UMASS/AMHERST 2066 0333 2715 0 ::s;ffi;:^?;*;0lfS^^^^ ■M^;^§^^0$ir^:. '..'*- 's^''>- ■ ^- ■:* '■ ^ ^f^ '"■'*'- sM- ^"^ "^ '"*''• kj -»f " ' / DDaDnanDDDDDDDDnaDnDnnnDDanDDnDD B ° D ^^J^^'c^l^ •^? ^ ^hmi of 11^ f U ri '^ J^ DDDnDnDnDnaaDDDnanDDDDaDDDDDnDDn ^ ^ '^j-l >^^\ & '•/r, ^- 4^ "W -.^^ ^4-^ ^W VOI^ *r^ ^W -fc?^. l-- >l^a^^^;^^- i.^ V .'!^. ^^.' Uv^ivt. ^ Nll\SSACHuSETTS ^ 3 S, 0 r Q-4-7 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Contents of this Number. Abbott Scores Stahl 10 Adulteration. York on 10 Apiicots, Rambler on 11 Arizona, Kdiior in 19 Brood, Dead, and Sulphuric Acid 23 Carbolineum, Uses of 7 Comb-honey vSlnnders 16 Combs, War on Stationary 10 Dadant at Pari-^ Convention 7 Dzierzon and Movable Frames 10 Foul Brood, Rambler on 11 Ginseng 29 Honey, Comb, Proof of Purity 9 Honey, Getting out of Brood-nests 23 Improvements, .Slowness of 9 Inspector's Troubles 10 Introiluction, Wood's Plan 9 Jessie Strawberry 28 Jouncers, Rambler on 11 L,anip for XTncapping 7 I^ight Color and B ack Blood 8 Mountains, Use of 7 Potatoes, Planting Close 28 Queen<, European Mistake 8 ■ Rambler L,eaves California 11 Section, Tall v. Square 8 Set v. Sit 9 vSports or Freaks 8 Tongue Measurements 8, 17 Tongue Reach v. Length 7 Travels, Future Write-ups l-i Wintering Bees under Snow 14 Honey Column. GRADING-RULES. Fanct.— All sections to be well filled, combs atrciight, firm- ly attached to all four sides, the combs unsoiled by travel- stain or otherwise ; all the cells sealed except an occasional cell, the outside surface of the wood well scraped of propolis. A No. ].— All sections well tilled e.xcept the row of cells next to the wood ; combs straieht ; one-eiKhth piirt of c.-mb surface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soiled ; the out- side of the wood well scraped of propolis. No. ].— All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs comparatively even ; one-eighth part of comb surface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soiled. No. 2 —Three-fourths of the total surface must be filled and sealed. No. 3.— Must weigh at least half as much as a full-weight section. In addition to this the honey is to be classified according to color, using the terms white, am';er, and dark ; that is, there will be " Fancy White," " No. 1 Dark," etc. CITY MARKETS. New York. — There is a steady but moderate de- mand for comb honey, and enough stock seems to be arriving to supply the demand. Prices retnain as our previous quotations. Extracted honey is in fair de- mand, prices ruling from 55^c to GJ-jC, according to the quality. Francis H. LEtii.ETT & Co., Dec. 24. Franklin and Varick Sts., New York. Chicago. — The hotiey market is of a slow nature, with little change in price of any of the grades. Choice grades of white comb honey, U^fdilo; good to No 1, 13H(a> 14 ; light amber, VlVi'w\% \ dark grades, including buckwheat, 10wl2 Extracted white, hViial ; amber, 5^'«5%; dark, 5(a'5i/^. The .scale of prices va- rying according to flavor, body, and p.ickage Bees- wax steady at 28. R. A." Burnett & Co., Dec. 21. 199 South Water St., Chicago, 111. Neu' York.— Comb and extracted honey market quiet. Quoting same as follows: p-ancy white, 1.5(610; ANo 1 white, lira 15 ; No. 1 white, 13'« 14 ; No. 2, 11«(42 ; fancy buckwheat, 10,all ; No. 1 buckwheat, lOrt 11 ; No. 2 buckwheat, 9fa!l0: white clover and basswood extract- ed, (il4(ai7 ; light amber, OCdti'^ ; amber and buckwheat, S'-^Caifi. Beeswax — fancy, 29(a30; good average, 27ra28. Market quiet. ' Chas. Israel tk Bros., Dec. 23. 480-490 Canal St., New York City, N. Y. Detroit.— Fancy white comb honey, 15; No. 1, I4c; dark and amber, IhwVii ; extracted, white, 7(g»75^i ; dark and amber, 5 3 2.S 2 25 2 75 3 00 4 00 4 25 Other Combinations can be made from the Table Below. Every order tnust include Gleanings. .e prices are not the putjlishers' price.^. (or these papers, but they are our special reduced prices when .iKcfii in connection with Gleanings. In many cases they are just one-half the regular rate. How to get the Price for any or all of the Papers Named Above: 1. Gleaning-s in Bee Culture, one year, $1.00. 2. If you want only one additional paper, add the price found in the top of the column in which that paper appears. 3. If j'ou want several papers in addition to Gleaning-s, each one may be had at the price named at the lop of the column. For instance: Gleanings, S. S. Times, (3rd col.) and Rural New-Yorker (3rd col.), will cost you $2.50. 4. You may select as many papers from each column as 3'ou wish. 5. Ever^"- order sent us must include Gleaning-s. 6. Foreign postage extra. 7. We will send all papers or pen to one or separate addresses as desired. CONDITIONS. — Offers are subject to withdrawal at any time. Subscriptions to the Review of Reviews, Youth's Companion, Current Literature, and N. F. Magazine must be strictly new. Neither the Review of Reviews nor Post Fountain Pen will be sent in any combination amounting to less than $2.50. THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY, MEDINA, O. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Gleanings in Bee Culture [Established in 1873.] Devoted to Bees, Honey, and Home Interests. Published Semi-monthly by The A. I. Root Co., - - Medina, Ohio. A. I. ROOT, Editor of Home and Gardening Dep'ts. H. R. ROOT, Editor of Apicultural Dept. J. T. CALVERT Bus. Mgr. A. h. BOYDEN, Sec. TERMS. Sl.OO per annum; two y.ears, fl..50; three years, $2 00; five years, S3 00, in advance; or two copies to one address, 81 50; three copies, S2.00; five copies, 83.75. The terms apply to the United .States, Canada, and Mexico. To all other countries 48 cents per year extra for postage. DISCONTINUANCES. The journal is .sent until orders are received for its discontinuance. We give notice ju.st before the subscription expires, and fur- ther notice if the first is not heeded. Any subscriber who.se subscription has expired, wishing his journal discontinued, will please drop us a card at once; other- wise we shall assume that he wishes his journal con- tinued, and will pay for it soon. Any one who does not like this plan may have his journal stopped after the time paid for by making this request when ordering. RATES OF ADVERTISING. These will be fur- nished on application. Mr. A. I. Roofs Writings of Grand Traverse territory and L,eelanau Co. are descriptive of Michigan's most beautiful section reached most conveniently via the Pere Marquette R. R. For pamphlets of Miohigan farm lands and the fruit telt, address W. 0. Tousey, D. P. A. Toledo, Ohio. THE HANDSOMEST CALENDAR of the sea.son (in ten colois) six beau iful lieads on six sheets lOX 12 inches), repvo;lu lions of p;nnuugs by Moran. issued by Gciier. 1 Passenger Ueiiartment, Chicago, Milwaukee & Sl. I'aul Railway, will be sent on receipt ot twenty-five cents. Adcire.ss F. A. Miller, General Passenger Agenl, Chicago. Angora Goats are handsome, hardy, piofilable. Prize stock : low price ; circular. Kd. \V Cole & Co. Kenton. < i. I DITTMER'S I I FOUNDATION! I % Retail — Wholesale — Jobbing. % ^ Having increased my shop -room, ^ put in power and a new set of ma- 5 chines, I am now producing a better 35 article than ever, with unlimited ca- 5 pacity to meet orders. I use a process 5 that produces every essential neces 5 ,, sary to make it the best and most de- ^ sirable in all respects. ^ly process 5 and automatic machines are my own ^ inventions, which enable me to sell 5 foundation, and WORK WAX INTO t FOUNDATION FOR CASH, at prices that 5 are the lowest. I make a specialty of ^ working up Wholesale and Jobbing ■; IvOts of wax into foundation, for cash. ^ If vou have wax by the 10 1 lbs. or ton, ^ let me hear from you.. Catalog giving \ Full Line of Supplies "2 with prices and samples, free upon ^ application. BEESWAX WANTED. I Cus. Dittmer, | ^ Augusta, Wisconsin. % HONEY QUEENS! Laws' Long=longue Leather Queens. Laws' Improved Golden Queens. Laws' Holy Land Queens. I,aws' queens are the standard-bred queens of Amer- ica 1 he largest honey-producers use them and praise them. I.,aws' queens go everywhere, and can furnish vou a queen every month in the vear Four apiaries. Queens bred in their purity. Prices, October to April: Tested or untested, $1.00 e'ach ; 6 for f5.00. Breeders, none better, $:i (X) each. Address W. H. Laws, Beeville, Texas. ioseTtm^'si-mv^^v^ w^m^iM I. J. Stringham, 105 Park Place, New York City. l-lb. square jars, $5.00 per gross ; No. 25 jar, porce- lain top, $6.00 per g-ross ; Nickel-cap ^a.v, fancy, $5.50 per g-ross. All are clear flint glass. Discount on quantities. We ship from New York City, N. Y. Labels. — 60 cts. per g-ross. A full line of Apiarian Supplies always in stock. Catalog free. . . Apiaries located at Glen Cove, Long Island, New York. Honey-jars, I. J. stringham, 105 Park Place, New York City. ;i-^^H 6 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jan. 1 •JIMIIiJIIIIIII Illlllllllllllllllllllll IIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIMIIIIII Illlllll I.lll 41111111111111111^ I The A. I. Root Co., Philadelphia, Pa. | I 10 Vine Street. | i Full line of all supplies manufactured by us. | i Low freight and steamship rates to all points on | I Atlantic Coast. Order early, be ready for spring. | ^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinniiiiiiiiiiiiii^ S G. B. LEWIS CO., WATERTOWN, WIS. S * ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ * ^ ^ Our new catalog, describing and Hsting the Finest Line of Bee keepers' Supplies in THE World, will be ready about the tirst of the year. If you have not been receiving a copy annually, send us your name and address and one will be mailed to you free. Prices will be same as last season with the exception of the narrow plain sections with no beeways, which will be 25 cts. per M less. ^ ^ m Special Agency, C. M. Scott & Co., 1004 East Washingrton St., Indianapolis, Indiana. AGENCIES: i,. C. Woodman, Grand Rapids, Michigan ; Fred W. Muth & Co., Southwest Corner >J>f Walnut & Front Sts., Cincinnati, Ohio; Fred Foulger & Sons, Ogden, Utah; Colorado Honey-producers' Association, Denver, Col.; Grand Junction Fruit-growers' Association, Grand Junction, Colorado ; Robert Halley, Montrose, Colorado ; Pierce Seed and Produce >V Companv. Pue)>lo, Colo.: E. T. Abbott. St. Joseph Missouri Special Southwestern Agent. "^K Charles Dadant & .Son. Hamilton, Illinois; F. C. Erkel, 515 First Ave.. N. E.. Minneapolis, Vti Minnesota ; Ivilly, Bogardus & Co., Seattle, Washington, Special Northwestern Agents. ^ m * m m * BEE -SUPPLIES! ROOT'S GOODS AT ROOT'S PRICES. G. H. W. Weber, Ginciiinati, Ohio. 2146-2148 Central Ave. A NEW AND COMPLETE stock for 1902 now on hand I am The Root Com pany's representative for Cincinnati and sur- rounding territories. . . You save TIME and FREIGHT CHARGES by having goods \ shipped from here. Convenience of railroad c facilities here enables me to do so. Before ^ buying elsewhere, write for my prices and * catalog, which will be mailed you free of < charge. y •AND Hon EY-*^ «AKD HOMEL •INTEFlESr^ ^ubiishedy theAI^ooY Co. K$ia£PER\tAR^'\@ "Medina-Ohio- Vol. XXX. JAN. T, 1902 No. Medina is the name of the postoflRce of the editor of Australian Bee-keepers'' Re- view— in honor of A. I. Root. [In behalf of A. I. Root, my father, I extend my most grateful acknowledg-ments. — Ed.] That report on p. 976, as there said, " does not prove that the g'athering- was in proportion to the length of tongue." Nei- ther does it prove that in general gathering is not in proportion to length of tongue, and especijilly to reach of tongue. J. W. Rouse says in Progressive : "We somewhat doubt if queen-bees can be made to hatch, at least in our climate and condi- tions, in less time than 15 !2 days." They do it here, friend Rouse. Suppose you try some eggs whose age you know for certain, have a queen reared from one of them in a full colony, and then tell us just how long it takes. The report of the International bee con- vention held in Paris in 1900 is a volume of 265 octavo pages. Our own Camille took a prominent part, and had a salvo of ap- plause upon first rising. Modestly he took that as honoring Charles Dadant, his fa- ther. [That is just like the younger Da- dant; and yet how many sons of their fa- thers but what would have taken the honor as meant for themselves? — Ed.] The use of carbolineum on hives is not encouraged in 3luencliencrBienenzeifung,on the ground that it afi'ects the flavor of the honev'. [Those who have tested the same preservative in this country have made a similar objection. About the only use we cjui make of it in bee culture is in applying it to bottom-boards or hive-stiinds. The very fact that railroad companies use it for ties goes to show that it must be a good preservative. — Ed.] The i^atest uncapping-device recom- mended in foreign journals is a lamp such as gas-fitters use. It quickly melts the cap- pings so they shrink away to the cell wall, and no cappings need be strained out of the honey. Looks worth trying. [There may be something in this. Yes, I know it would work; but would it not burn the wax, and so taint the honej^? I should feel very sure it would. — Ed.] We've been promising ourselves great things if we could only control fertilization. Now comes Adrian Getaz, in American Bee Journal, indorsed by F. B. Simpson, in the Review, asking, "If we could breed from an individual drone of our choice, how could we tell that this drone would give better workers than that one? " [That is true; but if we could somehow control the mating of our queens so that they would meet a drone from some choice colony, the chances would be that we could improve our stock. — Ed.] S. E. Miller says, p. 974, "The adver- tiser has, of course, a right to say what he likes in the space which he pays for, pro- vided he uses no bad language." My good friend of the floury name, I hardly think you meant just that. No advertiser has ri right to say what is not true. More than that, no publisher has a right to accept an advertisement, at any price, if he knows it to be untrue. [You are correct; and, how- ever imperfectly it may have been done in the past, we attempt to carry out that rule in Gleanings. — Ed.] In spite of some sittings-down-upon I can not entirely get rid of the idea that mea- suring live tongues with a glossometer ma3' be more satisfactory than measuring dead tongues with a rule. The rule tells what a bee can do: does it tell what it will do? The glossometer tells what it will do, or, if you please, what it does do. [There may be something in this. Outward physical ap- pearance or measurements often give a wrong impression. A man may be six feet high, and one mass of muscles, apparently, but may be no match in strength for a short- er and lighter man. — Ed.] You ARE RIGHT, Mr. Editor, in your de- fense of the mountains, p. 972, and I must confess that the credit side of their account 8 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jan. 1 is the larg'er. We had a drouth here last summer that wecouldn't fight, for no friend- ly' mountain was nigh as a reservoir of moisture. The mountains make the drouth, but they are alwaj's ready to give back the moisture, with special advantages, as j'ou mention. G. Stull, that brother-in-law of mine in whom your father was interested as the raiser of such fine strawberries, has gone to spend the winter in Phoenix, Ariz.; that or death, said the doctors; and it may be he will owe his life to those same moun- tains. My apologies herewith, Mr. Editor. An interesting table of tongue-mea- surements by Prof. Gillette is given in Adi. Bee Journal. It seems there is no fixed re- lation between total length of tongue and tongue reach. In one lot of blacks the total length was uniformly .24 inch, while the tongue reach, instead of being uniform, va- ried from .16 to .19. Bro. Doolittle, please give us tongue reach of those bees reported on p. 976. Prof. Gillette seems a bit sus- picious that bees get only pollen from red clover, seeing that the tubes measured from .34 to .37, while the greatest tongue reach he found was .23. But I think there has been much reliable testimony that red-clo- ver honey has been obtained. [See edito- rials elsewhere. — Ed.] Sports or freaks among animals have also been the basis of new tj'^pes, although in animal life the new type may take long- er to establish than in plant life. But with the right kind of freak it doesn't require a long lifetime with any thing which pi'oduces so many generations in a season as the bee. We are told that a single freak sheep prop- erly used produced an entirely new breed of sheep. A single freak queen ought in much less time produce a somewhat similar result. I don't believe it will take an^^ three lifetimes, nor any three years, to make a long stride ahead, if we all keep our eyes wide open for the right kind of sports, and then make the right use of them. [See ans- wer to another Straw in this issue. — Ed.] That tall section, p. 981, looks larger than the other, and it is larger — has 11 per cent more surface. Costs 11 per cent more for full foundation too. [Exactly. In one way it is larger, and in another it is not. In superficial surface or cappings of comb face, one has a larger area; in actual weight they are both the same. Now, the question is, "Would it cost any more to pro- duce one section than another?" So far as the wood of the sections is concerned, the two are the same price. If the tall one sells for one cent more, and the foundation in it costs 11 per cent more, there is still a large gain on the credit side for the box with the large surface. Assuming that the founda- tion costs 11 per cent more, then it would make, as I figure it, only ^V of one cent more; or a credit, assuming that the sec- tion brings one cent more on the market, of \% of a cent. Or, if it sold for two cents more in the open market, there would be a credit of \\% of a cent. So, taking it all in all, the mere difference in superficial sur- face of the foundation doesn't cut any fig- ure.— Ed.] There you go again, still on a side track, Mr. Editor, p. 971. Let's get back on the main track and begin Jill over again. We were talking about the least that could be expected in the worst 3'ear, and I said I would be satisfied if I could be sure of at least $1 a colony. You ask if I have data- handy. Yes, my worst year was an utter failure of the crop, and a ton of granulated sugar fed. That was a good deal less than $1 a colony. Other years I've had more than $10 a colony, but that has nothing whatever to do with the case. Now let's keep on the main track, and say whether you think it a conservative estimate to say that in any year the yield will never be less than $5 a colony. [Perhaps I have been on a side track. If so, I stand corrected. No, I don't think we can go so far as to say that the income in any year will never be less than $5.00 a colony. What I had in mind was an average, taking in a period of ten or fifteen years. — Ed.] A WILD statement is going the rounds of the European bee-journals, the last one I've seen it in being Le Rucher Beige., a really excellent journal. In that it is said in all seriousness that Mr. Root, the well- known American bee-keeper, has succeeded in obtaining long-tongued bees of such ex- cellence that, notwithstanding the high price at which Mr. Root sells them, $200 apiece, he has not been able to supply the demand, and has been obliged to start an additional queen-rearing establishment in Texas to help out! Now, I wonder how many of our foreign friends will make the proper correction by saying that The A. I. Root Co. merely valued one queen (that was never offered for sale) at $200, and never sold a queen for more than $10.00. [It is evident that soine of our friends across the water see through a glass darkly. That is to say, they have acquired only a smatter- ing of English, and a very poor smattering at that, with the result that they do not read aright. Whew! if we could sell queens for $200 a piece, and not supply the demand, we would go out of the supply' business in- stanter. — Ed.] A correspondent who does not court publicity is very emphatic in the belief that *' whenever and wherever you find extreme- ly light color, or more than the three bands, there is black blood every time. " Unrea- sonable as that may look, he seems to have some proof for his belief, and I must confess that, in the early years of Italianizing, while there was a constant tendencj' toward black blood there was also a tendency, more or less constant, toward lighter-color- ed queens. [A good many have not under- stood why we of the Root Co. have favored the importation of queens direct from Italy, arguing that home-bred American queens were better than the inferior-looking stock from Italy. The trouble with many of our 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. American queens is that they have had bred into them light color, and along with it some other undesirable traits. The queens from Italy direct have a certain fixed type — a fixity that has come about through centu- ries of enviionment in the one locality — the Mediterranean on one side and the Alps on the other. I do not wish to say any thing against American home-bred queens; but I do believe that we should use as a basis, or groundwork, for our improved Italian stock, queens direct from Ital}'. — Ed.] You ASK ME, Mr. Editor, if I don't think "it sounds better to say the sun sets than sits," p. 972. Most assuredly. • I am not in the habit of objecting to grammatical ex- pressions, and " the sun sets " is grammat- ical, supported bj^ the dictionary. I was talking about ^//grammatical expressions. Do you know of any grammar or dictionary that will support shook as an adjective or a participle? Do you know of any reputable writer, outside of the case to which I ob- jected, who has ever so used it? Honor bright, yourself. [I am well aware the present usage and the dictionaries now au- thorize the transitive verb sci when apply- ing to the sun going below the horizon; but it is ungrammatical, just the same, or at least was in the early usage of the lan- guage, for 5"ou know you can not, grammat- ically speaking, set down in a chair, but you may sit. The point I tried to make was, that if you were going to reform what is strictly ungrammatical you ought to make war on those words and phrases that have crept into our language that are not gram- matical, strictly speaking, but which are now accepted as good usage. — Ed.] C. P. Dadant gives this bright reply to those who say section honey is manufactur- ed by machinery : "If it were machine- made it would be all alike. There might be a dozen difl:erent patterns, but all inade by the same pattern would be exactly alike. Now compare an}^ number of sections; look at the position of the different pop-holes and other irregularities, and j'ou will find that, like the leaves on a tree, although there is a general resemblance no two will ever be found exactly alike. Until you can find at least two sections exactl}"^ alike, please give the bees credit for their handiwork." [This is a good point. It is an unanswer- able argument showing that comb honey is not manvifactured, as has been so persist- ently stated in the newspapers. If dies could be made at all for molding the faces of the comb, they would be so very expen- sive that probablj' not more than one or two die-faces could be afforded ; and yet, as Dadant saj-s, no two sections will ever be found exactlj' alike. Some may be similar, but just enough difterent to show that it is bee work and not man work. I suggest that those of our friends who are engaged in refuting these lies that are now being circulated broadcast use this argument of Mr. Dadant's, as well as the other argu- ment of a $1000 reward for a single sample of manufactured comb honey that can not be detected from the genuine. These two would afford good proof. — Ed.] Rathp:r discouraging is the outlook for improvement according to what is said p. 974. It is true that some improvements have required generations, as mentioned. But there's another side. Soiii' of the im- provements have been compassed in a j'ear. Within 12 miles of here lives a man who lately gave S1750 for a single carnation plant. It is hardly likely that a lifetime was spent on that plant. Agrippina is a rose of low growth. One (\a.y Rev. James Sprunt found a branch of an agrippina shooting awaj' above the rest. That's about all the time it took him to produce a new climbing rose, the James Sprunt. One day a white rose was found growing on a branch of the pink rose Catharine Mermet, and from this sport, as it is called, was at qnce established the beautiful white rose the Bride. Many other new varieties have come from sports. [You are right. The case of an insect and that of an animal, so far as the element of time is concerned, is not alike. Of queen-bees we may be able to get several