERI.\I S, STYLES and WORKIIA.VSIIIP. SATISFACTION GUARANTEED. We ship C. O. 1). f.nexaiiiinatioii YtX TAKE No RISK. $4.j Top Busey, #2».T.=>|*1H Double Farm Harness # IS. 00 $f>f) Surrey, ' #4i..50 .*'-*.i " " " #16.85 Road Tarls, l«l9.00 and iM..lsi„cle Rqcsv Harness, i»4.2."> A up. .fi.-.OSniiii- «:i!.-oii i<:{t>..%() Neil I alal.KU.' ,it l.sliiiuiniiils free. Ail it Ti ilhlH P. H; CASH BUYERS' UNION,lS8W.VanBurenSt.B-345,Chicago Improved Ohio Farmer REPAIR OUTFIT- Our Price Only $1.65. We have examined sam- ples from all manufactur- ers, and believe this is the very best repair outfit on the market ; easily worth SI more than those offered by stores and other papers. It contains -18 articles, all full size and first class, and we iHdgpK^ Eil 111 guarantee satisfaction or H ^*^— [T.rt^ ji ^'" refund money. Half- 11 ^■^^^Cj soles alone are worth 50c, M ^^^'j 1 s JL and are not included in M !'*■« IC^Aa other outfits. It will soon pay for itself in repairing boots, shoes, rubbers, har- ness, and tin w^"! re. Repair Outfit with Ohio Farmer one year for only 82.15, or the Complete Out- fit free for a chib of 10 sub- scriptions to the Oh o Farmer. By freight. Send for our illustrated premium list, giving whole- sale prices on watches, sewing-machines, knives, and lots of other useful articles. Mention this paper. In writing adverti: ers please mention Gleanings. The Ohio Farmer, : Cleveland, Ohio. 19U1 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURF. 117 SEED SS. FREE To L'et new custon ,r< to lc>t my >fO«U. 1 will miil my 1901 catalogue, tilled «iih more ltari;uiii!t timu ever aod a IVeI>ue Bill good lor 10c worth 'oveltic8 at lowest prices. Otiisens:, the great money making plant. Giant I*rlze 'l*o« niirtoen, 2to t tie f-oot, Pan Aniorioaii OatA, sen tout free to farmeis, and two Free Passes to Pan American Expo- sition, Buffalo, N. Y. are offered. $2,G;)r> 00 n caBh preminms. Don't trive your order until you see this new catalogue, Tou'll be .Surprised at mv bartriin offers. Send posta j for catalogue to-day. It is FKF.R to all. Tell your friends to send too. t, B. MILLS, Box lOS.KasehiU, OoondagaCo.,!!!. T. Apple, Standard and Dwarf Pear,Cherry, Peach and Plum trees. Japan Plums a specialty. Save half yourmoney by buy- direct of producer. Our free cata- logue of fruit or ornamental trees will tell you how and why. Let us price your list of wants, vill mail two plants of r lied Cross Currant. .'^ OltEEN'S NTRSERY CO., .iM Kochester, N. Y. , '■''illlll ii;luri^iiuiiliuiiiib.ii,,>.___.___.......ii.«i»i>w''i»ii>wi>°ul<™uii<''i ForlOc; Pat's Choice— Late— Introduced in 1'. (lO. Heavi- est yielder— Handsomest — Best qii.T 1 i t v . V iirorosa— Me lium early— Introduced in 18'.I7- Most profitable. Outyields any other e.irlv- Pinirree— Extra early -Introduced in 1899.— Smooth, Handsome, Prolific. All other leading varieties — Fine stock, low prices. Catalog free, shows full line. Alsotifl.l an.! -arden seeds, --end to-day. L. L. OLDS, Drawer H, Clinton, Wis. Ancmi*!! finnia. Handsome pets; profitable /\Uj^Uia VJUaia. stock. Large new circular for stamp. EDW. W. COLE & CO.. Kenton, Ohio. THE FASHION FLOWER OF THE DAY Is the beautiful sweet pea. Becognizing the popularity of tliis garden favorite, we ofler lor 1901 five new and hauUsonie sorts, lor 6 2-cent stamps, together with a copy of our new seed book, the most nioiiern catalogue of modern times. It is so costly a jiroduction we cannot afford to tcratuitously distribute it. (Postage alone is.:- cents.) We seiid it postpaid for 10 cents, to- gether with one packet of each of these : 5 Grand New Sweet Peas. Navy Blue. The best to date. - ig beauty. | | separate packets. ONLY lOc. Tr(77i ovr new seed bnok free. Features of our new catalogue for 1901 are 136 pages (9)20 square inches of reading and illiistrat- ions) 7 handsome colored plates. A list of novel- ties in vegetable, farm and Ilovver seeds to Le had nowhere else this year, 3.5 new sorts now offered for the first liiuc. and a complete list of standard seeds, bulbs, j Innts, fruits, etc.. Other features, full cultural directions and many cash prizes. If you want an up-to-date garden and the best you ever had you must plant Jfaule's Seeds. Send 10 cents for catalogue and these new sweet peas to-day. Address, WM. HENRY MAULE, 171 1 Filbert Street, Philadelphia. FERRY'S ' ^ .d^^i^r know what you're planting when you plant Ferry's Seeds. If you buy cheap seeds you can't be sure. Take no chances — get Ferry's. Dealers every- where sell them. Write for 1901 Seed Annual- mailed free. D. M. FERRY & CO.. Detroit, Mich. Easy and Profitable Gardening. The thoughts of back-breaking, hand hoeing and weeding prevents many a man from making mouey out of a garden. The easier, surer and better way is to use one of our 'Planet Jr."Donble » lieel lioeo. They cultivate perfectly all garden crops, astride or betwe( n the rows. Throw the dirt to or from the row; cultivate the middles; breakup the crust and level the surface. They plow, turnmg lurrow eitlierricrlit or left, bill up and furrow out. Have attachments for all this work. Adjiistabletoany width of row. Strong, durable and last- ing. Kvery allaohnient of best hardened polished steel. Then, too, they are so easy to handle ; children use them leaiUly. Our 1901 Catalogue (edition 350,000) illustrates and fully describes these and our full line of '"I'l met Jr." Hill and Drill Seeders. Wheel Hoes, Horse Hoes, Cultivators, Two-Horse Cultivators, Sugar Beet Seedei 3 and Cultivators, etc. Prices greatly reduced for 1901. But send and get a free copy of the catalogue and learn all about "Planet Jr»." and how they are u.-ed at home and in foreign countries. S. L. ALLEN & CO., BOX 710 H, PHILADELPHL\, PA. Two Gold Medals at Paris Exposition; Highest Aicard. lu writing adverliser.s please mention Gleanings. 118 GLEANINGS IN BEE CILTURE Feb 1 STRAWBERRIES oo Varieties. ROUGH RIDER. SEN. DUNLAP, _ an i other ^^^ CUMBERLAND RASPBERRY, KINO OF MICHIGAN POTATO. HEADQUARTERS KOR HIGH GRADE Plants and Seed Potatoes^ Descriptive Catalo^^ue Free to All. FLANSBURGH & PEIRSON, Leslie, Mich. lES/p .^LANS ■^ P" tk ^^ ^Jl Grand lot of trees, free from borers, aphis, ocale, yellows, m^ Ci fTL TL-f n ®'''^- Ltirge stock of Pear, Plum, Cherry, Apple, CliiincCt ^MKHHi^^niH^^B etc. liumense supply of small fruits. Headquarters for Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Plants, Bulbs, Seeds. 40 acres hardy Rosea, 44 greenhouses of Palme, Ferns, Ficus, Rosesi Geraniums, etc. Slail size postpaid. Direct deal will save you money. Try us- Elefrant catalogue free, -it "I'ears. H»«0 Acre*. THE STORRS & HARRISON CO.. Box 224 Painesvilte, O. SEED-SENSE FOR 1901 is mailed FREE to all. A Bright Business Catalogue of ninety pages that tells plain truth about BEST SEEDS that Grow. Write a postal card to«day, or send ten cents (stamps or silver) for BURPEE'S Quarter-Century Farm annual,— a New Book 01220 pages fully worth a dollar. W. ATLEE BURPEE & CO., PHILADELPHIA, PA. SEEDS BUCKBEE'S SEEDS SUCCEED I SPECIALToFFER: Made to Build Xew Business. A trial will make youourpermaueiit customer. DflTO ffxIlArfinn Kiidish, it varieties; Lottiice, 12 Turnip, 7 si.l.'nli'l ; Onion, 8 best v.irieties — o5 varieties in all. OlAKANTEKD TO PLEASE. Write to-day; Mention this PapePm SEND lO CENTS to cover postage and paokino; and receive this valuable collection of Seeds |>ostpuid, tojrether with my new LlnstiMietive, Beautiful Seed aud Plant Book, tells all about the Best varieties of Seeds, Plants, etc. H.W.Buckbes HAMBMOMD'S Mammoth Tomato. Michifjraii tomato seed is best on earth. Ilum- niond's Mammoth made a specimen last year weighing 5-3^ lbs. Largest tomato that grows. Ham- mond's ICurliestTonvsitoou Fart ii has eclipsed all 1 others in earliness. Hammond's Great 1 all Tree, HammonJ's l»warf Tree, Hammond's (Golden Beauty, and Hammond's I'rolilie Bush are novel- tiesof wonderful merit. Handsome illustrated cat- alog of Tomatoes. $1000 in prizes for 1901, and all 'leading varieties of Potatoes, Field, Flowerand ' ^Vegetable Seeds mailed FBEE on request. HARRY N. HAMMOND SEED CO. Box 69, Bay City, Micb. s^o: SMMSbim WILL MAKE YOU BROMUS INERMIS Greatest Permanent Grass of the Century. Nothing like it on earth to-day that we kn-nv of and we have .scoured the world over to find its equal. Grows where all others kill and burn up from excessive heat and lack of suaicient moisture. Grows where all others winter kill' and freeze ont 3 to 7 tons of magnificent hav per acre and lots of pas- turage besides. $1.20 and up a Barrel. Largest potato and vegetable g r o w c r s . Choicest, rarest, heavi. est yielding stock. CatalojTue Tells. For 1 0 Cents and this Notice our big catalogue will be mailed you free to- gether with 10 sample packages if the So" bu. Si>tltz Wonder, tne 40c Spriiis AVIicjit, the Billion l>oll. r Grass with its 12 tons of hay per acre, tne Peaoat— a startling food, the Victoria JJape Marvil, the astonishing ^50 bushel per acre, Outs, etc. Jn al!. 10 packages fully worth $10 to get a start for lOe in stamps. Send to-day o J0HNA.5AtZER5EEDC0 LACR055E , WI5 ■ ■■an- LOTS OF EGGS lilt lit fep. ling 4;reen Cut Bon lit it fast, fine :iiiy:iie is FltKE. We i.ou'l ask vou to pay for it. IsnHitwor h esamii u'^l SURE HATC^ INCUBATOR COMPANY, CLAY CENTER, NEBRASKA. PRflCTICaL POULTRY BOOKggl!?g if! cubation to market isour 20th CENTURY CATALOCUE. It win teach you J---,'! from the practical experii-n.-H ,.1 ctlurs wh.u it would take you teu y.-iis to learn. AmoDgother jig; ^— 'J ithings it tells about the latest im|iiovemeuts la the world famous lleliable liicubiitorH ^^ T^^aud Brooders. Sent for 10c to pay postage. Reliable Inc. & Brtir.Co.Box B-49 Quiiicy,Ill.»S^l" BIDDIEStBEES. MAKE THEM BOTH PAY. 50-egg Bantam. Self regulating. Holds 50 ordinary - size esrgs. No sitting up nights. 20 min- utes' attention in twenty-four hours will operate it. Sold on 30 Days' Trial for $5.00 Over 15 000 in use, and thousands hatching 50 chicks from 50 eggs. You can do as well. Ei- ther hot water or hot-air heating. We have a brooder to go with it for $3.00. Our c talog of valuable information, and describing incuba- tors and brooders of all sizes and prices — all on trial— sent for the asking if you mention this paper. Buckeye Incubator Co., Springfield, Ohio. Satisfaction pruaranteed ormoney refunded on every INCUBATOR & BROODER we sell. Arenottlio<;ei-i-aso„:il.le terms' That shows vou liMW uuhli ( :,]th we have inourina.hiius. i:,n,.rlI()T WATKR or I KIT All: ii,;i,-liHhv. A child can work then i;ir the Pt. MARILLA INCUBATOR CO, CataIogiie2c. stamps. BoX62RoSeHill IM.Y. If You Want A Bone Cutter one that is sold on a puaiantee to cut more bone in less time and with less labo r thanany other bone cutter made, you naiit the . H Creen Bone (PII'1*TI7R and Vegetable VU I ■ KIl It's the only ^nio making such a guarantee (jood. It is a rapid vegetable cutter, too. S nd at once for our handsome catalogue, containing blanks for egg record for a whole year. IT IS FKEE. HUMPHREY & SONS, Box 51 , Joiiet, Illinois. S. C. BROWN LEGHORNS. I use well-striped breeding cocks Eggs, fl.OO. Cockerels, 11.00 and up. Also Italian bees. Circular free. H. M. Mover, Shanesville, Pa. r^^ni THERE IS NO INGUBAJCR «lii<-hbas l.ieii more successful i 1 ~ -I'-lIthan the M CCf>M'l 1.. Vou J ' |-V , tear about them everywheie. •fe /^-' The i-eason is that tiiev do their r~ — : 1^^ work so well. Send fie in stamps j for new \'Ay. hfxV, jirnr.d ti .•> langu-agep, desc ii v k o, cessful Inc ilia'oi-s and ISl-oiillcrs, They lUserve iheii Pes Moines Incubator Co.. Box 503, Pes Moinfs.lowa. 200-Egg Incubator for $I2.00 Perfect in construction and action. Hatches every fertile egp. Write for catalogue to-day. GEO. H. STAHL, Quincy. III. EASY EGG MONEY A man can easily make money selling eggs if he can but get thee gga. He can get the eggs sure— twice as many, if he will feed his hens on Green t'ut Rone. No better way to prepare it than with Jinilli'C GREEN BONE AUAIn O CUTTER It cuts on the shear plate principle. Takes off a fine ribbon like piece, easily consumed by the / chicks or fowls. No sharp splinters to injure throat, u Turns easily. Oniy ball-bearing cutter made. For hand or powelv CatalogueN' 89 free. W. J. ADAM, Jollet, IIS. In writing advertiseis please mention Gle inings. 120 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb 1 Three Times as Much ! I have recently returned from atrip through New York, where I attended a series of bee- keepers' institutes, or conventions. While at Romulus and Auburn, several bee-keepers told me of the wonderful performances of the bees from a queen that I had sold Thos. Brod- erick, of Moravia. Mr. Broderick had reared queens from this queen for both himself and a few friends, and nothing in those parts had equaled this strain of bees. Wishing to have the particulars direct from Mr. Broderick him- self, I wrote and asked him if he would be so kind as to give them to me. Here is his reply: Moravia, N. Y., Dec. 31, 1900. Mr. W. Z. Hutchinson, Flint. Mich. Dear Sir: — II is with pleasure that Kwrite concern- ing the queen that I purchased of 30U three years ago, as I have reason to believe her one of the most re- markable queens ever possessed by any bee keeper in this part of the country. At the end of the first season, as you may remem- tjer, I wrote you my appreciation of this queen, but I will now go more into detail. Upon receiving the •queen. May 24, 18!)8. I gave her to a colony that scarce- ly covered four Gallup combs. She built up that col- ony and gave me 110 well-filled sections, mostly from buckwheat. This I considered remarkable, as, pre- vious to that time. To lbs. was the very best yield that I had ever been able to take from my best colonies. In the fall, after preparing mj' colonies for winter, by some accident the super containing the ab.sorbent was knocked out of place, thereby letting the heat of the cluster pass out of doors all winter. They were protected from the wind by a shock of corn fodder, and in this way they passed three months without a flight Thev came through the winter somewhat re- duced in numbers: but, again the colony built up and gave me a crop of 96 lbs. of well-filled sections. The past season this colony gave me 48 lbs. of comb honey, which I consider good considering the age of the queen (four yf ars) and the very poor season. It was in the season of 1899 that I reared the first queens from this queen. The past sea.son the colony from one of those young queens gave me a crop of 174 sections which tipped the beam at 176!^ lbs. The only thing that I did to this colony in the way of manage- ment was that, some time in May, I robbed it of a comb of honey and replaced it with an empty comb. This queen was the only one of this stock that passed the winter iti a full colony, all of the others being given to artificial colonies that were formed late in the season. They all wintered finely, although each colony occupied only some five or six Gallup combs. The past season they all built up and gave me on an average 90 lbs. each of comb honey. My best colony gave me a crop that was three times as large as thai piodiued by the best colonies of 7ny neighbors. Queens of this strain occupy every comb in the hive, and it makes no difference whether the combs are the Gallup, the Quinby, or the hive a two story I,angstroth. The bees never crowd these queens if given plenty of room. The bees are as gentle as one could wish ; cap their honey as white as any bees cap it ; and, as work- ers— well, I can't explain it. It is needle.ss to say that this strain of bees will be in evidence in my apiary as long as I keep bees. You are at liberty to publish this if you wish. Thos. Broderick. To those who are thinking of trying this strain of bees, I would say, don't wait until next spring before sending in your order. Last spring, when I began sending out queens", there were orders on my books for ■nearly 200 queens. Orders are already com- ing in to be filled next spring. They will be filled in rotation ; so, if you wish to get a queen next spring, send in your order this fall. The price of a queen is |>1.50 ; but safe arrival, safe introduction, purity of mating, and entire satisfaction are all guaranteed. The queen can be returned any time within two years, and the money refunded, and 50 cents additional sent to pay for the trouble. The REVIEW for this year and the back numbers for 1900 (two years) and one of these queens for only $2.00. As soon as your order is received, the back numbers for last year will be sent, and your subscription put on the book to the end of 1901, and next spring the i queen will be sent you. Address all Orders to W.Z.HUTCHINSON, = FLINT, MICHIGAN. ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ Marshfield Manufacturing Company. ♦ ♦ ♦ X ♦ Marshfield Manufacturing Company, Marshfield, Wisconsin. ♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ Our specialty is making SECTIONS, and they fire the best in the market. Wisconsin basswood is the right kind for them. We have a full line of BEE - SUPPI.IES. Write for FREE illustrated catalog and price list. BEE-HIVES AND HONEY-BOXES. in car lots — wholesale or retail. Now is the time to get prices. We are the people who manufacture strictly first-class goods and sell them at prices that defy com- petition. Write us today. Interstate Box Si Manufacturing Co., Hudson, Wis. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 121 1900 I 1881 PAGE & LYON MFG. CO. We manufacture a full line of the latest BEE-SUPPLIES. Our motto is, *' Perfect Goods and Prompt Shipment." Send for our new free illustrated catalog. PAGE & LYON MFG. CO., New London, Wisconsin. I Fred W. Huth & Co. Fred W. Muth. Chas. J. Hauck. P. W. J. Hauck. One ninute Please ! We beg to announce that we have gone into the bee- supply and honey business. Being practical bee-keep- ers xvho utiderstaiid the supply business thoroughly, and know preity well the wants of the bee-keepers, the firm will give its exclusive attention to the bee supply business, and the promotion of the sale of honey in this vicinity. After vi.siting all the important manufacturers we have selected a line that will give the best of satisfac- tion. Our location, adjoining the suspension bridge, is most central, and, being onW four blocks south from the Fountain Square, is right down in the busi- ness part of the city, and especially handy for our Kentucky fiiends. Our facilities for prompt service are perfect. Our prices are consistent with good bus- iness judgment. Our catalog has many good features. Send us your name so we can mail you one. FRED W. MUTH & CO., S=W. Cor. Front and Walnut, CINCINNATI, OHIO. AHnnPV War\i(^i Uon't think that your crop liuiltj' niai IV«:^l. is too large or too .small to interest us. We have bought and sold five carloads already this season, and want more. We pay spot cash. Address, giving quantity, qualitj', and price. Thos. C. Stanley & Son, Fairfield, III. CHAS. ISRAEL & BROS., 486, 488, 490 Canal St., Corner Watt Street, N. Y. HONEY & BEESWAX. Liberal Advances made on Consignments. Wholesale Dealers and Commission Merchants. Established 1875. POR SALE. — Clover and buckwheat extracted honey. ■ E. D. TowNSEND, Habbardston, Mich. FIRE SALE OF BEE BOOKS! On January 1st there was a severe fire in our build- ing, burning out entirely four floors above us. The water that was thrown on the fire came down through our floDr damaging our ."itock of books, printing-office, etc. Some of the books were wet slightly, but enough so that they could hardly be sent out as perfect. These are the ones that we wish to offer. The read- ing pages of all are perfect, only the covers being a little Soiled. Here they are, with prices postpaid : Prof Cook's " Bee-keeper's Guide," only 6oc. Doolittle's Scientific Queen-rearing, only 50c. Newman's " Bees and Honey," only 40c. They are all cloth bound, and latest editions If you want a year's subscription to the Qld Weekly Amer- ican Bee Journal, with any of the above books, add 75 cts. to your order This is a SPECIAL OFFER, and will last only so long as the slightly damaged books last. Better order AT ONCE if you want a bargain. Remember we are Headquarters for Bee= keepers' Supplies ! I Catalog and sample copy of the AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL, FREE. Ask for them. Address George W. York & Co., 144=146 Erie St., Chicago, III. Root's Goods for California. We have just received a large carload of sec- tions, extractors, smokers, veils, etc., direct from the factory, and are prepared to supply bee-keepers with the same promptly. Do not send a long distance and pay high freights. Write for our prices. M. R. MADARY, - Fresno, California. Write for price on any book you want. M. T. WRIGHT, Medina, Ohio. Reference, The A. I. Root Co. BOOKS. FOR SALE.— 3000 pounds fancy comb honey. Write for prices. WILLIAM MORRIS, Las Animas, Col. Y^ANTED. — To exchange for a gun, bicycle, or in- "' cubator, a gold-plhted watch. O. E. Erickson, Bloomer, Wis. 122 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb 1 Our Advertisers. SPKAYING. ■W hen you are considering the matter of sprayers you should not forget to write for the catalog of iDeming & Co., Salem, O. NURSERY STOCK. A catalog of 168 pages, full of valuable information regarding veg( table and flower seeds and nursery stock may be had of our old friends the Storrs & Har- rison Co.." Box 222, Painesville, O. See what they say on page 118. FENCES. We have frequent inquiries for fencing for lawns, parks, cemeteries, ftc; and while we are dealers our- selves, we suige.st to persons needing such material thi.t they write for catalog and prices to Hartm;-.n Mfg. Co , Box 80, EUwood City, Pa.; and to Kitselman Btos., Box D31 Muncie, Ind. See the advertisements with illustrations in this is.-ue of Gleanings. CARRIAGES AND HARNESSES. Are you in need cf a carriage or harness? It will pay you to look ever the advertis^ement-; of Elkhart Carriage and Harness Mfg Co., Elkhart. Tnd., and Columbus Carriage and Harness Co., Box 772, Colum- bus, Ohio. You will find them on pages 116 Both of these concerns issue handsome catalogs which may be had on application to them if you mention Glean- ings. THE BANTAM INCUBATOR Since my chicken talk quite a few have asked where the incubator was made, used by one of our office girls. It is the '■ Binlam," advertised in this issue. Quite a few of the small-sized incubators have report- ed 50 chickens from oOeggs; but a letter just placed in my hands "breaks the record." One of their patrons got (with the Bantam) 51 chickens from 50 eggs. One of the eggs was very large and had a double yolk. Get the Best Queens. Evansville, Ind., Sept. 27th, 1900. The Jennie Atchley Co , BeevilU, Bee Co., Texas: Dear Fi iends.—lt gives me grcdt pleasure to forward 3'ou th s uu.solicited testimonial regarding the merits of Atchley queens. The three (3) dozen queens pur- chased of you have made an excellent record for tbemselves. Not an Atchlej- queen among the twenty colonies lost during the severe drouth in July. I have bought queens from many breeders; and although the present crop is exceedingly short, the tiers of supers show where the Atchley queens are, and speak vol- ume.* for yoir method of queen-rearing. I find the progeny to be very gentle, strong winged, uniformly marked, long-lived, of large size, and, last but not least, the best honey-gatherers I ever had. I shall want 100 more next season. Yours fraternally, J. C. Wai.lenmeyer. Prices for Queens. Te-sted. $1.50 each; ?S 00 for 6, or §15 00 per dozen. Untested, February, March. April, an 1 May, 8100 each; $5.00 per 6, or S9 00 per dozen Fine breeders, $5 00 each We have as gocd bees and queens as money and labor produce. We breed three-band Italians Goldens, Carniolans, Cyprians, and Holv- L,ands, in their purity, bred in separate yards 5 to 20 miles apart. If you want /he best, call for Atchley's improved strains. Sife arrival guaranteed. Send for a sample copy of "The Southland Queen," the only southern bee-paper. SI 00 per year. To new sub- scribers we offer as a premium a nice untested queen in order to get out paper introduced. Catalog, giving queen-rearing and management of apiaries for profit, FREE. THE JENNIE ATCHLEY CO., Beeville, Bee Co., Texas. BEE-SUPPLIES. Best-equipped factory in the West; car- ry a large stock and greatest variety of every thing needed in the apiary, assur- ing BEST goods at the I,OWEST prices, and prompt shipment. We want every bee-keeper to have our FREE IIvIvUS- TRATED CATAI,OG, and read descrip- tion of Alternating Hives, Ferguson Su- pers, etc. IVrile at once for a catalog. AGENCIES : Trester Supply Co., 103 So. 11th St., I^in- KRETCHMER M'F'G CO., Red Oak, Iowa. '"^"-i^^-^^^^^''^ & e-*- «■ «■ s- S^S^S- g-^*-. f- 5- S- fe- *• s- *- it-.fi- S- s- *• g- ^;S- fe&& fe^.* g^&f^ e^ MADE TO ORDER. Bingham Brass Smokers Made of sheet brass, which does not ru.st or burn out ; should last a lifetime. You need one, but they cost 25 cts. more than tin of the same size. The little open cut shows our brass hinge put on the three larger sizes. No wonder Bingham's -l-inch smoke-engine goes without puffing, and does not drop inky drops. The perforated steel fire-grate has 381 holes to air the fuel and support the fire. Heavy tin smoke engine, -l-inch stove, per mail, $1.50 ; 3^-inch, SI. 10; 3 inch, $1.00; 2H-inch, 90c; 2-inch, ft5c. Bingham smokers are the originals, and have all the improvements, and have been the standard of excellence for 22 j'ears. Only three larger ones brass. S:S- «-$•;& f-S-S-t:fr*-.«-6-fe feS-S-e-S- BINGHAM SMOKER. Dear Sir:— Inclosed find $1.75. Please send one brass Smoke-engine. I have one already. It is the best smoker I ever used Trulv vonrs, Hknky SciiMiiiT. Hiitto. Te.x T. F. Bingham, : : Farwell, Mich. S 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 127 Contents of this Number. Apple-blossotns, Honey from Good 150 Bees Freezing to Death, Dooliltle on 146 Bees on Shares in California 1-13 Bees, Large, in rhilippines 13S Comhs, Old, for Brood-r«-aring .' 141 Convention in Grand Traverse 155 Cuba, Bovden in 134 C\iba, Howe on 135 Cuba. I^uaces on 136 Dzierzon, Services of 132 Eggs I'nfer'ilized, and Drones 148 Exposition. Pan-American 133 France. N. E , at Madison 150 Fumigating Queens 136 Ginseng CultTire, Difficulties of 160 Glossometer, To Make 147 Grape Fruit in Florida 159 Hall, J. B 151 Honey Candying in Uncleaned Sections 136 Honey, Retailing 140 Humbugs. Dunning Inciters 161 Jaws of Bees and Wasps 152 Legislation, Foul-brood, Needed in Michigan 153 Legislation, Pure food 132 Legislation, Vicious, in Wisconsin 151 Old Grimes— Poem by Miller 142 Planter, Acme 159 Potato-planter, Grand Traverse 157 Questions from a Beginner 148 R'lnibler Resumes Rambles 143 Representatives of Michigan 153 Royal Jellv in Medicine-dropper 150 Sections Relative Weights of 147, 1-18 Soja Bean in Ohio 159 Trap Nests 160 W-x, Adulteration of in Europe 132 Wintering in Cellar 1 19 Wintering, Indoor and Outdoor 132 Honey Column. GRADING RULES. Fancy.— All flections to be well filled, combs straight, firmly attachefl to all four sides, the combs unsoiled by travel stain, or otherwise; all the cells sealed except an occasional cell, the outside surface of the wood well scraped of propolis. A No 1.— All sections well filled e.Kcept the row of cells next to the wood: combs straight; one-eigrhth part of comb surface soiled, or the entire surface slierhtly soiled; the outside sur- face of the wood well scraped of propolis. No. 1.— All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood ; comhs comparatively even ; one-eighth part of comb surface soiled; or the entire surface slightly soiled. No. 2.— Three-fourtlis of the total surface must be filled and sealed. No. 3. — Must weigh at least half as much as a full weight section. In addition to this the honey Is to be classified according to color, u.-ing the terms white, amber, and dark; that is, there will be ■' fancy white." " No. 1 dark," etc. CITY MARKETS. Cincinnati. — The market for comb honey is be- com\ng bare, although the prices did not change. Fancy white comb is still selling for 16. No demand for darker grades. Extracted in fair demand; dark sells for 554. better grades from 6^ to 8; only white clover brings from 8^ to 9. Beeswax, 28. Feb. 9. C. H. W. Weber. Boston. — We quote our market as follows : Fancy No. 1 white in cartons 17; A No. 1, 16; No. 1, 15(S 16, with a fairly good demand. Ab.solutely no call for dark honey this year. Extracted, white, 8@8}4; light amber, 7J^@,8." Beeswax, 27. Blake Scott & Lee, Feb. 2. 31, 33 Commercial St., Boston, Mass. New York, — Demand for comb and extracted hon- ey is verv dull. We quote : Fancy white, 15@16 ; A No. 1. 14@15; No 1, 14(oj15; No. 2, 12@13; fancy buck- wheat, 11; No. I, 10; No. 2, 9. FCxtracted, white, 8; light amber, 7(a/7J4; amber, 6(S6^; buckwheat. 5^@6. There is no great stock of either white or buckwheat comb honey on hand; tut the extracted buckwheat is plentiful, with prices raneing from 5 to 6c, with little demand. Beeswax, 26(^28. Chas. Israel & Bros. Jan. 25. 486-8 Canal St., New York City. Philadflphia.— As we predicted some weeks ago, the cars of California honey in comb have been unload- ed, and pushed to gi^-t returns, and market broke down. We quote : Fancy comb, 15; No 1, 13(g<14. Extracted white, 7 ; amber. 6. Beeswax. 28. We are producers of honey, do not handle on commission. Wm. a. .Selser. Jan. 24. 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa. San Francisco. — Fancy comb. 14; A No. 1, 12; No. 1, 914; No. 2, 714. Extracted white, 7; light amber, 6J^. Jan. 22. Guggenhime & Co. For Sale. — 20.000 lbs. extracted honey from alfalfa and light amber from Rocky Mountain bee-plant. Two cans, 120 lbs. net, S8 40; also 5 and 10 lb. pails. In ordering state if you want white or amber. M. P. Rhoads, Las Animas, Col. W.\nted. — Comb and extracted honey. State price, kind, and quantity. R. .\. Burnett & Co., 163 South Water St., Chicago, 111. For Sale. — Choice alfalfa honey. Two cans, 120 lbs. net. whitest, 89 00 ; tinted, partly from other bloom, $8 40. Also small cans. The Arkansas Valley Apiaries, Oliver Foster, Prop., Las Animas. Bent Co., Colo. For Sale. — Extracted honey from alfalfa ; 60-lb cans at 7 cts., and .'■mailer cans. D. S. Jenkins, Las Animas Colo For Sale.— I have a few 161-lb. kegs of well-ripen- ed buckwheat honey left which I will sell at 5^c per lb. by the keg, f. o. b. Special price on the lot. N. L. Stevens, Venice, N. Y. For- Sale. for prices. -3000 pounds fancy comb honey. W.rite William Morris, Las Animas, Col. AHftnf»v ^1\r\i(^i Don't think that your crop IIUIIC^ JTiai IVCl. is too large or too small to interest us. We have bought and sold five carloads already this season, and want more. We pay spot cash. Address, giving quantitv, quality, and nrice. Thns. C. Stanley '& Son, Fairfield. III. CHAS. ISRAEL & BROS., 486, 488, 490 Canal St., Corner Watt Street, N. Y. HONEY & BEESWAX. Liberal Advances made on Consignments. Wholesale Dealers and Commission Merchants. E.stablished 1875. PURE MAPLE SYRUP. MEDIN.A. is the home of the honev bee and also the home of the MAPLE TREE, and the maple tree produces sap in the spring, which is boiled down and makes the fincit flavored sweet in existence when you get it pure. One of onr cu.stomers call- ed it "Delicious Nectar." We have pure maple syrup to sell to the trade in several sizes of packages. Write for prices to R. E. FRENCH, - MEDINA, OHIO. Reference, The A. I. Root Company. Strawl)erry"plants7 I have a large supply of Lady Thompson, F;xcelsior, and Crescent plants. A limited supply of Bismarck, Clyde, Barton's Eclipse, Brunette, Gertrude, Brandy- wine, Wm, Belt, Bubach, Haverland, Gandy, and Warfield, S2.00 per 1000, f. o. b. here, or 70 cts. per 100, postpaid. Satisfaction guaranteed. J. P. LEA, Fayetteville, Arkansas. W^ RANTED.- 50 customers for great big strong farm- raised Barred Plymouth Rock cockerels, at SI. 00 each ; from high-scoring and most fashionable strains. H. N. MussER, Blachleysville, Ohio. 128 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb. 15 FIRE SALE OF BEE BOOKS! On January 1st there was a severe fire in our build- ing, burning out entirely four floors above us. The water that was thrown on the fire came down through our flo-)r damaging our stock of books, printing-office, etc. Some of the books were wet slightly, but enough so that they cou d hardly be sent out a • ■*». • ^^ '^, • ^. • «^ >». • '^ ■ «^ ^> • >». • ^- «^ «^ "^K • ^. • 'l^- >», • ^> • «• ^ • ^> • «^ '^ • ^^- »^ ., C. B. Lewis Co., Man'f'rs of Bee-keepers' Supplies, Watertown, Wis., U. S. A. (ii The cut shown below is our packing-case. It pro- tects goods while in the hands of the railroad company so that you will receive every article in just as good "condition as when thev left factory. Our Wisconsin Hive. We consider th s one of the best hives in the market. It is similar in construction to the Improved Langstroth Simplic- ily shown in the previous issue, but includes some of the new- style devices which are prefer- red by some. It has the thick reversible bottom, and the su- pers are arranged so that the bottom can be wedged up from the end as well as the side. The body contains Hoffman f frames, metal rabbets, and di- vivion-boards. See page 5 of our new catalog. We manufacture four other styles of hives. If you have not received our ne^v catalog, send for one. It's free. (f> BRANCH : 19 Sou. Alabama St., Indianapolis, Indiana AGENCIES: L,. C. Woodman, Grand Rapids, Mich. Fred Foulger & Sons, Ogden, Utah; Colo. Honey- producers' Association, Denver, Col.; E. T. Abbot St. Joseph, Missouri, Special Southwestern Agen. A NEW and complete stock for 1901 now -'-^ on hand. I am The Root Company's ^ BEE-SUPPLIES ! [ ROOT'S GOODS i ^^ — * ROOT'S PRiCES I G. H. W. Weber, Cincinnati, Oliio. [ 2146-2148 Central Ave. representative for Cincinnati and sur- rounding territories You save TIME and FREIGHT CHARGES by having goods shipped from here. Convenience of railroad facilities here enables me to do so. Before buying elsewhere, write for my prices and catalog, which will be mailed you free of charge. • DELVoTELDfTT •To 'Bel ELS- ' •andHoNEY •AHD HOME. •INTE.nEST^ pubii.hed^v- theA iI^ooI" Co. $i£°p[RrEAR^'\@ Hedina-Ohio- Vol. XXIX. FEB. 15, 1901. No. 4. Editor Gerstung, of the Deutsche Bie- nenzucht, has a sample of linden honey from latitude 60° north. Like that from high mountains, it has intense aroma, without los- ing any of its pleasant taste. The centralverein for Bohemian bee- men insures its members free of cost against loss by fire up to a certain limit, and by pay- ment oi \]i cts. per colony against damages arising from trouble with bees. You ADVISE heating extracted honey gradu- ally, Mr. Editor, to clear it of bubbles, p. 98. The Germans say cool slowly. Both may do better than either alone ; the idea being to keep the honey hot long enough for the bub- bles to rise, without having it so hot as to in- jure the honey. DziERZON has used with satisfaction in spring, when bees are flying daily, as a stimu- lant tor brood-rearing, skim milk sweetened, less sweetening being necessary when the bees have fairly started. The milk may be fed in combs or feeders, outside or in the hive. If too much is given there will be curd in the hive. Ii.lustrierte monatsbl^etter fuer bie- NENZUCHT is the title of a new German bee- journal edited and published by Theodor Weippl, who has ably edited the well-known Bienen- Vater heretofore. In appearance it takes high rank, and, unlike most of the Ger- man bee-journals, it is entirely independent of any bee-keepers' society. Alois Alfonsus, so favorably known among German bee-keepers, is the new editor of Bie- nen- Fater. He starts out well in his inaugu- ral by urgently advising beginners to get a text book, saying a bee-journal is by no means intended to supplant a text-book, but to sup- plement it. That's sound doctrine, either in German or English, Herr Alfonsus. Dr. Leister is reported in German journals to have subsisted mainly on white bread and ]A, ^-o Yz lb. honey daily for six months. He exercised severely and was well nourished, finding candied honey best for his purpose. [The opinion is gaining ground very rapidly that sugars are food, and that they conduce to strength and endurance, and that an excess of them tends to an excess of fat. — Ed.] The ^T>iTovLoi Le R 21 cher Beige \iaiS been measuring some old combs, and endorses Ed- itor Root's views as to their being all right for brood. But he says bees prefer new comb, and so do queens. Others have said the same thing. I don't understand it. Give my bees old black comb and new comb side by side, and they'll prefer the old every time, whether for brood or honey. Arthur C. Miller thinks uncapping-forks are no new thing, having been mentioned sev- eral times in old issues of bee journals. Yes, I've used such a fork for years — learned it of M. M. Baldridge. But I used it to uncap for the bees, not for the extractor. Such a fork snatches; but, if I understand rightly, the German fork slices off the cappings as well as or better than a knife. That heading on p. 89 is hardly fair to shallow brood-chambers. E. F. Atwater's ex- perience would probably have been the same in a deep chamber. I agree with you, Mr. Editor— no, I don't— I go further than you, and say that putting a colony on starters not only discourages but almost invariably pre- vents swarming. Desertion may occur at first; but that's another thing, and may be prevent- ed by penning the queen in the hive. To frighten away robbers, it is recom- mended in Leipziger Bztg. to put a looking- glass before the entrance. [It depends on how bad the robbers are. I have seen the time when nothing in the world would stop their onslaught but a good piece of wood wedged tightly in the entrance. If the case were a mild one I should not be surprised if a mirror might accomplish something, for the robber would apparently be rushing right to- ward another bee that it supposes is about to grab and pull it down. — Ed ] The Porter escape should not be forgot- ten, in summing up inventions, says Arthur C. Miller, referring to a Straw on p. 43. That Straw, friend Miller, was not intended to ex- 132 GI.EANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb 15 liaust the list ; only to introduce the subject in hopes that some one more competent would take it up. It might not be of any practical value, but it would at least be interesting to see a full list of all improvements in the past 60 years, with names and dates as far as pos- sible. [No, indeed ; the Porter bee escape should not be omitted ; for in the saving of time, and in the saving of disagreeable work, no other invention of recent times has accom- plished as much. Say : I do not know but it would be a good idea to have a list of all the great and important inventions relating to bee-keeping. I'll try to prepare such a list, and then submit it for revision. — Ed.] Dr. Johann Dzierzon, the beloved alt- meister of German bee-keepers, was 90 years old on his last birthday, Jan. 16. He is still vigorous, and made a strong address at the last great German convention. As evidence of the high esteem in which he is held, the January numbers of German bee-journals con- tain many pages concerning him. But Dr. Dzierzon belongs not to Germany alone ; he is too great for that. He belongs to us, and to the whole world. No other man living has done so much for bee-keeping. Long may he live ! [Is not your last sentence, doctor, a lit- tle strong ? I am a great admirer of Dr. Dzier- zon, and believe he has done much for the ad- vancement of scientific apiculture ; but to say that no other man living has done as much for bee culture would be questioned by many bee- keepers.— Ed.] About three years ago (Gleanings, Vol. 26, p. 292), a Stray Straw said, " Bro. Rilchey and I believe in breeding for long tongues, even if some editors don't ; " and the footnote said, " But some of us have not seen those bees yet with long tongues, notwith- standing all the talk about them." Then a little later (p 502) the same footnoter said, " Are you really sure, doctor, that some Ital- ians have longer tongues than others ? ' ' That same footnoter is now the craziest of the crazy on long tongues. And yet some people say no progress is being made. [Look here, doc- tor ; you do not need to go back into old an- cient literature. It may give you a great deal of satisfaction, but it may not please other folks. But I have the same opinion that I al- ways had about a glossometer ; that is to say, I do not take much stock in that way of mea- suring bees' tongues. — Ed ] At a convention reported in Revue Inter- natio7iale, M. Seller showed a bottle of con- centrated chemical preparation used by adul- terators to give the proper odor to adulterated wax and honey. If one can judge by the for- eign journals, America does not take the lead in the adulteration of honey, and is far in the rear in adulterating beeswax. [So far as I can remember, never even a taint of suspicion has ever rested on the makers of foundation in the United States as to the purity of their product. The paraffine and ceresin foundations were very unsatisfactory to those who tried them. Perhaps they might be used if the frames were excessively wired. After all, the general con- sensus of opinion of those who are in position to know is, that genuine beeswax is the cheap- est in the long run. Economy in foundation will not come by cheapening the product from which the product is made, but rather in re- ducing the excess of wax now in the cell bot- toms or septa. While we have made great im- provements in this one respect, there is still room for more improvement. — Ed] "Is IT TRUE that outdoor- wintered bees are always stronger in spite of the extra consump- tion of stores?" p. 103. Not "always," but I'm afraid they generally are. Let me give my guess in the matter. A weak colony suf- fers from severe cold more than a strong one, as a greater proportion of its bees form the outer crust. A strong colony suffers more in the average cellar than outdoors, in spite of the more favorable temperature of the cellar, because the air is impure in the cellar and pure outdoors. [I would suggest that our readers watch this matter of outdoor and in- door wintered bees verj' carefully this coming spring. Take count of the amount of stores consumed per colony by the outdoor and in- door bees ; then see which ones are the first to go into the supers, or, better still, which produce the most honey. But, look here : Suppose the bees of an indoor colony have long tongues, and the indoor colony, of the same strength, has short tongued bees. Well, at all events it would do no harm to take ob- servations, for it is only by a general compari- son extending over several years that we can get at the truth of this matter. — Ed.] IiJ'Stl We %vait. impatient, for mild Summer's reign To bring the flowers so nice. Then turn, perspiring, from those flowers To bless these blocks of ice. AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL. At the last session of the Illinois State Bee- keepers' Association a paper from Mr. Geo. W. York, the editor, was read. His subject was "Pure-food Legislation." Concerning the reason that laws on this matter and others concerning the public health are not properly enforced, Mr. York well says : Another very important requirement to the success- ful results of pure-food legi-laiion is houe-t i fficials — officers who know no belter than to enforce laws just as they find them, without fear or favoi . No law ever enforced itself, and never will. The reas' n. almost invariably, why p'ohibitton doesn't prohibit is because of officials who don't officiate honestly and fenrless y. 1 believe, however, that the present pure-)ood com- mission of Illinois are all right, but that the fatal weakness is in the law itst If. But so long as the " dear people " persist in electing, as their Stute lawmakers, saloon keepers, pothouse politicians, gamblers, and frauds, just so long may thev expect to have weak laws — laws that fail at the most crucial time, because they were c ac ed with that intentioti The people must act honestly and decently themselves in the selection of their lawmak- ers and public officers : then, atid not until then, need they expect that good laws will be furnished and properly enforced. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 133 The following letter, relative to the big bees of the Philippines, was sent to us by Mr. J. M. Woodhouse, of Dubuque, la. It was writ- ten by his son N. E. Woodhouse, an American soldier in the Philippines. As it contains much of interest in regard to the big bees of that place it is given here entire. It will be noticed that Jumbo despises any house smaller than outdoors, and has no idea of what "be- nevolent assimilation " means. Dear Father : — I have .something to tell you which I know will interest yon. On the Iti h a large swartn of bees came here and lit on a tree about 40 ft. from the ground. They were the first I had seen here, and I was deterniined to hive them ; so I got a ladder that reached them, fixed an old rough box in readine-s, and put on two pairs of gloves, and some mosquito-bar over my face, and look a rice-bsg up, slipped it up over the bunch, crowded them off the limb, and got them almost all iiUo the bag, closed the bag, and brought them down as smoothly as could be. About liOO natives had gathered to watch the oper.jtion, but were very careful to kf ep away. They never saw any thing like that ; and the sol Hers thought they were going to see some fun, but did not see it. I could not get them into the box out of the bag, so I shook them out on the alighting-board, and they went up into the tree again. I went up and brought them down the next day. but cou'd not get them inio the hive They went back into the tree, and yesterday they left and went close to the hospital, and went into an old build- ing I cut a round hole in a box and slipped it up over the bunch, crowded them loose from where they hung, put a board over the hole, and had them in a nice com- fortable home with honey to eat, which I had bought out of the sales commissary. To-night I took the pa- per out of the entrance at'sundown and gave them their libertv, and they immediately came out and lit up under the eaves of the church. I believe they will go to work I here. All that I used to know about hiving bees in the United States has failed to work here : i. e., .so far as I had the wherewith to work with. They .'imply will not stay in a box. They are a beautiful bee, consider- ablv larger than the Italian. Instead of having the yellow stripe they have a silvery-white stripe with the black. If I could have got them to work in the common box I would have made a movable-frame hive and reared sr ni'^ more queens and sent the queens hack to you ; but I guess I shall have to give it up for the present. N. E. Woodhouse. Grayat, P. I., Oct. 20, 1900. THE PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION. Something of What it will Be, from the Stand- point of the Bee-keeper. BY OREI. L. HERSHISER. [The following letter is in answer to one I wrote to Mr. Her^hiser, stating that I was receiving a good manv inquiries, and also that a number of clippings had been -ent us. but that I disliked to take any thing of this kind at second hand, and hoped ihat Mr. Her- shiser himself, superintendent of the apiarian exhib- it, wou.d give u^ full particulars from his own pen. In respon-,e to this he has sent me the following let- ter—En.] My dear Mr. Root: — Answering your note of January 2-5, regarding the Pan-American, the whole matter might be summed up in a single statement, to the effect that there will be here presented greater opportunities for in- struction, amusement, and the cultivation of taste for the beautiful, than have ever before been afforded at an exposition in the western hemisphere, and, according to the statements of persons well qualified to judge, the archi- tectural and landscape effects of the Pan- American will make it the high-water mark of the expositions of the world. This is a broad statement, but one which the facts sup- port ; and when we consider the elegant sym- metry that has been studiously observed in the grouping of the buildings and laying-cut of the grounds, the pleasing and harmonious color effects of the exteriors as well as the in- teriors of the buildings, the novel and beauti- ful Spanish architecture, and the elegant land- scape, the claim seems to be merited. Judging from present indications the apia- rian exhibit will not be least among the many novel and instructive .iltracticns. It promises to eclipse every thing in this line ever attempt- ed, and this notwithstanding the general shortage in honey production in many lo- calities within the United States and Canada during the past two years. This exhibit will be a veritable wonderland, not only for apiarists but for that larger class of users and consumers of honey. It is de- signed to make this exhibit educational as well as entertaining, to the end that the falla- cies affecting the pursuit of apiculture may be, as far as possible, rectified. A model apiary will be in operation to show, in a practical way, just how both comb and extracted honey are produced. Exhibits showing the relation of bees to horticulture will be a prominent feature, and the mistake of spraj ing fruit- trees when in bloom will be demonstrated, as well as the absolute necessity of the presence of bees during the season of bloom in order to make horticulture, in any sense, a paying pursuit. Vast quantities of both comb and extracted honey, prepared in the most attrac- tive and appropriate forms for market, will be shown. It is safe to say that this most inter- esting feature of the exhibit will include the nectareous products of all valuable honey- plants to be found within the Americas and the island possessions of the United States. There will be a complete and exhaustive dis- play of manufactures in which honey forms a component part, and beeswax and the many and various manufactures therefrom. A dis- tinctive exhibit of honey-plants, as a part of the general outdoor-growing horticultural and floral exhibits, is contemplaited. There will be several large and attractive exhibits of api- arian supplies, comprising specimens of all approved hives and every tool, device, and preparation needed in the pursuit of apicul- ture. Several State and Provincial exhibits are al- ready assured, and others are under advise- ment. It may also be stated that individuals, no matter where situated within the Americas, have an opportunity to exhibit their apiarian manufactures and products. One person in this class proposes to install an exhibit com- prising a carload of 30.000 pounds of comb honey, and it is expected that there will be others of great magnitude, especially from lo- calities noted for large production of honey 134 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb 15 of a standard and uniform grade, as is the case with the alfalfa of Colorado, the sage of Cali- fornia, and the basswood of Wisconsin. Many of these, as well as some State exhibits, will be of the present season's honey harvest, and will not be installed before the middle of July to the middle of August ; but applica- tion for space should be made early, in order that it may be provided. Apiculture is accorded a prominent place in the exposition, and a special building, in an excellent location, will be provided for the apicultural exhibits, the extent and size of which will be commensurate with the needs and desires of the bee-keepers who will ex- hibit. Mr. F. A. Converse, Superintendent of live stock, dairy, and agricultural products, is deeply interested in this imDortant branch of rural husbandry, and the apiarists are most for- tunate that their interests have fallen under his excellent supervision. 1106 D. S. Morgan Building, Buffalo, N. Y. GLIMPSES OF CUBA AND CUBAN BEE-KEEPING. BY A. L. BOYDEN. For some time past the readers of Glean- ings have seen frequent articles by different writers with reference to the state of bee-keep- ing in Cuba. These articles have fired me with a desire to visit that country, and see for myself the conditions as they exist there, not only with reference to bee keeping, but relat- ing to other industries as well. Accordingly, on the morning of Dec. 20 the steamer Curityba brought me in sight of Ma- tanzas, 60 miles east of Havana, a beautiful city of 75,000 inhabitants. I found very few BRIDGE AT MATANZAS. Americans in Matanzas, and experienced some little difficulty the first day or two in making my wants known. I soon found my way to the store of Thos. D. Crews, formerly of Flor- ida, now a merchant in that place, and he gave me much valuable information. After visit- ing him I took a stroll about the city. I first went out on the roof of the hotel "Paris," from which point I could see all of the city and surrounding country very well indeed. A great many of the buildings are provided with means of access to the roofs. The roofs are made of brick or tile, mainly of the latter. I found one of the railway stations, and the yard adjoining, very similar to those in our large cities of the Northern States. The streets of the city are very narrow, though not as narrow as those in Havana, and the sidewalks are in proportion, being only eigh- teen to twenty-four inches wide in many places. The windows of the dwelling-houses, stores, and hotels are tall and wide, with no glass, but simply closed shutters or inside blinds, which are folded back in the daytime. These windows are all provided with grates or bars, giving the buildings quite the appearance of a jail or prison. Most of the houses are built right up to the walk, there being no yard in front at all, so one passing along the sidewalk looks directly into the sitting-room or parlor of these houses. The city lies at the intersection of two riv- ers, and has several fine bridges. Toward the west lies a series of hills which are very beau- tiful. I found the streets well lighted with electric lights, but the lighting of dwellings and many public buildings is very inferior. I found no apiaries located near the city ; but on going out to Ceiba Mocha, nine miles distant, I found a number of Americans who had recently embarked in this pursuit. Here I found the apiary of Thos. D. Crews, also that of \V. B. Cilley, and several others of smaller beginnings. I am told that Ceiba Mocha, prior to the late war, was a prosperous village of some 8000 people. Now it is said to contain 800 in- habitants, though I could scarcely believe that this number were to be found in the place. Near the railway station is a typical Cuban apiary of some 500 box hives. These hives are made of four boards about 12x30 inches long, nailed together, forming a tall box. The ends are left entirely open. These boxes, in- stead of standing on the end, which would make them look somewhat like the old " American " hive, are laid down on the side, resting on blocks a few inches above the ground or on low benches. The sight of these hives, filled from end to end with combs, and well covered by bees was enough to give a bee- keeper a touch of the " bee-fever." I found that the surplus is obtained by cut- ting out the combs of honey from each end, perhaps one-third of the distance from the end toward the center. The brood, naturally, is in the center of the hive, so the combs in the end contain very little brood as a rule. With a smoker or p"ail of smoking wood the bees are driven back from one end so that the combs are cut out with very little difficulty from one end, and later on they are cut from the oppo- site end. In this apiary there is a sort of honey-house in which I found a large trough hollowed out of a log, and a press in which the honey is pressed out of the combs. If theie is any brood or pollen in the combs, that has to be mashed up with the rest. No effort is made in these box hive apiaries to put up a nice ar- ticle of strained honey where extractors, of course, are unknown. The honey is put up 1901 GIvEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 135 in tierces of about 100 gallons, loaded on to two-wheeled ox-carts, and hauled to the near- est market. I took a snap-shot of this yard, but, unfortunately, the tropical vegetation was so heavy that the picture does not show the hives sufficiently clear to reproduce. Near the apiary of Mr. Crews, which is man- aged by Mr. Frierson, is another large box- hive yard. In company with several Ameri- can bee-keepers, some of whom could speak Spanish, we visited this yard, wanting to get another picture to show the readers of Glean- ings. The same conditions existed here — a verv heavy foliage— and I secured no picture sufficiently good to half-tone. I had quite an amusing experience, however, in trying to get this picture. My interpreter told our Cuban friend what I desired, and he gave his consent to have me photograph the yard. It appears that he did not understand the matter very well, and when I went to the lower end of the yard to snap my kodak he came rushing up, gesticulating wildly and talking vociferously. The bees were getting roused up at this point; and as I did not understand his Spanish I con- cluded that he was afraid I would get stung. Being a bee keeper myself, I determined to take my chances, and so held my ground un- til I had made two exposures (both failures, however), and then went back to the upper end of the yard where the rest of the company were. When I got there I found I had offend- ed this man very much indeed, for he thought I had come with some sort of music-box to entice his bees away. It is reported that he lost a large number a year or two ago in the same way, and he is very suspicious of any thing he does not understand now. We tried t ) explain the matter to him, but did not suc- ceed in pacifying him. I found a large amount of honey is shipped from Matanzas every year. The production of strained honey naturally results in a large accumulation of wax, and these box-hive men are reported to receive about as much for their wax as they do for their honey. In our next issue I will give a view of In- dependence Street, in Cardenas, and how I spent Christmas with the mosquitoes. Medina, O., Feb. 10. CUBA. Locations; Climate; Social Life, etc. BY HARRY HOWE. Very frequently I am asked by bee-keepers in regard to locating in Cuba. In my opinion Cuba is the place to raise honey ; but one must expect to put up with things that he would not in the States. If I were not sure that Cuba is all right I would not be making contracts for years ahead, as I am in renting locations, etc. There are, however, several reasons why I always advise my correspon- dents not to come. First, one can not do a thing until he can speak the language. A bee-keeper must of necessity locate at some distance from the places where he could have American neighbors, for all of those places are already overstocked with bees. Besides, one does not like to depend on some neighbor to do all of his business for some months. So if one wants to come here he must either learn the language first, or get a place with some other American while he is learning it. The chances for that are not very good, for all of us have a waiting list of considerable length, to say nothing ot always having some person- al friend in view for the next opening. There are several chances to work for Cu- bans, but one must know Spanish. Then there is the climate. While the win- ters are fine, the summers are not. Men from Texas or Florida, for instance, get along pret- ty well with it, but men from the North are apt to have a hard time the first summer. I got it so bad I had to go to New York and lie up in a hospital several weeks (this from " bicycle heart"). Heart disease is very prevalent among the natives, but consumption takes the worst hold. Then there are the malarial fevers which also get the northern men. For these reasons, no one with either heart or lung trouble should try to live here in summer. The winters are fine for both, for the air is then generally dry and clear. I say nothing of yellow fever, for there is no danger of that in the country, nor to men of regular habits if they do get it. Then comes the trouble to find locations. For instance, one of my yards is just piling in the honey, while one eight miles away is not much more than making a living at present ; yet four months ago, when I located the last one, that location looked to be the better of the two. A stranger coming here would find it very hard to get a good place. This fall one man came from the States with some bees which he took to a place he had heard called a good one. After he had been there a while he found there were 2000 colonies within three miles of him. The location was good, but badly overstocked. No one seems to know what is on even the next farm He must go and look for himself before he knows whether there are bees or not. Then there is no social life here. A man must be able to amuse himself in some other way to be happy. When I say no social life, I mean for us stray Americans. Society is very exclusive, and it is only by a long resi- dence here, or by some accident, that one gets into it ; and when he does, it is so different from northern ways that one has to learn anew. But if one is prepared to enjoy nature, if he knows some botany, entomology, or geology, he can be perfectly happy here. Where one can go out every day and find a bug or a plant or a fossil not down in the books he can be sure of enough to keep him busy, and he can get honey. One friend has already this sea- son 75,000 lbs. from 500 colonies, and the sea- son is only about half over. Another started with 32 in April, now has 170, and 20,000 lbs. of honey. But, again, white honey, the finest in the world, brings only Zyi cts. here now. 136 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb. 15 Here location is every thing, men something, and hives nothing as factors in big crops. Artemisa, Cuba, Jan. 20. CUBA FOR BEES AND HONEY. A Favorable Statement. BY ROBT. I,. LUACES. For some time past I have been finding ar- ticles on Cuba as a bee country; foul brood in Cuba; Cuban honey in the American markets, etc., that are sure to create the impression that bee-keeping here is bad business, and growing worse from day to day. Now, all this is not so. The value of Cuban honey exported for the six months from July 1 to Dec. 31, 1899, amounted to $19,506. Of this, half went to Germany and half to France and the United States. These data are taken from oflBcial re- ports, and show that Cuban honey finds its market in Europe and not in the United States, so American bee-keepers need not fear compe- tition from Cuba in their home markets. In Gleanings for April 1, 1900, page 260, Mr. Harry Howe gives his experience in look- ing up a location, coming to the conclusion that these are few and all taken up ; also that bees are scarce, and foul brood plentiful. On page 261 Mr. Geo. Rockenbaugh, Jr., goes on to say that Cuba as a bee country is done for ; foul brood has killed it, and gives doleful ac- counts of prices and railroads. Mr. F. H. Somerford gives us a funny story, and sums up his experience, saying Cuba is no better than Texas. Now, I will ask the readers of Gleanings to take into consideration the following : None of the gentlemen I have mentioned, accord- ing to their own statements, have been more than 30 miles away from Havana, and, of course, they can speak of the different places where they are ; but it is straining a little to judge all Cuba by what small portion of it they have seen. Mr. R. forgets to say that the prices he gives are mostly in Spanish sil- ver, and Mr. S. ought not to expect big crops from places that, from their own saying, are overstocked, overeaten by cattle, and full of all kinds of broods and worms. I live fully 300 miles from Havana, at Puerto Principe; and the bee-keeper whom I can't show in one day's ride on horseback more good locations than he can use is hard to please. Bees don't cost here $5.00 to $6 00 per colony in log gums, but from $1.25 to$l. 50 (Spanish silver). Land does not cost an enormous rental for a few yards. My apiary of 69 hives is situated 3500 meters from the city limits on half a caballeria (some 16 acres) of land that costs me in rental $20.00 currency a year. I have never seen foul brood here, nor heard of it. Moths are plentiful, as in all warm climates. Since September 20 we here have been hard at work extracting royal palm and Indian-vine honey, and since Nov. 1 the pure white aguinaldo (or campanilla, as we cill it here), is in full swing. This part of Cuba has always been noted as a honey-producer ; and although the late war did lots of harm, the industry of bee-keeping is fast coming to the front again ; and with improved methods, hives, and extractors, we shall soon beat our own record. Puerto Principe, Cuba, Dec. 31. TWO ITEMS. Fumigation of Queens in the Foreign Mails; Hon- ey Candjing in Uncleaned Sections. BY G. M. DOOLIXTLE. On reaching home irom my six weeks' ab- sence in the " Sunny South " I am pleased to see that the National Bee-keepers' Association won the Ucter-Utter suit, which was & glorious victory for our pursuit, and one which will go down to all time as a precedent to any who ig- norantly or maliciously wish to attack the bee- industry. And, so far as I know, the bee- keepers have won in all litigations which have been started against them, ever since we or- ganized ourselves into a body to show to the world that we have natural rights in this world as well as others. In view of these re- sults, the strange thing is that, out of about 30D,000 bee-keepers in the United States and Canada, less than 600 seem to care enough about these achievements to send in a dollar and join their names and destinies with us. Come, you 299,400 on the outside, wake up to your privileges. But this was not what I started to write about. From some facts which have come to me lately, it would seem that the time is at hand when the N. B. K. A. can help the bee- keepers of the world along the line of a " new departure. ' ' Our pursuit would probably have never risen to the prominence it now enjoys had this country never had any other bees than the black bee of our fathers ; for, in my estimation, the importation of the different races of bees we have in this country to-day (outside of the black bee) has been one of the incentives which have raised our pursuit from where it was forty years ago to the eminence it now enjoys. And, if I see clearly, there is something that stands directly in the way of any further improvement of the bees of the world by way of importing choice stock from the Orient to us, and of our exporting our choice stock over to them. All importers and exporters have found out, sooner or later, that, while some shipments of bees have gone through in apparently perfect condition, oth- er shipments have arrived at destination all dead; and we have wondered at this, for, so far as we could see, the same pains and care- fulness were used on the latter as on the for- mer. A year ago last summer I was filling a large order from Jamaica for queens, sending from six to twelve a week. Up to 35 or 40, every one went through in perfect condition, when all at once one shipment went through with every bee dead. I had the cages all re- turned to me ; and as soon as I looked at them I came to the conclusion that the mails containing this shipment had been fumigated, as the bees all had their tongues protruding. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 137 On writing the matter up I found, as I sur- mised, that the mails had been fumigated at that time on account of the yellow-fever scare that was then on. As no more were lost that year I paid but little further attention to the matter, as I thought such a scare would not happen very often, and when it did I should be likely to know of the matter through the papers, so I could withhold any shipment of queens until it was over. But I am now awakened from this reverie by lately receiv- ing word from a shipment of queens to Aus- tralia, all of which went through dead. Among other things in the letter are these words : "If there had been a chance of any of them coming through alive they were deprived of it by the process oi fumigation which a// mails coming from America to New South Wales have to undergo now ; " and that this state of affairs is becoming quite common can be seen by turning to p. 242 of the Southland Queen, where it will be found that the Atchley Co. lost a whole shipment sent to New Zealand ; and as the health officers of all countries are becoming more alert with each passing year, the mails will be fumigated more and more till our choice queens will have no show what- ever in the foreign mails unless some special privileges are granted by way of a separate pouch for queens, or something of the kind. The question now is. Can the National Bee- keepers' Association take any action in this matter which will help any ? or can Prof. Ben- ton use anv influence with those at the head of the foreign-mails department at Washing- ton ? Unless something is done, successful exporting or importing of queens through the mails will soon be a thing of the past. The other item to which I wish to call at- tention is found in S ray Straws, page 43, Jan. 15, and reads as follows : "If I understand rightly, Doolittle advises, p. 16, to extract part- ly filled sections, and use them for bait with- out having the bees clean them out. Now, will there not be particles of candied honey in those sections? and will that not hasten can- dying in them when filled ? " This part is by Dr. Miller. Then the editor adds, "It does not seem to me that Mr. Daolittle really meant this ; for among practical bee-keepers it has always been laid down as a rule that unfinish- ed sections, when extracted, should be clean- ed out by the bees, else there will be particles of candied honey in the sections when they are filled the second time." To the good doctor I wish to reply as fol- lows : First, he understood me correctly or rightly, and I have been in the habit of thus using sections for the past 15 years. Second, there may or there may not be particles of candied honey in those sections. If the sec- tions contained honey which would candy in the comb before spring, had not the bulk of the honey been extracted from them, the hon- ey remaining in the cells after extracting will candy somewhat, after the extracting process. If the bulk would not have candied when left without extracting, that remaining in the combs after extracting will be free from can- died particles when the baits are set on the hives. Third, after several experiments I can not find that particles of candied honey, put with freshly gathered honey, hasten the can- dying of the mass, on the principle that "a little leaven leavens the whole lump." I have tried this several times, but so far have suc- ceeded in getting honey to granulate or candy only when every thing was just right for it to do so, just the same as honey used to candy for our fathers, or before we " smarties " got to " fooling " with it. I know that some hon- ey will candy sooner than other kinds, both in the comb and out ; but so far as I have ex- perimented I could never hurry the slow can- dying kind by putting a little of the quick- er candying kind with it. Could you, doctor ? And to our good editor I wish to say that many fallacies are often indorsed by "prac- tical bee-keepers " simply because some one has announced such fallacy to be a fact. Does Bro. E. R. Root remember when nearly every practical bee-keeper in our land was loud in "laying it down as a rule" that none but comb foundation ^'■freshfrom the mill'' should be put in section boxes, because, if other than fresh, the bees would not work it until a part of the honey season had passed away, because the old was so hard and dry-looking? After I experimented in this matter, and announced that such a theory was a fallacy, and that foundation three years old proved to be soft and pliable looking and otherwise, just so soon as a degree of heat sufiicient to work wax was brought to bear on it in the hive or sur- plus arrangement, and that my bees actually .worked foundation from three to five years old just as readily as they did that only one week old, this old rule, " laid down by prac- tical bee-keepers," was as silent as the grave, and has hardly been heard of since. And so will be this other, regarding "particles of candied honey in the sectious when they are filled the second time," when we as candid apiarists take time to look into the matter, in- stead of taking for granted what is told us. Take a section of candied honey and set it in your surplus arrangement on the hive with other sections, and allow it to remain there till the rest are filled, and you will find the honey in it liquid like the rest. Quinby told us 45 years ago that combs of honey, candied solid during winter, would all liquefy during the following summer if left in the hive with the bees, the heat of the bees and the summer doing the work, and I have proven the same true time and time again ; and, further, that, if put up in the loft of a building where the sun on the roof maintained a high tempera- ture, the liquefying would be done long be- fore fall. Now, then, as soon as those sec- tions having particles of granulated honey in them are on the hives, and the temperature rises to a point where brood can be reared, or wax worked, they all dissolve, and the bees lick every thing dry and clean, as they always do before putting any honey in any cell. And those combs are just as free from particles of granulated honey as they would have been had the bees licked them dry the fall before ; at least, reason and experiments covering al- most a score of years tell me that such is the case here in Central New York ; and as for the 138 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb 15 honey in such sections candjing any sooner, no matter whether licked in the fall or in the spring, than does the honey in those filled from starters of foundation, or those filled with foundation, years of close observation has failed to show any difference. Therefore I adhere to using all partly filled sections again, instead of destroying them, as was the common advice a decade ago, and placing sections in the supers as baits from which the honey has been extracted, without giving them to the bees to clean up, other than what they do after the sections are put on the hives for the next season's crop. And I advised ac- cordingly, as the labor thus saved is an item worth looking after. If any disagree, all they have to do is to give the matter a thorough trial, and then govern themselves accordingly. Borodino, N. Y. [Yes, Mr. Doolittle, I remember how you were almost alone at one time in asserting that old foundation was as readily worked by the bees as new. At the present time there are very few bee-keepers, who are familiar with recent literature pertaining to the indus- try, who would pay half a cent difference for new foundation over old. But your other statement about unfinished sections — well, if it came from any one but you I should be in- clined to say he was wrong — all wrong ; and even now, in the face of evidence that I have listened to at the various conventions I have attended during the last three months, I can not help feeling that you are mistaken for once, even admitting that you have been a pioneer sometimes in dispelling and showing up the fallacy of old exploded beliefs and no- tions. If there is any one thing that comb- honey producers have come to regard as an ac- cepted fact, it is, that it is poor policy to place in supers unfinished sections containing honey of the previous year except for baits. They have insisted that it was their experience, so far as I can remember, that such sections, when finished, were inferior-looking in the £ipift place, and very apt to have candied hon- ey ; and now for you to come in and pronounce this a heresy— well, I will keep still until I can gather fresh ammunition. In the mean time, let us have short pithy reports on this matter. Our space is getting to be so crowded that we can not just now find room for a dozen or so long articles on this subject ; but as long as Doolittle stands sponsor for the statement that unfinished sections of the previous year may be used and still furnish, when finished, a good grade of comb honey, we must think an experiment ; for if he is right, then we are throwing away dollars and dollars ; and if he is wrong, lat us bury him out of sight with evidence. Regarding the mailing of bees to foreign countries, Mr. D. has probably discovered the real cause of all the bees arriving dead at cer- tain times when at other times they would go through in good order. This may be a proper subject for the National Bee-keepers' Associa- tion to take hold of ; but we know how diffi- cult it is to get something from even our own government, and we know it is more difficult to get a concession from a foreign govern- ment, especially when the interests of bee-keep- ers in the case in question are so small. Mr. W. S. Pender, of West Maitland, Australia, did, however, secure a very important conces- sion, in that bees might go to Australia, not at letter rates, but at parcels-post rates. Mr. Pender is the editor of the Australian Bee Journal, and doubtless he can interest himself in a matter that is to our mutual interest. If he will " pull the wires " on the other side we will "pull the strings " on this side; at all events, I have this day, as President of the N. B. K. A., written a letter to our Postoffice De- partment, asking if some special provision can not be made by which bees will be exempt from fumigation while in transit. — Ed] EXTRACTED HONEY FOR THE POOR. Relative Cost of Glass and Tin in Four and Five Pound Lots for Honey; a Strong Plea for the Small Glass Package; Fowls out after the Owl. BY CHAI.ON FOWLS. No doubt but ye are the people, and wisdom shall die with you, but I have understanding as well as you. Job 12 : 2, 3. Notwithstanding the alleged foolishness of those who put up honey in glass (according to Mr. Aikin's article on page 955), I will attempt an answer in behalf of the many foolish fel- lows here in the East who put up honey in that way. As I see it, Bro. Aikin's benevo- lence gun is aimed too high. He should com- mence nearer home. He says his sympathies are with the poor laborer. Me too ; but, hold on. "Charity begins at home;" and the kind that would cut down the meager wages of the beekeepers of our land, and give it to other laborers, I should call misdirected. Mr. Aikin moralizes at considerable length, trying to prove the foolishness of those who persist in buying articles put up in glass ; but that need not trouble us. We should try to supply what WiQ buyer wants ; and, as mentioned in another article, my experience has been that they want honey in glass in preference to tin, even at a higher price. In fact, liquid honey in glass has practically driven candied honey in tin out of the market, excepting the five- gallon square cans as sold at wholesale. At the Chicago convention. President Root reported that a number of prominent produ- cers are now bottling their own product. Of course, this means they think it will sell bet- ter this way than candied. Now, I will leave the readers of Gleanings to judge whether these people " are decidedly lacking in push and business ability." While I may be lack- ing in these requisites it strikes me that it takes more " push " and a higher order of " business ability " to build up such a trade as Mr. Selser has at his prices than to sell in a crude condition at half price, or at the price of sugar. Again, Mr. Aikin tries to make out that I am cheating my customers in that I am mak- ing them pay for a worthless glass package 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 139 with the honey. Not a bit of it. I am giving them a more useful package than he is, and fully as cheap in proportion to the size. He says his 4 lb. pail costs from -5 to 7 cts. each, while one-quart Mason jars holding .3 lbs. usu- ally cost here less than 4 cts. each ; and half- gallon jirs about 5 cts. There is no question as to the relative usefulness of the two, in this locality at least, for good self -sealing fruit-jars are always in demand ; but lard pails are not sold except when filled with lard or other shortening, and they are often seen in rubbish- heaps where they have been thrown away. It may be said that some people use square bot- tles that are worthless after the honey is used; but Aikin should turn his gun upon them in- stead of me. Some of his statements I can heartily agree with. He says, "display can ixu.Ho'viy iivf-(,- Alp /• SHAVE THis u/xurty Ai "^ WILL /IS THB Rich. not be ignored," and that "we want the cheapest neat and serviceable package we can get ; " but I would add, consistent with gen- eral utility. In this locality a good self- seal- ing fruit-jar meets this requirement better than a tin pail. Some of the statements in Mr. Aikin's arti- cle show what a difference locality may make, even in markets. Two years ago, when we had a good crop, I put up some fine clover honey in half-gallon Mason fruit-j^rs at $6.00 a dozen. The grocer sold them at 60 cts. each, and, according to Mr. Aikin's experience, the "common e very-day man" should have bought them ; but, no ; they would buy the little half-pound glasses at double price. The large packages at half the price per pound of the small ones did not " meet the needs of the poor," and were not a " good business propo- sition," for they did not sell well, probably for the same reason that 2-lb. sections do not sell as well as one-pound. Mr. Aikin speaks of putting i^p his honey in large packages so that it is a rare thing' for him to sell single pounds. While that may do for him, it is certainly the wrong policy here. Choice honey is regarded as a luxury, and rightly, too ; and after the necessaries are bought, such as flour, sugar, etc., the people want a chance to buy a few cents' worth of some delicacy; and it's not " How much hon- ey can I get ? " but, " How cheap can I get a little? " They don't regard the quantity they are getting as much as the money they are paying out. We see the same thing with oth- er things. A grocer could sell but little candy if obliged to sell in -5 or 10 lb. lots. The peo- ple want 5 or 10 cents' worth at a time, and are willing to pay more than pound or five- pound rates for it too. And now at the risk of repetition I wish to say that all this talk about cheap honey for the masses, honey at the price of sugar, etc., is a direct blow at the interests of the ho7iey- producers of our land. Choice honey is a lux- ury, and must always remain so, for the rea- son that its flavor comes from the flowers, and must be gathered by the bees, apd can be got in no other way. Of course, I know off grades of honey must be sold cheap, but they should be classed as cooking honey, and not put up for table use at all. What in the world does our Col- orado friend mean when he says it would be "more honorable " (put- ting up so it could be sold low)? Does he mean that putting up liq- uid in small packages, making more cost, is thus making it a lux- ury, and that it is less honorable to produce a luxury than a necessity ? If he means that, I'll tell Dr. Mil- ler that Aikin hints that raising and selling comb honey is dishon- orable. And now until I am con- vinced that it is dishonorable to offer a luxury for sale, I shall prob- ably still continue to bottle choice honey in the best style I know how, so as to supply the demand for something that is nice, and looks nice too. But I see by the cartoon on p. 976 the kind of trade that Aikin wants to get; and when he comes to Oberlin with his cheap methods, cheap goods, and cheap prices, he will get the cheap trade, and the Buckeyes will call his store, " Aikin's Honey Racket Store." Oberlin, Ohio. THE RELATION OF BEES TO FRUIT. Why Some Fruit Bursts Open ; a Valuable Series of Experiments Conducted by the Connec- ticut Board of Agriculture. BY H. X,. JEFFREY. In Gleanings for Oct. 1 I notice the men- tion of the Utter v. Utter case, and I will give you two or three points brought out by my re- search for our Connecticut Board of Agricul- ture. Because of complaints in Connecticut to the Board of Agriculture about the damage to peaches and grapes by bees in 1881, I was requested to investigate the subject for the benefit of the Board. Not only the damage but the benefits done by the bees was to be looked into with thoroughness, and a report to be given when called for. I have been studying the pros and cons to this day. The work was entered into with a will, with a co- operation on all sides. Mr. J. H. Hale, of South Glastonbury, furnished me with quite a variety of strawberry-plants ; also raspberries, 140 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb 15 grapevines, and peach-trees. Mr. P. M. Auger, State Pomologist (now deceased), also contributed trees and plants, while alive. A great many yards of cheese cloth and mos- quito-net were used to cover trees and plants while in bloom to keep the bees away from the bloom to find out what the benefits were. This part of the work showed two strong points. They were very conclusive evidence on the relaiive merits of varieties. A list would take up too much room. Some varieties fruited to the extent that it would furnish material to argue that berries would set crops of fruit without the aid of the bees, and other varieties would not set even the apology of berries when covered up, and it was just the same when cultivated under glass. The Early Alexander peach is a very strong evidence of the need of the bees, and others that will set fruit without the aid of bees gave very strong evidence that the va- rieties by which they were fertilized very strongly influenced the flavor of the fruit. Very sweet varieties of strawberries, when fertilized by the sour varieties, furnished fruit with better shipping and keeping qualities, in quite a good number of varieties. All these tests were made on a variety of soils and in different places. The influence of a rainy time after a very dry time in a great many instances caused the juice of sweet varieties of both peaches and grapes to force the juice out through the pores of the skin at the stem. This caused the bees, during the scarcity of honey, to collect the juice that was forced out around the stem. In such very thin skin varieties of peaches as the Mountain Rose, and most of the very sweet white varieties, I have seen a good heavy shower that came just at the right time as the fruit came to maturity, and a few hours of very bright sunshine caused the pulp to expand so that the skin cracked in places, and the bees would gather the juice. The bees were not alone in these depredations, but were help- ed by the wasps and hornets. These peaches that were by the laws of nature, and uncon- trollable by man, put in a damaged condition, would not be of any practical value to ship or for any thing else except immediate use. That such results were produced in the way men- tioned was proved in localities where a hose and irrigation could be resorted to under quite similar circumstances to test the evidence ap- parent from natural causes. With varieties of grapes that were of the more tender skinned and sweet varieties, such as the Green M juntain, Moore's Diamond, and the varieties having foreign blood, like Rodger's Hybrids, quite often a thorough soaking of the soil would make a separation of the grape at the peduncle, or stem, so that the juice oozed out. In some cases cutting back the green growth would cause the same result. I have also seen the same result in peach trees when loaded with fruit, and a sud- den wind storm broke down some of the branches. The roots were pumping sap to their full extent. The fruit on the remaining limbs could not properly appropriate the sap, and that caused the bursting of the skin or the stretching of it till the juice oozed through the pores, making it an easy prey for the wasps, hornets, and bees. Cases like what I have given are so numerous in the memoran- da of the 19 years of research, that, were I to give you one out of a hundred, it would more than fill one copy of Gleanings. Even Mr. James H. Hale, probably one of the very larg- est peach-growers in the world, has published, over his signature, that, even if he positively knew that bees did destroy peaches, he would not resort to legal redress with a bee-keeper, because he knows, or thinks he knows, his indebtedness to the bees for their work of fer- tilizing the bloom. Woodbury, Conn., Nov. 30. [These experiments are exceedingly valua- ble, not because the results found were new, but because they confirm a long line of other experiments that have been conducted at vari- ous times and places. I think we maj^ set it down as a fact that the most progressive fruit- growers are very warm friends of the bees, be- cause they know and realize the valuable ser- vice they render in spring, when no other in- sects are about. The statement of Mr. J. H. Hale, in the last paragraph, is very important, coming as it does from one of the largest fruit- growers in the world. — Ed.] RETAILING HONEY. A Disturbance Among the Fowls and the Owls. The Package Question : Retailing without Packages. BY NIGHT HAWK. Mr. Editor : — In Gleanings, page 14, you have announced your conclusion to keep out of the pie to avoid " dreaming of owls, fowls, and all kinds of night-hawks." Were you " ludin' at" me when you refer to night- hawks ? At any rate, I am anxious to have a hand in this pie contest, whether chicken-pie, owl-pie, or Harry Howe's favorite pumpkin- pie. The arguments between our friends, Aikin and Fowls, nicely show the best side out for each of the methods. One wishes to sell large quantities at as low figures as possible to increase consumption near home, packing in low-priced packages, etc. The other takes extra care to get his honey into the most at- tractive shape, which means high prices at re- tail, and a cut-down of amounts consumed per capita. You say both are right for their localities — meaning, I presume, with their own quality of honey ; but how would our owl man fare in Oberlin, us-ing his methods with the same hon- ey that the good brother Fowls makes the consumer pay 25 cts. a pound for? Aikin could buy for 10 cts. if Fowls can, and deliver it in the cheap package for 12^ cts. Then the question would be, "Will Oberlin people pay two prices for the sale of the fancy glass bottle and red ribbon?" If they will, they are built on different lines from Pennsjltucky Dutchmen ; and if the good Oberlin brother 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 141 should go to Colorado with his plan he would not sell a bottle — would know better than to try it. This becoming accustomed to one kind of honey, and not liking any other, is a factor to be taken into consideration by the honey-sales- man, as I have found out to my cost. In this neck of the woods I am selling, on the average, ten pounds of good old candied black buck- wheat extracted to one of fancy white — a very fine article too. The package question was the sticker, but it has been solved so easily ! and I don't ob- ject to giving it away to the beekeeping fra- ternity. As you know, Mr. Editor, I always was generous that way, and so here it is : No package at all, for I can sell more honey with- out packages than with. How ? 1 just take my samples into the first house I come to, and ask for a dish to give them a sample of fine honey. The lady wishes to know the price, of course. The price is, say, 12'/2 cts. per pound ; but if she will furnish a pail to bring it in, and take ten pounds, it will be only a dollar. That is a very "fetching" plea to start in with ; but after getting half a dozen pails to carry, there is an added force to it. The neighbors all think it a good bargain, as that array of tinware testifies. If some one doesn't happen to have the pail, as a special favor I promise to deliver it in a paper oyster- pail — ten pounds, pail and all, and that's about the cost — ten cents per pound for the paper package, and it works all right. There you are, Mr. Editor, and I hope it may help some bee-keeper to dispose of his crop to advantage, and also give some lover of honey a chance to obtain the purest and best sweet known to mankind, at a reasonable price, without being obliged to pay for any " fancy fixin's" or unnecessary commissions. Sarpe, Pa. [Your plan of selling is similar to that em- ployed so successfully by Dan White, of New London, Ohio. He sells all he can produce, and more too. — Ed.] OLD COMBS FOR BROOD-REARING. Should Old Combs be Thrown Away, and New Ones be Drawn from Foundation? BY W. T. STEPHENSON. On page 908 Dr. Miller, referring to an item in the Review, written by me, in which I de- scribe combs 12 years old as being considera- bly less in diameter than new comb, says that he has combs 25 years old, and yet the cells are no smaller, so far as he can see. In writ- ing the item for the Review I put the adverb " least " before " 12," but the printer failed to put it in. These combs may have been old- er than 12 years, for aught I know. I will de- scribe more fully. I bought the colony from a neighbor some years ago. The hive was badly dilapidated then, and the combs had been transferred from, may be, a bee-tree, to that hive ; so those combs are possibly 25 years old or more. Dr. M. says his side walls (of the cells) were not perceptibly thickened after having 25 years' accumulation of cocoons plastered on them. The comb I was speaking of had the side walls thickened, and that to no slight de- gree. Indeed, there were cocoons enough on the inside of the cells to make them peifectly round. The cells looked like so many gimlet- holes. Well, doctor, it's too bad ; but 1 melt- ed those remarkable combs into beeswax last season, but (believe me) if I had any of it both you and Mr. Root should have a piece to examine and see if the septum had eight or ten layers of cocoons where the sides have one or two. I melted the comb in a solar extractor, and after the wax was all rendered the shape of the cell was still perfect. The outside or first co- coons were the shape of the cells ; and little by little, as more were added, it became round. Mr. Editor, you suggest that, if the diame- ter of the cells becomes too small to suit the bees, they will remove the cocoons from the sides of the cell and leave the septum until it accumulates eight times as many cocoons. I thought you said that bees' mandibles were not suitable for biting skins of fruit. If so, how are they going to bite through the co- coons ? They are surely slicker and tougher than any peach. YoU might say they would commence at the top of the cell ; but I don't believe their mandibles are delicate enough to separate the cocoons from the sides of the cell. Why is it that the bees would peel the cocoons from the sides of the cell and leave the septum ? Do you think it is desirable to the bees to have cocoons on the septum ? Besides the toughness and slickness of the cocoons, the concave shape of the cells, it seems to me, would be quite a drawback. To prove what I have said in regard to old combs producing smaller bees, I will say that I have transferred the colony spoken of, and the bees are a good deal larger than before.. New Columbia, 111. [It is very easy for one to draw wrong con- clusions and wrong inferences ; and especial- ly is this true, it seems to me, in the case be- fore us. You say that the comb that you were speaking of had the " ^i'le walls thickened, and that to no slight degree ; " that there were cocoons enough on the iaside to make the cells perfectly round. Now let me ask. Did you count the cocoons in the side walls or did you take a micrometer and measure the thickness of the side walls in some of these old combs, and also the walls of combs, we will say three or four years old, and in which brood had been reared as many seasons ? If you did not then you might easily be deceived. To depend on the eye alone is too much like guesswork. You say the cells look like so many gimlet- holes. So do those of any brood comb, even if it is not more than three or four years old. The bees generally thicken the top edges, making a circular rim, giving the cell itself the appearance of a round ho'e. You did not, so far as I can see from what 142 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Feb 15 you have written, take out the cocoons and count them one by one. This I did in the case of the comb Dr. Miller sent me, which was 25 years old, and the cell walls were not thicker than those of ordinary comb, nor were there more than two thicknesses of cocoons in the walls. If the bees kept on packing in cocoons, and every cocoon was left in for 25 years, those same cells would hardly let in an ant, to say nothing about letting in a bee. You refer to melting up these old combs in a solar wax-extractor. Any comb, even if it be not more than three or four years old, when melted under such conditions, will show the perfect shape of the cocoons after the wax is melted away. I did say that bees' jaws were not suitable for biting the skins of fruits, and I still adhere to the statement. While the bees seem to lack the power of biting through chitinous substances, yet they will unravel and pull to pieces any filament or fabric just as we can with our fingers unravel and pull to pieces the strongest hemp rope if we take time enough. If you will examine under a strong magnifier the filament of a cocoon you will see it is made up of a web. These individual webs can be easily unraveled and pulled away by the bees, and it would be a very easy trick to remove the cocoons in that way. But the skin of a peach or grape has quite a different texture and surface. Nothing short of cutting instru- ments would pierce them. Again, you say that, after you removed the old combs and put in new ones, the newly hatched bees were a good deal larger. Let me ask again, Did you test these and the other bees with perforated zinc ? and is it not a fact that you expected the bees to be larger, and hence wrongly inferred that they were larger after you saw them ? I do not mean to accuse you of carelessness, and certainly not of mis- representation ; but unless one depends on something besides his eyes for gauging sizes involving differences of one or two thou- sandths of an inch he is pretty sure to make decidedly wrong guesses. This is a very important matter ; and if you are right and we are wrong it will be quite a point for the foundation-makers of the coun- try. All we would have to say would be that combs would have to be renewed once in ten years, and this would mean the selling of tons of foundation where none is sold now. I do not wish to be positive. You may be right and I wrong ; but I am showing how you might be mistaken in your conclusions. While I am open to conviction, yet I hope you or any one else will help us to get down to the actual facts ; but in the mean time it does not seem to me that Nature would make so egre- gious a blunder as to pinch growing bees in combs 15 or 25 years old. We are accustomed to saying that Nature works in harmony with herself ; and I still believe that, when we gather in all the facts, we shall find that the useless cocoons are removed as soon as they have a tendency to reduce the diameter of the cells. And here is one more fact : If it were true that the size of bees varies according to the age of the comb in which they are reared, then we should have no end of trouble in the use of perforated zinc. One make of zinc that would let one lot of bees through easily, would almost if not quite bar other lots. But, so far as I know, when the perforations are jVoV wide, or a trifle more than g\,, in figures we can un- derstand, the zinc answers all requirements with all bee-keepers in every climate and un- der any conditions. If your conclusions were correct this would be far from the fact. I should be pleased to receive samples from any one having combs which he knows to be 20 or 25 years old. Mail us a piece two or three inches square. Send a card telling about the comb, its age, and, if you can, mature bees that have hatched from such comb. Let us investigate this matter without prejudice, with the simple idea of getting at the truth. — Ed.] OLD GRIMES. BY ARTHUR C. MILLER. Old Grimes's not dead ; that good old man We'll often hear him more ; He sometimes wears an old gray coat All honey down before. His heart is open as the day ; His feelings, if you knew, Are oft inclined to lead astray His common sense of view. When'er he hears the pipe of queen. His steps are quicklj- turned Into that path which we have seen He's " beaten " out and learned. Kind fun he ever pokes at all ; He lives not to malign ; His thoughts are slow, inclined to fall To tools of olden time. He lives in land of Setting Sun ; And, though his hives are new, Uncaps his honey with a knife As " daddy " used to do. Unharmed by stings of bees astute, He stumbles gently o'er The hives, excluders, traps, and things Strewed in that path he told of. But good old Grimes is not at rest ; He's heard the news from town. So takes his pen and does his best To bring inventors down. He modest profit seeks to find To pay for bread and butter ; He has no notion in hi-* mind To spend it on uncapper. His neighbors, by its proper use, Find decrease in their labor ; He, giving license to his views. Growls " adjusting " and " excluder." His knowledge of the modern ways He keeps from public view ; But makes a noise these latter days Of what other folks may do. His worldly goods he never threw Away on any fancy ; He says we cut, adjust, and slice, With things that's quite expensive. Though much disturbed by honeyed cares. And fears of tools not mellow, Just everybody says he is A jolly young "old fellow." 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 143 RAMBLE NO. 181. Dame Fortune ; Keeping Bees on Shares ; the Barber Method of Producing Comb Honey. BV RAMBI.ER. [It is with a great deal of pleasure that I announce that Rambler is to begin his series of illustrated arti- cles which were discontinued some three years ago owing to the pressure of other duties and some changes in his plans. He is now in position to resume the series, and the first one begins where the others left off, and is given herewith. — Ed.] " Why, Mr. Rambler ! how do you do? Glad to see you. Sit down here on this hive in the shade of the fig-tree, and let's have a talk. Le'me see — it's been two or three years since I put my optics on you. But, Rambler, you look awful bad — sick, are you.'' No? Pushed that wheel a little too lively — sandy roads? No? Got into a scrimmage with a teamster? Hat-brim tore? No? Ran off that pesky river bridge, got lost, and came near starving on those alkali plains ? ' ' "O Mr. McCubbin ! it is worse than all that. Heigh-ho ! hum — worse, worse." "Worse? why, land alive ! you didn't get run over by a railroad train ? coat-sleeves rip- ped, pants tore — too bad — no? What ! struck by lightning in yesterday's unusual thunder- storm ? " "Worse, Mr. McCubbin— worse, worse." " Land o'Goshen ! Rambler, what have you been through — a thrashing machine, a rock- pulverizer, a — " " O my friend McCubbin! it's worse than all that — worse, worse, my dear McCubbin ; I've been jilted." " Ha ! ha ! Rambler. I might have known it. How sad, dejected, and how disconsolate you look ! seed}^ as a haystack, and forlorn ; too bad, too bad. But, hey now ; was it a grass widder that got away with that heart o'3'ours? " " Well, now, McCubbin, that's too bad ; in- deed, it is a bad way to let your mind wander into such trivial channels. Why, I could stani such jilts as you speak of twice a week, and still smile. But, McCubbin, I have been jilted by Dame Fortune. You see, I worked happily and hopefully in building up a nice apiary, every thing new and up-to date. It was located in a quiet cosy nook in the Ca- huenga Hills. I could cast my eyes down the canyon, and in the distance see the restless waters of the P. c'fic Ocean, while all around me were the everlasting hills. The bluejiys were my companions and regular boarders. The mockingbird mocked, and in the deep si- lence of the night a distant coyote would send his multitudinous carol down the canyon ; but, heigh-ho ! those pleasant pictures are blasted. " You see, my friend, I had just gotten my new apiary into shape to make at least $1000 a year out of it when there fell to our lot in Southern California two dry seasons, and now we are facing another. See, see, Bro. McCub- bin, these emaciated features, these bepatched pants, these protruding elbows ; and, alas ! I am but a type of many bee-men in that por- tion of the State. But, Bro. M., I will not complain, for I have a good share of my bees left, while many have lost all they had. These are sad ) ears for the beemea of Southern Cal- ifornia. The circumstance is beyond our ken, and we lay it to the fickleness of Dame For- tune." " Beg your pardon. I might have known that women would have paid no attention to such a forlorn chap ; but if you had got that $1000 a year you'd had to do the jilting — hey, Rambler? " RAMBI^ER TURNS UP AT M'CUBBIN'S APIARY. " Bro. McCubbin, let's talk about something more agreeable. I wish to tell you that I have again decided to try to woo Dame Fortune, and I have traveled all of these weary 250 miles, and here I am in this alfalfa country ; and now what can you do for me? " " Why, Rambler, you are just the man I have wanted to see. I am just so full of busi- ness that I can not attend to my bees, and you are just the man to do it. You see, I own a 160-acre timber-ranch a few miles north, and two fruit-ranches. In fact, I am a rancher, bee-keeper, housekeeper, painter, paper-hang- er, stock-dealer, real-estate agent, insurance agent, book-keeper, honey-dealer, etc. Then you know I lost my wife two years ago, and I have these two little children to care for, and I sometimes call this my orphanage. You can 144 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb. 15 readily see that I can not do very much with bees." "Sure enough, Mr. McCubbin. Truly you have your hands full. I think it would be highly conducive to your peace of mind to al- low me to work your bees. How many colo- nies have you ? " "At this Reedley ranch I have about 40 colonies. I will attend to these and work them for increase. I have one of Doolittle's $5.00 queens. You know in our raisin trade here we have the celebrated London layers. Well, in order to be up to date I call this Doolittle queen my Dublin layer, and will re- queen my apiaries from her. And say. Ram- bler. I believe Doolittle is the best all-round bee keeper and queen breeder in America." "Pshaw! McCubbin, do you really think so? I think you had better revise that state- ment a little." " Well, I don't. I mean every word of it. Why, what have you against Doolittle ?" "Oh! not much. I was only thinking it would sound better to say he is the best all- round bee-keeper on earth." "That's so, Rambler — that's so; that hits his case exactly — on earth. Why in time didn't I think of that? Well, as I was saying, I have 115 colonies at tlie peach orchard, 3}i miles south, and 105 three miles further on, in an alkali-weed patch. Now, these two api- aries, with a total of 220 colonies, are at your service. I think these, with now and then a few miles spin on your wheel, will give you all the recreation you need. And now sup- pose we swap ideas as to the terms of manage- ment. Now let your ideas loose first." " Well, Bro. McCubbin, my idea is for you to let me have all of the honey and — " "You? You have all of the honey ? well, well. I must say you have an eye for No. 1. Want to make up for lost time, hey? And, Rambler, what am I to get ? " " Why, my dear McCubbin, you are to have the increase." "Well, well! who ever worked bees that way ? Did you ever do it yourself, Rambler ? " "Certainl}'. I worked an apiary for Mr. Wheeler, of Riverside, Cal., and the agree- ment was that I should have all of the honey, and make as much increase as I deemed judi- cious." " But, Rambler, how many colonies did you manage that way ? " "Ahem — ahem-m-z-z z-z — it seems sort of chilly under this figtrte — le'me see — what did you remark, Mr. McCubbin? " "Why, I want to know how many colonies you managed for all of the honey, less a judi- cious increase." "Why — ahem — z z-zz — getting cool and cloudy ; d'ye think it'll rain ? " "Well, now, see here. Rambler. I want to know how manj' colonies of bees you manag- ed under those peculiar rates." "Well, if you must know all about it, I managed one swarm, more or less — did well too ; got 127 lbs. of honey, and increased to three, and it was not much of a honey year ei- ther. The same plan applied to your 220 col- onies would give you nearly 700. All you have to do is to furnish the hives, the bees, and I will do the rest." " Now, Rambler, I think your remark more or less covers up something ; but I am not go- ing into any such scheme as that. I want honey instead of bees ; and unless we can make arrangements with that in view you might as well pick up your duds and travel." "Heigh-ho! all right, McCubbin; it is again the voice of Dame Fortune calling, ' Move on, move on.' I am so used to that command, it seems as though my weary limbs would never find rest. But, see here ; you have not let any of your ideas loose. I am listening." "My ideas will be few and to the point. When I rent or let an apiary I do not believe in making a complicated contract. I give the lessee half of the honey, each party to fur- nish his own packages for the honey. I must have all of the increase, and will provide hives for the same, the lessee to make as little in- crease as he deems judicious. How does that strike you ? " " Why, it strikes me as would a fountain of ice-cold soda on a hot summer's day. Your plan is about the one I have operated in the past ; but in addition to half of the honey I must have half of the wax. That is quite an item sometimes. I have known bee-keepers to ignore this very important product, and al- low scores of pounds to go to waste. The careful bee keeper saves every scrap of old combs and scrapings of hives and frames, and in so doing he adds to his revenue. I am pleased with your 'judicious increase' provi- sion, for it must be understood that, when I work bees for extracted honey, I will so man- age them that but few swarms will issue. If you wish to make a considerable increase by natural swarming I should have something for hiving the swarms. I know of parties who have received fifty cents a swarm for such work." " Rambler, I am not anxious for increase ; therefore, if it is agreeable to you we will fix the terms at half the honey and half of the wax, and go it as light as you please with swarms. Furthermore, I have a few supers with sections I had left over from last season, which I should like to work in, and I think it can be done without interfering with the swarming. The way I manage in the produc- tion of comb honey is to put on the extract- ing-supers ; and when the bees get vigorously working in them I take them off and put on the comb honey supers, and the bees just fill the sections in no time. You observe the sec- tions are in broad frames, double tier, and oc- cupy the same space as the extracting-super." "Why, Bro. McCubbin, that is Mrs. Bar- ber's plan as she described it in Gleanings. Did you learn it from her? " "Oh, no! I have practiced that plan for several years, and I believe Mr. Brodbeck, of Los Angeles, told me some time ago that he indulged in such practice. I think the idea has been mentioned in print ; but you see it has taken a lady to make the idea attract at- tention." " But, see here, McCubbin. It seems to me 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 145 you use rather thin sections — 4}^X4}4Xl}4 ', are they not short weight? " " They are a trifle short ; but you see I use no separators, and get better weight on that account ; and then grocers sell them by the piece and not by the pound. But this is the last lot I have ; and since I am letting my bees on shares, and the lessee, like yourself, for in- stance, desires to work for extracted honey, I INGS ; but it seems that comb honey is passing in Central California. Five years ago nearly all of j'our bee-men were for comb honey, and now I find the extractor in almost universal use." " Yes, that is so. Our best comb honey has a dark tinge, and will not sell so well as the white grades. We have a ready sale for our extracted honey, ard last season dealers were J. B. HALI,, WOODSTOCK, ONTARIO, CANADA. — SEE EDITORIALS. Courtesy of American Bee-keeper . shall have to comply with the new order of management. But I tell you. Rambler, I love to work for comb honey." "That is evident from your fixtures ; and I remember that photo I secured of yourself and your comb honey some six years ago at Selma, and which made a fine illustration in Glean- chasing around after our product, and it sold at a good price. Oh, no ! it was no trick at all to sell honey last year. But, Rambler, you look awful hungry. Come right into the house and we will have some supper. Here, Bruce and Grace, pick up all these things you have on the floor. Children must play, you know, 146 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb. 15 and I let them have full swing here in the house with my bee-hive material. Now, Ram- bler, how would a few pancakes strike you?" " Bro. McCubbin, I'm speechless." COI.ONIES OF BEES FREEZING TO DEATH. "Good morning, Mr. Doolittle. Pretty cold outside this morning. " " Yes, it is, neighbor Smith. Take this big rocking-chair and draw up by the fire." "Thank you, I will do so. And now I want to talk a little while with you about bees freezing to death." " I am agreeable. ^Buf what set you to thinking about this matter .-" " • " This awful cold, after reading last night in an old bee-paper that some thought that bees froze to death, one writer asserting that any one who has handled bees knows that too cold weather makes them perfectly stiff and apparently lifeless." " Did you believe what you read? " "Well, enough so that I went and looked at one colou}\ and I found them apparently lifeless, as he said they would be. But this colony was in a single-walled hive, and the writer in the paper said that if bees were in other than thoroughly packed chaff hives they should be taken to warmer quarters if zero cold lasts longer than four or five days, else they might freeze ; and this is why I came over this morning. Would you carry these bees into the cellar ? " " It would have been a good plan to carry such colonies as were in single-walled hives into the cellar from the middle to the latter part of last November ; but I consider that which you read as fallacious, and think a little talk over this matter will convince you that there is nothing in the matter further than theory." " I am glad to hear you say this, as I had no place where I could put the bees just now. But why should bees not freeze when other animals, which are poorly protected, do so?" "While it is possible to freeze nearly all animal life by exposure to a very low temper- ature, the bees seem capable, with plenty of stores near at hand, to stand any amount of cold so long as food remains within easy reach." " Bat I saw some bees in the hive I opened this morning, on the outside of the bunch of bees, that were so stiff they did not wiggle when I poked them with a lead-pencil." " To be sure, the bees on the outside of the cluster may become somewhat stiffened with cold ; but those within are nearly as brisk and lively as in summer." " What proof have you of this assertion ? " " M. Quinby, than whom there is no better authority, knew this to be a fact when he said in his ' Mysteries of Bee keeping Explained,' that the bees inside the cluster, on a zero morning, could fly as readily as in July, should the cluster be thrown apart. Mr. Quinby wrote this more than 35 years ago. ' ' " Well, suppose the zero weather had held on four or five days, that being the length of time the writer allowed in the old bee-paper." "This part was made very plain bv that veteran bee-keeper of thirty years ago, E isha Gallup, now of California. When speaking of a winter in Upper Canada he says, ' the thermometer for sixty days in succession was not above 10° below zero, and for eight of these days the mercury was frozen ; yet my bees, in box hives, with a two inch hole at the top and the bottom, plastered up tight, came through in excellent condition.' This you can find in Vol. V. of the American Bee Journal, page 33, unless my memory has given me the slip." " Whew ! Mercury frozen ! That is ahead of any thing we ever get here, is it not ? " " Yes. But while bees here in Central New York were never put to so seve- e a test as the above, yet, a few years ago, the mercury went as low as 37° below zero ; still, so far as I could see, it did not affect the bees in the least." " How can they resist such cold ? " " By eating honey, or ' burning it as fuel,' as one writer puts it." " I wonder how much heat they can get up in that way." "From experiments conducted with a self- registering thermometer I have found that when it is 20° below zero in the outside air, a temperature of 46° above zero is maintained within the hive close to the outside of the cluster of bees, while the center of the cluster gave a warmth of 63° at the same time, show- ing that they were far from freezing." " Well, I declare ! Have you made any other tests? " "To test more thoroughly this matter of bees freezing, I took a colony one evening when the mercury stood at 10 below zero, and suspended the hive about two feet from the bottom-board, taking off all covering from the top of the hive, so they were the same as if hung in the open air, as the colony was so small that it did not touch the hive at any point. They were left thus all night, during which the mercury went as low as 16 degrees below zero, yet the next morning the bees were all right, though I really expected to find them dead. Since then I have come to the conclusion that the freezing of a colony of bees when in a normal condition is an impos- sibility, and that the finding of bees dead and frozen only proves that the freezing was an ef- fect coming after death produced by some oth- er cause than zero cold, such as starvation, bee-diarrhea, caused by long confinement, etc." "But you would not advise swinging all colonies from their bottom-boards during winter ? " "No, sir; and I would advise putting all colonies in this section, or north of 40, north latitude, into chaff hives, or into the cellar during winter, as they winter much better li)01 GI.EANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 147 that way, even though they never freeze to death." " How time has flown ! It is time I were doing my noonday chores. Good morning." "Good morning. Come again when you wish something further." [We have never found a cluster of bees dead unless the food supply had been eaten away from the cluster for two or three inches. I reason that the outside of cluster becoming chilled stiff prevents the cluster from moving over to the stores, and hence they starve to death. But we must not infer that, because bees can stand cold, they do not need any protection. They should have plenty of it. — Ed ] HOW TO MAKE A GI.OSSOMETER. I think Dr. Miller has hit on the right prin- ciple in the construction of glossometers. The figure here represents a cut of such an in- strument as I would construct. The dotted line shows the wire cloth. The depth at one end should be ^ inch, decreas- ing toward the other end to nothing. The bottom should be divided by well-marked lines across in 25 parts, as shown in the scale under the cut of the instrument. The wire cloth should be straight, and for that purpose the instrument should not be more than i( inch wide inside, otherwise bulged places in the wire cloth could not be avoided. Put the instrument in an empty super on the hive ; fill it with syrup or honey ; level it, which is easily done by observing whether the syrup is flush all over with the cloth. When the bees have helped themselves to all they can take, note, before disturbing the instrument, to which division the remaining syrup reaches. If it reaches to the 17th divi- sion, as shown in the cut of the scale above, the length of their tongues, or at least the space between the wire cloth and the level of the syrup, would be yVu inch. The above is merely an illustration of the principle. For instance, the deeper end might be ^^0^^ inch instead of ^, and the other end ^V(T instead of nothing. The divisions would then read from ^YV to -^^s^ instead of from 0 to -j'o^ij of an inch. With the longer-tongues subject, the size of bees will necessarily be brought out again ; for the maximum length of tongue that can be reached will be greater in the larger strain of bees. Adrian Getaz. Knoxville, Tenn. [Dr. Miller proposed something like this a short time ago. While the principle is all right, yet I doubt very much whether you could get the measurement as easily and quickly as by the way I have described in Gleanings. Of course, it might show more exactly the actual reach of the bees. In the matter of breeding, it is not so important to knoA? the actual reach as it is to know the comparative length of tongues between the bees of one queen and the bees of another. Those of you who believe in that kind of gloss- ometer, make one and send in your report ; but in the mean time I think I can measure ten lots of bees while you are measuring one lot. Sometimes we have four or five cages to measure in a day, from bee-keepers in differ- ent parts of the country ; and if we were to use a plan like that shown above, it would make an all day's job, where now the work can be done inside of an hour ; and for com- parative results it is just as good.— Ed.] RELATIVE WEIGHTS OF TALL AND SQUARE SECTIONS WHEN FILLED WITH HONEY. I wish to run one of my apiaries this coming season for comb honey, and will you kindly assist me in deciding what to adopt by ans- wering the following questions? My preference is the plain tall section, one holding a guaranteed pound, or a little over, but not less. 1. Will the Danz. 4x5X1^ section meet this requirement ? 2. Will the Danz. 4x5x1^, when filled, average as heavy as the 4^ X 4^ old beeway section ? 3. How would the 5x4XXl>^ do? Can you furnish them, also cartons for same ? What super can they be used in, 10-frame size ? Charles Steiger. Spring, 111., Jan. 18. [1. It depends on how full the sections are filled. Unless they are completed clear out to the wood, nearly every cell .sealed, they will fall short about an ounce of making a pound. All the so-called pound sections are scant pounds. There is no market that seems to want a section that runs a little over. Every salesman says he would prefer to have the box run a little under rather than a little over a pound. If you desire a 4x5 section to aver- age a pound year in and year out, with the seasons as they run, cells sealed clear out to the wood, the sections should he lyi in. wide, but then you would be troubled with over- weights so much that the trade would object. 2. Yes, the regular Danzenbaker section will average as heavy as the i^^X^^/^XlJ^s ; or, in other words, if the old-style 4}4 section with beeways was heavy enough to meet your re- quirements, then the Danzenbaker 4x5Xl|^ will be. 3. The 4/:(X5xl;^s would run altogether too heavy — over a pound. If you adopt a 4j4 X5 better have it lj4 in. thick, then you 148 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb. 15 would not hs troubled with over- weights. Yes, the 5X4>4:xl|4 or i'^XbXl'X can be furnished by us or any of the manuiacturers. The l}i inch sections of our 4x5 or 4 '4^x5 can be used in any ten frame super, providing the right section-holders are used, and providing, too, those ten-frame supers are deep enough. We make super arrangements for both. — Ed.] RELATIVE WEIGHTS OF VARIOUS SIZES OF SECTIONS WHEN FILLED WITH HONEV. In reviewing the last volume of GLEANfNGS I find on page 357 your estimates in regard to different sizis of sections, also Dr. Miller's average weights. I was a little curious to know how the 35^ X5X 1^ compared in weight; so, having two crates of 24 sections each of buckwheat honey I weighed them and found that the crates weighed just alike, 21 lbs. each, net, which would make 14 oz. per section. That makes .17 more than Dr. Mdler's 4]4X 'i^XlH- Now, as the Danz., or 4X5X1^, figures out only 1 of a cubic inch more than the ofiXoXl}^ I can not see how it is going to hold verj' much more. Your estimate of fg oz. per cubic inch agrees with my weights of the 35^X5X1/^ as well as Dr. Miller's 4>4X4>{X1>^. If we figure the 4X5 Xl^ on the same basis it would weigh 14 3 oz. I do not know what the majority of bee-keepers like best, but my preference would be for a section holding as nearly one pound as possible. Suppose you use a section 4x5x1^^ ; that would give 26 718 cu. in.; if we allow I'g oz. per cub c inch it would give 1-5.58 oz. of hon- ey. vSuch a sec. ion would work in an eight- frame super all right by using the Danz. hold- er and cleat, using 6 rows of 4 each, the same as the A%-s.A}^-s.\y2. I believe that, the nearer we come to selling what we pretend to sell, the better. When I am selling butter in 1-lb. prints I would not think of selling my print for 14 oz. I know I should be the loser by so doing, as my cus- tomers would look up another man who would give them full weights. The simile is not well drawn, as we can make the 1 lb. print of butter exact, but can not the 1 lb. section of honey. If the 4x5x1 J^^, when well filled, hold 16 oz , that is all that is necessary. But, do they? Since I commenced to write this I thought I would see if there was any difference in the weight of buckwheat and basswood. In se- lecting several boxes of each as near the same as possible I found that the buckwheat gave quicker weight, about % oz. This does not prove that the buckwheat was heavier, how- ever. The weights stood 14 oz. light ; 14^ oz. dark. On page 53 S. J. Snyder reports 60 lbs ex- tracted buckwheat. My bees averaged 31 3^x5x1 ;< sections, and filled their brood- chamber full. I had eight colonies, and there were 22 acres of buckwheat in reach of them. W. W. Shepard. Wayland, N. Y., Jan. 23. [You will find many of your questions ans- wered in the footnote to Charles Steiger's ar- ticle just preceding ; and in addition I would state that we figure to have the 3|^x5xl>^ plain hold approximately the same amount of honey as the 4>4 square by 1 >^ or the 4x5x13/^ plain; but in actual results there is a slight difference. The 4x5 runs a trifle heavier, while 3^x5 and the 4^'x4^ both run about the same ; but the 4^ plain and the A% bee- way section (l/'s wide) do not hold exactly the same amount, the beeway holding a trifle more. Referring to the weight of different kinds of honey, there may be a difference. The buck- wheat honey that I have seen in New York is, as it is extracted, very thick, and, for the same cubic contents of comb, I should suppose it would run a little heavier than clover or basswood. — Ed. ] UNFERTILIZED EGGS AND DRONES. 1. What good reasons have we to believe that the unfertilized egg produces the drone ? 2. Why is it that a colony of bees rarely ever makes any comb during dog days ? 3. Does a colony ever winter drones ? If so, why ? James L. Franklin. Redbush, Ky., Jan. 13. [1. The long series of experiments conduct- ed by Dr. Dzierzon went to show conclusively that the unfertilized egg produced the drone. Further than that, evcry-day observation shows that virgin queens and laying workers, if they lay at all, lay eggs that produce drones; but even then it might be said, " How do we know that those laying workers and virgins had not been fertilized ? " There are plenty of cases where virgin queens without wings have laid eggs that produced only drones. 2. I do not know exactly what you mean by " dog days," but I presume you mean during August, when little or no honey comes in. Comb-building never takes place unless there is a supply of food coming in from feeders in the hive, or from natural sources in the fields. The answer to your question, then, is that comb is not built because there is no in- coming of food. 3. Yes, but not generally. There are liable to be in any strong healthy colony a few drones that are wintering over. — Ed.] questions FROM A BEGINNER. 1. Can a reason be given why one colony will store well in a super, while an adjoining colony does not and can not be induced to go into the super, colonies apparently equal ? In one instance they were working well in the super and suddenly quit work. 2. Do you recommend destroying queen-cells with the object of preventing swarming ? Is not this practice liable to result in queenless colonies ? Several colonies on which this was practiced became queenless, though I can not tell definitely the cause. 3. What is the approved practice in increas- ing colonies and preventing swarming? 4. When is the best time to requeen ? 5. When is the earliest that breeders can 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 149 supply queens ? or can wintered-over queens be obtained ? [ 1 . No positive reason can be assigned, unless it be, perhaps, that one colony has bees that have long tongues, and another has those with short ones. If there is any thing in long tongues, then 1 should be inclined to believe that one colony had bees that were better workers, simply because they were physically able to gather honey when the others could not. 2. Yes, it is a good plan to destroy queen- cells in colonies where you desire to prevent swarming, and where the stock is such that j'ou do not care to breed from it ; but if the bees of that colony are extra good workers, and of good blood, then I would save the cells. There is not much danger of a colony becoming queenless from the practice of cut- ting out cells or destroying them. If the old queen should happen to fail, or go out with a swarm, there would be enough young larvae or eggs from which some cells would be rear- ed and a queen raised. 3 There is no way except artificial swarm- ing or dividing. Where increase is desired I would by all means prefer to get it by divid- ing, as being much more convenient. 4. Usually after the honey season, when queens are the cheapest. But the best time to rear queens is when plenty of swarming-cells can be obtained from good colonies during the height of the honey flow. It is always diffi- cult to rear queens when no honey is coming in, and I would advise the beginner, if he can not afford to buy queens, to requeen at some time in the year when honey is coming in slowly. 5. In the North, about May 15 or June 1. Breeders in the extreme South can furnish queens almost any month in the year. — Ed.] CELLAR WINTERING ; DOES NOISE DISTURB BEES? 1. Can you tell me some simple way to re- move wax from utensils ? 2. If bees have their last fly for the fall on Nov. 1, how long can they be confined, and still come out alive and healthy, last brood hatched about Oct. 15 ? 3. About how many pounds of stores will it take to feed an average colony of bees from Sept. 10 to April 15, bees to be deposited about Nov. 15, and taken out about April 15 ? 4. Do you consider pollen in cells topped off with honey, and capped, as sealed winter stores ? 5. My bees are in a large cellar under a house where a large family of noisy young folks live, and they have dances or parties oc- casionally. Will the noise disturb the bees, or will they become accustomed to it? 6. I winter my bees a quarter of a mile from their summer stand. If I take the bees out of the cellar, and haul them to their summer stand before I let them loose, will they soil the combs or the inside of the hive ? or should I set them out near the cellar and let them have .a fly, and haul them that night? In the latter case, would any of the bees go back to the cel- lar location ? Geo. F. Hanegan. Hersey, Wisconsin. 1. To immerse the article smeared with pro- polis in boiling hot water is the most satisfac- tory way of cleaning it. Scraping can be used, but it is at btst a very messy and tedious job. Propolis on the fingers may be removed by using a little gasoline or weak lye, ether, or alcohol. The first named is the most con- venient for the average bee-keeper. 2. If bees are put up properly they will stand confinement from Nov. 1 till May 1. A good deal depends, however, on the mode of packing if outdoors, the kind of cellar if in- doors, or whether the hives have plenty of bottom ventilation. No definite statement on this point can be made, as sometimes colonies prepared in the best manner possible, with the best of food, will die in spite of us. 3. From your other questions I should as- sume that you refer to indoor or cellar winter- ing. There have been various figures given that ran all the way from 4 to 15 pounds as the amount of stores consumed ; but I should call it good wintering if a good average colony consumed from 7 to 10 pounds in the cellar ; if outdoors, we should have to add from '3 to Yz to these amounts. If the climate were very cold, and the protection poor, we would have to double the figures. 4. There is no objection to a little pollen in the combs. There was a time when it was ad- vised to see that all combs were free of pol- len. But very little attention is paid to the matter now. 5. This is a question that is a little hard to answer ; but we know that bees are wintered successfully under a living-room ; but just how much noise the bees will stand, I can not say ; but my impression is, they will take a great deal when they become accustomed to it. But as a rule we would say the less jar and noise the better. I have been in bee-cellars, and have noticed that when some one stomped on the floor above, the bees would give forth in unison a peculiar sharp quick "zzz" sound. Then I tried shouting, and obtained the same response. Once I shouted so long that finally the bees began to come out at the entrances to see what the rumpus was ; .so I conclude that an excessive or unusual amount of noise upstairs, like romping or jumping, would disturb the bees, with the result that they would become uneasy, consume too much food, and thus bring on dysentery. At this present time we are wintering some of our colonies in a cellar under our machine- shop ; but there is no more noise under this room than under an ordinary living-room where there are children romping around. ' 6. I would advise you to carry your bees from the cellar direct to their permanent stands. I can see no object in putting them down for a fly near the house, and then mov- ing them again. Whenever bees are set out of the cellar, they are pretty apt to void their fe- ces all over every thing. Especially is this noticeable on snow or white clothes hung out to dry. — Ed.] 150 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb. 15 California had 9 inches of rain up to the morning of the 5th, which, according loa cor- respondent, means about 75 carloads of hon- ey by the first of August. I suppose the Cal- ifornians will be hoping that the Coloradoans and the eastern bee-keepers will have a failure of the honey crop. For three years California has had almost a total failure, and now she is to be blessed with a big crop, it seems. At the Madison convention a good deal was said in reference to the matter of low prices during a year of large supply. Mr. E. France said it was often a good paymg investment to hold honey over until the following year, es- pecially when prices were ruling low and everybody had a plenty. One year he had 50,000 lbs. of honey. Everybody was selling it, and selling it cheap. He held his over, and next year there was a scarcity ; then he unloaded his crop, and. as he said, made the " very best investment" he ever made in his life. "BUT 'TWAS A. GLORIOUS VICTORY." Sum people that go to law for dammiges sumtimes get more than tha -want.— Josh Billings. Just as this form is going to press I have received information that the plaintiff, or, as he is called, Fruitman Utter, has decided not to carry his case to a higher court, and he has settled by paying all the costs, which can hardly be less than $500 or $600. Thanks to the National Bee-keepers' Association, the de- fense was so strong that the other side knew there was absolutely no show for them. We met the enemy and whipped him so hard that he knew there would be nothing left of him if he attempted to put up another fight. ' Tis well. Hip, hip, hurrah for the Association ! Such a victory ought to appeal to every one of our subscribers who is not a member. Send in a dollar to General Manager Secor, Forest City, la., and have a hand in this glorious work. There are more battles to fight, and we need your help, and — you may need ours. PRESIDENT FRANCE AND THE WISCONSIN CONVENTION. I HAVE just returned from attendance at the Wisconsin State Bee-keepers' Convention, held in Madison on the 5th and 6th. Owing to the very poor year the general attendance was not so large as formerly ; but lack of at- tendance was fuUy made up in the character of the discussions and the interesting side talks by Pres. France, who not only knows how to " talk bees" but to steer discussion. Mr. France is both President of the Wiscon- sin State Bee-keepers' Association, and foul- brood inspector for the State. For the last two or three years he kas been sent by the State to lecture on bee-keeping at farmers' in- stitutes ; and from what I saw and heard of him I should say he was the right man in the right place. PICKING up ROYAL JELLY WITH A MEDI- CINE-DROPPER. Mr. Arthur C. Miller, who has been experi- menting in this matter, writes us as follows : Mr. Root . — In your editorials for Jan. 15 j-ou referred to the use of medicine-droppers for gathering and dis- tributing royal jelly, and you asktd if any of your readers had tried it. During last summer I made sev- eral attempts to use the droppers for that purpose, but it was a failure every tiriie ; the fcod would dis- tribute itself all over the inside of the tube, and would not come out again. I also made some attempts to remove larvge by placing over them a glass tube, and then by placing my finger over the end of the tube I expected to lift them with the food in which they lay. It did not work. I also tried a medicine-dropper with a specially large end, and Miss Larva promptly shot up to the top, with, of course, fatal results. With a tube of the right air capacity, and having a ru'^iber diaphragm over the top, and with an opening ^.rarf/v right, we may be able to succeed. I believe that the matter is worth further investigatirn. Providence, R. I., Jan. 31. Arthur C. Miller. APPLE-BLOSSOM HONEY AND ITS QUALITY. For several years the article that appeared in the A B C of Bee Culture referred to the quality of apple-blossom honey as being very inferior ; but in the last edition, that of 1900, this item was changed, and the honey from apple-blossoms is now spoken of as having a very fine flavor. Mr. R. J. Fox, of Naiick, Mass., has recently sent us another sample of apple-blossom honey — the pure genuine arti- cle. It is light in color, heavy in bod}', and most delicious in flavor. To my notion, alfal- fa stands at the head in point of flavor ; white clover and basswood next ; but between white clover and genuine apple-blossom I do not know which I prefer. The flavor of the apple- tree honey has the same beautiful delicate aroma that one smells when going through an apple-orchard in the height of bloom. A. I. Root says he does not know how he came to class apple honey as dark and poorly flavored ; but some one has since suggested that perhaps the honey he tested, and which he supposed was from apple-blossoms, was honey from peach-trees — a honey that is not nearly so good as that from apple. THE FOOL POLICY OF SMALL PRODUCERS ; LOW PRICES. The editor of the American Bee Journal, at the Wisconsin convention, in explaining why the prices of comb honey are often put down, told how the small dealer would rush his hon- ey off to market, bring it to the grocer, and sell it at whatever price he was offered. Well, this grocer would, later, needing more honey, go to a commission man and inquire the price of honey, but he would be met wUh a figure two or three cents above what he had just paid the small producer. Oh, no! he would not pay that price, for he could buy at a much lower price. The commission man, not willing to lose a sale, cuts the price down to the price of the small producer, with the result that prices fall all along the line. Mr. York urged that all the producers, whether large or small, should first get their prices from recognized honey-buyers or com- 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 151 mission men — yes, take a good bee-paper and consult its price current ; then, knowing the ruling figures, not to sell lower. He had no objections to producers selling to grocers di- rect, but he had no patience with the fool pol- icy of some of the small producers who would rush otT and sell the first of their crop at two- thirds the regular market price, thus smash- ing prices right and left. HAtL'S WIT AND McEVOY'S " BLARNEY." Mr. J. B. Hali., of Woodstock, Ont., Can- ada, whose picture appears elsewhere in this issue, is one of the live spirits of Canadian conventions. From what little I could gather from the Canadians themseves it would seem to me that a convention without Hall would be pretty nearly like Hamlet with Hamlet left out. This year I think he said he could not afford to be present. As soon as the officers knew this they immediately wired him that he " must come, expenses guaranteed," and so we had the pleasure of Mr. Hall's presence. He has an inimitable vein of spontaneous good humor that bubbles over every now and then. Never long- winded, he has a happy faculty of telling sound hard facts from a long experi- ence, in a few words that delight and edify every one. WM. m'evov, foui, brood inspector. — Ca nadia n Bee Jon rnal. At the close of Wm. McEvoy's report as foul-brcod inspector, Mr. Hall, in comment- ing on the inspector and his work, spoke of him after this fashion : " He can get along with cross old men and crooked old women. It is his Irish blarney that gets him through." I did not hear any of this ' Vjlarney " that our facetious friend tells about ; but on every hand I learned that Mr. McEvoy's success lay in the fact that, while he rigidly enforced the foul-brood law, he did it in such a nice splen- did sort of way that, so far from being the cause of oflFense, he was invariably inviled to " call again." VICIOUS LEGISLATION IN WISCONSI.V. During the session of the Wiscoubin con- vention we learned that a bill had been intro- duced in the Legislature, then in session, had been printed, passed to its second reading, was then in the hands of the House committee for recommendation. The bill starts out with a very innocent preamble, but winds up with the provision that whenever an apiarist finds it necessary, by increase in the number of bees, or lack of pasturage, to move his bees to some other locality or township, he shall pay a tax of $1.00 per colony per month during the time that such bees are in the new loca- tion. As bees are liable to be kept at their out-yards some four months, it would mean that many bee-keepers would have to pay $4.00 for every colony of bees kept out of their immediate locality. This would amount to the practical prohibition of much of the out- yard business. But the bill was drafted by some one who evidently did not know his business, for it provided that such tax could be collected when the bees were run " for the purpose of extract- ed honey." If any one desired to move his bees to a field where they would be run for comb honey, or for the purpose of raising bees or queens, the law could not touch him. It was suggested that possibly some one had foul brood taken to his locality, and to prevent the further spread of that disease he had had ihis bill introduced ; but it was later learned that it really was fathered by a bee-keeper who had a few bees, and who had a little spite against a man who had moved some other bees to his locality ; and for the purpose of " getting even " with this neighbor he pro- posed to handicap the bee-keeping interests of the entire State. The matter was thoroughly discussed at the convention, and was condemned on every side. A resolution was passed condemning it as a piece of vicious legislation. A committee was also appointed, consisting of Pres. France and two others, who were to wait on the com- mittee of the House that had the bill in charge; and before I came away, Pres. France had gained the ears of two or three of the commit- tee, and explained the whole animus that was back of it. The "other side," however, had in the mean time learned of the action of the convention, and were going to put up a fight ; but at the last talk I had with Pres. France he said, " I shall stay until the bill is killed." Pres. France had a good deal to do in secur- ing the passage of the very excellent foul- brood law now in force in Wisconsin. He is familiar with legislative tricks, and knows thoroughly how to pull the legislative wires ; and I think the bee-keepers of Wisconsin may feel sure that he will not allow the interests of the State to be jeopardized in any such man- ner ; but for fear he may not be able to kill the measure in the committee it will be well to write to the representatives and senators, protesting against the measure. 152 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb. 15 THE JAWS OF A BEE AND A WASP. AT the trial of Utter v. Utter, Prof. Frank JBenton, when called on to take the stand, pro- duced a chart showing the mandibles of a bee and those of a wasp. He explained that he had some specimens of bees and wasps from which the drawings had been made ; that he had a magnifier, and would give the jury an opportunity, if they desired it, to compare the real things themselves with the drawings, if they desired to verify the diagrams. Of these I have had a photo reproduction made in zinc, and the same are shown herewith. The lower diagram shows the jaws, or mandibles, of the wasp, an insect that is especially fitted, as will be seen from the notched portions, for cutting and gnawing. The upper drawing shows the jaws of a worker bee. It will be noticed that these last are perfectly smooth and rounding on the edges, and are shaped for forming plas- tic substances, such as wax, at a temperature of 90 degrees. In the opinion of Prof. Ben- ton it was a physical impossibility for a work- er bee to do any cutting or puncturing of the skins of either sound grapes or peaches ; that these jaws, so far from making incisions, would blide laterally over the smooth surface of the fruit without being able to catch hold ; but not so the j iws of the wasp ; owing to their special construction, they would work right through the skin of any fruit without any effort ; that he had seen them in this very act. He had also seen bumble-bees cut through the delicate corolla-tubes of some kinds of flowers, but never a honey-bee. It needs only a good magnifier to prove all the professor's statements so far as the general structure of the jaws of bees and wasps was concerned ; and all this talk about bees having teeth, sharp cutting edges, and the like, can be disproved at any time by any one if he has ordinary candor and ordinary skill, without taking the ipse dixit of any one else. In this connection it might be well to note that the prosecution, when Prof. Benton ad- mitted that the jaws of the bee were powerful, tried to draw the inference that the bees could pinch a hole through the skin of a fruit ; but the professor and other witnesses showed that, while they might be able to exert a powerful squeeze, yet it would be impossible, owing to the structure of their jaws, to get hold of the skin of the fruit, unless, forsooth, it had al- ready been cut into, or cracked or torn open. If the skin were torn so that they could get hold of it, they could then pull it and proba- bly make the opening larger ; but they could no more cut a hole in the surface of a peach than a man could with one hand grab hold of a cannon-ball 15 or 16 inches in diameter. We expected the prosecution to ask how it was bees could make holes in quilts. But this could easily have been answered by the fact that, while bees could not cut, they could un- ravel fiber, tearing away piece by piece until they made a hole, in the same way that we can with our fingers p ck to pieces a rope. NEEDED FOUL-BROOD LEGISLATION IN MICH- IGAN ; ATTENTION, MICHIGAN BEE- KEEPERS ! For two or three years back it has been plain to most progressive bee-keepers in Mich- igan that foul brood, instead of being brought under control, was spreading throughout the State, and that, too, in spite of the fact that there is already a law on the statute-books, which, at the time it was framed, was sup- posed would prevent the spread of the disease; but this law, if I remember correctly, applies only to counties, and lacks the very important provision by which it can be properly enforced. At all events, it is very certain that, in spite of this law, the disease is making progress, and the most progressive bee-keepers of Michigan believe that a new one should be drafted, somewhat on the line of the Wisconsin mea- sure. A short time ago the editor of the Bee keep- ers' Review wrote me, asking if it were not possible for the National Bee-keepers' Associa- tion to send Hon. George E. Hilton down to the Michigan legislature — one who has been a member of the House of Representatives of Michigan for two terms — for the purpose of steering (or, if you please, lobbying) the bill through both houses. He added, further- more, that Mr. Hilton was President of the Michigan State Bee-keepers' Association — a bee keeper of extended experience, one who is acquainted with men, and knows how to pull legislative strings at the right time and place. I replied, stating that, so far as I knew, the National Association had never before inter- ested itself in any measure that related to legislation in any particular State ; but that I saw no reason why it could not do so, and that I would lay the matter befor General Manager Secor, who in turn would probably refer it to the Board of Directors. The former apparent- ly coincided with my view, for he sent a circu- lar letter to all the directors, suggesting that whenever bee-keepers of any State, through their State organization, desire to pass a foul- brood law, there be appropriated from the funds of the National Association a sum not to exceed, say, $^25, this sum to be used to de- fray the expenses of a skilled lobbyist in the 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 153 interest of a reasonable and fair measure. Just what action the Board of Directors will take, perhaps I ought not to forecast ; but I believe they will approve of the suggestion ; and if the\' do, the sum of $25, or whatever is voted, together with a similar sum assessed on any State beekeepers' association, would go a long way toward paying the expenses of some one to engineer a bill through both houses of any State. As there was not time to get an action in this case from the Association, Mr. Hutch- inson and 1 have agreed to be responsible for a sum not to exceed .?30 toward defraying the expenses of Mr. Hilton. A great deal of jreliminary work had al- ready been done by Mr. Rankin and Mr. Hutchinson ; and accordingly last Monday, the time appearing to be ripe, Mr. Hilton went down to Lansing, and stayed there talk- ing to the members of both houses, showing the urgent need of the measure advocated by the Michigan Bee keepers' Association. So far he has received very favorable assurances from a number of the members of the House, and also of the Senate. The bill has been carefully framed by Mr. Hilton and by Sen- ator Helme. Toward the close of the Madison conven- tion Mr. Hutchinson, who was with us, sug- gested that on my return trip home I go by way of Lansing ; that he thought that, as an official of the National Bee-keepers' Asso- ciation, I might have some influence with the legislators at Lansing. The more I thought of this, the more it seemed to me it was the thing to do, especially as .''" would cost the Association nothing. Accordingly, thj morn- ing of the 7th found us at Lansing, where we met Mr. Hilton, who had come to meet Mr. Hutchinson. He was greatly pleased at meet- ing us both, and expressed the conviction that we had come at the opportune time. He took us to the capitol and there introduced us to prominent members of both Houses, put- ting great emphasis upon the fact that one ot us was "president" and the other "director" of the National Bee keepers' Association ; that the National organization was very much interested in the passage of this bill. There is a possibility at the present time that the bill may pass both the House and the Senate ; but before this can take place a great deal of work needs to be done by bee- keepers in various portions of the State of Michigan, writing to their Senators and Rep- resentatives. This work should be undertak- en at once. As sure as fate the bill will never pass unless every Michigan bee-keeper writes at once to his Representative and Senator. Write any- how, whether you know how to write a busi- ness or a legislative letter. If some of you do not know how to spell or punctuate, write just the same, and that right speedily. For fear some may not know who their Representatives are, I have appended a list of the House from each county and district. You will certainly know what county you belong in. Pick out your county and write to your man, not at his postoffice, but at the House of Representa- tives, Lansing, urging him to support Sena- tor Helme's foul-brood bill should it come over to the House. Say further that the in- terests of fruit growers and the intere.sts of bee-keepers are at stake ; that many of the fruit blossoms would not be fertilized but for the bees ; that the bee-keeping industry of Michigan represents something like two mil- lions of dollars, and that you hope he will not only see his way clear to vote for the bill, but to work for it. Impress upon him that a great industry is threatened, and that some- thing must be done, and done at once. If you know any one who has a " political pull," and who would be willing to help you, get him to write also. The letter should be ad- dressed, not to the postrffice of the several Representatives, but to the House of Repre- resentatives, Lansing, Mich. Then there should be a letter sent to your ' inator. Find out first who he is. This in- J rmation you can get from any one who is at all up on politico, then write him on the lines above suggested. Perhaps I am taking a good deal of space for the bee-keepers of one State ; if so I am suggesting possibilities and lines of work for other States. C Spencer A(1am«. Van Buren Co. Robnrt Alward. Ottawa Co. Dr. J W Allies. Waviie Co. Sila- L BalleiHine. St. Clair Co. Horace T Rarnativ. Jr., K.-nt Co. Leo aid Baumjraertner. SajjiiiawCo. Jacob Baiinian, Wa> ne Co. Ear) B Bolton, A Iiiena District. John E Bon-er. BavCo William B yd. Caltiniin Co. Norris H Branc*i Jackson Co. David E. Burns, Kent Co. Williuii B Bu-hnell. Branch Co. Charles J. Byrns Marrinette Co Thomas G. CampV.ell. Midland District. Jihn J. Carton. Gene«ee Co Wllliim Chandler. Chippewa District. Ira G. Chat. man. Mao.mh C >. Siiei Idan J Colbv. Wayne Co. J.hn H C..iMb<.Lena«e.-Co, Alvnh H Ccirwin. Osceola District. William L Curtis. Cheb.nKan District. •Orville Dennis. Wexf. rd Orstrict Edward N Dingit-y. Kalamazoo Co. JimesD nn. St. Clali C ). Charles Dimont. Wayfle Co. Michael S Doyle, Clin'on Co. Dexter M Kerry. Jr . Wayne Co. William J hotter, Calhoun Co. Charl s B. French. M.inroe Co. James J G'e. Musketron Co. Joel H. Gillette, Berrien Co. Lester A. Goodrich, Hillsdale Co. John R. Gordon. Marquette Co. C A. Hallenlieck Eaton Co. Sherman T Handy. Dickinson District. Anson K. Hardy, InThani Co. Charles I Ha'Iey, Masoi. Co, Erne«t W. Ha tings. Grand Traveise Dis. Lawton T. Hemans, Ineham Co. John Henrv. Saginaw Co. John W Holmes Gratiot Co. Fred A. Hunt. Wayne Co. William A. Hurst. Wavne Co. Angus W Kerr. Houuhton Co. Charles B Kidder, Lapeer Co. William Khk. Tu-cola Co. Lutber C Kanouse Livingston Co. C H. Litlambov. Montcalm Co. Warivn B Litter. Monroe Co. John Lane. Berrien Co. Berry J Lowrey, Montcalm Co. Luke Lue-Mrs. O'ttnwa Co Herman Mirks. Wavne Co. Frederick C Martiiida'e. Wavne Co. Geo'geT Mason. Sh awassee Co. L. H McCrll. Eaton Co. Geo P Mi-Calium. D^-lta District. Dii ran McP.ulane Wayne Co. William McKay, Tuscola Co John M ck Ionia Co James S. Monroe Goeehic District. Franklin Mooro St. Clair Co. J J Muidocb. Huron Co. Christopher Murphy, Sanilac Co. Edward P. Nash, Kent Co. Frank S. Neal. W^avne Co. B A Nevins. AllegnnCo. Frank V O born Kalamazoo Co. Joh'i J. P I kins. Barrv Co. Herbert E. Powell. Ionia Co. E. S Rindall. Oceana Co. J Heibeit Read. Mini tee Co. William A R. ed Jackson Co. Arthur L Rich Newaygo Co. John M. Riegel. Bay Co J.imes L. Robinson. Cass Co. Lincoln Rodgers. Mii^-kegnn Co. George VV. Riili-on. Houghton Co. Asa T. Sanderson Saginaw Co. Andrew J Scott. Saginaw Co Tha Ideus D Seeley, Oakland Co. Albert E Rhariie. to co District. Newton C. Spencer. Menominee Co. Alvah G Stone Lenawee Co. H. C Siumpcnhu>en, Wa-^htenaw Co. Wm. D Torten. Antrim Disf let. Henry B V^mdercook Kent Co. Jacob J. VanZ >ei-en. Kent Co. Theodosius Wnde. Allegan Co. Edward-A. Walker, Genesee Co. Newton O Wat d Mecosta Co. I R Waterbuiy, O iktand Co. Jame- E WeteV. Macomti Co. Charles P Wheeler. St. Joseph Co. Byron C Whitaker. Washtenaw Co. Geo W Willis. Bay Co Mark Willis, Sanilac Co. Henry D. Wright, Isabella Co. 154 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb. 15 OUR hoMes; BY A.». ROOT. Watch and pray, that ye enter not into tempta- tion.^Matt. 20.-11' In our last I alluded one or more times to the fact that this spirit of being contrary and disobliging is more apt to show itself after we become quite well acquainted. Years ago I used to hear a sort of adage that " familiarity breeds contempt." Dear friends, this should not be. It is a sad reflection on humanity — yes, on every one of us, when we assent to any such proposition as this. If the adage means tUat we should avoid getting so well acquainted that we waste time in trifling, per- haps it might answer ; but God forbid that we should show less of a gentle Christian spirit and common courtesy because we are quite well acquainted. Yet it is true, I know, that with young married people, after the honey- moon is over, as they become acquainted and adjust themselves to the intimate relations of the home and family circle, it is very apt to be the case that they begin gradually to show out little disagreeable traits that were kept out of sight during the days of courting and the honeymoon. Somebody has suggested that one of the comforts of a home is that you can scold when you do not like things. Now, I do not like that either. While you are reading these words I expect to be away off from my home, and much of the time a guest in other homes. When we go away from home on a visit, everybody knows we must be gentle, kind, and courteous. Did you ever have a visitor that was cross and crabbed ? Why, he would be turned out of doors, al- most. When somebody invites you to come and make his home yours for a little time, you put on your very best behavior. If there is disorder in the new home you would not think of noticing it. If the children's faces are dirty you say to the good wife you well know how impossible it is to keep children clean all the time— that is, if she speaks about their faces firs f. You would not speak about it first for the world. If she begins to apolo- gize because the bread was overdone, and browned in baking, you make haste to tell her that is just the way you like it baked, and beg for the brownest portions. Now, /can do this truthfully. I do not know just how it is with you. I do not mean you should be un- truthful ; but I do mean that you should, or, rather, that you do use such courtesy and good nature, even when things are wrong, that the whole wide world expects of you. I need not go any further. You all know how it is ; and I have many times thought it did me good to get away from home and practice for several weeks in being pleasant, smiling, good-natur- ed all the while. I remember after one trip I took to California, I told them in prayer-meet- ing (when I got home), that, during that trip, my naturally impatient temper seemed to have disappeared entirely. It was altogether out of sight. Why, I had really forgotten how to scold. I learned it again, however, when I got into the harness of business cares once more. Now, why can not men and women be as pleasant and good natured, as even-tempered, always the same, in their own home, amid the every-day cares, as when they are abroad and invited guests. In the Pilgrim's Progress we are introdaced to a character of whom it was said he was " a sjint abroad but a devil at home." Oh dear me ! this hits w/^ again. I take some comfort, however, in thinking it does not hit me as badly as it did a few years ago. Mrs. Root herself told me recently (in confidence), that I certainly was growing in grace ; that the fashion that had followed me all my life, of being harsh and severe when things went wrong, was certainly getting into the background, and that I was growing more gentle and lovable. She did not use these words, but it was something to that effect. Now may God give me grace to keep on watch- ing and praying as in the language of our text. A few days ago, when I was over home a signature was wanted in a hurry. It was nec- essary to use ink — a pencil would not do. In this day and age of typewriters, pen and ink are not so much used as formerly, and Mrs. Root flew around to find a pen and a bottle of ink. The latter was soon found ; but even when it was tipped up on one corner there was scarcely ink enough to moisten the pen ; and when the point of the pen was moistened it would not write. I presume it was too old and rusty. I do not know whether I com- menced or not ; but it came right to my tongue's end to say, "Well, I wonder if it takes all this time and fuss to get just a pen and ink." But it was so long before the pen and ink were forthcoming that I began to get impatient again, and came pretty near saying, " Well, now, this is a pretty state of affairs, if it takes ka/y an hour to find a pen, and ink enough just to write one's name." I am sure I did not make the latter remark, and I rather think I did not say any thing. Perhaps I groaned a little inwardly to think I could not have the privilege of speaking out my mind. Shall I tell you why I could not, here in this " free country " of ours, express my thoughts ? Well, just now Mrs. Root and I are the only inmates of our very pretty comfortable home. If this convenient home does not afford a pen and ink it is the fault of us two ; and as I was the grumbler it could not be my fault, so it must be her fault — the fault of " the woman you love." There it was again. More than that, this ugly speech would dishonor Christ Jesus our Lord and Savior — he who spake to his followers the words of our text. May be you say again, " O Mr. Root ! you are mak- ing a big fuss about trifling matters. These things happen everywhere, and no good wife or husband lays them up or feels particularly hurt. Wait a minute. Not many years ago a man rushed into the house and asked his wife for a pen and ink to sign some contract. They had the same kind of "racket" I have been telling you about. The husband became 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 155 impatient at the delay, and talked a good deal as I thought of talking He finally said, as nearly as we could make out : "Well, this is the dunidest place I ever heard of when anybody happens to want just s ich a trifling thing as a pen and ink." I presume he said something more in the same strain. He declares he used the word "dunidest;" but his wife says she under- stood him to use a word much like it, but a great deal worse. It resulted in a separation. She left his home and went back to her friends, and he said she could stay away until she got ready to come back. Then the neigh- bors took sides. Just as soon as I heard of it I said, "No, no! they must never separate for any such trifling misunderstanding as that." But they had got a going, other things had heen brought up, and some good friends of mine were foolish enough to think the parlies should stay separate. But they didn't, and they lived together nicely and pleasantly for years after that. Now, I need not multiply •cases like this. You all know of them. Sup- pose I should get around and call on you. God knows it would delight my heart to make a brief call on every one who reads these Home Papers — that is, if they zvant to see me. Now, suppose, when at your home, I should happen to want a pen and ink, and that the good wife should have a little trouble in finding them — what would you think of -me? or, rather, what would you do with me if I should blurt out — well, the things I had in tnind when Mrs. Root was doing the very best ■she knew how? Or suppose I should say it was the worst place I ever found in all my travels to find so simple a thing as a pen and ink. I do not knozv what vou would do ; but I should expect you to " fire me out " of the front gate, and I might think I got off cheap- ly even then. You see I am discussing pretty much the point I did in my Home talk just before this. What is the reason we can not preserve the same gentlemanly, courteous, and Christian- like demeanor before our wives and children that we do when in the home of a stranger? It ca7i be done, dear friends It must be done if we expect to be accepted as followers of Christ Jesus. Temptations come to us in dif- ferent ways, I am very well aware. There are some people who seem to find it easy to be courteous, smiling, and slow and deliberate under all circumstances; but, unfortunately, these people are not, as a usual thing, pushers. The present day demands men and women who are pushers — who will, for instance, push the saloon, that is encroaching on their neigh- borhood, completely out of existence. If we have any severe words to use for any- body, let us use them against the saloon-keep- er or the midnight assassin. Don't let them come into sight before or toward the woman and the children you love. Let us remember the example we are setting. Let us watch and -pray that we enter not into temptation. Our grievances and trials, many of them, are im- aginary. In studying up the matter of fami- ly relations of the two Utter brothers I was impressed with this. I am sure their griev- ances are largely imaginary. We had one il- lustration before a bee-keepers' convention that I have once or twice alluded to. A rich man located near a bee-keeper. The bees annoyed him, and he told his neighbor he would have to move them out of the way. A big quarrel started. The two were at swords' points. They made arrangements to go to law, and there was a great long string of grievances on both sides — at least I suppose there was. The quarrel was growing and in- creasing every day ; but, all unbeknown to the two men,. something besides a quarrel had been going on and " increasing every day." The rich man had a son, and the bee keeper had a daughter ; but the two men had their heads so full of the quarrel and lawsuit they, did not seem to know, either one of them, that the young people had become acquaint- ed. I can imagine this boy and girl inform- ing their respective parents (and perhaps they did it, too, with downcast eyes), that they had better soften down a little, for it would look bad to have a lawsuit and a wedding go- ing on so near the same time. Well, these parents had Christian grace enough — or sup- pose we say good common sense enough — to bury the hatchet, shake hands over the} awn- ing chasm of discontent, and settle down to- gether and be friends and neighbors. I often think of this because it illustrates so clearly that there was no need in the first place of a quarrel Their reasons for disagreement (like Electropoise (?) ) was all imaginary. It was just Satan's work, every bit of it, and two good bright business men could not see it was he who was pulling the wool over their eyes. Could not the outcome have been brought about, all the same, even if there had not been any boy or girl in the question? Yes, surely. The love of Jesus Christ ought to accomplish just exactly ih\s result every time : and the love of Jesus Christ in the hearts of the two parties who were looking for pen and ink was fully adequate to scatter discord in a second of time. Maj' God help us to bring about that glad day when bis kingdom shall come, and his will be done on earth as it is in heaven ; and may he help us all to " watch and pray " against the temptation that is sure to come; yes, for the temptation that will surely invade even " our homes." NOTES or TRAVH I BY A. I. ROOT : ^r^-.^^^^ r^sK^:^ THE MICHIGAN BEE-KEEPERS' CONVENTION. When we go into a railway dining room or even lunch-room we expect, as a rule, to pay bigger prices than almost anywhere else. Well, this in one sense is all right. The eata- bles are usually first-class, they have to pay high rents for the location, and they must also keep every thing ready with plenty of waiters to serve promptly the crowd that rush- es in from the train. Well, in view of this it 166 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb. 15 ■was a rather pleasant surprise to me to find a very pretty lunch-room at the Pere Marquette station in Toledo, every thing nice, and prices as low as you would find them on almost any street in Toledo or any other city. As in the ticket office, they had pleasant capable women to wait on customers. This Pere Marquette depot in Toledo is, by the way, a model insti- tution all around. Even the baggage-man is pleasant, quick, and good-natured when pas- sengers are in a hurry to catch a train at some other depot. I reached Traverse City just in time to be one of the first at the convention. I went a little ahead of time, thinking I could have a chat with the early comers. To my surprise there was not only quite a lot of the men-folks but half a dozen women also. It happened the train was late that brought President Hil- ton, so we had a very pleasant social for two hours or more while we waited for him. Per- haps some of you may think it a little strange when I tell you that I have not even yet got over my bashfulness as a boy so it is easy for me to take the lead in getting acquainted ; but under the circumstances I felt that it rather devolved on me to take the lead ; and I assure you I found some extra nice people. A little later Bro. Hutchinson photographed the whole crowd out in front of the hall. It is not only a most excellent picture, but there is one fea- ture of it that is novel. He ' ' took ' ' us during a snowstorm, and you can see the flakes all over our clothing, and the beautiful white snow down about our feet. In shaking hands with the ladies I met a very bright, vivacious woman who looked so exceedingly pleasant I wondered if I had not met her before. A little later I found out why she felt already acquainted with one she had never seen until that day. Two or three years before, she got hold of our ABC book, and she got the bee-fever for sure. She told me she studied the book day and night. She got some bees, and enjoyed working with them in verifying the statements in the book, as she never enjoyed any thing before in all her life. Of course, her friends laughed at her, and predicted failures, etc. ; but she is one of the energetic kind, and when she gets started on something, especially something she likes, there is no give up about it. Well, almost while she was a novice — a beginner, in fact — she secured from one hive in one season ten 24-pound cases of CO tub honey. I believe the sections did rot all weigh quite a pound ; but there was pretty well toward 2-10 lbs. of comb honey from that one hive that one season. She is up near my ranch that I told you about, and the bees commenced on apple-bloom. I have not told you much about the apples in the Traverse region, but it is bound to be a great apple country. The bees commenced on apple-bloom, and she actually had some work done in sections. Then raspberry fol- lowed right on, then clover, then basswood and willow-herb ; and the wild raspberry, if I am correct, gave honey more or less, clear on through the whole season. In fact, I saw- honey-bees on the raspberry-blossoms when I was chopping in the woods in October. Per- haps I have not remembered all the different sources, but that season there was honey right along from apple-bloom until frost killed the wild flowers, and a good strong flow at that. This one colony that did so well was one of 18 — that is, she had 18 in the spring to start with. Well, the 18 and their increase gave, if I am correct, over 3000 lbs. of honey, most- ly comb. Do you wonder she was anxious to see the man who wrote the ABC book, or that she felt acquainted with him without be- ing introduced ? I think this bigjieldwas three years ago. I questioned her a good deal about it. Did other bee-keepers notice that the season was any thing remarkable ? I rath- er think not. None of the bee-keepers at the convention d'd anything like what Mrs. Jack- son did. Was it the season, the locality, or the bee-keeper? I do not quite remember, but I think Mrs. Jackson is a farmer's wife, and the mother of several children ; but her enthusiasm was what brought the honey crop. And this thing has happened, not only with bees but with fruit, with poultry, and with al- most all other rural industries. A beginner, comparatively, with enthusiasm and plenty of help in the way of good books and periodi- cals, often outstrips the veterans. Yes, and it is a sad fact that some of these veterans can not, to save their lives, do over again what they did when they were just learning. The seasons may not be as good as they used to be 15 or 20 years ago — that is, this may have something to do with it ; but failures are more often because we lose enthusiasm than because nature has withheld her rewards. The photo I mentioned contains a picture of Mrs. Jackson with all the rest. It will be mailed to any one for 75 cts. Address W. Z. Hutchinson, Flint, Mich. Prof. Rankin, of the Agricultural College at Lansing, gave us r.juite a little help, espe- cially in the matter of foul brood ; and it is a sad fact that foul brood is pretty well scatter- ed through many parts of Michigan. Just a few years ago, somebody, whose name I do not remember, moved a carload of bees up into the Traverse region, and these bees were affected with foul brood. When he discover- ed how great was the task of eradicating it he went away and left them to scatter through the woods, and damage the industry in that locality for years to come. The transaction was no profit to himself, but a great calamity to that part of the State. May be you think I am a little rough when I say that the man who deliberately does a thing of this kind ought to go to the penitentiary. They are al- ready discussing better laws and energetic measures for the suppression of foul brood. We had some sad stories, I tell you, of what it may do in a locality when allowed to go on unchecked. Mrs. Jackson has promised to give me a re- port of her big yield of honey, but I am afraid she has not as much enthusiasm in writing for the journals as she has for getting crops of honey. The next meeting is to be held at Petosky. The date is not yet decided on. I asked if it was not a mistake to keep the State conven- 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CUI^TURE. 157 tion so much in that corner of the State for three years in succession. But somebody said it was the best point for honey in the whole State, and there were more bee-keepers there; and, besides, when it was put to vote, that was the decision. Of course that would be natural, for nearly all present lived not far away from there. At the convention I was bantered not a lit- tle about my ranch in the woods, eight miles north of Traverse City. After the convention was over I went up there in company with Mr. Hilbert, and we commenced clearing off a place for the cottage. I was greatly anxious to know if I could keep warm and feel well at work out in the woods in winter time. Well, toward night I was ready to swing my hat and praise God because the experiment seemed a complete success. I worked all day in the open air, and enjoyed it hugely. But we were a mile and a half from home. Of course, friend Hilbert's ponies took us flying; but I was so warm and comfortable I declared I did not need the great big outside overcoat that I had when I came up in the morning. Mr. Hilbert, however, constituted himself my guardian, and insisted on my putting it on ; but I was so exceedingly warm and comforta- ble without it, I fear I did not button it up very well. I had planned for another outing in the woods next day — in fact, had hired some extra help ; but along in the night I was taken with a coughing-spell that came pretty near waking up the rest of the family as well as myself, and I reluctantly gave up my work in the woods in winter. Now, I firmly believe I should not have caught any cold if I had managed right, or if there had been a little bit of cabin or some warm place where I could have stayed in the woods over night. I be- came so much interested in the work that I did not have a nap all day long at all ; then in going home we had to go over hills, and the wind that blew from over across the lake was pretty fierce and cold. If I can just get over in that little bit of dense woods in among the hills, and stay there, I feel sure I shall be all right, winter and summer ; and when I get to be too old to be of any use anywhere else, that is where Mrs. Root and I are going to stay until — we get tired out and want to come home. I have spoken to you once or twice about the little girl that I found digging those Early Rose potatoes. She and I have become fast friends since then. One day at the dinner- table her mother remarked : " Alice says she wishes Mr Root would stay here, and live right here with us always." At this remark Alice colored up somewhat and hung her head, while the rest laughed and asked her why she wanted me to stay there always. Miss Erna (the young lady who carried one end of the pole for marking the potatoes) suggested it was because her father, Mr. Hilbert, was so much pleasanter when I was around. This made another laugh, and finally Alice was urged to tell just why. She only said we might all guess ; and when we guessed right she would tell us — not before. Nobody could guess. I told her we should have to let the readers of Gleanings guess why Alice wanted Mr. Root to live at their house always. By the way, we had a joke on Alice a few days later. She came home from school one day and marched into the dining-room with a book in her hand which she picked off from the table where her father and I had left it. As she held it up she said, " Why, what a funny book this must be!" Her sister then put in, "Why, Alice, what is the book about? Read us the title." "Why, it reads, ' Farmers with Green Man- ners.' " At first nobody caught on, and I was saying to myself, " What in the world does the child mean — ' Farmers with Green Manners ' ? " But somehow the title sounded a little fa- miliar. Then friend Hilbert began to shake. One after another they caught on. It was the O. Judd Co.'s excellent work entitled " Farm- ing with Green Manures." And, by the way, friend Hilbert has been reading the book over and over, and building some tremendous air- castles on this subject. He says that next year, instead of taking four or five acres to grow a thousand bushels of potatoes, he is go- ing to follow the teachings of that book and get a thousand bushels from one acre. I think I will have to tell the O. Judd Co. of this joke in regard to the title of their book. May be it will furnish somebody a subject on which to write a new book on agriculture. THE GRAND TRAVERSE HAND POTATO PLANT- ER. On page 817, Oct. 15, I described the hand potato- planter used in the great potato locality round about the Grand Traverse region. Let me repeat, there are quite a number of hand potato- planters, somewhat similar to this, on the market, or that have been peddled around, especially the one with a tin tube to drop the potatoes in at the top. Now, this tube ar- rangement is not what is wanted at all. I was induced to buy one of an agent, and so was friend Hilbert ; but they are not worth any thing at all. To push the implement down, even into mellow ground, you want your foot right on it as in the figure. In the first place, you want your ground marked both ways ; and I would use the chain arrange- ment as pictured and described on p. 975, Dec. 15. You can plant your potatoes, with little extra expense, so as to cultivate both ways ; but whether you decide to cultivate both ways or not, I would mark the ground both ways. By the way, at a recent visit at friend Hil- bert's, one of his daughters, a bright young lady of 14, remarked that the picture was not just right. She said there ought to be a boy at one end and a girl at the other, and the girl would represent herself, for she carried one end of the pole to mark their potatoes last 158 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb. 15 season ; and, in fact, a boy and girl will mark just about as well as a team of horses. They don't tramp down your nice ground as horses do. Well, after you get a planter there is a special knack or trick in using it just right. The directions below will make it plain. DIRECTIONS FOR THE ACME HAND POTATO PLANTER. Take the planter in the right hand, with lever point- ing ahead. With the lelt hand reach into the sack and select the seed required. Don't stoop, but raise the planter to meet the hand. Diop the .'eed into the hopper. Steadily lower the planter to the mark ; step on the hopper, not on the lever, and with the left foot press the planter into ground, then step ahead with the same foot, at the same time pushing forward the handle, which releases the seel; drag the right font over the hill m bringing it forward : this brings you to the next hill. While planting the seed, the left hand has gone to the sack to secure seed for the next hill. In planting with the left hand, rever.se these directions. If these directions are followed, the operator will move ahead at every motion. PLANTING POTATOES WITH THE ACME PLANTER. Now, please do not think you know a much Ijetter way. The manufacturers of the imple- ment have spent much time, and have watched the machine while it planted thousands of ?cres. Let me say again that Mr. Hilbert's boy, w'.ien he was 17 years old, planted two acres of potatoes all alone in one day ; and the work was done well. I saw acres that had been planted with this machine. This imple- ment was invented in the Grand Traverse re- gion, and everybody there uses it. I wish to call attention to the concluding sentence of the directions. Almost fifty years ago, when my brother and myself were boys, we were planting corn by hand, with a hoe. I think there were four of us — two men and two boys. Well, my brother, about 18 years old, walked right away from the rest of the plant- ers, and did his work just as well as the grown- up men did theirs. I was of an inquiring dis- position then, just as I am now, and I insisted on finding out the whys and wherefores. He laughingly explained to the rest of us that we stood still and took both hands to dig a place to put the corn. Now, he pulled away dirt enough to leave a cavity, with his hoe in his right hand, while he picked the corn out of his pocket with the left hand. In fact, he had trained his two hands so that they worked in- dependently. One did one thing, and the other did another thing. In that way he could walk right along and do his work just as well as we did ours. Of course, it took a little more strength and a little more brains to keep every thing going. I soon learned the trick ; but the two old men could not get out of their old ruts. I think my father afterward turned them off and let his two boys finish the corn planting. Now, I have seen this same thing a thousand times through life. A good many grown up people, strong able men and women, will think they are going to be killed or injured in some way if you insist that they teach their two hands so one will do one thing at the same time that the other does something else. When I get hold of a boy or girl who is teach- able, and will catch on to the idea that such a one can do ever so much more work by keep- ing both hands busy, such a boy or girl gets promoted. Tho.se who can not learn the trick of thus saving time and money soon get out of a job. Now, with this potato-planter you have got to learn to do just this thing — that is, learn the trick of keeping not only both hands but both feet busy at work all the time. Of course, you must have your potatoes cut and located at the ends of the rows ; and then you will have to find out by experiment just how many will go across the lot, so that you do not unnecessarily carry potatoes across the field and then carry the same ones right back. If your field is very large, have some potatoes located along the line through the middle of the field as well as at the outsides. I forgot to add in the proper place, that, where the ground was nice and mellow, my brother and I covered the corn with a motion of the foot. The old men I alluded to stood still to dig a place for the corn, stood still while they counted out so many kernels, and stood still again until they hoed some dirt over the grain, and flattened the top of the hill with the hoe. Of course, this planting of corn by hand is all out of date now. I men- tion the matter only by way of illustration. This hand potato-planter and one man will plant almost as many acres as you can plant with a man and team, and our best machines want a boy besides. The machine planter will, of course, work in ground not as thor- oughly fitted as it needs to be for hand plant- ing. But I do not believe the machines will give any better results, after having looked the matter over very thoroughly. Please notice you do not have to stoop over 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 159 HOW IT WORKS. at all to put the potato in the planter. Just raise the planter with your right hand until the opening (right where the man in the pic- ture is resting his foot) comes so the left hand can take the potato out of the bag and put it in the planter, both hands working together. The following additional description is tak- en from our 1901 price list: While in the region of Grand Traverse Bay last fall I found the principal crop for miles around was pota- toes, the soil and climate being especially adapted to this crop ; and I was both surprised and pleased to find that the planting was done almost entirely by hand, with an implement invented and manufactured in that locality. A bright boy, 18 years old, with whom I became acquainted, informed me tint he had with this machine planted two acres in one day himself. The ground is tilted in the usual way with ordinary faim- ing-tools ; but after that (see Gleanings. Dec. 15. page 975). boih marking and planting are done by hanu. The following, which I take from the man- ufacturer's circular, I think is a fair statement of the merits of the machine. The cut adjoining explains the way in which the machine is made ; but we can fur- nish a larger cut with descriptive circulars, showing just how the planter is to be used, on application. "The Acme hand potato-planter makes the holes, and drops and covers at one operation. Once over the field does the work. " It makes planting easier. The erect position ; the carrying of the seed on the shoulder ; the ease with which it can be changed from one shoulder to the oth- er, make this part of farmwork much less disagree- able. 'Almost as easy as walking.' " Ten pounds of seed will plant thirty rods of row if five bushels of seed is used to the acre. This will average only five pounds if the seed is distributed at intervals of thirty rods. " It plants better. It is very important in planting potatoes that they be placed in moist soil, and covered before the soil dries out. Ordinarily the holes are made, or furrows turned in if a horse is used, and the soil exposed to the hot sun for the day. The soil soon dries out. Next the sets are dropped, and perhaps they are left to bli-ter in the sun ; they are then cov- ered at unequal depths. The dry ground abs-orbs the moisture that may be left in the seed, and the result is — no crop. " With the Acme hand planter the seed is planted at a uniform depth directly into the moist soil, where it can not dry out or blister, nor is the soil disturbed. The success of the planting is thus assured. "The implement is light, weighing but 2^ pounds, but strong and durable. We have a planter in our office that has planted for eleven seasons. It was then brought in to be repaired ! " GROWING THE SOJA BEAN (OR AMERICAN COFFEE berry) in northern OHIO. Learning that the writer whose communica- tion appears below had grown successfully quite a crop of fully matured soja beans, I wrote him for particulars, and he furnishes the following : We plowed the ground May 10th, and harrowed it thoroughly. We had some seed raised from a packet of American coffee-berry purchased of you The strip we planted was so poor we were certain it would not pay to plant it to corn. We applied acid nhos- phate, or South Carolina rock, at the rate of 2.W lbs. per acre. It was drilled in with a grain-drill with fer- tilizer attachment. We then marked it in rows 30 inches apart, and drilled the beans in by hand after the fashion of early peas — i. e., about an inch apart in the row. We went over them with a weeder just be- fore they were through the ground. After they were up we cultivated them thoroughly as deep and close to rows as possible, until they were about three inches high. From there on we gave them shallow cultiva- tion, and just kept the ground nice and fine on top as long as we could get between the rows. They grow very rapidly, covering the ground completely. They root so deeply that drouth does not seem to affect thtm ; they even grow and produce well when plant- ed in among the corn. We planted the beans May 15, and harvested them -Sept. 5. We drove along each row with a mowing machire, and cut them ; then fol- lowed, put them in bunches, and left them to cure for about a week. We used a common thrashiiig-niachine to thrash them, removing all but one row of concaves, running very slowly, anu always keeping the cylinder nearly full to avoid throwing beans all over the barn. The quarter acre yielded about 8 bushels. The soil was a mixture of clay and sand. J. McQueen Baltic, O. Now, this is interesting, for the soja bean has met with favor everywhere. It not only niakes excellent hay and feed, but for plow- ing under to enrich the ground there is proba- bly no plant known that is its superior. Our experiment station goes further, and informs us that where the crop is taken off the ground completely, for hay or seed, the soil on which it grew has been benefited for almost any oth- er crop. We can furnish a leaflet on applica- tion, telling more about this new forage plant. GRAPE FRUIT IN FLORIDA; HOW MUCH MAY THE CROP BE WORTH ON A SINGLE TREE? I noticed your call for a report about grape fruit, and was surprised not to see a good item or two. in your last issue, on the subject. l,et me say 12 boxes is nowhere. There are trees in DeSoto Co. here in South Florida that have on them this vear very near- ly 100 boxes to a tree— standard orange-boxes. There have been 60,0 fruit picked from one tree. The 100- box trees are about 60yearsol t. The trunks are about 2"4 feet in diameter, and the trees are nearly 50 feet high. Now, don't get excited, or want to come here to find a Klondike, for we Floridians have enough young grape-fruit groves set out to reduce prices in a few years so everyliody can eat the fruit. If no one else .vends in a full detailed account of this fruit, I will do so on request, or will answer in- quiries by mail. Florida will soon rival Michigan in celery-growing. If you happen ah iig this winter, drop off at Sanford and see successful celery-growers. I,akeniont, Fla., Dec. 14. C. W. Brown. GRAPE FRUIT AT 812.00 A BOX. On page 92.3, M. W. .Shepherd savs a gentleman liv- ing near Sarasota, Fla , sold 12 boxes of grape fruit from one tree, and received S12 00 per hox. This may be possible, and we will not question the gentleman's veracity; but at the same time we don't want the whole country flocking down on us torai!-e$I2 00 grape fruit. They might be di«apvointed. True, it is a prof- itable crop for Florida where it is not too cold. The usual price is about S7.00 per box for best sizes, and Ihey will sometimes bear a box at fiveyearsold bud. They are nature's own tonic besides being most de- licious eating. N. O. Penny. Nathan, Fla., Dec. 8. I confess it occurred to me. when I first saw the above Ftatement, that .|12 00 was a big price, for we used to buy grape fruit for less than half that amount ; but I supposed it had probably increased in popularity, and that the price had gone up. Very likely friend Shep- herd can explain. Very large and fine fruit brings better prices, of course, than the kind that is often sent north. HOW TO GROW COLD-FRAME LETTUCE IN NEW JER- SEY ; STARTING OUR PLANTS IN THE SEED BED. About the 10th of August we prepare our ground by taking a small piece of sandy loam or soil, and plow it about three inches deep, and then take an iron rake and pulverize the soil until the lumps and trash are removed and the .soil is nice and tine, and then we broadcast, and then rake them in lightly and sprinkle with water, and then take boards and cover the beds so they will be about six inches from the ground, for we can not get the seed to sprout without covering. l,eave the boards on until the seed is up, and then re- move the covering just before sunset ; and if the 160 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb. 15 weather is cool it is better for the plants ; for if the sun is hot it will need a little care to keep from burn- ing. TRANSPLANTING TO COLD-FRAMES. About the first of September is the time to prepare the bed for iransplnming. Clear the ground ot all trash, and get ihe soil the same as for sov\ iiig the seed, and ihen take fi>h guano and broadcast over the >oil, and then work the guano vi ell in the soil ; then leave it until about the 10th of September. Tiansplant your plants to this bed by setting the plants S iuches each way. and then the plants d j nut need much care except a little wntering if the wcother !-h .uld be dry, until fro'^t. and then the sash must be put on at night to keep the fro.st from fronting the plants. About the 10th of November it is ready lOr the market, and will bring from 3 too cts. per head ; and to grow it nicely it should grow? nearly natural. We can not grow hot- house lettuce with us for it gets lousy, so that the lice kill it. It is not a success. Gilbert M. Shdte. Clarksboro, N. J., Dec. 15. GINSENG CULTURE. Since I have invested quite a little money in plants, and have utterly failed to make even one plant grow, I have been criticised rather severely because we have declined ad- vertisements pertaining to the ginseng indus- try. I have recently written to the people at our experiment station in regard to it, and here is what Prof. Green says : Mr. A. I. Root : — I do not know much about ginseng cultuie, although there is a man not far fiom here who is experimenting along that line. We have done nothing with it, but have thoight we might commence experiments with it next spring. The man referred to has had more trouble with in.sects and diseases than he has had in getting the plants to grow. It is cer- tainly not the kind of business that every one can ex- pect to succeed in. because the plants are not only dif- licult to grow, but seem to be quite subject to disease. W. J. GKEEN, Horticulturist. Wooster, O., Dec. 13. Now, friends, every thing of this sort should be first tested and tried by the experiment stations of our different States. When they tfU us there is a reasonable prospect of suc- cess in it, then is the time to invest, and not t)2fore. The trouble mentioned is exactly the one that I have found. Inse':ts and fungi seem to finish up the plants, no matter what kind of soil and treatment I gave them. TRAP NESTS, AND SOMETHING ABOUT POUL- TRY IN GENERAL. Mr. A I. Root: — I have been a constant reader of Gleanings for more than twenty years. I like your Home P.ipers and believe that I am a better man to- day from reading and trying to follow the precepts given therein. I al.so like your high pressure garden- ing ; but when I tell you th it 1 have been a " chicken fancier " for more than forty years you will have .some idea of the pleasure it gave me to read your article on high p e-s\ire poultrv-raising in your Jan. 1st is^ue. Now, can't you " walk around the stairs" and devise a trap nest tnat anybody can make without payiug a royalty ? I attended the poultry show in Philade phia, and was quite surpri.'ed at the number of bee-keepers I met— the same people I had been meeting for years at bee keepers' conventions, and never dreamed that they had the hen fever; but you know the old saw, " bi'rds of a feather will flock together." I have been called a fool with a big D becau-e I paid $3 00 for a setting of eggs ; but my wife and ch Idren have sat down to many a g od dinner of roast chicken, fried chicken, broiled chicken, stewed chicken, chicken potpie, and omelets, custards, eggs boiled, fried, etc.; whereas the wife and children of the man who called me a fool did not have either, because thetavern-keep- er got more of his money than I paid for my fan^-y eggs From one setting of eggs I once .'old ^0 worth of chickens, and I sold only four and kept six for my- self. Now don't forget the trap nest. Let the garden- ers and bee-keepers rest for a while, and talk chicken. Ashbourne, Pa., Jan. 10. W. E. Flower. Over twenty years ago, in our first bee-hive factory up on the street there used to be a cen- tral stairway on the first floor. When I want- ed to study up something on hives I used to walk around this stairway while I worked out the problem, and the readers of Gleanings then got hold of the expression our friend uses in his kind letter. When they wanted me to help them out on something they had been planning they used to say, " Bro. Root, walk around the stairs and think it over." In response to the above kind invitation I have sent for all the patent nests, and direc- tions for making the same, that I could find advertised. I have before expressed my opin- ion in regard to selling secrets or plans for making any thing for a certain amount of money. I have advised the inventors and manufacturers of trap nests to patent them if they like, but, instead of selling rights, sell the nes s for so much, set up or in the fiat. The objection made to this by many of them is that they can buy cheap pme boxes at the groceries, that answer every purpose of a pat- ent nest, with a little fixing over. To illus- trate : One of the best patent nests I have yet gotten hold of (and it cost me $2 00 fur the right and patent directions to make) is some- thing like this : Get any kind of box at the grocery (for five or ten cents), big enough for a hen's nest. Stand it on end — that is, so its longest way is up and down ; then cut a round or oval hole though one side of the box, with its lower edge just a little above the bottom, just right for the hen to step up a little as she goes into the nest. Now put this where the hen has been laying. Such a nest suits her first rate, for it is inclosed all around, and tol- erably dark. She has just room enough to get in and out. The box should be large enough so she can turn around comfortably on the nest, but not too large. Of course, there is nothing to patent on such a nest. Well, the door is a swinging door. It is like the door that shuts over a common padlock to keep the rain and snow out. Suppose you cut a piece of wood about the shape of a pumpkin seed. Make a hole through where the point is, and put in a screw. Hang this over the hole of your hen's nest, and it makes a door. But you do not want this door to close the opening entirely. Cut away a little of one side so the hen can put her head in and see the nest she is familiar with. Yes, make the opening large enough so if she crowds a little it will swing off to one side. Well, now, this is very simple. Nobody can claim a patent on such a nest ; and the patented feature comes in on the latch to fasten the door as it drops back after she has got inside. Now, there is no end of door-latches, and nobody could get a patent on the simple idea of having the door fasten itself whenever it swings down. But there might be a peculiar latch for the special purpose, that would be patentable. A very pretty pamphlet goes with the nest I have described, which contains con- siderable information in regard to the whole business of making and using trap nests. You can make a home-made nest, such as I have described, without buying a patent from any- 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 161 body ; or you can procure for !?2.00 a right to use the patent nest, including a sample door and latch, by mail, postpaid. Another trap nest that has been found to work very nicely by the Maine Experiment Station is described in their reports. The Cyphers incubator people furnish a nest, ready made, for $1 50, which they rec- ommend very highly. Perhaps one of the simplest trap nests is de- scribed in the back part of a book furnished by the O. Judd Co., entitled, "Low-cost Poultry houses," 25 cents. We can send this book from our office if our friends want it. The " Advance " trap nest furnished by W. Darling, South Setauket, L. I., is ^\.50. I have not seen this, but I should think it would work all right. A prominent agricultural writer furnishes a little pamphlet describing a trap nest, or a nest that can be easily arranged so as to trap the hen when she uses it, together with a new hatching system, for $1.00. This trap nest amounts to the same thing as the one describ- ed in the book I have mentioned, sold by the O. Judd Co. ; but I think the one in the book is much the simpler and easier to make. As we have now about finished the subject of trap nests I wish to say something about the "new hatching system," or the " natu- ral-hen incubator," for it amounts to the same thing. I wrote up the natural-hen incubator something over one year ago. The inven- tion of the writer mentioned above is a nest made out of a drygoods box, such as I have described, with a little poultry-netting yard, so the sitting hen can not get away from her eggs very far, and no other hen nor any thing elst can get to her nest to bother her. Food and water are provided, of course, in this poultry-netting yard. This device, you will see, is simply a modification of the natural- hen incubator, only the latter is made by hav- ing a lot of hens' nests and a lot of yards all in compact form. Now, although the ven- ders of these devices would persuade us that they are entirely new, the thing is >wi new at all. I find both pictured and described in the book entitled "Profits in Poultry," sold by the O. Judd Co., and the book has been in our book-list for more than ten years. In fact, I found both devices pictured and de- scribed in an old edition as far back as 1886. Both parties who sell this yarded sitting-hen arrangement tell doleful stories about the loss of money and loss of eggs with incubators ; and no doubt it is true one can, in almost any neighborhood, find incubators that have been purchased and laid aside ; but even if this is true, their efforts to make it appear that eve- rybody who buys an incubator is humbugged are very far from the truth. Sitting hens may be very good where you can get enough to stock a sitting-hen incubator on short no- tice. But let me touch on one point that the sit- ting-hen men seem to overlook. I have been waiting all winter to get a sitting hen. I have told the neighbors right and left I would pay almost any price for a hen that wanted to sit. But all the hens in our neighborhood seem to have quit the business. Had I known this I would have bought a lo.OO incubator in De- cember, and had some chickens to play with all winter. Of course, I do not know how many (we must not count our chickens before they are hatched, you know) ; but I feel sure I might have had a few. Will our good friend (the agricultural writer) and that other fellow in that same line of bus ness (Natural-hen In- cubator Co., of Columbus, Neb.), tell us how we are to get silting hens to stock their ma- chines, for that institution advertises that a lOO-egg incubator can be made on their plan for $2.00 ? This may be true, but I think the $2.00 would have to be stretched pretty well ; and after the machine is made, eight or ten hens must be forlkcoming that want to stt, be- fore the thing can be started. Now, even though it is out of my line of business somewhat, I protest against this plan of asking people for a dollar for the informa- tion contained in a little bit of pamphlet or on a single sheet of paper. The pamphlets or sheets of paper can be printed for a cent each or less ; and when you g-et the information, al- most invariably the very thing is found in our books that have been before the world for years past. By the way, I have not seen any mention in any of the poultry books or journals of the fact that an electric light is the best thing in the world for testing eggs. With a fifty-can- dle-power lamp, shaded and arranged just right, you can see every thing inside of an egg. I have not had a chance yet to test it with eggs from an incubator. One more item : All the books and journals recommend a scratching shed, and most of them say this shed should be open to the sun and air when- ever the weather permits ; and cloth frames are recommended in place of glass when the weather is not bad. The cloth is cheaper, gives light enough, and also gives just about as much air through it as the poultry ought to have. Now, the cheapest way in the world to move the cloth according to the weather is by having it roll up, on the plan described in our tomato-book. Humbugs and Swindles. DUNNING LETTERS, FOR SOMETHING YOU DII> NOT ORDER AND DID NOT HAVE. It seems the swindling fraternity are finding new tricks for the new century. One of the latest is to threaten people with a suit at law unless they send the swindlers a certain sum of money forthwith. Several of the letters have already been mailed to us, asking us if they had not better pay the amount (two or three dollars as the case may be) in order to keep out of trouble. This threatening letter is usually sent to somebody who answered an advertisement some time ago, and perhaps sent a small sum of money for the advertised nostrum. Let me say, first, that nobody can collect or will undertake to collect any money from you for something you did not order and , did not have. Another thing, these letters are 162 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb 15 skillfully gotten up so as to appear to be bona- fide type-written productions, when they are nothing but printed circulars in letter form. These rascals print them by the thousands, and mail them for a cent each, knowing that every little while they will get hold of some- body who is fool'sh enough to be frightened by their threats of " United States courts," etc. One such medicine firm, whose letter is now before me, is the Hospitaline Remedy Co., of New York. The man it was sent to is Henry F. Buck, of Buckskin, Mich. He says he was foolish enough to send them money in advance for the medicine he had, about a year ago ; but it never did him a particle of good — just money thrown away ; and now they are try- ing to blackmail him for some vwre money. A similar letter came to a relative of mine, a vddow. Her husband purchased some medi- cine of a firm .several years ago, but he paid for it at the lime, as a matter of course. In- stead of handing over any money in answer to such threats, just mail all such letters to us and we will show the parties up. The dunning letter Mr. Buck sends us does not have his name, nor that of anybody else, for that matter. His name was on the outside of the envelope, where the letter was address- ed to him. NATIONAL BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. Object ; — Defense of the rights of bee-keepers ; pros- ecution of di -honest commission men and glucose adulterators; but only members are entitled to protection. Officers:— E. R. Root, President, Medina, O.; R. C. Aikiu, Vice-president lyoveland, Col.; Dr. A. B. Mason. Secretary, 3-il2 Monroe St., Sta. B, Toledo, O.; Eugene Secor. Gcn'l Manager, Forest City, la. Fees: — Annual membership fee $1.00 Remittances may be sent here or to General Manager as above. OUR CATALOG FOR 1901. Owing to delay in the completion of the present ediiion of the A 15 C of Bee Culture and other printing about the beginning of ihe new year, we are a little late in getting out our catalog. We have already mail- ed a copy to the readers of Gleanings, and expect to get around to our larger list of applicants by the first of March or soon after. We have printed lO 000 cata- logs for Geo W. York & Co.. who have just moved to 14-l-14(i Eiie St., about five blocks further north than the old location ; al.so 12,000 for Jos. Nysewander, Des aioines, Iowa Catalogs for other dealers will be dis- tributed within the next two weeks. If you have not received your catalog yet, send for it ; and if you know of others in your neighborhood interested in bees, or like y to he, send us their names and we shall be pleased to send thcni a copy. SECOND-HAND MACHINERY. We have on hand quite a number of second-hand machines which might be of u.'e to some of our read- ers if they knew of them. We have several machines for cutting the slots in sections, section-holder bottoms, or separators. One is a single-head machine, hand- feed, which sells new for 825.00. This is just as good as new for service, and we offer it compleie with wood frame for $12. .50 just half piice. We have also two or three double-head feed machines which sell new for 875.00. One or two of these machines are almost new, and just as good for service, and we offer them at $40 GO each. A third was slightly damaged by a fire, but is in good shape. We offer this one at J30.00. We have al.so several saw-tables for ripping, worth from 810.00 to 820 00 in present condition. Further particu- lars on application, to those interested. Last, but not lea'it, we are just installing a new machine for dove- tailing our hives both sides at once, with which we ex- pect to do the work much more rapidly and very ac- curately. It will be hard to improve very much upon the work we have been doing on our pres^ent machine, which will be for sale as soon as the new one is in- stalled and accepted. The old machine is piactically as eood as ever, and is capable of dovetailing nearly 1000 hives a day, and doing it in the excellent manner which has given our Dovetailed hive an enviable repu- tation. We would not build a new one like it for less than 85(X); but we will sell this one for much less. We shall be pleased to hear from any one interested, when we will give further particulars and price. REMOVAL NOTICE. In our last iet in the morning I am quite myself again. Both my-elf and all our family slop- ped every cold, Vjoth last winter and this, in this way. I do not give this in any argumentative spirit ; but if you get as much benefit from it as I have I shall be onlv too glad to tell vou of it. Henry Pillar, Jr. The Woodlmds, French Creek, B. C, Can., Nov. 21.. CONVENTION NOTICE. The annual convention of the California State Bee- keepers'Association will be held in the Chamber of Comme'-re, at L,os Angeles, on the 2r)ih and 26th of Feb., 1901. The convention will be railed to order at 1:30 P. M., on the 25th. S veral valuable papers have been promised, and we expect an interesting conven- tion. J. F. McIntyre, Sec'y. F-illmore, Cal. WHEELS FARM WAGONS any size wanted, any width of ire. Hubs to fit any axle, blark^initli's bills to pay. ires to reset. Fityoaroldwagon th low steel wheels with wide tires at low price. Our catnlogae tells you how to do it. Address MPIRE MFG. CO.. Quincy, 111. LAWNS, PARKS, CEMETERIES au.iiill ,-in l.^ircs ;ire b.'ih i.r^tcctrd .lul l.raiitiHe'1 hv iisinirthis HARTMAM STEEL ROD LAWN FENCE. hARTMAN MT'Q CO , BOX 80,* ELLWOOD CITrV, PA. Or li raying the different fruit and vegetable crops, which contains much valuable information, and may be liad for the asking. Barnes' Hand and Foot Power Machinery. This cut represents our combined circular saw, which is made for bee- keepers' use in the con- struction of their hives, sections, boxes, et'c. AXaehines on trial. P°nd for illustrated cata- logue and prices. W.F.& John Barnes Co., 545 Ruby St., Rockford. - - 111. w .ACNTEU.— -a healthy sober youtis; man in large apiarv. Address "John Nippkrt, P, O. Box 1051, Phoenix, Arizona. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 165 Wants and Exchange. Notices will be inserted under this head at 10c per line. You nniHt SAT you want your ad. in this* department, or we will not be responsible for any error. You can have the notice as many lines as you please; but all over ten lines will cost you according: to our re^rular rates. We cannot be responsible for dissatisfaction arising from these 'swaps." tVANTED. — A competent man to take charge of '^' four or five hundrtd colonies To the light man a good propo.sition will be made. Write, stating amount of experience, age, etc. I. A. King, Almond, San Diego Co., Cal. IVANTED. — Two or three apiaries for cash ; located '" in Colorado; write full paiticulars; first letters and lowest cash price; comb hi ney preffrred. Thos. C. St*nlky & S(iN. Fairfield, 111. IVANTKU. — A refined girl or widow woman, aihouse- '' keeper in small family, one interesttd in bee- keeping preferred. Addr» ss Ei,i»S Fox, Hillshoro, Wis. V^ANTED. — A number of good strong colonies of '" Iialian bees with good quantity of stores and young qu» ens, in healthy condition, for spring deliv- ery. Hoffman frames in 8 or 10 frame I,, or Dauz. hives preferred. W. Hah man, box 3, Altoona, Pa. ' w w ANTED.— To exchange 50,000 No. 1 polished sec- tions, for beeswax. W. H. Norton, Skowhegan, Me. ANTED. — Extracted honey, onions, cabbage; cash or trade. G. RourzAHN Menallen, Pa. VL' ANTED. — Bv a practical bee keeper, an apiary to " rent, or will work for salaty. Must not be far- ther east than Colorado. Virgil Sires, North Yakima, Washington. WANTED. — To exchange bicycles and tandems, gas- oline engines (new and 2d han'l, J to 'JO horse- power), for wood and metal woik ng machinery of all k nds. ROBKRT B. Gedyk, I^aSalle. 111. WANTED.— 400 2d-hand .5 gallon cans, crated 2 in a case — cans u^ed but once preferred — for extract- ed honey. E. D. Townsrnd, Hubbardston. Mich. ANTED.— To exchange two No. 5 Novice honey- extractor.s, gi od as new, for bees. E. W. Blown, B >x 102. Morton P.irk. Cook Co., 111. w WANTED.— A good farm-hand of good moral char- acter; a good posiiioti for the right man. No one Using tob.ncco or profane language need apply. Slate age and wages expected. Addies-s P. E. TwiNiNG, Kipton, I,orain Co , Ohio. WANTED.— A young man of several years' expeii- ence to help care for six apiaries the coining season. Give reference, habits, and salary expected. R. T. Stinnett, Mesilla Park, New Mexico. w ANTED. — To buy some blue-thistle seed. Welch Wilbur. Helena, S. C. WANTED —A renter for GO colonies of bees, or will sell the whole to some good man. I cmi not attend to them as they should be. 1 have a neighbor who has -10 colonies who also watits to let out on shares. He is only three miles from me. Smgle man preferred. R. J. Mathews Rosedale, Miss. WANTED.— Man of 45 (mechanic) ; no b<»d habits; experienced in fruit and vegetable growing, also bee-keeping; handy with poultry, wants a situation; shares or otherwise, or to manage apiary with privi- lege to buy and do work for part pay. Bre kefper, 925 W. California Ave., Chicago. 111. WANTED — A good sober, ordei ly bee-man; one who understands queen reaiii g ihoioughly and gen- eral work in the apiary, and healthy, i should wish 'h\m free from tobacco habit, as tobacco and its effects nauseate. Wish him to commence work at once. M. H. Mendleson, Ventura, Cal. WANTED —A p.isition with a bee keeper in the Mid- dle .Slates ; one who has some other side is^ue. I have maninulated bees for 12 years, and can take full charge of 100 colonies. John F. Diamond, Fly Mountain, N. Y. Guaranteed for 10 Years. Frgt. Prepaid and Money Back if not Satisfactory. Send us 818 00 and we will send you one of our NEW IMPROVED OHIO FARMER HIGH-ARM SEWING- MACHINES, freight pre paid Use it for all kinds of work, and if not satisfactory you can return it in 90 days and we will refund your money and pay freight both ways. All Guaranteed New Machines. Self-setting needle ; automatic bobbin-winder, with oak or walnut woodwork; new bent wood lop; seven long skeleton drawers. Full and complete set of at- tachments and illustrated instruction book sent with each machine Every machine we send out guaran- teed to give entire satisfaction or money re- funded. We can furni-h repairs or needles at any time. Remit by postoffice order, registered letter, New York draft, or express If you want the BEST sewing-machine made in the world at the LOWEST PRICE - laotioii Hid pruaraiitee Ijuy .direct fr ni manulacturei s -land save half the co.-t. Our ' Veliioles are hutit f'l- hard nr. Bc^t mnlerials thron-.h- out. NewsHles, Approved W^-rt- mansliip. lnqualifi»(i ffuariinle". #29.25 and apwiirds Our llarne«i> mid Saddle- comprise a complete liic cf standard w.uic $4.25 upwai ds In no event place yur order without wririnp: tor om Free <'alal<>8ruecnntn jn- ing valuable sugcestinns fo the vehicle. t harness buyer CASH BUYERS' UNION, (Inc.) 158 W. Van Bureii St., B-345, Chicago, Ills. BULL- .STRONG! ....PIG-TIGHT..., An Illinois farmer said that aft- er harvest he had fully 200 bush- els ot loose oats on the ground that he could not secure any ben- efit from, because the fence iround the field would not turn hogs Figure the loss foryourself. He also said, all this would have been saved if he had used the kitselman Woven Wire Coiled Spring Fencei and the value v.iulil liave )_■■.. ne a h.ng ways '"•■.' '-'l-^ I 'ay 1 nj,' r. .st ot t he fence. uitii the Duplex Machine any larmer can make it himself at the actual cost of the wire Catalogue free for the asking.' ,„ KjTSELMAN BROS. iBox iJ3i. Nluncie, Ind. PLANERS The above cut shows one of our small Planers, of which we make twelve different styles and sizes. Also large Planers, Band Saws, Buzz Planers, Moulders, Wood Lathes, and all kinds of WOOD WORKING MACHINERY Send for Catalogue. The FRANK MACHINERY CO- Buffalo, n. y. i » I I New Smith Premiers Nos. S^n^S. The No. 6 takes paper \%% inches wide and writes lines 16 inches long. The No. 5 takes paper 1 1 inches wide and writes lines 9/2 inches long. These new machines in essential mechanical principles are the same as Models Nos. 2, 3 and 4 — un- equaled. Write for Printed Matter Free. i ^ijpeiiirlfpr Co- 158 Prospect Street, Cleveland, Ohio. .^LANS r™™SS: BROMTJS INERMIS-The wonderful new sraso I'ui' hay or pasture. DWARF ESSEX RAPE -The prpat f or- atre plant lor sheep, hogrs and cattle PEJ^CILARIA-A novelty. The most productive of all fodder plants. SPILTZ-Theitew prolific grraln. Out- vields wlieat, rye or barley. S'OJA BEANS-The "Great German Coffee Berry." A fine fodder plant. COW PEAS-Great land enricher and produetivecattleand hogr food. SAND VETCH-A wonderful foragre plant and valuable as a fertilizer. NEW CENTURY WONDER CORN- Stools lik.e wheat. Immense yielder GIANT SPURRY-"The clover for sandy land," for winter pasture. ZEA-A most valuable new plant for feeding- green. Very productive. A g-ood sized trial packet of each of the above 10 varieties and a circular describing them and tellin? how to grow, cure and feed, sent pos'T^id for only 12 cents. Large. lOU page, beau- tifully illustrated catalogue FREE.i i yoii mention this paper, no matter whether you order above seeds or not. Wereferby permission to the editor of this paper. Established 3U years. tOWA S££D CO., DES MOINES, IOWA. •s Michigan Norttiern-Grown Onion Isold 56.000 lbs. of this seed in 1899. Jly custonieis report yields of liO to 1.265 bushels of onions per acre from this seed. Some of them intimate that this seed is worth ijio to $10 per lb. more than the California grown seed sold by anybody. 1 cuaruntee thi« seed to be new and freshly grown. We have seed of all the leading and standard varie- ties. We make special prices on large lots. Onion sets of all varieties. Buy direeU'rom the erower. Catalogue — extended and illustrated — tree. ::a«Ix'v n. Hammond seed co. ^'^'h Box 6!>. IJay City, .'>Ikh. Wm pftys Ferry's Seeds are known the country over as the most reliable Seeds that can be bought. Don't save a nickel on cheap seeds and lose a dollar on the harvest. liiOl Seed Annual free. D. M. FERRY & CO., Detroit, Mich. SEED bTl free To set new cuMoiners to test tny f«eed», I will null mv 1901 eatalofue, filled with more Burgaiii* tciaQ everand » lOe Due Bid pood (or 10c wortb <>l Needn tor trial abitolutely free. All the iteot Seeds, Bulhs, Plants, Roses, Kurm Seeds, Potatoes and many Novelties at lowest prices. Ginsener, the great money n^ikint: plant. G!nitt Prize 'i'o« niatoes, 2tot he hoot, Pnn Amcricnii Oats, sentoulfiee to farmeiB, and two Free Pusses to Pun Amerlean Expo- sition, Buffalo, N. Y. are offered. 82,fiy.'j 00 n cash premiums. Don't [.'ive vour order until you see thU new catalogue. You*lI be !*urprlsed at mv baririin offers. Send posta > for cataiogoo to-day. It Is FKFK to nil. Tell vour friends to send too. F. B. MiI.l.S, Box 105,iteBehlU, UnondasaCu.,14. Y. EVERGREENS Hardy sorts, ^ur!■ery prown for wind- hi oaks, ornament and hedges. Prepaid. $1 lo.T^lO per KlO-fiU Great Rarsains to select from. AVrite at once for free Catalogue and B.Trgain .Sheet. I.ocill A-ri-iits wiirted. rO. HilUrecfrt DundeeJII. In writing advertisers please mention Gleanings. OUR CATALOG of varieties and prices of Small- fruit Plants, Dahlia Bulbs, S. C. W. and B. Leghorns, B. P. Kecks Berry Crates and Baskets, ready Feb. 1. Send for it ht-f r- ordering. ^ H. H. AULTPATHER. Hinerva. Ohio. J pOR SALE.— Wonderful, Black Cow, and Ram's *^ Horn, or Big Blick Eye cow peas and .soja b-ans, 20 cts per qt ; $1 2i per bu by express, except Rim's Horn, which are S'i 25 perbu., not prepaid. Address E. R. Miller, Hearing, Norfolk Co., Va. jj 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 169 The Popular fN A POI |MA POPLAR. •Just the tree for city planting; — Thfives ivhere others fail— Keslsts smoke and Has as the salamander fire. No tree furnishes quicker shade; 75.<»ra|ie Vines, I'lants, Seeds. Valuable Catalogue free. C'oi ii'-pondincesolicited. Write us your wants if you would procure the best at bottom iriKs. 47 YEARS. 44 GREENHOUSES. 1000 ACRES. THE STORRS & HARRISON CO., Box 225, Painesville, Ohio. FARM ANNUAL?9°o^ "QUARTER- CENTURY EDITION" A Grand New Book of two hundred and twenty pages. Entirely rewritten at our famous FORDHOOK F.ARMS— tlie largest Trial Grounds in America. New Directions for culture, New Leaflets, Naw Novelties of unusual merit in both Vegetables and h'lowers, Elegant New Colored Plates. The Ouartcr-Century's Record of Progress, New Cash Prizes, and other New Features. The largest, most complete, and BEST SEED CATALOGUE ever pubiished. Mailed for ten cents, which is less than cost per copy. Name this paper, send ten cents (silver or stan^ps) and with this great catalogue we shall send a 15=ccnt packet of either Burbank's Unique Floral Novelty or Burpee's wonderful, new, dwarf, meaty, bright-red, earliest Tomato, — " Qiiarter-Ce7it2iry." 4Ki=" Should you object to paying ten cents for a seed catalogue (even though it is worth a dollar), then write a postal card for Burpee's •' SEED=SENSE " for 1901,— a "strictly business" catalogueof ninety pages. ^j ATLEE BURPEE & CO., PHILADELPHIA, PA. "^"|M^ 'T"-tJ*'^-' "iJ Seed Catalogue You should, by all means, have this most moflerii «atalo(cue of uiodern tinier. It is brimful itiid overflowing witlj good things in vegetable, farm and flower seeds, flowering plants, fruits, bulbs, etc. It contaiii.« 35 novelties in regretable.'^ and flowers never offered before, has lo6 large pages, seven handsome colored plates and hundreds of illustrations. It gives practical, up-to-date cul- tural directions and oHers many cash prizes. The first edition alone costs over $30,000, eo while we send it free to all customers, we must ask others to send 10 cents for it. which amount they may deduct from their first order. You will make a mistake if you do not write to-day for this the Novelty Seed Book of the year. Address, , Wm. HENRT MArijE. Philadelphia. Lfflencan Gardenini Ul .Sample Copies, .'eparate issues. 10 <~fnts. Publi-hed at 130 Lii^erty Street, New York. eltz GREATEST OF Ay. CEREALS Speltz ?!artled the ' Fa.min" World !>, in 1900; A it will capture every V) heai-t inlCCl, witnits /\ 8J bu. of prain and 4 t >ns of iiay, equal to T imothy, per acre, ret t'le (renuino.buy of Salzer, tlie i::troducer. Gombination Oorn is one ot the greate;-t (liingrs of the century. His early ai;d anenor- luoTisly. f.nbiilously biryielder, a sort bound to revolutumizo corn t;rowing'. Salzer's Vegetable Seeds. The beauty about Salzer'.s vegetable feed is, that they iiev. r liiil. They sjirout. grow and produce. Thev ai e of such hicrh vitality they Laugh at droughts, r.ains and the cleriients, taking lit prizes every where. We warrant this. For 14 C3nts and This Notice we send 7 papka-'es of rare, ch' ice. fine, splen- did veyretable novelties and 3 packaires of brilliantly beautiful flower seeds, all worth $1, and our big catalog for oiilv 14e and this NotU-e, in order to pain 250.000 new customers in 1901, or lor 10c, 10 rare farm seed samples, ,- — r'r:~v„ fuliy v-nvth $10.00 to get a start -.' - :-.^»;^^- and o\ rgruat catalogue. vJJO^MA. SALZER iM SEED CO. ,A *- ^^ LA CROSSE, WIS. P^j. Calp A fiuit and sugar-beet farm, 24^ acres, ' "" OCllC. ,;jx acres fruit, six-rromed brick house, 60 rods from central school, posloflfice, and store ; 3^ miles from Springville. I.,ocated in center of large alfalfa district. For further particulars, address W. A. Warthen, Springville, Utah. In writing advertisers please mention Gleatiings. 170 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb 15 Mr. A. I. Roofs Writings of Grand Traverse territory and Lee- lanau County are descriptive of Mich- igan's most beautiful section reached most conveniently via the .... Pere Marquette R. R. For particulars address W. C. Tousej-, D. P. A., Toledo, Ohio. Career and Character of Abraham Lincoln. r^An address by Joseph Choate, Ambassador to Great Britain, on the carter and character of Abraham Lin- coln— his early life — his early struggles with the world — his character as developed in the later jears of his life and his administration, which placed his name so high on the world's roll of honor and fame, has been pulslished by the Chicago, Milwaukee & St Paul Rail- way, and may be had by sending six (6) cents in post- age to F. A. Miller, General Passenger Agent, Chica- go. Ill i^, 'Electrio'-raa^ [applied to either | Wheels or Wagons I is a friiarantee of excellence. Tlie imb- I lie api'reciares tills *'act. ]ii4 years we >lrt 320 000 Electric Si eel Wheels Mml 30 lOOOEI.ctiio llandvWa'.- n-. We make wheals I to ti f inv wasr. n. 'Miistrateil Catiloj F EE. Electric Whpel Pn. Pox 95, (Juincv, Ills. with our new patent KEROSENE SPRAYERS issim]ile .mlsed. Kerosene Emul- sion made while pumping. 1'2 var- ieties sprayers. Bordeaux and Ver« morel Nozzles, the World's Best. THE DEMINQ CO. Salem, 0. Western Agents, Henion& Hub- , {lell, Chicago. Catalog, formulas free SEND NO MONEY but iiU Mueliiiie« tent C. V. !>.. on 30 ' liiai. It you don't lind em superior to any otlier n any reason, I'etuni them at our ~ expense and we reiund your ?v and treiyht cliarges. For i|0.5W we can sell you a better nne than those advertised I here at liig-her price. l)Ut we 1 ratlirrsen v.ni l.pftcr Quality (inr ele- it .\iiiiiirl.>ii.».v.el.phc«d, *ia.50. Our No. !» Hell iSearhig ArliiiKloii. 5 drawer, drop liea!> 15.45. Write toi- lavee illn.itiated cata- lotfueFKKE. CASH BUYERS' UNtON, fine.) 1.58-164 AV. Van IJureii St., 1434.5, Cbicaso Direct to Consumers. Our Handsome Cata'oir !• ree, costing over $2 each, containes H4 pajes, with l.iOO illustralions and 15,000 articles listed, on which we guarantee' to save yon from 15 to 75%. Most compl-te b"»okof lusliind. Sent for 10c to pay costof mailing, whi;h will be refunded with first order. Valuable t>ook of refer- ence and ought to be in every household, f^et it ; keep it handy. Heller Chemical Co., Dept 40, Chicago. ^^"Tbe Only Hail Order Drug lioaseiu the ttiiri(l."iMM An go rfl riojlt^ Handsome pels ; profitable * ** vJlltlia. stock. Large new circular for stock. FDW. W. COLE & CO.. Kenton. Ohio. l?nn FFPRPT^s All sizes; some trained; first- I^UU I L,l\l\L-,IO. class stock. New price list free. N. A. Knapp, Rochester, Lorain Co., Ohio. All This Nice Print- ing only 100 sheets paper, ruled, 100 envelopes. No. 6, 100 neat cards. SENT POSTPAID BY EARLY M.\IL. LITEO PEINT, Boz 5, Swarthmore, Penn. E. L. Pratt. f HEfNS EAT BUQSI beeatise they ^need animal food. B'eed^ I cut bone and get egps ' I VPhen eggs are eggs. The HUMPHREY I Green Bone #*ilTTErD ' and VegetableVU I ■ til is guaranteed to cut more bona | in less time and with less labor than any other cutter made. Get J your money back if not perfectly (satisfied. It's a rapid vegetable^ B cutter, too. Send for handsome cat- , Jalog containing egg record blanks i for a whole year. Erery pou Itry / keept r should get it. It's tree. > ^ Humphrey & Sons/ ^ Box si.'Jo!!ef.llls- ajr||)Q CI*PQ are worth more than twice as much tn^ Hllll W CUllw winter as in summer. You can/i have plenty of eggs all winter if you feed Green Cut* Bone. To prepare ■■*■■■ GREEN BONE i^fttVuirbon: ADAM CUTTER.] cutter made with ball bcaringa. This makes it ruul easier than any other. Cuts h.ird and soft bone without chokii Easy to keep clean for it cleans itself. Made for hand and power. Send for free catalogue No. :',g W. J. ADAM, Jollet, III. THE BEST EGG FOOD '^;el.7'c"fi''§o:.; Nothing equals MANN'S NEW BONE CUTTERS for pre- paring buue. Cut fast, tiije and turn easy. .Mann's Clover Cutter cuts clover the best and fastest. S» inging Feed ,Travs, Granite Crystal Grit, &c. Illustrated catalogue ^'^ee. F. W. MANN CO., Box 37. Milford, .\lass. COMMERCIAL POULTRY IS a semi-monthly .journal, telling how t I raise and market poultry t-o as to make the most money. iiO cents a ■sear, ineluding valuable premium, luiil 4 times lOc. stamps or silver. "> iiupieroi'V free. We want agf^tsfor ] 11 ilii'iitidiisaiicl novelties. DRAPER PLI3. & SUPPLY CO., Chicago. III. >*^ al"a%'- do well. 50 standard varieties. Handsom- est poulti y book of the season forSc stamps. Full ol money-making hints. Bly birds are winners. B. H. CREIDER, Florin, Pa. EGGS SLOG for 15 best Brown Leghorn or B P. Rocks. Illustrated descriptive egg-ritcu- lar free. H. B. Geer, Nashville, Tenn. POULTRY-BOOK FREE. S. C. BROWN LEGHORNS. I use well-striped breeding cocks. Eggs, SI. 00. Cockerels, Jl.OO and up. Also Italian bees. Circular free. H. M. Mover, Shanesville, Pa. 64 pages, illust'd, with nios. trial subscrip- tion to our tJaper, lOcts. Inland Poultry Journal, Indianapolis, Ind. ABASKET FULL OF ECCS by using Ley's Poultry Condition Powders. Puts all fowls in a normal condition; destroys all diseas" germs; purifies the blood; is a tonic and nutrient. Price 25 cts. a pk.; 5 for 81 00. Lev 's Thoroughbred Minorca's Eggs. SI 00 for l.S. Also Tlior- oughbreci Heigiiin Hares. Ceo. J. Ley, Florence, Cal, CRUSHED OYSTER SMELLS for poultrv ; 100 lbs., 60 cts.; 200 lbs., 81.00. WISE & CO., Wholesale Grocers. Butler, Ohio. In writing advertisers please mention Gleanings. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 171 BIDDIEStBEES. MAKE THEM BOTH PAY. 50-egg Bantam. Self-regulating. Holds 50 ordinary - size eees. No sitting up nights. 20 min- utes' attention in twenty-four liours will operate it. Sold on 30 Days' Trial for $5.00 Over 1.5 000 in use, and thousands hatching .50 chicks from 50 eggs. You can do as well. Ei- ther hot water or hot-air heating. We have a brooder to go with it for $3.00. Our cUalog of valuable information, and describing incuba- tors and brooders of all sizes and prices — all on /r/a/— sent for the asking if you mention this paper. Buckeye Incubator Co., Springlisid, Ohio IN ALL ITS BKA\< HES." This l.s the title and theme of ournew Year Book. Contain.s pajret!, 8x11 in.; 200 new and original ilUistrations of best poultry farms.biuldinf;s. etc., in the coun- try. Deals with every phase of the poultry industry in an Instructive and profit hringintr way. Treats also of the famous non-mois- «VnilCiQC lUf^lBSAYnDC cu:irantcfd to uut- ture, self-veniiUitiugaiHi re^ulatiiij,- UlrnCnd InuUDAEUnla, hatc-U any othei- in three or more tests orinonev refunded. Sent for 10c in stamps. Ask for honk 74 Circular and i)ricesfree. Address nearest office. CYPIILRS IXCtBATOR CO., ChioaKO, WayianU. >'.Y.,liOBtuii,Ma88. INVESTIGATE BEFORE YOU BUY. We want our customers to be perie* tiv satistied before t. he. spend the r nuinev. In ve^ti^ata the ciamsof uU iucubatura and thcu decide. We I.elicve vou will t;nd that t..e SURE HATCH IMGUBAT^^S AND COMMON KKNSE FOLDING KROOOEIJS are giving letter saivfacti-n ^ than any other made. It's because they are so simple, S' iwihle and sure. Th-y are biiilt tm busy people, ^* ho haven't time to fnss and bother. Our catalogue is FJil'^K. We ...on't ask ^•011 to pav for 'f, ! sn't i t wor h examii n^ i SURE HATC*^ INCUBATCR COIVIPAWV. CLAY CE^3TER, TJEBRASKA. We Pay the Freight. A PRACTICAL POULTRY BOOK One which covers ery detail of the industry from in- ubation to market isour 20th CENTURY CATALOGUE. It will teach you A , ,, .rem the practical experience of others wh.u it would t,ike you ten ye^ir.s to learn. Amongother jl S»9, things it tells about the latest improvements in the world famous Keliable Incubators ^=»^ and Brooders. Sent for 10c to pay postage. Reliable Iqc. & Briir.Co.Box B -49 Quincy.lU INCUBATOR OHTRIAL The Perfected Von Culin. Successful result of 25 years' experience. Scientifically correct, practicallj- nerfect. Non-explosive metal lamps. Double and packed walls. Perfect regulation of heat and ventilation. Made of best materials, and highest quality of vForkmanship and finish. PRICES S7.00 AND UP. SATISFACTION GUARAN'TEED OR NO P,\V. We make Brooders, Bee Hives & Supplies. iW' Catalog and Price List sent Free. The W.T. FALCONER MFG. CO., Dept. 73. Jamestown, N.Y. ♦ ! fully. \ Des Moines Incubator Co., Box 533 -.Des Moines, la j0uf Incubators I : ^ i,:ive allthelatestimrirovements.aresoid I fu It very low prices and ^uaran- dS il toed lo nlease every customer.Send !J I iH oeiit. lor our 1.51 page cataioene. l~-^l/ wnich contains I'nildesfriplions ^^ of our e-Ytensive line and tells how '*^ to raise poultry euceess- ioultrv and brooof no'ises. MARILLA. Th.at's the tiame which means hi».;hest excellence m Inculjaiors' and Brooders — the mostperlect. reffulation of temperatii i e and moisture. Hot air or hot water. Send 2e for catalogue and Rnar- antee. Your money baci;ifyou are not satistied MARILLA INCUBATOR CO., Box 63. Kose Hill, TS'. T. 200-Egg Incubator for S 1 2<,oo Perfect in construction and action. Hatches every fertile eggr. Write for cataloeue to-day. GEO. H. STAHL, Quincy. III. In writing advertise! s please mention Gleaning?. 172 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb 15 Wake up Bee-Keepers, To the Changed Conditions. I have many times advised my readers to keep more bees. We are often asked what will mix the most successfully with bee-keeping, and I have replied, and still say, "a few more bees." In my eastern trip I met quite a number of men who are making money keeping bees — not simply making a living, but laying up money. All of these men, with no exception, keep bees in large numbers, scattering them around the country — perhaps 100 colonies in a place. It isn't profitable to put only a few in a place — there must be enough in each yard to make a day's work when the apiary is visited. Mr. H. t,. McLallen, a former pupil of Mr. W. Z,. Coggshall, but now the owner of several hundred col- onies, made a very bright remark at the Romulus in- stitute. He said : " We can't produce so much honey per colony as we did years ago, but we can make more money. The reason is that we can keep more bees with less labor." The reason of the lessened yield per colony is the cutting off of natural resources, such as clover and basswood, but the improved methods that enable us to manage a greater number of colo- nies, the short cuts, if we will only recognize and practice thtm, really gives us advantages over our predecessors. It is in the discovery and practice of short cuts that we must look for our financial .salva- tion. A great many processes that may be employed at a profit in a home apiary, are totally out of p'ace in an out-apiary. The swarming problem, for instance, must be solved by a different process in an out->ard. The honey-extractor is the most satisfactory solution. Give the bees plenty of empty comb in which to store honey, and swarming is practically ended. Years ago extracted honey was of slow sale at a low price, but its use by bakers and other manufacturers has placed the demand upon a firm basis, and, at present, I know of no more hopeful field for the apiarist than the production of extracted honey on a large scale. Keep a lot of bees, scatter them around the country, and don't use up all your profits in u.'eless manipula- tions. I wish to see bee-keepers prosperous, and I believe I have never given them better advice than I am giving them now. l,et me repeat it : Keep hun- dreds of colonies, scatter them around the country, 100 in a place, produce extracted honey, study short cuts as though your life depended upon it. Personal- ly, let me ask you to give this matter your careful, serious thought. Not only this, but write to me on this subject. Especially would I like to hear from men who have had experience along these lines. Men who have made but an indifferent success with only one apiary, but have made money with several apiaries, or tho'e who have tried running several apiaries and failed, if there are any such, could tell an interesting and instructive story. l,et me hear from you. Those who have had experience with both few and many bees are especially invited to write. If I have drawn any incorrect conclusions, or omitted any important factors, I shall be glad to have these defects pointed out. For the best article on this sub- ject, received before March 1st, I will pay S-o 00. For any artic e that I think well enough of to use, but to which the first prize is not awarded, I will send the writer the REVIEW one year and a queen of the Superior Stock. The establishing and managing of out apiaries might, very properly, form the latter part of the article. — Editorial in January Review. Remember that the REVIEW is «L00 a year, but I send 12 back numbers free of charge. For $2.00 I send the back numbers, the REVIEW for 1901, and a queen of the Superior Stock. W. Z. Hutchinson, Flint, /VVich. BEE-HIVES AND HONEY-BOXES. in car lots — wholesale or retail. Now is the time to g-et prices. We are the people who manufacture strictly first-class g-oods and sell them at prices that defy com- petition. Write us today. Interstate Box & Manufacturing Co., Hudson, Wis. ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦^ I MarshfieSd Manufacturing Company. | X Our specialty is making SECTIONS, and they are the best in the market. Wisconsin ba.?swood is the right kind for them. We have a full line of BEE - SUPPIylES. Write for FREE illustrated catalog and price list. ♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦»»♦ »♦♦»♦ »♦♦♦♦♦ \ Marshfield Manufacturing Company, Marshfield, Wisconsin. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 173 1881 1900 PAGE & LYON MFQ. CO. I We manufacture a full line of the latest 1 BEE-SUPPLIES, *• ■ ■■■ ■■ - ... ..I ■ ■ I .1 ■ ■ ^^ :| Our motto is, " Perfect Goods and Prompt Shipment.'* ':S Send for our new free illustrated catalog. I PAGE & LYON MFG. CO., New London, Wisconsin. Improved Ohio Farmer REPAIR OUTFIT. Our Price Only $1.65. We have examined sam- I ( ». II I pies from all manufactur- A\l ^ Wg^.,...,t ^^^' ^""^ believe this is the l\lAl.^-^w JTT '^'-^ very best repair outfit on 0*H 6=ii -m^ *"* t^i^g market : easily worth SI more than those ofTer>-d by stores and olhrr papers. It coutain-, -18 articlt-s, all fuU size and first class, and we guarantee satisfaction or will refund money. Half- soles alone are worth oOc, and are not included in other outfits. It will soon pay for itself in repairing boots, shoes, rubbers, har- ness, and tinwnre. Repair Outfit with Ohio Farmer one vear for only 82.15, or the Complete Out- fit free for a cHib of 10 sub- scriptions to the Oh o Farmer. By freight. Send for our illustrated piemium H.st, giving whole- sale prices on watches, sewing-machines, knives, and lots of other useful articles. Mention this paper. The Ohio Farmer, : Cleveland, Ohio. Low Rates West and Northwest. On Februarv 12th and on each Tuesday until April 30th, the Chicago Milwaukee & St. Paul Rail- way will sell one-way second-class tickets at the fol- lowing very low rates : To Montana points, - - - 825 00 To North Pacific Coast points, - - 80 00 To California, - - - - 30 00 These tickets will be good on all trains, and pur- chasers will have choice of six routes and eight trains via St. Paul, and two routes and three trains via Mis- souri River each Tuesday. The route of the famous Pioneer L,imittd trains and the U. S. Government Fast Mail trains. All ticket Agents sell tickets via the Chicago, Mil- waukee & St. Paul Railway, or for further iuforma- tion address P". A. Miller, General Passenger Agent, Old Colony Building, Chicago. Belgian Hares I have some fine hares for sale at reasonable prices. fJ. F. Moore, : Tiffin, Ohio. WHERE TO LOCATE? Why, in the Territory Traversed by the Louisville & Nashville RAILROAD. THE Great Central Southern Trunkline KENTUCKY, '" TENNESSEE, ALABAIVIA, RlilSSISSfPPI, 'FLORIDA. WHERE Farmers, Fruit-growers, Stock-raisers, IVIanufacturers, Investors, Speculators, and Money Lenders will find the greatest chances in the United States to make "big money" by reason of the abundance and cheapness of Land and Farms, Timber and Stone, Iron and Coal, Labor- - Everything. Free sites, financial assistance, and freedom from tariition for the manufacturer. Land and farms at SI. 00 per acre and upwards, and 500,000 acres in West Florida that can be taken "gratis under U. S. homestead laws. Stockiaising in ike Gulf Coast District will tnake enormous profits. Halt-fare excursions the first and third Tuesdays of each month. I,et us know what you want, and we will tell you how to get it — but don't delay, as the country is filling up rapidly. Printed matter, maps, and all information free. Address R. J. WEMYSS, Cen'l Immigration and Industrial Ag't, LOUISVILLE, Ky. In writing advertisers please mention Gleanings. 174 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb 15 Our Advertisers. BURPEE'S QUARTER-CENTURY FARM ANNUAL. This is another catalog (see advertisement in this issue) that contains a vast amount of valuable infor- mation besides the pictures. Burpee, you will remem- ber, gave us the bush lima bean, the Rocky Ford muf^kmelou, or the one that gave birth to it, and a whole string of other exceedingly valuable wtll- known vegetables. When he recommends a thing you may be sure it is worthy of at least a trial, and I wish we could say the same of all other seedsmen. POULTRY-KEEPING IN ALL ITS BRANCHES. The above is the title of a catalog sect out by the Cyphers Incubator Co. See advertisement in this is- sue. Now, this catalog, or book, we had better say, was arevelation to me. In fact, it was one of my hap- py surprises. I have visited .some of the big poultry- farms recently, but I confess I did not dream, until I got hold of this book, of the magnitude that the poul- try business has reached at the present day. A few years ago we used to hear that " hen-farms'' were a failure ; Ict-^ of men had sunk money in incubators and expensive buildings, but nobody ever got it back again. The pictures alone in this book tell us that men have got their money back, and are getting it back. Not only have we views of chickens, but of ducks and geese by the thousand. There may be •^ow\\.xy-books with such beautiful pictures, hut I have not seen them. If you are at all interested in poultry- keeping, and if you want to know what this great country of ours is doing along this line, you can well afford to send 10 cents for this wonderful achieve- ment, not only in the way of poultry-keeping, but in beauty of print and half tone work, aT well. These unique halftones show over ice for a catalog. AGENCIES : Trester Supply Co., 103 So. 11th St., Lin- coln. Nebraska : C. C. Richards, 1223 17th St., Denver, Col. ^WWW¥W^.*AWM'yWWWWW.WMV/WWl/WW^W.VMfAWftWAP,B^ It ] MADE TO ORDER. % 11'^} A J Bingham Brass Smokers I BINGHAM SMOKER. Dear Sir;— Inclosed find «1.75. Please send one brass Smoke-engine. I have one already. It is the best smoker I ever used. Tiuly vours. Hknky Schmidt, Hutto, Te.x Bingham Brass Smokers Made of sheet brass, which does not rust or burn out ; should last a lifetime. You need one, but they cost 25 cts. more than tin of the same size. The little open cut shows our brass hinge put on the three larger sizes. No wonder Bingham's 4-inch smoke-eng^ine goes without puflSng, and does not drop inky drops. The perforated steel fire-grate has 381 holes to air the fuel and support the fire. Heavy tin smoke-engine, 4-inch stove, per mail, $1.50 ; 354-inch, 81.10; 3-inch, 81.00; 2^-inch, 90c; 2-inch, &5c. Bingham smokers are the originals, and have all the improvements, and have been the standard of excellence for 22 years. Only three larger ones brass. FarwelK iVIIch. T. F. Bingham, : . . «. ..^.., 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 179 Contents of this Number. Air, Fresh, for Bees, Ira Barber on 184 Apple-bloom, Honey from 190 Barrels, France on 195 Bees, Preparing for Apple-bloom 190 Bees, York's Suggestion 195 California Crop for 1901 194 California Rains 192 Combs from Foul-broody Colony 183 Editor in Florida 196 Honey in Mason Jars. Marketing 194 Honey, Bottling and Selling 187 Honey, to Liquefy 188 Honey, to Sell 189 Introducing Dipped Queens 184 Italians and Black Brood 183 Michigan Foul-brood Bill 194 Paraffining Barrels 195 Peach-orchard, McCubbin's 186 Rambler at McCubbin's 185 Smoking Bees with Cloth 184 Spraying During Bloom 193 Sugar, Cane v. Beet 192 Tinfoiling 187 Tongues, Measuring 193 Wintei ing, Indoor, in Medina 195 Wintering, Questions on 193 Honey Column. GRADING RULES. Fancy.— All sections to be well filled, combs straight, firmly attached to all four sides, the combs unsoiled by travel-stain, - or otherwise; all the cells sealed except an occasional cell, the outside surface of the wood well scraped of propolis. A No 1.— All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs straight; one-eighth part of comb surface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soiled; the outside sui-- face of the wood well scraped of propolis. No. 1.— All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs comparativel.y even ; one-eighth part of •comb surface soiled; or the entire surface slightly soiled. No. 2.— Three-fourths of the total surface must be filled and sealed. No. .3.— Mu.st weigh at least half as much as a full weight section. In addition to this the honey is to be classified according to •color, using the terms white, amber, and dark; that is, there will be •' fancy white." " No. 1 dark," etc. CITY MARKETS. Boston. — We quote our market as follows : Fancy No. 1 white in cartons. 17; A No. 1, 16 ; No. 1, 15@16, with a fairly good demand. Absolutely no call for dark honey this year. Extracted, white, 8@8^; light amber, 7J^@8. Beeswax, 27. Blake, Scott & I16; No. 1 white. lo@,14; amber, 11@,12; buckwheat, 10. Extracted rather light and not much doing. Cal- ifornia white honey at 7',(as; light amber, 7; South- ern, 60(5,70 per gallon; buckwheat, 5@r>]4. Beeswax steady at 2.S. Hildreth & Seoelken, Feb. 10. 120, 122 West Broadway, New York. Miewaukee. — Since our last report this market has maintained a very quiet place, and the demand for honey has not been very active, and the main reason is because the supply of fancy stock is wanting, and the lower grades do not meet with good favor But there is a little better demand exi.sting now, and espe- cially for the extracted shipments of either. Fancy section or extracted white will meet a good market. We can now quote fancy l-Ib. sections 17(2(18: A No. 1, 15(®16; No. 1, 15(»,16; No. 1 amber, 13(3.15. Extracted ^vhite, in barrels, cans, pails, and kegs, 9(a;9^; amber, 7'A@S. Beeswax, 26(g)28. A. V. Bishop & Co., Feb. 18. Milwaukee, Wis. New York. — The market for both extracted and comb honey is rather dull. We quote fancy white comb, 15; No. 1, 14 ; No. 2, 12 ; buckwheat, 10. Buck- wheat extracted, 5^. Beeswax, 28. Francis H. Leggett & Co., Franklin, West Broadway, and Varick Sts., Feb. 18. New York City. New York. — Demand for comb honey is slacking off with stock pretty' well cleaned up, with the excep- tion of a few lots of white Colorado offering on the market. We quote : Fancy white, 15@16 ; A No. 1. 15; No. 1, 14(g,15; No. 2, ll(ai2; fancy buckwheat, 10(§>11; No. 1, 10; No. 2, 9. Extracted honey not in as much demand as there should be at this season of the year. Extracted white clover and ba.'swcod, 7 @ 8 ; light amber clover, 7(®7'^: amber and buckwheat, 5@5%. Beeswax, demand dull, but from 26@28. Chas. Israel & Bros. Feb. 25. 486-8 Canal St., New York City. For Sale.— 20,000 lbs. extracted honey from alfalfa and light amber from Rocky Mountain bee-plant. Two cans, 120 lbs. net, $8 40; also 5 and 10 lb. pails. In ordering state if you want white or amber. M. P. Rhoads, Las Animas, Col. W.^nted. — Comb and extracted honey. State price, kind, and quantity. R. A. Burnett & Co., 163 South Water St., Chicago, 111. For Sale. — Choice alfalfa honey. Two cans, 120 lbs. net, whitest, $9 00 ; tinted, partly from other bloom, S8.40. Also small cans. The Arkansas Valley Apiaries, Oliver Foster, Prop., Las Animas, Bent Co., Colo. For Sale. — Extracted honey from alfalfa ; 60-lb cans at 7 cts., and smaller cans. D. S. Jenkins, Las Animas Colo For Sale. — 3000 pounds fancy comb honey. Write for prices. William Morris, Las Animas, Col. AHnnpv MjirL-pf Don't think that your crop IIUIIC^ iTldriVCl. is too large or too small to interest us. We have bought and sold five carloads already this season, and want more. We pay spot cash. Address, giving quantitv, quality, and price. Thos. C. Stanley '& Son, Fairfield, ill. CHAS. ISRAEL & BROS., 486, 488, 490 Canal St., Corner Watt Street, N. Y. HONEY & BEESWAX. Liberal Advances made on Consignments. Wholesale Dealers and Commission Merchants. Established 1875. PURE MAPLE SYRUP. MEDINA is the home of the honey bee and also the home of the MAPLE TREE, and the maple tree produces sap in the spring, which is boiled down and makes the finest flavored sweet in existence when you get it pure. One of onr customers call- ed it " Delicious Nectar." We have pure maple syrup to sell to the trade in .several sizes of packages. Write for prices to R. E. FRENCH, = MEDINA, OHIO. Reference, The A. I. Root Company. 180 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar 1 x^ i\■ -«^*: their bees of the five-banded stock. They are simply leather-colored Italians, J^T ^^ whose mother came direct from Italy. Jl^ ■^1 Since the notice appeared regarding this queen we have hardly been able >^ -^i to supply all of the queens that were wanted from this stock. Many daughters ^jiT >^^ of this queen we sent out before we knew her value, and it now transpires that Ji/^ '' some of the finest bees in the land are from queens we sent out early. We are ^ -^t ncJw booking orders for the coming season, and make the following offer, but >^C >^^ no queens will be furnished except those who subscribe for Gleanings, and Ji/ ^1 only one with each year's subscription. All arrearages must be paid to the end ^ -^•: of this year. Gleanings for 1901 and one untested red-clover queen, $2.00 ; ^^ ^^ Gleanings 5ae year and a tested red-clover queen, $4.00 ; a select tested red- Ji/^ ^' clover queen and Gleanings one year for $6.00. We will begin mailing these ^ •^"t queens in June, 1901. Orders are already being entered, and the same will be ^^"T >i^(^ filled in rotation. Do not neglect to improve this opportunity and get some ^(^ ' choice stock, and send your order early so you may get the queen correspond- j "^» ingly early in* the season. We are using every precaution to winter this queen ^^•^ '^y safely, but reserve the right in case of her loss this winter to substitute from -J^^ ' other select tested stock of this strain which we are holding in reserve, or to \ '^f^ give the subscriber the benefit of any of our other clubbing offers if desired. ^p^ ^r ^ j^ j^ $ The A. I. Root Comnanv. Medina- Ohio, i "^»i. .^'4^ ^'* ^'* ^* ^'* ^'* J»'« ^'* J»'« .J'* ^* Jil* .^'* J>'* J''* ^'* .^'4^ .i?V J»^ 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURl-:. 181 NOW READY! 64-PAGE CATALOG OF EVERY THING BEE-KEEPERS NEED. Illustrated aud fully described. Especially valuable to beginners for the information it contains. Send your address on a postal end get it nov7. Establish^ 1884. J. M. JENKINS, Wetumpka, Ala. QUERMB? Jm-prov&d dolden and Leatber- oolored Italians is what we rear — 13 years' ejcpei-ieiice enables us to furnisli Superior Stock. Humboldt, Neb., Aug. 5th, 1900. Afr. H. G. Oiiirin. Dear Sir: — The colony contain- ing the queen you sent rae has already stored over 400 lbs. of honey (mostly comb) for this season, and will yet store quite a considerable before the season closes. It would take 8100 to buy this queen. I have another one from you which I think will turn out equally as well. Bees from your queens certainly do work on white clover, I can tell, as they are the only bees of their kind in my locality. Hereafter when I want more queens I shall know where to get thein. Yours truly. J. L- Gandy. At present we have two very valuable breeders which will be used for the coming season. One is a breeder from Root's S200.G0 red-clover queen. We are now booking orders for April, May, and June delivery at the following prices : Warranted Stock, $I.OO each ; 6, $5.00. Tested Queens, $1.50 each ; 6, $8. OO. Select Tested, $2.00 each ; 6, $I0.50. ^X/l.|w. t-iri'f- let us book your order for one or half TY ny llKJl, a dozen of these Superior Queens? We guarantee safe delivery. You take no risk. Re- member queen-bees is our specialty in summertime. For a short time we will allow 20 per cent discount on Folding Cartons, and printed stationery. Parker- town is a money-order office, .so please do not send stamps if you can help it. H. Q. Quirin, Parkertown, Ohio. A Bear in the Apiary. I have just lost an entire api- ary of 52 colonies by bear. I had the very good fortune to kill a very large one j\^M in the midst of the wreckage. I have a very good 5x8 picture of this Bear, ifi the apiary he destroy- ed. This is the greatest novelty in the way of an apiarian view I have ever seen. I will send you one of these pictures for 35 cts. postpaid, or as a premium for each half dozen queens ordered. Don't forget that my specialty is tne best qicee^ns frOiS the best stock that it is possible to pro- cure, and that my motto is promptness. I also handle The A. I. Root Co. 's supplies at their prices, plus 55 cts. per 100 lbs. to pay carload freight. Send for price list. W. 0. VICTOR, WHARTON, TEXAS. QUEEN SPECIALIST. I. J. Stringham, 105 Parle Place, New York City, Keeps in stock a full line of modern appliances for bee-keex^ers. CO/We FOUNDATION is one of our specialties. If you expect to use any quantity get our prices. Catalog free. Apiaries at Glen Cove, Long Island. I. J. Stringham, 105 Park Place, New York City. 182 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar 1 diiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHHiiiiiiiiiin Noti Ti #% %# THE A. I. ROOT CO. I wish to announce that they have from their branch at 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa., direct steamboat connections and very low rates of freight to the following States : Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, Delaware, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida. As this is a branch of the factory, prices are the same. Full colonies of Italian Bees, $6.00. Special discount in large quantities. ^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiinNniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ if* C. B. Lewis Co., Man'f'rs of Bee-keepers' Supplies, Watertown, Wis., U. S. A. ^\ The cut shown below is our packing-case. It pro- tects goods while in the hands of the railroad company so that you will receive every article in just as good condition as when thev left factory. (»> Our Wisconsin Hive. We consider this one of the best hives in the market. It is similar in construction to the Improved I,angstroth Simplic- ity shown in the previous issue, but includes some of the new- style devices which are prefer- red by some. It has the thick reversible bottom, and the su- pers are arranged so that the Ijottom can be wedged up from the end as well as the side. The body contains HolTnian frames, metal rabbets, and di- vision-boards. See page .5 of our new catalog. We manufacture four other styles of hives. If you have not received our new catalog, send for one. It's free. BRANCH : 19 Sou. Alabama St., Indianapolis, Indiana. AGENCIES: t,. C. Woodman, Grand Rapids, Mich.: Fred Foulger & Sons, Ogdeu, Utah; Colo. Honey- producers' Association, Denver, Col.; E. T. Abbott, St. Joseph, Missouri, Special Southwestern Agent. I BEE-SUPPLIES ! [ ROOT'S GOODS ► ROOT'S PRICES C. H. W. Weber, Cincinnati, Ohio. 2146-2148 Central Ave. ^VMVMV A NEW and complete stock for 1901 now '^-^ on hand. I am The Root Company's representative for Cincinnati and sur- rounding territories You save TIME and FREIGHT CHARGES by having goods shipped from here. Convenience of railroad facilities here enables me to do so. Before buying elsewhere, write for my prices and catalog, which will be mailed you free of charge. ^^A^A^^^>^^. v^: •andHoNEY /^2*V •AND HOME.- •lNTE.f^EST.S 'ubhshedyTHEAll^OOl' Co i^perYear.'^'Xs) Medina Ohio Vol. XXIX. MARCH I, 1901. No. 5. DooLiTTi^E's TEACHINGS sound like good sense in French as well as English. "Bee- keeping for Farmers," Gleanings, 967, is translated in full in Le Progres Apicole. The Bienenzvirtschaftliches Centralblatt says Rudolph Dathe has the largest apiarj' in Germany, with 451 colonies, the next six in order containing 380, 300, 285, 210, 170, and 150 each. In This locality prospects look bright for the coming harvest. (The bee-keeper that can't see any bright prospect ahead isn't very much of a bee-keeper.) White clover was in good condition when winter set in, and there has been a good blanket of snow for several weeks, with a prospect of C( ntinuance. Here's a kink worth thinking about that Editor Hutchinson lets out on W. L(ightning) Coggshall : When uncapping for the extract- or, slice deep. Takes ever so much less time than the usual way, the honey can be drained from the cappings, and it takes no more wax to build out the cells than the bees will secrete anyway. I ONCE got myself into trouble, not with the Dadants, but with one of their friends, by speaking jokingly of those miserable frog-eat- ers down at Hamilton. (As a matter of fact I am exceedingly partial to frog-legs. ) I hope to reinstate myself in the good graces of their belligerent defender by quoting an expression from that bright new periodical, L' Apiculture Pratique: "The bee-keepers of the whole world owe to the Messrs. Dadant a tribute of profound gratitude " Which sentiment I heartily indorse. Editor Hutchinson says Italians are much less susceptible to black brood than blacks or hybrids. The Australians s^v Italians are safer against foul brood. [Two inspectors who attended the State convention at Geneva, N. Y., stated that, for some reason, the Ital- ians seemed much more able to resist black brood. They could assign no cause for it, but the fact was nevertheless true. I believe, though, it was suggested that, as black bees, including hybrids, are more inclined to rob than the pure yellow Italians, the former in the stealing expeditions would carry to their colonies germs of infection when the Italians, content to work in the fields, would gather the pure non-infected nectar from the flowers. —Ed.] The Chicago Bee- keepers' Association, as reported in American Bee Journal, urges the N. B. K. A. to provide local associations with printed matter to help boom theN. B. K. A. Now, why didn't some one think of that before ? With all the bee-journals and the lo- cal societies booming it, why ought not the membership this year to reach 1000 ? A thou- sand members ! Hip, hip — but perhaps we better wait till we reach the thousand. [A good idea ; and I would suggest that the Gen- eral Manager, if he deems it proper, prepare a circular or booklet, giving the objects of the Association, and what it has accomplished during the period of its existence. I think it would be proper to include the work of the old Union, as that is now a part of the new organization, the N. B. K. A. The organiza- tion has a great record and it should be known. —Ed.] Inspector McEvoy says in Revieiv that it is perfectly safe to give to a healthy colony combs taken from a foul -broody colony if such combs never had brood in them, And, if they have been licked clean and dry by the foul-broody bees. [I remember our friend McEvoy making that statement in convention ; but assuming that he is correct, the advice would be a little dangerous to beginners and to bee-keepers of experience who are a little careless in their ways of working. It takes good strong eyes sometimes to detect the pres- ence of a cocoon or cocoons in brood-combs. Methinks it would be safer for the average bee-keeper to render up all combs from foul- broody hives. We must not forget that a line of procedure that would be safe for an expert inspector like Mr. McEvoy might be unsafe for some bee-keepers. For example, I can handle with a fair degree of safety a razor or a loaded revolver, and I can give my ten-year- 184 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar 1 old boy full directions on how to handle ei- ther ; but do you think I would trust him to carry out my directions? Not I. — Ed.] Ira Barber saj-s in Review that the only thing necessary to keep cellared bees from be- coming uneasy toward spring " is to keep all fresh air from reaching them, by banking thoroughly from the outside, and be sure that it is kept there air-tight." Looks reasonable, doesn't it? that a sniff of spring air should make them want to get out where there's nlore of it. But how do you account for another thing? When they get uneasy with the out- side temperature at 45° or 50°, and the cellar is left wide open all night, they are very quiet in the morning, and don't offer to fly out, even if full daylight shines in. If a little fresh air leaking through the walls makes them uneasy, why doesn't a whole flood of it make them worse? [Ever since the article came out in the Review I have been cogitating on it not a little. I had alread}^ formulated some thoughts on this phase of the wintering question, and I would therefore refer you to an editorial in this issue. — Ed.] E. Giraud-Pabou, in Revue Eleclique, gives, the following as his sole means of introducing queens : Roll the queen in a spoonful of hon- ey. When thoroughly smeared, drop her be- tween two combs of brood so close together that she can not fall to the bottom ; smoke, and close the hive. The queen may be intro- duced the evening of the same day the queen is removed, and up to the ninth day after. No need to destroy queen-cells. [Some years ago there used to be more talk about dipping queens (to be introduced) in honey than now. If I remember correctly, some valuable queens were lost by such procedure. Perhaps it might be well to call on those who have had experience, and who could tell us why they abandoned the practice. I have introduced queens by that plan myself, and I do not re- member that I ever lost a queen where the colony was surely queenless. But the mean- est stock to introduce a queen to is one hav- ing cells prett)' well advanced, and almost ready to hatch. A still meaner one is one having a young virgin. Kill that virgin, and they are still mean. Well, let us have reports from those who have tried the honey-dipping process of introducing. — Ed.] Comment 315, in the latest ABC, says my plan of placing 4 hives in a group is more economical of room than S. E. Miller's plan with 5 in a group. Then you ask in a foot- note, Mr. Editor, " If the hives in the several groups on the S. E. M. plan were placed only 3 inches apart, and the space gained closed up between the several groups, is it not true S. E.'s plan would accommodate more hives in a given area than your plan ? " I suppose you want an answer to that question, and it is, "No." Look at the figures I send you, and you will see that, when your conditions are fulfilled, S. E.'s plan still takes 5 per cent more room than mine. [I have examined Dr. Miller's figures, and must admit that he is right ; but the difference is so very, very slight, that it practically amounts to "six of one and half a dozen of another." I am not sure but I should prefer the C. C. in place of the S. E. plan, for the simple reason that the entrances would all be pointing in one direc- tion, while in the S. E. way the entrances of one set of hives are at right angles with the entrances of another set in the same group. It is desirable to direct the flight of bees, as far as possible, in one direction, so that there may be an alleyway for the bees and one for the bee-keeper. Encountering the flight of busy workers is annoying, both to the bees and to their owner. — Ed.] Here's something to give " aid and com- fort " to Mrs. Barber and ye editor. Devau- chelle says in L'ApicuHeur that the only way to set bees to work at once in sections, and also the best way for the bee-keeper to em- ploy with profit, is to put on first an extract- ing-super, and when this is nearly filled to put a section-super under it. [Yes, indeed ; like other mortals I like to read what suits my way of thinking. Over and over again I have had stubborn colonies of Italians that would not go into the supers, boiling over with strength, clover out in profusion, and yet they would stay in the brood-nest and cram every available cell before going above. I have given such colonies supers of shallow extracting-combs when they rushed above ; and after they got well going in these combs I took these supers off and gave them, instead, supers of sections with full sheets of founda- tion. The habit of going above being once established, caused those bees to occupy at once quarters that they had refused to occupy before. I am sure the principle is all right when working with Italians, and in localities where the honey-flow is not strong enough to force the bees above with a mighty rush. — Ed.] CoGGSHAivI, puffs smoke into his extracting- supers, and flops a cloth up and down to make the smoke go in. I tried it with no great suc- cess. I suspect it doesn't work as well on su- pers of sections as on his supers of extract- ing-combs. [Yes, sir, I saw Mr. Coggshall and one of his men, by means of the flop- cloth smoker act, drive about two-thirds of the bees out of something like 30 or 40 differ- ent extracting -supers. From three to five floppings of the cloth would accomplish the result in a surprisingly small amount of time. The rest of the bees were disengaged by a pe- culiar trembling shaking motion, combs being shaken /;/ the hive and not in front of the en- trance. In some cases there would be half a dozen bees left on the combs ; but these per- sistent chaps were quickly dislodged with the Coggshall bee-brush. You say it does not work as well on supers of sections as on su- pers of extracting-combs. I suppose you re- fer to the old-style sections ; and if so, right you are. In the ordinary beeway sections there is a little space at each corner, the top not being cut away. It is in these spaces that the bees lodge and pile up. In supers of no beeways, or plain sections, the bees are dis- lodged much ^ore easily; and easier still from plain extracting-combs. — Ed.] 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CITLTURE. 185 Alfalfa in cussed : RAMBLE 182. California; Extracting Methods Di a Practical Method of Hive-record Keeping. BV RAMBLER. " Now, Mr. Rambler, if you feel like it this morning we will hitch my old white horse Bo- nares to the top buggy, and you and I and the children will visit the apiaries, and you can see the lay of the land and various other mat- ters. ' ' " I am ready any time, Mr. McCubbin ; but I can tell you before we start that I do not like the lay of the land. This San Joaquin Valley is a great prairie, and I do not like a dead-lev- el country— it is too monotonous. I was rais- ed in the hill country of New York where the roads wound around the hills. Those roads were just charming with their change of scenery. Even in Southern California our roads lead into the hills and to the grand mountains ; but the mountains here are in the dim distance. There is nothing distinctive in such a level country ; and where the roads just follow land sections, and form squares, a ranch house might as well be a peg on the map, and other ranch houses just so many more pegs. I am sure I shall be lonesome without the hills." "Oh! well, Rambler, you will soon get used to this level condition of the country, and like it. You can wheel anywhere here, and have no hills to contend with. We will now go to our first apiary, which is out three and a half miles on my raisin and alfalfa ranch, which I rent, reserving the bees for more skillful hands — like /ours, for instance." COMBIN.\TlON HONEY-HOUSE AND RESIDENCE. " Thank you, Mr. McCubbin ; but I fear my hands will not be very skillful here, for I am satisfied that the conditions are entirely differ- ent here from those I have been familiar with, and I shall, with your advice, have to learn the trade anew. It seems that I am traded around into various portions of this great State, and I shall be a dull scholar indeed if I do not learn a few new wrinkles in bee-keep- ing. Now, you are familiar with this country, and know every foot of land between Reedley and Traver; what are the conditions of alfalfa growth here? and is the country generally adapted to its cultivation ? ' ' "No, Mr Rambler, there are only certain districts that are adapted to alfalfa culture. Here is a district about two miles wide and ten in length, or 20 square miles, well adapted to the growth of alfalfa. East of us the land is heavy, like adobe ; and, though alfalfa will grow upon it, it does not thrive as upon this more porous soil, and it is sown mostly to wheat. Then west of us is a portion not adapt- ed to alfalfa ; but when we get over to Selma, 13 miles west, there is quite an extensive acre- age where alfalfa does well. So far as I know, it runs in spots all through the valley. The hindrances are sometimes adobe, sometimes alkali, and again too sandy and porous, and not water enough for irrigation." " Mr. McCubbin, I should like to ask how many acres of alfalfa are in this twenty square miles." " I know the country well, and think I can answer your question quite correctly. There is fully 5000 acres, or well toward eight square miles. The remainder is occupied with fruit- orchards, vineyards, grain-fields, etc." "You may think I am figuring down quite fine, Mr. McCubbin ; but do you know how many colonies of bees are owned in this area ? ' ' " I think I can answer that quite closely. I am acquainted with all of the bee-men, and the number of colonies is not far from 1500." "Then, Mr. McCubbin, there is about one colony to every three and one- third acres of alfalfa. Do you call that crowding in too many bees for the pasturage ? ' ' "Well, as the fellow said, that depends. If we were sure of an alfalfa yield every season, there might be more crowded upon the pasture ; but some seasons the alfalfa fails to secrete nec- tar ; and when that happens there are too many bees, and a small crop is the result. I think the pasture is overcrowded around my out-apiary three and a half miles from what you will call your home apiary. There are fully 900 colonies on 1000 acres, and in another year the number will run up to a thou- sand, or a colony to every acre, and that is getting them in too thick." "You say, Mr. McCubbin, that you scarcely ever have a failure of a honey crop. What do you depend upon if the alfalfa fails ? I believe you have no sage here." "You are right, Mr. Rambler. We have no sage here. There is some over on the foot- hills of the Coast Range of mountains, on the 186 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar 1 west side of the valley ; but that is fifty miles from us. Here in the valley we have a good fruit-bloom. After that there is a precarious yield from yellow sweet clover, which grows plentifully along the ditches ; then there is an alkali weed, also sweet clover just getting a footing ; also wild sunflower and a camphor- weed which come up by the hundred acres in our grain-fields, and give a good flow of hon- ey until into October. Well, here we are. This is what I call my twenty-acre ranch, and it was my home until after my wife died. You will observe that the apiary is pleasantly lo- cated under the peach-trees, and here is the cabin you can occupy. One end is a honey- house and the other a living-room. Your work-shop can be under those fig-trees. You can hardly imagine what a grateful shade those fig-trees make when the mercury gets up to 115 or 120° in the shade." "Whew, Mr. McCubbin ! but I am afraid I shall melt if the sun pours down caloric at that rate. Then see here ; it seems to me that this extracting-house is some distance from work the bees ; do as you like ; if you prefer to lift your honey in concentrated form in cans, then that is the proper way. All I ask is to have the work well done. The condi- tions are not as to the how.'''' " I notice, Mr. McCubbin, that you have cards tacked upon the hives. How do you use them? " "You observe, Mr. Rambler, that when I am working with the bees I note down upon the card the conditions as they arise during the season. At the close of the honey -yield I transfer the record on the cards to my perma- nent record-book. Now, I can turn to my record and tell the condition of any colony, and the amount of honey it has produced, and its value. For instance, here is hive 63, 1889. The first ruled columns are for the dates when the caps were put on and when full ; then space for comments, then more columns for weight and grades of extracted and comb hon- ey, and the value. I was producing comb honey mostly when this record was kept, and had three grades : fancy, No. 1, No. 2, and m'cubbin's peach orchard apiaky. the apiary ; and do you have to wheel all of the honey in here, lift it up these steps and into this close dark room ? Why, I believe it is a tenth of a mile out to the far side of the apiary." "That's the way we do it, Rambler. You see we work on Aikin's plan — take the combs home to extract." "Yes, yes ! I see, Mr. McCubbin ; but your plan is worse than Aikin's — he uses a horse, while you make a horse of yourself ; and, land o' Goshen ! what a heavy wheelbarrow this is ! vSay, my friend, if you want a wheel- barrow, light and well made, send to The A. I. Root Co. for a Daisy. It is just the thing for an apiary. I speak from experience, for I have one in my up co-date apiary down south. But, really, Mr. McCubbin, I believe if you have no objections — yes, and I believe even if you do have objections — I shall build one of our cheap Southern California extracting- houses right out under the shade of one of those peach-trees, and right among the bees." " All right, Rambler. You are the one to the record for extracted honey was whether it was taken from the cap or brood-chamber. If a colony was unusually cross through the en- tire season, the queen was marked for super- sedure ; and you will see by this record that the season runs clear into October. You will also note that the record gives a better general yield in 1896 than in 1889." "Well, Bro. McCubbin, you have your rec- ord worked down fine. My plan is to lump the whole crop, and then strike an average for each colony. There are always a few that will show a better record than the rest, and these I always reserve to breed from." " Yes, Rambler ; every man has his way of doing things, and we will not quarrel over methods as long as you get the honey. When you come here to live in this combination hon- ey-house and residence you can look every thing over at your leisure. And now we will go to the out-apiary, three and a half miles further along. Come, Bruce and Grace, hus- tle into the wagon with Rambler and we will be off." 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 187 The apiary shown in the photo is comforta- bly shaded with peach-trees, and contains 150 colonies, but is roomy enoagh for 200. An alfalfa-field is in the foreground. The some- thing in the distance that looks like a hay- stack is the dense foliage of umbrella-trees around a farmhouse. THE ART OF BOTTLING AND SELLING HONEY. Does Not Pay to Bottle a Poor Grade ; Package must be Useful when Empty ; the Lard-bucket not a Good Seller; Importance of Tinfoiling; an Excellent Article. BY J. C. WALLENMEYER. Having had an experience of eight years in bottling a dozen different kinds of honey in a dozen different kinds of packages or contain- ers, I thought I would give the benefit of my somewhat varied experience to the readers of Gleanings that they might possibly profit by avoiding the usual mistakes of beginners in using unsalable packages. I have bottled honey from alfalfa, basswood, willow-herb, white clover, California sage, Florida man- grove, saw and cab- bage palmetto, wild aster, and smart- weed ( or heartsease ) mixed ; dry-weather honey-vine, and fall flowers. For c o n - tainers I have used pint and quart Ma- sons, costing 50 and 60 cts. per dozen, 5 and 8 oz , and 1 and 2 lb. square flint- glass jars, costing $5.70 and $7.50 per gross (corks includ- ed); 13 and 16 oz. jelly-glasses ; >^-gal- lon fruit-tablet jars costing 5 cts. each ; lard-buckets ; glass bowls, and Root's No. 25 round flint- glass one-pound jars — quite a variety to select from. I found Root's No. 25 jar the best and quickest seller of all, because, after being emptied, it could be used as a self-sealer for jelly, preserves, jams, etc. ; only flint- glass jars should be used, as they show the honey off to perfection. Amber honey will sell near- ly as well in quart Masons on account of the universal use of the package; but it is hard to sell 3 lbs. of honey to every-day consumers. Most peo- ple prefer a small cheap package. Our mar- ket demands a honey of light or light amber color, heavy body, mild flavor, and fine bou- quet or aroma. It does not pay to bottle a poor grade of honey. The people generally get accustomed to the kind of honey produc- ed in their own locality. I found this out to my sorrow when I tried to sell three barrels of mangrove and palmetto honey from Flori- da, although I thought it fine indeed. This matter of selection is very important. If you happen to run short of honey, and must buy, procure an article as near like your own as possible. I have found, just as friend Pouder says, that patrons grow suspicious when they get different honey. I find honey from white clover, dry-weather honey-vine, and fall flow- ers, to give the best satisfaction for bottling, in my locality. Briefly stated, there are three essentials for success in bottling honey : 1. Best quality of well-ripened honey. 2. Neat, attractive package, useful when empty. FIG. 1.— J. C. WAI^LENMEYER AND HIS LIQUEFYING APPARATUS. 188 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar 1 3. Aggressive selling methods. You might have the very finest honey ; but if it is not put up attractively it will not sell You might have a poor article put up in a showy, gaudy, labeled package, but no one will buy a second time. Again, you may have a fine article of heavy body and fine flavor, put up in the right kind of package ; but if you leave it at home, what good will it do ? Be up to date ; be aggressive ; talk honey everywhere you go. I built up an enormous trade in the fall of 1894 with a well-ripened crop of hone)' from dry-weather vine and fall flowers. I controlled at that time a large por- tion of the drug trade in Evansville, and prob- ably half of the grocery trade. I bought 5 bbls. of Root's No. 25 1-lb jars and one gross each of the 5-oz. and 8 oz. square flint Muth jars, and 5 gross of 1-lb. and 3 gross of 2-lb. Muth jars, all at one time. I had every kind of package to please the most fastidious. I sold both the 1-lb. square and round jars at $2.00 per dozen, to retail at 20 cts. The 5 bbls. of Root's No. 25 jars were gone in a jiffy, while I have nearly all the 5 and 8 oz. jars yet. These I use at fairs to give away as samples. I often sold a dozen of the round jars to house- wives who wanted a set for jelly, etc., but never sold more than one or two of the square jars at one time to any lady. They are con- sidered worthless when empty, although my wife likes them for small pickles and catsup. I use the No. 50 label, costing $1.75 per 1000 for both round and square 1-lb. jars. This label FIG. 2. — FILLING THE JARS, AND CAPPING. is showy, and will not soil easily in fly-time. I find the 2-lb. square jar an easy seller to par- ties who mix their own cough medicine every winter. I have now dwelt at length on the merits of various packages, as I think it a very impor- tant item to help sell our honey. I forgot to say my worst-selling package was the tin lard- bucket, Mr. R. C. Aikin notwithstanding. They may be all right to sell to old customers; but the main objection is that people can not see the contents unless it is opened. To get new customers to buy your honey, invest 5. cts. in a "glass show-case." As honey is not a staple, instruct the grocer to place conspicu- ously, and you will have the pleasure of sell- ing both " show-case " and honey at the same time. HOW TO LIQUEFY ; HOW TO WASH THE BOT- TLES. We will now proceed to the process of bot- tling. Have your honey liquefied, if candied, holding the same at 150° for two or three hours. By using a gasoline-stove you can reg- ulate to a degree, almost. Be sure not to over- heat it. It will stand 170 to 180 for a short time, but I prefer not to risk losing the aroma and injuring the delicate flavor. If you are compelled to buy honey, always buy in 60-lb. tin cans, as they are more convenient to han- dle. While you are liquefying your honey, wash your bottles, using clear soft water with sal-soda and shot to remove dirt and particles of glass if new. Then rinse in clear water, and place bottom up- ward in racks to drain. This will make flint jars clear and sparkling. I did use a ten-gallon filling- can, bought of friend Muth, but now prefer to use my extractor (with cross-arm and basket removed ) , rais- ed to a convenient height. I prefer to bottle honey hot, as it runs quicker, retains its aroma, and will stay liquid longer than if bottled cold. Have the rack containing empty jars at your left. Place the pan under the honey-gate to catch any drip- pings. You will soon learn how to cut off the flow just right the first time. Pass the jar to an assistant at the right, who presses the cork (cost 75 cts. per gross) in the mouth, then dips the jar into melted wax and paraffine, half of each. A second as- 1901 GLKANINGS IN BEE CUI.TURE. 189 sistant puts on the tinfoil (costs 75 cts. per gross) in place ; winds a capping-strap around the jar with the right hand ; then holds the jar with the left hand, running the head up and down on the strap until the cap is nice- ly smoothed down. A pasteboard, about 12 X 20, covered with dextrine (costs 10 cts. per lb. ) is covered with labels in front of the operator. She lays the jar down flat, deftly catches the label by the corner, removes it from the board, attaches it to the center of the jar, smoothing it out with a soft cloth ; then she places the jar in the case at the right, holding a dozen each. After a little practice, three persons can easily fill, cork, wax, tinfoil, label, and pack 800 lbs. a day, and not spill a drop of honey, by this method. The corks used for honey- jars are seconds, and ought to be covered with wax to effect an air-tight sealing while the honey is hot. HOW TO SELL THE BOTTLED GOODS. Now, then, we are ready to sell. Tog up a bit ; for if you will notice you will see that all successful salesmen are well dressed and well groomed. Take a sample jar of each kind, and go to your grocer. If he is busy, see if he has any honey in sight. Don't attempt to sell to him while he is busy. If he is not, tell him you have a fine article of honey, fine fla- vor, and good body ; that the crop of honey is very short this year, and you will not have very much to sell. If you tell him you have five tons he will expect to get it for nothing. Hold your jar to the light ; turn it upside down to show how thick it is ; talk honey. talk business, and stick right to him. Have one price for everybody. It will pay you to allow a good margin of profit, and he will then try to make more sales than if he made a very small per cent of profit. But be sure to have your honey placed where every one can see it on entering the store, as people hardly ever ask for honey unless they see it. I visited friend Pouder several times, and the steady stream of customers was evidence that he understands the art of bottling and selling honey to perfection. Remember, in conclusion, that he who tooteth not his own horn, the same shall not be tooted. LIOUEFYING-APPARATUS — SEE FIG. 1. In presenting to the readers of Gleanings a photo of my liquefying-apparatus I have tried to make it conform as nearly as possible to the requirements of the average bee-keeper. Although I usually liquefy on a gasoline- range, the cut shows 500 lbs. of candied hon- ey li-^uefying, without interfering with the preparation of meals. Two 60-lb. cans are placed in two common wash-boilers, then filled with water, and heated gradually. After all the honey in the can is liquefied it is drawn off into a Root's Novice extractor-can ( with the baskets and crank removed), by means of a rubber hose, the can being covered to pre- vent foreign substances lodging therein. I had a Muth ten-gallon filling-can, but I like the extractor better as it has a much larger honey-gate, which is very essential in rapid filling. If the honey is cold, the flow can not be cut off a third as fast ; therefore with hon- FIG. 3. — LABELING AND TINFOILING WITH A CAPPING-STRAP (TINFOILING SHOWN AT LEFT). 190 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar 1 ey at about 140 to 150° Fa., and a large honey- gate, we attain the maximum of rapidity in filling. Besides, I found, at least in my ex- perience, that, in filling with cold honey, a large number of air-bubbles formed, thus pre- venting our getting the desired amount in the bottles. It would also run over the sides when heated to the right degree. Of course, no one would attempt to seal un- til the bubbles had risen to the surface, which they will do in a few minutes with hot honey. If the honey is then sealed, and either dipped or corks sunk, and any kind of good sealing- wax poured on, thus effecting a hermetical sealing, the honey contracts when it gets cold, thus causing the much-talked-of vacuum, es- pecially if a tinfoil cap is properly applied, making it absolutely air-tight. I found, only the other day, 2-lb. Muth jars which had been waxed, that candied, while others on the same shelf, sold to the grocer the same day (Oct. 5, 1900), were nice and clear on account of the tinfoil cap. I find that if, after sealing, the jars are left in a warm room, thus preventing the too sudden cooling of the wax on the corks, we shall have no cracks. If one-half pqraffine is added to the wax it will not crack nearly as easily, besides being much cheaper. WASHING THE BOTTI.ES WITH SHOT. In regard to the washing of bottles, I had a good laugh over Mr. Deadman's picture of the little boy punching the little pieces of glass out of the bottles, especially new ones. I used to do the same thing. But how much nicer, and far more easy, and quicker, to take about 3 or 4 oz. of No. 6 shot, and the bottle half full of warm soft water ! A few shakes, turn the bottle, then pass to helper, who rinses in clean cold water, and we have a clear spark- ling jar which is then set upside down in a large tray to drain. I think Mr. Deadman's label is not in pro- portion to the size of his jar. It is too small and insignificant. If using jars like the No. 25 and the No. 100, where it is impossible to cover the top with wax, I now pour into each a large tablespoon! ul of beeswax and paraffine, right on top of the heated honey, which, when cooled, effects the air-tight sealing. This is an additional inducement to my patrons, as they thus secure a nice piece of wax to slick up their irons for laundry work ; while, if put on the cork, it prevents the cork from break- ing to pieces while being drawn out the first time. If I am compelled to reliquefy any bottles of honey (which is very rare) I always set the jars in vats of water deep enough to come up to the necks, as I have seen honey scorch in the lower half of a jar while the upper half was yet candied. I would say in conclusion to those readers of GivEANiNGS who have no honey to bottle, better order a few cans of extracted, and a barrel of the No. 100 or No. 25 jars of The A. I. Root Co , and canvass your nearest town. You will be surprised how easy it is to sell a barrel put up in this neat, useful, and attrac- tive package. It pays to work up a trade in a bad season, for, if you sell no honey in a bad season, how can you expect to sell three or four tons when you have not previously work- ed up a foundation for the disposal of your coming crop ? I believe this bottled-honey symposium will be the means of showing bee- keepers how a large part of our crop can be disposed of, thereby increasing the demand for our product. Evansville, Ind. [I would say to our readers that J. C. Wal- lenmeyer was first known to the bee-keeping world as the author of the song " Queen Jean- nette. " I think it was dedicated to his " best girl," who spbsequently went into partnership with him ; and, if I may judge by the picture, she is his best helper in a business which he has been developing for years. One can readily see by the way Mr. W. writes that he has had a large experience in bottling honey, and is familiar with all its va- rious little details. It is interesting to note that both he and Mr. Chalon Fowls prefer gasoline-stoves for liquefying honey, for the simple reason that the heat can be more easily controlled. The ordinary cook-stove, using coal or wood, is li- able to overheat the honey, and that means either a loss in profits or loss in subsequent trade. While Mr. Wallenmeyer has covered nearly every detail of the work, yet his familiarity with some features of it is such that he has left us groping a little in the dark. In Fig. 3, for instance, we see what appears to be a method of tinfoiling by means of a leather strap. One end of this strap is fastened to the wall, the other end being held in the left hand. From the description, I judge that the strap goes clear around the neck of the bottle, and that the bottle is slid back and forth, the friction of the strap around the neck causing the edge of the tinfoil to be smoothed out neat and workmanlike. There, I fear I am guessing ; at all events, I hope Mr. W. will, in his next article, go into details in the matter of tinfoiling. Referring to Fig. 1, I assume that the rub- ber tubing reaching from the wash-boilers to the extractor is a siphon by which the honey is delivered from the square cans to the filling- tank. If I am not right, Mr. W. will please correct. — Ed.] SECURING HONEY FROM APPI,E-BI.OOM. "Good morning, Bro. Doolittle. I came over from Massachusetts (by letter) to have a little chat with you about securing honey from apple-bloom ; because, for the last few years, apple-bloom has furnished an abundance of nectar in this locality." " So it does with us some years; but the rule is that the bees do not secure much from this source on account of high winds, or cold, 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 191 cloudy, raitij' weather, which usually appears at just the time the bloom is at its best." " Well, because this is so with you it is no sign that it is with all the rest of the United States and Canada. I know the readers of Gleanings would be interested in knowing how to get our bees in the best condition to secure honey from apple-blossoms, and I come to draw you out on this subject." "The apple-bloom comes so early in the season that it requires more skill to secure many bees in time for a harvest from this source than from any of the later sources." " This I believe, and that is just the reason I came over to see you and have a chat on this subject." " In order to produce good results in honey, the first requisite is plenty of bees when the honey harvest arrives, for, whatever else we may have, success can not be obtained with- out plenty of bees. Again, as hinted at be- fore, these bees must be on hand in time for the honey harvest, else they become merely consumers instead of producers. Many keep- ing bees are more often working on the con- suming plan than otherwise, and, for this rea- son, tell us the truth when they say ' bee- keeping does not pay.' Our first step, then, is to produce plenty of bees in time for the har- vest from apple-bloom." " Exactly ; and that is just what I wish to know, if you can tell me." " Well, I will do the best I can. But, as I said at the outset, it will require much skill to secure plenty of bees in time for a harvest of honey from apple bloom. From practical experience I find that it takes about six weeks to build up an ordinary colony in the spring to where they are ready to produce honey to the best advantage. As apple-bloom comes from the 20 th to the 25 th of May we shall have to commence operations to stimulate brood rearing about the tenth of April." " Isn't that pretty early? " " Yes, it is early in the season, but not early if we are to be ready for the bloom ; and be- cause it is so early in the season is why so much skill will be required." " I suppose you are right, here. But how about stimulating ? How is this done ? " " I have tried many plans of stimulative feeding, both in the open air and in the hive, but finally gave them all up as not being of sufficient advantage to cover the cost of labor and feed." " Yes, but there are many ways of stimulat- ing, I am told." " Well, there are ways besides feeding liquid sweets, but not many that have any advantage in them over allowing the bees to take their own course ; and unless great care is used, the plan I am about to describe may prove of little value ; or, worse still, an actual loss ; and my advice to you would be to try it on only a few colonies till you are sure you can make a suc- cess of it." ' ' I will try to remember this if you will hur- ry up a little in telling what you know." " When I have decided that it is time to commence active operations for an early har- vest, I go to each colony and look it over, clipping all queens' wings that were not clip- ped the previous season, and equalizing stores so that I know each colony has enough honey to carry it three weeks without fear of starvation. This last is important, for brood-rearing will not go on to any great extent early in the sea- son where starvation stares the colony in the face." " Do you find much brood in the hives as early as the lOth of April ? " " If we have had the usual amount of warm weather there will be brood in four combs with each good colony, and it is not best to try to work other than good colonies at this time of the year. The two center combs will contain the largest amount of brood, and I now reverse the position of these combs by placing the two outside combs of brood in the center, which brings the combs having the most brood in them on the outside. Thus, while the colony has no more brood than it had before, the queen finds plenty of empty cells in the center of the brood nest, in combs having some brood in them, and she at once fills these combs with eggs, so that in a few days they will contain more brood than those which were moved to the outside, while the bees have fed and taken care of this as well as though its position had not been changed. Thus quite a gain has been made in regard to increasing the brood." " This seems plain, and I do not see how any one could fail thus far. But what next ? " "In about eight days, if the weather will admit, these selected hives are gone over again, and this time a frame of honey is taken from the outside of the cluster, and the cap- pings of the cells broken by passing a knife flatwise over them, when the brood-nest is separated in the center, and this frame of hon- ey thus prepared placed therein. The remov- ing of this honey, to place it around the out- side of the brood, causes great activity in the hive, the queen being fed to a greater extent, and the heat of the hive being kept up so that no brood suffers, even should a cold snap of a day or two occur. Where many err and make a failure here is in giving an empty comb in the center of the brood instead of a frame of mutilated honey. With the frame of comb the bees ' draw up ' for a cold snap, and thus the extreme outside brood is left to perish." " In going over this time, do you do any thing besides inserting this frame of mutilated honey ? " "Yes. As I go over these colonies each time I am careful to know that each has abundant honey to last at least two weeks ; for if we wish to obtain the largest amount of brood possible, the bees must never feel the necessity of feeding the brood sparingly on account of scanty stores. It is also necessary to know that there are no cracks or open places at the top of the hive to let the warm air pass out, but tuck all up as nicely as you would fix your bed on a cold winter's night." "Well, there is something in this getting ready for an early yield of honey — more than I thought. But what next ? " " After seven days more have elapsed I again go over these hives and insert another 192 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar 1 frame of honey in the center of the brood- nest, prepared as before. Then in five or six days more the brood in the frames first ' thrown ' to the outside will have largely hatched, and these, being on the outside, will be more slowly filled than those in the center, so that a very great gain can now be made by again reversing the brood-nest, which is now accordingly done. The brood is now hatching quite rapidly, and another frame of honey, prepared as at first, can be given two or threi days later, for in these frames of pre- pared honey lies the greatest secret of success- ful brood-rearing, early in the season. In about a week more we go over these colonies again, this time putting in two frames of pre- pared honey unless the hard maple and willow are now yielding honey sufiicient to cause great activity, in which case frames of empty comb will answer our purpose just as well." " But by this time you must have brood in all the combs but the last put in." " Yes ; where only an eight or nine frame hive is used, this will conclude the stimulating process ; for as soon as our frames are full of brood we have accomplished our object, only that we see to it that there are sufficient stores in sight so that the bees do not slacken in brood-rearing and allow the combs to become bare of brood before the apple blooms, which they will rarely do if they have sufficient stores, and no long-drawn-out cold or stormy time occurs." ' ' With the stimulating process over, what next ? " " As soon as sufficient bees have hatched so that they can protect the brood without its be- ing so warmly tucked up, the surplus arrange- ment is to be put on, so that your dish will be right side up to catch the honey when the ap- ple-blossoms secrete it." ' ' I am pleased to have had this chat with you, and will say good-by." " Good-by ; and may you be prospered by having good weather through apple-bloom this year ; for if you are not, all labor in building the colonies up to meet it will be in vain." Just as I had said good-by, along came a letter from one styling himself "Illinois," with these questions, which I will answer here at his request. " Will the divided colony, or the colony in the box hive, swarm when transferred by the Heddon short method ? What I have refer- ence to is this : Will the remaining bees in the box hive cast a swarm before the 21 days are up? " " No, not if the box hive is moved to a new stand, as it is intended it should be." " Is it best to use medium brood or light brood foundation when using wired frames ? ' ' " I have always used the light brood when using wired frames, as such costs less in pro- portion to the surface filled, and is just as good where wired frames are used." " Should extracted honey be put in 60-pound cans direct from the extractor ? ' ' " I should say no. It should be allowed to stand a week or more to clarify, in large tanks, when the clear thick honey should be drawn from the bottom of the tank into the cans. If any hold different views, the readers of Gleanings would be pleased to hear from them." ENCOURAGING RAINS IN CALIFORNIA. All Southern California is rejoicing over the splendid rains for the past three months. Here at Riverside we have now had 10 inches; and as the rule is for us to get as much after Feb. 1st as we do before that date, it is not at all improbable that we shall have as fine bee- pasturage as we did in the summer of 1895, when I averaged 100 lbs. comb honey to the colony. The way our rains have come this ■winter insures a pretty fair crop, I think, even if we should not get any more. The 10 inches we have been blessed with has almost entirely come in a gentle fall that stayed where it fell, and the ground, even on the hill and moun- tain sides, is so thoroughly soaked that bee- men are most hopeful. The good year referred to was preceded by 1(ii*g inches. In the past three years of failure there has been a total rainfall for all the time of only 17! inches, and now it seems quite probable that we shall get as much this winter as during those three years. At any rate the amount we have had up to this 7th day of February, and the way in which it has come, give us great encour- agement for the season soon to commence. G. K. Hubbard. Riverside, Cal., Feb. 7. BEET vs. CANE SUGAR, Now something else — Gleanings, page 44, regarding beet sugar. I am informed that a great deal of sulphuric acid is made from py- rites from Spain, and that arsenic is a com- ponent to quite an extent, and is not eliminat- ed in the manufacture. This was the cause of the poisoning by beer which caused such a stir in Britain a short time ago. You can easi- ly see how such a state of affairs could make trouble in beet sugar. I think your father's ioformation is faulty, still I may not quite comprehend its drift It by no means follows that, because two substances are alike chemi- cally, they are alike in properties. Take, for instance, cane sugar and milk sugar, just alike chemically, but quite different in many char- acteristics ; or try to use oil turpentine for oil lemon, both identical in chemical composition. Or call to mind the characteristics of the red, black, white, and flaky forms of phosphorus, and a late statement says that arsenic and phosphorus are identical. It is constantly as- serted that jelly-making and fruit-preserving can not be successfully carried on with beet sugar. Personally I dislike beet sugar, and so far have readily distinguished it. The su- gar made at the Rocky Ford plant is nearer to cane sugar than any other I have seen, in 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 193 taste. I have for twenty years held that glu- cose syrups are destructive to health. I can see nothing yet to make me think otherwise, and chemically some of these syrups are quite pure. The important question is their effect on the animal or human organism. Denver, Colo., Jan. 23. T. Lytle. [I believed at the time, that A. I. R.'s state- ment concerning beet and cane sugar was a little too strong. Still, in defense of what Mr. Rankin said, I would say this : That we have fed our bees on beet sugar for the last ten years, and our percentage of winter loss is as low as or lower than that of any one else I know of. It averages only between two and three per cent, and in extremely hard winters it may run up as high as ten or fifteen. Only one winter in the last fifteen years, that I re- member, did our loss reach the high figure named. I have repeatedly tasted samples of cane and beet sugar from the best factories ; and had I not known that one was from one source and the other from another, I should have never suspected any difference ; and even when the samples were mixed incognito I could not tell which was which. Of course, there might be a trace of sulphuric acid or some other deleterious drugs But the proof of the pudding is in the eating, or, rather, I should say, beet sugar for a winter food^ — and we have bought from factories everywhere during the last ten or fifteen years— has given us results that could scarcely be better. On the other hand, befote beet sugar was on the market, and we used exclusively cane, we had some bad results in wintering. It would hardly be fair to attribute these results to the sugar, however, for at that time the art of wintering had not been brought down to as fine a point as now. — Ed.] QUESTIONS ON WINTERING, FROM A BEGIN- NER. I am just getting a start with bees, and should like to ask you a few questions con- cerning their care, and especially wintering. 1. Will bees winter all right here in West Virginia on summer stands, with another hive made just large enough to slip down over the eight-frame Dovetailed hive, thus making a wall of two inches all around, where the hives are set on the ground as near as possible ? 2. Would it be better to winter in the cellar, where the mercury gives only 10° below zero for two weeks or so ? During a whole winter there will be a week of zero weather, and then a month of open weather. Which would you advise — wintering on summer stands with win- tering-cases or in the cellar ? 3. Will a colony of bees winter on 30 lbs. of syrup made from granulated sugar ? 4. Will the moth-worm destroy a strong colony of bees in the movable frame hive if they are not destroyed in some way, or will the bees destroy them ? 5. Will snow smother the bees if it falls 10 or 12 in. deep, and is not removed from the entrance, and lies for ten days or two weeks ? WlLWAM D. KepharT. Rohr, W. Va., Jan. 22. [1. Yes, bees ought to winter in your cli- mate very nicely when they are in winter- cases. 2. No. I would not recommend cellar win- tering in your locality. When there is any considerable amount of open weather, the out- door plan would prove the more satisfactory. 3. Yes. 4. In modern bee-keeping the moth-worm is no more feared than the wolf in the great centers of population. If the moth-worm makes way with the bees, you may be sure the owner either does not know very much about his business, or at least neglects it. But Ital- ian bees, no matter what their strength is, will defend themselves against moths of any kind. 5. Not much danger of it. Unless the snow heaps up five or six feet deep, there will be very little danger of smothering. — Ed.] SPRAYING DURING BI,OOM, DESTRUCTIVE TO BEES AS WELI< AS TO THE FRUIT. Mr. Editor : — You told us on page 103 about spraying fruit-trees while in bloom, and the effects. Can you tell us in your next what effect it had on the bees? C. M. Herbert. Salina, Utah, Feb. 7. [The experiment related in Gleanings was not for the purpose of finding out whether the spraying of fruit-trees during blooming-time killed the bees, but to determine whether spraying at such times was injurious to the pollen and its development, and, in general, to the setting of the fruit. The experiment was conducted from the standpoint of the fruit-grower, because it is universally conced- ed, among all bee-keepers who are in position to know, that spraying during the time of bloom destroys bees by the thousands. Some- times whole apiaries are so decimated that but few colonies are left from which to make an increase after the spraying season is over. Many instances of this kind are on record. Now, we know positively that spraying during fruit-bloom is detrimental to both bee-life and to the fruit-grower ; and as soon as fruit-grow- ers themselves discover that they are losing money, the practice will be discontinued. It is now in order to educate the fruit-growers by calling their attention to the facts. — Ed.] measuring bees' tongues. Friend Root : — In my "tin-can" article I omitted to say that /get from >^ to l^c per lb. above the barrel quotations for my honey. In carrying the cans I place my hands under either end of the case. This throws consider- able of the weight directly upon the body, which makes it a lighter job. I finished cellaring my bees Nov. 22 — 151. While measuring bees' tongues, why not measure the tongue of the bumble-bee and make comparisons, then there will be no guesswork as to the necessary length. I will send you some of my bees in the spring or be- fore. Ei,iAS Fox. Hillsboro, Wis., Dec. 10. 194 GLEANINGS IN BEK CULTURE. Mar 1 MARKETING HONEY IN MASON JARS. R. C. Aikin's article, page 955, prompts me to write some of my experience and make a few remarks anent the retail business of ex- tracted honey. I began tentatively some 18 years ago to retail extracted honey in divers kind of packages. I soon perceived and found that, for my locality, the Mason pint fruit-jar was the thing. As long as glass fruit- jars shall be used, I believe they will sell as honey- packages, for the obvious reason that, when empty, they are worth very nearly as much as new jars, and are used again in all families. I never used or thought well of honey-bottles, useless when emptied of honey. I have dis- couraged the use of tumblers, as they are too small. A pint, \% lbs., is small enough. I have a gross of tumblers in a box ; have had them four or five years ; had a few calls from grocers for tumblers, hnt put them off one way or another. I sell to about 100 grocery dealers, in nine or ten towns, about 250 dozen pints a year. Price now, $2.25 a dozen, cash down. Until last spring I sold both for cash, or on commis- sion at 15 cts. more, to be paid on next trip, or about 60 days. I warrant the honey every way, and secure the dealer against all losses on account of honey candying, getting shabby, dauby, etc. ; take up and exchange, and would buy back if required. I have done and do that yet, on account of prejudice, and to in- spire confidence in both myself and my honey. My success is gratifying. Many are getting educated in regard to both extracted and candied honey. Of course, I have a nice ex- planatory label on every jar. While it is well to cater to public taste and demand in these matters, 1 believe we ought to and can also educate and form those tastes and demands in a measure, being careful not to indulge the public too much in matters of niceties and quantities. Why, they would buy honey a penny's worth at a time, or re- quire half-pound or five-cent sections if you would start them that way. Your polishing sections, both before and after being filled, then enclosed in a nice pictured cardboard case, etc., is, in my opinion, an unnecessary and burdensome thing. I sell, also, many hundreds of pounds in common tin pails, 1, 2, and 4 qts., 3, 5, and 10 lbs., at 30 and 50 cts., and $1.00 respectively. 1 use largely, as store-cans, second-hand lard-cans. They must not be filled too full, else they will not handle well in melting the honey. A. Mottaz. Utica, 111., Dec. 22. [I think there is no question but the Mason jar — an article that is in demand in almost every household — is the most common pack- age for extracted honey in the rural districts ; and when one buys such a jar of honey he is not paying for a package that will be of no use to him in the future. The same is true, but to a lesser extent, of jelly-tumblers. These are cheap and very handy, and can be made to hold honey on the plan described by Chalon Fowls, on page 961, Dec. 15th issue. But in selecting a package for the local honey market we must bear in mind locality. Selser, Ponder, Tweed, and a number of others who use Muth jars, or bottles of similar shape, ca- ter to an extra-fancy city trade. Some of this is represented by the poorer class who want only a dime's worth of honey at a time ; and other portions belong to the " upper ten " that want something fancy. With the last named the cost of the package cuts no figure. They seek something that is attractive in ap- pearance, irrespective of price. The question of package, then, should be decided by local conditions. — Ed. ] We have been having steady cold weather, with scarcely any warming up, for about three weeks. We see by the papers that a large amount of snow has fallen all over the North- ern States. As I have before stated, heavy snowfalls generally indicate a good crop of white clover. We are receiving more matter, I fear, than we shall ever find room for — matter that is "good stuff," and worth publishing. Al- though our two last issues were enlarged 16 pages, and although we shall continue to print extra pages for some time to come, it now looks as if we should never find room for all we have on hand and which we should like to publish. If any of our good friends get im- patient, let them write and we will return the manuscript. It is not possible to print articles always in turn, as some things would be out of date unless given insertion at once ; and even as it is I fear some up to-date matter is held until it is out of date. the CALIFORNIA CROP FOR 1901. Mr. M. H. Mendleson says we eastern bee-keepers need not be alarmed by the glow- ing prospects of honey in California. While, undoubtedly, there will be a heavy honey- flow, there are not a quarter, he says, of the bees there were formerly, to gather the crop. He does not think, therefore, that California honey will be very much in evidence in the eastern markets, even this year, as the local consumption will probably take care of all there is produced. THE MICHIGAN FOUL-BROOD BILL. This measure, about which so much was said in our last issue, has, as I am informed by Hon. Geo. E. Hilton, passed the Senate, and is now in the hands of the State Affairs com- mittee of the House. Mr. Hilton has seen the members of this committee, and also the Speaker of the House, and writes that he has the promise of their support. He says, more- over, he will stay and see the Ways and Means committee, to whom the bill will next be re- ported, and that, if he can get both commit- tees to agree to offer a favorable report, we may expect it to pass. 1901 GI.EANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 195 In the meantime, our subscribers in Michi- gan will remember to write not only once, but write again if necessary, to their members of the House. See last Gi,Eanings. is warmed to about 40 or 45. It then reaches the bees. See Straw in this issue, referring to Ira Barber's method of wintering. YORK'S PATENT DOUBI,E-ACTING BEES. While we were on the cars en route to the Wisconsin convention, Mr. York poked fun at Mr. Hutchinson and myself on this matter of measuring bees' tongues. Mr. Rankin, you are aware, measures the whole tongue, while we measure from the mandibles to the end of the tongue. When Mr. Hutchinson and I were discussing which was the right way, Mr. York facetiously remarked that he had a plan that was better than either ; and that was, to measure from the end of the bee's tongue to the end of the sting. There could be no con- fusion if we measured thus. And he proposed, further, that Hutchinson and I go into the business of breeding bees that could suck up nectar from "both ends " at one time, some- thing like a patent double-acting double-plun- ger pump. GOOD INDOOR WINTERING AT THE HOME OF THE HONEY-BEES. We are wintering 38 colonies in a compart- ment 8 feet square, in the center of the base- ment of our machine-shop, which is 36X96. The floor above is 7 inches thick, and is sup- ported at intervals of 9 feet by means of 12- inch walls running lengthwise through the basement. Between two of the inner walls is the bee-room referred to, 8 feet square. At one end of the room is a board partition, and the other end is composed of several thick- nesses of heavy matting and carpeting. There is no provision for ventilation, and the only air that can get into the compartment is through the matting referred to. Notwith- standing the rumble and noise above, of ma- chine tools, the constant walking to and fro, the dropping of heavy pieces of steel, and notwithstanding the bees have been absolute- ly left alone, examination for the first time to-day, Feb. 21, showed that the bees were wintering well. They were perfectly quiet, and there were not enough dead bees on the floor to fill even a half pint cup. Examina- tion of clusters under the frames shows the bees to be healthy and prosperous, not even one colony showing any signs of uneasiness. It will be observed that this compartment for the bees is in the center of a large basement in which are located pipes, iron rods, and two or three carloads of potatoes. It is necessary that the potatoes should be as cold as possible and not freeze, so it is the practice of our boys to open and close the windows in the general basement. There is plenty of fresh air in the outer room ; and this air, being warmed up, finally percolates through the matting into the room referred to. The temperature of the bee-room is 48 degrees F. It may be there is something in Ira Barber's statement that indoor-wintered bees should not receive direct infusions of air from out- doors. In our case, if they get it at all, it has to pass through a long passageway, where it E. FRANCE'S BARREL TALK ; HOW TO TEST A BARREL FOR LEAKAGE. PreS. France, at the Wisconsin conven- tion, told how to test a barrel, into which it is proposed to put honey, for leakage. In the first place, he explained that there should be good cooperage ; that the staves should be made of sound kiln -dried stuff, and that noth- ing but iron hoops (not wooden ones) should be used. The barrels should then be placed, not in the cellar, but in a good dry room. Just before they are filled the hoops should be driven down as far as they will go. To test for leakage, proceed as follows : Drive one of the bungs in, and then, with the mouth placed tightly over the other bunghole, breathe in air as long as you can stand it. The lungs should be re-filled through the nose, and then the air should be expelled through the mouth into the barrel until considerable pressure is made. Quickly slide the palm of the hand over the opening, and then listen for any hiss- ing. If the barrel leaks at any point the air can be heard coming out. When you have found the spot, or think you have, dip the fingers in water and rub them along at the point of the supposed leak. If the air is work- ing its way out, bubbles will form. The hoops should then be driven until the crack closes, and the operation repeated until no air escapes. If the barrel holds air for a considerable length of time, the pressure not going down percep- tibly, it may then be known that the barrel is tight. Mr. France explained that it is bad policy to pour water into a barrel to see if it leaks, as that causes the staves to swell and temporarily close a leak, and then when the staves dry out again, and the barrel is filled with honey, the leak appears when the barrel is full of honey. It should be borne in mind, he said, that the staves of a barrel will sometimes shrink, not- withstanding the barrel is full of honey. He further explained that, while he is a user of barrels, yet for the average bee-/ceeper he would recommend tin cans, because there are only a few people who know how to make a good barrel, and few who know a good barrel from a poor one. HOW TO PARAFFINE A BARREL. In this connection it was Mr. E. D. Ochs- ner, a practical bee-keeper of Wisconsin, who explained that there was a great waste of hon- ey it barrels are not paraffined on the inside ; that one scarcely realizes the loss if he does not weigh the barrels before filling them with honey, and after they are emptied. The bar- rels, he said, should be made good and tight first, and then should be paraffined on the in- side by pouring hot paraffine in the bung, closing it, rolling the barrel around, and then standing it on one end, and then on the other, so that every portion of the inside should be coated. The bung should be driven out, allow- ing the surplus paraffine to run into the pan whence it was poured. 196 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar 1 NOTES or TRAVLi. I BY A. I. ROOT . TRAVEI/S IN THE SOUTH. Although I have been over the Louisville & Nashville between Cincinnati and New Or- leans toward a dozen times in years paat, I en- joy the trip each time almost as much as I did at first. With modern improvements we can get on a fast train at Cincinnati at 6 p.m. and reach New Orleans the next evening. To do this the train stops only at large cities. Meals are served on board. This saves time, but I have often objected to the extra cost. Last evening I noticed on the bill of fare, "Ar- mour's Chicken Tomales, 20 cents." In San Francisco or in Arizona, Mexican tomales (pronounced to-»ia/-e) are a common thing. They are made of pounded corn, chicken meat, etc., with plenty of peppers (chili), and served hot ; but it was a new thing on a Pull- man car — a new thing that AvDiour should run opposition to the Indians in their manu- facture. I didn't suppose a tomale would make any thing like a meal, and so I ordered other things with it ; but, to my astonish- ment, for the 20 cents /<7«r tomales, smoking hot, done up in corn-husks in true Indian fash- ion, came on a plate. They made a pretty good square meal of meat and vegetables ; and although Armour had put in rather more chipped beef than chicken, it certainly made a very nice, appetizing, and low-priced addition to the menu. When I left Ohio, every thing was white with snow and frost ; but as I opened my eyes this morning the full moon was shining on bare fields — not quite green fields, but the hills were covered with the green foliage of the evergreen-trees. The scenery along about Blount Springs and Birmingham, when illu- mined by the morning sun, is especially fasci- nating. The rocky hills are not only covered with beautiful pines and cedars, but by spar- kling cascades and rapids leaping from rock to rock along the railway. I alwaj's enjov watching a stream, because it tells when we are climbing up or going down. At one point we went up what seemed to me a pretty steep grade for more than a mile. It seemed like going over the Rocky Mountains. As we get further south the hills gradually change to level timber land and swamp, and, finally, to great expanses of canebrake and tall swamp grasses, higher than one's head, with bodies of water interspersed, until we begin to get views of the great ocean itself, or rather, per- haps, the great Gulf of Mexico. Of course, the cotton-fields, sugar-cane, and other south- ern crops are a novelty to the Northerner. Through the swamps and wet woods the palmetto surprises and delights one who sees it for the first time ; also the beautiful Span- ish moss that usually comes into view at about the same time. The lumber industry continues to grow, much as it was a dozen years ago or more, but on even a larger scale in many places. The supply of nice trees for timber and boards holds out better than in Michigan, seemingly ; and then all along in the low wet woods, where water always stands nearly one foot deep, is found the beautiful cypress. For building greenhouses, and for making hot- bed sash, there is no wood in the world like cypress. The heat, dampness, cold-without- and-hot-within conditions that rot and twist every other timber seem to have little or no effect on this clear straight-grained wood. I have sometimes thought that it is because it grows in the water is the reason that wet and heat never harm it. Greenhouse rafters (or sash-bars) are often furnished of cypress, 20 or even 30 feet long, without a knot or flaw of any kind. At New Orleans I left the L. & N. to take a trip up the Illinois Central toward Jackson, Miss., to visit Mr. Day, the author of the to- mato book. At Ruddock Station, a town built by the Ruddock Cypress Co. , there is quite a little village with its streets all water, or, per- haps I should say, water and water-plants. A great sawmill is located in a cypress swamp, and the town is for the wives and children of the workmen. Of course, the houses are all on piles, as are the plank sidewalks too, for that matter. I at first wondered why they had streets at all ; but it would hardly look businesslike if they didn't have spaces where one could imagine streets might sometimes be needed ; but then, where is the earth (topped with gravel) to come from? Well, over near the mill they are starting streets by dumping sawdust into the water where the streets are to be. I began wondering why it is that the children didn't tumble off those pl^nk walks, and go plump into the water. Perhaps they learn by "intuition" (the ^/r/ babies, any way) not to fall " overboard." One often wonders at the queer names of railroad' towns. The L. & N. has one called " Pine Barrens." I wondered at this somewhat, especially as it is in Florida, where they have so many spread-eagle names. It looks truth- ful and honest, any way — painfully honest — if they ever have a real-estate boom for that locality. On the Illinois Central there is a station called "GuUetts." I have thought many of the names of new places sounded as if the people were really hard up for a name at christening time. Hadn't some one better write a book, or at least an article, on " nam- ing new towns"? Perhaps the U. S. Post- office Department might take the matter up jointly with the companies that are building new railroads. Well, my good friend Day is still growing tomatoes, and using the cloth-covered beds, as he was nine years ago, and of late he uses the beds the fore part of the winter for growing the finest cabbage plants I ever saw. Cabbage is so hardy the cloth is all the protection he ever needs in his locality. Last season, from plants grown by this new method he not only grew the first cabbage, but th^ finest new cab- bage, sent off to market ; and, as a result, he got as high as $S.oo a crate for some of it. I wonder if I dare tell a little story about those nice cabbages. One of friend Day's 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 197 boys got to smoking cigarettes. His father told him if he would break right square off he would send him to the State Agricultural Col- lege. The boy went one year, and was not only cured of the bad habit, but he put his schooling in practice, grew the cabbages, and from the sale of them got money enough to go back to college again. I was remarkably impressed with the very neat and tidy appearance of every thing about the "Day" home, ©ven the poultry-house was as clean and neat " as a parlor," or pretty nearly that, when you compare it with most chicken-roosts. Just before I came away my friend explained it. Some time ago I de- scribed how Terry had cleaned up all of the trash and every thing unsightly, and moved all the old rubbish, not only back in the lots, but put it over back of a hill where it could not be seen at all from the house. I think Airs. Day had something to do with clenr.j)g up around the Day home. Well, it made me ashamed of our home. I had given a little " lecture " on the subject, and Mrs. Root had pointed out the unsightly things, but it was "put off" again and again. Mr. Day says there is ;«6»;/t'j in such a " slicking-up." He says now if he wants a stick or board of a cer- tain size or kind, instead of hunting all over the premises for it he just goes over where they are all put away, nicely sorted, and puts his hand right on the very best thing there is on the premises for that particular purpose. The names of places in the western part of Florida are certainly unlike, names of places anywhere else, and they have always been to me attractive and almost musical. I suppose they are Indian names, and I should be very glad to know the meaning of, say, Wewahitch- ka, Apalachicola, etc. Of course, these names are rather long ; but the place where I now sit writing is called lola. This is short enough, and very pretty — ever so much to be preferred to — well, we will say Vanburen, a name that is used in almost every State in the Union. Before daylight Saturday morning, Feb. 9, the man who came down to the boat for the mail at Marchand's Landing escorted me into Mr. Marchand's home — yes, right into his bedroom, and astonished us all by saying to the sleeping man : '* Mr. Marchand, this is A. I. Root, the man vou said vou exoected • " and. having done his duty, the postman marched off, leaving me to shake hands with a man before he had his clothes on, and almost before he was awake. Mr. Shepherd, the apiarist, was hustled out of bed after about the same fashion, and then we went out among the bees and talked bees. The Marchand apiary has so many things to commend it I will describe it somewhat in de- tail. Between 200 and 300 hives are arranged in double rows so as to form a sort of hollow square. The operator stands between the two rows, and hive-entrances all point outward, so he is never obstructing the flight by getting before the entrance of any hive. The stands to hold the hives are a sort of bench, say 16 feet long. The hives rest on boards 6 inches by 16 feet, set up edgewise, and nailed to stakes. The hives are supported just high enough from the ground to make it easy to work without stooping ; and I want to say to you that, after looking over quite a number of hives, I don't believe I want any more down fiat on the ground. The long stand (16 ft.) has some objections, such as jarring the next hives, getting around each hive, etc. ; but the ease with which the whole apiary may be lined up level, and rows straight, I think com- pensates for all the other. I expect to give you some kodak views of it all, later. At present the hives have no shade over them, for every bit of sunshine is wanted from now on until very warm weather. When shade is wanted, loose boards are to be placed on raf- ters just high enough to clear the head. Mr. Marchand uses only fixed bottom-boards, and his plan of feeding is, I believe, about the cheapest and simplest that can be gotten up. A third strip of board runs the whole length of the hive-stand I have described, placed so if any hive is moved a little forward the back end will drop enough on the strip so as to be a little lower than the front or entrance end. Now pour in a pint or quart of syrup right on the projecting entrance, just after the bees have stopped flying at dark, and your feeding is done. No harm is done if the hives are left this way, providing the back end is lifted up and pulled back before a shower comes. When you want to lift any hive from the stand, do so by placing the back end against your body, and right here comes in the need of hand- holes on sides as well as ends of all hives. Marchand and Shepherd both say the wooden handles projecting from the hives are not wanted in their apiary, and I quite agree with them. We want no projections, to prevent stacking hives up tight and snug, if we can possibly avoid it. All hand-holes should slant a little up as the cut goes deeper, and the sharp corner of the board on the under side of the hand-hole should be cut down or beveled off. This apiary has hives all numbered ; but the number is on the stand, under the back end of the hive, and not on the hive itself. Mr. Marchand has quite a lot of eight-frame Dovetailed hives with sides of half-inch boards instead of "s . Why are not these j ust as good for this climate, thus saving both freight and lumber ? Large amounts of pollen were car- ried in, and quite a little new honey, the day I was there. Mr. M. has another out-apiary, like the one I have described, and the two contain about 500 colonies. When I asked if 250 or even 200 in one spot were not too many, Mr. Marchand said he one year got over 125 lbs. per colony right through an apiary of over 200, and that he has never gone below an av- erage yield of 50 lbs. per colony — usually 75 or more. As there is no church or Sunday-school nearer than Wewahitchka, 15 miles distant, I took a boat again at night, and reached desti- nation just as I saw some children starting for Sunday-school with their Bibles in their hands. I asked if I could not leave my valise inside their gate and go with them. I had before seen bee-hives in their yard, and when I learn- ed that Mr. Thomas Spencer, their father, was superintendent, I consented to wait a little 198 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar 1 and walk along with him. One minute I felt a little lonely and almost homesick because I was a stranger in a strange land ; but the next minute I was — almost one of the family. A little later I was astonished to hear that I was expected to " preach " in the evening ; and before I could correct the statement the friends were introducing me as Rev. A. I. Root. Aft- er my talk in the evening the pastor remarked that, even if it was as I said in my introduc- tion, I was no preacher, and never had, and surely never would even try to preach a ser- mon, he felt, notwithstanding, they had lis- tened to a very good sermon from a business man's standpoint, and told in a business man's language. I shall always remember with pleasure the way in which the people of four different churches in Wewahitchka unite and work to- gether in all Christian work. It rejoices my heart, also, to know they have a law, well en- forced, that keeps saloons out of all the small towns in Florida, and perhaps this is the rea- son they have so many good men and women working together in harmony. Now, Florida should speedily get a similar law that will stop the cigarette business among blacks as well as whites, for it is getting a fearful hold, even among the small boys ot both colors. Alderman & Roberts have the largest num- ber of colonies in one spot I ever saw or heard of. In lb91, 6So stands of bees, all in Mr. Roberts' dooryard, gathered an average per colony of 65 lbs. More than 22 tons of honey was brought in to that one spot, in one sea- son, and all collected from flowers within the range of the bees' flight. Can the world fur- nish a parallel ? At that time there were no other apiaries near ; but now there are several within three or four miles that will likely make another yield like that improbable. There may be other points out in the swamp equally good, but the apiary would have to be situated on a platform of boards, above high water ; and Mr. Alderman says that, during the dull season, when nobody is around, the bears would be almost sure to destroy an api- ary so located. During the great yield I have mentioned, a single colony, one of that 680, brought in 18 lbs. in one day. Only one was placed on the scales, and that one was probably no better than many others. The source was mostly from a tree called tupelo, and this tupelo hon- ey never candies. Much time and honey have been spent, and very likely much wasted, on arrangements for extracting honey, and doing it rapidly. Mr. Roberts has, perhaps, one of the best-arranged extracting-houses, for his has been gradually arranged as real practical work seemed to in- dicate it should be. With his apparatus, and ten people, mostly his children if I am cor- rect, they have extracted ten barrels (perhaps two tons) in a day. Sometimes when I meet with such earnest, honest, and kind Christian men and women, in whose every thought and word the love of God shines forth, I rejoice that God has per- mitted me to live, and know this kind of peo- ple. I found such friends at Wewahitchka. Mr. Isabel, of Wewahitchka, has a very neat and pretty apiary. The hives are set on stands, much as I have described ; the ground is raked clean and level, and it is really a plea- sure to walk around through it. As we came up he said he had a queer case of robbing. It was still going on quietly, but the robbers were coming out and running up the front of the hive before taking wing, but heavily la- den. The bees belonging to the hive either didn't know their stores were going off, or didn't have spunk enough to fight. Mr. Isa- bel sprinkled flour on the robbers (a /a Utter), and hastily vvatched the entrances to all the 200 or more hives. In about a minute I call- ed, "Here they are, boys ;" and all hands came to see the dusty white bees scramble in with their huge loads. In a minute more we " swapped " places with the hives. The load- ed robbers rushed in as they had been doing, as soon as we got the hives in place ; but, lo and behold ! they were taking their stores into the very hive they took them out of ! One can imagine how they rushed out and in, rub- bing their eyes to be sure they were awake, and may be scratching their little heads in per- plexity to know what had happened. At any rate, in 15 minutes both colonies were quiet, and apparently normal. The colony that wouldn't protect themselves, of course re- ceived quite an accession of bees, and, very likely, bees that knew how to fight. I wish we might invent a similar plan to wake up mayors and policemen that can't see the ruin saloon-keepers are doing by violating the law, unhindered, right under their very noses. The Apalachicola River has been for a week on a rampage. For a hundred miles or more the water is pouring over the banks at inter- vals on either side, and going off into the swamps and woods, but still the water keeps up. Like other large rivers on low flat ground , the sediment brought down for centuries past has raised the river bed and banks above the surrounding country, and now it is breaking out into new channels. It looks odd to see streams pouring out of a big river, all along, instead of emptying into it. Such freshets are common almost every spring, and when- ever there is much rain. When we bee-keep- ers were all together one day Mr. Alderman told A PRETTY GOOD FISH STORY. He had a nice garden with a good tight close picket fence about it, to keep out the chickens. One night the river came up suddenly, and while the yellow water was pouring in at the garden gate, which had been left open, he noticed a school of good -sized catfish pouring in at the garden gate with the water. After they all got in, and the water had settled down a little, the folks went out in a boat, swung the gate shut, and fastened it securely. The small fish slipped out between the pickets, but the big ones were captured in such numbers they had catfish enough for all the town for a long while. We all had a big laugh, I assure you ; but Mr. A. declared it was true, and he is a very good man, and as honest and steady as the day is long. 15)01 GLEANINGS IN BEE Cl'LTURE. 199 SPRAYING FRUIT=TREES. The qucFtion of spraying fruit-trees to prevent the depredations of insect pests and fungus diseases is no longer an experiment but a necessity. Our readers will do well to write Wm. Stahl, Quincy, 111., and get his catalog describing twenty-one* styles of Spraying Outfits and full treatise on spraying the different fruit and vegetable crops, which contains much valuable information, and may be had for the asking. WHEELS FARM WAGONS ■^&/ai)y size wanted, any width of tire. Iliibs to fit any axle. No blarksmitli'g billi^ to pay. No tires to reset. Fit your old wagon with low eteel wheels with wide tires at low price. Our catalogue tells you how to do it. Address EMPIRE MFG. CO.. Quincy, III. SSO.OO POP CORN 100 seeds of this wonderful new Pop Corn for 25c aod chance to compete for our cash prizes. Seed Due Bill good for 25c worth of other goods FREE with every order for Pop Corn. First-prize winner last year raised at the rate of 188 bushels per acre. We will pay $50 for its equal in quality. Handsome seed catalog and free presents with every offer. C. N\. Coodspeed, Skaneateles, N. Y Popular Books at Popular Prices. Black Rock. By Ralph Connor; .50,000 sold; authoriz- ed edition: formerly oOc; my price 2.5c — by mail, postpaid, 33c. An English Woman's Love Letters. Authorized edition. 2.5c; hy mail, 32c. Elizabeth and Her Qerman Garden. 25c; by mail 32c. Eben Holden, Alice of Old Vincennes To Have and to Hold, Master Christian, and other regular 81. .50 books, 81.1(1 each; hv mail, 81.24. Walks and Talks in the Geological Field. By Alex- ander Winchell; revised edition for Chautauqua Cir- cle; paper, print, and binding the best; 3.53 pages; regular price 81.00; limited supply at 3.5c; mail 49c. Five other Chautauqua books, same quality, same price (3.5c, or 49c postpaid) while pre.«ent stock lasts — only a few cot ies of some titles. I5.00; $10 00 per dozen. Breeders, 82.50 to $5.00 each. — ADDRESS W. H. LAWS, BEEVILLE, TEXAS. LONE STAR APIARIES C. F. Davidson &, Sons, Props. Breeders of fine Italian queens. Established in 1885. Write for Circular. C. F. Davidson &, Sons, Fairview, Texas. Golden or 5=banded; 3=band Italians. Some Points. We have been extensively producing honey for the last ten vears, hence know the value of good queens. During all this time we have made a close study of queen-rearing, and now run over.5(X) nuclei, hence we know how to rear good QUEENS. During the last two years we have spared neither time, money, or skill in procuring and breeding up our strains of bees. We have bought queens from almost all who have claimed to have superior stock. We hav« taken them, te.-ted them, and crossed them to each other and to our already fine .stock of bees, and we now have the finest strains in the United States. WE GUARANTEE ALL QUEENS to be large, prolific, and well developed, to give entire satisfaction, and to arrive at your postoffice in good shape. We have wintered over 800 fine queens, and our prices will be : Tested, 81.25 ; select tested, 82.C0 ; breeders, 83.00 to $5.00 each; untested queens, March 15, $1.00; after June 1st, 75c. Discounts in quantities, and valuable preminms given away to customers. Send a postal for large circular; tells all about our qan, as house- '" keeper in small family, one interested in bee- keeping preferred. Address Elias Fox-, Hillsboro, Wis. IVANTED. — To exchange bicycles and tandems, gas- '' oline-engines (new and 2d hand, 1 to 20 horse- power), for wood and metal working machinery of all kinds. Robert B. Gedye, I,aSalle, 111. IVANTED. — To exchange two No. 5 Novice honey- ' ' extractors, good as new, for bees. E. W. Brown, Box 102, Morton Park, Cook Co., 111. Y^ANTED. — A young man of several years' experi- '^ ence to help care for six apiaries the coming season. Give reference, habits, and salary expected. R. T. Stinnett, Mesilla Park, New Mexico. IV ANTED. — A renter for 60 colonies of bees, or will ^' sell the whole to some good man. I can not attend to them as they should be. I have a neighbor who has 40 colonies who also wants to let out on shares. He is only three miles from me. Single man preferred. R. J. M.^thews, Rosedale, Miss. \VANTED.— Man of 45 (mechanic) ; no bad habits; ' ' experienced in fruit and vegetable growing, also bee-keeping; handy with poultry, wants a situation; shares or otherwise, or to manage apiary with privi- lege to buy and do work for part pay. Bee keeper, 925 W. California Ave., Chicago, 111. w w ANTED. — Experienced man on bees. Fine coun- try; only 3 hours from Washington, D. C. F. G. Bass, Front Royal, Virginia. ANTED. — Man to work in apiary, and to make himself generally useful. Chas. Adams, Greeley, Colorado. \VANTED.— To exchange 12,000 berry-boxes, low- '' Hallock wine-measure quart, in flat, good con- dition, for Cowan reversible extractor, any size, or good incubator. J. D. Bixby, Grooms, Sar. Co., N. Y. WANTED. — a healthy sober young man in large apiary. Address John Nippert, P. O. Box 1051, Phoenix, Arizona. pOR SALE. -.500 Dov'd-all-around, 3^x6x2, sawed, ■ basswood sections — flush all around — for $1..50. Thos. Wittman, 52d & Jeff. Sts., W. Phila., Pa. Root's Goods for California. We have just received a large carload of sec- tions, extractors, smokers, veils, etc., direct from the factorj', and are prepared to supply bee-keepers with the same promptly. Do not send a long distance and pay high freights. Write for our prices. M. R. MADARY, • Fresno, California. OUR CATALOG of varieties and prices of Small- fruit Plants, Dahlia Bulbs, S. C. W. and B. Leghorns, B. P. Rocks. Berry Crates and Baskets, ready Feb. 1. Send for it before ordering. H. H. AULTFATHER, Hinerva, Ohio. $18 Guaranteed for 10 Years. Frgt. Prepaid and Money Back if not Satisfactory. Send us S18.00 and we will send you one of our NEW IMPROVED OHIO FARMER HIGH-ARM SEWING- MACHINES, freight prepaid. Use it for all kinds of work, and if not satisfactory you can return it in 90 days and we will refund your money and pay freight both ways. All Guaranteed New Machines. Self-setting needle ; automatic bobbin-winder, with oak or walnut woodwork; new bent wood top; seven long skeleton drawers. Full and complete set of at- tachments and illustrated instruction book sent with each machine. Every machine we send out guaran- teed to give entire satisfaction or money re- funded. We can furnish repairs or needles at any time. Remit by postoflice order, registered letter. New York draft, or express. If you want the BEST sewing-machine made in the world at the LOIVEST PRICE ever offered, send us your order. Drop Head, $20.00. This is the same machine, except the cabinet, which is made so that head drops out of sight when not in use. Four drawers. Freight prepaid. With same attachments as the 818.00 machine. Our No. 2 Machines. Have old-style top tension instead of the new side tension furnished on the others. Not quite as much work on them as the others, which accounts for the lower price ; but we guarantee them for the same time, furnish same attachments, and prepay freight. High Arm No. 2. 5 Drawers, Only $15.00. Drop Head No. 2, 4 Drawers, Only $16.50. Send for our new illustrated catalog. Address The Ohio Farmer, Cleveland, Ohio Note. — We have known the publishers of the Ohio Farmer for many years. They are entirely responsi- ble, and will fully make good their agreements. The a. I. Root Company'. The Modern Farmer and Bnsy Bee. Emerson Taylor Abbott, Editor. A live, up-to-date Farm Journal with a Gen- eral Farm Department, Dairy, Horticulture, Live-stock, Poultry, Bees, Home and General News. The Editor has had practical experi- ence in every department of farm work. To introduce the paper, it will be sent to New subscribers one year for 25c. Sample copies free. Best Advertising Medium in the Central West. Clubbed with Gleanings for $1,00. address Modern Farmer, St. Joseph, Mo 202 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Mar 1 •^ New Smith Premiers Nos. 5.2^6. j The No. 6 takes paper 183^ inches wide and writes lines 16 inches long. The No. 5 takes paper 1 1 inches wide and writes lines 9^2 inches long. These new machines in essential mechanical principles are the same as Models Nos. 2, 3 and 4 — un- equaled. Write for Printed Matter Free. 1 n^iiu^iiiril^^r Co- ^sypenniter Co- 158 Prospect Street, Cleveland, Ohio. PLANERS The above cut shows one of our small Planers, of which we make twelve different styles and sizes. Also large Planers, Band Saws, Buzz Planers, Moulders, Wood Lathes, and all kinds of WOOD WORKING MACHINERY Send for Catalogue. The FRANK MACHINERY CO. BUFFALO, N. Y. yj-!^. y^. -fi/. yfx >!<(>!< >i>^. >!<■ >t^ >fe. >k >k >tc. ^\■e shipanywheie lorexanunation. \. e g-uar- antee and warrant tverythin^. 'thiH l.leRaiit Farm Harness lor *21.50. Many customers who have bought it^^j=jfjSfS^SSi report that they have saved from S8 to $10 in™'^'''^'''?'^'*"/^*^! buyinpj this harness from us. Fcrfull descrii> | 1 tion of this and about 6J other styles of liar- ^[ fi^i^^ nessand 178 styles of vehicles see our i.ew ^^ ^'^^^'^ Illustrated Catalofrue. Your name on a ~^ postal card will pet it, Elkhart Carriage ana Harness Mfg, Go,, •- «7/ ELKHART, INDIANA. G. B. PR A IPIWWWW^WWHI'IHI wsiMiuiuMuiuiiMiMiimmnnoinniiiiminniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuumiiiiniiiiauimiiiiiiiiiiiimninnm No. 3034 Buggy. Price $38.30 with leather quarter top. When you buy acarriage, buggy or 1 arne.ss. t'hoose from the biggest stock and fullest a.^sortment, and pay only the cost of making, with but one njoderale profit added. Our plan of selling direct from the factory insures satisfaction —your money back if you're dissatislied witb your purchase— and enables you to save the dealer's profit. Our complete illustrated catalogue, showing many styles of high grade vehicles, harness, robes, Idanliets und horse equipments, with detailed de- scriptions of each, mailed free Write for it and learn how cheaply you can baywhen the jobber's and dealer's profits are cut off. No ^o -unri,. srr COLUMBUS CARRIAGE AND HARNESS CO., Box 772. Columbus, 0. Buggy liame... Price «i7.95. 'h;:juji;i=^ orB'-jp thie «3rit.A.siS' That unsightly sign will not be needed if you have the HARTMAN STEEL ROD LAWN FENCE. Keeps off every thins bu tsuuf. hi ne an- 1 rain. Best for Lawns, .Schools, Churches, Cemeteries, etc. Steel Posts and (iates. Catalogue free, HAKTMANMFG.CO.. Box 8" ,EII« ood City.Pa. Or Kooin to , 809 liroadway, Ken- York City. Don't Pay a Cent if orotit toagent or dealer when yi'ii can with equal safet.v, sati^- lactioii and guarantee bu.v ulirect from manulactureis -land save half the co>t. Unr 'Veliioles are built for hard wear. Best miiterials tlirousili- out. New styles. Approved Wnrk- fnansliip. Cnqualitiefl irnariinlee. l|t;39.35 and upwards. Our llarnexH und Saddle* comprise a complete line of standard work $4.a5 uowards. In no event lilaceynir order without writing for oiii- Free Catalogue contain- ing valuable suggestions t^ the vehicle, V liarness iiuver CASH BUYERS' UNION, (Inc.) 158 W. Van Buren St., B-345, Chicago, Ills. The Power duestion —for farm use, dairies, creameries, ;heese factories — anything requir- ing light power, is best settled by buying one of ttiese LEFFEL ENGINES. They are made in both horizontal and upright pattern, with engine attached to boilers. Being very _.^ si mple and direct in construc- ^ tion they ftre economic of fuel and great developers of power. Best for cutting and grindingi'eed, sau ingwood, pumping n-uter, M<>paratlng cream, eliurning. &v. Made of the best material throughout they are durable and long lived. ^^ .Send stamp for our Boob on ff"^ Engines and Power. JAJUEH LEFFEL &. CO., Box 89, Sprlnsfleld, Oi COR SALE CHEAP.— 100 nearly new second-hand *^ Hilton chaiT hives. Hives are at Wallin, Benzie Co., Mich. For particulars inquire of I<. C. WooDM.\N, Grand Rapids, Mich. In writing advertisers please mention Gleanings. 204 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar 1 THE FASHION FLOWER OF THE DAY Is the beautiful sweet pea. Recognizing the popularity of this garden favorite, we ofler for 1901 five new and handsome sorts, for 5 2-eent stamps, together with a copy of our new seed book, the most modern catalogue of modern times. It is so costly a production we cannot afford to gratuitously distribute it. (Postage alone is .> cents. ) We E?r?'i it postpaid for 10 cents to- gether with one jiacket of each of these : 5 Grand New Sweet Peas. te. A nackct^. Navy Blue. The best to ilate. GorgeoiiH. Unique and di Aiiierieji, "White striped Cjimiin. , Royal Kosc A blushing beauty . [ nill V iS\t* iSalupiaii. Intense scarlet. -' UHLI I ltd IVilh our iiew seed bofik free. Features of our new catalogue for 1901 are 136 pages (9o20 square inches of reading and ilhistrat- ions) 7 handsome colored plates. A list of novel- ties in vegetable, farm and liower seeds to l;e had nowhere else this year, 33 new sorl!« now offered for tlie first lime, and a compltte list of standard seeds, bulbs, j lants, fruits, etc.. Other features, full cultural directions and many cash prizes. If you wtint an up-to-date garden and the best you ever had you must plant Maule's Seeds. Send 10 cents for "catalogue and these new sweet peas to-day. Address, WM. HENRY MAULE, 1711 Filbert Street, Philadelphia. SEED POTATOES $1.50 a Barrel and up. Michicran Northern Grown are always the best. 20 best varieties. Blight proof, enormous yielders. highest quality, lowest prices. Sold in any quantity, one pmmd to a ear load. C'at-ilogue free on request. , Harry Mm Hammond Seed Co i Uojc69 , Bny City, JUicU. Former!,, of FlnM. Largest growers of S'^ed pota- toes in America. at Bargain Prices Apple, Standard and Dwarf Pear.Cherry, Peach and Plum trees. Japan Plums a specialty. Save half your money by buy- ing direct of producer. Our free cata- logue of fruit or ornamental trees will tell you how and why. Let us price your list of wants. Cg%m i t\g^^€ will mail two plants of rUI I UOoiir Red CroKS Currant. „,*•, GREEN'S Nl'RSERY CO., .4 ll&H. Rochester, N. T. ..„':ili!lll IBllllllu, .iiwuimiuiUIMlliUi SEED bTl free To ?et new customers to test my ^eeds, 1 will mill my 1901 catalogue, tilled with more Bargains tnao ever and a 10c I>ue Bill good for 10c worth of ScedR for trial absolutely free. All the BestSeeds, Bulbs, Plants, Roses, Farm Seeds, Potatoes and many Novelties at lowest prices. Ginseng:, the great money making plant. Giant Prize To- matoes, 2 to t he toot. Pan Ameri<*un 4)ats, seo tout free to farmeis, and two Free Passes to I'lin American Expo- sition, Buffalo, N. Y. are offered. $2,G3o 00 n cash premiumH, Don't give your order until you see this new catalogue- Vou*!! be Surprised at my bargiiti offers. Send posta j tor cataloga« to-day. It Is FRF.K to all. Tell your friends to send too. r. B.MILl.S,Boz lO&,R0sehUl, UooudagaCu., Ji. T. SEEDS. PLANTS, ROSES. BiilbK. VlncH. Shrubs, Fruit unpiMmi •17yenrstest. 1000 acres, 4(1 in Hardy Koses. 44 Green. houses of Plants and Ever- blooming Koses. Mail size [iosipaid. safe arrival guaran- teed. Try us, our goods will please you and direct deal will save you money. Write for valuable catalogue, free. The Storr.oubIe \« heel lloe». They cultivate perfectly all garden crops, astride or between the rows. Throw tliedirCto orfrom tlie row; cultivate the middles; break up the crust and level the surface. They plow, turning furrow either risrlit or left, hill up and furrow out. Have attachments for all this work. Adjustabletoany width of row. Strong, durable and last- ing. Kvery ali.achnient of best liardened polished steel. Then, too, they are so easy to handle; children use them readily. Our 1901 (^ntalogue ("edition 3.'i0.000) illustrates and fully describes the,seandour iuIUine of '•I'l'iiiet J r." Hill and Drill Seeders, Wheel Hoes, Hoi-se Hoes, Cultivators. Two-Horse Cultivators, Sugar Beet Seeders )Ui(l Cultivators, etc. Prices gi'eatly reduced for 1901. But send .and get a free copy of the cat.ilogue and learn all about ' •Planet J r«." and how they .are u^ed at home and in toreigji countries. S. L. ALLEN & CO., BOX 710 H, PHILADELPHIA, PA. Tii-u Until Medals at I'aiis EjjHj^ninn; Ilinh, ^t Air.inl. ■ Ill I iwiiMiiiMr I ri I III I • ^LANS STaZ^'CIRAWBERRIIS atid other |J loo Varieties CUMBERLAND RASPBERRY, KINO OP MICHItiAN POTATO. /FLANSBURGH &. PEIRSON, Leslie, Mich HEADQUARTERS FOR HIGH GRADE Plants and Seed Potatoes. Descriptive Catalogue Free to All. ;IG STRAWBERRY ! \\ e \\ ill mail you six plants of Corsican r bitj^ebt strawberry on earth, if yuu will i t send us 15c. for one nevv subscription t ! GREEN'S FRUIT GROWER and Home Companion for | six months. Established tweut. \L lis a^o. 1 1 has 60,000 subscribers win s IV It s the best family fruitjournal ii America. Send for free sample cop>. Green's Fruit Grower, Rochester, N. Y. Always Fresh. Always the Best. a} nmM) ase sold everywhere. 