generations in a season; of cattle, for example, not more than one in a year. Then it is true that a "sport" some- times will reach away in beyond the charac- teristics of the parent stock. — Ed.] E. E. Hasty, in his delightful depart- ment in the Aincrican Bcc Journal, "'The Afterthought," seems much pleased with Mr. A. D. D. Wood's "infallible" plan of queen introduction, as follows: Remove the old queen, take out of the cage all the at- tendant workers, "and lift a frame from the hive and put into the cage from 15 to 20 voung bees from one hour to one day old, being doubly sure there are no old bees put into the cage. Remove the cork or card- board, and in 24 to 48 hours the queen will be liberated and laying." It will also work with any colony that has been queen- less not more than four days. [I believe there is a good deal in this. That man Hasty always did have an eye for the practical. It has been often said, with a good deal of truth, that the attendant bees with a queen are the ones that cause trouble in introduction. Some little time ago it was recommended to remove all such and then introduce. But Mr. Wood has gone one step further by putting young bees, that have the same scent as the col- ony, in with the queen. It certainly looks as if it were all right. Unfortunately the plan would not be one, however, that couVi be used by beginners. They would not know how to get the bees out of the cage, and still keep the queen in; and much less would they be able, with their inexperienc- ed fingers, to pick up bees and cage them, even if they could alwa5's tell young bees. So I suppose the directions that ordinarily go out with mailing-cages had better be left as they are. But the experienced bee- keeper, when he has a valuable queen to 10 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jan. 1 introduce, would do well to follow the Wood plan. I should not, however, consider it infallible, for I do not believe any method will ever be devised that would invariably introduce successfully queens to all kinds of colonies. — Ed.] AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL. Concerning the adulteration of comb hon- ey, Mr. York well says : That hoary lie about the adulteration of comb hon- ey seems still to retain much vigor. Here is a sample of its cat like vitality : "On my vacation 'in Michigan last summer I got some real honev— the real sweet kind, with a comb that chews up beeswaxy. It was so good that for three months after I came back I tried to get, in Chicago, some honev, but 1 could not find it. Of course, everj' grocery store had what it said was strictly pure honey, in the nicest-looking combs — too nice looking : it was plain that it was all manufactured. A few days ago my grocer told me he had some real honey this time. I was certain of that, too, as soon as I saw it. I have worked with bees and know the ear-marks of their handiwork, and that comb was just irregular enough, imperfect enough in places to fool me. I bought two pounds. And when I got it home and took a mouthful the honey was not very sweet— it was a poor grade of glucose ; and the conib melted in my mouth— it was paraflfine.'' No fading away of vigor about that, is there? In- deed, it has gained a roljustnes - that exceeds its for- mer self ; for in former stages it only claimed that a mi- nor part of the comb honey in Chicago was adulterat- ed ; now there is none of the genuine to be found in Chicago, although it be .sought carefully for three months ! The amazing part about it is that this vigorous slan- der is not found in some obscure place, spoken bj' some ignoramus in the country grocery at the cress- roads, ^)ut it is an opinion delivered in all seriousness before a body of supposedly brainy men It is an ex- tract from a paper read by the proprietor of the Partn- er's Call, at the annual meeting of the Nati nal Agri- cultural Press I.,eague. and published in that sprightly periodical, Agruultitral Advertisinf;. published bv Frank B White Co. Mr. Frank B. White is well known as a man of untarnished reputation, and the sovil of honor Taken all together, after so many years of battling with a great wrong, bee-keepers may be excused for feeling just a little discouraged as to get- titig any thing like a .semblance of justice. More may be said of this hereafter. These base falsehoods on the in-Stahl- ment plan seem to have originated from a party in Ouincy, 111., who had spraying- outfits for sale, and advertised them in the bee-journals. He advised spraying trees in blooin; and when he was debarred from further opportunity of doing evil he turned his gtins on bee-keepers as above. That such ill-meaning men should be able to get a hearing before such a body of men leads one to think that the latter are not up to mediocrity in intelligence. Mr. E. T. Abbott, in the Busy Bee, han- dles this matter in a manner highly grati- fying. Here is one extract : Think of a man who knows enough to edit the Monthly Blatter, of Scrogsville, to .say nothing of an up-to-date agricultural paper, getting off this stale, dead, rotten, and long since buried slander on honey, before a lot of intelligent agricultural editors and pub lishers. Whj' ! the very thought of it should drive him to ?ack -cloth and ashes, and an abject apology to the whole bee fraternity-. vi/ BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. Concerning Mr. Dzierzon's connection with the invention of movable frames, Mr. A. Royds, of Soberton, England, sa3^s : The recent interesting articlfs by Mr. R. Ham'yn- Harris on the " Biology of the Honey-bee " contain a reference to movable-frame hives in connection with the renowned name of Uzierzon that maybe the cause of a certain desree of mi.sconception. Very recently I had the privilege of reading Dzierzon's work, " Ra- tional Bee keeping." in the franslation published in 1S82 by Mr. C. N. Abbott, from the then latest German edition of 1.S78 by H. Dieck. The hives which Dzier- zon there describes and recommends are not in any correct sense movable-frame hives, but rather adapta- tions of the old bar hive which had been known in England since about the middle of the eighteenth cen- tury. Although described as "movable." the combs are not so in the sense now understood, as they had to be cut away from the sides of the hive before they could be taken out. Moreover, as the hives were made to open at the ends, it was possible to reach any iiite- rior comh) only bv the formidable process of cutting away all those in front of it. The feature, indeed, most likely to impress a present-day bee-keeper on reading the work is the utter lack of prescience ex- hibited by so skilled an apiarian and keen investigator as Dzitrzon in regard to the use of both movable frames and comb foundation The latter, in particu- lar, he dismisses as hardly worthy of practical coiisid eration, while the former fare but little better at his hands. I am not aware that he ever modified his views on these subjects ; but, as movab e frames had been per- fected by both Langstroth and Baron von Berlepsch some twenty-seven years prior to the date of the edi- tion I have referred to, it is clcir that credit does not belong to Dzierzon in this connection. THE TROUBLES OF A FOUL=BROOD INSPECTOR. New Laws Needed ; War on Stationary Combs. BY J. M. HAMBAUGH. This is said to be a progressive age; and I believe that, in the general acceptation of the term, it is true; but when I travel over our beautiful country, with its rich nectar- producing resources, and scan the very crude condition of a great many apiaries of San Diego Co., I feel very much like ques- tioning the truth of the above qtiotation. When I see so much of the go-as-you-please, haphazard, miscellaneous mixtips of every description, it makes iny heart fairly ache to realize the splendid opportutaities being lost for the want of a little progress. In some instances we come to a progressive, wide-awake inan, whose bees, hives, fix- tures, and general surroundings indicate an apiarist of culture. His hives, lids, platforms, brood-frames, etc., are of exact pattern. All combs are movable through- out his entire yard, and he takes pleasure in guiding the inspector in his work from hive to hive, for he readily understands that the work of the latter is chiefly in his 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 11 interest, and to guard against the possible danger of "foul brood and other infectious diseases." His brother bee-keeper, but half a mile or so distant, however, is of the old primitive style. His bees "work for nothing and board themselves," and oc- cupy a deserted rock pile or isolated nook, and when the task of inspecting is under- taken, " Oh, hokie ! shade of our ances- tors!" Here is a problem that is not prob- lematic — combs crossed and re-crossed ; right and left angles, half-moons, quarter cuts, and miscellaneous go-as-you-please brood-nest. Foul brood, black brood, and all the dis- eases known in the category can fester and thrive in these old non-movable-comb hives, so far as the efforts of the inspectors are concerned, from observations that can be gained in the brood-chamber, and so the non-progressive slipshod bee-keeper can thus hug an adder, not onlj^ to sting him- self, but also his neighbors, who are power- less to help themselves under existing con- ditions. Now, I am sure, brother bee-keepers, the picture is not overdrawn, and I look upon it as an absolute necessity in behalf of the best interest of the careless bee-keeper, as well as the protection of the progressive apiarist, to enact a State law making it obligator}'^ on each and every bee-keeper to put his bees upon movable combs, so that they may be accessible for investigation and manipulation. It would be doing no one an injustice, but instituting a righteous defense against the common enemy to the bee-keep- ing fraternity, and raising the industry to a higher degree of progress. I also believe it very essential that a law be passed compelling any one, under penalty of a fine, to obtain a certiticate from a law- fully appointed inspector, certi- fying that his or her bees are healthy, and free from all in- fectious diseases, before he can be at liberty to move them from one locality to another; and when bees are imported from an ad- joining State that has no laws of a like nature it should be the du- tv' of the owner of said bees, un- der penalty of the law, to have at once said bees inspected. And now, Mr. Editor, I de- sire to hear froin you and all others interested in the bee-keep- ping pursuit. If we desire to progress, and protect ourselves against impending foes, we cer- tainl}' should have laws that will defend us. It is said, "In coun- sel there is wisdom." Now let us have the counsel. Richland, Cal. [I believe I saw more slipshod bee-keep- ing, go-as-you-please "any old way" methods in California than in any other State I ever visited. In saying this I do not mean to convey the impression that there are no up-to-date bee-keepers using modern methods there. We see the two extremes — the best and the poorest. One reason of this is that, when the season.^ are so won- derfull}' productive, those who have the idea that "bees work for nothing and board themselves" are anxious to get some of this honey that "rains down as free as water;" and they see no reason why they can not do as well as their neighbors, but thej- never do. Yes, in j'our State it would be a good idea to have a law to compel all persons who keep bees to put them in movable-frame hives; but such a law would hardly be needed in other States. — Ed.] RAMBLE 196. Foul Brood in California ; Shaffner Bros.; E. Root's Visit ; Jouncers. BY RAMBLER. Foul-brood inspection is practiced to quite an extent in Central California. Every county that is noted for bee-keeping has its inspector. Mr. Bowen is inspector for Fres- no Co. ; and when he has a real hard case of foul brood on hand he calls in the prom- inent bee-men of the vicinity and allows them to inspect with him; and, having their indorsement, he goes ahead to destroy. While Mr. Bowen is independent enough to take the most severe measures, these wit- nesses he calls in give him such a backing that there can be no cause for complaint. LOOKING FOR KOUL BKOUJ). There is, nevertheless, a faction of bee- keepers in the county who believe the dis- ease can be temporized with and eventually cured. Esq. Abbott is of this opinion, and he advises the quarantining of all foul- broody combs, extracting the honey and cut- 12 GJ EANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jan. 1 FIG. 1.— rambler's jouncer for clean- ing SUPERS. ting out diseased cells until the disease is cured. The extensive bee-men believe in heroic methods, and they think that the es- quire mig-ht in time cure a colony of the disease; but the careless bee-keeper would not. Then there are a few instances where Mr. Bowen has been abused while in the performance of his duties, which, I suppose, is the common experience of foul-brood in- spectors. There was a very bad case of foul brood in a small apiary of about 50 colonies near Selma, and Mr. Bowen called in a few men, as usual, in order to make his authority stronger. Mr. Stearns had an idea, and a correct one, that the Ram- bler would like to be on the board, and, with that good team of his, he trotted me over to Selma. Mr. Bowen had a strong backing in the persons of Mr. Steai-ns with his manj^ hundred colonies, and Mr. Payne with many hundreds. Then there were four or five besides, with a varying number of colonies and experience. Mr. Bowen was armed with gauntlet gloves, veils, smoker, and several prodding-wires. These were sharp-pointed, and were distributed amwug the board of examiners. If ;in examiner found a suspicious portion of brood the prodder was used. After jirodding around among the disease the prodder was prodded into the ground a few times to remove all danger from the germs getting from the prodder to the man and from the man to his own bees, and that was a wise provision on the part of Mr. Bowen. But the fun came in when we came across box hives with tops and bottoms more or less split, and nailed on with ten-penny nails. Well, that bottom had to come off, and a slice of comb cut out and examined; but I protested that a little piece of brood was not enough. when some of the movable-frame hives had been examined and condemned when only a cell or two of the disease had been found. What if a cell or two should be hidden somewhere in that brood-nest? The board decided we could not tear all of FIG. 2. — rambler's jouncer and GETS THE BEES. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 13 the brood out without ruining- the colony, therefore we passed it as good. I wish, however, to make a minority report that all such hives should be burned; for a bee- keeper who will tolerate such hives in his apiary ought to be burned — I mean the hive, of course, not the man. The photo shows the board at work, Mr. Payne point- ing- his linger at that square hole in the top of a box hive, and the inspector holding- a piece of comb that had to be cut out. They are all deeply interested. Well, I am now about to leave Central California; and before doing- so I wish to note the fact that E. R. Root halted from his mad 6000-mile (more or less) rush, and made Mr. McCubbin and myself a visit. I was at the station to welcome our distin- g-uished visitor; and of all the odd sorts that got off the train he was one of them. A big- g-rip, three cameras, and a new-fan- g-Ied tripod. Then our g-uest had been slinging" ink at such a rate that his hands and face were more or less picturesque. Mr. McCubbin, with his old white horse, soon deposited him safely under his roof, where a scrubbing-up could be accomplish- ed. I well remember what Bro. Hutchin- son said about Editor Root and his affabil- ity as a leading characteristic; but there must be a mistake about it, for we found that his leading trait is the consumption of apricots. This excellent fruit was rich and ripe at that time; and every time a crate was placed in the room it would be emptied in no time. Mr. McCubbin informed me confidentially that he would keep ye editor supplied, even if it took a leg; and he was as good as his word. He always had a full crate to replace the empty one. Mr. McCub- bin is now planning to plant a large apri- cot-orchard. He reasons that, if all of the Roots are such lovers of apricots, he would prepare to supply them b}' the carload; so, look out, Rootville. I was greatly pestered by the editor's persistent habit of snapping his three ko- daks at me. , I am usually a sober fellow; but you must forgive me if I did smile a little while he was indulging in his habit. Well, we had a happy time, didn't we, Mr. Editor? May 3'our shadow never grow less. Remember, Mr. McCubbin will soon be raising apricots by the carload. But the best of friends must part, and our happy incidents must close. The scenes must shift, and I find myself again in love- ly Los Angeles. The first consideration upon mj' return south was my own apiary. I had left it in charge of two young men, Arthur and Earl Shafiner. When we leave our goods and chattels in the hands of others it sometimes happens that said goods have a mysterious way of going to the bad; but I found the opposite condition in my apiary, and I could not help reinarking, in Bible language, "Well done, good and faithful j-oung men." I predict that the brothers will step up higher in the bee business. I regret that the aforesaid editor did not take time to make their acquaintance, and examine^ a modern up-to-date apiary. r."C-'3 One of the chief up-to-date appliances in my apiary is known as a jouncer, and it receives the unqualified approval of the brothers. Some four or five years ago I de- scribed, with pen and pencil, my first jouncer, and it was a very crude affair com- pared with the one in use at present. The photos show the device and how to use it. It will be observed that it is made very strong, made mostly of tough fir, an I put together with bolts, and a cloth tray is ad- justed under the hive to be jounced. When it is desired to jounce the bees from a super it is adjusted as in photo No. 1, and the whole jounced against the ground. The sudden jar, or a few of them, send the bees all into the tray. The latter can be remov- ed as shown in Fig. No. 2, and the bees dumped on the top of the frames of the colony. In order to cushion the lower ends of the corner posts of the jouncer they are cham- fered off to a point. As there are no stones in the apiary, when the jouncer strikes the ground the jounce is broken just enough to prevent the combs from breaking. Arthur Shaffner is operating the "masheen." The benefits derived from this method of getting bees oft' the combs are all in the line of rapid manipulation. In the Anier. Bee Journal not many months ago, Mr. Davenport caught on to this idea and ap- plied it to the common L. hive. The best success, however, is attained with a shal- low brood-chamber; and the only objection that the brothers and I have to it is, when there is much thin honey it slops out upon the bees; but, of course, it is b:st to wait until the honey is thick. It is very hard to make people believe that anj- new way is better than their way; but as my former good seed sown brought forth some good re- sults, I sow again, and ag lin watch re- sults. Whether bee-keepers use the Ram- bler's jouncer or not, I hope the bee-keepers will discard the old obsolele use of a brush. Bees can be shaken off the combs clean enough. In Central California but few brushes are used. I have great hopes fir the shallow ex- tracting-super. Mr. Davenport says the jouncing principle is worth $50 a year to him, even with the standard frames. Now, I would give SSO for a method that will en- able me to extract a whole shallow super without removing tne frames. Can it ever be done? is the query of the Rambler. [I agree with yu most heartily that it is not wise to tempor.ze with foul brood. Cut- ting out here an 1 there diseased cells and quarantining ci rtain combs and certain colonies is a ve' s' dangerous procedure, and should be conr e.nned by all intelligent and progressive b e-keepers. But saj% Ram- bler, Inspecti-.- Bowen should know that it is very dango ous to run those steel points down into tli ■ ground to disinfect them. He can not ren cr them harmless by so doing. Any scienti;-.t who is at all fanailiar with 14 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jan. 1 the transmission of disease throug-h the me- dium of germs knows that nothing- but actu- al boiling-, or, better still, heating- those points redhot,will render them safe to punch into healthy brood at another apiary. I am sure I am rig-ht in this, and therefore I most respectfully urge Mr. Bowen to dis- continue the practice or he will scatter the disease. My practice is to take a spear of grass, or, better, a wooden toothpick, and punch it into the suspected cell. After hav- ing used it I shove it into the comb and leave it there. Then I take a new pick for another colony. After that I wash my hands thoroughly. Inspectors should pro- vide themselves with a whole box of tooth- picks on their inspection tours. So 3'ou think. Rambler, I was fond of apricots, and I was. But now look here. Don't you know I was trying to eat as many 2lS. you did, and couldn't? Apricots — yes, I ate them wherever I could get them, all through California. Why, the dried fruit does not compare with the fresh. Yes, that jouncer is a capital device. I think so well of it I am going to have it shown in the next edition of the A B C of Bee Culture. On my recent trip I saw where it had been put to use, and I know what it can and will do. It is a great thing. Rambler should have a "vote of thanks " for giving to the general bee-keep- ing public so good an idea, even if he is mean enough to malign me about my weak- ness for apricots. — Ed.] WINTERING BEES UNDER SNOW. "Good evening, Mr. Doolittle. I have been told that bees winter well under snow; and as we have an unusual amount of it for this time of the year ( November 29 ) I thought I would run in a little while and see what you thought about the matter." "Yes, w^e are having lots of snow, Mr. Brown — fully a foot on the level, I think, though the wind has so piled it vip that it would be hard telling just how deep it is. How did you find the roads?" "Find them! I had hard work to get here at all. You remember that place up by Hemlock Hill? Well, the snow is fully six feet deep there, and I hear that the stage will not try to start at all to-morrow unless it stills down; and the snow is drift- ing over a part of my hives next the west side of the apiary, and that is the reason I came to see you." " The question has been frequently asked in our bee-papers whether it was best to al- 1 )w the hives containing bees to drift under in winter, and some have talked of putting up a partial windbreak, to the end that the bees might be drifted under." " And what was the reply to these ques- tions?" " The reply has generally been, ' Yes, the more snow over the hives the better; ' but I do not indorse it. ' ' "Why?" " Because my experience has been, where hives are covered with snow the bees inhab- iting them did not winter well. In fact, I believe that the bees are worse off where the hives are thus covered than they are ■ where there is no snow about any part of the hive during the whole winter. But where the snow can come up to near the top of the brood-chamber, and no higher, it may possibly be a little help; but even then I would about as soon risk their safe winter- ing with no snow about them." "This is rather unexpected talk. Can you give me something of your experience, so I can judge somewhat in the matter? " " I am always free to tell any thing I know that may be of help to any one. For the first few winters after commencing to keep bees I wintered all I had in the cellar, as the man from whom I bovight my two first colonies wintered in the cellar. As there was only a small cellar under the house where I lived, and this mostly occu- pied with vegetables and things needed by the average family, it became crowded as the bees increased, until one winter they did not winter well, so I decided to winter on the summer stand thereafter all that the cellar would not hold without encroaching on the room needed in the same for family use. At this time I ran across a newly found bee-friend who swept the snow up around his hives as it fell, and the idea pleased me." "What? Goto the trouble of sweeping snow around the hives? " "Yes; it was only good exercise, you know, or at least that was the way he put it before me; and this exercise, even if it was called work, was much cheaper than it would be to build a cellar for the bees. And so I went to sweeping the snow as it fell around the bees, and by December 10th I had the hives all covered from sight. And let me tell you that the pyriimids of white snow all over the bee-yard made a very picturesque view which was quite enchant- ing." " Well, I should think it would. But did it stay so all winter? " "No. At the end of a month we had a thaw; and when I went out to look at the hives I found that the warmth from the bees within had so thawed the snow that a cat or small dog could go all around between the hives and snow. This pleased me, and I said to myself, ' This is just the way to winter bees.' On examination, however, I found that the bees were very uneasy, and, upon raising one corner of the quilt, were ready to fly out and perish on the snow instead of being quiet, as all good bees should be when not warm enough for them to fly." " How did the matter come out?" 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 15 " The rest of the winter we had very lit- tle snow; and when spring- fairly opened I found I had only 29 weak colonies out of the 50 left out in the fall." " This was a big- loss." " Yes. But I thoug-ht that, had the snow remained on all winter, the loss would not have occurred, so I was anxious for the next winter to come that I migfht try it over ag-ain. The next winter settled the matter, for this time we had snow to keep the hives covered from December to April. But in February there came a wann day and I shoveled out a part of the hives, those not drifted under too deep, and 1 found the bees in these colonies so loaded with excre- ment that many of them were unable to fly, while the inside of the hive smelled badly from its being- soiled by bees which could not hold their feces any longer. Brood- rearing- had also commenced to an extent tisuall3' found the latter part of April, and the vitality of the colonies seemed very much worn, while the greater part of the honey which they went into winter with was consumed. When the working season arrived I found that the larger part of the colonies were dead, and I was left with a few weak colonies, combs foul with excre- ment, and nearly destitute of honey, so I had nearly a total loss except the hives and combs." '"Did you try it again?" "No, not by the sweeping-up plan; but I have many times had colonies drift under when we had deep snows; and nearly al- ways, where a colony was drifted under so that the snow kept about the hive for six weeks to twQ months, there was more or less injury done. One year I had snow ten feet deep over a part of the hives, so that I lost track of several of them altogether, the wind bringing the snow from a peculiar di- rection, over and around a knoll. Of these colonies, not a single one was alive on the first day of the next May." " This certainly has a bad look from your experience. How do you account for these losses?" "The difficulty seems to be that, as soon as the hives are covered with snow, the pure air is cut olT to a certain extent, which, combined with the warmth from the ground, and the snow not allowing that, and the warmth from the bees, to escape, makes the conditions so unusual that the bees become uneasy, break the cluster, go to breeding, consume an undue amount of stores, and die of diarrhea and exhausted vitality be- fore any of the brood, or brood of sufficient extent, emerges from the cells to take the place of the old bees which are premtiture- ly dying oft" under these conditions Youiig bees brought on the stage of action under such conditions do not seem to have the strength and vitality of those which emerge from the cells during September and Octo- ber." "Then you would not advise leaving bees where they are liable to be drifted under snow durin"- winter ?" "No, not till I know what the result would be in my locality. Why I say this is, that some saj' they are successful in thus wintering, and I am bound to believe them. To know this result, without any great loss, I would try two or three colonies for a winter or two. If they winter well, you can safely try more; and when you are sure of the ground you are treading upon, then you can risk the whole apiary or re- ject the plan as the case may be. This is the only safe way to venture into any thing we are not conversant with." Renewals are coming in at a heavy rate, as well as new names. For all this we feel thankful. Our readers have noticed, perhaps, that we have been giving extra pages for several months, and from present indications we shall have to continue doing so for many months to come. We have just been passing through an exceptionally cold snap of weather, the mercury playing down nearly to zero, and some of the tiine considerably below. For December it was the coldest on record for many 3'ears. It is now, the 28th, very warm, and muddy and sloppy. There was a peculiar satisfaction during the cold weather in thinking that we had so many of our bees indoors. K. R. root's line of TRAVELS AND THK scope of their inquiry among the, bee-men of the west. Some are now asking how long the write-up of my travels in the great West will last, as they desire to make their re- newals cover the entire period. The series, fully illustrated, will continue throughout the current j'ear; and for the benefit of some who would like to know 7c'/iaf territory they will take in. I will at this time give a brief outline of my itinerary. There will be one or two more articles on Arizona. Then we will skip over into Southern California. Two or three articles will cover the south- ern part of the State; two or three the Northern and Central parts; one or two in Oregon; two in Idaho; two or three in Utah; three or four in Western Colorado; two in the Eastern part of the State; then we will jump over into Iowa. Besides these, there will be special articles on the growing of alfalfa, irrigation of alfalfa, and irrigation in general. Then I will have something to say on reclaimed lands that again went back to deserts; of alkali lands and bad lands; of land speculators and their victims. My route throughout the West was aimed to take in some of the best bee country in the world — certainly in 16 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jan. 1 the United States. I found bee paradises all along the route — some of them overstock- ed and others fine bee-ranges, but in which there were only a very few bees. Much of the country traversed was new, and just opening. Some places were veri- table deserts covered with sand and sage brush. In most of these State and govern- ment aid has been or soon will be secured, by which these waste lands are soon to be converted into luxuriant gardens and fruit- ranches. COMB-HONEY slanders; the department OF AGRICULTURE TO OUR RESCUE. These whopping big lies (I don't know what else to call them) keep on going the rounds of the press, hashed and rehashed over and over in a way that is perfectly disgusting; and the worst of it is that some of the apparently reliable agriciiUiiral pa- pers are taking up the refrain — papers that ought to know better. The publisher of any sheet printing such stuff, without tak- ing pains to use a little common sense, or at least to investigate, ought to be bom- barded by bee-keepers everywhere with re- plies. As fast as these clippings have been sent in I have been answering them, using re- spectful and courteous language, stating the facts, but in such a way thiit it will be easy for the editors to put in a retraction. The following is substantially the repl}- I have sent to many of the leading papers: Getitleinen:—\n your issue for there appears an item to the effect that comb honey is manufactured. and that the combs were molded liy niachinerj- and filled with glucose. We assume, of couese, that you are honest in making the statement, and all we need to do is to give you facts on the other side. We en- close for your consideration an offer that we have had out for twenl}' years. The terms of it liave been pub- lished in some of the large daily papers of the country, and we are sending out hundreds and thousands of them now. You can readily see that, if there were any truth in the canards now afloat in (he press, there would be a chance for some one to make some money. We would call your attention to another fact; name- ly, if combs were molded on dies they would all look alike. If you will take the pains to look at the comb honey for sale on the market you will see that they are very dissimilar in appearance. Helping that you will give this matter your kind at- tention, and help us to rectify the great wrong that is now being perpetrated upon thousands and thousands of honest bee-keepers, whose product is now placed under the ban of suspicion, we remain Very resp'y yours, P. S.— Kindly send us a marked copy of your cor- rected repl}', if you can .see your way clear to make such correction. But as one always has more influence in his own locality, I suggest, yes, urge, that every bee-keeper finding his business slan- dered, and his reputation assailed, send to the papers publishing such matter a re- spectful and gentlemanly reply, something in the nature of what I have given above. Or, better still, write out your answer, get some one to cop3^ it on a typewriter i be- cause editors take more kindly to t3'pe-writ- ten matter), and take it personally to the publisher, explaining that your btisiness has been damaged, and as a personal favor you hope he will publish the correction. Nov. 28 the Chicago Chronicle published one of the worst slanders on the honej' bus- iness I have seen. It was to the effect that bee-keepers themselves were implicated in this manufacturing business, and therefore did not like to have the matter exposed. I sat down and wrote as nice a reply to that paper as I knew how, and a few days later I had the gratification of reading in their columns my letter iti full. The Chicago Chionicle is a paper of great influence, and it is to be hoped that the correction will be seen by as many as saw the slanderous statement. The Ottumwa Courier, ptiblished at Ot- tumwa, Iowa, published the usual Jones comb -honey canard. The clipping was sent me, and I replied, substantially as I have given it above in the dummy letter, and later on I had the satisfaction of seeing in that paper a half-column retraction. It seems the editor of that paper, after receiv- ing my letter, wrote to headquarters, the Department of Agriculture, Washington, asking if it were possible to manufacture comb honey, etc. The Department very promptly' replied in a long letter, over the signature of Prof. Frank Benton. In this letter the entomologist showed liow impossi- ble it was to manufacture the comb and fill it with glucose, and then stated that $1000 had been offered for a single sample of advilterated comb honey for a period of many years, without a taker. This coming as it does from the Govern- ment of the United States bearing the De- partment seal will have great weight, and I suggest that those who answer these ca- nards about honey always incorporate in their replies the statement that the Depart- ment has denied in toto the foolish stuff that has been going the rounds of the papers. Now, then, all this talk about adultera- tion will do no good unless our friends — that is, our subscribers — take the pains to answer these canards lhe})iselves. Those who write for farm papers on bee topics are especially requested to help turn the tide the other way. Editor Abbott, of the Modern Farm and Busy Bee, and Editor York, of the Ameri- can Bee Journal, are doing soine splendid work; but don't, don^l expect the editors of the bee-papers to do the whole of it. Roll up your sleeves and dip down deep into your ink-wells. And while you are writ- ing, use the most respectful language you know how to command. If, for instance, you call them silly, fools, liars, etc., you will accomplish nothing. A SUIT FOR criminal LIBEL. Z,a/6'r. — Since writing the foregoing we have received a copy of a daily paper, the name of which we will not mention for the present, that actually goes so far as to say the Root people, and E. R. Root in particu- lar, are engaged in the business of putting out bogus comb hone3^ filled with gkicose, and that we ought to be brought before the Grand Jurj' for violation of the pure-food law. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 17 We have put the matter in the hands of our attorney, for we think it is hij:^h time to make an object-lesson. Our own name, as well as that of bee-keepers as a whole, needs to be pi-otected, and it will be, too. We expect to beffin both a civil and crimi- nal action. PROF, gillettk's measurements of bees' tongues; some interesting figures. At the last session of the Colorado State Bee-keepers' Association, at Denver, Prof. C. P. Gillette, an able scientist and a care- ful and conscientious investig-ator, read an exceedingly interesting' and valuable paper on bees' tong'ues and the measurements that he has been making- during- the past sum- mer, and the same is now published in the Amer. Bee Journal. " To a student of bi- olog"3'," he saj's, " particularly if he be an entomologist, the idea of a long-tongued race of honey-bees coming quickly into ex- istence seems exti emely improbable. Nature has been breeding this tongue to a standard length for so long a time that it is not likely to vary rapidly under artifi- cial selection where parentage can be con- trolled on one side only." He took " no in- terest in the matter when it was first agi- tated. Finally so m^my bee-keepers of known honesty and sincerity of purpose be- gan to advocate breeding for long-tongued bees, and to advertise such bees for sale, that it seemed necessary that some one hav- ing the facilities and the necessary train- ing should make a careful study of the sub- ject and report the results," and he accord- ingly went to work. i'or some time back he has been gather- ing specimeus of blacks, of Italians, of Cyprians, Carniolans, and of Apis dorsata; but before giving his measurements he very properly draws a distinction between tongue reach and tongue length; and then he goes on to say that he believes "for practical purposes it may be always con- sidered true that the bee with the longest tcjngue has the longest possible tongue reach." ... " lu my first measure- ments," he adds, "tongue length only was taken into account; but in the later ones, the tongue reach, so near as I could mea- sure, was also recorded ; and an examination of the figures in the following table will show a far greater variation in the latter measurement than in the former." Next he describ s the various agents that were used to kill the bees. Chloroform, al- cohol, formalin, cyanide of potassium, and boiling water were all tried; but the last named was found to be the most satisfacto- ry. In-Prof. Gillette's table I find the whole tongue length of Italians averages, in hun- dredths of an inch, a trifle over .25. The average length of the ligulaonly was about .16-2. In the matter of tongue reach he found considerable variation — that is, the distance that the bee can reach into a flow- er-tube, measuring from the end of the tongue up to the point where the tongue comes out of the jaws. The longest tongue reach of those Italians already referred to was .22, while the shortest was .15. The variation in the tongue reach as shown in Prof. Gillette's table corresponds very close- ly with a similar set of measurements that we made here in Medina, and the variation is considerable. We never measured total tongue length, or length of ligula, for the simple reason that we did not have proper facilities for dissecting the bees; and, more- over, we felt that it was not length of the ivhotc tongue but length of reach that was the important point to know. Another interesting fact developed by the table is that Cyprians furnished by Frank Benton showed a greater tongue length and a g-reater tongue reach than the Italian^. The average tongue length for Cyprians was something over .26, while the longest tongue reach was .23, and the shortest .19. Ciirniolans, also from Frank Benton, showed a tongue reach and a tongue length corresponding very closely to the Italians; while the same measurements for black bees dropped down about a hundredth of an inch for a total tongue length, while the tong-ue reach itself of these same black bees fell considerably short of the Italians clear throug^h. The longest of the Italians was .22, and of the blacks .19, Another striking fact is that both the to- tal tongue reach and tongue length of the Apis ciursata is nowise in excess of similar measurements for Italians. Indeed, the tongue reach itself is not so great. From this it would appear that, if these measure- ments are relatively correct, we should not, •' as has been supposed, by importing these bees secure greater length of tongues, nor would there be any direct advantag-e in the matter of fertilizings- certain flora having flower-tubes so deep they can not be reach- ed by the common bee. Apis niellijica. But the figures showing tongue length of biiinble-hees, is in somewhat striking con- trast to those showing the measurements of the other bees. While the longest tongue length of Italians is .26, the longest of the Cyprians .27, Carniolans .26, and of blacks .25, the bumble-bees show a maximum length of .58 and .50 as the average, with a minimum of .45. Apparently the tongue length of bumble-bees varies considerably. This might be accounted for by the dift'er- ence in age of the bumble-bees measured. It will be remembered that the bees of Apis inellijica, when a week old, are as large as they ever will be, while those of the Bom- bus vary in size considerably, according to age. In commentiiag on his table Prof. Gillette says, " The extreme variation in tongue lengs-th in Italians was but .02 of an inch. It was the same with the Cyprians, and was but .01,'.2 with the blacks. The aver- age tongue length with the Italians exceeds the averag-e of the blacks by only .014; and the Cyprians' tongues exceed the Italians' by .0065. An examination of the table will show eight lots of Italian bees with an average tongue length exceeding that of the 18 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jan. 1 best lot of loug-tougued bees. I shall have to conclude that, so far as my study of the subject has g'one, there has been no indica- tion of any strain of the common honey-bee, Apis niellijica, worthy of the distinction long- tongue; and if any of the bees exam- ined are worthy of such a name it is the Cyprians. . . I have received bees from colonies that were said to work freely on red clover, and along with them bees from other colonies in the same apiary that were said not to work on red clover, and I have been unable to find any difference in the tongue lengths in favor of the clover work- ers." In concluding, Prof. Gillette says: I do not wish to carry the impression that I think it would not be to the advantage of a honey-bee to have an increased tongue length, but I can haidly under- stai d how the addition of one or two hundredths of an inch is going to Iv Ip very much to gather honey from red clover The length of the corolla - tube through which the tongue must reach, in the heads of red clover that I have examined, have varied between .34 and .'M of an inch. The extrtme reach of the tongue bevond the mandibles in wny bees I have mea- sured has been 23 of an inch. It makes me wonder if it is possible that those who think bees have gather- ed honev from red clover can be mistaken, and that they vi.s[t the blossoms of this plant for i ollen only. This i- onlv a suggestion, but some one who has the opportunity should settle it for a certainty. In regard to this last, I feel that Prof. Gillette has gathered a wrong impression, and certainly wrong in supposing that pol- len may be the only thing sought by the bees. The red-clover corolla-tubes grown throughout the East, as I have measured them, in hundredths of an inch, vary all the way from .12 to .36 or .37 in length, the depth increasing from the outside to the cen- ter. In the rain-belt, at least, I am sure I am right for these measurements. What they may be in Colorado I am not able to say. As nearly as I can estimate, half of the tubes in an ordinary head of red clover come within the range of .20 and .22; so that the bees that have a tongue reach, no matter what their tongue lenofh ma3' be, will be able to gather froin half of the tubes; and probably half of all the nectar in the head, as they get some out of the long tubes. That there is honey in these tubes is well known, a fact which can be easily demon- strated. All one has to do is to pull the tubes at the right season of the year, squeeze one between the thumb and finger, and a good-sized drop of nectar will issue from the end. Nay, I have gone further. I have watched bees working on red clover, and I have repeatedly seen them extract all the nectar out of the shallow tubes, and draw it down in the long tubes to a point just equal to their reach. While the bees do, of course, gather sotne pollen from red clover, yet I think the fact is demonstrated beyond doubt that tons and tons of such honey is gathered, because there are times when nothing else is in bloom, and the bees will store in sections quantities of honey that tastes very inuch like the bumble-bee honey of our boyhood days. On all other points I believe the professor's conclusions are mainly correct, except that some bees have greater reaching powers, probably, than actual measurements will show. His tables show a variation in tongue reach in Italians from .15 to .22. It will be noticed that he says he had measured the tongues from red-clover bees, and also the tongues of those that were said not to work on that plant, and that he was " unable to find any difference in tongue length in favor of the clover workers." The italics in this case are mine. It would be interesting in this connection to know whether those same bees showed a difference in tongue reach; for, as the professor has very properly shown, there is a difference in tongue reach and tongue length, and the variation of the for- mer is much greater than the latter. It has been shown — indeed, I believe it is generally admitted — that some bees will gather much more honey from red clover than others. Whether there is a physical difference between them has not been prov- en so far; and, to speak frankly, it looks now as if tongue length certainly has noth- ing to do with it. Whether tongue reach has or not, will have to be determined by means of much more perfect glossometers than have yet been devised. I say gtossoin- eters, because I am convinced that the rule plan of measuring (which I have hitherto advocated) is not altogether reliable. It gives an idea, but does not show, as Dr. Miller says in Stray Straws in this issue, what the Dees witl or can actually reach when alive. I have had much to do in stimulating a demand for red-clover bees. My idea all along has been to develop a race that would be better workers. The mere question of tongue length was an incident and not an important part of the problem, as will be evidenced by the fact that we of the Root Co. never advertised long-tongued bees ex- cept once, and immediately withdrew that advertisement. Our advertising, with this exception, has referred to red clover because we were sure that we had a strain that dis- tinguished itself away beyond anj^ thing else we ever tried, and because we were also sure that some of the daughters from those same mothers had done equally well. We purposely did not emphasize long tongues in our advertisements, for the value of that organ, whether long or short, we felt had not at that time been determined. Editorially in Gleanings for last April, page 296, I called particular attention to this, and again at other times. I wish to saj^ this in justice to those who have advertised long tongues : The queens they have sold have, so far as I know, been red-clover stock, and the tongues were only an incident, or supposed to be such. So sure have our friends been that long tongues were part and parcel of red-clover-gather- ing qualities, that they have in some cases made mere measurement predominant in- stead of some other quality unknown and yet contributing to the peculiar energy which was shown when red clover was in bloom. i9o: GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 19 NOTES OF TRAVEL. The Celebrated Tree Cacti of Arizona; the Cactus as a Honey=plant; the Growing of Alfalfa Hay; how it is Stacked Up. BY E. R. ROOT, In our last issue I spoke of the fact that Mr. W. L. Chambers, the "big little bee- keeper," had come after me with his little trotter and light bugg^y, both of which had been purchased with the proceeds of honey sales. We had planned to drive to Phcjenix, and in doing so we had to pass by a cactus forest, perhaps the most remarkable in the world, on the main road leading from Tempe to Phoiuix. As we came up alongside of these magnificent specimens of tree cacti, monarchs of their kind, I could not help thinking of my old boyhood days at school when I was studying geo.