1901 Seed Annual free. D. M. FERRY & CO., DETROIT, MlClf. SAIZEI^S SEEDS WILL MAKE YOU Billion S Grass. ■velou3 ^r iss, wonderfii 1 fitforali.soil, every condi- tion, every st;ite in Ihe \ nion. VV I] e.dl2lon3otr;chliay ami lots and -lolscf p.-i61urebis!(lts. "What is it!" 1 1' St he lieaviestyifclding grass this side of the Blar5;wilIni!ikeyourtch. First crop 6 we alte Everybody is =-)/ askmg : "W hat is it i" Catalogue tells, CombinatBcn Corn. realeslt'olceajell.wdti.tcornofthe A age. Setd . W ill m:ike you rich "^ to plaut. 'V\'illre\» ii^tionizeconigfrowiu;;. [P;/ Speltz,RapeaindPeaoat. /{ /) / Three perlect fco.ls. Spcltz yields 80 bu. /■fi¥J^~" , OmunseedOUcll). (TM 9 :| FcrTOc JC^ Stamps'Ay ^ and tl -s N.-i. H ■neni.iiU. -iiiLMiii fdSeed (.Ht .|.._- :.ii 10gi-,,m..cK|-s,ii chid ng above, als SpeUz(80bii.per.\l Oata (2al) bii.per A ) Rape, Barley (ll^Jj bu.perA ),l*eajat etc wonhSlOforastait, _ !J0IINA.5ALZER5[[D'CO."Sr: In writing advertisers please mention Gleanings 206 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar 1 You Can^i Afford to Guess at results in the poultry business. If you fail to raise the chicks, you simi)lv have no busi- ness. The way to be absolutely sure about gettinj; the chieicsis to employ a Cyphers Inou- butorin your hatching. Weg-uarantee them to last 10 years and to outhatch any incubator made. The best way to know about it is to read our 224 pa^e (8x11 in,) book, "Profitable l»oultry Keepiiiii." Has3.50 illustrations and covers the entire subject. We send it for 10 cents in stamps. Ask (or book 74. Circulars mailed free. . Address nearest office CYPHERS INCUBATOR CO. Chicago, 111., Wuyland, N. Y., Boston, Mass. Mr. A. I. Root's Writings of Grand Traverse territory and I,ee- lanau County are descriptive of Mich- igan's most beautiful section reached most conveniently via the .... Pere Marquette R. R. Tor particulars address W. C. Tousey, E. P. A., Toledo, Ohio. ^^l^' ELECTRIC HANDY WAGON, When yoii buy a wag-nn, buy one that will last you a lire time, without costinjr more for repairs tlian it is worth. Get one that is easy to load and easy to draw. That's the Electric— the best marie watron in the world Steel wheels (24 to 56 ineheshiphl wide tires, straig-ht or staprger spokes. Send for hand- some catalocr of steel wheel». wasrons and otherimplements at money-savm;^ prxes. ELECTRiCW'lEELCO,, Box P5 QUit^CY. ILLINOIS. I^r Harness Breaks] RIVtT M/tCAZINC HOLDS WEICHT ONLY 20 OUNCES You want sometliiufj; that ' ill fi.x It on the spot. The ( Combined Riveter, Rivet Wag~zir,e and Buckie Punch f is the handiest conttiv- 1 ance you ever saw. Makes ' Ke» r a perfect clinch. Holds iiO rivets. Carry it in your / pocket. I'l'icei?!. includinKone year's subscription to ) s WOOL MARKETS AND StiEEP^ \ senii-mouthlj-. The leaning authority (Mi all sheep ) ^ questions. E!<1«>.50 we can sell you a better macliine than those advertised elsewhere at liijjhev price, but we ilri rather sp I \..u brtier Qtiallty I <; Our ele it Arlintrloii .lewel.ilrophead, Ijil3..50. 4»ni\o. » Hall iSeurlne A rlinBton. 5 drawer, drop lieail. ii>15.4.'>. \\' rite for large illnntrated cata- lopTueFRKE. CASH BUYERS' UNION, ^nc.i 158-164 W. Van IJiiieii St., li-345, Cbioaso Help the Hens 2.V*' ,,.! Cutgrreen bone supplies Incy ll\ just the element needed Hela I fiT winter esfnmuiiiction.Tlie You. \ HUMPHREY Green ^ Uone iiiid Vegetable Oiitterwill cut more bone in less time and with less labor thaa any other cutter made. We make a positive guarantee on this. Your money back if you want it. Send for our free cataloprue an-' e^s ri^cord book, HUMPIIKEY & 80\S, JJox 51 , JOLIET, ILL. HE? M Q I AV double the eej*a when Cil^O ^#^ ¥ fed on Green Cut Bone. MANN'S NEW BONE CUTTERS P'-^P^re bone in the best and cheapest \va\. t ut l:i-i. line, turn easy, Mann'sClover Cutters, newest. I. i.ii-t. s-. o<: $10. Minn'.s Swinging Feed Tray and Graiiiu < 'rysUil Grit make tiie business profitable. ^Catalog free. F, W, DIAAJV CO., Box 37 Alilford, iUass. I50VARIETIES. 1 1 breed fine poultry on one of the best equipped poultry farms in the world. Sen.i Sc in stamps for new 1901 Book, telling all about 50 varieties, with special priceson fowls andeggs. B. H. CREIDER, Florin, Pa. EGGS 81.00 for 15 best Brown I^eghorn or B. P Rocks. Illustrated descriptive egg-circu lar free. H. B. Geer, Nashville, Tenn S. C. BROWN LEGHORNS. I use well-striped breeding cocks. Eggs, SI. 00. Cockerels, $1.00 and up. Also Italian bees. Circular free. H. M. Mover, Shanesville, Pa. POULTRY-BOOK FREE. 64 pages, illust'd, with mos. trial subscrip- tion to our paper, lOcts. Inland Poultry Journal, Indianapolis, Ind. A BASKET FULL OF EGGS by using Ley's Poultry Condition Powders. Puts all fowls in a normal condition; destroys all disease germs; purities the blood; is a tonic and nutrient. Price 25 cts. a pk.; 5 for $1 00. Ley's Thoroughbred Minorca's Eggs. $1 00 for 13. Also Thor- oughbred Belgian Hares. Ceo. J. Ley, Florence. Cal. CRUSHED OYSTER SHELLS for poultry ; 100 lbs., 60 cts.; 200 lbs., 81.00 WISE & CO., Whole.sale Grocers. Butler, Ohio. ArKrnra firmfc Handsome pets; profitable /\UgUia UUaiS. stock. I^arge new circular for stock. EDW. W. COLE & CO.. Kenton, Ohio. l?fin PPPRFT^ All sizes; some trained; first- li,VV 1 L10. class stock. New price list free. N. A. Knapp, Rochester. Lorain Co., Ohio. pOR SALE CHEAP.— Twelve acres of very fertile ■ 'and with eight-room dwelling, cellar, and cellar- house, barn, store-house, and orchard — well watered. 100 Hedion bee hives complete, 2.3 or 30 colonies of Italian bees. A bargain. C. M. Thorntot*. O.saee, 111. Direct to Consumers. OurllandHomeCatn'oir tree, costing over $2 each, containes li4 pajeb, with 1!)00 illustrations and 15,000 articles listed, on which we guarantee to save you from 15 to 75%. Most coraplrte book of lusltind. §ent for 10c to pay costof mailing;, which will be refunded wita first order. Valuable book of refer- ence and ouffht to be in every household, l^et it ; keep it handy. Heller Chemical Co., Dept 40, Chicago. ^^"The Only Mail Order Drug Uoiue iu the tVEU*S are ;:ivin^ letter sansfactinn -^ than any other made. It's because they are so simple. s.-ii^ible anH »*iii-4'. Th^y are bi.iit tor busy people, u lio haven't time to fuss and bother. Our catulutfue is FliEE, We oon't ask vou to pay for it, I sn't i t won h esamiim^ i! We Pay the Freight, SURE HATC" INCUBATOR COMPANY, CLAY CENTER, NEBRASKA. INCUBATOR ON TRIAL The Perfected Von Culin. Successful result of 2.5 years' experience. Scientifically correct, practically oerfect. Non-explosive metal lamps. Double and packed walls. Perfect regulation of heat and ventilation. Made of best materials, and highest quality of workmanship and finish. PRICES $7.00 AND UP. SATISFACTION GUARANTEED OH XO PAY. We niake Brooders, Bee Hives & Supplies. C:^" Catalog and Price List sunt Free. The W.T. FALCONER MFG. CO., Dept. "3. Jamestown, N.Y, ^ Strong^ Healthy Ghicks[ hatched by our incubator I them than nens can hatcn. Why!( I >-:-3use ourreffuiatornever railstokeep I he heat just right. Catalogued printed In olaneuagesgivesiull I 'It s^riDtions.illusirationsand prices, and | 1^ much information ror poultry raisers. | ^^Sent for 6 ceutg. { DES MOINES INITBATOR CO.. ( Box 503 Des Jlaines. is. t IflE TOP Recognizing that there was *'room at the issued not an ordinary catalogue but the 20th Century Poultry Book. Contains the latest and best thought on the poultry question, from the egg through all its changes, to the market. No subject ^_ missed. Written from practical experience. ^^~-'' The world renowned Reliable Incu* MHlers, used all over the U. S. and in 51 foreign ed attent'on. Book mailed anywhere for lOc, batorg ' COuntrie-u. i RELIABLE INC. & BROODER CO., P>nx B.49 Quiocy, III 200-Egg Incubator for $ 1 2=00 |Perfect in construction and faction. Hatches every fertile WegET. Write for catalogue to-day. GEO. H. STAHL, Quincy. III. In writing advertise! s please mention Gleanings. 208 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar 1 Wake up Bee-Keepers. To the Changed Conditions. I have many times advised my readers to keep more bees. We are often asked what will mix the most successfully with bee-keeping, and I have replied, and still say, "a few more bees." In my eastern trip I met quite a number of men who are making money keeping bees — not simply making a living, but laj'ing up money. All of these men, with no Exception, keep bees in large numbers, scattering them around the country — perhaps 100 colonies in a place. It isn't profitable to put only a few in a place — there must be enough in each yard to make a day's work when the apiary is visited. Mr. H. ly. McLallen, a former pupil of Mr. \V. I,. Coggshall, but now the owner of several hundred col- onies, made a very bright remark at the Romulus in- stitute. He said : " We can't produce so much honey per colony. as we did years ago, but we can make more money. The reason is that we can keep more bees with less labor." The reason of the lessened yield per colony is the cutting off of natural resources, such as clover and basswood, but the improved methods that enable us to manage a greater number of colo- nies, the short cuts, if we will only recognize and practice them, really gives us advantages over our predecessors. It is in the discoverj' and practice of short cuts that we must look for our financial salva- tion. A great many processes that may be employed at a profit in a home apiary, are totally out of place in an out-apiarj-. The swarming problem, for instance, must be solved by a different process in an out-yard. The honey-extractor is the most satisfactory solution. Give the bees plenty of empty comb in which to .store honey, and swarming is practically ended. Years ago extracted honey was of slow sale at a low price, but its vise by bakers and other manufacturers has placed the demand upon a firm basis, and, at present, I know of no more hopeful field for the apiarist than the production of extracted honey on a large scale. Keep a lot of bees, scatter them around the country, and don't use up all your profits in useless manipula- tions. I wish to see bee-keepers prosperous, and believe I have never given them better advice than I am giving them now. I,et me repeat it : Keep hun- dreds of colonies, scatter them around the country, 100 in a place, produce extracted honey, study short cuts as though your life depended upon it. Personal- ly, let me ask you to give this matter your careful, serious thought. Not only this, but write to me on this subject. Especially would I like to hear from men who have had experience along these lines. Men who have made but an indifferent success with only one apiary, but have made money with several apiaries, or those who have tried running several apiaries and failed, if there are any such, could tell an interesting and instructive story. I^ II contains 48 articles, all full III H-^ ^ uf size and first class, and we guarantee satisfaction or will refund money. Half- soles alone are worth 50c, and are not included in other outfits. It will soon pay for itself in repairing boots, shoes, rubbers, har- ness, and tinware. Repair Outfit with Ohio Farmer one year for only 82.15, or the Complete Out- fit free for a club of 10 sub- scriptions to the Ohio Farmer. By freight. Send for our illustrated premium list, giving whole- sale prices on watches, sewing-machines, knives, and lots of other useful articles. Mention this paper. The Ohio Farmer Cleveland, Ohio. Low Rates Wet and Northwest. On February 12th, and on each Tuesday until April 36lh, the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Pailwaj' will s-ell one-way sec( nd-class tickets at the following very low^ rates : To Montana points, - - - S25 GO To North Pacific Coast points. - - 30 00 To California, - - - - 30 00 These tickets will be good on all trains, and pur- chasers will have choice of six routes and eight trains via St. Paul, and two routes and three trains via Mis- souri River each Tuesday. The route of the famous Pioneer l,imited trains and the U. S. Government Fast Mail trains. All ticket Agents sell tickets via the Chicago, Mil- waukee & St. Paul Railway, or for further informa- tion address F. A. Miller, General Passenger Agent, Old Colony Building, Chicago. Belgian Hares I have some fine hares for sale at reasonable prices. J. F. Moore, : Tiffin, Ohio. WHERE TO LOCATE? Why, in the Territory Traversed by the Louisville & Nashville RAILROAD. THE Great Central Southern Trunkline KENTUCKY, "" TENNESSEE, ALABAMA, MISSISSIPPI, FLORIDA. WHERE Farmers, Fruit-growers, Stock-raisers, Manufacturers, Investors, Speculators, and Money Lenders will find the greatest chances in the United States to make "big money" by reason of the abundance and cheapness of Land and Farms, Timber and Stone, Iron and Coal, Labor- - Everything. Free sites, financial assistance, and freedom from tartition for the manufacturer. Land and farms at 81.00 per acre and upwards, and 500,000 acres in West Florida that can be taken gratis under U. S. homestead laws. Stockraisitig t?i the Gulf Coast District will make enormous profits. Halt-fare excursions the first and third Tuesdays of each month. Let us know what you want, and w^e will tell you how to get it — but don't delay, as the country is filling up rapidly. Printed matter, maps, and all information free. Address R. J. WEMYSS, Cen'l Immigration and Industrial Ag't, LbUISVILLE, Ky. In writing advertisers please mention Gleanings. 210 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar 1 Our Advertisers. SWEET-POTATO SEED. See what I,. H. Mahan, Box 143, Terre Haute, Ind. says on page 202. BELGIAN HARES. We do not keep them, but you can get them of J. F. Moore, Tiffin, Ohio. See page 209. SPLIT HICKORY. What about it? See what the Ohio Carriage Mfg. Co., 27 W. Broad St., Columbus, C, say on page 203. By some mistake our regular bee-supply catalog, in referrring to our other catalogs, mentions a plant catalog. We do not issue such a catalog now, and our friends will do well to write to some of our adver- tisers. Flansburgh & Peirson, whose advertisement is found on page 205, can probably supply about all we have listed heretofore. HUNGRY HOGS. The John A. Salser Seed Company, of La Crosse, Wis., the great farm-seed growers, have some splen- did seed sorts to cure the hunger of the hogs, and make them happy, fat, healthy, and contented In their Peaoat, a perfect food, in' the green state, or in their Giant Incarnat Clover, or Sand Vetch, or Cow Peas, or Rape, they have heavy cropping, quick pro- ducing foods, that tempt the appetite of the swine, or cow, or sheep, or poultry, or horse. Every mouthful of this food seems to give contentment and adds flesh and fat. Their great catalog tells all about it. Have you seen a copy ? If not, send for one to-day, inclos- ing 5 cents poi^tage. Get the Best Queens. Evansville, Ind., Sept. 27th, 1900. The Jennie Atchley Co., Beeville, Bee Co., Texas: Dear Friends:— It gives me great plea.sure to forward you this unsolicited testimonial regarding the merits of Atchley queens. The three (3) dozen queens pur- chased of you have made an excellent record for themselves. Not an Atchley queen among the twenty colonies lost during the severe drouth in July. I have bought queens from many breeders; and although the present crop is exceedingly short, the tiers of supers show where the Atchley queens are, and speak vol- umes for your method of queen-rearing. I find the progeny to be very gentle, strong winged, uniformly marked, long-lived, of large size, and last, but not least, the best honey-gatherers I ever had. I shall want 100 more next season. Yours fraternally, J. C. Wallenmeyer. Prices for Queens. Tested, 81.50 each; 88.00 for 6, or 815 00 per dozen. Untested, February, March, April, and May, 81.00 each; S5.00 per 6, or 89 00 per dozen, Fine breeders, 85.00 each We have as good bees and queens as money and labor produce. We breed three-band Italians, Goldens, Carniolans, Cyprians, and Holy- Lands, in their purity, bred in separate yards 5 to M miles apart. If you want the best, call for Atchley's improved strains. Safe arrival guaranteed. Send for a sample copy of " The Southland Queen," the only southern bee-paper. 81.00 per year. To new sub- scribers we offer as a premium a nice untested queen in order to get out paper introduced. Catalog, giving queen-rearing and management of apiaries for profit, FREE. THE JENNIE ATCHLEY CO., Beeville, Bee Co., Texas. ^miiiiiiWimimMtiiiiiiiii'imiiiMiiiiiiiiiii^^ r- -.itoife.23' '^ ■^:5-! BEE-SUPPLIES. Best-equipped factory in the West; car- ry a large stock and greatest variety of every thing needed in the apiarv, assur- ing BEST goods at the LOWEST prices, and prompt shipment. We want every bee-keeper to have our FREE ILLUS- TRATED CATALOG, and read descrip- tion of Alternating Hives, Ferguson Su- pers, etc. U'rile at once for a catalog. — age;ncies : Trester Supply Co., 103 So. 11th St., Lin- coln, Nebraska ; C. C. Richards, 1223 17th St., Denver, Col. KRETGHMER M'F'G CO., Red Oak, Iowa. Si \ MADE TO ORDER. % ii;^ \\ j Bingham Brass Smokers I BINGHAM SMOKER. Dear Sir:— Inclosed find 81.75. Please send one brass Smoke-engine. I have one already. It is the best smoker I ever used. Truly yours, Henry Schmidt, Hutto, Tex Bingham Brass Smokers Made of sheet brass, which does not rust or burn out ; should last a lifetime. You need one, but they cost 25 cts. more than tin of the same size. The little open cut shows our brass hinge put on the three larger sizes. No wonder Bingham's 4-inch smoke-engine goes without puffing, and does not drop inky drops. The perforated steel fire-grate has 381 holes to air the fuel and support the fire. Heavy tin smoke-engine, 4-inch stove, per mail, $1.50 ; 3^-inch, 81.10; 3-inch, 81.00; 2^-inch, 90c; 2-inch, 65c. Bingham smokers are the originals, and have all the improvements, and have been the standard of excellence for 22 years. Only three larger ones brass. T. F. Bingham, Farwell, Mich. S 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 218 Sheet Music. Blue and the (jray I song or march), Gill I I,oved in Sunny Tennessee, ' Just as the Sun Rose, and many oth- Weut Down, My l.itlle t'.ei ers, at '_'•') cts. each, bj- mail postpaid at reasonable prices. See my "ad." in Gleanings. March 1. Ask for list of popular new books. Reference, The .^. I. Root Co. Books M. T. WRIGHT. Medina. 0. FIRE 5ALE OF BEE BOOKS! On January 1st there was a severe fire in our build- ing, burning out entirely four floors above us. The water that was thrown on the fire came down through our floor damaging our stock of book.«. printing-office, etc. Some of the books were wet s ightly, but enough so that they could hardly be sent out as perfect. These are the ones that we wish to offer. The read- ing pages of all are perfect, only the covers being a little soiled. Here they are, with prices postpaid : Prof. Cook's "Bee-keeper's Guide," only 6oc. Doolittle's Scientific Queen-rearing, only 50c. Newman's "Bees and Honey," only 40c. They ^re all cloth bound, and Htest editions. If you want a year's subscription to the old Weekly Ainer= ican Bee Journal, with any of the above books, add 75 cts. to your order This is a SPECIAI^ OFFER, and will last only so long as the slightly damaged books last. Better order AT ONCE if you want a bargain. Remember we are Headquarters for Bee=keepers' Supplies ! ! Catalog and sample copv of the AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL, FREE. Ask for them. Address George W. York & Co., 144=146 Erie 5t., Chicago, III. Bee-keepers' Supplies! ! ! Root's Goods. Sold cheap. Bee book given with order. Send for list explaining Barred Rock chickens and B-lgian hares. Pedigreed stock W. D. Soper, R. D. 3, Jackson, Mich. pOR SALE. —50 good strong Italian and Hvurid ' colonies of bees, all in new up-to-date 8-frame dovetailed hive=, painted two coats of white. Will sell for $2 per colony. EARL BAKER, 1438 W. Bancroft Toledo, O. pOR SALE. One 10 h -p engine and boiler 1 up- ' right boiler), one 18 inch planar, one Root saw- table. 30 ft. line-shafting, hanger pullevs and belting. Will take 12.50. J. W. Bittenbeuder, Knoxville, la. Sea Shells, Palms, Rare Plants. A sample box of sea shells, 10 cts. Larger boxes 25 and 50 cts. The above is an inexpensive way to take a little trip to the sea-shore. Resurrection Plants, 10 cts. each. A great novelty. Spanish Moss, 10 cts. for large package. Water Hyacinths, 10 cts. each. Easily grown. Palmetto Palms, 10 cts. each. Palmetto Palm Seed, 10 cts. per packet. Air Plants 15 cts each. Banana Plants, '20 cts. each. Orange Bl :>ssoms in Feb., March, and April, 10 cts. per box. Florida's sweetest flowers. Every thing postpaid at list price. All plants large and healthy. Letters answered. PREMIUM with every 50-cen't order. Refer to .\ I. Root. F. CHARLES GIFFORD, Vero, Fla. Golden or 5=banded; 3-band Italians. Some Points. We have been extensively producing honey for the last ten >ears, hence know the value of good queens. During all this time we have made a close study of queen-rearing, and now run over .500 nuclei, hence we know how to rear good QUEENS. During the last two years we have spared neither time, money, nor skill in piocuring and breeding up our strains of bees. We have bought queens from almost all who have claimed to have superior stock. We hav« taken them, tested them, and crossed them to each other and to our already fine stock of bees, and we now have the finest strains in the United .States. WE GUARANTEE ALL QUEENS to be large, prolific, and well developed, to give entire satisfaction, and to arrive at your postoffice in good shape. We have wintered over SCO fine queens, and our prices will Ix. : Tested, SI 25 ; select tested, I2.C0 ; breeders, S3. 00 to S5.00 each; untesttd queens, March 15, $1 00; after June 1st, 75c. Discounts in quantities, and valuable preminms given away to customers. Your subsciiption piid one year to the Progressive Bee-keeper upon receipt of your first order for ont-half dozen queens. Send a postal for large circu'ar; tells all about ourqueeus, methods, etc.; gives valuable in- formation to every one. N. B.— Motto, " High-grade queens, prompt service." O. P. HYDE & SON, Hutto. Texas- PACIFIC QUEENS. Wanted. — Addresses, especially on Pa- cific Coast, for my circular of best queens, and club rates on bee papers. W. A. H. GILSTRAP. GRAYSON. CAL. Long-Tonguedjfellow Queens. " The cage of bees is received. The tongue-reach is 19-hundredths. This is very good." The A. I. Root Co., per E. R. Root. The above is from my best breeding queen. Her mother is also long tongued. // rm/s in the family. These are ray ,s-hauii or Golden strain that have been bred for business for years. Queens, untested, Sl.OO; C, 85.00 ; dozen 89 00 F ne tested, 81.50; 0, SS CO. Se- lect tested, S2.00. Breeding. S3.00 to S5 00. I am print- ing a limited number of circulars with Florida views — nice ones — free. An extra one with different views for .5c stamp. Better get one at once. J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Fla. EARLY QUEENS FROM THE SOUTH We are reaiing queens now in full colonies by the be.'t methods known. Tested queen, f2.00. Untested, 11.00: 6, 5.00; 12, 89.00 Full colonies, 86.00; 3-frame §2 00; 2-frarae, Jl.50. Add price of queen to nucleus wanted. Write for discount on large orders, and cir- cular. Satisfaction guaranteed. Christian & Hall, Meldrim, Georgia. CHAS. ISRAEL & BROS., 486, 488, 490 Canar St., Corner Watt Street, N. Y HONEY & BEESWAX. Liberal Advances made on Consignments. Wholesale Dealers and Commission Merchants. E.stablished 1875. AHnnPV lUnrL-pf Don't think that your crop IIUIIC^' JTiai KCl. is too large or too small to interest us. We have bought and sold five carloads already this season, and want more. We pay spot o.ash Address, giving quantity, quality, and price. Ttios. C. Stanley & Son, Fairfield, III. pOR SALE — Apiary of 90 colonies, Dove'd hives, ■ 1225; farm of .57 acres ?750; together or separate; al.so horses, cows, etc.; basswoods at different eleva- tions and in sheltered coves give a crop of honey every year; never knew any bee - disease around. Cause for selling, accident. For particulars address John Hammond, Buena Vista, Scioto Co., Ohio. 214 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 15 Climax Poultry-netting. Galvanized after Woven. Made from Cold^drawn Steel Wire. . Warranted to Last Twen= ty=five Years in Ordi= nary Exposure. Tensile Strength Greater than Other Brands of No. 19 Netting The demand for fence netting or fabric made from wire, for the purpose of restraining domestic animals and fowls, has grown to vast proportions, and, like every thing else, the mode of manufacturing the same has undergone important changes. After test- ing many different makes we have purchased a large stock of the "Climax" netting, which is practically the G. & B. netting improved. The same being far su- perior to the product of recent years or inexperienced manufacture of to-day. It is a well-known fact that frequently ordinary steel wire is neated in the process of manufacture, and, when finished, is soft, and pos- sesses a low degree of tensile strength and elasticity. Although wire of this kind is more easily manipul ited in manufacturing, it is also true that the netting is more easily bent out of shape. All wire used in the "Climax" netting is manufactured by a patent pro- cess described as "cold drawn " steel wire. By this process the wire is not heated to a point that will de- tract in the least from the tensile strength, and, when woven, forms a fabric capable of wilhstandirg a much greater strain than other brands of netting made from No. 19 wire or heavier. "Climax" poultry-net- ting therefore possesses an exclusive advantage, in point of the superiority of its wire, over all others. Another notable feature of the " Climax " netting is the Jo>ig ticist in the meshes. With a long twi.st the wires are laid side by side for a greater distance, thereby making it much more rigid and strong. The meshes are uniform, and three-strand selvages con- tribute to the strength where usually required most. "CLIMAX" POULTRY-NETTING. Because the selvages are perfectly uniform in length and also equal in body, "Climax ' poultry-netting will roll out flat and straight, and smooth as a carpet or Climax " Poullry=net= ting and Fencing are the Climax of Perfection. . . remain flat and straight, and therefore be free from unsightly appearance that marks a netting that bulges in the fabric. oil-cloth. For this reason it can easily be fastened to posts without hard stretching. It will, when put on. 1.50 FOOT B.^LE OF "CLIMAX" NETTING READY FOR SHIPMENT. PRICE OF 2lNCH MESH " CLIMAX " POtJLTRY-NETTING. 12 inches wide, per roll of 1.50 running feet $ .65 18 " " " " 1 00 24 " " " " 1 30 30 " " " " 1.65 3ti •• " " " 2.00 -IS ■• " " " 2 60 60 " " " " 3.30 72 " " " " 4.00 Staples for the above, '4 and 1 inch, .Sc per lb. Five per cent off on .5 rolls ; 10 per cent off on 10 rolls or more. Prices F. O. B. cars Medina, New York, or Chicago, whichever point is nearest or most con- venient to you. "CLIMAX" SHEEP AND HOG FENCING. THREE STR.AND TWISTED SELV.AGAS. SOLD ONLY I.V FULL BALES, 20 RODS^(330 FEET) LONG. The " Climax " meets the demand for a strong and durable fencing for sheep and hogs. Each strand of wire is capable of sustaining a strain of at lea^^t 300 pounds, thus being aifcply strong for any ordinary requirements. The meshes are small enough (3x4 in., instead of 3x0 in. formerly), to stop small animals, while the shape of the mesh affords sufficient rigidity to the fabric to prevent sagging between the posts; also animals can not bend the fencing to crawl under. Being galvanized after weaving, the coating will withstand the action of the atmosphere for at least 25 years. In addition the wires are soldered where twisted, which unites them and combines the strength of all. It is the best material ever offered for the purpose at as low a price. 23 inches (7^ meshes) wide, per roll 20 rods, S5.60 50 inches (16 meshes) wide, per roll 20 rods, 10.50 F. O. B. cars Chicago or New York. We will mail free on request our 28-page netting and fencing catalog of other sizes of poultry-netting, also cottage-fencing, farm-gates, etc. THE A. I. ROOT CO.. Medina. Ohio. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 215 Contents of this Number. Absorbents v. Sealed Covers 241 Keer Poisoned hv Glucose 230 Bees and Allalfa Hay 241 Bees, Long-tongued, Are they Wanted? 220 Broom Sedge 241 Clover, Yellow Sweet 217 Combs, Loading Crosswise 241, 243 Commissioners, Pure food 246 C'lntraction and Belgian Hares 225 Cough Medicine, Honey 242 Cover, Brodbeck's 232 Cuba, Glimpses of 228 Dominica. Morrison in 235 Drones, Number Needed per Colony 242 Dzierzon as an Inventor 219 Entrance-contractor, Poile's 2.->8 Extractors with Double Pockets 243 Feeding Back for Comb Honey 2J2 Forming Nuclei 22(i Foul-brood Law, California 247 Found tion on a Curve 243 Foundation, Thin, tor Brood-frames 223 Frame, Movable, Inventor of 219 Gleanings Family 242 Glossometer, Swarthm ore's 233 Glucos" as a Poison 230 Heat, Effects of 231 Hives, Elevated 218 Hiving on Drawn Combs 239 Honey, Bottling 220 Honey. Extracted, from Dark Combs 242 Honey, Selling Extracted 222 House-apiary and Shop Combined 237 Medicine dropper a Success 241 Partnership in Bees 238 Poison of Sling, Antidote for 238 Pjllen, Too Much 23(i Queens Mated in Confinement 218. 247 Questions Answered 244 Rambler at Work 231 Sections, Size of 220. 240 Strainer, Kuehne's 2.S9 Sugar, Beet v. Cane 2l8. 245 Swarming, To Pievent 235 Tank. GiUtrap's 243 Tongues, Long, snd Longtvitv 234 Top-bars. Origin of Wde and Ihick 227 Uncapping. How Deep? 229 W'iley on Glucose L30 Wintering Indoor 2-10 Wintering, Que-tion OF ^ BEE-HIVES. ffK \^/ ih il/ (^/ B. Lewis Company, Watertown, Wis., U. S. A. We will furnish you with the finest bee- keepers' supplies in the World. Send us your Orders and we will fill 'em promptly. Send for Catalog. Lewis' • White • Polished • Sections • are BRANCH : G. B. Lewis Cjuipiny. 19 South Alabama Street, Indianapolis, Indiana AGENCIES: I,. C. Woodman, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Frfd W. Muth & Co. Southwest Cor. Walnut & Front Sts., Cincinnati, Ohio : Fred Foulger & Sons, Ogden. Utah ; Colorado Honey-producers' Association, Denver. Col.; Grand Junction Fruit growers' Association, Grand Junction, Colorado ; Robert Halley, Montrose, Colorado ; Pierce Seed and Produce Company, Pueblo, Colorado ; E. T. Abbott, St. Joseph, Missouri, Special Southwestern Agent. /!! Perfect. /f\ W^^W^^^^^VWVVWV^N BEE-SUPPLIES ! I ROOT'S GOODS > ROOT'S PRICES C. H. W. Weber, Cincinnati, Ohio. 2146-2148 Central Ave. ^vwvvywv A NEW and complete stock for 1901 now -^^ on hand. I am The Root Company's representative for Cincinnati and sur- rounding territories You save TIME and FREIGHT CHARGES by having goods shipped from here. Convenience of railroad facilities here enables me to do so. Before buying elsewhere, write for my prices and catalog, which will be mailed you free of charge. > AA^AA^>^^^SiVy^^A^/^^V^/^^^^N^N^AA^^A^^ ^^A/»^^^^^Ar A • JoURHAlo- *Pr • DELVoTED^ To"BE.E.^ •ANdHoNE-Y- . MD HOME.- " •lNTE.f^EST^ rubnshedby'THEA-I^OOl' Co. Sisi? PER Yeak'^'XsTIedina- Ohio • Vol. XXIX. MARCH 15, 1901. No. 6. MILLER The secret, most likely, of the large mem- bership of bee-keepers' societies in Germany li 's in the fact that the bee-ketper gets back directly the worth of his money in the way of reduced price of bee-journals and in other ways. New York bee keepers seem to be fol- lowing somewhat the same plan, and I'm wondering whether it may not be partly due to the fact that a man by the name of Greiner happened to select Germany as the land of his birth. E. S LovESY says, in The Rocky Mountain Bee Journal, that last year sweet clover yield- ed nothing except along the water-courses. That's the first report I've seen saying sweet clover failed to yield nectar anywhere. [This reminds me that 77?^ Rocky Jl/ountain Bee Journal is a very creditable publication — nice- ly printed, and the general subject-matter is good. We wish our newly arrived cotempo- rary success; and we see no reason why Colo- rado alone could not give a fair support to a bee-journal. — Ed ] "The meanest stock to introduce a queen to is one having cells almost ready to hatch," quoth ye editor, p. 184. Must have forgotten jnst then about la' ing workers. [Y-e-s — but, a colony with fertile workers is not, in a sense, queenless, is it ? for it has one or more (drone- laving) queens, or what they think are queens. Ic is usually not possible to introduce another queen to a colony already having one or what they regard as one. When I made the state- ment in question I had in mind a colony that was queenless — entirely so. — Ed ] Dr. Pauchet, La Nature says, replaces cod-liver oil with butyroniel, composed of two p^rts of fresh butter and one part of honey, beaten together. He says it is more readily accepted by children, a thing not hard to be- lieve. [I remember my mother used to give me honey and butter when I had a cold. If there is any virtue in such a combination it might be a good idea for us parents to give our children bread and butter and honey, and lots of it. "Honey and butter shall he eat," the good Book says, and its advice is always good.— Ed ] Sweet clover, says H. M. Jameson, of California, in Tlie Ruralist, " blooms here the first season, and continues for several seasons . The yellow variety abounds here, but the bees never touch it." Three things in that statement are at variance with previous reports. Does the same thing hold true in all parts of California ? If its life history is so much hurried up that it blooms a year sooner than elsewhere, one would think it ought then to die as an annual instead of being prolong- ed as a perennial. I AGREE heartily with Rambler, p. 185, in thinking a dead-level country is too monoto- nous. When I came from among the moun- tains to a prairie State I couldn't stand .the level, so I got a spot right on a hill and built a home on it ; and if you were to be set down here blindfolded you couldn't tell whether you were in Illinois or Pennsylvania. I'd want good pay to agree to spend the rest of my life on a level (although I'm trying my level best to live "on the level"), or any- where where the dwellings were thicker than one to every ten acres. Spring being at hand, let me remind those whose bees work a little on red clover, and who are trying to grow red clover with short tubes, that, if they can get seed from the Jirst crop, they will stand a better chance of suc- cess, for just at that time bumble-bees are too scarce to fertilize many blossoms, and so a " \arger proportion of seed in the first crop may be of the desired kind than in the second crop. Of course, there may be a larger quan- tity of short-tubed seed in the second crop, but it will be mixed with a still larger quanti- ty of seed that you don't want. " Why is it that the bees would peel the cocoons from the sides of the cell and leave the septum ? " says W. T. Stephenson, p. 141, evidently thinking that the same thickness of cocoons is on the walls as on the septum. I think I can show you a good many old ccmbs with the septum yi in. thick. Now, suppose the same amount of cocoons on the cell walls; 218 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 15 that would leave the cells measuring 13 to the iach instead of 5 to the inch, and it would take 634' of the bees to weigh as much as a common bee. Were your workers as small as that, friend Stephenson ? [Yes, yes ; you are correct. I had not thought of puttii:g the matter in that light. — Ed.] A. I. Root is a convert to the plan of hav- ing hives " supported just high enough from the ground to make it easy to work without stooping," p. 197. In some parts of the South I think there are special reasons for having hives thus raised on account of auts, other enemies, or water. I iufer friend Root prefers it on the score of comfort, and he has a very small following. More than 30 pictures of hives in actual use are given in A B C, and only one of the pictures shows the hives thus raised, and that's in South America One who works much at bees will sooner or later come to prefer to work at them sitting, and the ground is the place for that If raised to work with ease standing, the ease is gone when three to five supers are added. It may be that beet sugar is just as good as cane sugar, p. 193, but I confess to a little un- easiness so long as it is insisted across the wa- ter that beet sugar is bad for bees. They're not all fools over there ; there are some bright men in England and Germany, but I don't re- member to have seen one of them contradict the statement that beet sugar is inferior to cane. I only wish we could know just what the truth is. It's a thing no chemist can set- tle as a chemist, remember that. Can we look to the experiment stations for an answer? [No, indeed. Among the intelligent bee- keepers across the water there are no fools. In scientific investigations they are usually ahead of us ; but I am inclined to believe they have made out too bad a case for the beet su- gar.—Ed.] You SEEM TO LEAN toward Ira Barber's view, Mr. Editor, p. 195, but you don't answer my question. If it stirs up the bees so much to have just a little fresh air leak into the cel- lar, how is it that it quiets them down to have the whole cellar flooded with it.'' [In the same way that giving swill to pigs stops their squealing. If the pigs get to expecting the swill they will squeal until they get it. Then they are satisfied. But that does not signify that they will not squeal at the next swilling- time. I do not know that this hits the case exactly, but it struck me that perhaps, after one infusion of air, the bees are satisfied ; and then, discovering that roaring will bring on more fresh air, they will roar. Perhaps bees do not reason like pigs ; but when robbing- time comes on we do know they will show greater sagacit}'. — Ed.] IT STRIKES ME that the Rambler-McCubbin plan of having all increase go to the owner of the bees is a bright one. Then there's no temptation on the part of the bee keeper to overdo the matter of increase. [Rambler re- ferred to this disposition of increase, in an article, about a year ago. It struck me as be- ing so equitable that I incorporated the fea- ture in a provisional contract in " Bees on Shares ' ' in the new edition of our ABC book. The operator, if he understands his business, will, on this plan, bend every energy toward keeping down increase ; because, it he is to- make an}' thing, he will have to realize his profits from honey and not from bees. If he were to share equally in the increase and hon- e}-, the probaV)ilities are that both operator and owner would not make as much in the end as on the other plan. — Ed.] Some letters lately sent to Gleanings show an irrepressible desire to be honest, and to sell a section for no more than its actual weight, and at the same time there goes with it the belief that a certain size of section can be found so that there will never be more than a range of an ounce between the heaviest and lightest weights. Friends, that's all am\th. Tne average weight of one year will diff-rr from that of another ; they will vary in the same year ; and you'll find no reasonable size that will not give a variation of three or four ounces between the heaviest section of a heavy year and the lightest section of a light year. [Yes, you are right. Then why should we place so much stress on sections holding a pound? and why should we not rather sell by the piece, and thus avoid all the figuring and waste of time? — Ed.] Mating queens in confinement, that deal, decayed thing that has been carried out and buried, comes up smiling in Review for a re- hearing, and H utchy seems to think there may be something in it. And — must I make the humiliating confession ? — I'm a believer in it myself. Listen : If you had a cage a mile high, a mile long, and a mile wide, there would be no trr-uble about having queens mate in it. A smaller cage might do, the practical question being /zoze' small. Well, J. S. Daviite has found the answer to that question, and he says the cage must be 30 feet in diameter and 30 feet high. He had 100 queens mated thus in one year. The way he manages — but I'm snre the editor or Stenog will tell you all about it. [Your Straws came after I had pre- pared an editorial on this subject; and you will note that I, too, believe that there is some- thing in it. But I am afraid A. I. R., when he comes home from P'lorida, will hold up his hands in horror ; but if he thinks I have been carried away by a new old fad I shall have the satisfaction of knowing I am in good company. — Ed. ] Prof. Comstock, the able entomologist of Cornell University, sees no reason, from the structure of the mouth-parts of a honey-bee, why it should not be able to bite into a grape or peach. Prof. Cook says, in American Bee Journal, that he does not wonder at this state- ment, but that the practical question is not whether bees can bite grapes, but whether they do. And it has been proven over and over again, that, when a cluster of grapes is given to bees in a time of scarcity, some of the grapes punctured with a pin, the bees promptly clean out the punctured grapes but never bite into the sound ones. My view of the case may not be scientific, but I have a lingering suspicion that it is a physical im- 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 219 possibility for a bee to bite iuto a peach or grape. [I think your suspicion is well found- ed. I have examined the mouth-parts of sev- eral different insects, and it seems to me those of any one of them are better adapted for cut- ting or puncturing fruit than those of the bees. From what I know of bees they would cut and slash through the skins of fruit during a dearth of hone}- if they could. They have no more conscientious scruples about wading into the nice preserves of the housewife than the highway robber has for stealing my watch.— Ed ] You S.\Y, Mr. Editor, that bees will start in an extracting-super when they wouldn't in sections, and when this is replaced by a section super they'll start promptly in the lat- ter. I don't doubt it in the least. But that still leaves it an open question with me wheth- er the plan is advisable. Now please answer two questions : How many days after the ex- tracting super is given before they will start work in the sections ? Do you knocv that they would not start just as soon in bait sections if these are given in place of the extracting-su- per ? [I have found that many of our pure Italian colonies were very stubborn about go- ing into sections, even when I gave them " baits ; " but by giving them a shallow super of extracting-combs all drawn out, I could in- duce most of them to start upward at once. When they have stored a little honey above, and become accustomed to going above, which would take anywhere from one to two days, I would take this extracting super off, and give them, instead, sections with full sheets of foundation. The habit of going above seem- ed to be so strong that those same bees that had been stubborn before would now go right into the sections. I did not allow any such colonies so treated to store very much honey in extracting-combs As soon as the bees en- tered them and began to stoie a little honey I would take them off and give them to other stubborn colonies. Thus one set of extract- ing-combs might answer for four or five colo- nies,but usually not more than two. — Ed ] So YOU THINK I rate a little too highly the value of Dzierzon's contributions to bee cul- ture, Mr. Editor. Possibly, but that's my honest conviction. You have grown up un- der the full light of the Dzierzon theorv, and is it not just possible that it is a little diflficult for you to realize just what it would be to have that light totally extinguished? Perhaps, too, you may not give full force to the fact that Dzierzon gave the movable frame to a large part of the bee-keeping world. I do not think of any one living man who has done more for bee-keeping than those two things. [Dzierzon gave the movable frame? Why, doctor, it must be you have forgotten. If you are basing your authority on Cheshire, I am afraid you are misled. What Cheshire says concerning Dzierzon, and his connection with the movable frame, is contradicted by Charles Dadant and E. Stachelhausen. Samuel Wag- ner, than whom there is no better authority, says in the American Bee Journal, page 14, Vol. I., that " Dzierzon did not invent a mov- able frame ; that he only improved a method for handling movable combs;''' that Delia Rocca, as you will see by reference to the au- thorities, devised a method for using movable bars to which combs were built ; tut in all these cases it was necessary to cut the combs away from the sides of the hive as wtll as from the bottom, before they could be taken out. Dzierzon improved on this by using bars in a top-opening hive. Later on, Berlepsch invented a movable frame, but not till after Langstroth had patented and brought out his invention. But for argument's sake, assuming that Berlepsch was prior, you will see that the Langstroth invention made a practicable mov- able frame, which the Berlepsch was not. Be- fore we could give credit to Dzierzon for the invention of movable frames we should have to mention the names of Munn, of England ; Debeauboys, of France ; and Propokovitsch, of Russia. But if any one is to be credited for the invention of movable frames before Langstroth, that honor should be extended to Huber, who did make a closed-end frame that was a great improvement on any of the frames ever invented until the Langstroth came out. The Ouinby, the Heddon, and the Danzenba- ker are, practically, modifications of the origi- nal Huber. For my authorities I would refer you to the American Bee Journal, Vol. I., for 1861, page 14. There you will find a most in- teresting and valuable article by Wagner. While it is admitted by this writer that Dzier- zon's improvement on the movable bar " re- ceived general acceptance and approval in Europe," yet he limits this invention to "bars," and not "frames," as 3'ou will see. Now turn to Gleanings for May 15, 1888, pages 379-381 ; then, if you care to, turn to Dadant's Langstroth Revised, from pages 137 to 144. But I would not detract from the glory that Dzierzon has won in his great dis- covery of parthenogenesis. That alone is enough to make him great in the mind of any intelligent bee-keeper. But as long as it is generally conceded now, both in Europe and America, that Langstroth was the first to bring out a practicable movable frame I think we ought to concede that honor to him. — Ed.] 1>ICKlj^GS ^//lOMOUfi NEIGHBORS FIELDS. A strange comtningling of the weather now — Fogs, rain, zero, then more snow ; Then t.hish, then mud, then icy walk. And all within a day or so. L' APICULTURE PRATIQUE. This is a new French bee journal published in Mr. Dadant's native department (Haute- Marne) in France. The first number is before us. It presents a fine appearance, and gives an account of Mr. Dadant's visit to his old home. From it we also learn that the Minis- ter of Agriculture of Hungary has just created a special school for the study of apiculture. 220 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 15 The course comprises theory and practice in an apiary having hives of all systems, an ex- perimental field for testing honey-yielding plants, and a laboratory for different kinds of honey and wax. Mr. Voirnot, " the most active, the most ar- dent, and the most intelligent propagator of movable-frame apiculture in France or Belgi- un," died recently at Ludie, France. Mr. V. was one of the most voluminous writers on apiculture that ever lived, and his productions were highly esteemed. His death will cause a large vacancy among bee-keepers. BRITISH BEE-JOURNAL. The discussion as to the size of sections has lately assumed interesting proportions in Eng- land. That a thinner and taller section seems to be demanded there is evident after reading several letters from prominent British bee- keepers. Mr. R. M. Lamb is one of the most active persons in the agitation of this question. In the issue for Feb. 7 he says : la the previous article, after noticing how Mr. Co%v- aii supported my view as to the natural thickness of h )ney comb I ought alo to have given the following quotation from The A. '. Root Company's cat < log for 1900 fpage 6' : — "A tall section holding approximately a pound weight permits of the use of a thinner comb — a comb more nearly appro iching combs in nature. Thin combs are said to be filled .sooner and are far better filled, and it is also thought that honey ripens better in them." I can hirdly think these sta'enients would have been inserted if they had not the support of some successful bee-keepers. This catalog. I may siv. came into my hands only at the beginning of this winter, and in it I have found several way.s in which m5' experience has been strikingU' similar to those of many of our biethren over the water. In the next issue Mr. F. W. L. Sladen, a b2e-keeper well known on both sides of the water, writes : I have been following the discussion on the .size of sections started in your pages by the Rev R. M I,amb, with much interest. I see that Mr. Lamb now advo- cates not onlv a thinner comb in the section, but also a /ar?-^>' and ;'a//^r section than our present 4i^ inch by A% inch section Having been for some time interested in the ques- tion of V\\\ V. square sections, I last year gave the tall sections a trial, and .selected for this purpose Root's ' Ideal " plain sections, which measure 3' ; in. by 5 in. bv 1'/^ in. These sections have a thin comb, as recom- mended by Mr. Lamb, but when finihed they weigh o ily about 1354 oz. Owing to the bad season I got oilv a few of these sections finished, but every one who saw them thought them much better looking than t'le ordinary 4^:;^ -in. square sections. Further down Mr. Sladen savs : I agree with Mr. Lamb in his further demand for a taller section. For a better presentation of this matter, see page 216, written by the editor. SOUTHLAND OUEEN. Dr. Howard Gil more asks : I notice Gleanings is making lots of fuss about long- tongued bees. I don't know whether they will beat • thers here or not. We do not have any'red clover fir them to reach Our cotton-hlo ims are Urge, and '■isswood is not very deep. What do you think about ' vat strain, Bro. A. ? Are thev any better for us here 1 ' the sunny South th in any other good Italian bees? ' t they are I should like to try them a fall, as I like t ) hive the best. Our notion is that, if bees' tongues can be bred a thousandth of an inch longer than nature intended, they can be bred with tongues a foot long. It is our opinion that there is a great big nonsense lurking around long-tongued bees. We do not think there are any better bees in the world than those we have in Texas, and they never saw red clover. . . We think some soils will grow red clover with shallower nectar- cells than others. One is inclined to think that the "non- sense" that lurks around long-tongued bees is in the mind of those who do not consider the matter of locality. As for the length of bees' tongues, Nature never had any intention concerning them any more than she did when she made a pig with a snout a foot long, and yet enabled man to breed that snout down to a mere vestige of its original comeliness. But it does net follow that the tongue of a bee can be lengthened a foot simply because a half can be added to its average length, nor would that be desirable. The movement for longer tongues is simply to get the red-clover crop of the North, which now is practically all wast- ed. The bees, no one claims, would be any better except on that account. If anybody can get along with a 14-foot ladder to get on his 14 foot house, all right ; but if others have houses 20 feet high they are entitled to a long- er ladder. A bee with a tongue-reach of ^ inch would, we are morally certain, add great- ly to the yield of honey in the Northern States, and that, too, of a quality so good that all other honeys would have to be com- pared with it for a standard, except that from other clovers. BOTTLIXG HONEY. Washing the Jars : Packing for Shipment, etc. BY CHALON FOWLS. The editor replies In my former article on bottling I did not describe the process of washing the jars, so I will do so now. We generally run them through water twice, using merely tepid water first and hot- ter water last, so as to avoid breaking the glass by too sudden changes. When there is sand sticking to the inside of the jars, our folks use a swab or rag tied on a stick when washing the first time. Some might like a woven-wire pot-cleaner to shake around in- side and loosen the sand ; but our folks will have none of it. After the jars are rinsed they are turned bottom up on two or more thicknesses of crash toweling for half an hour or more, when they are ready for use. The towels take up the water like a sponge, so that they get dry quicker ; besides, there is no water streaming down on the floor. Perhaps it might not be amiss to give my method of packing for shipment Shipping- cases can be bought with some kinds of jars ; but the 1-lb. cans come cheaper by the barrel. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 221 and, at the grocerirs, I can get l)oxes which I saw up and make over if too large. I prefer the latter plan, as I can make wages doing the work in winter. The boxes are made large to give room under the jars for two or more inches of packing, and something springy should be used — planer shavings, for instance, putting some pieces of shingles or pasteboard over the packing to set the jars on so they will not work down through so as to get to the bottom. In this way the honey-jars ride on a sort of springy cushion, and I have never had any complaints of broken jars when so packed. The tops of the boxes are stenciled " Glass, this side up, " and the shipping-tags tacked on top ; and the railroad men will keep them right side up, because they want the tags on top, where they can be seen. I pack not less than two dczen in a box, and put in four dozen when the orders call for that much. Each jar is wrapped well with paper before packing. I use old newspapers for the purpose. In the picture my daughter is seen at my left, wrapping tumblers, while I come next, packing, and my boy Arba is nailing on covers at my right. It will be seen, by looking at the open box in the picture, that every other tumbler is placed bottom up. By packing in this way they keep in place, and no packing is needed between them. If more honey is put up than is ordered, it should be kept, preferably, in a warm room ; but if it must be stored in a cold room it should either be pack- ed ready for shipment or else covered up close- ly in boxes to prevent their getting too cold and then sweating when placed in a warm store, thus making the labels come off. Since writing the foregoing, Gleanings for Feb. 1st has come to hand. PREP^RINC nOXr,V FCR SHIPMENT. 222 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 15 On reading over the symposium in that is- sue, I see there is one point that should be explained more fully, in justice to the method advocated by Mr. Deadman and myself. If the honey is kept quite hot, say at 160°, dur- ing the process of filling the bottles or glass- es, it will be found that the bubbles will all rise to the top in a very short time. Now, I contend that, as this takes place before it has time to cool, it makes no difference at all about its candying afterward. There will be an air-space at the top, just as in canned fruit, so the result is the same by either method. I see the editor infers by my former articles that I am put to some trouble in exchanging jars at the grocer's on account of their getting candied. I will explain that, since we have improved our methods of putting up, the ex- change business is done away with. I no longer need to exchange, although I still agree to. In fact, only one jar has been ex- changed during the past year. Oberlin, Ohio. [In reference to the matter in 3-our last two paragraphs concerning pouring honey hot and honey cold into glass jars, you are probably right in saying that the bubbles will rise to the top, where they will do no harm. So we shall have to conclude that the question whether we shall pour hot or cold honey into the jars is rather one of convenience than one of difference in results. — Ed ] RETAILING EXTR.\CTED HONEY. Bottled Goods v. Those Put up in 8-Ib. Pails for Ji.oo ; a Valuable Article. BY THOS. SL.^CK. I have been a good deal interested in the ar- ticles you have published from time to time on putting up and marketing extracted honey, etc. This is a very important point in any business, for it is of little use manufacturing or producing a nice article and then realizing only half price for it. R. C. Aikin comes nearer my idea of the right thing than any of the rest, but I differ with all of ihem in one or two points, although it may seem rather cheeky for me to say so, as many of your correspon- dents sell tons where I sell hundreds ; but I doubt very much if they could sell any more than I can on the ground I cover with my market-wagon, some 21 miles in three direc- tions each week in the summer. My sales have always been limited by the amount of honey I could produce or buy at a low enough price to pay handling. Candied honey can be sold to a limited amount here ; but liquid hon- ey sells as ten to one against candied Most of my customers are farmers, mechanics, or laborers (no stores), or people who have to earn their own living, and a fancy price can not be looked for — about 12^ cents a pound. One year I sold at 10 cents. Bottling hot or bottling cold will never trouble me, as I have no use for either. I give my ideas from my standpoint here for this section, and I do not think it differs much from any good farming section with good vil- lages or small towns scattered around it. I never touch comb honey to sell. Loss from breaking down just wipes the profits clean out. I never sell a single pound of extracted honey. My unit in selling is $1.00. If a cus- tomer asks, " How much is your honey this fall?" I say, "Eight pounds for §1.00, pail included." Perhaps, if a stranger to me, they will say, "I want only one or two pounds." I explain to them I can not very well carry conveniences for weighing on my wagon, and I have it all weighed up in pails nicely labeled, a card explaining that the honey will likely candy in cold weather, but that it can be brought to a liquid state again without hurt- ing the flavor, and telling how to do so. Pasted on the pail it prevents the trouble Mr. Aikin speaks of, of losing a customer because his liquid honey candied. If possible, have them taste the honey, and do not have any that is not fit or a pleasure to taste. If the customer wants honey I very seldom miss sell- ing him a pail. I used to put the honey up 8 lbs. net, the pails to be returned when emp- ty ; but this did not work well. After losing about 125 pails one summer I set my thinker to work, and struck the following plan : Weigh up 8 lbs. gross for $1.00, the pail a legal tender for 10 cts. if returned in good or- der. This works perfectly — no friction, no loss. I do not believe in putting up honey in glass or selling by the pound, for the follow- ing reasons : Too costly and too much bother for one thintr ; but more particularly because, if a person buys a bottle or a tumbler of hon- ey, the price is prettv high including the glass. Now, very few families (about one in twenty, not to be wild, probably nearer one in one hun- dred) eat honey. I do not mean to say they do not taste it, but they do not look upon it as food, something to nourish the body with. If they buy a nice white section of honey, that sacred thing is put aside against company com- ing. If a tumbler, it is put aside as a nice thing in case of colds, etc. The children must not touch it. Come and try to sell them some honey. " Thank you, not any to-day ; we have some on hand," and you do not sell them any until some one of the family has a cold or company does come. With a pail in hand there is a feeling of plenty. As I heard a man say once, " I do not suppose I can or do drink more milk out of a pan in the milk- room than I can out of a tumbler in the house, but all the same I like to drink out of the pan. There is a sense of freedom about it that suits." The children want some honey with their biscuits ; there is plenty, and they have it. It is put on day after day, until, hal- loo ! the bottom of the pail is reached ! They have acquired a taste for honey (the older people as well), and got into the habit of eat- ing it, and another pail must be bought, add- ing much to their comfort and good health, and profit to the seller. I believe, and feel quite sure, that I can sell more good extracted honey at 8 lbs. for $1.00 than I can for 10 cts. a pound. As A. I. R. once said. "If there is one thing I excel in it is being able to employ a lot of help and make them earn their wages. ' ' 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 223 Now, if there is one thing I am good at it is being able to sell any good article I have at a good price, and hold uiy customers ; and one thing I have found out is, don't bother your customers much in making change. Take whole coin, not cents. It is easier to get |1.00 for honey from one man than 50 cts. from two. I can sell a good many more cucumbers or cabbage at 3 for 25 cts. than I can at 8 cts. each. I do not mean to say that any stranger can go in and sell on these lines anywhere ; but a good man with good goods, if he is a good salesman, can do it. You must have the confidence of your customers. It takes fair and square dealing, and time to get that, and when you have it, keep it, as you will find it profitable, both for your pocket and your soul — for your pocket, for it enables you to sell ; for your soul, for, to keep their confidence, you must have clean hands and a straight tongue, and so a good conscience. Waterloo, P. O., Dec. 26. [There is a great deal of sound truth in what you say, friend Slack ; and, by the way, you are not so slack a man as your name would seem to indicate, for apparently }OU have giv- en attention to even the small details. But a policy that would be ad- visable for your locality might not be a good one to follow in another. If you were to move to Oberlin, Ohio, you would find a very large class of customers who would buy in small " dribs," but who would not take any honey if it were put up in pails requiring the expenditure of a whole dollar. Some of the poor people of that town, I fancy, would look at the dollar, and then look at the pail of honey ; and if they could not buy a dime's worth of your goods put up in glass they would go away with the shining dollar and leave you in possession of the honey. — Ed] of wire. The frames are the staple-spaced, groove and wedge, thick top-bar. The only difficulty experienced was in two or three in- stances where the wedges were too thin to fas- ten the foundation securely, which, by inad- vertence, were overlooked. You will find on the next page a diagram marked No. 4, showing the method of wiring. The hooks are made of slim nails, or brads, of the proper length, driven from the outside, ex- cepting in the top-bar, where they are driven from the under side at the outer edge of the foundation groove. After the nailing is done, the hooks are made with a pair of small round pliers. The wire is run from the spool, placed upon a spindle to hold it stationary, com- mencing at No. 1. and following the course of the arrows as shown in the drawing, the whole work being done more rapidly than I've been able to do it in any other way. The method of wiring is not new with me, but was obtained from my very dear friend Henry Bosworth, of Newbury, Geauga Co., O., who always produced most perfect comb, and did all his work about his apiary in the neat- est and most approved manner. In his death, which occurred several months ago, the frater- nity lost one of the most practical bee-keepers / ;': ':a£tei=. J- . ilfe^;^ . ■ ., .^ ■> 4. ■■: ■ " - 4 '■^■^^^t^k-i THIN FOUNDATION FOR BROOD-FRAMES, A Scheme of Wiring; the Economy of Using Thin Foundation in Place of the Ordinary Heavier Standard Grades in the Brood-nest; Square v. Tall Sections; Greasy Sections. BY WM. M. WHITNEY. Mr. Root : — U^st year I commenced experi- menting with extra-thin surplus foundation for brood comb, and promised to give an ac- count of results as soon as my experiments warranted doing so, which promise, I believe, may now be redeemed. I hand you a photo of sample of brood comb marie from such foundation, using 13 sheets to the pound, Uangstroth size. Truer, better- built comb I've never seen. No. 1 is a frame of solid honey from top to bottom, taken from the brood-chamber. No. 2 are frames of comb from which the honey has been extract- ed, and have been used for brood. No. 3 is simply a frame of foundation showing the line I have ever known. I always felt doubly paid whenever it was my good fortune to visit his place and observe his work. Other methods of wiring may be as good, perhaps, but this suits me. After the wiring is done, the manner of putting in the founda- tion is as follows : Set the frame top down, with foundation- groove next to you. Hook the wire from the center of the top-bar, aided by a slight pres- sure upon the bottom-bar to loosen the wire. Slip the foundat'"'^.! into the groove, and hook the wire, at the same time turning the hook so that the side and wire shall press against the foundation, thus making a smooth surface. Turn the frame around and press the wedge in place, and the work is done. You will notice that by this operation there is a pair of diagonal or bracing wires on either side of the foundation. Now, if these wires are drawn taut, and the foundation securely wedged, there will be little or no need of im- bedding the wire, as the bees will build over it all right. The spur-wheel often pricks too deep, and leaves a ragged line along the wire, which is a cause of the tearing-down of foun- 224 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 15 dation. I do not mean to say that bees will not, under other conditions, tear down foun- dation, for they sometimes do ; but this is a fruitful source of this mischief, of which we hear complaint. Wiring thus, holds the foundation in place until the bees shall have fastened it ; and if there is any expansion, there is no danger of buckling; hence even, straight comb is the result. Care should be taken in placing the frames in the hive. It would not be advisable to put such foundation in the center of a hive of a populous colony during very hot weather, as there might be danger of its breaking down before it had become securely fastened ; but it would be all right at the sides and in the second story, or in building up a weak colony anywhere. I have had no trouble in hiving new swarms on such foundation. Now, it will be readily seen that, if 13 sheets to the pound can be successfully used, it will be very much to the advantage of bee keepers to use such instead of 6 to 8 sheets, as has been the custom, notwithstanding the price is slightly higher. When bee-keepers come to understand that 2 lbs of foundation is suffi- cient to fill 3 hives, instead of 3 lbs. being re- quired to fill 2, much more foundation in full sheets, and fewer starters, will be used, and less drone comb produced ; thus everybody connected with the business will be benefited. I've also been experimenting along the line of comb honey production, which has given me much satisfaction. The standard 4% and 4x5x1^4^ beeway sections, with and without separators, were used. As this has not been a favorable season for honey in this locality — surplus coming late and very slowly — better results have been obtained without than with separators, excepting where they were perfor- ated with i\- holes. With solid wood separa- tors, bees built brace-comb, more or less, in nearly all the hives, thus injuring cappings ; but with perforations, say five to each side of the section, the comb was built as true as if a straight-edge had been used. A photo of sam- ples of such are herewith inclosed. Neither photos of brood comb nor sections show as well as the originals. Sections in lower row are capped as white as snowflakes ; but next above are what are known as greasy cappings, all from the same case. In my experiments vpith the surplus cham- ber, two of the most populous colonies were selected to test the matter of greasy sections. Cases containing 32 sections each were placed over the brood-chamber with the winter cush- ions kept on all summer, an air-space of about three inches being left around the section- case, as the hives are what is known as the twostory chaff, with packing inclos- ing the first story only, leaving the sec- ond story simply an outside shell of thin material. The season, as before remarked, has been a slow one, and the center of the case, as a matter of course, being first oc- cupied, was completed before much if any attention was given to the outside rows of sections. After the fall honey- flow began, much quick work was done. Through the center of the cases every sec- tion, excepting at the extreme ends, was capped greasy, not travel-stained, but thoroughly greasy in appearance ; but the outside sections were capped as white as one could wish to see. The inside sections were much heavier, the honey being very thick and waxy, and very fine. One thing further, and I'll not tax your pa- tience longer. With such a season as we have had this year, the 4 '4 section is filled and cap- ped more completely than the 4x5x13/1 ^s shown in the photo, all of which were used with perforated separators. With a flush flow there would be, probably, little if any differ- ence. This is my first experience with 4x5 sec ions. I have some handsome specimens, and like them very much, barely balancing the scales at a pound each. I think such as I have with beeway space, with perforated sec- arators, preferable to the plain with fence. On submitting them for inspection by the side of standard 4V to several ladies, at different times, the unanimous verdict was in favor of the square section ; "and they look so much nicer when placed on the table." While we obtain theories and hints from the books and journals, which are absolutely necessary to success, we acquire more positive knowledge by careful work in the apiary than anywhere else. It is to be hoped that careful bee-keepers will do a little experimenting 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 225 along economic lines, not with a view to cheapening the quality of products, as is too often the case in many lines of manufacture, but to learn how to obtain best results with the smallest outlay of capital, remembering, however, that, as a rule, the best material is economical if intelligently applied. Kankakee, 111., Nov. 23. [I have long entertained the idea that the time would come when we could use the same foundation that is ordinarily used in sections, in brood frames. The only difficulty, hither- to, has been that such a light weight has a ten- dency to stretch during the time of drawing out, causing drone in place of worker-cells. The solution of this difficulty is in the use of some sort of wiring or stays by which the foundation may be kept from stretching. The A. I. Root Co. has been working on this prob- lem, and is still considering it, and it hopes in the future to be able to turn out an extra-thin foundation, having incorporated in the wax, either before or after milling, a very fine grade of wire in the foundation, the wires being placed about two inches apart, and in such a manner as to hang perpendicularly when the foundation is suspended in the brood-frame. It will take time and patience to work out the problem ; but when it is, bee-keepers will be able, for the same money, to use 3 lbs. of foundation in place of two as now ; and I am not sure but they can do so now if they follow out carefully the plan suggested by Mr. Whit- ney above. But it will be very necessary to follow him very carefully, otherwise there will be a great many drone-cells in the finished combs. The scheme of wiring is very similar to the one we advocated and used, known as the Keeney plan, but which we finally abandoned because the foundation had a tendency to bulge in the diamonds made by the intersect- ing wires. "We concluded at the time, it was better to use either parallel horizontal or par- allel perpendicular wires. The only plan by which such method of di- agonal wiring may be made practical on so light a grade of wax, is to let the foundation hang free from the wires, without imbedding ; and even then it must be put outside of the center of the brood-nest. If friend Whitney were to have these diagonal wires imbedded into the light-weight foundation he speaks of he would have trouble in the way of bulging at every diamond or intersection of the wires. If the frames hang true, the bees will do their own imbedding as the comb is drawn out into shape, and the result would be beautiful flat slabs of comb. Referring to tall v. square sections, I am of the opinion that, if those beeway sections had had four openings, Mr. Whitney would have found the result in favor of the tall box. Or if he had used plain sections, both square and tall, with fences, the difference would still have been in favor of the tall box ; but under the conditions named, I should suppose that the square one would be filled just as well at least. There is no denying the fact that a square comb, when cut out, looks better on the plate than the tall one ; but when the hone)' reaches that stage in its history, it has been sold. It is not how the honey looks on the plate, but how it looks on the market before it is sold. In conclusion I desire to say that this arti- cle, in my opinion, especially that part relat- ing to the use of foundation, is very valuable, and it is high time that bee-keepers were con- sidering whether they could not save many dollars by using the lighter-weight wax in the brood-nest.— Ed.] CONTRACTION, AND BELGIAN HARES. BY W. A. H. GILSTRAP. In Gleanings, page 874, last year, you say in a footnote to Mr. Norton's article concern- ing contraction, "Now, it would be folly, it seems to me, to drop the discussion at this point, and I should be glad to hear from a number of our readers who have been work- ing along these lines." At the time, it seemed to me there were some good points coming out about contrac- tion. But you have crowded out information on that point with some things that may be of more value, or the subject of contraction dees not attract the attention that I think it should. Most writers seem to think contraction of the brood-nest should be practiced only with a short honey-flow when managed for sections. I have had no experience with such conditions, but have derived considerable benefit from contraction nevertheless. To understand the subject well we should make a careful study of our range and honey- flow, not only as regards honey stored, but in connection with swarming and building up for another season. The San Joaquin Valley, which is in the central part of the State, is about 250 miles long by perhaps 50 miles or more in width. Much of it is worthless for bees. Where we get honey it usually runs as follows : Honey enough to promote swarming from about the middle of April till the middle of May ; then a honey-dearth for a month, after which the honey-flow may commence in earnest, but oft- ener it is light at first and increases until Au- gust, and usually quits about the last of Sep- tember. Of course, there are exceptions as to localities and seasons. My plan with the Heddon hive is this : Leave plenty of stores in the fall. In the spring, place a case of empty combs, except one comb which should contain brood, on the lower story. By repeating this as often as necessary, until early in August, it is possible to keep swarming down, and have stronger colonies, than by any other method I have ever tried. During the last week in August a wood-and- zinc queen-excluder is placed on the lower story, and a case of combs containing no brood, or only foundation, is put on the ex- cluder. The bees are shaken on the ground in front of the hive from the cases that con- tain the brood, and may contain the queen, while the rest of the combs can be suffi- ciently cleared by smoking to take to the 226 GLE.ININGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 15 extracting - house. A week later I ex- tract from the hive again, or at least look for queen-cells, but do not find them started in many hives. It will be remembered that the two lower stories need not be examined, which is quite an item with such strong colonies. If ten -frame L. hives are receiving much honey at the time, it would astonish the natives to f^ee how the honey "just grows" in those Heddon hives. I never tried inverting brood to get queen- cells torn down, and do not believe it would work. Once while destroying cells I noticed one, quite small, which had no more down- ward tendency than a drone-cell. I thought it was a queen-cell, and gave it a pinch to see, which revealed a lank young queen of sur- prising length for so small a cell. For exper- iment she was given to a nucleus, and proved to be an average queen for laying. Inversion would not have cost her any thing, and such cases are frequent. Early in the summer it might be different. Of course, these contracted colonies winter in our climate with less stores than others do, and have ample time to build up for the hon- ey crop. If properly cared for, not one per cent of them should swarm. If you come around next September I shall try to convince you that the Draper (Dadant) barn is not big enough for a brood-chamber, and not the right shape. Last fall I did not contract any. Egg-lay- ng was reduced by requeening, and it seemed jetter to leave the rest strong for queen-rear- ag operations iu the spring. Now, if I can run the bees out of an L. hive into a box or "any old thing" I shall owe thanks to Mr. Lathrop and several others, if it gives the advantages of contraction. The ob- jections which Mr. Massie raises to inversion in Tophet (p. 608, last August) do not apply to this locality. BELGIAN HARES. Lately I have been feeling very guilty about what I said on page 607 about Belgian hares. The " limited experience " referred to was for a few weeks last winter. Last summer I pur- chased a lot on the strength of that experi- ence, and the almost universal fake claims of breeders — men I could safely believe (?). As an example, they are claimed to dress five pounds at five months old. As they are so big it is natural to believe such whopping statements. In fact, however, they weigh about half that amount. The notice they get in Dec. loth Glean- ings, p. 977, is truly amusing. If the Secre- tary of Agriculture would pay express charges on a fine pair of hares it would be a pleasure for me to send him a pair for experiment. He would be apt to find so much difficulty in rais- ing them that his fears would vanish about their increase when unprotected by man. If I can make honorable exchange for some- thing I can use I'll quit the business ; if not, you can depend on my eating out. They should be good pets, but will never supplant poodle-dog worship. As food they can not be produced cheap enough. I can't learn where their tough hides sell for any thing. The stories of water-mouth, death from heat neg- lect, and eating of young by the does ; broken legs, lop ears, bowel complaints, and what not that breeders talk to each other about would surprise an outsider. To make these facts public might cause some folks to cry, " Great is Diana of the Ephesians ! " for the space of half an hour, for their income would be jeopardized. When I think of Belgian hares my next thought is, fake ! and this is a valley with a record of 17 pups at a litter, and one cow pro- duced four calves which grewoflf finely. The locality is all right. Grayson, Cal., Jan. 1. [If I understand, your method of contrac- tion is not contraction as it is ordinarily un- derstood. First, you practice expansion, run- ning the bees up to their greatest possible strength. Then you contract, not by cutting down the size of the brood-chamber, but by restricting the egg-laying of the queen, and giving the bees, in lieu of cases of brood and honey, those containing either empty combs or frames of foundation. Belgian hares are getting the black eye all along the line ; and while they are now being condemned right and left I can not help feel- ing that the trend of discussion and opinion is going just as much to one extreme as it did in the other extreme in extolling their merits to the skies. I have been at the homes of bee-keepers where Belgian hares were reared for table use, and they had been so reared for a number of years. In time this industry% like all others, will seek its legitimate level ; but in the mean time I think we must conclude that, as a rule, where the growing of Belgian hares would pay, the rearing of poultry would yield a larg- er revenue, because from them we get not only the meat but the eggs. — Ed.] FORMING NUCLEI. Helpful Hints from a Practical Man. BY C. F. BENDER. Although a professional b.-e keeper and an interested reader of Gleanings I have never yet contributed any thing ; but in looking over the volume for this year I see several places where I should have liked to put in a word if I could have done so at the proper time. As I seldom have time for much writ- ing, I will, with your permission, write on several subjects in one article. 1. When I made my nuclei this summer, in spite of the fact that I left them shut up two days I saw so many bees going back to the old stands that I began to fear I should lose all my nuclei. Just for an experiment I moved one of the old hives about four feet back, and was more than pleased with the result. The bees that had no other home would, of course, enter the nearest hive, which was their own ; while those returning from the nuclei would make a few circles and return to their new home when they found the old one no longer there. Just 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 227 try this next time you are troubled by the bees reliirniiiiJ, and you will see them do just as I liave saitl. This method has saved me $20, this summer alone. 2. In extracting, instead of elevating the ex- tractor on a box I have a box sunk in the floor of my honey house (open side up, of course), large enough to hold two 60-lb. cans or a three- gallon pail, ?nd covered with a tight trap door sunk flush with the floor. When ready to ex- tract I remove the trap-door, place the honey- gate of the extractor over the box, and set the cans under it. This is very handy where one has an extractor with a large space under the reel (mine holds 200 pounds), because the ex- tractor is just high enough to be handy when standing on the floor. 3. In preparing outdoor colonies for winter, where the hives are on or near the ground I proceed as follows : Rip out sticks from yi lumber, 20 inches long and one inch wide. Take 7 pieces of lath, each 2 feet long ; place one of the sticks at each end, and nail the lath to them, spacing the lath equally, and leave the sticks projecting one inch above and be- low. This makes a hurdle, or frame, 2 feet long and 20 inches wide. To protect the hives, take three of these lath hurdles and place them on edge to form three sides of a square. Tie the sticks together at the corners, and fasten across the front of the hive (which is to be left unprotected), by running strong twine across at top and bottom. Fill the space around and under the hive with leaves or straw pressed in tightly, and also cover the top of the hive eight inches deep ; or, better, put on a superful of coarse sawdust, using burlap over the frames. These lath protectors may be taken apart and stacked up during the sum- mer, or used for chicken-coops by putting in another side and a cover. With hives facing the S^uth, and thus protected, I seldom or never lose a good colony This may be an old method, for it is a very simple and good one ; but I have never seen it described. 4. Speaking of feeders, by far the best one for me is made of a box about 7X9 inches in- side, and 3 inches deep, with a single piece of board, cleated, for a cover. An entrance is cut in one end and placed tightly against the front of the hive, so no bees can enter except from the hive. A wooden butter-dish is placed in this box, and filled with feed. Of course, this feeder can be used only in warm weather. These little boxes can be very cheaply made from scraps, if one has a foot-power saw, and they are the most convenient feeder I ever used. The division-board feeder is excellent, but costs at least three times as much to make. 5. The editor recommends hand-hole saw- dust for smoker fuel. I used it for some time, and liked it very well until I discovered by ac- cident that the smoke from it is almost as pun- gent as cayenne pepper Just make a hot fire with it, and take a sniff at the nozzle of the smoker. If you are a humane man you will never use it again. This may seem like a small matter to some, but I think it is wrong to cause unnecessary pain, even to the lower animals, and most especially to the bees. Newman, 111. THE ORIGIN OF WIDE AND THICK TOP-BARS. Width Essential, but Thickness Unnecessary and Wasteful. S. T. PETTIT. In GivEANiNGS, page 798, Dr. Miller gives the width of his top-ljars, and I am glad of it. He and you have said so much about deep top- bars that I had come to think you reckon on the deep feature as the chief factor in prevent- ing burr and brace combs, while in reality it cuts no figure at all in that line. It is the width of the top-bar, or, rather, the X'inch space that does the work — governs the whole matter, practically so. Mr. Root, I know you want facts, even if they do seem to cut deep ; then don't be star- tled at this statement, for I am telling you an important fact that will stand the severest tests. Years ago I wrote this matter up, but it was passed over as a thing of naught, while deep top-bars have been unduly lauded, and bee- keepers have suffered. In order to secure the necessary rigidity I make mine ^s inch thick ; but I'd much rather have them only }i thick, if it were possible to have them of that thick- ness, or, rather, of that thinness, having the necessary rigidity. I hope you will allow me to disabuse the minds of your readers upon this important matter, and possibly some one may invent the top bar above indicated. Indeed, thin top- bars, whether the space is right or wrong, will have less burr and brace comb than thick ones ; and then there are also other advan- tages. Let us notice the gain in space. The difference between }i and Js is % inch, which in the different kinds of hives row in use amounts to from 1600 to 2000 or more cells to each hive. The saving of that space in each hive is a matter worthy our best consid- eration. Another gain, the bees more readily enter the sections and stick more closely on cool nights. When I think of the thousands of deep top-bars you turn out annually, and the consequent loss to your patrons, I can not help feeling troubled about it. You are wel- come to the honor of evolving the deep fea- ture, but you will hardly claim the wide fea- ture. I have v/ritten the above in a dogmatic, querulous style, in order to catch your atten- tion and hope to succeed. And now, Bro. Root, let us step into the 20lh century with a top-bar possessing the nearest approach to perfection ever used ; that is, one wide enough to form a Xi^^ch space between them, and as thin as possible, having the necessary rigidity. Such is the top-bar of the 20th century, whether you lead the way or not. The deep feature must go. I wish to say a word about bottom-bars, if you will. They should be V inch wide, and about % thick. A wider one, when being lifted out and replaced, is hard on the bees, and may injure the queen ; and, besides that, the bees are more likely to sting ; and, more : Wide bottom-bars are more likely to catch and choke the hive with dead bees in winter ; but if they are narrower, the bees are more likely to build 228 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 15 comb under them when using deep entrances. The end -bars are of the same width as the top- bars. Of course, the width of both depends upon the spacing of the frames. Mine are 1^ in. from center to center. About 25 years ago I made measurements in all the old hives I could find in my neighborhood, and I found that that spacing was chosen and adopted by the bees when nature was working according to her own sweet will, and I believe they made no mistake in that. Aylmer West, Ont., Can., Jan. 5. [While, perhaps, I started the ball a rolling for wide and deep top-bars in this country, yet we of the Root Co. do not claim any thing of originality for them. When I attended one of the conventions in Canada, some ten or twelve years ago, I had quite a little talk with Mr. J. B. Hall, who incidentally happened to mention that, with wide and deep top-bars, he had no trouble from burr-combs. Dr. Mil- ler was greatly struck with the idea ; and after some extended correspondence with the doctor we decided that we would launch forth for the ensuing season the new top bars. While width is. certainly essential, and it is also necessary to have a spacing about ^4' inch between the top-bars, thickness does of itself play a somewhat important part — at least according to my experience and observa- tion. I not only judge by what I have seen in our own apiaries here at the Home of the Honey-bees, but from what I have seen at other yards in several different States. We first tried top-bars that were wide, and only ^ inch thick. We had trouble from such bars sagging, and the building of burr and brace combs. We next tried the wide bars, Js inch thick and 1^ wide. Burr-combs disap- peared almost entirely ; and even when these frames might be called old they were still practically free from the nuisance. As a few of our customers objected to " sawlogs " for top-bars, we, a year or so afterward, reduced the thickness of the bars to 5^, keeping the width the same. We soon di^covered that brace-combs were more plentiful by the use of such bars than when they were full "s deep. Then there came the objection to hav- ing a bar so shallow. We finally went back to the full "s-inch deep and Ij^g wide top-bar, with wedge for securing the foundation ; and this has given the best satisfaction of any thing we ever tried. When we first launched these on the mar- ket, we were met by the statement that the bees would not fill the supers so well over them. But here, again, careful observation convinced us that they did not offer any real hindrance to the bees. It was Doolittle who, when these new bars were put forth, con- demned them, saying that the bees needed the burr and brace combs as " ladders " to get up into the supers ; that thick top-bars would be the means of cutting down the sur- plus. But in later years I see he advocates thick and wide top-bars as the thing. As it is no disgrace for one to change his opinion on evidence, Mr. Doolittle, when he saw his error, was frank enough to admit it. I think you are exactly correct in what you say about the width of the top-bar. If it is too narrow, the bees will build the combs past the bar ; and if too wide they will build the comb within % inch of it, and leave a nice hiding-place for queens, besides render- ing the comb less stable because of there be- ing no bottom attachments. Three-fourths of an inch is a very nice golden mean, and ac- complishes the results most perfectly. The last few years we have been using them that width, and feel that we have no reason to change. — Ed.] GLIMPSES OF CUBA AND CUBAN BEE-KEEPING. BY A. Z,. BOYDEN. When I wrote my previous article, which appeared in the Feb. 15th Gleanings, I in- tended to follow it with this article March 1st, but was too bus}' to get my copy ready in time. After visiting Matanzas I next crossed by rail to Cardenas. This was my first experience with Cuban railways. Here I found three classes of tickets are sold — first, second, and third ; and, instead of a car devoted entirely to the mails, as we find in the United Stales, the mails were carried in a small compart- ment in the second-class cars. As I went into the depot at Matanzas I noticed a great many people were carrying chickens, having them tied by the legs, and a great many boarded the train with these. 1 bought a railroad guide at the window, and in this I found a paragraph in the rules to the effect that no first-class passenger should carry more than one rooster. This was quite amusing to me. INDEPENDENCIA ST., CARDENAS, CUBA. I reached Cardenas after little delay, and the only Americans I found on my trip were some showmen who were going to exhibit in Cardenas the following day. On my arrival I was met at the depot by Mr. Hamel and Mr. Iv- S. Houston, and was soon shown to the ho- tel La Isla de Cuba. I found very good accom- modations there, but unlike any thing I had ever seen before. On my arrival at this place at one o'clock I was asked if I had had break- 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 229 fast. This seemed strange to me, but I found that their breakfast was Irom ten to twelve. Ill the afternoon I walked up ludependen- cia St., the leading street in the place, as shown below. Except for the height of the buildings, this street is not so very much un- like some of our American streets. It is quite wide, and the sidewalks are much wider than many in Matanzas. When I went down to dinner that night I noticed that there were some mosquitoes about. I sat down to the dinner-table alone, and very soon the mosquitoes discovered that there was but little hair on the top of my head. I had got along in Cuba very well so far, but I was simply obliged to cut my dinner short and beat a retreat. The mosquitoes would give me no rest whatever. I consider this the worst difficulty I found in Cuba. Later on in the evening I went to my room, and, as the beds are provided with mosquito-bars, I pass- ed a very comfortable night. Early next morning I called at the office of Mr. J. B. Hamel. He had just returned from a trip in the interior. This gentleman, I am told, has been in Cuba some 25 years or more. He is interested in various enterprises, among which is the production and sale of honey, and later he has taken up the sale of bee- keepers' supplies as well. In the afternoon we drove out to his apiary, about three miles from the city, where I found several hundred colonies in frame hives. The harvest was just coming on, and it gave me a great deal of en- thusiasm to open the hives and see the combs so well filled. We returned to the city late in the afternoon, and I went to the hotel for din- ner. I determined that this time I should not be beaten by the mosquitoes, so I went down to the dining-room with my hat on, and kept it on during the entire evening. I don't want the readers to get the impression that these mosquitoes were more ferocious than ordinary, but I should say that they were very fond of Americans, and perhaps I am more sensitive than the average American in this matter. I do not mind a dozen or fifteen bee-stings very much, but I prefer to be excused when it comes to mosquitoes. This being the evening of Dec. 24th, it ap- peared very early that the people were prepar- ing for their Christmas festivities. I was told that the custom prevails there of having their Christmas dinner or feast on the evening or night of the 24th, and, as nearly as I can judge, many of the people do not go to bed at all that night — at least I remember a very troubled sleep, for it seemed to me that I nev- er heard more noise all night long than I heard there. Very late in the night I got up, and, looking out, saw a band of people march- ing by to some kind of music, and not long after I saw another of the same. It appears that opposing companies are made up for some purpose — just what, I could not discov- er, although it occurred to me each was trying to outdo the other in the amount of noise it made. Instead of turkeys for their feast, as we have here in the North, roast pig is the principal article. I am told that every family who can afford it has the roast pig. I did not discover that the giving of presents was as common there as it is here, although this practice prevails to some extent. Dec. 25th I left Cardenas for Havana, and reached that place late on Christmas evening. After some delay I found my way to the hotel La Isla de Cuba, fronting the Central Park, and during my stay here, of some ten days, I found this a most pleasant location. Early on the morning of the 26th I engaged an interpreter, and together we started out to find my bee-keeping friends. Readers of Gleanings will remember very well some articles in year.s past, from the pen of Fred Cray craft, formerly of Indiana, and later from Florida, and still later.from Cuba. If I remember rightly, his first article appear- ed as long ago as 1882, in Juvenile Glean- ings. Mr. Craycraft is now chief clerk of the Record Department of the Cuban customs service. Before the war he had a large apiary, which was entirely destroyed at that time, and, while he has not lost his love for bee- keeping, he has recently taken the above-nam- ed position, as it is more remunerative. I soon found my way to the custom-house, and within a few minutes after finding him it seemed quite impossible to realize that I had not known him before. He seemed exactly like an old acquaintance. This, I presume, comes about because I had known him by cor- respondence as well as his writings, and, in fact, it does not take two bee-keepers very long to get acquainted, anyway. Later in the day I met Mr. F. H. de Beche, who was also a bee-keeper before the war, now engaged in one of the leading houses in Havana, and a partner with Mr. Craycraft in an apiary re- cently established a few miles out of the city. These men found a little leisure time outside of their regular duties, and last fall decided to start an apiary. They ordered about 25 nu- clei with queens from Florida as a starter. Being very successful with this lot they order- ed another, and still another ; and when I vis- ited the apiary they had some 200 or 300 colo- nies. In the afternoon of this day I visited the office and warehouse of Bridat, Mont, Ros & Co., large exporters of tobacco and honey. Of my visit there and to the apiaries of W. W. Somerford and Harry Howe, both of whom the readers of Gleanings remember, I will write in my next. HOW DEEP SHALL TRE UNCAPPING-KNIFE SHAVE? CoggshaH's Statement Criticised; Unwholesome- ness of Commercial Glucose. BV E. H. SCHAEFFLE. Extracting- time will soon be here ; in fact, the hills are covered with wild flowers at this writing, Feb. 23, in the lower part of the State. Here the bees have been shut in for a month past, during a continuous rain that shows no sign of abating. About once a week the bees get a chance to rush out and go to the alders, and come home laden with pollen. We are 230 GIvEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 15 hoping that this old-time rain will give us an abundance of bloom, and that the weather will be favorable while it is in bloom, which it has not been for years past. But, to go back to extracting. We are all interested in securing the largest results from our bees, and for this reason I want to " agree to disagree " with Mr. Cogg- shall when he states that " In extracting, the knife should cut deep, so as to give the bees an opportunity to use up their surplus wax, which would otherwise go to waste.'" This is the first time I have ever known the bee to be charged with wastefulness, and I wish, in its defense, to state that the bee does not carry its surplus wax about in its pockets, read}' to shake it loose like a chicken shedding feathers, when it has no further use for it. Ou the con- trary, all raisers of comb honey know how difficult it is to get the bee to make comb, save when the honey is coming in with a rush. At that time a large number cf bees are kept in the hive clustering in idleness, consuming large amounts of honey that they may " sweat wax," and this right in the heart of the flow. Now, I contend that every pound of wax made at this time costs many more pounds of hon- ey; and the less wax the bees have to build, the more honey will be gathered. How about it, brother bee-keepers? The manufacturers, bottlers, and retailers of glucose assure us that glucose is healthful, and to be preferred to sugar. The following, from The Medical Record of Dec. 15, proves the contrary : The English victims of poisoning in beer now num- ber iiice than sixtj' dead and more than one thousand ill. It has been completely established that ihe cause of the poisonine is arsenic in the sulphuric acid used in the manufacture of glucose which the English brewers use in the place of malt and hops in the man- ufacture of cheap beer. An analysis shows that some beers contain arsenic sufficient to kill a persistent drinker, as much as one sixth of a grain being found in a pint. The fact that arsenic is a cumulative poison makes it the more dangerous. I have ta^^ted glucose, bottled in San Fran- cisco, and bearing the label " L'^s Angeles Or tnge-blossom Honey, Guaranteed Absolute- ly Pure," that was unadulterated ( with honey) glucose. So very strong is its taste of sulphu- ric acid and brass that it could not be retained in the mouth. Now, if a teaspoonful of glu- cose in a pint of beer will kill a man, how long will it take the straight article, with a piece of comb honey inserted as a bait, to do the same work? Murphys, Cal., Feb. 2.3. [The statement of The Medical Record is quite in line with some tests I made on my- self some years ago. For experimental pur- poses we purchased a small quantity of com- mercial glucose — the very same article that is used so largely for adulterating. I sampled this stuff repeatedly, taking sometimes a whole spoonful. It came very near inducing vomiting several times as a result of this tast- ing, and I was sick for two weeks. My whole digestive apparatus had become disarranged ; and no one can make me believe it was not the poison in the glucose^the sulphuric acid, the arsenic, and every thing else that is used in its manufacture. The greed of the manu- facturers is so great they do not stop to clarify the cheaper grades they put out. By pajing enough, one can get a good grade ; but the mixers do not find the better goods so profita- ble, and therefore use the very cheapest be- cause it "looks all right." I was very sorry to see in the Ohio Merchant an admission from Prof. H. W. Wiley, Chief Chemist of the U. S. Department of Agricul- ture, as to the wholesomeness of glucose. While I indorse most heartily every thing he said in the article, there is one statement that I feel sure will do harm, because I do not think it can be true of the ordinary glucose — such stuff as is used for adulterating. He says in the article on page 24 of the periodical above mentioned : There is a distinction to be drawn between injuri- ous and harmless adulterants. Certain falsificat.ons have no bad effect upon the health of the con.'-umer — as, for example, glucose, which is one of the rat st largely employed of all adulterants, (ilucose is not at all unwholesome. It is prepared from India corn, and something like ten pounds of it are manufactured aiinuallv in the United States for ever j' man, woman, and child in the country. There can be no objection to it, except that it pretends to be what it is not. What Prof. Wiley doubtless alludes to is- chemically pure glucose. The manufacturers of the stuff have probably sent him some for his inspection — the very best glucose that tht-y can make, and from this he might base his statement as to its wholesomeness. But if he will, as did ourselves, go to the concerns that make a business of adulterating their wares with glucose, and analyze such an article, I feel positive he will find poison enough in it, in the way of arsenic and sulphuric acid, to upset the stomach of a pig. It is this vile glucose that is used so much in honey ; and when these glucose-mixers masquerade their decoctions under the names of " Strictly Pure Honey," " Farmers' Honey," " Bees' Honey," and a dozen other honest names, the over-sus- picious public conclude that, if these a.iQ hon- ey, they will never buy another ounce, nor will they. It is this feature of the glucose business that disgusts consumers with all kinds of honey, and that is proving to be so damaging to the honey business of the United States. I hope Prof. Wiley, whom I believe to be a friend of bee-keepers, and one who has done much for the cause of pure food, will have oc- casion to modify the statement, because he has before spoken of the wholesomeness of the syrup from corn. Further on in the same article he says, " Maple sj-rup, so called, is nearly always fals- ified with other substances, and over 40 per cent of the strained honey sold is impure." This last statement is a little too strong. In some cities it is possibly true ; but I doubt if there is anywhere in Ohio, under our present law and our present food commissioners, a place where there is even one per cent of glu- cosed hone}' ; and Chicago, once the very hot- bed of adulteration, has been compelled, on account of the new food commissioners, and the new law, to go out of the business, and sell only pure syrups and honeys. — Ed ] 1901 GIvEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 231 RAMBLE NO. iS.;. Life in a California Outapinry; Effects of Heat on Hives, Covers, etc. BY RAMBLHR. " Now while we are about it, Mr. Rambler, we will skip over to the out-apiary three and a half miles from here. Of course, you know that an out-apiary does not have all of the conveniences of a home apiary ; but this one of mine will do ; it is good for more or less honey. Here we are passing a creamery, as you will see b}' the milk-house and the silos. Such places mean a large acreage af alfalfa." "I have noticed, Mr. McCubbin, that a large number of cattle seem to be crowded upon what I should call a small acreage. Here, you say, is an 80 acre alfalfa-field. How many cattle will that sustain ? " "Well, Mr. Rambler, if a good stand of al- falfa is secured in all parts of the field, and it is irrigated properly, the 80 will sustain 300 head of cattle ; and, aside from running cattle for dairying, it is quite profitable to breed the cattle for beef. You can not help noticing that all the cattle in this country are sleek and plump, and ready for the shambles." "Yes, I have noticed that; and the more pronounced, perhaps, for I have seen such emaciated and starving cattle during the dry seasons in the South ; and another thing, Mr. McCubbin, I have not seen poor emaciated horses here ; they are all plump and frisky — in fact, too fat for speed. And here we are at your out-apiary. What sort of crop do you call this around here ? " " That, Mr. Rambler, is an alkali weed. It grows rank, you observe, and, in its season, the bees get a little honey from it. Then there is a prickly alkali weed that gives a lit- tle honey." " But, dear me ! Mr. McCubbin, this is a desolate place — not a house within a mile ; not a tree for shade ; weeds, weeds; and if you have any hot weather it will strike right in here. There is nothing cheerful about this place." " Oh ! you will soon get used to the condi- tion of things ; and as to hot weather, it is only a matter of 115° or 120° when it gets down to it. When I first came here I declared that I would not work when the temperature got above 100 ; but when it did come I found myself working right along with the rest of the people." " Mr. McCubbin, I notice you have quite a number of loose-jointed hives in your apia- ries. See here. This hive wee-waws at least two inches out of square. Then just look at this cover. The top is made of four narrow strips, and no battens over the gaping cracks; and this one I am holding is rather loose- joint- ed. Jimminy Jericho ! a bee-keeper down south would be ashamed to meet a looking- glass if he had such hives as that." " Ha, ha! Why, Rambler, that hive and that cover are the desire of my heart. You see, when you place such a super on a hive you have to look all around it to see if it is on right. That, Mr. Rambler, teaches yen to be circumspect ; and if you are in relation to hives you will be in relation to bees and other things. Then these hive-bodies cost me but five cents each. I buy up all of the coal-oil cases I can, and a case makes a hive-body ; and a case that is not fit to make a body will make a cover ; and any thing that is not fit to make a cover will make a bottom ; and any portion not fit for a bottom I use for kindling- wood." "And do you have much kindling-wood out of it, Mr. McCubbin?" "Well, no; kindling-wood /'.v rather scarce around here ; but, as I was going to say, a two- story hive with cover and bottom cost me about 20 cents without the frames. The latter I get cut at a planing-mill, and I suppose you think that covers with three big cracks across the top will leak when the rain comes; but, keep your eye on 'em, Rambler, end you will learn something about covers." "just look at this cover." " But, see here, Mr. McCubbin ; it distress- es me greatly to look at this cover. I suppose you have a hammer here. I will nail it into some shape. Then, this hive-body with 'This will not explode ' printed on the outside needs a little nailing, for it does look a little as though there had been an explosion inside of it." " I do not keep hammers lying around loose, Mr. Rambler ; but here is a harrow-tooth with which I do my nailing." " Land o'Goshen ! harrow-tooth ! Who can drive nails with a harrow-tooth ? No wonder your hives are wee waw, and covers see saw. Why, down south if a bee-keeper had only an ax and a harrow-tooth for a kit of tools he'd be ashamed to meet a — " "Yes, yes; but, see here, Rambler; you have lived too long in the South. Those fel- 232 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 15 lows down there have spoiled you. Next we know you'll want the whole earth. Who wants a better tool to drive a nail with than a good harrow-tooth? " Mr. McCubbin and I discussed these mat- ters, both in a happy frame of mind ; and, though we differed on some points, there were enough upon which we did agree so we found we could work harmoniously for the produc- tion of honey ; and as the cover question is under discussion between us, and is a question AN APIARV IN A WEED-PATCH ; A MULE MIRAGE of no mean importance, I wish to give some ideas in that line that I have gleaned from connection with many bee-keepers. First, I show you a half-tone of our out- apiary. It is located in the midst of a rank growth of alkali weeds. A good share of the covers on these hives are of the cracked kind; but between the covers and the frames, a grain- sack is spread. One would naturally suppose that such a cover, or combination of sack and cover, would leak like a sieve. Later in the season, after 24 hours of steady downpour of rain, I went out to examine these wonderful covers and their capacity for turning water into the hive. To my surprise I found the bees on deck, ready for business as soon as I turned back the sack. The cracks in the cov- er had swelled tight, and only a little of the water from the first hour of rain had pene- trated the hive. The sack was soaking wet ; but as there was ample ventilation above, as soon as the cover dried and the cracks opened, the sack soon dried, and all was well with the bees. The out-apiary is also provided with a hon- ey-house with a cover in keeping with the cov- er on the hives ; but when you consider that, all through the working season, there is no rain, tight covers to hives and houses are not the most essential thing. This is also the country of the mirage. In the case of this apiary it is a mule mirage. These mules were much interested in bee-keeping and photog- raphy, and, though the apiary was in their pasture lot, a couple of strands of barbed wire kept them at proper distance. When working alone in the apiary under the hot sun of Central California it was a pleasure to have occasionally the companionship of a mule mirage. From the comparing of notes with a good number of bee-keepers I know they prefer a tight even-fitting cover ; but how to get it is the next question. A few years ago the Higginsville cover re- ceived some attention, and it may be a good cover for some localities ; but for this country, and made with a thin edge as I have used them, it is a failure, for that thin edge soon warps, leaving an opening several inches in length. A whole - board cover, with clamps at the ends, is probably the cover most extensively used ; but these will warp, and espe- cially when made wide enough for a ten-frame hive. Redwood covers hold their shape in this country better than pine or any other variety of wood. Wide lum- ber is expensive, and the crying want is for something cheap and perfect. Mr. Brodbeck, of Los Angeles, uses a cover which he assures me will not warp, and, to his mind, is near perfection. It is not, how- ever, any cheaper than the ordi- nary wide covers, for it is made by resawing a wide board into boards ^ inch thick, and placing between them "s-inch cross-pieces, making in reality a combination cover and shade-board, and it can be used either side up. The ac- companying cut will show the method of con- struction. Another very good cheap non-warpable cov- er is made as follows : As previously men- tioned, redwood, so plentiful on this coast, is not so liable to warp as other woods. Red- wood shakes are used extensively for covering buildings, making raisin-trays, etc. They are sawed about }i inch thick, and 4 inches wide. Cut these the desired length for the cover ; 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 233 provide three pieces of board "s inch square, as long as you desire the width of the cover, one at each end and one in the center. If your cover is to be 12 inches wide, nail three shakes, crowding them close together, to the end and center pieces. Then nail another set over the first, breaking joints. This will ne- cessitate splitting a shake. When these are nailed on firmly, turn the cross strips up and nail another set on that side, single layer, but breaking joints with the ones below. This makes a light durable cover ; and I am told by J. H. Miller, of Los Angeles, who uses them, that they do not get out of shape. The cover is much in appearance like Brod- beck's, but it is cheaper. This cover also acts as shade-board as well as cover ; and in Cen- tral California, although the heat is sometimes great, there are practically no shade-boards used ; and in the location where I spent the summer there are no stones on the hives. A very suflScient reason is in the fact that there is not a stone large enough to throw at a dog, in an area of many square miles. [All through Colorado I saw the effect of the dry climate and the dazzling sun on hive- covers and hive-bodies. Even the very best of hives, made in the best factories, would have a fashion of pulling apart, nails sticking out, and boards checking and warping in a manner that would make one who had seen these goods before they left the factory almost weep. One can scarcely realize the effect of such a climate until he has seen the work of the elements with his own eyes. In a warm climate a good dashing rain will do very little harm to a colony of bees, even if the water pours right down through on to them ; and 1 suppose the purpose of a hive in California is not so much to keep out rain as it is to shut out the direct rays of the sun, and to afford a receptacle in which the bees may be held for the purpose of moving from one place to another. At such times it is impor- tant to have the hive reasonably strong and tight. The few bees that might escape from a hive loaded, with a lot of other hives on a wagon, en route over the mountain roads, would be apt to make a bad mess of the whole load in case they should get at the horses. In the department of Special Notices in this issue will be found a description of a new hive- cover that The A. I. Root Co. has recently adopted for excessively hot climates, or cli- mates that are severe on lumber, causing it to shrink and swell badly. A paper protection to cover up the big cracks in cover-boards will, I believe, come more and more into gen- eral use. We have made covers on special order for various bee-keepers, on the plan of the Brod- beck and " shake " hive-covers. These cov- ers, when covered with a special grade of roof- ing paper, will prove to be very serviceable in any locality ; will be proof against extremes of heat from the sun, and the cold of our northern States during winter. This question of cover is something that will have to be de- cided largely by conditions and locality. It may be said, however, that a cover that will stand a hot dry climate would also be service- able for any other climate. — Ed.] SWARTHMORES GLOSSOMETER. How to Measure the Tongues of a Whole Colony of Bees. BY SW.iiRTHMORE. It is a sort of meter that I have devised, constructed as follows : A dish of tin is bal- anced in a box just like a compass, by use of wire nails and solder, strips of Israss, etc. The top of the dish is covered with hard wood nailed on firmly. In the middle of this cover is bored a one-inch hole, which is covered on i's under side with wire cloth Off to one ^ide is a float of cork having a piece of strap steel attached to its under side, in the middle. A small hole is pierced through the pan cov- t r, and a knitting-needle is pushed down into 1 he cork until it strikes the steel plate. A dial is constructed above the pan-cover, upon which is adjusted a recording hand, and the knitting-needle then fits into a little impres- sion close to its center in such a way that the rise and fall of the cork will force the needle up and down, and, being at such a long lever- PER FRAME — age, the hundredth part of an inch will make an eighth or more at the end of the hand. Fill the tin pan with thin honey and allow it to stand long enough to soak the cork thoroughly, then place the instrument on top of the frames of the colony to be measured, and cover all with an upper story. The bees will suck up the syrup through the meshes of the wire, and the cork will gradually srnk. The needle will, of course, follow ; and by lines on the dial the hundredths may be plain- ly seen. Move the instrument from hive to hive. I have found among my golden-all-over stock, reared this season, bees with extreme length of tongue — from .23 to .2.0%. By re- 234 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 15 peated tests with the wire-cage method I find that the full length of tongue is put out by the bees through the wire. [The general scheme of your measuring- device is very ingenious ; but after all it would measure only the longest tongued bees in a colony. There is a slight variation in tongue- reach in bees of the same colony, and this va- riation is more with the bees of some queens than with others. But for real accuracy I question whether so much machinerj' would give the results as satisfactorily as a more sim- ple device. For instance, the dial pointer would have to be very nicely balanced on a delicate hair- spring, with a sliyht tendency to move toward the zero-point. Then the string or thread reaching from the top of the needle to the point in the dial might vary a trifle in length. Any fibrous filament will vary in length according to the weather ; and while it might be possible for you to use a fine wire, yet the stiffness of it would destroy to a cer- tain extent the freedom of movement of the pointer on the dial You say that, by repeated test by the wire- cloth method, you find that the whole length of the tongue is put out by the bees through the wire cloth. From a physiological point of view I do not see how this is possible, any more than it is possible for us to stick our tongues the entire length clear out of our mouths. But perhaps you measure from one point of view, and we from another ; and, again, your wire cloh may be sufficiently coarse so that a bee can actually stick its nose or mandibles down through the meshes. This would add somewhat to the tongue-reach. If so, this would hardly be a fair comparison, for the corolla-tubes of red clover that I have examined would not admit any portion of the mandibles with the tongue. — Ed.] PRACTICAL IMPROVEMENT. Longevity vs. Long Tongues. BY J. O. GRIMSLEY. An invalid is not expected to be very im- pressive in the discussion of even the most in- teresting subjects ; but I, for one, -am like the good old woman at a camp-meeting, especial- ly when I am devouring (mentally) the last few copies of G1.EANINGS. I "get full, and must have a say." But you all are not around to hear the expressions of approval, and to see the accompanying smile, and I have to re- sort to the columns of Gi^EANings. MEASURING TONGUES. Well, that's business. Seems to me I said something once before on the same subject. But, oh what a crank I am on long tongues ! Long-tongued women are an — an — abomina- tion ; long-tongued bees, the ideal of the bee- keeper. But, had you thought how queer the people are ? We have a long and tedious road ahead, and the by-paths are numerous, and catch many travelers. The most prominent by-path has a large sign marked, " Color ; " another says " Gentleness ; " another, " Comb- building, " and besides these we find various signs. However, to those looking ahead — in the straight and narrow way — is visible, in unmistakable letters, the ideal, "Long tongues." In the first place. The A. I. Root Co. will not — can not, in fact — sell even a majority of the queens sold in the United States. If they could, then they could aflord to say, "No queens will be sold which are not from a breeder whose workers have a reach of at least y-|ffy inch, and no breeding qneen will be sold whose workers show a reach of less than Too Or ijjj men. The various queen-breeders have their cus- tomers. In order to be successful at any busi- ness a man must " cater to the whims " of his patrons, who generally have ideas of their own, and it is no small undertaking to set their heads straight on their shoulders. For that reason most of the queen-breeders are making a specialty of golden Italians. Now, don't understand me to say that j el- low bees do not have long tongues. From personal experience I can't say, having given them only a limited trial, and I do not feel justified in condemning them unless I know. In fact, I can not see why they should not he well developed in that point. Why not ? They are color sports ; and if they have a ten- dency to sport in one point, why not in an- other ? But for a success with long tongues we should not let color or any thing else be in the way. Line breeding — from both drone and queen — will eventually establish a long tongue, and then if there are undesirable traits they can be bred out by selection. Now, who is going to do that? The Root Co. can't do it by themselves, neither can any other breeder or small number of breeders. I mean that it can't be done in any reasonable length of time. Those who buy queens must put their shoul- der to the wheels, and demand queens from long tongued stock. Or, let's see ; can't the breeders take one step forward by breeding from long-tongued stock, and "talking it" to their customers ? Why not ? But there is another thing that puzzles nie to some extent. It is plain to me that some bees — I will say strains of bees — are longer- lived than others, and it seems to me that short-lived long-tongued bees would be no better than long-lived medium-tongued bees, especially during a continued or even an aver- age honey-flow. Now, how are we to deter- mine whether a strain of bees are short-lived or long-lived ? But may be I am carrying my quiz too far. However, there is a point to con- sider. In talking about long-tongued bees we notice that they are often called " red clo- ver bees," which is, in a sense, misleading. It is true that red clover would become a lead- ing honey-plant if we had a strain of bees with tongues that would reach the nectar ; but there are certainly hundreds of other nec- tar-secreting flowers that are barely out of reach at present, and would furnish honey if we had the long-tongued bees. For that rea- son I think the term " red clover " should be 1901 GLEANINGS IN BKE CULTURI':. 235 dropped. Well, for a fact many bee-keepers that are not right to the front in every thing kindo' look on the term "red-clover queen" as being a synonym for "humbug." Let color do lier best, and gentleness have its daj' ; but rest assured that the bee-keeping world is making the grandest stride in its his- tory by falling in line with the long-tongue movement. Beeville, Tenn. PREVENTION OF SWARMIXG. More about those "Brushed Swarms;" Large Hives and Under what Condilions they will Ihtck or Curtail Swarming. BY L. bXACHELHAUSEN. In Stray Straws, Nov. 15, Dr. C. C. Miller says that my article, p. 8-10, is not plain enough where I said, " Some time the next day. the lower story of the brood-chamber is re- moved." In the third line of that article I said, " For my management a two-story brood- chamber is needed." In fact, I use two 53^- inch ten-frame supers as a brood-chamber. If a swarm is brushed I give at first two such su- pers with frames — containing starters only — because the bees will stay better and will cluster more readily if the hive is large enough for the swarm. I remove one of these stories the next day, because the swarm will build all worker-cells if the brood-chamber is small. Besides this I give a brood-comb when the swarm is framed, and remove it the next day. This brood-comb is not absolutely necessary, but the bees will sooner cluster around this comb, and will conduct themselves quieter. When the bees are not very much inclined to swarm, this brood comb can remain in the hive ; but some years I have to remove the brood-combs the same evening or the next morning, or the whole colony will sometimes swarm out and abscond if nobody is present to rehive it. All this is of minor importance, and accord- ing to circumstances we can proceed different- ly. The essential part of the management is, that the colony is Drought into the condition of a swarm ; and the purpose of so doing is, first, to avoid all natural swarming (an im- portant item for out-apiaries); and, second, to fix the colony at the proper time in the best condition for storing honey in the supers. The plan is very similar to that described by II. Lathrop, pages 684 and 872, and by A. Norton, page 873. In the Progressive, F. L. Thompson describes another very similar way. By an experience of many years I know laow to avoid the absconding of these swarms as described above. The plan described by A. C. Miller, in the Revieiv, and mentioned in Gi^EANiNGS, page 921, is essentially the same as that described by me, and differs in details only. So far as I know, the first hee-keeper who recommended the forming of swarms by brushing the bees from the combs into a new hive, and setting this hive on the stand of the parent colony, or on a new stand, was the lateC. J. H. Gravenhorst, in Germany, well known to the older readers of Glean- ings, for which journal he has written many interesting articles. We have only changed his method according to our hives, and utiliz- ed it for the production of comb honey in sections. I have to mention again an advantage of this management. By using large brood- chambers, or by enlarging smaller ones by giv- ing shallow extracting- supers at the right time, we can prevent swarming to a certain extent; and my observation during about 18 years is the same as Mr. Lathrop's — that from year to year the bees will be less inclined to swarm, if large hives are used in this way. This advantage of large hives is doubted by some bee-keepers, some of them going as far as to say this non-swarming theory is a farce. The fact is, some years and some localities are so favorable for brood-rearing, and conse- quently for swarming, that even a colony worked for extracted honey in a very large hive filled with combs will occasionally swarm. If I find so much brood in a certain hive that a simple calculation will show that the queen must have laid 3000 or more eggs daily on an average for 21 days, I know at once that this colony will probaVjly swarm, no matter how many supers I add. Only the commencement of a very good and fast honey-flow will pre- vent swarming in such colonies. To explain this it would be necessary to give a whole theory on swarming. Here I will say that a colony will swarm under the same circumstances as soon as the number of eggs laid daily by the queen remains the same, or is diminishing from any cause. As long as this number is increasing, no swarm need be expected. See Gleanings, 1899, p. 926. If, in my out-apiaries, I find too much brood in my hives, I brush my colonies at once from the brood-combs and give them starters only. With colonies worked for extracted honey this is necessary only in extremely good years. With colonies worked for comb honey I do this brushing as soon as the main honey-flow commences, for the purpose of getting the colony in the best condition to start to work in the sections, and at the same time prevent swarming. If large hives are used to prevent swarming, we have to consider that a large hive should contain a large number of empty cells in which the queen can lay eggs. I know that a colony in a large hive only half filled with combs may swarm, especially if the queen is old. It is not the large hive itself that pre- vents swarming ; but the large number of empty cells available for the queen will pre- vent swarming, and even this is true to a rea- sonable extent only, as mentioned above. Converse, Texas, Dec. 12. DOMINICA, THE SWITZERLAND OF THE WEST INDIES. BY W. K. MORRISON. St. Pierre, Martinique, was the next stop- ping-place of our steamer the Solent, of the West India Royal Mail. Ever since reading Pere Labat's book on the West Indies, and 236 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 15 Lafcadio Hearn's splendid "Two Years in the French West Indies," I have been anxious to visit Martinique, and now ray wish was to be gratified. Before us lay the high peaks of the land of Josephine, the Creole Empress who held in herself the destinies of Napoleon and of France. Fort de France we could see in the distance, with the everlasung three mast- ed American schooner anchored in the offing to indicate the nearness of a more progressive civilization than that of France. I fancied I could see Trios Islets, the birthplace and child- hood home of Josephine. Looking at the high peaks of Martinique, and musing in- wardly on the somber aspect of the Morne Peelee, I thought, " What a land for romance, especially in the days when old Spain, France, and Britain fought desperate sea-fights for the possession of the new world ! " Near by. Ad- miral Rodney smashed the whole French fleet which had eluded him to assist Washington at Yorktown. Quite near we could see, from the deck of the Solent, Diamond Rock, famous in story as His Majesty's ship Diamond. It was taken by the British fleet, and guns and sailors placed on it, conducted as a man-o'- war, and uniformly annoyed the French. Nowadays when the British fleet sail by. Dia- mond Rock is saluted with all the elaborate- ness of naval etiquette. As our stay was to be short, I made haste to get on terra jirtna, and marched up and down the streets of St. Pierre. The shops and stores are good, and many of the houses are hand- some and spacious, and thoroughly French. None of the storekeepers could speak Eng- lish, and, try as I could, I could not purchase a single picture of the place. Even Joseph- ine's statue seems to be unphotographed. I called on a photographer, but he had none but portraits of uninteresting people. He was a dentist and clock-fixer as well as photog- rapher. The stores are excellent, however, and well stocked with the latest French con- ceptions. The streets are beautifully paved, and streams of water run down them all, to carry off effluvia. The streets are lighted by electricity ; and a comical street-car, carrying eight persons drawn by a branded mule, solemnly does the duty of a trolly car. I vis- ited the cathedral, and saw the ebony wor- shipers at their deyotions — poor black women probably trying to console themselves for the loss of a dear child, though they had to work hard to find it bread. I came away faying to myself, "It's all French." Then our good ship Solent, with 50 English tourists, headed straight for Dominica, the Switzerland of the West Indies, only three hours distant. Ere long we could see its dim outline, and then nearer, till we could see the giant peaks, the tops hidden by the clouds. Columbus, who discovered Dominica, in trying to describe to Queen Isabella the configuration of the land, took a piece of paper, and, crumpling it in his hand, laid it on the table as an illustration of Dominica's outline, and this well conveys the idea of serrated peaks and jagged crests ; but it by no means conveys to the mind anv idea of the somber grandeur of this tropical paradise. Soon we reached Roseau, the chief town of the island ; but before reaching it I noted, by the spy-glass, that the flags on shore were ail at half-mast ; and on conveying this news to my fellow-passengers all said, "The Queen is dead," and a damper was put on the spirits of all on board. Getting nearer we could hear the church-bells tolling, which caused a fur- ther depression. I was soon ashore, safely ensconced at Mrs. Ogilvey's hotel, whence I purposed to explore and define the possibilities and capabilities of Dominica as a bee country. But I will defer my account to the next issue. i!#^si^tI)0Qin^ TOO MUCH POLLEN. A knock at the door. Mrs. D. requests that I open it, as she is very busy with her hands in the dough, kneading what is to be the bread for dinner. So I go and open the door. There I find a man who says he has come across Skaneateles Lake on the ice to see me. I in- vite hini in, and he says his name is Wilbur. " But were you not afraid to cross the ice? Dp you not know that the ice is always treach- erous on that lake ? and that there is scarcely a year, when it freezes over, but one or more are drowned from venturing on it?" are the first questions I ask. " I was not aware that the ice on Skaneate- les Lake was any more treacherous than on any other lake. What makes it so ? " " Skaneateles Lake is made up largely from springs which come up under the surface of the water ; and as these springs throw up warmer water than that in the lake proper will average, ice does not form so thick over these springs, and is constantly getting thin- ner, as soon as our zero weather has passed by ; and, not knowing where these springs are, the traveler walks on these thin places, only to drop in when least expected ; and, ui:- less help comes to the rescue soon, or the trav- eler has a long pole in his hand so it will catch on the unbroken ice, drowning is the result " "Thank you for the information. I will take a pole with me when I go back, as it is thawing quite rapidly. But I came over to see you regarding some combs which have too much pollen in them, according to my way of thinking. Is there any way of remov- ing pollen from combs ? " " In some localities bees store so much pol- len in their combs that it seems to some that it would be better to have it removed. But I hardly think there is any locality where too much pollen is really stored." "Could not a machine be invented for its removal ? " " Possibly. I was once at a bee convention where a man offered as high as $25 for a ma- chine to remove pollen from the combs, but I never knew of such machine being invented." 1901 GIvEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 237 " If there is no machine for removing it, is there not some other way of getting rid of it ? " "Some advise making combs containing much pollen into wax, and then have the wax worked into comb foundation, putting the same into the hives for the bees to draw out into comb again ; but all such advice seems to me to be a damage rather than a help." "Perhaps you do not have much pollen here, and so do not know what it is to have combs almost solid with pollen." " In this locality we get large quantities of pollen, probably as much as is gathered in any place in the United States ; yet I have never melted up a comb on that account, neither did I ever have any thrown out by the bees, as others claim they have, unless said pollen had become moldy." " When does your pollen come ? " " With me there are two different periods that bees store very much more pollen than is worked up by the nurse-bees into chyle for the young brood. One is during the bloom of the hard maple, and the other during white- clover bloom. I have had combs of pollen gathered during the yield from hard maple, which weighed as high as four pounds." " That is like some I have. And if there is no machine to take it out of the cells, and you do not wish to melt the combs, how do you get rid of it?" " At such times as this I work as follows : Whenever the bees gather so much as to crowd the queen I take it away for the time being, substituting empty combs for those taken away. " If there come a few rainy or windy days at this time, I find that this pollen is all ex- hausted, so that the cells are once more empty or filled with eggs, as it takes large quantities of food for the numerous brood at this season of the year." " But where you take away such combs full of pollen, what do you do with it ? That is what has puzzled me, for it soon gets wormy." " After apple-bloom there is little for the bees to work on for some two or three weeks, and the surplus pollen is all soon used up and more needed, when I set back that which was removed, and thus brood-rearing is kept up more effectually than by feeding syrup, honey, or any of the many plans for stimulative feed- ing, and costs very much less by way of out- lay in either cash or labor. I consider plenty of pollen in the combs during the period of scarcity between apple and clover, or in any other time of scarcity, to be of great advan- tage." "Well, I had never thought that these combs of pollen could be turned to advantage, and I now see my mistake. But how about that which comes from clover? " " The pollen gathered during white-clover bloom is treated differently from that gather- ed early. That gathered early rarely ever has honey placed on top of it, while that from clover is placed in the cells till they are near- ly three fourths full, when the remaining por- tion of the cell is filled with honey and sealed over so as to preserve it against a time of need the next spring, or some future time. During summer, as I find combs containing much pollen in this preserved state, they are hung away in my room for storing combs, and sul- phured as occasion may require, to kill the larvae of the wax-moth, which are sure to in- jure such combs nmch if not thus treated." " If this pollen is covered with honey, and the cells sealed over, as you state, how do you tell them from combs of solid honey ? " " Combs containing pollen under honey are readily distinguished from those without by holding them up before a strong light and looking through them, especially if the combs are somewhat new. Then combs containing pollen of any amount are not so heavy ac- cording to their appearance as those solid with honey. Taking the two together I have no trouble in ascertaining those containing enough pollen to bother with." "What do you do with these combs after storing them away ? " " When spring opens I again take the op- portunity of placing such combs on hand, which contain pollen under honey, near the brood, and in doing so break the capping to the cells where they come next to the brood, by passing a knife flatwise over them, and find that there is nothing which will stimulate very early brood-rearing equal to this. This answers a very much better purpose to stimu- late brood-rearing at this time of the year than the feeding of rye or oat meal, as some recommend. In this way all pollen is used up to far better advantage than by melting up the combs or by inventing a machine to re- move it from the combs." "That looks reasonable, and I have quite changed my views in this matter." " The successful apiarist is the one who al- ways studies hard to turn every thing that comes along so it will forward his pursuit, ei- ther directly or indirectly. Let us look wise- ly into all of the little matters which come along, and then we shall prosper." A HOUSE-APIARY AND WORK-SHOP COMBIN- ED ; QUESTIONS FOR GI,EANINGS. Would it be practicable to put up a building that would accommodate 100 colonies of bees for summer and winter, and also use one end for a honey-house? The writer's idea was to put up a building, say 65 feet long and 10 feet wide, and use 15 feet at one end as a honey- room, and have the other 50 feet used for the bees two tiers high on each side, and the build- ing double-walled, and packed with sawdust with an entrance through the side for each hive. The advantages of such a building, if prac- ticable, would be numerous, such as shade for bees and apiarist in summer ; practically no walking or carrying honey, no packing and 238 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 15 unpacking hives in spring and fall ; every hive perfectly dry and warm at all times, and the satisfaction of being able to lock up your hives, bees, and all, should you desire to go away for a day or two — no double- walled hives to make, no winter-cases, no grass to cut, and very few if any angry bees to bother the api- arist. Would there be any loss of bees worth speaking of if there were an alighting-board, say one foot wide, run along the whole build- ing, and the front of the building at every third hive painted a different color? Hives, of course, would have to be placed close to- gether for economy of space inside. Would the different colors in painting referred to above be an advantage or not ? Would a building like this not give some- thing of the uniform temperature of the cel- lar, coupled with the advantages of outdoor wintering? A. L. [Such a building would be, I think, entire- ly practicable ; indeed, we came very near constructing such a one at our outyard last fall, and probably will do so the coming sea- son. Of course, it is very important that the walls be double, and the space between packed with sawdust or shavings. There should be a separate alighting-board for each entrance, and it would be better if they were of varied design to better enable the bees to find their several entrances. I would, for the same purpose, use the different colors of paint. So far as uniformity of temperature is con- cerned it could not be as even as in a cellar entirely under ground. Hives inside should be movable, and exact- ly like those outdoors, and should rest on shelves the same as is shown in the house-api- ary used by F. A. Salisbury, described in the A B C of Bee Culture. Indeed, you will do well to follow this plan clear through, except that the building be double-walled. The work-shop part can be added on the end, and extended as far as desired. — Ed.] ANTIDOTE FOR THE AROMA OF BEE-STlNG POISON. I want an antidote for the poisonous aroma (if that is a proper phrase) given off from hon- ey-comb. I have handled bees and combs for a good many years. I have been stung thou- sands of times with no ill effects. Late last season my eyes, face, and ears began to swell whenever I handled combs for a few hours. My eyelids are affected the most, swelling nearly shut, and remaining so for several days. I have never heard of a similar experience — perhaps you have. If there is an antidote or preventive known that can be suggested, I want it. I^. C. Morehouse. Boulder, Colo., Feb. 9. [It was the Rev. L. L. Langstroth who, some ten years ago, related a similar experi- ence, as to how he suffered from swelling, or an itching sensation, when in the spring or early summer he began work with the bees ; but at the time no one else had been similarly troubled ; but in later years our Mr. Spafford, who was employed by us to fill two or three different orders from a large homeopathic-sup- ply house for 10,000 bee-stings each, complain- ed that, on the last thousand stings he pulled, his face and eyes began to smart. There was a swelling and a general tingling sensation all over. The aroma of the poison affected him quite seriously, making him sick, so that he had to give up the job. It would appear that, when one gets a large quantity of this poison in his system, the very aroma of it later on seems to affect him. As to a remedy or antidote I do not know of any thing that would give you relief ; but very possibly a homeopathic physician — one who makes use of bee-sting poison kuown as Apis mellifica, might give you an antidote that would afford relief. — Ed] pooi^e's entrance-contractor. I send you another small article which I consider to be handy in the apiary. It is a contrivance to contract the entrance of a hive in cold weather, or in the spring or fall. They are also good when the bees are inclined to rob. The entrance of the contractor can be made larger or smaller. Jerome Poole. Rockport, Mass., Jan. 23. FIG. 1. [The contractor, when put on as shown in Fig. 1, gives the greatest width of entrance. When placed as shown in Fig. 2, the smallest opening is given. This is something that any one can whittle out during these winter days. —Ed.] partnership in keeping bees, in which one of the parties is a novice and the other an expert bee-keeper. A friend of mine and myself are thinking of going to Colorado and engaging in the bee busmess, in partnership. He has had lit- tle or no experience in handling bees. I have had thirteen years of practical experience with them. What do you think he ought to put in 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 239 the business, extra, against ni}^ experience, this s4 deep inside ; frames 8X13. 1 have half an inch below the brood-frames. That should give room enough to carry the dead bees out. It think it is a good point for bee- keepers, on account of the cold wind that strikes the bottom-board, and goes up directly between the brood - frames, and chills the brood. Will you please mention this in Gleanings? Where can 1 find the royal jel- ly to put into the queen-cups? My bees are Italians. H. F. MeesE. Rock Island, 111., Feb. 25. [This question , whether brood-frames should run at right angles to the entrance, or whether the edges shall point toward it, is one that was discussed years ago. It was the general consensus of opinion then that while, theo- retically, there might be an advantage in hav- ing the combs crosswise of the entrance, yet, practically, colonies on frames running in the opposite direction did just as well, year in and year out. So far as the position of brood is 244 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 15 concerned in the late spring and early summer it will be placed at that end of the hive that is remote from the entrance, whether the frames are crosswise or in line with it. With wide deep entrances, it is perhaps a slight ad- vantage to have the edges of the combs point- ing toward the entrances, as the flying bees during the height of the honey-flow will fly through the entrance and alight on the cluster, just under the frames. If the honey is being stored on the right they will steer their flight toward the right, then pass directly upward. If combs are crosswise, the bees will be com- pelled to climb over from one frame to the other or else go to the side of the hive and then on to a frame where honey is stored. But Doolittle says flying bees do not generally deposit any honey ; that they give it to nurse- bees which, in turn, transfer it to the combs. Taking it all in all, I think we may safely con- clude that, between the two different ways of placing combs, it is about six of one and half a dozen of the other. Royal jelly is found only in queen-cells. A cell well drawn out, and a good fat larva in it a day or two before it is capped, will contain royal jelly of about the right consistency. — Ed] M. S., Minn. — Your trouble with frost get- ting through the hives will be remedied by putting winter-cases over them, or packing them in some way with straw, chaff, or saw- dust. Put outside of the packing-material, of course, something that would shed rain or ■snow. In your locality the bees should either be in the cellar or packed as described. ]V. I. F. //., Pa. — If you have a superabun- dance of drones at this time of the year in your hives, I should suppose, from what you say, that you have either a drone-layer or a laying worker. Cyprian bees are better work- ers than Italians, but they are very cross; still, with the right degree of caution they can be handled. The best record of Cyprian bees is 750 lbs. from one colony. C. L. L., Wis. — There is a great difference in honey about candying. Some honeys will candy within a few weeks or months, and oth- ers will remain clear for two years. At one time it was considered an infallible proof that if honey candied it was therefore pure ; but it i'S now known that this is no test, for some pure honeys will remain clear for two or three years without any treatment whatever, under certain conditions. J. 5"., Kan. — If your bees are short of stores, give them lumps of candy made by mixing granulated sugar, or, better, powdered sugar, and honey into a stiff dough, mixing in sugar till the dough is quite hard. Lay two lumps of this, about as large as the fist, over the frames of the colony. Cover the whole with a quilt or cushion, as the bees will fail to take the feid unless it is properly covered afid pro- tected. If you can get a nice grade of rock Ciudy, free from coloring-matter or flavoring extracts, you can give this instead. J. C. D..Pa.- — Without knowing more about your locality, it is hard to say whether you should winter outdoors or indoors. If you have considerable zero weather, and most of the winter there is snow and a temperature be- low 32°, I would advise indoor wintering; but if you have but little z;ro weather lasting, say, a week, and a great deal of open weather, and a general range of temperature at freezing and above, I would recommend wintering in double-walled hives. For indoor wintering, a good dry cellar is about as good as any thing you can have ; but the temperature in it should not be much above 50 nor below 40. While you can use a stove sometimes to raise the temperature, the general practice is to use none. G. W. A., Mass — It is not wise to give bees liquid feed during mid-winter or late in the fall. If you have not combs of sealed stores, better give them cakes of candy. The first warm day you had better remove the feeder containing the syrup, close the brood-nest down to as small a capacity as possible, then lay on top of the frames pieces of rock candy made of cane sugar. The bees will winter very nicely on such candy, and get along far better than if you try to give them syrupy feed now. While the bees can eat a great many of the flavored candies, it will be far better for you to give them that which is pure, and free from flavoring and coloring matter as much as pos- sible. For directions concerning how to make candy or winter feed, see our A B C of Bee Culture. Next spring, when you get settled warm weather, then you can feed syrup. H. P. /,., ///. — As to which is the best hon- ej'-plant to grow when honey alone is consid- ered, it is a hard question to answer. Locali- ty has every thing to do with the matter. If it were in Colorado I think I would unhesita- tingly recommend alfalfa. If for Ohio, I think I would name the Simpson, or spider plant ; if it were California, the mountain sage ; if Utah, sweet clover. Speaking of this, it might be well to state that sweet clover will grow in a greater number of localities than perhaps any other known honey-plant ; and while it is difficult to make it grow as a plant when you want it to grow, yet it will spring up spontaneously in patches where nothing else will sprout. But it should be well understood that no one can afford to grow a)!y honey-plant for honey alone. The only ones that will do for artificial pasturage are those that are useful for either grain or hay as well as honey. Of these the principal ones I would name, then, would be alfalfa, buckwheat, and alsike. BEES AND grapes; BEES NOT GUILTY. /. A. H , Ohio — Through the courtesy of Prof. W. J. Green, of the Ohio Experiment Station, Wooster, I have been permitted to see two letters which you wrote him in refer- ence to alleged damages by bees to grapes. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 245 From your letters I judge you to be a man of candor, and open to conviction ; and, if so, I hope you will give some of the facts, that I am able to present, some consideration. By our Feb. 1st issue of Gleanings in Bee Culture, page 91, you will see there has just been litigated at Goshen, N. Y., a case that in- volved new principles in law — a case involving the question whether bees can or do puncture fruit. You will not only see that the case was a peculiarly hard-fought one, and attracted attention far and wide, but that the bees were adjudged not guilty. I would call attention to an editorial in our journal in our issue for Feb. 15, page 152, a copy of which we send you ; to another edito- rial on page 150 of the same issue ; also to the following back numbers of our journal con- taining marked articles : Oct. 1, 1900 ; Nov. 15, 1896; Jan. 1, 1897. You will find an article in the Feb. 15th is- sue, from H. L. Jeffrey, detailing some exper- iments that were conducted at the Connecti- cut Agricultural College. If you will kindly take time to read the ref- ferences you will see that bees have not yet been caught in the act of puncturing fruit. Some contend that it is a physical impossibili- ty, owing to the structure of the mouth parts. Again, in every case, if I am corrt ct, of alleged puncture or stinging we have found that birds or some kinds of insects, not bees, have first made the incisions, and that bees afterward helped on in the work of destruction. But as we beekeepers affirm that fruit that has been punctured by birds or insects is worthless or practically so, and while we admit that bees are annoying at times, we deny that they are the original cause of destruction to fruit. You will see by the marked items referred to above that I have personally seen the Cape May warbler in the act of puncturing fruit. The beak of this bird is very small and needle- like, and, as a general rule, the punctures are on the top side of the bunches as thev hang on the vines. They will even hunt out the bas- kets of grapes that have already been picked and punctured them. There are about a dozen other birds that are special adepts in this practice. As they get in their bad work early in the morning, usually before any one is up, the bees come in later, run their tongues down into the small holes made by the birds, and suck the berries almost dry, and being observed at work over the punctures get the credit for doing the whole mischief. Now, to convince yourself that bees do not make fresh incisions, I would call attention to the fact that three or four, yes, five or six, will be cir- cling around one hole, sometimes standing on top of each other, all running their tongues down into that same hole. If they could make fresh incisions, they would not crowd and jostle each other as they do ; but each bee would make for itself a hole where it could work without being hampered in its ef- forts to extract the juices. Believing you to be a candid man, as I have stated, and open to conviction, I should be very glad to respond to a telegram next sum- mer or fall, when you find the bees punctur- ing the grapes ; and while I shall not deny that they will feed upon broken, cracked, or punctured fruit, I think I can show you, if you will go out with me in the morning, that a bird or some insect is the original cause of the mischief. Should you desire further information, I would refer you to Assistant Entomologist Prof. Frank Benton, of the Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. He has made this one subject a very thorough and ex- haustive study. You will also find that all of the various experiment stations in the land that have gone into this matter at all have completely exonerated the bees. NATIONAL BEE-KEEPERS' AS.SOCIATION. Objbct : — Defense of the rights of bee-keepers ; pros- ecution of dishonest commission men and glucose adulterators ; but only members are entitled to protection. Officers:— E. R. Root, President, Medina, O.; R. C. Aikin, Vice-president Loveland, Col.; Dr. A. B. Mason, Secretary, 3-512 Monroe St., Sta. B, Toledo, O.; Eugene Secor, Gen'l Manager, Forest City, la. Fees: — Annual membership fee $1.00 Remittances may be sent here or to General Manager as above. We have just received notice that the father of Geo. W. York, editor of the American Bee Journal, died very suddenly at his home in Randolph, Ohio, March 4th. We extend to Mr. York our sympathies. The whole month of February was made up of what we would call here in the North de- lightful winter weather. In our locality the temperature never went below zero, and sel- dom did it go above freezing. If such weath- er should continue till the first of April we may expect an early spring. CANE AND BEET SUGAR. Wanted — an article on beet and cane su- gar, from some one who is in position to tell us about the relative food value to human be- ings as well as to bees, and how much cane sugar there is on the market as compared with beet ; if it is possible to buy a genuine cane sugar ; and if so, how the one may be detected from the other by an ordinary bee- keeper. This article must come from some one who is in position to get information di- rect from both cane and beet sugar factories. A CORRECTION. By a strange oversight and an inexcusable blunder on my part, I find that on page 102, in giving a list of the officers of the National Bee-keepers' Association, I omitted the name of Secretary Dr. A. B. Mason, Station B, Toledo, O. When I dictated the list I sup- posed I was giving the entire officiary, and was utterly ignorant of the omission until a 24 () GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 15 friend called my attention to it. Dr. A. B. Mason has been one of the most active in the support of the old Union, and latterly of the Association, of any member or officer we have ever had It was he who drafted the consti- tution of the present organization, which, un- der its excellent provisions, is doing such good work. He served as president for two terms, and as secretary continuously for sev- eral years. One can readily see that it was an oversight, as the notice at the head of this column was published in the very next issue following this unfortunate oversight, and again in the March 1st number. SOMETHING TO I cured the last bit of seed friend March had left, and can .i^ti'l supplv it in 5-cent packets, or fsounce pack- els at 25 cts.; ^^-ounce, 40 cts. GLASS ADVANCED AGAIN. We are again obliged to mark up the price of 8x10 glass for greenhouse s^ish to S3 (iO per box of 90 lights or 50 sq. feet, and a like advance will apply to all special sizes o'- strips which we can not obtain cut from w.iste. Strips over 16 inches long to 20 inches are worth |4.20 per box by the latest prices received. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 249 Tailor-Made Suits, Wrappers, Chairs, Tea Sets ^"^ ^ Hundred Other Valuable Premiums _^LL FREE ^ NO MOiyEY REQUIRED These hands iitrodu cful ,„ Ladies' Pat. Corset- Belt Wrappers FREE for selling only I dozen Holdfnst Skirt Supporters. ills given AliSOLl'TI-LY FREE , . -mis our gr^at '•III>FAST" Waist and 8J*irt Supporter "vvhich is the only niitoiuatie sup- p.irter yet invented. Keijuires no sewine on of hiioks, butt, ns or anything else. All that is necessary is to put the Supporter on. and "it Indies' does the rest." It is what everybody is looking for. Every lady and Tailor Made 'iuit girl iH the land needs one. Every Supporter sold brings two more customers. They only cost 86 Cents, so are within reach of everyone. FREE for selling We do not aslc you to invest one cent of your money, only 4 dozen Holdfast If you would like to get o'ne or more of our handsome premiums for Skirt Supporters, using a few moments of your time in our interest, all that is necessary to do is to write, saying you would like to earn a premium. We will then send you, charges paid, the Supporters. A\'hen you have sold them you send us the nioney and obtain your prem- ium which we send to you, freiglit eliarges j>repaid, anywhere In the United )«tates. So, ironi first to last, you do not invest a penny of your own money. You take no risk. We trust you with our goods and take back what you can't sell. We have j iums f T selling one-half dozen up to one f We send a large premium list with first lot taining 100 offers, all useful as we'l as mental; and we wish you especially to that when you have earned the prem- ium it is sent to you prepaid, if you live in the United States, so you are actually out only >'our time. Such an offer has never been made before. Better write us today and be the first to show the great invention in your town. Note — If you would like to see our Supporter before ordering a quantity, ill send you one, postage paid, on T,T,T-T-r .1- , J receipt of -^^ cents in stamps. FREE for selling only i dozen t- jj f Holdfa:,t Skirt Supporters. Address this way; SS-PIeee Tea Set FREE for selling only 2 dozen Holdfast Skirt Supporters. All rreight Prepaid to You JHE COLVER CO. Dept.l4, 815 Schiller BIdg., Chicago »«, Don't Pay a Cent NXj !»9| of profit to agent or dealer when you \l/\b^g~„-— -.„_^ ( S09 Jlroadway, Kew VorkCity, In writing advertisers please mention Gleanings 2.30 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. :\I R 15 $1,000.00 IN CASH I will E)8 given to Subscri- bers of....... Agricultural Epitomist :^']^^'M'^Jfi^£Si PRIZE" White Dent Corn. The Only ALrSfultiiral Paper Eilited i The pny-e.s to be awarded in the foUovviiig named amounts and paid Dec.-einlier I, 1901 •jr.ll.dOfor largest yield IJO.IHI •• -Jd '• KMI (10 " 3d •• S.'jIl.dO for 41 h lareest i *•-'.■>. (M) " .illi " '■' *!."). (Id •• (ith " !1().(MI for lib largest yield io prices, S.j.Od each *L>aO lO " $3. 0(1 " Sil.")0 MAKING A TOTAL OF $1,000.00 Those eoiilestiiiir for one of these J'rizes must seiol niBduvil of yield with suinple ot'eiirii, wlieii iiiuiliiiif report; ulsu report mode of eiiltivutioii and fertilizittioii. 0NEf*F "EPITOMIST PRIZE" White Dent Corn Willi caieinl cnltivatiun will grow enouiili seed to plant two liumlred acres ot land — 200 ACRES. This is a variety of eorn of leniarUaMc iliarai-teristics. It pro- duced last year on the Eiiitomist Kxpeiini.ni laim eighty bushels to the acre under exceedingly unfavorable cndif ions. '1 he land on which it ixrew was of nietjium fertility only: the cut worms mowed it down, until there was. at one time, an intention of iilowing it up. and. owing to natural conditions which we could not control, it received but one plowing. C'nrn that will produce eighty bushels to tie acvennder sucli Conditions is exceptionally valuable. The length of the ears is I rom ten to twelve inches, i lie circumierence is seven and a hall inches and some- tiiii -s more: the cob is small and comjiletely covei eh witli tjr.Hin; the fjrain will average a hall inch in dejith and same in w lot li. ami is un- u-uallv tlncl;; the weight of grain and cob averaf^es sonicr liiiiu < T I'KIZE," is the result of one of our lii-t and most successful experi- ments we are not only going to gnc Epitomist readers soraeof t_he seed oi this variety to raise, but ♦ !."<•" in iirizes the same to be awarded as described above. , ^ ., Every subscriber to the Epito mist is "entitled to particiimte ii thiscontest. AW werequire isthat vou send 50 cents for one year's j. "subscrintion to the Epitomist and •20 cents' to pay for postage, pack- ing etc.— ?0 cents nil told~npon receipt of which we will enter - voiiv subscription ami send yon one ilTE in'.NT t«M{\ hy mail, i rM«KE> READ ♦ arefullv hii Carefully how to get the seed. Flan w totfet the Ti-ize. Id "ElMTOMlSiT I'KIZE' THIS EAR OF CORN WHITE l»E>T C«K\ and is ••.! "■> tery. The crop was grown tl l',\perinient Station, and we fet tifv "sill exoectingsnbscril stage inepald. represents an averaire ear of "E l» I T « .M 1ST I* K I Z E" ,„„r., ,'rom actual natnic without ftat- s past season of liMlliat the Epitomist that the remarkable re.-nlts obtained ,.| s to derive unusua I beiieht therefrom. Natural Size, 10 inches in length; 7 1-2 iocbes in circumference; weight, 17 ounces. Adtiress AGR8CULTURAL EPITOMIST box sis Epitomist Experiment Station. SPENCER, IND This Contest Is for EPITOMIST Suhseribers Only. In writing advertisers please mention Gleanings. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 251 SPRAYING FRUIT-TREES. The qne'^tion of spraying fruit-trees to prevent the depredcaions of insect pests and fungus diseases is no longer an experiment hut a necessity. Our readers will do well to write Wm. Stahl, Ouincy, 111., and get his catalog describing twenty-one styles of Spraying Outfits and full treatise on spraying the different fruit and vegetable crops, which contains much valuable information, and may be had for the asking. S50.00 POP CORN. 100 seeds of this wonderful new Pop Corn for 25c and chance to compete for our cash prizes. Seed Due Bill good for 25c worth of other goods FREE with every order for Pop Corn. First prize winner la.'-t year raised at the rate of 188 bushels per acre' We will pay $50 for i's equal in quality. Handsome seed catalog and free presents with every offer. C. Wi. Coodspeed, Skaneateles, N. Y. '-a.. LONE STAR APIARIES G. F. Davidson & Sons, Props. Breeders of fine Italian ?i,(-— ^^-et-p-y^! dealer ora^'eiitaliouttlKit iiiulIi more than you pay ui; for the same qualiiy of goods, is not this item v. orth < savins! We make 178 styles of veliicles and 65 styles of harness and are tSie largest nianulacturers of vehicles and harness in the\\orld selliiij;to the e<:nsumer exclusively. We make every article we sell and ship Price coinnlpte with tiole or shaft" our goods anywhere lor exiimina- rnce compiere wun poie oi sii.iil. j;io„ and guarantee safe arrival. You anttc of quality at a reasonable price. 144-pagc illustrated catalogue FllEE. ELKHART CARRIAGE & HARNESS MANUFACTURING CO., Elkhart, Indiana. «22. As good No. ISO — Double But'gyj harness, with niciiel trim- i mings. Complete with collars. J "" sells for 830. In writing advertisers please mention Glea n ng 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 235 Improved Ohio Farmer WHERE TO LOCATE? REPAIR OUTFIT. Our Price Only $1.65. AVe liave examined sam- ples from all manufactur- ers, and believe this is the very best repair outfit on the market : easily worth $1 more than those offertd by ^^ stores and other papers. It fnPW'^BH^*'"'-^ I i contains -18 articles, all full hi M ^W^^^^TT ui ^^^^ 2i\\'S. first class, and we i|l«BMi^^ ^ 111 guarantee satisfaction or II ^K/ _ F .v^l jl w'" refund money. Half- 11 "^j^^^^A soles alone are worth 50c, 11 '^^"^tX. 0 A 2iViA are not included in n (ft"« If^aa other outfits. It will soon pay for it,self in repairing Ijoots, shoes, rubbers, har- ness, and tinware. Repair Outfit with Ohio Farmer one year for only 82.13, or the Complete Out- fit free for a club of 10 sub- scriptions to the Oh o Farmer. By freight. Send for our illustrated premium li.st, giving whole- sale prices on watches, sewing-machines, knives, and lots of other useful articles. Mention this paper. The Ohio Farmer ; Cleveland, Ohio, Home=seekers' Excursions. On the first and third Tuesdays of each month the -Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul R'y will sell round- trip excursion tickets from Chicago, Milwaukee, and other po'nts on its line to a great many points in South Dakota, North Dakota, ai d otht r western and north-western States at about one fare. Take a trip West and see the wonderful crops, and what an amount of good land can be purchased for a little money. Further information as to rates, routes, prices of farm lands, etc., may be obtained by ad- dressing F. A. Miller, General Passenger Agent. Chicago, III. Mr. A. I. Roofs Writings of Grand Traverse territory and I,ee- lanau County are descriptive of Mich- igan's most beautiful section reached most conveniently via the .... Pere Marquette R. IR. For particulars address W. C. Tousey, D. P. A., Toledo, Ohio. Why, in the Territory Traversed by the Louisville & Nashville RAILROAD. THE Great Central Southern Trunkline KENTUCKY, '" TENNESSEE, ALABAIVIA, I^ISSISSIPPI, 'FLORIDA. WHERE Farmers, Fruit-growers, Stock-raisers, Manufacturers, Investors, Speculators, and Money Lenders will find the greatest chances in the United States to make "big money" by reason of the abundance and cheapness of Land and Farms, Timber and Stone, Iron and Coal, Labor- -Everything. Free sites, financial assistance, and freedom from tartition for the manufacturer. Land and farms at .?1.00 per acre and upwards, and 500,000 acres in West Florida that can be taken gratis under U. S. homestead laws. Stockraising in the Gulf Coast District will make enormous profits. Halt-fare excursions the first and third Tuesdays of each month. lyet us know what you want, and we will tell you how to get it — but don't delay, as the country is filling up rapidly. Printed matter, maps, and all information free. Address R. J. WEMYSS, Cen'l Immigration and Industrial Ag't, LOUISVILLE, Ky. New Smith Premiers Nos. 5^n±6. The No. 6 takes paper 183^ inches wide and writes lines 16 inches The No. 5 takes paper 1 1 inches wide and writes lines 93^ inches These new machines in essential mechanical principles are the same as Models Nos. 2, 3 and 4 — un- equaled. Write for Printed Matter Free. long, long. I -9:?^Siiiitt(^<^cEiiiter 158 Prospect Street, Cleveland, Ohio. 256 GLKANIXGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 15 STfl A 14fl?CnmC^ ^ HEADQUARTERS FOR HIGH GRADE ^■ivSI^'Z Plants and Seed Potatoes. ^ Descriptive Catalogue Free to All. /FLANSBURGH & PEiRSON, Leslie, Mich. ROUGH RIDER. SEN. DUNLAP, ^ and other ^^ CUMBERLAND RASPBERRY, KING OF MICHIUAN POTATO. BIG STRAWBERRY GIVEN AAV-A.Y. We will mail you six plants of Corsican , j biifiiest strawberry on earth, i f you will send us 15c. for one new subscription to GREEN'S FRUIT GROWER and Home Companion for ] six months. Established twent; y'_ irs a^o. 1 1 has 60,000 subscribers \\!h s ly it's the best family fruitjourpal ii America. Send for free sample copy. Green's Fruit Grower, Rochester, IM. Y. SEE" OATS 45c a Bu. and up. ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ The cleanest, heaviest, best yieldintr oats are Michigan Northern Grown. Ilamniond'H £iigii»3 :^ iti iJi Jste. >Ji. ili >k. iK >ti >ti ili iii iJi ti Sweet-Potato Seed. AT ANY TIME- summer time or winter time, the BEST POWER for all purposes on the fai m, in the dairy, creamery or cheese factory, LEFFEL ENGSNE, They are very simple in construc- tion, and easy to run and keep in order. Are very economic of fuel, are eas.v steamers and great power developers. They are made botli horizon- tal and upright with engine mounted on boiler. Every- thing is made of best material throughout. They are ideal for -,-, j,, cutting and grinding teed, saw- l^^ing wood, pumiiinp water, run- ^ ""^ ning cream separators, churns, butter workers, etc. .Send stamp for Book on Power. JAiUES LEFFKL. st of the fence. Witiitiie Duplex Machine any larmcr can make it himself at the actual cost of the wire. Catalogue free for the asking. , KITSELMAN BROS. iBoi D31. Muncie, ind. PLANERS The above cut shows one of our small Planers, of which we make twelve different styles and sizes. Also large Planers, Band Saws, Buzz Planers, Moulders, Wood Lathes, and all kinds of WOOD WORKING MACHINERY Send for Catalogue. The FRANK MACHINERY CO. BUFFALO, N. Y. In writing advertisers please mention Gleanings. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 2h; PEEP OF DAY Sweet Corn. Ready for the table 10 days ahead of any other variety. Sweet as honey and very productive. Ffir 10 PPfvf^ we will mail you a package *• "* *^ CdllO of this corn, sufficient to plant thirty liills; our catalogue for 1001 which is full of good things o£ proven Tiu'iit, and our interesting booklet, SEED TRUTH, wluch contains infnnnation of vital importance to every seed buyer, no matter where he gets his seeds. Order at Once as this Offer will ISOT Appear Again. Nofthfuj), King ft Co. MmlrApSLi^f^^iNN FARM ANNUAL?, O R 1901 "QUARTER- CENTURY EDITION" A Grand New Book of two hundred and twenty pages. Entirely rewritten at our famous FORDHOOK FARMS— the largest Trial Grounds in America. New Directions for culture. New Leaflets, New Novelties of unusual merit in both Vegetables and Flowers, Elegant New Colored Plates. The Quarter-Century's Record of Progress New Cash Prizes, and other New Features. The largest, most complete, and BEST SEED CATALOGUE ever published. Mailed for ten cents, which is less than cost per copy. Name this paper, send ten cents (silver or stamps) and with Ibis great catalogue we shall send a lS=Ccnt packet of either Burbank's Unique Floral Novelty or Burpee's wonderful, new, dwarf, meaty, bright-red, earliest Tomato, — ^'Quarter-Century.'''' /{^Should you object to paying ten cents for a seed catalogue (even though 'it is worth a dollar), then write a postal card for Burpee's •• SEED=SENSE " for 1901,— a "strictly business" catalogue of ninety pages tly W. ATLEE BURPEE «&. CO.. PHILADELPHIA, PA. For 14 Gents ■We mail the f.iHowing rare seed uoveliies. Ipkg. Illue IDood 'luinuto Heed, $ 15 1 " .\(irtliei-n I.rinoii 8<><'d, il5 1 *' llama's Favorite Onion Seed, .10 1 " Kiiierald(ue,iiriiiiiiiilierSeed, .10 1 " (ill (.ar.lri, II,.,. I Seed, .|o 1 " l:i-l)..> IliulUli Need. .10 1 " l.ii \- .l|;ii-l...( l.,-ir -Seed, 15 3 '> lirilliaul lioiver beed, .15 AVorth$1.00,or,4c^? Above 10 packages rare novelties Me will mail jou free, togeUier witli our great illustrated Seed i^aialog, telling all about Kulzer'oKillioii Ilollnr GraHs jVIso Choice 4»iiioii 8e«.Ml, ««o. alb. Together nith tlioii-ands of earliest vege- tables and larni sHeds. upon receipt otHc. -u.i thi«iioticp. When one., vou plant S:.lz will JOHN A.SAIZER SEED CO.. i,a( vosse.Hi,. SEEDS, PLAfJTS, Kosts, ISulbs, Vint*, rubs. Fruit and Oriia- mental Trees. The best |by 47 years test. 1000 acres, 110 in Hardy Roses, 44 [Greenhouses of Plants and JKverblooming Roses. Mai) Isize postpaid, safe arrival Iguaranteed. Try us, our Igoods will please you and 'direct deal will save you money. Valuable ItJB-page Catalogue Free. THE STOKKS «Ss HARRISO.V CO., Box 227 PAINSVILLE, OHIO. Ferry's Seeds are known the country over as the most reliable Seeds that can be bought. Don't save a nickel on cheap seeds and lose a dollar on the harvest. 1901 Seed Annual free. D. M. FERRY & CO., Detroit, Mich. SEED bTl free To aet nev» cunomers to lest my ^eeue Bill good tor lOe worth of Seeds for trial absolutely free. All the liestSeeds, Bulbs, I'lants, Koses, Furra Seeds, Potatoes and many >'ovelties at lowest pri.;es. CKliisenff, the great money nmking plant. <,[iiint Prize 'l'o« niatoee, 2tot he loot, Pan Anioriciin Oats, sentouifieeto farmeis, and two Free Passes to I'lin Ameriean Expo* sition, Buffalo, N Y. are offered. S^jGo.'j 00 n cash premiums. Don't t'ive :.our order until you see this new catalogue. You*ll be .'•urprlsed at my bariiiin offers. Send posta . for cataiogao to-day. It Is FKKK to all. Tell your friends to send too. F. B. MlLLJStBox lO&.BoBehlil, UnondagaCo.,.N. T. In writing advertisers please nit nt'ou Ol aninji- 258 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 15 THE WHEEL OF TIME lur all time is the YOU OUGHT TO KNOW .'e make them in all sizes and vari- eties,'»« FIT AN V AXLE. Any height, anv width of tire desired. Our IV heels ove either direct or staKper spoke. Can FIT YOUK \V AO<>N perfecflv witliout charee. NO BREAKING DOWN. Nodrvia-out. No ..-s.ttiDg tires Cheap cause they endure, ^end for cata. lovue and prices. Free upon request. Electric Wheel Co. Box SS Quint^jr, ills. I EASY SPRAYING >ii.'I.-.\.;r inacie p^vts t.eitei service than lli« t entiirj J!a rel Sprayer. Sub niMftribraiS cyiinJcr, Irats ball valves. evtiJabiiug pluiifjer pack ins; automitK .-ipnalor, Fcr eate of cp. ral on, durability. I flee -K- ter wavB it Is unequa led. NeVfi ( lies, f' liag'e. Send for catalogue of fui: I . . L otpumps audspravers. THE DIMINU CO.. Salem. O- ■nAi-Ms. lleiiinn&llubli..|l.(hica-o SEND NO MONEY-but order any of our Sewing -Vlaeliiiies sent C O. D.. on 30 ' \ s' trial. If yuu don't And ^.^...eni suiierior to any other |™'cillei-ed at the same or higher IjiSM in ices or are dissatisfied lor aijy reason, return them at our expense and we reiuiid your ev and fieitjht charges. For j iiil«.50 "C can sell you a better I machine than those advertised elsewhere at higher price, hut we 'vonld ratliersell vnuhetter Qaality md «;ivc Saliafiiotlon. Our ele- LOut ArIiiiitton.Tewcl.. Write for larce iTiiir.trated cata- locueFKKE. CASH BUYERS' UNION, (Inc.) 158-164 W. Van IJuren. St., I$-:i4.'>, CbicaRo 'KMj Direct to Consumers On- nandoomeCata'oir tree, cosiing ov. r |2 each, oontaines IM pases, with ISOO illustrations and 15,000 articles I iated. on which we guaraate*^ to save you from 15 to 75%. Most complete b-^ok of its tind. Sent for I'Oc to pay costof mailing, which will be refunded wittl first order. Valuable book o< refer- ence and ought to bein every household, i^i-titjkeeplthandy. Heller Chemical Co., Dept 40, Chicago. ■■i"Tbe Duly Hall Order Drug Iluuseiu the >' jrld."