-^^raphy, how I used to look at the pictures of these giant cacti, or what seeined to ine to be very funny trees then, and whether or not I should ever see the real thing. I asked Mr. Chambers to drive up near some of them while I with my little pocket ko- dak would take in a more permanent re- minder of them, and here are some of the "shots." Fig. 1 is a good specimen of the giant tree cacti, and the aforesaid horse and buggy. Something of an idea of its size may be gathered by the height of the ve- hicle close beside it. As nearly as I can figure from a com- parison of heights, this specimen is about FIG. 1. 40 feet high. On the top of these cacti (see Figs. 1 and 2) will be seen small objects. They are nothing more nor less than beautiful blossoms that yield copiously a rich thick nectar. Quite a little swarm of bees will hover around them," for all a bee has to do is to dip down into one of the great big cups, and drink and drink to its fill. Then it flutters off, scarcel.y able to fly, while the others are gorging themselves only to go back home in a lazy uncertain flight. * They were thick around them when the photos were taken; hut on account of tlieir small size, of course thev do not show. In Figs. 1 and 2 it will be seen that the bark c^r outer coating has been broken away. A closer view shows a ragged cork-like cell- tilar substance in the center. In front of the magnificent specimen in Fig. 2 stands Mr. Chambers. If we figure that he is 5 feet 7 inches, then this cactus is somewhere abotit 30 feet high, and the two smaller ones are abotit 18. Again, comparing the famil- iar object — a man — with the cactus we find that the latter specimen in Fig. 2 is about 18 inches through. Others that I saw were abotit 20 inches. In Fig. 3 we have a general view of the whole forest of tree cacti. Over in the dis- tance will be seen the motintains near which orange-growing, I was told, was possible. The broad expanse of country shown in this general view is a perfect desert. Nothing will thrive there but these cacti; a peculiar kind of thistle, or what seem- ed to be such to me, and the ever present sage brush; and yet, on the other side of the road were beauti- ful market gardens and fields of alfalfa. Why this difference? you ask. The one can be irrigated, and the other can not ; and I hope it never can, be- cause this desert has some attraction just as nattire left it, and inan should not be al- lowed to desecrate it. As I was going out over the barren side I was particularly catttioned by Mr. Chambers about run- ning across a rattle- snake or a "gilamon- ster." I took the hint, walking care- ftillj-, and keeping a respectable distance from any of the sage brushes under which these reptiles wotild strike." Everj^ now be the mound of ^i h A GIANT TREE CACTUS, AS FOUNIJ IX ARIZONA. be likely to coil and and then there would prairie-dog. If we kept still long enou these little animals would come out and ut- ter their protest in a series of vigorotis little barks. Once in a while a genuine jack-rab- bit would start up and speed across the sandy waste, and such ornerj'^-looking things! Stich legs iind such ears! — so long and ungainlj' that the animals were origi- nally named "jackass" rabbit, subsequent- ly shortened to "jack-rabbit." So large is the animal as a whole that the first time I saw one as it sped through the bushes I concluded it must be either a small deer 20 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jan. 1 FIG. 2. -A DESKRT HONEY-PLANT. A GIANT TREE CACTUS. MK. W. L. CHAMBERS IN FKONT. or a^'coyote. But, to return to the cacti. This forest, as shown in Fig. 3, is prob- ably the largest, both in the number of trees and in its general size, of any in the world. There seems to be no apparent ef- fort to preserve these magnificent specimens. They are mutilated b}' curio-seekers tearing off a piece of the bark. Fig. 1 shows how the trunk of one specimen has been injured. Then, as if the work of civilized man was not enough, the Indians mutilate them with their bad aim, throwing stones to knock down the fruit that develops from the flow- ers, of which the bees are so fond. Indeed, there is no way by which this fruit can be gotten but by pelting it down. Taking it all in all, it seems too bad that the general government is not taking more active mea- sures to preserve such magnificent speci- mens of cacti — specimens that take years i9o: (jleaninctS in bi{;e culture. 21 3. — THE CELKBKATEI) FOREST OF GIANT CACTI ON THE ROAD LEADING FROM TEMPE TO PH(ENIX, ARIZONA. to grow, and that landscape gardeners in the Eastern cities would paj' thousands of dollars for if the.v could onU' cultivate them. Speaking about the fruit of the tree cac- tus reminds me that no one but an Indian can eat it. It affects white men very se- riousl}', and some have been known to die from it; for it has a beautiful flavor, and therein lies the danger. Before civilization had- encroached on either side of this mag- nificent forest of cacti, the Indians were in the habit of getting water from them. There is a trick about.it that they alone understand; and although the water, I am A KIl'.LD OF ALFALFA IN FULL HLOOM. GLEAISriNGS IN BEIC CULTURE. Jax. 1 told, is somewhat brackish, yet to one al- most dying- of thirst I suppose it has all the freshness of the delii^htful cool springs that we knew in our childhood days. After I had snapped the kodak rig-ht and left, I got into the buggy again; but as I did so I turned back lingering eyes, think- ing that perhaps it might be many a year (and possibly never) before I should see the remarkable sight again. GROWING ALFALFA. To me, one of the most interesting devel- opments throughout the arid regions of the West was the growing of alfalfa. Almost no other hay will grow in those hot irrigated districts, and yet this thrives wonderfully. A hot dry climate and moist roots give us a fodder that, for fattening cattle, and making- them grow sleek ayid handso)ne, beats any thing else I ever saw. For work horses it is not quite the equal of timothy or oats; but as almost nothing else is to be had, ex- cept at considerable expense, farm horses are able to do a big day's work on it, so I ■was told. When Mr. Chambers and I were driving b}^ one of his apiaries we came across a field of alfalfa that had reached its per- fection of growth. It was in the height of bloom, and the beautiful violet blossoms, and the hum of the bees, made a combina- tion alike pleasant to sight and hearing. I attempted to take a photo of it, but the re- sult was very disappointing. However, I will show it to you as it is. If you were standing out in the field the tips would FIG. 6. — METHOD OK STACKING ALFALFA HAY. ^. — DRIVEWAY TO THE BROMELL BROTHERS' HOME. reach very nearly up to your chest; for, as I have before explained, alfalfa grows in Arizona, especial- ly in that section, as it does no- where else. But one of the novelties to me was the mode of harvesting this crop. It is cut with mowers as we cut hay in the East; but instead of being put into barns it is always put up outdoors in stacks, giant in size as compared with the little mounds of hay in the rain-belt. Some of these great masses of al- falfa haj', I should judge, were 60 feet long and 2.S wide. Instead of pitching the haj^ from a wagon with a pitchfork on to the stack in the good old-fashioned way, it is car- ried vip by a simple piece of mechan- ism. But before I show you this machine let me give you a view of a little driveway approaching the fine residence of some of our bee- keeping friends, the Bromell Broth- ers. They are located near Phoenix; and the house, a new one nearly finished, was at the end of a beauti- ful drive bordei-ed on either side by palms, cacti, cottonwoods, and other growths peculiar to that climate. And such palms I Many a millionaire, or even one in less comfortable circumstances, would 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 23 g-ive much for a single specimen of what grows in Arizona as free as ragweeds in the East. I attempted to take a photo, but this, too, is disappointing. However, I show you the result. The palms show very indistinctly; but one can get some faint im- pression of the approach to the Bromell Brothers' home. Well, on arriving there I found them in the rear, stacking hay. A sister. Miss Alice Bromell was driving the horse while the boys, Albert and Fred, were attending the stacker. Miss Alice, evidently fearing I might show her up in Gleanings, disap- peiired, for I had my kodak in hand, and probably looked as if I might do some ko- daking before I left the premises. The ap- pearance did not belie the intent. The sight was so novel and interesting that I proposed to take in some permanent re- minder of how farming is carried on in Ar- izona, and I did, and luckily for Miss Bro- mell. The alfalfa hay on the wagon is sta- tioned near the stacker, or what we might call a light derrick. A grappling-hook having four prongs, and in some cases only three, grabs hold of almost a cartload at once. The attendant who drives the horse starts him forward, and immediately the rope traveling over the tackling lifts the load, elevates it to the proper height, and then by means of another small rope the spar or side arm is drawn around until the load stands exactly over the spot where it is to be dropped on the stack. A man on top scatters it evenly, and then is ready to take care of the next bunch of hay. It takes three people to operate it, but these three, with the horse, can do the work of a dozen or so of hand-pitchers, and so much more easily. The climate in Arizona is so dry and warm, and there is so little rainfall, barns are not needed.* It is, therefore, not neces- sary, or not so much so, to make the stack shed water as with us in fhe East. The alfalfa is piled up until it reaches the height of IS or 20 feet, and then is left to stand till used. The hay, when stacked, is of a beautiful light-green color, and remains so for a year or more, or until it is used, except the portion that is exposed to the direct rays of the sun, which bleaches it somewhat. The stacker shown in the illustration seems to be a simple home-made machine; but whether shop or home-made, no one in the West would think of trying to stack hay in the old-fashioned way — in fact, it would be simply impossible. Stacks such as we have in the East would be altogether too small; and, besides, the hay would bleach too much. These large mounds economize room, and at the same time keep the hay in much better condition for stock when it is needed. I also took some views of the Bromell Brothers' apiary; but as they were so much like all the rest of the Arizona yards I do not reproduce thein here. * This is true of all the alfalfa-growing regions in the West that I visited. /. .S". W., Miss. — As to how to get the hon- ey out of the supers into the brood-nests, I would state that the task is not an easy one — that is, if you expect the bees to carry it below. If you rake over the surfaces of the sealed combs with a wire brush, caus- ing the combs to "bleed," the bees may do something in the way of carrying the hon- ey down. But a far better way is to take those same combs, extract them, and sell the honey; then feed sugar syrup in the regular way to give the bees the requisite amount of stores. As to the combs, it would be advisable to set them on top of some strong colonies, where they may be cleaned up by the bees, and at the same time be protected from the ravages of the moth. But I would advise letting the bees clean them and then put them in hives or supers that are both bee and moth proof; or you can store them in a room, fumigating them with bisulphide of carbon, or with sulphur, then shutting the room tight. We use eight- frame hives at the Home of the Honey-bees; but in the South, where extracted honey is produced, the ten-frame size is generally preferred. DEAD BROOD NOT CAUSED BY SULPHURIC ACID. J. B. C, La. — With reference to the mat- ter of sulphuric acid and our instructions regarding its use, I have to saj' that you are laboring under a misapprehension when you suppose that the acid used in refining wax for foundation kills brood. Sulphuric acid is very inuch heavier than water — so heavy, indeed, that the water will set- tle down to the bottom of the tank that is in- tended to be used for the refining of wax. If you are familiar with chemistry you will know that the specific gravity of the acid is considerably greater than that of water. If we put 10 per cent acid in water, then throw in cakes of wax, turning on the steam or heating the wax, acid and water will all mingle together. Our instructions are, after the wax is thoroughly melted, to cover up the barrel or tank and allow the whole mass to cool slowly. All the free wax, of course, rises to the top; the water settles to the bottom, and in turn the acid settles to the very bottom of the tank or un- der the water. The water and the acid do not make a chemical mixture, but what is termed a mechanical mixture, and will, therefore, separate when at rest by their difl^erence in specific gravity; therefore the acid does not remain in the water, as you supposed, in a way to affect the foundation or the wax. Thousands of pounds of our foundation are used all over the United States, in .hundreds of localities where there is no foul brood at all. 24 GLEANINGS IN BEP: CULTURE. Jan. 1 Go ye into all the world and preach the gospel to e\ery creature. M rkiUMS. A great many people seem to think this means that we are to go to some of the dis- tant islands of the sea, to Africa, possiblj^ China, or to hunt up some place where there are savages who know nothing what- ever of the Bible. But a few, thank God, recognize that there is need of preachintr the gospel, or, perhaps, icacliins; it, right here in America. Sometimes right in our own town — yes. may be just across the street, or almost next door ; and, come to think of it, I shouldn't wonder if there were professing Christians who are neglecting or forgetting to preach and teach the gospel of Christ Jesus among the inmates of their own home — among the hired help, for in- stance. Why, I almost got into a jangle with quite a lot of my good friends because I ventured to suggest that, if the hired man or hired girl sat down to the table with the rest of the familj', it would give ai bt tter opportunitjs by precept and example, to speak of " free salvation " to all. For sorne years I have known more or less of a work started by a single person in Buffalo. This person is a woman, and not a very big one at that — a girlish-looking woman who started out alone, almost sin- gle-handed; yes, and she chose for her lo- cation one of the worst spots in that great city. When my companion and I got off the cars rather late one December after- noon I inquired for a street-car that would take me either to or near liO Erie St. My informant said there was no street-car line that way, but that it was onl}' a little way from the Lakeshore station, and that we could easily walk it. He indicated with his hand the direction we were to take. Now, I had made up my mind I would make quite a lot of inquiries — more than I realU' needed to, for that matter, in order to find out what I could about Miss Mary E. Remington, and of the work she is do- ing. I first asked two bo3's how far we were from 150 Erie St. As the direction was a little complicated one of them asked me whom I wished to see there. I said I wished to see Miss Remington. ■' Oh! that is all right if j'ou want to see her; but 3'ou had better go this way." Then he told me where to turn, etc. Then I asked a man with a big rubber coat on, well bundled up. When I gave the street and number he said: '■ Are you going to Miss Remington's? " I assented. Then he added, as he looked myself and companion over: " Why, your shortest cut would be down Caniil St. ; but you stand a big chance of being robbed there. Look here. I will go with you and show you the way." I told him he need not take all that trou- ble, but he said it was all right. Other in- quiries of a like nature were made. When I asked some of the boys if they knew Miss Remington their faces brightened up as one of them said, "You bet." The other re- plied to the effect that she was one of the best women in Buffalo. Pretty soon we came in sight of a large five-story building besides the basement. In large letters on the bricks across the side facing the canal were the words, ' ' Remington Gospel Settlement. ' ' This was somewhat of a surprise to me — yes, it was one of my " /'^?/>/>r " surprises. I knew something about how Miss Remington had been struggling against great odds, and battling with sin and Satan almost empty- handed. I knew how she had, with her frail strength, engaged in what you might jilmost call hand-to-hand conflicts with the powers of darkness. But 1 did not quite understand how every boy on the street knew her, and seemed to feel a manly pride in speaking her praise; but I understood it afterward. This big building she occu- pies, besides furnishing her various school- rooms that I will tell you about later, fur- nishes homes to something like fifty fami- lies of Italian people. Of course, each fam- ily has only a small apartment. Miss Remington is not onl)'^ a friend and bene- factress to all these families, but she is likewise on friendly' terms with the men, women, and children of the whole of Canal St. in that part of the city. As the man said to us, it is not always safe to go through that part of Canal St., even in broad daylight; but again and again I was assured I could go anywhere, day or night, in company with Miss Remington, and would meet with civil and respectful treat- ment everywhere. Our visit was made Saturday evening. During that evening there was only one exercise — a class in shorthand. Sunday morning, as I looked out of the window I saw across the street an old railroad building that had an in- scription something like this: " Free Kin- dergarten School." I asked Miss Reming- ton if she had opposition in her work. "Oh, dear! no — not right over there. Those are the quarters I occupied before we came over here, and the sign has not been removed." During the forenoon we attended church services in company with Miss Remington. I was rather glad to see her drop her mul- tifarious duties and go to church, even if she does have a church of her own on every day of the week. After dinner I expressed a desire to see the empty schoolrooms before the children came in. Supt. Wadge went around with me. When we got to the door of the Sunday-school room a great crowd of children were flattening their noses against the window-panes, and rattling on the door to get in. Mr. Wadge kindlj^ explained that it was fully an hour and a half before the Sunday-school would open. But it was raining, and they begged him to let them 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 25 come in and sit down. He told me he was sorry, but it would not do. The room would be tilled up in no time, and I found out afterward that it takes all the ability and sometimes prett_v much all of the mus- cular streng-th of a dozen or more teachers to keep those " street Arabs " in any kind of decorum. Almost all of these people are Italians. Now, there has been some p;-ejudice ag-ainst Italian emigrants. I fuund it especially so in New Orleans; but my mind has changed a good deal since the experience of that Sabbath, reg"ardLng the inhabitants of sun- ny Italy.* There were different rooms for children of different ages. But the room where I was asked to take a class I should think contained between two and three hundred, and the upi'oar was like "the sound of many waters." The class assigned me wiis near the door. I made up my inind almost at once that it was not much use to talk about the international lesson. They had not studied any lesson, and did not propose to. I told them I was a stranger froin Ohio, and asked questions about Miss Remington and the school, and finally asked the boys what they worked at week days. The largest boj' in the class said they were mostly newsboys. I asked some questions about Buffiilo, then told them of the "carnival of crime" we are lighting to keep down in Cleveland, near my home. I asked them if Buffalo was having the same sieg-e. Now, I hardly need tell you there has been for years piist a sort of rivalry between Cleveland and Buffalo. These boys pretty soon beg"an to mention the ad- vantages of their own city; and as they fis- sured me that Buffiilo was a better place, from a moral point of view, each newspaper boy straightened himself up and put on a more gentlemanly demeanor. He was go- ing to deiTionstrate to an Ohio man that Buffalo was at least a respectable city, and that that school was a respectable and well- behaved one. In fact, they discussed with animation this problem of crimes as if they might be one of the "city fathers." Only God knows whether or not they may not some time help hold up righteousness and put down iniquity in the city of Buffalo. After the school was out, Mr. Wadg-e * By the way. shall we not all remember that Mar- coni is an Italian ? I know America has been in the habit of claiming that we art- head and shoulders in advance, especiallj- in science and great mechanical developments, of the rest of the world but just now that young atlilete in electrical science (and I rather suspect in ahnost all other sciences as welli is talking across the oce.in, and that uilhmil a wire ; and just as the news came flashing through our daily pre-s, a most disgrat eful and humiliating report followed it, to the effect tha the proprietors of the Atlanlic cable (I hope they are not Americans) weie trying to serve an injunction on him because thej' claim they had a '■ patent right " on using ehctriciiy across the ocean. TJunk God there is no patent on the water we drink nor on the air we breathe ; and the idea that any per- son or corporation has a monopoly of the s ace above, in the waters or under the waters, or Ihmiigh the sulid fii' th. to prevent this young scientist from sending his vibrations unbind red, seems to me the biggest piece of ab.urditv the world ever saw. congratulated me on having held the at- tention of the worst class in school better than their teachers usually succeeded in doing; and Miss Remington informed me later that the large boy (the worst one in the lot) wanted to know if the Ohio man would be there in the evening. Of course, I v^-as only too happy to say I would be at their service. Somebody wanted to hear me talk about bees. I gave the boys soine of my early hi.story — how I felt that God called me, even when I was very small, to the study of insects. Then I spoke of the stories in the newspapers about manufac- tured comb honey. Said I, "Boys, the world is now making- great progress in the way of invention and discovery; but do any of you believe that mankind will ever suc- ceed in manufacturing strawberries just as good as those that grow on the vines?" They came out very promptly, declaring that strawberries could not be manufac- tured. Then I explained to them that, in a like manner, the art of man would never succeed in manufacturing comb honey that would pass at all for the genuine made by the bees. "By the way, boys, do you know any thing about strawberries? Do you ever pick them in the fields?" At this so manj-^ hands went up that I thought they were telling me fibs; but Miss Remington assured me afterward that it was all true. She said that, in winter, they live in the citj^, and rent rooms in her building and other buildings; but when it comes time for working in gardens in the suburbs, they move out into the fields, whole families coming and camping- out, while they pick strawberries, weed onions, and do any thing- else the farmers want them to do. Sothej'told me the truth when they said they knew jiU about strawberries. During my talk there was a constant running fire of comments and questions. Miss Remington and the teachers tried in vain to restrain the boys; but I told the teachers to let them talk — in fact, I rather enjoyed having an audience that showed by its responses that they caught on to not only every word and idea but their buoy- ant imaginations supplied a good many things that / had not thought of, and should have never thought of. At the close of my talk I assured them that God had a special place, or a call for every single boy or girl in that crowd, and the great thing in this life is to find just what God has fitted us to do best. I pointed to Miss Remington, and said, "This good woman rig'ht here has had a. peculiar c'aW. God called her in a dift'erent direction from what he has called any of