!^^ EED OCR 75c a Bij. and un. ^1^ ^^S^ 1 Jk k75c a B'j. and up ^gj^ Michij?an Northern Grown is the earliest and pro- duces largest crops. Ilainniond's S'Xty i»ay Flint, Ameri.cn Pride Early Yellow I>ent and Thor- oughbred White ISent are the 3 famous varieties to- day. American Pride made 197 bu. shelled corn per acre. Fifteen other sorts. Catalog fully describing these won- derful corns and other seeds .'.ent free on request. HARRV H. HAMMOND SEED CO., Formerly of Fifield. ■ Box <>!>, Bay City., Mich. Union Comoination Saw /^. For Rippiiis. Cro.s.s- cuttiiig, Rabbeting, Mitering, (irooving, Gaining, Boring, Scroll- sawing, Edge- mouldin Beadii"ig. Full line FOOT and HAND POWEE machin- ery-. Sfnd for ca/alo.M.MON SKN^E FOLOING IJKO«(»KIJS .ae ^i in- l ^ttrr sa i-tacti n *- than any olher maile. It's because they are so simple, s. nsitile an-i »iif-.>. Th-y are bi.ill tor busy people, " ho haven't time to fuss and bother. Our calulu|;ut; is Fl£liE. We i.on't ask vou to pay for it. I sn't i t won h examiii ngl SURE HATC" INCUBATOR COMPANY, CLAY CENTER, NEBRASKA. You C^n^i Afford to Guoss at results ill the |ii>iiltrv business. If you fail to raise tliecliifks, you siniplv imv,. n,, |)usi- iie»w. llie vva,\ to be alisolutel.y sure about g:ettins: the cliiolis is to employ a Cyphers Iiieu« hsitopin your liatehliifr. WeRUarantee them to last 10 years and to outhateh anyincubator made. The best way to know about itisto read our 224 paire (8x11 in,) book, "ProUtabie L Poultry Keeping." Has250 illustrations and covers the entire subject. We send it for 10 cents ill stamps. A.sk for book 7i. Circulars mailed free. Address nearest otflce. CYPIIEKS INCUBAToli CO. Cliicago, III., VVayland, N. \., Boston, Mass. Tiiey Never Fai You cannot afford to risk good eo-g-s in a poorincuba- tororgood chicks in a poor brooder. There is no need of doing it. The MARILLA Incubators and Brooders never disuppoint. They ai'e made otgnrhg'ood material, ia such a tliorough manner, and have so perfect a. system of regulating heat and moist- ure that they are absolutely certain in results. Tne.v are sold on a positive guarantee. Your money back if Yoii want it. Send two cents for catalogue and learn why they are the leaders. Twelve years' success behind them. Marilla Incubator Go. Box 62. Rose Hill, N. Y. 200-Egg Incubator for $ 1 2cOO Perfect in construction and I action. Hatches every fertile | egg. Write for catalogue to-day. GEO. H. STAHL.Qulncy. III. INCUBATOR ON TRIAL Successful result of 2.5 years' experience. Scientifically correct, practically perfect. Non-explosive metal lamps. Double and packed walls. Perfect regulation of heat and ventilation. Made of best materials, and highest quality of workmanship and finish. PRICES $7.00 AND UP. SATISFACTION GUARANTEED OR NO PAV. We make Brooders, Bee Hives & Supplies. C^F" Catalog and Price List sent Free. TheW.T.FALCONERMFG.CO., Dept. 7.1 Jamestown, N.Y. In writing advertise) s please mention Gleanings 260 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 15 DOOLITTLE SAYS • " I think that I never read one number of any bee-paper from which I obtained so many- precious things to think about, to store up for future experiments, as I did in the Bee-keepers' Review for January. Surely the Review begins the 20th century in grand style and practica- bility." Gazelle, Cal., Feb. 12, 1901. Friend Hutchinson :—\o\\x article in the January Review, " How Coggshall Extracts," is worth more to me than several times the price of the paper for a year. A. A. BROWN. Remember, the Review is $1.00 a year, but I send 12 back numbers (of my own choos- ing) free of charge. For $2.00 I send the back numbers, the Review for 1901, and a queen of the Superior Stock. W. Z. HUTCHINTON, Flint, Mich. NOW READY! 64-PAGE CATALOG OF EVERY THING BEE-KEEPERS NEED. Illustrated and fully described. Especially valuable to beginners for the infonuation it contains. Send your address on a. postal ard get it noTT. Establisberi 1884. J. M. JENKINS, Wetumpka, Ala. BEE-HIVES AND HONEY-BOXES, in car lots — wholesale or retail. Now is the time to get prices. We are the people who manufacture strictly first-class goods and sell them at prices that defy com- petition. Write us today. Interstate Box & Manufacturing Co., Hudson, Wis. I. J. Stringham, f05 Park Place, New York City. Keeps in stock a full line of modern appliances for bee-keepers. COMB FOUNDATION is one of our specialties. If you expect to use any quantity get our prices. Catalog free. Apiaries at Glen Cove, Long Island. I. J. Stringham, 105 Park Place, New York City. In writing ad%'erti.sers please mention Gleanings. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 261 1 1881 pAQB & LYON MFG. CO. '^^^ I We manufacture a full line of the latest I BEE-SUPPLIES. I Our motto is, *' Perfect Goods and Prompt Shipment." | ^ vSend for our new free illustrated catalog. e I PAGE & LYON MFG. CO., New London, Wisconsin. | ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ I Marshfield Manufacturing Company. ♦ ♦ ♦ - -~ - - - ■■ t ♦ Marshfield Manufacturing Company, Marshfield, Wisconsin. ♦ Our specialty is making SECTIONS, and they are the best in the market. Wisconsin basswood is the right kind for them. We have a full line of BKE-SUPPIJES. Write for FREE illustrated catalog and price list. Marshfield Manufacturing Company, Marshfield, Wisconsin. QUEEMS? J/nproverf dolden and T^eather- co/orec/ Italians is what we r&ar — 13 years' ejvrperjence enahles us to furnish Superior Stoclc. TESTIMONIAL. Humboldt, Neb., Aug. 5th, 1900. Mr If. G. Quirin. Dear Sir: — The colony contain- ing the queen you sent me has already stored over 400 lbs. of honey (mostly comb) for this season, and will yet store quite a considerable before the season closes. It would take SlOO to buy this queen. I have another one from you which I think will turn out equally as well. Bees from your queens certainly do work on red clover. I can tell, as they are the only bees of their kind in my locality. Hereafter when I want more queens I shall know where to get them. Yours truly, J. I,. Gandy. At present we have two very valuable breeders which will be used for the coming season. One is a breeder from Root's S200.00 red clover qiieen. Large orders will be shipped from the South during April. We are now booking orders for April. May, and June delivery at the following prices : ^^ii, Warranted Stock, Sl.OO each ; 6, $5. CO. Tested Queens, SI.50 each ; 6, $8. GO. Select Tested, $2. GO each ; 6, $1G.5G. Whv no't' let us book your order for one or half TT llj' IIUU a dozen of these Superior Queens? We guarantee safe delivery. You take no risk. Re- member queen-bees is our specialty in summer time. For a short time we will allow 20 per cent discount on Folding Cartons, and printed stationery. Parker- town is a money-order office, so please do not send stamps if you can help it. H. G. Quirin, Parkertown, Oliio. Albino Queens. If you want the most prolific queens ; if j'ou want the gentlest bees ; if you want the best honey gatherers you ever saw, try my Albinos. Untested qtieens, SI. 00 ; tested. 81.50. J. D. GIVENS, Lisbon, Texas. LONG-TONGUED QUEENS! YARD NO. r. By special arrangements with THE A. I. ROO r CO. to furnish them queens, I have secured their assistance in procuringthe finest breedingqueens that a thorough knowledge of the bees of the count'y and mo"ev can procure. Among them is a select daughter of their $200 queen that tliey re- fuse toquote me prices on. Thi- quten shows every superior quality of her mother. Ht-r bees show an actual reach of 21-100 of an inch; are large, gentle, and beautiful 10 'ook unon. MR E. R. ROOT S A )\S : " Yo'i have as fine bees as there are in the United States ; and with a direct criss of their breeders you should be able to produce queens whose bees show a reach of 25-100 of an"inch." 'Kg^'Send for descriptive price li.st. Watch this space, and don't forget my long tongue stock is the best that money and knowledge can procure. Prices: Untested queen. $1 00; 6 S.5,00. Tested queen, $1.50: (i, 88 00 Fifty select breeders from long tongued strains, 82. .50 to 85.00 each. IMPORTED ITALIAN STOCK. AI'I.'iRY NO. 2. Imported Queens, Da ug titers and Gt and-daughters. GOLDEN, OR 5-BANDED ITALIAN. .■\PrA>-Y NO. 3. Bleeders, select tested, tested, and untested queens. REMEMBER the bear picture goes as a premi- um on six queens. IIIOI untested queens will be ready to mail March 25 to April 1st. Send in your order at once, and get in on the ground floor. Breeders, select tested, and test- ed queens go by return mail. W. 0. VICTOR, WHARTON, TEXAS. QUEEN SPECIALIST. FOR SALE. — 150 colonies, of bees, with fixtures, house with contents, two lots and five acres of land in incorporate limits; fine team, buggy, cutter, etc.; also Marlin rifle and shotgun. Elias Fox, Hillsboro, Wis. 2(i2 GI.EANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 15 WE WANT to sell you bee-sui:)plies. Our line is all new and. complete. Send for our illustrated catalog. It will convince you that our Dovetailed hive is the best on the market. Our prices are right and our service is prompt. Fred W. Muth & Co., S-W. Cor. Front and Walnut Sts. Cincinnati, Ohio. Dittmer's Foundation !!! RetaiI===Wholesale===Jobbing. I use a Process that produces every es- sential necessary to make it the best and MOST desirable in all respects. My process and alttomatic machines are my own inventions, which enable me to seil foundation, and "WORK WAX INTO FOUNDATION FOR CASH, at prices that are the lowest. Catalog giving FULL LINE OF SUPPLIES with prices and samples, free on applica- tion. BEESWAX WANTED. Get the Best Queens. Evansville, Ind., Sept. 27th, 1900. The Jennie Atchley Co., Beeville, Bee Co., Texas: Dear T'j {ends: — It gives me great pleasure to forward you this unsolicited testimonial regarding the merits of Atchley queens. The three (3) dozen queens pur- chased o? you have made an excellent record for themselves. Not an Atchley queen among the twenty colonies lost during the severe drouth in July. I have bought queens from many breeders; and although the present crop is exceedingly short, the tiers of supers show where the Atchley queens are, and speak vol- umes for your method of queen-rearing. I find the progeny to be very gentle, strong winged, uniformly marked, long-lived, of large size, and last, but not least, the best honey-gatherers I ever had. I shall want 100 more next season. Yours fraternally, J. C. Wallenmeyer. Prices for Queens. Te.sted, fl..50 each; 18 00 for 6, or 815 00 per dozen. Untested, February, March, April, and May, 81 00 each; 85.00 per 6, or S9 00 per dozen Fine breeders, 8.5 00 each We have as good bees and queens as money and labor produce. We breed three-band Italians Goldens, Carniolans, Cyprians, and Holy- I^ands, in their purity, bred in separate yards 5 to 20 miles apart. If you want tke best, call for Atchley's improved strains. .Safe arrival guaranteed. Send for a sample copy of " The Southland Queen," the only southern bee-paper. 81 00 per year. To new sub- scribers we offer as a premium a nice untested queen in order to get oui paper introduced. Catalog, giving qneen-rearing and management of apiaries for profit, FREE. QUS. DITTHER. AUGUSTA, WIS. THE JENNIE ATCHLEY CO., Beeville. Bee Co., Texas. gff^wwywyvwtf^wkv^i^v'y^^ywvk^wtf^w^^k^vwk'wwwvkvwwk''^^^ UPPLIES. Best-equipped factorj' in the West; car- ry a large stock and greatest varietj' of every thing needed in the apiary, assur- ing BEST goods at the I^OWEST prices, and prompt shipment. We want every bee-keeper to have our FREE IIyI,US- TR.\TED CAT.^I^OG, and read descrip- tion of Alternating Hives, Fergu.son Su- pers, etc. Wrileat once for a catalog. AGENCIES : Trester Sunply Co., 103 So. 11th St., I^in- coln, Nebraska ; C. C. Richards, 1223 17th St., Denver, Col. KRETCHMER M'F'6 CO., Red Oak, Iowa. f-S-S-f-S-Sr e-S-fe- *«-*■■ t*-e- a- «r e-e-s-B-«-a-e-*a-e-sr» e-S-S-e-S-s-r-a-sr S-&:S-^jf- r^ADE TO ORDER. ^ I* <»> Dear Sir;— Inclosed find »1 75. Pleuse send one brass Smoke engnie. I have one aliead.y. It !.■- the best smoker 1 \tl ever used. Trulv yours. V. Henry Schmidt, Hutto e Binghani Brass Smokers Made of sheet bras.s, which does not ru.st or burn out ; should last a lifetime. You neeil one, but they co.st 25 cts. more than tin of the -ame size. The little open cut shows our brass hinge put on the three larger .sizes. No wonder Bingham's 4-inch smoke-engine goes without puffing, and does not drop inky drops. The perforated .steel fire-grate has 3S1 holes to air the fuel and support the fire. Heavy tin smoke engine, 4-inch stove per mail, $1.50 ; 3^-inch, 81.10; 3-inch, 81.00; 2^-inch, 90c; 2-inch, a5c. Bingham smokers are the originals, and have all the improvements, and have been the standard of excellence for 22 years. Only three larger ones brass. T. F. Bingham, Farwell, Mich. '^;k9^J^^^^^^3^^-3^^-3^-Ss^^^^^'S^3-3^^-S^^-S^^-S^33^-3^^-S3'3^9^^^^^'S^:¥^ 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 26.S ^«i fiC fC fis^ m »iv »]C fC^ fc fC fC fiC fiC »i«^ fiv »|C fe fii' »c '^fw I $200 Red-clover Queen. I ^^ OFFER NO. 35. ^ ^r %^ ^^ /^^^ SEPTEMBER 1st last we announced that we finally had a red-clover ^fjr ^f V^ queen fully equal to the one we had years ago. The colony of this > -^i queen has given one of the most remarkable showings on red clover of any ^jST ^^ bees we have ever had. The queen in question is an imported one, and there- ^^ ■^' fore of the genuine pure leather-colored Italian stock. We sent out daughters ^ -^*. from her all the season. But we did not discover her value until the clover ?tC" -^^ season, second growth, came on, and then her colony so out-distanced all the ^^ ^ other 450 that she attracted attention at once. ^ -^* It must be understood that these queens are not golden yellow, neither are ^ff^T 'i^^ their bees of the five-banded stock. They are simply leather-colored Italians, ^fX-. ' whose mother came direct from Italy. 2 "^•^ Since the notice appeared regarding this queen we have hardly been able ''t*^ -^y to supply all of the queens that were wanted from this stock. Many daughters •i^ ^ of this queen we sent out before we knew her value, and it now transpires that J "^■s some of the finest bees in the land are from queens we sent out early. We are r^C" '^^ now booking orders for the coming season, and make the following offer, but mf^ ' no queens will be furnished except those who subscribe for Gleanings, and . '^k^ only one with each year's subscription. All arrearages must be paid to the end ^^^ ■^^ of last year. Gleanings for 1901 and one untested red-clover queen, $2.00; s.i^ ' Gleanings one vear and a tested red-clover queen, $4.00 ; a select tested red- . yly «|^ Jfi*^ clover queen and Gleanings one year for $6.00. We will begin mailing these '^ ^y queens in June, 1901. Orders are already being entered, and the same will be ^^£^ ? filled in rotation. Do not neglect to improve this opportunity and get some . y^* choice stock, and send your order early so you may get the queen correspond- 1^^ ^|^ V safely, but reserve the right in case of her loss this winter to substitute from < . y^* other select tested stock of this strain which we are holding in reserve, or to ^1^^ Jl^*. give the subscriber the benefit of any of our other clubbing offers if desired. «s^ V We can not enter orders for queens until remittance is received, unless you | _ "^*' have a credit on our books, or you send references. To do otherwise would be ''^ JJ^£, an injustice to those who are sending cash with order. -^" $ The A. I. Root Company, Medina, Ohio. $ -^^j, ^'L. ^t^ ^L^ ^t^ ^L^ ^i^ ^'L^ ..5't^ .^'t^ ^t^ ^L^ ^'L^ .^'4^ JJ'*^ .^'t^ .^'4^ ^'t^ ^L^ J*,£^ 2fi4 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 15 Wants and Exchange. Notices will be inserted under this head at 10c per line. You must SAT you want your ad. in this department, or we will not be responsible for any error. You can have the notice as many lines as you please ; but all over ten lines will cost you according to our regular rates. We cannot be responsible for dissatisfaction arising from these ''swaps." IVANTED.^Two or three apiaries for cash ; located ' ' in Colorado ; write full particulars ; first letters and lowest cash price; combhrnev preferred. Thos. C. Stanley & Son. Fairfield, 111. Y^ANTED. — To exchanc;e bicycles and tandems, gas- ^^ oline-engines {rew and 2d hand, 1 to 20 horse- power), for wood and metal working- machinery of all kinds. Robert B. Gedye, LaSalle, 111. WANTED. — Boy about 17 or 18 years of age, to work in garden, one who ca.i drve h.irses; .state wages expected. D. Spiers, Og'esby, La Salle Co., 111. Y^ANTED. — A renter for 60 coi'inies of bees, or will '' sell the whole to some good man. I can not attend to them as they should be. I have a neighbor who has 40 colonies who also wants to let out on. shares. He is only three miles from me. Single tnan preferred. R. J. Mathews, Rosedale, Miss. VX^ANTED. — To exchange for beeswax or 4'i sec- ^' tions, pedigreed Belgian hares. Breeding age and good color. Will exchange at a low price until April 1st. Ralph B. Daly, lyOckport, Niagara Co., New York. yv ANTED.— To exchange 12,000 berrj'-boxes, low- "' Hallock wine-measure quart, in flat, good con- dition, for Cowan reversible extractor, any size, or good incubator. J. D. Bixby, Grooms, Sar. Co., N. Y. Y^ANTED.— To exchange two No. .5 Novice honey- ' ' extractors, good as new, for bees in any kind of hives or shipping-boxes, with or without brood-combs. Make offer. E. W. Brown, Box 102, Morton Park, Cook Co., 111. VL' ANTED. — To exchange a Marliu repeater rifle and ' ' reloading tools for bees or offers. Send 2c stamp for terms. Robt. J. Cary, Norwalk, Conn. Y^ANTED. — To exchange a farm of .38 acres — good '^' buildings, fruit, and water, level, no waste land — for bees and location. Florida preferred. J. O. MuNSON, E l,ansing, N. Y. ANTED. — To exchange a Blickensderfer type- writer, in No. I condition, for bees. Geo. .Shiber, Franklinville, N. Y. YLTAN TED.— From 25 to 50 3-frame nuclei of Italian "' bees with warranted or tested queens on t,. frames. Must be delivered in May or first of June. Also want to buy 100 or 200 colonies in box or any style of cheap hives. Also want to exchange a 12-ir. Vandevort foundation mill for cash or white or buff Wyandott eggs. Garfield Boomhower, Gallupville, N. Y. w Y^ ANTED. — l,arge apiarj' in g' od basswood location "' in Wisconsin. Also a man to take permanent charge of same on shares with a guaranteed income. H. W. Funk, Normal, 111. Y^ANTED. — A handy, trustworthy young man to as- '• sist in apiary work and learn improved methods. Tact rather than experience required. Address with recommendations. Arkansas Valley Apiaries, L,as Animas, Col. YL^ANTED.— To exchange the best low-priced type- '' writer on the market ; good as new, used only two months. H. I^.-vthrop, Agent U. S. Ex. Co., Browniown, Wis. Y^ ANTED. — To exchange one saw-mandrel and two '' saws — one rip and one cutoff — all new; also small fruit-plant, for quart terry-baskets or any thing I can use in the photographing business. Write for particulars, stating what you have. P. D. Miller, Grapeville, Pa. w ANTED. — To exchange fine old violin for guitar or bicycle. A. P. Wilkey, Dixon, Ky. Y^ANTED. — To exchange 7-light acetylene machine "' ($35.00 1 for 3frame nucleus. Cowan extractor, and hives in flat. Give particulars to Dr. Ball, Essex. Conn. Yl^ANTED.— To exchange 20 new 8-frame Dov. hives '^' (never used i with Hoffman frames, for chickens or any kind of bees. F. I,. Rehn, CoUingdale, Delaware, Co., Pa. mill. Address Wm. S. Ammon, 216 Court St. Reading, Pa. Y^ANTED. — Who wants my 30 years' experience in 7 '" months, at 518.00 a month and board, to work at bees, and work on farm when there is no work at bees. Must have some experience with bees, and temperate. For willing and competent man I will endeavor to secure a winter job in Cuba. Write expe- rience to W. L. Coggshall, West Groton. Tompkins Co., N. Y. ANTED — Trio Black Minorcas. cockerel and pul- lets. State price. J. B. Ends, M. D., Charleroi, Pa. Lock Box 4. w \n(TfifH flnilfc Handsome pets; profitable nii^Uia VJUaia. stock. Large new circular for stock EDW. W. COLE & CO., Kenton, Ohio. V^ANTED. — To sell my entire and complete apiary, ' ' c^nsisling of bees, hives, foundition, sections, shipping-cases etc (Root's goods). Every thing new and in Al condition A big bargain will be offered, as I must sell. Write for particulars. E. B. Foster, 506 W. Warren St., Bucyrus, o. i©^ Barnes' Hand and Foot Power Machinery. This cut represents oui combined circular saw, which is made for bee- keepers' use in the con- struction of their hives, sections, boxes, etc. Alaehines on trial, '-»-n 1 for illustrated cata-, logue and prices. W F.& John Barnes Co.. 54S Ruby St., Kockford, •■ • III. The Modern Farmer and Bnsy Bee. Emerson Taylor Abbotf, Editor. A live, up to-date Farm Journal with a Gen- eral Farm Department, Dairy, Horticulture, Live-stock, Poultry, Bees, Home and General News. The Editor has had practical experi- ence in every department of farm work. To introduce the paper, it will be sent to New subscribers one year for 25c. Sample copies free Best Advertising Medium in the Central West. Clubbed with Gleanifigs for $1 00. ADDRESS Modern Farmer, St. Joseph, Mo Black and Hybrid Queens for 5ale. We have about 90 young black and hybrid queens for sale at 40c each, or six for 52,00. Safe delivery in- sured. Orders filled at once. SwiNSON & Boardman, Macon, Ga. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 271 Contents of this Number. Apiaries on Roofs 275 Average. A Ivarge 294 Bees and Fruit in Farm Papers 295 Bees Dying of Old Age 292 Bees. Long-tongned, Whv Wanted 286 Clover and Long-tongued Bees 295 Comb, Black, How to Render 29() Combs. Melting up Old 276 Cook's Rfview of A B C Book 297 Crop of Honey, Increasing 289 Cuban Bee-keeping 283 Cyprians. Doolittle on 275 Extractor, Cart-wheel 288 Florida Matter, by Editor 299 Foul -brood Law, California 29fi Frames, Wiring 287 Gemmill Hatch Machine 280 •Gifford, Shooting of 294 Hicks and the Weather. ..^ 302 Honey as Freight in Canada 274 Honey, Chunk, in the South 284 Hon*- y- houses. Portable 287 Mo'd on Hives in Winter 292 National Bee-keepers' Association, Fowls on 290 Pecan Industry 302 Presses, Wax. German 281 ■Queen, =, Caging 294 •Queen-rearing, Strenuous 291 Rambler at Fray's 287 Rambler, Poem on 275 Smoker, Passage's Double-blast 293 Spraying During Bloom .284 Stand for Painting Hives 288 Symposium on Melting Combs .....276 Tongues, Possible Disappointments 295 "Wander- wagon 288 "Wax-extractor, Ferris 276 Wax-press, Hatch-Gemmill 278 "Yazoo Region 275 honey Column. GRADING-RULES. Fancy.— All sections to be well filler!, combs straight, firm Iv attached to all four >*ide.s. the combs unsoiled b.v travel stain, or otherwise ; all the cells sealed e.xcept an occasional cell, the outside surface of the wood well scraped ot propolis. A No. 1. -All sections w.-ll filled except the row ot c.-lls next to the wood ; combs straisht ; one-eishth ixirt ot comb surface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soiled ; ttie out- side surface of the wood well scraped of propolis. No. 1.--A11 sections well filled except the row of c^llsnext to the wood ; combs comparatively even ; one-eifihth part ot comb surface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soilen No. '2.— Three-fourths of the total surface must be tilled No^l— Must weigh at least half as much as a full-weight In addition to this the honey is to be classified according to color, using the terms white, amber, and dark ; that is, there will be " Fancy White," " No. 1 Dark," etc. CITY MARKETS. Boston. — We quote our market as follows : Fancy No. 1 white in cartons 17; A No. 1, 16; No. 1, 15^16, with a fairly good demand. Absolutely no call for dark honey this year. Extracted, white, SfSSJ^: light amber, 7^(Si8. Demand is good, with light stocks. Beeswax. 27. Blake, Scott & Lee, Mar. 12. 31, 33 Commercial St., Boston, Mass. Milwaukee. — This market on honey is almost in- active because the stock here offered for sale is gener- ally of such a quality that our trade will not buy. The ■white section or fancy grade of comb is wanted, and any shippers of this grade will get good values on such now. and we can quote fancy 1-ft). sections 17@18; A No. 1. I6'g)17 The lower grades are entirely nomi- nal. Extracted white, in barrels, kegs, or cans, 8(2)10; •dark, iu same, 7,^@8, Beeswax, 28. A. V. Bishop & Co., Mar. 19. Milwaukee, Wis. Cincinnati. — The demand for comb honey is near- ly FIVE it* DIFFERENT it< STYLES it* OF «< BEE-HIVES. ff\ ^ — Tz — I ^♦> (♦> (»> Lewis' • White • Polished e Sections • are • Perfect. /f\ We will furnish you with the finest bee- l(eepers' supplies in the World. Send us your Orders and we will fill 'em promptly. Send for Catalog. BRANCH : G. B. I,ewis Company, 19 South Alabama Street, Indianapolis, Indiana. AGENCIES : L. C. Woodman, Grand Rapids, Michigan ; Fred W. Muth & Co., Southwest Cor. Walnut & Front Sts., Cincinnati, Ohio ; Fred Foulger & Sons, Ogden, Utah; Colorado Honey-producers' Association, Denver, Col.; Grand Junction Fruit-growers' Association, Grand Junction, Colorado ; Robert Halley, Montrose, Colorado ; Pierce Seed and Produce Company, Pueblo, Colorado ; E. T. Abbott, St. Joseph, Missouri, Special Southwestern Agent. ^VSAA/^^WMS^^^(^W^W>A^W>)s wide, S. T Pettit and ye editor say they're all wrong. Well, I think I've tried them long enough to know how they work in ihis locality. To Bro. Pettit, I say tha*^ his objection that they choke with dead bees is valid, although I don't know that I've suffered from that cause ; but I don't think I ever hurt a bee or a queen by lifting or replacing a frame. To ye editor I say that, with 1 ys bottom-bars, I can show combs beau- tifully built down to the bottom — -he may re- member that he saw them — and with }:^ bot- tom-bars they are not so good. But I took a different plan with the wide bottom-bars. [Yes, I remember your showing me those wide bottom-bars ; and I remember, too, that you succeeded in getting your combs clear down to them by the use of splints ; but in the item on this point in our last issue I was thinking of the average bee-keeper, a class to whom the manufacturer has to cater rather than to the special ones who will take time to work out all these various little problems. — Ed.] RAMBLER. BY ARTHIIH "»«^Ast^seA£afle^tt^fe^^2gfts^iisA5: ^ICKir^TGS '^AOM OUM NEIGHBORS FIELDS. There dwells a Ram Ici, lank and long, Beside the raging sea ; He roams and sing-; from morn till night- No bee more hliihe than he. And this the burden of his song Forever seems to be : " I rarab'.e here and ramble there, And tell of what I see." "Thou'rt welcome, friend," cries Innocence "Come in and feast with me; We'll chat of bees and traps and things That full of wonder be." He talks and talks, and shows his traps Which Ramb:er likes to see, But sees with eyes brimful of mirth Rich fun there's sure to be. The Rambler smiles and passes on With songs across the lea. "I love my wheel, I love this life, I love the busy bee; I love, 'bove all, confiding man Who, while I take my tea. Tells me of things he wots not of, That's copy unto me." We love him 'spite his ancient clothes, With trousers bagged at knee, And camera and umbrella too, And eyes so full of glee. l,ong mav he ramble 'mongst us all, And flirt with busy bee ; But let Dame Nature quite alone, For fickle jade is she. Providence, March 5, 1901. Don't kill the pretty bumble-bees That hum around the barn ; They'll bring the price of clover down, But ne'er a person harm. \i< AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL. In speaking of the Cyprian bees, the Twen- tieth Century Farmer says: The next breed of bees imported came from the island of Cyprus. They are called Cypiians, a name not always used for bees. The Cyprians hold the world's record for the amount of honey gathered by one colony in a single seas-on. Mr. Doolittle, of New York State, a well-known apiarist, took 1000 pounds of extracted honey from one colony of Cvprian bees one year. They have one serious fault — they are very nervous, and will defend their stores of honey to the death. They can not be subdued by smoke. When aroused the only way to conquer them is with a mild dose of chloroform. On account of their disposition they have not become popular. Mr. Doolittle says, concerning this: The above reminds me of the man who puked up three black crows, of ancient time, while the truth was that ' he threw'up something as black as a crow, and told his neighbor .'■o." My greatest yield of extracted honey from a single colony of bets was in 1S77. when one colony gave me the large yield of 51)0 pounds, besides producing enough to winter on- or about 35 pounds more. So that the total galheied l)y this colony was not far fiom t)00 pounds, all told — that is, above what they consumed while gathering, or during the summer months. But this was before anyCypiian bees were imported into this country, the bees doing the gath- erine of this 600 pounds being those best of all bees, all things considered — the Italians. Does that "Twentieth Century " bear the ear-marks of A. D. or B. C. ? >b Roof apiaries are coming on top — naturally. Mr. York gives a fine view of one in Chicago, belonging to G. E. Purple. The latter says: The roof as a place to keep bees has its advantages as wt-11 as disadvantage*. Things in its favor are that the bees are up out of the way. and theie is no fear of their disturbing any one (I have never heard any complaints against mine). The roof being: nearly level, and covered with clean gravel, there is nothing to hinder the bees, and when they swarm it is easy to find the queen. (I clip all my queens.) In 1899 Mr. Purple secured about 3200 lbs. of extracted honey in this way, probably all taken from the little dooryards of that great city. \lu Some time ago the Yazoo region in Missis- sippi had a boom for bee-keepers. Mr. Dan- iel Wurth says of it : The Ya zoo Valley, in Mississippi, is a very unhealthy part of the country. I was sick there all summer with chills. It is also a very poor honey locality, as it rains too much. My advice to bte-keepers is to stay away from there. The great bee-keeper who was the cause of my moving there has rendered his 250 colonies into wax. About once in six or seven years they have a grod honey-flow from the willows along the Missis- sippi River, and there are only a few places where that is plentiful. 276 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 1 Our Symposium on the Melting-up of Old Combs. The Various Methods and Devices Carefully Con- sidered. THE FERRIS COMBINATION WAX-EXTRACTOR. BY C. G. FERRIS. Our first illustration, Fig. 1, shows six cords of combs cut from the frames, and photo- graphed to show the result of what is known as black brood, pickled brood, or foul brood becoming mixed in among the lot. These combs have been accumulating for the past 25 years, and have been used in producing ex- tracted honey exclusively. To eradicate the disease and transform this huge pile of combs into choice wax as shown in Fig. 7, I call your attention to my large three-basket steam wax-extractor as shown in Fig. 2. This machine is made to take one or more long narrow baskets — see Fig 4 — on the same general principle as frames that we use in our hives. By being made in this man- ner the frames of comb can be put direct- ly into the basket in clusters or handfuls of six each without breaking or otherwise chang- ing them. Another advantage in being made in this way is, the live steam has a better chance to penetrate than if made to hold eight or ten combs. A basket holding four frames of comb on this principle would be rendered quicker than the one holding six or eight, and the advantage would be with the lighter bas- ket, taking into considf ration the handling. The first ba^sket in Fit{. 2 has been cut away to show the follower and pres-* in actual position. After using until the refuse becomt s < bjec- tionable, or after we have put into the l)askets FIG. 2. — THREE-BASKET EXTRACTOR. about sixty combs of ordinary size, put on the follower as shown in No. 3, at 14; adjust the screw and holder, at 11, and give the pressure desired. On a test of 64 combs that were badly worm-eaten, and heavy with pol- len, I secured the following results : Carefully steamed out 9 lbs. of wax. Pres- sure applied, and pressed out 8 lbs. 14 oz. FIG. 1. — SIX CORDS OF COMBS RENDERED IN FOUR DAYS. WAX SHOWN IN FIG. 7. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 277 Anj^ one can do the same under the same con- ditions. Follower, screw, and bar can easily be remo%-ed, and are removed when combs are FIG. 3.— I.ONGITUDINAL. being rendered. Two motions place ready for use, and the same removes it from posi- tion when not needed. Four baskets should be used with this ma- chine. While one or more are taken to be cleaned, the extra one takes its place, so the FIG. 4. — BASKET. rendering can be carried on indefinitely. It can also be used to great advantage in press- ing the honey from uncappings. As they ac- cumulate they are to be put into the baskets, and, when full pressure is applied, forcing the honey rapidly out without any discoloration whatever. Section Fig. 3 shows the machine cut through the center, apparently. Fig. 2 shows the ex- tension handles for handling the tank. In Fig. 3, steam and odor escape to the stove at 6 and 7 ; water is supplied to the extractor at 8 and 9 ; drip pan is at 5 ; 13, refuse ; 14, follower ; 11, iron bar and screw ; 12, basket ; 15, release of bar from baskets. The baskets are made in a most substantial way of extra heavy galvanized wire cloth, all in one piece, united and soldered at the ends to galvanized band iron. All are interchange- able and self-spacing — as much so as our frames. AA shows the holes in one end for receiving press ; see Fig. 4. FIG. 6. — WAX REFINER AND BUCKET IN SHAPE. FIG. 8. — G. C. FERRIS WAX-BUCKET. The wax cakes, after coming from the ex- tractor, are of all sizes and all shapes, due largely, of course, to the abundance of water used in rendering. The w?x at this stage somewhat resembles dark maple sugar, having a coarse granular appearance. We now scrape all sediment from the bottom of the cakes, and clean the tin buckets by placing them in the oven of the stove long enough to get them piping hot, when, with a clean piece of bur- lap, they are wiped clean easily. This is important, as the wax will not be clean should the buckets be dirty. By a very simple con- trivance as shown in Fig. 6, and illustrated more ful- ly in Fig. 8, we take these irregular, off-colored cakes referred to, and, after cleaning out the baskets and extractor, we again prepare as for rendering wax. We place the wax- refiner as shown in Fig. 6, at 1, and bucket, so the wax flows through 1 to 2, When 2 is full it should be taken away and another put in its place. Wax in 278 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 1 irregular cakes should be put direct into the baskets, and then run rapidly into the wax- refiner at 1, and into 2, as given above. Cooling bodies contract so after filling the buckets full we do not trj' to empty them of wax until they cool sufficiently to almost drop out, as they will after a time. The re- sults are shown in No. 7, in having nice even cakes of choice wax ready for crating. While rendering combs as shown in Fig. 1, many of them were white drone combs, and new foundation that had not been brooded in. Those were put to one side with the in- tention of having a choice quality of wax that would command a higher price than ordina- rily. When the old combs and the new had THE HATCH-GEMMILL WAX PRESS. Why a Detached Press is to be Preferred to a Com- bined Steam and Wax Press. BY F. A. GEMMILL. Some years ago I had occasion to melt up a large quantity of old brood-combs, varying in age from five to fifteen years ; and, as a result, have had considerable experience in rendering such in order to secure the greatest amount of wax therefrom, with the least possible loss of time, labor, and expense. The Dadant (or gunny-sack) plan, probably best known to your readers, was the one first used. Next came the solar system, a la Board- FIG. /. — WAX RENDERED FROM SIX CORDS OF COMB. been refined, there was no diiTerence between the two lots. This is sufficient to show its value used in connection with any steam wax-extractor. South Columbia, N. Y. [Mr. Ferris' experiment, showing the saving effected by a press, is somewhat startling in its results. It would look as if the old-fashioned steam -extractors took, under certain condi- tions, only 50 per cent of the wax in the old combs. In the experiment under consider- ation, the press actually saved g lbs. of wax, nearly. At an average price of 2^ cts. per lb., this would be $2 2^. At this rate, how long would it take to pay for a press, either as a part of the steamer or as a separate machine like the Gemmill Hatch press? Referring to this last machine, I have asked Mr. Gemmill to tell of his experiments in detail, which he does. — Ed.] man — a capital method for uncappings, and combs containing few cocoons, and little or no pollen. Liter the Doolittle arrangement, combining pressure while the combs were still immersed in boiling water, and manipulated out of doors, was discouraged by a friend of mine, and I therefore next tried the Swiss sttam or Ferris system, all of which satisfied me that much wax was being lost for want of proper and economical plans to secure it from such combs as described. The Salisbury method of treat- ing the refuse or cocoons with acid did not get a trial, for the reason that I could not readily arrange for so doing. After considering the results of my experiments, I concluded to use pressure in some form, and finally adopted a modification of the Cary-Hatch or cheese- press process, as illustrated and described on page 31-5 of 52d thousand of A B C book, pub- lished by the Root Co., with some improve- 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 279 ments by myself ; while Mr. Chrysler, the present manufacturer of the press in Canada, has made some additions to the form and fol- lower, which are considered by some an ad- vantage. I have no desire to underestimate the results or attainments of others with their own inven- tions or apparatus for securing the desired ends ; but for my own purpose the so called Hatch-Gemmill press is all that is claimed for it, and I am pleased to have the indorsement of the above statement by our mutual friend Mr. J. B. Hall, of Woodstock, one of Cana- da's best apiarists. What do you think of such a man, when he actually proposed to remain away from the Ontario bee-keepers' meeting, held at Niagara I-'alls, in order to melt up combs by this system, knowing full well that he could not be spared, and had to be tele- graphed for to present himself? Why, one would naturally conclude attending conven- tions was a more disagreeable matter than rendering combs, under such circumstances. I think it has been generally conceded in the past, that, if as much wax could be se- cured from old combs as would fill a similar set of frames full of foundation, it paid to melt up all defective or unusable combs rather than continue their use. My experiments, carried on by the various methods first enumerated, forced me to con- clude I had not been getting much more, or about a half or two thirds at most, and not as rapidly or cheaply as I desired, and concluded to use high pressure exclusively as scon as the combs wtre brought to a sharp boil, and at once, but leisurely, transferred to the press, since which time my own average has been 3 lbs. of wax from a set of 8 Langstroth frames, while Mr. Hall has succeeded in securing from 3^ to A%. from 8 Quinby combs, according to age, of as beautiful yellow wax as one would wish to see, for the reason that it had been forced through the refuse and quilt, and consequently strained at once to perfection. I am quite well aware that objections have been raised to the use of this press as illus- trated and described, for the reason that the cheeses, or slumgum, would cake or " freeze," or chill before pressure could be applied ; but I can assure the readers of Gleanings that any one who allows such a thing to take place is a Door manipulator, and not possessed of much that goes to make a successful bee-keep- er ; and it does not require a lightning opera- tor either. Here is Mr. Hall's answer to that objection : " With me the slumgum cheeses do not cake, much less ' freeze ; ' nor does the wax splat- ter about." I say amen to his statements. The only pre- caution that has been taken to avoid such an accident is, to first fill the press with boiling water, allowing the mats and faces to become water-soaked before commencing operations. This, however, is made to prevent the possi- ble absorption, and, at the same lime, expe- dite the removal of any wax from the press after removing the cheeses. The quilt or material (no bags are employ- ed) for confining the supply to be pressed is composed of linen screen, a coarse kind of cheese-cloth, and it may be doubled if one so desires it, although one thickness appears to be strong enough. This article costs but 15 cents per yard, and should be about 54 inches square, and is much to be preferred to gunny sacking, as the refuse is much more easily and rapidly removed when cool. A good plan is to have two or more such quilts for conven- ince in working expeditiously. FIG. 9. — HATCH-GEMMILL WAX-PRESS. Fig. 1. — A — Bed, little higher at back end. B— Beam for sciew and braces. C — Hand ,<-crew and lever. D — Iron plate on follower. K — Slotted bottom of follower. F — Slotted sides of case. G — Cheese-cloth or burlap. H— Slotted bars on bottom-piece. I— Case. J — Galvanized tank. K, K — Heavy -wood foundations. L— Spoilt. M, M— Braces running through K K to bolt to floor. Fig. 2.— Part of the follower turned bottom side up, showing E. Fig. 3 — Detail part of bottom part showing con- struction of H. I have been asked why a press of such de- sign or modification is superior to a wax-ex- tractor like the Ferris, having a press inside of the extractor. To be candid, 1 have never used the Ferris except by the methods given by the inventor, with the follower, and can not at this writing speak of the results likely to be obtained, where high pressure, such as I have been using with the press, was used with that machine. I have, however, several reasons for prefer- ring my own hobby. First, I have found it necessary to fasten securely the press to the floor of the honey-house in order that the proper pressure may be applied. Second, it has not been found necessary in either the case with Mr. Hall or myself to use steam or any particular kind of receptacle for melting the old combs, as an old boiler or sev- eral smaller tin pans answer admirably, and 280 GLEANINGS IN BKE CUIvTURK. Apk. I the contents of one of the latter can be trans- ferred in lots to the press while the others are heating for future use. Third, much less fuel is required by such management ; and the danger of fire or acci- dent is not as great as where pressure is used while the material is still on the stove. Fourth, I prefer that the back end of the press be raised two inches higher than the front, as by this means the water and liberat- ed wax run directly into the pan in front, thereby leaving much less wax to be removed after the refuse has been taken therefrom. Fifth, the only other article for securing the wax by pressure, that I have seen, is operat- ed with steam, but is far too small in capaci- ty for those requiring to melt up a large quan- tity of combs, so that I consider it but a toy as at present manufactured in Canada. No claim is made that this article is the best of its kind manufactured. I trust, also, that future experiments may still further improve the methods now in vogue for securing the best results in wax rendering, and that those making such will allow their fellow bee-keep- ers any advantage thus realized, as I believe in helping one another as much as possible in this important part of apiculture. My only desire is that my mite in this direction will be of as much benefit to others as my friend Hall and myself have found it. Stratford, Ont., Can., Feb. 4. [As Mr. Chrysler is the maker of the Gem- mill machine, and has made some improve- ments, I asked him to tell of them, and how he uses the machine. Mr. C. writes :] THE GEMMILLHATCH MACHINE as Made and Used BY W. A. CHRYSI,ER. In December, 1899, I purchased of Mr. Gemmill a sample of his wax press, and he very generouslv encouraged me to manufac- ture them for the trade I found after a trial it needed some better way of liberating the melted wax that would collect in the form and above the cheese while pressing. This wax had to be cooled and hardened with cold water poured into the form, to be successfully removed, causing much loss of time, and making it necessary to rewarm before com- mencing to press again. I made the form a little larger, and placed fluted or grooved pieces of wood, within grooves running up and down, all around its sides (on the inside) to drain all melted wax that might collect and come from the top of the cheese. This done it was not necessary to retain the rolling slat- ted mat that was used on top of the cheese. The follower was made fluted on its under side to conduct all melted wax to the outsides. To prevent the canvas from sometimes squeezing up between the form and follower, two strips of wood, I^X %, were nailed across and cross- wise of the flutes, or grooves, at their ends, to press the canvas far enough down to be sure of not hindering the wax from passing away. The form needs to be made strong at the cor- ners or it will burst out from the pressure. With dovetailed corners like the hives, and well crossnailed, I think it would be sufficient. The press, as is now perfected, I think stands head and shoulders above any other that has been placed before the public, for rapid work, and at the same time getting more wax out of a given amount of old combs. The modus operandi of the Gemmill wax- press, as operated by myself, is as follows : It will be supposed you have arrangements for melting up a large quantity of combs If you have two stoves and large pans the full size of their tops, you can keep them busy melting, for the capacity of the press for doing rapid work is limited only by the inability to melt fast enough ; and only one man need be en- gaged. Have your press securely fastened to the floor with platform slightly higher at the back, your combs melting (in water of course), and a good-sized pail of water to be heated to the boiling-point when you are about ready to be- gin to press. When that time comes, place a cork in the outlet of the pan of the press. The lower rack, the form in place, with can- vas inside and follower on top, take the pail of boiling water, pour into the form, and thoroughly wet and heat all surfaces that will be exposed to wax. After about five minutes the water may be drawn off. Your melted combs being ready (boiling-point), you re- move the follower to one side, and spread the canvas over the form ; place a receptacle to catch the wax from the pan. Now dip your melted product into the canvas in the form. Dip it full ; then fold in the overlapping edges of the canvas, drawing taut, so as not to have any surplus canvas in the way of wrinkles near the form. Now place thefollower on top and slowly screw down. Give it a little time to drain off. When you have screwed down fairly tight, leave it for two minutes (your time can well be employed in putting more old combs to melt), then give another turn at the screw, and another wait of two minutes. The wax will be running slowly ; but it is as pure gold, and can be counted as net gain, for you have already obtained more than other processes furnished. When screwed down as tight as possible, and drained, loosen the screw ; draw pan, form, and all forward from under the press beam, letting the forward edge rest on a box, or strips arranged of suitable height to support ; put one foot on the follower, and with both hands draw up the form. Remove the follower. The cheese containing the refuse will be hot ; but take hold of some loose edges at such places as will allow you to carry it where you wish to deposit by letting go all but one hand. The refuse will usually all fall out clean. Give it a shake, hurry back, replace, and re- peat as before. Chatham, Ont. [It appears that there are two methods of rendering up old combs — one using steam in connection with the press, pressure being ex- erted on the refuse while it is surrounded by 1901 GIvEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 281 hot steam, and still in the f xtractor ; and the other, pressing the refuse after it is taken from the boiler or extractor. To the last named, objection has been made that the refuse chills or cools, or, as some have ex- pressed it, "freezes," before a full pressure can be exerted. Regarding this I talked with Mr. J. B. Hall, who is a user of tl.e Gemmill press, and he said there need be no danger of the slumgum chill- ing if a man under- stood his business, and worked rapid- ly ; and, besides, said he, " These lit- tle screws inside of the ordinary steam wax-extractors are too small. I want something on which I can work the en- tire strength of my arms and body. With the Gemmill press and its pow- erful screw and frame I can exert a much heavier pres- sure. Those other things are only toys." I have been sur- prised that we here in America have FIG. 10 — GOOLD, SHAP- S(.ivEY & muir's wax- press.* hitherto made comparatively little use of the principle of the steam and screw wax-press combined. Even Mr. Ferris did not employ press was one of the first advertised on this continent, and is illustrated in Fig. 10. This machine was put out during the winter of 1899 or 1900. Knowing that Mr. Holtermann had something to do with the design of this machine, 1 wrote him, asking where he got the idea In reply he said he thought he ob- tained it from a German catalog. Wishing to know more about the principle, and how ex- tensively it had been used, 1 wrote to some of my German friends, and in response received a lot of back numbers of old German and French bee-journals and German catalogs. In Figs. 10, 11, 12, 1.3, 14, and 15 I have repro- duced some of the cuts that are shown in the publications above referred to. The earliest mention of these machines to which I have been referred is the " History of the Steam Wax Press," in the Bienetiwirtschaftliche Centralblatt for 1892, No. 22. Another early reference given to me of a similar machine is in the Leipzi^er Bienenzeitung, 1893, page 203. It is claimed in this that Haeckel, in Schlath, Wiirttemberg, Germany, was the in- ventor of the steam and screw wax-press. Still another reference is to the combined steam and wax presses described in Witzgall's "The Book of the Bees." This is a most FIG. 12. — CARL FRITZ'S STEAM WAX-EX- TRACTOR. it originally ; but, discovering its advantage, he adopted the feature in his extractor, and is now using it, I believe, in all his late ma- chines. The Goold, Shapley & Muir wax- * I understand that the company are about to put out , an improved machine. For further particulars, write them at Brant ford, Ont. FIG. 13. — THE DIETRICH STEAM WAX-PRESS. magnificent work of 540 pages, and is pub- lished in Stuttgart, Germany, by Eugene UU- mer. The book was written in 1897. Con- cerning the combined steam and screw wax- pres-ses, and their use in Germany, the author says: We will describe here only the Dietrich apparatus, as the essential principles of it are the same as those of all the others. It consists of an outer receptacle or jacket, having fastened near the bottom a tube for the purpose o.f allowing the melted wax to run out. Fastened to the top of this outer receptacle is a pecul- iarly shaped cover made of cast iron. Thiough the middle of it passes a screw with a wheel on the upper end to turn it. Inside of the outer vessel is a cylinder 282 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUflE. Apr. 1 pierced with holes. This is to contain the fragments of wax to be melted. On the lower end of the screw is a disk fitting exactlv into the perforate 1 cylinder. The space between the inner cylinder and the on er one is designed for the generation of steam. Through the upper orifice pour warm or even hot water, and place the apparatus on the stove. Pour in enough KOi,B & GROBEK STKAM WAX-PRESS. water to come up to the top of the glass observation- hole. The steam soon causes the wax to melt, wh ch runs out into a vessel beneath, which is partly filled w Ih cold water. . . For more exttn>iive bee-keep- ers the steam wax press is to be recommenderl. such as is offered for sale by Kolb & Grober, in i, rch. This description will answer for any of the other presses shown on this page. The solar extractor gives nice wax, but there re- mains a good deal of wax in the refuse. Among the small wax extractors, one of the best is one operated by steam with a press. One of the.se implements, fur- nished by the house of Rot^ert-Aubeit, is placed on a stove, with hot water between the two sides, and on the inside there is a small receptacle pierced like a skimmer. It is there thit the wax melts and is pressed. But the process is vei y long, and it is infi- nitely better to melt the slunigum in a simple boiler, and then dip out the melted wax with a dipper and pour it into a sack fitted to the inner receptacle, which is heated to the boiling point of water. It is then pressed, and the sack removed to take out the dross, or slumgum, and then begin again In work- ing thus with this apparatus there is but very little wax left in the slunigum. I said I was surprised that here in America we had hitherto made comparatively little use of the screw press in the ordinary steam wax- extractors. I am the more surprised, because the Europeans seem to have util'zed the com- bination for nearly ten years. The fact that so many machines are made, as will be seen by the illustrations (and these illustrations in- clude only a very few of the great variety), would seem to indicate that the principle, when rightly applied, is good. I have had some experience in having the piles of slum- gum chill in a wax-press of the Cary Hatch principle while I was getting ready to put on the ."squeeze ; but, as Mr. Hall says, there is probably no need, if one works right, of hav- JflG. 11. — ROBERT-AUBERT STEAM WAX-PRESS (FRENCH). Another writer in a French journal, L^Api- culteur, says: FIG. 15. — ROfHSCUUETZ WAX-PRESS. ing this pile of refuse, or slumgum, just from the boiler, and hot, chilled before the screw is turned down. I am very sure it is true that the average man would drizzle wax from the boiler on the stove to the wax press on the floor ; and for this reason, if for no other, the combined machines would have the prefer- ence. From what I can judge from the illustra- tions I conclude that some of the German ma- chines at least are mere toys compared with the Ferris. The great trouble with the first-nam- ed machines is that they are too small. Then while they are standing on the stove I do not see how suflficient pressure can be applied un- less another person takes hold of the han- dles while the operator himself turns down the screw. I omitted to explain that the tops of all the German machines are of cast iron. For the purpose of standing the strain of the screw, some of these cast-iron tops rest on gaskets 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CUI^TURE. 283 that are iiiibeJded in the top of the steam- exlraciors. It is thus possible to make them steam light at the top. When the shimgum has been "cooked" enough, the free wax runs off and out of the spout, then pressure (not before) is applied, squeezing the melted wax out of the slumgum like water out of a sponge. It will be noticed that, after the wax has been put under pressure, this slumgum must be emptied from the basket. In the mean time the basket cools from being opened, be- cause it must be dumped, and then be refilled with old cjmbs. Mr. Fer- ris overcomes this trouble by having extra baskets, of just about the right size and shape to take in Lang- stroth c mibs ; and when one set of baskets or one basket, we will say, has had the squeeze applied, it is quickly lifted out of the steamer and another one put in its place, and the " cooking " goes mer- rily on. In the mean time the basket removed is dumped, filled with combs, and stands ready to take the place of the next bas- ket that is ready to be dumped. As to which is the bet- ter principle, the Hatch- Gemmill method or that employed by these others as illustrated, using a screw in connection with the steam wax extractor, I can not say from expe- rience ; but I have illus- trated the various ma- chines so that one can use whichever device he prefers. But I am sure of this much : That it pays, and pays well, to put all the slumgum from old combs in a press of some kind before throwing it away. A good press ought to pay for itself in one day's time ; yes, and I should not be surprised if it would do so in one hour's time. I do not know of any better way for a bee-keeper to make good wages than for him to make a wax-press or buy one. See editorials, elsewhere. — Ed.] Somerford to make a trip to his place, which is near El Caimito, about thirty-five miles on the stone road southwest of Havana. I then went down to the warehouse with Mr. Bridat, and saw some of the honey he had taken in re- cently, about 3^6,000 lbs. This was put up in tierces, being about 100 gallons each. You may imagine that it requires a very substan- tial barrel to hold such a weight of honey. In one corner of the room was a pile of bees- wax, and, on inquiry, Mr. Bridat replied that there was about $10 000 worth. The sight of the contents of this warehouse gave me my GLIMPSES OF CUBA AND ING. CUBAN BEE KEEP- BY A. L. BOYDEN. On the afternoon of Dec. 26, in company with Mr. Craycraft, we called at the office of Bridat, Mont, Ros & Co., and fortunately found Mr. Bridat engaged in conversation with one of our American bee-keepers, W. W. Somerford, whose name is familiar to our read- ers. I had never met either of these gentle- men before, but had soon arranged with Mr. BELtFLOWER, OR AGUINAI,DO. first real idea of the extent of Cuban bee-keep- ing. The following day I spent in Havana in company with Messrs. Craycraft, de Beche, and Penfield, the latter gentleman having an apiary at Sin Nicholas, where he has produced some very fine comb honey, which 1 shall al- lude to in a later article. The morning of Dec. 28 found me on my way to Caimito. I took the train as far as Mariano, thence by stage to Somerford's. I found Mr. S. busily engaged putting up a tent in which to extract honey. On my arrival he insisted upon dropping his work, and we at once went to the house to talk as only bee-keepers can. Toward evening we started out on our wheels doA^n the stone road to Punta Brava to visit the Du Sac apiary, managed by Harry Osborn, son of the late A. W. Osborn. On our way down there we met a younger brother of W. W , Mr. Frank Somerford, and, after a short consultation, he agreed to remain over night and go with us out to the apiary of Harry 284 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 1 Howe on the next day. We started down to Osbjrn's, where I saw the steam extractor and the famous Cuban apiary which have more than once been described in Gi,eanings. We visited with friend Osborn, ate oranges, and then all three rode up to Punta Brava for sup- per. After supper we visited Pedro Luis Gar- cia Zimara and his partner, ^ r. Alfreda Felipe, and later we rode out in the moonlight to see the apiary of Fontanilla Bros., merchants and bee-keepers. While I could not see this very well by moonlight, it appeared to me that it was well kept, and that it must be in the hands of a very progressive apiarist. We finally re- turned to Somerford's late in the evening, and prepared for cur trip to Howe's the following day. Our trip down to Artemisa along the stone road was without event. On my way down there I halted our party of four, made up of W. W. and Frank Somerford, Harry Osborn, and myself, to take a shot at the aguinaldo, or bellflower, which is here shown. This is not a very satisfactory picture, but it will show the profusion of the bloom. The plant grows wild, and is found running over walls, hedges, and in every conceivable place. It does not, however, grow in every locality, for, while it is profuse in one place, within a mile or two there may be almost none, so one must not ex- pect to find in Cuba that every locality is a good one for bee-keepers. On our arrival at Howe's we found Mr. Glen Moe, of Candelaria, with Mr. Howe, and Mr. Harry Beaver. The latter is managing an api- ary situated a few miles from Artemisa, for Mr. W. L. Coggshall, of West Groton, N. Y. They were busily engaged in extracting ; but on our arrival they discontinued their work, and soon our party of seven was on the way down to Artemisa for dinner. I shall never forget the cocoanut dessert we had at that Cuban dinner. My morning ride had made me very hungry, and gave me a keen relish for this. After dinner we visited in turn the apiaries of W. L. Coggshall and C. F. Hoch- stein, known to readers of Glkanings as " The American Tramp." While the Cuban stone road rather surpasses the average American road for bicycling, I do not think I ever undertook to make a trip of four miles over as rough ground as that trip of four miles in the woods to Hochstein's. I had warned the boys that I was not much of a bic\ cle-rider ; but they, evidently, were deter- mined to see what I could do, and, very for- tunately for me, I happened to be pretty steady that day, and succeeded rather better than some who were more used to the route than I. We found Mr. Hochstein busy extracting. The season thus far had not come up to his expectations, though he was inclined to be- lieve the locality was more at fault. We pass- ed several hours very pleasantly with him, and his family of wife, son, and daughter. My chief regret during my visit in Cuba was that I was necessarily obliged to hurry from one place to another, and could scarcely keep all my appointments or stay with my friends as long as I desired. My next will contain a view of the apiary of F. O. Somerford, of Catalina, who has been in Ciiba some ten or eleven yeais, and per- haps been engaged in bee culture as long as, or longer than, any other American there. SPRAYING DURING BLOOM. Not Recommended by the New York Experiment Station, nor Sanctioned by Green's Fruit Grower. BY E. R. ROOT. This will be about the season for spraying ; and the following, taken from Green's Fruit Grower for March, 1901, is most timely and valuable.^ It is true, that we published an ac- count of the same experiments on page 10:^> ; yet this evidence, sanctioned as it is by one of the leading fruit-papers of the land, should have great weight wdth fruit-growers who aie inclined to regard all testimony offered by bee-keepers as biased and one-sided evidence ; but here we have something that comes from one of their oivn orga7is. If they won't be- lieve this, they would not accept any evidence. So valuable do we consider it that we are printing this in the furm of a leaflet, and will furnish it to the bee-keepers at the mere cost of postage and wrapping. We suggest that bee-keepers in all fruit- growing regions distribute these by the hundred. We will, therefore, send them out postage paid at the following rates : 10 fori cent; 100, 5cts.; 500, 15 cts. SHALL WE SPRAY TREES WHEN IN BLOSSOM? In the coming time, to insure success in fruit-grow- ing the fruit-grower will be obliged to manage his or- chard in accord with scientific principles. Perhaps farmers with little scientific knowledge will be able to manage an acre or two so as to produce all the fruit required for home consumption ; but to grow fruit for market so as to be able to compete with those who grow fine, first-class fruit, he will be obliged to know enough of entomology to know what poisons to use to destroy the different species of insects and also when to apply those poisons to effect greatest results, and at the same time do the least harm to the trees or fruits. He will also need to know enough of fungology to be able to combat the different kinds with remedies, when those remedies will be most effectual. As it happens, most of the inject enemies come into act ve life with the first warm days of spring. A few warm days will hatch the eggs in which the insects have passed the winter, or cause the larvce, which have spent the winter in pupae, to leave their winter aboJes and commence crawling over the tree or plant on which they have wintered, in search of the tender leaves which form their most appropriate food. The instinct of the maternal parent guides her to depi sit her egg close to suitable food for the young larvae. Hence we learn that some of the most formidable in- sect enemies of the fruit culturist— the bud-worm the case-bearer, the apple-leaf folder, the leaf-crumpler, and several others a little le.'s destructive, are ready to enter the opening bud and commence eating before it is fully expanded, and those very formidable ene- mies, the tent-caterpillar and the canker-worm, soon follow. There is no period in the life of those insects when they can be so easily destroyed by arsenical poisons as when they first begin to feed. A weak mixture of arsenic will then destroy them while a much stronger mixture may fail to do so when they have attained to larger growth. It is evident, then, that apple-trees should be sprayed with Paris green, or other forms of arsenic, when the buds first begin to swell, certainly when the leaves begin to unfold. As many kinds of fungi commence to grow with the first warm days of sprirrg, Bordeaux mixture can be profitably mixed with the arsenical poi.son. A few years ago, from a mistaken idea Of the time when the codling-moth first lays hereggs, orchardists. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 285 fearful that if they waited until the apple-blossoms fell, it would be too late to destroy the laivit. sprayed their trees while in blossotn, and bte-ket pens com- plained that their bees were poisoned, and prevailed upon our Legislature to pass a law forbidding spraying while trees are in blo.s>oin. Many or<:hardisls fell greatly aggrieved by this law, asserting thai they were lorbiddeii lo spiay just when spraying would do the most good, and that they must sacrifice their apple- crop upon their own land, for the beuefit of the bee- keeper, who had no claim upon their orihard as a bte- paslure. More recently, a cart ful observation of ihe habits of the codliiig-moth led to the d scovery that she does not deposit her eggs immediately after the blossom falls, but several day^ later, and that instead of placing thtm in the calyx, or blo-som end of the fiuii, a= had always been supposed, she lays them up- on the side of the young apple, gluing them to the lind, and that wheu the egg hatches the larva; crawl over the fruit in search of a place of concealment which they generally tind in the partially closed ca- lyx This stems to show that there is no occasion for haste in spraying immediately after the blossoms fall, but that any time before the calyx closes will answer when the little cup maj- he filled with the poisoned water ready to give ttie worm an inhospitable wel- come to its first meal. Still more recent investigations show that it is not only not ntcessary to spray for the codling-worm when the tre s aie in blos.-om. but that it is a positive detriment to the fruit to spray at such a time. At the late meeting of tlic Western New York Hoi ticullural Society, Prof. S. A. Beach, of the New York .State Ex- periment Station, at Geneva, detailed some experi- ments he had made in spraying apple-tret s, when in bloom, with Paris green. He experimented in t«o or- chaids in Ontario County and two m N agara Couuty. Had sprayed some trees in all of the orchards and left others contiguous without spraying. All the trees were very full of blossoms. On the trees sprayed, but few apples set, a very large proportion of the blossoms falling, apparently, before the fruit set in, while on those not sprayed a very large ciopof fruit grew. To make the test still more conclu-ive he selected trees very full of blossoms alike on both sides, and sprayed one side of each tiee, leaving the other side unspray- ed. The result was, on those sides sprayed, the fiuit .set very sparsely, whi e on the opposite side, tjot sprayed, a heavy burden of fruit giew. Prof. Beach came to the conclusion that, where you fail ly hit an apple blos.som with Paris green strong enough to kill insects, you will pretty certainly kill the blossom. The organs of reproduction in fruit-blossoms, whtn fully e-xposed, are very tender and easily killed. A slight fro^t or a long cold rain will often leave an or- chard, covered with blossoms, with little or no fruit. If thtse experiments shall be confirmed we shall con- fess that the Legislature " builded bttter than it knew;" that while protecting the lives of the bees it prevented fruit-growers from destroying their fruit. CHUNK HONEY IN THE SOUTH. Peculiarities of the Southern Markets; When free Communication in Comb honey Supers is Need- ed ; mportance of Protecting tomb hon- e.v Supers with Double Walls; Baits and their Real Purposes BY ADRIAN GETAZ. Several articles have appeared iu bee-jour- nals lately concerning chunk honey — that is, noney cut out from the conihs or sections, and sold in buckets or other receptacles There has been some misunderstanding on the subject. The fact is, throughout the South the honey is almost altogether sold that way. In the North the honey, as well as most of the other farm products, is sold to the gro- cers, and the retailing to the customers is done by them. In the South, the farm products, vegetables, fruits, poultry, honey, and even dressed pork, sausage, cornmeal, sorghum molasses, and cider aie bought on the public market by the farmers and gardeners, and re- tailed out directly to the consumers, who come also to the market — that is, the majority of them. What is left after the market hours ( 12 o'clock generally) is either peddled from house to house during the afternoon or sold to ihe grocers and shippers for whatever they will give for it. Honey is sold that way. Most people buy it that way in preference — some because they think the nice, white, and well sandpapered sections seen iu a few of the groceries are " manufacttired honey." The majority of consumers calculate that, in bu3'ing sections, they have to pay for the wood, and, besides that, the sections are not always full weight by any means ; so they buy now and then a '• bucket " of chunk honey. Generally, also, the vender " throws in " a pound or two ; that is, if the honey weighs, for instance, 21^4 lbs. he will " let it go " for an even 20 lbs. So you see it is a question of " locality " alto- gether. That party in Texas who shipped some chunk honey North some time ago was evi- dently ignorant of the fact that the Northern markets require comb honey to be in sections altogether, and thought that, provided the honey be good, the kind of package and shape could not make much difference. As to the chunk-honey system being a good one, I say no ; and it is only a question of time when the comb honey of the South will be sold also in seciicn boxts. The question has been raised whether more honey could be secured in large boxes than in sections, supposing that both are furnished with foundation. It depends on the condi- tions of the colonies and on the hives used. Years ago it was argued that free communica- tion between the sections or large boxes was ntcessary so the bees can cluster in them. It was also argued that it was necessary to use shallow frames in the brood-nest ; otherwise the honey in the brood combs above the brood would prevent the bees from entering the sec- tions. When I began bee-keeping with rather smiiU iingle- walled hives I found it so, more or less. Since I have larger hives and larger C3lonies, and have the supers protected by outer cases and some packing, I find it differ- ent. It is a question of warmth altogether. If your supers are warm enough during the night, as well as during the day, to permit comb-building and other bee-work to go on frtely and uninterruptedly, you will find that it makes but little difference whether you use separators or not — that is, so far as the rapidi- ty of bee-working is concerned. You will find that they will begin almost as soon with- ot t bait sections as with them, and that the honey contained in the upper part of the brood- combs does not cut any figure at all. But the supers must be warm enough, other- wise the result would be different. If they are not warm enough, some bait sections will induce part of the cluster to move upstairs, and enable the bees to carry on and extend jiradually the comb-building. If the supers are not warm enough, it is better that free communication should be had between the 2£6 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 1 sections, so a cluster can be formed, and comb- building carried on inside of that cluster. Don't misunderstand me when I say that bait sections are not necessary in a warm super. They are not necessary as bait — that is, to in- duce the bees to come and work in the supers; but they are of the greatest value as furnish- ing room to store honey at the beginning of the flow. It is this way : When there is but very lit- tle gathered in the field, the secretion of wax is small accordingly. When a flow of honey comes, the secretion of wax, somehow or oth- er, increases in proportion, but not at once. It takes perhaps five or six days to establish the secretion and make a good start at comb- building. During these five or six days but little honey will be gathered, simply because there is no room to put it in ; but if you have drawn comb, or sections partly built up, honey will be stored in them and you will gain that much. More than that, during these few days, if the bees have no other room they will cram all they can in the brood-nest, cramp the queen in her egg-laying, and finally swarm — at least, very often. Knoxville, Tenn. [I wish to place special emphasis on the last three paragraphs of this excellent article. The matter of protecting comb-honey supers d"es not receive nearly the attention that it ought. Often the great heat from the sun and the coolness of the night have a depress- ing (not to say drive-away) effect in the su- pers. Not a little has been said about this ; but the great mass of producers pay very lit- tle attention to it. Quite a few use and insist on using double hives or large deep covers that telescope over the whole top of the hive. Mr. Danzenbaker has long used and advocat- ed a double-walled super, or what is practic- ally such ; and on top of the sections he re- commends, and will have for his own use, a paraflSne-paper mat — this mat having on top of it layers of news paper for additional pro- tection. One of the secrets of his success in producing such fine well filled comb honey is the protection which he is very particular to have, and there is no denying that, when his directions are followed to the very letter, some great results have been secured. I fancy, therefore, that Mr. Danzenbaker will say amen to every thing Mr. Getaz says on this matter of protection. — Ed] LONG-TONGUED ITALIAN BEES. Why we Want Them. [The following, clipped from the Michigan Fanner, strikes a heavy blow, indirectly, in favor of the very thing bee - keepers have been working for in the way of long-tongued bees :] will our farmers ever learn what harm they are do- ing themselves and the agriculture and hoiticulture of the State l5v allowing the destruction of bumble- bees on their farms? They have been told repeatedly that the bumble-bee is the only thing under heaven or among men that can polleni^e the red clover so it will produce a crop of seed, and yet they go on destroying the best friend they have on earth, and allow it to be done by their sons or hired men. And then they poke their hands down into their pock- ets and pay about 8H.0O per bushel for clover seed raised where bumblebee'^have not all been destroyed. They do not seem to realize that so small a thing as a bumble-bee can 611 so important a place. The bumble-bee is about the only insect with tongue long enough to reach the red clover. The honey-bee can not do it. The honey bee can reach the mam- moth clover. This accounts for the large yield of seed sometimes secured from this variety when situ- ated where many bees are kept One man reported a yield of 12 bushels per acre from a field near 100 colo- nies of bees. We have not space to tell you all about this subject, or how the people of New Zealand had to .=end to this country for bumble-bees before Ihey cou'd raise cloi-er seed. A word to the wise should be sufficient Then how shall the destruction of these our be.-t friends be stopped? How many farmers who read this article will .step out and boldly nail up a notice on the barn reading like this : " Bumble-bees must not be molested on this farm"? A notice of this nature should do some good in calling the attention of thoughtless per- sons to this impoitant subject The reason the old queen-bee is often seen about the barn or sheds in the sprii g is that she builds her nest in a mouse-nest, and, not finding one suitable in the field, she betak' s her.self to the barn. This will be particularly true in a wet spring when the mouse- nests in the field are too wet and unsuitable for her purpose, and it is then that she should not be molest- ed, as the shelter of the buildings is just what is need- ed at such a time. This was very noticeable about 17 years ago when we had it so very wet all the fore part of the season, which made it impossible to build in the mouse-nests in the fieM. This caused almost a wholeale destruction of the bumble bee family, from which they have never fully recovered. They tried to make their nests about the barns or stables, but were knocked down and killed through fear that they might sting some one or sting the horses. But they are very peaceable if let alone. The year it was so wet there was a large nest not over two feet from our heads where we went into the stable, and where we had to open and shut the door, but no one was stung by them. So let us all do all we can to protect the beautiful summer queen when she comes in the sprin.g, dres.sed in rich colors of black and gold. We should all see in her a beauty and value we have never seen before, and realize more fully the impor- tant part she fills in perpetuating our greatest source of fertility — clover. "J. A. Pearce, [The above may be putting the value of bumble bees rather stronglj', but I am inclin- ed to think our friend is not far out of the way. — A. I. R.] J. B., Ga. — Regarding the various ways of extracting pollen from the brood-combs, I would say that the most satisfactory way that I know of is to soak the combs over night in a tub of water. The next morning put them in a honey-extractor and throw the pollen out. This plan has been advocated by quite a num- ber ; and, if the pollen is not too old or pack- ed too hard, it will come out quite readily. J. R., Ten}i. — Referring to "inky drops" and the prevention of same, we can only say that no smoker will prevent them entirely, but some smokers with a curved snout will prevent the creosote, for that is what the inky drops are, from running oat of the combs on to the brood. The nuisance can be abated by using the right kind of fuel, of hard wood or any kind of wood that has very little pitch in it. Avoid using propolized rags, fine shav- ings, or sawdust. Chips of hard wood, even basswood, will do very well. The smoker we sent you is as proof against inky drops as any smoker that is made. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 287 RAMBLE 1S4 Portable Honey-Houses : Wiring Frames; Revolv- ing Stand for I*ainting Hives ; Carl wheel Sun W'ax-exiractor, etc BY RAMKLER. Riding across the fields from the out-apiary one day with Mr. McCir)bin he called my at- tention to a small whi.e building about two miles south, and said, "That is Mr. P'ray's portable honey-house, and he must be at woik. in his apiary below the McL'lanaban ranch." I was immediately interested in this feature of bee-keeping, and the next afternoon fourd me mounted on my wheel with my large cam- era strapped to the handle bars, and headed for the Fray apiary. I was fortunate enough to find Mr. Fray and his wife extracting hon- ey. I had never met him, and had heard only a few days previous that he was an extensive bee-keeper. Some -way I bad imbibed the idea that he was an out-of-date, a sort of way- A two-frame Cowan extractor occupied a central position in the house, and the occu- pants were uncapping combs. That is what the work is ordinarily called ; but Mr. Fray had a brand-new term, up-to-date, and very appropriate. He said they were skinning the combs; and there is no getting around the fact that, when we get through using the knife on a comb, it does look as though it was skin- ned ; but I have an idea that bee-keepers will persist in using the unwieldy term " uncap- ping." The photo shows the construction of the house. The open sides are covered with wire cloth ; and the blinds, when elevated, form a protection from the sun's rays. The honey runs from the extractor into the can shown at the side of the house. This has the appear- ance of being a double can. The upper por- tion is the strainer. Common wire cloth is used. Sometimes attention is so intense upon "skinning" combs and extracting that the s'rainer and can are forgotten, and the streaks R. 11. FRAYS APIARY AND PORT.A.BLE HON KY-HOUSE. back bee-keeper — had not even improved up to the point of nailing hives together with a hirrow-tooth ; but when I approached his neatly painted honey-house on wheels, I saw stenciled in various places on the sides cf the house these words, "Grand View Apiary," " Queen of the Valley," and other names ap- propriate to bee-keeping (I didn't think to ask Mr. Fray if he applied "Queen of the Val- ley " to his house or to his wife. As the lat- ter was putting in some good licks with the uncapping knife I am sure she deserved the name). Putting these items together, as I approach- ed the house I came to the conclusion that there was an up-to date bee-man inside. The bees were a little inquisitive, and I made haste to get inside the building. I calmly and con- secutively introduced myself as the fellow who was slinging honey in the McCubbin api- aries, and we forthwith commenced discuss- ing the probabilities of the honey crop, prices, etc. down the sides of the can t.hovv where sweet- ness is wasted. I suggested that a larger tank would save this waste, and also allow the honey to clear before being drawn into cans ; " and," said I, "that is the way we do down south. We have tanks that hold all the way from one to ten tons." " Oh ! you are from the south, then? " said Mr. Fray. " They have had a hard time down there I hear, owing to dry seasons." "Yes, Mr. Fray, they have, that's sure — no honey, and a great loss of bees." "Oh! by the way," said Mr. Fray, "do you know that fellow down there they call the Rambler? " "Why, yes, Mr. Fray ; I have seen him at the conventions, and a regular old duffer he is too." " Just as I expected," said Mr. Fray; "and these chaps that are always writing, and snap- ping their cameras at everybody, don't know any more about bees than you and I do ! " 288 GLEANINGS IN BEE CUIvTURE. Apr. 1 "That's so, Mr. Fray ; but, by the .way, I have a camera on my wheel, and I should really like to get a photo of your house and apiary." "All right, sir; that is just what I want. I have been wishing some one would come along AI« INCREASING THE HONEY CROP. Red Clover, etc. BY F. GKEINER. Three ways present themselves to the pro- gressive bee-keeper by which he may hope to attain better results, reap greater profits from his apiaries, and thus better his condition gen- erally. 1. He may adopt better methods. We all aim to do that. 2. He may improve his stock of bees. Many bee keepers work along this line, and some improvement has been made. But it would seem to me that we have made no more than just a beginning in this direction. .3 The last, and as difficult a way as any, is to provide our bees with belter pasturage, introduce superior honey-plants, and improve the honey- plants already present, in such a way as to make certain but inaccessible sweet treasures accessible to our bees. The moving of our bees into buckwheat- fields may be regarded as an effort in this di- rection. Also the scattering of sweet-clover seed along roadsides, etc. ; but scarcely any attempt is being made to change the flowering- tubes of certain honey-plants to adapt them to our bees. The honey-plant which, above all others, presents itself to us for this im- provement is the common red clover. Sev- eral years ago I ventured to make the asser- tion in Farm and Fireside, "Should we suc- ceed in procuring a bee able to extract all the honey or nectar from the red clover, honey would become so plentiful that it could and would largely take the place of sugar for sweetening many articles of food, and that it could then be produced cheaper than cane or beet sugar." I believe this now; and the same result would be attainable by shortening the blossom-tubes of the clover. But this kind of work will of necessity have to be con- signed to experts in such work. Perhaps our experiment stations may help along this line. Mr. Hasty says that he has not been very suc- cessful so far. Mr. Wuest, of Germany, a bot- anist of reputation, writes in the Leipziger Bienen Zeitung of his experiments in the same directions. I believe it will interest the readers of Gleanings to hear what he has to say. He writes in substance : " There are many plants which secrete nee- 290 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. APR. 1 tar abundantly ; bat on account of the pecul- iir shape of their blossoms this honey can not be reached by the honey-bee unless the at- mospheric conditions are very favorable to honey secretion, causing the sweet secretions to rise high enough to become accessible to the bees. It is then possible that they may have a good harvest from such a source, al- though they can appropriate but a small por- tion of the secretion. vSometimes a cunning little beetle cuts through the corolla of cer- tain flowers near the bases where the nectar is hidden, to obtain the same. When, after- ward, this oozes out through the opening, the bies find it and make regulir visits. These observations have been verified by Dr. Muller, Vagel, and others. "The abundant honey secretion of red clo- ver {Tri/oltui/i pralense), and a pea variety ( rirla villosa) induced me to experiment with these to obtain new varieties by hybridizing varieties which might have blossoms with ac- cessible nectar-glands. The crossing of the red clover with Tri/oltum repens and Tri/oltum hybridiiin gave me several new varieties with suffi- ciently short tubes ; but in other respects as forage - plants they were inferior to the red clover. " There are a multitude of va- rieties of the clovers scattered all over the world. We need to se- lect only the proper one for cross- ing with the red variety. The scheme is not without a promis- ing future. "By crossing the / 7rm villosa with suitable varieties I have ob- tained several crosses that meet all my expectations. The flower- ing-tubes are shorter and wider, so that our common bees can reach the nectar-secreting glands without difficulty. As foraging- plants they are superior to the parental stock. I think I shall be able to furnish some seed in the near future through a seed- house, as I am not in the business myself." I am aware of the efforts now being made to produce long-tongued bees. The evidence produced so far might almost lead us to say, the longer their tongues the more honey the bees vFill store. I shall be slow to accept this as a fact. It stands to reason that a bee with a tongue only j\,^,j inch long can not gather as much honey from red clover as one with a tongue -f^i^ inch long, or almost twice as long; but I have often examined red-clover blos- soms, and it seemed to me that, even with a tongue % inch long, the nectar in the red clo- ver could not be reached. I believe it would be well for us to concentrate some of our en- ergies upon the production of short-tubed clo- vers, and thus shorten the route at each end. Naples, N. Y. [I have more hopes of lengthening bees' tongues than of shortening the corolla-tubes of clover; yet I would by no means disparage any effort looking toward the latter. See ed- itorials.— Ed.] THE NATIONAL BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. An Interview with Mr. Smith Concerning it. BY CH\L<>N FOWLS. I have been thinking lately of the pressing need at ttiis time of bee-keepers standing to- gether for their protection in their mutual in- terests. If they don't, they are likely to be defrauded of their rightful reward of their honest toil. I believe that the National Bee- keepers' Association, if properly supported, can now do a great work toward putting the business of honey-production on a paying ba- sis. So I resolved to appoint myself a com- mittee of one to stir up the brethren on the subject, and here is an account of the first in- terview. " Good morning, Mr. Smith." " Why, good morning, Mr. Fowls. Come right in. Glad to see you and have a talk. Well, what's the last hobby ? You generally have something, even in the winter." THE GOOD SAMARITAN AND THE MAN WHO WAS WOUNDED AND LEFT HALF DEAD. " Well, Mr. Smith, I came over to see if I couldn't get you to join our National Bee- keepers' Association. We are doing a kind of work now that I feel you would like to have a share in." " Of course, I am interested in any good work, Mr. Fowls. What is it ? " " Why, just this : A brother bee-keeper was in trouble. He was beaten in court because of ignorance, prejudice, and spite. Being a poor man he could not afford to appeal the case, as the expense would be too great. Then our Association came to his aid, and, like the good Samaritan, helped him by paying his ex- penses, and in other ways, thus setting him on his feet again. Was not that a good work ? ' ' "Oh ! I see. You refer to the lawsuit of the Utter brothers. Yes, that is a good work, not only that it helped the man by the verdict giving him the protection of the law in his busine.ss, but it will help all the rest of us in the business by establishing a valuable prece- 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 291 (lent in law. But if I join now I shall be too late to help, anyhow." " Oh ! but the case may be carried up still higher ; and, besides that, if there is a large increase in membership, and consequently a larger sum in the treasury, we shall be in a better position to protect bee-keepers' inter- ests in other ways." " Well, you can send in my name for mem- bership, and here is the dollar. It will be read}', if needed, to help carry on the fight ; but if not, it can go to replace one of those al- ready taken out. It goes to pay for a real service in either case, for we don't want to be at the mercy of every ignorant fruit grower who may want to go to law with us." Oberlin, O. [For the information of some of our friends who may not be able to understand the pic- ture, I would explain that Secor, our genial General Manager, is represented as the "good Samaritan," and the man whom he is help- ing, and about to put on the faithful animal that will carry him safely out of trouble, is Mr. Utter. In the light of past events there is more of truth than fancy in the picture, and I hope those of our readers who have not yet joined the Association will do so at once. Send $1.00 to Eugene Secor, Forest City, Iowa, and thus help along the good work. It may be that you will be the man to fall among thieves. —Ed.] . . . ..«»t»« STRENUOUS QUEEX-REARING. Read before the California State Bee-keepers' Association. BY J. H. MARTIN. In these twentieth-century days we hear much about strenuous living and working. I suppose strenuous is only another term for high pressure, and we have had high-pressure farming, high-pressure poultry-rearing, high- pressure commercialism, and high - pressure many other things ; but I have never heard much of high-pressure bee-keeping. High pressure is, however, too much out of date to apply to twentieth-century bee-keep- ing, and " strenuous " is the term ; and I have an idea that, to commence at the root of the matter, we need a more strenuous queen-rear- ing. Let us consider the subject. Durmg the past season I found a strain of bees in the apiaries I was managing that were so far supe- rior to the rest that, had the bees all been bred from the queen of that colony, our honey crop would have been increased by several tons. The discovery that this strain were such good rustlers for honey was not made until the season was well advanced ; and now, in order to get the full benefit from that strain, it must be gradually diffused through the whole apiary. , When I find a strain of bees like those men- tioned I am impatient to get the whole apiary up to that standard, and the need of queens when I want them, and the lack of time to rear them when my energies are devoled to the extractor or at other work. In fact, I am strenuous at something else, and ne^d an ex- tra-strenuous plan to supply the queens. I think every bee-keeper present has observ- ed that not one apiary in a hundred is proper- ly queened, and I think we all have a dim sus- picion that our own apiaries are not up to the standard we desire. We hear of golden-)'el- low queens, leather color, long tongues, and even §100 queens. To make a good start we should like one of those.? 100 queens ; but aft- er considering the lank condition of our purse we finally conclude to send for a dollar queen, and that is about as far as we get this year ; but next year, if we have a big crop of hon- ey, we will do better. Our dollar queen may be either good, bad, or indifferent ; and, whichever it is, we do not get much out of her. Then you know that queen-rearing has be- come a great science of late years. Alley's plan used to be good enough for me ; but now it is dipping-sticks, tooth-picks, transfer of royal jelly, transfer of larvte, and putteration until your head swims. Oh, it is so strenu- ous ! But I see light at last. When I read Prid- gen's plan of making queen-cells by the peck and queens by the quart, a great load seemed to be lifted from my mind, and I formulated the following more strenuous plans for queen- rearing. In the first place, every bee-keeper needs the very best queens that can be reared — test in hardiness, prolificness, and notably in the honey-gathering qualities of her progeny. In the second place, there are but few bee- keepers who have the combination of quali- ties that will insure their success in modern strenuous scientific queen-rearing. Now, my plan is that a certain number of bee-keepers in a given locality turn their queen-rearing over to an expert in that line of work. A contribution from each bee-keeper interested would enable the expert to commence opera- tions with the best available stock. Each bee- keeper in the district should agree to take a certain number of queens per annum; and, having a definite number of queens to rear, and a large number of them, the expert could rear them at a minimum cost to the bee-keep- er, and at the same time with a good profit to himself. A person devoting his entire attention to queen-rearing will strive to improve his stock, and his patrons will receive the full benefit, or the patrons in this case would have an in- fluence in keeping the str ck up to an approv- ed grade. Our usual plan is to send for a breeding- queen and rear daughters, granddaughters, and great-granddaughters from her, and trust to a promiscuous mating with our drones. Our expert could be so located as to control the mating of queens with selected drones, and the bee-keepers in the district would get queens only one removal from the original, or daughters, and from the very best stock in the country. In our present haphazard way we dilute the blood too much by the many re- 292 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Ape. 1 moves from the original stock, and this would be entirely avoided through our expert queen- rearing station. This plan is in line with the division of la- bor which at present is recognized as the most effective way for accomplishing great results ; and the question is, "Are the bee keepers rea- dy for this advance in their methods of man- agement ? " I will leave the question to you for solution, believing that, if it is put into practice, the honey-producing power of our apiaries will be advanced many fold. BEES DYING OF OI.D AGE ; SO-CALLED MOLD ON THE HIVES DURING WINTER ; IM- PORTANCE OF HAVING HIVES NEAR THE GROUND. A knock at the door ; and, opening it, I fiad the mail brought by a neighbor, as I of len send for it (a distance of nearly a mile to our postoffice) when I am too tired or busy to go myself. "' Many thanks " is what I say as the neighbor passes on his way. In opening the letters I find one from Maine, wishing me to engage in conversation with him in Glean- ings something after this fashion : "Can you tell me what ails my bees? I find nearly a quart of dead ones under one hive. This hive has plenty of honey in it, but there appears to be a slight mold on the combs." "From the description you give I should say that there was nothing ailing ihem more than is the common lot of all bees under like conditions." " What do you mean by like onditions ? " " My idea is that the colony of which you speak was composed largely of old bees last October, which, as soon as the cold weather of winter came on, died from lack of necessary vigor for enduring such weather as we have had during the past month of February, a month in which it has not thawed a particle in the shade during the whole of it, while from zero to 12° has often been registered. And, to make it more severe, we have had a very high wind more than three fourths of the time, with the air so filled with snow that we have all the way from two to ten feet of snow in our roads, which has obstructed travel to that extent that we have had only two mails during some of the weeks." " But, just think ! a whole quart from this one colony." " A quart of baes is quite a large number to die by the first of March ; but in cases where there are no bees hatched after the first of September, as is often the casein this locality, especially after a dry summer as was the last, a large mortality may be expected before the bees have a chance at ' house-cleaning ' in the spring." " Well, I did not suppose bees ever died like that unless there was some disease that carried them off." "Oh, )'es ! they frequently do, as all fa- miliar with the bee-literature of the past well know. But there is something here that you have overlooked, which is that dead bees make a much greater show than live ones, as their legs and wings are rigid, causing them to lie loosely in a measure or dish, or on the bottom-board to the hive, thus leading the be- holder to think there has been a very great loss, when in reality it is not so great alter all." " Well, I hope it is as you say, and that the colony will pull through all right. But how about the mold ? ' ' " Regarding this, from the idea I have gained from your description I do not think It will do any harm, even if you have not been deceived in this matter, which I thiuk is very likely to be the case ; for during winter, when frost forms about the inside of the hive, the vapor from the bees, together with the con- gealing of it in the remote parts cf the hive, gives a bluish-white appearance to the surttce of the combs, which, by the inexperienced, is often mistaken for mold." " I hardly think I could be mistaken in this. Do you ? " "Well, perhaps not ; but I have had nov- ices repeatedly come to me during the winter season of the year, declaring that the combs in their hives were ' all moldy,' and asking what they should do. I told them that I did not think their combs were moldy, but could not convince them that they were not right till I had taken them to the apiary and th^wn them comVjs in my hives having the same ap- pearance, which, after a close inspection, showed no real mold. Yes, and some api- arists who were not novices have had to be convinced in this way, W. S. Pender, of Aus- tralia, being one among this latter number With him I even had to take the combs out of the hive and let him rub them and smell of them before he would be convinced." " You may be right here, and I will find out for certain the next time I look at this colony, even if I have to pursue the same course Mr. Pender did. But I should have stated luat the colony we have been talking about wa^ m a rough bee-house, the hive being packed uith buckwheat chaff. Is this right ? " " This is all right providing you have it so arranged that the bees can fly should there come warm days in winter. If no arrange- ment has been made so that the colony can thus fly, the putting-away of bees in this way is faulty." " But bees in the cellar have no chance for a flight." " I know^ they do not. But here the case is very different. In the cellar the temperature is kept some 12 to 15 degrees above the freez- ing-point, so the bees consume very little of their stores to use as fuel, consequently they do not consume more honey than their bodies can hold the excrement from while they so- journ in the cellar. But left in an outdoor bee house, no matter how wtll packed, they 11»01 GLEANINGS IN BKK CULTURE. 293 must ' burn ' much of the stores used to keep them warm ; hence a large accumulation of excrement, which, with no chance of voiding, brings on uneasiness, resulting in the break- ing of the cluster, bee-diarrhea, and death, where no opportunity for flight is presented. Bees placed in any room which goes below the freezing point, with no chance of flying during the winter, are not nearly so well off as if left on their summer stands." " I had not thought of this part. This col- ony of bees is near the ground, and I thought that the trouble might lie here. What do you think about this ? " " I think you need have no fears on this ac- count, for none of my hives are raised over three inches from the ground, where wintered outdoors, nor have they been during the past 28 years." " But is it not well to have them higher than that ? Some of mine are set up 18 to 20 inches high." "There are a few reasons for preferring them higher than this, but not nearly as many, nor as valid ones, as there are for hav- ing hives rest near the ground." " Will you give me some of the reasons for having them rest so low as three inches ? " " The greatest reason of all for having hives near the ground is that, in the spring of the year, one bee is worth more than ten later on when the hive is filled with bees, and the weather is almost warm enough for the per- fecting of brood without any bees at all ; and the placing of hives up from the ground is one of the greatest death traps for bees in early spring which can be invented." " I do not see how." ^' In early spring the bees are very active, looking toward the oncoming season, and oft- en go out in search of pollen and water when it is so cold that, should a cloud suddenly come over the sun, they can scarcely get home before becoming benumbed with the cold. Then we have high winds at this season, which, in addition to cool weather, very near- ly tire them out before reaching their hive with their loads of water or pollen. When they thus come home, if the hive is high up from the ground, the wind carries them down, or they miss the entrance to the hive, and fall under it-, in the shade, never to rise again ; while with the hive placed low, and with an entrance-board reaching to the ground, so they can not possibly fall under the hive, they are enabled to travel up and into the hive, when they are too much chilled to fly further. I have seen scores and hundreds of dead bees under and about hives standing high, which had died with pollen on their legs, while with hives placed low scarcely a dead bee could be found. But it is getting late, and I have still more letters to open, so I will say come again at any time when you have more questions." [While I agree (generally do), with all you say, I particularly indorse your last para- graph. We have our hives on low hive- stands, four inches high ; but these stands have a slanting alighting front board of easy slope, reaching from the ground to the en- trance. Formerly our stands had perpendic- ular fronts without alighting-boards (we have some yet). It was and is apparent that, in the spring, with such stands, there is quite a loss from bees not being able to get into the hives. This was particularly noticeable last spring when we had the opportunity for direct comparison. Yes, sir ; it pays to have good alighting-boards that afford an easy ingress to the hives. — Ed.] A DOUBLE-BLAST SMOKER. The bellows consists of one long board and two short ones mitered together, and hinged to the long board at the center with a piece of leather or sheepskin, fastened to the long board at A, Fig. 2, by both glue and tacks, and in the same way to the opposite short one at B, thus making an air-tight connection be- tween the two compartments of the bellows. There should also be a staple in each side, driven into the long board and the strength- ening-block, where the short boards meet, to hold the bellows from spreading apart and PASSAGE S DOUBLE-BLAST SMOKER. loosening the leather hinge. A coil spring is in the end of the bellows, held in the hand, and a small spring on each valve on the long board ; and although the blast may not be quite as strong as on some others you can throw a cloud of smoke five or six feet, which is far enough for all practical purposes, and that continually, for the least pressure on the bellows sends the air through the fire-barrel ; and when you let up, the air starts from the other side. There should be a ^4^-inch hole in the back end of the fire-barrel for a draft. It also keeps it from sucking smoke into the bel- lows. If you want the fire to go out, put a little plug into the hole and it will do so in a very few minutes. I prefer it to the intermit- tent, because I can get more smoke just where 294 GLEANINGS IN BKH CULTURE. Apr 1 I waut it, and keep it coming there easier than with any other, as the least pressure on the bellows keeps it coming. Bbnj. Passage. Stark, Mich., Jan. 3. [Mr. Passage sent us one of his smokers to try. The blast, I should say, is not continu- ous, but a rapid series of little whiffs ; that is to say, there are two blasts to every movement of the fingers instead of one, as in the ordi- nary style of smoker. But the blasts are so much weaker that for myself I should prefer a single blast, as the slow movement of a large bellows furnishing a long-range stream of smoke, is, to me, more satisfactory than the intermittent short whiffs of a double bellows. Another objection is the weight of suck a bellows. It strikes me that, some seven or eight years ago, we illustrated something sim- ilar to this, but just now I can not give the place. — Ed ] CAGING QUEENS TO PREVENT SWARMING. Will you please give me a little light on caging queens to prevent having a lot of con- sumers only, instead of honey - gatherers ? What are the greatest objections to the plan ? Our honey here comes only from the bloom of fruit and almond, and, of course, comes very early, and doesn't last long. J. Umhoi^TZ. Los Gatos, Cal. [The practice of caging queens for the pur- pose of preventing swarming is carried on successfully by only a verv few bee-keepers, comparatively; and even these few acknowl- edge that it involves a great deal of work. In the first place, there are many bee-keepers who, after having tried it, believe that colo- nies with caged queens, or colonies without queens, do not work with the same energy and vim as those that have been allowed to swarm once. It seems to be pretty generally agreed that the one swarm plan results in more honey. But there are localities where it is not desirable to have a lot of consumers after the honey-flow is over ; and in such the caging or removal of the queens has the advantage that it cuts down the force of consumers when there is nothing for them to do. The modus operandi is as follows : Just at the approach of the honey-flow, and before the bees begin to swarm, the queens of all the colonies in the yard are caged. Any flat wire- cloth cage may be used — something that can be slipped down between the frames or on top of the frames under the hive cover or quilt. These cages may or may not be provisioned with Gaod candy. Ordinarily I would recom- mend supplying them with food. But the bees will take care of the queens, feeding them through the wire cloth, food or no food. I have had queens which I had forgotten, caged for three months over the brood-frames, and yet the bees were taking care of them. So much for caging. All cells, if any, at the time of caging must be destroyed. In eight days more the cells must be destroyed again, and again in eight days. Not a cell must be missed ; and to make a sure job, it is, perhaps, better to shake all the bees off the frames, and then destroy the cells, as they can be easily seen. But this destruction of cells every eight days involves an enormous amount of work. While, of course, it renders unnecessary the attendance of an apiarist during the swarming season, yet the owner of the bees must go down to the yard and spend practically a whole day in the apiary, looking over the combs and de- stroying the cells. A week hence he must go through the operation again. As this work must necessarily be done during the height of the honey- flow, it comes when the bee-keeper can the least afford the time. Be that as it may, he has, perhaps, saved the expense of a man in the yard, and saved the expense of rearing a lot of useless consumers when they can be of no use to him after the honey-flow. After the swarming season, queens may be re- leased by simpl)' opening the cage. Of course, five or ten per cent of them may be killed. If the queens are valuable, I would recom- mend introducing in the regular way. — Ed.] A TERRIBLE AEFAIR. H. T. Gifford was shot Feb. 16th by C. D. Reed, a renter. There had been some dissat- isfaction about the crops, but no heated words for over three weeks. Reed used a shot-gun loaded with No. 4 shot, and fired without warning, at a distance of 50 feet. Mr. Gifford was unarmed, and was pumping water for his horse. He saw Reed when he aimed, and threw his head and body behind the pump and platform. This saved his life, but he is badly wounded. He is 62 years old, and most highly respected by the residents of Indian Riv.er, as well as in his native State, Vermopt. Vero, Fla., Feb. 22. Mrs. F. C. Prange. PROSPECTS GOOD, BUT FEW BEES IN CALI- FORNIA. Don't put the producers of honey on net- tles over the prospects of a big honey crop in California. The season may be good, but where are the bees to store the honey ? The empty hives echo, "where?" I would glad- ly sell 150 good clean empties in the southern part of the State at 10 cts. each — «ome never used. H. I. Morse. Palo Alto, Cal., March 5. A LARGE average PER COLONY FROM A BEE-KEEPER OVER 75 YEARS OLD. My father, J. H. Meloy, of Wyeville, Wis., during the season of 1900 produced from 42 colonies 8960 lbs., an average of 213,'-( lbs. per colony, and increased by natural swarming to 61 colonies. All had plenty of stores left for winter, not extracting any from the brood- chamber. Previous years we kept about 200 colonies ; but being in the 75th year of his age he is not able to care for as many. He says this is the largest average yield he remembers getting. It was gathered mostly from goldenrod and buckwheat. Did anyone ever do better? I have more bees, but my av- erage was not as large. E. L. Meloy'. Tomah, Wis. jyui GLHANlNGvS IN BKK CL'LTUKK. 295 NATIONAI^ BEE-KEEPHRS' ASSOCIATION. Object : — To promote and protect the interests of its f-*> members; to prevent the adiilleration of honey. Offjcers:— E. R. Root, President, Medina, C; R. C. Aikiu, Vice-president I,oveland, Col.; Dr. A, B. Mason, Secretary, 3512 Monroe St., Sta B, Toledo, O.; Eugene Secor, Gen'l Manager, Forest City, la. Board OK DIRECTORS: — E. Whitconib, Friend, Neb. ; W. Z. Hutchinson, Flint, Mich.; A. I. Root, Medi- na, O.; E. T. Abbott, St. Joseph, Mo.; P. H. El- wood, Starkville. N. Y.; E. R. Root, Medina, C; T. G. Newman, San Francisco, Cal.; O. M. Doo- little, Borodino, N. Y.; W. F. Marks, Chapinville, N. Y.; J. M. Hambaugh, Esrondido Cal.; C. P. Dadant, Hamilton, 111.; C. C. Miller, Marengo 111. Fees: — Annual membership fee, Jl.UO Remittances may be sent here or to General Manager as above. In our issue for March 15, page 246, I refer- red to H. G. Acklin as if he were Presidei:t of the Minnesota State Bee keepers' Association. Mr. Acklin wiites that this is a mistake, and that Mr. Wtn. Russell is President, and that he hopes I will make the correction, which I cheerfully do. GLEANINGS ENI^ARGED. The large amount of advertising and of excellent matter that has been coming in of late, has made it necessary to nearly double the size of Gleanings. For several issues bick we have been giving 16, and last issue 20 extra pages. This number has 16 extra pages again. The great variety of the illustrations that we are and have been giving will enable those of our busy readers to take in a great deal of valuable information at a few glances. P'or example, I take several illustrated papers, and find that I can almost keep track of the war news in different parts of the world by reading scarcely a line except those that ap- pear at the bottom of the pictures. The his- tory of the old civil war is pretty faithfully told by the pictures alone in the old numbers of Harper^s Weekly, published from 1861 to 1866. BEES AND FRUIT IN THE FARM PAPERS. In the last issue of the Fariii Journal there is a very full and comprehensive report of the matter we printed on page 152, concerning the jaws of worker-bees and those of wasps, and the inability of the former to puncture the skin of sound fruit. The illustrations have been reproduced, and the whole matter has been given very strong prominence in this most influential farm paper. It has a subscrip- tion-list of over half a million ; and such mat- ter going before farmers and fruit-growers and bee-keepers will prove to be of inestimable value. Besides the article in \^^ Farm Jour- nal, some articles of a similar nature have bt-en published in other agricultural papers, with the result that the decision of the cele- brated trial at Goshen, completely exonerat- ing the bees, has gone far and wide over the land. The National Bee-keepers' Association has more work of this kind, and it shotild re- ceive the substantial encouragement of bee- keepers everywhere. Let those who have not renewed their membership do so at once ; and those who have never joined, let them get into line with a dollar bill. Such splendid re- sults as were secured at Goshen can not be se- cured without somebody paying for them. Send a dollar to Eugene Secor, Forest City, Iowa. CLOVER AND LONG - TONGUED BEES ; HOW LONG MUST BE THE TONGUE-REACH? FriedemannGreiner, on page 28'Jof this issue, expresses some doubt as to whether bees having a tongue-reach of % inch would be able to get a very large percentage of the hon- ey from red-clover blossoms ; perhaps he is right, but late last fall we secured some red- clover heads that seemed to be fair specimens of heads in the height of the season, although they might not have been. The measure- ment of the corolla-tubes of these heads showed a variation of from H to y<& inch. The greatest lengths were in the very center or top of the head, and would comprise in number only about one quarter, I should judge at a rough estimate, of the number of the shorter tubes, ranging from Y% to % inch in depth. I reasoned this way : Ttiat if we could breed bees having a tongue-reach of % inch, we should be able to get all the nectar out of 34' of all the tubes, and a very large percent- age of the nectar in the tubes J^ inch long or more. If the clover heads that we measujed last fall were a fair average, and if my rough estimate is reasonably correct, then bees with a tongue-reach of % inch ought to be able to get three-fourths of the honey, I should say, from the heads of ordinary red clover. "While I believe we ought to work toward a red clover with shorter tubes, yet knowing as I do the tendency of all varieties to re\ert back to the original types, especially of the clovers, my hopes are not as strong in this di- rection as they are in the lengthening of bees' tongues. Here is the difficulty, as I view it, with the red clovers : Suppose half of the farmers have sown the short-tubed variety. The farmers in the other half of the vicinity sow the red clover of their fathers. The bees would mingle the pollen of the older with the newer type, with the result that the last nam- ed would work backward toward its old length of tubes. While there would be the same tendency to sport backward in the case of bees, yet it seems to me we can control our bees belter than we can control the clovers of the farmers in our vicinity. BEES WITH LONG TONGUES ; POSSIBLE AND PROBABLE DISAPPOINTMENTS. A YEAR or SO ago there seemed to be a great rage for five-banded or yellow bees ; and now nearly all the breeders in the country are ad- vertising long-tongued stock. This is right and proper. But there is danger that many who get queens of this blood will be disap- pointed, and in the end the whole business will be condemned. It is hardly probable that even a large percentage of the queens 296 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 1 from long-tongued stock will be duplicates of their mothers. The young queen may have been mated to a drone whose bees would be of the short-tongued kind. It is only proper to sound a note of warning that the general bee keeping public must not be disappointed if they get some untested queens that do not come up to thtir expecta- tions. The breeder who sells an untested mother of long-reach stock sells her for just what she is — a queen that has not yet been tested. If none of her bees have hatched, there is no possibility of knowing what the length of her bees' tongues will be. Again, we are not positively sure that the amount of honey a colony will gather is in di- rect proportion to the length of the tongues of its bees. There have been a number of re- ports that seem to point that way ; but this season's experiments may show that the yield of honey is dependent on some other impor- tant characteristic. In any case, let's not lose our heads. Unfortunately, the buying of queens, even from the best of breeders, is something of a lottery ; but if one will pay enough, and get tested s:ock, he then has some reasonable as- surance of getting what he orders. The A. I. Root Co. will, if desired, sell tested queens whose bees will have a tongue reach of a cer- tain specified length — the longer the reach, the higher the price, of course ; and I have no doubt that other breeders will do the same, providing they learn how to measure the bees' tongues, or get some one who knows how to do it for them. We will undertake to mea- sure the tongues of any bees of our subscrib- ers for ten cents per cage of one dozen bees. Our Mr. Robert G. Calvert, who does the measuring, very rarely knows whose bees he is measuring. He brings in his report, and I send it out just as I get it from hmi. Some- times I measure the bees m)'self , but more oft- he does it. OLD BLACK COMBS AND HOW TO RENDER ; THE USE ."i-ND ABUSE OF THE SOLAR WAX-EXTRACTOR. Owing to the prevalence of brood diseases in many localities, such as foul brood, black brood, and pickled brood, many bee-keepers have been casting about for some simple, ef- ficient, and reliable method by which old combs, diseased or of doubtful infection, may be safely and economically rendered, at the same time getting all the wax out. Else- where in this issue I have presented the very latest and best methods that have been in vogue, not only in this but other countries as well. In every apiary, besides combs that are pos- sibly infected there are scores and scores of crooked combs, combs with a large number of drone-cells, combs that have been disfigured from csll-cutting, and combs that to some may be too old to get a really nice article of extracted honey, or too old to get full-sized bees. While I believe this last statement is erroneous, yet there are some who believe in , and for that reason would prefer to melt up all such. It comes to pass, then, that, in every well-regulated apiary, in the course of a few years there will be a very large per- centage of old combs that for one reason or another ought to be rendered up. To put these in the solar wax extractor is a long job^ and necessarily wasteful in its results, for sun heat will get only a part of the wax out of such combs, as I know by experience. We could put them through the solar machines and afterward put the refuse into steam wax- presses, or we could put them in boiling wa- ter, pressing out afterward, a la Gemmill. But better, tar better, not use the solar wax- extractor for old combs at all. Such machines are useful only in the handling of new wax, like burr-combs and new combs. W^hile we still sell solar wax-extractors, and are glad to see the sale increase, yet it is only fair to say that their use is limited. For the handling of old black combs, steam or hot water, and a good p)ess, should be used — otherwise there will be an enormous waste. Mr. Ferris gives a set of figures in favor of a press that are something of an eye-opener ; and from some tests we have made here at the Home of the Honey-bees I do not believe his figures are very far out of the way. THE NEW CALIFORNIA FOUL-BROOD LAW. While the bee-keepers of Michigan have been and are nov/ working for a foul-brood law, the bee-keepers of California, through their State Bee-keepers' Association, have not been idle. A year ago the California State Bee-keepers' Association, writes Mr. Mclntyre^ appointed a committee to draft a new bill for the suppression of foul brood. This was done, and a copy sent to every bee-keeper in the State, with the request to either see or write his Senator and Assemblyman, asking their sup- port. The bill was placed in the hands of the Hon. Robert M. Clark, of Ventura Co., who, although a man only 21 years old, yet, on ac- count of his energy and ability, was thought to be the man to see the measure through. The bill passed the House, but the Senate pro- posed to amend it ; but Mr. Clark, on being informed that the bee-keepers opposed the amendment, insisted, even at the risk of de- feating the bill, on its passage just as it came from the House. The Senate receded, and the bill became a law without amendment. This law provides for county inspectors, who shall be appointed by the Board of Supervi- sors, and who shall receive $3.00 a day and ex- penses. In this respect the measure is very similar to the one now in force in Michigan,, and which it is intended to repeal, substitut- ing the proposed law providing for a State in- spector. It was found in Michigan that the county law was largely inoperative, as no one felt personally responsible for ferreting out the disease wherever it might exist. But we must remember that the counties in California are as large as some of our Eastern States, and what might not be operative for Michi- gan would be just the thing for California. According to the California law there is no limit to the funds that may be used for the 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 297 suppression of foul brood, and I suspect that oue man in one of the California counties, at lea^ Ventura, would have all he could do. The full text of the law reads : AN ACT To Promote the .\p'ciiltviral Interests of the State of California by pioviding County Inspectors of Api- aries, and defining their duties, and providing lor their compensation, and rept aling the hct entitled " An Act lo authoiize the Board of Supervisors of the several counties of this State to appoint In>pect- ors of Apiarie>, and provide for their compensa- tion, and defining tlieir duties, and for the fiirlher protection of Bee Culture." Approved March 13, 1883. Thb P£0PLK of the State of California, repre- sented in Senate and Asj-embly, d i enact as follows: Section 1. Whenever a petition is present'rd to the Board of Supervisors of any county, signed by ten or m ^re persons, each of whom is a property-holder res- ident i^f the county, and pos-e.--sor of an apiaiy. or place wheie bees are kept, .-tatiiig that certain or all apiaries within the county are infected with the dis- ease known as "foul bro d," or any other disease which i.-i infeciious or contagious in its nature, and in- juiioustothe bees, their eggs, or Uirvte, and praying that an inspector be appointed by them, whose duty it shall lie to supervii-e the treatment of said bees and apiaiies as herein provided, the Board of Supeivisors shall, wiihin tv\enty days therealter, appoint a suita- ble person, who shall be a skilled beekeeper, Inspect- or of Apiarits. Vpon petition c f ten persons, each of whom is a resident proper ty-holder, and possessor of an apiary, the Board of .Supervisors may remove said Inspector for cause, after a healing of the peti- tion. Section 2 It shall be the duty of the Inspector in each county to cause an inspection to be made, when he deems it nece'-sar\', of any or every apiary, or other place within his jurisuictiun in which bets are kept ; and if found infected with lonl brood, or any other in- fectious or contagious distase injurious to the bees, or their eggs or larvte, he shall notify the owner or own- ers, person or persons, in charge, or in possession of said apiaries, or places where bees arc kept, that the same are infected with foul fiiood, or any other disease infeciiou.s or contagions in its nature, and injurious to bees, their eggs, or larvie, and he shall require such person or persons to eradicate and remove such disease or cause of contagion within a ceitain time to be speci- fied. Said noi ice may be served upon the person or per>ons, or either of them, owning or having charge, or having possession of such infected apiaries, or places where bees are kept, by any Inspector, or by any person deputized by the said Inspector for that purpose, or they may be seived in the same manner as a summons in a civil action. Any and ail such api- aries, or places where bees are kept, found infected with foul brood, or any other infectious or contagious dise;-.se, are hereby adjudged and declared to be a public nuisance ; and whenever any such nuisance shall exi.-t at any place within his jurisdiction, or on the property of any noii - resident, or on any property the owner or owners of which can not be found by the Inspector, after diligent search, with- in the county, or upon the property of any owner or owners upon whom notice aforesaid has been served, and who shall refuse or neglect to abate the same within the time specified, it shall be the duty of the Inspector to abate the same, either by treating the disease, or by destroying the infected hives, together with their combs and Dees therein. The expense thereof shall be a county charge, and the Board of Supervisors shall allow and pay the .same out of the general fund of the county. Section 3. It shall be the duty of the County In- spector of Apiaries to keep a rtcoid of his official acts and doings, and make a monthly report thereof to the Board of Supervisors ; and the Board of Supervi.sors may withhold warrants for salary of said Inspector until such time as said report is made. Section 4. The salary of the County Inspector of Apiaries shall be three dollars per day when actually engaged in the performance of his duties. Sections. An Act entitled " An Act to authorize the Board of Supervisers of the several counties of this State to appoint Inspectors of Apiaries, and rro- vide for their conioensation, and defining their duties, and for the fmther protection of Bee Culture," ap- proved March 18. 1883, is hereby rei^ealed. Section 6. This act shall take effect and be in force from and alter its passage. PROF, cook's REVIEW OF THE ABC BOOK. In the columns of The ADieitcan Bee Jour- nal Prof. Cook has given a review of " Da- dant's Langstroth " and "Cowan's Honey- bee," and now follows with a review of the "ABC of Bee Culture." In his usual kindly manner he says at the outset, " Without doubt this book has exerted a wider influence upon the bee-keeping world than any others ever written. Even its rivals can only be joyous in its extensive sale, as they know that, where- ever it goes, it goes to help and bless. ' ' Com- ing as those words do from one who is him- self the author and publisher of a leading ri- val work, the publishers of the ABC would be hardly human if they did not feel a warm- ing of the heart at their utterance. He then proceeds to point out passages in which he thinks he has reason to believe there is error, although admitting the possibility thai in some cases he may be wrong. Some of these may properly deserve consideration and correction : in others there may be occa- sion to take exception to Prof. Cook's excep- tions. First, it is proper to call attention to the fact that the criticisms are not based on the edition issued last January, as one would suppose, but on the old edition — the one put out nearly two years ago. As it is, much that Prof. Cook criticises is not in the new book at all, such matter having been either re-written or strick- en out altogether. As to the first error pointed out, there is no error in the book, but the error consists in very careless reading on the part of the re- viewer— a carelessness that is hardly excusa- ble, for one expects extreme carefulness on the part of one who points out the errors of others. The ABC, page 2, in discussing what is to be done with second swarms that issue, says in effect that they must be watch- ed, climbed after, and hived. This sentence is immediately followed by another which says, "If one thinks this too much trouble, he should prevent having after-swarms as I advise under that head." He ignores the fact that the watching and climbing refers only to swarms that have issued, to say nothing of the fact that it would be an impossibility to pre- vent the issuing of a swarm after the swarm has actually issued. He goes on to give the Heddon as the best method of preventing second swarms. In the edition just out of the press the very next sentence refers to the place where, among other methods of preventing after swarms, the Heddon plan is given more fully and correctly than it is given by the re- viewer. If careless reading is inexcusable on the part of a critic, still less is careless quota- tion vvhen the exact words are pretended to be given inside quotation-marks. In answer to the question as to what shall be done with a second swarm that has issued, the ABC says, "Candidly, I don't know of any better way than," etc. "Candidly, I don't know any better way to prevent second swarriis than," etc., is the way Prof. Cook quotes it. "We feel sure that he will say there is no sufB- cient excuse for interjecting the words " to prevent second swarms " in a direct quotation 298 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 1 where they were neilher written nur thought by the author of the book. Prof. Cook obj -cts to the statement that al- f,ilfa honey is probably superior in quality to any other. Hj claims to be sonitthing of a judge of honey, and thinks alfalfa no better ihan clover, linden, sage, and perhaps others. It is a matter, not of judgment, but of taste. The best judge might prefer a flavor that no one else would fancy. The criticism, how- ever, is a valid one. In matters which appeal entirely to taste, it is unwise to make sweep- ing statements. Speaking of alfalfa the ABC says it takes about three years to get it to its best yield. Prof. Cook makes the pleasant correction that in California the maximum yield is often got the very first year in the later cuttings. The reviewer thinks it is putting it too strong lo hint that bees gather from the dry hay. The simple truth is told that " one man reports so much sweet in it that he has seen bees by the thou.sand working on the dry hay in the spring." Speaking of this matter, Prof. Cook says, "This is putting it altogether too strong. Still, I do not think that too much can be said in favor of alfalfa, for it is a marvelous crop." The good professor will probably indulge in a quiet smile when he sees these two sentences side by side. " You are saying altogether too much for alfalfa," and " You can not say too much for alfalfa." Which is one to be- lieve? Prof. Cook objects to the definition of di- gestion given by the author, saying, " This is given as a question [what can be meant by that?], but he was not happy in his selection of auinority." Not all will agree as to this, seeing the authority selected was no less than the able and careful T. W. Cowan. Prof. Cook teaches that "digestion is rendering the food osmotic." Our reviewer says "malphygian " should be " inalpighian." So it is in the latest edition, and one would hardly suppose an older edition should be the one reviewed. But his correc- tion needs further correction, neither the book nor the critic being right, for " malpighian " should be " Malpighian." The ABC says, 'The blacks are also easier to shake off combs in extracting time, and for that reason alone some prefer them, or hy- brids, to pure Italians, which can hardly be shaken off." Prof. Cooks says, " I have very little trouble to fell at one shake every Italian bee from the comb if the latter fully fills the frame." If Prof. Cook can shake every\)^& from the frame at one shake, he will confer a lasting favor on some of the veterans if he will make the process known. In spite of their shaking off so ea.sily, he considers they stick tighter than the blacks, and prefers them on that account, for the best men stick closest to their homes. There are times when one wants bees to stick by their comb, and then he will prefer the tighter grip of the Italians ; but at times when one wants bees to shake off, as in the case mentioned, will one not prefer that the bees he is trying to shake off shall shake off rather than to stick on ? Prof. Cook says, instead of Mr. Benton spending years in India he " was in India only a few days." In relation to this point I have a letter from Mr. Benton, who says, "I left Cyprus for India in December, 1880 ; returned to Cyprus in May of the following year — ab- sent justyiz'^- months." While the statement in the .\ B C was not strictly correct, Prof. Cook is no nearer the truth, for he has gone clear to the other extreme. He thinks it unfortunate that the ABC uses the term "worm" and " grub " as synony- mous with larva. That criticism is worth con- sidering, at least so far as to avoid calling a bee a worm during its early life. Whether much more than that could be accomplished is questionable. To his credit be it said that Prof. Cook is consistent in that he does not speak of wax-worms, but calls them larvae or caterpillars. It is feared that, if a bee-keeper were to say that caterpillars had eaten up his combs, he might be laughed at. It is very likely, too, that for many years to come good scholars will say that wormy apples have worms in them. Moreover, when no ento- mologists are around, an insect-larva is a worm, for so the dictionary says. So is a larva of any insect a grub, by the same authority. Instead of pollen and honey partially di- gested being fed to larvae. Prof. Cook says it is pollen perfectly digested, with or without the addition of honey. When doctors disa- gree, who shall decide? Prof. Cook objects to calling " viper's bug- loss " blue thistle. He says it belongs to the borage family, is no thistle at all, and is like borage in being no serious pest — all of which he should have noticed is already told in A B C. But blue thistle is one of its popular names, so given in the dictionary. He thinks drones from laying workers are as large as any, and it is likely that is true when they are reared in drone-cells. " It is very doubtful indeed that unimpreg- nated eggs will ever produce workers, " says the reviewer. It is not said in A B C that they ever will. He thinks the word fecundate or impreg- nate should be used rather than fertilize. Ac- cording to the dictionar}', either is right. Referring to feeding at night, Prof. Cook says, "Our author recommends this nigkt work to prevent robbing." If he will read carefully, he will see that it is not recommend- ed, only reported as being accomplished, and that feeding toivard night is recommended. Prof. Cook believes the ABC wrong in teaching that honey from apple-bloom has a strong rank taste like that from cherry-blos- soms. He may be right ; but this, like some ■ other points to which he refers, was corrected in the edition just out. In conclusion, we fear that Prof. Cook, over- burdened with work like some of the rest of us, has not taken the pains to ascertain wheth- er he himself is always correct upon all points. He is a plea.sant writer — one whom the frater- nity regards as authority ; and whatever else we may say of him, he is actuated by the kindest of motives — a spirit that esteems oth- ers better than oneself. 1901 GLKAN'LNGS IN BEE CUl^TURE 209 OUR ; hoMes,1 BY A.I. ROOT. ' Then said Jesus, Father, forgive them for they know not what they do. — Luke ^3:34. The last state of that man is worse than the first. — Matt. 12: J5. I saw a statement recently in the papers, to the effect that three-fourths of the men in the United States use tobacco more or less. In my recent trip through the South I was im- pressed that something of the kind is true, es- pecially if we include the colored people. Since my trip through the Southern States six years ago, there has been a very great in- crease in the use of tobacco among the blacks, and, 1 fear, among the whites, especially the poor classes that are least able to afford it. When so many are against me, Satan some- times suggests I had better give it up and "let the world wag." But the voice of Christ Jesus says, "Not so." He was content, when here on earth, to work day and night, almost, without being weary, even though the multi- tudes were almost all against him. Some skeptical writer has said that Jesus never had more than a mere handful of followers, com- paratively, at any time ; that he was disap- pointed at every turn, and that his whole plan and his Hfework were a failure. Dear me ! Did it never occur to this poor foolish writer that he was only stating what the prophet Isaiah said, only in a different way? "He was despised and rejected of men ; a man of sorrows, and acquainted with grief." I might be disheartened and discouraged were it not for the constant stream of kind and encouraging letters that come in the mails every day — not only from men and women, but even children have told me how much good these Home Papers have done them. It seems as if human language could not be framed into sentences more touching and pa- thetic ; and I would answer these kind letters as fast as they come, thanking the writers for their (as it sometimes seems to me) extrava- gant praise of my poor efforts, did time per- mit. But if I did this, as I feel prompted to do, I should not have time to write the Home Papers nor to advise and suggest to the hun- dreds who are in trouble. Therefore I have faith, even though compared with the great outside world I seem to be but a little speck or a mere bubble in a great wide sea. My Home Paper in the last issue was cut short for want of space ; but I have something more to say right along in that same line. A few hours after having that talk with Mr. Buder I was thrown in company with the postmaster of Wewahitchka ; in fact, we rode together one whole day on the steamer. Alluding to my talk on Sunday evening, he said some- thing like this : " Mr. Root, you struck a point that is need- ed right here in the South more than any other one thing I know of. In fact, you little dream of the harm tobacco is doing among the old and the young, male and female. I keep a store, as you know, as well as the post- office. There is quite a class all around us who work from hand to mouth. Yes, it is worse than that. When a man gets a job, be- fore he can go to work he tells his employer he has got to have something to buy victuals with. He can not work until he has had a good square meal. This is more or less true of the whites as well as of the blacks, but more often, of course, of the blacks ; and an employer has very often to give a man an or- der on the store before he can get him to go to work. The orders come to me every day, reading, for instance, like this : ' Let Mr. have $1.50 worth of groceries, and charge it to my account.' Then I say, 'All right, Mr. , what do you want for the $1.50? ' The reply is almost invariably something like this: ' Well, let me see. You may give me 50 cents' worth of tobacco.' 'Here is your tobacco — what next ? ' ' Well, I guess I will have to have 25 cents' worth of snuff.' There, you see, Mr. Root, half of the $1.50 that he was to have for absolute necessities for his family goes for tobacco and snuff, and the rest for food. You may think this is an exaggeration; but I tell you it is a fair statement of affairs, not only in our locality, but almost all through the South. Half if not more of all these poor people earn goes for the very thing that keeps them down, behindhand, and crippled physi- cally and intellectually." I did not have the courage to tell the post- master while he was talking that, if I were in his place, I would refuse to touch, taste, or handle, or have any thing to do with the ac- cursed traffic. His answer, very likely, would have been that it would simply turn the trade to the other store across the way, without di- minishing the amount of tobacco in any re- .spect whatever. Well, even if this were true it would be starting to break the ground, even if it did nothing more. And, may the Lord be praised, we have an object-lesson right here in c«;' town, that has been standing before the faces and eyes of all the people for fifteen or twenty years. A young man united with the Congregational Church. He was soundly and thoroughly converted. At the time, he owned a grocery store. He went to his pastor and to myself, in great trouble. With tears in his eyes he told us that he would lose mon- ey if he stopped the sale of tobacco. But his pastor and I both assured him that the Lord would take cnre of him. From that time to this he has positively refused to have any thing to do with tobacco in any shape or man- ner. His store is to-day the largest and finest in our town, and has been taking the lead dur- ing all the years that are past. His strict in- tegrity is so well known that people telephone him from the right and the left to bring this, that, and the other, without even asking the price. His establishment almost makes no mistakes. People are not annoyed by being dunned months afterward for things they bought and paid cash for. His store is a clean and pleasant place for ladies to enter ; and I think that even his rivals in business must ac- knowledge the statement I make is true. Six years ago I told you about a boy I met 300 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 1 who was enthusiastic about building a boat — a boat that would carry him away out on the St. John's River, and enable him to see some- thing of the world. I found that boy had grown to be a man, and had a wife and baby. To meet my appointments, and save time, I hired him to take me twenty miles to an ad- joining town. We had lots of time to visit, and talk over matters. I always enjoy these confidential talks during my buggy-rides. I talked with this young man about his financial affairs. He greatly needed a little capital to get a start with. But he smoked a pipe a great part of the twenty miles. He had been reading Gleanings, so he knew what I thought of such things. Then he commenced with a sort of apology. This opened the way for me to speak freely. He said his wife felt so bad about it that he did break off once for three months, but that he wanted the tobacco just as much at the end of that time as at the beginning, and so he resumed the use of the weed, a slave to tobacco while he was little if any more than 21 years of age, with a baby to bring up in the footsteps of its father. He said his tobacco cost him about 50 cents a month — $6.00 a year, and no more. Said I, " Charley, if you keep on using just $6.00 a year, and no more, that amount of money would buy a nice farm before you are as old as I am. But let me tell you Satan will not let his subjects off in that way. You tried to break off, and couldn't. You yielded to Sitan. You have acknowledged him as mas- ter, and yourself as the slave — the abject slave. He gives the orders, and you obey them. He will say, ' A little more tobacco ; and a little more ; and a little more.' He is saying it al- ready. This very afternoon you are using more tobacco than 50 cents a month will pay for. There will never be a minute in your life when it will be easier for you to break off and declare yourself a free man than at this very time. Satan is riveting your chains every day." When I bade him good-by as he started back home, I went up close to him and begged him to remember our talk on tobacco. I told him particularly to remember that, through Jesus Christ, the great burden-bearer of all humanity, he could be a free man, unfettered and unshackled. It seems a little funny, but a few days later I employed another man to take his horse and buggy to carry me from Oakland to Orlando. He, too, began to apologize for using tobacco, e pecially as he was a member of the church, and a good Christian man. Then he told me the following story. Oh how I wish it could be told in every home, in every pulpit in our land ! yes, I will gladly send you printed copies of this story by the hundred or thou- sand if you will help me scatter them every- where. I presume the man would not object to having his name given if it helps humani- ty, even if he does love tobacco. As nearly as I can remember, the pathetic story he told was something like this : " Mr. Root, I once broke ofT from tobacco, and you may be astonished to know that I broke off without a bit of trouble. I was a professing Christian, and the thing lay heavi- ly on my conscience. It worried me day and night to think that I was setting an example before my family of growing boys that I knew was bad. The habit kept increasing. Final- ly I went down on my knees before God, and begged him to give me strength and grace for the ordeal that lay before me. The prayer was answered then and there. Deliverance came. For more than a year I was without tobacco in any shape or form. You will hard- Iv believe me, but I declare to you it is true, I did not want it one minute, day or night. I rejoiced in my freedom. I urged others to do likewise. I was a clean man, redeemed and emancipated by the Lord Jesus Christ." Oh what a testimony ! No wonder I thought of Mr. Biider ; yes, and did I not think of how even A. I. Root wis, years ago, delivered from a fearful thing in just exactly the same way? 0 ye of little faith! wherefore do ye doubt? But my story is not ended. Now listen to what my friend told me : " Mr. Root, after I had been freed from the terrible bondage for more than a year I was put on the jury. I was kept there several days. It was very monotonous, and we all became very tired. Every one of the other eleven jurj'men was chewing and spitting al- most constantly. The judge was chewing and spitting. Lawyers on both sides were chew- ing and spitting. Almost everybody in the courtroom was using tobacco. Every little while somebody would say, ' Have some to- bacco with the rest of us to pass away the time. You need not use it after you get through court unless you choose.' Then I be- gan to listen to the tempter. May God for- give me. I trifled with temptation, and took a chew. In an instant the old appetite opened up like a great cataract. It swept me oflF my feet, as it were. I chewed and chewed with the rest of them, and I have been using to- bacco ever since. Mav God help me ; but it seems as if I could not break off now." It was almost a plaintive wail as he put some more of the stuff into his mouth. I said to him : " My friend, do j'ou remember that strange passage in Matthew, where Christ says that the condition of a man who has gone back to evil ways after casting them aside for awhile is worse than before he attempted to put the evil spirit out ? The evil spirit comes back and brings seven other evil spirits with him." "Oh! yes, Mr. Root, I do remember it. I have often thought of it, and I am that man. 1 see it clearly." Let us now go back to the judge and jury, lawyers, and other officers of county and State. In Florida the whole crew were using tobacco. Is this an extreme case, or is tobacco kinq^ in like manner in all the other States of this Union? Is it true of the capitals of our States as well as of our county seats ? How is it in the capitol building at Washington? When a man is accused of a crime, and the laws of our land accord him a fair and impartial trial, does he come before a body of his fellow men who are clean men, pure in heart, with brains undimmed by a drug of any sort? or does he 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. ?,0] sit before a tribunal of tobacco- chewers and tobacco-smokers ? Is it the clearest heads the land can furnish who judge him, or is tobacco once more the king over all ? I know this sounds hard and severe. I know many good men — yes, and some good women, will think I am a' fanatic, and will say I spoil the good I might do by pushing things to such extremes. Dear friends, I do know it is the almost uni- versal fashion for officers of the law, and, in fact, for public men in almost any capacity, to think they must smoke and chew just as soon as they are elected to office. ■ I have told you that our own county commissioners seem to think they would not be respected or con- sidered fit for office unless they learned to use tobacco straightway as soon as they are install- ed into office, even though they have got along all their lives until past middle age without it, and even been hostile to its use. Let me digress a little. At Lakeland, Fla., the train was an hour or more late. I did not wish to sit in the wait- ing-room ; in fact, the ladies filled the room pretty well, any way. I wanted to be out in the open air. There was one seat outside that would hold three persons comfortably. Two traveling men sat there smoking and talking. I finally took one end of the seat and turned my back toward them. In the open air I could stand the smoke very well ; but the series of oaths and curses while the men were discussing pleasantly and good-naturedly some common topic fairly made my blood curdle. The situation was nothing new tome. Every- where in traveling I bad to put up with smok- ing and swearing. We are told our churches are running down. Onr ministers have al- ways found it a little difficult to get the mem- bers to come to prayer-meeting, and more dif- ficult still to get those who are there to stand up boldly and testify for Christ Jesus. Now, these traveling men had no hesitation at all in taking the sacred name of Christ Jesus on their lips in tones that could be plainly heard by men or women. They were not backward in " testifying " — testifying to what? Their love for the Redeemer? O my God ! what a thought ! They seemed to take pride in tes- tifying to the world and to all around that they belonged to Satan ; that they hated re- ligion, the Bible, and Christian people. Why else should they curse and swear? A little way from the depot, near an electric light, another crowd of people were waiting for a coming train. They were sitting on trunks and baggage. I found a seat out there. I wanted to go to Braidentown the next day, and I was a little uncertain about where to take the boat Two of the traveling men very kindly explained the whole matter to me, *AlexaTi<1er Macl,aren, in a recent number of the Siitidav School Tiines says : " We to dav are sinking into an abyss because of our admiration for the military type of hero; and there is not such an immense difference between the mob that rejected Jesus and applauded Birabbasand the mobs that shout round a successful snldier and scoff at the law of Christ if applied to politics." And if this same successful soldier or military hero smokes a cigar, straightway almost every American boy thinks that this, of course, is the way to be a man. God forbid that this state of affairs should continue. showing me how I could save time and con- siderable money. As the matter was a little complicated, they, with exceeding kindness, mapped it out for me, told me how to find the persons I wanted, and how to get back as soon as possible. They were very kind and pleas- ant people. I think one was a phjsician, be- cause the other called him "doctor." Both smoked their cigars, and cursed and swore — not because they were displeased with any thing, but because it was the fashion. Has the use of tobacco any thing to do with this matter of profane swearing ? When you are out among men, use your eyes and ears, and see what you think about it. Everybody knows- — and the man who uses fobs ceo, per- haps better than any one else — that the use of the drug is not conducive to a high state of spirituality. It is a stepping-stone to drink ; it is a stepping stone to cursing and swearing; it is a stepping-stone to crime and .'uicide. My good friend, would you want to see your own boy learn to use tobacco? Our departed friend C. F. Muth and I once had a long talk (I think his wife and daughters were present). He had been bantering me. As our talk clos- ed he looked very sober. He said to the rest of them, " Bro Root is right. His way is the better -wslj . His way is the saje ■vi&y.'" In your better moments you will agree with me ; and if so, dear friends, why do you use tobac- co, and drink and swear? Why do you com- mence any thing so repulsive to good breed- ing, to good manners, and to purity? Why do you set the example before boys who are growing up? This boy I have told you about, who has a wife and baby, and is not yet 21, learned to use tobacco because he saw the judges, the lawyers, and the doctors setting him the example. It is not bad men alone who learn to smoke and chew. I have told you these traveling men are some of the pleasantest and kindest people in the world. Very often the conductor or the ticket agent is unable (or unwilling to trouble himself) to give one the information desired ; but a traveling man will pull out a folder from his pocket, or a railway guide, and spend a lot of his time in figuring the thing out. Yes, he will often go to another traveling man, and he will not give np until he makes you understand just the difficulty in making the point you wish, at the kast ex- pense. He will tell you which hotels are best; that you want to make a bargain beforehand to get low rates ; he will tell you the good men in a certain town to go to. Then when you try to express your thanks for the pains he has taken he sa3Sthat is what we are in the world for — to help each other. His be- havior is Christianlike . If he knew you did not like swearing he would stop while you are around ; but if you do not say any thing his blasphemy and profanitv, and sometimes ob- scenity, are such that you are prompted to think only the prince of the powers of dark- ness could have studied up any thing so aw- fully low and bad. These men do not know what they are doing. They have not got hold of the spirit of true Christianitv — that is, the great bulk of them have not. Here and there 332 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 1 we find a converted commercial traveler hold- ing up the cross of Christ Jesus, and fighting his way against fearful odds. Oh how I do love to get hold of such a man, and put in my feeble voice to back him up ! At that place called Flora Home the land- lord sat before the fire, puffing his pipe, with every thing in disorder all around him. A traveling man, with jovial good nature, gave him a short sharp sermon. He told him his pipe would be the ruin of him, body and soul, unless he gave it up. A bjstander assured the stranger that ruin it was, then, for he would never let go of his pipe, even hardly long enough to sleep. When they found there were two " pious " people in .^the crowd they stared at us in evident surprise. Why, it brightened me up, and made me forget I was sick, to find somebody who could, good-na- turedly, give the sleepy tobacco-soaked crowd a shaking-np. Now, in thinking this matter all over, I am forced to the conclusion that these people who are setting such bad exam- ples, and who are going thus headlong down to ruin, do not realize or know what they are doing. In one sense they are crucifying again the Savior who meekly gave his life for wick- ed men. But I think it can be said of them, as Jesus said of his persecutors away back there in the dark ages, " Father, forgive them, for they know not what they do." And these good friends — for I have reason to call them so— these good friends of mine that I met and talked with, when they smoke and drink and swear, really, in the language of our text, "know not what they do." The great wide world needs teachers ; it needs ministers of the gospel, and laymen who are not afraid to show their colors, to speak out and plead for Christ Jesus. For some reason we can but dimly understand, God has laid the responsi- bility on us all ; and even though I myself sometimes feel discouraged to think there are so few who are with me, and so many on the other side, especially in this matter of tobac- co, yet when I find, after many days, the good fruit that my feeble words have brought forth, then I get new courage, and go on my way re- joicing. May the Holy Spirit bless these words I have written ; and ma)' they find lodgment in human hearts, and bear fruit. After dictating the above, a friend handed me the following, clipped from a prominent agricultural paper for 1899 : Tobacco manufactured in the United States during October was 24.9.51,914 pounds, an increase of 0,271,078 over the same month in 1898. The cigar production for last month was 471,890,050, an increase of 7.5,771,- 117 over the corresponding month of last year. The sraa'l cigars not included in these figures numbered 79,918,1.50, the greatest on record. Every other class of tobacco production shows a material increase, which is encouraging. The above is called " encouraging ; " but to whom is it so? If we divide the world into two classes — those who would be encouraged by such statistics and those who would be dis- couraged— on which side should we find the virtuous, mainly, and on which side the crim- inal, depraved, unthinking, indifferent, and those who use their columns for the propaga- tion of such a gospel of degradation ? HICKS' AI.MANAC, AND PROTECTING ORANGE- TREES. As soon as I got South I began to hear Hicks quoted. In fact, one of our bee-keep- ers where I stayed over night had just invested between $27 and $28 in protecting some orange- trees because Hicks said there would be a se- vere freeze on a certain Saturday night. I happened to be there that Saturday night, and the weather was almost as warm as in June. Mosquitoes were lively, and the fireflies were flitting about after dark. My friend thought that probably the cold wave would get along a little later ; but, although I was in the neigh- borhood several days, there was nothing of the sort — not even a trace of frost. He finally made a remark something like this : " I told father I did not believe Hicks knew any better than anybody else what would hap- pen six months ahead ; but he was so sure that Hicks was sound and scientific that I went and invested all that money for protec- tion. I now wish I had my money back in my pocket." I asked to see just what Hicks said in his almanac ; and for once in his life he had been unguarded enough to say right out in plain words that a severe blizzard would come at just about that time. Later on, in another part of Florida another bee-keeper insisted that Hicks correctly predicted a very severe freeze. I asked to see the prediction, and it read something like this : "On the 13th, 14th, and 15th, Vulcan will be in the ascendency ; so, look out." Now, if that means there is going to be a se- vere frost, then Hicks hit it ; but if the rigma- role about " Vulcan " means one thing at one time and something else at another time, I do not regard it as very clearcut prophecy. THE PECAN INDUSTRY OF THE SOUTH. When at friend Day's, in Silver Springs, Miss., I found him quite enthusiastic about growing pecans. He had a number of trees that cost him all the way from a few cents up to choice budded paper-shell stock that cost $1.50 each tree. He had also learned the art of budding this difficult tree, and showed me with considerable pride the shoots from buds he had set. Paper-shell pecans often bring extravagant prices — if I am correct, somewhere from 25, 60, 75 cts., and even $1.00 a pound for large nuts with soft shells and finely fla- vored meats. F'riend Alderman, of Wewa- hitchka, has had the fever for some years. In fact, he showed me a tree grown from a nut that he himself planted 27 years ago. This tree is now three feet in diameter about two feet above the ground. It is 60 feet high, and the branches have a spread of fully 50 feet. The trees bear annually barrels of nuts. No- body had kept account of how many. I found some under the trees that were very nice eat- ing, in the fore part of February. The tree 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 303 now stands in a rather deserted place, and a great part of the nuts are gathered, as the wind shakes them off, by the children, and, I fear, some by the pigs. The pecan-tree is quite hardy. Frost does no harm to it any- where in the South. It has no insect enemies, and it is almost an ever-bearer — that is, choice budded stock. All over Florida, north and south, I saw more or less pecan-trees ; and as they are closely related to the hickory tree, I am not sure but they could be grown clear up here in Ohio. Who can tell me more about it? When I left River Junction, and went down the Apalachicola River, the river was high and the banks overflowing, as I told you on page 198. Well, it was very easy for the steamer to go down stream. In fact, between 8 o'clock at night, and before light the next morning, we made about 130 miles. But to get back to the railway once more it took all together about two days. These river steam- ers are not very reliable in their methods of transportation. They told me that they car- ried the U. S. mail, and had to be pretty near- ly on time ; but on that occasion the mail re- mained uncalled for something more than 24 hours. After reaching the railway my next stop was a place a few miles out of Palatka, called Flora Home. That is a very pretty name, is it not? Well, some of you may have seen for two years past the advertise- ments of a little paradise on earth, just start- ing up in Florida. Some newspaper firm in Chicago sent out the advertisements and cir- culars. To make a long story short, they told how fast town lots were being taken up, and that if you hustled you might possibly get one of the beautiful places. For a small consider- ation they would plant trees for you, so when you came to build your house in the beautiful growing village you would be greeted by green trees, shrubbery, etc., all your own. Quite a lot of Medina people got the fever a year ago, and a few went down there. I no- ticed in the circular some photos of magnifi- cent residences that I supposed were a part of the town of Flora Home ; but after I got on the train I noticed the circulars did not ex- actly say that. It said, "Views of typical Florida homes." I reached the place after dark. The depot was certainly just what the real-estate men had photographed, but it looked a little cheap, even by moonlight. But that did not matter. I inquired for a hotel, and somebody pointed toward a light in the distance. I looked for a sidewalk, and finally pulled my feet, one after the other, through the sand. The hotel was a cheap frame house. The waiting-room and ofifice was full of men, all smoking pipes until the air was thick with tobacco smoke. After some trouble I found which one of the fellows with the pipes was the landlord. He said I could have a bed if I would sleep with another man, and that every bed but this one had two occupants already. I asked if there was no other hotel in the place, or any place where any one could get a whole bed. For some reason or other they seemed to think I was rather green. They told me I would have to take up with the half of the bed offered me, or sit in a chair by the fire. I went up to bed, being careful to close the door to keep out the smoke which was fast filling every cranny up- stairs as well as down. 1 wanted a window open, but the three other occupants objected. They all had bad colds like myself. The bed- room was just large enough to contain the two beds. The three big men were soon snoring away, each one taking a breath that seemed to me required a large part of the air in that lit- tle room. If I opened the door the tobacco smoke would pour in, to say nothing about the bad language that came up from the crowd below playing cards just at the foot of the stairway. I was sick already, and, to cut the matter short, I do not believe I would recom- mend Flora Home as just the place for an in- valid, no matter what the promoters of the new tropical town may tell you in their print- ed circulars. As soon as it was light I got out of that — well, you may call it what you like — and start- ed to look up some of the beautiful homes and gardens that the circulars told about. After some inquiry I found the nearest garden was about half a mile out of town. The man had, perhaps, half an acre under cultivation. There was a very pretty 1 ttle peach-orchard with trees just coming into bloom. There was a little patch of strawberiies also in bloom, and some fair-looking Grand Rapids lettuce in a bed covered with cloth ; but as nobody seemed to be stirring in or around the house, even though the sun was up quite a distance, I did not have a chance to talk about the pos- sibilities of the localitiy. At the depot I met a poor fellow, homesick and desolate enough. He had been attracted to Flora Home by the published statements, and was disappointed enough to find a vast diiTerence between news- paper yarns and reality. One of the state- ments was that there were over fifty houses al ready built in the village, and many more started. I do not think there were half a doz- en buildings, including the hotel, that might be said to be in the town. But a circle a mile in diameter might, perhaps, include fifteen or twenty buildings of some sort ; and an area two miles across might include fifty buildings of some sort. The greater part of the land, like a great part of Florida, is sand so soft and yielding that it is a hard matter for one on foot, or even a horse and wagon, to get any- where with any sort of load. Now, somebody who has real estate to sell around Flora Home might make a much better statement than I have done, and tell the truth ; but I have tried to tell it carefully and honestly. Before going further with travels I wish to say something under the head of HEALTH NOTES, or, perhaps we had better say, health notes while traveling. Sometimes I think it is something of a cross to bear, that I am obliged to be so exceedingly careful about what I eat and drink, especially when away from home ; and at other times I am led to think there may be a providence in it. It enables me to be more helpful to those who like to follow me 304 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 1 in my researches after God's truths. As an il- lustration, wherever I am, wherever I stop, I generally make inquiries, almost the first thing, about the water closets. In the aver- age hotel here in the North, we have warm and convenient closets, not only intide of the building, but, in newer hotels, on each sepa- rate floor. A great many times when I ask for a sleeping-room near the closet, T can have it without any trouble ; and when I can find a nice clean bath room, wash-room, and closet combined, near my sleeping-apartment, I feel quite happy. In the South, the hotels, especially the old- er ones, pay very little attention to the health and comfort of their guests, in the line of clos- ets. At hotels where they charge $2 00 or $2.50 a day, when you ask about the closet they will point away off across the garden. I am not finding any fault with private homes, mind you, for I found very comfortable arrangements of this kind everywhere I stop- ped during my recent trip. L^t me give you a glimpse of one hotel where they charge $2.50 a day. I was expecting to get breakfast there ; but when I inquired for a closet the landlord told me to go into the kitchen, and then the cook would show me the way. The cook was a colored man. I do not blame him for being black, but I do blame him for being filthy-looking, and for having about the filth- iest and fiasiifsfloo'k.ing kitchen I ever saw on the face of the earth. To add to it all, he was smoking the nastiest tobacco I ever smelled in my life, with an equally nasty pipe. The cooking-room was thick with tobacco smoke ; and as he leaned over his culinary work he kept on puffing. It seemed to me he was trying to blow the smoke into the stuff he was cooking. The closet the pointed out was equally filthy. I did not get any break- fast at that hotel ; but I was intending to do so, and should have done so had not mere chance led me through the kitchen. Now, I do not know but there is a provi- dence in this matter. In fact, I begin to think that perhaps the great Father's plan is to send me back behind the scenes of the dining- rooms and other places. You know I have often gone through saloons and into their back apartments, just because this infirmity of mine setit me there. After this visit I have told you of, especially where colored men have charge of the cooking, I have been suspicious a good many times of the food brought. Some of these colored cooks, that run the whole ranch without having anybody to look after them, might poison jou with their filth, and I do not know that they would care much if they did. I say this after sizing up several of these chaps as well as I could. Now, some of my friends have felt much hurt, and some of j'ou have stopped taking Glhanings because of my defense of the col- ored people. May be you will feel better when I say right here I do not believe colored men — and, for that mattei, perhaps a good many colored women might be put in with them — should be allowed to cook without some competent white man or woman to super- intend their work. I spoke about sitting down to the table with a colored man or wo- man. On the Louisville & Nashville Railway, both going and coming, I became acquainted with two colored porters. One of them had charge of the buffet cooking ; and I would just as soon sit down to a meal with either of these men as not. They were bright, intelli- gent, skillful, neat, and clean. But the aver- age ntgro of the South, especially the tobacco- using blacks, are not fit to sit down with me nor to do the cooking for me or for my fami- ly. They might be washed up and civilized. But somebody would have to stand over them a good while. Now, this is a more serious matter than it seems. People die every little while from something the doctors call pto- maine poisoning. This poisoning, if I under- stand it, is from either animal or vegetable food in a certain stage of decay. While at River Junction I noticed a very bad taste in my mouth. Now please bear with me a little, friends, because I am going to touch on a point that concerns not only health but per- haps life itself. My mouth not only tasted bad, but the eructations of gas that came up from my stomach, or belchingsof wind, some might call it, were " just awful." The ema- nations from a frog- pond in dog days were nothing compared with it. The smtll and taste were more like rotten eggs. I felt fear- ful of the result. I thought if I had a good square meal of wholesome food the foul mass would probably be carried away and passed through the bowels ; but for two or three days I carried with me that awful foul breath. I thought of the ptomaine poisoning, and I be- lieve yet it was a mild furcn of it, caused by something I ate at some hotel or on some steamer where these filthy colored people did all the work. I meditated taking an emetic or something that would make me throw the stuff up ; but I hoped Nature would take care of it after her own fashion. Well she did, and I am going to tell you how. Ill about three days my stomach seemed to have regained its normal state ; but when this poison got into the bowels it first produced diarrhea and then dysentery. My experience in Flora Home, shut up with three big men in a little tight bedroom, with tobacco smoke coming up from below, did not help Nature to get rid of the poison. I was sick all night. During the day I felt pretty well, and got off at a station called Favorita. My friend A. F. Brown lived six or seven miles out in the woods. Favorita is a very pretty name, but there are no houses there, nor is there a sta- tion. I do not know that there is even a plat- form. You just get off the cars, and step into the sand. A boy was there with a buckboard, waiting for the mail. I could not tell friend Brown what day I would be there, so he could not be at the train for me. I could not have ridden my wheel out to my friend's nor even gone on foot, for, besides the sand, there were long stretches of road that were all under water. In fact, it came almost up to our ftet as we sat in the buckboard. Just before reaching Bulow — and, by the way, that is not a town either, but just a post- ofiice in the woods — we passed through some 1901 GLKANINGS IN BKJi CULTUKK. 305 of the most beautiful tropical forest I ever saw in my life anywhere. Bath cabbage and saw palmetto were thriving in most wonderful lux- uriance. The ground was so rich that e\ery thing grew with surprising tropical luxuriance. The driver informed me that that was Mr. Brown's property. He said it extended near- ly a mile. At length we came out of the woods and drove up before what I should call a fine old castle. It was made of Florida wood, how- ever, instead of stone. My friend rapped at the door, but no one answered. He said he thought Mr. Brown was out after ducks, but would be in soon. The postoffice was a mile further on, and no one lived anywhere near. I decided to stay and await my friend's return. As I knew him quite well I made myself at home, and built a big fire in the open fireplace, and after blowing a big shell to announce my presence I began to look around a little. The more I explored the great building, the more I was astonished. Mr. Brown is not a mar- ried man — in fact, he lives all alone. What was he doing in such a great house, with its furnishing of books, paintings, heavy expen- sive curtains, and all the paraphernalia of a rich man's castle ? A beautiful porch with ex- pensive ornamental carvings graced the front of the house. A pair of broad doors opened up at the foot of a broad stairway. Half way up there was a landing, and the stairs curved gracefully to the right and to the left. On this landing was a pair of storks that startled one by their lifelike appearance, with heads about level with your own. Between them was an expensive antique vase, and costly or- naments met one at every turn. There were out buildings without number, and for every purpose imaginable. There were acres of grapes to furnish wine to fill the spacious wine cellars. There had been acres of orange- groves, but they had gone into a decline. It was getting dark, and still no one came near. It looked as if I might be called on to pass the night alone in the wilderness in that great castle. Something said to me the se- cret of these things in this place was that the house, for some reason or other, had the rep- utation of being " haunted." Mr. Brown was just the chap for such a place. The more spirits and hobgoblins the house contained, the better it would suit him, especially if he got a very low rent. After reading various books in the choice library, just as I began to think I should have to investigate the larder and get along for the night as best I could, I heard voices ; and, wasn't there a hand-shaking ? Mr. Brown had a friend with him, and they had some of the handsomest ducks, fat and plump, that ever delighted any hunter's heart ; and my friend soon convinced us that he had learned how to cook during all his days of bachelorhood. Four or five years before, the doctors told Mr. Brown he had but a few weeks to live. One of his lungs was gone with consumption, and the other was badly diseased. In fact, the sunken lung has now caved in, as it were, and the other one has developed so as to do double duty. When the doctors gave him up he went where he could get the salt breezes fiom the ocean, and live mostly in the open air. When he goes to bed he has the windows wide open, winter and summer, virtually sleeping out- doois. During the night I had evidence that pcison that has been forced down into the bowels is- not in a very much better place than having it in the stomach. 