the rest of us. Btij's, can you sug- gest to me what he called her to do? ' Almost instantly the reply came from different parts of the room, "He called her to look after us boys;" and I honestly be- lieve that all try to show by their lives that they believe what they said. Just as I was leaving the speaker's stand, some boy wanted to ask another 2h GLEANINGS IN EEE CULTURE. Jan. 1 question. His teacher was inclined to hvtsh him up; but I begg-ed her to let him tell what he had to say. He said, "Mr. Root, can you tell us all about how to make mac- aroni and cheese?" At this there was a shout all over the room. When the uproar had subsided a little I said, "I am sorry to say, my young friend, I can not tell about these things. I know something about strawberries — in fact, I have written a book about how to grow them, and I know quite a little about bees; but I do not know about these other things you mention." ' Now, if you wish to know more about the Remington Gospel Settlement, write to 150 Erie St., Buffalo, and Miss Remington will send you a report of their work. In con- clusion I wish to make some extracts from that report. I have selected the branches that appeal most to my S3-mpathies. Keeping the girls from the street, or worse places, and teaching them things which will be of use all through life, we consider a very important part of the work. They thoroughly enjoy sewing, and most of them would like to begin on dresses. We do not won- der at this desire, after seeing some of the dresses they have to wear They are expected to work on aprons or under-clothes until they can do fairly good work. Among the teachers are three dres-makers, and they have had their hands full teaching the girls to cut and fit their own dresses. Often a girl supplies her own material, which she brings to the class, nud cuts it out, takes it home to sew, and brings it again the next week for a little more help The girls try to learn all they can, for they are anxious to be able to make their own clothes at home, and some of them have done ex- ceedinglj- well at it this winter. W hen we supply the material, the girls pay four- fifths of the cost, and are required to finish the gar- ments in the club. We have 72 nimes on the roll- book, and the girls have all been very faithful in at- tendance. There has also been a cla.ss in knitting, in which several of the girls have learned to knit the mittens that will keep their hands warm next winter At o* e time, Mrs. H. H. Boyce very kindly gave the older gills a course of lessons in cooking, which proved very delightful and beneficial They practiced at home what they w re taught in the class, as the recipes selected were for articles not expensive, yet very pal- atable and wholesome. I his year the work closed with a sewing-contest, which lasted two nights, and caused great interest among the girls. Each member of the class made a model apron, showing the best she could do in button- hole.s, gathering, hemming, etc. Prizes were awaided for the best work, and those who were not so fortunate as to receive one made themselves happy bv represent- ing books at the " I,ibrary Party," which followed KITC«KN GARDEN. The usual work, dish-washing, bed-making, etc., is carried on ; but the little ones love best to .set the table and play "The Smith F.imily.'' "Teacher, what a lot of things you put on your ta- ble," remarked one little maid, who enjoyed the ap- pearance of the clean cloth and dishes. Another child marvels at what she calls •' the little towels," and nev- er fails to report any unfortunate member of the Smith family who fails to use her napkin in the right way. A great delight for the children has been the stories told by the teachers. One little girl gives her own version of what was told at the previous meeting, and then the class is rewarded by a new t;ile Besides the pleasure which thty give, the stories have helped in another way, for they are sometimes used, as the teachers have learned to keep the baby quiet and amused for a while at home, and .so relieve some tired mother. Baby, who has not yet joined the class, sometimes has a stoic sister of six or seven, who saves, for the lit- tle one at home, her bit of candy or c oky, or perhaps shares it with a teacher unlucky enough to have been skipped when the evening's treat was passed around. The children manage to spend a happy evening in work and play, and are as easily governed as seventy- five or one hundred small, live creatures put into one room could be expected to be. MANtTAL TRAINING. April 1. 1901, closed our third year of work in the manual-training department. During the three vears we have endeavored to make a careful study of the conditions and problems confronting us. and "by judi- cious experiments to discover the method best suited to our needs Our lesson-periods have been ninety minutes, one evening each week, from October to April ; our equip- ment provides for twelve boys, using the Rochester desk top. designed by Prof Murray. Our cla,sses have been made up of boys from about nine to fourteen yeais of age. including American, English, Irish, He- ijrew, Italian, French. German, and Polish nationali- ties ; and the subject-matter has consisted of exercises in wood-working, ranging from knife-whittling in thin wood to the con.-truction of objects involving the simpler joint-;, elementary geometrical drawing, and some A'enetian bent iron work. We have endeavored, as far as possible, to introduce no abstract exercises, but to make the work interesting to the boys by selecting for each model a finished arti- cle. Our work, under the conditions that obtain here in the -ettlement, differs in almost every way froin the work carried on in public schools. Many of these boys, living as they do in tow-path shanties, house- boats, or ill-kept tenements exhibit evidences of ar- rested development. Many things intelligible and in- teresting to the averaae schoolboy do not seem to ap- peal in the same way to these children ; consequently our public-school courses and methods could not be used except by extensive modification, and in some cases not at all. Working under the conviction that the first thing nee ssary is to secure and retain the interest of the boy, we have from time to time been led to discard an idea or model or method that did not seem to work to- ward that end The chief aim at all times has been to produce results in character-building, while the specif- ic results in models and in hand skill have been of distinctly secondary importance. SHOE-REPAIRING. r Knowing that many of the men in our neighborhood repair their own shoes in a rude way, we asked the boys if any of them would like to learn to do it proper- ly. So many applied for admission to the class that we had to select tho.se who behaved the best, as only twelve could be taught at one time. As all the bo s in this class were Italian, and many could not speak much English, we engaged a first-cla.ss Italian shoe- maker. Mr Louis Barone, and the class has done re- markably good work. They have not only mended their own shoes but have brought shoes from home to repair, and have mended for some of the other children who attend the different classes. .Shoes that are sent in, very often need mending, so they are put in the re- pair shop, mended, and then sold in the sales which we usually have each month. The boys have done very nice work. THE MOTHERS' MEETING. The meeting is scheduled to open at two o'clock, but nearly every week many of the women are at the door at half-past twelve or one o'clock, and hardly ever a woman is later than half-past one. Thej' all .seem to think this is the pleasantast time in the whole week to them. A gr at many of them work out by the day, but they wi 1 not work on Wednesday if they can pos- sibly avoid it. During the first three months of the present j^ear Mrs. Boyce gave cooking-lessons, and they all enjoyed them very much The lessons were all such that the women could go home and make practical use of what thej' had been taught, and the next week the}' would tell of their difficulties, if they had any, and get point- ers as to what was the trouble. If Mrs. Boyce could see the improvement in some of the meals that are served in the fifty homes that she came in con act with in giving the lessons, she would feel fully paid for her labors. All the material used in connection with these les- sons was donated, which was a great help. After the cooking-lessons were discontinued the wo- men returned to their usual occ pation of sewing. They make up garments for themselves and their chil- dren, and pay for them, when finished, four-fifths of . the original price. The little sales, as referred to in another place, supply the other fifth, so that this branch of the work is practically self-supporting. Each gathering is closed with a short devotional ser- vice, prayer, .short Bible-reading and singing, and all the women stay to this service. These meetings are 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 27 continued throughout the year, excepting for about a month in the sunnner. As ofien as possible we give them light refresh- ments, consisting usually of coffee and graham bread, of which they are very fond. They say they would rather have it than cake, and it is much easier and cheaper to make. WOOD-CARVING AND MANUAL TRAINING FOR GIRLS. Two years ago we tried the experiment of having a manual-training class for the girls. As we had tools for only eighteen, the others who wanted "to be" in it wereoblTged to wait until .some one dropped out, but no one seemed to want to drop out. They were given the .same course of instruction as the boys had the year before, geometrical drawing, knife-work, and the use of tools in making small articles. The girls took great interest in this cla.ss, and s jme of them liked it even belter than sewing, which is saying a good deal. During the past winter the cla.ss was given instruc- tion in wood-carving, which has been very fascinating to some of them, and they have made some very pretty articles. SEWING-SCHOOL. The sewing-school is divided into two departments, one for the older children and the other for the chil- dren too young to sew, from seven years old down to six months or younger, for, of course, every little girl must bring the baby. The.se little children, of whom there are about 125 p eseni each week, are in charge of some young ladies from the Central High School, who have been very faithful in their work of love, and the children are all very fond of their teachers. They have divided their department into two classes, one for the very little ones who are entertained and taught little songs and games, while the others are taken into another room and taught kindergarten sewing. In the main room the children are first taught the stitches, and, after they can do them nicely, are given a sliirt and then an apron to make They have done verj' good work. Many of the children have not been absent during the whole year It is very amusing to go to the homes and see some of the little girls making aprons for their mothers or showing them how to do it At one place a little girl brought forward a gar- ment and asked how to gather it and put on a band ; and when she was told she turned to her mother with, "There, I told you that was the way teacher said put it on." The mother said she had to do so much other work she did not knoiv much about sewing The women on the streei have said to us many times, that, if there had been any such placr as this for them to have gone when they were little, and they could have been taught as these children are, they would never have gotten where they are now. PENNY SAVINGS BANK. When the bank was first established, the people were careful not to put in very much money till they had tried drawing some of it out. in order to be sure they could get it. This feeling soon wore off, and they began to increase their deposits. We have now 248 depositors. Some of the boys, who black shoes and sell papers, have saved as much as twenty dollars each. Often when they get ten or twelve dollars in the bank they have to draw it out to help at home — pay rent, buy coal, etc. Several of the girls who are working have also saved quite a good deal. The very little girls and boys have saved quite large sums by depositing just the pennies that they would otherwise have spent for candy and cigarettes. .Some of the youngest of these have bought .shoes with what they saved. The rule is that they must give at least one day's no- tice if they wish to withdraw any money. A child sometimes thinks he would like to have a little extra candy, or go to a five-cent show, and starts for the bank ; but when he can not get his pennies till the next day the desire is gone by that time and the money is still in the bank The women of the Mother's Meeting are .saving for coal, flour, etc., and during the past year have bought 186 barrels of flour and 290 tons of coal with money they have saved in the Penny Savings Bank. A FEW INCIDENTS IN THE WORK. When we took the hou^e every room in it needed pa- pering and painting, as they were in dreadful co di- tion, but we did not have the monev to do it. A little over a year ago a gentleman gave fifty dollars to help along the work in any way needed, so we thought it could not be used to better "advantage than to clean up the house a little. I told the tenants if they would tear off all the old i)aper, clean the windows and paint, and kill all the bugs. I would have the rooms papered and painted for them. It was fun to see them work. When they were througli they came to me, each woman anxious to have me take hers first, and each had .some good reason why hers should be the first to be done. One had a daughter who was to be married, another was to christen the baby, etc I told them I would give them a few days more and then I would take the cleanest place first. Well, the way they cleaned first was no compari.son to the way they cleaned after that. After waiting about a week I went around to see the rooms, and as soon as I started I had a crowd after me to hear what I would .say. Every room was cleaned up in good shape, and I praised them all about alike, and when I got through I turned to one woman and said, " Which place do you think is the cleanest?" vShe shrugged her shoulders and said she did not know. I tried several, but none could tell. Probably each one wanted to say her own, but could not do that very well. " Well, you can not tell and I can not tell," .said I, "so we will begin at the top and come right down through and take you all in turn, and will have it all done quickly." This was satisfactory, so we went to work The fifty dollars cleaned the two top floors, on which there are twenty two families. The rest of the money came from other sources. I he house has never been so dirty since, and one more cleaning will put it in very good shape. One small kerosene-lamp in each large hall did not furnish a very brilliant light. In fact, a straiger would not have cared to try to find any one in the eve- ning. We thought that, ifthe halls were lighter, they could be kept cleaner. On making inquiry we found that electric lights would be cheaper than gas, although the cost of either would be about forty dol- lars, and the question was, how could that much be spared from the work? A lady in Medina, Ohio, knowing that we wished to do this, said that she would give five dollars, and that her father said that, when it was all provided except the last five dollars, he would give that. A gentleman here in the city said he would give the next to the last five dollars. One and another gave a dollar till we finally had the money in hand, and the whole place was soon brightly lighted with electricity. When the men were putting in the lights several of the women were frightened, and wanted us to take them right out ; but in a day or tw ) after the lights were turned on, they came again and wanted us to put them in their rooms. It has had the desired effect, to make them keep the places clean. A light in a dark place has a wonderful effect. A great many people say that one thing that keeps people poor is that they do not know how to manage. While we will admit that this is the case a great many times, still there are exceptions, and here is one of them. One of the women at one of the sales bought an old. ragged, rusty coat and a toboggan cap. A few days after she came in to see about getting work, and brought her little boy and girl with her. The little boy had on a coat made from the old coat, which had been washed and pre.ssed and turned, and a little sweater, wliich she had made from the toboggan by cutting off the top and binding it, andcuttingout some arm-holes and binding them. To be sure, it had no sleeves, but with his little coat on it looked very well. The little girl had on the top of the old toboggan for a cap This shows only one of the many ways that the wo- men u.se the things which they get in the .sales Noth- ing ever goes to waste. They are very proud to come and show us what they have made out of some old tlii ;g that it did not seem possible could be of any use. We have been able to have these sales, during the last year, about once a month. In the spring and fall we have a hat sale, and our friends send us their old hats and trimmings, and then all who can come and help trim do so. and we sell the hats at from one cent to twenty five cents each. .Sev- eral of the milliners have sent trimmings and hats, and some of them have also given their services to help trim for the sales As the receipts from the Mothers' Meeting are only four-fifths the actual cost of the material, these sales make up the deficit. In closing-, permit me to state that Miss Reming:ton has undertaken to ptirchase out- right the great building she occtipies. It was fitted originally for a hotel. Before 28 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jan. 1 she got hold of it, it was used for. saloons. TheA' have the low price on it of $10,000. She has already paid $3000; and, God help- ing- her throug-h the hearts of the people, she expects to pay it all in a short time. The property would bring inany times the price mentioned were it not for the reputa- tion the locality has held for so many years; and Miss Remington is fast bettering the name that has so persistently clung so long to the junction of Canal and Erie Sits. THE JESSIE STRAWBERRY ; ITS ABILITY TO STAND DROUTH, ETC. Along the latter part of July I was try- ing to ride up a preltj' steep hill right op- posite the home of "William Hineforth, near our Michigan home. When I just began thinking I was too tired to propel the wheel any further up so steep a grade mj' eye caught sight of some beautiful strawberries sparkling among the green leaves. In fact, the strawberry-rows ran clear up to the road. When my wheel tipped over, somehow or other it tipped toward the strawberries, and I was just about refresliing myself with the tempting beauties when it occur- red to me I should be setting a bjid exam- ple; therefore I left my wheel i and the ber- ries too), and went over and asked permis- sion of Mr. H. to sample his beautiful ber- ries so late in the season. I noticed on the way that every fourth row in his berry- patch was bright and green, vv-hile the three rows between were almost dried up and worthless. Said I: "What berry is this, friend H., that stands the drouth and gives you berries worth picking so late in the sea- son ? ' ' •' Why, don't you know, Mr. Root? That is the Jessie. You see I planted three rows of Warfield. and one of Jessies for fertiliz- er. The Warfields could not stand the drouth, and are dried up, as you see; but the Jessies keep right on growing-, and bearing fruit. It certainly is a wonderful object-lesson in regard to the ability of the Jessie to stand drouth." Now, some of 3'ou may remember that I assisted considerably in introducing the Jessie. Well, I have never noticed on our grounds that it stood the drouth better than other varieties. Perhaps this is onlj' anoth- er peculiarity of location. Yes, I sampled the berries. Now, if you never rode a wheel up a long hill in the month of Julj^ and got tired and thirsty, and then sort o' accidentally tumbled over into a strawber- rj'- patch — vfhy, unless j'ou have been through such an experience, you have never yet realized what a wonderful gift God made when he gave strawberries to his children. After I came back I discovered Mrs. H. and two girls picking berries. I had not noticed them before; but suppose I /lad just jumped off my wheel and helped myself to those berries, as I was tempted to do, without saying a word to anybody. I know it is a small matter; but how much better I felt, and how much better the ber- ries tasted, after I had permission! I do not remember now just how much the ber- ries brought a quart ; but those Jessies brought a pretty big price after everybody else had quit bringing strawberries to mar- ket. PLANTING POTATOES TOO CLOSE TOGETHER AND PLANTING THEM TOO FAR APART. Last fall at potato-digging time, Mrs. Root and I were taking- a ride across the country in the Traverse region. At one point our road took us right through a po- tato-patch, and men and boys were dig^ging potatoes close up to the wagon-tracks. Just as soon as I got into that potato-field my eye quickly caught on to the fact that the potatoes were larger, finer- shaped, and more of them, close up to the wag-ou-tracks on both sides. Where they had not 3'et been dug the vines were larger, stronger, and thriftier. I stopped the horses and said something like this: "Look here, friends, do you pick out your nicest potatoes and put them close to the road on each side, just to make people stare, or do they grow that way?" "They grew just as you see them, stran- ger. Potatoes always grow bigger next to the road, because they have more room. I suppose. You see there are no potatoes on the other side to rob them of fertility and water when there is ii scarcity of rain. We were talking about it before you came along; and I believe it is g-enerally the case in this region if not in other places." I suggested that perhaps the road was traveled enough so the manure the horses had dropped in years past might have made the difference, but they thought not. I have wondered many times why the people in that region planted their potatoes so much further apart than we do in Ohio. You know the men who sell the hand potiito- planter figure only five or six bushels to the acre, while we use eight or ten, and sometimes twelve. Now, their potatoes are three feet apart, and sometimes more, and planted so they can be cultivated both ways. But I am sure early potatoes could be plant- ed much closer. We had some beautiful Ear- ly Michigans last year, and they make only a small top, and are quite earl}*. I w' as not present when the}' were planted; but after they came up I said there might have been a hill of potatoes half way between, one way at least, and the whole patch would hiive yielded almost as many to the hill. But this object-lesson of the potatoes along b}' the road would rather indicate that there is danger of getting them too close in that region. I asked if potatoes always j'ielded better clear around at the outside of the field, and I was told this was not always 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. the case. The outside row of potatoes is apt to be ground that is not plowed and harrowed so thoroug-hly, and oftentimes does not get as good cultivation; and there is more or less tramping on them in turning around. Where the road ran through that potato-patch I am inclined to think they plowed up and fitted the road, field, and all. I judged from the looks of things. I suppose they left a vacant strip just wide enough for a wagon to get through. There was certainly no place for one wagon to pass another in that whole potato-field. I am inclined to think that, on very rich ground, well manured and thoroughly fit- ted, we may profitably put potatoes only three feet apart, and from a foot to fourteen inches apart in the row — that is, we can do that in Ohio, saj' after we have turned un- der a heavy clover sod. In the Michigan sandy soil, especially where there has been no clover turned under, and no stable ma- nure was ever used, possibly it may be profitable to put the potatoes three feet apart each way. You see this would make only /la/J Jis many hills in the field; but putting them so far apart would certainlj' g-et larger jtotatoes, and probably more in a hill. If one sing-le stalk is g'oing to give 15 good-sized potatoes, however, as I secur- ed near friend Hilbert's, we can well af- ford to give such a hill plenty of room, say as we have it in putting the hills three feet apart each way. Now, friends, it is quite likely we sometimes lose half a crop or less by putting our potatoes too f ir apart. At other seasons and in other localities, per- haps we lose almost as much by going to the opposite extreme. Where we get them too far apart we usually have the largest and the most potatoes to the hill. Let us each and all test the matter for our OcV?i fields. GINSRNG AND GINSENG-GARDKNS. Since what I have said in regard to grow- ing ginseng, I have been assured several times that it is not so difficult to grow — in fact, I find it has been growing- in consider- able quantities on my place in Michigan. One day when I was at work at that spring- I have told you about, a big Indian came and sat down and very quietly began watching me. He did not seem to want to talk; but an " Injun " was something of a curiosity' to me, and I made him talk. He had a sort of sack hung" around his neck. I asked him what he had in it. He then pulled out a big handful of fresh ginseng roots just dug. To get acquainted I g-ave him 25 cts. for the bigg-est root in the lot. Then I asked him if he found them growing in ;//)' woods. He nodded his head in the affirmative. I then asked him if he could show me the growing plants. He did not want to answer, but finallj^ admitted he could. I offered him 25 cents more to show me the growing plants, so I could see whiit they look like. He said he would bring- me one, top and all; but when I wanted to g-o with him and see him dig them he shook his head. P^inally I agreed to g-ive him 25 cents to bring me a whole plant, top and all. He disappeared in the bushes, and came back in a very few minutes with a root in one hand and a top in the other. Some of my friends told me afterward that* the Indians remember the particular spots where the ginseng grows, and they get roots there more or less everj' j'ear, leaving the small ones to grow until they are larg-e enough to dig. He did not want me to know where the ginseng-patch was on my own land. A few months later I heard boys' voices oif in the woods one Sunday afternoon. I hunted them up and inquired what they were doing. I found they had collected quite a lot of little g-inseng roots. The In- dians save the small ones to g-row larger; but those boys dug- ever^- thing, little and big. This was in October; but the little roots had a good strong sprout on each one, ready for next year's growth. Now, my ranch would be a splendid place for a gin- seng-garden; but unless I could be right there every day in the j^ear I do not sup- pose any kind of fence would keep g-inseng- hunters out. The plant the Indian brought me stood up fully two feet high. The leaves had a beautiful glossy surface on the under side, as if they had just been varnished. The plant very much resembles sarsaparil- la and some other plants having five leaves radiating from the center; but the g-inseng has a very much finer and more delicate appearance than anj- of these other plants. In answer to my request for a report from some one who did not advertise seeds and plants, I received the following: GINSENG-GKOWIXG, BV ONE WHO DOES NOT SELL SEEDS OR PLANTS. You say you would like to hear from some one who is in the ginseng business, who has not plants or seeds to sell. Mr. Benjamin Palmer, of Boydon, Crawford Co., Wis., has been in the business about six years, and he does not sell plants or seeds. I was oii his patch last spring, about two-' birds of an acre You could not tell ii from the rest of the hillside, except from the fence. The plants had n t got up through the leaves yet, but they were there all right, about ten inches apart in the row. I don't know how wide the rows are ; but where he raked the leaves off the voung plants, I believe you could count a hundred ina foot square, no bigger than a darning-needle. The first ones he planted he says will grow 'i feet high. I sup- pose they have seeds on them. He says he lost time in not knowing how to manage them at first, or other- wise he would have had more plants. I don't think he cultivated around the plants except to spade around when he planted them. May be they do better that way. They have to be more or less in the shade of the trees. He thinks there is lots of money in the bus- iness if a man can hang on for twelve or fifteen years. Woodman, Wis., Oct. 16. John Murray. I believe the big prices for books on the subject have pretty well gone b}-. The best thing- I have found for a small sum of money is one I have mentioned before, by J. W. Sears, of Somerset, Ky. The price is only 10 cents (we can mail them from this office). The high prices for plants and seeds have also come down quite a good deal. In fact, on page 836 you will find seedling plants advertised as low as 3 cents each, and seed- bearing plants for only 12 cents each. 30 (;lp:anings in bee culture. Jan. 1 WE SELL YOU DRUGS BY MAIL and can save you 15 to 75 per cent on every article you select from our lllus= trated Drug Book. It contains a list of 15,000 drugs, medicines, family reme= dies, surgical instruments, sick room appliances, trusses veterinary prepar= atiuiis, lliivorinir extriu-ts. piiiiits. oils, etc Overl.iOO illustrations. Quality and punty of every article Kuaranleed bv us. Drug Book costs us $2 each. We send it for 10 cents — just enouKh to pay mailing charges. We refund that amount ou the first order you send us. Get a copy at once and keep it for reference. You can never tell when you will | need help. We are: '•The Only Mail Order I>ruer IToiiHe in the World." HELLER CHEMICAL COMPANY, DEPT. 40 CHICAGO, ILLS.. BURPEE'S ili ARE THE BEST THAT CAN BE GROWN hoicest vegetables or most beautiful flowers you should read BURPEE'S FARM ANNUAL FOR 1902,— so well known as the " Leading American Seed Catalogue." It is mailed FREE to all. Better send your address TO-DAY. W. ATLEE BURPEE & CO., PHILADELPHIA. VEGETABLE and FLOWER. Everything in the Niimery and Fiorliit'n line. Direct deal with us will insure you the best and ve vou money. Mail size postpaid, larger iiy treiglit or express, sate arrival and satie- factioii guaranteed. Try us. A valuable 168 page Catalog tor the asking. 48 years, lOOOacres. 44 greenhouses. THK STOKR8 A, HARRISON CO., Box t56 , PalnesTllle, Ohio. GOOD . c H e: A P Best in the World. None so low in price. Largest illustrated I seed catalog^ue ever printed, FREE. En- graving of every variety. Pnce only l| I cent per pkg, and up. A lot of extra! packages, rare sorts, presented FREE with every order. Send name and address by card or letter. ,R. H. SHUMWAY, Rockford, Illinois. T*** Storm Proof ^ KINC WIND MILL produces 25 t-. 50% more netpower frotnaoy kind of wind th.in any oiher niili ina le. Wheel being only 1 in. thi* k, cuts the wind .^^^^ like aknifeaiidis4007onioreBtorm XHEy^^N^proof thin anyother. Exceedingly !j:fht,but wonderfnlly strong.^ Very sensitive — runs in lightest winds, Vomeroua s'zea — 6 ft up, boih "ipampinff and power, back t'eaivd or tliiectstroke. Senri t'oriircularsand prices before yoaboy. Medina Ml'g.Co.fBox 11 AlediDa»0. The DEMING Field Spra-yer tor spraying po- tato plants, straw- berry and cotton plants, small nur- sery stock. ^ etc. The po- tato spray- ing appliance shown in the cut above differs from the usual spraying outfit in that it is inexpensive. The outfit may be placed n th^ end of any wagon or truck, and a sec- tion of hose connected with spray pump. One man landoall the work without waste of material. Our free catalog explaln.s our full line of pumps, -spray- ers, and treatment for diseases of trees, plants, etc. THE DEMINQ COMPANY, SALEM, OHIO. Western Affents, llenion A: liiil>l>i-ll, t'h!fuBO,lil. lUST AS NATURAL odS:: 11 ■ and a frof'd deal more reliable. Doesn t ^P brtak i ts epg^s or make its chicks lousy, Doesn'tstay off the nestand allow the eggs to chill but haU^b^s every egg that can b» PETALUMAmCUBATOR is absolutely pt^rfert as to incubator essentials — proper applica- tion und distribution of heat and nioiHtiirf^, reeu- !lation and ventilation. For .>i4 to S24 egrgs. WE PAV FREIGHT ANYWHERE in the U.S. Handsome catalog free. Petaluma Incubator Co.j Boi liS}& Pctaluma, CaL 200-Egg Incubatcr for $ 1 2-80 Perfect in construction and action. Hntches fvery fertile epg. Write for catalogue to-day. GEO. H. STAHL, Quincy, ill. POULTRY PAPER FREE. Vuur iiaiiiL- ami adareK.s un puMai rar.i niuiiea to k.<'li:il>le I ouiir, Jouriia , Uui"t'>, Illinois, rtill briny you iree sample with elegant luU-pago color plate frontispiece showing in natural lolors a pair ot standard fowls, reproduced from oil paintingf by Frank L. bewell Vorld's greatest poultry artist. Sixty-eight to 160 pages montlily, 50 cents a year. tmSiU XO-DAV D'OK FkKE bAMPLE. 1902 GLEAXINCiS IN BE1-: CUI>TiIK!:. 31 THE CYPHERS INCUBATOR IS THE STANDARD HATCHER OF THE WORLD. Used with unilorm success on twenty-six (Jovernnient Kxperiment Stations in the U. S., Canada, Australia and New Zeahind; also by America's leading; poultryinen and many ihousands of persons in every walk of life. Guaranteed to give satisfaction or price refunded. The original and only genuine noii-moNtiire int-nbator, fully covered by patent. Winner of GOLD MEDAL AND HIGHEST AWARD AT THE PAN-AMERICAN, Oct.. 1901. inu8ta>ted.ae8cri,,llTe.32 ,,agc circular FREE. Completr n«- catalojMe for K«l'J cout.i„inc 1% P^RCS. S-^n im-he, in she, for l"c m sUmpS to piy postage. Illuiitrates over 100 ofAm«nca'» largest and moat successful poultry plants. Ask lor Ilock ^o. 74 an.l address nearest office. Cyphers Incubator Co., Buffalo, N. Y., Chicago, III., Boston, Mass., New York, N.Y. Moisture Don't Keep Them if ihey are not in every way satisfac- tory. We stnd back your money. MARILLA INCUBATORS AND BROODERS. We intend ye" slull riesatisHed. Kvery- oneis, with ihr |ifrfect ivorkimr system B^f regulating lleat, moisture and vei.ti- llatlon. The largest haUhes. Kully explane.i in onr new catalogue. Sent for two 2c siaaips. ■ARILLA INCUBATOR COMPANY. BOX gz, ROSE HILL. N. Y. NO COLLEGE EDUCATION isneeded to run the ^ure Hatch Incubator. They are so simple that they run themselves. Made of California redwood, beautiful- 'ly finished; twelve ounce copper tank, and hvdro-safety lamp. Ful- , puaranteecl. Our catalogue contains i.undreds of photographs of tlie t tire Ilnleh Ineuhnlor at work, and valu- ,_.able information. Sent free. Sure Hatch Incubator Co.. Clay Center, Neb., or Columbus, 0. A MILLION TC5TmONIAL5i 30 DAY5 TRIAL Olff /iNce WILL Self- Re^ulatinp Our 50 egg compartment hatchers have advantages over all other incu- bators. Hantains at $5, J9.50and 115 for 50, 100 and 200 egg sizes. Hatch every good gg. Send 2 cents for No.64 catalogue. BUCKEYE lAcL'BA'iOUCU., SprlUKfield, Ohio. **CET A DANDY the fastest cutting bone cutter made, and double your egg yield. Sold direct on 30 days trial. 15 up. Catalogue free. Stratton Mfg. Co., Box 54, Erie, Pa. ALWAYS READY. ADAM CVTTrR is always clean and ready for work. Impossible to chnkeitup. Cleans itself. The Only Bone Cvtter with ail ball bearings. vVorks quick. y and easily. No choking (ir injuring of fowls by slivers or sharp pieces. Cuts a clean light shave that is easily di- gested by smallest chicks. Send for Catalog No. :w. Contains mucn valuable information on the cut ^^ i,..^oLion. You will be pleased with Sent free upon request. W. J. ADAM, JOLIET, ILLS. 12 3 4 5 6 Count the Chicks 'ke8, Phil- adelphia; Griffith & Tuner Co., Balti- ^ more ; Sure Hatch liuu ator Co., Clay Center, Neb.; E. J. Bowen, ' Portland, Oregon; Seattle, Wash., and San Francisco. Every Hen a Paying Hen IF YOU FEED RAW CUT BONE. Nothing jiroduoes eggs or promotes growth like it. No machine aa^ ^__«f.,. D.<«b«<« OBBA4'«&Ba 1!»*>3 does as good work a» HlBnil S 00116 t/UXXcr Model New design, open liopper, enlarged table, new device to cttntrol feed. You can setit to suit any strength. Never clogs. Senton TEN DAYS FREE TRIAL No money asked for until \ ou prove • ur guarantee on your own premises, that out new model wil cut anvkmdof bone wilh'a.lherin^r meat and grislle. taster and eas'er and in better shape than an; oth-r typeof bone cutter. Ifv..u don't like it, "end it ba.-li ar our expense. Free Cat' Ig explains s :E». XV". 3MC-A.3X"3V" €«; CJO., ]Bc33k 37, 3MCil«c«x-ci, 3 Manufacturers of Clover Cutters, Granite Crystal Grit. Corn Shellers, etc. GLEANINGS IN BP:E CULTURE. Jan. 1 Send 10 Cts. for three late, hut differeut, issues of the BEE KEEP- ERS' REVIEW, and the ten cents may apply upon any subscription sent in during the year. A coupon will be sent entitling the holder to the REVIEW one year for only i>0 cts. The examination of a few issues of a magazine will enal le one to f.rni a truer estim te of its characttr'than will pages f description; hence the above offer. With these copies of the REVIEVV \\ ill be sent an offer whereby 12 back nnnibers of the REVIEW may be .secured eiitii elv fire; and the first '.(I' who accept the offer will get, as those 12 linck numbers, the volume for Ifljl complete. W. Z, HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich. 1881 1902. I r^ % Page ^ Lyon Mnfg. Co. WE MANUFACTURE A FULL LINE OF THE LATEST =e:-slji»f^i % Our motto is, ''Perfect Goods and Prompt Shipment." % * m^^ SEND FOR OUR NEW FREE ILLUSTRATED CATALOG. ^ PAGE & LYON MFG. CO., New London, Wisconsin. I BERMUDA With cable communication and equable win- ter temperature of 70 degrees, is reached in 48 hours from New York by the elegant steamers of the Quebec Steamship Compa- ny, sailing every ten days up to January, and then every five da5's. The situation of these islands — .south of the Gulf Stream — renders FROST UNKNOWN, and the porous coral formation prevents ma- laria. The Quebec Steamship Company also despatches highest class passenger steamers every ten days for ST. THOMAS, SANTA CRUZ, ST. KITTS, ANTIGUA, GUADALOUPE, DOMINICA, MARTIN- IQUE, ST. LUCIA, BARBADOS, DEM- ERARA, and the principal WEST INDIA ISLANDS, affording a charming tropical trip at a cost of about $4 a day. For de- scriptive pamphlets, dates of sailing and passages, apply to A. E. OUTERBRIDGE & CO.. Agents. 39 Broadway. New York. ARTHUR AHERN, Sec, Quebec. Canada. Queens by IVIail To-Day, Safely! Abbott L. .Swiimoi), qneeii-.specialist. will fill orders for Breeders at $.").0[); Te.sted Queeii.s, $l,oO; I'ntested, ■Warranted, $1.00 anv dav. I!-st Albino and Italian .stock. SWINSON & BOARDMAN, Box 358, Macon. Ga. MHWB*PBA»M^^M^ The Danzenbaker Hive for Comb Honey is gaining favor wherever used. It is kept in stock by all the leading deal- ers in bee-keepers' supplies in The United States, Cuba, and Jamaica. Facts About Bees A new edition of this 80-page book, describing this hive and containing much valuable information on the pro- duction of comb honey, will be ready for mailing soon. If interested, write for a free cop^^ It is supplied by THE A. I. ROOT CO.. Medina. Ohio, or any of their agencies, or by F. Danzenbaker, L. Box 66, Washington, D.C. Turn over to page .31 and see advertisement .Sure- Hatch Incubator Barred Flymoutli Rocks Exclusively. Bred for business and i eaniy by an e.\pei:t poullrynian. My birds are ;i conitiinat on of ihe best strains in America. Kggs and slock in anv qnanlitv. Chambetlin Hill Poultry Farm, Jordan, N. Y. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 33 PLANERS The above cut shows on0 J. A. Green, Ottawa, 111. 34 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jan. 1 The world again sweetened with oar famous sweet. Bees increasing fast. Bee-men very active. Tons of nectar lost for want of bees to gather. The Pacific Bee Journal controls thousands of acres of fine field. Many fields to let. A few bees for sale — and climate too. Four hundred pounds to the colony, twenty tons to the loo colonies in some instances. Pacific Bee Journal, Los Angeles, Cal. $1 per year; 25c for 3 months' trial ; 50c this year and six months of 1902 ; $1 for this year and all of 1902; with Gleanings, $1.25 a year. Listen, Bee-keepers! The Lone Star Apiarist a new bee-journal in the great South- west, the Texas bee-keepers' paradise. It will tell you of more glorious fields in the counties south of Uvaide. superior to and more abundant in honey-vieldinfi; flora, promising to be one of the great- est honey-producing sections in the world, even supe- rior! to the great alfalfa regions, as already, with the mativ flowing wells, comes the planting of fields of alfaffa in addition to the fine natural resources there already. Its editor will tell about his extended trip through this wonderful land. Subscribe now. The Apiarist is not only for the South, but for all of America, and foreign countries too. Address THE LONE STAR APIARIST. Floresville. Wilson Co., Texas. Louis Scholl. Editor. Bees Pay in Colorado. If you want to learn about the mar- velous Honey Resources of the Alfalfa Regions you should subscribe for the Rocky Mountain Bee Journal. Monthly; 50 cents per year. Sample copy free; 3 months on trial, 10 cents. Address The Rocky Mountain Bee Journal, Boulder, Colorado. »»»♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦^ I Wlarshfield Wlanufacturing Company. | Our specialty is making SECTIONS, and they are the best in the market. ▼ Wisconsin basswood is the right kind for them. We have a full line of J BEE - SUPPI^IES. Write for FREE illustrated catalog and price list. J Marshfield Manufacturing Company, Marshfield, Wisconsin. ♦ »♦♦»♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 35 SI DOES THE WORK OF SO ^1^ ■ The Ohio Farmer 2 Years $1, or I Year 60 Cts ^r ^™ Any farmer, no matter wliere located, will finil THE OHIO FARMER the largest, most reliable, instructive and v;iliial>le agricultural journal of America. It lias 20 jiages, every week, filled with the practical experience of the largest staff of editors and correspondents of any farm paper in tlie world. It is puli- lislicd solely for business farmers, who de- pend upon the farm for their living. It helps make the farm pav ' Wo can give the best farm paper at the lowest price, because we liiive the largest actual circulation of any weekly farm paper iu the world. Ohio Farmer Always Stops at Expiration of Subscription "Wi' will f pud you any paper or niagazlnp, at <;ut liates. In coimectioii with THE OHIO FAIiMEB By special contracts we obtain low rates and give our leaders the benefits. OFFICII ISO. 1 Ohio Fanner, w«'ekly 60c Wool Markets & siieep 50c l»airy and <;re:iuiery 50c Commercial Poultry 5(>c OUIl PRICK Only 95c Regular Price 882.10 OFFER IVO. 2 Ohio Farmer, weekly 60 Campbell's ills. Journal $1.00 Houseliolcl l.OO Am«Tican Hoy l.OO I'ouUry Keeper 50 OUIl I'UICE Only »1. 85 Regular Price »4.lO These are only samples of IJarjfains we can give you. See part of our club list In next column fi months / price ' Leslie's Popular Monthly, $1 00 magazine - 5t..")0. 1 for 11 montlis I My price Art Calendar, 50 cents at any art store j $1.60. Gleanings and the nbove offer $2.20 Leslie's Pop. Monthly, Cosmopolitan, Woni= ( ^2 so an's Home Companion, and Gleanings... J ' Pen and ink price on any list you want by return mail. C. M. Goodspeed, Box 791, Skaneateles, N. Y. lUY MEDICINE BYMAjL D ■^ Weare «'Tlie Only Mnil Order l»rus House in ^^Bl'ic \t orld." Uur large aid haudt>ume IIIiih- ^^rtratfd l>ruff Book contains a list of l.'j.OOO IdrugH, medicines, i'ami y rcniedieH« }\^■ii room necessilieSi trusses, Hiivorinu; extract", oils, paints, etc. 1500 illustrations. We send it tor 10c to pay cost of mailing, and refund the amount out of the first order you send us. Send for a cop.v You cannot tell how soon you niav need something. Hi LI-EK C1IF..VIIC AL < «».. Il.'i><. 4<> ( l.icnsro.lll. 36 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jan. 1 SFEClAbiNOTJCES BUSINESS MAN AGERI^ WANTED No more A B C of Bee Culture and 1888 and 1895 edi- tions. Over one hundred responses have been receiv- ed in answer to an adverlisenient in last issue. BUSINESS AT THIS DATE. We never in all our experience had so many carload orders booked ahead a;- at the present time They have been coming in so much faster than we have been shipping that we were twenty cars behind a few days ago. Ve have shipped five or six the past week, and should get 12 to 15 more off this month. We did not get the catalog completed before we had to go to press with this issue, but it will be completed immediately atler. HONEY FOR SALE. We archaving a fair trade in h ney, both comb and extracted ; but with the stock on hand we could han- dle more orders to advantage. V\ e shall be pleased to hear from those in need of honey, either comb or ex- tracted. In spite of what some of the papers are .say- ing about us, and about adulterated comb honey, we guarantee the honey we lurnish to be pure bees' hon- ev, and we stand readj' to make good our guarantee, issued more than ten years ago, to pay one thousand dollars for a pound of manufactured comb honey (made at a 'yi)c/()7 v" where such stuft" is made), filled and capped without the aid of the bees: Special Notices by A. I. Root. Our abbreviated price list of garden seeds, etc., was crowded out of this issue, but it will be in the next. THE TRAP NEST — A NEW USE FOR IT. The venders of the various trap nests claim a great deal for them ; but there is one thing I think thev have overlooked. A few days ago Mrs. Root found the trap nest shut ; but instead of a hen inside > f it there was a big la/ ofinssiiin. He was foraging for eggs and I suppose he thought that, if he squeezed into the nest, he could in bke manner squeeze out But he discover- ed too late that the thing did not work " both ways." He had been for some time getting my eggs. ONIONS — STARTING THEM IN HOTBEDS AND COLD- FRAMES FOR TRANSPLANTING IN THE OPEN FIELD. There is one advantage in thi= method of working that 1 think has never been mentioned. It is this : If you sow seed that is a year old or more you do not know whether it will come up or not. nor how perfect a stand it will make, even if some of it does come up. But if you plant this old seed under glass, and grow plants, you can take the plants, few or many, and get a perfect stand by transplanting. We have a few pounds of almost all the kinds of seed we advertise, which we will sell at half price, to be used for plant- ing under glass. It niav .grow just as well as any seed - in fact, it usually does when it is not more than a year old ; but, of course, we would not want to sell it without sayingthat it is last year's seed left over. New seed of 'Vellow Globe Danvers and Red Wethersfield is 7.5c per pound, so this o'd seed will be only 37'/^ cts. If you wish to .sow it under gla.ss it will be time pretty soon to get it started, especially if you want to catch the early market and get a big price for your new onions. Onions, like potatoes, are now " way up," as you may have noticed. THE GIANT GIBRALTAR ONION ONCE MORE. The big onion I mentioned on page 961, Dec. 1, is still on my table, perfectly sound and firm, not even a sign ( i a sprout. This has been all this time in a warmed-up office 70 degrees, and sometimes more. Now, if these onions will keep like this until the 1st of January, even in a hot room, there is a small gold- mine in starting the.se onions under glass, and plant- ing them out in the open ground. Here is what Tuskio Greiner says about them in a recent number of the /■av m and Fireside: H. L., of Millersburg, Ohio, says: " I must thank you for your ;)rticl( s on Gil)r;iltar and Prizetaker onions. I Kought this year a iJarkaKi- of the Gibraltar onion, sowed in a hot- bed, and traM--|)lanted, and gathered three bushels of the finest onions 1 evt r saw. The Prizetaker did not d.o so well. I shall try onions on a larger scale in 19(r2." I can only urge my friends once more, and as emphatically as ever, to make a trial with these tine sweet Spanish onions, and of the new (transplanting! method of growing them. If done with reasonable care, such trial will prove highly satisfactory. I prow the Gibraltar for early sales and for table pleasures during the earlier part of the fall and winter. The Prize- taker onions, large, l)ut not reaching the extraordinary size of till- Gilir.ilt.irs, .irt- far bt-tter kt-epf r-. and I nuist have them to lie on hand during the bitter part of thcwiiUerand up to spring. So I want both kinds, and I tiel ieve you will too when you have learned all their good points. THE, NEW HAND POTATO-PLANTER. La.st year we sold several hundred of these new planters : and although I have asked for reports as to how they arswered the purpose in different localities, very few have come to hand. In the Traverse region they are almost if not quite the only tool used for planting potatoes, and everybody succeeds with them. Almost every man or boy you come acro.ss handles these potato-planters as hatftlily as he would an ax. But here on our own premises there was a prejudice against them, and only one or two of our boys perse- vered with them long enotigh to get the hang - farmer. A New Game. A new guessing game is to show .some illustration, or ,eive