1 had a great deal of distress; but I felt sure that, by a strictly lean-meat diet (my old remedy, you know), I should be all right in a day or so. The second night, I had an attack of dysentery so, severe that I feared I should never live through it. Mr. Brown and I were alone, a mile from anybody else, and many miles from a doctor. I man- aged to get out by the fire, and scraped up strength enough to pick up a stick of wood and strike on a door and wake Mr. Brown up. He recommended my old water-cure treat- ment. He said he got it from Gleanings, and it had done very much in helping him back to life after the doctors said he had got to die. I told him I had tried it very thorough- ly just before going to bed, but it did not seem to reach the spot. He got me some water, just as hot as I could bear my hand in, and necessity became the mother of invention. I discovered then, for the first time in my life, how to get water further through the intes- tines than I had been able to get it before. Let me beg your pardon, dear friends, for speaking plainly, for I am sure it is a matter that may save life in an emergency. In order to get the hot water clear along the intestines to the seat of the pain, or poison, if aou choose, while using the hot-water enema in the way we are familiar with, I first stood on my feet, then bent my body so as to bring my head as near my feet as I could. This brought the intestines below where the water is intro- duced, and I felt it slowly working down un- til it reached the foreign matter that Nature was trying to get rid of. By changing my po- sition the water all came away. I did this re- peatedly, and the pain gradually subsided so I could go to sleep. You may be sure I did some earnest praying for help when suffering that night. My prayer was heard and answer- ed in the way indicated above. But I declared then and there, that, if God would spare me till morning, and I was able to travel, I would take a bee-line for home. However, in the morning friend Brown persuaded me to go and see a doctor first and ask him if he thought I was able to go on my trip. So we two started for the nearest physician. At first I felt as if I could hardly sit in my seat ; but the sun came up, the mockingbirds were singing, the salt breezes were coming from off across the ocean, the tropical scenery was all around me, and little by little I began to straighten up. When we got near the doctor's, toward noon, I said : " Why, friend Brown, I do not believe I want any doctor after all. If I have the right kind of food, and take care of myself, I think I can go on with my trip." Again and again when in distress have my prayers been answered in the same or some similar way as outlined above. 306 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Apr. 1 Golden or 5=banded; 3=band Italians. Some Points. We have been extensively producing honey for the last ten vears, hence know Ihe value of good queens. During all this time we have made a close study of queeu-rearing, and now run over 500 nuclei, hence we know how to rear good QUEENS. During the last two years we have spared neither time, money, nor skill in procuring and breeding up our strains of bses. We hive bought qut-ens from almo.st all who have claimed to have superior slock. We have taken them, te.-ted them, and cros'ied them to each other and to our already fine slock of btes, and we now have the finest strains in the United States. WE GU.ARANTEE AI^U QUEENS to be large, prolific, and well developed, to give entire satisfaction, and to arrive at your postoffice in good shape. We have wintered over 8f0 fine queens, and our prices will be: Tested, 8125; select tested. 82 00; breeders, SS 00 to S5.00 each; untested queens, March 15, $1 00; afier June l>t. 75c. Discounts in quantities, and valuable premiums given away to customers. Your subscription p^id one year to the Progressive Bee keeper upon receipt of your first order for one-half dozen iiueens. Send a po'-tal for large circu'ar; tells all about ourqueens, methods, etc.; gives valuable in- formation to every one. N. B. — Motto " High-grade queens, prompt .service." O P. HYDE & SON, Hutto, Texas- Long-Tonpedjfellow Queens. " The cige of bees is received. The tongue-reach is 19-hundredths. This is very good." The A. I. Root Co., per E. R. Root. The above is from my best breeding queen. Her mother is also long t-^iigued. // rims in Ike faniilv. These urc my s band or Golden si) ain that have been bred for busine.ss for years. Queens, untested. SI. 00 ; 6, ?5 0) ; dozen S!) 00 F ne tested, SI 50; 0, $8 CO. Se- lect tested, S2.00. Breeding. S;i.00 to S5 00. I am print- ing a limited number of circulars with Florida views — nice ones — free. An extra one with different views for 5c .-tamp. Better pet one at once. J. B. CASE. Port Orange. Fla. EARLY QUEENS FROM THE S0U7 H We are rearing queens now in full colonies bj' the be.'-t methofs known. Tested queen, $2 00. Unle.sted, $1.00; 6, 500; 12 S9.00 Full colonies, Sli 00; 3 frame §2 00; 2-frame. $1.50. Add price of quet n to nucleus wanted. Write for discount on large orders, and cir- cular. Satisfaction guaranteed. Christian & Hall, Meldrim, Georgia. Honey Queens. Have you noticed the change in my P. O. address? Did you know I am seeking to give mj' customers the best service possible? Did you know that I have as good or better queens than can be bought elsewhere? Many have found this out, and continue my best customers. Golden and leather colored honev queens, bred in separate apiaries. Bees, nuclei, and full colonies for sale. Price of qii»ens — Marrh and April — tested or untest- ed, each $1 00; 6 for $5.00; $10 00 per dozen. Breeders, 82.60 to $5.00 each. Take Notice. W. H. LAWS, BEEVILLE. TEXAS. We are headquarters for the Albino bee.s — the best in the world. If you are looking for the bee that will gather the most honey, and the gentlest in handling, buy the Albino. We can furnish others, but orders stand 50 to 1 in fa- vor of the Albino. I manufacture and furnish sup- plies generally. vS^nd for prices. S. VALENTINE, Hagerstown. Md. SEE Special Low Clubbing Offers on Page 308. LONE STAR APIARIES G. F. Davidson & Sons, Props. Breeders of fine Italian Queens. Established in 1885. Write for / circular. "i^^^"- G. F. Davidson & Sons, Fairview, Texas. QUEENS BY RETURN MAIL. The Choicest of Tested Italian Queens $1 each. I,arge yellow queens, healthy and prolific; workers the best of honey-gatherers. Safe arrival and satis- faction guaranteed in every case. Send for price list. J. W. K. Shaw & Co., Loreauville, La. Albino (jUeenS. proH^c queens; if you —^•^——^—^^-^—^— w^-nt the gentlest bees ; if you want the best honey gatherers you ever saw, try my Albinos. Untested queens. SI 00 : tested 81.50. J D. GIVENS, Lisbon. Texas. QUEENS.— Golden Italians; unexcelled for bu^iress, beautv, and genllene-'s : bred from the best of stock obtainable. Untested, 81 00 each ; 6. 85 00. Test- ed. 81 50 each. H. C. Triekch, Jr., Dyer, Ark. Fruit Packages of All Kinds. — AI,SO — BEE=KEEPERS' SUPPLIES. . . Order your supplies now before the busy .seasou catches you. Price list free. Address BERLIN FRUIT-BOX COMPANY, Berlin Heights, - - Erie County, Oliio. D. COOLEY & CoT, DEALERS IN BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES, KENDALL, MICHIGAN. Root's Goods at Root's Prices. : : Catalog free. FOR SALE. — 150 colonies of bees, with fixtures, house with contents, two lots and five acres of land in incorporate limits; fine team, buggy, cutter, etc.; also Marlin rifle and shotgun. Elias Fox, Hillsboro, Wis. WANTED. — To sell my entire and complete apiary, consisting of bees, hives, foundation, sections, shipping-cases etc (Root's goods). Every thing new and in Al condition A big bargain will be offered, as I must sell. Write for particulars. E. B. Foster. 506 W. Warren St., Bucyrus, O. FOR SALE —Apiary of 00 colonies, Dove'd hives, S225; farm of 57 acres S750; together or separate; also horses, cows, etc.: basswoods at different eleva- _tions and in sheltered coves give a crop of honey "every year; never knew aiiv bee - disease around. Cause for selling, accident. For particulars address John Hammond, Buena Vista, Scioto Co., Ohio. I BEAUTIFUL CALIFORNIA WILD FLOWER SEED. . . . Golden Poppy, Mari posa Lily, etc., 4 packets •25c; 10. 50c; 16 75c. This ad. will not appear again. BOX 23, Glenlale, California. I ]\)>\ GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 307 SPRAYING FRUIT-TREES. The question of sprayiiiE; fruit-trees to prevent the •depredatiiiis of insect pests and fungus diseases is no Hoiiijer an experiment but a necessity. '' Our readers will do well to write Wni. Stahl, Quincy, nil., and get his catalog describing twenty-one styles ■of Spraying Outfits and full treatise on spraying the •difTcrent fruit and vegetable crops, which contains •much valuable information, and may be had for the asking. >;>li .ili iti iti :5ti :ste. :^ Jbtiiti :5ti J:^ iti iti !i 2 Sweet= Potato Seed. ^ ^ Sound bright stock of the best va- |*^ ■^ rieties. Special rates by express, pt; ij Descriptive price list free. Address ^ ^ L. H. Mahan. Box 143, Terre Haute, Ind. ►^ n::E:Er» or-iF mi:Bz <3rit.A.ssS' TU::t uiiM'.;lnly sit-'n will nr>t he needed if you Iiave the HARTMAN STEEL ROD LAWN FENCE. KeriiSolJ everymingbutsuuthineaD liain. Besi for L:hvls, Schools, Churthes, Cemeteries, etc. Sue 1 Posts and (^aies. Catalogue free, nAKTMANMFO.C**., Box 80 ,Fllwood City, Pa. Or Koom 4 0 , 809 Broadway, New York City. Onion Combination Saw /^ For Ripping, Cross- cutting, Rabbeting, Mitering, (Grooving, Gaining, Boring, Scroll- sawing, Edge- moulding. Beading. Full line FOOT and HAND POWEE machin- erv. Send /or calaloe; A. SENECA FALLS MFG. "CO., 44 Water St., Seneca Fs.. N.Y. SEE Special Low Clubbing: Offers on Page 308. with our new patent KEROSENE SPRAYERS is simple .ndiied. Keroseue Kmul- sion made while pumping. VI var- ieties sprayers, liordeaux and Ver- morel Nozzles, the World's Best. THE DEMINQ CO. Salem, 0. Western Agents, Heniou& Hub- feell, Chicago. Catalog, formulas free PLANERS The above cut shows one of our small Planers, of which we make twelve different styles and sizes. Also large Planers, Band Saws, Buzz Planers, Moulders, Wood Lathes, and all kinds of WOOD WORKING MACHINERY Send for Catalogue. The FRANK MACHI^ERY CO. BUFFALO. N. Y. The Power (Question —for farm use, dairies, creameries, cheese factories — anything requir- ing light power, is best settled by buying one of thesa LEFFEL ENGINES. They are made in both horizontal and upright pattern, with engine attached to boilers. Being very simple and direct in construc- tion they are economic of fuel and great developers of power. Best for cutting and grinding feed, sawing wood, pumping water, srpariiting erenm, ctiurninc. &v. Made of the best material throughout they are durable and long lived. .Send stamp for our Book on Engines and Power. JAMK8 LEFFEL, &, CO., Box 89, SprinKfleld, Ok SEND NO MONEY-but L-liinea st-nt C. O. D.. on 30 5' iiiai. It yuu don't find u bUperior to any other ^ottered at llie same 01 higher prices or are di^sati»Bed lor any reason, return liiematour expense and we reiund your .,ey and freight charges. For U.5U "e can ^ell you a better chine than those advertised ewhere at higher price, but we lid ratlierseil vmi better Quality 1 <;ive Satisfiiction. *>iir ele- iitArlineton.Tcwel. drop head, |>ia.5<>. 4>nr>o. !» Hall ISearine Arllnston, 5 drawer, drop iiead, ^15.4.'>. Write for large ilhintiated cata- logue FREE. CASH BUYERS' UNION, (Inc.) 158-164 W. Van Bureu St., li-345, Cbicaso 308 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 1 SPECIAbiNdjo CES BV ;^ BUS1NE~SS MANAGErJ^ SECTIONS. No withstanding the fact that we have been ship- ping sections recently to the number c f a iLiilliou or moie a week, we still have on hand a re-erve siock of upward of four million, and have a capacity for mak- ing eighty to one hundred thousand a day of ten hours. We have al.-o a plentiful supply of choice whiie dry ba.'-swood of 1000 cut, as well as a million feet of ntw basswocd cut the past winter right near us in Ohio, some of it the choicest lumber we ever had. The win- ler has been most favorable for cutting, and we have secured so much that we ran short of piling room, and had to stop shipment of large lots to be piled and sea.soned elsewhere. We have been even more strict than usual in grading our sections, so that our No. 1 quality are unsui passed ; and ihe No. 2, of which we have a large stock, are unusually good — better than the I est sections of a few years ago, yet 50 cents per thousand cheaper than the No. 1. Many will prefer them at the lower price. BRASS SMOKERS We are prepared to furnish smokers of brass, not only in the thr<.e larger sizes of Bingham but also the Crane and Corneil at 25 cents each more than the price of tin. We have not listed brass ^mokers in our catalog because we are not yet satis-fitd that they are as good as those made of tin except perhaps in locali- ties on the sea coast where the salt air causes the or- dinary tiu smokers to rust out too scon. Out of hun- dieds of tin smokeis sent every year in the mail we have had less damaged than we have had among the few brass that have Ijcen sent out. We take this as rather conclusive evidence that the brass smokers are not as strong as ihe tin. With careful usage they mav not burn or rui-t out as quickly, but we have gen- erally found that the tin fire-cup will last as loag as the bellows under ordinary conditions, and therefore there is no need of a more durable material in the fire-cup. Belter go slow on brass smokers till we know more about them. BUSINESS AT THIS DATE. . We have made more carload shipments to date than in anv year heietofote. Since the beginning of the !-easoii, about the middleof Uec , 1900 we have shipped sixty two carloads of 30 COO lbs or moie each. Ten of these have been boxe>. sixteen more have been hives, sections, etc , exported, and thii ty-six to various points in this country. During the past week five cars have gone to various points on the Pacific coast, contain- ing in all over a million sections and ten thousand shipping-cases. The demand for honey ext' actors this season has been something phenomenal, and an enlarged force of workers in this department has been working long over time for weeks, and still we are somewhat behind. California alone has taken one hundred and thirty-four extractors so far this year, .sixty-five of these being four and six frame, with ball bearings. If this may be takfU as an indication of the yield of honey we may 1 .ok out for California this ytar. The late.>-t reports from (here are that late rains are lacking, and the honey yield may thereby be cut short or greatly reduced. SPECIAL LOW CLUBBING OFFERS ON GLEANINGS. New readers who may see this issue for the first time, and old ones who have perhaps been sub-^cribers, and have dropped out in the meantime, will be in' cr- ested in the following speci tl clubbing offers that we aie prepared to make : OFFER NO. 21. For 25c we will send Gleanings 0 mbnths' trial sub- scription to new subscribers. OFFER NO. 22. For 81.00 we will send Gleanings for one year and an untested Italian queen valued at 75 cents : but at this low price we reserve the right to send queen some lime in July when we have a choice supply. OFFER NO. 23. For 50.: we will send Gleanings from the time your subscription is received till January 1, 1902, so that the SOONER you send in your order the more numbers^you will gel. OFFER NO. 2-1. If you order SIO 00 worth of goods frc m our catalog at regular prices, paying cash for them, for 50 cents more you can have Gleanings for one year. OFFER NO. 25. For SI 00 we will send Glf.anings one year and a Clark smeker, postage 20c extra. Or, for Si.25 we will send the Corneil smoker, postage 2.5c extia. OFFER NO. 2tj. For 31.75 we will send Gleanings one year and our CNclopedin on bees, the A B C of Bee Culture, 1901 edi- tion, of 500 pag^s. CLI'BBTNG OFFERS We will send the Review of RevietL's or Youth's Com- panion new subscribers only, iuid a subsciiption to Glean ngs, for 82 25. Or for $1 .50 we will furnish Gleanings and any one of the following-named mag- azines or papers : Success, IVoman's Home Compatiion. Ohio Farmer^ Michigan Farmer, Ptaclica I Farmer, Kansas Fanner, Indiana Farmer, Cosmopolitan, and Piei son's Maga- zine. Subscriptions to Review of Reviews and Youth'' s Com- panion must be strictly new Old as well as new subscribers may take aivantage of these several offer.', but all arrears or back sub- scriptions must first be paid at $100 a year. Refer to these offers bv number to avoid mistakes. Special Notices by A. I. Root. WANTED, WHITE MULTIPLIER ONIONS AND SHALLOTS. If any of the friends have either of the above kinds of onions I wish they would U t me know how many, and what they will take for them. Better still, send a sample by mail, then there will be be no mistake. WANTED — SEED OF THE BLUE THISTLE OR CHAPMAN HONEY PLANT. If anv of the readers of Gle.-^nings can give us a few seeds, even to get a start, of this honey-plant, we will pay him a reasonable price for them. We also want some motherwort seed. Who has any ? YELLOW SWEET CLOVER. As our supply is quite Imited we can furnish this seed only in 5 cent packages. M. M. Baldridge, of St. Charles, 111., an authority on sweet clover, says the yellow is quite different in many respects from the white. ROOTED cuttings AND OTHER GREENHOUSE PLANTS. If you are at all interested in these things it will pay you to send to S. W. Pike, St. Charles, 111., for his little catalog. After \ ou have learned to handle root- ed cuttings successfully in this way. you can get, for a few cents, plants that would cost dollars when they are grown up big. There are several nice things in our little greenhouse 1 should like to tell you about if space permitted. CABBAGE, CAULIFLOWER, AND ALLIED VEGETABLES. This is the title of another excellent book from the O. Judd Co.. just out. It not only tells all about grow- ing cabbage from seed to harvest, but also includes cauliflower, broccoli, collards, Brussels sprouts, kale, or borecole, and kohlrabi. These latter varieties of cabbage are largely grown in the ."south. The latter part of the book tells all about injurious insects, and fungous diseases of those plants. The book co" tains 125 pages, cloth-bound, and is fully up to date in evftry respect. Pi ice 50c. It can be mailed from this office. THE NEW HAND (75c) POTATO PLANTER . When I returned from Florida I asked how the po- tato-planters were selling. They told me they had sold a few ; and I began to think that perhaps I hal overestimated the value of the implement. Pretiy soon, however, our f i iends began to call for tV.em, and. now at this time, March 29. it seems as though almost every order included a potato-planter. The factory has sent us a gross and a quarter: but the present de- mand indicates that we shall need all of them. Spe- cial circular in regard to preparing the ground, using: the toal, etc., mailed ou application. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 309 BASSWOOD OR LINDEN TREES. Now is the time to set 1 hem out. One foot and un- der, each. 5 ct-. ; 10. 30 cts,: 100, $2 00, By mail, S cts , 3), and 82.25 respectively. \V e are at present sold out of the larj;er sizes, ;•!, 4, and o feet ; tint we have plenty from one to two fet t. The.se will be, each. Sets.; 10, 50 cts.; 100, S3 00 If wanted by mail, 12 cts., tio cts., and $3.75 respectively. SEED POTATOES. At this date, April 1, our potatces are all in beauti- ful condition — not a potato spiouted. As some of the early kinds are nearly out, in ordering these perhaps vou had better .state if you can use some other kinds in case the kind yon order is sold out. Our Early Ohio and Bovee arc Michigan grown, and these have for years had a special reputation, as Northern grown seed-potatoes. TABLE OF PRICES. NAME. Varieties are in order as regards time of ma- turing ; earliest first, next earliest second, and so on. Red Bliss Triumph •White Bliss Triumph. JEarl.v Ohio Earl.v Trumbull Bovee Early Vermont New Queen Lee's Favorite Freeman Twentieth Century State of Maine Maule's Commercial . . . Carman No. 3 Sir Walter Raleigh New Russet New ('raig _• a a s o s ■-1 m % 18 * 4( .5 15 Ht •/.^ ft, 1H 41) I.") H.5 Ift lift !.■> Hft IK 40 •iH ,5(1 \h lift IH 411 1.5 lift 1.5 lift 1ft lift 15 lift .■S a « 40 5U 35 50 40 35 35 35 40 50 85 40 35 35 35 35 m *1.'25 1.5,) 1.00 1.53 & 85 75 1.25 60 1.00 60! 1-UU 60 1.00 75 1.25 85' 1.5U 1.25 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 * This is the same thing as Junior Prie e. Early Ohio and the New Russet, Michigan grown, can be shipped at above prices from Traveise City, Mich,, when our customers are nearer that point. E.\RLY OHIO POTATOES. I have just purchased from a grower in Michigan a carload of extra-nice Early Ohio potatoes — the celebrated Red River .st )Ck. A year ago we paid Vaughan, ot Chicago, S3 00 a barrel (freight and all) for 30 or 40 bairels of this stock of Early Ohio pota- toes in order to fill the orders we got along in March, April, and May — that is, after our own siock was exhausted. We >old these for S3 50 a barrel. U e did not make much, it is true; but we never had a can plaint from them. We planted the same !-to;k (Red River) on our creek-bottom grounds, and grew the finest crop of Early Ohios we ever had — nice shapr, free from scab, extra early, good qual ty. And. by the by, the-e early Ohios were about as eaily, with one exception, as any potato we grew, and the yield was liitle. if any, behind That one exception was the Bliss Tiiumvih. But the latter blighted when the Early Oh'o did not, so that the yield, although a little earlier, was much smaller, Now, we bought these Michigan grown Early Ohios by the carlo.id so we can let you have them at the low piice of $1 00 per bu.-hel. orS2 50pe' barrel of 11 pecks; % bushel will beOOcts.; peck, Ii5 cts. There will be a few seconds, at SI, 75 per ba'rel. As we have always been sold short of Early Ohios ever .•■ince we have been in the seed-i otato business, we expect to be this year, so you had better send in your orders at once. This same kind of potatoes can be shipped from Leslie, Mich,, or Traverse City, Mich., when you are nearer the above points than to Medina, Ohio. OTHER POTATOES FOR SEED. At present writing, April 1, we are practically sold out iif all seconds of early potatoes, except a few Early Ohio, as mentioned above. We have, how- ever, .'■econds of Maule s Commercial, Carman No. 3, Sir Walter Raltigh, and New Russet Of the fir.sts we have a fair stock of almost every thing except New Queen and Lee's Favorite. These two are entiie v out. We have only a limited quantity of all kinds of early and extra early poiatoes except Early Ohio, as mentioned above; and my candid opinion is, there is not a much better extr?-early potato known at pres- ent than the Early Ohio, especially the strain we offer for sale, and such as we grew last year. Any one .sending $1 00 for Gleanings, and asking for no other premium, may have 25 cents' worth of potatoes. And any one who is a subscriber, and who sends us $1.00 and one new name, may have .50 cents' worth of potatoes; hut if the potatoes are wanted by mail the subscriber must pay postage. sweet POTATOES — THE NEW VARIETIES, ETC. The number of varieties of sweet potatoes that have come out in the past two or three ye\rs, with high- sounding names, such as Gold Coin, General Giant etc , especially when these new things are only well- known varieties under cliffeieiit names, has led to so much confusion that I've really speut hours in trying touniangle the matter and decide which is which. We have grown plants for sale for years, and I have test- ed mo^t of the new thiugo offeied, enough lo say what is really valuable or diffcrem from what we have al- ready. I have fin il y settled down on four difTcent kinds: A sweet potato and a yam zfzVA vines, and a sweet potato and a yam zvithout vines. First we have the oUt wi.ll-known yellow Jersey sweet potato. Yellow Nansemond and Yellow Caro- lina are only two more names for the same thing. Then we have the Early Pcabody Red jam. This is al.so the same thing as the Red Bermuda. Then we have two viueless sweet potatoes — first the Vineless s« eet potato, oi General Grant, ai d this is round-leafed like the old-fashioned sweet potato. Lastly we have the Vineless or Bunch yam, also known extensively as Gold Coin. This last is cut- leaved, and has a toliage entiiely different ftom any Ihing heretofore known in the swett-potato line. I hope the above will enable you to straighten the matter out, and decide what >ou want. There are other varieties in the lists (nearly a dozen), but 1 think they might all be classed under some one of the tour I have mentioned. 1 can not tell jou which is be-t. One suits one locality, and another suits an- other. In regard to prices, the Yello.v Jersey is the cheap- est of all. Our price will be, y^ peck. 25 cts ; peck. 40; Yi bushel, 75; bushel, SI 25; barrel ot 3 bushels S2 75. All the others will be, ;4 peck, 35 cts.; peck, 60; ^ bushel, $1 CO, bushel, SI 75; barrel, S4 50. Of the Eai ly Jer.-ey, we will send 1 lb by mail post- paid for '20 cts.; 3 lbs , 50 cts. Of the others, 1 lb. by mail, postpaid, 25 cis.; 3 lbs., 60, Plants of any of the above will be ready about May 1. The price will he bv mail, 10 plants, 15 cts.; ICiQ 60 cts. By expres , 1000, 83 00. Sweet Potatoes and All About How to Grow Them. A little book by Waldo F. Brown. 10 cts. The above book will be sent free of charge to every one who buys 50 cents' worth or more of swett potatoes or plants. ARTIFICIAL EAR-DRUMS AND OTHER REMEDIES FOR DEAFNESS, The Rmal Nerv Yorker sa\ s : "The world seems to be filled with so-called cures and remedies for deafness just now," To which I may add that these remedies, or at least a g' eat part of them, do no good whatever. There iire a good many bee keepers who are more or le.ss deaf, and in my travels I have taken pains to inquiie about the remedies. Artificial ear diums and other adver- tised appliances h.ive been purchased and tried, in great numbers ; but instead of the bu>er getting any benefit, these ear-drums have done harm instead of good. I have had one experience of my own along this line. It is bad enough lo rob people who are well and sound ; but the man who goes delibeiately to work to steal from a deaf man, and, after getting his money, do him harm instead of good — w^ 11, to put it mildly he should not be allowed advertising space in a respectable family newspaper. HIGH-PRESSURE POULTRY, AND HIGH-PRESSURE EGG- LAYING. There, didn't I tell you 1 could manage hens so as to make them lay iu winter? It is not winter just now, but it is winter weather, even if it is March 22. We have just six pullets and one rooster. On Monday, March IS, they laid four eggs; Tuesday, five eggs; Wednesday, six eggs ; Thursi ay, seven eggs. There were six eggs laid in the trap nests ; the seventh, with- out any shell, was dropped the night before on the dust-shelf underthe roost. We mightsay this seventh egg was laid the day before : but every one of the six pullets laid an t gg apiece in the trap-nests the day be- fore. Mrs Root says the ne'ghtiors' hens came over on the sly and laid an e gg ju-il to give me a chance to make a big report : and although that is possible. 1 do not think it probable. Is it not pos-ible tor a hen to lay an egg every day, and o^/ce in a zvhile one in the night besides? Friday they laid six eggs again, an egg apiece. 310 GLEANINGS IN BER CULTURE. Apr. 1 No. 717 Flat-bottom Surrey. Price with pole or .'■hafts, $7o.OO. As fine as retails for 8^35 00 to $W 00 more than onr price. We make 43 >tyles of Surreys and Traps. No. 212 Canopy-top Trap Price with pole or shafts, $80.00, A.s fine in every way as usu- allj' sells for §35,00 more than our price. It Stands to Reason That there is Money Saved in Buy- ing Direct from the IVIanufacturer. The profits between the manufacturer and. consumer are large. We Save You These Profits. We are the largest manufacturers of Vehicles and Harness in the world selling to the consumer exclusively. For 28 years we have conducted business on this plan. We guarantee to give you much better quality for the same money, or the same qual- ity for less money than the dealer, jobber, or supply agent. We Ship Anywhere for Examination and Comparison, Guaranteeing: a Safe Delivery. We have no Agents. We make 178 styles of vehicles and 65 styles of harness. Our large catalog shows every vehicle and harness we make, and gives prices. IT'S FREE. Elkhart Carriage and Harness Manufacturing Go,, Eildiart, Indiana. W. B. Pratt, Secretary. No. 475^ SitiRle- strap Harness ; nick- el or iniitatioa rub- ber trimmings. Price $9.50. .As fine as sells for .^13 to $15. No. 232 Wagon.— Has High arched axles, 34 and 36 inch wheels, with % in. solid rubber tires. Bailey body loops, rubber-covered steps and open head springs. Price $65.00. As good as usual- ly sells for $2.5 00 to $10.00 more than our price. No. 292 leather cover top-buggy, with Bailey loops, long distance axles, open head springs, and rubber-covered steps. Price $47.00. Same in every way as retails for $7.5.00. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 311 lunimiiiiiiimiiniiMiuiiuiiumimiinininimiimiimmniiiiiMiinuimnnniiiiiiiiiiininiQ DEAL DIRECT M'r.^sr = Whi'n you buy a carriage, bUKpy orl'arness. Choose Unim the bi^ijest stock and liillesta-^sortiiieiit, and Ipay ODly the cost of making, with but one iiioderale 'protjt added. Our plan of Sflling direct from the factory insures satisfaction —your money hack If you're dissatisfied with your purchase— and enables you to gg^g ^i^Q dealer's profit. Our complete illnstrated catalogue, sbowiDg many Btyles of high grade vehicles, harness, robes, blankets and horse equipments, with detailed de- scriptions of each, mailed free. Write for it and learu how cheaply you can buy when the jobber's and dealer's pruhts are cut ofi. No 240 single strao THE COLUMBUS CARRIAGE AND HARNESS CO., Box 772, Columbus, 0. Buggy Haroes,. Pnce ?7.95. o. 3034 Buggj. Price $38.30 »iih leather quarter tup. ••^-*r^ THE WHOLE WORLD ADMIRE Split Hickory VeKicleSp and the best of it is, the closer you examine them, the better you like them. They are built right all the way through and they have a hun- dred sppcial featiire^ — ''little things" that add to their comfort, safety and durability found on no other. We sell DIRECT FROM THE FACTORY ^■ou save all agent's profits. We ship on approval. You don't keep it unless you think it a bargain. Send for our Ve- hirlo and Harness ratalogn-'. It will savp vou money. OHIO CARRIAGE MANUFACTURING CO., 27 W. Broad Street. Colvimbus, OKJo. mmTMim fc- Wv STERLING'CUCUMBEft^ H. K. & Co.s "STERLING" Cucumber (s I't. The earliest white spine Cncura- Der. suitable f.ir table, market or shipniu' purp.ises. underallconditi^jns of culture whether «ne ter whpie you grt them. Send now, as this offer will not appear again. NOI^THRUP, KING <& CO. Peed Growers MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. POR SALE CHEAP.— 100 ntarly new stcond-hand *^ Hilton chaff hives. Hives are at VVallin, Benzie Co., Mich. For particulars inquire of I,. C. Woodman, Grand Rapids, Mich. NOW TO BUVA Follovr instructions carefully. 1st. Send for our large ft ee catalog of vehicles and harness. 2nd. Select the rii? you want and ordT it on our lo Days Free Trial. 3rd. After trying it, if perfectly satisfied that it is tlie best bargain you evjr saw for the money, draw $75 out of the bank, give your wife S2~ for pin-money and send us the $48 and you will have the be.st $75 rig you ever saw. Your wife's is the two profits —dealer's and job- ber's—you save in buying from the factory. Write for our large illustrat- ed catalogue and follow directions carefully. Kalamazoo Carriage and Harness Co., Box 22 , Kalamazoo, Mich. „ Don't Pay a Cent ' L^S"*' profit to agent oi dealer when you ,ll'^^>a .e halt the eo^t. Our \eliteU-s are built for liard ear Best iniitp lis throneb- mansliip. I'nq Our liarneas und Saddl standard work ^4.ii5 un' Older without writing to ing valuable sugc out. ^'e« stvlps. Approved Wnrlv snariiiili'". 1)139.25 and upwards comprise a complete line of iris. In no event vilaceyour nr Prop ratflliiBuecontain- i f lie vchicle, RANTED. — To pay cash for a number of strong colonies of Italian or hybrid bees with young queens on L. frames. Adrlress L. H. Robey, Worthington. W. Va. /ANTED. — To buy or exchange for a lot of good extracting combs— L. size. H. L^THROP, Browntown, Wis. w ANTED.— Bees by the pound. D. McLaren, Alliston, Ontario, Canada. w ANTED.— To exchange 500 L. frames (comb) for bees. J. H. Stanford, Larrabee, Cher. Co., la. w ANTED. — Fifty colonies Italian bees in 10 frame Dov'd hives; Hoffman wired frames Chas. D. Handel, Savanna, 111. \VANTED. — .\n experienced apiarist to tike charge '' of 100 hives of bees on salary or on shares, in Oteiro Co., Col. Do not apply unUss best references as to character and ability can be furnished. Address Dr. W. W. Bulette, Pueblo, Col. 'i\/ ANTED. — ALL TO KNOW that I sell my hives ' ' aiid Root's gi.oJs at Root's prices, and will pay $.50 in three cash prizes for the l)est white honey ex- hibited at the Pan-American Expjsiti on at Buffalo this year, produced in D^nzeubaker hives in New York State ; also the same for the three be>t lots out- side of New York State. Specific information given on application. F. D.\NZENB.\KER, Box 66, Washington D. C. Y^ANTED. — To sell or rent my entire apiaries of 2.50 '' colonies, and fixtures to work for extracted honey, located in one of the best basswood belts of southwest Wisconsin, town of 500 inhabitants. Good schools and churches. Located on W. \^. R R. Also good, new 8-room house, and 2 acre block. Must sell on account of health. A. J. MCCARTY, Viola, Wis. XJ^ANTED. — To sell ten-frame Simplicity hives, ''^ brood-frames, combs, Barnes' stw, extractor, etc., both new and second hand, at half price. Also surveyor's transit. For particulats, address j^ - AN. Clark, Agricultural College, Mich. COR SALE. One 10 h -p engine and boiler (up- " light boiler), one 18 inch planer, one Root saw- table, 30 ft. line-bhafting, hanger puUevs and belting. Will take 82.50. J. W. Bittenbendcr, Knoxville, la. 1901====Golden Italian Oueens=== 1901 Untested — April. May, and June — $1.00 each, or Sll.OO ptr dozen; after June, 50c each, or 85.00 per dozen. Tested queens, half mnre. Breed- ing queens S3.00 and $4.00 each. W. P. Rock egg5 from 9-l=scoriiig birds at $1.(0 per 15. Cocks, $1.00 each. GEORGE W. COOK, - SPRING HILL. KANSAS. CHAS. ISRAEL & BROS., 486, 488, 490 Canal St., Corner Watt Street, N. Y. HONEY & BEESWAX. Liberal Advances made on Consignments. Wholesale Dealers and Commission Merchants. Established 187.5. 15 Swarms of Italian and Hybrid Bees For Sale. In Dovetailed chaff hives, nearly new. The hives are 8 frame, L size. Will be sold cheap, as I am un- able to look after them. CHAS, A. MONROE, S. Shaftsbury. Vt. EGGS SI 00 for 15 best Brown Leghorn or B. P. Rocks. Illustrated descriptive egg circu- lar free. H. B. Geek, Nashville, Tenn. For Sale. — Extracted honey from alfalfa ; 60-lb. cans at 7 cts., and smaller cans. D. S. Jenkins, Las Animas, Colo. For Sale. — 30J0 pounds fancy comb honey. Write for prices. William Morris, ' Las.Animas, Col. For Sa e, — Nice comb honev in S^axo and 5x4 sec- tions. Extracted in 60 lb can, 3 in a case ; nice Span- ish-needle honev. Aodrt.ss Lou s Werner, Edwardsville. 111. Box 387. SEE Special Low Clubbing Offeis on page 308. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. The Modern Farmer and Busy Bee. Emerson Taylor Abbott. Editor. A live, up-to-date Farm Journal with a Gen- eral Farm Department, Dairy, Horticulture, Live-stock, Poultry, Bees, Home and General News. The Editor has had practical experi- ence in every department of farm work. To introduce the paper, it will be sent to New subscribers one year for 25c. Sample copies free. Best Advertising Medium in the Central West. Clubbed with Gleanings for $1 00. ADDRESS Modern Farmer, St. Joseph, Mo. Carman No. 3 & Sir Walter Raleigh Potatoes. Bushel. 80c: barrel, 52 2.5 Choice white Wyandotte and While P. Rock: egg-, Sl.OO per l.j Gibraltar and Prizetaker onions and I'ther vegetable plants. Circu- lars free. Christian Weckessrr. Mar.shallville, O. Black and Hybrid Queens for 5ale. We have about 00 young black and hybrid queens for sale at -10c each, or six for $2 00. Safe delivery in- szited. Orders filled at once. SwiNsoN 8i RoARnMAv, Macon, Ca. Root's Goods for California. We have just received a large carload of sec- tions, extractors, smokers, veils, etc., direct from the factory, and are prepared to supply bee-keepers with the same promptly. Do not send a long distance and pay high freights. Write for our prices. M. R. MADARY, - Fresno, California. 200-Egg Incubator for $ \ 2,00 Perfect in construct iou and action. Hatches every fertile egs. Write for catalogue to-day. GEO. H. STAHL, Quincy. III. ::i^9 5^3 5^-2^5^5 5^3-5^-8 ^^-3^1 A FEW LEFT-ORDER QUICK ! We have only a few of those slightly damag- ed bee-books left, so if you want one of them you will have to order very soon. It will be remembered that on January l>t there was a severe fire in our building, burning out entire- ly four floors above us. The water that was thrown on the fire came down through our floor damaging our stock of books, printing- office, etc. Some of the books were wet s'ight- ly, but enough so that they could hardly be sent out as perfect. These are the ones th;it we wish to offer. The reading pages of all are perfect, only the covers being a little soiled. Here they are, with prices postpaid : Prof Cook's " Bee-keeper's Guide," only 6oc. Doolittle's Scientific Queen-rearing, only 50c. Newman's " Bees and Honey," only 40c. They are all cloth bound, and latest editions. If you want a year's subscription to the old Weekly American Bee Journal, with any of the above books, add 7.5c to vou"- order This is a SPECIAIy OFFER, and "will last only so long as the slightly damaged b:5oks last. Better order AT ONCE if you want a bargain. Remembf-r we are HEADQUARTERS FOR Bee-keepers' Supplies in Chicago. It 313 xl> (lir iH \tt \ ERIE STREET. v** SELF-REGULATING We have a pertect system of regulating temjierature and nioistuie. INtriSATORS niKl Iti;OOI>EKg leeci. Your money baek if . Send 2c staniK f orcatalog MARILLA INCUBATOR CO., Box 62RoseHill.N.Y MABIILLA BIDDIEStBEES. MAKE THEIVI BOTH PAY. 50-egg Bantam, Self regulating. Holds 50 ordinary - size eegs. No sitting up nights. 20 min- utes' attention in twenty-four hours will operate it. Sold on 30 Days' Trial for $5.00 Over 15 000 in use, and thousands hatching 50 chicks from .50 eggs. You can do as well. Ei- ther hot-water or hot-air heating. We have a brooder to go with it for $3.00. Our catalog of valuable information, and describing incuba- tors and brooders of all sizes and prices — a// on hi'al— sent for the asking if jou mention this paper. Buckeye Incubator Co., Springfield, Ohio^ You Can^t Afforit to Guess 'at results in the poultry Inisiness. If you fail to raise ttie chicks, you simply },ave no busi- ness. The wav to be absolutely sure about getting' the chicks is to emplov a Cvphers Inou- biitorin yourhatihing. We guarantee them to last 10 years and to outhateh anyineubator ,made. The be^t way to know about itisto read our 224 page (8x11 in,) book, "PpoUtnbie Poultry Keeplnir." Has2.50 illustrations and covers the entire subject. We send it for 10 cents in stamps. A.sk for book 74. Circulars mailed free. Address nearest ofHoe. CVPUKR8 INOUBATOK CO. Chicago, IIL, Wuyland, N. Y., Booton, Masa. iSCLT I Moisture. _ Self- „ regulatins. Saf.VMliUTmu 314 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 1 GREEN WHEELS FaRM WAGONS any size wanted, any width of tire. Hubs to fit any axle. No black^iini til's bills to pay. Notireatoreset. Fit your old wagon with low steel wheels with wide tires at low price. Ourcatalopne _^^^ tells you how to do it. Address ^F^EMPIHE MFG. CO., Quincy, 111. ^ . „.e allthe latestimarovements u It verv low prices and giiaran. '! teed to please evervcustomer.Send 6 eeiilf* tor our 154 page caiaioofue, wbich contains fn II desoriplions e-;^ — J ^ o£ our extensive line and tells how ^ ~^2r to raise poultry sueetss- fullj'€ Plans io- poultry and brooot- aoi-ses. Des Moines Incubator Co.. Bos 503 -.Oes Moines, la 90M AT THE TOP Recogtiizing' that there was ,"room at the issued not an ordinaiy catalogue but the 20tii Century Poultry Book. Contains the latest and best thought on the jioultry question, from the egg through ail itschangfS, to the market. No subject missed. Written from practical experience. The world renowned Keliable Inou* batorsand i$ rood em, used all over the U. S. and in 51 foreign coiintrii-y. receive deserved attent nn. Book maiied anywhere for 10c. RELIABLE INC. & BROODER CO., Rox 6-49 Quincy, «l HORSE- HIBH! ... BULL- STRONG ... With our Duplex Automatic Ball beaiiuf; Woven "Wire Fence Machine, any farmer can make 100 Styles, and from SO to TO rods a day of the be^t and mosc practi- cal fence on earth at a cost tor the Wire to make it of from 20 to 30c. pep rod We s-ell Ornamental Fence and Gates, Farn} Fence and Gates, Plain, Barbe.l and Coiled Spring Wire diiect to the farmer at \vh(ple- sale prices. Catalogue free. KITSELMA N BROS. Box L>n. Muncie, Ind. RAPECw! Greatest. Cheapest Food on Earth for Sheep, Swine. Cattle, Poultry, etc. Will be worth $100 fo you to read whit Salzer'scatjlogsays aljout rape. BiBOion DoDBar Grass will po' i^ively make you rich; 12 tons ot hay ai d lolsot I^a'tuIeper.acre,^o also Bronnis, reaoat,S[ieiiz (400 bu. com, 250 bu. oal3pera,,)ete., etc. Forlhcs Notice and 10c. Tie mail liir I cents. ) We ser"' it postjiaid for 10 cents to- gether with one packet oi each of these : 5 Grand New Sweet Peas. Navy Blue. The best to date. "v Five tJorgeoHS. Unique and distinct. I separate "jackets. America, White striped carmine. > Koyul Kuse. A blushing beauty. | nifl V f J>m !«alupiuu. Inteu.--e scarlet. JUilkl I It Vi ^\'i(h our nrw seed book frcr. Features of our new catalogue for 1901 are 136 pages (9520 square inches of reading and illustrat- ions) 7 handsome colored plates. A list of novel- ties in vegetable, farm and ilower seeds to Le had nowhere else this year, 3.) ue^v borts noiv offered for tlie first liuie. and a compltte list of standard seeds, bulls, ) l.nnts, fruits, etc., Otlier features, full cultural directions and many cash prizes. If you want an up-to-date garden and the best you ever had yon must plant Jfaule'a Seeds. Send 10 cents for catalogue and these new sweet peas to-day. Address, WM. HENRY MAULE, 1711 Filbert Street, Philadelphia. I. J. Strlngham, 105 Park Place, New York City. Keeps in stock a full line of modern appliances for bee-keepers. COMB FOUNDATION is one of our specialties. If you expect to use any quantity get our prices. Catalog free. Apiaries at Glen Cove, Long Island. I. J. Strlngham, 105 Park Place, New York City. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 315 S50.00 POP CORN. IW seeds of this wonderful new Pop Corn for 25c 3"c' chance to compete for our cash prizes. Seed Hue Bill good for 25c worth of other go^ds FREE with every order for Pop Corn. First prize winner last year rai.sed at the late of ISS bushels per acre. We will pay $50 for ils equal in quality. Handsome seed catalog and free presents with every offer. C. 9h. Coodspeed, Skaneateles, N. Y. Don't Brag About a wire fence until j'ou have used and abused it. Ours have been Used and Abused for 1.5 years. Page Fence Co., Box S, Adrian, Mich. |50VARIETiES. I I breed fine poultry on one ot the best equipfied poultry fatmsirahrwrld. Sen.. 8c in sumps for new 1901 Book, tellint; all about 50 varieties, with epeiial prictsou fowls andegga. B. H. CREIDER, Florin, Pa. S. C. BROWN LEGHORNS. I nse well-striped breeding cocks. Eggs, Sl.OO. Cockerels, $1.00 and up. Also Italian bees. Circular free. H. M. MOYEK, Shanesville, Pa. All sizes; some trained; first- class stock. New price list free. N. A Knapp, Rochester Lorain Co., Ohio. 1200 FERRETS. Belgian Hares I have some fine hares for sale at reasonable prices. J F. Moore. : Tiffin, Ohio. Mr. A. I. Root's Writings of Grand Traverse territory and I,ee- lanau County are descriptive of Mich- igan's most beautiful section reached most conveniently via the .... Pere Marquette R. R. For particulars address W, C. Tousey, D. P. A., Toledo, Ohio. TWENTY S>EB Special Low Crubhing Offer.* on I'agre .^08. MILLIONS IN GOLD FROM ALASKA DURING THE YEAR 1900. Five millions of this came from the Nome district. Government officials estimate the output from the Nome district vpill be doubled the com'ng season. The Bluestone, Kougarok, and Pilgrim Rivers have been found very rich. There is hardly a creek from Port Clarence to Norton Sound in which the precious metal is not found, and hundreds of creeks unpros- pected. A rich strike has been made on the Yellow River, a tributary of the Kuskokwim. For full information regarding routes, steamship accomodations, and rates to all poin's in Alaska, ad- dress C. N. Souther. General Agent, Passenger Depart- ment, C. M. .V St. P. R'y. 95 Adams St.. Chicago. Home-seekers' Excursions. On the first and third Tuesdays of each month the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul R'y will sell round- trip excursion tickets from Chicago, Milwaukee, and other po'nts on its line to a great many points in South Dakota, North Dakota, ai d otht r vi estern and northwestern Slates at about one fare. Take a trip West and see the wonderful crops, and what an amount of good land can be purchased for a little money. Further information as to rates, routes, prices of farm lands, etc.. may be obtained by ad- dressing F. A. Miller, General Passenger Agent, Chicago, 111. 64 pages, illust'd, with 3 mos. trial subscrip- tion to onr paper, 10 cts. Belgian hare book. 25 cts. Inland Poultry .lournal Indianapolis. Ind. POULTRY-BOOK FREE. SEED-SENSE FOR 1901 is mailed FREE to ait. A Bright Business Catalogue of ninety pages that tells plain truth about BEST SEEDS that Grow. Write a postal card to-day, or send ten cents (stamps or silver) for BURPEE'S QUARTER-CENTURY FARM ANNUAL,-aNew Book of 220 pages fully worth a dollar. W. ATLEE BURPEE &. CO., PHILADELPHIA, PA. "^ New Smith Premiers Nos, 5 ^^6. The No. 6 takes paper \S% inches wide and writes lines 16 inches long. The No. 5 takes paper 1 1 inches wide and writes lines 9^^ inches long. These new machines in essential mechanical principles are the same as Models Nos. 2, 3 and 4 — un- equaled. Write for Printed Matter Free. j -^^Siiiitl](^J^ceinier I ^gpmnriiEr Co- 158 Prospect Street, Cleveland, Ohio. In writing advertisers please mention Gleanings. 316 GI.EANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 1 Some Good Things That have appeared in the Bee-keepers' Review for the present year are as follows: The editor visited the Cogjishalls last winter, and in the January Review he gives the gist of the methods that have enabled these men to build beautiful homes (of which pictures are given) and put thousands of W. L. Coggshall says it is the best " write-up " that has ever been given A Visit to the 'Coggshalls. dollars in the bank. ■of their business. A special feature of the Review is the beautiful frontispiece that ' "^ ■^''^^'^^'SP'^^^' it gives each month. This month it gives a characteristic Califor- nia scene — snow capped mountain peaks in the distance, valleys and orange-groves in the middle distance, and a great irrigation-reservoir in the foreground. The special feature of the Februarj' Review is an illustrated Fertilization of Queens article by J. S. Davitte, telling how he secured the mating m Confinement. jiaa « 4 i? u *^- i of 100 queens in confinement. Full particulars are given. The March Review has an article on Worlns are extra fine. While the editor of the Ameiican Bee Journal tells us that he has good reports from our queens from time to time. We have files upon files of unsolicited testi- motiials. After considering above evidence need you wonder why our orders have increased each year? Give us a trial order and be pleased. We h ive years of e.xperience in mailing atid rearing queens. Sife delivery will be guaranteed Instructions for intro- duciog with each lot of queens. Queens Now Ready to Mail. Warranted Stock, Sl.OO each ; 6, $5. GO. Tested Queens, $l.50 each ; 6, $8. CO. Select Tested, $2. GO each ; 6, $10. GO. We Have lOOIVI Folding Cartons on hand, and so long as they last will sell at S4.00 per 1000, with your address printed on in two colors; 500- for 82.75. At above price you ran not affo'-d to place comb honey on the nnrket without cartoning it. Ad- dress all orders to H. G. Quirin, Parkertown, Ohio. (Parkertown is a Money-order Office.) - 318 GI^EANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 1 WE WANT to sell you bee-supplies. Our line is all new and complete. Send for our illustrated catalog. It will convince you that our Dovetailed hive is the best on the market. Our prices are right and our service is prompt. Fred W. Muth & Co., S-W. Cor. Front and Walnut Sts. Cincinnati, Ohio. Dittmer's Foundation !!! Retail--- Wholesale="Jobbing. I use a Process that produces every ks- SENTTAL necessary to make it the best and MOST desirable in all respects. My PROCESS and automatic machines are my own inventions, which enable me to SKI L FOUNOATiON. and WORK WAX INTO FOUNDATION FOR CASH, at prices that are the lowest. Catalog giving FULL LINE OF SUPPLIES with prices and samples, free on applica- tion. BEESWAX WANTED. QUS. DITTHER. AUGUSTA. WIS. Get the Best Queens. Evansville, Ind., Sept. 27th, 1900. The Jennie Atchley Co., Beeville, Bee Co., Texas: Dear Friends: — It gives me great pleasure to forward you this unsolicited testimonial regarding the merits of Atchley queens. The three (3) dozen queens pur- chased of you have made an excellent record for themselves. Not an Atchley queen among the twenty colonies lost during the severe drouth in July. I have bought queens from many breeders; and although the present crop is exceedingly short, the tiers of supers show where the Atchley queens are, and speak vol- umes for your method of queen-rearing. I find the progeny to be very gentle, strong winged, uniformly marked, long-lived, of large size, and last, but not least, the best honey-gatherers I ever had. I shall want 100 more next season. Yours fraternally, J. C. Wallenmeyer. Prices for Queens. Tested. 81.50 each; S8 00 for 6, or 815 00 per dozen. Untested. February, March, April, and May, 81.00 each; 85.00 per 6, or 89 00 per dozen Fine breeders, 85 00 each We have as good bees and queens as money and labor produce. We breed three-band Italians, Goldens, Carniolans, Cyprians, and Holy- l,ands, in their purity, bred in separate yards 5 to 20 miles apart. If you want the best, call for Atchley's improved strains. .Safe arrival guaranteed. Send for a sample copy of " The Southland Queen," the only southern bee-paper. 81 00 per year. To new sub- scribers we offer as a premium a nice untested queen in order to get oui paper introduced. Catalog, giving queen-rearing and management of apiaries for profit, FREE- THE JENNIE ATCHLEY CO., Beeville, Bee Co., Texas. BEE-SUPPLIES. Best-equipped factors' in the West; car- ry a large stock and greatest variety of every thing needed in the apiary, assur- ing BEST goods at the I^OWEST prices, and prompt shipment. We want every bee-keeper to have our FREE ILLUS- TRATED CAT.-^LOG, and read descrip- tion of Alternating Hives, Ferguson Su- pers, etc. Write at once for a catalog. ^"--..;. L:--:L__ -^ AGENCIES: ' ^ Trester Supply Co., 103 So. 11th St., Lin- KRETCHMER M'F'G CO., Red Oak, Iowa. """'-i^^^^:^.^^^!''^ BINGHAM SMOKER. Dear Sir:— Inclosed find $1.75. Please send one brass smoke-engine. I have one already. It is the best smoker I ever used. Trulv votirs, Henrt Schmidt, Hutto, Tex. MADE TO ORDER Bjpgham Brass Smokers. Made of sheet brass, which does not rust or burn out ; should last ' a lifetime. You need one, but they cost 25 cts. more than tin of the ' same size. The little open cut shows our brass hinge p>it on the ' three larger sizes. No wonder Bingham's four-inch smoke-engine ' goes without puffing, and does not drop inky drops. The perforat- ' ed steel fire-grate has 3S1 holes to air the fuel and support the fire. Heav3' tin smoke-engine, 4-inch stove, per mail, 81.50; S'-^-inch ; \ 81.10 ; 3-inch, 81.00 ; 2y2'-inch 90c ; 2-inch, 6.5c. Bingham smokers are I the originals, and have all the improvements, and have been the I standard of excellence for 22 years. Only three larger ones brass. T. F. Bingham, Farwell, Michigan. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 323 Contents of this Number. Alfalfa, To Raise 350 Apiaries on Roof iUl Apiarj', Somerford's 337 Beaus, Soja 356 Bees from Old Combs 332 Bees in Fruit-orchard Xi^) Bees Puncturing Fruit 346 Bees, Hallucination of 328 Bees. Weight of 327 Bee-book, Morley's 347 Bee-keeping for'Wonien 339 Brood-chambers, Shallow 331, 334 Clipping Wings, How to Do it 345 Combs, Position on Wagon 326 Distance Bees Fly 328 Florida, Travels 352 Foul-brood I,aw in Michigan 346 Frames, Hoffman, and Piopolis 329 Havana, Street in 337 Hives, Large, Advantage of 334 Honey, Comb, as Freight 327 Honey, Granulated, in Old Sections 337 Miles, English v. German 328 Mold on Combs 326 Record for Honey Broken 345 Sections by the Piece 326 Sections, Size of, in England 327 Sections, Unfinished 338 Spraying in Bloom, Evidence Against 346 Swarms, Brushed, for Comb Honey 333 Tent for Controlling Mating 347 Transferring, by Doolittle 343 Queens, Good, To Rear 341 Queens, To Introduce 343 Worker, Load of 325 Honey Column. GRADING-RULES. Fancy. — All sections to be well filled, combs straight, firm ly attached to all four sides, the combs unsoiied Ijy travel stain, or otherwise ; all the cells sealed except an occasional cell, the outside surface of the wood well scraped of propolis. A !No. I.— All sections well filled exc«pt the row of cells next to the wood ; combs straight ; one-eighth part of comb surface soiled, orthe entire surface slightly soiled ; the out- side surface of the wood well scraped of propolis. No. 1.— All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs comparatively even ; one-eighth part of comb surface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soiled. No. 2.— Three-fourths of the total surface must be filled and sealed. No. 3.— Must weigh at least half as much as a full-weight section. In addition to this the honey is to be classified according to color, using the terms white, amber, and dark ; that is, there will be Fancy White," " No. 1 Dark," etc. C/TV MARKETS. Buffalo. — The demand continues slow for honey. Stock in market light, and no new arrivals. Fancy white comb, 15@16; A No. 1, 14@15; No. 1, 13@14; No. 2, 12@13; No. 3, 11@12; No. 1 dark, 10@,11; No. 2 dark, 8@9. Ext'd white, 7@8; dark, 5J4@6. Beeswax, 28(a.30. Mar. 29. W. C. Townsend, Buffalo, N. Y. Philadelphia.— Odd lots ot comb honey arriving in the market quite freely with very little demand. Prices are falling. We quote comb honey 13@14; am- ber, 11; extracted white, 7@8; amber, 6. Beeswax, 28. We are producers of honey — do not handle on com- mission. Wm. a. Selser. Apr. 20. 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa. Cincinnati. — The demand for comb honey is near- ly over. The stock of it also well cleaned up. Fancy white yet brings 16; extracted in fair demand; dark sells for 6^; better grades bring i)(a>~]/i; fancy white clover, 8J^@9. C. H. W. Weber, Apr. 9. 2146-8 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. Toronto. — There is very little of any kind of honey in stock. What comb honey is in stock would about class A No. 1, which is worth SI 75 a dozen; dark comb, 81.00 a dozen. Extracted honey, 8@11, and very little to be had. M. Mover & Son, Apr. 8. 408 Spadina Ave., Toronto, Canada. Chicago. — The choice grades of white comb honey contiuue to sell at 16, and there is no surplus in sight. Other grades of comb sell fairly well at the following prices: No. 1 grades of white. 14(5)15; off grades, 13; light amber, 12; dark amber, 10(&11; buckwheat and other dark combs, 9fS)10; candied and mixed colors, 7(5)9. Extracted is dull, and prices very weak, with the exception of some fancy linden and clover grades quotable at 7@8 ; ambers, 6^(87^; dark and buck- wheat, 5@6. Beeswax, 30. R. A. Burnett & Co., Apr. 8. 163 South Water St., Chicago, 111. Albany. — Honey market quiet and about over for this year, with very little stock receiving in this mar- ket A No, 1 white scarce at any price; No. 1, 13(5)14; No. 2, 11@,13; No. 3, 10(5)11 Great deal of honey is hard and candied more than usual this year. In'all, it has been the poorest crop of comb honey in many years We hope for better next season, which now looks favorable. MacDougal & Co., Successors to Chas. McCulloch & Co., Apr. 7. Albany, N. Y. New York. — The demand for both comb and ex- tracted honey is very light just at present, with little or no stock on hand. We quote as follows Fancy white, 15; No. 1, 14; No. 2. 13; buckwheat, 10. Buck- wheat extracted, 5^(3)5^. Beeswax, 27. Francis H. Leggett & Co., Franklin, West Broadway, and Varick Sts., Apr. 8. New York City. New York. — Comb honey in fair demand at un- changed quotations, with verv little stock on the mar- ket. Market on extracted dull, and prices are grad- ually declining. Beeswax firm at 29. Hildreth & Segelken, Apr. 9. 120, 122 West Broadway, New York. For Sale. — Extracted honey from alfalfa ; 60-lb. cans at 7 cts., and smaller cans. D. S. Jenkins, Las Animas, Colo. For Sale. — 3000 pounds fancy comb honey. Write for prices. William Morris, Las Animas, Col. For Sale.— 20,000 lbs. extracted honey from alfalfa and light amber frotn Rockv Mountain bee-plant. Two cans, 120 lbs. net. 88 40; a'l.so 5 and 10 lb. pails. In ordering state if you want white or amber. M. P. Rhoads, Las Animas, Col. Wanted. — Comb and extracted honey. State price, kind, and quantity. R. A. Burnett & Co., 16:3 South Water St., Chicago, 111. For Sale— Choice alfalfa honey. Two cans, 120 lbs. net. whitest, 89 00; tinted, partly from other bloom, $8.40. Also small cans. The Arkansas Valley Apiaries, Oliver Foster, Prop., Las Animas, Bent Co., Colo. \VANTED. — To sell or rent my entire apiaries of 250 '' colonies, and fixtures to work for extracted honey, located in one of the best basswood belts of southwest Wisconsin, town of 500 inhabitants. Good schools and churches. Located on W. W. R R. Also good, new 8-room house, and 2-acre block. Must sell on account of health. A. J. MCCARTY, Viola, Wis. VV/'ANTED. — To sell ten-frame Simplicity hives, ^^ brood-frames, combs, Barnes' saw, extractor, etc., both new and second hand, at half price. Also survej'or's transit. For particulars, address A. N. Clark, Agricultural College, Mich. \V^ANTED. — To correspond with anyone who can ^^ use 2600 new No. 1 1-piece sections, 4J^x4JixlKi open all around, at a bargain. N. L- Stevens, Venice, N. Y. \)^ ANTED. — Parties interested in ginseng culture to ' ^ send 5 cts. in stamps for my illustrated catalog and circulars, giving valuable information about this plant. 500 000,000 Chinese u.se it; easy to raise; 300 per cent annually in profit. Book on culture, 81.00. Six years' experience. W. E. Boyce, Houston, Mo. 324 GI.EANINGS IN BEE CUI/TURE. Apr. 15 dJIIIIIIIIIIIIillilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllHIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIItlltlllfllMilllllllMIIIIIIIII^ Notice! THE A. I. ROOT CO. i wish to announce that they have from their branch at 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa., direct steamboat connections and very low rates of freight to the following States : Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, Delaware, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida. As this is a branch of the factory, prices are the same. Full colonies of Italian Bees, $6.00. Special discount in large quantities. ?iiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ C. B. Lewis Company,! Watertown, Wis., U. S. A. % (Ji FIVE an /I © DIFFERENT © STYLES © OP © BEE-HIVES. « i 1 ' We will furnish you with the finest bee- keepers' supplies In the World. Send us your Orders and we will fill 'em promptly. Send for Catalog. in 9\ \|i Lewis' • White • Polished • Sections • are • Perfect. /f\ ih (0 • !• BRANCH : G. B. Iner. Bee keeper, makes a point by saying that bees thoroughly varnish the inner surface of a hive ; and then how can the in- side moisture pass through? [Your conclu- sion is correct. There is no advantage in an unpainted hive, except, possibly, the saving of paint ; and is it not probably true that more, would be actually saved in painting the hive during a period of ten or twenty years than without paint? I know you paint only the covers. Now, seriously, don't you believe you had better begin painting all your new hive- bodies?— Ed.] Sections sold by the piece will give the customer more for his money than when sold by weight, says ye editor, p. 275. I confess I don't see why, although I'd be glad if all could be bought and sold by the piece. And if the customer is the gainer by the piece plan, who is the loser, the producer or the middle- man ? [If any one loses in the deal by selling by the piece it is the middleman, the grocer, and not the producer. I thoroughly believe that the way to sell comb honey is not by weight but by the piece. But such selling would be impracticable unless there is grading as to weights. If one produces non-separa- tored honey, then, of course, it would be im- practicable. I have seen a great deal of fence honey that would vary scarcely half an ounce to the section in the whole crate ; and in a fair year the trick is not so difficult, if I may judge from what I have seen in York State, as it would appear. — Ed ] March 25 the roads were muddy and rough. I drove down town, putting in the wagon two empty supers, setting them on one side. The front one ran across the wagon and the other lengthwise. The one running lengthwise fell down. Then I put the front one lengthwise and the other crosswise. As often as they fell I set them up again, constantly changing. Out of 13 times the lengthwise super fell first every time but one. That was going down a hill, but going down the steepest hill the lengthwise super fell and the other stood its ground. If I had been hauling combs on that trip, don't you believe they should have been loaded crosswise ? Now some of 5'ou report how the same thing works on your road. [This is an interesting and valuable experi- ment. It is so easily tried that I wonder none of us had thought of it before. I would sug- gest that those of our readers who have " to drive to town " pretty often over bumpy roads try the same experiment and report. From the results above given it is very clear that the edges uf the combs should point toward the wheels and not toward the horse. — Ed ] Seven pages of last Gleanings are devot- ed to giving a black eye to solar extractors. The question is between pressure in and pres- sure out of steam. Gerstung thinks his pres- sure in hot water is ahead of either. I wish I could try one of Gerstung's. [Yes, the solar wax-extractor has its uses ; but in melting up old combs it should not be employed, as it is not adapted to that kind of work, unless, for- 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 327 sooth, we could rig up a press in such a way that the sun's rays could act on the slumgum that was to be squeezed. It is strange indeed that we Americans have been all this time dis- covering the advantages of a steam wax press, pressure being exerted on the refuse inside of the extractor, surrounded by hot steam. I bold in my hand a copy of the Leipziger Bienenzeitung for Jul)', 1893. In this are two illustrated articles describing steam wax- presses embodying the principle of a steam wax-extractor and a screw press, the screw operating inside of the extractor. These ex- tractors are the invention of Mr. Haeckel, of Schlath, Germany. While a wax press in a vat of hot water may be all right, yet it strikes me that such a device would be much more messy than a steam-press — that is, a press that squf ezes the slumgum inside of a can filled with hot steam. — Ed.] Alex. Astor reports in Revue Int. that he made 140 weighings of bees, weighing 2300 bees in all, and he gives in milligrams the weights of different kinds of bees. From this I deduce the following table, showing the num- ber of bees in a pound avoirdupois : 40.i4 bees just out of the cell. 3898 bees falling before a swarming colony (probably 2 or 3 days old). 24-57 wax-workers. 3974 swarming workers. 488-5 black workers in May-June. 5066 Italian workers in May-June. 51-51 black workers in July-August. 5271 Italian workers in July-August. According to that, the load of honey of a swarming bee is about ]^ its own weight. [This table is exceedingly interesting — the more so, as I think it confirms very well the figures that have been given heretofore. It appears, then, that bees weigh more during the swarming season, and that wax-workers weigh the most of any. This fact is new as well as interesting. It appears, again, that in Mav, June, July, and August the black workers are heavier than the Italian. I had always sup- posed that the average Italian bee was, if any thing, a shade larger or heavier than the black. Is it not possible that the black bees referred to were Carniolans, or of that persuasion? If so, there would be all of that difference as in- dicated in the table in the relative weights, for we have come to assume that the Carnio- lan is the largest bee of the species Apis mel- lifica ; and we have also assumed that the little black bees of this country — not the brown bees — were the smallest. With regard to the amount of nectar a bee can carry, it seems to me the figures that I have seen heretofore are somewhat in excess of one-fourth its own weight. There, I have just looked it up. Yes, Prof Koons estimates there are 4500 bees in a pound, and that 10,000 bees can carry a pound of nectar, this being the fewest number to carry such an amount. According to this, then, a bee can carry half its own weight in nectar. But Prof. Koons estimates that on an average it will not carry more than one- fourth of its own weight ; and this agrees with the above figures. But so far as wing power is concerned, we know that one bee can carry one of its companions ; it could, there- fore, carry its own weight in nectar, provid- ing its honey-sac would hold that amount, which is probably not true. I have dissected the honey-sac of worker-bees when they were filled with nectar, so that they almost dropped down as they flew in at the entrance. This sac was, at the time, about the size of a No. 4 shot, or perhaps a little larger. — Ed.] The Grand Trunk Raii^way has ruled out comb honey as freight, and, according to the American Bee Journal, something nearly as bad is contemplated on this side of the line, namely, to make double-first-class rates on comb honey in boxes with glass fronts, wheth- er the glass is exposed or not. That makes 6 cents a pound from California points to Chi- cago, and the railroads might about as well say they would not receive the goods. [I re- gard this as a most serious matter. I can not think of any thing that would handicap bee- keeping any more, unless it be foul or black brood, than to have the railroads practically refuse to handle comb honey. We can not af- ford at the present rate to send any quantity by express ; and if the new freight-classifica- tion should go through, we could not afford to send it by freight. Many large apiaries would be totally unable to dispose of their product, and the industry would not only be crippled but almost annihilated. I have al- ready laid the matter before General Manager Secor, of the National Bee-keepers' Associa- tion. Action should be taken at once, it seems to me, because it is far easier, according to our experience, to prevent a bad classifica- tion getting on the tarifT-books than to have such classification rescinded after it is once in force. Why, our Association could better expend every dollar in its treasury rather than have such a foolish, unreasonable, and uncall- ed-for discrimination against our industry. I am sure that our worthy General Manager will take suitable action at once. In the mean time the Ontario Bee-keepers' Associa- tion in Canada should see what could be done to have that unjust ruling of the Grand Trunk Railway rescinded. It is apparent that the proposed action on this side of the line was instigated by the fool ruling of the Grand Trunk on the other side ; and as long as it stands thus, so long it will be a menace to us. —Ed.] The nations are in wild unrest, Armies still are fighting ; The Bull, the Bear, the Eagle too, Are all some grievance righting. BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. The discussion of the proper and best size of section for use in England seems to engross the attention of the best bee-keepers there to a great extent. As thoroughly as the ques- 328 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 15 tion was examined here, our English friends seem to have gone further in the pros and cons. Looks, price, cost of changing, weight, have all been debated with the fervor of a legal point in court. Space forbids many extracts, but I make the following from an article written by Wm. Boxwell, of Patricks- well, Ireland : The sections have been ordered, and are to be packed in boxes holding 250 sections and 50 fences in each box. The fence separators are to have passage- ways cut through the two inner upright cleats to give the bees freer communication laterally from sec- tion to section, and the openings between slats give communication from one row of sections to those on the other side of fence, while the unbroken opening underneath, extending from one end of row of sec- tions to the other, gives the bees almost as much pas- sageway from brood-frames to sections as is to be found between brood and extracting frames. As Mr. Sladen has observed, this size section re- quires no change in the section-rack further than to tack on top all round a ^-inch strip, so that every bee-keeper experimentally inclined can try it and report his findings. The price of this section, Mr. Taylor thinks, will be higher than that of the ordinary lib. section. This is only for a time, while special; when, or if, estab- lished, as it is narrower and requires less wood than the beeway, it will be cheaper. It requires K inch more comb foundation than the 4}^inch section. This is now made with so thin a base that practically there can be no fish-bone or observable mid-rib, and the extreme cost is more than compensated by the thick side walls of foundation given to the bees to draw out, and to save elaborating additional wax as in the thicker comb. The sec- tions will be sold to dealers to distribute to bee-keep- ers, or to bee-keepers who take a full box of 250 sections at a time, with their fifty fence separators packed with them. As to the weight of the new section, Mr. R. M. Lamb says, in replying to a critic : Then he need not be afraid that the customers would not get a full 16 oz. of honey, as we could afford to give them 17 oz. or 18 oz. in a thinner section better than 16 oz. in the present. I do not think there is any danger of our adopting a light section. I, for one, would not agree to it. Such a one as I am advocat- ing would be fair to the bees, the bee keeper, and the customers. To fussy customers I would give reason- able information; should any say they would take my remarks with a grain of salt, I would tell them that they are at liberty to take them with all the spices together, but I would recommend them to be taken with common sense. In order to get at the exact weight of wax in proportion to honey in both old and new sections I would suggest that Mr. I,ove- day take a good sample of each to an analyist to deal with, and let us have the results. HALLUCINATION OF BEES. Sprinkling Ashes on the Snow in the Bee-yard; Overstocking the Heath with Bees (?); Plain Sections and Fence Separators, etc. BY F. GREINER. Our bees have been shut in now for over two months. The usual January thaw has not come ; but we are awaiting a chance for our bees to fly now, for, generally speaking, our bees will do better when having an opportuni- ty to empty themselves once or twice during the winter months. There is some danger connected with an outpouring of bees when the ground is covered with snow. I have seen bee-keepers cover the snow with straw, so that any bees that drop may not come in contact with the snow, gain a safer foothold, and rise again and not chill. The majority of the bees that drop down to the ground are worthless old ones, ready to die anyhow, and one need not feel bad about the loss of them. But when the sunlight is so very bright, in combi- nation with the whiteness of the snow, the bee seems to be dazzled. The effect upon man's eye is similar when he comes from a dark room suddenly into the sunlight. Under such a condition many strong and healthy bees fly right into the snow and die. This may be effectually prevented by sprinkling ashes and sawdust all about the hives and all through the apiary, thus changing the intense whiteness of the snow to a dark color, lessen- ing also the reflection of the sunlight. The bees can then better take notice of the things around them, and will not fly down into the snow. It is well to pay thus a little attention to our bees at this time. Even a few bees are worth something in the spring. In his Straws, Dec. 1, 1900, Dr. Miller says: "In the Lueneburg heath, apiaries of 120 col- onies are located half a mile apart," and he thinks that not many localities here would stand such crowding. Why not? Doesn't Dr. M. overlook the fact that, when the Cen- tralblatt speaks of a mile, it means a mile — not that insignificant little English mile of 320 rods, but the equivalent of h'^i English miles ? Thus it will be seen that the heath in Lueneburg is not any more productive as re- gards honey than the majority of localities in the United States. I believe any country that is suitable for bee-keeping may be crowded as closely as that without one apiary interfering seriously with the other. This, in turn, might lead us to the thought, " How far do bees fly in search of food ? " I am aware that a great deal has been written on that subject, and still there might be a thought or two still new. Location may play an important part. In Borodino, bees have been known to travel 7 miles or more ; in California, as much as 15 miles ; but in most other sections of this coun- try their flights are not nearly as extended. I am inclined to think few bees will go beyond the mile limit. I have many times moved bees during the summer season two or three miles, and I have never seen a bee come back to the old location. It would seem, had they been familiar with the surroundings of two miles around, some would surely have found their way back to their old home as they did when moved but a half-mile, as in the follow- ing instance : Once while moving bees in July a slight accident occurred on the journey. Several upper stories had not been fastened down, and slid off. The respective colonies had to be taken from the wagon right there and then, although it happened in the night. This was about half a mile from home. The bees (three colonies) had to be left there by the roadside till the next night, when they were taken on board with the next load. They 1901 GI.EANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 329 lined up pretty strongly at the home yard the next morning. Evidently they thought they knew where they belonged. Occasionally one finds quite a diflFerence in the character of the honey gathered in differ- ent apiaries located within two miles of each other. If bees gathered their loads in fields up to within 15 miles, or even 7, the honey gathered in apiaries so near each other would be quite uniform, not only in quality but in quantity. We do not find this so. I have an out-yard but 1% miles distant, i alwaj-s get buckwheat honey there ; my home yard does not produce it in such quantities. Combining all these minor facts and observa- tions I can not believe that bees ordinarily make such long flights as from 7 to 15 miles. I have received of late a circular from a dealer and queen - breeder in Maine. His comb - foundation samples are unsurpassed. He will work up wax on shares. It is inter- esting what he says about the no-beeway sec- tions and fences. " The plain section has no beeways in the box ; they are provided for in the fence separator. Some have cleats nailed on, where the boxes come against them, these cleats being exactly the amount lacking or taken off from the box. Now, I want to ask. Is it any advantage to the bees whether the bee-space is on the box or the separator, after being crated and ready for use ? How are the bees to know the difference? Now let us look at the separator. It is composed of slats, there are beeways through it. Is there any thing in this ? Some one thinks // is, as the bees can see throtigh it and see what the neighbors are doing. Now, brother bee-keep- ers, can a bee see in the dark ? ' ' It would lead too far to quote any more of this, and I wish to say : Now, brother bee- keepers, if you can bring out any sound argu- ments and facts either against or for the plain section or fence separator, let us have them ; but do not waste breath with any talk of that kind. Time is worth too much to listen to it. Has it ever been claimed that the no-beeway section, /»^r 5i?, is of any material advantage to the bees ? Has any one ever asserted, that, because bees can see through the beeways in the fence, they will, on this account, do better work ? I answer no to these questions. Let us stop inventing ridiculous objections. I my- self prefer to use a cleated whole separator ; perhaps a wire-cloth separator, if I should get to using it, might suit me best — I do not know. I like the cleat on the divider because it gives us a box brimful of honey — an advantage to the consumer, not to the bees or apiarist. Shipping-crates will hold more no-beeway honey — an advantage to the apiarist. Perfect- ly free communication in the super insures better filling of the sections. I have used hundreds of supers without separators and free lateral communication. The sections in these were always filled and sealed clear around to the wood, an advantage in more ways than one. The more the free communi- cation is hampered in the super, the less per- fect the filling, other conditions being the same. While it is not denied that a good deal of perfect honey is made in supers between whole separators, the chances are not as fa- vorable as with wire-cloth separators or no separators at all ; and the fence separator has its merit on account of the freer communica- tion, not on account of the cleat. In these times it is entirely out of the question to pro- duce comb honey without separators of some kind, and we might as well choose the best one in the lot while we are about it. Naples, N. Y., Feb. 6. [It is truly laughable, some of the objec- tions that have been raised against the plain section and fence. The idea that it would make any difference to the bees whether the beeway was in the sections or separator or fence, is too absurd to require refutation. The fence system, while it favors indirectly the bees, favors the bee-keeper particularly. It does not make any difference to the bees whether they store honey in an old box hive or in the best hive ever invented ; but it dees make all the difference in the world to the bee keeper what kind of hive he uses. The more marketable he can make his honey with the minimum of labor, the better. If modern appliances offer facilities that worthless ap- pliances do not offer, then those are the ap- pliances to adopt. Bees seeing in the dark — well, I am not sure that they do not see. If we really thought the bees needed to see, we would make our hives with doors and windows and skylights. But the fence, in spite of its opposers, is quietly making its way into the graces of bee- keepers everywhere. So far I do not know of any one who has given the fence system a careful trial on a reasonably large scale who has abandoned it. — Ed.] HOFFMAN FRAMES AXD THE MATTER OF PRO' POLIS. The Eight-frame Dovetailed and Ten-frame Jumbo. BY W. W. SHEPARD. Dr. C. C. Miller: — I commenced keeping bees in 1894, and have been feeling along in a small way, keeping not more than ten colo- nies, and studying their ways, also reading all I could find on the same. I now wish to build up to 100 colonies ; and while I have practically little invested in hives and fixings, I am anxious to start with the best hive for the production of comb honey. As you and I live in about the same latitude, and, I should judge, about the same average temperature, I believed you could give me valuable informa- tion in regard to hives, as you have been test- ing the merits of different ones. I will say here that my experience has been with only the Dovetailed hive and Hoffman frame. I lived, until the past year, 30 miles north of my present location, and the Hoff- man frame worked all right there ; but there is a large amount of propolis here, and the Hoffman frame is not the frame. Our surplus is from clover, basswood, and buckwheat (all we got this year was from buckwheat). 330 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 15 I am only a beginner, but I can not see for the life of me how one can counsel both the eight-frame Dovetailed and the ten-frame Jum- bo for the production of comb honey. It seems to me that they are so wide apart that one or the other must be wrong. My experience with queens satisfies me if I can get one to fill eight Langstroth frames with brood. I know that, if I succeed in do- ing it at the right time, I get the honey if there is any to be had. I winter on summer stands, but use a winter-case. Perhaps dou- ble-walled hives would be better. In regard to covers, I am sorry to say that I have not seen any thing yet as good as the old telescope covers. I have never had one sent yet but would get out of shape and leave a crack. Wayland, N. Y., Jan. 3. [Dr. Miller, to whom the foregoing was sent, replies :] You are very wise not to wait until you have a large number of hives on hand before set- tling down upon the one you wish to use ex- clusively ; and it would have been still better if you had been trying something else, even while having only five or ten hives, if you think the kind you now have are not most suitable. The same latitude does not necessarily make two places alike for bees, nor even the same temperature. The winds make a big differ- ence, and I suspect your winters in York State are not so severe as out on these prairies. It may be worth while, seeing the trouble you have with propolis, for you to do with your Hoffman frames as I have done with some of mine — cut away the parts that trou- ble, and space with nails or staples. To avoid trouble with propolis, one must have frames that have the smallest possible points of con- tact. The frames that are spaced with sta- ples come well under this head. For my own use I prefer a frame a little heavier than that furnished with the Dovetailed hive, having top-bars, end-bars, and bottom-bar all the same width, ly^g, spaced sidewise with nails and endwise with staples. The spacing end- wise is important to avoid propolis. A very se- rious objection to this frame is that it is not at all standard, being made only to order, which is in and of itself an argument in the line of showing that it would not be liked by others as well as by myself. It is quite possible that you might like the regular frame with all sta- ple spacers better. One good thing is that all three of the frames so far mentioned may be used in the same Dovetailed hive. From your experience you are well satisfied if a queen fills eight L. frames with brood. I take it that you are using eight-frame Dove- tailed hives, and my experience coincides with yours. Very few queens will have the whole eight frames filled. Some will have seven filled, and perhaps the greater number will have very little if any brood in either of the outside frames. But it would not be a very safe thing to conclude that, because only six frames are filled with brood, therefore a six- frame hive is large enough. The queen that has only six frames filled in an eight-frame hive will not have as many as six in a five- frame hive. For some reason the bees do not seem to fill with brood the two outside frames. One reason is that pollen takes up a good deal of room, and the outside frames are the favor- ite places for a store of pollen. So it will not do to argue that, because your best queens fill only eight frames, and others fill less, therefore an eight-frame hive is large enough. Take one of your colonies in an eight-frame having eight frames filled with brood. Now, how do you know that the same colony would not occupy more room if they had it? You may, however, say, "But the number that now fills eight frames is very small, and I don't care to have hives for the exceptional ones, but something about aver- age." That does look plausible ; but here's a better way : Have hives with room enough for the very best queen ; encourage a large amount of brood by giving all the room that can pos- sibly be used, and then by careful selection in breeding bring all colonies up to that stan- dard. It is quite possible that, by confining your bees for a series of j-ears to five-frame hives, you would finally have a strain of five- frame bees ; and it is just as possible that, by giving abundant room, and making careful se- lection in breeding, you may increase the amount of room needed for your average colony. Turning aside from theory, let us refer to actual facts. Here is what I have found : When I have kept a colony in a hive with only eight frames, the eight frames have not always been filled ; and in no case has such a colony filled more than the eight frames — never, in a single case. When I have given a colony two stories with sixteen frames, it has filled eight, ten, twelve, and in some cases fourteen and fifteen frames. It is possible that your bees would do as well ; and in any case it is possible for you to have bees that will do as well. When it comes to the direct question as to what is the best hive, I confess I don't know. After trying a good many others I had still not lost hopefulness, and expected a good deal from the Draper barn, or Jumbo, as you now call it, with its ten large frames. To me it is a stirring sight to see one of those frames filled with brood. The great thing that I ex- pected from these hives with room equivalent to more than twelve L. frames was that there would be very little swarming. I am very sorry to say that in this I have been disap- pointed. The past season was not very bad for swarming, but the very first swarm came from a Jumbo, and one of the other two would have swarmed if I had not prevented. Even if I couldn't get as much surplus from them, if they were non-swarmers I would stick to them. But in respect to swarming they were a disappointment. I expected, however, that after colonies be- came well established in them they would yield harvests above the average. I'm sorry to say they have been disappointing in this regard. I don't know why. Last spring the three hives contained rousing colonies ; but 1901 GI.EANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 331 the yield was not above the average. If run for extracted honey the case might be some- what different. At present the best thing I know of is to use eight-frame Dovetailed hives. But I don't re- strict myself to eight-frame colonies. When a colony has six frames filled with brood it gets a second story, if not before, and the bees have full permission to work down into this story which is added below, and they have all encouragement to build up as strong as possi- ble before the harvest. It's the colonies strong at the beginning of harvest that do the busi- ness, and unlimited expansion is allowed up to that time. How much brood room then ? One year of failure in the harvest I had just one colony that gave me any surplus. That gave me one super and the others gave noth- ing. The one that gave the surplus had two stories (sixteen combs) for its brood-chamber throughout the whole season, and I think none of the others had more tlaan one story. That looked as if it was the right thing to have two stories all the time. But I never could get the same experience repeated. I tried it quite thoroughly, but I couldn't get as good results with two stories as with one. So my present practice is to rtduce the brood-chamber at harvest to one story with the eight frames full of brood. It's not con- traction. It's leaving the colony as much room as it had before, only it's swapping room in supers for the room it had in the brood-chamber. I don't know that it's doing violence to the instincts of the bees, for when a flow of honey comes the bees seem to get so interested in gathering that they shrink the space occupied by brood. At any rate, eight frames are all they have while the supers are on. When the supers are taken off they can have another brood-story if they want it. Be- fore winter sets in, one of the stories is taken away. That makes it easier to handle the hives in hauling from the out-apiaries, and in getting into the cellar. If I were wintering outdoors (and I wish I could) I think the two stories would be allowed through the winter. I think that's about as near as I can come to answering your question. If there's any thing more you want to ask about, and I know enough to answer, I'll tell. Marengo, 111. C. C. Mii,i:.er. [With regard to Hoffman frames, I think that in all my travels I never saw a locality where there was so much propolis as at Dr. Miller's. I then and there agreed with the doctor that in and about the region of Maren- go, at least, Hoffman frames were impractica- ble. The matter in our catalog regarding Hoffman and staple-spaced frames suggests there are some localities where Hoffman frames will not give satisfaction ; and it rec- commends that in such, staple-spaced frames be used instead. But in spite of that state- ment, very few of the last named are sold at all, while the Hoffmans have almost the ex- clusive run ; and even in Cuba, where I have been advising against the use of Hoffmans, that form of frame is the one we sell most of. While propolis is plentiful, yet, owing to their very warm climate, it never becomes stiff and hard ; and our Mr. Boyden, who visited Cuba, said the Hoffman frames handled very nicely. I have been surprised myself, over and over again, even where I have urged the metal spa- cers, that bee-keepers prefer the Hoffman. Regarding those Jumbo hives, I think your experience was very exceptional. The experi- ence of Dadant and all his neighbors has been that such hives do not cast swarms ; at least I think the statement was made that it was the exception to have more than one or two per cent of swarms. Where the honey-flow is dependent almost entirely on clover and basswood, perhaps the eight-frame hive is large enough in capacity ; but my own personal experience is in favor of 16 Langstroth frames in two stories, some- times reducing those two stories to one, and substituting comb-honey supers for the upper story, and sometimes putting a super on top of the two stories. The main thing is to get a large force of bees. By a "large force" I mean a colony the bees of which will weigh 8 or 9 lbs., or what would aggregate in numbers 40,000 to 50,000. If one can succeed in get- ting a working force and a nurse force up to this strength he is bound to get honey if there is any to be had from the fields. But such a force must not be squeezed into an eight-frame capacity without giving plenty of sections above. — Ed.] SHALLOW BROOD-CHAMBERS. Their Economic Uses : Pollen in Sections, etc. BY T. K. MASSIE. Mr. Root : — In your footnote to Harry Lathrop's article, page 686, you invite corres- pondence from those who have been success- ful in the production of comb honey by using shallow brood-chambers and frames ; there- fore I will give you my experience, and men- tion some of the advantages of shallow frames. For a number of years I have been using Dr. Tinker's Non-parcel hive with a closed- end frame of my own invention, containing combs 5}4 inches deep — a very shallow frame. I have used these for comb honey almost exclusively, tiering up two and three brood- chambers to the hive, as occasion required, which gave me a deep comb for wintering, and brood-rearing purposes in the spring, and a shallow comb for the production of comb honey during the honey-flow. When a swarm issued I hived it on the old stand in a single brood-chamber under two, three, ormore su- pers of sections, according to circumstances, strength of colony, season, etc. If the colony did not cast a swarm by the time the main honey- flow from basswoods was on I simply moved the colony to one side, set an empty brood-chamber in its place with the supers on it, as if I were going to hive a swarm in it. I then opened the old hive and shook most of the bees in front of the new one, leaving only enough bees to care for the brood, and strengthened the colony with hatching brood from the old stand in about 6 to 8 days, and 332 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 15 again in 12 or 15 days. Deep combs for win- tering and shallow combs for the production of comb honey is one of the advantages of a shallow brood-chamber and shallow frames. They give us horizontal contraction in place of side contraction, and the brood-nest is al- ways in its normal condition. The frames need no wiring, and yet the cells are never stretched out of shape, and the bees build all worker combs from narrow starters. If we want to extract from these frames the combs never break like the deep ones. The frames can be handled on the rough-and-tumble or- der, and not break the combs. I have tried several different kinds of hives and systems of management, but the shallow ones give me by far the best results. Two years ago I purchased 40 Danzenbaker hives with combs about ^)i inches deep, and have run them according to his system, and must say, with friend L., that "the Danzen- baker hive and system is all right. ' ' This sea- son our best yield from any one colony was 128 finished sections, and the colony was in a Danzenbaker hive ; but I must differ with friend L. in his conclusions that the Danzen- baker hive is an expensive one. Mr. L. says, " Among them all, no one knows better than Danzenbaker how to get comb honey ; but we can't all adopt his hive, on account of the ex- pense and work of changing." It is not fair to praise the Danz. hive and system, and in the same breath damage it by comparing the price of it with a single-walled shallow box in the rough with slats only. Replying to a Straw, page 718, I can say that, m my locality, we have pollen coming in throughout the season. Bees gather consider- able quantities of it almost daily, and with my shallow brood-chambers I have never had any trouble with pollen in the sections. Bees store pollen as close to the brood as possible ; and when there is a break in the combs of more than an inch — the distance from top of brood-combs to the bottom of section combs- bees are not much inclined to pass over this space, away from the brood, to store pollen in the sections. Dr. Miller says two parties complained of pollen in the sections with the Danz. hive, and he had two of the same hives in use, and "more pollen in each D. super than 100 others." Here are four D. hives se- verely censured ; and were it not for his con- cluding remarks one would think this a blow at the D. hive in particular ; but he follows it with the conclusion that "shallow brood- chambers ' ' favor pollen in the sections. Such is not my experience. I have a letter from a friend who tells me that, out of 16,000 sections produced over the D. brood-chamber this sea- son, not one contained any pollen. Here, then, is a case, not "16 to 1," but stxleen thousattd to nothing— 16,000 sections, not one of which contained a trace of pollen. I should not fear to undertake, under a forfeit, to show 1600 sections with no pollen in them to one that has, and I would either " show up or hush up." T. K. Massie. Avondale, W. Va. [I do not think that Mr. Lathrop intended to convey the impression that the Danzenba- ker hive was more expensive than any other hive put out by the manufacturers, or enough more expensive to prohibit its use. He only intended to show how shallow brood-chambers juight be used in an economical way for those who desired to experiment before they invest- ed very much money in the general system of shallow brood-chambers. Regarding the question of pollen in sections when shallow brood-chambers are used, this may be somewhat a matter of locality. But however that may be, I know of only three or four complaints of this character — so few, in- deed, that I should hardly think them worthy of much consideration. — Ed.] BEES FROM VERY OLD COMBS. BY B. ROBISON. Mr. Editor : — On page 141 you seem in- clined to ridicule Bro. W. T. Stephenson's as- sertion that bees hatched from very old combs are very perceptibly smaller than those hatch- ed from new comb. I agree with you that "It is very easy for one to draw wrong con- clusions and wrong inferences ; and especially is this true, it seems to me, in the case before us " (italics mine). Perhaps where a young man has been rais- ed in an apiary (if I may be allowed the ex- pression) that is and has always been conduct- ed on "scientific" principles and theories, every thing in nature that comes to the notice of us old backwoodsmen, and which we have known for years to be facts, if, I say, these observations run up against some theory of scientific bee-men, the poor soul who is timor- ous enough to put his observation in writing must hazard the gauntlet of scientific criti- cism. And now to the text. Bro. Stephenson is right about those bees being smaller in those very old combs ; and, Mr. Editor, if you had transferred as many old and almost black combs from old weather- beaten box hives as I have, you wouldn't need to take your micrometer to measure either bees or cells to know it too. It's one of na- ture's facts. When I began keeping bees, perhaps it was in 1875 or '76, I found that I knew so little about bees that it was absolutely necessary for me to " read up " and take a bee-journal. Well, I happened on the advertisement of one called Gleanings in Bee Culture, published by A. I. Root, and I subscribed for it. Well, one of my neighbors came over to see my bees and " talk bee " with me. After I had convinced him there was no such thing as a king-bee, he said his bees were running out, or his old swarm that he had brought with him in the wagon from Sedalia was, any way. I asked him what he meant by running out. "Why," said he, " they are so small they are not more than two-thirds as big as the oth- ers from the new swarms." I laughed at him, but he stuck to his propo- sition, and told me I couldn't theorize him out of what was a plain visible fact. Well, I put my last Gleanings in my pocket, saddled a horse, and went home with him to see his lit- 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 833 tie bees ; and, sure enpugh, they were little. Upon raising up the old hive we could see nothing but old comb, nearly black, with the smallest cells I have ever seen, I think. I asked him how old they were, and it is my recollection now that he said, after counting up, and of course consulting his wife, they were about sixteen years old. "Well," said I, " Charlie, let us see what Gleanings says about it. I've got a new one that I've not read, and I just now remem- ber there was a question asked, or something mentioned about those little bees last month." Sure enough, there it was, and the reason as- signed for it was that each young bee that was hatched in a cell left a very thin film, or the covering of the pupa, while in the embryo state, sticking to the sides of the cell, and in time this would cause the cells to become so small that the bees were, perforce, very much smaller because there was not room to grow larger ; but if we would cut out the old comb, and allow them to make new, the bees would be the usual size. My own observation since has confirmed that position. It is a fact just the same, that those old box-hive bee-farmers know about bees, and one among the very few facts they do know about them ; that is, that the bees get smaller. Schell City, Mo., Feb. 22. [You refer to the "young man " who was raised in an apiary " conducted on scientific principles and theories." Perhaps you are not aware that that young man will be 39 on the 23d of next June. Besides the experience that he gleaned from our own apiaries con- ducted on "scientific principles " he has been under the tutelage of some of the successful beekeepers in the land, visited some of the largest apiaries, and some of the small ob- scure ones. Just 21 years ago this spring I (for I sup- pose I am the "young man" referred to) transferred, or helped to transfer at least, something like 100 colonies in box hives into the then modern Simplicity hives. At various times after that I did more or less transferring from box hives and from old-style Langstroth hives, the combs of which had been in almost constant use for about 15 years. About 10 years ago I transferred 80 colonies. In all my experience I do not remember that black bees in any of the old box hives, or of the old Langstroth hives, from the old combs, were any smaller than the bees of the same queens that were subsequently reared in combs just built off from foundation. You say I would not need to take a micrometer to measure ei- ther the bees or the cells. If the difference was so great as you point out, it seems to me I should have seen it. Again, how are we going to get around this fact, brought out by Dr. Miller on page 217 in one of his Straws ? If, as he says, the cocoons are as thick on the walls as in the bottoms, the cells would measure, so far as inside diam- eter is concerned, 13 to the inch instead of 5, and it would, according to his calculation, take 6|4f of the bees to weigh as much as a common bee. If you have ever attempted to render up combs in a solar wax-extractor you could hardly fail to notice the cocoons in the bottoms of the cells were sometimes y% inch thick, while on the sides of the cells there might be three or four layers. Now, then, if the bees will remove the excess of cocoons on the sides at all, why should they not reduce them whenever the accumulation is sufficient at any time to hinder the growth of the bees? They leave the accumulations in the bottom of the cells because it is easier to do so, and then bring the length up to the required point. As a maker of foundation I should like to believe all you write; but I do not believe the facts really support your position. I am still open to conviction ; but if you are wrong and Dr. Miller and myself right, we should be sav- ing bee-keepers hundreds of dollars — yes, thousands. Still again, I think you will find that the actual micrometer measurement of the waists of the bees from old and new combs will not vary any considerable amount. It is true, the box-hive men sometimes think that bees are growing smaller ; but old bees, after the fuzz is worn off their backs, look smaller and black- er, especially if they are black bees, than the younger ones. If some one near here will send me a comb that he knows to be 15 or more years old I will put this in a colony be- side a new comb. After some bees hatch from each I'll measure them with a micrometer. This will settle the question beyond a perad- venture. I have been already making some measure- ments of the waists of bees ; and after a little I will give some of the results to the public. —Ed.] ««« ARTIFICIAL OR BRUSHED SWARMS FOR COMB- HONEY PRODUCTION. Conditions Under which Brushed Swarms will do Better than Colonies that have Not Swarmed. BY L. STACHEI,HAUSEN. On page 87 C. Davenport raises some objec- tions to my management for comb honey. First, he thinks that in his locality it is not profitable to swarm colonies before they have started queen-cells. I do not exactly form ar- tificial swarms for comb-honey production, but I take away all the brood and give start- ers in its place. The brood is hatched in an- other hive, but given back when it is changed to field-bees, so the whole force of the colony is utilized in this single hive. The main pur- pose is to force the bees into the sections. For discussion of this objection we will ask, " What causes the swarmin g- fever ? " With- out going into details, I will say that a sur- plus of young bees, compared with unsealed brood, will, at the proper season, incite the swarming impulse. In small hives this is caused as soon as the number of empty cells is not sufiicient for the prolificness of the queen. In large hives the swarming-impulse is not incited before the queen reaches the limit of her prolificness. I have, in large hives, many times observed that the queen had laid, during the previous 21 days, 3400 334 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 15 eggs daily, on an average, nevertheless no queen-cells were started. In a ten-frame h. hive the colony had queen-cells, while the same calculation showed only 2500 eggs daily. The advantages of large hives in spring can be seen at once. It would be easy to start the swarming-fever in a strong colony if we could take away all unsealed brood. The same con- dition can be created if we contract the brood- nest. The swarming-impulse will be incited, sometimes, later, as soon as the queen can not lay the same number of eggs any more for lack of empty cells. By brushing all the bees from the combs we have about the same pro- portion of young and iield bees as in a natural swarm, have the same condition which incites the swarming-impulse, and, if we are careful that the bees during the operation fill them- selves with honey as they do before swarm- ing, I can not see a reason why they should not build combs as well as a natural swarm. In fact, I never had any trouble in this re- spect with brushed swarms, made either on the old stand or on a new one. Second, Mr. Davenport says, " With a large yard, or on a range well stocked, a good many strong colonies will not swarm naturally, and such colonies will store more surplus than they would if artificially swarmed." An artificial or natural swarm will store less honey than a colony unswarmed if the honey- flow is of long duration, because the swarm is getting weaker every day, till 22 days or more afterward, when the first young bees will gnaw out of the cells. This long interval is avoided by my management. If the colonies in a well-stocked range do not swarm as much, the reason is they do not gather as much honey in the spring (over- stocking). This may either cau-e the devel- opment of the colonies to be slower or the brood-nest less crowded by the honey. In both cases swarming is delayed. Third, with brushed swarms, made before queen-cells were started, "the queen sulked, or, for some reason, refused to lay until con- siderable comb below was built, and filled with white honey." It is important to know which way the arti- ficial swarms are made. If very few young nurse-bees are present, the queen is not nour- ished properly for egg-laying. If a queen- excluder is used over an empty brood-cham- ber, and too much super room given, the bees may prepare a brood-nest in the sections, and have not sense enough to understand why the queen will not come up and do her duty. By the way, this is one of the reasons why pollen is stored in the sections sometimes. Pollen is always stored around the brood-nest, or where the bees expect to have their brood-nest. Fourth, " In numerous cases I had the bees themselves sulk, and refuse to do much work for a number of days when all the brood was taken away." If we suddenly take away all the brood, the bees will always become very uneasy, and be- have somewhat like queenless bees. For this reason I give them at first one frame of brood, in some years here, when the bees are not very much inclined to swarm, and in some lo- calities, perhaps, this brood-comb can remain permanently in the hive. At other times the brushed bees get so much the swarming-fever, contrary to Mr. D.'s opinion, that they will swarm out if this comb of brood is not taken away the first day after brushing off the bees. In this way I always get the bees to work with the same vigor as a natural swarm. ADVANTAGES OF LARGE HIVES. I will state again what reason I have for my management. In the spring I use very large hives to get strong colonies without swarming, and without the work recomme' ded by Doo- litlle, and necessary with small hives. If, over these large brood-chambers, section-su- pers were given, the outcome was never satis- factory to me. If the brood-chamber was con- tracted before the supers were given, the re- sult in the honey crop was not much better, and many colonies swarmed. I always had trouble with old-established colonies in forc- ing them to start the work in the sections. Bait combs or not, they would sometimes rather hang outside of the hive than go into the supers. I got the most comb honey from swarms hived just before the commencement of the honey-flow. From all I have read I got the impression that the bulk of the comb honey is gathered by swarms. I will mention only Niver, page 608, 1899. At first I united three or four swarms, which I got in large numbers from ten-frame Lang- stroth hives, and had good crops ; but during a long honev-flow these swarms became weak too soon. Using larger hives I got no more swarms. I kept all the bees of one colony to- gether, and added to it afterward all the bees which had hatched from the brood, which I had taken away as soon as they were able to do field work and were too old to caute the swarming-fever. In 1886 I managed an out- apiary on this plan ; had a satisfactory honey crop, and no trouble from natural swarms. SHALLOW BROOD-CHAMBERS. Shallow brood- chambers are not absolutely necessary for this management. Mine have about half the capacity of a Dadant hive, and I have used them since 1881 — at first as ex- tracting-supers, soon afterward two of them as brood- chamber, because I deem it a nuisance to have two different frames in the apiary. If a colony is prepared for comb honey produc- tion I give at first only one story with start- ers, and this forces the bees into sections. As soon as this story is nearly built out, mostly with worker combs, I set the second story with full sheets of foundation or drawn-out combs under the first one, and then I have a full-sized brood chamber again. The bees ex- pand the brood nest down into this lower sto- ry as fast as they need more room for this pur- pose, and comparatively no honey is stored there. In the upper brood-story the bees can not store honey before the brood is hatched, so by and by enough honey is stored in the brood-chamber for the later season. I do not think it will pay here to force all the honey into the sections, and feed the colony after- ward. I use queen-excluders, if they are necessary; 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 335 but if I can dispense with them I surely do so. My experience is, that by their use more hon- ey is stored in the brood-chamber, the brood is crowded too much, and the colony is too weak when the honey- flow ceases. Converse, Texas. SEPARATORS v. NO SEPARATORS. Advantages of Free Communication ; Facing Comb Honey. BY M. A. GILI,. While the majority of honey-producers use separators, the fact remains that a great many do not. Many of the former class think that it is at least impracticable, if not impossible, to produce a nice gilt-edge article without the use of separators, while many of the latter class believe that the bees enter the supers more readily without their use, and, further- more, that the bees can cluster clear across the super, which enables them to economize better their heat ; consequently the construc- tion of comb is carried on faster without the use of separators than with. I myself believe this to be true during a moderate honey-flow and cool weather ; but with strong colonies and a good honey-flow I confess I can see no difference. However, I have no trouble in raising a nice article by either method. But I think everybody should admit (wheth- er he will or not) that honey raised with sep- arators is faced up a little truer and neater than without them. But other things have led me to use a system between the two. The Colorado Bee-keepers' Association has adopted 22 lbs. as the net weight of a 24-lb. case of honey. Now, while this is, perhaps, about right, I have thought that there should be a difTerence between the weight of the sep- aratored and the non-separatored honey — say 21 lbs. for the one and 23 lbs. for the other. There are many colonies that will not store quite 22 lbs. net where separators are used. Now, before I give my plan I wish to advise every beginner to use separators (and many who do not) as the looks of their honey crop would be greatly improved ; and to the man who puts up a nice honest article, always in marketable shape, I have nothing to say. Let him raise it as he will. The non-separator man is ahead on weight ; but look at 100 cases of each kind piled up side by side, and the separator man's honey looks the nicer. Why ? Because it is the most even in finish. Now I don't wish to start any thing, but I wish to say emphatically that the non-sepa- rator honey has the weight, has the value, is just as good, but does not look as well. As I said before, it does not have that even finish. In order to obtain the required weight, and still have plenty of honey for facing, I have been using two separators in an eight-frame super. This divides the super into three equal apartments, and allows the bees to cluster in quite large clusters. A hive equipped in this way with full-sized starters, a strong colony of tees (have them strong if it takes all the bees you have got), and one thousand acres of al- falfa within 1 Yz miles, will raise fine honey by almost any method if ) ou will set your hive laterally by a spirit-level. Before I go any further I must go back and attend to that facing business or some one might draw upon his imagination, and take me to task for facing honey. First, I will say I believe in and practice facing honey. I do it, not only for my own benefit, but for the benefit of the retailer. Every case of honey is the retailer's " show-case." The customer sees the honey, is attracted by its looks, and places his order. He, perhaps, never again sees it until it is cut from the section and on his table. I will warrant that he will get any- where, from a case of my honey, the same grade and value that he would from one of the face sections. But it might not look so much like the rest of the face. In conclusion I will say to the separator men in Colorado, try a few supers, with only two separators, and see if you don't still have nice honey and a little better weight. And let the non-separator men try a few and see if they don't still have good weight and a little nicer honey. Longmont, Colo., Dec. 20. [In the East, nearly every producer seems to be in favor now of using separators ; but I was surprised to see there were some in Colo- rado who still thought they could dispense with them profitably, and yet be able to put out good marketable honey. But one signifi- cant fact was that some of those who once advocated the non-use of separators, or only one or two in a super, had gone completely back on such advocacy, and now recommend- ed separators between all the rows of sections. According to our own experience, we have sometimes wished there were a law by which every producer would be co^npelled to use separators. Some of the very ones who claim that their non-separatored honey was as fine as any that could be produced — perfectly cratable, etc, have shipped some of their product to us, and such times as we have had with it 1 One face would be bulging out against the other, and a great deal of the honey would be leaking. If the veterans make bad work of it, what shall we say of the beginner ? If one thinks free communi- cation is a good thing, let him use the fence. Thus he has a very nice compromise. — Ed.] AlKIN'S PLAN OF PRODUCING COMB HONEY. A Scheme to Control Swarming; Intelligent Expan- sion Followed by Contraction ; the Use of Double Brood-chambers. BY R. C. AIKIN. Here is a matter for you to try in your api- aries. It is the system to be used with shal- low divisible-brood-chamber hives. You have eight-frame hives. Take two of these for a brood-chamber through the spring. Manage so as to have the brood as much as you can in one of the chambers, say by having the brood- 336 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 15 nest in the upper one, and spread it and man- ipulate to get these combs solid full of brood. The success does not depend on this getting the one set of combs solid full of brood, though to obtain best results it will pay to do this. With this double brood-chamber there is so much room you keep down the swarm- ing fever, and I think the room to spread, es- pecially downward, gives a greater vigor of work than a crowded hive. Ten days before the flow begins, put your queen in the lower chamber with a little brood — one comb with any amount of brood will be plenty ; an excluder on this, and the rest of the brood on top. At the end of ten days, when the flow is just starting, take to a new stand the lower hive with the queen, and put the top chamber on the old stand with noth- ing but its sealed brood and no queen, but give a virgin queen or ripe protected cell, or wait two or three days and give a queen or cell. Give only a cell or a virgin queen, be- cause the brood is all sealed that is left on the old stand ; and while the virgin is mating, and getting ready to lay, the brood is hatch- ing ; so when she does begin laying, the last of the brood is about ready to emerge, and your colony is just in the condition of a colo- ny that has swarmed naturally, and their young queen just ready to lay, except that you have kept the strength of the colony on the old stand, and have been getting sec- tion work. As the brood hatched, the brood- combs were filled with honey ; but as that young queen begins to lay, that honey goes up to the sections out of her way, and you have no swarming either. This system anticipates quite a contracted brood-chamber left on the old stand, which would be the result with one section of a di- visible-chamber hive, hence there would not be any great amount of honey stored in it dur- ing the time the queen was not laying. To make the best test with the eight-frame hives I suggest that you use but six to the body, using a dummy at each side ; thus you have a twelve-frame hive before the separation at the start of the flow, and six left when divided. The whole plan contemplates a big hive up till the flow, then a very small one on the old stand, and yet all swarming effectually con- trolled, the force of fielders right where they will do the most good. The old queen never stops laying, and goes right on and builds up a good colony in her new location. This is no idle dream, and I ask that you have it tried in your apiaries this season, to be written up later after trial. I have for years been studying the plan, and, to some extent, experimenting. I think I am the pio- neer in it, though another man, and a good apiarist, in this State, has also used the prin- ciple, coming at it independently of me. If I have the success I anticipate for it, it will be the system with divisible-brood-chamber hives. Loveland, Col., Mar. 13, [Our readers will remember that about two years ago I advocated a plan very similar to this — that is, I practiced running two eight- frame brood-chambers for the purpose of get- ting powerful colonies for the production of comb honey; then when then the honey-flow was fairly upon us I crowded this colony all into one brood-chamber and one or two supers containing sections and foundation. Some- times I gave such colonies a shallow extract- ing-super, and after the bees had got them well started I took them off and substituted the comb-honey supers. There were a few of our readers who condemned the plan as im- practicable and unorthodox ; but I know that for some localities, and for some seasons at least, it is all right. Mr. Aikin's plan is, per- haps, an improvement on mine, and I wish a good many of our readers might try it and report at the end of the season. — Ed.] GLIMPSES OF CUBA AND CUBAN BEE-KEEPING. BY A. I.. BOYDEN. On the Monday following, I left Havana with Mr. F. O. Somerford, who had just re- turned from a brief visit to the States, to visit the apiary of Mr. E M. Penfield, which is lo- cated at San Nicholas, and managed by C. E. Riggs. Mr. Riggs formerly devoted some time to bee culture in Missouri, and is very enthusiastic in regard to plain sections and fences for the production of fancy comb hon- ey. While they have been at work a compar- APIARY OF DR. TORIBIO DEL VltAR. atively short time, they have a very nice api- ary, and have already secured a considerable quantity of comb honey, which has later been sent to the United States markets, so I am told. The following morning I bade adieu to Mr. Riggs at the station, and soon landed at Guines, where, in company with Mr. F. O. Somerford, who met me at this place, we call- ed on Dr. Toribio del Villar, a physician who is also interested in bee culture. Very soon we were driving out to his apiary, situated near the stone road leading to Havana. This is, as will be seen from the picture below, com- 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 337 posed mainly of Heddon hives. Dr. Villar is also interested in the production of comb honey, and gave me some samples of honey he had just produced. After our visit at his place we proceeded out to Catalina, where I had a most enjoyable visit with Mr. Somer- ford. Our trip from Guines to Catalina took us past some of the most magnificent sugar- cane I had ever seen. Mr. Somerford is con- siderabl}' interested in the production of su- gar, and believes there is much more encour- agement for investment in this than in bee culture. The verv low prices prevailing for honey, and the diilficulties encountered by bee- keepers, are not calculated to encourage in- vestments in this line. Mr. Somerford is a genial companion, and I regretted that, to keep a previous engagement, I was obliged to leave him early in the afternoon He is well and favorablj' known throughout Havana Province by all classes. Our friend Riggs, who lives a good many miles away, told me, if I did not find Mr. Somerford easily, to ask any one I met for Senor Frederico, and he would be able to tell me where Mr. S. lived, as he is so well known because of the service he rendered during the late war. Mr. Somer- ford's apiary is under a shed, as will be seen by the engraving below. The following day, in company with Harry Howe, I made a visit out to Candelaria, and to the apiary of Glen Moe. Mr. Moe's suc- cess has been quite phenomenal. Starting with almost no experience in this line less than a year ago, he now has nearly 200 colo- nies, and has secured upward of 20,000 lbs. of honey already. Such a result in the LTnited States would be the means of inducing many to embark in this business. Conditions are. APIARY OF F. O. SOMERFORD. of course, very different in Cuba, for this hon- ey has to be sold at 35 or 40 cts. per gallon in Havana, which leaves a very small profit to the producer. The following Friday I spent in sight-see- ing in Havana. In company with Harry Howe I visited Forts El Morro and Cabanas, the old cathedral, and many other interesting places, not least of which were O'Reilly and Obispo Streets. These streets, as will be seen from the picture below, are very narrow, while they are perhaps the most popular and fashionable shopping streets in the city. A STREET IN HAVANA. During my visit in Cuba there had been lit- tle or no rain so far ; but on the morning I was to take my departure for the States there came a terrific rain. I have not been able to learn from my Cuban friends whether such a rain is usual there or not, but this is how I found O'Reilly Street at ten o'clock, Jan. 4. You will notice the vehicles are wading through water up to their hubs. Our readers will bear in mind that this is a paved street. To the credit of Havana I ought to say that I presume this thing does not occur very often. The water simply rushed down so fast over the paved street from three directions that it was very deep before it could get out the other way. The sewerage is so badly planned that it is not able to take care of such a downfall. GRANULATED HONEY IN SECTIONS OF PRE- VIOUS YEAR. Doolittle's Statement Questioned. BY MRS. A. J. B.\RBER. When I see a statement like the one on page 137 I feel like saying something contrary, even if it is a Doolittle who makes the statement. I had to look twice to assure myself that it cvas Doolittle's name at the top of the article. Well, they must have a different kind of hon- ey, or else the bees are more particular in New York than they are in Colorado. When we put on left-over sections here we always have trouble about granulating. You can take a section off the hive after they have fin- ished it, and hold it to the light, and, instead of looking clear, it will be opaque or milky ; and if you cut into it you will find the middle of it a soft grainy mess that will harden very 33 S GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 15 soon after it is taken from the hive. Why, we often have our extracting-frames break out in the extractor from having granulated spots in them. Sometimes we have some left over that we have stored for spring feed, and put them on early to get them cleaned out ; and if the honey -flow comes on strong and fast the bees will just clean out a little bit of it, even if we uncap it, and store a little new hon- ey on top of the old, and seal it up. I have lost many combs this way when I had careless help in the honey-house. I don't even use sections of comb that have been licked clean, as I had an experience that made me think it didn't pay. Several years ago I took off fifty supers of fine sections ; and as I was putting them into the honey- house at my lower apiary I let one fall on my foot ; and as soon as I could get the honey all in I shut up the place and came home. I was not able to use my foot for several days, and when I did get back down there I found that the bees had got in and cleaned out those 1200 sections, leaving me a fine lot of combs. I took care of them, and in the spring I put them on, expecting to get them ready for mar- ket early. There came a good early honey- flow, and those sections of comb were filled in a few days. I lifted them and put new sec- tions under. In a little while the new ones were filled and partly sealed, but not a cell sealed on the old sections. Some of those sections had to be lifted back and forth all summer, as the bees never sealed them as well as the newer ones ; and when they did get them done they were what the boys called ' ' a measly-looking mess," as they were spotted and old-looking; so I made a lot of second- grade honey, and did a lot of lifting of supers that could have been avoided, all to save a few sections. Now we never put a left-over sec- tion back on a hive. Near the close of the season we practice the go-back system, send- ing the go-backs to the best colonies. What unfinished sections we do have we sort out carefully. The sections that are not good enough to put into cases are cut out and sold as chunk honey to the neighbors at six- cents a pound, and we use a lot of it on our table. The thin lean sections are cut out into a tank of warm water, and the honey strained out to make into vinegar, and the wax goes into the wax-extractor, and the section boxes into the kindling-wood box. In this way I think we more than get pay for new sections, and then we have no bother with the old things. I don't want any bait sections, but am sure that here, at least, we can get a first-class article of comb honey only by having every thing clean, new, and fresh about the sections. Mancos, Colo. [This is more in line with the reports that we have received in the past ; but here are two reports on the "other side: "] 138. Now, I do the same thing, and like them, provisionally; i. e., I want them to be clean and nice-looking sections, with light comb, no matter what the quality of the honey; then uncap them if any part are sealed, and put them on the strong colonies early, in ap- ple-bloom if colonies are strong enough. There is nearly always a shortage just after ap- ple-bloom, and the bees will carry down or use all the old honey, if uncapped, and generally all they have gathered in fruit-bloom too, un- less there is a very abundant flow from cherry besides. The cherry honey is light, and so is peach honey, and worth saving in the surplus. The apple honey they are welcome to, though it sometimes comes in sufiicient quantity to fill their brood-combs, and sets them up in supplies with quite a boost. But when the bees get a good big start in the partly filled sections, the second time, and when the first good flow fairly sets in, and the weather is warm, I raise up that set and put another set under it, with foundation in. That is where I get my nice honey, if anywhere, for that sea- son. But you will say many of these sections are soiled, or some may have dark honey and old comb in them. Save all such for the fall flow, when dark honey is coming in, and they will do for the cheaper grade of honey. Use only the nice ones for the flow of light honey. This is the way I got a colony to put up over 100 lbs. of sections before they swarmed, and not a very good season either. Now as to using old brood-combs, I have many in use that were built from 1874 to '76, and they are good yet, and give me just as good bees as any other, though " black as a boot " and tough enough to lie on their side full of honey without bending or bulging. J. O. Shearman. New Richmond, Mich., Feb. 25. [But, look here ; I have not "decided" against Doolittle's judgment. I stated the .prevailing opinion regarding the practice, and then asked for reports. — Ed.] DOOI.ITTl,B'S POSITION SUSTAINED. I wish to enter my protest against your way of deciding against Mr. Doolittle's judgment in using last-year's sections with some honey in, over again, for the next season's crop, p. UNFINISHED SECTIONS ; IS THE HONEY IN THEM MORE APT TO CANDY ? BIr. Root: — On page 138 you invite reports regarding the use of unfinished sections, other than baits. If I understand Mr. Doolittle he does not use them for any other purpose, but advocates using the partly filled ones again after extracting, without having the bees clean them up. This has been my practice for sev- eral years, and I find it works well. I am not troubled with candied honey ; but then, hon- ey in this locality seldom candies. I would not advise any one to use partly filled sections except two or three in each su- per, for baits only — especially if there were capped cells. My experience is, when the bees are crowded for room they will invariably extend the open cells beyond those capped the previous season, which makes ugly and un- salable sections. M. D. Andes. Bristol, Tenn., Feb. 23. [Let's have more reports. In the multitude of counselors there is safety. — Ed.] 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CUIvTURE. 339 BEES IN A FRUIT-ORCHARD. How to Improve the Flavor of an Off Grade of Ex- tracted Honey. BY R. G. HAWN. The bee-yard shown in the picture is located in the apple-orchard. There is a good wind- break on the north. The part of a building shown is my bee-house, 16x20. It is well built; is mouse and bee proof. It has a large cook-stove and all necessary fixings. I have tried many sizes of hives, but on the whole I prefer the eight-frame Langstroth. I aim to run from 40 to 50 colonies, and get a surplus of from 40 to GO lbs. per colony, ac- cording to season. I am now running almost entirely for extracted honey, for the follow- ing reasons: 1. I can control swarming best that way. 2. It is not so much expense. 3. I get more pounds of honey of first quality. 4 It sells more readily, and at better prices; and, altogether, is more satisfactory to my customers. Our sources of honey are early spring wil- low, then fruit-bloom, then dandelion, then whit-e clover, and then a second crop of red clover, with a few wild flowers. Mine is a home market, supplied by a ped- dling-wagon. It took hard work to get a start; but honest dealing and perseverance triumphed. I use quart Mason fruit-jars, sev- en and fourteen pound lard-pails, and some fifty-pound tin cans. This county is or rather has been flooded with adulterated honey. The discussion of the subject in the papers scared the people, and generally they quit buying extracted honey. I soon succeeded in convincing them that my honey was pure, and then they bought freely. Really the adulteration worked to my advantage. The first extracted honey from fruit and dandelion is somewhat strong and bitter, and in that condition is unsalable. I let it candy hard, which it does in a short time. Then I melt it, and again let it candy. This last takes from four to six weeks ; then I melt it again, set it away in fifty-pound open cans, cover with some loose stuff, so as to keep out the flies, and I soon have a first-class article, very thick, and of excellent flavor. Thorpe, Wash., Feb. 28. BEE KEEPING FOR WOMEN. How 500 Colonies in the Rockies are Operated by Women Only, and Women who can Vote; a Big Record in Honey Production. BY LYDIA CRAWFORD HARRIS. I send you a picture of one of my apiaries, containing 1(37 colonies, located two miles south of Delta, Colorado, about two rods from the banks of the Uncompahgre River, in one APIARY OF R. G. HAWN, THORPE, WASH. AN OBJECT-LESSON IN BEES AND FRUIT. 340 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 15 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 341 of the largest alfalfa districts on the western slope of the Rockj- Mountains. These colo- nies are in tt-n-frauie (Langstroth size) hives, frames all wired and on full sheets of founda- tion. I prefer the ten-frame- size hive for this location on account of the long and mild winters. F'rost generally comes about the middle of September, which destroys our last flow of hone)'. Then we have nothing until March. During all this time there are few days when the bees do not fly some time dur- ing the dav. About the middle of March the squaw-bush blooms, which grows thick along the banks of the said river, and after that comes the fruit bloom — first the apricot, then the plum, then peach, pear, and apple ; so by the first of June, when the first crop of alfalfa begins to bloom, the bees are generally in pretty good condition to store hon^y. This yard produced last year 160 60 pound cans of extracted honey, and 171 crates of comb hon- ey. I have also two other apiaries, contain- ing 334 colonies — in all, 500 colonies. As we women in Colorado enjoy all the rights of voting, from the lowest county offi- cers to the President of the United States, I propose to operate these yards with women help. The farmers do not cut their alfalfa as soon here as in some other places, as thev nearly all sell by measurement in the stack for feed- ing cattle ; hence it grows stronger and larger, and, while doing so, naturally blooms longer. We also have drawbacks in this part of Col- orado, which I find mostly in freight rates ; but these are not so high as I understand Mr. J. W. Hammersmark says they are, page 46, from the East to Reno, Nevada, or vice versa. At the same time, according to Mr Martin's figures on page 81 it costs i?270 more to ship a car of 30,000 pounds from here to the East than it does from Los Angeles to the East. The freight rate is the same from here on comb honey as on extracted honey; and con- sidering California and Cuba's prospective large crop of extracted honey I shall operate my bees principally for comb honey. Delta, Colorado. [We admire your spunk and independence. If the right of franchise has this effect on the gentler sex, let's give the women a chance. If the women of the land could vote there would be less of jobbery and wickedness in high places. I'll risk the women every time. —Ed.] ROOF APIARIES. My Experience in Roof Bee Culture; Rearing Queens on a Tin Roof, and their Safe Introduction. BY C H W. WEBER. It is my intention to give my experience in the bee keeping line as few practice it (that is, on a roof), and also a few suggestions which may prove valuable to other bee-keepers who may be in the same kind of boat as I. I have kept bees on a roof in a small way for several years, but not until recently did I find it nec- essary to increase my stock and move the same to the roof proper, where I had much more room, and more benefit from our some- times too warm friend old Sol. This mode of bee culture has its peculiari- ties, many of which I have already discover- ed, and some not altogether to my liking. I soon discovered, after the weather began to get hot, and combs began to get shaky and tumble down, that some method would have to be resorted to that would shield the hives from the direct rays of the sun, and also from the reflected heat. After some consideration, nothing seemed to possess so many good points as the long-shed arrangement shown in the photograph. This was all right to keep the sun off ; but as the heat was also reflected up from the tin roof I found it necessary to pack all around and under the brood chambers with six inches of chaff, and since that day not a comb has melted down, nor am I troubled in the least from excessive heat. Winter also has its drawbacks, and the cold is just as hard to contend with as the heat ; but after having flaps, made of heavy canvas, put on the rear, and the brood chambers still surrounded wiih chaff as in summer, little or no wind can strike the hives directly ; and on the coldest day, if I work my hand down be- tween the hives into the chaff, I always find it nice and warm, and the bees always ready to let me know by their contented hum that they are still very much alive. So much for the protection and shelter. Now let's look at the queen-rearing side of the subject. TO RAISE GOOD QUEENS. | I have found out as others have before, that the only way to get them is to use extra-strong colonies for this purpose, and I rear all queens in the second story of a double-brood-cham- bered hive, something on the order of Doolit- tle in his book. In the second story I place four frames of well matured brood nearly ready to hatch. Between each two I insert a comb containing some very j oung larvae, and eggs ; then under the whole I place a queen- excluder, and take good care that the queen is on one of the combs below. This puts the bees in the same state as supersedure, and in three or four days one can find queen-cups on the center comb, which the bees have built for the queen to lay in. After they are well started I insert on a frame artificial queen- cups previously supplied with a young larva from my choice breeding- queen, and destroy all cells which the bees may have started on the combs. On or about the tenth day I supply myself with a queen- nursery for each cell, and then proceed to sin- gle out the cells which I want to save, by sur- rounding them with one of these little cages which the cells and cell-frames are arranged to take without any trouble. In two or three days I have as nice a lot of virgin queens as any one would wish to look at. They are then introduced into the nuclei, and in another week or ten days they are ready for Uncle Sam's care or to be introduced into their fu- ture homes. Before leaving this part of my subject it 342 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 15 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 343 might be well to mention that my nurseries consist of a long bar about an inch wide, cut to fit tightly between the two end bars cf the regular-si 7.ed frame. This bar is partitioned oflf by tin walls into little chambers about one inch square, and covered on both sides with wire netting, all having the tops left open. When we have cells expected to hatch within a day or so we just take one of these nursery- bars and shove it up under the queen-cells on the frame, thus partitioning each queen-cell off by itself. At the bottom or under side, many corks can be seen which close a ^4^ -inch hole, the exit to each of these little chambers. INTRODUCING OUEENS. To introduce queens I have found this to be the best method for me, excepting none. Take the queen away from the colony into which the introduction is to be made, and the bees will, as usual, start to construct queen- cells as usual. After they are all sealed, and to make sure that they are all sealed, I wait until the 7th or 8th day. By this time the bees begin to expect a new queen from the cells they constructed, and this is the time to introduce your new queen. Put her into a cage ; or if she is in a mailing-cage, as she ar- rived through the mail, all right. Remove the piece of tin which you will find covering a hole at one end of the cage (we will suppose our queen has just arrived through the mail, and the colony was made queenless the day we sent for her — of course time will vary in filling orders, but it usually takes about a week to get the queen), and cover the open- ing with a piece of thin foundation. After do- ing this, open the hive and lay the cage on top of the frames, or somewhere between them. Before closing the hive, blow a few puffs of tobacco smoke into the hive, for good luck, and close quickly. The tobacco smoke, however, is not really necessary. In a day or so examine the hive and you will be almost certain to see your new queen on one of the combs, walking along as peaceably as if she had hatched from one of the cells which she only a few hours before destroyed . This m eth- od, although keeping the colony queenless for some time, is, nevertheless, one of the surest, and is well worth following when a val- uable queen is at stake. Cincinnati, O. [Our experience in the matter of introduc- ing queens has been almost the opposite of Mr. Weber's. We find that we get bad re- sults in introducing to colonies with capped queen-cells. We succeed much better with colonies queenless but one or two days. Roof apiaries are not very numerous, chief- ly because of the difficulty of controlling the extn mes of heat and cold ; the only ones I know of who have made a success in such el- evated spots are the late Chas. F. Muth, and Weber, as above, and Mr. G. E. Purple, of Chicago. Where land is expensive and can not be had, there is no reason why roofs of buildings may not be made available ; but of course it will be necessary to provide against the extreme of heat as Mr. Weber has done. Ed.] Wm TRANSFERRING. It is the 14th day of March, and we have had the first day this year in which the weath- er approached any thing nearly warm enough for the bees to fly, the mercury rising as high as 42° in the shade. The snow has been from two to ten feet deep ever since the middle of February, just in accord as the wind has piled it, and the bees that are out on their summer stands are suffering for a fly. Being in hopes that they may be able to fly to-morrow I am out looking at the entrances of the eleven col- onies I have outdoors (near sunset), to see that none are obstructed. While doing this I see a man approaching, who proves to be Mr. Brown, who lives about a mile away, and who has the bee-fever, he having purchased a doz- en or so colonies of an old box-hive farmer last fall. As he nears the bee-yard I accost him thus : "Good evening, Mr. Brown. How are the bees getting on ? " " I was out listening at the entrances a little while ago, and I could hear a little hum from all the hives but one, and that I think is dead, as no response was given when I tapped on the hive." " This long siege of cold and snow has been hard on the bees, but I hope they may fly to- morrow. I see one or two of mine flew a little to-day, but nearly all that flew died on the snow. But it takes only a few bees to make a great show on snow, and I expect the most of those which come out when it is not really warm enough for them to fly are old bees which would soon die any way. Have you looked that your entrances are all free so the bees can fly to-morrow, should it be warm enough? " "Yes. I carefully cleared the entrances of dead bees yesterday, hoping they might fly to-day, but only a few came out. Like you, I hope they may fly to-morrow. But I came over to have a talk with you about transfer- ring. I have my new hives all made, and want to get the bees into them as soon as pos- sible." " Are you going to transfer them so as to try to save the combs ? or are you going to use frames filled with foundation ? " " I wish to save the combs, of course, as I have only enough foundation to use for start- ers in the frames for the new swarms." " Where we wish to transfer the combs as well as the bees, there are only two really favorable times for transferring, although it can be done at any time by using care." " When are those favorable times? " " The first is during fruit or apple bloom, and the second is 21 days after the first or prime swarm issues." " Why those times in preference toothers ?" "If done at the commencement of fruit- bloom, but little honey is in the way, so the 344 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 15 transferred combs are more easily held in place in the frames, while honey is coming in sufficiently to prevent robbing, as well as to enable the bees to repair rapidly the damage done the combs. If done 21 days after swarm- ing, there will be no brood in the hives except a little drone brood, so there will be no loss from cutting through it, as all the bees from the eggs laid by the old queen will now have emerged from the cells, while the 3-oung queen will have only just begun laying." " That seems reasonable. Bat is there no preparation to be made before I begin this work ? If so, I wish to make these prepara- tions now, while I have time." "Yes, there are preparations to be made, and the first is to bore some eighth inch holes through the center of each frame contained in the movable frame hive, about four through the top bar, the same through the bottom-bar and side or end bars, if these latter are of equal length with the others. If shorter, then three will do for these." " What are these holes for? " *' These are to slip pegs or thorns through, into the combs to hold them in place ; and your next work will be to make the pegs or gather the thorns. The thorns are best, as they are smoother and sharper. You can find plenty of them on those thorn-bushes over toward the swamp." "Yes, I know where they grow, and will get some ; but there are other preparations, are there not ? " " Yes. Besides having the frames and pegs ready, aboard abaut two feet square will be necessary, and a barrel or box of convenient height for the operator to place the board up- on. On one side of the board should be tack- ed three or four thicknesses of cloth so the brood and combs will not he injured by being placed upon it. Besides these you will want a long thin-bladed knife." "That completes the preparations, I take it." " Yes ; and, having these things in readiness, proceed to the hive and blow a few puffs of smoke in at the entrance to alirm the bees, when the box hive is to be turned bottom up and the frame hive placed on the stand the box hive occupied. Blow a little more smoke over the exposed bottoms of the combs, and place the cap of the hive, or any box, over the bottom of the hive for the bees to crawl up in- to. Select the side of the hive to which the combs run parallel, if possible, and proceed to pry off the side, using a cold chisel to cut the nails, if necessary. If there are cross- sticks through the center of the hive, these must be cut off with a saw, or otherwise." " What becr>mes of the bees ? " " By this time the bees will all be off the combs next to you, when the first one is to be cut out and laid on the prepared board. Now lay one of your prepared frames on this comb, and mark the comb by the inside of the frame. Next, take off the frame and cut the comb a hair larger than the marks, so that it will fit snugly in the frame, when the frame is to be pressed over the comb until it fits nicely. The thorns are now pushed through the holes into the comb so as to hold it in place in the frame when hung in the hive." " Will these thorns hold it all right in pick- ing up? " "To take from the board requires a little skill, as the comb is generally stuck fast more or less with leaking honey. But if the board and all is raised until the frame stands in ihe position it hangs in the hive, there will be no danger of the comb falling out in causing it to part with the board. When free from the board, place the frame in the hive, and the bees which have returned from the fields will take posses.sion of it, licking up the drip, etc. Proceed to cut out the rest of the combs and fit them in the frames as you did the first, until all are used, and set in the new hive, placing them in this hive in the same relative position, as nearly as may be, which they occupied before." "What about the drone comb? Should there be much ? " '■ If drone comb to any amount is found, it is well to leave the most of it out." " How about the smaller pieces? " " If many pieces of nice worker comb are made by the cjmbs cutting to a disadvantage, they can be fitted into frames, and fine wire wound around to hold them in place till the bees fasten all together. If this is done, the hive must be opened in a few days and the wire removed. The thorns can always re- main, as they do no particular harm." " How about the bees which have run up into the box ? " " As soon as all the combs are in, close the new hive and hive the bees which are in the cap or box into it, the same as any swarm would be hived, when the job is done. If a scarcity of honey exists at time of transferring, so that robbing is liable to occur, a bee-tent to set over the hive and operator is a good thing." " You spoke at the start about using foun- dation in transferring. What did you mean ?" " We have at the present time what is term- ed the new way, or Heddon plan of transfer- ring, and many of our best apiarists prefer that to the old way." "How is that different from the one you have just told me about ? " " By the new way a new hive with the frames filled with comb foundation is set on the stand the box hive occupies, when the queen and three-fourths of the bees are drum- med out and hived in the new hive, the old hive being left standing close by. In a week this old hive is carried to a new stand, this stopping all after-swarming by causing all of the flying bees to be left with the new hive. In 21 days, when all the brood has emerged from the cells, and the young queen corn- menced to lay, all of the bees are driven out, and from the combs and old box hive, and this drive hived in another new hive standing on the stand the box hive occupied just before this last drive. You have now two colonies from your old one that was in the box hive, both of which are in new hives with all-work- er combs, while you have the contents of the box hive all free from bees, in a shape that 1901 CLEANINGS IN BER CULTURE. 345 you can do what you please with it. IMost of those using this new method prtfer to put the old combs from this box hive into the solar wax-extractor, thus getting out the honey and wax from them, and separating the same so it is in fit shape for use." " Well, this plan sounds nice, and had I the foundation I think I should prefer it to the other. But it is nearly dark, and I must go back. Good night." Mr. Calvert tells me that your honey was probably from alfalfa grown by irrigation. He also adds you are something like 125 miles from any railway station. How do you get this great crop of honey all this long distance in order to get a market for it? — A. I. R.] BREAKING THE RECORD ; 21 % TONS OF HONEV BROUGHT INTO ONE APIARY IN O.NE SEASON. I want to furnish an item for A. I. for Gleanings. In the Mar. 1st number, page 198, he says : "More than 22 tons of honey was brought into that one spot in one season, and all collected from flowers within range of the bees' flight. Can the world furnish a parallel?" (From 680 stands ) You send Gleinings to Birt Birtlett. He, one broth- er, and a bro her in-law, work under its firm name of Bartlett Bro & Merkly. A year ago this spring they came through with /60 laying queens, and from those queens atd their in- crease, in one yard, in one season, they ex- tracted 55,000 lbs. of A No. 1 white honey, or 27^ tons. Now, this is what I did last sea- son, in one yard of 152 colonies. I extracted 42,000 lbs. ; but on account of sickness I got behind and lost one extracting of 7000 or 8000 lbs. Now, can you beat that ? Vernal, Utah. C. C. BarTlett. [Friend B., I am exceedingly obliged to you for the item you furnish, especially as a much smaller number of colonies did the work. You say 160 lajing queens. These queens probably all had exceedingly strong colonies, and there might have been some queenless colonies to help out — probably not, however, the way you state it. This would be over 313 lbs. per colony, spring count. It would be in- teresting to know what the increase was. If the firm can give us further particulars in re- gard to the matter we should be very glad in- deed to get them ; and I suppose a good many of our readers would like to inquire whether there is unoccupied territory in your vicinity that will give any such yield as this. And you, my friend, did a wonderful thing also. If we take into consideration the 8000 lbs you lost, then your bees brought or might have brought into that one spot 50,000 lbs., or 25 tons. This amount, from 152, spring count, would not be quite equal to the former, but a stupendous achievement for all that. Now, instead of stampeding to Wewahitchka, hadn't we better turn about and investigate around about Vernal, Utah ? I think your locality must be well named, friend B. Rest assured, if I ever make another trip to your State I shall try to hunt you up. CLIPPING QUEENS ; HOW MANY AND HOW MUCH OF THE WINGS SHALL WE CLIP? On page 838, Nov. 1, S. E. Miller says : " I am a little surprised by a late number of Gleanings to see that you and Dr. Miller do not know the correct way to clip a queen's wings, so I suppose I shall have to tell you both, as well as the other readers of Glean- ings." Now, Mr. Editor, as I am one of those read- ers you will surely give me a chance to pro- test against any such way. I have clipped a good many hundred queens — about 100 the past season, and I want to say that, if Bro. Miller's object in clipping queens is to keep them from flying, it is positively unnecessary to clip more than a third of one of the large or top wings, and that a small pair of sharp and pjinted scissors is the proper thing to do the cuLting with. The position of the knife across the wings in the illustration covers the four wings just above, so that the sight of Bro. Miller's queens with four stubs and a naked back can more easily be imagined than admired ; but the single-wing method of clip- ping leaves that side of the wings apparently rounded oflF by the perfect or lower wing, which is a little shorter than the top ones. Manistee, Mich., Feb 4. W. Harmer. [Referring to the article on page 838, last year, it is evident that you misunderstood the doctor and myself. We have not recommend- ed that all four of the wings be cut off, leav- ing " mere stubs." The plan illustrated con- templated cutting only the two wings on one side. If the other two are left intact, the de- formity is not so very noticeable. You claim " it is positively unnecessary to clip more than a third of otie of the large or top wings." Are you sure about that? Why, friend Harmer, I have seen queens flv when clipped as you describe. They will fly just far enough to get clear away from the hive, becme exhausted, drop down, and get lost. Possibly they will crawl into some other hive where they will be destroyed. We have also had quite a number of reports where this scant clipping of one wing has resulted in a whole swarm of bees getting away with the queen. To make sure, it is better to cut quite c'ose the one large wing, or cut both wings about half way up on one side. — Ed.] A correction. Mr. E. R. Root: — In commenting on Prof. Rankin's article on page 84, you are mistaken in saying that these are the same bees men- tioned on page 924. The only bees of which both Prof. Rankin and yourselves had a sam- ple were those mentioned on page 844 of the Nov. 1st issue. J. H. GerbrachT. Spring Grove, 111. 346 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 15. American Gardening, and a good many oth- ers. Truth is mighty, and bound to prevail. NATIONAL BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. Object: — To promote and protect the interests of its mem bers; to prevent the adulteration of honey. Officers:—!; R. Root, President, Medina. O.; R. C. Aikin Vice-president, Loveland, Col.; Dr. A. B. Mason, Secre- tary, 3512 Monroe St.. Sta..B, Toledo, O.; Eugene Secor, General Manngf-r, Forest City, Iowa. Board OF Directors:— E. Whitcomh, Friend, Neb.; W. Z Hutchinson. Flint, Mich.; A. I. Root. Medina, O.; E. T. Abbott, St. Joseph, Mo.; P. H. Elwood, Starkville, N. Y.; E. R. Root, Medina, O.; T. G. Newman. San Francisco, Cal.; G. M. Doolittle. Borodino. N. Y.; W. F. Marks, Cha- pinville, N. y,; J. M. Hambaueh. Escondido, Cal.; C. P. Dadant. Hamilton. 111.: C. C. Miller, Marengo, 111. Fees:— Annual membership fee, :;i.OO. Remittances may be sent here or to General Manager as above. General Manager Secor has lately issued a pamphlet, giving the objects of the National Bee-keepers' Association and also the consti- tion. I presume a copy of this will be sent to any one who may apply. Those who are not members should know something of what this organization is and has been to bee-keeping during the last fifteen or twenty months, and what it proposes to do in the future. So far the reports of wintering have been generally favorable, although there is one re- port from Wisconsin that seems to indicate that in that section, at least, there will be f>0 per cent loss or more. The season generally will be late. It has been running all the way from cool to cold, with very little warm weather for brood-rearing. This, fortunately, has kept brood rearing down, so that the bees have not wasted their strength before actual warm weather comes on. "THE AMERICAN GARDENING" ON THE QUESTION OF BEES PUNCTURING FRUIT. In the above-named publication for Feb. 9 there is an article headed " Do Bees Puncture Fruit?" It seems that one B. L. Ryder, in the issue of that paper for Jan. 12, intimated that bees were guilty of "puncturing and feeding on our finest peaches." This was vig- orously denied by Mr. R. E. Huntington, who, among other things, said it was " painfully evident that the writer has not read up much on that subject within the last five years." He also referred to the findings in the case of Utter V. Utter, at Goshen, N. Y. The editor of the American Gardening, in commenting on this, while not assuming to deny or afiirm that bees may puncture fruit, yet says, " The balance of evidence, as we see it, is proof in favor of the bees, and the little insects are honorably acquitted by the editorial court." He also refers to the experiments that were conducted at Aurora, 111., where the bees were confined in a building where there was an abundance of sound fruit ; and yet, although brought to a condition of hunger, thirst, and starvation, they could not be induced in any instance to attack the fruit unless it was first punctured. Besides all the bee-journals, the little bees have on their side such stanch advocates as the Country Gentleman, the Farm Journal, THE new FOUL-BROOD LEGISLATION IN MICHIGAN. I AM pleased to announce that the foul- brood bill which passed the Senate of the Michigan State Legislature has now gone through the House, and at last advices was awaiting the signature of the Governor. If he signs it, as I presume he will, the bill will become a law. Great credit is due to the Hon. George E. Hilton, a former member of the lower House, and who, by the request of bee- keepers, engineered the measure through both Houses. Several times the bill would have been "amended" or " shelved in committee " but for the energetic promptness of our old legislator who insisted on having just what the bee-keepers wanted, and he got it. This piece of legislation was enacted none too soon, for foul brood has of late been mak- ing fearful progress through the State. The old law, now superseded, was defective in that it did not provide for a competent State in- spector under the pay of the State. The bee- keepers of Michigan can now select the best man available ; and such a man, if he be like the inspectors of Wisconsin and New York, will see that a sudden check is placed upon the further spread of the disease. SPRAYING TREES IN BLOOM ; MORE EVI- DENCE AGAINST THE PRACTICE. I HAVE already reported that the Experi- ment Station at Geneva, N. Y., counseled against spraying trees while in bloom ; that it not only killed the bees, but also affected the delicate organs of the flowers ; that in some cases those who had been most active in urg- ing spraying during blooming-time had fuund to their sorrow that such spraying had serious- ly cut down their fruit crops. While these ex- periments were being conducted at Geneva and in that vicinity, the same kind of experi- ments were being carried on at Cornell Uni- versity, N. Y. ; and now we have a report from John Craig, of that station, confirming the findings of the Geneva station. This report is published in the American Gardetiing for April 6. It has been urged by the advocates of spray- ing in bloom, that, during seasons like that of 1900, when the trees are heavily loaded with blossoms, spraying at such times has the effect of thinning away the superabundance of fruit. Regarding this, Mr. Craig very pertinently says : " It seems that, when this admission is made, the strength of the argument is very much weakened. If it is a thinning process, then it could be practiced with safety and ad- vantage only in seasons of heavy bloom." Elsewhere he says, under the head of " Dis- advantages of Spraying while in Bloom," that that the " researches at Cornell and elsewhere have indicated that the copper salts are very injurious to tender tissues ; and that, the more delicate the structure, the more likely is injury to ensue. . . The thinning which follows spraying trees in bloom is probably 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 347 due to the injury to the pistil or stigmatic sur- face by the fungicide." Mr. Craig then men- tions another objection to spraying in bloom ; viz., the " destruction of the bees ; " and then, in giving a reason why such destruction should not take place, he says : "When cross-polli- nation is carried on by the bees, larger fruit will be secured than if self-pollination occurs. . Now, if we cover our apple-blossoms with mixtures which are likely to poison the bees, it seems to me that we shall be using against ourselves a double-edged weapon." When it is remembered that these experiments were begun at the Geneva and Cornell stations at the instigation of the fruit-men, who were anxious to prove that spraying during bloom- ing-time was an advantage, the results, being just the reverse of what was expected, are all the more valuable. MISS mori^ey's honey-makers. In looking over the many different bee- books on our list it would seem that the field is pretty well covered. The beginner, by studying Langstroth, may make himself ac- quainted with all the different phases of bee culture. The more advanced will profit by reading Heddon's "Success in Bee Culture," or by following Dr. Miller for a year. The student can satisfy his thirst after knowledge by perusing the pages of Prof. A. J. Cook's "Guide;" the queen-breeder or the experi- enced honey-producer wishing to breed his own queens will find Doolittle's book on queen-rearing just the thing. The A B C of Bee Culture is an encyclopedia for all, the be- ginner and experienced. So I might go on and name many other good bee-books. Miss Morley, in her late book, " The Hon- ey-makers," fills a vacancy which the honey- producers have not felt. But the laity will be pleased that this vacancy is now filled, for the book is especially adapted to the non-bee- keeper, although this does not imply that the professional may not learn from it. The il- lustrations, particularly those of the external organs of the bee, can not help making it clear to even those who know nothing about this wonderful insect, what the organs are for, and how they are used. The whole book is written in such a pleasing, unique, and fasci- nating style as to lead the reader on and on so he will not rest until it is read clear through. The first chapter gives a general outlining of the structure, habits, products, and mission of the honey-bee. The next 20 pages are de- voted to the bee's tongue, which at present re- ceives so much attention from the bee-keep- ers. The illustrations of this organ are so nearly tjerfect as to give the reader a very clear conception of the workings of this won- derful organ through which all the honey, stored for us, must pass. Chapter 3 describes eyes, antennae, and brain ; chapter 4, the wings ; chapter 5, the legs. The reader will be informed that the six legs of the bee are not so many sticks to prop up the body of the bee, but that each one consists of many parts, forming a very complicated piece of mechan- ism, intended for various uses. After the external organs are described, the writer makes the reader acquainted with the inner organs. Then the different members of the bee-family are described; further on, the whole as one family. The different uses of honey in this and oth- er countries are explained ; many wonderful things are told regarding the customs of the ancients in the line of using honey. Many extracts from Hindu bee-literature, and that from Egypt and other eastern countries, are given. Much space is devoted to showing what knowledge the Greeks and Romans had of the physiology of the honey-bee. The book will be an ornament in any library. May it find many readers, and thus dissemi- nate bee knowledge among the general public. It may be the means of dispersing prejudice, and establishing a better feeling between the bee-keepers and those who can see in the bee only a disturbing elem.ent. This book is published by A. C. McClurg & Co., Chicago. It contains 400 pages, well illustrated, acd the price is $1.50. It can be supplud from this cffice. DAVITTE'S tent for CONTROI.I.ING THE MATING OF QUEENS. In our issue for March 16, page 247, I de- scribed the Davitte method of controlling the mating of queens, as given in the February issue of the Bee-keepers^ Review; and through the courtesy of that paper I am able to repro- duce that illustration showing the fertilizing- tent that Mr. Davitte recommends, and de- scribed by him as follows: I would secure 12 tall poles. I would have them at least 30 feet long— 40 would be better. These I would plant firmly in the ground, 12 feet apart in a circle. From pole to pole, at the top, I would stretch No. 10 wire to keep the poles true and in place. I would also brace the poles from the inside; and the braces would be allowed to go up 20 feet on the inside, as the drones use only the upper part of the tent. At the top of the poles I would also stretch No. 10 wire ^rom each pole to its opposite neighbor, thus strengthening the structure and furnishing support for the covering that goes over the top. I strengthen every seam of my netting by stitching on a strip of bridle-rein stuff about an inch in width. This allows me to stretch the covering very even and tight without tearing it. Common boards can be used around the bottom to the height of five or six feet. At noon the tent should have the appearance of a sun-palace. The secret of success, according to Mr. Da- vitte, lies in keeping the workers out of the cage, as they have a tendency to annoy drones. As 1 explained in Gleanings, this is accompli'shed by placing the hives around the tent as shown in the cut, each hive hav- ing two entrances, one communicating with the inside of the inclosure, and the other out- doors. The former is closed several days, or until the workers become thoroughly accus- tomed to the outside entrance, and then is opened to admit the drones from 1 1 o'clock till 1:30. After a little the drones begin fly- ing inside of the inclosure, forming a "school" in the air, and, nine times out of ten, they will, according to Mr. Davitte, meet the queen on the wing before she reaches the top of the cage. But the tent proposed by Mr. Davitte is 348 GIvKANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 15 very large and expensive, and one must have reasonable assurance that such a structure will accomplish the result desired before he can afford to put one up. While I believe it will work, is it not possible that a smaller tent will do ? Mr. Thaddeus Smith, of Pelee Island, Can- ada, calls my attention to an article written by W. R. King, in the American Bee Journal for 1872, page 177. In this article I find that Mr. King employed practically the same prin- ciples recommended by Mr. Davitte, except that his fertilizing-house was only 6x8, and 8 feet high. This structure was boarded up two feet from the bottom, then covered the rest of the way up with cloth. The top was surmounted by a cone-shaped calico roof. He says he succeeded in having "many queens fertilized last season by the foregoing method, carrying out every manoeuvre just as I have presented them." But he scouts the idea, which at that time was being talked of a good deal, of the possibility of queens being fertilized in the hive. He says : " When any man tells you he has had queens fertilized in the hive, and four at a time, just tell him for me that he says — what's not true." As soon as the weather opens up, and we can get drones, we will try the small house ; then if that will not do we will try the larger structure. There are several other old articles on this subject of fertilizing in confinement if one wishes to pursue the subject further.^ One MR. J. S. DAVITTE'S TENT FOR CONTROIvLING THE MATING OF QUEENS. Mr. King, in several places in the article referred to, emphasizes the importance of keeping the workers out of the Jertilizing- rootn. He considers this so important that he has put the statement in one form or an- other in several places in italics. . But his manner of keeping workers out of the tent was somewhat different. He put young drones, that had never flown, on some frames of hatching worker - brood. These frames were confined in a wire-cloth cage over a strong colony for four or five days. The drones were then released in the aforesaid room together with young queens of the right age. As the workers were too young to fly, Mr. King says none but drones and queens would be in the air. And now for results : was written by G. M. Doolittle March 11, 1871 — see the Amer. Bee Journal for that year, page 258. On the same page, and the one next following, are two more articles on the subject — one from Mr. R. M. Argo, and an- other from L. Iv Langstroth. In the same is- sue there is an editorial on the subject by Samuel Wagner. It is well to remember that, a few years aft- er these articles were published, the idea of having queens fertilized in cages, or in con- finement, was regarded as a universal failure ; and the probabilities are that we to-day shall meet with no better results ; but in a matter of such importance as this I believe that we should grasp even at straws ; for peradventure we inay in these latter days meet with success. 1901 GLKANIXGS IN BKK CULTURK. 549 OUR homes; BY A.I. ROOT. Thou Shalt not covet thy neighbor's house, thou shall not covet thy neighbor's wife, nor his niau- servant. nor his maid-servant, nor his ox, nor his ass, nor any thing that is thy nei^'hbor's. — Ex. 20:17. Our pastor, Rev. Jesse Hill, has been giving us a series of sermons on the ten command- ■nients. I heard the first of them before I went to Florida, and I was fortunate enough to catch the last after my return home. In the outset he surprised and somewhat startled me by remarking that God gave us nine com- mandments in regard to our actions — thou shalt not do so and so. The tenth and the last is the only one that presumes to dictate to humanity what its thoughts shall be. This much, or this suggestion, is from my pastor. The rest of my talk may include something of his sermon, but will be mostly on a line of my own. Most people would say one has a right to .think about what he pleases, or, in other words, it is nobody's business what you think about or what your thoughts are. But this commandment teaches us that God, the great Father above, has really undertaken to tell us what we are permitted to think and what not. Of course, we may say we are going to think what we please, no matter what the Bible says or what the ten commandments say. We may do this ; but if we do, then we must decide we are not in obedience to the great Father, and that we are not one of his people — certainly not his obedient child. I confess it has troubled me almost all my life to understand the expression so often brought up from Holy Writ, that we are all sinners ; but when I come to think we may sin in thought, without doing any thing else at all, then I begin to comprehend that hu- manity as we find it is really born in sin and born to sin. In fact, Job tells us that " man is born to trouble as the sparks to fly upward." If the word "trouble" may be understood to mean evil, I think I shall agree with Job.* If evil thoughts never went any further than just .thotights alone, no one would be particularly harmed, except, perhaps, the one who does the thinking ; but we all learn the sad fact, sooner or later, that evil thoughts are only the com- mencement or start of evil actions. The thief, the robber, the murderer, must go through a series, and sometimes a long series, of evil thoughts before these thoughts ever ripen and blossom into crime. The sin of covetousness is an index of character. It soon begins to pervade the whole person. It is a low-lived, low-mannered, ungenerous, disgraceful sin. Oh how many times I have seen it lead even young people astray ! I have seen jealousy get a lodging-place in the hearts of even chil- * Paul throws some light on this matter in an ex- pression I never understood until just now, which we find in Romans 7:7 : " Nay, I had not known sin but ■by the law: for I had not known lust except the law Ihad said. Thou shalt not covet." dren. I have seen it get so dominant it seem- ed an almost utter impossibility to make the sufferer see the source of all his troubles. The young people in our employ sometimes come to me and complain that others are getting more pay than they, when they (the speakers) do nearly twice the amount of work. After having heard their version of the case I » ften say, " Why, my young friend, you are letting this thing that has got into your heart not only make you unhappy, but spoil your val- ue." Then I explain to them as well as pos- sible the mistakes they are making in looking with a jealous eye on some bright, happy, wideawake, go-ahead fellow-woikman. Jealousy and covetousness blind people. A man once said to me, "Mr Root, your own observation must have convinced you that I am doing more work for the pay I get than any other man in your establishment." Kow, this poor foolish man had been looking with jealous eyes at A, B, and C, and comparing them with himself ; and Satan had whispered to him that he was smarter and more useiul to the business than any one else there, and that he was getting less pay than any one of them. The only way I could convince him of his error was to advise him to get a job some- where else with somebody who had no preju- dice against him in the way he insisted I was prejudiced ; for, to tell the truth, he was, per- haps, the most unprofitable man I had at the time. But this covetous spirit does not end here. Again and again it has urged people on to crime — yes, women as well as men ; and many a time the guilty one has excused himself by saying, when he found out Ihere was no chance of getting what he had justly earned, he took the liberty of appropriating what he thought would make it "about right." But when Satan succeeds in getting into a man's heart along the line of this tenth com- mandment he does not stop with the pretense of making things yinV. Yesterday's paper told us that in the neighboring town of Chardon five men broke into a bank in the niij;ht. They bound and gagged the night watchman, and then did the same thing to a phjsician who was out late at night. They threatened these two with instant death if they tried to get away or made the slightest nr ise. I do not suppose they pretended to justify themselves in what they were going to do. In blowing open the building and the safe they used a dozen or more charges of nitro glycerine. Of course, the citizens were awakened, and at- tempted resistance ; but these five men, armed to the death, held them at bay. They retreat- ed under a fusillade of bullets, got away on a hand-car, and escaped. They took their lives in their hands, and at a terrible risk ; or, we might say, with terrible odds against them — in fact, with a probability that one or more of them would be killed, they wrecked the best buildings in the town, and actually blew open one of the best safes that is made in the world. They did not care how many lives they took ; they did not care how many fine and expen- sive buildings they wrecked. They did not even care if the money they coveted was the 350 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 15 earnings of poor, honest, industrious people. Had somebody told them this money belonged to poor women, say teachers and widows (per- haps washer-wometi), if they gave an honest answer they would have replied, "That does not make any difference to us. We do not care whose money it is nor how they came by it, nor how much suffering the loss of it would occasion. We have no regard nor care for anybody. We want money, and we are going to have it, no matter who is wronged and injured and made to go hungry." As 1 write, three men have been arrested, whom there is good reason to believe are a part of the guilty five. Of course, they do not admit their guilt at this stage of the proceed- ings. Later on they may admit it. Some- times such men confess their crime. If such a man does make an honest confession I'd like to ask him to tell me honestly and conscientiously what use he intended to make of the money — what caused him to long for something that belonged to somebody else to such an extent that he would risk life, reputation, and every thing else to get it. I never had a chance to ask a criminal such a question; but from what we can learn through the papers, of this class, I am led to believe it would be that he wanted it for tobacco, drink, and gambling. I believe these men usually lose the greater part by gambling in a short time. Drink and like excesses are too slow. Satan must furnish some way in which this money which cost so much can be sunk in an hour or a minute. Sometimes we say, in considering the num- ber of terrible crimes like the one I have men- tioned, that there is only one man in thou- sands who would do such a thing, and that there is only one in a great many thousand who really wants money that belongs to some- body else. Oh dear me ! I wish this were true. Even though the bank robbers get caught, and a large part of them sent to the penitentiary, it does seem to me as if this thing were growing. A few get off scot free, with large booty ; and this encourages others to undertake similar work. Let us now think of a good man in contrast — a man who has been scrupulously honest and upright — yes, one who has been generous, and ready to divide his honest earnings, often- times, with people who are lazy and shiftless — that is, when he finds them in trouble. Let us contrast the good man — or shall we say the Christian man? — with the robber. What an enormous gulf lies between the two extremes ! In a little tract sent out a few days ago, the story was told of some soldiers in olden time who were out on a march during a fierce blizzard. A larger part of the company died through starvation and cold. Their gallant and courageous captain, who was greatly be- loved by the remnant of the little band, final- ly told his men they would have to give up ; that for his part he would have to lie down and sleep, even if he knew that that sleep was death. He went to sleep, and, as he sup- posed, so did his few faithful followers. But after he lost consciousness these few men de- liberately stripped themselves of their cloth- ing, placed it over and under their captain so that he awoke to life in the morning. But the first thing that met his gaze was the sight of his comrades frozen in death. They stripped themselves, and died, that he might live, even as Jesus deliberately chose death on the cross, the helpless victim, as they supposed, of his persecutors. He died that they might live. Now, we know that all through the ages there have been cases like this. Not only mothers but fathers have cheerfully accepted death that loved ones might be saved. Every little while we see illustrations of how some good generous soul suffered and died for the sake of some one else — sometimes, but rarely, even to save an enemy. Yes, there is something Godlike in human- ity. There is something grand, unselfish, and noble. Sometimes we find exhibitions of this unselfish and noble attitude of heart, even where we least expect it. Now contrast it, if you please, with an unfeeling, selfish crimi- nal. These cases of terrible depravity are often found among the tramp classes. It was suggested that the affair at Chardon was the work of a gang of tramps. Skeptics have railed at the passages in the New Testament, describing a state or stage of humanity where Satan holds possession — demoniac possession, it is sometimes called. How can any thing else explain the awful depravity of some hu- man beings alive at the present day, except that Satan has entered into their hearts and obtained complete possession and control, driv- ing out every thing else ? These tramps or ruffians would strike down a refined and intel- ligent woman just to get her pocketbook. They would sirike down an honest hard-work- ing mechanic, or perhaps maim him or send him to the insane-asylum for the rest of his life, just to get possession of a few dollars of his hard earnings. Yes, and may God help us, there are worse people in this world of ours ; yes, even now at the very commence- ment of this new century, than any thing I have described. Let us go back to our text : It says, "Thou shalt not covet thy neigh- bor's house." This means that you must not become envious of somebody who has suc- ceeded in getting a better home than yours, even if a chance should offer so that you could legally drive him out and get his fine home for yourself and famil^^ You would not think of doing it. But the next sentence in the text tells us, " Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's wifey I hardly need call attention to the fact that just now there seems to be a mania for striking down unprotected women — that is, where they can not be rendered helpless other- wise, simply that th-ese wretches I have been describing might minister to a passion that suj-ely had its origin in the bottomless pit. Of course, swift punishment has been meted out b}' an indignant public ; and let me right here point to one result this swift punishment, without judge or jurj', has brought. The criminal now recognizes that, if his victim lives to identify him, he will be strung up to the nearest tree, or burned at the stake ; there- fore of recent date this man, be he white or black, who is possessed of that particular spirit of evil, finishes up as a murderer. 1901 GIvEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 351 A few years ago our courts at law dealt with a crime called rape. But that is gone by now, or is fast going by. In its place we have " as- sault and Dturder.'^ A jury trial, even if it resulted in hanging or electrocution, would be less likely to urge the criminal to add murder to his other crime. You may say, in extenuation, that those who commit this new form of crime are the offscourings of humanity — they do not deserve to live, and the best thing the world can do is to kill them off as soon as possible after they are once spotted. I presume the people who recommend this sort of treatment would have them shot as we shoot mad dogs, without any more scruple, and for the same reason — to protect innocent people engaged here and there in honest industry and employment. Let us see about this. I have alluded to the case of Jennie Boschiter, the factory-girl who was murdered in Paterson, N. J., last summer. In this case the murderers were not the off- scourings of humanity like mad dogs or some- thing of that sort, but they were four so-called respectable men. One of them was the hus- band of a young wife, and recently married. These four men claimed that they did not mean to poison the girl. But will somebody tell us which was to be preferred — death, or such a life as would have remained for her to live (supposing they had done as they plan- ned) had it not ended in death? And then there is an intimation in that awful detail, as the papers gave it, that that was no new thing with those men or that class of men if you choose. They were in the habit of finding some unprotected factory girl — one who had no father or big brothers, for instance, say some widow's daughter, and drugging her, and, if she did not die, thinking it was only a small matter.* By the way, some very good people, or people who call themselves good, criticise this old Bible of ours by saying there are many things in it that had better be left out. I do not know but I have heard people say ♦Thank God that this terrible crime seems destined, not only to wake up the men of our land but the wo- men also. See the following, which we take from the last number of the American Issue : The Paterson, New .Jersey, episode, whereb.v one .voung woman was lured to her death and four "societ.v" dissolutes found guilty and sentenced to the penitentiary, three for 30 years each and one for l.") years, is bearing fruit in the city of Trenton, in the same State. 1 At a meeting of the Business Girls' Club, one young wo- TDBJi declared that "if the gay young men of this city want wives, they must give up beer,'' and following this announce- ment 97 girls signed the following pledge : " I hereby promise not to keep comijany with or marry any man who is not a total abstainer from the use of all intoxi- cating liquors, including wine, beer, and cider: and I prom- ise to abstain from the same myself. I will not marry a man to save him." Says the Youngstown I'indicator : " The young women who signed the foregoing [iledge rep- resent everv class of fduc.iti-d lin-ad-wi nners. and a large percentage of the really ilcsirahle girls of the city. Tin- Pat- erson sensation and several similar, but not fatal, cases here, led to the meeting that resulted in the promulgation of the pledge. " The young men about town take the matter seriously, and several engagements were put in the balance by the movement. It is expected that at least 3IX) young women will sign the pledge. " Should the formation of such societies, and pledge-sign- ing, become an epidemic, and spread over the country as did tlu' old WashiiigtoTiian niovemi-nt years ago in the cause of ■itemperanci', there woulil follow a falling-oil of revenue to the government in the sale of brewers' stamps." that this tenth commandment is all very well as it reads about the neighbor's house, servant, live stock, etc.; but that there is no particular need of shocking everybody and making it unfit for children, by putting in that clause about the neighbor's wife. To me it is some- thing wonderful to think this old Bible fits and hits the state of affairs century after cen- tury as the years go by. The words, " neigh- bor's wife," are, of course, intended to cover his daughter {especially if that^ daughter be only a child), his sister, or mother, or any family relative. The crime of this century — perhaps I may say the entire crimes of the new century — is the outcome of violating this tenth commandment. The breaking com- menced away back. When our dailies give us the details of crime we almost always say, if we look carefully, that the thing started away back. The man became greedy and over- reaching. He got among bad companions. He became hostile to Christian people and to Bible teachings, especially the ten command- ments— perhaps we might say the tenth one. For a time he tried to excuse himself, but finally he gave himself wholly over to Satan ; and if he had a little success to encourage him, say in the way of legal robbery, he finally and deliberately plans running away with something belonging to the best friends he has in the world ; and then it is but a step further, especially when nobody will trust him with any thing, to plan to blow up a safe so as to get the tax returns that hard-working farmers have brought in in little dribs — brought in to supply a fund for schoolhouses, good roads, public improvements, and every thing that is conducive to the best interests and happiness of humanity. I have not touched on men in public office who turn traitor to their constituents, and accept bribes, or purloin the money that com- munity at large has intrusted to their care. Peter once said to Simon the sorcerer, " Thy heart is not right in the sight of God;" and it has occurred to me again and again that these people who prove recreant to the trust imposed on them by the people were like poor Simon. Their hearts are not right in the sight of God, and perhaps never have been. I presume I have said enough about tobacco, drink, and gambling ; but may I be excused for saying right here that, if we could or would put men into office who could not be induced either to stnoke, drink, or gamble, we should have better times all around ? But what a terrible uproar it would make if such a thing were undertaken — yes, even in Kansas ! and may God bless the Kansas people, even if they have "gone too fast" or too far in the way of reform, as some of the wise (?) editors of the great dailies tell us. I want to confess that, so far in my life, I have, by some strange omission, neglected this tenth commandment. It seems just now, as I read it over and over, that obedience to this one commandment alone would Christianize the world, or at least give it a terrible cleansing, if it did Jiot lead all mankind to the feet of Christ Jesus, the Lamb of God that taketh away the sin of the world. 352 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 15 m) NOTES or TRAVLL < BY . . A. I. ROOT. **te Taking up my travels from where I left off in tlie last issue, after we got well out of sight of the old castle, my companion, Mr. Brjwn, commenced something like this: "Mr. Root, did the mail -carrier say any thing to you about my house being haunted?" " No, he did not mention it ; but while I was looking it over on the evening of my ar- rival, waiting for you to come home, I made up my mind that something of this sort was at the bottom of finding such a place away out here in the wilderness, so thoroughly equipped and furnished with every thing." " Well, Mr. Root, since you are not likely to go back there again, at least not right away, I think I shall have to tell you that a great part of the people around here could not pos- sibly be induced to step foot into that house, especially to go in after nightfall. Some years ago the owner of the place was found dead in that sime house, under very peculiar circum- stances." "What did he die of?" "Well, he died in the very room you occu- pied last night, and, as nearly as we can make out, of the very same trouble you had, or some- thing very much like it." "Look here, Mr. Brown, this begins to sound a little supernatural. What sort of a man was he ? What were his habits ? ' ' " Well, to tell the truth he was an intemper- ate man, and the wine cellar and its contents might have had something to do with it." When I was in such distress the night be- fore, it did occur to me that Dr. Dowie says all sickness is of the Devil ; and I confess it was an easy thing to imagine that Satan then had me in his clutches for sure. In any case, my earnest and honest prayers to Him who has been casting out Satan ever since the be- ginning of the world were not, in my case, out of place. I said Mr. Brown was located away out in the wilderness. Well, so he is. But after driving through the woods a little more than a mile we came in view of one of these sad- den contrasts that are often met in Florida. It was a beautiful oasis, not in the desert, but in the wilderness. Years ago a canal was pro- jected, and quite a good deal of money spent in cutting it through the swampy lands, with the view of running boats clear up to Palatka. The project was carried out until the canal ex- tended some little distance beyond Bulow. Well, on the side of this canal Mr. Knox has planted not only some fine orange-groves, but has built one of the most beautiful resi- dences in Florida. I had to rub my eyes and look again to be sure I was not dreaming when I first caught a glimpse of the beautiful place. Where every thing else all around was woods, swamp, and the home of the wild fowl and the waterfowl, all at once we find a beautiful home with all modern appliances. The green lawn dotted with rare and beautiful exotic plants — plants that brought forth exclama- tions of surprise at every turn — seemed too pretty to be reality. As this locality is subject to frost, many of the plants were protected with cotton cloth, boxes made of light wood veneer, and some of them with neat structures covered with oil- ed paper. And- here I commenced getting my first ideas in regard to protection from frost in Florida. Of course, since the severe freeze of six years ago many experiments have been made. I was astonished to hear Mr. Knox tell me, as others told me repeatedly after- ward, that cotton cloth alone, even in the form of a square box or tent, is no protection from the frost whatever — in fact, that trees are oft- en injured worse under the cloth than those with no protection at all. With the tent or box, or any such covering, there must be at least a little artificial heat inside, and the cheapest way of furnishing this for individual trees is coal-oil lamps or a cheap form of lamp made especially for protecting trees of differ- ent sizes. Another thing, there must be a ven- tilating-hole at the top. Where one has, say, an acre of trees to look after, he can not very well examine each lamp every hour to know the temperature ; and sometimes more harm is done the trees by too much heat than by too little. Now, aside from quite a good-sized orchard where each tree had its own box or tent, Mr. Knox has one solid acre under protection. Around the outside is a tight board fence 18 feet high. Overhead are cloth curtains supported by a light framework of wood and galvanized wire. The cloth is in strips, say six or eight feet wide. Well, by- suitable mechanism each strip of cloth is pull- ed up or shoved up together so that the top is virtually open to the sky. Now by a suitable mechanical contrivance these cloth strips can be spread out or gathered up in four or five minutes, simply by the power exerted by one man. This one man winds the wire on a sort of capstan by walking around as a horse goes around in an old-fashioned cider-mill. Now, inside of the one-acre shed there are piles of dry wood ; and when the top is closed, or nearly so, by spreading out the cloth strips, a very little fire at different points inside of the shed will raise the temperature so as to hold in check effectually any freeze yet known in Florida. Mr. Knox said this structure was going to cost him, if I remember correctly, something over $1000. W. S. Hart, at Hawks Park, who lives quite a way further south, has something similar that cost less than half as much.* At this place, Bulow, I first saw an arrange- ment for making the artesian water pump water of a better quality. Most of the arte- sian water tastes strongly of sulphur and sometimes of other minerals ; but the volume *As we get further south, instead of a covering overhead that can be opened and closed they make simply a slatted roof, say a three-inch slat and then a three-inch space. Sometimes the space is made nar- rower than this. Well, these slatted roofs with a lit- tle fire inside answer every purpose, and the expense of constant manipulation of the overhead covering is saved. In a future issue I will give some pictures of a similar arrangement, although on a smaller scale, for covering pineapples. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 355 is so great it is an easy matter to have it run a water-wheel, and this water-wheel works a pump that pumps from shallow wells or cis- terns into a tank to be used anywhere on the premises. At Ormond we saw more or less orange-trees containing fruit right out in the open air ; and, by the way, the past winter has been the mildest one known since the big freeze of six years ago. Many of the Florida people are beginning to have faith that they are going to have a series of winters no worse than they had for several years before the big frost. On my former trip I spoke of the beautiful town of Daytona. Instead of stopping at Or- mond to see the doctor, we went on to Day- tona where we spent the night. This is one of the handsomest places in Florida. Resi- dences, stores, streets, and every thing, are models Although it has more than 3000 in- habitants, there is not a saloon in the place, never has been, and many of the people declare positively there never shall be. There is no drunkenness there ; and as you go about the town at any time of day you see no roughs or toughs. You hear no cursing, and it seemed to me there was but comparatively little to- bacco used. Driving out the saloons, you see, also drives away the tobacco habit, or at least a large part of it. Am I not right ? Daytona has her streets, walks, and every thing else beautifully adapted to the use of wheels ; and somebody told me that, with a population of only 3000, they at one time counted up i^oo wheels owned in the place. As a consequence, you see not only boys and girls going everywhere on wheels, but old men and old women seem to ride with much ease and enjoyment. Let me go a little further, and tell you there are four automobiles in the place, used almost constantly for carrying passengers. In order to save time I wanted to get over to Port Orange very early in the morning, only five miles away ; and as the liverymen wanted $1.50 to carry me there, I asked what it would cost me by automobile. The reply was that it would be 30 cts. if I waited till they had five passengers ; but I wanted them to start by 7 o'clock so as to catch Mr. Case before he went off to any of his out-apiaries. Now, $1.50 is a pretty big price to pay for being car- ried only five miles ; but I had never ridden in an automobile, and it occurred to me it would be a rather fine thing to swing around to my friends' home early in the morning in an automobile. The landlord did not think they would get out their machine by 7 o'clock, even if they did promise to ; but it was up before the hotel right on the minute, and then friend Brown and myself took our seats. I do not know but the driver guessed I was a Yankee before we made the five miles, which took us just 22 minutes. When about half way to Port Orange we met a man driving a white horse. He reined up by ♦^he fence in order to let us pass. Now, Mr. Brown says he told me that the man looked like Mr. J. B. Case, but I did not hear his remark. In fact, I was so in- tent on watching that automobile, and in ask- ing questions, that I did not notice the coun- try round about, nor any thing else. In due time we were at Port Orange. We went up to a store and inquired for the residence of Mr. Case. Pretty soon we were the center of an admiring group of juveniles, and some old- er people as well, who followed us to ihe Case residence. After Mrs. Case had extended .to me a kindly welcome she looked troubled, and explained that her husband and daughter had just gone to Daytona. Friend Brown here interrupted by saying : "Why, Mr. Root, that was Mr. Case we passed. Don't you remember a man with a white horse, with a nice-looking girl by his side in the buggy ? As we passed them I told you I thought that was Mr. Case, but I guess you didn't hear me." "Why, friend Brown, I saw a white horse and somebody driving, but my mind must have been entirely occupied by that automo- bile, for sure, for I did not see the driver nor (strangest of all) any girl at all." Well, the automobile was awaiting my com- mands. I had hired it for an hour. I asked the man if he could catch the rig with the white horse before they got to Daytona. He replied that he could catch any horse that " ever made tracks " before it could go half that distance. So friend Brown and I got back into the carriage, and we started on a race with a man who had two miles the start of us. The driver undertook to turn too short, or else he imprudently ran into a bank of sand. The automobile balked. Friend Brown and I got out, but still it balked. By lifting on the wheels we finally got it out of the sand;, but about that time something else happened; but before telling about it I wish to digress a little. Some time last summer when the grand- children and I were out in front of our home I thought I would show them some " tricks " I learned when a boy, of a sleight of-hand performer. I tossed into the air a rather heavy enameled basin. This I caught on the point of a stick, and soon had it spinning like a top. Then I said to the boys, " Now, boys, I am going to show you a trick that is very difiicult. In fact, I have seen but one other man in all my life who could do it." I then threw up the basin, intending to catch it on the point of my stick as before. But something went wrong, and it struck me on the nose. It came pretty near knocking me down. I dropped the basin and stick, and started for the house. One of the boys went off giggling. The other one afterward ir form- ed his mother that he " shouldn't wonder if God let the basin strike grandpa on the nose as a punishment for bragging." Now, I did not think I was bragging when I told the boys I had never seen any person except one besides myself succeed in spinning a plate in the way I could do it, or at least used to do it when I was a boy, but I guess my young grandsons' reproof was a rather just one after all. Even grandfathers should be careful about brag- ging. Well, when I rode into the town of Port Orange on an automobile I do not know but I felt a little proud — not, surely, of myself — 354 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 15 but of this great invention just coming out at the dawn of the present century ; and had Howard been present when we were getting that automobile out of the sand I do not know but he would have said again, " May be God thought best to punish grandfather for want- ing to ' show off.' " Well, I was not trying to show off at the time I got my punishment, but perhaps I was a little in that line, just before. Two years ago, as some of you may remember, I got a "crick " in my back while lifting an iron pipe, and then stayed out in the mud and rain until I caught cold. Well, when I lifted on the wheels of that automobile, all at once I got another crick right in the well-remembered spot. But we got the machine started ; and I thought that, if I kept real still, may be it would not last very long. We put after the white horse ; but we had lost some time, as I have explained, and then we lost some more time in making inquiries. Although we made the five miles in 18 minutes we did not see Mr. Case and his white horse. We went all over the town and looked everywhere, and finally gave it up. So my $1.50 was gone and here I was still in Daytona. I had been long- ing for a bicycle-ride over those beautiful streets, and so I got a wheel and was soon (in spite of the "crick " ) back again in Port Or- ange. The wheel cost 50 cents, and it cost 55 cents more to express it back : so you see my short cuts to get ahead of the railway were pretty expensive (82 55) after all. Well, after I had had a good nap, the white horse, with my friend Case and his nice-look- ing daughter by his side, got around. Miss Case helps her father with the bees ; and they two together rear not only more queens than anybody else in Florida, but I think their queens give about as good satisfaction as any reared in Florida or any other State. It was a bright warm day, and I enjoyed looking over the bees and watching them bring in their immense loads of variously colored pol- len. Before I dismiss the automobile, permit me to say the owners of the four machines are making arrangements to make regular trips to Daytona and surrounding towns. They issue coupons. Below is a copy of one of them. THE DAYTONA TRACTION CO. CASH FARE COUPON. Good for One Mile or any portion thereof. . Not Good if detached. No. 291. These coupons are good for one mile, and cost 5 cents each. If one of the machines passes you anywhere in the country, and you have a coupon in your pocket, you can ride a mile or as many miles as you choose, at the uniform rate of 5 cents a mile.* * Oh, yes ! about my punishment. When I was rid- ing a wheel or walking along the street the trouble in tny back did not amount to much ; but when I sat down, for even only a moment, I found it next to im- possible to get up without limping and making a wry face ; and I was obliged to explain to the friends for some days afterward the cause of my malady, and apologize to them for getting up and starting out with such great deliberation. S:me of you may ask why I In a garden in Port Orange we saw beauti- ful strawberries full of buds, blossoms, and ripe fruit. In the same place I saw some ex- ceedingly ornamental foliage-plants. I be- lieve they call it Chinese mustard. It is grown as a sort of salad. My next stopping-place was New Smyrna. I started down the street to find a wheel to hunt up my bee-keeping friends, when some- body who was riding past on a wheel sang out, "Hello there ! " I stopped and replied, " Well, what is it? " "Oh! nothing, " said the stranger ; "but I wanted to speak to you a minute." Then I thought his voice sounded familiar. It was our irrepressible friend J. Y. Detwiler. If you do not know friend Detwiler, just get into his neighborhood and you will know him pretty soon. He peremptorily bade me come right along with him. He rides a wheel when on the land, and when on the water he rows a boat, taking his wheel along with him in the boat. His own little girl and two others were with us in the boat. Just before we embarked the obliging keeper of the refreshment stand near the landing gave the children a pineapple that was getting to be a little overripe. They thought it was not a very good one ; but when a slice was passed to me just then and there, I should have pronounced the pineapple the greatest gift God ever gave to man in the way of fruit. I was just getting over my sickness enough to appreciate it, and had begun to re- gain my appetite. I suppose you know /am a great talker. Well, Mr. Detwiler is some- thing oi a talker himself (I can imagine a broad smile on the faces of his friends and ac- quaintances when they read this). Mr. D. is not so much of a bee keeper just now, because he has another hobby. Most bee- keepers are given to hobbies more or less. Well, his present hobby Ksfish ; and his special theme is to give the great wide world more fish and better fish than it Las ever had before in any stage of human history. The State of Florida has already appointed him State Food Commissioner ; and the United States itself has entrusted to his care millions of little fishes already (this is a true story, and I mean just what I say) to be entrusted to waters both salt and fresh that are outside and inside of Florida everywhere. While we were crossing the water he began explaining to me the val- uable qualities of different varieties of clams; but I cut him short by telling him I tried to eat clams once when I was down east — (clear down to "Bosting," in fact); but, although I admired and enjoyed almost every thing around the Hub of the universe, I did not en- joy or admire clams. Friend D. did not say did not have some pain-killer liniment ("arnica" or " witch-hazel " ) with me. Well, I have tried all of these things so highly recommended by almost every- body ; but, to tell the honest truth, I can not see that they have any effect whatever one way or the other. The rubbing, of course, does good ; and if the medi- cine is strong enough to raise a blister or even a slight counter-irritation, of course that helps for the time being. But my opinion is that hot water, as hot as you can bear it (or a little more so, perhaps) , is just as good as any liniment ever invented. If I make a mis- take, and these bottles of stuff in the drugstores pos- sess real virtues, may God and my fellow-men help me to sec my mistake. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 355 any thing, but started off on another branch of the fish business. At supper the first course ■was some sort of soup. It looked a Httle like oyster broth. I was feeling a little faint, and longing for something nourishing and easy of digestion. Malted milk, it seemed to me then, would be just the thing ; but this broth or soup at friend Detwiler's was more delicious, nutritious, and nourishing than any thing else in that line I ever tasted in all my life. Yes, I think that is so, come to think of it very deliberately. You see I am finding ^Z'^rv day something better than I ever found before. That is one of the grand things about this world God has given us to live in. I looked across the table at my wideawake friend, and saw he was watching me. "Well, Bro. A. I., what do you think of that sort of soup, any way ? " I told him just what I have told you. " Oh ! you do think it is nice, do you ? And yet you are the chap who would not listen when I talked about clams for food." " Why, friend Detwiler, you do not mean to say this is clam broth ? " "Yes, Mr. Root, that is exactly what I do say. This broth was made from a little bit of clam with shells about as large as a pea or bean. People around here call them peri- winkles ; but that is not the correct name. This is a salt-water clam, and there are beds of them where you can scoop them up with a scoop-shovel — bushels of them if you want them. Mash them up and they make the best chicken feed in the world— eggs and shell both at one feed. Wash oflF the salt water, mash them up, stew out the meat portion, strain the broth from the shells, and you have the deli- cious soup you are eating now, which certain- ly is the finest soup in the world, and the most nourishing and wholesome for people of weak digestion. If it could be put up and put on the market as a food for invalids I verily be- lieve it would take the place of every thing else in the whole wide world." A part of friend Detwiler's scheme is to in- troduce this periwinkle clam in thousands of places where it will thrive and flourish. And, by the way, before I forget it, let me tell you what friend Brown said about Mr. Detwiler. He said he was working with all his character- istic energy and zeal for the fish business throughout Florida, but that so far the State had never paid him a copper in the way of salary, and he had not much encouragement to think it ever will. The railroads are recog- nizing his value at large, and have given him free passes ; and they also help unload his fishes, and place them where he wants them. As yet, friend Detwiler has the happy con- sciousness of having a job where he " works for nothing and boards himself." After supper he said, " Mr. Root, would you like to see such a net as Peter had in his hand when the Savior bade him cast his net on the other side? " " Why, yes, I shouldX\^^\.o see such a net." " Well, here is a cast net. Very likely it is pretty much the same thing as was used by the fishermen on the sea of Galilee, when the Savior was present. It is called a ' cast net ' because it is thrown with the hand by a pecul- iar motion." Then he picked up the apparatus and start- ed out in the dooryard to show me how it was used. Finally he said, "Why, look here, we might as well go out on the landing." So we walked along out in the darkness. The net was circular, like a big umbrella. Around the outer edge were fastened leaden weights with a cord attached to the center. As friend D. took one edge of the net in his teeth and ask- ed us to stand back a little so he could get a swing I said, " Why, you can not get any fish right up close to the shore, can you ? " " Well, probably not, but I might strike one." Suiting the action to the word he gave the machine a sling and a whirl. It spread out like a parachute in the air, and then dropped with a chug into the water, the leaden weights sinking it to the bottom. As he began to pull in slowly on the rope, a bystander suggested it had got caught on a root or something else. Friend D. said they did not have roots around in there. Then he began to haul up what was evidently a stump or an object of some kind about as large as the rim of your hat. When he landed it on the boards beside us, then, oh my ! what a flopping there was ! He said it was not the very best kind of fish, but he thought it would do very well for breakfast. It was what they call in Florida a "sheep- head." It looks like what we here in the North call a sunfish, only it has brilliant bars across its sides, painting it something like a zebra. Then my friend had to show me the scientific way of preparing a fish for the fry- ing-pan. He scaled it in a very few moments, then made a few cuts at just the right spot with his knife, and removed one whole side of the fish, clear of the bones and every thing else — just clean meat. "There," said he, " you see how quickly it is done. Now, that side of the meat is all ready for the frying-pan ; or you can hang it up under proper conditions and it will dry out in the air without spoiling, and furnish excel- lent wholesome food for a long tramp across the desert or anywhere else." The next morning we had some of that sheephead for breakfast ; and, even if they have better fish in Florida salt waters, I think I should be well enough satisfied with the sheephead. But I would have a better name for it. The next day we had a buggy-ride, and some of that same fish made us a most lus- cious dinner — at least it was luscious to me. We called during the day on many of the old friends whom I met six years ago. Harry Mitchell and his good wife are keeping a verj' pretty little country store, but they are still bee-keepers, and making good results too. I forgot to say that Mr. Case, Florida's great queen-breeder, has right along during these poor years secured something like 100 lbs. per colony, besides rearing hundreds if not thou- sands of dollars' worth of queen-bees annually. It began to rain in the afternoon, and we had quite a trip to make, so our calls were very brief. We looked into friend Hart's or- 356 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 15 ange-shed at Hawks Park, and had a little chat with him at his home. He too has been doiag fairly well with bees, even though many claim that frost has about killed the industry. Along toward night we called just long enough to shake hands with E. A. Marsh, his wife, and daughter. The Marsh people have one of the neatest and prettiest honey-houses I ever saw anywhere ; and I think it must be all the time in apple-pie order, for I found it that way six years ago, and it was just the same then as on my last trip. Mr. Marsh has quite a pretty little grove of Japanese persim- mons, and he had managed to save one of the beautiful fruits, and it was in nice order at the time of my trip. The Japanese persim- mon is peculiar inasmuch as it has no seed. Just think of a plum the size of an apple, that is clean plum all the way through — no seed or core, nor any thing of the sort. A little later we called briefly on T. M. Adams, who produced a crop of honey from 200 colonies that astonished everybody some years ago. These good friends are located near Oak Park, and we found lodging over night with another nice family of bee-keepers, Mr. H. S. Barker. One of our old-time boys, who used to work in the factory with us here in Medina, Mr. P. A. M. Feathers, is located just across the way from Mr. Barker. He has a very pretty little apiary for queen-rearing, and also a nice little garden. The next morning I was obliged to bid my good friend Detwiler good by ; and I confess I felt lonesome for quite a little spell, without him. By the way, I want to say that Mr. Ditwilerhas a very pleasant place where he entertains, not " summer boarders," but win- ter boarders ; and instead of charging them " five dollars a day and upward," as some of the great stylish hotels put it, his terms are only ^5.00 a week. When I remonstrated at his exceedingly low prices considering the ex- cellent table his good wife manages to get up at every meal, he replied something like this : " Mr. Root, we tell all our boarders that, if they stay with us, they will have to wait on themselves to a great extent. We do not keep a lot of darkies to chase around and wait on folks. We have plenty of every thing, and try to have it handy ; and it is understood all around that, at our moderate prices, our board- ers are to wait on themselves, at least to a great extent. Of course, we tell them where every thing is, and how to get at things." Mr. and Mrs. Detwiler have a very pretty home ; have water all around them, and plenty of fish ; stores, postoffice, depot, just a lit- tle way across the water, and boats always ready ; out you may have to take off your coat and "paddle your own canoe" where you pay only $5 00 a week. CONVENTION NOTICE. PLANTING AND HARVESTING SOJA BEANS. I have many letters asking me to give my method of planting, cultivating, harvesting and thrashing the soja bean. First, I prepaie the land for soja beans as I do for corn. For seed, plant any time from the last of April to July 1, in rows 3i^ or 4 ft. wide. I put two or three beans in a hill, 12 or 15 in. apart, and work as I do a corn crop. I let all the leaves shed so the beans will get their full growth, and then dry. I take my bramble-hoDk or mower and cut in the :norn- ing while the dew is on them, because they will " pop out" during the middle of the day. I rake them up with a hay-rake, haul them up in the afternoon to the barn or pound lot, make a rail pen, and thrash as fajt as they are hauled. If I had plenty of barn room I would haul in and thrash after I got through cutting. I plant soja beans, when wanted for hay, in 2 ft. rows, four or five beans in hill, 12 to 15 in. apart, and work twice with cultivator. I cut them any time after blooming. For cow feed I cut with mower two rows at a time, and let it cure as I would any other hay. I plant a large patch of soja beans by the side of my pasture, and find it a big help in August and Septem- ber, when hot and dry. I cut them every morning and evening and throw them over to the cows, hogs, and stock of all kinds. They eat it as eaxerly as green clover. They will do as well on it as on clover. I sow soja beans broadcast in my corn at the last working, and gather my corn as soon as I can. Then I turn in my cows, hogs, and horses. I let the cows and horses stay in the beans only a short time the first one or two days, for fear they will eat too much. After that there is no danger of their overeating. I use no manure or fertilizer of any kind for soja beans. I often plant them on my thinnest land to improve it. I turn the beans under or cut them early and plant a second crop. It is a splendid crop to follow Irish potatoes. I like soja beans better than any kind of pea, because they do not rot easily when they get wet and are left out for a short time. Norfolk Co., Va. • W. M. Wilson. The above I clip from the American Agri- culturist. My special reason for giving it here is because of what is said about cutting it night and morning for stock when pastures are poor. Soja beans will grow on almost any sort of soil, as above mentioned, and severe drouths seem to affect it but little. Of course, the later kinds do not ripen seed here in the North ; but the early soja beans, the one we call coffee berry, will ripen seed perfectly any season as far north as Ohio. ALFALFA. The spring meeting of the Eastern division of the Northern Illinois Bee-keepers' Association will he held at the residence of B. Kennedy, 7 miles south- east of Rockford, 111., on rural route No. 5, and 3 miles northeast of New Milford, 111., on Tuesday, May 21, 1901. All interested in bees are cordially invited to attend. B. Kennedy, Sec'y. Our Ohio Experiment Station has just sent out a press bulletin on alfalfa. We should be glad to give place to the whole of it had we space ; but we inust find room for the very sensible boiled-down hints as follows which they add at the close of their directions : NOW FOR A FEW "DON'TS": Don't sow alfalfa on poor soil. Don't sow alfalfa on wet soil. Don't forget to clip it three times the first year. Don't turn anv stock on it until the next May. Don't let alfalfa hay get dry before raking. Don't fail to cut your hay in time. That means to be ready to cut by June first. Don't ever let stock on your alfalfa meadows in cold weather. Don't sow alfalfa seed on unprepared soil, as you do clover. If it fails with you, manure the ground, and try again. Now is the time to sow alfalfa, or any time during May. Sow 15 to 20 lbs. per acre on good soil. When you once get a good stand it is good for many years. 1901 GIvEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 357 HIGH-PRESSURE POUI.TRY. I did not mean to say any thing more on poultry-keeping just now, but I really can not help it. We exchange with something like a dozen poultry-journals, and I tell the clerk to put every thing on my desk in the ■way of poultry. Well, they are all good — at least I suppose they are ; but few of them contain any thing that particularly interests me. It seems to me they are too much the same old story over and over, while there are a thousand things I want to know about poul- try that are rarely touched on. For instance, now many days may a hen lay an egg a day without skipping? I thought I had owned hens that would lay a hundred eggs and not miss a day. The trap nest tells me I am mistaken. Some writers say very few hens lay a dozen eggs without skipping a day. Now, this is an exceedingly important matter. If there are broods or individuals that will lay 100 eggs without a miss, we want thein. Again, I am just beginning to discover by the trap nest that the quantity of food has much to do with it. My six pullets had been giv- ing six eggs a day for four or five days. But one day they got out of their staple ration ; and the little shortage in rations knocked off nearly half the eggs for two or three days in spite of the best food I knew how to give them, q/?£'r the shortage. I think I might fill a page with just such vital questions and suggestions ; but this is not a poultry-journal, i wish to say a word, however, about that pugnacious rooster. He chases Mrs. Root out of the poultry-house, and he actually sent me off limping and with a wry face, this morning. I was fixing a nest for a hen that wanted to sit. I thought he could not do much harm anyway ; but he flew at my knee, and struck it with both feet and with both wings so that I was glad to beat a retreat. Now, I never before heard through any of the poultry-journals of a rooster that would attack its keeper. After my knee got over hurting I tumbled him over and over in the grass, and gave him a pretty good cuffing, and after some time I succeeded in getting him to run. Then I chased him out and in among the bee-hives until I thought he was conquered ; but in a little while he was crow- ing lustily, and wanted me to stop my work and engage in another "round." If there had been a crowd of the right sort (?) of peo- ple I do not know but there might have been bets as to which would whip — A. I. R. or the big lusty Plymouth Rock rooster that would " never say die." Now, then, does this trait of that particular fowl necessarily indicate unusual vitality, vig- or, as well as courage? Will his chicks like- ly inherit this vigor ? I think he would give a chicken hawk a pretty good tussle. He is not afraid of any thing nor of anybody. Every thing has to get off the walk and go around him — that is, when he is among his group of six pullets. If they are not around, he does not care particularly about fighting. He re- gards the poultry-house as his special domain; and he evidently thinks the eggs were not laid to be gathered. They are to hatch chick- ens. Now, is he a sport among poultry, or " are there others "? He will take a little run, and spring high enough to knock a dish out of one's hands, and give your hands and el- bows such a thumping you will be glad to back off. I have heard of people who would go for you in a fight, with " both feet." Well, he uses not only both feet but both wings. Later. — I have finally got three sitting hens, and they are behaving nicely in the trap nests. When I set one of them I carried out a ba- sin of eggs. I had just got them put under the hen all right, and straightened up, when "that rooster" made a spring, knocked the basin out of my hands, and not only the ba- sin, but my nose-glasses too, went tumbling in the dust. Then he tipped his head to one side and gave me a look that evidently meant, " These sitting hens belong to me, and I pro- pose to run this thing myself." Ernest is planning to get a snap shot of him some day when he is on the "war-path," and we will have him in Gleanings. Now if it is a com- mon thing to find male fowls with such cour- age and strength as this one I will drop the subject. Can our poultry-men tell us about it? By the way, the honey-bee has from time immemorial been considered the emblem of industry ; but for patience and perseverance I would put a sitting hen at the head of all animated creation. I am just now studying sitting hens. Special Notices by A. I. Root. GILT-EDGED GRAND RAPIDS LETTUCE SEED. We have still quite a number of packets left of this gilt-edged stock seed. If you waut to grow some plants io produce seed, you had better get some of this, and you had better start in before it gets any later. It will pay you to have the best to start with; and then if you grow more than you want for your own use, there is a good market for a choice article of Grand Rapids lettuce seed every daj' in the year. Remem- ber, a little packet of this gilt-edge stock seed, grown by the originator himself, costs you only 5 cts. HUBBARD SQUASH SEED. It will soon be time to plant it. We have a very nice stock of beautiful plump seed grown by a bee-keeper, and nice Hubbard squashes almost always sell. Large plump seeds are much more likely to make strong healthy plants. See what Gregory says about it in his squash-book. And, by the way, if j'ou ha%-e never read "Gregory on the Squash," you had better have the book. The price is only .TO cts. The directions he gives for growing a big crop of squashes will apply very well to growing big crops of almost every thing. The price of the squash seed is .5 cts. per ounce ; 1 lb., 50 cts. If wanted by mail, add 8 cts. per lb. extra. POTATOES FOR PREMIUMS. For every dollar you send for Gleanings, asking for no other premium, you may have a peck of our nice Red River stock of Early Ohio potatoes (35 cts.); and for every dollar you send, that pays for sending Gleanings to somebody who has never taken it be- fore, thus introducing it in a new locality, we will send you half a bushel, worth 60 cts For any of the other potatoes (see table, last issue) we will send you 25 cents' worth for renewal, or 50 cents' worth to any old subscriber who sends us a new name. seed potatoes, seconds. At present writing, April 15, we are practically sold out of all seconds except Carman No. .3 and Russets. These, you will see by the table, are $1.25 per ban el. We have, however, 85 bushels of Early Ohio seconds, but we can not make these less than $1.75 per barrel ; bushel, 75 cts.; % bushel, 40; peck, 2.5. 358 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 15 BLUE VITRIOL (SULPHATE OF COPPER) FOR SPRAYING. Some years ago I bought a barrel of the above chem- ical at 4 cts. per lb., and offered it in our seed catalog at a price away down below what we usually have to pay for it at the drug stores. But it did not seem to sell very well; Hiid even after the price went away up at wholesale above, our retail price, our friends did not seem even then to appreciate what I was trj ing to do for them. S-o I took it out of the price list. Just now, however quite a few begin to see what a chance they had, and remons-trate because I dropped it, and I have been induced to putchase another barrel but I can can n< t sell it at old prices. In barrel lots I can barely make it at an even 6 cts.; in 50-lb. lots, 6}^ cts.; less than 50 lbs., 7 cts. THE NEW RUSSET SCAB PROOF POTATO. I fear our friends are not giving the New Russet potato its just dues We have never had what might be called a srabby potato on our ground, of this vari- ety. There has never been one on Wilbur Fenn's place, in Summit Co , and he grows them by the hun- dreds of bushels. I was present last season in the Traverse region when they were digging the Russets, and I Uf ver .saw a scabby one wheie there were thou- sands of bushels, although other varieties scabbed badly. Now. this is certainly a most valuable acqui- sition in this one respect: snd just now in the month of April ihev are the best table potatoes we have got among oui whole lot, not evt n excepting the Free- man. They are not sprouted a particlf, and are sound and firm, and vet we are offering them for 35 cts. a peck; 60 cts. per half bushel; fl (0 per bushel, or S2.50 per barrel— the same price as the Early Ohios. Had not yt u better plant a few ? We can ship them from here or (by the barrel) from Traverse City, Michigan. FINE-POINTED LACE SCISSORS FOR CLIPPING QUEENS' WINGS. In the recent discu'sirn in regard to clipping queens' wings I was a good deal stirprised to see some of the — I was going to say veterans, but I think I shall .say "big lights" — talking about clipping a a queen's wing with a jack-knife. Why not get a spade or a crowbar, and be done with it? I have just discovered that, when we dropped the counter-store business, our fitie-pointed steel scissors were dropped with it; yes, and the boys have dropped cant files for filing circular saws (and the saws too. for that mat- ter) But I am talking about scissors ju-t now. No wonder that some of the women inqu red if fine point- ed scissors would not be a better implement than a jitk knife. Years ago I uS' d to buy these scissors directiv from the manufacturers, grosses at a time, and we have them in stock yet. and are having orders for them, even thoueh our mailing clerk says they have not been advertised for four years. Piice25cts.; by mail, postpaid. 27 If vou find them handy for any other purpose than clipping wings there is no patent r'ght against using them that way. Hrnest urges that a beekeeper always has a jack-knife in his pocket, but rot a pair of scissors; but I think he needs the scissors almost as much as he does a knife. MONEY IN POPCORN. We clip the following from American Agriculturist: Last year I plantefl 14 acre of popcorn, and husked from it 3fi l)ushels, a yield of 114 bushels per acre. The corn sold at $1 per bushel. The land on which it was grown is worth $60 ptT acre, less than half the value of the corn. The land had been in blackberries several years up to last year. The corn required no more labor than common field corn. The fodder was worth $2.— W. L. Anderson, Indiana. The above reminds me that, when I was a boy, I grew popcorn for mv poultry. The grains were small enrugh for little chickens when they could not eat big corn. I remember I had a tremendous yield— more than farmers grew of the big corn. Well, we have se- cured some extra nice rice popcorn of Clark, the great seed-corn grower, and we can furnish it at the very low price of 10 cts. a quart; (50 cts. a peck, or 82 00 a bushel. The above is beautiful, clean shelled corn. It is worth the money to pop; and, by the way. it fur- nishes an excellent ford for human beings If want- ed by mail, add 12 cts. per quart for postage. SUBSTITUTE FOR BEEFSTEAK AND LEAN MEAT IN GENERAL. For some time I have been carefully testine the new products of the Sanitas Nut Food Co . Battle Creek, Mich.; and I am now pretty well satisfied that their protose, or vegetable meat, is as little liable to fer- mentation in the digestive apparatus as beefsteak and other lean meats. For many years I have had to be very careful about eating fruits or sweets in gen- eral for my last meal of the day. Whenever I did so from choice or force of circumstances I have invari- ably had more or less distress during the night. M hen my last meal is pure lean meat and bread and butter. I keep in fairly good health. This matter has been so thor )ughly discussed in Gleanings, and by tests of thousands of persgns with poor digestion, that the matter may be considered pretty well settled. Well, so far as my own experience goes I believe pro- tose will take the place of lean meat in a way that no other vegetable food does. This protose looks like meat and tastes like meat; and the fcod com- pany claim it has the same con.stituents as lea" meat. It looks and tastes a good deal li> e what we call beef loaf or a loaf made from chopped or ground meat. Well, now. this food company has lately brought out somethii^g that I think would be a formidable rival to honey and maple sugar Thev call it meltose, or malted honey (it tastes a little like " malted " milk). At present I think I rather prefer it to either maple syrup or honey ; and, strange to tell (at least it was strange to me), this sweet does not produce fermen- tation like other sweets, e'-pecially when eaten at the last meal of the day. I have eaten it repeatedly, and in larker quantities than I should were it not for expetiment, and it digests perfectly. The only objec ion to these two foods I have men- tioned, at the pre-ent time, is their cost; but I do not believe the protose is going to cost any more than beefsteak for the same amount of nutriment. The meltose at pres- nt is rather higher than honey or maple syrup. I understand they are building a large establishment purposely to manufacture these health foods, and they hope to give us lower prices after a while. And, by the way, suppose they do cost a little more. With the protose there is a great saving in v^ork for the good wife. I prefer it just as it comes out rf the can, without anv cooking at all; and with the meltose is it not worth something to be able to keep well without the expense of drugs or doctors? At present, meltose costs $1.50 for a 1 gallon can; 80 cts. for half a gallon. A sample of either proto.se or meltose will be sent to any one on receipt of two 2-cent .stamps. :^9S5^^*-» -55^5-3^-3 -S^-J^-2-3^^^ 5-5 -5 *^ : A FEW LEFT-ORDER QUICK ! We have only a few of those slightly damag- ed bee-books left, so if you want one of them you will have to order veiy soon. It will be remembered that on January 1st there was a severe fire in our building, burning out entire- ly four floors above us. The water that was thrown on the fire came down through our floor damaging our stock of books, printing- office, etc. Some of the books were wet slight- ly, but enough so that they could hardly be sent out as perfect. These are the ones that we wish to offer. The reading pages of all are perfect, only the covers being a little soiled. Here they are, with prices postpaid : Prof Cook's " Bee-keeper's Guide," only 6oc. DooHttle's Scientific Queen-rearing, only 50c. Newman's " Bees and Honey," only 40c. They are all cloth bound, and latest editions If you want a year's subscription to the old Weekly American Bee Journal, with any of the above books, add 75c to your order This is a SPECIAI, OFFER, and will last only so long as the slightly damaged books last. Better order AT ONCE if you want a bargain. Remember we are HEADQUARTERS FOR Bee-keepers' Supplies in Chicago. Catalog and sample copy of the American Bee Journal free. Ask for them. Address George W. York & Co., Chicago, Illinois. 11114(i ERIE STREET ^&&&&&&&&&&&&£r&&&&&e^ &&&&«» ri^ 1901 GI/EANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 359 Heel Apiaries ! THE HEST BEES KNOWN IN : AMERICA : TO DAY. American Albino Italians. They have no superiors aud few equals, as hundteds of bte-keepers testify. Untested queens, jl 00 ; 6 S5 00. Tested queens, 82 00 each. Choice breeders. S."> 00 to SIO 00. Nu- clei, 75c per t,. frame — add price of queen 200 3-franie (L ) nuclei for sale in May and June. Safe delivery insured always. Swinson & Boardman, Box 358, Macon, Ga. Queens Now Ready ! If .vou are looking for queens we have them. We now have the largest etablishment in the South, and run from .5(10 to 1000 nuclei. We can fill your orders promptl.v. We can give you satisfaction. Our queens have a reputation of which we are proud. Prices, either 3-band or Golden Italian or Hol.v Land, your choice, untested, "iSc; six for %i:£>\ tested, .tl.'JS; select tested, $2.U(I; breeders, $3.00 to $5.(X); select warranted, '25c extra. Discounts in quantities, and valuable premiums given away— among them one year's subscription paid to Progressive Bee-keeper on receipt of your first order. Our large circular free for the asking— gives prices, descriptions, methods, etc. Our motto.— Good queens and prompt service. OP. HYDE & SON, - HUTTO, TEXAS. Honey Queens. Have you noticed the change in my P O. address? Did you know I am seeking to give my customers the best service pos-ible? Did you know that I have as good or better queens than can be bought elsewhere? Many have found this out, and continue my best cu.stomers. Golden and leather colored honey queens, bred in separate apiaries. Bees, nuclei, and full colonies for sale. Price of qiuens — March and April — tested or untest- ed, each $1 00; 6 for $5.00; |10 00 per dozen. Breeders, «2.50 to $5.00 each. — ADDRESS — W. H. LAWS, BEEVILLE. TEXAS. 1901====Qolden Italian Oueens====1901 Untested — April, May, and June — $1.00 each, or 811.00 per dozen; after Jitne, 50c each, or 85.00 per dozen. Tested queens, half more. Breed- ing queens 83.00 and 84.00 each. W. P. Rock eggs from 9-l-scoring birds at 81.10 per 15. Cocks. 81.00 each. OEORQE W. COOK. - .<^PRING HILL. KANSAS. EARLY QUEENS FROM THE SOUTH We are rearing queens now in full colonies by the be^t methods known. Tested queen, 82.00. Untested, $1.00; 6. 5 00; 12 89.00 Full colonies, $6.00; 3-frame $2 00; 2-frame. $1.50. Add price of queen to nucleus wanted. Write for discount on large orders, and cir- cular. Satisfaction guaranteed. Christian & HaU, Meldrim. Georgia. QUEENS.— Golden Italians; unexcelled for business, beautv, and gentleness: bred from the be.st of stock obtainable. Untested, 81 00 each ; 6, 85 00. Test- ed, 81.50 each. H. C. Triesch, Jr., Dyer, Ark. U- NEED -A GLOSSOIVIETER. It measures the actual reach of the tongue of a living bee to thousandths of an inch, also the capacity of the honey-sac; accu- rate, durable, practical. No rule or mag- nifying-glass needed. Satisfaction guaran- teed. Price 81.00 postpaid. Send for Queen Circular, and learn how to get a glossom- eter free. High-grade queens of the Sweet- heart and other strains at reasonable prices. A. J. WRIGHT, Bradford, Steuben Co., New York. LONE STAR APIARIES G. F. Davidson & Sons, Props. Breeders of fine Italian Queens. Established - '"'^ Write for G. F. Davidson & Sons, Fairview, Texas. QUEENS BY RETURN MAIL The Choicest of Tested Italian Queens $1 each. Large yellow queens, healthy and prolific; workers the best of honey-gatherers. Safe arrival and satis- faction guaranteed in every case. Send for price list. J, W. K, Shaw & Co., Loreauville, La. Long-Tonguedjfellow Queens. " The cage of bees is received. The tongue-reach is 19-hundredths. This is very good." The A. I. Root Co., per E. R. Root. The above is from my best breeding queen. Her mother is also long tongued. // runs in the family. These are my ^-band or Golden shain that have been bred for business for years. Queens, untested, 81.00; 6, 85.00; dozen 89 00. Faie tested, SI. 50; 6, $8 00. Se- lect tested, 82.00. Breeding. $3.00 to 85 00. I am print- ing a limited number of circulars with Florida views — nice ones — free. An extra one with different views for 5c stamp. Better get one at once. J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Pla. Albino Queens. If you want the most prolific queens ; if you ^^"^"""■"^"■"""^^^^■^ want the gentlest bees ; if you want the best honey-gatherers you ever saw, try my Albinos. Untested queens. $1.00; tested, 81.50. J. D. GIVENS, Lisbon, Texas. Red-clover Italian Queens. The great honey-gatherers; are bred for business; satisfaction guaranteed. Untested queen, 65c; 2, 81 25. Warranted, 80c: 2, 81 50. Tested, 81 25 Select tested, 82. Estab'd 1872. C. M. Hicks, Hick.sville, Md. Bee-keepers' Supplies! I ! Root's Goods. Sold cheap. Bee-book given with order. Send for list explaining Barred Rock chickens and Belgian hares. Pedigreed stock. W. D. Soper, R. D. 3, Jackson, Mich. 15 Swarms of Italian and Hybrid Bees For Sale. In Dovetailed chaff hives, nearly new. The hives are 8-frame, I,, size. Will be sold cheap, as I am un- able to look after them. CHAS. A. MONROE, S. Shaftsbury, Vt. FOR SALE CHEAP.— 05 colonies Italianized bees in two-story I,angstroth hives complete, in quan- tities to suit purchaser Also extra hives and fixtures. Talbot's Restaurant, lyucas, lyucas Co.. Iowa. CHAS. ISRAEL & BROS., 486, 488, 490 Canal St., Corner Watt Street, N. Y. HONEY & BEESWAX. Liberal Advances made on Consignments. Wholesale Dealers and Commission Merchants. Established 1875. 360 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr 15 Wants and Exchange. Notices will be inserted under this head at 10c per line. You must SAT you want your ad. in this department, or we will not be responsible for any error. You can have the notice as many lines as you please; but all over ten lines will cost you according to our regular rates. We cannot be responsible for dissatisfaction arising from these -'swaps." WANTED.— To exchange choice W. and Buff I use Sharpies Cream Separators.. Book "Business Dairying" & cat. 288 free. W. Chester, Pa. VVANTED.— ALL TO KNOW that I sell my hives ~~ and Root's goods at Root's prices, and will pay $50 in three cash prizes for the best white honey ex- hibited at the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo this year, produced in Danzenbaker hives in New York State ; also the sam« for the three best lots out- side of New York State. Specific information g^ven on application. F. DANZENB.\KER, Box 66, Washington, D. C. pOR SALE. One 10 h -p engine and boiler (up- ' right boiler), one 18-inch planer, one Root saw- table, 30 ft. line-shafting, hanger pullevs, and belting. Will take 8250. J. W. Bittenbender, Knoxville, la. Books for Bee=keepers and Others. Any of these books on which postage is not given will be forwarded by mail postpaid, on receipt of price. In buying books, as every thing else, we are liable to disappointment if we make a purchase without see- ing the article. Admitting that the book-seller could read all the books he offers, as he has them for sale, it were hardly to be expected he would be the one to mention all the faults, as well as good things about a book. We very much desire that those who favor us with their patronage shall not be disappointed, and therefore we are geing to try to prevent it by mention- ing all the faults, so far as we can, that the purchaser may know what he is getting. In the following li.st, books that we approve we have marked with a * ; those we e.specially approve, ** ; those that are not up to times, f ; books that contain but little matter for the price, large type, and much space between the lines, I ; foreign, §. The bee-books are all good. As many of the bee-books are sent with other goods by freight or express, incurring no postage, we give prices separately. You will notice that you can judge of the size of the books very well by the amount re- quired for postage on each. bibles, hymn-books, and other good books. Postage.] [Price without postage. 8 Bible, good print, neatly bound 20 10 Buuvau"s Pilgrim's Progress** 40 Christian's Secret of a Happy Life,** 50c; cloth 1 00 3 John Plougliman's Talks and Pictures, by Rev. C. H. Spurgeon* 10 1 1 Gospel Hymns, consolidated, Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4, words onh'; cloth, 10c; paper 5 2 Same, board covers 20 5 Same, words and music, small tj'pe, board cov. 45 10 Same, %vords and music, board covers 75 3 I New Testament in pretty flexible covers 05 One-third off on all Gospel Hymns nientioned above. 5 I New Te.stament, new version, paper covers 10 4 I Stepping Heavenward** 18 5 I Tobacco Manual** 45 This is a nice book that will be sure to be read, if left around where the boys get hold of it, and any boy who reads it will be pretty safe from the tobacco habit. BOOKS ESPECIALLY FOR BEE-KEEPERS. 20 A B C of Bee Culture, cloth 1 00 Advanced Bee Culture, by W. Z. Hutchinson ... 50 3 Amateur Bee-keeper, by J. W. Rouse 22 14 Bees and Bee-keeping, by Frank Cheshire, England, Vol. I., g 2 36 Same, Vol. II., g 2 79 Same, Vols. I. and II., postpaid 5 25 10 Bees and Honey, by T. G. Newman 65 10 Cook's Manual, cloth 1 15 5 I Doolittle on Queen-rearing 95 2 Dzierzon Thec.ry 10 3 I Foul Brood; Its Natural History and Rational Treatment 22 1 I Honev as Food and Medicine 05 10 I Langstroth Revised, by Chas. Dadant & Son 1 10 15 I Quinby's New Bee-keeping 90 1 British Bee-keeper's Guide-book, by Thomas William Cowan, England § 40 I The Honey-bee, by Thos. William Cowan 95 3 I Merrybanks and His Neighbor, by A. I. Root... 15 I Bienenzucht und Honiggewinnung 50 Or "Bee Culture and the Securing of Honey," a Ger- man bee-book by J. F. Eggers, of Grand Island, Neb. Postage free. MISCELLANEOUS HAND-BOOKS. 5 I A B C of Carp Culture, by Geo. Finley 25 5 I A B C of Strawberry Culture,** by T. B. Terry.. 35 Probably the leading book of the world on straw- berries. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CILTURE 361 5 I A B C of Potato Cnlture, Terr\-** 35 This is T. B. Terry's first and most masterly work. I Barn Plans and Oiit-buildings* 1 50 Canary birds, paper 50 2 I Celerj- for Profit, by T. Greiner** 25 The first really full and complete book on celery culture, at a moderate price, that we have had. It is full of pictures, and the whole thing is made .so plain that a schoolboy ought to be able to grow paying crops at once without any assistance except from the book. 15 I Draining for Profit and Health, Warring 1 35 10 Fuller's Grape Culturist** 1 15 S I Domestic Economy, by I. H. Mayer, M. D.** ... 30 This book ought to save at least the money it costs, ■each year, in every household. It was written by a doctor, and one who has made the matter of domestic economy a life study. The regular price of the book is SI. 00, "but by taking a large lot of them we are en- abled to make the price only 30 cents. 10 I Farming for Boys* 1 15 This is one of Joseph Harris' happiest productions, and it seems to me that it ought to make farm-life fas- cinating to any boy who has any sort of taste for gar- dening. Farming with Green Manures, postpaid** 90 7 Farm, Gardening, and Seed-growing** 90 12 Gardening for Pleasure, Henderson* 1 35 12 Gardening for Profit** 1 35 8 Gardening for Young and Old, Harri,s** 1 25 This is Joseph Harris' best and happiest effort. Al- "though it goes over the .same ground occupied by Peter Henderson, it particularly emphasizes thorough culti- vation of the soil in preparing your ground ; and this matter of adapting it to young people as well as old is brought out in a most happy vein. If your children have any sort of fancy for gardening it will pay you to make them a present of this book. It has 187 pages .and 46 engravings. 3 I Grasses and Clovers, with Notes on Forage Plants 20 This is by Henry A. Dreer, author of the book, "Vegetables Under Glass" that has had such a large sale of late. This little book tells how six tons of grass has been grown to the acre, and gives much -other valuable matter. 10 I Greenhouse construction, by Prof, Taft** 1 15 This book is of recent publication, and is as full and complete in regard to the building of all glass struc- tures as is the next book in regard to their manage- ment. Any one who builds even a small structure for Elant-growing under glass will save the value of the ook by reading it carefully. 12 I Greenhouse Management, by Prof. Taft** 1 15 The book is a c nipanion to Greenhou.se Construc- tion. It is clear up to the times, contains 400 pages and a great lot of beautiful half-tone engravings. A large part of it is devoted to growing vegetables under glass, especially Grand Rapids lettuce, as well as fruits and flowers. The publisher's price is $1.50; but as we bought quite a lot of them we can make a spe- cial price as above. 5 I Garden and Farm Topics, Henderson** 60 5 Gregory on Cabbages, paper* 20 5 Gregorj' on Squashes, paper* 20 5 I Gregory on Onions, paper* 20 The above three books, by our friend Gregory, are all valuable. The book on squashes especially is good reading for almost anybody, whether they raise squashes or not. It strikes at the very foundation of success in almost any kind of business. I Handbook for IvUmbermen 05 5 I Home Pork-making; 125 pages, illustrated 40 I think it will pay well for everybody who keeps a pig to have this book. It tells all about the care of the pig. with lots of pictures describing cheap pens, appliances, all about butchering, the latest atid most approved short cuts; all about making the pickle, barreling the meat, fixing a smoke-house (from the ■cheapest barrel up to the most approved arrange- ment); all about pig-troughs; how to keep them clean with little labor; recipes for cooking pork in every imaginable way, etc. Publisher's price is 50 cents, ours as above. 10 Household Conveniences 1 40 15 How to Make the Garden Pay** 1 35 2 How to Propagate and Grow Fruit, Green* 15 2 Injurious Insects, Cook 10 10 Irrigation for the Farm, Garden, and Orchard* 1 10 By Stewart. This book, so far as 1 am informed, is almo.st the only work on this matter that is attracting :So much interest, especially recently. Using water from springs, brooks, or windmills to take the place of rain, during our great drouths, is the great problem before us at the present day. The book has 274 pages and 142 cuts. 3 I Maple Sugar and the Sugar-bush** 32 4 I Peabody's Webster's Dictionary 10 Over 30,000 words and 2.50 illustrations. 5 I Manures ; How to Make and How to Use Them ; in paper covers 30 6 I The same in cloth covers 65 I Nut Culturist, postpaid 1 50 3 I Onions for Profit** 40 Fully up to the times, and includes both the old onion culture and the new method. The book is fully illustrated, and written with all the enthu.siasm an3 interest that characterizes its author, T. Greiner. Even if one is not particularly interested in the busi- ness, almost any per.son who picks up Greiner's books will like to read them through. I Our Farming, by T. B. Terry** 1 50 In which he tells " how we have made a run-down farm bring both profit and pleasure." If ordered by express or freight with other goods, 10c less. 1 I Poultry for Pleasure and Profit.** 10 8 Practical Floriculture, Henderson.* 1 10 10 Profits in Poultrv.* 75 1 Silk and the Silkworm 10 10 Small-Fruit Culturist, Fuller 1 10 2 Sorghum, Stock Beets, Strawberries, and Ce- ment Floors. Bv Waldo F. Brown 08 10 I Talks on Manures* 1 35 10 I The New Agriculture ; or, the Waters Led Cap- tive (a $1.50 book) 40 11 I The New Egg-Farm, Stoddard** 70 This is an enlarged edition of the 50-cent book pub- lished 25 or 30 years ago by H. H. Stoddard. If I could have only one poultry-book it would be the New Eggfarm. This book is of special value to me be- cause it not only discusses most emphatically the value oi e.vercise to poultry, but it touches on the value of exercise to all other animated nature including hu- manity. The book has over 300 pages and 150 illustra- tions. It is entirely different from any other poultry- book in the world, inasmuch as it discusses mechanic- al contrivances !^o that all the varied operations of a poultry-farm may be done as much as possible with the aid of machinery. The regular price is $1 00, but by buying a quantity we are able to furnish it at price given. 2 I Treatise on the Horse and his Diseases 10 5 I Tile Drainage, by W. I. Chamberlain 35 Fully illustrated, containing every thing of impor- tance clear up to the present date. The single chapter on digging ditches, with the il- lustrations given by Prof. Chamberlain, should alone make the book worth what it costs, to every one who has occasion to lay ten rods or mere of tile. There is as much science in digging as in doing almost any thing else ; and by following the plan directed in the book, one man will often do as much as two men with- out this knowledge. 5 1 Tomato Culture 35 In three parts. Part first.— By J. W. Day, of Crystal .Springs, Miss., treats of tomato culture in the South, with some remarks by A. I. Root, adapting it to the North. Part second.— By D. Cummins, of Conneaut., O , treats of tomato culture especially for canning- factories Part third — "By A. I. Root, treats of plant- growing for market, and high-pressure gardening in general. 3 I Vegetables under Glass, by H. A. Dreer** 20 3 I Vegetables in the Open Air* 20 This is a sort of companion book to the one above. Both books are most fully illu.strated, and are exceed- ingly valuable, especially at the very low price at which they are sold. The author, H.A. Dreer, has a greenhou.se of his own that covers one solid acre, and he is prettv well conver.sant with all the arrangements and plans for protecting stuff from the weather, and afterward handling to the best advantage when the weather will permit out of doors. 3 I Winter Care of Horses and Cattle 25 This is friend Terry's second book in regard to farm matters ; but it is so intimately connected with his po- tato-book that it readsalmost likeaseqnel toit. If you have only a horseor a cow, I think it will pay you to invest in a book. It has 44 pages and 4 cuts. 3 I Wood's Common Objects of the Microscope**. . 47 8 I What to Do and How to be Happy While doing It, by A. I. Root 65 The A. I. Root Co., Medina, O. 362 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 15 Fruit Packages of All Kinds. — ALSO — BEE=KEEPERS' SUPPLIES. . . Order your supplies now before the busy season catches you. Price list free. Address BERLIN FRUIT-BOX COMPANY, Berlin Heights, - - Erie County, Ohio. $50.00 POP CORN. 100 seeds of this wonderful new Pop Corn for 25c 3nd chance to compete for our cash prizes. Seed Due Bill good for 25c worth of other goods FREE with every order for Pop Corn. First-prize winner la,st year raised at the rate of 188 bushels per acre. We will pay $50 for its equal in quality. Handsome seed catalog and free presents with every offer. C. Ni. Coodspeed, Skaneateles, N. Y. ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ IWanted!--— '-^^ J MAPLE SUGAR, ♦ SYRUP, AND ♦ POPCORN. ♦ ^ A. L. JENKS, 42 W. Market St., Buffalo, N. Y. ^ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ PClCi POnn t The kind that tones and keeps up the hen UVJU r WWU . ^^ jjj_.,( j,j^p simply mnst lay. LEY'S POTTL- TRY CONDITION POWDER puts good red blood into poul- try veins; kills all disease germs; tones and nourishes fowls —big and little get all there is in the food when fed in con- junction with it. Price '25c pkg.; 5 for .§]. Ley's Thorough- bred Minorca eggs, $1 for 13. Thoroughbred Belgian Hares. S. C. BROWN LEGHORNS. I use well-striped breeding cocks. Eggs, $1.00. Cockerels, $1.00 and up. Also Italian bees. Circular free. H. M. MOYER, Shanesville, Pa. EGGS $1 00 for 1.5 best Brown Leghorn or B. P. Rocks. Illustrated descriptive egg circu- lar free. H. B. Geer, Nashville, Tenn. 1200 FERRETS. All sizes; some trained; first- class stock. New price list free. N. A. Knapp, Rochester, Lorain Co., Ohio. Belgian Hares I have some fine hares for sale at reasonable prices. F. Moore, : Tiffin, Ohio. The Modern Farmer and Bnsy Bee. Emerson Taylor Abbott. Editor. A live, up-to-date Farm Journal with a Gen- eral Farm Department, Dairy, Horticulture, Live-stock, Poultry, Bees, Home and General News. The Editor has had practical experi- ence in every department of farm work. To introduce the paper, it will be sent to New subscribers one year for 25c. Sample copies free. Best Advertising Medium in the Central West. Clubbed with Gleanings for $1.00. ADDRESS Modern Farmer, St. Joseph, Mo. SPRAYING FRUIT-TREES. The question of spraying fruit-trees to prevent the depredations of insect pests and fungus diseases isno longer an experiment but a necessity. Our readers will do well to write Wm. Stahl, Quincy,. 111., and get his catalog describing twenty-one styles of Spraying Outfits and full treatise on spraying the different fruit and vegetable crops, which contains much valuable information, and may be had for the asking. March's Mattituck Erfurt Cauliflower. ^f„*'^^'^'i,f this remarkable cauliflower described in Gleanings; true stock. Send for circular and prices. Fo'tfi'toes. Car- man No. 3 and Sir Walter Raleigh, bu., bUc; 3 bu., if.-lM: 2d size, bu., 60c: 3 bu., $1.G.5. I'o-uLl-try. Eggs from prize- winning, high-scoring Wliite Wyanilottes and White P. Rocks, $1.00 per setting; three for ¥2.00. Circulars of these and other speciahies free. CHRISTIAN AVECKESSER, Marshallville, Wayne Co., Ohio. ) Mr. A. I. Roofs Writings of Grand Traverse territory and I,ee- lanau County are descriptive of Mich- igan's most "beautiful section reached most conveniently via the .... Pere Marquette R. R. For particulars address W. C, Tousey, D. P. A., Toledo, Ohio. Home-seekers' Excursions. On the first and third Tuesdays of each month the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul R'y will sell round- trip excursion tickets from Chicago, Milwaukee, and other points on its line to a great many points in South Dakota, North Dakota, and other western and north-western States at about one fare. Take a trip West and see the wonderful crops, and what an amount of good land can be purchased for a little money. Further information as to rates, routes, prices of farm lands, etc., may be obtained by ad- dressing F. A. Miller, General Passenger Agent, Chicago, 111. TWENTY MILLIONS IN GOLD FROM ALASKA DURING THE YEAR 1900. Five millions of this came from the Nome district. Government officials estimate the output from the Nome district will be doubled the coming season. The Bluestone, Kougarok, and Pilgrim Rivers have been found very rich. There is hardly a creek from Port Clarence to Norton Sound in which the precious metal is not found, and hundreds of creeks unpros- pected. A rich strike has been made on the Yellow River, a tributary of the Kuskokwim. For full information regarding routes, steamship accomodations, and rates to all points in Alaska, ad- dress C. N. Souther, General Agent, Passenger Depart- ment, C. M. &. St. P. R'y. 95 Adams St., Chicago. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CLLTIKE. 363 You get the Profits XJnder our plan of selling carriages, buggies and harnpss, you get the profits. The Jobbei.' and retailer are cut out. By dealing dirpft with our factory, you pay only the cost of ni:iiiiiig with a moderate profit added ; and you take y(iiirchoi<-i' from the biggest stock and fullest assort- ment. Our plan of Selling Carriages Direct insures satisfaction — your money back if you are dissatisfied. Our complete illustrated catalogue, ' showing many styles of high grade vehicles, harness, robes, blankets ana norse equipments, with detailed descriptions of each, mailed free. THE COLL'91Bi:8 CARRIACiE and HARNESS CO., P. O. Box 772, Colombni, 0. Quality Carriages and buggies which are right all the way through. That describes the famous Split Hickory Vehicles In material and construction they are as good as American skill and enterprise can pruduce. They have a dozen little things about them which acid "■ to their durability, safety, comfort and appear- ance. Don't buy a vehicle before you have in- vestigated the SPLIT IIICKOUY Uue. Ohio Carriage Manfg. Co., PRICE We sell direct from the factory and gave you all of the dealers' and job- , bers'"profits, and WE SHIP On ApprovaLl to Anybody. If you are not perfectly satisfied return theje- hioleatoure.xpense. Send for our illustrated book nf Vehicle and Harness Bargains. It con- tain;, manv ihiUKS concerning vehicle values, whicn you ought to know, whether you buy ot US or not. It will save you dollars. ^:^^j^ II Let3 BeFRiENDJr There is certainly an advan- tageiudoingbusinesswithafirml which will give you such r.are I value at such reasonable prices I that Tou will alwaysf eelf riendly [ toward it. OUR 10 DAYS' FREE TRIAL PLAN of selling vehicles of every description, at factory prices, is constantly makin^us friends of this kind. Youdon'thave to buy "sight unseen" when you buy of us. We let you use the vehicle for 10 days before you decide to keep it. And we sell a better vehicle for less money than any other manufacturer or deuler in the country. Send for our big, free catalog of vehicles and harness and tUhili: it over. Kalamazoo Carriage & Harness Co., Dept. 22, Kalamazoo, Micli. If you buy of us just once We will a-lways be friends* You Pay Double the Money; in many cases when you buy vehicles and harness from the agent or . dealer. We do without these people and reduce the price of our goods ' to you to the extent of their commissinns. We make 178 styles of J vehicles and 65 sty les of harness and sell them to the consumer "direct from our factory at ; wholesale prices. d WE HAVE NO AGENTS No, 2S2 — Driving Wagon. Ilas''L'ir.g Iiis- I tance" axlts, open head springs, 1-^ailey loops, , rubber covered eteps and soli'l rubber tire. Pri e , - ^ ^ ■ i- *.. ni t with shafts, $65. ' Same as oth.rs sell for $40 "^^'-"^^ ^ given amount otmoney will buy. In ' to $50 more than our price. You pay aprofltto nobody except ourman- ufuclurliig profit, and you gettlio bestKOods a factory of the size of ours you get the bedt possible selection. Our large illus- I trated Catalogue contains cuts of everything we make. Remember that we ship our vehicles and harness anywhere for examination and guaiantee i-afe delivery and war rant everything SEX^Jt FOU LiAUOE FUEE IZ,JOVSTJXA.TED CA.TAJ.OGVE. No. 65 — Single Buggy , Hirness. Price with rubbe trimmings $16. Good a retauh for $22. < SSMUJ^MM J< VMS, M-l.t-Mt^jiM^ J) JiJtljMii M.MjMjtJ!SM.AtJi.XML,Rf %J Jt.M. Jt.MJ%r\Jt tj M^ , ^Jlkhart Carriage and Harness Mf§:. Co., w. b. Pratt, secy, Elkhart, Indiana.! In writing advertisers please naention Gleanings. 364 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 15 Sp^T^^^^^^^^g^^: SPECIAbiNW CES Bv ^^ BUSINE~SSJV1ANAGER SOJA BEANS FOR SEED— REDUCED PRICES. We can now make the extra-early soja bean, the kind known as the American coffee-berry, at only |2 00 per bushel. This ripens seed without any trou- ble all over the North The later variety, the regular soja bean, will be SI. 75 per bushel ; and if shipped from Richmond, Va., where the seed was grown, for immediate orders we can make the low price of 81 50 per bushel. The latter kind will produce a large amount of feed ; and if frost holds off it will usually ripen its seed here in the North. GLASS ADVANCED AGAIN. There has been another advance in the price of window glass, so that the be>t price we can now offer on 8X10 glass for greenhouse sash is $i 00 per box. As we work off stock on hand we are modifying cur shipping-cases by using a block at fach end of the glass. This will enable us to use 16 inch strips in all four-row cases or 12-iiich strips in three-row cases. As we have quite a quantity of glass on hand, espe- cially for two and three row cases, we will not incor- porate this change into many of the ca'-es sent out this vear, but we expect to do so as soon as present stock is used up. We are already supplying some of the four-row cases in the new style. SECOND-HAND MACHINERY. Since our notice in this department tw" months ago we have sold several of the machines offered, but we still have a number of the machines offered, as well as others. We have sold the single cutter-head ma- chines, but have the several double ones still on hand, one at $40 00. practically new, and another, sTghtlj^ damaged by fire, at 830.00 We have one or two rip- saw tables to offer, one at 810.00 and one or two more at 815.00. One solid iron-frame V grooving machine, for 4^ sections only, worth new 8200; will sell for a very low price. A solid-iron double-mandrel double- head machine for cutting beeways in sections or sec- tion-holders, worth newl^iSO; will sell cheap. A solid- iron hive-dovetailing machine, which is in excellent condition, and worth new 8500 ; will .sell very low. Several 6-inch fouudationmachines. Particulars and prices to those interested, on application. MASON FKUIT-JAKS. We still have in stock a few gross of quart Mason fruit -jars with aluminum caps, which we offer, while they last at 55cts. per doz.; 6 doz., 83 15; 12 doz.. 80 25. We are expecting within a few days, from the factory, a carload of jars with porcelain-lined zinc caps in both green and flint glass. We placed our order for these before the higher prices now ruling went into effect, so that we are in a position to make closer prices than we should otherwise be able to do. The retail prices in our catalog are very close to the prices ruling at present on carload lots at factory. For the present we offer them at the following prices, which we can not guarantee for any lenath of time, as prices are likely to advance still further : GREEN GLASS. 1 pint, 1 doz . 55: 6 doz.. $3 15: 12 doz . Sfi 2J. 1 qt., 1 doz., 58; 6 doz., S3 30; 12 doz., 86 50. 2 qt., 1 doz., 80; 6 doz., 84.60; 12 doz., 89 00. FLINT GLASS. 1 pint, 1 doz.. 60; 6 doz , 83 45: 12 doz , 86 75. 1 qt , 1 doz., 65: 6 doz . 83.75: 12 doz., 87.2.5. 2 qt., 1 doz , 90; 6 doz., 8-5 20; 12 doz., 810.00. These jars are all put up one dozen in a partitioned case, and I think they are the best-made jars we have had in years. ORDERS FILLED PROMPTLY. While there has been a little delay in filling orders in a few cases during the past two or three months, we are glad to .«ay that we are now clo.'e up on orders, and shipping promptly all orders as fa--t as received. Even odd-sized and irregular goods which have to be made to order are gotten out within a few days. Our various branches and agencies are also well sup- plied with goods, so that, if you aie in need of bee- supplies, you can obtain them without delay. We have in stock here over three million sections, and' more than a third of these are No 2. There is not a size listed in our catalog that we can not supply in No. 2, and these are fine sections compared with what we turned out as No. 1 a few years ago. Our No. 1 are perfection itself. If any one can suggest any fur- ther improvement upon them we should be pleased to- get the suggestion FIFTEEN AND TWE.VTY-FIVE DOLLAR QUEENS HAV- ING A MEASURED TONGUE-REACH. The call for queens of our celebrated 8200 imported mother has been so great that we have decided, in ad- dition to the 82 00 84 00, and 86 00 grades of this stock, to offer some 810.00, 815,00, and even 82.5.00 of this same blood. But these prices are for tested queens, the tongues of whose bees have been jneasured. The $10.00 q\ieen is guaranteed to produce bees with a tongue-measurement of jVn ! the 815,00 queen, fda ; the J25.00 queen, ^-5';,. These last are very rare, and with one exception this (iVnt is the longest tongue-reach j'et secured. We reserve the right, when we do not have the stock with the tongue - reach called for, either to return the money or to send the next lower, remitting the bal- ance. It would be well for our friends to put in their orders at once, and as soon as we get the grades we will send notice. When the money is sent, the queens will be forwarded These will be put up in the very be.st manner possible ; and while we guaran- tee safe arrival in good order to any point in the United States, on any railway ine, we will not guar- antee safe introduction. Such valuable queens should be released on hatching brood. N. B — It seems as if it ought not to be necessary to say that no one but a queen-breeder or a large honey- producer should order these high-priced queens; but it is a fact according to our experience that beginners with only a few colonies will order our highest-priced imported queens. Such bee-keepers have no more use for such queens than a pig has for a wheelbarrow. SENDING BEESVl'AX BY EXPRESS. Yes. I know I have talked about it several times be- fore ; but just now our express clerk opened a pack- age of wax sent by express, with, I think, 82.75 charges. But it could have been sent by freight, the proper wav to send beeswax, for 75 cts.. a clear sav- ing of 82 00 ; and the clerk informs me that this is al- most a dailv occurrence. When I asked him what he supposed ailed our bee-keeping friends to throw away their money at this rate he said he co'.ild not think of any reason unless it was that they were in a hurry for returns. I really hope, however, this is a mistake, for I am loath to believe that our bee-keepers, or many of them at least, are as hard up as this would seem to indicate. If it is true, however, that any of you are needing money badly, I will try for my part to see that our book-keeper gets the remittances straight back to vou as soon as possible. Beeswax is a cash commodity. It ought to be spot ca'^h every time. Of course, there are times and circum.stances when ex- press is about as cheap as freight, but it is rarely true. Before you ship your wax, ask your agent what the expense will be both ways. If you are in a hurry for the money, say so when you send the box. and we will try to get it back to you the very day the wax reaches us; and we shall not feel hurt, either, even if you do ask for very prompt payment. Ql|/:kfkric ^ have 150 fine tested three-banded UCCIia. Italian queens for sale They are last August queens, and their bees are fine honev-gather- ers. Testfd. $1.25; select tested, $1..50: breeders, 82.00; untested, 75c each, or 88.00 per doz. I guarantee safe arrival, and satisfaction on every queen. I have been a queen-breeder for 12 years, and know what good queens are. J. W. Taylor, Ozan, Ark. N OTICE. — I can not fill any more orders for early queens this season. Address chanaed to W. C. Oathright, LasCruces, N. M. pOR SALE CHEAP.— California bee ranch and 500 ^ colonies of bees. Write for particulars, price, and easy terms. I. A. King, Almond, SanDiego Co., Cal. Y^ANTED. — To exchange Jaranese buckwheat at '" 80 cts per bushel; sacks, 15 cts. extra, for cash, or bees in shipping-boxes, if not too far away. Albert 1,. Martin, I,eonardsburg, Delaware Co., O. litUl TURN EaGS TO DOLLARS, Get the most out of vdiir fowls. Avoid the loss of tiinc and eggs and chicks- Hatch right and brood properly. The ONE, ONLY way to do it is by the GLEANINGS IN BKE CULTURE. tTIl 365 ..JNCUBATORS AND BROODERS... They neverfail. They hatch 9verv fertile eg?, and raise a larE^er per centage of chicks than any otner machine made. They are constructed exactly right and are absolutely Their past record is^heir highest endorsement. ,^ , ,^ RELIABLE PLIANT LEG BANDS. YOU can t lose them. Easily applied and don't wear out. Prices reduced. Sent post- paid for— IS bands for 20c.: 50for5nc.; lOnforSnc: 5nnfor«3.75 and 1000 for $7.00. ^ ^ RELIABLE EXHIBITION COOPS. Liehest, neatest, easiest to clean. Help set off the fowls on the exhibition benches 20TH GENTURY POULTRY BOOK. l^^^J^^^^ produced. Covers the ground. Is founded on practical experience. Incidentally it tells about the latest improvements in the Reliable Incubators and Brooders. The world's' best^Book 100. Reliable incubator & Brooder Co.,Box B-49.Quincy. Hi, U.S.A. arr ^^'^T'^'BH^^^'^*^^ The Only Trouble -with PAGE Poultry Fence is, it looks so much like a stock fence that people will use it for a stock fence. Weighs 10 pounds to the rod. Page Fence Co., Box S, Adrian, Mich. Minnesota Bee-keepers" Supply Mfg. Co., Manufacturers of Bee-hives. Sections. Shipping-cases, and Everything Used by Bee-keepers. Orders filled proinptly. We have the best shipping facilities in the world. You will save money by send- ing for our price list. Address Minnesota Bee=keepers' Supply Mfg. Co.. Nicollet Island Power Building, JVlinneapolis, Minn. For Sale Cheap. 700 COMBS in Hoffman frames, wired and built t.\}\} from full sheets of foundation. Will take $20.00 for the lot. Come quick if you want them. CEO. E. HILTON, Fremont, Mich. Union Combination Saw For Ripping, Cross- cutting, Rabbeting, Mitering, Grooving, Gaining, Boring, Scroll sawing, Edge-mouldin Beading. Full line FOOT and HAND POWEE machin- erv. Send for catalog A. SENECA PALLS MFG. 00., 41 Water St., Seneca Fs., N.7. BULL- STRONG! ....PIG-TIGHT.... An Illinois farmer said thataft- er harvest he had fully 200 bush- els of loose oats on the ground that he could not secure any ben- elit from, because the fence around the field would not turn liogrs. Figure the loss foryourself. He also ^aid, all this would have heen saved if he had used the Kitselman Woven Wire Coiled Spring Fencci and the value would have g-one a long ways towards paying cost of the fence. With the Duplex Machine any farmer can make it himself at the actual cost of the wire. Catalogue free for the askinef. ^ KITSELMAN BROS. B0XD31. Muncie, Ind. ELECTRIC HANDY WAGON. When you buy a wagon, buy one that will last you a life time, without costing more for repairs than it is worth. Get one that is easy to load and easy to draw. That's the Electric— the best made wagon in the world Steel wheels f24 to SGincheshigh) wide tires, strai ght o r stagger spokes. Se nd for hajid- Bome catalog of steel wheels, wagons and other implements at money-saving prices. ELECTRIC WHEEL CO., Box 95 QUINCY, ILLINOIS. In writing advertisers please mention Gleanings. 366 GLEANINGS IN BKE CULTURE. Apr. 15 I Sweet= Potato Seed. | g Sound bright stock of the best va- ^ ■^ rieties. Special rates by express. <^ ^ Descriptive price list free. Address k. ^ L. H. Mahan, Box 143, Terre Haute, Ind. ^ M^UIb'S (., Rox so. Ell wood City. Pa. Ur Uoom 10 • SO liroadway. Haw Vork City. In writiug advertisers please mention Gleanings. 368 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. In all Probability Apr. 15 the long-tongue bees are the best hone3--gatherers, but, whether this proves true or not, there is no risk in buj'ing queens of the Superior stock, as, in addition to having as long tongues as any that have been measur- ed, their superiority has been proven; and safe arrival, safe introduction, purity of mating, and satisfaction are guaranteed. Price of queens, $1.50 each. The Review for 1901, twelve back numbers, of my own choosing, and a queen of the Superior stock, for only S2.00. W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich. I. J. Stringham, IQ5 Park Place, New York City. Keeps in^stock a|full line of moderncappliances for bee-keepers. ; SILK-FAOBD VEILS. As good as any made ; 35 cents postpaid. Catalog free. Full colonies Italian bees, 16.00. Apiaries, Glen Cove, Long Island. I. J. Stringham, 105 Park Place, New York City. BEE-HIVES AND HONEY-BOXES. in car lots — wholesale or retail. Now is the time to get prices. We are the people who manufacture strictly first-class goods and sell them at prices that defy com- petition. Write us today. Interstate Box Sc Manufacturing Co., Hudson, ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ I Marshfield Manufacturing Company. X Our specialty is making SECTIONS, and they are the best in the market. ♦ Wisconsin basswood is the right kind for them. We have a full line of ♦ BEE - SUPPldES. Write for FREE illustrated catalog and price list. ♦ Marshfield Manufacturing Company, Marshfield, Wisconsin. ^ ♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»»♦ SPECIAL LOW CLUBBING OFFERS ON GLEANINGS. New readers who may see this issue for the first time, and old ones who have perhaps been subscribers, and have dropped out in the meantime, will be inter- ested in the following special clubbing offers that we are prepared to make : OFFER NO. 21. For 25c we will send Gleanings 6 months' trial sub- scription to new subscribers. OFFER NO. 22. For $1.00 we will send Gleanings for one year and an untested Italian queen valued at 75 cents ; but at this low price we reserve the right to send queen some time in July when we have a choice supply. offer no. 23. For 50c we will send Gleanings from the time your subscription is received till January 1, 1902, so that the sooner you send in your order the more numbers you will get. offer no. 24. If you order 810.00 worth of goods from our catalog at regular prices, paying cash for them, for 50 cents more you can have Gleanings for one year. offer no. 26. For 81 00 we will send Gleanings one year and a Clark smoker, postage 20c extra. Or, for 81.25 we will send the Cornell smoker, postage 25c extra. offer no. 26. For $1.75 we will send Gleanings one year and our c^'clopedia on bees, the A B C of Bee Culture, 1901 edi- tion, of 500 pages. CLUBBING offers. We will send the Review of Reviews or youth's Com- panion, new subscribers only, and a subscription to Gleanings, for 82.25. Or for 81,50 we will furnish Gleanings and any one of the following-named mag- azines or papers : Success, H^oman's Home Companion. Ohio Farmer^ Michigan Far/ner, Practical Farmer. Kansas Farmer^ Indiana Farmer, Cosmopolitan, and Pierson' s Magazine. Subscriptions to Reviezv of Revieivs and Vouth^s Com- panion must be strictly new. Old as well as new subscribers may take advantage of these several offers, but all arrears or back sub- scriptions must first be paid at $1.00 a year. Refer to these offers by number to avoid mistakes. THE A. I. ROOT CO., Medina, Ohio. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 369 1881 1901 PAGE & LYON riFQ. CO. We manufacture a full line of the latest BEE-SUPRUES. Our motto is, ''Perfect Goods and Prompt Shipment." Send for our new free illustrated catalog. PAGE & LYON MFG. CO., New London, Wisconsin. NOW READY! 64-PAGE CATALOG OF EVERY THING BEE-KEEPERS NEED. Illustrated and fully described. Especially valuable to beginners for the information it contains. Send your address on postal and get it now. Established 1884. J. M. JENKINS, Wetumpka, Ala. NOW READY. LONG-TONGUED QUEENS! YARD NO. I. By special arrangements with THE A. I. ROOT CO. to furnish them queens, I have secured their assistance in procuringthe finest breedingqueens that a thorough knowledge of the bees of the count? y and money can procure. Among them is a select daughter of their $200 queen that they re- fuse to quote me prices on. Thi-. queen shows every superior quality of her mother. Her bees show au actual reach of 21-100 of an inch ; are large, gentle, and beautiful to look uoou. MR. E. R. ROOT SA YS : " You have as fine bees as there are in the United States ; and with a direct cross of their breeders you should be able to produce queens whose bees show a reach of 2')-10U of an inch." flt^Send for descriptive price list. From recent mea.surements I find I can war- want all tested and select unte.sted queens to produce bees whose reach is 19-100 with au av- erage reach of 18 100 ; Select tested queens to produce bees whose reach is 20-100, with an av- erage of 19 100. Prices: Untested, Sl.OO; 6, S5.00. Select un- tested, SI 2.5 : fi. 86 00. Tested, |1..50: 6, 88.00. Se- lect tested, 82.00 : 6, SU.OO. Breeder:^, who~e best bees show a reach of 21-100, with au average reach of 20 100. 83.00. Breeders, whose best bees show 21-100, with an average of 20><-100, 8-5.00. Breeders, whose best bees show 22-100. with an average of 21-100 87.00. I have discovered 2 breeders whose best bees show 23 100 : the.se are too good to sell ; don't ask for prices. Imported Italian stock. Apiary No. 2. Im- ported queens, daughters and grand-daughters. Golden, or .5-banded Italian. Apiary No. 3. Breeders, select tested, tested, untested queens. W. O.VICTOR, WHARTON, TEXAS. QUEEN SPECIALIST. QUERNS? Improved Golden and Leather-colored Italians are what H. G. Quirin Rears. We have one of Root's best long-tongued RED- CI^OVER BREEDERS from their 8200 queen, and a Golden breeder from Doolittle, who says if there is a BREEDER of Golden bees in the United States worth 8100, this one is worth that sum. The above breeders have been added to our already improved strain of queens for the coming season. J. L,. Gandy, of Humboldt, Neb., wrote us on Aug. 5th, 1900, saying that the colony having one of our queens had alreadv stored over 400 pounds of houey (mostly comb). He states that he is certain that our bees work on RED ClyOVER. as they were the only kind in this locality and apiary. A. I. Root's folks say that our queens are extra fine. While the editor of the American Bee Journal tells us that he has good reports trom our queens from time to time. We have files upon files of unsolicited testi- monials. After considering above evidence need you wonder why our orders have increased each year? Give us a trial order and be pleased. We have j'ears of experience in mailing and rearing queens. Safe delivery will be guaranteed. Instructions for intro- ducing with each lot of queens. Queens Now Ready to Mail. Warranted Stock, $1.00 each ; 6, $5. GO. Tested Queens, $1.50 each ; 6, $8. CO. Select Tested, $2.00 each ; 6, SIO.OO. We Have lOOM Folding Cartons on hand, and so long as they last will sell at 84.00 per 1000, with your address printed on in two colors ; 500 for 82.75. At above price you can not afford to place comb honey on the market without cartoning it. Ad- dress all orders to H. G. Quirin, Parkertown, Ohio, (Parkertown is a Money-order Office.) 370 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 15 WE WANT to sell you bee-supplies. Our line is all new and complete. Send for our illustrated catalog. It will convince you that our Dovetailed hive is the best on the market. Our prices are right and our service is prompt. Fred W. Muth & Co., S-W. Cor. Front and Walnut Sts. Cincinnati, Oliio. Dittmer's Foundation !!! Retail"- Wholesale— Jobbing. I use a Process that produces every es- sential necessary to make it the best and MOST desirable in all respects. My process and automatic machines are my own inventions, which enable me to sell foundation, and WORK WAX INTO FOUNDATION FOR CASH, at prices that are the lowest. Catalog giving FULL LINE OF SUPPLIES with prices and samples, free on applica- tion. BEESWAX WANTED. GUS. DITTHER, AUGUSTA, WIS. Get the Best Queens. Evansville, Ind., Sept. '27th, 1900. The Jennie Atchley Co., Beeville, Bee Co., Texas: Dear Friends: — It gives me great pleasure to forward you this unsolicited testimonial regarding the merits of Atchley queens. The three (3) dozen queens pur- chased of you have made an excellent record for themselves. Not an Atchley queen among the twenty colonies lost during the severe drouth in July. I have bought queens from many breeders; and although the present crop is exceedingly short, the tiers of supers show where the Atchley queens are, and speak vol- umes for your method of queen-rearing. I find the progeny to be very gentle, strong-winged, uniformly marked, long-lived, of large size, and last, but not least, the best honey-gatherers I ever had. I shall want 100 more next season. Yours fraternally, J. C. Wallenmeyer. Prices for Queens. Tested, 81.50 each; 88.00 for 6, or 815.00 per dozen. Untested, February, March, April, and May, 81.00 each; 85.00 per 6, or 89 00 per dozen, Fine breeders, 85.00 each We have as good bees and queens as money and labor produce. We breed three-band Italians, Goldens, Carniolans, Cyprians, and Holy- Lands, in their purity, bred in separate yards 5 to 20 miles apart. If you want the best, call for Atchley's improved strains. Safe arrival guaranteed. Send tor a sample copy of " The Southland Queen," the only southern bee-paper. 81.00 per year. To new sub- scribers we offer as a premium a nice untested queen in order to get our paper introduced. Catalog, giving queen-rearing and management of apiaries for profit, FREE. THE JENNIE ATCHLEY CO., Beeville, Bee Co., Texas. \Wiiiitmii{ii^iiiiii*WMi^iiiMiiiiiiiii^^'imii^^ BEE-SUPPLIES. Best-equipped factory in the West; car- ry a large stock and greatest variety of every thing needed in the apiary, assur- ing BEST goods at the I^OWEST prices, and prompt shipment. We want every bee-keeper to have our FREE II,I,US- TRATED CATALOG, and read descrip- tion of Alternating Hives, Ferguson Su- pers, etc. ll'riieai once for a catalog. AGENCIES : Trester Supply Co., 10.3 So. 11th St., Lin- coln, Nebraska ; C. C. Richards, 1223 17th St., Denver, Col. ^t^'^ -' KRETCHMER M'F'6 CO., Red Oak, Iowa. BINGHAM SMOKER. Dear Sir:— Inclosed find $1.75. Please send one brass smoke-enpine. I have one already. It is the best smoker I ever used. Truly vours, Heney Schmidt, Hutto, Tex. MADE TO ORDER Bingham Brass Smokers, Made of sheet brass, which docs not rust or burn out ; should last ' a lifetime. You need one, but they cost 25 cts. more than tin of the same size. The little open cut shows our brass hinge put on the three larger sizes. No wonder Bingham's four-inch smoke-engine goes without puffing, and does not drop inky drops. The perforat- ' ed steel fire-grate has 381 holes to air the fuel and support the fire. Heavy tin smoke-engine, 4-inch stove, per mail, 81.50; 3'/-inch ; \ 81.10 ; 3-inch, 81.00 ; 2H-inch 90c ; 2-inch, 65c. Bingham smokers are I the originals, and have all the improvements, and have been the , standard of excellence for 22 years. Only three larger ones brass. T. F. Bingham, Farwell, Michigan. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 375 Contents of this Number. Adulteration in Germany 381 Adulteration, To Detect 881 Apiary, Marchant's -106 Apples, Rawles Genet 410 Bees, Number in Hive '. 379 Bleaching-house, Higgins' 387 California Prospects 398 Cellar Blasted in Rock 399 Chickens Hatched over Bees 399 Comb Honey, Working for 396 Comb Honey, Removing from Dovetailed Supers ...398 Cook's Review 401 Corns Cured with Beeswax 381 Dzierzon's Invention 388 Extracting from Sections Partly Filled 398 Foundation, Light, for Brood-nest 391 Hive 133 Years Old 381 Hive, Dzierzon's Movable-comb 389 Hives on a Bench 397 Honey, Comb, Bleaching 387 Honey, Comb v. Extracted 384 Honey, Cuban, in Square Sections 385 Honey, Rose 381 Jackson, Mrs., as Bee-keeper , 392 I,angstroth v. Dzierzon 388 Organization for Bee-keepers Needed 386 Parthenogenesis, by Benton 395 Pineapple-shed 408 Poi.son of Bees, Composition of 382 Pollen, How Gathered 390 Queens Fertilized in Hive 3S6 Queens, Thoroughbred 382 Red clover. Honey from 398 Skin of Fruit v. Old Cells 397 Stands for Hives, Marchant's 407 Theory, Dickel 393 Tongues, How Measured 399 Tongues, Measuring 383 Tongue-reach v. Tongue-length 401 Top-bars, Thick v. Thin 380 Trap Nests 410 Winter L,osses t 401 Wintering in High Temperature 390 Wiring, Vertical v. Horizontal 391 Hooey Cohimr!. GRADING-RULES. Fancy.— All sections to be well filled, combs straight, firm ly attached to all four sides, the combs unsoiled by travel Btain, or otherwise ; all the cells sealed except an occasional cell, the outside surface of the wood well scraped of propolis. A No. 1.— All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs straight ; one-eighth part of comb surface soiled, or the entire surface si ightly soiled ; the out- side surface of the wood well scraped or propolis. No. 1. — All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs comparatively even ; one-eighth part of comb surface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soiled. No. 2.— Three-fourths of the total surface must be filled and sealed. No. 3.— Must weigh at least half as mnch as a full-weight section. In addition to this the honey is to be classified according to color, using the terms white, amber, and dark ; that is, there will be Fancy White," " No. 1 Dark," etc. CITY MARKETS. Milwaukee. — At pre.sent writing; the demand for honey is for something fancy in quality and condition, and but a limited supply of such. Have of late re- ceived some shipments of fancy white and sold read- ily at 18, while common and amber honey moves but little. We can now quote fancy 1-fi). sections, 16@18 ; No. 1, 15@I6; common grades and amber, 13@14. Ex- tracted white, in barrels, kegs, or cans, 714®S}4; am- ber, 7@7^. Beeswax, 26@28. A. V. Bishop & Co., Apr. 19. Milwaukee, Wis. NEVif York. — Demand for comb honey about over, with stock well cleaned up. Prices nominal. We quote fancy white, 1.5@16 ; A No. 1, 14@15; No. 1, 12@ 13; No. 2, 10@11; buckwheat, 8@10. Extracted honey, demand dull; fancy white, 7@8; light amber, 6@7; amber and buckwheat, b®b%7 Beeswax is dull but steady; fancy, 28@29; average, 27@28. _ Chas. Israel & Bros., Apr. 22. ^ 486-8 Canal St., New York City. Chicago.— The choice grades of white comb honey sell at 16, and there is no surplus in sight. Other grades of comb sell fairly well at the following prices : No. 1 grades of white, 14(3)15; off grades, 13; light amber, 12; dark amber, 10@11; buckwheat and other dark combs, 9@10; candied and mixed colors, 7@9. Extracted is dull, and prices very weak, with the exception of some fancy linden and clover grades quotable at 7@8 ; ambers, 6@7; dark and buckwheat, 5@6. Beeswax, 30. R. A. Burnett & Co., Apr. 20. 163 South Water St., Chicago, 111. Nev(^ York. — We have to report a small stock of comb honey in this market. Prices rule about .same as our last report, while there is but little demand, as follows Fancy white, 15; No. 1, 14; No. 2, 13; buck- wheat, 10. Buckwheat extracted, 55<@5^. Beeswax, 27. Francis H. I^eggett & Co., Franklin, West Broadway, and Varick Sts., Apr. 20. New York City. Philadelphia. — As the season advances there is less call for comb and extracted honey. The market is now nearly bare of comb honey except some refuse lots. Extracted honev quite abundant. We quote fancy white extracted honey, 7^; amber, 6^^; dark, 6. We are producers of honey— do not handle on com- mission. Wm. a. Selser. Apr. 19. 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa. Schenectady. — Notwithstanding the lateness of the season we have had a number of small consign- ments of comb honey recently; and while there is still some demand a few warm days will curtail it to an occasional case or two. We quote clover, 13@15; buckwheat, 10@12. No demand for extracted. Apr. 20. C. McCuLLOCH, Schenectady, N. Y. Albany. — Honey market dull; hardly stock enough on demand at present to change quotation any from last issue. A No. 1 white scarce at any price; No. 1, 13@14; No. 2, 11@12; No. 3, 10@11 MacDougal & Co., Successors to Chas. McCulloch & Co., Apr. 24. Albany, N. Y. Cincinnati. — The demand for comb honey is near- ly over. The stock of it also well cleaned up. Fancy white yet brings 16; extracted in fair demand; dark .sells for 5^: better grades bring 6@,7i^; fancy white clover, 854@9. C. H. W. Weber, Apr. 19. 2146-8 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. San Francisco. — We beg to state that 1900 comb honey is practically exhausted, and it is difficult to state what the ruling prices are. Guggenhime & Co., Apr. 23. San Francisco, Cal. Detroit. — Fancy white comb, 14@,15; No. 1, 13@14; dark and amber, 10@12. Extracted white, 6J^@7; dark and amber, 5@6. Beeswax, 27@28. Apr. 20. M. H. Hunt & Son, Bell Branch, Mich. Buffalo. — Honey is moving slowly, but prices hold steady. Fancy white comb, 1.5(a),16; A No. 1, 14@15; No. 1, 13@14; No. 2, 12@13; No. 3^ 11@12; No. 1 dark, 10@11; No. 2. 8@9. Extracted, white, 7@8; dark, 5@6. Beeswax. 28@30. April. 26. W. C. TowNSEND, Buffalo, N. Y. For Sale. — Extracted honey from alfalfa ; 60-lb. cans at 7 cts., and smaller cans. D. S. Jenkins, I^as Animas, Colo. For Sale. — 20,000 lbs. extracted honey from alfalfa and light amber from Rocky Mountain bee-plant. Two cans, 120 lbs. net, $8 40; aLso 5 and 10 lb. pails. In ordering state if you want white or amber. M. P. Rhoads, I^as Animas, Col. Wanted. — Comb and extracted honey. State price, kind, and quantity. R. A. Burnett & Co., 16;? South Water St., Chicago, 111. For Sale. — Choice alfalfa honey. Two cans, 120 lbs. net, whitest, S9 GO ; tinted, partly from other bloom, 18.40. Also small cans. The Arkansas Valley Apiaries, Oliver Foster, Prop., Iiured always. Swinsoo & Boardman, Box 358, Macon, Ga. Queens Now Ready I If you are looking for queens we have them. We now have the largest etablishment in the South, and run from SIK) to 1000 nuclei. We can fill your orders prompt l.v. We can give you satisfaction. Our queens have a reputation of which we are proud. Prices, either 3-band or Golden Italian or Holy Land, your choice, untested, 75c; six for $4.25; tested, ^1.25; select tested, $2.00; breeders, $3.00 to $5.00; select warranted, 25c extra. Discounts in quantities, and valuable premiums given away— among them one year's subscription paid to Progressive Bee-keeper on receipt of your first order. Our large circular free for the asking— gives prices, descriptions, methods, etc. Our motto.— Good queens and prompt service. O. P. HYDE & SON, - HUTTO, TEXAS. Honey Queens. Have you noticed the change in my P. O. address? Did you know I am seeking to give my customers the best service pos.sible ? Did you know that I have as good or better queens than can be bought elsewhere? Many have found this out, and continue my best customers. Golden and leather colored honey queens, bred in separate apiaries. Bees, nuclei, and full colonies for sale. Price of queens— March and April — tested or untest- ed, each, $1 00; 6 for $5.00; $10 00 per dozen. Breeders, 82.50 to $5.00 each. — ADDRESS — W. H. LAWS, BEEVILLE. TEXAS. 1901====Golden Italian Queens====190l Untested — April, May, and June — $1.00 each, or 811.00 per dozen; after June, 50c each, or 85.00 per dozen. Tested queens, half more. Breed- ing queens 83.00 and'84.00 each. W. P. Rock eggs from 94=scoring birds at 81. CO per 15. Cocks, 81.00 each. QBORGE W. COOK, - SPRING HILL, KANSAS. EARLY QUEENS FROM THE SOUTH We are rearing queens now in full colonies by the best methods known. Tested queen, 82.00. Untested, $1.00; 6, 5.00 ; 12, 89.00 Full colonies, 86.00; 3-frame $2.00; 2-frame, $1.50. Add price of queen to nucleus •wanted. Write for discount on large orders, and cir- cular. Satisfaction guaranteed. Christian & Hall, Meldrim, Georgia. U- NEED -A GLOSSOIVIETER. It measures the actual reach of the tongue of a living bee to thousandths of an inch, also the capacity of the honey-sac; accu- rate, durable, practical. No rule or mag- nifying-glass needed. Satisfaction guaran- teed. Price 81.00 postpaid. Send for i^z^^^m Circular , and learn how to get a glossom- eter free. High-grade queens of the Sweet- heart and other strains at reasonable prices. A. J. WRIGHT, Bradford. Steuben Co., New York. pOR SALE CHEAP.— California bee ranch and 500 • colonies of bees. Write for particulars, price, and easy terms. I. A . King, Almond, SanDiego Co., Cal. May 1 LONE STAR APIARIES Italian Queens. Estab'd 1885. Prices of queens from import- ed mothers : Tested, ,(\,- SI .50; 6, 86..50; 12, $12 00. ' 'untested, 75c; 6, 84.00; / 12. 87.00. Golden, same " price. Select te.sted of T^^ either race, 82.50 each. '^-.. G. F. Davidson & Sons, Fairview, Texas. A Rare Combination. My bees are bred for business. They have long tongues, and are a golden strain. They are " taking the cake." My circular, free, gives full particulars — see April Gleanings. Prices, untested, 81.00; six for 85.00; dozen, 89.00; tested, 81.50; select tested, 82.00; breeders, 83.00 up A few very bright-yellow bees — very fine. Write for prices. Select and breeders are very nice. J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Pla. Northern Italian Queens Reared from Imported Mothers. Our stock is so carefully bred and selected as to secure carloads of honey. I,ocality free from foul brood and other bee - diseases. Prices : Untested queen, 81.00; 6 for 85.00; tested queen. 81 50; 6 for $7.50; best imported queen, 86 00; fair imported queen, 85.00. Ada L. Pickard, Richland Center, Wis. QUEENS BY RETURN MAIL. The Choicest of Tested Italian Queens $1 each. Large yellow queens, healthy and prolific; workers the best of honey-gatherers.- Safe arrival and satis- faction guaranteed in every case. Send for price list. J. W. K. Shaw & Co., Loreauviile, La. /AlUIllU yUCCIia. prolific queens; if you —^^^^^^^^——^-^^^— want the gentlest bees ; if you want the best houeygatherers you ever saw, try my Albinos. Untested queens, 81.00 ; tested, 81.50. J. D. OIVENS, Lisbon, Texas. Bees are : : Swarming. To keep down increase I will ship, after May 1st, Full Colo- tiies of Italian bees, with queen, in Dovetailed hives or light shipping-boxes, six L. frames of bees, brood, and honey, for S3. 50 ; five for $16.00 ; 10 for S30.00. Tested queens, 81 00 each. My bees are honey-gatherers and while cappers. Having 15 years' experience I put them up so they go through o. k. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Order now, as bees are ready. J. N. COLWICK. Norse. Texas. Minnesota Bee-keepers' Supply Mfg. Co., Manufacturers of Bee-hives. Sections. Shipping-cases, and Everything Used by Bee-keepers. Orders filled promptly. We have the best shipping facilities in the world. You will save money by send- ing for our price list. Address iVIInnesota Bee=keepers' fupply Mfg. Co.. Nicollet Island Power Building, Minneapolis, Minn. D. COOLEY, DEALER IN BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES, KENDALL, MICHIGAN. Root's Goods at Root's Prices. : Catalog free. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 377 Career and Character of Abraham Lincoln. An address by Joseph Choate, Ambassador to Great Britain, on the career and character of Abraham Lin- coln— his early life — his earlv struggles with the world — his character as devel ped in the later years of his life and his administration, which placed his nanje so high on the world's roll of honor and fame, has been published bv the Chicago, Milwaukee, & St. Paul Railway, and may be had by sending six (6) cents in postage to F. A. Miller, General Passenger Agent, Chicago, 111. TWENTY MILLIONS IN GOLD FROM ALASKA DURING THE YEAR 1900. Five millions of this came from the Nome district. Government officials estimate the output from the Nome district will be doubled the coming season. The Bluestone, Kougarok, and Pilgrim Rivers have been found very rich. There is hardly a creek from Port Clarence to Norton Sound in which the precious metal is not found, and hundreds of creeks unpros- pected. A rich strike has been made on the Yellow River, a tributary of the Kuskokwim. For full information regarding routes, steamship accommodations, and rates to all points in Alaska, ad- dre.ss C. N. .Souther, General Agent, Passenger Depart- ment, C. M. ^! St. P. R'y. 9.5 Adams St., Chicago. Fruit Packages of All Kinds. — ALSO — BEE=KEEPERS' SUPPLIES. . . Order your supplies now before the busy season catches you. Price list free. Address BERLIN FRUIT-BOX COMPANY, Berlin Heights, - - Erie County, Oliio. We are headquarters for the Albiro be:: — the best in the world. If you are looking for the bee that will gather the most honey, and the gentlest in Imidling, buy the Albino. We can furnish others, but orders stand 50 to 1 in fa- vor of the Albino. I manufacture and fuinish sup- plies generally. Send for prices. S, VALENIINE, Hagerstown, Md. Take Notice. March's Mattituck Erfurt Cauliflower. ^fa';ffs''''o'f this remarkable cauliflnwir di'scribed in Gleanings; true stock. Send for circular ami inice.s. Po'ta.'toes. Car- man No. 3 and Sir Waln-r H.il.'ieh, bu., SHc; a bu., ^2.25: 2d size, bu., 60c; 3 bu., ¥l.G.j. r»c:»vil-try. Egg.* from prize- winning, high-scoring White Wyandottes and White P. Rocks, $1.00 per setting; three for $2.(11). Circulars of these and other specialties free. CHRISTIAN WECKESSER, Marshallville, Wayne Co., Ohio. Pfifl FOnn f The kind that tones and keeps up the hen i^yAM ryjKfU . so that she simply must lay. LEY'S POUL- TRY CONDITION POWDER puts good red blood into poul- try veins; kills all disease germs; tones and nourishes fowls —big and little get all there is in the food when fed in con- junction with it. Price 25c pkg.; 5 for $1. Ley's Thorough- bred Minorca eggs, ^1 for 13. Thoroughbred Belgian Hares. pOR SALE CHEAP.— 100 nearly new second-hand ' Hilton chaff-hives. For particulars enquire of L. C. Woodman, Grand Rapids, Mich. VVANTED.— ALL TO KNOW that I sell my hives ^^ and Root's goods at Root's prices, and will pay $50 in three cash prizes for the best white honey ex- hibited at the Pan-American F,xposition at Buffalo this year, produced in Danzenbaker hives in New York State ; also the same for the three best lots out- side of New York State. Specific information given on application. F. DANZEXB.AKER, Box 66, Washington. D. C. \1^ANTED. — To exchange Jatanese buckwheat at '"^ 80 cts per bushel; sacks, 15 cts. extra, for cash, or bees in shippingbo^es, if not too far away. Albert L- M.^rti.v, Leonardsburg, Delaware Co., O. Ql|/:kfknc I have 1.50 fine tested three-banded UCCllS. Italian queens for sale. They are last August queens, and their bees are fine honev-gather- ens. Tested, $1.25 ; select tested, $1..50 : breeders, f2.00; untested, 75c each, or 88 (10 per doz. I guarantee safe arrival, and satisfaction on every queen. I have been a queen-breeder for 12 years, and know what good queens are. J. W. Taylor, Ozan, Ark. pjOR SALE. One 10 h -p. engine and boiler (up- * right boiler), one 18-inch planer, one Root saw- table. 30 ft. line-shafting, hanger pullevs, and belting. Will take 82.50. J. W. Bitteubender, Kuoxville, la. Wants and Exchange. Notices will be inserted under this head at 10c per line. You must SAT you want your ad. in this department, or we will not be responsible for any error. You can have the notice as many lines as you please; but all over ten lines will cost you according to our rejrular rates. We cannot be responsible for dispatisfaction arisinfr froin these ''swaps." WANTED.— To exchange 100 colonies of bees on 8 L. (Hoffman) frame^s, valued at $3 00 each, for beeswax. H. Vogeler, New Castle, Cal. IVANTED. — To correspond with the party that has " possession of the fire-arms formerly owned by the outlaws of Kansas, the Bender family. Address 216 Court St.. Reading, Pa. IV ANTED. — Practical bee-keeper : steady work for "' one that can handle 300 to 400 colonies with as- sistant; run mostly for extracted honey; state wages; can commence woik at once. Walter L Hawley, Fort Collins, Col. w ANTED. — 75 colonies of bees, to establish an out- apiary. H. G. QuiRiN, Parkertown, Ohio. \1/ANTED. — To exchange samples of honey. Before sending, state what you can use and what you have to < ffer 1 have alfalfa, basswood, clover, gold- enrod, willow-herb, heartsease, horsemint, man- grove, marigold, mesquite, raspberry, sumac, and Cuban bellflower, from which I can furnish samples. I want to get samples of all other American and for- eign honeys of choice quality, true to name. Want also to exchange American and foreign stamps. A. L. BOYDEN, Medina, Ohio. VLfANTED. — A 2d-hand pony or 1-horse tread-power, '' with governor, yet in good serviceable condition, at a moderate price. A. Mottaz, Utica, 111. W^ RANTED. — A few good colonies of Italian or hy- brid bees in Simplicity frames, in light shipping- boxes. Will pay cash for .same. Albert L- Martin, Leonardsburg, Ohio. ANTED.— To exchange bee-hives, sections, supers, etc., for raspberry-plants or offers or cash. F. R. Davenport, Box 383, Kalamazoo, Mich. ANTED.— To sell or exchange set of histories, shot- gun, and bicycle. O. A. Burnett, Sunol, Pa. w w WANTED.— stamps ; would be pleased to exchange with readers of Gleanings, or would send Aus- tralian shrub and vine seeds for higher values of U. S. stamps. Herbert J. Rumsey, Boronia, Barber's Creek, New South Wales. WANTED —To exchange hybrid queens (10c), mis- mated (50c), untested, 5 or 3 band Italians (90c), tested ($1 25). packet alsike, alfalfa, spider-plant, fig- wort, portulaca, bee-clover, sweet clover (10c each postpaid), for L. combs or offers J. C. Wallenmeyer, Evansville, Ind. Black and Hybrid Queens for Sale. Have just come in possession of 40 swarms of com- mon bees. The queens may be had for 35c each or three for 81.00. H G. Quirin, Parkertown, Ohio. 378 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 1 lllllillllllilllllllinillllllllllMIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIilllllMIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIinililllllllMIIII^ Noticell THE A. I. ROOT GO. 1 wish to announce that they have from their branch at 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa., direct steamboat connections and very low rates of freight to the following States : Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, Delaware, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida. As this is a branch of the factory, prices are the same. Full colonies of Italian Bees, f6.00. Special discount in large quantities. TIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIilllllllillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllir? w \)/ ilu vli i)/ \)/ \i/ ilu f^ ,^ .^n* . ^ ,f^ ,ffff ^0^ Sito- ^s*' (n (♦> We will furnish you with the finest bee- keepers' supplies in the World. Send us your Orders and we will fill 'em promptly. Send for Catalog. Lewis' • White • Polished • Sections • are • Perfect. /f\ BRANCH : G. B. l,ewis Company, 19 South Alabama Street, Indianapolis, Indiana. AGENCIES : I<. C. Woodmau, Grand Rapids, Michigan ; Fred W. Muth & Co., ^■K^^jb *.*llwi •4^S^ >4d>- ^iflr ^Bt' "^H^^^V >^^v ^^^v ^V^r ^^^9 ^VBt ilMP "IP TwlP ^W ^Vv^^^P^'^^v '^^^-'^^v ''^H^'^^v "^^^ ^0^ • T Southwest Cor. Walnut & Front Sts., Cincinnati, Ohio ; Fred Foulger & Sons, Ogden, Utah ; Colorado Honey- producers' Association, Denver, Col.; Grand Junction Fruit-growers' Association, Grand Junction, Colorado ; Robert Halley, Montrose, Colorado ; Pierce Seed and Produce Company, Pueblo, Colorado ; E. T. Abbott, St. Joseph, Missouri, Special Southwestern Agent. BEE-SUPPLIES ! ROOT'S GOODS ^T— — ROOT'S PRICES C. H. W. Weber, Cincinnati, Ohio. 2146-2148 Central Ave. A NEW and complete stock for 1901 now ■^^^ on hand. I am The Root Company's representative for Cincinnati and sur- rounding territories You save TIME and FREIGHT CHARGES by having goods shipped from here. Convenience of railroad facilities here enables me to do so. Before buying elsewhere, write for my prices and catalog, which will be mailed you free of charge. • DELVOTEID* •■fo-BE. •andHoNEY--;^ •iMD home:- '?i •INTERESTS '•^^s^J^^^ I'ublishedby-THEA'll^OOl' CO. _$is°ptRYtAR. '\@ "Medina-Ohio- Vol. XXIX. MAY I, 1901. No. 9. Is THERE NO LAW against cock-fighting in Ohio to prevent A. I. Root from carrying on in the way described on p. 357 ? I WONDER what makes the difference be- tween Mrs. Barber's experience, p. 338, and mine. Her bait sections are left unsealed. Mine are sealed ^/-5/^, and in a season of failure a bait section will be filled and sealed, and not a drop of honey in another section. L. Stachelhausen's brushed swarms have this in their favor, that they were championed by one of the ablest bee-keepers of the 19th century, the late C. H. J. Gravenhorst. [Yes, and then the advantage of such " swarming " is that it is all done at our convenience. — Ed.] Theodor Weippl, in Detitsche Itnker ans Boehmen, speaking of the theory that bees inherit their qualities from the nurse-bees rather than the queen, says it appeared among others in Gleanings. Friend Weippl, I think it was not advocated in Gleanings, only men- tioned as a foreign product that has not yet taken root in American soil. I don't know whether I made the blunder, p. 330, of saying that my top-bars, end-bars, and bottom-bars are 1 /g wide, or whether the printer was fooling with my copy ; but at any rate it should be l}i. Possibly \^^ might be better, for there's more building between the bars than I like. [By referring to your copy, doctor, we find the mistake was yours. — Ed.] F. Greiner, p. 328, thinks that, when I said apiaries of at most 120 colonies were plac- ed "at least }i mile " apart on the Lueneburg heath, the German % mile was meant. I have not at hand the Centralblatt quoted from, so I can't be sure about it, but nowadays the met- ric measure is generally used in German jour- nals ; and if my memory is not at fault the distance was a kilometer, or about }i, of a mile, and to put it in round numbers I said at least Yz mile. Still, friend Greiner may be right, and the question is open. How PRONE we are to have our eyes open wider to see what suits us than what doesn't ! The editor, p. 326, calls Arthur C. Miller's theorizing my " conclusion," leaving entirely out of view the fact I gave on the other side. The theory looks pietty weighty, but I con- fess that the fact that, with four painted hives, in a lot of more than 200, the hive that stood conspicuous above all others for moisture was one of the painted ones, looks about as weighty as the theory referred to. [I should be in- clined to believe that the one that was con- spicuous for moisture was not conspicuous be- cause of the paint, but because of some con- dition in or about the hive. But there is one point in regard to paint that has not yet been touched on, and that is this : The paint pre- vents the hive-body from warping and twist- ing ; and aside from the one point of durabil- ity this is very important in moving bees to outyards. Unpainted hives are liable to gap at the corners, to say nothing of the fact that the covers do not rest down squarely. — Ed.] You MAY be right, Mr. Editor, that steam is better for a wax-press than water, but it must be remembered that Gerstung, who pre- fers water-presses, was familiar with different steam-presses by actual use, while you, per- haps, have tried neither. Of course, though, Gerstung might be expected to be partial to his own baby. Say — you try both, and then we'll trust your word as to which is best. [Mr. W. W. Cary, then of Colerain, Mass., advocated the use of a press in a vat of hot water, something like 23 years ago. This method was published in our ABC book in some eight or ten editions ; but so far as I know no one who ever tried it liked it very well. When the press is put into hot water the wax must flow off on the surface of the water and with it. When the press is put into a box or can of hot steam, the wax, by gravi- ty, runs down to the lowest portion of the en- closure, free from the hot water, and free from dirt. While just as much wax can be obtain- ed by one method as by the other, yet steam gives us the advantage of convenience. — Ed.] Are you not a little modest, Mr. Editor, in demanding only 40,000 to 50,000 bees, p. 331, for a "large force"? L. Stachelhausen says, p. 333, "I have, in large hives, many 380 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 1 times observed that the queen had laid, dur- ing the previous 21 days, 3400 eggs daily, on an average." Three weeks later about all the bees from that 21 days' laying ought to be on hand, making 71,400. If we count the life of a worker 6 weeks, then there ought also to be present bees from the eggs of the preceding 21 days. Say the queen during that time laid 2000 eggs daiiy, and allow that half that num- ber had been lost by fatalities, we should have 21,000 to add to the 71,400, making 92,400 in all. Perhaps that is not often reached, but I suspect it's nearer the right mark than 40,000. [Some years ago, when we used to buy swarms, just as they clustered, from farmers, we bought them by weight. The swarm would be hived by the farmer into a box, and then brought up to Medina at night. The box of bees was put on the scales, and the weight recorded. The bees were then dumped on some frames of foundation, in a hive in the j'ard, and the box was then brought back to the scales and reweighed. Now for the results : We had some tremendous swarms brought to us that we sometimes had to hive in a double story chamber. The heaviest of those swarms weigh- ed from 8 to 8^^ lbs. The average of them ran about 5 or 6. There are about 4-500 bees to the pound, on an average ; so you can see that my estimate of a "large force" of worker bees, of from 40,000 to 50,000, can not be far wrong. Now, those eight - pound swarms would fill two stories full of bees, and of course you know these would all be working bees, and that is what I was talking about. But, again, I think you are wrong, clear wrong, in assuming that a given number of eggs laid by the queen will give the same number of bees. There are hundreds and thousands of eggs that disappear, we know not where. Over and over again I have seen frames well filled with eggs in the working season, and yet when these same frames were put into a queenless colony there would be only about two-thirds of the number of cells occupied with sealed brood that were occupied with eggs in the frame in the first place. This spring we noticed that the queens in our home yard would keep on laying eggs, and yet there would be no sealed brood or larvae to speak of. It was too cold for the bees to take care of much brood and so they reared only what they could cover. I should think we would be safe in saying that, out of 70,000 to 90,000 eggs laid by a queen, we could not expect over 40,000 or 50,000 bees. In rearing poultry we should consider that we were doing well if we got half of the eggs hatched into chickens. — Ed] Thick vs. thin top-bars.— S. T. Pettit, p. 227, comes down pretty hard on deep top- bars, although he thinks he can't do with less than ^i. His strong point is that, by having X-inch more depth, the space of 1600 to 2000 cells is lost. The mistake is in count- ing that the same number of bees are occu- pied brooding those sticks as would be occu- pied in brooding X"inch depth of comb. The space between the top-bars is X'iQch, and that between brood-combs about )4 inch, thus knocking out half his objection at a clip. But even that half of the objection will not stand. When the weather is hot, as it gener- ally is when supers are over the top- bars, there is no trouble about keeping up the heat; and at any time when it becomes cool the bees will shrink away from the space between the top-bars, and cluster on the combs above and below. Suppose you have a colony fully occupying two stories. Now put between those two stories another story filled with dummies an inch thick. Do you suppose it will take 50 per cent more bees to man the combs than it did before ? I suspect 5 per cent would be plenty. Even if ihe loss were all he supposes — 1600 to 2000 cells, or ^ of the brood-chamber^I should still want the top-bar J4 deep. At one time I used, entirely, wide frames holding 8 sections ; and when I put on a super I put in the middle of it a brood-comb from below. The bees very promptly occupied that super, but it did not answer to leave the brood comb there very long. If I left it long enough for the bees to begin sealing the sections, they would carry across some of the old comb, and the sections would be about as dark as the combs opposite. With }i top-bars, which I used exclusively for many years, the same thing would happen to a certain extent if no slat honey-board was used, especially if the sections were left on some time after being sealed. So if the prevention of burr-combs by deep top-bars be all a delusion — which I do not be- lieve—and if there is a loss of 1600 to 2000 cells to a colony — which I am very far from believing — I still want J4 top-bars for the sake of having the sections so far from the brood- combs that the bees will not find it convenient to carry up a lot of black wax to spoil the snow-white sections. [It seems to me our friend Pettit assumes, or indirectly assumes, that those 1600 to 2000 cells are lost because of the brood that might have been reared in them ; but it is very seldom that brood is rear- ed any closer than within an inch of the top- bar, with ordinary L- frames. Well, then, if those 1600 to 2000 cells are lost for honey, where will the surplus of honey go? Why, it will have to go into the supers, if there is not room below, and in the supers is where we want it. There has been a very strong ten- dency toward shallower brood-nests. If the use of thick top-bars cuts down the inside depth of the L. frame, it is a move in the right direction. And, again, if these 1600 to 2000 cells to a colony are so valuable, why would not 5000 or 10,000 cells be more valuable ? If we need more cells in the ordinary brood-nest, why not add to the depth of the brood-cham- ber ? I believe that if we could by some pro- cess cut down the depth of all the L. frames in use throughout the country, we should be conferring a favor on the great class of bee- keepers using such frames ; and the use of thick top-bars, besides ridding of burr and brace combs, reduces the depth of the frame slightly. No one talks about making frames deeper unless he wishes to go clear over to the other extreme of making the frames so deep that eight or ten of such frames will accom- 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 381 niodate the largest force of bees that can be held together iu one brood-nest. My notion of brood-nests is this : One shallow enough so that two of them will accommodate a large colony, or one deep enough so that one will accommodate one such colony. Taking this view of the matter, I do not see that friend Pettit gains any thing by decrying the loss of 1600 or 2000 cells to a colony of L. depth, when we do not need, if the view be correct, that number of cells. But perhaps it may be asked, "Why not cut down the L. depth? " We are doing it in the Danzenbaker hive, to a certain extent, but we can not get bee-keep- ers who are already using L. depth (and we would not if we could), to go to the great ex- pense of changing over their fixtures for the shallower depths. — Ed.] if^-^^att^^Afetfli^ac^acsft^flfejttt^agiifeiiv^ ^ICKl]WG& ^/lOM OUR MEIGHBORS FIELDS. ■■■ • Br'i3T£f>ioci-.^' May-day! twine to the top, with flowers sweet, The May-pole's stately shaft; I,et children laugh as did their sires When they, around it laughed. \\t Somebody says queens' wings need not be clipped — just slit them in the direction she walks, near the outer edge, and she will pre- serve her beauty, and yet not be able to fly a foot. Now that the question is settled as to the damage bees do 7iot do to fruit, let's determine what good they do as fertilizers of fruit-blos- soms. The picture on page .3.39 would be a good starter for " Vol. I. No. 1." \i< Will bee-keeping die out as the country be- comes settled ? is now debated. It is settled, and yet the honey crop increases with civiliza- tion. Without doubt, Colorado alone pro- duces more honey, from artificial sources, than was produced in the entire United States in 1850. Its use, too, is fast becoming more general. Mr. F. Greiner sends us the following in re- gard to the adulteration of honey in Germany. It is a very welcome addition to this depart- ment, with more to follow. The chemists in Germany have not yet been able to discover a reliable method to detect adulteration in honey. Mr. Kaempf, of the Pure-food Commission, says in the April issue of the I.eipziger Bienemeilting, that he collected samples of honey, taken from the stores in Koenigsberg, and submitted them to the Ag- ricultural Experiment Station for analysis. The chemist of the station was to work on these samples for four weeks; and although it was evident that many were adulterated, only one of them could with any degree of certainty be pronounced as such, others receiving the attribute "suspicious." Dr. Klien, it seems, took a great deal of pains in testing these different honeys by different methods. In testing a sample of suspicious American honey by the polariscope he showed the polarized rays turned to the left, as in pure honey. The alcohol test of pure basswood honey showed the same sort of sediment as in suspicious honeys. The difficulty lies in the fact, so it is said, that differ- ent honeys differ in their composition, and for that rea.son the uncertainty. The chemist doesn't know where he is at. The proposition is, first, to have as many samples of absolutely pure honey analyzed, each sample to be gathered from a different particular kind of blossom, as far as possible. Then when the chemist fully un- derstands the behavior of the different kinds of hon- ey, it is hoped he will be better able to detect adulter- ation. How anxious the German beo - keepers are about this matter appears from the fact that now a movement is on foot to raise a fund of 8250, this to be offered as a reward for an absolutely sure method of detecting adulteration of honey. Some liberal dona- tions have already been made. CENTRALBLA.TT. A bee-keeper reports that he had a bad case of foul brood, in which half the brood was destroyed, and by the use of formic acid the plague was stayed and a perfect cure effected. \i< Corns can be removed by taking pure bees- wax and spreading enough of it on a piece of paper to cover the corn, and binding it on for three or four days. At the end of that time the "hen's eye," as the Germans call it, can be easily removed. In some cases a second trial may be necessary. Another German bee- journal says propolis is still better for this pur- pose. Any thing that works will be welcome to most of us. \i> The Breslau General Anzeiger says that the adulteration of honey has brought a bee-keep- er of Hennersdorf into a bad scrape. He pro- cured of a foreign firm an enormous quantity of artificial honey, and sold it as pure honey. The police seized 1500 pounds of the stuff in the hands of the rogue. The event has creat- ed great excitement in apicultural circles, as such adulteration has been the means of a de- cline in the price of pure honey. ti/ " Rose honey " sounds very attractive, and should not fail of its object, at least its high- sounding name should not, even if the artifi- cial product itself should prove to be a disap- pointment. What is rose honey ? asks the Lux. Bienenzeitung. It says : Take four parts of white potato syrup, one part of pure honey, mix thoroughly, and add two drops of warm honey-water to the mass, and — the rose honey is ready ! Selling price, 36 cents a pound ; cost price, 6 cents — a slick profit. \i/ LE RUCHER BELGE. Mr. Theodore Hercher, of Pfanzwirbach, Austria, has a hive made from the hollow trunk of a tree, and in this bees have been kept since 1767 — a period of 133 years, and not a colony has ever died in it. As to old combs, Mr. G. de Layens says, "Apicultural writers continue to assert that it is necessary to renew old combs. Here is a fact which destroys this old prejudice." I will not give the " facts " here, but suffice it to say that some Europeau bee-men think combs may be used indefinitely. Hi/ The editor asked Mr. Rauschenfels, the edit- or of L'Apicoltore^ the chief bee- journal print- 382 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 1 ed in Italian, if he had ever seen in Italy bees having only one or two yellow bands. He says: "I have seen them with one yellow band, but very rarely. They more frequently have two more or less yellow." Mr. Chas. Dadant, writing on this subject in Revue In- ternationale, says, ' ' I have already noticed that drones from imported Italian queens are more or less yellow, and at times entirely black, as the queens themselves happened to be. I have introduced into my apiary more than 2000 Italian queens since I began import- ing, and I have never yet found a single queen producing regularly drones that one could consider as Italians, judging by color." BRITISH BEE-JOURNAL. The following, relative to the poison of the bee, appeared originally in a German bee- journal. It was translated by Mr. R. Hamlyn- Harris. It seems to throw some additional light on this subject. The inflammation and other unpleasant symptoms which usually appear after a bee sting are often at- tributed to that sharp acid so widely distributed in the animal kingdom, and known under the name of formic acid. This fluid, however, has nothing to do with the swellings; its utility to the bees is of quite another character. Professor Joseph l,anger, of Prague, a little while ago, examined the contents of the poison-glands of 25,000 bees. This he found to be a clear fluid, soluble in water, tastes bitter, and has a pleasant aromatic smell, which, however, soon passes away ; this scent can not, therefore, be the poison. The formic acid which gives its peculiar acid reaction to the contents of the gland is also very evanescent. The contents of the gland itself retain their poison- ous properties, however, even when dried and sub- jected to heat. The poison is, we therefore suppose, a vegetable base, an alkaloid, as the most active poi- sons in the vegetable kingdom are known to be. Professor I,anger proved that the poison has no ef- fect whatever on a healthy skin ; if, however, injected under the skin, all the symptoms of bee-stings set in. Should it reach the larger veins or arteries it causes a general disorder of the system which reminds one of snake-poisoning. The weight of the poison injected into the wound made by a bee's sting is between ^noTtnth and xijjjjsijth part of a gram. The largest part of this is formic acid, which is such an important fac- tor for the well-being of the bees. This works as a means of preserving the honey, owing to its acid re- action. The bee allows a little formic acid to fall into each cell filled with honey before it is closed or seal- ed, and this small quantity is enough to prevent fer- mentation. Honey extracted from unsealed combs never keeps long unless 0.1 per cent formic acid be added, which is all that is required. THOROUGHBRED QUEENS. What do we Know about them ? BY ARTHUR C. MILI,ER. The excellent article by Mr. H. L. Jeffrey, on the " Value of Breeding-stock," Feb. 1, is most timely, and touches a .subject which needs to be more generally written about and discussed. The editor's comments were a sur- prise to me, for I had presumed that, of course, he was familiar with the subject of biology. Evidently he is not alone in his position, for an inspection of the text-books and journals reveals a grievous lack of familiarity with such authors as Huxley, Darwin, Spencer, Haeckel, and others in the same field. Prof. Cook, although referring to some of them, does so in only the briefest way, while the Revised Langstroth has but a footnote by Mr. Dadant on in-and-in-breeding, p. 87. Aside from the foregoing there is virtually nothing in our text-books which tends to call the stu- dent's attention to even the existence of laws of heredity, to say nothing ©f their applica- tion. If the authors of our text-books are si- lent on these subjects, and if the editors of our journals are ignorant of them, it is not to be wondered at that the thorough breeding of queen -bees is in a much mixed and unsatisfac- tory condition. Apparently very few of the rearers of and dealers in queens know what " thoroughbred " means, yet their advertisements would lead one to believe that they did, and that they were, consequently, familiar with the laws of heredity and the steps necessary to turn them to their advantage. When a queen-rearer who is ignorant of these laws, or who, knowing them, ignores them, advertises choice-bred queens and breeding-stock, he is doing a di- rect injury to the bee-keeping industry. The use of the terms "choice bred," "straight golden breeders," "breeding-queens," etc., implies that the person claiming to have such stock has produced it according to the well- recognized laws of breeding ; that for many generations the ancestry of this stock was pure and potent, and that these " breeders " will produce offspring which, when properly mat- ed, will maintain the same traits as their par- ents, with virtually no variation. Just how many queen-rearers care to affirm that for their stock ? "Thoroughbred" is not "crossbred," as any high - class stock - raiser will testify. Thorough breeding is cautious, careful, scien- tific in-breeding (do not confound this with in-and-in breeding); and when alien blood is introduced the result can never be foretold with certainty, the chances being toward ata- vistn, the reverting to a previous type. Let those queen-rearers who would progress, read and re-read the very best authorities on biology which they can get, and then let them try to apply what they have learned. The works on the subject are many ; and unless the student is enthusiastically interested by the time he has read two or three of the lead- ing works he had better drop the business of stock-rearing, for he will never win fame or be truly successful at it. The true stock-breed- er is an enthusiast of the first grade, of high ideals, exhaustless patience, and a determina- tion which nothing can waver ; and I believe the love of it must be born in one. I do not think it can be acquired. Will the editors of our journals and the au- thors of our text-books please own up to what they know of this subject ? and will those of them who are posted kindly give us articles which will arouse the whole fraternity ? It is high time we began to be scientific in 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 383 our work. The haphazard, guess-at-it rule-o'- thumb ways have prevailed altogether too long. We shall injure ourselves, and be held ac- countable by those who follow us, if, knowing, we do not set about to overcome the evils. Providence, R. I., Feb. 26. [Very recently my attention has been called to a series of articles in the Jersey Bulletin on the subject of in-breeding to get prize-winning stock. I was surprised to note how the breed- ers of high-class Jersey blood in-breed. In one or two instances I noticed that a mother had been bred to her son, and sisters to broth- ers, for the express purpose of accentuating certain desirable traits. I observed, further, that this practice has been carried on to great advantage for many years. Bee-keepers have much to learn from the breeders of other fine stock. But we have one difficulty to contend with, and that is, that of getting a particular queen mated to a particu- lar strain of drones. Hitherto no certain method has been known for accomplishing this result, except having, at great expense, the mating take place on an island or in some isolated place on the prairie. If we can bring about the union of queens and drones in con- finement, as was described recently on pages 347 and 348, we should assuredly make an ef- fort to in-breed on the lines already indicated. Here is another article on the same subject. —Ed.] «>« MEASURING BEES' TONGUES. Objections to the Steel-rule Method; Scientific In- breeding ; Long Tongues and Five Bands Com- bined. BY J. H. GERBRACHT. Mr. Root : — I inclose a slight correction to your comment on Prof. Rankin's article on page 84. The principal importance of this correction is that as Mr. Rankin has probably measured many other lots of bees, the correct ratio between the results obtained by the dif- ferent methods is a matter of more or less in- terest ; and as there was a difference in the tongue-reach of the two lots it is only fair that the comparison should be made with the right one. As a matter of fact, the different parts of a bee's tongue are not always in the same proportion, so that the results of such com- parisons can not be relied on ; and I will say that, in my measurements of the two colonies, using the same method as yourselves, the dif- ference in average tongue-reach of the two colonies measured by Prof. Rankin was a tri- fle over .02 inch. In the letter that accompanied the second lot of bees (the ones on page 924), I ran up against the difficulty of not making myself clearly understood. Those "924" bees were the progeny of a daughter of the queen which put up the 240 lbs. This daughter was dis- carded, after laying about two months, on ac- count of lack of prolificness. Incidentally, with just two exceptions, every queen that I had last spring met the same fate, though not for the same cause, for the five-banders were prolific enough (their only good quality). The majority of their successors are from my own " best " one ; the rest are about evenly divided between daugh- ters of a selected "Superior" queen and one of your own red clover queens that I was lucky enough to secure before their discovery. This red-clover queen's bees average about .002 inch less than my best one, and the Superior bees are just the same. There are no other Italian bees in the neighborhood ; and with this kind of queens and drones it will be tough luck indeed if I do not have a few extra good specimens to show for next season's work. I think I will say a word right here about in-breeding. There is not in existence to-day a single strain of unusual superiority of either cattle, hogs, or chickens, in which this prin- ciple has not been employed to secure a fixed type ; and after this has been done, the fixed type can be maintained only by the most care- ful and scientific line-breeding. Crosses be- tween different strains produce just the same unreliability and tendency to degeneration as crosses of distinct breeds do, except in the few cases in which, either by accident or the exercise of most unusual good judgment, the two strains happen to " nick " well. In cat- tle and swine breeding, the infusion of one- eighth new blood is considered enough to off- set whatever ill effects close in-breeding may produce, the idea being to use the least possi- ble amount to maintain the vigor and stamina, with as little disturbance of characteristics and type as possible ; and the success of the breeder depends to a great extent on his abili- ty to do this accurately. In poultry-breeding, particularly in the varieties which have va- riegated plumage, in-breeding and line-breed- ing are the only ways by which any fixity of type can be secured ; and some breeders boast of not having gone outside of their own yards for breeding-stock for twenty years. Of course, the results are sometimes the same as those attained by some breeders of five- banded bees — good to look at, but of no utili- tarian value ; but this is by no means neces- sarily the case ; and the best laying and most vigorous-growing stock we have to-day is from this same line-breeding. There is no earthly reason why we should not have straight five-banded bees, of the highest type of working qualities ; and the fact that, as a class, they are what they are, is a most humiliating confession of the standard of efficiency of some of our queen-breeders. To get back to the original proposition, I will say that many of the results obtained de- pend upon the way bees are chloroformed. Too much chloroform, or too long exposure to a moderate amount, has a drying effect, causing the bee's tongue to lose in a great measure its elasticity. I obtained much the best results by placing the bees in a bottle in- stead of a cage, and consequently the stage of asphyxiation could be watched and controlled to a comparative certainty ; and I found that a piece of common wrapping-twine dipped ^ of an inch in chloroform was about right for a half- pint bottle, the twine being long enough 384 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 1 to be suspended from the cork. After going over every colony I had, and measuring over 800 tongues, keeping a record of every mea- surement, I am certain that the heart-to-heart truth of the matter is that the length which a bee's tongue will reach can no more be ascer- tained and measured to a certainty than a sim- ilar piece of rubber. The crying need of the time is for a standard reliable glossometer in which the bee does the measuring ; and until this is had, the results at present obtained can be regarded as only temporary makeshifts. Spring Grove, 111., Feb. 11. [See footnote to article by A. C. Miller. With regard to the subject of measuring bees' tongues, I may state that I have taken the bees of our $200 queen, for instance, and mea- sured them two or three different times from as many different cages, and the results were the same — jVi)- Afterward I did not know but some one else would get a different result, and therefore I instructed one of our men, Mr. R. G. Calvert, how to measure, and then told him to go and get the bees himself and mea- sure their tongues. I did not tell him what measurement I had secured from this particu- lar colony, as I wished to see if he would get as long a reach as I did. He measured one or two cages of these bees, and the result show- ed that he got 1%^^. 1 was satisfied. Occa- sionally we find a colony where there is a va- riation of T^^^ or yf {,, but not often. As to a glossometer and its use, here is an objection that occurs to me : The bees will eat through the meshes of the screen, perhaps a dozen or so of them at a time. The distance from the wire cloth to the honey, after it is eaten down, will be the length of the tongue- reach, of course. Now, suppose there is a va- riation in the length of the bees' tongues of that particular colony. Obviously, the gloss- ometer will show only the longest tongue-reach, and 7iot the average of the whole colony. Some one else suggests letting the bees of a whole colony reach through the wire cloth screen until they have eaten the honey from under it down to a certain level, and then measure from the top of the wire cloth to the surface of the honey. Here again we are get- ting only the reach of the longest tongues, and perhaps there might be only a hundred bees in the whole colony that would have this reach. I have experimented a good deal with chlo- roform, and I do not find any great variation in results if the chloroform is used properly. I put a very little of the liquid on a common handkerchief. The wet spot is placed right over the wire cloth of a cage of bees. In a few seconds I raise the handkerchief and look into the cage. If the bees are not wholly un- der its influence I let it remain a few sec- onds more. But in any case the handkerchief is left on only long enough to stupefy ; and, while the little carcass is still quivering with life, it is dissected. The head is removed, and the tongue stretched on the micrometer scale, as I have explained on page 101, Feb. 1, and again in this issue, page 399. Much inquiry has come as to where these steel rules or scales could be had. Hitherto I have referred our friends to the large hard- ware stores ; but finally we have been com- pelled to get a stock, and are now in position to furnish them, having hundredths of an inch marked on one side, for 40 cts. postpaid by mail. A magnifying glass and two large darn- ing-needles, and a penknife with a sharp-point- ed blade, are all that is absolutely iiect-s^ary to complete the work of measuring. — Ed] COMB HONEY VERSUS EXTRACTED. Comb Honey Scarce, but Extracted Becoming a Drug in the Market, at Low Prices; an Important Suggestion for the Consideration of Ex- tracted-honey Producers ; a Valuable Article. BY HENRY SEGELKEN. The season for 19U0 being practically over, it occurred to us that it might be of interest to bee-keepers in general to learn our experience for the past two seasons regarding the sale of comb honey as compared with that of extract- ed. While the crop has been short for the past two seasons — in fact, almost a total fail- ure in many sections of the country — we had no trouble whatever in securing all the ex- tracted honey we could handle, and had an abundant supply ; but our receipts of comb honey fell off to a very great extent, and we were unable to supply a large number of our customers, and outside trade in particular. Large quantities of extracted honey of the 1899 crop were carried over, while, in the tarly spring of 1900, the markets were practically bare of all grades of comb honey, and prices were well kept up. Our market, at present, and we think all Eastern markets, are well cleaned up of comb honey, and prices are well maintained. This can not be said of extract- ed. More or less will be carried over this sea- son, unless sold at reduced prices. Within the past two weeks extracted has declined about one cent per pound, and the indications point to a still further decline. We believe it is generally claimed among bee-keepers, that, by producing extracted, they can produce twice the quantity they could if they were producing comb honey, and that, therefore, extracted could be sold at half the price of comb. Perhaps this is true, and for the past few years prices have ruled accordingly — extracted honey selling at from 5 to 8 cts , and comb at from 10 to 16, as to the various qualities. It must be borne in mind, however, that prices of extracted have not always remained firm, while on comb they have. Besides, as said above, we found no trouble in securing all the extracted we re- quired, and could have handled thousands more crates of comb, but it was not to be found. Therefore it seems to us that it would be beneficial to the bee keepers if they would cut off the production cf extracted honey to some extent, and produce more comb. If not in general, we would certainly make this sug- gestion to the bee-keepers of the East, and es- pecially to those living in the large buckwheat 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 385 sections of New York — the "Buckwheaters" as they have been termed. The outlet for extracted buckwheat is very limited, and we have noticed a general falling- off in the demand of late years, which is very likely to continue. We do not believe that we shall ever have such a demand for buckwheat extracted again as in former years. Now as to buckwheat comb. We could not fill our orders in the season of 1899, and have not been able to supply our customers from the beginning of the season, last fall. Ex- tracted honey we can get from all over, while we had to depend largely on the East for comb honey, though we have been receiving some comb honey from the South — Florida, Georgia, North and South Carolina — for the past two years, where the production of comb honey seems to be increasing. However, as this is ready, and sent to market in the late spring and summer, it is generally disposed of before the Eastern honey comes to the mar- ket, and, therefore, will not conflict with the increased production of comb honey in the Eastern States. city. We have heard them universally well spoken of by bee-keepers everywhere ; and because this is so it is a pleasure to speak of them in this connection. We believe Mr. Segelken is right in saying that too much extracted honey is being pro- duced for the Eastern markets ; and it would be well if some of the producers of the liquid article would turn their attention toward the production of comb honey — something that always does have a sale, and at a great deal better prices than extracted, as a rule. In Cuba, bee-keepers are beginning to learn this same lesson. But there are some honeys which, if put on the market in the comb, would have little or no sale. Such honey is used only by tobacconists, bakers, and the like, for manufacturers can not use honey in the comb. As a rule we may say that, when honey is rank in flavor, and is not used by consumers direct in the extracted form, it should not be marketed in the comb. Our honey-man, Mr. Boyden, has been say- ing for some time that bee-keepers were mak- ing a mistake in putting so much of their A SAMPI.E OF CUBAN HONEY IN PI,AIN SQUARE SECTIONS. We have just received from Cuba a ship- ment of comb honey, in plain square .sections, 28 to crate, with glass front, packed in ship- ping-cases with handles. The honey arrived in first class condition, and is nice and white. We think this is the first comb honey ever shipped from Cuba to the United States. We have noticed some correspondence in Glean- ings by Cuban bee-keepers, wherein they say that all they receive for their honey is about 3 to 3>^ cts. per lb. At this we should think that it would pay them to produce comb hon- ey, for, instead of figuring on twice the price for extracted, they could safely figure on three times the price at least. There seems to be no doubt that comb honey could be produced in Cuba to advantage. Whether it will be done extensively is another question, unless Ameri- can bee-keepers follow it up. In the course of time, however, Cuban comb honey may be- come quite a factor on our market, to be reck- oned with ; but we think that that time is, as yet, at a distance. New York. Mar. 6. [Mr. Henry Segelken is one of the firm of Hildreth & Segelken, a concern that handles such large amounts of honey in Ne v York product into extracted form — that there ought to be a larger per cent of it in comb. As Mr. Segelken's experience is quite in line with our own, bee-keepers may well consider how they shall put out their honey for the coming sea- son. I suspect that one reason why buckwheat extracted and other dark grades do not sell as they formerly did is because of the large im- portation of Cuban extracted honeys of better flavor and of better color. The buckwheaters of New York may well consider the matter of producing honey in the comb. There is another reason why the darker grades do not sell as well as they formerly did, and that is, the general distrust against all honey in the liquid form. Consumers, as a rule, are getting to have confidence in honey put up in comb, as they believe it to be pure, in spite of the yarns that were circulated a few years ago over the country to the effect that comb honey could be successfully coun- terfeited by means of appropriate machinery. Mr. Segelken sent us a photo of some of the Cuban honey to which he refers in his ar- ticle, and this we have reproduced for the in- spection of our American honey-producers. If the Cubans are finding it to their advantage 3S6 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 1 to produce honey in comb, how about us who are on American soil ? While the great bulk of Cuban honey goes to other countries rath- er than to the United States, it behooves us here in America to be ready to meet competi- tion that may come in time from Cuba — Ed] FERTILIZATIOX OF QUEENS IN THE HIVE. Truth or Heresy— Which ? BY H. L. JEFFREY. A CO-OPERATIVE ORGANIZATION FOR BEE- KEEPERS NEEDED. BY J. P. BERG. Friend Aikin, on page 82, has hit the nail on the head. Sitting on his ridgepole as he does, he has taken a full view of the matter. Such an organization is absolutely necessary for bee-keepers to prosper in the future. See how all business is organizing in its various lines, except the bee-keepers and farmers in general. Now for the farmers. I have given up all hopes, on account of the total ignorance of so large a share of them. You can never ed- ucate them, as a class, to be honest with each other, and have confidence in each other, like other business men. And what is the result ? Farming is the poorest-paying business in America. And we bee-keepers (I am a farmer too) are served not much better. Seven years ago I moved to the State of Washington with 110 colonies of bees. I sold my honey that fall before I went there, in Traverse City, at 18 cents a pound, wholesale. I bought good pine lumber for 12 to 14 dollars per 1000. I bought my nails to make my bee-hives for lyi cents per lb. Two years ago I came back from there, and found honey worth 12)^ cents, and many sold it for 10 ; but the lumber I had bought 5 years before for 12 to 14 dollars was worth $26.00 to $28.00, and nails were worth .5 cents per lb. Did they run short of mate- rial for nails ? Our bee-supply manufacturers were obliged to raise prices on nearly all sup- plies, on account of raw material rising in price. Has the price of honey raised corres- pondingly ? All the lumber men of this part of the country have their monthly meetings here at Traverse City. In their December meeting they passed a resolution that none should be allowed to lumber this winter more than half as much as they did last winter. Do you see, brother bee-keepers, how they fix us? This seems to be the order of the day : " Limit production and raise the price." Let us organize thoroughly and systematically for co-operative business as well as intelligence. Let's not be afraid that some other bee-keeper might get a dollar out of it that we should not get. This is the snag that all farmers' organi- zations go to pieces on — miserable jealousy and distrust. Is it not more profitable and honorable to give a faithful officer $1.00 than to give a dishonest dealer $100? I have more hopes of the bee-keepers getting together than the farmers, for the bee-keepers as a class are better informed, and have more confidence in each other. But, as Bro. Aikin says, "We must have a national head," and should at- tend to it at once, before another crop comes on. Traverse City, Mich. [In publi-^hing the following I do not wish to be un- (Itrstood that I am in any_ sense giving it editorial in- dorsement. While I believe Mr. Jeffiev is honest, yet I can not help feeling some mil-take has been made. On the other hand there is just a little dinger that over-conservatism on this question may shut us out from receiving new knowledge of unorthodox truth. Some thirt3' odd years ago there was a great deal said on this question, and some even claimed that fertili- zation could and did take place insideof the hive ; but at the time, I believe it was finally decided that no really authentic proof from careful and competent observers was offered. While I believe that fertiliza- tion might take place in a mammoth cage, as illustrat- ed and described last issue, I feel very, very skeptical about the possibilities of the act taking place within the hive. — Ed.] 3Ir. Editor : — Dr. Miller writes, "That dead decayed thing that has been carried out and buried comes up smiling." Not dead but sleeping. That mating queens in confinement is and has been made practical is true, and has been made practically a success, is also true, and was proven fully possible away back in the '70's by a man named Cooke, of Ger- man-American ancestors, who lived in Beacon Falls, Ct. Cooke did not use any big cage or tent, but I do know that he made a reasona- ble and practical success of it. He worked at it for several years, and tried to get the results of his labors published, but none of the pub- lications would give him a fair showing. In every attempt he triade to publish his works, he met with sarcastic rebuff. Finally he be- came despondent, and died in the early '80's. The minute details of his modus operandi I never tried to ascertain until too late. For three or four years he mated queens for me with drones that I selected for him. He would succeed with from half to three-fourths of the queens that I sent him, and that was far more satisfactory than to run the chances of natural chance mating ; and from some of the results of Mr. Cooke's labor was one of the main factors that made me believe — yes, and by which I know — that the damaging in- breeding clack is all a humbug. So far as confinement matings of my own experience are concerned, I have been just successful enough so that I do know it can be done ; but just how to succeed every time, I do not know how. Provoking success is the only fitting term for it. Twenty years or more ago some writer in the American Bee Journal used these words, in meaning : ' ' When both sexes and condi- tions are ready, mating will take place any- where. ' ' I will give one instance out of many, to illustrate. In 1884 I had a three-year-old queen I was using as breeder. Her own record, several of her sisters' and her mother's records were above the best average. From a batch of 30 or more I selected 8 that were very good re- semblances of the old one. They were in two- frame nuclei, and were watched very closely. On the evening of their seventh day they were closely examined, as they had been every day, and they showed that uneasiness that is ap- 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 387 parent the day before they mate. Drones from the old queen that were of even coloring, maturity, and size, a good many of them, were caught and put into the hives the nuclei were put in. Each comb in every nucleus was close- ly looked over by three or four of us. The combs were wedged firmlj' to one side of a 9- frame hive, leaving a half-inch space between them ; fi inch from the combs was keyed a division-board just one inch shallower than the combs. A board cover was put on with wire cloth, covered with thin muslin that cov- ered the open space of the hive. Thus the 8 nuclei were left to quiet down over night. Between 7 and 8 o'clock the next morning these nuclei were all carefully examined to see that every thing was all right. Then the entrance closing blocks were screwed on, also the covers. The 8 hives were then loaded endwise into the body of a platform spring wagon. All were then pushed into the shade suit, the same thing resulted. Hive after hive, the whole eight had mated and clipped queens. Each hive and queen was very carefully and cautiously examined in the morning before starting, and the drones were as carefully se- lected. That was a successful confinement mating. Woodbury, Ct., March 21, BLEACHING COMB HONEY. How it is Done on a Large Scale in California. BY D. A. HIGGINS. I make a house expressly for bleaching the honey. I first build a floor upon legs, as you see by the drawing, each leg having a tin can at the bottom, and a tin plate at the top. These legs are placed between two plates of Bleach/ng /-/ou^e. D. A. HIGGINS' COMB-HONEY BLEACHING-HOUSE. to wait till other things were made ready. Every thing else ready, we (two besides my- self) all drove to a selected place that, with diligent search, gave us sole possession of the locality, so far as bees were concerned. The load was left in the cool shade, then other preparations were made. Between 4 and 5 p. M., the bees having become quiet, the hive- stands all ready, and various other work all done, we proceeded to take the hives of bees from the wagon, place them on their stands, and carefully examine them one at a time. Hive No. 1 being set on the stand, I took a screwdriver to take off the entrance-block, then the top board. The two assistants, one on each side, in a squatting position, in dead silence, watched. A dead and mutilated drone in the open space of the hive, also several others with protruding genitals, greeted our eyes ; and on looking up the queen she was plainly ticketed as evidence. It took but an instant to take off her wings. Then hive No. 2 was brought forth ; and with a little more caution, and more concern for a hoped-for re- redwood, 2x4 inches, and 14 ft. long. At ev- ery 2 ft. I have a sleeper so as to make the floor strong. These sleepers are placed on these plates so that the legs are one. I have no underpinning under the center of the house. This is to keep out all mice or ants, which are very troublesome in this country, and they are especially troublesome in comb honey. The little tins at the bottom of the legs are filled with crude oil to keep out the ants, and the tin plate at the top keeps out the mice. This house is covered with cloth, the top being heavy goods. Now we have the bleach- ing-house complete. On a platform in front of this house I build my surplus-box, 2 ft. wide and 6 ft. long. I next take one joint of stovepipe and cut a hole in one end of a square 60-lb. tin can, large enough for the pipe. One end of the pipe I insert in the can, and an el- bow on the other end, and communicating with the sulphur-box. I now cover the pipe with earth about 6 inches deep. I next cut a hole in the side of the can, to put in sulphur. 