a name, either of them made familiar through advertising, and guess who uses the illustration, or what line of goods is handled by the advertisers named If one were to mention the name Shimiway, almost every one would .say at once, " .St eds, ' so thor- oughly have the two been "advertised for more than thirtv vears. Mr. .Shumway's announcement appears eksewhere in this issue, »vd is headed " Good Seeds Cheap " It contains a special offer, and mentions his new catalog. Write for it to day. Address R. H. Shumway, Rockford, 111., and mention this paper. Sesd Time and Harvest. A good time to think most seriou.sly of the harvest is seed time. The decision you make then will determine the value of your crops biter The growing; competi- tion in seed-selling is an increasing temptation to tni- scrnpulous dealers to make extravagant claiins for their seeds, both in price and producing qualities. The wisest farmers are those who are influenced most by what experience has proven to be good and true. Thousands of seed-sowers in all sections of the coun- try sow Ferry's famous seeds year after Vear, and have the satisfaction of good hai-v-ests to justify their con- tinued faith in the Ferry firtn. They pay a few cents niore at seed time, but realize many dollars in better crops at the harvest. The natural consequence of this confidence is an ever increasing business. D M. Fer- rv & Co. sent out last vear more seeds than any other seed-house in the world The 1902 catal -g "of this house is now ready and will be found a useful guide in S' lecting the choicest seeds for the farmer, the truck- gardener, and the flower-gardener. It is sent free, on request Address D. ]M ' Ferry & Co., Detroit. Mich., and mention Gleanings in Bee Culture when you write them. Kind Words from our Customers. Don't stop Gleanimhs until I so order. The old gentleman's Home Talks are worth the price of the paper many times over. S. A'VARD. L,eesville, L,a., Dec. '23 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. I noticed in Gleanings a few weeks back where some of the friends were inclined to roast A. I. R. for his Home Talks. Keep them coming. Mr. R. Yonr Home Papers are fire, and I enjoy them the very best all throngh. I am no Christian, and seldom go to cluirch ; lint they are better than a s rmon from a col- lege graduate, as they come from a true Christian heart, in my estimation. When I stop Gleanings, it will be when I have not the i^l 00, not for its sermons on righteousness, even though a bee-journal. Centralia, Wash , Nov. 27. A Subscriber. THE GERMAN WAX-PRESS For over twenty years past I have had to render up old combs or cappings in larger or smaller quantities, and my experience has been extensive, for I have tried faithfully almost every known method to get all the wax out, but have never succeeded to my satisfaction initil recently. I got of you a German wax -press, that comes nearer accomplishing that object than anything I have ever tried I am more than .satisfied with it. for, if used according to directions, there is little if any wax left in the refuse. ■ Any one used to the old methods will be astonished at the results obtained. In this press you have given those in need of it the best thing, to mj' mind, you have ever brought out, and I really believe all who try it will pronounce it a real treasure. There are other points of advantage that I could men- tion, one of which is its perfect safety — no boiling over and setting fire to every thing, and it can be left alone without care for quite a time, and every thing can be kept neat and clean, and it occupies very little room. E. T. Flanagan. ■Belleville, 111 . Dec. 12 CONVENTION NOTICES. The Wisconsin State Bee-keepers' Association -wiU hold its annual convention in the -tate Capitol at Madison, Feb 5 and (i,- 1902. The convention promises to be largely attended. Excursion rates of I'/j fare, good for all of the first week in Febfiiarj'. All are in- vited to attend. Ada L,. Pickard, Secretary. N. E. France, President. The California State Bee keepers' Association will hold its annual convention at the Chamber of Com- merce. L,os Angeles, on Jaii. 15 and I'i. 1902.' We will try to have a good program. Come, and exchange your bright ideas with your neighbors, and get some of the moss rubbed off your back. J. F. McIntyrr, .Sec. G. S. Stltbblefield, Pres. To make cows pav, u.se Sharpies Cream Separators Book " Business Dairying " & cat. 2SH free. W. Chester I'a Wants and Exchange. Notices will he inserter! under this head at 10 cts. per line. You must SAT you want your adv't in this department, or we will not be responsible for any prror. You can have the no- tice as many lines as you please ; but all over ten lines will cost you accord inc to our reKular r.ites. We can not be re- sponsible for dissatisfaction arising from these " swaps." Y^VNPED. — To exchange Tiadant uncapping-rans, '' Root's No. 5 extractor, and other supplier, for honey or wax O H. Hyatt, Shenandoah, Iowa. Y^ANTED— To exchange a Columbia talking ma- '' chine with l-i records, and .gen'l mdse., for bee- supplies or empty worker-combs in Hoffman frames: also want to buy some bees, but must be cheap and near here. Preston .Store & Prodx:ce Co., Dority, W. Va. XVANTED.-A biyer f ir my SO-acre tract of land in Crawford Co.. Mo., at JIO.OO per acre, one-half cash; balance on tiine pavment. Address lyOUis Werner, F;dwardsville, Ills. ANTED —To exchange a Nalional cash register, check printer, in first-class condition, for bees. Geo. Shiber, Franklinv lie, N. Y. w w ANTED — To buy a second-hand sawmill, heavy (topand bottom'saw). 21()CourtSt , Reading; Pa. Y^ANTED —To exchange 50 T supers, mostly unused: '" 25 section-holder supers, unused; 25 second-hau'l supers, 25 eight-frame hive-bodies, many new: 100-egg incubator and brooder, 10-in. fdn. mill. Novice ext'oci- or, Porter bee-escapes, all-zinc honey-boards, queen and drone t'aps, zinc-perforator for making queen-exclud- ing zinc, greenhouse or hotbed sash, made up or in flat : a large quantity of S.xlO gla.ss, also odd sizes. Send for prices. Wanted- queens, honey, wax, .St. Bernard dog, or offers. J. A. Green, Ottawa, 111. Y^ANT to ,sell or exchange a cranberry meadow es- ' ' pecially located for cultivation, combining essen- tial facil'ties necessary for control, and 25 years pra.c- tical testing with excellent success, yielding constant- ly 5 to 100 per cent on $100,000, computed on genuine ex- perience. H. A. lyORY. Day, Minn. VV'ANTED - To exchange 160 acres heavy timbered ' ' hardwood land in N. E. Ark. First-class corn, cotton, clover, and fruit land ; foothills of th^- Ozarks; () miles from railroad; for snbvirban home with small orchard, in middle Eastern State Tell what you have. J. E. Dart, Connesauga, Ga. Any kind of W. S. Ritchie, Corona, Calif Vl^ANTED.— To sell 141^-acre farm, 40 acres in culti- '' vation, two good springs, ifViii'; 15 head cattle. 5150; 17 sheep, $25; 5 English Berkshire hogs, tl5 ; 21 colonies bees in 8-frame hives, tKSO. Will take |950 for the lot, all cash, or will .sell farm alone. Good bee- range, mild climate, 7 miles from town of F'ordyce. Reason for selling and further particulars given on application. D. R. Feaster, Ford^-ce, Ark. Y^ANTED-^To .sell one-half interest in a paying bee- ' ' • business, 1000 colonies. R. T. Stinnett, Mesilla Park, N. M. Yl^ANTEI).— To sell a two-ba.sket Ferris wax-extract- ' ' or, one extra basket, nearly new, for :?S.O0; regu- lar price,- S12.00. .We can guarantee this machine to be in good order, and at the price we offer it, it is a bar- gain The a. I. Root Co.. Medina. Ohio. YITANTFD— Fifty to 100 colonies bee.s. March or '^' April: .South preferred, near Brunswick or N^w Orleans. I. J. Stri.n-gham, 105 Park PL, New York. w AN TED — Good extracted honey cans, so price is right. Y^'ANTED. —To sell three apiaries, permanently lo- '' cated. with good honey house ; A extractors and super-combs complete; 285 colonies in chaff hives and packing-boxes, located west of Ithaca, N Y. W. L. Coggshall, West Groton, N. Y. Yl^ANTED.— To sell Rocky Ford cantaloupe seed. '"^ .Seed of these famous melons postpaid, 40 cts per pound. Choice selected stock H F. H.agen, Rocky Ford, Colorado. Yl/ANTED. — A good reliable man to take half interest '' with me in second apiary; must have the neces- sary cash, say S^OO, and be well acquainted with the bee-business. Address W. S. Cooper, 202 Navarro .St , San Antonio. Texas. Y^ANTED. — Position as bee-keeper. .South or West; ' ' long experience and good reference. Address Geo. N. Mouley, Walker. Mo. Yl^ANTED— To sell or exchange 2 00 Hoffman frames '^ filled with combs ; also Dovetailed hive-bodies, bees, aid fixtures, and two dozen Per.sian pea-fowls — a bargain. B. J. Cross, Cherokee, Alabama. Y^-^NTED — To sell or exchange gasoline-engines for "' all purposes — stationary, marine, bicycle, etc ; want machinerv of all kinds. Robert B. Gedye. LaSalle, 111. ANTED. — A dovetailing machine for making hive- bodies; also a two-frame Cowan honey-extractor. W. N Can.n'ON, Greenville, Ala Y^ANTEI).— To sell or exchange three saw benchi;s '' with saws ($15 each), one ditto (*20), machines for boring, m-itching, sanding, riovcailing, and press- cutting (S5 to $15 each), leather belting, shafting, pul- leys, etc , at half price ; all in good running ordf-r; will take honey ( r offers: will take 10 per cent less for cash. Write. C. VV. Costkllow. Sanlord, Maine. w 38 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jan. 1 Get the Best Queens. Evansville, Ind., Sept. 27th, 1900. The Jennie Atchley Co.. Beeville. Bee Co.. Texas: Dear Friends:— It gives nie great pleasure to forward you this unsolicited testimonial regarding the merits of Atchley queens. The three (3| dozen queens pur- chased of you have made an excellent record for them- selves. Not an Atchley queen among the twenty colo- nies lost during the severe drouth in July. I've bought queens from many breeders; and although the present crop is exceedingly short, the tiers of supers show where the Atchley queens are, and speak volumes for your method of queen-rearing. I find the progeny to be very gentle, strong-winged, uniformly marked, long-lived, of large size, and last, but not least, the best honey-gatherers I ever had. 1 shall want 100 more next season. Yours fraternally, J. C. Wallenmeyer. Prices for Queens. Tested, Sl.W each ; JS.OO for G, or Sl.3.00 per doz. Un- tested, P'ebruarv, March, April, and May, 81.00 each ; $5.00 per 6, or 89.00 per doz. Fine breeders, 8.5.00 each. We have as good bees and queens as money and labor produce. We breed three-band Italians, Goldens, Carniolans, Cyprians, and Holy-I^ands, in their purity, bred in separate yards 5 to 20 miles apart. If you want the best, call for Atchley's improved strains. Safe arriv- al guaranteed. Send for a sample copy of The South- land Queen, the only southern bee-paper. $1.00 per year. To new subscribers we offer as a premium a nice untested queen in order to get our paper intro- duced. Catalog, giving queen-rearing and manage- ment of apiaries for profit, FREE. ♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦» ♦ ♦ iNow S^ ^\ Ready ! | ♦ ^^^ ♦ ♦ ^ Sixty-four Page Catalog THE JENNIE ATCHLEY CO., Beeville, Bee Co., Texas. of everj' thing- bee-keepers need. Illustrated and fully described. Especially valuable to begin- ners for the information it con- tains. Send your address on a postal and g-et it now. Estab- lished 1884.' ]. M. Jenkins^ Wetumpka, Elmore Co., Ala, } " ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ miiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiMiiiUiiiiiiiiii^^ 'fy,'^S C v^^sfl •«-^f Urt H.5 -t- Jm; KRETCHMER M'F'G CO., Red Oak, Iowa. BEE-SUPPLIES. Best-equipped factory in the West; car- ry a large stock and greatest variety of every thing needed in the apiary, assur- ing BEST goods at the LOWEST prices, and prompt shipment. We want every bee-keeper to have our FREE IlvIyUS- TRATED CATALOG, and read descrip- tion of Alternating Hives, Ferguson Su- pers, etc. Write at once for a catalog. AGENCIES: Trester Supply Co., 103 So. 11th St., Lin- coln, Nebraska ; C. C. Richards, 1223 17th St., Denver, Col. BINGHAM SMOKER. Dear Sir:— Inclosed find $1.75. Please send one brass smoke-engine. 1 have one already. It is the best smoker I -used. Trul.v .vours, Henry Schmidt, Ilutto, Tex. MADE TO ORDER Bingham Brass Smokers, Made of sheet brass, which does not rust or burn out ; should last ' a lifetime. You need one, but they cost 25 cts. more than tin of the ' same size. The little open cut shows our bra.ss hinge put on the three larger sizes. No wonder Bingham's four-inch smoke-engine goes without puffing, and does not drop inky drops. 'J he perforat- ed steel fire-grate has 381 holes to air the fuel and support the fire. Heavy tin s:noke-engine, 4-inch stove, per mail, S1.50 ; 3'/4-inch ; \ 81.10 ; 3-inch, $1.00 ; 2}4-inch 90c ; 2-inch, (>5c. Bingham smokers are I the originals, and have all the improvements, and have been the , standard of excellence for 22 years. Only three larger ones brass. T. F. Bingham, Farwell, Michigan. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 43 Contents of this Number. A lulteration, To Detect.. -17 Alfalfa, Caution Concerning til IJ illing. Cause of (13 11 isswood, Kuropean (io I! e.s, Confus on of, Just from Cellar (il I! es, Hauling on Wagon 55 H es. Improvement of 5!l li 'es I^eaving Because of Paint , t)6 r.ees. Moving in Winter 6B Bees, ,Scent of. in Swarming (i5 Brood frames, Shallow .5^ Carbolineum. Where Made (in Cellars. Ventilation of '. til Cells. Size of -18 C trus p;xchange of California ... 49 Colonies, Two in a Hive ''3 Cover, Double. Not Satisfactory (i5 Doolittle's Four Colonies ." (iO Kggs, Weight of 47 I-'euces. Side-opening (il I'oumiation. .Super, f r Brood cliamber 51 I'rame, ,Sawed-off HoiTman HI I'rimes, Mack's Extracting ()2 Cilass, Negative ..58 Orammatical Expressions 48 Honey as a Food 48 Honey Canard in Eng and 49 J'ike. Standing (iii Male. Influence of tiO M)rth Dakota for Bees 55 o itario's Inspector's Report (i.! r-pper-tree 5! I'oison of Bee, Weight of 17 O leen Giving all Five-banders <1 Q leens Mated in Tent 47 O leeiis, Disappearance of ...fiii K imbler on Co-operation 51 Roaring in the Cell ir (il Scale Record of a Colony lil Screw Eyes for Frame-spacers (i'i Sections. Full Weight 19 Sections, ITnfinished >:l Sf^ctions. Wide v T,ong (il Separator, Aikin's Ho'ney and Wax 4" Si)okane for Bees 1"^ Twine. .Self-sealing . (iii Tool. Apiary (i5 Fucapping-fork 4>' Wheelbarr.iws for Apiaries H(i Woids, I.ength of 17 Honey Column. GRAniNG-RrLES. Fancy.— All sections to be well filled. coml)s straiaht, firm ly attacheil to all four si.tes, the combs uusoilcd by travel- stain or otherwise ; all the cells seali'il exce|it an occasional cell, the outsiiU' surface of the wood well scrapcil of jiropolis. A No. l.~All sections well tilled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs straight ; oni'-eiKhtli part of comb surface soiled, nr the entire surface slightl.v soiled ; the out- side of the wood well scraped of propolis. No. ] - All sictions well tilli-d exceiit the row of cells next to the wood ; coml)s comparatively even ; one-eighth part of comb surface soi led, or the entire surface slightly soiled. No. 'J -Three-fourths of the total surface must be tilled and sealed. No. 3.— Must weigh at least half as much as a full-weight section. In addition to this the honey is to be classified according to color, using the terms white, am ler, and dark ; that is, there will be " Fancy White," " No. 1 Dark," etc. C/rr MARKETS. San Fr.\.\'Cisco. -Comb honey, 10(ail2!^ ; extracted, watei--white, Ogiti 14 ; light amber, 4,015)4 ; dark, 3^@ W2. Beeswax, 2 28'/^. Hildreth & Segelkf.n, Jan. 9. 82, 84 Murray .St., New York City. New York.- Demand for comb honey is quiet after the holidays. Supply light ; a little demand for ex- tracted, particularly buckwheat, of which there is a meager supply. We quote the market to-day as ful- low.s": Fancy white, 1.5(016; ANo 1 white, llfo l5 ; No. 1 white, 13*14; No. 2, 1 Kg; 12 ; fancy buckwheat, 11(((12; No. 1 buckwheat. lOgdl ; No 2 bifckwheat, WqilO: white clover and ba.sswood extracted, 6'^(gt7 ; light amber. 6 (a,6'4 ; amber and buckwheat, 5!4(O'0. Beeswax, 27(0 29. Chas. Israk;l & Bros.. Jan. 8. 486-490 Canal St., New York City. Buffalo. — Below I quote you the honey market as it is now. Fancv white comb, 1.5(o 16; A No. 1. 14fn'15; No. 1. 13(014; No. 2, 12 0113; No. 3. Il(gd2; dark, lOodl. Extracted white, 6V^Cai7 ; dark, .SfO'S^. Beeswax, vellow. 2S(d.30 ; dark, 23'.a 25. ' W. C. Townsend, Jan. J3. 81, 86 W. Market St., Buffalo, N. Y. Detroit. — Fancy white comb honey, 15; No. 1, 14c; dark and amber, ll(0il3 ; extracted, white, 7(g»7^ ; dark and amber, 5(a/6J^ ; beeswax, 26(o27. . M. H. Hunt & .Son. Jan. 13. Bell Branch, Mich. Philadelphia. — Market on honey has been a little q liet si ce Christmas; supply has been equal to the demand. We quote fancy comb, 16; No. 1, 15. F'ancy extracted, while, 8 ; amber. 7. Beeswax, 2S. We are producers of honey- do not handle on commi.ssion. Wm. A. .Sklskr, Jan. 10. 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa. Wanted - Comb and extracted hone}'. State price, kind, and quantity. R. A. Burnett & Co., 199 South Water St., Chicago, 111. Wa.ntki). -Honey; car lots or otherwise. Will send man to receive when sufficient amount to justify, and pay highest market price, spot cash. Address, stating quantity, quality, and price desired at vonr station. Thos. C. Stanley & Son," Fairfield, 111. 44 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jan. 15 Sa-bisfiocl Ous-torric and their numerous expressions of the superiority of my queens war- rant me in continuing the arrangement of my queen apiaries in 1902 as in 1 90 1. I have watched carefully, and have selected the queens whose colonies gave me the best results in HONEY, for my queen and drone mothers. Yard No. 1 consists of a combination of the Root Lonti-Tonqued Clover Stock, the Supe- rior Stock so much Advertised by Hutchinson, and a Selection of My Own Stock that I have been Breed- ing for years, in reg-ard to which I have the foHowing:: Buffalo, N. Y., Auff. 31, 1901. Mv Dear Victor: — Queen and nucleus arrived safely yesterdaj-; made entrance to nucleus and allowed them to fly yesterday. Transferred them to a Dovetailed hive this morning", ivitlwiit smoke, and handled them, patting them on the bade, and I never saw such quiet and docile bees. If their work- ing- qualities are as superior as their handling, I am prepared to say you have the best bees I have ever met with, which would include some 25 or 30 different breeders, and all the well-known races. Yours very truly, Okkl L. Hkrshiser. The colony of one of the queens I have selected for a breeder in this yard gathered right about 400 pounds of honey last season. I have not measured her bees' tongues, but they are ALL RIGHT, LONG OR SHORT. Yard No. 2 consists of imported Italians, daughters and granddaug-hters. For further description see ad. later. Testimonials on application. Yard No. 3— GOLDEN BEAUTIES or 5-banded Italians. I am now booking orders for spring deliver}' ; first come first served. Untested queens: 1, f l.O:); (i, to.OO. Select untested queens: 1. »! 25 ; H, ffi.OO. Tested queens: 1, |1.50; 6. SS.OO Select tested queens: 1, $2.00; 0, $11.00. Breeders, $5 00 to 97.00. See circular for specifications. ROOT'S GOODS AT ROOT'S PRICES, plus carload rate freight. W. 0. VICTOR, Queen Specialisl. Wharton. Wharton Co., Texas. California. The State that produces car- loads of honey ; the largest aver- ages of any State in the Union; a mammoth honey association to market the crop; the value of dif- ferent fields, is told in the Pacific Bee Jcurnal, Los Angeles, Calif., whose correspondents are success- ful producers of tons and tons — 20 to So tons each. California as a Honey State, by A. J. Cook. Gallup's Bee-keeping Experiences. Nevada Forging Ahead. Utah Bee-keep- ing. Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Arizona News. Bee-keepers say the Pacific is one of the best $1.00 bee-papers, prettily g-otten up and illustrated; most appropriate cover design. Clubbed with Gleanings, new or renewal. $1.00 a year. Grand club with Gleanings and Rocky Mount- ain Bee Journal, $1 25 a year. The Pacific Bee Journal. Los Angeles. Calif. 237 East Fourth Street '' Colorado's Characteristics; the Advantages of Irrigation ; and how Western Bee-keeping Differs from that of the East," is the title of a six-page editorial in the Jan. issue of the Bee-keepers' Review. The editor spent nearly two weeks, last November, with hisci^mera, ainong the bee- keepers of Colorado ; and this "write-up"' is the result. It is illustrated by sevei al pictures taken bj' the editor, showing the mountains, alfalfa fields, "ricks" of alf il- fa hay, herds of cattle, apiaries, hives, etc. Mr. M. A. Gill, who, last year, managed 700 colonies in Colorado, producing two carloads of comb honey, begins a series of articles in this issue. His first article is on "Hive- covers," and is the best of anything that has yet appeared on that subject. Send ten cent.s for this i.ssne, and with it will be sent two other late but different issues. A coupon will be sent entitling the holder to the Review one year for only 90 cts. With these copies of the Review will be sent an offer whereby 12 back numbers of the Review may be se- cured ^«;/i^/r/;r;',- and the first few who accept this offer will get. as those 12 back numbers, the volume for 1901 complete. W. Z. Hutchinson, Flint, Mich. How do you like the advertisement of Sure Hatch Incubator on page 74 ? 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 45 Gleanings in Bee Culture [Established in 1873.] Devoted to Bees, Honey, and Home Interests. Published Semi-monthly by The A. I. Root Co., - - Medina, Ohio. A. I. ROOT, Editor of Home and Gardening Dep'ts. E. R. ROOT, Editor of Apicultural Dept. J. T. CALVERT Bus. Mgr. A. h. BOYDEN, Sec. TERMS. Sl.OO per annum; two years, S1.50; three years, 8- 00; five years, 83 00, in advance; or two copies to one addres.s, $1.50; three copies, $2.00; five copies, 83.75. The terms apply to the United States, Canada, and Mexico. To all other countries 48 cents per year extra for postage. DISCONTINUANCES. The journal is sent until orders are received for its discontinuance. We give notice ju.st before the sub.scription expires, and fur- ther notice if the first is not heeded. Any subscriber whose subscription has expired, wishing his journal discontinued, will please drop us a card at once; other- wise we shall assume that he wishes his journal con- tinued, and will pay for it .soon. Any one who does not like this plan may have his journal .stopped after the time paid for by making this request when ordering. RATES OF ADVERTISING. These will be fur- nished on application. Mr. A. I. Root's Writings of Grand Traverse territory and Leelanau Co. are descriptive of Michigan's most beautiful section reached most coiivenienlly via the Pere Marquette R. R. For pamphlets of Michigan farm lands and the fruit belt, address J. E. Merritt, Manistee, Michigan. THE HANDSOMEST CALENDAR of the season (in ten colors) six beautiful heads (on six sheets 10X12 inches), reproductions of paintings by Moran, issued by General Passenger Department, Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, will be sent on receipt of twentj-five cents. Address F. A. Miller, General Pas.senger Agent, Chicago. Angora Goats are handsome, hardy, profitable. Prize stock : low price ; circular. Ed. W. Colk & Co., Kenton, O. I DITTWER'S I FOUNDATION. 3 Retail — Wholesale — Jobbing. Having increased my shop -room, put in power and a new set of ma- chines, I am now producing a better article than ever, with unlimited ca- pacity to meet orders. I use a process tliat produces every essential neces- sary to make it the best and most de- sirable in all respects. My process and automatic machines are my own inventions, which enable me to sell foundation, and WORK WAX INTO FOUNDATION FOR CASH, at prices that are the lowe.st. I make a specialty of working up Wholesale and Jobbing Lots of wax into foundation, for cash. If you have wax by the 10' i lbs. or ton, let me hear from you. Catalog giving Full Line of Supplies with prices and samples, free upon application. BEESWAX WANTED. I Cus. Dittmer, js Augusta, Wisconsin. ^ HONEY QUEENS! Laws" Long=tongue Leather Queens. Laws' Improved Golden Queens. Laws' Holy Land Queens. I,aws' queens are the standard-bred queens of Amer- ica. The largest honey-producers use them and praise them. l,aws' queens go everywhere, and can furnish you a queen every month in the year Four apiaries. Queens bred in their purity. Prices, October to April: Tested or untested, $1.00 each ; 6 for |5.00. Breeders, none better, $3 00 each. Address W. H. Laws, Beeville, Texas. ^ L ]. Stringham^ 105 Park Place^ New York City. H oney-jars I -pound square jars $5 per gross ; No. 25 jar, porcelain top, $6 per gross ; Nickel- cap jar, fancy, $5.50 per gross. All are Discount on quantities. We ship from New LABELS, 60 cents per gross. A full line of Catalog free. Apiaries are clear flint glass. York City, N. Y Apiarian Supplies always in stock > located at Glen Cove, Long Island, New York %^%/V^/%/^'%/%'%/«/%/%.'