388 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 1 I now take a large teacup of sulphur and place it in the can, and we then are ready to sulphur the honey. THE METHOD OF BLEACHING. I take my supers from the hive, place them on a wheelbarrow, and wheel them to the sul- phur-box. Place them on the box until I have 30 supers, then I light the sulphur and let it stand for about three hours. I next wheel them to the bleaching-house, and place on the work-tables, which I have on both sides of my house, and reaching full length of the house. I now remove the honey from the supers and place it on shelves which run around the house, and are indicated by dotted lines. I leave them there about 24 hours, and then reverse the section and leave about 24 hours longer. I find that where the honey is badly stained it will now be very white. It is necessary to have a good quality of sul- phur, as it does not injure the honey, and the honey will bleach much nicer. It is the light which bleaches, so the cloth must be thin. The sulphur-box should be outside of the house, for it would be impossible to work in the house while sulphuring if the box were in- side. This bleaching-house is very conven- ient if one does not sulphur his honey, for the reason one can store on shelves of a house 12 Xl4 ft., about 100 cases of comb honey, giving plenty of time to clean and pack the honey. Bonsall, Cal. [There are some who are inclined to believe that there is not much in this bleaching busi- ness. Very recently we received a letter from one of the extensive and prominent bee-keep- ers in the East, stating that he was making bleaching a success. Comb-honey producers had better wake up to the fact that a great deal of their off-colored comb honey can be made A No. 1 by the proper use of sulphur and sunlight. It appears that bleaching in California has been extensively practiced for a number of years. — Ed.] MOVABLE COMBS V. MOVABLE FRAMES. The Invention of Movable Combs in Germany ; the Position that Dzierzon and Langstroih Occupy in Apicultural History. BY DR. C. C. MILLER. I have read with care your footnote on page 219, Mr. Editor, relating to the claims of Langstroth and Dzierzon ; and, aside from in- ferences that may be drawn, there is nothing in either the Straw or the footnote that needs correction except one thing, and that is the statement that Dzierzon gave the movable frame to a large part of the bee-keeping world, instead of saying he gave the movable comb. So incorrect a statement as that can hardly be excused in one who parades himself before the world as knowing something of bee-keeping and its history. It may, of course, be said in extenuation that " movable-comb" and " mov- able-frame " are very commonly used as mean- ing the same thing, but that can not be accept- ed as any excuse whatever. They are the same when you are talking about a Langstroth hive, because the movable frame, of necessity, makes the comb movable ; but when speaking of Dzierzon's invention, now can there be a movable frame when there is no frame at all ? It is a case of carelessness so glaring and cul- pable that there is no refuge except in the claim of stupidity. I don't know whether I'd rather be called careless or stupid, so on the whole it may be the best thing for me to say nothing, merely hoping to live down the dis- grace, trusting that a forgiving public may forget all about it before I get to be an old man. Having disposed of that one point, there still remains a certain amount of ignorance and misunderstanding that makes it desirable that the whole truth, so far as possible, should be brought out. Suppose you allow me to try to give what I understand to be the truth ; and if I make as bad a break as I did before, you straighten me out. If you ask a bee-keeper in this country who invented the movable comb he will promptly tell you it was Langstroth ; and the chances are one out of five, if not one out of three, that he will have no idea of any thing that stands to Dzierzon's credit, if, indeed, he knows that such a man lives. Unfortunately there are some, perhaps more than you would suppose, who would reply something after this fashion: " Oh ! there's a lot of them. Mr. Langstroth invented one movable frame ; Mr. King invented another, and I don't just know who else, but a whole lot of them," ignorant of the fact that in reality all movable frames are Langstroth's invention, and may properly be called Langstroth frames, no matter what their proportions. Ask a bee-keeper in Germany who invented the movable comb, and he will very likely re- ply, " Dzierzon ; " and when you say, " What about Langstroth ? " he will stare at you. The fact is, there is too much ignorance and nar- rowness on both sides of the water ; and be- fore blaming too much the Germans for not crediting to Langstroth what fairly belongs to him, I should like to see my own countrymen do full justice to Dzierzon. Allow me to disabuse your mind entirely, Mr. Editor, of any thought that I would pluck one leaf from the laurel that crowns the brow of our own Langstroth. Probably more than you and I appreciate the debt we owe him for movable frames, for you did not begitt bee- keeping zvifh box hives. Neither do you esti- mate as highly as I do the superiority of Lang- stroth's invention over that of Dzierzon. You say, " Dzierzon improved on this by using bars in a top-opening hive." Instead of being top-opening, his hives were side-opening, each comb being put in a little after the fashion of a drawer in a bureau. His frame (if you will allow me so to express myself) had neither bottom-bar nor end-bar, only a top-bar ; and when a comb was to be taken out it had to be cut loose from the sides of the hive, and no comb could be taken out till all that preceded it were removed. When the tenth comb was to be taken out, instead of lifting out that comb 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 389 alone, as you and I do, he was obliged first to cut free aud take out the first nine before he could reach the tenth. L-iugstroth gave us a system that, compared with this or anj' previ- ous system, was revolutionary, making the work of bee keeping so easy that, if it were taken away from me to-day, and I were al- lowed the benefits of any one or all of the oth- er systems, earlier or later, I should not be likely to continue a bee-keeper. I think you will now see that there is no quarrel between us as to the credit due Father Langstroth. It detracts nothing from Langstroth's glory to give Dzierzon his full meed of praise. You refer me to Americcui Bee Journal, Vol. I., p. 14. I do not find there the sentence you quote, but it is none the less true. I do find there this sentence that you have partially quoted : ' ' The next invention, and that which alone received general approval and accept- ance in Europe, was Dzierzon's movable bar hive, first publicly announced in 1845." Please note that, although this was a bar hive, it was an improvement on all previous y>a;«d' hives. Note, too, that it was the only system that re- ceived general acceptance, and especially the fact that it did receive general acceptance. Putting that in different words, it means that Dzierzon gave to German bee-keepers a mova- ble-comb hive that went into general use, and meant for them a grand step forward — was, indeed, a revolution. You will say that Langstroth's hive was ever so much better than Dzierzon's. Cer- tainly. As I have shown, I hold that with still stronger emphasis than you. But that does not change the fact that Dzierzon gave the Germans a movable-comb hive that they accepted and adopted, and they are in use to this day. Langstroth gave us a loose hang- ing frame, and we think him entitled to no less credit because we now have something better in the fixed-distance frame. Dzierzon gave Germany the movable comb, and he is entitled to no less credit because they now hive something better in the Langstroth frame. If Langstroth's invention had never been made they would still be using Dzierzon's, as, in fact, some of them are ; and we should also be us- ing Dzierzon's in this country, and giving Dzierzon the credit honestly due him. I suspect that the main trouble in the case is that, in this country, we look upon Dzier- zon's invention as a thing not really practical, and bunch it along with those of Huber and others. Instead of that it stands on a different plane entirely. It was and is a practical thing, and some of those who adopted it and became accustomed to it can not see enough better in the Langstroth invention to warrant them in making a change. Please set this down as a fact : Not Langstroth, but Dzierzon, gave to Germany a movable comb, and later the im- provement of Langstroth was introduced. Mr. Samuel Wagner is quoted in Dadant's Lang- stroth as saying that the best test of the value of Dzierzon's system was the results ; and then he tells how, after suffering a loss of more than 500 colonies in one year, he made a threefold increase to nearly 400 colonies. The latest number of Revue Internationale quotes with apparent approbation from Cen- tralblail the statement that Dzierzon's mova- ble c:)mb worked a complete revolution in bee-keeping. The Revue is edited by the able Edouard Bertrand, who is the publisher of the French edition of Dadant's Langstroth, and entirely familiar with the whole matter. In a nutshell the case stands thus : Lang- stroth gave to America the movable comb, and Dzierzon gave it to Germany. Going back to the original proposition, I feel very sure that, if you were to make a tour among German bee-keepers, you would agree with me that no other living nirin has done as much for bee keeping as Dzierzon. If you know of one, Mr. Editor, will you kindly name him? Marengo, 111. [Now that you have been confessing error, and eating a little humble pie, it may be well for me to do a little of the same sort of thing. I was in error in stating that Dzierzon used movable combs ia a top-opening hive. The real facts, as I get at them, are these : Delia Rocca, in Greece, first introduced movable combs. These were built to bars, but the attachments to the combs had to be cut from the sides before they could be taken out. Dzierzon took this same idea, as it was not practicable to cut the bottom attachments in a ^c/i-opening hive, and applied it to a side- opening hive, just as you state. But I do not see any real invention in this, but only a very slight improvement. Dzierzon did introduce, probably, the idea of movable combs to the German bee-keeping public, in the same way that A. I. Root introduced the honey-extract- or in America, although it was invented by Hruschka. But there was no invention in this on our part, neither was there on Dzier- zon's, as I see it. Delia Rocca, as it seems to me, really invented the movable bar nearly 50 years before Dzierzon made use of it. Huber, about the same time that Delia Roc- ca gave his movable-comb hive to the world, brought out his leaf hive, or what embodies the essential principles of the " closed-end " frames of the present day. — Ed.] dzierzon's movable-comb hive. In your remarks about Dzierzon, p. 219, you are right in the main points. Dzierzon never invented a frame hive. Bars with combs at- tached to them were used by the old Greeks. This and Delia Rocca's invention were en- tirely forgotten when Dzierzon, in 1845, in- vented his bar hive. As the combs had to be cut from the sides of the hive, he made a door to it and opened it like a wardrobe. This made it easier to cut the combs from the side of the hive, than by handling the combs from the top of the hi-ve as he did at first. This hive and Dzierzjn's management of the bees started a new era in bee-keeping in Germany, as did the Langstroth hive in America. So far it is proper to say, Dzierzon is the inventor of a practical bee hive with movable combs. In 1850 Baron von Berlepsch invented and used a frame with a bee-space all round in the same Dzierzon hive. At about the same 390 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 1 time, Langstroth invented his hive and frame. I do not think it matters any whether one invention is a few days earlier than the other, as both hives are different in many respects. If you say the Berlepsch hive is no practical hive, I can't agree. Of course, we prefer our American hives ; but in Germany the Ber- lepsch hive, with some modifications, is still in general use, and I myself handled bees in such hives for about ten years. It is said, be- fore the frames were invented the comb-bars were used in England and by Langstroth. It would be interesting to know whence Lang- stroth received the idea of using these bars. Did he know of any thing of Dzierzon's hive, or was his (Dzierzon's) bar a successor of Delia Rocca's invention ? To go back to Dzierzon, he was opposed to frames, and always recommended his bars, till about ten years ago, when everybody in Germany used frames ; and even his nephew, who manages Dzierzon's apiary, persisted in \i&va% frames instead of bars. Since this time, Dzierzon is silent about the demerits of the frames. If we know this, it sounds like a joke to call Dzierzon the inventor of a mov- able-frame hive. L. Stachei.hauskn. Converse, Texas, March 25. [I received your note after I had prepared the footnote above. From the general facts that I was able to glean I took it that Dzier- zon got the idea of the use of the bar from Delia Rocca, as the former, apparently, had not kept his light under a bushel ; but Dzier- zon doubtless made the use of the bar prac- tical. But when we see the very wide gap between the Dzierzon movable combs, and the Langstroth movable frames, we are forced to the conclusion that Langstroth made a practical invention — one that revolutionized bee-keeping all over the world, while Dzierzon improved an old device that advanced bee- keeping but slightly and in only one country. I do not mean to detract from the glory that really belongs to Dzierzon, but I do believe that credit should be placed right where it does belong, irrespective of the living or the dead. — Ed.] < ••• t**-^^^ POLLEN, AND HOW THE BEES GATHER IT. Wintering Indoors with a High Temperature ; the Secret of Success. BY IRA BARBKR. Our sleighing has just left us— one continu- ous run from the middle of November until April 4, and still there is snow in places four feet deep on some of the roads. The bees appear to be all right up to date in winter quarters, for we have not had a day when bees could fly with safety since last No- vember. I see in the American Bee fournal Prof. Cook's criticism on bees using their tongues to gather pollen, and claims they never do. Now, that is one of the many mistaken ideas that he tries to give us. Bees have to apply honey to all the pollen they gather, whether it is from the flowers or from the corn or oat- meal that we give them, as every pellet of pol- len is made into a little sweet cake when it is gathered ; and how does Prof. Cook think it is done if the bee does not use its tongue to apply the sweetening ? I am much interested in the few colonies of bees in the little room you describe that is lo- cated within a room, where fresh air does not reach them. Now, you have just the place to prove to your own satisfaction that bees can be winter- ed in a high temperature, and come out better and stronger in numbers than when they went into winter quarters. To do this it will take two or three winters to get the right number of colonies to heat the room to the right de- gree ; and I can assist you to get a start in the right direction next fall. This winter you did not have bees enough in the room to raise the temperature ; but next fall put in twice as many, so that every colony will have from one to two quarts of bees standing out on the hive at all times, no matter how cold it is outside ; for when bees furnish their own heat, and are not affected by outside currents of air, I have always found them quiet and apparently hap- py, for they appear to be just as you find them on a warm muggy morning in August, when nearly every hive is half covered with bees, and they appear to be half asleep, so they are in winter quarters, as I found them in all the years that I wintered them in a high temperature, heated by themselves. I always used a small ventilator — a three- inch pipe thirty or more feet long, and venti- lated from the top of the room that the bees were in. DeKalb Junction, N. Y., Apr. 9 T. F. C, Pa. — Referring to your inclosed clipping in your letter of the 9th, the idea that bees become intoxicated is rank nonsense. Bees will sometimes, when they are sick or diseased, behave as described in the clipping. It is doubtful if any honey-producer told any reporter that bees become drunk on the nec- tar of flowers. H. IV. C, Iowa. — My faith in self-hivers is very weak. There have been a dozen differ- ent devices invented, and some of them are in the United States Patent Office. The best one I ever saw or knew of is the one devised by E. L. Pratt, at that time of Beverly, Mass., now of Swarthmore, Pa. I think it would pay you well to look up the Patent Ofiice rec- ords on this subject before you consider get- ting out a patent. If you desire to send a model to us, express prepaid, I will examine it and report what I think of it. But I am afraid my prejudices are rather against it than in favor of it, if any thing. If you consult most of our practical bee-keepers I think they will tell you you had better let the subject alone if you wish to save yourself expense. It is possible to hive swarms automatically, and the writer has hived a good many that way by the various devices ; but if you will take my advice you will let the whole subject alone. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 891 EXTRA LIGHT-WEIGHT FOUNDATION FOR THE BROOD-NEST. Light and Heavy Weights on Wires; Vertical vs. Horizontal Wiring; Valuable Experiments. BY ]. M, RANKIN. The manufacture and use of comb founda- tion dates back only a few years, and yet it is an exceptional thing to find a man who does not believe that this manufactured article is a money-maker. He has but to try it once for himself, and its advantages are so apparent that it needs no comparison to show him that it has been an advantage for him to use it. There has, however, been much discus- sion as to what weight to use. The wax from which the foundation is made is the expensive part of the article, and so the lighter the weight the more foundation can be made from the same amount of wax with lit- tle more expense. The lighter the weight, of course the thinner must be the foundation. Is The object of this experiment was to deter- mine how light this foundation could be made and still serve the original purpose, namely, to furnish a base strong enough to answer all purposes. The foundations used were furnished by The A. I. Root Co., and were about as near perfec- tion as it is possible to make a foundation. The weights used ranged from a grade a little heavier than that commonly known as me- dium brood down nearly to thin surplus or six Langstroth sheets, which would be 5 49 sq. ft. to 13 Langstroth sheets, or 11.89 sq. ft. to the pound. 0 The foundations were all used in full sheets, but with different methods of wiring, namely, vertical and horizontal. Five vertical wires in a Langstroth frame, bringing them 3.5 inches apart, were used. In the frames wired hori- zontally, four wires were used, and were just drawn tight but bearing very little strain. The fittings of the hives used in this experiment are shown in the following table. The foundations are numbered 6, 7, 8, etc., according to the number of L. sheets in a pound. ■a.S ■r,*A o s tJoo 73^ a 1* 0 c r- O 5z 0 B a i; ■a.S; ""A ■q a i2co •c2 Hive A 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 3 2 2 4 1 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 1 4 4 4 4 Hive B Hive C Hive D 4 Hive E Hive F Hive G 2 Hive H 2 Hive I Hive J 1 It may be understood, unless otherwise stated, that in each hive one-half of the foun- dation of each kind was wired horizontally and one-half vertically. Hives B, C, G, and J were used as extract- ing-supers. Swarms were hived on all the rest. Detailed records are as follows : Hive A, 24 hours after the swarm was hived the bees were working freely on the No. 13 foundation, and but sparingly on the number 6. In 48 hours all but the outside frame of No. 13 foundation was drawn, and contained nectar and a few eggs, while the two outside frames of No. 6 foundation were nearly untouched. In four days after hiving, no difference could be seen in the appearance of those combs built on No. 6 and No. 13 foundations, except- ing that the combs of No. 13 were wavy where the vertical wires were used. That is, the foundations had expanded, and the bottom of the comb projected over the bottom-bar to the right between two wires and over to the left between the next two. The No. 6 foundation remained straight and even on the vertical as well as on the horizontal wires. Hive B was put over a strong colony at the beginning of the clover flow. The bees began working in it immediately. The No. 6 foun- dation was placed at the side of the hive. The No. 11 next, and the No. 10 on the other side. In 48 hours it was impossible to tell from the looks of the combs which was the heavy and which was the light foundation. In this hive was the only case where a foun- dation as light as No. 1 1 was not wavy on ver- tical wires. Hive C was also an extracting-super. Bees began-work on No. 12 foundation -first. The colony did not fill all the combs with honey, and at the end of the season the two frames fitted with No. 7 and one fitted with No. 12 foundation contained no honey, and were only partly drawn. Hive D, swarm was hived on these combs late in the season, July 20. No. 7 foundation was on one side of the hive and No. 13 on the other side. Bees began work on No. 13. At the close of the season the outsides of the out- side frames of No. 7 were still empty and but slightly drawn. The vertical wired combs of No. 13 foundation were very wavy, but the other two could not be distinguished from the combs built from the No. 7 foundation. Hive E. Swarm hived early in the season ; foundation 8 on one side the hive and founda- tion 12 on the other. Bees began work in the middle of the hive, and showed no preference for either weight. The vertical wired sheets of No. 12 were wavy, but those wired horizon- tally could not be distinguished from the No. 8 foundation. Hive F. Heavy swarm hived June 29 show- ed no preference. Vertical wired frames of No. 13 foundation were wavy, but those wired horizontally could not be distinguished from the No. 10. Three days after hiving, hive G was put on as an extracting-super. The bees there show- ed no preference, and at the close of the sea- son there was an empty frame on each side of the surplus case. One was a frame of No. 8 foundation, and one was No. 13 foundation. Both were partly drawn. Colonies which had been infected with foul brood were shaken into hives H and I the 39: GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 1 same evening. They were confined for 24 hours and released at evening. In neither hive was there any preference shown. The combs were all drawn out and nicely finished. Hive J was used as a surplus case, and but very little work done in it, owing to the sud- den breaking of all the flow. In general we learn from the experiment that, for a light foundation, vertical wires are not as good as horizontal ones — four horizon- tal wires serving all purposes, even with a light foundation. The combs from light foundations, when built on vertical wires, were wavy in every case. The bees seem to prefer, and certainly do not object to, the lighter foundations. Why they seem to prefer the lighter foundations I do not know unless it is because it is easier re- modeled to suit their fancy. It requires much more care to put these light foundations in the frames and properly imbed the wires than it does the heavy ones — the No. 13 especially. This experiment was made in hives that were painted white, but standing directly in the sun, and in no case was a frame of the lighter foundations melted down. Agricultural College, Mich. The result secured in this set of experiments is somewhat of a surprise to me. I should have said, if my opinion had been asked, that the heavier grades of foundation would be accept- ed by the bees first ; and that on the light weights, 10 to 13 sheets to the pound, a per- pendicular wiring would necessarily have to be used to prevent a horizontal sagging. If it be true that we can use, for the brood-nest, a foundation running from 10 to 12 sheets to the pound, we will say, and if it is also true that we can use horizontal wiring, thousands of dollars will be saved to the bee-keepers of the land annually. The manufacturer can make a brood foundation running from 10 to 12 sheets to the pound* ; but hitherto we, like all of them, have supposed that such a light weight would not be practicable for the brood- nest, for fear that the foundation would stretch in drawing out, making elongated cells in the resultant comb. The season is right now on us ; and any one who desires to can easily conduct for himself some experiments along the line above indicated. I have always advocated a horizontal wiring, but supposed that such wiring would be ap- plicable only to a foundation not lighter than 7 to 8 sheets to the pound ; but from some ex- periments I made a number of years ago with the perpendicular wiring, I am quite prepared to believe that Mr. Rankin is correct in stating that a horizontal wiring will be better for even the light weights of foundation ; and, come to think of it, the experiments of Mr. Rankin agree very well with those of Mr. Wm. W. Whitney, as given in Gi,eanings for March 15, page 223. Mr. Rankin and Mr. Whitney have drawn attention to some very important possibilities. If I mistake not, the Michigan Agricultural College has not regarded experimental work in apiculture as particularly important ; but the work that Mr. Rankin has already done in the matter of measuring bees' tongues, and in showing the possibilities in the use of light- weight foundation, is of the very best, and sufficient to warrant the continuance of the experiments, for he is a man who is eminently fitted to do work of this kind. — Ed.] MRS. JACKSON'S BEE-KEEPING. What a Woman can Do, and a Woman in Poor Health at That. * These light weights must have thin bases, and plenty of wax in the walls. It is not easy to make such foundation, but it can be made, and the Root Co. have made it, and can make it if there was a call for it in quantity. We are making tons and tons of 9 to 10 sheets to the pound. And even this weight we did not consider practicable at one time. BY MRS. GEO. JACKSON. In the fall of 1894 one of our neighbors, several miles away, called on us in the firm belief that he could sell us some bees. Mr. Jackson, being fond of honey, favored buying them ; but I, not caring for honey, nor hav- ing any faith that they would amount to any thing, did not take kindly to the idea. Nev- ertheless, the neighbor, being a good talker, and telling us a nice little " busy bee " story, succeeded in selling us four colonies, and those bees were the best paying investment we ever made. When we set them out of the cellar, April 10, 1895, we had only two colonies, two hav- ing died during the winter. We knew noth- ing of the care of bees, and had only one swarm thrown off during the summer ; but a nice supply of white honey came, that even I had to own I liked, and it made us quite en- thusiastic on bee culture. In the spring of 1896 we found the two old colonies in good condition, but the new one very weak, owing to a poor hive and lack of knowledge. The hives were home - made square ones. We now thought it time that we knew some- thing, and sent to A. I. Root for his ABC book — the next best investment we ever made; also five of his Dovetailed hives, and a smok- er. But before receiving the goods I was ta- ken sick, and was very sick for several weeks, not fully recovering until late in the season, and we think much credit is due the bees for my final recovery, I being much interested in them. I studied my book and studied the bees. The result was, in the fall I had seven strong colonies and an abundance of beauti- ful white comb honey. Mr. Jackson now gave up all claim to the bees, reserving only the privilege of eating the honey. My seven colonies wintered well, and I had learned my book well during the winter. In the fall of 1897 I had 18 very strong colonies, and about 900 lbs. of comb honey. The bees again wintered well, and in the spring of 1898 I had still 18 strong colonies. Well, I felt, and do still feel, proud of those bees. They commenced work the first day they were out of the cellar, and worked every pleasant day 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 393 during the summer, and until heavy frost came in the fall. One colony, the " Queen " of my apiary, did itself " proud." During the season we took from it ten supers of well- filled and nicely capped white honey, each super containing 24 lbs. It did not swarm, and we had a heavy flow of bassw.ood honey. The other colonies swarmed early, and the 10th of June I had 37 strong colonies. I did not get less than two supers of honey from any colony, and many of them four. Summit City, Mich., Feb. 11. [In my report of the convention at Traverse City, Mich., page 158, I spoke about the re- markable yield secured by a lady present, and she only a beginner. I have asked her to write it out, which she has done as above. — A. I. R.l THE DICKEL THEORY. What do we Know about Parthenogenesis and oth- er Mysteries of the Hive ? BY F. GRKINBR. A human being is naturally of an inquisitive mind ; and when any thing is presented to him which has the appearance of being un- reasonable he at once wants to know the hows and whys. In the case of parthenogenesis, it does not make any material difference wheth- er it is acknowledged that all eggs laid by a normal queen are fertilized, and therefore con- tain sperm, or whether it is believed that only those eggs destined to become queens and workers enjoy that preference or privilege. Your bees will make you just as much or as little honey in the one case as in the other. Yet, we do not rest easy until we know what the exact truth is. If we bear in mind that all good people seek the truth, we ought to be willing to show not only charity to those who arrive at different conclusions, but we ought to even encourage them. If we have that feeling we will welcome Mr. Dickel, who has for years been trying to clear away mysteries surrounding the so-called Dzierzon theory, or parthenogenesis. According to Webster, parthenogenesis means "the virgin production of living be- ings." Probably all of us have had unpleas- ant experiences with laying workers. I em- phasize the word "laying," because many a time laying workers are called fertile workers. Even Prof. Cook names them so in his work on bees. That is a misnomer. We call a nor- mal queen a. fertile queen — she is impregnat- ed, has met a drone. In this sense the laying workers are not fertile, for they are incapable of mating. Laying workers generally make their appearance in hopelessly queenless colo- nies, seldom at other times. The worker bee is so constituted that, in an emergency, she can lay eggs. She may have retained this faculty as an inheritance frona most remote ancestry. These eggs, however, produce only male bees, apparently perfectly developed. A ^ueen, when by chance she has not become impregnated, lays eggs exactly like those from laying workers. A failing queen may also lay eggs which produce only drones, though they may have been deposited in worker-cells like the others. These facts were first discov- ered by Dr. Dzierzon, of Germany, in 1845, and are acknowledged the world over. Dzier- zon further claimed that all drone eggs lacked the sperm, and that the queen could at will lay fertilized and unfertilized eggs. It seems to be a law of nature among bees and fowls that the female offspring resembles the father and male offspring the mother. For example, I have crossed pure breeds of fowls. The pullets of a Langshan-Plymouth Rock cross were as black as the father, and, when matured, I was not able to tell them from the pure-blooded hens. The cockerels resembled the mother-hen, but were a little darker. It may be Dr. Dzierzon was influenced by similar observations. If it was true that the drone originated from an unfertilized egg, then the drone would always be as pure-blood- ed as the mother-bee, regardless of how she had mated, and queen-breeding to a feather would be a heap easier than it would be oth- erwise. What is our experience ? I have had a good many mismated black queens and some mis- mated Italians queens. My observation leads me to the belief that the drones are slightly influenced in color, showing that of the fa- ther, in some instances at least. I do not say that all drones do, but only a part of them. Mr. Doolittle also holds the opinion that, by mismating, a queen is contaminated as re- gards all her offspring, both male and (female. After Dzierzon proclaimed his theory that all drone-producing eggs were unfertilized, a severe fight ensued. It had been an undisput- ed scientific truth, a law of nature, "No life without fertilization." Even in the vegetable kingdom this law holds good. Ttie pistillate strawberry-plant remains barren unless the pollen from a perfect- flowering plant reaches its ovaries. The Dzierzon theory upset this acknowledged truth completely. No wonder it met with opposition on every hand. After an undecided war, something happened that should end all further dispute for the time being. Prof. Siebold made a microscopic ex- amination of bee-eggs taken from drone and worker cells at the apiary of Baron von Ber- lepsch, in Seebach, Germany. The eggs from drone comb contained no sperm, but those from worker- cells did. From this time on, parthenogenesis, in the Dzierzon sense, has been accepted by all people of all countries. It excites the curiosity of the unprejudiced observer that, at no time, verifying examina- tions have been undertaken since, although- the theory is of a rather uncommon — yes, un- reasonable— character. This thought instigat- ed Dickel to investigate the matter. Siebold had made his examinations in late season, when, according to Berlepsch, there were no drones being raised in healthy colonies of his apiary. The locality of Seebach furnishes no late honey. Early in July the season closes, and, in consequence, the breeding of drones is discontinued, and drones and drone brood 394 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 1 is killed. Berlepsch had one colony in his yard which, from early in the spring, had been determined to supersede its queen ; but, by continuously removing, the queen had been kept from accomplishing the object. Ber- lepsch had at different times during the season removed or destroyed the drone brood in this hive. At the time when Prof. Siebold came into the apiary it had again plenty of drones in all stages, and all the drone eggs used for the examination were taken from this colony. There is no certainty that they came from a normally healthy queen. On the other hand, we have reason to suspect that they could not have contained sperm, by reason of the failing powers of the queen who laid them, and of which Prof. Siebold himself said, "She was near her end." Taking this view of the mat- ter we can understand why the other eggs taken from worker-cells, and used for exami- nation, were taken from other colonies in a normal condition. After ascertaining these facts, Dickel could not consider Siebold' s conclusions as of any value, and went to work and did some experi- menting. He put a colony of bees into a hive full of drone comb, and watched the behavior of the bees. Eggs appeared and disappeared again. It seemed the bees hardly knew what to do ; but finally they did the best they could under the circumstances, and raised workers in drone-cells. Late in the season, after all desire had subsided to produce drones, and the hive was entirely free from drone brood, Dickel dequeened the colony and observed that not only queens were raised, but also drones, drone brood being sprinkled in among the worker brood here and there. From this he judged that all the eggs of normal queens are exactly alike, and may produce queens, drones, and workers. The following experiment has repeatedly been tried by Dickel and others, and turned out the same in numerous reported instances : A piece of drone comb was taken containing young drone larvae. These were very careful- ly removed, and worker larvae substituted. The so-prepared piece of brood was given to a queenless colony having no other brood. The bees went to work and again raised queens, drones, and workers, all from worker larvae. By this experiment is shown that the sexual tendencies lie dormant in the worker larva till nearly the time it is being sealed, when, by some process not fully understood, the one or the other of those tendencies is induced to develop. Dickel opposes the idea that a worker larva may be developed into a queen by the differ- e7ice in the food the royal larva receives. He says there must be some other explanation of the mystery. A young Durham calf would sooner partake of the nature of a Jersey by bringing it up on Jersey milk. Indeed, there is something in this that might lead us to thinking. The two calves may be anatomical- ly alike ; but the queen and the worker show marked difference in their structure. A mere change of food does not generally produce such results, and I do not doubt that we do not fully understand this matter. Dickel has his theory about this. He thinks the worker porforms a sexual act by certain glands ; a sort of developer, as the photographer says, is produced, which, when administered, affects the egg or the larva as indicated. Two glands are to perform the office ; the secretion of one gland acts as a developer of the female ten- dency, while the secretion of the other gland acts as a developer of the male tendency ; both together administered bring the worker into existence. In case of the true sex, indi- viduals of the bee family, the drone and the queen, the development of the sexual organs begins when these secretions are first admin- istered, and the queen and drone are still in the egg. Bee-eggs, it is generally believed, can not be transferred, on account of the fragility of the egg. Dickel and some others claim that they have been successful in doing it. By transferring freshly laid eggs, untouched by the bees, Dickel says he has raised queens, drones, and workers, selecting eggs from the same class of cells. No matter whether drones originate from eggs fertilized or lacking sperm, I can not think the queen knows what kind of egg she lays. I believe that an influence goes out from the cell, which causes the queen's ova- ries, spermatheca, oviduct, and the whole ap- paratus to operate involuntarily. Indeed, it would be hard to explain why a queen should consent to lay eggs in queen- cells, thus raising rivals, and possibly endan- gering her own life. Of the many queen-cups generally started in every part of the hive, many more than are ever actually used come in the way of the queen as she is traveling over the combs in search of empty cells, and she deposits an egg in them as readily as in a worker or drone cell, should she find any of them cleaned and primed, acting, as Dickel says, as an automatic egg-laying machine. The true followers of Dzierzon are at pres- ent glorying over what they term " Dickel's capitulation." Dickel is searching for truth ; and when he discovers a fact, though it may testify against his theory, he is willing and anxious that that fact shall be known. In No. 11 of the Hess- ische Biene he has of late published the re- sults of the latest microscopic examinations of bee eggs made at the University of Frei- burg, Germany. Dickel himself furnished the eggs. In all, 272 eggs taken from drone- cells were examined, and 62 eggs taken from worker-cells. Among the first named, one egg was found to contain sperm ; the 62 work- er-cell eggs all contained sperm. One lot of eggs from drone-cells were purposely misla- beled by Dickel "worker-eggs," but the mi- croscope could not be fooled. So, then, so far, parthenogenesis has not been disproved by the microscope. I under- stand Dickel has not given up the fight. He proposes to continue in his work, and I have no doubt we shall hear from him again. Naples, N. Y. [I have been advised by some of my friends not to allow any discussion of the Dickel the- 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 395 ory to get into our columns, for the simple reason that it occupied an immense amount of space in the European publications, with the result that nothing was proved in favor of the new hypothesis. But when I attended one of the conventions in New York recently, I lis- tened to an excellent paper on the subject by Mr. Friedemann Greiner. As he had discuss- ed the matter so thoroughly and impartially, I requested the privilege of the publication of his paper, which privilege he freely granted. I have held the paper till now so it would be more seasonable ; but in the mean time I have received from Frank Benton a translation of an article on the same subject. Both have been held, and aie now given. — Ed.] ON THE THEORY OF PARTHENOGENESIS AMONG BEES. BY CAV. ANDREA DE' RAUSCHENFELS. Translated from the Italian, by Frank Benton, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. [This article is translated from V Apicoltore, Vol. XXXIV., No. 2, for February, 1901. Cavaliere Andrea de' Rauschenfels, the learntd editor of this, the oldest Italian bee-journal, is the author of several valuable works on bee-keeping, and is one of the most eminent practical bee-masters of Europe. Being of Germanic descent he is thoroughly conversant with the language in which the main discussion of the Dickel theory was originally published. This short exposition by him of the latest phase of the matter is, therefore, a welcome contribution. — Translator's note.] Much water has rolled under the bridges since the lamented Don Lanfranchi, and, lat- er, Mr. F. Dickel, undertook to revise the Dzierzonian theory of parthenogenesis among bees. The innumerable experiments carried out with admirable perseverance by the latter, and the deductions from these, treated with great acumen, and published in a very long series of articles in the Noerdlivger Bienen- zeitung, then edited by him, and, above all, the eloquent exposition of the new theory (according to which the workers are the ones that determine the sex of the creatures devel- oped from the eggs deposited by a fecundated queen, and therefore themselves, without ex- ception like the latter, fecundated), made a great impression on the apiculturists present at the congresses of Cologne and Salzburg ; the adherents were numerous, and the applause was entertaining Dr. Dzierzon and his followers combatted, naturally, to a man, the reformer ; and the strife between the Guelphs and Ghibellines continued to rage more fiercely than ever in the journals, when there was brought forward by Dickel a formidable aid. His journal sud- denly ceased publication, and with the jour- nal this so vexata questio appeared to have been buried. It appeared to be so, but was not. Dickel continued his crusade in another journal, but the matter had lost its interest for apiculturists. This was not the case, however, among scientists. The zoological department of the University of Freiburg, in the Grand Duchy of Baden, had, for fully three years, been conducting investigations in regard to parthenogenesis among bees. The material to be subjected to microscopic examination was furnished by the said Mr. Dickel. Out of 29 worker eggs in the first stage, 23 were found which contained traces of fecundation, while 94 drone eggs presented no such traces what- ever ; and among 62 eggs taken from worker- cells there was not found a single one which did not contain such traces, while of 272 male eggs one only showed a vestige.* ' ' How certain the method of examination practiced by the zoological department is," writes Prof. A. Weismanu.t " may be inferred from the following : Mr. Dickel, who is not a microscopist, commenced during the time — certainly not short — occupied in the investi- gations, to doubt the full accuracy of the mi- croscope in the solution of the questions con- cerning fecundation, something for which we did not reproach him, finding it, on the con- trary, very natural. As he wished to put the matter to a test he changed the labels on the contents of two packages, the one with eggs taken from drone-cells and the other with eggs from worker-cells. This occurred when the results previously obtained had already fully convinced us that the eggs found in drone-cells are not fecundated. Hence we were not a lit- tle astonished upon finding in a new examina- tion exactly the contrary ; each egg which was supposed to have come from a drone-cell appeared fecundated, whilst none of those which, according to the label, must have been taken from worker-cells, contained a sign of fecundation. It was very natural to think at once that there must have occurred a chance error in labeling the contents of the two pack- ages ; and to ascertain this, an assistant, Mr. Petrunkevich, went to Darmstadt (Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt), to the residence of Mr. Dickel, and ascertained that the ex- change of the labels had actually been made, and purposely. After all this," Professor Weismann concludes, "it may be taken as prov- ed that the eggs deposited in drone-cells are normally not fecundated, while on the other hand, those deposited in worker-cells are al- ways fecundated and that, therefore, the theo- ry of Dr. Dzierzon remains unchanged." But Mr. Dickel does not yet admit himself vanquished. Fecundation, he says, does not always depend upon the sperm, and he an- nounces that, against the deductions of Pro- fessor Weismann, he will oppose other deduc- tions. Washington, D. C. [I think we may safely say that the experi- ments conducted at the Zoological Department at Freiburg dispose of the matter, so far as the sex of the eggs is concerned, and it would seem as if the result of these microscopic find- ings, confirming as they do the findings of ♦Although laid in a drone-cell this particular egg would probably have developed into a worker bee. — Translator. t Prof. August Weismann, the regular professor of zoology in the ancient University of Freiburg, is a celebrated evolutionist, embryologist, and compara- tive morphologist, whose researches and theories re- garding the problem of reproduction, development, and evolution, place him among the foremost biolo- gists of the age. — Translator. 396 GLEANINGS IN BEE CUI.TURE. May 1 Siebold, knock the very props from under the Dickel theory. But there is one thing that still remains ; and that is, Dickel maintains that the sex of the larvae is changed after they are hatched from the egg, because he says that he can give drone eggs or worker eggs to a colony of bees, and, under the right condi- tions, secure from either set of eggs, workers, drones, and queens.* While we do not care to go into a discussion of this matter, because we believe that that statement is not borne out in the experience of queen -breeders in this country, yet I be- lieve it will prove interesting to our readers to glance over briefly a subject that has occupied the attention of the European bee keepers for so long a time. — Ed.] WORKING FOR COMB HONEY. " Good morning, Mr. Doolittle. I came all the way from Iowa (by letter) to have a talk with you regarding how best to work for comb honey so as to be sure of securing a good crop should the season prove favorable." "Not knowing your surroundings, etc., I will say that, to be successful, you must have a simple movable-frame hive of some kind. I formerly thought that there was nothing equal to the Gallup form of the lyangstroth hive ; but with years of working with the regular Langstroth hive at the out-apiary, together with cellar wintering, I am quite sure that the man who adopts the regular Ivangstroth hive and frame is making no mistake." " How large a hive do you use ? " " In using the Langstroth hive I make the bodies to hold ten frames, and work all good colonies on the ten frames till the honey har- vest opens, when the colonies are each con- fined to the number of frames the queen has brood in at that time." " How do you manage to confine the bees on any certain number of frames, that number being governed by those having brood in them?" "This is done by division -boards or dum- mies, as you have frequently read of in the bee-papers of late. The combs not having brood in them are taken out, and one of these boards put in the hive in place of each frame taken out. In this way the colony having brood in only six combs is as fully prepared for the honey harvest as is the one having brood in eight, nine, or ten frames, and will store fully as much in proportion to its num- bers, according to my experience ; while if the whole ten combs were left in the hive, *If I mistake not, drone eggs have been repeatedly put into queen-cells, and each time a dead or cadaver- ous overfed drone, and only a drone, was the result. There are other ways of explaining Dickel's obser- vation on this point besides the one on the supposi- tion of a new fact in science. scarcely a pound of section honey would be ob- tained." " But is this all there is to do to secure a good crop of comb honey ? " "By no means. But it is one of the very important factors in the matter." " Well, what of the other factors? " " All know that bees gather honey or nec- tar, instead of producing it, and thai the eggs laid by the queen produce bees ; consequently the more eggs the queen lays at the proper time, the more bees we have on the stage of action at the commencement of the honey harvest, and the more bees we have at that time the more honey they gather." " That sounds very pretty." "Yes. But it is a matter of fact as well, that the queen is really the producer of the honey ; for without her no honey could come about, from lack » f bees. Therefore, if we wish good returns from our bees we must see to it that we have good queens — queens that can be' so worked that they will give us combs full of brood before the honey season com- mences, so that, when the honey harvest comes, these solid combs of brood, together with the boards taking the place of any combs not containing brood, will compel the bees to place the honey in the sections, as there will be nowhere else for them to store it." "But how shall we secure combs full of brood and plenty of bees to do all the necessa- ry labor, to secure the best results by the time our honey harvest begins ? " " As soon as spring opens, our bees should all be examined by lifting the frames in each hive ; and any colonies which are weak in bees are to be shut to one side of the hive by means of one of the division -boards spoken of before, so as to economize the heat in the clus- ter of bees as far as possible, confining the bees to as few combs as have brood in them." " But suppose there is not honey enough for food in the combs they are shut on ? " "In case there is not, I leave a comb of honey next to the side of the hive, and be- tween that and the first comb of brood ; and if a part of the cappings to the cells are brok- en a little on the side next to the brood it will help on the brood-rearing so much the more." " How long do you keep them confined to these few combs? " " Till the queen has filled them solid full of brood, and the bees begin to be crowded out beyond the division-board." " What then do you do? " "As soon as the queen has filled these combs, and the bees begin to be crowded on them, they are spread apart, and a comb of honey having the capping somewhat broken is set in the center of the brood-nest, or be- tween those occupied with brood, and in a few days' time the queen will fill this also, and thus we are to keep on till all the combs the hive will hold are filled, or the honey har- vest arrives, when, as spoken of before, the queen is now liinited to as many combs as are filled with brood on the arrival of the honey harvest." " Why do you put these combs of honey in 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 397 the center of the brood rather than on the out- side?" " Because the center of the brood-nest is the warmest part of the hive or colony ; and this, with the removal of the honey, which the bees never allow (at this time of the year) in the center of the brood-nest, stimulates the queen to greater activity at egg-laying than otherwise would be, so that we are rushing on with mighty strides toward the army of work- ers which are to gather our nectar during the harvest time. To this one idea of securing workers in time for the harvest, every effort of both the keeper and the bees is to be di- rected at this time of the year if we would succeed." "But do you not help some of the very weakest colonies any ? " "Yes. As soon as the strongest colonies have their hives full of bees and brood, or even when they have eight frames full, I take a frame of brood just gnawing out, and place it in the next weaker ones, giving the strong- er an empty comb for the queen to fill again, and so keep on until all are full, if this is pos- sible, before the harvest arrives." " But does it not injure the strongest to thus take brood from them ? ' ' " It would were we to do this early in the season ; but as we do not do this till some of the colonies have their hives nearly or quite filled, it does not materially weaken them, but, on the contrary, stimulates the queen to still greater activity at egg-laying, and at the same time tends to check any desire to swarm." "How about putting on sections? When is this done? " " I generally put them on all good colonies a week to ten days before the honey harvest is to arrive, so that the bees may enter them on warm days and get used to going ' upstairs.' With the weaker colonies they are not put on till they are ready for them, or till they are confined to the brood they have at the time of the opening of the harvest." " How are the sections prepared ? " " I now fill each section with the extra-thin foundation, while three or four sections to each hive should be those which are full of comb, or nearly so (called 'bait sections'), left over from the previous year, the same being those which were filled hardly well enough to be salable. These latter are very important, as they are the means of getting the bees at work in the sections at once." " Are not these sections filled with comb finished quicker than those with foundation ? " "Yes. Asa rule these are finished from three days to a week before the others ; and where one has the time, I think it pays to take these out as soon as filled, putting those with foundation in their places, thereby caus- ing the bees to work with renewed vigor to fill up the vacant space left where the full ones were taken out. But where time is scarce, or where sections are handled by the full super, this course can not generally be taken. This, in short, is the way I have worked my bees for the past 30 years, during which I have been enabled to take an average of very near- ly 80 pounds of comb honey each year from each old colony in the spring." HIVES ON A BENCH ; ARTIFICIAL SUBSTITUTES FOR BROOD-REARING IN THE SPRING. 1. I have my bees on a 17-ft. bench ; how close can I place them ? 2. How long can a queen hatched from a cell be left in a cage ? 3. Does a person gain any thing by feeding rye meal to his bees in early spring ? John Schneider. Manhasset, N. Y., Mar. 22. [1. I would not place them much closer than about 6 inches. You will need room enough to get your hands down between the hives to handle properly. If you get the hives too close there is liable to be a little trouble from bees running from one entrance to the other, especially young bees. In the case of a valu- able queen, I would not place the hive of such queen very close to that c f another. 2. If supplied with candy she may live two or three weeks (possibly she might live that long without it, getting her sustenance from the bees), but ordinarily not more than four or five days. The older a queen is, the more difiicult she is to introduce. 3. For the average beginner, I think not ; but an expert may, perhaps, at times put out an artificial substitute that will prove beneficial. But as a rule we may say that natural pollen will come on as soon as the bees can afford to use pollen. The feeding of rye meal has a tendency to overload the combs and to stimu- late brood -rearing at a time of year when it is too cold for bees to rear much brood profit- ably. More spring dwindling comes from a «mall cluster trying to hover over a large amount of brood in cool bad weather than from any other cause. In our locality we prefer to have brood-rearing kept down to as small a compass a possible, until the first of May ; then the bees can usually take care of and keep warm all they will be likely to rear. —Ed.] the skin of fruit v. old black cells. I agree with you, that the bees never pinch a hole through the skin of a fruit, but I do not understand why they can not do it, as they are well able to cut down the cells of very old comb, and sometimes they will cut the septum also. Such old black cells, I think, must be nearly as tough as the skin of a fruit. Ferdinand Wagner. Watertown, Wis., Mar. 21. [Old black cells have considerable fiber in them ; and, as I have before explained, the bees will pick to pieces a fibrous article just as we can pick to pieces with our fingers a ma- 398 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 1 nila rope. And, again, these old cells have co- coons imbedded in them. The cappings of brood-combs are almost entirely fibrous, with very little wax. But, you ask, why is it that bees can cut through the cappings of comb honey which are pure wax ? In the first place, the mouth parts of the bee are especially form- ed for the working and handling of wax, a substance that is totally different from the skin of fruit. And, again, you will observe that the surface of comb honey is rough and uneven with slight excrescences, or what we might call minute mountains, hills, and val- leys. These the bees can easily grab hold of and pull up. That is to say, they can tear, but they can not cut. Unless the wax has an ir- regular surface, the bees can not do any thing with it except under a temperature of from 90 to 100 degrees, and that is the inside tempera- ture of the hive. It must be so soft that they can work it just as we work dough in the hands. Reference has been made to the fact that bees will gnaw through enamel cloth. But I never yet saw any such cloth that had holes in it unless the enamel was cracked or rotten, leaving an edge which the bees could get hold of and pull, or the cloth itself were exposed so thev could grab the fiber on the back. The surface of fruit is of a smooth semi-oily char- acter. There is nothing for a bee to get hold of ; but if the skin has minute rotten spots in- visible to us but which the bees can see, or the skin is turned up anywhere so the bee can get hold of it with its mandibles it will tear it up ; then it can go on and enlarge the opening to any size. Some have said that bees have the power, physiologically, to cut ; but we are very sure of this : They have no conscientious scruples ; for they will wade into the preserves of the housewife wherever they can in a dearth of honey. Whatever they can do, right or wrong, they will do it. The fact that no good proof has ever yet been advanced to show that bees cofi cut through sound fruit, goes a very long way to show that they can not do it, — Ed ] extracting from parti,y filled sec- TIONS. Please tell me how to extract partly filled sections. I have a No. 5 Novice extractor, and should like to know if there is any way to extract nice pieces of comb honey from old- fashioned box hives and partly filled sections. Florence L. Townsend. Zana, Texas, Feb. 11. [If the sections to which you refer are the common 4^ square, put them into a wide frame, and then extract as you would com- mon brood-frames. But this involves consid- erable work. Comb-honey producers, as a rule, do not fuss to put their partly filled sec- tions in an ordinary honey-extractor. A far better way is to set them into supers, then pile the supers up on one or more empty hives a few rods from the apiary. The entrance to the hive should be effected by means of a very small opening, large enough to admit only one or two bees at a time. On the principle of slow robbing described in our A B C of Bee Culture the bees will clean these sections out far cheaper than you can fuss to do it with the extractor, and possibly enable them, if your apiary is small, to complete oth- er sections already on the hives. It has been recommended of late to put all such supers containing partly filled sections in the cellar, leaving the outside-cellar door open. Every one of the supers should be uncovered or left so that the bees can get at them freely. The bees will soon find their way to the cellar, and then there will be a big uproar of rob- bing. But as soon as the honey has all been taken away, the robbing subsides, and all is quiet. I have never tried it ; but Dr. Miller, who has, assures me it works all right. While I think the plan can be followed by expert bee-keepers, the one of stacking supers up in a hive with a small entrance is the one recom- mended for beginners. — Ed.] HONEY PROSPECTS ; ANOTHER VIEW OF THE SITUATION IN CALIFORNIA. As the exact truth is better for all parties concerned, I wish to say that friend Mendel- son may find that the few bees left in South- ern California can more than supply local markets (page 194). Central California nev- er had more bees nor better prospects, I think, for this time of the year. Where can we place, say, two train loads of extracted honey next fall ? The annual report from Philadelphia is expected, showing that the market is ruined by commission men, but we must send honey somewhere. However, our continued rains are not going to make this a red-letter year from cause stated by Mr. M. W. A. H. GiLSTRAP. Grayson, Cal., March 11. REMOVING COMB HONEY FROM DOVETAILED SUPERS. 1. Will you kindly tell me how to remove the sections from the super (in a Dovetailed hive) when they are full of honey ? We have had great difiiculty in removing it because they were stuck together. 2. What is the best time of day to get the honey ? 3. Is it necessary to cover the hive in win- ter? B. A. Jennings. Southport, Conn., Mar. 4. [1. There ought to be no diflSculty on this point if you are using the modern Dovetailed- hive supers, with super springs. With a screw-driver, loosen up the first fence or the first row of sections. Draw this out gently, and then all the rest will be free. 2. Along about the middle of the day, say after ten o'clock and before two, when bees are flying thickest. 3. The hives should either be protected by winter cases or else be put in the cellar. — Ed.] QUALITY OF RED-CLOVER HONEY. Long-tongued bees are all right. I believe we can breed bees to a great improvement in this line ; but, really, did any of you ever eat 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 399 red-clover honey that was good ? Some years my bees gather quite a lot from the second- crop bloom when the weather is dry and the bloom stunted. I have also eaten red clover honey in Missouri, and it all tastes alike to me — like bumble-bee honey. Am I right, or is it owing to locality ? M. F. TaTman. Rossville, Kan. [Yes, I have tasted what was said to be simon-pure red-clover honey. While the fla- vor is not quite up to that of white clover, yet I would call it good honey. If I could, by long-tongued bees, increase my honey- crop by 25 or 50 per cent of such honey, I should consider I was adding a big percent- age to my income. Buckwheat honey has a large demand in the East, and I am sure red- clover honey would outrank buckwheat sev- eral times over. — Ed.] HATCHING CHICKENS OVER COI.ONIES OF BEES. I take the liberty to send you something new in the bee and poultry line. Please tell me what you think of this. What style of hive do you think is used ? I have no bees — have always been afraid of them, but think I should like them if I could use them for hatching chickens. JESSIE Neill. Benzonia, Mich., Mar. 8. John McDonald, three miles south of Mahalasville, has on his preftiises 12 stands of bees. The tops of the bee-hives are so constructed that they receive the proper amount of heat for incubators. These tops are filled with eggs, and all that is to be done is to see that the eggs are turned in order to have a fine brood of chicks. He experimented last season with good suc- cess, and this year has his hives made about two feet square, so that more eggs can be accommodated, and is going into the business on a large scale. It is claimed, and has been satisfactorily demonstrated by Mr. McDonald, that bees furnish exactly the required amount of heat for the hatching of the eggs. [I have heard of this being done, and see no reason why it could not be done success- fully, as the temperature over a powerful col- ony of bees is about the same as that under an old hen. But Mr. McDonald and every- body else will find out the bees can not main- tain heat enough to keep their own brood thriving, and hatch hen's eggs at the same time. What is gained in chickens will be lost in young bees or something near it. RESUI.T OF WINTERING BEES IN A CAVE BLASTED FROM SOLID ROCK. You wished me to report how my bees win- tered in the new cellar blasted out of the solid rock. I put in 32 colonies Nov. 20 ; took out 32 April 1, all strong. In the Port- age apiary we put in 153 ; took out 149. In the Mauston apiary we put in 152 ; took out 146. C. H. PIERCE. Kilbourn, Wis., April 8. In paragraph beginning on page 225 I aimed to make it clear that the queen is left in the lower story and the extra brood is left to hatch in the third story and upward. The brood being left to stimulate the bees to greater act- ivity is a help, in my judgment. Grayson, Cal. W. A. H. GilsTrap. W.J. S., Okla. — I should be inclined to believe that a distillery in the immediate neighborhood of the bees might be somewhat prejudicial to the business of bee-keeping. We once lost a large number of our colonies because the bees helped themselves liberally to the juices of the apples at a cider-mill. If the liquor that they get is alcoholic, then the effect on the bees is certainly injurious ; but whether they would come to like it or not, I could not say. E. IV. L., A/ass.— This question of how much freezing bees can stand is a hard one for even veterans in the business to answer. We only know this : That, the less exposure and the nearer the temperature is kept down to 50 deg. during the winter, the less the con- sumption of stores. The lower the tempera- ture and the greater variation in temperature, the greater the loss in stores and loss in bees. If the temperature is too great, and the cold weather is long-continued, and below zero, the bees will succumb. HOW THE TONGUES OF BEES ARE MEASURED AT MEDINA. //. E. //., Fla. — All that is required to measure bees' tongues is a steel rule with hun- dredths of an inch marked off on one side ; a glass magnifying five or ten diameters ; a pair of tweezers and a darning-needle, and a dime's worth of chloroform. Put up about a dozen bees of mature age in a common mailing-cage. Avoid taking young ones, as the tongues of such are not quite as long as those that are able to go to the fields. Pour a few drops of chloroform on a handkerchief and lay this over the bees. In about a minute the bees will be sufficiently stupefied so they can be handled, and the tongues will, from suffoca- tion, be protruded almost their whole length. Pick up a bee and decapitate it. Lay the head and tongue on the steel rule just above the graduations of hundredths, face upward. With one hand exert a gentle pressure on the head of the bee, and, with the other, comb the tongue out straight, using needles or tweez- ers in either case. The pressure on the face is to cause the tongue to protrude its full length. Now, while the tongue is carefully combed out, take the glass, focus it on the tongue, and count off the hundreths, begin- ning from the ends of the mandibles or jaws, and ending with the end of the tongue. Pro- ceed thus with all the bees in the cage, put- ting down on paper the exact results after each measurement. Strike a general average, and this average gives the measurement by which we go. As a rule I find there is but very little variation -in the tongue-reach of the bees in any one colony. Sometimes they are all alike; but in the case of some individual bees it is more difficult to get the tongue combed out its full length. 4C0 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 1 NATIONAL BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. Object:— To promote and protect the interests of its mem bers; to prevent the adulteration of honey. OmCERS:— E R. Root, President, Medina, O.; K. C. Aikiu Vice-president, Loveland, Col.; Dr. A. B. Mason, Secre- tary, 3512 Monroe St.. Sta. B, Toledo, O.; Eugene Secor, General Manager, Forest City, Iowa. Board OF Directors:— E. Whitcomb, Friend, Neb.; W. Z Hutchinson. Flint, Mich.; A. I. Root, Medina, O.; E. T. Abbott, St. Joseph, Mo.; P. H. Elwood, Starkville, N. ¥.; E. R. Root, Medina, O.; T. G.Newman, San Francisco, Cal.; G. M. Doolittle, Borodino, N. ¥.; W. F. Marks, Cha^ pinville, N. Y.; J. M. Hambaugh, Escondido, Cal.; C. P. Dadant, Hamilton, 111.; C. C. Miller, Marengo, 111. Fees:— Annual membership fee, Cl.OO. Remittances may be sent here or to General Manager as above. Don't fail to read J. M. BLankin's article on foundation, page 391. To raise the freight rates on comb honey to double first-class as is proposed by the West- ern Classification Committee, " would strangle the honey business . . . on long hauls, " says Mr. York. Bee-keepers should "line up" and fight for their rights. See Special Notices elsewhere, and then act in accord- ance with instructions. The American Bee Keeper is rapidly forg- ing ahead. In spite of the fact that its editor is hundreds of miles away, the editorials are a strong feature of our cotemporary. They are fairly redolent of honey, wax, and of pro- polis ; and I should not be surprised if some of Bro. Hill's were written on hive-covers, with a pencil daubed with bee-glue. Bee-lore written under such circumstances is bound to smack of practical experience. Among other publications, the Cou7itry Gentleman, one of the very best farm papers issued, contains a warning against spraying fruit-trees while in bloom. It seems as if by this time that all progressive fruit-growers and farmers, to say nothing about bee-keepers, ought to know that spraying during fruit- bloom, so far from being an advantage, is a positive waste of time and chemicals as well as a serious menace to the lives of their best friends, the bees. The question has been asked in some cir- cles whether it is positively known that the spraying of trees during bloom actually does kill bees. The chemicals that are ordinarily used do kill them by the thousands. There have been numerous reports showing how al- most entire apiaries have been ruined just about blooming-time. Strong colonies will suddenly begin to dwindle, and keep on dwindling until nothing is left but young bees. But, thanks to a good many of the • farm pa- pers, fruit-growers on every side are being in- formed of the uselessness of spraying during bloom, and the terrible destruction visited on the bees. Mr. Hutchinson says in the Review, ' ' The Rocky Mountain Bee Journal is the best bee-journal that has been started in many a long year." I have been looking over several numbers of this new bee-paper, and conclude that Mr. Hutchinson's judgment is about right. It is a very creditable publication, well edited, and nicely printed. Colorado is one of the greatest honey -producing States in the Union, and it may possibly be the greatest one, in the aggregate of honey produced, be- fore another decade passes by. There is a splendid field for bee-journalism up among the Rockies, and we wish our cotemporary every success. Our re-reviews of Prof. Cook's reviews of the ABC book, in the American Bee Jotcrnal, are not for the purpose of showing that Prof. Cook is wrong, as he appears to be in some of his points, but for the purpose of drawing out and calling attention to some important facts or truths. Prof. Cook's criticisms have been and are models of courtesy, and we intend ours shall be as much so. He has done much to enrich and add to our bee-literature, and I wish to say that there is very much of value in his criticisms on the A B C, in the Ameri- can Bee Journal. In the revision of the new work, where the new edition has not already been corrected we shall keep his corrections before us. those bees under the machine-shop. At this writing we still have the bees in the cellar under the machine-shop, and they are wintering perfectly. Next year we shall dou- ble the number of colonies ; and if the results in the future prove to be as satisfactory we shall find it to our advantage, doubtless, to winter all our bees that way. The fact that potatoes are stored in another portion of that cellar, and the further fact that it is necessary to keep this cellar as cold as possible, makes it all the better for the bees The temperature goes as low as 40, and up as high as 55. When it is very warm outside, the outside windows are closed, and when it is cold they are open- ed ; but if it becomes very cold, they are clos- ed to prevent too great a drop in temperature. THE HEAVY SNOW-STORM OF APRIL 20. On the 20th we had one of the worst storms, or what some might call a blizzard, that we have ever had. The snow continued piling up for 48 hours. While the temperature did not get below freezing at any time, yet the wind was very chilly and raw. From reports that we gather from the paper, it is evident that this storm is general. It seems to have made its appearance in the West first, particu- larly in Colorado, then veered northward. As it did not reach us on schedule time we thought it had spent its force ; but, lo and behold ! on the morning of the 20th it had circled around and was hurling its force with unrelenting fury on the Central and Eastern States. So far as the bee-keeping industry is concerned, it will do no harm. The very heavy snowfall 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 401 will have a tendency to wet the ground up in good shape for clovtr. For about two weeks back it has been getting to be very drv — too much so for the interests of bee keepers and farmers alike. WINTER LOSSES. Cool weather, with but few days for the flight of bees, has held on so long throughout the Northern States that I am fearful there are going to be losses in some sections. So far reports have indicated that the bees have wintered well in Minnesota ; rather poorly in Wisconsin, and not extra well in Michigan. In New York the bee-keepers entertain some fears as to what the results will show when settled warm weather comes on. J. E. Crane, of Vermont, says bees have wintered poorly in his section. From the great mass of re- ports, I gather that, while the loss numerical- ly of colonies in the apiary will not be so great, yet the strength of those colonies will he reduced down to nuclei in very many in- stances. I am rather of the impression that stimulative feeding will have to be practiced this spring. The season will be late, so also the natural nectar supplies. If we should have, from now on, steady warm weather, the bees will probably be able to make up for the losses they have sustained during the past month or so. As to our own apiary, while our loss of colonies has been very light, yet our Mr. Wardell reports that there are a large number of weak colonies in the apiary. A DISTINCTION BETWEEN TONGUE-REACH AND WHOLE TONGUE-LENGTH. Judging from the variety of advertising that is now current, it is very apparent that some of the advertisers are talking about the whole length of the tongue, and others of only the tongue-reach. One advertiser in particular talks about tongue-reach when I know he means the whole length of the tongue. Customers, unless breeders are care- ful in this matter, are bound to be disappoint- ed, and declare that the advertiser is a fraud. Let us all be careful to distinguish between tongue-reach and the whole length of the tongue. As I have before explained, tongue- reach includes only that portion of the pro- boscis that extends beyond the jaws of the bee ; in other words, it is the available length that the bee can actually use in reaching down to the flower-tubes of clover. So far as I know, the longest tongue reach yet recorded is T^%^^. What the longest actual whole tongue- lefigth is I do not know, and I don't believe it makes much difference. But it is important to know how far- a bee can reach into a flower-tube with its tongue. DOES length OF TONGUE-REACH HAVE A DI- RECT RELATION TO AMOUNT OF HONEY SECURED ? A PLAN TO PROVE OR DIS- PROVE IT. We have had considerable proof thus far to show that the honey-yields of certain colonies is in direct proportion to the average tongue- reach of the bees. While the evidence thus far received points that way, yet there is one thing that has not yet been done, and that is, to measure the tongues of poor workers If their reach is short, then we shall have fur- ther proof. Now, I wish to suggest a plan that will en- tirely eliminate any prejudice or favor. I would request that a number of our subscrib- ers send us one cage of bees from the very best workers in their yards, and another from the very poorest. But this test will have no value if there has been a recent change of queens in either hive. The bees of either col- ony must all be from one mother, of course. If brood has been exchanged so that the bees are from two different queens in the one hive, we can prove nothing. Then I should like to have some others send another pair of cages, one of which contains bees that distinguish themselves on red clover ; and the other one, bees that do absolutely nothing at such times. At the time of sending these bees in, letter or number the cages, and do not tell which are the good workers and which poor ; but let me (blindfolded, as it were) send in a report of their tongue reach. After you get my re- port, send it, with the information of which are the good and poor workers, to Dr. C. C. Miller, Marengo, 111. I'll give him instruc- tions to tabulate the report and send it to Gleanings. It is so easy for any us to be swayed in the direction we wish to believe, that I want to make sure in this case that both prejudice and favor shall be entirely eliminated. While I think /could be unbiased enough to give the plain facts, yet there may be a good many of our subscribers who, believing me to be in- tionally fair, would nevertheless feel that I would be unconsciously prejudiced in favor of the long-tongue theory. But when the re- turns are all in, I suspect that we shall find that tongue-reach does not always bear a di- rect proportion to the amount of honey that a certain colony will gather ; but we may prove that it is an important factor along with other factors. PROF. COOK'S review OF THE ABC RE- VIEWED. In the American Bee Journal Prof. Cook has another installment of criticisms on the ABC. These criticisms are not upon the lat- est edition, and the editor says, with good rea- son, that this may be preferable because of the large number who have older editions. Instead of taking the criticisms in the order in which they occur, it may be well to take them in classes. In the first class are three palpable errors that have been corrected in the latest edition. Under the first two figures that occur in the article on Honey-comb, the letters A and B are wrongly placed. A should be under the cir- cles, and B under the hexagons. In the first paragraph of the article on Honey-dew, "scab insects" should be "scale insects" Prof. Cook is good-natured enough to say that this error may be due to his own poor writing. In the list of honey-plants, "motherwort" ap- pears as " motherwork." 40. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 1 The second class contains three errors not yet corrected. Instead of 53 varieties of gold- enrod, it should be species. In the article on honey-dew, the distinction is not as sharply made as it should be between aphid (or plant- louse) honey-dew, which is, perhaps, never very bad, and coccid (or scale-louse) honey- dew, which is never good. In the list of hon- ey-plants. Prof. Cook says "Burr marigold" should be " Burr marigold " ! It is quite pos- sible the printer in Chicago is responsible for this, the intention being to show that only one r should be in the first syllable. Even then it needs further correction, for in the dictionary it is bur-mangold. A third class contains nine items which not all would agree with Prof. Cook in calling er- rors. In the chapter on Italian bees occurs a pic- ture of the abdomen of a worker, which is said to be "detached from the shoulders." Prof. Cook says, " This use of the '^-inch drain-tiles laid through the orchard in an op- posite direction. Thus you see the liquid part of the slop is gradually spread over an orchard occupying something like an acre. This method of disposing of sewage will, of course, work best on sandy soils. With an open porous sandy soil, fewer tiles may be used, and a much cheaper arrangement. You can tell, by experimenting, the length required to get rid of all the slops. Our own ground is stiff hard clay. Of course, these slops must be carried off so far from the well that no seep- age or drainage can by any possibility reach the well. We use and prefer a cistern. A government bulletin directs that the sewage should be run off on the opposite side of the dwelling from the well ; that the well should be on higher ground ; that the sewage should go at least 100 feet, with a good fall before it is dropped where it could bv any means ac- cumulate and fennent. I feel sure the owner of any home could manage this matter so as to utilize the fertilizing qualities of the slops, 406 GLEANINGS IN BEE CUIvTURE. May 1 and at the same time save a great amount of labor in spreading it around. If you wish to use a water-closet you will have to have some sort of reservoir, either in your attic or up high enough to give a head — that is, if your town or city does not have waterworks. The people who sell water-closet fixtures will give instructions in regard to ven- tilation ; but I think I had better say right here that every system of sewage, such as I have described, should have traps inside of the building so that sewer-gas can never come up through the tiles. Besides this, to make it doubly sure, right where the sewer-pipe comes through the cellar wall to get outdoors under ground, there should be a standpipe running up above the roof of the house. An iron pipe two or three inches in diameter is perhaps the safest thing for this purpose. Old boiler- flues screwed together make a cheap and substantial air - pipe or vent. This, of course, passes into the open air above the building ; and should there ever be fermenta- tion anywhere in the sewage- tiles, the product goes up this pipe, and is scattered to the winds above the roof of the house.* Now, do not object to this thing on account of expense. It pays to save the strength of the women-folks. I hard- ly need tell many of you what hired girls cost — not only in money, but in health, comfort, and happiness. Then heavy doctor - bills might be avoided by a little money spent in sanitary ar- rangements. Typhoid fevers are now almost every time traced directly to heedless- ness in the way of sanitary arrangements. Ask your family physician about it. Read the papers, and see what has been done in the cities where yellow fever for- merly raged season after season. Even the bubonic plague is now yielding to energetic and heroic treat- ment by our most intelligent physicians. We are certain- ly making great headway in the line of prevention^ even if we are not accomplishing all we should like, in the way of cure. Perhaps this Home Paper has not touched very much on spiritual matters ; and, in fact, many people may think both of my texts were intended for spiritual instruction only. Grant- ing this to be true, I am sure the great Father above delights in teaching us to protect our- selves from disease, and in keeping not only ourselves but our homes clean in every sense of the word. NOTES OF TR AYE L < BY , . !!^Avl.ROQT . MARCHANT'S PLAN OF ARRANGING HIVES, APIARY, ETC. On page 197 of Gleanings for March 1st I gave a brief description of the apiary I have pictured here. Friend Marchant has movable stands for his hives, constructed as shown in Nos. 1 and 2. Two rows of stands make a double row of hives with a space between the two rows so the operator can pass back and forth without getting in front of the hives or interfering with the flight of the bees. Now, instead of having these two rows in a long string, he has them arranged in the form of a hollow square, so that half an acre of ground will accommodate, say, 200 hives, and not have them crowded either. * Mrs. Root says, since the above was written, that this arrangement is worth more than you can tell as a convenient place to pour down slops, dishwater, NO. 1. — A FEW HIVES OK MARCHANT'S APIARY AT MAR- CHANT'S LANDING, ON THE APALACHICOLA RIVER. In No. 2 you will notice a number, 190, close by a hive in the center of the picture. These numbers are attached to the stand and not to the hive. If the hive is moved away, and another one put in its place, you do not have to remember to pull off the numbers and change them. Another thing, you will notice etc., that you would not want to put into the kitchen sink. In all the years we have used it, no smell of any kind has ever been perceptible, even to the most critical nostril ; and different people have been in- credulous uutil they examined the whole apparatus most thoroughly, and yet it is within only a few yards of the kitchen and kitchen stove. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 407 two boards or planks l)etween the rows that form the stand. These planks are a little low- er down. Now, the popular way of feeding in the South is to pour the syrup or honey on the bottom board ; but if the hive is level the feed will run out of the entrance and incite rob- bing. This manner of feeding is, of course, done at dusk, just after the bees have quit fly- ing. In this manner every thing is licked up clean before morning, so there is no tendency to rob. Of course, the bottom-boards are per- manent. Well, now, to keep the feed from running out at the front, the hive is pulled forward just enough to let the back end sink down and rest on the plank ; and a hive may remain in this position as long as you are feeding unless you have considerable rain. If it commences raining very much you want to go around, lift up the back end of each hive, and slide it back. Now, there is another advantage in these movable stands for hives such as I have de- we have exceedingly high winds. If I re- member correctly, friend Marchant says that, during the heat of the summer, he will put up posts and make a roof of boards to shade the hives and the operator. But this roof will be removable so it can be taken off and piled away during another fall, winter, and spring ; for during winter, he says, he must have all the sunshine on the hives that can be had, and the same until the sun gets so hot that the shade-boards are an advantage. Well, my two pictures are pretty good for a green hand with the kodak. Don't you think so ? But lest you should not notice it, let me direct your attention to No. 1. It is a little like the puzzle pictures we see in some of the newspapers. If you look sharp, perhaps you will see two girls in the background. They do not belong to the bee-keeper, however. Mr. Marchant wanted to take me up to his out-apiary, a mile or more up the river. The obliging captain of a little steamer very kind- ly carried us up there. Aft- er we got back, his two lit- tle girls wanted to know if I could take their pictures. They stood up in front of Mr. Marchant's house. Well, I took their pictures, but forgot to turn the film. I insist that I did 7iot forget — that I turned the film ev- ery time ; but Ernest says that the kodak, like figures, never tells lies ; and while the poor girls did not get a picture they are (after all) there just back of the hives. I wrote them the best apol- ogy I knew how to make ; and next time I will try to turn off the film after I take a snap shot at the hives, es- pecially when some good- looking little girls want their pictures taken. MARCHANT'S STANDS FOR HIVJiS, AND MiiT ING THE HIVES. scribed. In many parts of Florida, ants are very troublesome. Some of the larger kind will drive out and destroy a colony of bees unless they have protection. Just put each leg of the hive-stand in a dish containing wa- ter, with a little coal oil on the surface, and the ants will be helpless so far as meddling with the bees is concerned. Last, but not least, these kodak views were taken to illustrate Marchant's method of shading. The shade board is made of shin- gles, as you will notice, and their form is such that they hold their place on the hives unless HUD OF SHAD- At Stuart, Dade Co.,Fla., I found our wide-awake vet- eran bee-keeper, O. O. Pop- pleton, as busy as usual, and actually getting honey from the Florida pennyroyal, al- though I rather think there is no other bee-keeper in Florida who secured any honey in the month of Feb- ruary. There was a very cool north wind, so the bees could not fly very much ; but the hives were " chockful " of honey, and he said he would have been extracting had not the weather been so cold. This Florida pennyroyal grows more or less through the woods in many parts of Florida, but there is not such a quantity of it anywhere else that I know of as right around Mr. Poppleton's. The honey is not as light in color as some, but it is very fair, and it has a peculiar enticing flavor. We have a barrel of it on the way to Medina. When it comes I will tell you more 408 GI.EANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 1 about it. By the way, when I write of these honey-plants, a good many people will be sure to want seed ; and this may all be very well for somebody who wants to make a collection of plants that yield honey. But it rarely if ever is the case that it will pay to plant any thing for just the honey alone. Friend Pop- pleton visits his out-apiaries with a gasoline- launch large enough to carry a dozen or more people ; and, in fact, he uses it in bringing his bees from one locality to another, and it will carry successfully a considerable apiary. I made a brief but pleasant call at Mr. J. E. Fultz', and another one where there was a very extensive pineapple plantation under a shed. Friend Poppleton and his neighbors claim that their locality is about the best point in Florida for growing pineapples, and also that the good ground is pretty well appropriated or held by somebody, with the expectation of getting big prices for it. I have told you something about Florida land that could be bought for £0 cts. an acre ; but right near Mr. Poppleton's there is desira- ble property for growing pineapples, which can not be bought for $100 an acre, even in its wild state. Ow- ing to its proximity to the water, there is little danger here from killing frosts, even if pineapples are right out in the open air. But the sheds give better results, and are quite a protection during severe weather. I succeeded in getting ko- dak views so perfect that they explain the construc- tion of the sheds almost without any thing further. See cut adjoining. The posts are made of some durable timber found in the woods, of such a length as to go three feet or more into the ground, and to keep the roof overhead about 8 feet from the sur- face. The slats are about 3 inches broad, usually of 1- inch lumber. The spaces between them are usually 3 inches, sometimes 4. The shed pictured was constructed for a relative of Mr. Poppleton. I be- lieve it was built under Mr. P.'s own supervision. The second picture shows a view after the plants were pretty nearly full-sized. There are walks of different widths separating the plants into beds of perhaps 10 or 12 feet in width. Real healthy plants have sometimes spines or sharp-pointed needle like leaves nearly as high as your head. In fact, it is somewhat dangerous business to get around among them. Friend Poppleton said there were a few ripe fruits that ought to be gath- ered. He said he would walk down one side of the bed and I down the other. He told me to look out for 'apples that had commenced to turn Now, I pride myself on being re- markable about keen vision, especially when it comes to picking up potatoes. Some of the boys claimed I could see a potato that was en- tirely under the dirt. Well, I felt sure I could find every pineapple fit to pick ; but when my good friend pointed out a beautiful specimen I did not see, not over a yard from where I passed along the path, I began to think I was not so much smarter than common people aft- er all. A pineapple in bloom is a beautiful thing. Why, even if it did not bear fruit at all, I should not be surprised if the plant were grown in greenhouses just for the blossoms alone. Well, at the same time the plant is producing fruit, little plants something like suckers are growing up around the parent plant ; and where the variety is valuable and high-priced, the little plants frequently bring as much money as the ripe fruit. It is no un- common thing to have pineapples that bring A NKW PINKAPPLE SHED, SHOWING CONSTRUCTION, AND I.ITTI.E PLANTS JUST STARTING. 75 cents each at wholesale. Dyer Brothers, who are near neighbors to Mr. Poppleton, have sold during the past two years $5500 worth of pineapples from about 12 acres. If I am cor- rt- ctly informed, a large part of the 12 acres is not yet in bearing. The pineapple grower gets some fruit in about 18 months after be- ginning operations, but not much before the plants are two years old. The fertilizer alone for an acre of pineapples costs about |50 a j'^ear. Right near his honey-house Mr. Poppleton has a little grape-fruit tree about as high as 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 409 my head, that had ten monstrous grape-fruits. Well, they were not really hangitig on the tree, because they were so heavy that most of them rested on the ground. I took a kodak view of it; but Ernest pronounced it "no good." The locality round about Slu^.rt will likely very soon be noted for its oranges and grape-fruits as well as for its pineapples. Six years ago West Palm Beach, was the ter- minus of the East Shore Railway ; but the road now runs away down to Biscayne Bay, •and on to Miami. I stopped one day at West Palm Beach to visit one of our Medina Co. boys, or one who used to be years ago, Mr. J. N. Parker, and also to look over the Royal Poinciana Hotel. Friend Parker is in the truck business. He grows pineapples to some extent, but does not give as much attention to it as they do in some other localities. He had some of the handsomest Irish potatoes I ever saw anywhere. At his place, for the first time, I ate guavas right from the bushes. He said it was a little early for nice ones. I spent ANOTHER VIEW, SHOVl^ING LARGER PLANTS half a day very pleasantly, and I think profit- ably, in looking over the wonderful tropical gardens belonging to the Royal Poinciana. .Here we find almost every tropical plant known in any part of the world, and, better still, every plant, from the smallest flower to the largest tree towering away up toward the sky, and each plant, tree, or bush, is plainly labeled with the common name, and also the Latin name. In fact, it is quite a school to go over the grounds and learn by practice to call by name all these exotics by sight. Of course, you can not pick the fruit. I was greatly in- terested in the sapodilla-tree. The fruits are as large as peaches, but they look more like a potato. I found them for sale, however, on fruit-stands, and after a little practice I learn- ed to like them tolerably well . They are rather swett, and remind me of the mandrakes of my childhood. Once when I was a boy I got very sick by eating too many mandrakes, and therefore any thing that reminds me of this occurrence brings up recollections not exactly pleasant. If I am correct, the sapodilla is sometimes called the custard apple. The morning I visited the great hotel I was told that 1600 people took breakfast,. and that their breakfas-t costs the guests, on an average, 11.00 each. It took about 400 waiters to take care of the 1600 guests. So this one hotel has a population, if that is the proper way to speak of a hotel, equal to a town of 2000. I did not get breakfast there myself, nor dinner. The dinner costs more than a dollar if I am cor- rectly informed. But I very much doubt if anybody enjo\ ed his dinner more than I did mine. Shall I tell you what it was ? I went to a fruit-stand and bought a nice ripe pineapple for 15 cents. Then I went to a restaurant and asked for some bread and butter. For a nickel I got a great plateful of bread and plen- ty of nice butter. The pineapple was both food and drink, and so I did not have any tea or coffee, and certainly did not want any. When the proprie- tor said five cents paid for the bread and butter I gave him another nickel for clearing up the rem- nants of my pineapple. Well, I had several meals of just pineapple and bread and butler ; and I have a sort of notion in my head that such a diet would agree with me to a dot, three times a day, the year round ; and I have been planning to take, some time, a vacation, and live on pineapples and bread and butter for sever- al days, and prove to the world that such a diet is ample. Oh dear me ! how many things there are I should like to try if this busy world's cares did not stand in the way ! There is quite a pretty zoological garden connected with the Royal Poinciana ; there is also an aquarial garden ; but it is not taken care of as it might be, notwithstanding some- body is constantly on hand to take the 25 cts. one has to pay to look through it. During the past few years, the Royal Poin- ciana has been enlarged by a sort of annex hotel that they call the Breakers. I believe the expense of stopping at the Breakers is a little less. It is not worth while, however, to find fault with high prices while everybody, 410 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 1 high or low, rich or poor, is permitted to ram- ble at will all over the beautiful premises, vilhout a cent of expense. Just now another magnificent structure, employing a small army of mechanics and laborers, is in process of construction. They were just laying the foundation for this build- ing at the time of my visit. I was told it was to be the palatial residence for Mr. Flagler, the owner of the East Coast Railway. He is the owner, also, of half a dozen or more of these palatial hotels that accommodate people enough during the height of the season to make a fair-sized city. DOES IT PAY TO HAVE SOME APPLE-TREES? THE RAWLES GENET. After planting an orchard of 100 trees we waited almost ten years before we had apples of any account; but now our orchard begins to do us some good. Last year we had two trees that gave us a heaping ten bushels each. That is not very much; but these apples now, toward the middle of April, are just as plump and crisp as if they had just come from the tree — yes, a good deal more so, because late in the fall, when picked, they were too hard to be fit for any thing. They are the variety railed Rawles Genet. When the trees first began to bear I thought so little of them I wondered why anybody should want such a miserable, hard, worthless apple. The value of this apple, however, is something like that of the KiefFer pear. The trees are loaded down every season ( " Never-fail" is another name for it), and the apple is a better keeper than any thing else I know of. But I made a big mistake last season that I did not pick off more than half the apples. Had I sorted out the gnarly ones, and small imperfect ones, where there were too many on the limbs, I think I should have more bushels, and all big nice smooth apples. We have got to come to hand-picking and thinning if we want to pro- duce the finest high-priced fruit. Well, even as it is, these two trees gave us pretty nearly $10.00 worth of apples each. In fact, the apples would bring more than a dollar just now, and there is not a bit of trouble in keep- ing them till May — at least, we have never had any trouble. Another thing, will it pay to plant fruit-trees when you are over 60 years old ? I got to thinking of this because I have just ordered a lot of trees from a nursery, to be shipped to our Michigan ranch. MY NEW TRAP NEST. On page 160 one of the friends, you may re- member, asked me to "walk around the stair- way " and study up a cheap and eflScient trap nest. I have, therefore, given the matter some thought, and have produced a very cheap one, and one that works so nicely I feel like shout- ing " Eureka ! " as did the philosopher of old- en times. Perhaps, however, I had better hold back my enthusiasm a little until I see how it works in the hands of others, and how it stands the keen scrutiny of bona-fide poul- try-men. In the first place, you want to get a light box at the store or grocery. For small-sized hens an oblong box a foot wide, a foot deep, and 2 feet long, will do very well. But for medium fowls it had better be 13 inches wide and deep, inside measure, and 2 feet long. For some of the large breeds, 14 inches wide and 13 deep will be better. The diagram below will make it plain, I think. A B TRAP NEST UNDER A GROCERY BOX. Let the dotted line AB represent the ground or floor of the poultry-house. Now let CPSN represent our drygoods box. Turn it upside down and cut off the lower corner down through on the line CR. Now fit a board in this opening so as to take the place of this dotted line CR. Now drop your box down on to this cut-away corner, and it will stay in position providing you put weight enough on CR to hold it down flat. For illustration, sup- pose we put a flatiron or a suitable-sized stone right in on the line CR. In this position it would be just the thing for a hen's nest or just such a nest as any hen likes. Suppose she is hunting for a nest, and walks along the line AB until she puts her head under at P. Of course, we have to make a bottom for the nest, with a board nailed in so as to have a bot- tom, IR, joining the dotted line CR. This bot- tom of the nest need not be tight. In fact, it is better to have cracks so the litter can sift out. Put in some leaves, cut straw, or excelsior ; then a nest egg, or two, if you choose, to get her started. She walks up under P, looks over the strip of board at I, and steps up on it to get into the nest. As soon as she steps on I, the box tilts and shuts her in. In the dia- gram, I is shown higher up from the ground than it really is ; because, when that corner is sawn off, the dotted line CR rests on the dot- ted line AB. Well, that stone or flatiron that I told you to put on the bottom CR is rather in the way, so we will have some iron rods for a weight, and we slide them into a sort of shelf shown at C. This shelf is made of a strip of tin 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 411 or g^alvanized iron rolled up like the cut at C, tacked on to the back end of our box. These rods are for weights so the box will just tip up enough to let the heu get into the nest. You can get the rods at any old iron heap. Have a blacksmith cut them off a foot or 1-4 inches in length. I would use these instead of one weight, because with a hen sitting you need more " ballast " than when there is only an egg or two, or three eggs, laid in the trap nest every day. You need not say it will not work, for it has been working to perfection for the past two weeks. E and V are openings large enough for you to put your hand in to get the eggs every night ; for I have found by experience that it is rather tiresome reaching over the front board I to get the eggs just above R. When- ever a hen is on the nest, the box tips down and is closed. No other hen can get in until this one gets off. When a sitting hen is off, some other hen might get in and lay an egg, it is true. But that is the case with any trap nest. The only remedy is to have tke sitting hen let loose in a little yard or pen for her ex- clusive use. For my part, however, I like to see a sitting hen get off and have a good run, and have exercise as well as food and drink. Some of you may say right here, "But, hold on, Bro. Root ; this is not a trap nest at all ; " to which I own up ; but it is just such a nest as Fred Gundy describes, or perhaps, rather, it accomplishes the same result, and his nest costs a dollar to "know how." Be- sides, you can make a trap nest of this kind in almost no time. You will notice the hook-shaped shelf near the letter C has an opening between the lower edge and the box. Select a single iron rod, just heavy enough to bring up the box nicely when the hen is off. Now bend the lower edge of the tin shelf so this rod will drop down on the ground as soon as the weight of the hen tilts the box down in the closed position. In this case the hen stays under the box until her owner picks the rod off from the ground and lays it on the shelf again. You might have a latch at P to snap on the box and catch it when it shuts down. But with this you would need to fit it on a permanent floor. With my arrangement you can pick the box ^^p and move it wherever you like, and set it on some smooth ground or on the floor. In order to avoid having a heavy weight to raise the box up, the box should be of very light stuff — ^4-inch sides, with all the rest % or ^, will do very well. In fact, a box made of veneer is as good as any thing. If you make a box on purpose you might round off or bev- el the corners SN. Or instead of a box you could use a light basket. But a basket usually costs more than a box. I found an oblong bushel basket that makes a splendid trap nest. Now, when you use a basket that is hardly deep enough, or if the grocery-box you get hold of is hardly deep enough, there is anoth- er way that will enable you to use your shal- low box without cutting it at all, and this same arrangement is used for the basket. To do this, get two triangular pieces of wood like DBC in the diagram above. Place them the right distance apart, then nail thin boards between the two, at C, B, and D, making the bottom of the nest. The boards at C, B, and D are lapped over the two side boards. The piece at I will need to be a little heavier, so you can nail through D, B, and C into the end of I. Now this arrange- ment is to be nailed secure to the open side of your box. Tip the box over, and you have your trap nest as first described. If you use a basket, this arrangement in Fig. 2 is to be fastened to the sides of the basket. Tip the basket over, and your trap nest is all complete like broken line over Fig. 2. r ^ FIG. 2. — TRAP NEST WITH BASKET INSTEAD OF BOX FOR TOP. In Fig. 2 the diagram represents the angle at B rather too sharp. It wants to be just right so that, when the nest rests on the base CB, D will be just high enough for the hen to stoop down and get under. You may say a hen will not go into such a place. That is because you do not know hens and do not know how to manage them. They are the easiest ani- mals to teach any sort of trick, in the whole wide world, if you just take them right. When your nest is new, prop it up with bricks so that the hen can go under the edge of the box without ducking down at all. After she has got on the nest and laid one egg, she will do it next day sure. Then drop the box down a little, and she will be willing to stoop a little lower each time. Make the angle at B so that, when the nest is set ready for the hen, it will be just as low as she can get under D without too much squeezing. She will like it all the better if it is a little bit difficult to get into. The objection to having the box raised up too high is that changing from one base to the other makes too much "jostling " for the eggs. When you get this angle at B just right, it does not disturb the eggs at all when the hen steps on top of the threshold at I. Somebody will be sure to say a spring will be better than the weight I have arranged. Yes, it is a very easy matter to have a coiled spring of just the right tension from A to N, Fig. 1. But you can not move the nest around where you wish, and you have got to have a floor board under it at AB. If you do not want to bother with a coiled spring, just take a springy hickory stick and push it in the ground along the line CN; but I prefer the weight. If you prefer a spring instead of a weight, in order to make it trap the hen, you must arrange so the spring will slip off or let go when she steps on the edge of the nest. At- tach the basket to the nest proper with four pieces of annealed wire. 412 GLKANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 1 At the present writing there are a lot of new methods of treating disease, and people are sending their money and telling of the won- derful cures performed. Yes, you will meet somebody at every turn who will say some- thing like this : " Well, I was just as skepti- cal as you are or anybody could be ; but when I saw what was done right under my own eyes, I had to give up." And so it goes. A woman said a few days ago, in regard to so-called Christian Science, that, just as soon as she wrote to a certain great doctor, and described her troubles, just the minute he got her letter and understood the matter, she was well at once, and he was hundreds of miles away.* Well, these wonderful cures do tell us some- thing— in fact, they ought to tell us something — more especially the fact that all kinds of doctors and doctrines seem to cure just the same. It reminds me of a clerk in a drug- store who said he had noticed that, no matter what sort of patent medicine the ailing cus- tomer purchased, they all got better. Now, the wonderful lesson these facts ough*- to teach us (and I admit there ar^ facts all around us), is that our troubles are either imaginary or else they are in some strange way so depend- ent on the will or the mind that a certain kind of shaking up, call it " faith " if you will, ei- ther in the doctor or in the medicine, produces wonderful results. There is something ex- ceedingly fascinating in this matter. I do not understand it myself ; and I fear I, too, have sometimes been carried away by these new treatments, or whatever else you may call it. May God help us in our efforts to sift truth out of so much fiction and superstition. MORE ABOUT TOMALES. I^ast week Bro. Root took a look over the Southern country, and entertained us with a very readable arti- cle, but he getsterribly mixed up when he had Indians making his hot tomales. He must have meant Mexi- cans. An Indian knows as little about making tomales as a bov does about bee-keeping. The Mexican has the exclusive right to the tomale manufacture. No one is a success at the tomales and chillikin carue ex- cept them. R. C. McPhaill. Graham, Tex., Mar. 21. [Friend M., I stand corrected, and thank you for the correction ; but, notwithstanding, the Indians certainly do pound up corn. In fact, we find these old stone basins scattered all over the deserts of Arizona, and this pounded corn is then made into a special cake. I can not remember the names, but you doubt- less know all about it. Well, my impression was that the tomale was the same thing, only a little more elaborate, with chicken meat, etc.— A. I. R.] * I should like to give the names of some of the new methods of treatment of disease, but I am afraid I should hurt the feelings of some of my near and dear friends. The new doctors are certainly getting piles oftnoney, but I really fear the patients are not getting any Just equivalent. Much has been said, and is being said con- tinually, of the advantage of feeding poultry green bone cut with the various bone-cutters on the market ; but I had not thought of it before, that manure from bone-fed poultry has a special value over other poultry manure. In commenting on this matter the Ohio Farmer has the following : Here is a pointer for poultrymen. The manure from such feeding is worth twice the cost of the bone at the meat-markets, and is worth all it costs as an egg-producer in addition, and the soft ration is bal- anced by the addition of potash. Books for Bee=keepers and Others. Any of these books on which postage is not given will be forwarded by mail postpaid, on receipt of price. In buying books, as every thing else, we are liable to disappointment if we make a purchase without see- ing the article. Admitting that the book-seller could read all the books he offers, as he has them for sale, it were hardly to be expected he would be the one to mention all the faults, as well as good things about a book. We very much desire that those who favor us with their patronage shall not be disappointed and therefore we are g&ing to try to prevent it by mention- ing all the faults, so far as we can, that the purchaser may know what he is getting. In the following li.st, books that we approve we have marked with a *; those we especially approve, ** ; those that are not up to times, t ; books that contain but little matter for the price, large type, and much space between the lines, t ; foreign, g. The bee-books are all good. As many of the bee-books are sent with other goods by freight or express, incurring no postage, we give prices separately. You will notice that you can judge of the size of the books very well by the amount re- quired for postage on each. BIBLES, HYMN-B130KS, AND OTHER GOOD BOOKS. Postage.] . [Price without postage. 8 I Bible, good print, neatly bound 20 10 Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress** 40 Christian's Secret of a Happy L,ife.** 50c; cloth 1 00 3 I John Ploughman's Talks and Pictures, by Rev. C. H. Spurgeon* 10 1 I Gospel Hymns, consolidated, Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4, words onlj'; cloth, 10c; paper 5 2 Same, board covers 20 5 Same, words and music, small type, board cov. 45 10 Same, words and music, board covers 75 3 I New Testament in prettj' flexible covers 05 One-third off on all Gospel H^'inns mentioned above. 5 I New Testament, new version, paper covers 10 4 I Stepping Heavenward** 18 5 I Tobacco Manual** 46 This is a nice book that will be sure to be read, if left around where the boys get hold of it, and any boy who reads it will be pretty safe from the tobacco habit. BOOKS especially FOR BEE-KEEPERS. 20 A B C of Bee Culture, cloth 1 OO Advanced Bee Culture, by W. Z. Hutchinson ... 50 3 Amateur Bee-keeper, by J, W. Ro\ise 22 14 Bees and Bee-keeping, by Frank Cheshire, England, Vol. I., § 2 36 21 Same, Vol. II., g 2 79 Same, Vols. I. and II., postpaid 5 25 10 Bees and Hone-., by T. G. Newman 65 10 Cook's Manual, cloth 1 15 5 Doolittle on Queen-rearing 95 2 I Dzierzon Thei.ry 10 3 I Foul Brood; Its Natural History and Rational Treatment 22 1 I Honey as Food and Medicine 05 10 I Langstroth Revised, by Chas. Dadant & Son 1 10 15 I Quinby's New Bee-keeping 90 I British Bee-keeper's Guide-book, by Thomas William Cowan, England? 40 I The Honey-bee, bv Thos. William Cowan 95 3 I Merrybanks and His Neighbrr, by A. I. Root... 15 I Bienenzucht und Honiggewinimng 50 Or "Bee Culture and the Securing of Honey," a Ger- man bee-book by J. F. Eggers, of Grand Island, Neb. Postage free. MISCELLANEOUS HAND-BOOKS. 5 I A B C of Carp Culture, bv Geo. Finley 25 5 I A B C of Strawberry Culture,** by T. B. Terry.. 35 Probably the leading book of the world on straw- berries. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 413 5 I A B C of Potato Cnlture, Terry** 35 This is T. B. Terry's first and most masterly work. I Bam Plans and Out-biiildings* 1 50 Canary birds, j'aper 50 2 I Cfler^- for Profit, hy T. Greinci** 25 The fir.st really full and complete book on celery •culture, at a moderate price, that we have had. It is full of pictures, and the whole thing is made so plain •that a schoolboy ought to be able to grow paying crops at once without any assistance except from the book. 15 I Draining for Profit and Health, Warring 1 35 10 Fuller's Grape Culturi.st** 1 15 8 1 Domestic Economy, by 1. H. Mayer, M. D.** ... 30 This book ought to save' at least the money it costs, each year, in every household. It was written by a doctor, and one who has made the matter of domestic economy a life study. The regular price of the book is 81.00, but by taking a large lot of them we are en- abled to make the price only 30 cents. 10 I Farming for Boys* 1 15 This is one of Joseph Harris' happiest productions, and it seems to me that it ought to make farm-life fas- cinating to any boy who has any sort of taste for gar- dening. Farming with Green Manures, po.stpaid** 90 Farm, Gardening, and Seed-growing** 90 12 Gardening for Pleasure, Henderson* 1 35 12 Gardening for Profit** 1 35 8 Gardening for Young and Old, Harris** 1 25 This is Jcseph Harris' best and happiest effort. Al- though it goes over the same ground occupied by Peter Henderson, it particularly emphasizes thorough culti- vation of the soil in preparing your ground ; and this matter of adapting it to young people as well as old is brought out in a most happy vein. If your children liave any sort of fancy for gardening it will pay you to make them a present of this book. It has 187 pages and 46 engravings. 3 I Grasses and Clovers, with Notes on Forage Plants 20 This is by Henry A. Dreer, author of the book, " Vegetables Under Glass " that has had such a large sale of late. This little book tells how six tons of grass has been grown to the acre, and gives much other valuable matter. 10 I Greenhouse construction, by Prof, Taft** 1 15 This book is of recent publication, and is as full and complete in regard to the building of all glass struc- tures as is the next book in regard to their manage- ment. Any one who builds even a small structure for plant-growing under glass will save the value of the book by reading it carefully. 12 I Greenhouse Management, by Prof. Taft** 1 15 The book is a companion to Greenhouse Construc- tion. It is clear up to the times, contains 400 pages and a great lot of beautiful half-tone engravings. A large part of it is devoted to growing vegetables under glass, especially Grand Rapids lettuce, as well as fruits and flowers. The publisher's price is |1..50; but as we bought quite a lot of them we can make a spe- cial price as above. 5 I Garden and Farm Topics, Henderson** 60 5 I Gregory on Cabbages, paper* 20 5 I Gregory on Squashes, paper* 20 5 I Gregory on Onions, paper* 20 The above three books, by our friend Gregory, are all valuable. The book on squashes especially is good reading for almo.st anybody, whether they raise squashes or not. It strikes at the very foundation of success in almost any kind of business. I Handbook for Lumbermen 05 5 I Home Pork-making; 125 pages, illustrated 40 I think it will pay well for everybody who keeps a pig to have this book. It tells all about the care of the pig, with lots of pictures describing cheap pens, appliances, all about butchering, the latest and most approved short cuts; all about making the pickle, barreling the meat, fixing a smoke-house (from the cheapest barrel up to the most approved arrange- ment); all about pig-troughs; how to keep them clean with little labor; recipes for cooking pork in every imaginable way, etc. Publisher's price is 50 cents, ours as above. 10 Household Conveniences 1 40 15 How to Make the Garden Pay** 1 35 2 How to Propagate and Grow Fruit, Green* 15 2 Injurious Insects, Cook 10 10 I Irrigation for the Farm, Garden, and Orchard*! 10 By Stewart. This book, so far as 1 am informed, is almo.st the only work on this matter that is attracting so much interest, especially recently. Using water from springs, brooks, or windmills to take the place of rain, during our great drouths, is the great problem before us at the present day. The book has 274 pages and 142 cuts. 3 I Maple Sugar and the Sugar-bush** 32 4 I Peabodv's Webster's Dictionary 10 Over 30,000 words and 2.50 illustrations. 5 I Manures ; How to Make and How to Use Them ; in paper covers 30 6 I The same in cloth covers 65 I Nut Culturist, postpaid 1 .50 3 I Onions for Profit** 40 Fully up to the times, and includes both the old onion culture and the new method. The book is fully illustrated, and written with all the enthusiasm and interest that characterizes its author, T. Greiner. Even if one is not particularly interested in the busi- ness, almost any penson who picks up Greiner's books will like to read; them through. I Our Farming, by T. B. Terry** 1 50 In which he tells " how we have made a run-down farm bring both profit and pleasure." If ordered by express or freight with other goods, 10c less. Poultry for Pleasure and Profit.** 10 Practical Floriculture, Henderson.* 1 10 10 Profits in Poultry.* 75 1 Silk and the Silkworm 10 10 Small-Fruit Culturist, Fuller 1 10 2 Sorghum. Stock Beets, Strawberries, and Ce- ment Floors. By Waldo F. Brown 08 10 I Talks on Manures* 1 35 10 I The New Agriculture; or, the Waters Led Cap- tive (a $1.50 book) 40 11 I The New Egg-Farm, Stoddard** 70 This is an enlarged edition of the 50-cent book pub- lished 25 or .30 years ago by H. K. Stoddard. If I could have only one poultry-book it would be the New Elgg-farm. This book is of special value to me be- cause it not only discusses most emphatically the value oi exercise to poultry, but it touches on the value of exercise to all other animated nature including hu- manity. The book has over 300 pages and 150 illustra- tions. It is entirely diiTerent from any other poultry- book in the world, inasmuch as it discusses mechanic- al contrivances .'o that all the varied operations of a poultry-farm may be done as much as possible with the aid of machinery. The regular price is $1 00, but by buying a quantity we are able to furnish it at price given. 2 I Treatise on the Horse and his Di.seases 10 5 I Tile Drainage, by W. I. Chamberlain 35 Fully illustrated, containing every thing of impor- tance clear up to the present date. The single chapter on digging ditches, with the il- lu.strations given by Prof. Chamberlain, should alone make the book worth what it costs, to e%-ery one who has occasion to lay ten rods or more of tile. There is as much science in digging as in doing almost any thing else ; and bv following the plan directed in the book, one man will often do as much as two men with- out this knowledge. 5 I Tomato Culture 35 In thiee parts. Part first. — By J. W. Day, of Crystal Springs, Miss., treats of tomato culture in the South, with some remarks by A. I. Root, adapting it to the North. Part second. — By D. Cummins, of Conneaut., O , treats of tomat'> culture especially for canning- factories Part third — Ry A. I. Root, treats of plant- growing for market, and high-pressure gardening in general. 3 I Vegetables under Glass, by H. A. Dreer** 20 3 I Vegetables in the Open Air* 20 This is a sort of companion book to the one above. Both books are most fully illu.strated, and are exceed- ingly valuable, especially at the veiy low price at which they are sold. The author, H. A. Dreer, has a greenhouse of his own that covers one solid acre, and he is pretty well conversant with all the arrangements and plans for protecting stuff from the weather, and afterward handling to the best advantage when the weather will permit out of doors. 3 I Winter Care of Hor.ses and Cattle 25 This is friend Terry's second book in regard to farm matters ; but it is so intimately connected with his po- tato-book that it reads almost like a sequel to it. If you have only a horseor a cow, I think it will pay you to invest in a book. It has 44 pages and 4 cuts. 3 j Wood's Common Objects of the Microscope**. . 47 8 I What to Do and How to be Happy While doing It, by A. I. Root 65 The A. I. Root Co., Medina, O. 414 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 1 DEAL DIRECT "'"^"'^ Makers. . 3034 Buggy. Price J38.30 with leather qaarter top. When you buy a carriage, buggy or I'arness. Choose from the biggest stocli and fullest assortment, and pay only the cost of making, with but cue moderate profit added. Our plan of selling direct from the factory insures satisfaction —your money back if you're dissatistied with your purchase — and enables you to save the dealer's profit. Our complete illnstrated catalogue, showing many styles of high grade vehicles, harness, robes, blankets and horse equipments, with detailed de- scriptions of each, mailed free. Write for it and learn how cheaply you can buy when the jobber's and dealer's profits are cut ofi. No 240 >■ THE COLUMBUS CARRIAGE AND HARNESS CO., Box 772. Columbus. 0. Bagg^Hame ngle .Strap i. Price $7.95. _ The :e IS. we on this vehicle. The quality outweighs the price always in your favor onourJiie^iir^Siy ~ highest grade^^^^gl^^gQcdS'^'and-scfllthem to you direct at price^j-ScT^nTg'youthe two profitsl of the jobber and dealer. Besides all thiW we send any ve- hicle on 10 days free trial. If not entirely'; satisfactory, return it!:^at our expense." Can you ask more? IWrite for catalog,; S^AKalamazoo Carriage and Harness Company, 28 Years' Experience SELLING DIRECT. We manufacture 178 styles of vehicles and C5 styles of harness and we sell direct to you at wholesale prices. WE HAVE NO AGENTS and are the largest manufacturers of vehicles and harness in the world selling to the consumer esi li'i«lvelj . We give you the advantage of the largest selection. You run no risk for we ship anywhere with privilege of examination, guaranteeing (iaredtlivery. Our line consists of Kockawaya or Depot Wag- ons, Surreys, Traps. Phaetons, Spiders, Stanhopes, Driving Wag- ons. Top Buggies, Open and Top Koad Wagons, Spring Wagons, Delivery Wagons, Milk Wagons, Wagonettes, audall styles of harness. Send for our large illustrated oatBlojjue—FKEi;. Elkhart Carriage and Harness Manfg. Co. W. C. PRATT, Secy. ELKHART, INDIANA. The Review for 1901. The Bee-keepers' Review for 1901 has turned over a new leaf, taken up new lines, and entered a broader field. While it continues to give methods in detail, it is striving to arouse and encourage bee-keepers; to inspire them; to awaken them; to set them to think- ing, to lead them to change the uncertainties of a few bees in one locality for the certainty of many bees in several localities; to organize and co-operate; to rise up in their might, and sweep contagious diseases of bees out of this country; to work for the improvement of their stock, and to comprehend that the conditions of bee-keeping are constantly changing; and that, in order to succeed, they must keep up with the times. Even old bee-keepers, those who have kept bees and read journals for years, are aroused to enthusiasm by the reading of the last few issues of the Review. Sev- eral have written that it seemed to them that the last two or three issues contained more practical, solid, condensed, valuable information than they had ever before found in the same number of issues. The Review for 1901, and 12 hack numbers, for only 81.00. For S'-!.00 I will send the back numbers, the Review for 1901, and a queen of the Superior Long- tongue Stock. W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 415 ^SF ^ PEC lAb^NGT^i c Es Bv THE DZIERZON THEORY. This little pamphet has been out of print for a few months, and numerous orders for it have not been supplied. We have just printed another small edi- tion, and are now prepared to furnish it again. A B C OF POTATO CULTDRE AND A B C OF STRAW- BERRY CULTURE. We are now at work on a new edition of both of these works, as the old ones are practically exhausted. It will be several months before both books are com- pleted. Orders will be filled with the old edition as long as they last, unless you specify, when you order, that you want the new edition, when ready. WINDOW GLASS ADVANCED AGAIN. We have received notice of another advance in the price of window glass, taking effect May first, which increases the price 5 per cent over the price in effect during the past month. We have also had notice of an advance of 25 cts. per gross on Mason fruit-jars; but we make no change in our prices quoted in last issue, for the present at least. We advise those in need of jars this season to place their orders before we are obliged to advance prices. There is no pros- pect of any lower prices. A MATTER OF VITAL IMPORTANCE TO WESTERN BEE-KEEPERS. In our last issue we stated that there would be an attempt made, probably, to raise the freight rate on comb honey from its present rate of 1}4 times first class to double first class, whether the glass was ex- posed or not. This, according to Mr. York, of the American Bee Journal, " would well-nigh strangle the honey business * * * on long hauls," and he is right. This is a most .serious matter for our Western bee-keepers, and while it would not affect the carload- commodity rate, yet a most vigorous protest should be sent in at once. The next meeting of the Classification Committee will take place May 7, at the Hotel del Monte, Mon- terey, Cal. We suggest that comb honey producers and commission merchants of the West, at least (as it is too late to send letters) fire telegrams on or before May 7 to Chairman J. T. Ripley, of the Western Clas- sification Committee, at Hotel del Monte, Monterey, Cal. Make the telegram read something like this : " We protest against proposed raising of rate on comb honey." Or word a telegram like this : " Don't raise rate on comb honey; would ruin our business." Or this : " Raising rate on comb honey would handicap large industry." These are only samples of wording that may be used, but don't adopt the exact wording ; but every producer in the West should send a telegram as above directed. Do not assume that the " other fellow " will do it for you. This is bread and butter \.o you, and you must fight for your rights. If several bundled tele- grams are fired into headquarters, />r^j*a?V/ (don't for- get that, even if it does co.st a dollar or more), it will cause the committee to know that bee-keepers repre- sent a large industry, and that that industry must not, even in the interests of railroads, be handicapped in the manner proposed. Special Notices by A. I. Root. VEGETABLE-PLANTS — GOLDEN SELF-BLANCHING CEL- ERY. Owing to the press of other business we have been obliged to discontinue the vegetable-plant busine.ss, as our friends will notice; but we have now on hand a very nice lot of Golden Self-blanching celery-plants. Prices: .5 cts for 10; 40 cts. per 100; 53.00 per 1000. If wanted by mail, add 5 cts. for 10, or 2.5 cts. per 100. SEED POTATOES. Our seconds are practically all sold out with the exception of the Early Ohio. For prices see page 357, last issue. Of the firsts, we have more or less of every thing except Maule's Commercial and I,ee's Favorite. They are still in excellent condition, with scarcely a sprout started. WHITE BLISS TRIUMPH POTATOES — REDUCED PRICES. We have just purchased a lot of these from a bee- keeper in Wisconsin who said the people there would not buy them because they are white. Red Bliss Triumphs were all right, but they did not want white ones. It is funny what strange people there are in this world of ours. Well, these potatoes are so hand- some we paid him a little more per bushel than we agreed to. They are good size, smooth, firm, not sprouted a particle, no scab, and yet we can make the same price as for the Early Ohio; viz., barrel, 82.50; bushel, %\ 00; half bushel, (iO cts ; peck, 35 cts. I need not remind you this is at the present time, probably, the earliest potato in the world. It is the potato that is grown mcst successfully in the Bermudas, only they grow the red ones. The white ones have been, with great pains, grown as a sport from the red, and in most markets command a higher price than red pota- toes. PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS FOR FARM BUILDINGS. This is the title of Farmers' Bulletin No. 126, from the Department of Agriculture, Washington. You know I am specially interested in this matter ju.st now, as lam getting ready to put up a cheap building off in the woods. This bulletin has 48 pages, and a lot of engravings and diagrams. It is so extremely practical that it commences by telling the farmer the importance of having a perfect title to his land before he begins to build. Then the place for locating the home is discussed most thoroughly ; the advantages of hillside slope, proximity to timber; shade trees, the well, kitchen, garden, distance from the road, and all these things Then they give a picture of a house that can he built for S600,'planned specially to put on an addition costing S600 more when the farmer can better spare the means, and when his family begins to be a little larger. Every thing is figured up, not only for every piece of timber, but for nails, lath, and hinges, witha sensible discussion, not only in regard to the best and cheapest ways for building a house, but it considers precautions against fire, and how to warm the building in the best and safest way The latter part of the book toucheson barnsandout-build- ings, with plans and specifications I for one feel very thankful to Uncle Samuel for this practical, sen- sible bulletin. You can all have it free of chaigeby applying to the Secretary of Agriculture, Washing- ton, D. C. HIGH-PRESSURE GARDENING ; THE NEW RHUBARB CULTURE. I do not know but some of the friends will complain that the department of High-pressure Gardening in this number is pretty well occupied l)y that trap nest. Well, I have just now in my hands a new book from the O. Judd Co. that I thiiik is going to give high- pressure gardening a big lift. We have had the "New Onion Culture" and the "New Celery Cul- ture ;" but the " New Rhubarb Culture" is going, in some respects, to beat them all, because it can be worked every day in the year, like the " hen business." See ? I do not know when I have been so much taken up with a book, unless it was the New Egg-farm; but I feel sure, from what I have done with rhubarb, there is no myth about it. Whenever apples are worth a dollar a bushel or more, winter-grown rhu- barb should pay big. It does not require an expensive house nor costly appliances. Any sort of cellar where it will not freeze is all right for it; and the small amount of heat necessary to force the rhubarb costs very little. The book is largely made up from re- ports of the work done by our experiment stations. One thing particularly comes out sharp and clear: Before forcing rhubarb the roots must he thoroughly frozen; and the best way to do it is to plow them out in the fall in great clumps and let them freeze through and through; then bring them into the cellar and you can in a very short time get great leaf-stalks two feet long or more, and larger than any thing you ever saw outdoors. Besides that, the quality for pies or sauce is away ahead of any outdoor-grown plants. There is already a big demand in the cities for winter- forced rhubarb. You want the bonk right off, so as to sow your seed and start your plants. With ground rich enough you 416 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 1 can grow roots that will give a "crop of pies " next winter. The book is nicely bound in cloth, full of illus- trations, mostly photos from real work, 130 pages, and yet it is offered at the low price of 50 cts. We let the readers of Gleanings have it for 40 cents— 5 cents more if wanted by mail. Or we will send Gleanings one year, and the book, postpaid, for SI. 25. Every market-gardener should have this book, for the les- sons taught indirectly, in regard to forcing other crops besides rhubarb. LEAFLETS AND PAMPHLETS FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION. For some time back, both Ernest and myself have been having extra copies struck off, of articles appear- ing in Gleanings on subjects that there is very much inquiry about. As an illustration, so many have been asking about sweet clover, where it would grow, what it is good for, etc., that we made a collection of arti- cles from different writers, and put them in the form of a little pamphlet. We have also similar leaflets or pamphlets on spraying fruit-trees while in bloom, on bees and fruit, bees and cider-mills, etc., besides the leaflets mentioned in our .seed catalog. Below we give a list of everj; thing we have in stock. These have been used mainly heretofore to mail to people who made inquiries about things that had been thoroughly written up in Gleanings; but I have thought best to offer them free of charge to anybody who may want them. They are intended to be given free of charge only to those who subscribe for Gleanings; therefore our subscribers need not take the trouble to send stamps unless they choose to do so. Just tell us on a postal what leaflet or leaflets you want, and they will be mailed you. If you want to help us in this work of educating the rising generation, free of charge, you can do it by recommending and helping to extt nd the circulation of Gleanings. Below is our list: LEAFLETS ON HONEY-PLANTS.— THE CLOVERS. White Dutch Clover ; Alfalfa, or Lucerne ; Crimson, or Scarlet; Sweet, or Bokhara (the latter is quite a pamphlet). seeds OF OTHER HONEY-PLANTS. Growing Basswoods from the Seed; Japanese Buckwheat (pamphlet): Dwarf Essex Kape; Cow Peas; Soja Beans and American Coffee-berry. LEAFLETS ON TRUCK-FARMING, ETC. Celery-growing by Sub-irrigation near Sanford, Fla.; Di- rections for Using the Grand Traverse Potato - planter ; Mushroom Culture; Starting Onions in the Greenhouse; Sweet Potatoes. LEAFLETS ON BEES AND FRBIT, ETC. Bees on Fruit ; How Bees are Sometimes wrongly Blamed; American Gardening on Bees Puncturing Fruit; Bees and Grapes— Bees not Guilty; How and When to Spray; Spraying Trees when in Full Bloom; Spraying Fruit while in Bloom —Experiments at the Geneva Station; Shall We Spray Trees when in Bloom? from Green's Fruit-grower; Agency of Bees in Fertilizing Fruit-blossons; Bees as Fertilizers. " MISCELLANEOUS LEAFLETS AND PAMPHLETS. Temperance and Government ; Salisbury on Lean-meat Diet; California as a Honey Country; Water Cure Applied Internally as well as Externally; Child-training, by Miss Sarah W. Smith. HONEY-LEAFLETS, ETC. Food Value of Honey ; Peddling Honey ; Steam Wax Ex- tractors and Presses; Foul Brood. KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS. We get better returns from Gleanings as an adver- tising medium than from anj' other journal. Feb. 21. J. W. K. Shaw, Loreauville, La. Through the medium of my want adv't in Glean- ings I have secured a good position. Feb. 17. H. J. Bromwich, Stedman, N. Y. I purchased five hives of your agents, John Nebel & Son, last spring. I am well pleased with your goods, and will use more in future. They were the cleanest, nicest lot of hives I ever saw. S. Maxwell, Regina, Mo. THE A B C as an INVESTMENT. I find more useful information in regard to apicul- ture in the ABC than in any other bee work, and I would not be without it, as, cut off from the outer world as we are. with no one to consult with, it is a great help, and has saved me many a dollar. H. H. Smyth. Kailua. N. Kona, Hawaii, Feb. 20. I got my A B C in due time. I am wonderfully proud' of it. It is just what I have been looking for. It is worth ten times what it is sold for, to a man who has just five stands of bees. J. L- Reid. Peoria. Tex., Mar. 21. AN OPINION OF gleanings FROM AN OLD BEE JOUR- NAL EDITOR. Gleanings for April 1 came to hand this morning. You fairly outdid yourselves in this particular num- ber. Bee-keepers who do not take Gleanings will find themselves far behind, by and by. You not only" keep abreast of the times, but well ahead at all times. Wenham, Mass. H. Alley. THE POST FOUNTAIN PEN. I received the Post fountain pen all right, and I am inclined to believe it is the best fountain pen yet known. The filling of the barrel with ink, and the cleaning of the pen, all done with one sj'ringe, with so little trouble, there is no excuse for not having the pen alwaj'S ready. It is a neat pen to use. I do not get ink on my fingers while using it. I have three other fountain pens besides this one; but the Post beats them all. Accert thanks for the small cost you have made this excellent pen to me with subscription to Gleanings. N. D. West. Middleburgh, N. Y., Mar. 27. THE HOME PAPERS, ETC. I read with interest Mr. A. I. Rojt's papers describ- ing his combats with the Devil in various forms, also his description of travel and gardening. I take it that Mr. Root is a gentleman of the old school, with honesty and the golden rule his principal guides- — a class, by the way, that has become almost extinct in commercial and political circles in the past forty years. I trust he will be long blessed with health and strength to make his fight against the great odds by which he is confronted. A. W. Carson. Joplin, Mo., Apr. 6. THE 4X5 vs. THE 4J^X45^ FOR MARKET. I did not have very good luck with the 4X5 sections, in the legular size Langstroth hive (sections cross- wise). Bees did not fill them as satisfactorily as the old-style. The poor season, and a little bungle in management, may have helped to give poor results ; but one thing I do know, that is, they all sold in pref- erence to the old-style — in fact, before one of the old- style sections was' sold, all the 4x5 were eone. I shall use nothing else when I get rid of about 2000 old- style I now have on hand. W. H. I,ewis. New Westminster, B. C, Mar. 20. THE TOBACCO HABIT. I am with you heart and soul in the fight against to- bacco. We have enough of its use here so that any one can see the results of its use. Men who can not get clothes to cover their children can and will con- sume ten cents' worth of tobacco every day of their lives Not only this, but many men standing high in the church are constant users of the vile stuff. It is high time that every one should be aroused to the evil and power of this deadly habit, and that all profess- ing Christians should stand shoulder to shoulder in the endeavor to rescue those who are its victims. East Dixfield, Me., Apr. 8. H. L. Smith. A TOBACCO testimony WITH THE RIGHT RING TO IT. Mr. Root: — I enjoy your Home talks very much. They can not help doing good. I am with you on the tobacco and saloon question. Keep on in the good work. Almost every one here in Southern Illinois uses the filthy stuff e.xcepting the ivomen, and some of them use it, and, I am sorry to say, some ministers. How can one who professes to be Christlike use the nasty stuff ? When I became a Christian I quit using it, and I was keeping store too; but I cleaned it out and would not handle it. E. M. Reed. Benton, 111., April 14. "STEPPING HEAVENWARD." I have been trying for some time to quit the use of tobacco, but somehow I could not give it up till I read your article in Gleanings, April 1. It gave me strength, and I have not touched it since. I was in the habit of smoking. I am working in a store where people are smoking every day, but it bothers me but little, because I have made up my mind to quit. I hope you will continue to speak out on the subject. Loachapoka, Ala. T. W. Cox. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 417 THE NEW POTATO-PLANTER. The potato-plauter works to perfection. I used one last sea.son with great satisfaction. There are no crooked rows by dropping the potatoes out of line — siniplv drop your potatoes in the planter, and put the ■machine where you want it, and it is dropped, cover- ed, and planted' in less time than it takes to tell it. They are indispensable to one planting only ],{ acre. They heat a hoe for corn where it is rough. For dry sea.sbns they are a fine thing, as they put the seed down where the ground is moist, and they also save a hoeing. R. J. Gary. Norwalk, Conn.. April U. [I presume our friend means by the expression, " They also save a hoeing," that where each piece of potato is put right down into the moist ground it starts as quick as or quicker than the weeds, thus sav- ing a growth of weeds before the potatoes come up. And I want to add that, if he will take one of the new weeders and go over the potatoes as soon as they are planted, and then do it again every three or four days, //le potatoes will never need anv hoeing at all. —A. I. R.] MOSQUITOES AND THE FAULTLES.S SPRAYER ; A NEW rSE FOR THE IMPLEMENT. Last summer I purchased a brass Faultle.ss sprayer for general purposes. I live in a mosquito-infested country, and in spite of screens they will accumulate in the corners of the room. My wife often urged me to "fan them out," so one day I leaded the sprayer •with coal-oil and went after them. I .'oon rid every room of them. At first my wife objected to the scent of the oil; but it soon dissipates. The mosquito is more looked upon than formerly as a public enemy, and the sprayer is a " great gun " to exterminate him (or her). Reg. Archillion. Archillion, Ark., April 8. [I suspose our friend, in his closing sentence, alludes to the fact that scientific men now quite generally agree that the mosquito is quite an agent in carrying contagious disea.ses; and with this in view it is quite an important matter to drive them away, or, better still, kill them with coal oil. A government bulletin has already given notice that mosquitoes may be ban- ished from a neighborhood by covering stagnant water with a thin film of coal oil, only a small quanti- ty being needed for the purpose. — A. I. R.] I have a copy of the ABC book. It is more than its publishers claimed for it. E. J. Smith. Bowling Green, Ky. THE CIG.ARETTE BUSINESS. We clip the following from the Practical Partner, Philadelphia : The most radical anti-cigarette measure yet propos- ed is now under consideration in the Minnesota Leg- islature, having been introduced by Senator Halver- son, one of whose constituents recently died from smoking too many cigarettes. The proposed bill is modeled on the Tennessee law, which the United States Supreme Court has held to be constitutional, and makes it a misdemeanor to use tobacco in this form, bars merchants from bringing cigarettes into the State, makes giving away cigarettes an equally grave offense, and even prohibits the sale of the pa- pers used in rolling cigarettes. CONVENTION NOTICE. The spring meeting of the Eastern division of the Northern Illinois Bee-keepers' Association will he held at the residence of B Kennedv, 7 miles south- east of Rockford, 111., on rural route No. .5. and 3 miles northeast of New Milford. 111., on Tuesday, May 21, 1901. All interested in bees are cordially invited to attend. B. Kennedy, Sec'y. Maple Syrup. None finer in quality than Medina County product, which took 1st premium at World's Fair. We put up syrup in quarts, two quarts, and 1-gallon square cans. Best Medina Maple Syrup in Sealed Tin Cans. One-quart cans, each, $ .30 24 for 56 00 Two-quart " " 55 12 for 6 00 One-gallon " " 100 10 for 9 00 Syrup guaranteed strictly pure. THE A. I. ROOT CO., Medina, O. E^^b^E SAW ARBOR for .\'it!.]Mn Funiiiure or oM-time Flint Lock Firearins. v.''! al thing, they ought to be good workers." They are three strains and aie good workers. Queen circular free. W. A. H. Qilstrap, Grayson, Cal. I A FEW LEFT-ORDER QUICK ! i i^ We have only a few of those slightly daraag- ^ ffi ed bee-books left, so if you want one of them ^ m you will have to order very .soon. It will be y; /|) remembered that on January 1st there was a ^ ^ severe fire in our building, burning out entire- yjj iif\ ly four floors above us. The water that was y^ ^ thrown on the fire came; down through our ^ ifi floor damaging our stock of books, printing- ^ fi/y office, etc. Some of the books were wet slight- ^ iffi ly, but enough so that they could hardly be ^ /^ sent out as perfect These are the ones that ^ iffy we wish to offer. The reading pages of all ere ^ ifk perfect, only the covers being a little soiled. ^ »f* Here they are, with prices postpaid : ^ JU Prof. Cook's " Bee-6eeper's Guide," only 6oc. j^ (|it Doolittle's Scientific Queen-rearing, only 50c. ^ *>* Newman's " Bees and Honey," only 40c. ^ ffy }^ /|» Thej' are all cloth bound, and l^itest editions ^ /(\ If you want a year's subscription to the old ^j) *f\ Weekly American Bee Journal, with any of ^ /p the above books, add 75c to your order This (^ /f» is a SPECIAL OFFER, and will last only .so {j^ (fy long as the slightly damaged books last. ^ if» Better order AT ONCE if you want a bargain. ^ (ji Remember we are \|ji % HEADQUARTERS FOR jjj I Bee-keepers' Supplies in Gliicago. | ^ Catalog and sample copy of the *V 2J American Bee Journal free. '^ ^ Ask for them. Address w ;;; George W. York & Co., Chicago, Illinois, it J 141-146 ERIE STREET. ^ 418 GLEANINGS IN BEE CUI^XURE. May 1 THE FASHION FLOWER OF THE DAY Is the beautiful sweet pea. Eecognizing the popularity of this garden favorite, we otter for lUOl Ave new and bandsome sorts, for 5 2-cent stamps, together with a copy of our new seed book, the most modern catalogue of modern times. It is so costly a production we cannot afford to gratuitously distribute it. (Postage alone is 5 cents. ) We ser!'i it postpaid for 10 cents to- gether witli one packet of each of these : 5 Grand New Sweet Peas. Navy Blue* "^he best to date. Gorgreoiis. Unique and distinct. America, "Vriiite striped carmine. Koj'al K.08C. A blushing beauty, Salopian. Intense scarlet. Five separate packets.. ONLY ICc. With our nrw seed bnok free. Features of our new catalogue for 1901 are 136 pages (9o20 square inches of reading and Olustrat- jons) 7 handsome colored plates. A list of novel- ties in vegetable, farm and flower seeds to be had nowhere else this year, 35 new sorts noiv offered for the first time, and a complete list of standard seeds, bulbs, plants, fruits, etc.. Other features, full cultural directions and many cash prizes. If you want an up-to-date garden and the best you ever had you must plant Maule's Seeds. Send 10 cents for catalogue and these new sweet peas to-day. Address, WM. HENRY MAULE, 1711 Filbert Street, Philadelphia. The Power Question — for farm use, dairies, creameries, cheese factories — anything reqajr- ing light power, is best settled by baying one of thesa LEFFEL ENGINES. They are made in both horizontal ajid upright pattern, with engtna attached to boilers. Being very simple and direct in constnus- i they are economic of fuel Kreat developers of er. Best for outtlnjtajul idlngfeed, sawing wood, mplng water, separating cream, churning, Arc. Made of the best material throughout they are durable and long lived. ^ Send stamp for our Book oa £n||;lneB and Power. 4AMIUS iJukiih^& CO.* Box 89, Springfield, A 250 Poultry Pictures i ilustratint; every phase of poultry raising and 224 p3};es of matter telling how. when and what. That and much aiore is in onr*'Pro8l. ble Poultry Keeping in all Us Branches." Tells alsoaboui the warranted for 10 years Cyphers Incubator, which is guaranteed to outhatch any other incubator, or money re- funded. Book for 10c in stamps. Circulars free. Address nearest office. Ask for book 74 tclA-irv— e ; CYPHERS INCUBATOR CO.. 5tl.f-VeNIiU7lliefi- Marshfield Manufacturing Company, Marshfield, Wisconsin. ^ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦ SPECIAL LOW CLUBBING OFFERS ON CLEANINGS. New readers who may see this issue for the first time, and old ones who have perhaps been subscribers, and have dropped out in the meantime, will be inter- ested in the following special clubbing offers that we are prepared to make : OFFER NO. 21. For 25c we will send Gleanings 6 months' trial sub- scription to new subscribers. OFFER NO. 22. For $1.00 we will send Gleanings for one year and an untested Italian queen valued at 75 cents ; but at this low price we reserve the right to send queen some time in July when we have a choice supply. OFFER NO. 23. For 50c we will send Gleanings from the time your subscription is received till January 1, 1902, so that the SOONER you send in j-our order the more numbers you will get. OFFER NO. 24. If you order 810.00 worth of goods from our catalog at regular prices, paying cash for them, for 50 cents more you can have Gleanings for one year. OFFER NO. 26. For $100 we will send Gleanings one year and a Clark smoker, postage 20c extra. Or, for $1.25 we will send the Cornell smoker, postage 25c extra. OFFER NO. 26. For $1.75 we will send Gleanings one year and our cyclopedia on bees, the A B C of Bee Culture, 1901 edi- tion, of 500 pages. CLUBBING OFFERS. We will send the Review of Reviervs or Youth's Com- panion, new sub-scribers only, and a subscription to Gleanings, for $2 25. Or for $1.50 we will furnish Gleanings and any one of the following-named mag- azines or papers : Success, IVoman's Home Companioyi. Ohio Farmer, Michigan Farmer, Practical Farmer, Kansas Farmer, Indiana Farmer, Cosmopolitan, and Pierson^ s Magazine. Subscriptions to Review of Reviews and Youth's Com- panion must be strictly new Old as well as new subscribers may take advantage of these several offers, but all arrears or back sub- scriptions must first be paid at $1 00 a year. Refer to these offers by number to avoid mistakes. THE A. I. ROOT CO.. Medina, Ohio. Mr. A. I. Root's Writings of Grand Traverse territory and I,ee- lanau County are descriptive of Mich- igan's most beautiful section reached most conveniently via the .... Pere Marquette R. R. For particulars address W. C. Tousey, L. P. A., Toledo, Ohio. For Sale Cheap. 200 COMBS in Hoffman frames, wired and built it\J\J from full sheets of foundation. Will take $20 00 for the lot. Come quick if you want them. CEO. E. HILTON, Fremont, Nlich. liome=seekers' Excursions. On the first and third Tuesdays of each month the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul R'y will sell round- trip excursion tickets from Chicago, Milwaukee, and other points on its line to a great many points in South Dakota, North Dakota, at d other western and north-western Slates at about one fare. Take a trip West and see the wonderful crops, and what an amount of good land can be purchased for a little money. Further information as to rates, routes, prices of farm lands, etc., may be obtained by ad- dressing F. A. Miller, General Passenger Agent, Chicago, 111. To malce cows pay, use Sharpies Cream Separators. Book "Business Eairying" & cat. 288 free. W. Chester, Pa. COR SALE.— 80,000 acres hardwood lands in north- ^ western Wi.sconsin ; fine locations for bee-keeping and .stock and dairy farming; prices low, but advanc- ing. Descriptive matter on application. Harry Lathrop, Agent, Monroe, Wis. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 421 ^ is^i PAGE & LYON riFQ. CO. ^^^^ ^ We manufacture a full line of the latest BEE-SURRUES, Our motto is, "Perfect Goods and Prompt Shipment." Send for our new free illustrated catalog. PAGE & LYON MFG. CO., New London, Wisconsin. NOW READY! 64-PAGE CATALOG OF EVERY THING BEE-KEEPERS NEED. Illustrated and fully described. Especially valuable to beginners for the information it contains. Send your address on postal and get it now. Established 1884. J. M. JENKINS, Wetumpka, Ala. NOW READY. LONG-TONGUED QUEENS! YARD NO. 1. By special arrangements with THE A. I. ROOT CO. to furnish them queens, I have secured their assistance in procuring the finest breeding queens that a thorough knowledge of the bees of the country and money can procure. Among them is a seleci daughter of their $200 queen that they re- fuse to quote me prices on. This queen shows every superior quality of her mother. Her bees show an actual reach of 21-100 of an inch ; are large, gentle, and beautiful to look UDon. MR. E. R. ROOT SA VS : "You have as fine bees as there are in the United States ; and with a direct cross of their breeders you should be able to produce queens whose bees show a reach of 25-1 00 of an inch." 4ES="Send for descriptive price list. From recent measurements I find I can war- want all tested and select untested queens to produce bees whose reach is 19-100 with an av- erage reach of 18 100 ; Select tested queens to produce bees whose reach is 20-100, with an av- erage of 19 100. Prices: Untested, 81.00; 6, $5.00. Select un- tested, 81.25 ; 6, S6 00. Tested, $1.50; 6, 88.00. Se- lect tested, 82.00 : 6, $11.00 Breeder', whose best bees show a reach of 21-100, with an average reach of 20 100, 8:3.00. Breeders, whose best bees show 21-100, with an average of 20i/4-100. So. 00. Breeders, whose best bees show 22-ld(), with an average of 21-100 $7.00. I have discovered 2 breeders whose best bees show 23 100 ; these are too good to sell ; don't ask for prices. Imported Italian stock. Apiary No. 2. Im- ported queens, daughters and grand-daughters. Golden, or 5-banded Italian. Apiary No. 3. Breeders, select tested, tested, untested queens. w. O. VICTOR, WHARTON, TEXAS. QUEEN SPECIALIST. Improved Golden and Leather-colored Italians are what H. G. Quirin Rears. We have one of Root's best long-tongued RED- CLOVER BREEDERS from their 8200 queen, and a Golden breeder from Doolittle, who says if there is a BREEDER of Golden bees in the United States worth SlOO, this one is worth that sum. The above breeders have been added to our already improved strain of queens for the coming season. J. L,. Gandy, of Humboldt, Neb., wrote us on Aug. 5th, 1900, saying that the colony having one of our queens had already stored over -100 pounds of honey (mostly comb). He states that he is certain that our bees work on RED CL,OVER. as they were the only kind in this locality and apiary. A. I. Root's folks .say that our queens are extra fine. While the editor of the American Bee Journal tells us that he has good reports from our queens from time to time. We have files upon files of unsolicited testi- monials. After considering above evidence need you wonder why our orders have increased each year? Give us a trial order and be pleased. We have years of experience in mailing and rearing queens. Safe delivery will be guaranteed. Instructions for iutro- duciDg with each lot of queens. PRICE BEFORE JULY 1st. 1 6 12 8 75 1 00 1 50 2 00 4 00 8 4 25 S 8 00 6 00 8 00 10 50 9 50 Tested 15 00 Selected tested Extra selected tested — the best that Folding Cartons. With address printed two colors, 100, 84.00 ; 500, 82 75. H. G. Quirin, Parkertown, Oliio. (Parkertown is a Money-order Office.) 422 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 1 WE WANT to sell you bee- supplies. Our line is all new and complete. Send for our illustrated catalog. It will convince you that our Dovetailed hive is the best on the market. Our prices are right and our service is prompt. Fred W. Muth & Co., S-W. Cor. Front and Walnut Sts. Cincinnati, Ohio. Dittmer's Foundation !!! Retail— Wholesale— Jobbing. I use a Process that produces every es- sential necessary to make it the best and MOST desirable in all respects. My process and automatic machines are my own inventions, which enable me to SELL FOUNDATION, and WORK WAX INTO FOUNDATION FOR CASH, at prices that are the lowest. Catalog giving FULL LINE OF SUPPLIES with prices and samples, free on applica- tion. BEESWAX WANTED. QUS. DITTHER, AUGUSTA, WIS. Get the Best Queens. Evansville, Ind., Sept. 27th, 1900. The Jennie Atchley Co., Beeville, Bee Co., Texas: Dear Friends: — It gives me great pleasure to forward you this unsolicited testimonial regarding the merits of Atchley queens. The three (3) dozen queens pur- chased oi you have made an excellent record for themselves. Not an Atchley queen among the twenty colonies lost during the severe drouth in July. I have bought queens from many breeders; and although the present crop is exceedingly short, the tiers of supers show where the Atchley queens are, and speak vol- umes for your method of queen-rearing. I find the progeny to be very gentle, strong-winged, uniformly marked, long-lived, of large size, and last, but not least, the best honey-gatherers I ever had. I shall want 100 more next season. Yours fraternally, J. C. Wallenmeyer. Prices for Queens. Tested, 81.50 each; 88.00 for 6, or $15.00 per dozen. Untested, February, March, April, and May, 51.00 each; $5.00 per 6, or 89.00 per dozen. Fine breeders, 85.00 each. We have as good bees and queens as money and labor produce. We breed three-band Italians, Goldens, Carniolans, Cyprians, and Holy- lyands, in their purity, bred in separate yards 6 to 20 miles apart. If you want the best, call for Atchley's improved strains. vSafe arrival guaranteed. Send for a sample copy of " The Southland Queen," the only southern bee-paper. 81.00 per year. To new sub- scribers we offer as a premium a nice untested queen in order to get out paper introduced. Catalog, gfiving queen-rearing and management of apiaries for profiit, FREE. THE JENNIE ATCHLEY CO., Beeville, Bee Co., Texas. ^imiiiiiiUiiiUtmiixiii^iiiiiiiimiiiiUiiiiiiiiiii^ Best-equipped factorj' in the West; car- ry a large stock and greatest variety of every thing needed in the apiary, assur- ing BEST goods at the I^OWEST prices, and prompt shipment. We vrant every bee-keeper to have our FREE II.1,US- TRATED CATALOG, and read descrip- tion of Alternating Hives, Ferguson Su- pers, etc. Write at once for a catalog. AGENCIES : ~~ " Trester Supply Co., 10.3 So. 11th St., Lin- KRETCHMER M'F'G CO., Red Oak, Iowa. ^''vMI^^:^^^^''^ MADE TO ORDER jpgham Brass Smoker BINGHAM SMOKER. Dear Sir:— Inclosed find $1.75. Please send one brass snioke-eiie:iiie, I have one already. It is the best smoker I overused. Trul.\ yours, Henry Schmidt, Hutto, Tex. Made of sheet brass, which does not rust or burn out ; should last lifetime. You need one, but they cost 25 cts. more than tin of the ' same size. The little open cut shows our brass hinge put on the ' three larger sizes. No wonder Bingham's four-inch smoke-engine ' goes without puffing, and does not drop inky drops. The perforat- ' ed steel fire-grate has 381 holes to air the fuel and support the fire. ' Hea\'y tin smoke-engine, 4-inch stove, per mail, 81.50 ; 3i^-inch ; I 81.10 ; 3-inch, 81.00 ; 2^-inch 90c ; 2-inch, 6.5c. Bingham smokers are I the originals, and have all the improvements, and have been the I standard of excellence for 22 years. Only three larger ones brass. T. F. Bingham, Farwell, Michigan. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 427 Contents of this Number. Bee, Caucasian -JSl Bees and Dark Clothing 430 Brown, Interview with 433 California, Ceutral 437 Caramels. Honey 431 Clover, Yellow Sweet 434 Comb V Extracted Honey 430 Cook's Review 443 Craig, W. J 442 Cuban Bee-keeping 432 Drink-bill of the Nation 429 Eggs, Loss of 430 E. R. Root's Weste n Trip 445 High priced Breeding-stock 444 Honey, To Get Light-colored 441 Honey, Pennyroyal 431 Nectar, Water in 429 Nuclei, Mating 440 Oldcomb Discussion 430 Poison of Bee-sting 429, 430 Queen- rearing, Swarthmore's 434 Rambler's Retreat 437 Roses, Late 429 'Honey Column. GRADING-RULES. Fancy.— All sections to be well filled, combs straight, firm ly attached to all four sides, the combs unsoiled by travel stain, or otherwise ; all the cells sealed except an occasional eel 1, t he outside surface of the wood well scraped of propolis. A No. 1.— All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs straight ; one-eighth part of comb Burface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soiled ; the out- side surface of the wood well scraped of propolis. No. 1.— All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs comparatively even ; one-eighth part of comb surface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soiled. No. 2.— Three-fourths of the total surface must be filled and sealed. No. 3.— Must weigh at least half as much as a full-weight section. In addition to this the honey is to be classified according to color, using the terms white, amber, and dark j that is, there will be " Fancy White," " No. 1 Dark," etc. CITY MARKETS. New York. — We report a quiet market on all lines. White comb honey is well exhausted — the old crop — slill there is some arriving which has been carried by the producers, evidently for a higher piice. Values aie mostly nominal now, and it is only a first-class fancy article that will sell at quotation prices. We quote fancy white, 1.5; No. 1, 13; amber, 11@12; buck- wheat, 9@10. Extracted is decidedly dull, and very little inquiry. Old crop California light amber and partly white is now being offered as low as 4^4 f- o. b. cjast, which, of course, hurts the sale of other grades to a large extent. Beeswax is firm, and sells on arriv- al at 28(g;29. Hildketh & Segelken, May 3. 120, 122 West Broadway, New York. Boston. — Our market on comb honey is firm, with light stocks and a fairly good demand for this time of the j-ear. Fancy white comb honey we quote at 17; A No. 1, 16; No. 1, 15^16. Absolutely no call for dark honey this year. Extracted, water white, 8@8^; light amber, 7%@8. Beeswax, 27. Blake, Scott & Lee, May 4. 31, 33 Commercial St., Boston, Mass. Albany. — Honey market very dull; prices nominal. Honey pretty well cleaned, and very little call for it. MacDougal & Co., May 7. Albany, N. Y. Buffalo. — Our honey market is about the same as last quoted, with a pretty slow^ demand. Fancy white comb, l.i^lB; A No. 1, 1401.5; No. 1, 13@14; No. 2, 12@ 13; No. 3. 11@12; No. 1 dark. 10@11; No. 2, 8@9. Ex- tracted, white, 7@8; dark, .5@6. Beeswax, 28@32. May 8. W. C. Townsend, Buffalo, N. Y. Cincinnati. — No demand for comb honey any more. Stock of it well cleaned up. Extracted honey, dull; prices about the same. Dark sells for 5}^; better grades bring tJ@7J4; fancy white clover, 8^@9 C. H. W. Weber, May 7. 2146-8 Central Ave , Cincinnati, Ohio. Chicago. — There is very little being done in honey at present, with practically no demand for the ex- tracted grades; several consignments on sale here for .some time, without any bids being made. A little choice white comb sells in a retail way at 16c, with all other grades scarce, and firmly held at about former prices. Extracted, 7@8 for fancy white; ambers, 6@7; dark, 5@5J^. Beeswax scarce, and in demand at 30. R. A. Burnett & Co., May 7. 199 South Water St., Chicago, 111. Philadelphia. — The trade is not very active in honey at present. Very little call, as fresh fruit is taking the place. We quote comb honey 13(5; 1.5, and extracted honey 6@7. Very little variety in the mar- ket, and parties are accepting offers as to grade. We are producers of honey — do not handle on commis- sion. Wm. a. Selser, May 7. 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa. Denver. — The demand for comb honey is light ; stock on hand very light. No. 1 brings S3. 00 per case of 24 sections; No. 2, 82.6o@S2.7.5. Extracted white, 6^@7J^. Beeswax, 24@26. The Colorado Honey Producers Ass'n, April 24. 1440 Market St., Denver, Col. Detroit. — Fancy white comb, 14@15; No. 1, 13@14; dark and amber, 10@12, Extracted white, 6%@,7; dark and amber, 5@6. Beeswax, 27@28. Demand very light, and but little in sight, for all grades of honey. May 10. M. H. Hunt & Son, Bell Branch, Mich. New York. — This market seems to be almost en- tirely bare of all grades of comb honey. There is little, if any, demand for comb or extracted at pres- ent. Beeswax is in fair demand at 27@.28. Francis H. Leggett & Co., Franklin, West Broadway, and Varick Sts., May 8. New York City. For Sale. — Extracted honey from alfalfa ; 60-lb. cms at 7 cts., and smaller cans. D. S. Jenkins, Las Animas, Colo. W.\nted. — Corab and extracted honey. State price, kind, and quantity. R. A. Burnett & Co., 163 South Water St., Chicago, 111. Wanted. — Extracted honey— amber or dark. State pice. W. C. Townsend, Buffalo, N. Y. PpffilWInO'-frflmPC explained in this issue of rcrilllAlllg-Il dllica gleanings sent postpaid all complete, with one sample box nailed, for 81.75. Each frame has capacity for mating six queens. Any bt e-keeper can rear queens by the Swarthmore plan. Send for queen circular. Address The Swarthmore Apiaries, Swarthmore, Pa. E, L. Pratt. B ■»*»<: «lf/=k • • To keep down increase I will -'CS C. B. Lewis Company, | Watertown, Wis., U. S. A. l^ FIVE © DIFFERENT © STYLES © OF © BEE-HIVES. /(> it/ We will furnish you with the finest bee- keepers' supplies in the World. Send us your Orders and we will fill 'em promptly, Send for Catalog. \(/ Lewis' • White • Polished • Sections • are • Perfect. ifV ^ - Viz yto ..., , >k^ Colorado ; E. T. Abbott, St. Joseph, Missouri, Special Southwestern Agent. jffi BRANCH : G. B. Lewis Company, 19 South Alabama Street, Indianapolis, Indiana. AGENCIES : L- C. Woodman, Grand Rapids, Michigan ; Fred W. Muth & Co., Southwest Cor. Walnut & Front Sts., Cincinnati, Ohio ; Fred Foulger & Sons, Ogden, Utah; Colorado Honey- producers' Association, Denver, Col.; Grand Junction Fruit-growers* Association, Grand Junction, Colorado ; Robert Halley, Montrose, Colorado ; Pierce Seed and Produce Company, Pueblo, Colorado ; E. T. Abbott, St. Joseph, Missouri, Special Southwestern Agent. 9\ BEE-SUPPLIES ! ROOT'S GOODS ROOT'S PRICES C. H. W. Weber, Cincinnati, Oliio. 2146-2148 Central Ave. A NEW and complete stock for 1901 now -^^ on hand. I am The Root Company's representative for Cincinnati and sur- rounding territories You save TIME and FREIGHT CHARGES by having goods shipped from here. Convenience of railroad facilities here enables me to do so. Before buying elsewhere, write for my prices and catalog, which will be mailed you free of charge. •DELVOTELD- w •andHoNEY *JiND home:- ' •INTEKEST^ ...^^^^'^ubiishedy theA 1^0 oY Co. $ii5P[R\tAR "N® "Medina-Ohio- Vol. XXIX. MAY 15, 1901. No. 10. In advising against spraying fruit-trees when in bloom, don't forget that the poison- ous spray seriously injures the delicate organs of the blossoms, thus injuring the fruit crop. At Vienna is established a school for bee- keepers, with building and grounds for the same. The chief course occurs June 3 — 16, with side courses on 10 special days in June, July, and September. Tuition free, limited to 20 students for the chief course. HONEV contains 20 to 25 per cent of water ; nectar, 65 to 80. It is easier to remember that honey contains an average of 77 per cent of sugary matters, and nectar 33 per cent. For every pound of honey stored, the bees must bring in 2>^ pounds of nectar. Stenog quotes some one as saving that slitting a queen's wings lengthwise will save her beauty and prevent her flying. Wouldn't the workers gnaw off such wings? In any case I shouldn't like it, for I want to be able at a glance to determine whether a queen is clipped. "Dr. Dzierzon, through the invention of the movable comb, became the founder of rational bee - keeping," says the editor of Gravenhorst's Bienetizeitufig. No, he is not ignorant of Langstroth. Neither do we give Langstroth more credit than he deserves, but we are ignorant of Dzierzon. DooLiTTLE thiaks the argument in favor of painted hives, that bees glue the inside of the hive doesn't count, for the glue cracks apart in such fashion that moisture can escape through it. [I have great respect for Doolit- tle and his opinions ; but I do not think much of his idea of moisture going through a Js in. board, painted or unpainted, bee-glue or no bee-glue. — Ed ] The poison of a beesting, according to the investigations of Prof. Langer, quoted p. 382, not formic acid. These investigations were made more than three years ago (see Straws, Jan. 15, 1898), and yet we still hear talk about bee-poison being formic acid. Prof. Cook, in his review of A B C, seems to take it for granted that it is. — Sae answer to another Straw on this subject. — Ed.] Alex Astor, in Revue Internationale, says diurnal evaporation, which is always ignored, is really more than nocturnal evaporation. So when the scales show that the bees have gained 20 pounds since morning, the evapora- tion through the day must be taken into ac- count, and they must be credited with carry- ing in .^0.5 pounds of nectar. [Probably Mr. Astor is not far from right. — Ed.] The drink bii^i, of this nation is, for the year, $1,059,565,787, or $13.94 for every man, woman, and child. [I believe the drink evil is the worst problem that civilized countries have to contend with, and sooner or later all right-thinking men must line up, either for or against the saloon. So far as I am individual- ly concerned I propose to help fight the sa- loon through any organized effort that will mitigate this terrible evil. — Ed.] One rose in September is worth more to me than ten in June ; so as soon as the blos- som-buds show on the hybrid perpetuals I carefully pinch off every one except one or two of the most advanced on each bush. Then the bush is not exhausted with its June crop, so as to give no roses later. Of course, that will not do for June roses, but their stalks are cut back severely in spring, which makes the blossoms a little later and perhaps a little finer. Prof. Cook, in American Bee Journal, doubts if the tongue has any thing to do with gathering pollen. I don't know whether it has, but I know the A B C is right in saying that the tongue is extended while the bee is pjised on the wing, and its feet seem to be doing something with it. I had supposed it was getting honey from its tongue to pack the pollen. Certainly the tongue appears to have something to do with gathering pollen. [The manner in which the bees pad the pollen on their hind legs is so deft and sleight-of-hand- like that it is almost impossible to witness the operation from end to end ; but it is hard to escape the conclu.sion that bees use honey in 430 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 15 making these Utile pellets of pollen. They are always sweet — decidedly so; and without the honey I can hardly see how the pollen could be made to adhere together in so solid and compact a mass as the bee makes of it. — Ed] The advice, not to put hives on a bench much closer than about 6 inches, p. 397, is correct. But tke same number could be on the bench with less danger of bees entering wrong hives by having first space between hives 2 inches, the next space 10 inches, then 2 and 10 alternately. [When I visited Dr. Miller two years ago he demonstrated the truth of the statement he has just made. His hives were arranged as he desciibes in this Straw, and yet there was no confusion among the bees. — Ed.] Ye editor, it seems to me, is a little too ready to concede to Prof. Cook that the ABC is wrong in calling formic acid a vegetable acid, p. 402. The ABC doesn't call it so, al- though it squints that way. It wonders wheth- er the poison is not similar to formic acid or the same, and says it (the bee poison) is prob- ably a vegetable acid. According to Prof. Langer (p. 382) ii is vegetable, but not an acid, " a vegetable base, an alkaloid." [Then you think Prof. Cook is wrong. Possibly he would modify his opinion if he were referred to your authority. — Ed.] The old-comb discussion has crossed the ocean. One writer calls ten-year-old combs a myth. Per contra, Abeille Hongroise reports a hive continuously occupied for 133 years ! The able editor of Le Rucher Beige says a great number of distinguished practicians carefully preserve their old combs, and that the objection to them is nothing but an old prejudice. [Is it not a fact, however, that when the old-comb discussion crossed the ocean it crossed from Europe to America, and not from America to Europe? That is, is it not true that we are reviving an old problem that has long been settled in Europe? — Ed.] That dark clothing is decidedly objec- tionable to bees, Editor Gravenhorst thinks proven by the following incident : With three visitors he was in the apiary, when a dog stir- red up a colony. The excited bees pitched upon the lady and gentleman dressed in black, while himself and the lady in white were un- disturbed. [I have seen cases where bees would attack persons with black hats when they would not molest those with light-color- ed head-gear. I have been slow to believe that they recognize color in this way ; but in view of the evidence that has been cropping out here and there for a number of years, I am prepared to believe that black, at least, is at times offensive to bees that are not particu- larly good-natured. — Ed.] Something a little out of whack about the advice of Henry Segelken, p. 384. He says it's claimed twice as much extracted as comb can be produced. Expenses for sections, foundation, and shipping-cases far exceed cost of packages for extracted, so a pound of comb costs producer more than twice as much as a pound of extracted. So the New York mar- ket for buckwheat comb ought to be more than twice as much as for extracted, but he wants the extracted men to change to comb while the market, p. 375, quotes comb at less than twice as much as extracted. [If it is true that twice as much extracted as comb can be produced, then there would be something wrong about the advice given by Mr. Segel- ken ; but I do not think it is true, and under some circumstances as much comb as extract- ed will be produced. If there is a difference at all, it probably would not exceed a half more, and generally not more than a quarter. Mr. R. C. Aikin once said at a National con- vention that it was not true that more extract- ed could be produced than comb. But, look here, doctor ; you are putting the difference of the cost of packages between extracted and comb a little too high. I should say that packages for comb would cost about a half more if we figure in barrels and square cans. You would have to figure in these large packages because the great bulk of honey sent to market is either in barrels or square cans. I think Mr. Segelken's general state- ment is true, that it would be more profitable for many bee-keepers to produce more comb rather than extracted honey. If there is any error in the statement it is the error in the rel- ative cost of comb and extracted honey per pound. — Ed.] Mr. Editor, you're another. I don't be- lieve I'm a bit wrong " in assuming that a given number of eggs laid by the queen will give the same number of bees " in the circum- stances under consideration, p. 380. You say when frames well filled with eggs are given to a queenless colony, only about two-thirds of the cells that had those eggs will be continued to sealed brood. Instead of two-thirds, I don't believe the average will be one fourth. I've known cases in which I think 19 out of 20 eggs disappeared. Queenless bees do that sort of thing. I don't know why, but they do. But we were not talking about queenless bees. You say, this spring when it was too cold for bees to take care of much brood the queens kept on laying, and the bees reared only what they could cover. Exactly. But we were not talking about a time when it is too cold. We were talking about a time when queens would lay 3400 eggs daily, and I don't believe any queen will do that unless the bees are fully able to care for all of them. She may lay eggs just for the fun of it when only a few hundred are required daily ; but when it comes to thousands, that's business, and she'll lay no more than are needed. You know you can lift out frame after frame even- ly filled and evenly sealed without a vacancy. If some were destroyed the vacancies ought to show. You say we'd be doing well to get half of a hen's eggs hatched into chickens. And you the son of a poultry-fancier ! Better come and take lessons of Mrs. Miller. She thinks she doesn't do well unless she gets at least 10 chickens out of 13 eggs. But we were not talking about poultry, queenless bees, nor weak colonies in cold weather. We were talk- ing about colonies with weather and queens that would allow 3400 eggs daily. Now you 1901 GI.HANLNGS IN BEE CULTURE. 431 figure how many bees ought to be in such a colony. And give proof, if you have any, that the bees destroy' any eggs in such a col- ony. [Yes, while it is true that the destruc- tion of eggs in the spring may not be particu- larly germain to the question at issue, yet I introduced it to show that eggs do disappear at certain times, and why not at others? Then how do you know, doctor, that those combs that are filled solid with brood (by "filled" I mean two-thirds full) may not have had some cells filled with eggs more than once? You will remember that brood does not all hatch in the same day. As a rule it will con- tinue hatching out young bees for a week. I can not escape the conclusion that, even dur- ing the height of the season, some eggs are laid which do not produce bees. At your next opportunity, weigh the heaviest swarm of bees just as it is taken from the tree. Confine them in a box for a day, and then weigh the swarm ; or, better still, weigh all the bees in a two or three story colony occupying and covering 2i frames. If you can find a case where there will be more than 9 lbs. of bees (45,000 in number) I will buy you the best plug hat you can find in Marengo. This is not a bet, because I have nothing to gain, and I do not believe you have either. The real issue is whether a large colony of bees of three stories can have 40,000 to 50,000 or 90,- 000 to 100,000. I should doubt very much whether you could get 90,000 bees in a two- story hive, half the combs filled with brood and the other half with honey. If you can, go to the store and get your plug hat and send the bill to me. — Ed.] ^icKmjw^gs V/AOM OUfl NEIGHBORS FIELDS. Bees, buds, and blossoms Are the order of the day ; Heaven's clime seems prophesied In this month of May. A writer in the Atistralian Bee Bulletin says, " I have a call for granulated honey, and would have more if I encouraged it, but liquid honey is less trouble to me. If you want hon- ey to granulate, leave the cover off during wet weather for a day or two." \U It is greatly to be regretted that Mr. Will Ward Mitchell, who assumed the editorship of the Progressive Bee-Keeper lately, was compelled to relinquish the work almost im- mediately, on account of failing eye-sight. If the good wishes of his friends avail, he will soon recover from what all consider the summit of misfortune — a failure of sight. May his " lines " fall in pleasant places. \it That honey from pennyroyal, to which the senior editor refers on page 407, is here, but he is not ; hence I take occasion to say a word about it. It is light amber in color, and is practically invisible when spread on bread and butter. There is nothing about the flavor to suggest the pennyroyal of the North. To me the flavor is just like that of birch candy, which I consider a good recommendation. I shall use it while the present supply lasts. vi/ Relative to the Caucasian bee in its native land, Mr. Fr. Greiner makes the following translation from the Leipziger Bienenzeitung: The Mohammedan inhabitants of Caucasia not only love good horses but also honey, and the wealthier portion of them are often extensively engaged in bee- keeping, some of them owning from 100 to 400 skeps of bees. As might be expected, the hives used by these people differ greatly from ours. The beekeep- ers make them themselves in the winter season from willow, basket fashion, daubed inside and out with clay. As simple as are the hives, so is the management of the apiary, although migratory bee-keeping is the or- der. In the spring the colonies are moved on heavy wagons drawn by ox-teams toward the river, where the bees find the first pasture. A little later, and be- fore swarming again, they are moved to the bounti- fully blooming heath (.'•tepre). There are no trees or forests in these regions, and so the bee-ketper makes some kind of boxes out of bark, and places them about for the young swarms to light on. The bees are then easily dumped out and hived in the regular hive. Practically the Caucasian bee does yiot sting except in sheer desperation or self-defense; consequently the bees are easily handled, and no piotection is need- ed or used by the Tartar bee-keeper. After swarming, the bees are moved for the third time, and this time into the mountains. Here most of these skeps become so crowded that more room must be given, which is done by digging a hole under each hive (all colonies are placed directly on the ground, without any floor-board under them). As soon as the fall flow ceases, all the heaviest colonies are brimstoned, and then the honey is sold in the city. Of course, this honey is cheap, yet quite an income is secured from its sale, and bee-keeping is considered a lucrative business. GAZETTE APICOLE. This journal, a French exchange, gives the following recipe for making caramels, which it pronounces " incomparable." Rose water, 15 grams ; powdered sugar, 100 grams ; fine honey, 200 grams. Mix and boil, stirring con- stantly, until a drop of the compound, when cooled, is hard and fragile. Pour out on a buttered or oiled marble slab, and shape the mixtvire into suitable pieces by means of a teaspoon. To protect combs from the moth-miller, put them in a perfectly tight box in which are one or two bottles of sulphide of carbon. Stop the bottles loosely with cotton or paper, so as to allow a slight leakage of the drug. The eggs will hatch as usual, but the larvse will die immediately. AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL. In the issue for April 25, Mr. York has ren- dered us a great service in giving us a portrait of Mr. G. Kandratieff, editor of what is prob- ably the only Russian bee-journal. Also quite a sketch of his remarkable life is given as a soldier, musician, and writer. More than any other man he has been the means of introduc- ing modern apiculture into that very conser- vative country, Russia. He uses and re com- 432 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 15 mends what is here known as the Dadant hive and system. He translated Mr. Bertrand's " Guide to Apiculture " into Russian. These two men are very close friends. It is to be hoped he can make a visit to this country some time. Prof. Cook's talk for the home circle, now running in the Old Reliable, constitutes a most excellent feature of it. They bear large- ly on the proper management of children, and home conduct in general. All who have Mr. York's paper will do well to read these lines of Prof. Cook the first thing, as they fit one for what follows. Best of all, we know that the writer speaks from experience, and in his dai- ly life is an exponent of what he enjoins. BEE-KEEPING IN CUBA. Some Remarkable Figures; Unoccupied Fields among the Mosquitoes. BY H. G. OSBURN. You will remember that, a few months ago, I took charge of this wreck of what was once the finest apiary in the world so far as we could find out. Well, the crop is off for this year. What I have done this winter is only a drop in the bucket compared with what can be done in good locations by one who under- stands how to work his bees in this stubborn climate. In the five months past I have increased to 105 colonies ; raised 95 young laying queens, and taken a crop of 40,500 lbs. of honey on a range that is supporting at present 1200 hives of bees ; or, in other words, within a radius of three miles of this apiary there are over 1200 colonies, and we had a cold spring too. But this is 15,000 lbs. short of what it ought to have been ; but I shall try to make up for it next winter, as I expect to take 100,000 lbs. of honey from 1000 colonies in three apiaries. I have already 5000 gallons of honey sold for next year's crop, so the reduced price doesn't worry me much. The cheaper it gets, the more we have got to raise in order to make our ends meet. It may interest some of your readers to know what this apiary has produced in its 15 years of existence. I myself became anxious to know, the other day, so I began to go over my father's old records, and, after running them all up, and those of smaller bee-keepers who have had charge of this place for a short period from time to time, I find that this one ranch has produced almost a million pounds of honey. The exact figures are about 800,000 lbs. I should like to hear from anybody who can show a similar record for 15 successive years. Had I been able to run this ranch dur- ing the war, or the winter of 1898, I should have beaten any record the world has ever seen in the honey line. As it was, there was over 50,000 lbs. taken from 200 hives. I notice a 69 hive bee-keeper, p. 136, taking some of us old experienced chaps by the neck for not printing a truthful picture of the real state of the bee-industry in Cuba. I do not wish to offend him ; but does the man really know what a bee location for 300 or 500 colo- nies means? Does he know that here the average force of a good working colony is about 10,000 bees, or three million workers, for a 300-hive apiary, or three million drops of honey every half hour, and six million every hour? or from 300 to 600 lbs. every 30 or 60 minutes ? Now, from a close observation I have come to the conclusion that 15 blossoms of this bellflower will, as a rule, furnish a bee its load, and some mornings it will not take half this number. Now we see that, in order to furnish our three million workers a load every half-hour we must have 45 million blos- soms at their disposal, or 90 million for one hour's work ; and for 6 hours' work it would take the grand total of 540 million flowers, or blossoms, to furnish our 300-hiv.e apiary six hours' work, representing 3600 lbs. for the six hours' work. These figures do not include the enormous amount of honey consumed by these 300 colonies every 24 hours. These fig- ures are not very far from correct, as nearly as we can make calculations, for in years gone by we have had to extract from 2000 to 2500 lbs. every day, six days in the week, to keep up with our 500-hive apiary ; then there was the honey they stored in the brood-chamber and fed to the brood, which, I think, is about a third of what they gather every day. Now, if Mr. Luaces knows more about what is required for a large apiary to feed upon I shall feel that my 15 years of practical expe- rience and close observation have not been al- together void of good. I am well aware of the fact that there are hundreds of good locations here yet unclaimed, where 500 and even 1000 colonies can't clean up the range ; but, where are they ? I can answer this question myself. They are in the middle and along the south- ern and southwest coast of the island, where nobody but colored people can live, on ac- count of the insects. Then they are almost entirely shut off from communication with any of the large cities. I expect to penetrate some of them next year, and then I can tell the readers of this journal more about the honey resources of Cuba. . Punta Brava, Cuba, Mar. 5. [Your figures and estimates in regard to the honey resources of Cuba may be and probably are correct; but you have made a strange mis- take, apparently, in your estimate as to " the average working force of a good colony " as being about 10,000 bees. From other things you say in this connection I judge you consid- er this a large force. If so, you are certainly wrong. If you will turn to page 380 you will see that we must place the number of a good colony at anywhere from 40,000 to 90,000 ; and you have allowed only a little over a tenth of the largest figure ; or, in other words, your 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 433 estimates all through might be increased al- most ten times ; for the largest number of bees allowed by Dr. Miller was nine times what you figure on, and about one-fourth the number figured by myself. In this locality a colony of 10,000 bees would not be worth much for honey ; and while I should assume that you could get more honey in Cuba, from a given number of bees, than we can here in the United States, yet a colony of four or five times that strength would do a great deal more in the amount of honey gathered than four or five nuclei, each of 10,000 bees. — Ed.] INTERVIEW WITH MR. BROWN. BY CHALON FOWLS. Calling next on Mr Brown I found him feeling pretty blue. When I urged him to join the Association he said, " I'll tell you what, Mr. Fowls, I feel as though I had put too much money in the bee business already. your bees have not paid this year, they repre- sent so umch capital invested ; and your mem- bership fee of a dollar a year may be consider- ed as a necessary investment to protect you from loss on what you have already invested." " But the Association is not an insurance company, and will not protect me from loss by fire or flood." "No; but you get protection from loss in other ways. You know ignorant or ill-dispos- ed persons might do you much damage. Sup- pose some one should get an ordinance passed prohibiting the keeping of bees in the corpo- ration." "That would ruin my bee business, for, as I keep only 25 or 30 colonies, it would not pay me to establish an out-apiary with so few; but I would sell or give them away rather than go to law." " Well, our Association prevents troubles of this kind by preventing such laws being pass- ed. Then no one can threaten you with law- suits." THE FOUI. BROOD SITUATION IN OHIO. I have had no returns from the bees the past season, and my other expenses have been heavy. You see my new building is just fin- ished, and I have just had it insured, and you know these things all cost like sixty." "Yes, that's so ; but why don't you adopt the same business principles with regard to your investment in the bee business that you do with your other property ? " " Why, what do you mean by that, Mr. Fowls?" "Just this: It is considered good manage- ment to get a new building insured, although it has given no returns as yet. Now, although " But if I take membership, as a protection against unjust legislation by the town council, aud I should need no help in the matter, would I get any benefit from the invest- ment? " " Yes, sir. The Association can help us as no individual can in prosecuting adulterators, helping to get pure-food laws passed, thus keeping np prices on a paying basis. Just think what a difference one or two cents a pound would make to the producers." "Yes, and the rascals might damage the market that much if allowed to go unmolest- ed." 434 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 15 " Besides all this, Mr. Brown, foul brood is liable to break out, and we have no foul-brood laws in our State." "Well, Mr. Fowls, here is my dollar for membership. Glad you called my attention to the matter ; and this point about foul brood is important. We need to be in position to do something in case it appears." Oberlin, Ohio. [Now that Michigan has recently passed a foul-brood law, Ohio, on the border, ought to follow suit. Our Ohio bee-keepers have talk- ed over this matter a number of times, but so far it has all ended in "talk." In the pic- ture accompanying, the artist intended to represent under the Ohio banner, beginning at the left, Mr. Fowls, your humble servant, and Dr. Mason. The man with a hammer in his hand, behind the legislative anti-foul- rood fence, is supposed to be N. E. France, the father of effective foul-brood legislation. No wonder he looks with complacency on such scenes in Ohio •; and no wonder the poor little chaps in Ohio are beginning to be alarmed. But we must quit our "talking" and get down to business, and that means to see that our candidates before their nomina- tion for the senate and legislature are favora- ble to a bill like the Wisconsin measure, for instance. I have already approached some of the candidates for my own district and coun- ty. Let's up and at 'em, now. — Eo.] YELLOW SWEET CLOVER. Some of Its Peculiarities. BY M. M. BALDRIDGE. I find from experience that sweet-clover seed, no matter how fresh it is, is no excep- tion to the general rule about certain seeds germinating the first season. Only a part germinates, and there may be several distinct crops from one seeding. Dec. 2, 1897, I planted a row of yellow- sweet-clover seed in my garden, in a shallow trench, and then covered the seed from one to two inches deep with soil. The seed was fresh, having been gathered by me in July the same year. In February or March follow- ing, we had a week or so of very warm spring weather, and a fine crop of plants came up. A few days after, there was a big change in the weather, and every sweet-clover plant was killed by frost. In April or May following, another crop of the plants made its appear- ance ; and before the growing period ended they were perhaps 2 feet high. In February following (1898), the hard freeze destroyed these plants — roots included — with just one exception At one end of the row one soli- tary stool of the plants survived, and they made a fine growth, and also a good crop of seed. This experiment thus far demonstrated that the yellow sweet clover will sometimes winterkill, and that the plant is a biennial, the same as the white variety, and not an an- nual, as some writer, whom I can not now re- call, has claimed. This stool of plants was at the extreme north end of the row of the seed I had planted in Dec, 1897. Well, there came up in the spring of 1899 another crop of plants the whole length of that row, and from the same seed I planted in Dec, 1897, and they also made a satisfactory growth, being from 2 to 3 feet long before cold weather set in. These plants came through the winter in good condition, and in June, 1900, they were in full bloom quite early in the month — from 3 to 4 weeks before the white variety showed any blossoms. I think this row of plants was just passing out of bloom at the time Mr. A. I. Root visited this city and made me a brief call. See Gleanings for July 15, 1900, in Notes of Travel. The foregoing shows three distinct crops of plants of the yellow sweet clover, and I know that only one planting of the seed had ever been made upon that plot of ground. As yet I have seen no sign of the fourth crop of plants, and do not expect to see it ; but it would cause me no great surprise should it oc- cur, for I am satisfied that the seed may re- main in the soil for 20 years, more or less, and then germinate and grow. And this fact may explain why many who are not bee-keepers have tried to exterminate sweet clover from their premises, and have not succeeded. St. Charles, 111., Mar. 21. THE SWART H MORE SYSTEM OF QUEEN- REARING. How to Prepare Small Nuclei: a Sim|)Ie and Ef- fecti\ e Plan for Getting Oueens Fertilized. BY SWARTHMORE. A great deal has been written, said, and done to simplify and cheapen methods for cell-getting, until now queen-breeders have about all that can be desired in an almost per- fect system of cellwork, from the egg to the mature queen, her care after hatching, and all that. But cell-getting is not the expensive part of queen-rearing ; in fact, it does not rep- resent an eighth part of the work connected with the securing of a laying queen, ready for posting to the customer far or near. The ^r^a/ expense in queen-rearing is that necessary for the proper fertilization of the young queens after they are reared. The queen-breeder, heretofore, has been obliged to tear asunder large numbers of full colonies to form nuclei of a frame or two each to receive the young queens, each in a separate colony for mating purposes only. Now, all this is expensive — not alone in bees but in time, labor, care, and a hundred other ways. Full colonies are ruined, and all revenue from bees thus treated is entirely cut off until a laying queen is secured, sold, caged, and mailed. All this woeful waste has set me to thinking about a plan of operation to lessen the expense and labor in queen-rearing at the mating period. Some years ago I succeeded in mating a number of queens from 4^X4^4 section box- es, each supplied with a teacupful of bees ; but not until the past .season have I been able to say that I have discovered a practical meth- 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 435 od of mating young queens by the section-box plan, although I have used them now for about 13 years. The plan I have at last adopted is as follows : Hive a good-sized swarm (natural or forced) into a body containing ten all-wood or Sim- plicity frames, each frame filled with 4'4X5% Xl inch one-piece plain sections, thus : I^ FRAME WITH FOUNDATION. Each section should be supplied with a starter of brood foundation, as shown, and the frames are set rather close together until fully drawn out by the bees. Unless honey is coming in rapidly the bees should be fed constantly during comb construction, in the event of the swarm being a forced one. In a few days a good prolific queen will have filled the most of these lit- tle combs with eggs, and in due time it will be found that each little comb has its supply of brood, honey, and bee-bread — the exact condition nec- essary for the successful formation of nuclei for queen-fertilization. At this point take away all the section-holding frames, supplement- ing them with full sheets of capped brood, honey, etc., taken from other colonies ; put on surplus arrange- ment, and close the hive. That col- ony will yet show you honey before the end of the season, even though you have borrowed every particle of their work from the time of hiving. Let them work on ; you will not need to molest them more Remove the sectipn-holding frames now clear of bees, just as taken from the hive, to the honey-house, and ad- just to each side of each little comb, containing brood, a cover made of thin stuff, with ^"inch strips nailed all around the edges, as shown at A, Fig. 1. Four small staples, C C C C, driven part way into each corner of the lid, so as to project or telescope into the section box, will serve to hold the lids in place until they have become glued a bit by the bees. When the lids are all in place, each little comb will be in a com- partment by itself, and each com- partment may be entered by the bees through the perforated zinc that covers the two 1 '4 -inch auger-holes in the center of each lid, as shown in the drawing, E E, Fig. 4. The zincs are nailed fast to the inside of each lid. Pieces of section stuff do very well to close the zinc-covered holes when occasion demands (see dotted lines in Fig. 4). A }i- inch flight-hole is cut just below the two large holes in one lid only. This is stopped with an ordinary drug- gist's cork, which is easily drawn when queens are to be introduced. Now run a perfect - winged and sound-legged young virgin queen into each compartment ; then recork the flight-holes and expose the zincs on all sides so that the bees can readily enter all the compartments from the sides, yet no queen can leave the compartment in which it is intended to restrict her. Then hang the frames in the hives of such bees as you may have just used in getting a batch of cells, or any Fig. 4. FERTHIZER NUCLEUS-BOX. A, lid ; B, section-box frame : C C C C, hive-staples, for guidance ; D, perforated zinc : F, cork in flight-hole. Fig. 4 is a view of the under side of H, showing holes uncovered ; B, part of section box ; E, E, holes covered inside with perforated zinc ; F, flight-hole un- corked ; dotted lines show position of thin board when excluder- holes are covered. 436 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 15 queenless and broodless bees you may have at hand. Be careful, however, that there be no sort of queen with them, virgin or otherwise ; and if they have been over three days queen- less, a little tobacco smoke should be used. A very simple way of suppljing the com- partments with young queens is to attach a ripe queen cell to each comb before adjusting the lids ; then hang the frames among queenless and broodless bees with flight-holes corked, and zincs exposed. The bees will at once occupy the com- partments, and in due time a young queen will hatch inside each compart- ment. Any queenless bees will soon enter the compartments, and care for the brood and queens ; and as soon as they become settled, feeding may begin. Feed a little sugar syrup (no honey) each day ; and at the end of the fifth, if the weather is fine, remove the frames carefully, bees and all. Close all the entrances so none can escape from the compartments. If the wea- ther is very warm, cover the holes on the flight side with wire net, as shown in the engraving, taking in as you do so, as many bees, that may be on the outside of the boxe?, as possible. the other, as shown above by the letters F F F. If the next day or two be fine, each and every queen will leave its little chamber to mate, and just as large a percentage will return safe- ly as by any method of nuclei management ment now in vogue. The life of these little colonies may be sus- tained several weeks by feeding lozenges of ALI/KV CONFINING SCREEN. Take these frames some distance from the old stand, and set them out separately on stakes driven into the ground, thus : T •F T F« TOP VIEW OF COVER. — G, food feeder. Good food every three to five days. Press the food into the holes at the back of each box. The blocks of Benton maiUng-cages may be filled with Good food attached to the back of each compartment by two staples driven into the ends of same and hung on two corresponding wire nails driven into the back lid, as shown in engraving at G, Figs. 2, 3. Examinations for eggs may be made quite well through the back- most holes, which are easily uncov- ered by unhooking the Beaton cage feeders ; and when it is found that the young queens are laying, they should be removed and other young virgins supplied ; or the frames may be again collated and placed on a single stand where the laying queens will keep in good health for an indefinite period. In my next letter, with the editor's kind permission I will tell more about these section-box nuclei ; how I man- age to run these miniature colonies through the entire season, taking from them several .laj'ing queens each during the months suitable for queen- rearing ; also how 1 have succeeded informing 40 little colonies from one large stock, and successfully mating nearly every queen given to them. fe,..i../ SWARTHMORE'S FERTILIZING-FRAMES, WITH NUCLEUS BOXES IN PLACE. Toward evening open the flight-hole to each compartment — three on one side and three on [As I have explained elsewhere, this is the introductory article of a series giving a new system of queen- rearing. This method of having queens fertilized is something we have not 5'et tried, as it is too early in the season ; but we give it in order that other breeders may put the plan to a test at 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEK CULTURE. 437 once. In our next issue Swarthmore will describe a new method of making queen- cups that I believe is original with him ; also several other valuable kinks that will come in very good play just now. — Ed.] "RAMBLE 185. Peculiarities of Central California; Extracting in the State; Strainers vs. Settling-tanks; Importance of Clear Honey. BY RAMBI.ER. " See here, Rambler, what have you stuck this thermometer up here under the shed for ? ' ' "That's a funny question, Mr. McCubbin. I wonder if you do not know the use of a thermometer? Don-cher know that is to en- able me to keep a record of the heat ? You ly so hot, shade-boards are used quite freely. Many are successful without them, and I am coming to the conclusion that the providing of shade-boards anywhere in California is a useless expense. Then you have such little entrances to the hives, barely three inches in length. I should think there would be a con- gestion of both bees and heat." " You see. Rambler, that's where my open- work covers and sack honey-board helps the bees to keep the hive cool — plenty of ventila- tion, and no melting." "Now, then, Mr. McCubbin, as a precau- tion to myself, as well as comfort, and to save labor, I suppose you would have no objection to my erecting a sort of pavilion extracting- house under the peach-trees, and right along- side the bee-hives?" "Not the least, Mr. Rambler." And it was so accomplished. The pavilion was made as shown in the half-tone — a light rambler's cool retreat among the bees and peaches ; background. extracting-house in the said the other day that the temperature some- times climbed up to 120. Now, I do not wish to be so foolish as to work under such a tem- perature ; then if it does get up to 120, I want something reliable to brag about." " Rambler, that is wrong ; you should never mention the heated condition of this valley. Why, if you were in the real-estate business, as I am, you'd never catch the Eastern buy- er. Ignore the heat. Rambler ; ignore it, and throw that thermometer into the ditch." " No, sir ; I will tie to that thermometer, and I will report every hot day, and the effect upon the bees ; but it seems strange to me that no shade-boards are in use in this coun- try. Down south, where we have it not near- framework, 8 feet square, 6>^ in height. The lower half of the frame was covered with sacking, the upper half on three sides with wire cloth. This gave free access to any com- fortable wind that might be stirring. The top was also covered with sacking ; and, to aid the shade of the peach-tree, leafy boughs from other peach-trees were piled on, making a de- lightful, shady, and really comfortable place to manipulate the extractor. I hope the half-tone will bring out those luscious peaches that were on the tree ; but, mind you, they were not long there after they became luscious ; and, by the way, there are many acres of peach-trees within 200 rods of this apiary, and not a complaint about the 438 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 15 bees injuring the fruit — no Utter here to utter against the bees. The shady pavilion constructed, another matter caused anxiety. In the southern por- tion of the State our apiaries are located in canyons, and there is an abundance of uneven ground, so that the tank can be placed below the extractor ; and still another drop below the tank, for the convenient filling and remov- al of the five-gallon cans. Honey runs natu- rally from one to the other, without waste or daub. Here in Central California the land is a dead level, and we must put the extractor on a plat- form, and climb up to it or dig a hole in the ground and get into that to lift the cans out. Neither way is satisfactory, and many use a pail to draw off into from the extractor, then lift it and turn it into the tank ; but that is a shiftless method, and not in harmony with neatness and cleanliness. Out of my anxiety rambi^kr's honey-eIvEvator, strainer, and settung tank. to have things handy, up to date, and a little ahead of date, there was eliminated the hon- ey-elevator shown in the smaller picture. There is the four-frame Cowan extractor, and there is the tank — i. e., if a thirty-gallon tub can be called a tank. Under the small faucet are the five-gallon cans ready to be filled. Between the extractor and tank is my non- patented honey-elevator especially adapted for use in a level country. Observe the two five-gallon tin honey-cans, one at the top and the other at the bottom of the uprights. The upper sides of these cans are cut out. They are also provided with screw-cap honey-gates, such as are advertised in A. I. Root's catalog. These honey-gates are set in a little below the level of the bottom of the cans. To operate, open the extractor-gate and fill the can under it. Now grasp the end of the upright that rises above and next to the extractor ; loosen a little catch at the top of the upright next the tank, and revolve that portion of the frame which is pivoted in the large block in the center. The lower and filled can will rise, and, being suspended from the cross-piece above it, it holds its level position. When the filled can gets to the proper place at the top, the catch drops into a slot automatically, and holds it secure. The empty can has, of course, followed the other end of the revolving frame- work, and is at the bottom ready to be filled. The spout is adjusted under the gate of the upper or full can, and the gate adjusted so as to draw it off fast or slow as desired. The honey luns into the Rambler's ahead of-date strainer, and into the tank. While the upper can is losing its contents the extractor is ex- tracting more honey, and the cans are filled, revolved, and emptied ad infiyiitum , or until the crop is harvested. After using it while extracting all by myself nearly ten tons of honey, I am sure I would not discard it for the old dauby way. And now as to tanks, strainers, and the proper curing of honey. In Southern Cali- fornia, tanks are used holding all the way from one to six tons of honey. It is seldom that you find a bee- keeper, owning 100 or more colonies of bees, vnth a tank capacity of less than a ton — proba- bly the average is be- tween the two and three ton tanks. My observation in respect to the tank (juestion in Central California is limited ; but in my immediate vicinity, 30 gallons or less is the rule, while not a few consider a galvanized-iron wash- tub a good - enough tank. One would sup- pose that where such small tanks are used the more care would be taken in straining the honey ; but the practice is quite the contrary. The honey is run through wire cloth such as we use for window-screens, and almost directly into the five-gallon cans. A bee-keeper in my vicinity who owns up- ward of 500 colonies of bees had finished his day's work, had loaded his two frame extract- or and twenty-gallon tank and his cans of honey into his wagon, and was ready to de- part for his home when I rode up on my wheel. He showed me his day's work and his strainer. " Well, now, see here, Mr. , is there not a quantity of particles of comb and other substances in the honey? " " Probably there is," said he; and he un- screwed several caps from the cans, and, sure enough, any quantity of those specks were rising to the surface of the honey. " Oh ! well," said he, " I can sell it for as much as you can get for clean honey. It goes to San Francisco, and they mix it with glu- cose, and what is the difference? " It does make a difference, though ; for re- cently, in conversation with a gentleman who has purchased a good amount of honey, he 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. -^39 said that he would not purchase such honey. He had had experience in that line, and he said that all of those specks did not rise to the top of the honej' in the can, but were mixed with the honey three or four inches down, and before it could be used it was nec- essary to warm and strain it. With the large tanks used in Southern Cali- fornia the honey remains in the tank at least '24 hours, many times longer ; and, even if the honey is strained, a thick scum will rise to the surface; and when the honey is drawn aS, how beautifully clear it is ! The most complete clarifying process I ever saw was in the apiary of J. F. Mclntyre. His method has been described in Gleanings, but will bear repeating. He strains his honey into a large shallow tank (it is clean from the start). After standing in this a proper length of time it is drawn off into another large tank, and when drawn from this it is honey fit for the most epicurian palate, and, as a general rule, Mr. Mclnt3're gets a better price for his honey than the majority of bee-keepers. It would be better to use a large tank, and no straining whatever, than to allow a multi- tude of specks to run into the can with the honey ; for, in the use of a large tank, there would be opportunity for clarifying the honey and skimming off the refuse. The dairyman is compelled to be particular respecting his milk and all receptacles for handling it. Our honey will not sour on our hands as the milk does in the hands of the careless milkman, but there is an aroma to retain ; and to retain it in the highest quality requires as clean ma- nipulation as is practiced in the dairy. This hit-or-miss, careless, Slovenish, whack- row-de dow, git - there - Eli honey - production will result only in a degradation of our prod- uct. Referring to the small cut again, I wish to call attention to the bee-bru^h resting against the extractor. That brush has seen hard usage through the honey season, and it is a Califor- nia invention, such brushes having been used here for the past dozen years or more. I use two of them. When one gets sticky with hon- ey, wash it and throw it out in the hot sunshine. It will be dry enough to use by the time the other gets sticky. [I envy Rambler the pleasure of that shady retteat, even though it be in a climate subject to extremes of 120 degrees. I envy the free- dom of any rambler, providing he is not of the tramp order. I am not sure that I shall see the Rambler this summer, but I am try- ing to get away ; and if so I shall see him and other bee keepers in California right in the midst of their extracting work. Wherever practicable it is always advisable to have the extractor higher than the tank into which the honey flows ; but in many cases it happens that both tank and extractor necessarily have to be on the same level. Mr. Coggshall, who extracts so many tons of buckwheat in New York, allows the honey to run into a pail, and then when the pail is full he empties it into kegs ; but while I was there the pail ran over once, and I should imagine that that would be just the trouble where one has to remember to empty. But say, Ram- bler, suppose you forget to revolve your honey elevator. Can't you sorrehow make the thing semi-automatic so that, when a can gets to be so full, it will ring a bell so that the operator will know when to reverse the machine ? We have examined your strainer, and be- lieve it to be all right — the very best device that has yet been brought to our notice. We have been planning to catalog it, but some- how it is so hard to get a new thing started and under way ; but if I see you I'll study its operation more fully. What you say about clarifying honey is very timely and important. Too many of the California producers are very careless. Sometimes in car lots one man's fine honey in square cans will be mixed up with another man's very dirty honey. While the honey is doubtless just as good, yet it must necessarily sell at a lower price, or cause "a kick " from the purchaser. This mixing of good and poor lots of honey is apt to knock the price of all honey down to the poorest. They had better cut out vour remarks and paste them in their hats.— Ed.] Pshaw ! Dr. Miller, we are not at outs. It is because we do not see exactly alike. A person devoting his entire attention to queen rearing must necessarily improve his stock or he will lose his trade. His customers are the best judges ; and the better the bees, the more orders. The secret, if any, in the matter, is, to get the very best stock to breed from, and continue to get the best stock. I have an idea that the plan outlined in the ar- ticle referred to will be carried out in Califor- nia at no distant day. Well, well ! that good-looking enthusiastic Arthur C. Miller seems to be knocking around quite a little in the bee-papers of late — getting the corners knocked ofT a little too. He will settle down into a steady gait after a while. An old-time friend,- Reynolds, from Merced Co., stopped a few hours with me, and then stayed a few hours more with Mr. McCubbin. We are both baching, Mc and I ; and after 24 hours' experience with us, Reynolds exclaim- ed, " I'm going to get right back to Jane (my wife) as fast as I can go." He got. Mc and I are not dyspeptic — he is. Those are very good " Hints on Keeping Well," by Prof. Cook, in the Ainerican Bee Journal. Along toward the end of his advice he says, " Cultivate the habit of conversation at the table." That's all right. Prof. C. ; but what is a fellow going to do when he has no one to talk to ? But, after all, in the absence of talk I am extremely well — no stomach trouble. I'll tell you what I have that's bet- 440 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 15 ter than talk. It is sunshine, professor — chunks of it all through my system. This portion of Central California is receiv- ing a thorough drenching to-day, Apr. 29, the first rain of any account for nearly three months. It will help out the newly sown al- falfa and many honey-producing plants. MAKING NUCI^EI. " Mr. Doolittle ! I wish to try my hand at rearing some queens this season, and I came over to see if you would tell me something about how I can make nuclei for this pur- pose." " Very well. Do you understand how to secure good queen cells? " " Yes, fairly well." " And about a queen-nursery to hatch them in?" "Yes. I understand this part much better than how to get the nuclei to keep tbem after- ward. Last season I tried to make nuclei, and made very nearly a failure of it on account of the bees going back home." "Well, bees taken from a colony having a laying queen are quite likely to go back to their old home unless some precaution is used. But if you will make a colony queenless, wait- ing till they have queen-cells sealed, you will have better success in regard to the bees stay- ing." " I had not thought of that. How do you manage when you work that way ? " " Six to eight days after removing the queen I go to the colony and remove all the queen- cells but those which look the largest and best, and see that there are queen cells on five frames, if the colony is a large one and in a ten-frame hive." " But suppose that the queen-cells are all on one or two combF — what then ? " " Then I cut out a queen-cell from the comb having more than one cell upon it, cutting out a piece of comb with it about an inch in di- ameter, so as to be sure not to injure the cell. Then I cut out a piece of comb from another frame of the same size as that having the cell on it, when the ' cell-comb ' is slipped into the comb or frame where I wish it. In short, I graft a cell into each comb where I wish them." "But suppose the queenless colony is one you do not care to raise queens from — what then ? " "This is more apt to be the case than other- wise, and for this reason I start queen-cells from brood from which I desire to raise queens a day or two before I take the queen away from the colony I desire to break up into nu- clei. Then at the proper time I destroy all queen-cells which the bees in the queenless colony tave built, and put one, which has been reared from the brood I desire, into each of five frames, when the colony is left for 24 hours to become accustomed to the new state of affairs." ' ' What then do you do ? " " During the next day I place four hives, fitted up with a division-board, etc., ready for the nuclei, and place them where I wish the nuclei to remain during the season ; and just at night, allowing me only time to complete the work before it gets too dark to see to work, I take two frames from the queenless hive, bees and all, one of which is to have one of the queen-cells on it, and set two in each of the four hives, thus making five nuclei out of the queenless colony. The one left on the old stand should have a division -board adjusted to its two combs the same as the others." " Why do you wait till so near night? Is that necessary ? " " Because,' if done in the middle of the day the bees are more likely to go back. The change causes them to go to looking over their new quarters ; and if it is midday they will often run out of the hive and take wing, only to return to their old home. But in the night they will not take wing, and by morn- ing they become accustomed to their new sur- roundings, in a new hive having only two combs, and thus when they go out they are apt to mark their new location and stay by their young queen which will have emerged from its cell by this time, if you have timed the matter right." " Do you think this the best and easiest way of making nuclei ? " "No. I like the nucleus-box plan better." " What is that ? I want the best." "The box is made as follows : Get out two pieces, G inches long by G wide by % thick ; also two pieces 12 long by 6 wide by >( thick. The latter are nailed to the former so as to make a box 10)^X6, inside measure, without sides. For sides I use two pieces of wire cloth, cut 12 inches long by 6)4 wide. One of them is nailed permanently to the box, while the other is left so as to be easily removable by nailing the wire cloth to a little frame like a slate-frame, which frame is lightly tacked to the box. In the top of the box is bored a large hole into which a funnel is to be insett- ed. This funnel is to be large enough to al- low of one of your brood-frames to be shaken inside of it, and the hole in the small end should be 3 inches across, so that the bees will readily pass down through it and not clog. The hole in the box should have something to close it, like a large button or tin slide." " How is such a thing as that used in form- ing nuclei? " "Having funnel and box ready, go to any hive that can spare from a pint to a quart of bees, according to the size of the nucleus de- sired ; take out a frame or frames having bees on the combs (be sure you do not get the queen ) , and place it on the outside of the hive, or in a comb-carrier. Give the frame several sharp knocks with the thumb nail or a little stick, to cause the bees to fill themselves with honey, and, when so filled, shake as many down through the funnel into the box as youi 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 441 wish in your nucleus. Take out the funnel and close the hole, when you will put the frame from which you shook the bees back in- to the hive and close it." " Well, that is an easy way to secure bees, and a way I never thought of before. But what do you do next ? " " Next, take the box of bees into any room and throw a blanket over it, or darken in some way, when they are to be left three or four hours. At the expiration of this time they will realize their hopeless and queenless con- dition, telling you the same by their buzzing and running about the cage when you go to them, and be ready to take a queen of any kind." " But where is the queen to come from, I should like to know? " " As you said you knew how to raise queens and keep them in a nursery, I will only say that at this time I go to my queen -nursery and get a virgin queen, putting her in a cage hav- ing a ' candy cork,' and give them. Attach to the cage a short piece of wire, and you are ready. To put the cage in, set the box down suddenly, so that all of the bees will fall to the bottom, when the hole is opened, the cage put in and the hole closed again, all being done while the bees were trying to climb to the top again. The cage is pulled near the top of the box, and secured there by bending the wire over the button or tin closing the hole." " Pray tell me what a ' candy cork ' is." " A candy cork is a cork, generally of wood, with a ^ hole bored through it. This hole is filled with ' queen candy,' which the bees eat out and thus liberate the queen. The greater the length of the cork, the longer it will take the bees to eat out the candy. For this pur- pose I make the cork about half an inch long, so that the queen will be liberated in about twelve hours, or at some time during the night, as she is generally given about two to three o'clock in the afternoon." " But you do not do any thing with this box of bees in the night ? ' ' " No. They are left as they are after giving the queen, till near sunset of the next day, ex- cept to feed them if they need it, when they are put in a hive as follows : Prepare a hive by placing in it a frame containing a little brood and one of honey, together with a division- board, which are put on the opposite side of the hive from where you wish the bees. Now get the box, in which you will find the bees all compactly clustered like a swarm ; careful- ly remove the movable wire cloth side, and with a quick jerk dislodge the bees from the box on the bottom of the hive. Now draw the comb of honey, then the comb of brood and the division-board, across the rabbets of the hive, in the order named, to where the bees are, and they will be immediately on them. The hive is now closed, and, if all has b.:en rightly conducted, and works as it should, you will have a fine nucleus in that hive for the whole of the season, with the queen laying nicely in a week. But I must go now, as I have an appointment to meet at our village in lialf an hour." THE TRICK OF PRODUCING LIGHT COIvORED EXTRACTED HONEY; THE EFFECT OF THE COMBS. One year when the Illinois State Fair con- vened at my home, Peoria, 111., I made an effort to put on exhibition a choice article of extracted white-clover honey. With this end in view I exercised the greatest care in select- ing the honey, and to have the utensils clean, and free from other honey. I extracted from no comb, unless of the purest white; in hold- ing a comb up to the light, if I discovered a few cells off in color they were not uncapped. This honey was put on exhibition, along with a large collection from different producers living far and near. It was all white-clover honey, in pint glass jars, and arranged on a shelf in front of a window. In looking at the exhibit, no one would fail to see that mine was the lightest in color, and was given first premium. There was not the slightest differ- ence in color, in all the other honeys on ex- hibition. I inquired of the other exhibitors why this difference in color, and they replied, " We thought there was some trick about it." I told them what must have made the difference. It is not at all surprising that they inferred a ' • trick, ' ' as all of the other white clover honey did not vary one point in color. It may make no difference in color from dark combs, when one extracting follows another in quick suc- cession. Mrs. L. Harrison. St. Andrew's Bay, Fla., April 3. [I believe it has been before stated that, in order to get an extra-light-colored honey for exhibition purposes, it is very necessary that such honey be taken from new or white combs. If I mistake not, Mr R. F. Holter- mann, formerly editor of the Canadian Bee Journal^ was among the first to ur^e the im- portance of this. But as a rule the average honey-producer uses combs of all colors and ages for the extracted honey he sends to market. It is possible that, when competi- tion becomes stronger, as it probably will do, it will be best for him to discard the old black combs, melt them up in one of the presses shown in our columns recently, and use, in- stead, new combs made off from foundation. In spite of what you, Mr. Holtermann, and others have said on the subject of producing light colored honey, I do not think that very many of the average producers are " on to the trick." As some extracted honey may be produced for the Buffalo Pan-American, it may be well for some of our friends to bear this little "trick " in mind. — Ed.] A correction ; COI^LIER'S EXPERIMENTS. Mr. Editor: — Please correct the third para- graph from top first column, page 245. The detailed experiments of myself concerning 442 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 15 bees and fruit were not conducted at the Agri- cultural College at all, but they were made at, I think, eleven different locations in the west- ern part of the State. The work was done for the Connecticut Board of Agriculture. Page 248, G. Collier, Warsaw, N. Y.— Your supposition about the comb following the line of the foundation is, in the main, correct. I have used that plan of putting foundation in the sections on the catacornered, oblique, and in every conceivable improper way, for the sake of having misshapen, malformed sections of honey to exhibit at fairs, and made a grand success of the grotesque production. Woodbury, Conn. H. L,. JEFFREY. We have had no very bad reports of winter- ing losses so far, that I know of. Colonies themselves, however, as I have already stated, appear to be considerably weakened ; but the fine weather the past ten days, and the great number of fruit-blossoms, appear to be mak- ing amends for the bad weather and the late spring of a few weeks ago. If there ever is a time in the whole year when the absence of a laying queen in a strong colony means a heavy loss to a bee-keeper it is now. Be sure to go over every colony, and see whether eggs are being laid regularly and in sufficient number. Queenless colonies of good strength should be supplied with laying queens from nuclei or some weak stock that has just come through the winter that has only a queen and a few bees. Give these bees a cell, and their queen to the strong col- ony that needs her. I HAVE in hand the introductory article of a series that is to be written on the subject of " Bees in Law." The writer will take up the subject of common and statutory law as it re- lates to bees, and then proceed to give specific mention of various classes of special legisla- tion directly and indirectly affecting them. The important court decisions that have been handed down will also be given. It is possi- ble we may have this put in pamphlet form for the use of the members of the National Bee-keepers' Association. The heavy snows in the Eastern and North- ern Central States have given the clovers a wonderful start. The snow fell to the depth of one or two feet, and during the quite warm weather it took all of ten days for the last vestiges of it to disappear. This vast quanti- ty of water trickling down every day upon the grasses, clovers, and other vegetation, had a most stimulating effect, and we shall, there- fore, expect that, if good weather has any thing to do with nectar secretion early in the season, the clovers will do well this year. I AM glad to introduce to our readers Editor W. J. Craig, of the Canadian Bee Journal. Mr. Craig succeeded Mr. R. F. Holtermann, both in the management of the supply busi- ness of the Goold, Shapley & Muir Co. and in the editorial conduct of the Canadian Bee Journal, A man of pleasing address, Mr. W. J. CRAIG. Craig seems to have predominantly in his makeup the faculty of making and keeping friends. The CanadiaJi Bee Journal is well edited, and is in the front ranks of other pub- lications of its class. COMB honey versus EXTRACTED. In the last issue of Gleanings it was ad- vised to turn our attention more to the produc- tion of comb honey than of extracted. There remains one thing more to be said in favor of comb - honey production ; viz , colonies run for comb are almost invariably in better con- dition for wintering than those run for extract- ed. It would seem that a colony regards the brood chamber and the extracting-super above as its sole domain which is not to be med- dled with ; and when the fall honey comes in, the same is distributed around with a view of having it on hand for winter use. When we now remove the extracting super we throw things badly out of balance. A comb-honey super is apparently not re- garded by the bees as a favorable spot to lo- cate during winter ; and when preparing their nest it is left entirely out of calculation. how those bees CAME OUT OF THAT MA- CHINE-SHOP CELLAR, ETC. On the 1st, 2d, and 3d of May we took all the bees out of the cellar under the machine- shop. They were in fine condition, and ap- parently just as strong as when they were put in last fall, about the first of December, but 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 443 had little or no brood. They had been con- fined just about five months. During all this time they were very quiet, and the number of dead bees on the cellar bottom was the small- est I ever saw. Well, now for the results : Our Mr. Wardell says that those colonies are away ahead of the outdoor-wintered ones of the same strength last fall. The large force of bees has enabled them to take care of large quantities of brood, now that they are outdoors ; and the probabilities are that, when the honey-flow comes on, they will be worth nearly two of the colonies wintered outdoors. We estimate that our outdoor bees lost very heavily during the great storm of April 20 — a storm that was a record-breaker, and which will go down in history as one of the heaviest ever known. While the weather was not very cold, yet after the snow had fallen the bees flew out on the warm days following, dropped on the snow, and never got back. Thousands and thousands of bees were lost that way; but the other bees were housed during this big storm, and were not put on their summer stands till about ten days later. Ira Barber, in our last issue, recommends putting more bees in the cellar and raising the temperature. Our cellared bees we e kept in a higher temperature than any bees we ever wintered indoors ; and they wintered the best, irrespective of the noise above in the machine- shop. But I am afraid that, if the tempera- ture had been as high as Mr. Barber recom- mends, they would not have fared as well as they did. Nevertheless, we shall test his ideas on a small scale next winter. PROF, cook's review of the a B C of BEE CULTURE REVIEWED, AGAIN. In the third and last instalment of Professor Cook's review of the ABC, published in the American Bee Journal^ he has a word more to say about bees dying because they have lost their stings. He does not claim that they die in less than a day or two, the time varying. Bees that had lost their stings from use were put into a cage, and died within a day or two, while others uninjured were also caged, and lived for weeks. With such testimony it cer- tainly seems that it might be well to give the subject further consideration. If bees thus in- jured were put in the same cage with uninjur- ed bees, it ought not to be difficult to come to a decision. " I am a little skeptical," says Prof. Cook, " as regards the queen leading out the bees. I would not be sure that Mr. Root was right in his conclusion." The reading of that, with- out referring to the ABC, might induce one to think that the book taught that it is a com- mon thing for queens to lead out swarms. Of course, that would be incorrect, and it is not taught in the book. The thing that Prof. Cook has reference to is the statement that in one particular case a queen from several miles away was put in a nucleus, and after a day or two the queen led the nucleus back to the hive from which she was taken. Prof. Cook may be right in thinking that, even in this case, the queen was in no sense a leader. Prof. Cook agrees with the book that swaim- ing depends upon conditions or causes, rather than with Mr. Doolittle, who says the real cause of swarming is the fiat of the Creator, " Go forth, multiply, and replenish the earth." "I was surprised," says Prof. Cook, "to note that Dr. Miller also gives his authority in favor of bees not clustering in case the queen does not go forth with the swarm. ... In such cases they will always return to the hive; but in my long experience and observation it will be decidedly the exception and not the rule that they return to the hive without forming at least a partial cluster." Dr. Mil- ler has probably had as long an experience as Prof. Cook, with probably a larger number of colonies, and he is by no means a careless ob- server. Both men agree that, with clipped queens, some swarms return to the hive with- out clustering, and that some cluster first. Is it not just possible that the majority of Prof. Cook's swarms clustered, and that the major- ity of Dr. Miller's did not ? But Prof. Cook is certainly wrong in saying, "In such cases they vsill always return to the hive," for in a large apiary it is unfortunately true that in too many cases the swarm will enter another hive where swarming has lately occurred. The reviewer notes the error of the A B C in saying "soiling" instead of "green-manur- ing " when speaking of plowing under a grow- ing crop of turnips. He also thinks turnips are of little value for green-manuring as com- pared with leguminous crops. When a colony is suiTocated because the hive is too tightly closed, the ABC says the bees are wet by the honey involuntarily dis- charged. Prof. Cook thinks much of this moisture is caused by perspiration, and he may be right. He says : " In such cases bees try hard to cool off. The only possible way they can do it is by the evaporation of water." That sounds as though evaporation, which is entirely involuntary on the part of man, is voluntary on the part of the bee. Can that be possible? "Here again," says Prof. Cook, "our au- thor refers to bees separating water from hon- ey while ^n the wing. I believe this is physi- cally impossible. I have never as yet seen this ' mist ' fall from the bees while flying in the air." No doubt there are many who have not seen it, but that does not invalidate the testimony of those who liave seen it. " If such mist does fall from the bees," he contin- ues, " it certainly must be the water of evapo- ration in the air- tubes, or else excreta from the intestines." One can hardly imagine that water evaporating from so small a creature could immediately condense into drops that would fall like water ; but that it falls as ex- creta from the intestines is exactly what one would understand from the book when it says, "I distinctly saw them discharge from their bodies what seemed to be only pure water." The ABC says : " There are also known in commerce such as Japanese and Chinese wax, both of which may or may not be 'the product of insects or plants." Prof. Cook says the 441 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 15 Chin.s? wax is the product of a scale insect related to the cochineal insect. " In speaking of the willow," says Prof. Cook, "it is stated that it does not furnish honey, and the late Mr. Quinby is quoted to the same effect. This is certainly not true of all our willows." One is at a loss to know how it is possible for any one so to misread. The author says he has had little or no expe- rience with the willow ; but as it does yield honey and pollen in some localities he yields the floor to Mr. G. M. Doolittle, who has had much experience with it, and is, withal, one of the most careful observers. Mr. Doolittle ranks some of the willows, the large growing kinds, as exceedingly valuable honey-plants, the pussy willows that grow in his locality be- ing valuable for pollen alone, in which he concurs with Quinby. An^usti/oltu-in epilobiuin, says the profess- or, should be Epilobium atigustifolium, and it is so corrected in the latest ediiion. The ABC gives white honey the preference to dark for wintering, but says that, although the dark is a little more apt to give dysentery, it usually does not have that effect. Prof. Cook makes what is no doubt a proper dis- tinction, by saying that buckwheat and other dark floral honey is good, while that from scale lice is unfit for wintering. In the glossary. Apis is given as the family to which the bee belongs, when it should be genus, as it is found in the latest edition. But it should be understood that all these crilicisms relate to an old edition of the ABC, and not to the new one out last January, and now offered for sale. HtGH-PRICED BREEDING-STOCK — IS IT RIGHT TO ADVERTISE IT ? It is well always to be on guard against such excitement as shall attach fictitious valuations far beyond the real worth of an article. Many a town site in the West has had its boom when corner lots went skyward in price, and the man who paid his hundreds or thousands for a sin- gle lot has seen the price come down, down — never to rise again. On the other hand, there have been cases in which a man has been laugh- ed at for paying what seemed to be a fictitious price for a piece of ground, but who, with very shrewd foresight, has held on to it and made a fortune. A good many things need to be tak- en into consideration in getting at the actual value of an article. Even in the matter of queen-bees it may be possible greatly to over- estimate values, and it may also be possible to undervalue. An editorial in the American Bee-Keeper reads as follows : When a queen breeder offers as his greatest induce- inent to buyers to send oiit queens from a mother val- ued at 50, 100. 200. ,5( 0 or 10 0 dollars, he should be re- garded with suspicion. If he is not a fakir pure and sininle, he is not what he appears to be in the eyes of the honest business world. According to the dictionary, "fakir" is a slang word which means " one who originates a f ike, humbug, or swindling contrivance." It can not be that a man would be considered a swindler who should urge, as the chief in- ducement for purchasers to order from him, that the stock from which he bred was of great value. Evidently the thought is that no queen can have so high a value, and that a queen-breeder who claims to have a queen valued at SoO 00 or more is, in the eyes of the honest business world, a swindler. If our co- temporary had given the matter sufficient thought to make a proper estimate of the pos- sible value of a queen, it never would have published that paragraph. When hens' eggs can be had in abundance at 12 cts. or less per dozen, the man who ad- vertises to sell a sitting of 13 for $1.00 is not considered a swindler. When the average price of a horse is less than .?100 there are a few animals which change hands at prices away up in the thousands ; and the men who receive such prices are not considered swin- dlers. The man who buys such an animal is not considered a swindler if he puts a still higher price upon his purchase, even though he should never sell at the price set. The only question is whether he would rather keep the animal than to sell it at any thing less than the price set. Queens can be had by the thousand for one dollar each, and many are sold for the half of that ; yet it is a common thing to see adver- tisements of certain queens at much higher prices ; and the man is not considered a swin- dler who has received $2 00, $5.00, $10.00, or more for such a queen. There is no question, then, that a man may be an honest man and sell a queen for more than the ordinary price. The only question is as to the limit beyond which a man may not go without appearing as a swindler in the eyes of the honest business world. A great many queens are sold at a price of $5.00 each or more. The man who buys such a queen does not expect to get his money back on it if he uses it as the average queen is used for securing a crop of honey. But by the im- provement of his stock he may get back his money many times over. The results obtain- ed from it give it its value. The question is whether such results can be obtained in any case as to warrant a valuation of $50.00 or more. Suppose a queen -breeder who sells a thousand queens in a year has a queen of such qualifications that he can get an extra dollar for every queen of her stock that he sells. It matters not whether the extra value be in col- or, length of tongue, working qualities, or what not ; if it is what his customers want, and if they are glad to pay the price, he gets an extra thousand dollars in the couse of the season, not for extra work on his part, but simply and solely for the value there is in that queen. Suppose at the beginning of the sea- son some oue should say to him, "I'll give you $50.00 for that queen." He might reply, "I get $100 extra on each queen of that stock. I expect to sell 1000 queens this sea- son at that advanced price. If I hold on to her I shall be worth $1000 more at the end of the season than to let her go and breed from another queen. I should be foolish to take $50 00 now for the prospect of $1000 at the end of the season. True, she may die to-morrow; but the chances in favor of her living are such that I should hardly be willing to take less 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 445 than a fourth or a half of what she will bring me in extra if she lives. The least I would take for that queen is 82o0." An(J the honest business world, instead of condemning him as a fakir pure and simple, would commend him for his business judgment. The fact is, that the bee-keeping world is just beginning to wake up to realize some- thing of the value there is in blood. Doolit- tle has been preaching that the queen is the center upon which all pivots ; but year after year the average bee-keeper has been going on, making his increase from stock most giv- en to swarming, hence least given to storing. It is a good sign that attention is awakened in the right direction. We are used to extra values in horses and cows, but not in bees. We hear of a horse being sold for five hun- dred times the average price, without a shock; but if fifty times the average price of a queen is mentioned, it is another thing. Perhaps queens can not be worth $25, $5U, $100, or $200. I have no quarrel with any one who thinks otherwise. Indeed, I can see how such a person may think he is right ; and yet on the other hand I can not see but I am justified in holding the opposite view. The laurels of our breeder do not rest solely on the long tongues of her bees. But long tongues or no long tongues, she rolled in the honey last year, and is doing the same thing this spring in a way that eclipses every thing else in the yard. Sell her ? Why, she is worth many times her weight in gold. She is now three years old, strong and vigorous, and very prolific. She was wintered in a four or five frame nucleus outdoors, and yet she and her bees came through in good order. E. R. ROOT'S WESTERN TRIP. I HAVE before given intimation that I ex- pected to go to California in the near future. My plans are now all matured, and I start from Medina on the 20th of this month, or about the time this issue will reach the bee keepers. My route is as follows : Cleveland, Cincinnati, and them to Wetumpka, Ala., where J. M. Jen- kins, the southern supply-dealer, holds forth. Then to New Orleans; San Antonio and Uvalde, Texas; Maricopa, Tempe, and Phcenix, Ariz.; Los Angeles, Fresno, and San Francisco,. Cal.; Portland, Ore.; Pocatello, Ida.; Salt Lake City, Utah; Grand Junction and Denver, Col.; Omaha, Neb.; Des Moines, Iowa; Chicago, and back to Medina. I shall be gone about six weeks or possibly two months. From many of the points nam- ed I shall make side-trips; and some of our friends must not be disappointed if I do not stay more than an hour or so at a time. In some cases I may not be able to say more than " how d'ye do?" and "good by." In other cases I may stay a day, depending on the train connections. I shall stay, perhaps, a day with J. M. Jenkins; and while in New Orleans I shall be glad to meet some of our friends pre- paratory to taking the train for the West. From San Antonio I expect to run down to Hunter to see Mr. Louis Scholl ; down to Bee- ville to see the Atchleys, Mr. W. H. Laws, and D. M. Edwards, at Uvalde, Tex. At Tempe, Arizona, I have an uncle, and also quite a number of bee-keeping friends. Phcenix is a veritable hotbed of bee-keeping, and I shall be in that vicinity perhaps a day or two. From Los Angeles I shall make a number of side- trips. 1 shall be in the vicinity of San Fran- cisco a short time before starting northward. At Portland and Salt Lake City, and Grand Junction and Denver, I shall make stops for a day or two, taking in short side-stops. Leav- ing Denver I shall probably hurry homeward, making a visit, perhaps, to our friend Nyse- wander at Des Moines, Iowa. Those who desire to reach me by letter can do so by addressing general delivery, San An- tonio, Texas; care J. H. Root, Tempe, Ariz.; Union Hive and Box Co., Los Angeles, Cal.; Buell Lamberson & Son, Portland, Ore.; gen- eral delivery. Grand Junction, Col.; care L. A. Watkins Co., Denver, Col. I shall have with me three of the best kodaks that money can buy, and I shall endeavor to bring back many interesting views as well as notes of travel. I can not tell the exact dates when I shall be at different points ; but I think I shall reach San Antonio about May 2-1 or 25; Tempe, about the 28th or 29th; and Los Angeles about the 3d or 4th of June. Other dates will be given later. N. B. — I forgot to explain that I shall at- tempt to prepare copy and write editorial mat- ter on the fly. Communications for Gi,Ean- INGS may be sent to me at the addresses nam- ed ; or if they come to our general office at Medina they will be forwarded to me. Letters intended for me personally had better be sent to Medina, whence they will be remailed to TONGUE REACH NOT IN DIRECT PROPORTION TO HONEY-YIEI.D. On page 401 I had an editorial on this sub- ject ; and in response to that I have received a letter from A. T. McKibben, of Ramey, Minn., that would seem to indicate that in the relative honey-yield there is no difference between the short-tongue and long-tongue bees. He 'has been measuring tongues, and was surprised to find that some of his " or- nery " scrub colonies had a tongue-re<3ch as great as that of his best honey-gatherers. This is the first and only report of this kind that has been received. All the others seem to point the other way; but let's have the re- ports, no matter what they show. Another thing, Mr. K. gets a longer tongue- reach by following our directions than we do on the same bees ; but in this letter he tells about " stretching " the tongues. This we do not do. We only comb them out straight on the scale. That our measurement is probably- correct is shown by the fact that he took a glossometer, or extemporized one, and mea- sured the reach of robbers scrambling for honey. This reach he found to be j^y^y. On the same bees he got ^Yo s°d I'o u by stretch- ing the tongues on the scale. By our method of measuring, and without stretching the tongues, we are supposed to get just what would be secured by the glossometer. 446 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 15 We have made a covenant with death, and with hell are we at agreement.— ISA. 28 : 15. As I sit down to write this Home Paper, my conversation with Mrs. Root at the breakfast- table comes vividly to my mind. We were speaking of the bank robberies that are men- tioned in almost every daily paper of late. First it is here, then it is there, then it is some- where else. No portion of our country seems to be exempt These hardened criminals are either scattered all through the community or else they are canvassing the country to find little towns or other places that promise a good field for their work. If some old farmer who does not read the papers, and is not up with the times, has been foolish enough to se- crete a sum of money in or around his home, these emissaries of Sitau, by some hook or crook:, get hold of the matter. It does not matter how careful the old farmer has been to find a hiding place for his money. It is of no avail. A gang of ruffians sufficient in number to overpower him and all the inmates of the home break down the doors, bind and gag the father, and make him tell where his money is hidden by torturing him by burning his hands or fee: until he tells where his money is. Just lately, not far from here, a new scheme in this line (that must have been hatched out in the bottomless pit) is reported. When the farmer refused to tell where his hard earnings of thirty or forty years past were hidden they grabbed his daughter, 19 years old, and — I dare not put it on these pages ; but one of them added, "Tell us where your money is and we will let the girl alone." The father still refused. He was probably a sort of mi- ser ; but the mother could endure it no longer. She took them down cellar, and told them where to dig in the ground. They got their money and went away. Bank buildings are being wrecked with tremendous charges of nitro -glycerine. In fact, they do not hesitate to leave the most ex- pensive building in a little town in ruins ; and if the people come out and undertake to show fight, half a dozen or more desperate wretches hold the town at bay. Of course, we (some- times) capture some of them ; some of them are shot in the encounter, and our policemen and sheriffs are shot down. But they go to work and build up their town again, get a stronger safe, and put on additional night watches. I fear criminals sometimes get off by some technicality in law, and then go at the same thing again. In the neighborhood of Medina there has been for forty years a gang of criminals ; but I understand that now the last ®f the notori- ous Foster gang is in prison. These fellows have been arrested time and time again, and stood trial. But their numbers were sufiicient so they brought witnesses in such a crowd they got off almost every time. If the officers were getting the upper hand of this thing, even though slowly, we might cease worrying about it. The loss of the people's hard earnings, es- pecially the rural people, and honest, hard- working people who generally reside around these country banks, is a bad thing — yes, it is a terrible thing to think of that there are wretches in this land of ours who are so utter- ly devoid of conscience or principle that they would want the money that has been saved little by little by sweat and toil. How can these people — how can any one in human form be so heartless and selfish ? But, dear brother and sister, there is some- thing more terrible still than the loss of prop- erty or the loss of money, that is going on in our land. For months past a book has been on my table, the title of which follows me like a nightmare. I looked the book over, and said that, although there is a great deal of truth in it, its statements are largely exagger- ated. Then I began watching the papers — yes, I began watching our own State of Ohio, and finally our own neighborhood.- The very title of this book startles one. It is, " Ttaffic in Girls.'' Why, the thought is horrible. It is a disgrace to our country. It is a disgrace to the whole wide world to be obliged to ad- mit there is any truth in the title at all — that there is really in the United States, as well as in other countries, a traffic in girls. In my childhood I used to hear about the traffic in colored people. We used to read about the slave trade vessels ; we read of hu- man beings being sold at auction ; and those of my reiders whose hair is white like mine will remember the struggle and fight we had to cast off the reproach that for so many j ears rested on us as a Christian nation. May God be praised for Abraham Lincoln and the pub- lic sentiment that was back of him. Well, now, let us go back to the title of the book. I tear, dear friends, that the title might have another word put in that would make it still more horrible, and yet the word might belong there. Suppose we put it "Traf- fic in Little Girls." As I think of it my little prayer wells up from my heart, not exactly "Lord, help," but, rather, "May God help us. " God help us as a Christian nation to rouse ourselves with such determination and Christian courage and heroism that this thing shall be stopped before it goes any further. If a man should come into your town with a great club, striking down the little children go- ing to school, killing them, or maiming them for life, would you, after he had done a lot of this work, have him arrested and tried, and then let unprincipled, greedy lawyers get him off by some technicality, or say he is insane? If it transpired, when you came to get right down to the bottom of the matter, that he was a millionaire, and had plenty of money, would the people be content to say his money shall save him ? Or, if you choose, after he had serv- ed a short time in the penitentiary, would you permit some governor with a heart as foul and wicked as that of the criminal himself, to par- don him out and then let him set to work and do the same thing over again ? Perhaps my 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 447 illustration is a little strong. But there is one point where I did not make it strong enough. Suppose this fiend in human form that I have been picturing should single out all the little girls instead of the little boys ; suppose he se- lects the brightest, prettiest-looking one of the lot ; let us suppose, still further, that he inquired around and found one beautiful little girl whose mother is a widow, and had no grown-up brothers to take her part. Suppose he should exult with fiendish glee in striking down this little girl and mutilating and crip- pling her for life, and then laugh about it, and, may be, brag about it, and try to get off scot free. Why, dear friends, this is an aw- ful story I am telling — a horrible thing I am picturing ; and yet God knows it is not all of the truth. What I am coming to comes about in a different way, and people say, " Oh ! he did not intend to do her any harm. It was unfortunate and unlucky all around." My natural disposition would prompt me to say it was unfortunate and unlucky all around that the wretch was ever permitted to live one hour in this beautiful world of ours. Once while off on my wheelrides I was told I could save some travel by taking a path through the fields. On my way I met the daughter of my friend the bee-keeper, a beau- tiful child of ten or eleven years. I shook hands with her, and told her who I was. Then she seemed to feel somewhat acquaint- ed, because she had read Gleanings. She was very prettily dressed, and, of course, a little shy at meeting a stranger off alone ; but the innocent, childlike look on her face fol- lowed me for hours. She was just coming out of childhood, and getting a glimpse of womanhood. She was looking out into this great world of ours full of people, with trust and confidence. Her little heart was good and pure, and with childish trustfulness she no doubt believed this great world to be good and pure. Since then I have met the daugh- ters of other bee-keepers. If there is any thing in this whole wide world that should re- buke sin, and prompt a bad man to turn from his evil ways, and to be pure in heart and hon- est in deed, it seems to me it is these pleading childish faces — the faces of the little girls. When up on my ranch in the woods last fall I took a walk of two miles one morning. It happened to be toward the schoolhouse, and just about schooltime. Three or four little girls came out of their komes, and I talked with them. They told me about their school, their teacher, their homes, and about their neighbors. Why, in that walk of two miles we became so well acquainted that I felt al- most sorry when we reached the schoolhouse. Their childish voices were to me like the mu- sic of singing birds. In their innocence they told me some things about their homes and about their neighbors that perhaps an older person would not have told. They trusted me. They believed I loved little girls. I need not go any further. Is it indeed true that there are wretches in our land who would take pains to become acquainted with these little girls just in order that they might not only crush and disfigure their little bodies, but that they might crush and disfigure them, body and soul.^ You may say this thing is done only in big cities. Well, I will grant that it is mostly done where there are saloons or frequenters of saloons. I need not tell you that, when a saloon gets to doing a fair busi- ness, they must have gambling-devices to help them along. After they get the gambling de- vices, then there is a dance house in the back part of the saloon ; and these dance-houses, to be attractive, must have girls — not women who are hardened criminals like the men who employ them. They must have innocent- looking country girls if they can get them. Yes, they offer big prices for them. Some have told me that this is not so bad, because they bargain with the girls themselves, and the girls consent to this trafiic. And this brings up a chapter of the book of which I have been speaking — the "age of consent." By the way, that word " consent," used in the connection I have just mentioned, always roils me up. Through the work of the W. C. T. U. (thank God) the age of consent has been raised. In some of the States, if the girl is over twelve years of age her consent clears her betrayer. Alabama has got it the lowest of all — ten years. New York and quite a lot of others have got it up to eighteen. Ohio (and I say it to her shame) still holds to four- teen. A pamphlet comes with the book, in which is the following statement, together with an advertisement of the book : There are oOO.OOO " felled " girls in our country, one- half of them from Christian homes or Sunday-schools, and three-fourths from country homes. They have been gotten into haunts of shame through the trickery and wiles of those engaged in the " traffic in girls." which is caused by the // affic in drink. Their average life x^fii'e years. Sixty thousand girls dragged down to this life every year ; .5000 every month ; 170 every day, or a young life blasted in our ble.ssed land every eight minutes! Father! Mother! }o«r little girl is not safe. Read that startling book. "Traffic in Girls, and Work of Rescue Missions " and warn her in time. Price only 30 cents by mail ; cloth, fully illustrated, 75 cents. All proceeds for mission work. Address Charlton Edholm, The Temple, Chicago. I do hope and pray that this book may be widely read throughout our land. People are waking up, thank God. The case I have twice alluded to, that of Jennie Boschiter, of Paterson, N. J., illustrates it. If these fel- lows serve out their full term, two for 30 years and one for 15, well and good ; but I begin to tremble already for fear some governor, who may happen to be a man like themselves, will pardon them out after they have served only a very small part of their sentence. In regard to the statement that these things exist only in the large cities, if we look about us we shall find the same thing, only perhaps in a different form, in almost every neighborhood. Years ago a poor woman on her deathbed implored me to look after her fatherless chil- dren. She was then many years a widow. I tried to watch over them ; but in spite of all I could do — perhaps I had better say, however, in spite of all I did do, and I made a big row several times about it — an unscrupulous and designing man, and a married man at that, succeeded in getting a beautiful little girl away from her friends and home. He spent months if not years in carrying out his scheme, 448 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 15 and declared again and again before God that he was honest and true, and would not harm the child for the world. I listened to others, and tried for a time to think that he was hon- est and sincere in what he said ; but before the end came he admitted to me he was get- ting a divorce from his wife as fast as the law would move along, and then he was going to marry the child. Some people would object to my calling her a child at the time she went away from here ; but the beginning of the whole disgraceful affair was when she was only a trusting and confiding child, such as I have described. Now, dear friends, it would hardly be in keeping with my profession as a believer in the gospel of Christ Jesus if I let this matter drop right here. Jesus, when here on earth, taught us there was not only redemption and pardon for these poor lost girls, but redemp- tion and pardon for the author of and leader in their sin and ruin. Sometimes when speak- ing of the sin and crime of this new century, my consc'ence has troubled me because, as memory carries me back, I can see a finger pointing to the time when the writer of these same Home Papers was little better, zw heart, than some he denounces so vehemently. Some great and good man once said, as he pointed to a drunken sot in the gutter, " But for the grace of God, there lies myself." And, dear friends, as I look back, honesty and truth compel me to say that, but for the grace of God and the love of Christ Jesus, your old friend A. I. Root might have been — God only knows where. But still I shall have to con- fess my faith wavers when I think of reclaim- ing and reforming such wretches as I have described. May God help me, when I pray, to pray with more faith for those who seem to be lost through Satan's wiles. Let me emphasize, in closing, the point made in that extract I have given. The traffic in strong drink is at the bottom of all this. The papers have told us how this traffic in our new possessions has led directly, in a very short time, to a traffic in human beings — yes, and I fear not only to a traffic in girls, but to a traf- fic in little girls. "When African slavery reach- ed a point in the United States where the peo- ple would stand it no longer, there was a great revolution, and we at once and for ever threw off Satan's yoke. . We are fast approaching the same state of affairs in regard to the traf- fic in strong drink. Our local option bills here in Ohio have been again and again de- feated when the voice of the people was in a large majority in favor of the bill ; and I be- lieve the lime is near at hand when the people will rise and unite as they did in slavery times, to throw off this yoke imposed on us by drunken or drinking legislators and senators. May Good speed the day. Objections have been frequently made that it is better for children to know nothing about these things. I do not agree with this. Thou- sands upon thousands of children might have been saved had they known in time something of what I have been telling you in this Home Paper. If their fathers and mothers will not tell them and warn them, let them read it in the papers and journals. I for one shall be glad to have every child ten years of age or more, who cares to read what I have written, read it. Our own boys and girls were all taught by their father and mother, after they were old enough to be in danger of having their young minds poisoned by having the matter presented from a wrong standpoint in- stead of the right one, by some one who does not care for their future welfare as the father and mother do. What I have written above refers to this traffic in the United States. The papers are just now informing us that the traffic is open- ing up, both in the Sandwich Islands and in the Philippines, and that, too, under a sort of sanction of this government of ours. Yes, the LTnited States government that proposed to Christianize and civilize these heathen lands is, in one sense, in partnership with the men who barter, not in African slaves, but in girls of every nationality. Their excuse is, pro- tecting the soldiers from contagious diseases — the same excuse these men offered for continu- ing the sale of beer to the soldiers (to keep them away from uorse places). What a tre- mendous compliment we pay the manhood and Christianity of our soldier boys when we claim they will have beer in spite of us ! Well, our great generals have decided, we are told, that sanitary measures must be en- forced to protect our soldiers ; therefore these women and girls, after examination, have a permit from the government of the United States — I think I have got it right — to continue their traflBc. They pay so much a month for this permit ; and these great generals defend the traffic by telling how much money it brings into the treasury of the government. In the Sandwich Islands they have put a high fence around a certain part of Honolulu. I would not dare to print the rules and regulations, more than to say that one of them is that bo5'S under age can not enter the inclosure. An- other is, that no girl under 16 years of age will be permitted to occupy one of the — I was going to say buildings inside of the inclosure, but I guess I had better call it a " booth." A girl too young, generally speaking, the world over, to trade off her doll-baby, or any of her other childish treasures, is permitted by this government, under God's blue sky, to sell herself, soul and body ! A great string of names in the form of a petition from the Young Women's Christian Association of the United States has been sent to President Mc- Kinley, pleading with him for humanity's sake, and for the sake of the women under the stars and stripes, and for God's sake, to use the authority that is vested in him to at once and for ever put a stop to this part or partnership that this government has in this awful traffic. Now, father and mother, broth- er and sister, every one whose eyes meet these pages, let your prayers follow this petition ; and let us each and all, by every act in our power, put down this growing traffic as we put down the traffic in African slaves through the pen of Abraham Lincoln, who died a mar- tyr because he was not afraid to take the lead. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 449 NOTES or TRAVLt < BY A. I. ROOT . FLORIDA TRAVELS, CONTINUED. The town of Miami, at the terminus of the East Coast Railway, is a very new one. It has been almost all built up within two or three years. It is very prettily laid out, has fine streets, and, like all the rest of these Florida railroad towns, is especially adapted to wheeling — that is, if you do not get too far away in the country. When people were talk- ing about the danger of frost six years ago we were told the only really safe place was Bis- cay ne Bay, where even tomatoes could be grown the year round without any fear of in- jury, no matter what the state of affairs was in the northern part of Florida. I had quite a notion of making my way over to Lake Okeechobee, and making an effort to see if I could not get a passage through to Fort Myers, on the Caloosahatchie River. But I was told by the people that it was a difficult and haz- ardous undertt^king for even a middle-aged man in good health, when used to roughing it. Besides, it would take more time than I could possibly spare, so I reluctantly gave it up. A little way out of Miami is a celebrated golf ground. It is a beautiful meadow, as fine as a lawn, covering, I should judge, to- ward half a square mile. This is maintained and kept in trim exclusively for golf players. I do not know much about golf ; but it has this in its favor — it takes open air and a lot of it. I saw the golf-players with their kit of tools — that is, if that is what they call them, with their colored boys to carry said tools and wait on the players. I suspect it is a rather aristocratic game. But just beyond the golf ground I caught a view of acres of garden- stuff, and this interested me more. I was about to obey the printed sign-board at the entrance of the golf ground, and wheel around it ; but the obliging watchman told me to go straight through the ground. He said there was nobody there at the time, and it would not hurt the walks a particle ; in fact, it would make them better to run the rubber tires over them. I demurred a little at taking my chances of being arrested, but he assured me /le was " boss and all hands " when there were no players around. I can hardly take space to tell you about all the beautiful crops I saw in that garden on " the Miami flats. The ground is a level piece of prairie, I should call it. It probably had been swampy before ditches had been put through to carry off the water. There were acres and acres of tomatoes, all the way from little plants clear up to ripe fruit. The best plantations are trained on stakes ; but as it was quite an additional expense, there was a difference of opinion as to whether it paid or not. Almost every vegetable known was grown here for the Northern markets, unless it is some that, like asparagus, rhubarb, and others that absolutely require freezing weath- er. When out in the fields away from any resi- dence or workmen I saw beautiful strawberries reddening under the tropical sunshine. It was a variety I could not exactly make out, and I longed to taste them ; but even though nobody was in sight I concluded I would not set a bad example — well, a bad example before })iyself, if you choose. But a little further on I stopped at the house and obtained permis- sion to sample the bern'es, promising to take not more than half a dozen. The proprietor was away from home ; but one of the boys smilingly took the responsibility of giving me permission to pick so many, and the quality I found fully equal to berries raised north. Now, in these Miami gardens there are good, bad, and indifferent crops of almost every kind. Some will tell you the ground is not suited for this, that, and the other ; but before I got around, somebody had proven that the very thing in question could be grown to per- fection. It was the old story over again — the successful man had studied his crop and his locality, and finally, by dint of repeated try- ing, he had found out just how to manage to grow beautiful strawberries, or this, that, and the other, even on that low level ground. I was pleased with the ranch of Jordeau Brothers. They had succeeded in growing bananas, oranges, and cumquats, right side by side with corn, beans, and potatoes. In fact, they had got good crops of almost every thing. Up in front of the pretty little home was a bulletin -board, and on this board were tacked market quotations from New York, and also orders received for certain stuff Any one of the employees could see by glancing at this bulletin-board that so many crates of cu- cumbers, tomatoes, and strawberries were to be loaded up and sent to the station by just such a time in the afternoon. Although there is no drawback in the way of frost in this Miami region, they have blight, fungus, and noxious insects to contend with. I reached town just in time to hunt up anoth- er nice pineapple for my noonday meal, and then I started out to see where I could find some bread and butter to go with it. Now, there is one queer feature about these Florida railway towns, especially in the vicinity of the great hotels. There are very few restau- rants or low priced eating houses. I do not know whether the hotels have been instrumen- tal in keeping them out or not. In two places in Miami I saw bright new signs hung out. saying " Restaurant " in large plain letters. But one of the men had quit business. The other man was running a tailor shop. I point- ed to the signs, but they said they had not had time to take them down. Finally, down by the boat-landing, I found some beautiful white bread and nice butter to match, and I was happy and contented with a dinner that cost less than 25 cents. In the outskirts of Miami there is another palatial hotel. The grounds and the surroundings make one think of the oriental tales of the Arabian Nights. I found a similar display of tropical and ex- otic plants, one shade i house being devoted 4.0 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 15 exclusively to all kinds of ferns, and at an- other spot a garden devoted to every thing in the way of cacti. All these beautiful things are free to the tourist, whether he patronizes the hotel or not ; and I for one feel grateful to the millionaires for this sort of entertain- ment for everybody, without money and with- out price. ONLY 3 1 LEFT of the Doolittle "Scientific Queen-rearing" books that were slightly damaged by water during the fire in our building January 1st. Do you want one ? They are as good as new, except the covers, which are discolored some- what. We also have some of Prof. Cook's books left — of the slightly damaged kind— at these low prices to close out : Prof. Cook's " Bee-fieeper's Guide," only 6oc. Doolittle's Scientific Queen-rearing, only 50c. They are cloth bound, and latest editions If you want a year's sulsscription to the old Weekly American Bee Journal, with either or both of the above books, add 75c to your or- der This is a SPECIAL OFFER, and will last only so long as the slightly damaged books last. Better order AT ONCE if you want a bargain. Remember we are Headquarters in Chicago for Root's Bee-keepers' Supplies at Root's Prices. Catalog and sample copy of the American Bee Journal free. Ask for them. Address George W. York & Co., Chicago, Illinois. 144146 ERIE STREET. Tar Heel Apiaries THE BEST BEES KNOWN IN : AMERICA : TO-DAY. American Albino Italians. They have no superiors and few equals, as hundreds of bee-keepers testify. Untested queens, |1.00 ; 6 8.5 00. Tested queens, S2 00 each. Choice breeders, $5 00 to $10 00. Nu- clei, 75c per t,. frame — add price of queen 200 3-frame (I,.) nuclei for sale in May and June. Safe delivery insured always. Swinson & Boardman, Box 358, Macon, Ga. U- NEED -A GLOSSOMETER. It measures the actual reach of the tongue of a living bee to thousandths of an inch, also the capacitj' of the honey-sac; accu- rate, durable, practical. No rule or mag- nifying-glass needed. Satisfaction guaran- teed. Price $1.00 postpaid. Send for i2«f«« Circular, and learn how to get a glossom- eter free. High-grade queens of the Sweet- heart and other strains at reasonable prices. A. J. WRIGHT, Bradford, Steuben Co., New York. LONE STAR APIARIES Italian Queens. Estab'd 1885 Prices of queens from import- mothers : Tested, ■.L\k.-»-' «;1.50; 0, S6.50; 12, $12 00. ;. Untested, 75c: 6, $4.00; / 13, $7.00. Golden, same "■ price. Select tested of ^^T£_^ either race, $2.50 each. G. F. Davidson & Sons, Fairview, Texas. Long=tongued Qoldens. According to E. R. Root's measurements our breed- ers' bees show a reach of 20 and 21-hundredths inches. We are booking orders for breeders, to be delivered in August and September. These queens will produce bees showing 95 percent (or better) straight 5band- ers, and have a guaranteed tongue-reach of 19- hundredths or better; all queens large and prolific. Price $5 00; orders filled in lotation. Untested ones, this stock, ready June 1st, each 75c; 6 for $4 25; 12 for $8.00. Select warranted, $1.00. Tested, $1 25. Select tested, $2 00. Also have a fine stock of three-banded Italians at the same price. Give our stock a trial. Our motto— good queens and prompt attention to bus- iness. O. P. Hyde & Son, Hutto, Texas. Your Order for Queens — Tested and untested — will be promptly filled by return mail. Our strain of Italians is un- surpassed as honey-gatherers. Every queen guaranteed. Choice tested queens, $1.00 each; $12 00 per dozen ; choice untested, 75c ; $8.00 per dozen. Send for price list. Address . . J. W. K. Shaw & Co., Loreauville, La. Honey Queens. Have you noticed the change in my P. O. address? Did you know I am seeking to give my customers the best service possible? Did you know that I have as good or better queens than can be bought elsewhere? Many have found this out, and continue my best customers. Golden and leather colored honey queens, bred in separate apiaries. Bees, nuclei, and full colonies for sale. Price of queens — March and April — tested or untest- ed, each. $1 00; 6 for $5.00; $10 00 per dozen. Breeders, $2.50 to $5.00 each. — ADDRESS — W. H. LAWS, BEEVILLE. TEXAS. 1901====GoIden Italian Queens====190I Untested — April, May, and June — $1.00 each, or $11,00 per dozen; after June, 50c each, or $5.00 per dozen. Tested queens, half more. Breed- ing queens 83.00 and $4.00 each. W. P. Rock eggs from 94=.scoring birds at $1.C0 per 15. Cocks, $1.00 each. QEORGE W. COOK, - SPRING HILL, KANSAS. EARLY QUEENS FROM THE 50UTH We are rearing queens now in full colonies by the best methods known. Tested queen, $2.00. Untested, $1.00; 6, 5.00 ; 12, $9.00. Full colonies, $6.00; 3-frame 82.00; 2-frame, $1.50. Add price of queen to nucleus wanted. Write for discount on large orders, and cir- cular. Satisfaction guaranteed. Christian & Hall, Meldrim, Georgia. If you want the most prolific queens ; if you want the gentlest bees ; if you want the best honey-gatherers you ever saw, try my Albinos. Untested queens, $1.00 ; tested, $1.50. J. D. GIVENS, Lisbon, Texas. Albino Queens. 1901 GI.EANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 451 get the Profits No. 3034. Pri -c ith lealh quarter top Under our plan of selling carriages, buKgiesaiul harness, von tjet the protits. The jobber and retailer are cut out. By dealing direct with our factory, you pay only the cost ^,-T^^ maliins with a moderate profit added : and you take your choice from the biggest stock and fullest assort- ment. Our plan of Selling Carriages Direct insures satisfaction — your money back if you are dissatisfied. Our complete illustrated catalogne, showing many styles of high grade vehicles, harness robes, blankets ana norse equipments, with detailed descriptions of each, mailed free. THE eUl.rnBl'S CARRUCE and HARNESS CO. BE YOUR OWN AGENT anri J5i»tft» IVIr»Bte»\t- Every time you buy an article from an agent «ar«u ^tMW ivivnvym ^^. (jpaler you mu.st pay him a liberal coji- mission in addition to the actual ralue of the article. In many cases t;iis places au article beyon.l j our reach. WE HA VE NO AGENTS but sell viiu vehicles and llal■Me^': direct from; ;r factory ,aloprccf llWe are the largest manufacturer.'^ of vehicles "and harne?s in the world selling to the consu- mer exclusively. ^Ve make 178 styles of ve- hicles, and 65 of harness. Remember that we ship our goods anywhere for examination and Fancy Fody Top Busirv ; i3 complete guarantee safe delivery. a»d Shan. ^^^r^-V^:;:^::^. Etkhart carriage & Harness Mfg. Go., Write for Illustrated Catalcjue— FREE. W. B. Pratt, Secy. Elkhart, Indiana, No. 191. with siJe la Split Hickory Vehicles, and the best of it i^, the closer you examine them, the better you lil^e them. They are built right all the way through and they have" a hun- dred special feature^— ''little things" that add to their comfort, safety aiui durability found on no othei-. We sell 1 DIRECT FROM THE FACTORY Yousnveall agent's profit"?. We ship on approv.il. Yon don't rr-T^ keep it unless you think it a barg.'iin. Send for our Ve- Slx^ hide and Harness r.Ttalognc. It will sp.vf^ vou nionev. OHIO CARRIAGE MANUFACTURING CO., 27 W. Broad Street, CoKjmbus, Ohio. ! New Smith Premiers Nos. 5 ^^6. The No. 6 takes paper 183^ inches wide and writes lines 16 inches long. The No. 5 takes paper 1 1 inches wide and writes lines 93^ inches long. These new machines in essential mechanical principles are the same as Models Nos. 2, 3 and 4 — un- equaled. Write for Printed Matter Free. ♦ i \ I I i ♦ } ^ijpeuiiiber Co- 158 Prospect Street, Cleveland, Ohio. South Dakota Farms is the title of an illustrated booklet issued by the Chicago. Milwaukee and .St. Paul Railway, descrip- tive of the country between Aberdeen and the Mis- souri River, a section heretofore unprovided with rail- way facilities but which is now reached by a new line of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul R'y. Everyone contemplating a change of location will be interested in the information contained in it, and a copy may be had by sending a two-cent stamp to F. A. Miller, Gen- eral Passenger Agent, Chicago, 111. Career and Character of Abraham Lincoln. An address by Joseph Choate, Ambassador to Great Britain, on the career and character of Abraham Lin- coln— his early life — his early struggles with the world — his character as deveh ped in the later years of his life and his administration, which placed his name so high on the world's roll of honor and fame, has been published by the Chicago, Milwaukee, & St. Paul Railway, and may be had by sending six (6) cents in postage to F. A. Miller, General Passenger Agent, Chicago, 111. 452 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 15 sSSiaii ICES SS, MANAGER BUSINESS AT THIS DATE. Orders continue to come in good volume, and keep us l)usy. It is gratifying to be able to fill them as fast as they come. If we should have an old time honey- flow and a consequent rush of orders we shall try hard to keep up our good record. BEESWAX MARKET. Beeswax is coming in quite freely, and the prospect is that, iu-ide a month, we shall be reducing the price we pay bv one or two cents a pound. If you have any to dispose of you had better take advantage of the present market price. We are paying at present 28 cents cash, 30 cents in trade, for average wax deliver- ed here. If you want goods in exchange, and don't want to wait till wax reaches us, send us the shipping receipt from the railroad company, and give the num- ber of pounds shipped, and we will send on your or- der promptly. NO. 2 SECT.XONS. We have, during the past season been more partic- ular than sometimes in the past in the grading of our sections ; and a larger proportion have gone into the No. 2 grade because not considered white enough for No. 1. This policy has served to increase our stock of No. 2 g'ade as well as to improve the quality of this grade. Candidly we consider our No. 2 grade of sec- tions superior to any grade on the market ten years ago. They are, of course, not as white in color, but in every other particular they are superior. After all, the color is largely a matter of whim or prejudice. If many bee keepers who never used any but No. 1 grade could see the No 2, or try them once, they would use them more largelv. There are some sections of the country where only No. 1 grade is used. This is true of the Pacific-coast trade and export trade. Itismain- ly because of this fact that we have a surplus of No. 2 grade, especially of certain sizes. Our stock of .sections has been melting away very fast during the past few weeks, and we are now using new lumber and running our full capacity to keep or- ders up and make prompt shipment. Six weeks ago we had ov<=r two million No. 1 sections on hand, and over a million No. 2. We still have over a million No. 2, but of No. 1 we have less than a quarter of a million available for domestic orders, besides half a million for export. The No. 2 grade, of which we have a large surplus, consists of : -1^4^ <454'x2-in , 2 and 4 beeway. 4'4"-<-'/Jxl}g 2 and 4 beewav. 4MX4i/Xl^4 1. 2. and 4 beeway. 4'/iX4i4'Xl'^ plain. 3JiX.5Xli/^ plain. 4x5Xl?-i plain. The price is S3. 00 per 1000; 3000 for ffS 25 ; .5000 for $12 50; 10 000 for $23 50. Two years ago we could not supply as many No. 2 grade as were ordered. Send in your orders now, and see how promptly we can furnish them. Such a veteran bee-keeper as Doo- little uses No 2 grade sections because he prefers th« darker color of wood as it sets off better the white comb honey, and to save something in the price as well. Special Notices by A. I. Root. SEED POTATOES AS PREMIUMS; 500 BUSHELS TO BE GIVEN AW.AY As we still have a pretty fair stock of all kinds of seed potatoes in excellent condition, very little sprout- ing, many of them none at all, we make the follow- ing liberal offer to the readers of Gleanings: Any one who sends us 51.00 for Gleanings, past, present, or future, may have .50 cents' worth of pota- toes; or anybody who sends .*l 00 for potatoes may have Gleanings six months free of charge, or six months for every dollar that is sent for potatoes. Second, every old subscriber who sends us a new name, and introduces Gleanings into a family or lo- cality where it has not heretofore been going, may have $1 00 worth of potatoes for every dollar he sends us for Gleanings as above; or for every dollar you send us for potatoes on and after this date you may have Gleanings one year providing^ you introduce it into a new locality where it has not gone before. Now, please notice that the man who subscribed for Gleanings, even though he is new. does not have 81.00 worth of potatoes. His subscription must be sent from somebody 7iiho is al- ready a stibscriber. Of course, we do not care 'who has the potatoes. Each of you can have half, or they can go wheiever you choose. You will notice this exceedingly liberal offer is made in order to get Gleanings introduced into new homes and new neighborhoods. Last, but not lea.st, please bear in mind you must pay your own transportation. If you want potatoes sent by mail you must send the money for postage. As a rule it does not pay to have pota- toes sent by express. As small a quantity as a peck can be sent "by freight. This offer lasts only so long as the potatoes hold out. I presume our friends are aware that many of the most successful potato-growers prefer not to plant until June or even in July. In fact, up in the Traverse region I found the great potato grrwers wait till June before planting; and many of them plant clear up into July. In this way you get away from bugs and hot weather, and, as a sequence, you largely avoid the blight. Of cour.se, there is danger of an early frost; but such a frost is not much worse than the bugs, blight, and hot weather — that is, if you do not put off vour planting until too late. We submit our table of varieties once more in order that you mav have it all before vou. More than half of the .500 bushels are the Red River stock, Northern grown. Early Ohio. table of prices. KAME. Varieties are in order as regards time of ma- turing ; earliest first, next earliest second, and so on. Red Bliss Triumph, nvhite Bliss Triumph. . Earl.vOhio Earl.v Trumbull Bovee Early Vermont New Queen Lee's Favorite Freeman Twentieth Century. . State of Maine Maule's Commercial Carman No. 3 Sir Walter Raleigh.. New Russet New Craig _• -1 :3 IS a s a ■ s >> .o fc -P3 . M «H .£1 s XI (§ $, 18 $ 40 $ 3(1 $ 40 $ 75 $1.25 •>r. 5(1 35 50 85 1.50 15 H5 •2() 35 m 1.00 25 5(1 35 5(1 8.') 1.5(1 j5 ;-«> •M 35 m 1.00 15 H5 ai 35 fid 1.00 15 H5 «1 35 fid 1.(K) 15 H5 «1 35 fid I.IKI 18 40 3(1 40 'i'5 1.25 25 5() 35 ■ 50 85 1..50 15 H5 211 35 Hd l.(KI 18 4() 3(1 40 V5 1.25 15 H5 ;^i 35 fid 1.00 15 ;i5 «i ;« fid 1.00 15 :i5 •^1 35 fid 1.00 15 35 2U 35 fiO 1.00 m $3.00 3.50 2.50 3.50 2.50 2.50 •2.50 2.50 3.00 3.50 2.50 3.00 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50' * This is the same thing as Junior Pride. At present writing, seconds are all sold out except a few Early Ohio. We are also sold out entirely on Early Trumbull, Lee's Favorite, and New Queen, ex- cept a few seconds of the latter. CONVENTION NOTICE. The spring meeting of the Eastern division of the Northern Illinois Bee-keepers' Association will be held at the residence of B. Kennedv, 7 miles south- east of Rockford, 111., on rural route No. .5, and 3 miles northeast of New Milford, 111., on Tuesday, May 21, 1901. All interested in bees are cordially invited to attend. B. Kennedy, Sec'y. Minnesota Bee-keepers" Supply Mfg. Co., Manufacturers of Bee-hives. Sections. Shipping-cases, and Everything Used by Bee-keepers. Orders filled promptly. We have the best shipping facilities in the world. You will save money by send- ing for our price list. Adf^ress Minnesota Bee=keepers' fupply Mfg. Co.. Nicollet Island Power Building. Minneapolis, Minn. The A. I. Root Co.'s Goods shipped from Jackson, Mich. Root's extra- polished sections, foundation, hives, shipping- cases, etc. cheap. Send for list. W. D. Soper, R. D. 3, Jackson, Mich. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 453 AT ANY TIME- summer time or wiiitir time, tha BEST POWER for all purposes on the liiim, in th» dairy, creamery or (•llet'^e factory, LEFFEL ENGINE, They are very simple In construc- tion, and easy to run and keep In order. Are very econonuo of , fuel, are easy steamers and ■great power developers. pxhey are made both horizon- tal and upright with entrine mounted on boiler. Every- thing? is made of best material throughout. They are ideal for ^ cutting and grindint; feed, saw- 2ing wood, pumping; water, run- i^ ning cream separators, churns, Dntter workers, etc. Send stamp for Book on Power. JAMES L.£FF£L & CO., Box 8i), Sprinsfleld, O. »♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ tlAf^^l^JI HONEY, WAX, t MAPLE SUGAR, J SYRUP, AND ♦ f Wanted! ♦ POPCORN. ♦ — ♦ t A. L JENKS, 42 W. Market St., Buffalo, N ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ The Long Pole knocks the persimmon. The man best prepared out- strips his fellows. The bee with the long tongue can reach the /loney the short-tongued bee can't get. My bees are long-tongued, large vigorous, good workers, and gentle. Queens are »1 00 each; tested, 81.50; se- lected, 82 00; breeding, 83.00 and up; latter tested for tongue-reach, I'ffti to yj^'^ inch, E. R Root's method. I,ast August Mr Morrow bought queens from 8 of the most prominent queen breeders. He writes: " I put the second queen you sent me in a two-story hive last Saturday , and she is now laying in 10 frames, has an immense colony of bees, and they are gathering more honey than any colony I ever had in the yard. I would not take 825 for the colony."— Wm. H. Mor- row, 719 Temple Court, Atlanta, Ga. May 1, 1901. For particulars see free circulars. J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Pla. Red-clover Italian Queens. The great honey-gatherers; are bred for busines.s; satisfaction guaranteed. Untested queen, 60c; 2, 81.25. Warranted 80c; 2,81.50 Te.sted $1.'25 Select tested, 82. Estab'd 1872. C. M. Hicks, Hicksville, Md. Qll<^f»nc ^ have 150 fine tested three-banded UCC119. Italian queens for sale. They are last August queens, and their bees are fine honev-gather- ers. Tested, $1.25 ; select tested, 81.50 ; breeders, 82.00; untested, 75c each, or 88 00 per doz. I guarantee safe arrival, and satisfaction on every queen. I have been a queen-breeder for 12 years, and know what good queens are. J. W. Taylor, Ozan, Ark. E. R. Root says: "One cage . . . showed a mea- surement of .18 and ^}^^■. cage B showed a measurement of i'n''n and cage D Al,. . . If tongue-reach means an> thing, they ought to be good workers." They are three strains and are good workers. Queen circular free. W. A. H. Qilstrap, Grayson, Cal. FOR SALE. One 10 h -p engine and boiler (up- right boiler), one 18-inch planer, one Root saw- table. 30 ft. line-shafting, hanger pullevs, and belting. Will take 8250. J. W. Bittenbender, Knoxville, la. FOR SALE CHEAP.— 100 nearly new second-hand Hilton chaff-hives. For particulars enquire of L. C. Woodman, Grand Rapids, Mich. POR SALE CHEAP.— California bee ranch and 500 *^ colonies of bet s. Write for particulars, price, and easy terms. I. A . King, Almond, SanDiego Co., Cal. Fruit Packages of All Kinds. — AI^SO — BEE=KEEPERS' SUPPLIES. . . Order your supplies now before the busy season catches you. Price list free. Address BERLIN FRUIT-BOX COMPANY, Berlin Heights, - - Erie County, Ohio. WANTED.— Parties interested in ginseng culture to send 5 cts. in stamps for my illustrated catalog and circulars, giving valuable information about this plant. 500,000,OCO Chinese use it ; ea.sy to raise ; 300 per cent annually in profit. Book on culture, 81.00. Six years' experience. W. E. Boyce, Houston, Mo. Wants and Exchange. Notices will he inserted under this head at lOe per line. Vou must SAT you want vour ad. in this department, or we .vill not be responsible for any error. You can have the notice iS many lines as you please; but all over ten lines will cost you according to our regular rates. We cannot be responsible for dissatisfaction arising from these " swaps." WANTED.— To correspond with the party that has possession of the fire-arms formerly owned by the outlaws of Kansas, the Bender family. Address 216 Court St.. Reading, Pa. w ANTED.- apiary. 75 colonies of bees, to establish an out- H. G. QaiRiN, Parkertown, Ohio. W^ RANTED.— To exchange samples of honey. Before sending, state what you can use and what you have to offer. I have alfalfa, basswood, clover, gold- enrod, willow-herb, heartsease, horseraint, man- grove, marigold, mesquite, raspberry, sumac, and Cuban bellflower, from which I can furnish samples. I want to get samples of all other American and for- eign honevs of choice quality, true to name. Want also to exchange American and foreign stamps. A. L. BoYDEN, Medina, Ohio. WANTED.— To exchange bee-hives, sections, supers, etc.. for raspberry-plants or offers or cash. F. R. Davenport, Box .SSB, Kalamazoo, Mich. w ANTED, bees. -To exchange 500 L. frames (comb) for J. H. Stanford, I,arrabee, Cher. Co , la. w w ANTED.— To exchange 50M poli-shed sect ons (No 1, nice) for beeswax, at a bargain. W. H. Norton, Skowhegan, Me. WANTED.— 100 or 200 colonies of bees on shares or buy for one of my students, and 40 queens. Also chance for a man to learn trade; must have little ex- perience. W. L. COGGSHALL, W. Groton, N. Y.":; 'ANTED.— To buy 100 or more strong colonies of ■ bees on Hoffman wired frames ( 10 frame hives preferred) at some station on a Chicago R R., not more than 150 miles from that city. Price must be low, and colonies healthy. B. Walker, Evart, Mich. WANTED —Seed buckwheat and seed potatoes. I have a 84.5 00 strawberry-box stapling-machine, at 82500. Shop worn. Bee hives and supplies of all kinds at a bargain. W. H. Putnam, River Falls, Wis. WANTED.— To exchange an 8 in. York water-motor, little used; for second-hand I^. frame extractor. E. J. Baird, I,ock Haven, Pa. Black and Hybrid Queens for Sale. I have some good hybrid queens for sale at 30 cts. each Chas. D. Day, Siegfried, Pa. 454 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 15 Cur Advertisers. Mr. I,. W Fullerton, Wadena, Ind , writes the Ohio Carriage Mfg. Co. 27 West Broad St., Columbus, Ohio: " Received my sp'it hickory buggy to-day, and am very much pleased with it, and feel that I saved at least 2.5 per cent in price." We are sure every one of our readers will be pleased equally well. Send for catalog. One of the best booklets which has come to our desk is Seed Truth, issued by Northup, King & Co., Seeds- men, of Minneapolis, Minn., and which is sent free to those who wrile for it. Seed Truth not only offers valuable suggestions to those wishing to purchase seeds, but takes a strong stand against the exaggerations which characterize so many seed catalogs. Ten Days on Trial. In the past several years certain manufacturers and others, with that knowledge and unbounded faith born of experience have been sending out all sorts of things to the farmer to be first tried by him and paid for only after he is convinced of their merit, and satisfied with the bargain. So far as we know, how- ever, the Kalamazoo Carriage & Harness Co., of Kal- amazoo, Michigan, is the first firm in the United States offering to send out carriages, buggies, wagons, harness, etc., on this plan. Those of our readers who have followed their advertising as it appeared from time to time in our paper will have observed the prop- osition. The plan is to send any article which appears in this catalog to anybody, anywhere, on ten days' free trial. The purchaser orders the vehicle he may wish, and when it is shipped he goes to the railroad station, hitches up to it and drives home. He can use it in any legitimate way, and subject it to any test arising from reasonable use, for the space of ten days. If at the end of that time he is satisfied with the job, he simply pays the catalog price for it. If not, he ships it back to the factory. This appeals to us as being about as fair and open a method of doing business as it is possible to adopt It is certainly a most gracious compliment to the hon- esty and fairness of the farmers of our country. It gives them the opportunity to see and try just what they are buying, and to test it in every way before being obliged to pay for it. Certainly the manufac- turers who will offer their goods to people on such liberal terms have unbounded confidence in the value of their wares. We should expect under these condi- tions that the Kalamazoo Carriage & Harness Co. made only first-class vehicles, and trimmed and fin- ished them in only a first-class and enduring manner. Any of our readers who are in need of a vehicle or harness of any kind should write them at once for illustrated and descriptive catalog. They mail it free. S50.00 POP CORN. 100 seeds of this wonderful new Pop Corn for 25c and chance to compete for our cash prizes. Seed Due Bill good for 25c worth of other goods FREE with every order for Pop Corn. First-prize winner last year raised at the rate of 188 bushels per acre. We will pay $50 for-its equal in quality. Handsome seed catalog and free presents with every offer. C. Nl. Coodspeed, Skaneateles, N. Y. PfiPi Pnnn \ Xhekind that tones and keeps up the hen Cil'J ruwu . so that she .simply must lay. LEY'S POXTL- TRY CONDITION POWDER puts good red blood into poul- try veins; kills all disease germs; tones and nourishes fowls —big and little get all there is in the food when fed in eon- junction with it. Price 25c pkg.; 5 for .*]. Ley's Thorough- bred Minorca eggs, §1 for 13. Thoroughbred Belgian Hares. Greo. J. Ijoy, DPlcaironce, Ca.lifoz-xiia,. \\^ ANTED. —ALL TO KNOW that I sell my hives ~~ and Root's goods at Root's prices, and will pay $50 in three cash prizes for the best white honey ex- hibited at the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo this year, produced in Danzenbaker hives in New York State ; also the same for the three best lots out- side of New York State. Specific information given on application. F. DANZENB.\KER, Box 66, Washington, D. C. Mr. A. I. Root's Writings of Grand Traverse territory and Leelanau Co. are descriptive of Michigan's most beautiful section reached most conveniently via the Pere Marquette R. R, For pamphlets of Michigan farm lands and the fruit helt, address W. 0. Tousey, D. P. A. Toledo, Ohio. The Modern Farmer and Bnsy Bee. Emerson Taylor Abbott, Editor. A live, up-to-date Farm Journal with a Gen- eral Farm Department, Dairy, Horticulture, Live-stock, Poultry, Bees, Home and General News. The Editor has had practical experi- ence in every department of farm work. To introduce the paper, it will be sent to New subscribers one year for 25c. Sample copies free. Best Advertising Medium in the Central West. Clubbed with Gleanings for $1.00. ADDRESS Modern Farmer, St. Joseph, Mo. Belgian Hares I have some fine hares for sale at reasonable prices. F. Moore, : Tiffin, Ohio. S. C. BROWN LEGHORNS. T use well-striped breeding cockst. Eggs, $1.00. Cockerels, $1.00 and up. Also Italian bees. Circular free. H. M. MOYEK, Shanesvidle, Pa. EGGS $1 00 for 15 best Brown Leghorn or B. P. Rocks. Illustrated descriptive egg circu- lar free. H. B. Gekr, Nashville, Tenn. 1200 FERRETS. All sizes; some trained; first- class stock. New price list free. N. A. Knapp, Rochester, Lorain Co., Ohio. To make cows pay, use Sharpies Cream Separators. Book "Business Dairying" & cat. '288 free. W. Chester, Pa. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 455 l/P s EASY SPRAYING Nospiiver nia<1e t;;v.-s bettt't service thaTi tlicCeiiturj I!ut rel ^pruycr. Sub nitrptd braes cyllnJer, brass ball valves, evcrlabling plunger packing; automatic (ipilator, Ftreajeof cp.rat on, durability: fiee w iter ways it Is unequalled. Nevn fcorchesfdiage. Send for catalogue of full line of pumps andspravers. TlIE DKMIJiG CO., Halem. O. VfsternAffts. Ileninn & HDl)l>ell,niica'iO PLANERS The above cut shows one of our small Planers, of which we make twelve different styles and sizes. Also large Planers, Band Saws, Buzz Planers, Moulders, Wood Lathes, and all kinds of WOOD WORKING MACHINERY Send for Catalogue. The FRANK MACHINERY CO. Buffalo, n. y. Supposing You Could buy a cheap wire fence for a trifle less than yon can buy a Standard PAGE, would it pay ? Box S, - Adrian, Michigan. WH MAKE A GOOD WACON. Unless a watT'in lias g-nod \vlieels it ia -^^ ELECTBIC ^iiks are y;ond wheels and they make a wayon last indetiniteiy. They aie made lugli or low, any width of tire, to fit any skein. They can't get loose, rot or break down. Xhej last alway8.Catalogt'ree, Electric Wheel Co.. Bos 95 Qulncj. 1118, BULL- STRONG! ....PIG-TIGHT.... An llliiiciisfarnieisaidthataft- I er liarvest he had 1 ully 20U bush- jel.s of loose oats on the ground I that he could not secure any ben- |ertt from, because the fence 1 xround the field would not turn jhogs. Figure the loss for yourself, I He also paid, all this would have j been saved if he had used the jKitselman Woven Wire Coiled j Spring Fencei and the value livould liave gone a long ways I Cowards paying cost of the fence, I With the Duplex Machine 3any tarmercan make it liimself I at the actual cost of the wire. 3 Catalogue free for the asking. I KITSELMAN BROS. 3 Box D 31. Muncie, Ind. Barnes' Hand and Fool Power Machinery. This cut represents oui combined circular saw, which is made for bee- keepers' use in the con- struction of their hives, sections, boxes, et'c. JXlactiines on trial. Send for illustrated cata- logue and prices. W.F.&John Barnes Co., 545 Ruby St., Rockford = - III. Union Combination Saw /^ For Ripping;, Cross- cutting, Rabbeting Mitering, (irooving Gaining, Boring, Scroll- sawing. Edge - moulding Beading. Full line FOOT and HAND POWER niachin- ^ erv. Srnd /'i>r ca/alo^ A. SENECA FALLS MFG. CO., ^' 44 Water St., Seneca Fs., N.?, 456 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. The Best Bees. May 15 As I have several times mentioned in the editorial columns, my object in life is the good of bee-keepers. That I earn my living while thus engaged, makes me none the less sincere. lu my younger days I taught several terms of district school. After securing a school I forgot, for the time being, that I was earning money. I went in to teach those children, and do them all of the good that I possibly could. For weeks at a time the thought never came to me that I was working tor wages. I should be doubtful of the sue cess of a teacher who taught simply for money. Now I am working for the good of bee-keepers. As in the case of school-teaching, I have become so interested that I often forget that I am earning my living bv the work that I am doing. I should also be doubtful of the success of a bee-keeping editor who worked sim- ply to make money. With that object in view, there are other occupations in which he could engage to better advantage. I am trying to get bee-keepers to keep more bees, scatter them around the country, and learn to man- age them with the least possible labor. I am trying to get bee keepers to organize and secure the benefits of co-operation. I am trying to arouse them to the danger hanging over their heads from contagious diseases among bees, and to get them to bestir them- selves and rid the country of these plagues. I am also striving to show them the importance of improving their stock — that there is just as much difference in bees as in other stock. Not only this, but circum- stances have been such that I have been able to dis- cover what, I am thoroughly convinced, is a strain of bees that are the equal, if not the superior, of any bees in this country; and I am trying to scatter this stock through the country. As I have said before, that I am earning my living while thus engaged does not make nie any less sincere. These bees are dark, leather-colored Italians. They are gentle, industrious, and hardy, and cap their honey as white as do the blacks. No bees, that have had their tongues measured, have shown a greater tongue-reach than have these bees. While there is little doubt that length of tongue and superior honey- gathering qualities go hand in hand, it has not j'et been proved, while it has been proved that these bees are very superior, whether it is from length of tongue or not. The price asked for these bees is higher than for common stock, and ought to be; supe- rior stock always sells for more than common stock or scrubs. The Roots are now asking SIOOO for a queen whose bees show a tongue reach of 19 100; 815.00 for one whose bees show a reach of 20-100; and $25 00 for one whose bees have tongues measuring 21-100; and it is all right to ask these prices. I hope that Mr. Root will sell a lot of these queens, as the more such queens are scattered aiound the country the better stock will there be. Only a queen-breeder, or some one with a large number of bees, could afford to pay such prices, but the ordinary beekeeper can afford to pay the 81 50 that I ask for a queen; and, while I do not guarantee the length of the tongues of the bees that such a queen will produce, it is true that the mother of these queens produces bees having a tongue-reach of 21 100. Not only this, but I guaran- tee safe arrival, safe introduction, if directions are followed, purity of mating, and complete satisfaction to the extent that, if, for any reason, the purchaser desires to return the queen inside of two years, he can have his money back and 50 cents in addition to pay for his trouble. Besides this, there is a way in which one can get one of the queens for only one dollar, and that is in con- nection with a subscription to the Review. For 82.00 I will send the Review one year, and one of these queens. This offer is open alike to old and new sub- scribers. As my older readers know, I do not breed these queens myself. They are reared by a breeder who is neither in the North, nor in the extreme South, but whose name I do not give, simply because, if I did give it, the orders would go to him direct, and I would lose all of the advertising that I have done. A man has to be selfish to a certain extent, and it is all right that he should. I make in the neighborhood of 50 cents on each queen that I sell, and it is right that I should, but the man who buys one will make dollars where I make cents. W. Z. Hutchinson, Flint, Michigan. I. J. Stringham, 105 Park Place, New York City. Keeps in stock a full line of modern appliances for bee-keepers. SILK-FAOED VEILS. As good as any made ; 35 cents postpaid. Catalog free. Full colonies Italian bees, '16.00. Apiaries, Glen Cove, Long Island. I. J. Stringham, 105 Park Place, New York City. ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»»»»♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ Marshfield Manufacturing Company. Our specialty is making SECTIONS, and they are the best in the market. Wisconsin basswood is the right kind for them. We have a full line of BEE - SUPPIylES. Write for FREE illustrated catalog and price list. Marshfield Manufacturing Company, Marshfield, Wisconsin. ♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦» 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 457 1881 1901 PAGE & LYON riFQ. CO. We manufacture a full line of the latest BEE-SURRUES, Our motto is, '* Perfect Goods and Prompt Shipment." Send for our new free illustrated catalog. PAGE & LYON MFG. CO., New London, Wisconsin. g NOW READY 64-PAGE CATALOG OF EVERY THING BEE-KEEPERS NEED. Illustrated and fully described. Especially valuable to beginners for the information it contains. Send your address on postal and get it now. Established 1884. J. M. JENKINS, Wetumpka, Ala. '-^>m*t^».-^^mism^s^^if^'^i^p?^ii^^s^E^T-. iOaoQ! % SUPPLIES FOR THE WEST! 0 The latest and best in the line of I BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES kept constantly on ham We carry a full line and large stock of The A. I. Root Go.'s Good which we sell here at their factory prices. « ESTIMATES CHEERFUI.I.Y GIVEN. & CATAI.OG FREE. g ADDRESS S Jos. Nysewander, Des Moines, Iowa. g 710,712 W.GRAND AVE. NOW READY. LONG-TONGUED QUEENS! YARD NO. I. By special arrangements with THE A. I. ROOT CO. to furnish them queens, I have secured iheir assistance in procuring the finest breeding queens that a thorough knowledge of the bees of the country and money can procure. Among them is a select daugh/er of their $200 queen that they re- fuse to quote me prices on. Thi-> queen shows every superior quality of her mother. Her bees show an actual reach of 21-100 of an inch ; are large, gentle, and beautiful to look unon. MR. E. R. ROOT SA VS : "You have as fine bees as there are in the United States ; and with a direct cmss of their breeders you should be able to produce queens whose bees show a reach of 2.5-100 of an inch." 4®"Send for descriptive price li.st. From recent measurements I find I can war- want all tested and select untested queens to produce bees whose reach is 19-100 with an av- erage reach of 18 100 ; Select tested queens to produce bees whose reach is 20-100, with an av- erage of 19 100. Prices; Untested,- 81.00 ; 6, S5.00. Select un- tested, SI 25 : 6 S6 00. Tested. $1.50; 6, 18.00. Se- lect tested, «2.00 : 6, $11.00 - ■ • Bt-eeders, who-^e' best bees show a reach of 21-100, with an average reach of 20 100, S;3 00. Breeders, whose best bees show 21 100, with an average of 20!»^-100. $5.00. Breeder*, whose best bees show 22-100. with an average of 21-100 S7.00. I have di.'-covered 2 breeders whose best bees show 23 100 : these are too good to sell ; don't ask for prices. Imported Italian stock. Apiary No. 2. ' Im- ported queens, daughters atid grand-daughters. Golden, or o-banded Italian. Apiary No. 3. Breeders, select tested, tested, untested queens. W. O. VICTOR, WHARTON, TEXAS. QUEEN SPECIALIST. 458 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 15 WE WANT to sell you bee-supplies. Our line is all new and complete. Send for our illustrated catalog. It will convince you that our Dovetailed hive is the best on the market. Our prices are right and our service is prompt. Fred W. Muth & Co., S-W. Cor. Front and Walnut Sts. Cincinnati, Ohio. Dittmer's Foundation !!! Retail-=^Wholesale=°°Jobbing. I use a Process that produces every es- sential necessary to make it the best and MOST desirable in all respects. My PROCESS and automatic machines are my own inventions, which enable me to SELL foundation, and WORK WAX INTO FOUNDATION FOR CASH, at prices that are the lowest. Catalog giving FULL LINE OF SUPPLIES with prices and samples, free on applica- tion. BEESWAX WANTED. Cet the Best Queens. Evansville, Ind., Sept. 27th, 1900. The Jennie Atchley Co., Beeville, Bee Co., Texas: Dear Friends: — It gives me great pleasure to forward you this unsolicited testimonial regarding the merits of Atchley queens. The three (3) dozen queens pur- chased of you have made an excellent record for themselves. Not an Atchley queen among the twenty colonies lost during the severe drouth in July. I have bought queens from many breeders; and although the present crop is exceedingly short, the tiers of supers show where the Atchley queens are, and speak vol- umes for your method of queen-rearing. I find the progeny to be very gentle, strong-winged, uniformly marked, long-lived, of large .size, and last, but not least, the best honey-gatherers I ever had. I shall want 100 more next season. Yours fraternally, J. C. Wallenmeyer. QUS. DITTHER. AUGUSTA. WIS. Prices for Queens. Tested, 81.50 each; S8.00 for 6, or S15.00 per dozen. Untested, February, March, April, and May, $1.00 each; So. 00 per 6, or 89 00 per dozen Fine breeders, 85 00 each We have as good bees and queens as money and labor produce. We breed three-band Italians, Goldens, Carniolans, Cyprians, and Holy- Ivands, in their purity, bred in separate yards 6 to 20 miles apart. If you want the best, call for Atchley's improved strains. Safe arrival guaranteed. Send for a sample copy of " The .Southland Queen," the only southern bee-paper. 81.00 per year. To new sub- scribers we offer as a premium a nice untested queen in order to get out paper introduced. Catalog, giving queen-rearing and management of apiaries for profit, FREE. THE JENNIE ATCHLEY CO., Beeville, Bee Co., Texas. OPPLIES. Best-equipped factory in the West; car- ry a large stock and greatest variety of every thing needed in the apiary, assur- ing BEST goods at the I^OWEST prices, and prompt shipment. We want every bee-keeper to have our FREE IIvIvUS- TRATED CATALOG, and read descrip- tion of Alternating Hives, Ferguson Su- pers, etc. // 'rite at once for a catalog. AGENCIES : Trester Supply Co., 103 So. 11th St., I.in- coln, Nebraska ; C. C. Richards, 1223 17th St., Denver, Col. KRETCHMER M'F'6 CO., Red Oak, Iowa. 3mmmmmm.^m?mh*mm??mmmmm?mmmfmfmfmf!^*wf^ BINGHAM SMOKER. Dear Sir:— Inclosed find $1.75. Please send one brass smoke-engine. I have one already. It is the best smoker I ever used. Trnlv vours, Henry Sciimiht, Hutto, Tex. MADE TO ORDER Bingham Brass Smokers. Made of sheet bra.ss, which does not rust or burn out ; shoiild last a lifetime. You need one, but they cost 25 cts. more than tin of the same size. The little open cut shows our brass hinge put on the three larger sizes. No wonder Bingham's four-inch smoke-engine goes without puffing, and does not drop inky drops. The perforat- ed steel fire-grate has 381 holes to air the fuel and support the fire. Heavy tin smoke-engine, 4-inch stove, per mail, 11.50; 3%-inch ; I 81.10 ; 3-inch, 81.00 ; 2^-inch 90c ; 2-inch, 65c. Bingham smokers are I the originals, and have all the improvements, and have been the standard of excellence for 22 years. Only three larger ones brass. T. F. Bingham, Farwell, Michigan. 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 463 Contents of this Number. Alfalfa, Rambler on 470 Azaleas 485 Bees Not a Nuisance , 475 Bees, Starting in Sections 467 Bee-brush, Hammond's 475 Blue Curls of California 471 Blue-head among Bees 466 Colonies, Advantage of Strong 478 Covers for Hives in Colorado 467 Eaton, E. N., Report of 466 Editor Hiring Help in Michigan 479 Eggs, M. iling 466 Eucalvptus-tree 472 Florida, Editor in 483 Foundation, Improvement in 466 Foul-brood Lav^, Colorado 466 France, Report of 466 Goose Wing for Brushing 474 Greenhouse in March 486 Hans Pretzel's Interview 469 Honey, Amount Consumed in the South 466 Honey, To Load on Wagons 468 Increase, Doolittle on 473 lyawn-mower in Apiary 474 Rambler's Talk 470 Sections, Wetting, to Fold 467 Sorrel, Jamaica 484 Superseding Queens, Mania for ....474 Syrup, Feeding, in Fall 468 Tongues, Measuring 477 Honey Column. GRADING-RULES. Fanct.— All sections to be well filled, combs straight, firm ly attached to all four sides, the combs unsoiled by travel Btaln, or otherwise ; all the cells sealed except an occasional cell, the outside surface of the wood well scraped of propolis. A No. 1.— All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs straight ; one-eighth part of comb Burface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soiled j the out- side surface of the wood well scraped of propolis. No. 1.— All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs comparatively even ; one-eighth part of comb surface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soiled. No. 2.— Three-fourths of the total surface must be filled and sealed. No. 3.— Must weigh at least half as much as a full-weight section. In addition to this the honey is to be classified according to color, using the terms white, amber, and dark ; that is, there will be "Fancy White," " No. 1 Dark," etc. CITY MARKETS. Albany. — No demand for comb honey, with no receipts. Prices same as last quoted. MacDougal & Co., May 21. Albany, N. Y. Detroit. — Very little desirable honey in sight. The new crop will find the market well cleaned up. The demand is always light in this market at this season of the year. Prices are held as last quoted. Fancy white comb, 14@15; No. 1, 13@14; dark and amber, 10 @12. Extracted white. 6^@.7' dark and amber, 5@6. Beeswax in fair demand at 27@28. May 21. M. H. Hunt & Son, Bell Branch, Mich. Chicago. — Market is nominal in almost all lines. A little comb sells at 1.5@16 for choice white, with dark and amber grades ranging from 2c to 5c less. No movement of any consequence in extracted. All dealers seem to be expecting a lower range of prices. A little fancy white clover and basswood sells at 7@8. depending on flavor, quality, and quantity taken; ambers, 6f(*7; dark and buckwheat, 5@5J^. Beeswax steady at 30. R. A. Burnett & Co., May 20. 199 South Water St., Chicago, 111. Milwaukee. — The demand for honey is only local, and the limited supply of salable quality prevents the regular consumptive demand; and whenever a ship- ment of fancy grade comes to hand it sells very read- ily at 17(0)18, in 1-lb. sections, while the dark and lower grades do not move. We can now quote fancy l-B). sections, 17@18 ; No. 1, 16@,17; off grades nominal at 12@15 Extracted white, in cans and pails, 9@,9i/2; amber, in kegs, 7@7]4- Beeswax. 28@30. A. V. Bishop & Co., May 22. 119 Buffalo St. Milwaukee, Wis. Boston.— Our market continues dull on honey, with very light stocks on hand. Our nominal prices are as follows Fancy, 1-lb. cartons, 17; A No. 1, 16; No. 1, 15; No. 2, 12@14. Extracted, 654@7^. Blake. Scott & L,ee, May 21. 31, 33 Commercial St., Boston, Mass. New York.— There is little if any stock of comb honey on this market at the present moment, and the demand is very slight indeed. Market prices rule as follows : Fancy white, 15; No. 1 white, 13@14; No. 2 white, 11@12; mixed and buckwheat, 10. Beeswax, 28. Extracted honey of all kinds is ruling at low prices, with little if any demand. Francis H. L,eggett & Co., Franklin, West Broadway, and Varick Sts., May 22. New York City. Philadelphia.— Comb honey entirely cleaned out of this market, except some odds and ends that are sold at buyer's offers. Extracted honey, fancy white, 7; amber, 6. Beeswax, 27. We are producers of honey — do not handle on commission. Wm. A. Selser, May 23. 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa. Cincinnati. — No demand for comb honey, also sto.k of it well exhausted. Extracted very dull. Sales are more or less forced. Lower prices from ]4 to Ic per pound. C. H. W. Weber, May 20. 2146-8 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. W.\NTED. — Comb and extracted honey. State price, kind, and quantity. R. A. Burnett & Co., 163 South Water St., Chicago, 111. For Sale. — Extracted honey from alfalfa ; 60-lb. cans at 7 cts., and smaller cans. D. S. Jenkins, Las Animas, Colo. Northern Italian Queens Reared from Imported Mothers. Our s-tock is so carefully bred and selected as to secure carloads of honey. Locality free from foul brood and other bee - diseases. Prices: Untested queen, 81.00; 6 for S5.00; tested queen, 81 .50; 6 for $7.50; best imported quten, 86 00; fair imported queen, 85.00. Ada L. Pickard, Richland Center, Wis. The Long Pole knocks the persimmon. The man best prepared out- strips his fellows. The bee with the long tongue can reach the honey the short-tongued bee can't get. My bees are long-tongued, large, vigorous, good workers, and gentle. Queens are )fl 00 each; tested, $1.50; se- lected, 82 00; breeding, 83.00 and up; latter tested for tongue-reach, ,Vn to xSa inch, E- R Root's method. Last August Mr Morrow bought queens from 8 of the most prominent queen-breeders. He writes: " I put the second queen you sent me in a two-story hive last Saturda) , and she is now laying in 10 frames, has an immense colony of bees, and they are gathering more honey than any colony I ever had in the yard. I would not take 825 for the colony."— Wm. H. Mor- row, 719 Temple Court, Atlanta, Ga. May 1, 1901. For particulars see free circulars. J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Pla. Honey Queens. Have you noticed the change in my P. O. address? Did you know I am seeking to give my customers the best service possible? Did you know that I have as good or better queens than can be bought elsewhere? Many have found this out, and continue my best customers. Golden and leather colored honey queens, bred in separate apiaries. Bees, nuclei, and full colonies for sale. Price of queens — March and April — tested or untest- ed, each, $1 00; 6 for $5.00; $10 00 per dozen. Breeders, 82.50 to $5.00 each. — address — W. H. LAWS, BEEVILLE. TEXAS. 464 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. June 1 dJiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinniiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiin Notice!! THE A. I. ROOT CO. 1 wish to announce that they have from their branch at 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa., direct steamboat connections and very low rates of freight to the following States : Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, Delaware, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida. As this is a branch of the factory, prices are the same. Full colonies of Italian Bees, $6.00. Special discount in large quantities. ^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiniiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiniiiiiiiiMiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiMiiiiiin^ to, B. Lewis Company,?^ £ Watertown, Wis., U. S. A. % Xl/ FIVE ® DIFFERENT @ STYLES «« OF ® BEE-HIVES. /f\ 1> We will furnish you Willi the finest bee- keepers' supplies In the World. Send us your Orders and we will fill 'em promptly. Send for Catalog. W \lu \li Hi \ki \b ^. \Hi Lewis' • White • Polished • Sections • are • Perfect, /j* ^ * • k- BRANCH : G. B. Lewis Company, 19 South Alabama Street, Indianapolis, Indiana. Mjk VU An-RNCTRS ■. I.. C. Woodman. Grand Raoids. Michiean : Fred W. Muth & Co.. •'• \4i> 'ikf Colorado ; E. T. Abbott, St. Joseph, Missouri, Special Southwestern Agent. ^Bl BRANCH : G. B. Lewis Company, 19 South Alabama Street, Indianapolis, Indiana. AGENCIES: L. C. Woodman, Grand Rapids, Michigan; Fred W. Muth & Co., Southwest Cor. Walnut & Front Sts., Cincinnati, Ohio ; Fred Foulger & Sons, Ogden, Utah ; Colorado Honey-producers' Association, Denver, Col.; Grand Junction Fruit-growers' Association, Grand Junction, Colorado ; Robert Halley, Montrose, Colorado ; Pierce Seed and Produce Company, Pueblo, Colorado ; E. T. Abbott, St. Joseph, Missouri, Special Southwestern Agent. BEE-SUPPLIES ! ROOT'S GOODS ROOT'S PRICES G. H. W. Weber, Cincinnati, Oliio. 2146-2148 Central Ave. \ NEW and complete stock for 1901 now -^^ on hand. I am The Root Company's representative for Cincinnati and sur- rounding territories You save TIME and FREIGHT CHARGES by having goods shipped from here. Convenience of railroad facilities here enables me to do so. Before buying elsewhere, write for my prices and catalog, which will be mailed you free of charge. ■^JoURHAlJ •ANdHoNEY «J\HD HOME. •JNTE-FIEST^ Cbhshedy theA ll^ooY Co. Vol. XXIX. JUNE I, 1901. No. II. Colorado State Bee-keepers' Association has 207 members. What other State can match it ? I NEVER WORE a plug hat, and couldn't be hired to wear one. And now just see what a deep-laid scheme the editor has concocted (p. 431 ) to inveigle me into wearing one of the abominations ! H. G. OSBURN reports taking 40,500 lbs. of honey with an increase to 105 colonies. That's a big thing in any case ; but it makes a good deal of difference whether he started with 104 colonies or with 4, and he doesn't mention the number at start. H. G. OSBURN and you are not so far apart as you think, Mr. Editor, p. 432, as to the working force of a colony. You are talking about the total population, and he's talking about the field force. You can tell that by his sending all afield. Very i,evei.-headed is this advice to be- ginners given by Editor York: " First get and read a good bee-book thoroughly, then get the bees. Then read your book again. Then you will be ready for a good bee- paper, and, very likely — more bees." If you clip the large wing of a queen on one side, it will change her looks so little that a hasty glance will not show that she is clip- ped at all. But just on that account I clip both wings on one side, for I want to see at a glance, as the queen runs over a comb, wheth- er she is clipped or not. Iv. Stachelhausen, in Southland Queen, thinks it an error to teach that, because the winter in the South is warm enough for bees to fly more, bees consume more. They don't fly unless they can gather. From the last flower in fall to the first in spring. Southern bees consume less than Northern. "How CAN oueenS be forced to lay in queen -cell cups?" is given in Southland Queen as one of the topics for discussion at a convention. Can they? [Forcing queens to lay in queen-cups — why, it seems to me we should do well if we could get them to lay, to order, in natural cups made by the bees them- selves. In fact, I do not know that we are sure that they ever do so of their own sweet will under any circumstances. — Ec] The Colorado foul-brood law is somewhat circumstantial. If you know of foul brood anywhere, and fail to report to the inspector or secretary of State association, you're sub- ject to a fine of $5 00. If you conceal the fact that your own bees have foul brood, you may be fined §20 to !?50, or imprisoned one to two months. About right too. [I never noticed this provision in the law ; but it is a very good one, and ought to be in every law designed to suppress foul brood or similar contagious dis- eases.—Ed.] I don't know for sure all about it, but I thi7ik the old -comb discussion has been some- thing like this: Some years ago it was the common thing across the ocean to teach that combs should be renewed when they became a few years old, and I do not remember that any on that side opposed such view. It was copied and commented upon here, and that started the discussion here. I don't know, but I suspect the discussion on that side arose from reading the discussions in American journals. But the advocacy of old-comb re- newal is of trans-Atlantic origin. The blue-head is a disease of the brood, named in Deutsche Imker aus Boehmen. Scattered among the sealed brood are pupae, either unsealed or with holes in the sealing. The pupae are dead, and have blue or white heads, or heads spotted white and blue. Turn the comb on its side, and many of these pupae fall toward the opening. While the disease is not very malignant, and perhaps not con- tagious, the diseased colony makes poor head- way. [Why, doctor, aren't you and those oth- er people making a blunder ? See what is said about " bareheaded " brood on page 57 of the ABC book. I should say there was nothing the matter with the pupae at all, even if they do fall toward the opening when you tip the comb over. I have seen exactly what you de- scribe, and have kept careful watch, and the 466 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. June 1 bees hatched out all right just as well as those that were capped over. — A. I. R.] Arthur C. Mii^ler has the joke on me. On p. 325 I quote him saying, " If there is any class of people who seem prone to only half observe and to jump at conclusions, it is the bee-keepers," and then I reproach him by saying that, if he would "observe" more carefully himself he would find the observers all right, but the things observed, elusive. Now he comes back at me by saying that, if I had "observed more carefully" myself I would have seen that he made that identical remark right after the words I had quoted. And I don't know of any satisfactory reply to make. SwarThmore, in Rocky Motmtahi Bee- Journal, reports success in obtaining early drones last year, by having drone eggs mailed to him from the South, and giving these eggs to queenless colonies. If eggs can be suc- cessfully mailed, there might be a traffic in eggs from choice queens for queen-rearing. [Something like twenty years ago we used to send worker-eggs from a choice queen by mail, and succeeded in doing it very nicely up to a distance of 100 miles ; but beyond that we never had any success. I should have said that it would be impossible for Swarthmore to get drone eggs that would hatch, from a distance of three hundred miles. —Ed.] The question whether extracting-combs should be cleaned out by the bees in the fall has had a thorough discussion in Revue In- ternationale. Reviewing the testimony, J. Crepieux-Jamin says it is remarkable that the advocates for fall cleansing offer the sole ar- gument that the honey not cleaned out will ferment. The chief argument on this side, I think, is the granulation of particles left to hasten granulation in the next year's crop — an argument of double weight when applied to unfinished sections. [I think the only reason why we in this country prefer to have our extracting-combs cleaned out by the bees is, as you suggest, to prevent the accumulation of particles of granulated honey. But in Europe there may be localities where these wet combs will ferment. — Ed.] Sometimes it is said that a beginner gets a yield of honey that he never after equals, be- cause his first enthusiasm is gone. I believe that's a libel on many of the veterans. A bee- keeper may ride his hobby so hard as to kill it, but they don't all do it. Just forty years ago I took the bee-fever, and the temperature is just as high now as it was then. I'm look- ing forward to some things I want to do with bees next summer with just as keen a relish as I had forty years ago. The extra results achieved by a beginner are largely to be cred- ited to the fact that he has a small number of colonies, and so the bees have a better har- vest. [Your last sentence explains it. In the ABC book the statement is made to the effect that the average yield per colony will be much larger in a small apiary, remote from any other yard of bees, than in larger apia- ries.— Ed.] j^*#SgA^^#^^C^^C^aCBft:sflt^«^ftS^gilV-^ \ ^^CKlISTGS \tZ^OMf)Vfl NEIGHBORS FIELDS. ::^ ~ ■i/Br'iJSTCisoO:"' *^ Four weeks ago we shoveled snow That drifted deep all over ; And now to-day where frost held sway We move great heaps of clover. " Diseases of Bees and Legislation " is the succinct title of the report of N. E. France, Foul-brood Inspector of Wisconsin. It con- sists of an exceedingly detailed description of foul brood in all stages, together with the best known methods to arrest its ravages. It also treats on pickled brood and black brood, and dysentery and other diseases of the bees, and gives an account of the present state of legis- lation relative to these diseases in the United States. The subject of adulterated honey is well treated. No price for the book is given. All wishing a copy should apply to Mr. N. E. France, Platteville, Grant Co., Wis. Mr. F. Greiner writes : The Bee-keepers' Society of Erfurt, Germany, will hold its 50th anniversary this summer. An interest- ing exhibition is planned in count ctiou with this con- vention or celebration. Bee-keeping of a hundred years ago is to be shown. One hundred and fifty stands of bees will be on the ground, which will be prepared and started for the heath in Thuringia at the close of the festivities. A portable apiary of 30 colonies (wanderwagen) will also be on exhibition. Mr. Greiner also adds the following rtlative to an improvement in comb foundation : Lorence Horvat, of Austria, speaks of a new style of comb foundation in a recent number of the Central- blatt. He describes it as having notched cell-walls instead of the smooth, and says, when this new foun- dation was first brought out the claim was made that the bees would more readily draw it out into combs, but he did not take much slock in it. Since then a test has been made at a bee-keepers' institute, held at Vienna last summer, as follows : Three brood-frames were filled with new-style, three others with old-style foundation. The six were inserted in the brood-nest of a good colony, bees between brood-combs, alternat- ing them with the frames of foundation. When an examination was made 24 hours later, it was found that the three frames of new-style foundation had been drawn out into combs, and eggs had already been deposited in a few cells. The three forms of ordinary foundation had hardly been touched by the bees, although they had been given an equally favor- able position in the hive. A number of trials of this kind were made, but turned out practically the same in each instance. Our thanks are due to E. N. Eaton, State Analyist of Illinois, for a copy of the report of the State Food Commissioner, Mr. Alfred H. Jones. As a copy of it can be had (free, I think) by addressing the Illinois State Food Commission, Room 1623, Manhattan Build'g, Chicago, it will not be necessary to say much about it, except that it shovfs the result of the analyses of nearly every thing used as food in that State (or perhaps all States), such as milk, cheese, extracts, butter, ice, honey, vin- egar, etc. Even a hasty glance at its pages shows a very strange feature of our life. It seems as if adulteration of the most unblush- ing kind were the fate of nearly every thing the people of Illinois get to eat. Of course 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 467 this is not really the case, but it is true to a fearful extent, as the laws against adultera- tion fully attest. Fortunately sugar and flour seem to get to us in a pure state, as their adul- teration is difficult, and the things themselves are about as cheap as any adulterant could be. Liquor-sellers have long been styled the " poi- soners-general " of the people ; but they must certainly share that honor with the adultera- tors of food stuffs which all niusi buy, while they can get along without the liquor. Mr. Eaton will be remembered with gratitude by bee-keepers as the one who made such a vig- orous attack on the adulterators of extracted honey in Chicago two years ago. Concerning this matter I quote the following : Pure honey may be defined as the nectar of flowers, transformed, and stoied in a comb by the honey-bee. Extracted or strained honey is the same article re- moved from the comb by man, usually by centrifugal force. Comb honey can be adulterated only by the bee, which seems to have a patent on capping the cells. Extracted honey, next to vinegar, is more universally adulterated than any other staple food products. In Minnesota, before the honey clause was added to the Food Statute, about 3,3'3 per cent of extracted honey proved to be adulterated. In Illinois, about the same ratio of adulteration was proven to exist. Last year a committee acting for the National Bee- keepers' Association secured a large number of sam- ples in Chicago. Being at that time employed in commercial work I examined the samples for the Association and found that more than .50 per cent were adulterated. This month (Dec. 1900) finds extract- ed honey again seeking the winter trade. Inspector Mrs. Frank Hubbard has visited many stores in Chi- cago, and reports finding very much less extracted honey offered than the year before. This is owing to the enforcement of State law requiring the labeling of adulterated honey, thus driving a dishonest com- petitor from the market. While none of the samples taken this winter ha.ve as yet been analyzed, many of them are of those brands which proved genuine in former analyses. The most common adulterant of honey is glucose, although adulteration with cane sugar and invert sugar is possible, and sometimes practiced. The adulteration thus ir\r discovered on the Illinois mar- ket has been of the cheapest and most gross kind — glucose flavored with a small slice of honey in comb. See also page 652, 1899. STARTING BEES INTO SECTIONS. Hiving Swarms on Full Combs and Starters; Hive- Covers; some Peculiarities of the Colorado Climate ; Welting Sections for Folding. BY M. A. GILIv. In advising the use of an extracting-super to start to work in sections, are you not aware that thousands of us bee keepers do not have an extracting-super on the place ? I would advise any bee keeper working for comb hon- ey to exchange supers with colonies that are tardy about working in sections with one that has raa.A& a good start, a.nd be sure to carry along some of the comb-builders (young bees) which are the last to leave the super. The colony given the super with full sheets of foundation will at once resume work, from the force of the same habit you say they have acquired by the use of your extracting-super. Dr. Miller asks you how many days after the extracting-super is given before they will start work in the sections. I would say that depends upon two conditions — namely — the condition in the brood-chamber, and the other condition in the field. If the brood-chamber is full of brood, and running over with bees, and the conditions in the field are such that honey is coming in, they will start at once ; otherwise they will wait until these conditions do exist, even if it takes all summer. I prefer to work for those conditions that force the bees into the sections, rather than to bait them, although I have just finished filling 500 supers with drawn comb for the first round. On page 239 Dr. Miller advises using full combs and dummies to hive swarms upon. Some one has said starters for the expert, and full sheets of foundation for the novice, in hiving swarms, but never full frames of comb when working for comb honey. Somehow my experience just fits the above advice, and I feel like saying amen to it. If I have full combs for young swarms I cut them out and make them into wax, leaving from one to two inches of comb along the top-bar ; this strip will be stored full of honey within a very few hours after hiving, and then you have just the proper condition for getting honey in the sec- tions, for the bees will commence building comb upon each side of these narrow combs of stored honey, and the queen will occupy the new comb being built in the brood-combs; and the honey coming in is thus forced into the sections. I frequently get two supers of comb honey by the time the brood-chamber is filled. Some will say I will get too much drone comb built. If the queens are old, and will perhaps be superseded that season, such will be the case. But there will be a time the next season, between hay and grass, which, in fact, is just the time for spreading brood, when these combs will be empty or nearly so, if kept at the outside of the hive ; then take them out and exchange with full sheets of foundation. This is the only time I use full sheets in the brood chamber when working for comb honey. The combs taken out are made into wax. There are certain times when the construction of comb is not as expensive as some have been led to believe. As a rule, I think bee-keepers could make much more wax than is made. On page 233 you speak of a new cover you have adopted for hot climates. Along this line I wish to say that the best flat cover ever put out for this climate was the old y& inch thick, with grip on each end. and painted on both sides so as to be reversible. The Hig- ginsville and Danz. covers are not the thing for this climate, and neither will be the cover you have adopted, as I understand it is simply your old flat cover covered with paper. Here we winter out of doors, and sealed covers are not the thing. With two or three thicknesses of burlap, and an air chamber, our bees win- 468 GLEANINGS IN BEE CUIvTURE. June 1 ter nicely. Again, we need the air-chamber badly, on account of the summer heat, as shade is not practicable here in many of our out-apiaries, and for my part I don't want it. Last season I bought 100 of your Colorado covers. They gave the best of satisfaction during the summer, and every one of the 100 colonies under them has wintered nicely. Last season, during the heat of midday, when the bees would be driven out of the supers under flat covers, the supers under Colorado covers would be full of bees, and comb-build- ing going on undisturbed. But there is too much wood surface and too many nail-heads for the sun to get at for them to last. Re- member, there is no nail-puller invented like the Colorado sun. No wonder the microbes kink up their backs and quit when it strikes them. Why, I heard a "lunger" from the East say last summer that he dried out so that his shin bones and short ribs rattled when he walked. What we want is some kind of cover with an air-chamber like the Colorado cover, and that covered with something to keep it from the sun. I have adopted a cover with a rim nearly like the Colorado cover, so as to give two inches of air-space, and covered with roofing -paper (Neponset), and painted two coats of lead and oxide of zinc. They are neat and attractive, water-proof, and I think they will stand, say, ten years, and perhaps longer. I have a notion to send you one. I saw covers yesterday covered with old second-hand duck, and painted well, that have stood 12 years, and they are absolutely water- proof yet. They are made with % -inch rim and yz-xnch. thick top, and poor lumber can be used. In wetting sections I use a fountain syringe. Don't hang it too high ; take the " shut off " in left hand to control the stream. In this way I can wet a crate of 500 sections, ready for immediate use in a moment, and can cut 500 (full sheet) starters with a miter -box and a sharp scalloped bread-knife in the same length of time. Longmont, Col. [I am well aware that many do not have ex- tracting-supers. Perhaps the full-depth brood- nest might answer the purpose of drawing the bees above ; but if I did not have extracting- supers I would get a few and use them exclu- sively for getting stubborn colonies to working upward. As fast as the combs are sealed I would extract them and put them back into use. The new cover that we have in mind for hot or dry countries, and which we shall probably put out for another season, will be a good deal like the ordinary flat cover in appearance. It will consist of two thicknesses of boards about y% inch thick, separated by three narrow strips of wood, one in each end and one in the mid- dle. The top will then be covered with Ne- ponset red-rope roofing-paper. On each end will be nailed the ordinary grooved cleats such as are used on flat covers that were sold so ex- tensively a few years ago. The side edges of the paper will be held in place with side cleats, and the top surface of the paper will be kept from wrinkling by means of large-headed tacks. When completed it vdll look very much like a single-board flat cover, except that it will be covered with paper. Such a cover will have the advantage of being light and strong, with dead-air spaces. All that you say about the ability of the Colorado climate to pull nails out of hives and covers is too true. When I came back from your State I made up my mind that the covers and hives would have to be of special con- struction to stand such exacting conditions ; and, as a consequence, we made a special cov- er for our Colorado trade. But if the bee- keepers of your State would be willing to pay the price, it strikes me that drive-screws should be used instead of nails — I mean screws that are driven by means of a hammer. These, I think, would hold their place, providing, of course, the stuff had been properly seasoned in Colorado before nailing together. Stuff that is seasoned in the East, and then sent to Colorado, will season still more. I am quite prepared to believe that a cover of duck well painted would last for years on hive-covers ; but I see no reason why good roofing-paper like Neponset would not give equally good results, and save money in the investment. The perfect hive-cover for Colo- rado is yet to be made, I believe — yes, and for Cuba and all other countries that have special conditions that are very different from those of the northern part of the United States. — Ed.] COMB HONEY— HOW TO LOAD ON WAGONS. Feeding Thin v. Thick Syrup in the Fall. BY H. D. BURREI^I.. I agree with Dr. Miller about the placing of hives of bees on wagons for moving, referred to on page 908, Dec. 1st ; that is, the combs should extend across the wagon. On ordina- rily good roads there is considerable side shak- ing to wagons ; and if roads are rough or much cut up by ruts the side-to-side strain on combs is serious, as first one wheel and then another drops into a hole. With careful driv- ing there are few sudden jars forward or back- ward, even when there are hills. In an expe- rience of over 20 years I have moved a great many bees on wagons, distances varying from a few miles to over 25, and with very little in- jury to bees or combs. Formerly I thought it necessary to fasten loose hanging frames in hives, but soon found even that unnecessary, unless the combs had been handled and brace- combs broken a short time before the moving. In moving bees on cars the worst strain is endwise of the car, in starting and stopping, and the combs should be lengthwise of the car. On page 869 the old subject of preparing syrup is referred to. Is it not possible that the inexperienced may be misled by such di- rections ? In most localities there is more or less honey gathered from fall flowers, and in most cases it is not possible to tell how much 1901 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 469 feeding will be necessary until this fall bloom is gone, often not till October. Then it would be hardly safe to feed thin syrup, and depend on the bees to ripen it into good winter stores. The nights then are usually cool, and bees work slowly ; and it is not best to stimulate brood-rearing so late in the season. Very young bees are apt to winter poorly. One winter I had about 50 colonies starve after they had been fed with sugar syrup, which hardened in the combs. The thin syrup is all right fed slowly in August ; but after Sept. 15th I would by all means feed a syrup of nearly the consistency of good ripe honey. About 10 lbs. of the best granulated sugar, boiled with 4 lbs. of water, is about right in my experience. To prevent granulation, mix thoroughly in at least a fourth as much good extracted honey, or, if that is not convenient, for each 10 lbs. of sugar dissolve in a little warm water one even teaspoon ful of tartaric acid. Feed the syrup quite warm, and enough at one feed if possible. South Haven, Mich. [As to the matter of feeding where the food is to be given late in the fall, I have and do advocate making it thicker. But better — far better — feed early, and make the syrup thin. Here is something further on the loading question, from Mr. Greiner.--ED.] LENGTHWISE OR CROSSWISE. BY F. GREINER. In an article on moving bees, written for the American Bee Keeper, I made no special men- tion of how the hives should be placed on a wagon. I thought it was well understood that the combs should run crosswise of the wagon. I am somewhat surprised that the editor should think differently. The roads in and around Medina may be so excellent, and come so near the steel roads, that it is practi- cal to carry the hives lengthwise, and he may, therefore, have come to the conclusion that that is the proper manner. Here with us, even when the roads are the finest, the side shake is more severe than the jerking end- wise, and I would not think of loading comb otherwise than across the wagon. Our land here is not as level as that around Medina and Marengo. Mr. W. F. Marks says the most of it lies " up and down," and still I find it safer to carry hives with their combs crosswise. Half -story hives with loose hanging frames I often carry without fastening the frames, which I am sure I could not do with frames running lengthwise. The moving on a sleigh is a different thing. There is no side motion worth noticing, but the jerk endwise is severe; so I always load the hives with frames run- ning lengthwise as we would load on railroad cars. I believe it would be safe to lay down a rule thus : For moving on sleigh or car, load with the frames running lengthwise. For moving on a wagon, load with frames running crosswise. On a very smooth road it will do no harm to have combs run lengthwise with the wagon, and I would load as most convenient. Naples, N. Y. [And here is something further. — Ed.] In regard to the instructions on your cau- tion-cards, we might say that we have always considered that the part which refers to load- ing honey on to wagons was wrong. The side bumps on our road to market are, we believe, a thousand to one end bump, and consequent- ly we have always loaded our honey with the edge of the comb pointing toward the wheels. This brings the crates crosswise of the wagon, and also economizes room. How many crates could you get in an ordinary wagon-box if loaded as directed on the cards ? Mr. Byron Walker's caution-cards have the instructions right, as we consider it, and he evidently thinks so too. Dr. Miller says, p. 908, that on good roads the side shake is more ; and we want to add that it is the same on bad roads. We have to travel several miles to market, over the worst broken corduroy road in the country. Sanilac Center, Mich. W. J. Manley. [This is quite in line with other evidence that we have been having from time to time, especially with the Stray Straw on this sub- ject, page 326. I think we may set it down now as a fact that comb honey should be load- ed crosswise in a wagon, and lengthwise on a car. Our printers have had instructions to change our printed labels accordingly. — Ed.] INTERVIEW WITH HANS PRETZEL. BY CHAI,ON FOWLS. There is that scattereth and increaseth yet more ; and there is that withholdeth more than is meet, but it tendeth only to want.— Prov. U : 24. My next call was on an old German back in the country, whom I will call Hans Pretzel, because that isn't his name. On approaching the house I found my way barred by a big bulldog ; but the owner soon appeared, say- ing- " Veil, veil, veil; vy don'd you come in, Mr. Fowls ? Looks like you vas pashful." "Well, you see, Hans, your dog looks so big that I feel small. Say — he looks as though he could see clear through me. May be he knows that I came after money." " Vy, mine goot gracious, Mr. Fowls; I nefer taut as you would pe after my monish. What have you now in your hedt ? " "Oh ! I want you to subscribe for Glean- ings, and join the Bee-keepers' Association." " Nit ; my bees do netting dis year. I haf notting to fool away on dem vellers." "Yes; but you have got the bees, and ought to keep posted, so you can get a good price when you do get a crop, and we may get a good crop next season." " Nix ; I vill no more fool away good mon- ish in handt for dat good-for-notting bird mit de bush ; he vill prob'ly pe un old crow when I get him." 470 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. June 1 " Why, how do you make that out, Hans ? " " Veil, ven I got someding, den first ting I know I don'd ain'd got it. Ven I taut I got a big brice for my honey, I youst gif it away. Dem shneaks in de city stheal de whole shoot- ing-match. Say — I like now pretty bad, ven I could set my dog Bose on dem vellers." "You seem to have a good deal of confi- dence in your big watchdog." " Yaas, I eats him veil and he keeps me vatch." " Well, that just illustrates what our associ- ation would do for you if you would support it. It would be like your big watchdog, ready to protect you from these commission sharks and other enemies." " Veil, veil ; may pe so ; but I don'd like to pay monish for someding I don'd got alret- ty." RAMBLE NO. i86. Some New Facts Relative to Alfalfa. BY RAMBI^KR. Perhaps with only two seasons' experience with alfalfa as a honey- factor I should hold my peace. I am, however, inclined to give my experience so far as it goes, and will. My first crop of honey from alfalfa was se- cured in Scott Valley, in the extreme northern portion of the State. The first cutting for hay was early in July ; the next, late in Au- gust. Upon both growths there was a profu- sion of flowers, and the farmers allowed it to stand several days in bloom, and the bees se- cured a fair honey crop of excellent quality. It was stated by the bee-keepers of the val- A DOIvLAR CLOSE BEFORE THE EYES WII