%/%^%/%/%/%.'%/%/«/%/^^^%/%/%/%/%^%.'%/^/%/%/%/%,' 46 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jan. 15 djiiiii miiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiimiii iiiiiiimiiiiiimn iiiiiiiimiiiniiiiiiiiii| I The A. I. Root Co., Philadelphia, Pa. | I 10 Vine Street. | i Full line of all supplies manufactured by us. | i Low freight and steamship rates to all points on ' | I Atlantic Coast. Order early, be ready for spring. | iiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiEiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMU G. B. LEWIS CO., WATERTOWN, WIS, ^ ^ * ^ ^ 0 7F 4i Our new catalog, describino- and listing the Finest Line of Bee keepers' Supplies in THE World, will be ready about the first of the year. If you have not been receiving a copy annually, send us your name and address and one will be mailed to you free. Prices will be same as last season with the exception of the narrow plain sections with no beeways, which will be 25 cts. per M less. Special Agency, C. M. Scott & Co., 1004 East Washington St., Indianapolis, Indiana. AGEJSCIKS: L,. C. Woodman, Grauil Kapids, Michigan ; Kred W. Muth & Co.. Southwest Corner waiuut & Front Sis., Cincinnati, Ohio; Fred Fo tiger & Sons, Ogden, Utah; Colorado Honey-producers' Assuciation, Denver, Col.; Giaud Junction Fruit growers' Associ Uioti, Grand Junction. Colorado ; Robert Halley, Montro.^e, Colorado ; Pierce Seed and Produce Companv. Pue'lo. Colo.: R T. Abh^tl. St. Joseph 'Vris-;onri Special SnnthwesterTi Agf-"t. Charles Dadant & Son, Hamilton, Illinois; F. C. Rrkel, 515 First Ave., N. E., Minneapolis, Minnesota ; L,illy, Bogardus & Co., Seattle, Washington, Special Northwestern Agents. * * m m 0 ^ BEE -SUPPLIES! ROOTS GOODS AT ROOTS PRICES. C. H. W. Weber, Cincinnati, Ohio. 2146-2148 Central Ave. A NEW AND COMPLETE stock for 1902 now on hand, I am The Root Com- pany's representative for Cincinnati and sur- rounding territories. . . You save TIME and FREIGHT CHARGES by having goods shipped from here. Convenience of railroad facilities here enables me to do so. Before buying elsewhere, write for my prices and catalog, which will be mailed you free of charge. • delvote:d*17 •To -B E E.S • ^rffe, .^ - •andHoNEY- /-^^-^ •1NTE.F^EST.S Tublishedy THE~A 1^0 oY Co. las p[RVtA^'^^@ "Medina- Ohio- Vol. XXX JAN. 15, 1902. No. 2. "Boiling honey will obviously spoil it for vineg'ar," says the editor of British Bee Journal. The length of English words is less than 3'ou might suppose. In the nine verses of the beatitudes, Matthew 5, the average length of the words is a little less than Wz letters each. In ordinary language, as in the pages of Gleanings, the words are still shorter. Propolosin is very highly spoken of in Deutsche Jllus. Bztg-., Editor Gravenhorst saying he has been astonished at the re- sults of its use in different wounds and sores. It is also said that, if the hands are rubbed with propolosin, they will not be stvnig bj' the bees. The IllustrierteMonaisblaettkk says Reidenbach finds the weight of 30 bees' eggs to be -^ milligrams; and that Cook, in 1891, in Gleanings, published 3.9 milli- grams as the weight of 30 eggs (I don't succeed in finding it in Gleanings); and then asks which is right. To detect adulteration in wax, the Schleswig-Holst. B~tg. says to burn a piece on hot iron. If a pleasant smell arises, the wax is pure. If it is impure there will arise a disagreeable, fatty, white smoke. Burn a piece that you know is pure, and then compare the suspected article b}- burn- ing. P. Schachinger, in Oest. Bzt"., gives this: A cluster of bees were hanging under an alighting-board, only two of the number clinging to the board, the rest hanging to these two bees. The little cluster was tak- en off and counted, and was found to num- ber 64. So each of the two bees supported 32 times its own weight I I AM ASKED how much acid I used in syrup of 5 sugar to 2 water. An even tea- spoonful of tartaric acid to every 20 lbs. of sugar. Dissolve acid in a little water, and stir into the syrup about the time the sugar is dissolved. But I'd much rather feed ear- ly enough to have equal parts sugar and water, and leave the acid out. [So would I.— Ed.] When I have forced a very young bee to sting me, I have been surprised at the mild- ness of the sting. So I am not surprised that Dr. Langer reports the amount of poi- son carried by a nurse-bee to be .00015 of a gram, while that of a field bee was twice as much, ranging from .00025 to .00035. [Sometimes the sting of a worker right from the fields is so painful that I feel like groan- ing— 3'es, and I do groan — with pain. I am quite prepared to believe that the field- ers have twice the amount of poison in their poison-sacs that the home bees have. — Ed.] W. E. P^lower reports in AVivVif that he succeeded in getting one queen mated in a tent 12X10X6. That's hopeful— not because of the large number of successes, but be- cause a tent of that size is within easy reach; and if he succeeded in one case he may learn the trick of succeeding always. Keep on, Bro. Flower! [This is the ver}' experiment I had contemplated having tried at our own apiary the past summer; but absence from home, and general pressure of work, precluded carrj'ing it out. I must say I am very hopeful; for, as has been al- ready said, if we are to bring about im- provements in our breeding stock we must control the selection of the males as well as of the females; and the tent plan is often the only feasible one for the average queen- breeder to carry out. An island in a bodj' of water is, of course, feasible to those who are on such an island, providing the drones from only one queen are allowed to fly on that island. — Ed.] One ok the things that I can't under- stand, although I must believe it, is that length and reach of tongue have no fixed relation to each other. Prof. Gillette's measurements show six times as much vari- ation in reach as in length, and in at least one case two tongues can be found in which the shorter tongue has the longer reach. 48 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jan. 15 [If this is true, and I believe it is, then the experiment of Mr. Doolittle reg-arding- those four colonies wherein the shortest-tong'ued bees g-athered the most honey proves noth- ing-. Prof. Gillette's measurements of those bees were for tong-ue leti^ih — or at least that is so reported in Doolittle's article. It is possible and even probable that those short-tong-ued bees were not really short but long- reach bees. This only emphasizes the fact that tongue measurement ought to be confined to tongue reach, and that by some sort of g-lossometer that will g-ive the measurements for a whole colony and not for a few bees. — Ed.] The uncapping -fork, heretofore, has been mentioned only in terms of praise. Now L^Abcille seems to prefer the knife, because with it inequalities of the surface may be cut down so as to make the combs of uniform thickness, and the knife is also needed to remove burr-combs. [While on my western tour I saw considerable ex- tracting- in a wholesale way, and I am very sure that the fork could not be used in place of the knife. It is the general practice to space the combs in supers 1'2 to 1^4 from center to center. This, of course, makes very thick extracting - combs. They are then sliced down to from % to one inch in thickness, leaving sharp clean-edged cells so that nearly all the honey can readily flow out by centrifugal force. But from the experience I have had with forks, combs, and brushes, I could do no better than to make the edges of the cells very ragged. The result would be that it would be very difficult to throw the honej'^ out of them, es- pecially when many cells are onlj^ partly opened. — Ed.] . You WANT ME, Mr. Editor, to make war against what was formerly ungrammatical but is now accepted as good usage. Not I. When a thing becomes accepted as good usage it is grammatical, and I don't pro- pose to fight grammatical expressions. I've no call to go back to past generations and fight them for admitting some words and usages into good society that possibly ought not to have been admitted. I've more than I can do to fig-ht stubborn editors that will insist in defending expressions that are not now grammatical, never have been grammatical, and I hope never will be grammatical. Now are you " shook " enough? ["Nixie." But say; how can a word be grammatical when it violates all present rules of grammar? Accepted usage may give a word respectability in litera- ture; but how could it make it grammati- cal, present or future, if it was not so in the present or past? I suppose this is one of the things we shall have to fight out when we get together. — Ed.] Reidenbach, according to Leipzig. Bztg., has been making some very careful investi- gfations as to the comparative size of cells in new and old combs. Like others, he finds the cell-walls remain thin, although in very old comb the septum may be J to t inch thick. To get at the contents of the cells, a novel plan was used, although a very common-sense one. He carefully mea- sured the amount of water each cell would contain. A cell in freshly built natural worker comb he found to contain .28 cubic centimeter, yet on the edge of new comb out of which brood had already emerged he found cells containing only .20. In old combs with septum \ to \ inch thick, the centents never fell below .20, but in most cases the measurement was .25. [In other words, there is scientific proof to show that the diameter of the cells of honej'-comb does not become less through age. We have known, however, that the depth of the cells varied; but this does not make shorter bees, because the cells at the start are longer than is necessary. As I have before stat- ed, Nature would not make such a tremen- dous blunder as to make smaller bees. All species have a tendencj^ to remain the same size. — Ed.] I arise to remark that " in this locality " no stock whatever is taken in the belief that length of tongue is a mere incident in red- clover queens. It's an essentiiil of the most essential character. You may have all the other characteristics j^ou like, and if you haven't length of tongue you'll never get the nectar out of red clover. Just tell me, if you please, Mr. Editor, how you're ever going to get the nectar out of the bot- tom of a 20-hundredth tube with a 19- hundredth tongue reach. [You can not, of course; but if one colony would gather twice as much honey as another one whose bees had longer reach, then I would take those bees that got the honey somehow. Suppose here is a colony whose bees have an average tongue reach of .19; and sup- pose, ag-ain, that one-half of all the corolla- tubes of the red clover in the field are .20 deep and over. Is it not possible that the .19 reach of bees might get all the nectar from the tubes .19 and under, while the .20 reach bees would get onlj^ one quarter of the hone}' available to them- I still think that length of tongue should be considered of secondary importance, and that the abil- it}' to get honey by some meayis should be the first consideration. — Ed.] Blu-tering .'■torms with chilling breath Howl around the door; Winter conies with all his hosts From the icy arctic shore. BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. Quoting from Science Sif tings we learn : Few people know that honey possesses great value as a food on account of its ease of digestion ; for which reason it is especially desirable for those with weak- 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 49 ened digestive powers. The nectar of flowers i> al- m St entirely cane sugar. The secretions added by the bees change this to grape sugar, and so prepare it that it is almost ready for assimilation without any ef- fort on the part of the stomach. The unplensant symptoms from which some snffer after a surfeit of honey may often be removed by drinking a little milk, Mr. Cowan says: Not since the appearance, in ]87<5, of Buechner's "Mind in Animals " have we had a book about bees more charming, or one that we have read with greater pleasure, than Maeterlinck's " I„ife of the Bee." \fcr In speaking of sections of honej' weig-h- ing less than 16 ounces, a writer sa3's: Society righteously brands such weights with even a stronger and harsher name, I trust that, whatever in- novations may be introduced, a pound section may be made to weigh the full number of ounces. If it 7S a pound section, why bother about the weight? But as bees don't know that 16 ounces make a potind, we shall have to take sections as they come, and sell them at so much apiece, saying nothing about the weight. A vender of very cold "hot" cakes excused himself by saying, "I didn't mean they were 'ot. 'Ot is jtist the name of 'em." If "pound" is "just the name of 'em," perhaps we'd better change the name, leav- ing off all reference to weight. vi/ The editor quotes the following from An- swers of Nov. 30: The purchaser of honey vainly imagines that swin- dling is impossible if frame honey is bought. The fact is that clever bee-keepers now make perfect imi- tation combs out of paraffine \< ax, and nut these into the hives for the bees to fill and seal. To test it. pour a drop or two of sulphuric acid upon the comb which is on trial. Good beeswax will char and blacken un- der the acid, but upon paraffine no effect will be per- ceptible. The onl}' strange thing about the above is that the British Bee fonrnal lets it go as if it were an undoubted fact, making no re- plJ^ It did not take pains to say that such combs can not be made by man, and that they w^ould melt down b_v the heat of the hives, even if man could make them. A failure to do this is as bad as to publish the canard. The general reader would take it as a piece of common news. AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL. In speaking of the benefits of co-opera- tion among bee-keepers and the agricultu- ral classes generally. Prof. Cook relates the following, and his words contain a vol- ume: The Citrus Fruit Exchange of Southern California has now been in operation for over seven years, and h s been an eminent success. These are the things wliich it has done : Greatly lessened the expenses in preparing to ship ; .secured a more perfect grading of the fruit : employed salaried agents of their owiT in all the leading cities ; developed new markets in the East ; with surprising success distributed the fruits in the East with such skill as to prevent overciowding or ruinous competition, and at the same time keeping all the marke's supplied ; doing all their business at an expense of less than three per cent, and, though the goods marketed bring in millions of dollars each vear. they have met with almost no loss at all — less than one-eightieth ot one per cent during all their years of Viu.siness. The receipts of their business the past year have been over eight millions of dollars, and yet there has been no loss at all. This is only one of several years with a similar record. AIKIN'S HONEY AND WAX SEPARATOR. A Valuable Adjunct to the Solar Wax=extractor. BY R. C. AIKIN. About three or four j'ears ago I conceived the idea of an attachment to wax-extractors to separate the honey and wax. The old way of letting the honey and wax run into one common pan or tank had several objec- tions that I longed to get rid of, and, hav- ing solved the problein in a very satisfacto- ry way, I now propose to publish the results of my cogitations and experimenting. The device, while having m )re properly its place with the solar, may be made to answer the same purpose for which it was invented, in connection with wax-extractors of other kinds. I have no extractor but the solar, 0 i ►VAX 3- .Sediment Honey FIG. 1. hence have not used it with any other kind, but the principle may be applied to others. The principle upon which this device works is specific gravity'. Honej' weighs 12 lbs. to the gallon, and water about 8 lbs. I do not know w^hat is the weight of beeswax, but I know what every apiarist does — that wax is lighter than water. It is immateri- al as to the exact proportion, so we will call it 8 for wax and 12 for honej^ FIG Now, suppose you take a citke of wax 3 inches thick and put it into a bucket of hon- ey or into a tank where the wax has plenty of room so it does not touch the bucket or tank in any way that will interfere with its 50 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jan. 15 floating-, and the wax will stand one inch above the surface of the honeJ^ You see it is just a mattei- of weight; 2 parts of the hone_v are as heavy as 3 parts of the wax, hence the wax carries its surface clear above the honej', just as a cork floats a considerable part of its bulk above water. It matters not whether the wax is liquid or solid. It is bound to float just the same. A third of its depth will stand above the honey, and the rest will be submerged. Now look at Fig. 1. This represents the separator as it appears in a general outline view. This is placed under the drip as it runs from the pan supporting the mixture of wax and honey-cappings, broken or anj' kind of comb. The first to flow from the melting combs will be honey, dropping into the separator at A, the larger of the two compartments. The partition between these compartments does not reach quite to the bottom b}^ about '^ inch, hence the hone^' will pass under and rise in both compart- ments alike. Look at the outlet for honey, and you will see that it is deeper froin the top than the wax-outlet; and so when the honey rises to the opening it flows out, and will continue to flow as long as it pours into the other compartment, passing under the partition. The wax will begin to come shortly, and, being so much lighter than the honey, will begin to rise or pile up in compartment A. No matter what amount of wax falls into the honey, it keeps rising above and settling below the level of the honey-outlet; '3 the depth of the body of wax is above and ^3 below; thus it increases until it flows out at its own overflow-outlet, and thereafter main- tains its position, becoming neither deeper nor shallower. As long as wax and honey continue to flow in. the wax floats in its own compartment; and the honej', being so much heaver, sinks right through the wax and comes up and out at its own level. If wax stops coming, that body of wax in com- partment A just remains as it is, neither less nor more, and honey may pour in all day, but will pass through and out at its own door; and, likewise, should honev stop coming, but wax continue to flow, the hone_v in the separator remains stationary, and the wax overflows into its own place. There is no limit; the two must separate and flow their own way when they come into the sep- arator, whether it is tons or pounds. There should be a check or dam to keep back the shungum that would wash down into the separator. There is iilwaj'S more or less of sediment that will get down; but if the cocoons and more bulk}' foreign mat- ter are kept back the fine sediment will be found accumulated between the honey and wax; and when the remnant of wax cools and is removed the sediment comes with it. This little contrivance I count as a valu- able adjunct to any solar, and maj' be used to advantage in many places. I have made mj^ solar with one end for all sorts of triishy combs, and the other end for melting cap- ings, candied sections, new broken combs, and any clean combs that may contain honey suitable for table use that can not well be separated in the extractor. Cap- pings or broken combs placed in the solar will very soon release the honey and let it run into the separator, and from there it will soon be in a tank or receptacle imder- neath, and away froin the heat and light. I have sold many hundred pounds for table use that has been through the solar and separator. The fact is, the separator is a sort of strainer, acting on the specific-grav- ity plan, and does its work w'hen the honey is quite warm and thin, so that it separates freely, the impurities floating up next to the wax. This idea of a strainer has been published in this journal, but I do not take the time to hunt up when or by whom. For cooling and caking the wax, I use the Rauchfuss idea of a series of small pans with tin overflow from one to the other. The Root Co. is now putting out the same thing with their solars. The honej', besides being strained by the gravity' process in the separator, passes below into a tank, and there, while still warm and thin, goes through another gravitj'-straining process; and, if not yet satisfactorily done, can be drawn from there and put through cheese- cloth or other strainer. My separator, which has handled about a thousand pounds of wax and over a ton of honey this summer, is ver}' well repre- sented in Fig. 2. The bottom is about 2x7 inches, the top about 6xQ, and the depth about 7 inches. There should be at the very least an inch from the bottom of the body of the wax to the bottom of the partition C. That will make sure that neither wax nor sediment gets under to float out with the honey. The flaring shape is to make the wax remnant easily removable when cooled, and to get the necessary depth without hav- ing an imdue amount of honey in the sepa- rator, which must be there all the time. Possibly a much smaller arrangement will do as well; and if so, the honey and wax remnants always left over from one day to the next would be very nominal indeed. I think mine carries less than 2 pounds of wax, and it has handled well nigh 200 pounds in a daj' — would handle much more if it could be melted and delivered to it. Each morning the wax remnant should be removed and put back to remelt. This keeps the sediment from accuinulating. The honey remnant need not be changed for days or weeks. Brethren, this is a decided success. I feel that I have at last developed st least one invention that will be useful to apicul- ture. Mj' next article will deal with the construction of solar wax-extractors, point- ing out wherein the present construction method is at fault. Like this separator, when you see how to build a solar, you will wonder why j'ou did not think of it before. [You say this idea of a strainer has been published in this journal before. You probably refer to what is known as the G. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 51 C. Ferris wax-bucket, illustrated and de- scribed on pag"e 277 of our issue for April 1, 1901. The principle, ho^Yever, is not quite the same, or rather, perhaps I should sa}% j'ou have improved on the Ferris plan by providing" two outlets — one for wax and one for honey; and in this connection it should be stated that you use your appara- tus in a little different manner. Mr. P^er- ris aims to clarify the wax, while you go still further, separating- the honey from the wax in such a way that both of them, after being" separated, are free of impurities. While you do not say any thing" about it in your article, I should imagine the same outfit would be very handy during extract- ing time. Suppose, for instance, the honey from the honey-extractors ran direct into compartment A; wax cappings, dead bees, refuse dirt of every description, would re- main in A until the surplus would overflow at the wax-outlet, while the clear nice hon- ey would pass under the partition C, and flow out of the honey-outlet as shown in the diagram. In our next issue Mr. Aikin will describe his combination solar and artificitil-heat wax-extractor. He probably has the larg- est as well as most elaborate extractor of the kind in the world. — Ed.] RAMBLE 197. Bee-keeping in Southern California ; Co^-operation for the Formation of a Trust of Honey=produc= ers ; Advantages and Benefits Explained. BV RAMBLER. I found the bee-keepers of Southern Cali- fornia very enthusiastic over the fair yield of honey secured. There is nothing like prosperity to cheer a man up and make him hopeful; and having justemerg"ed from a three-years' drouth it is nothing strangle that the reaction should be rather feverish. During the poor seasons, bee-keepers when in the city were in the habit of browsing for a stray meal now and then in 10 and 'iS cent restaurants; but now it was 25 and 50 cent eating-houses. Mr. Brod- beck had dropped his oil busi- ness and returned to his first love — had secured a fine yield of honej', and, under the pro- tecting care of a capitalist, wjis buying whole apiaries. I be- lieve they now have 1000 colo- nies. Several new men have appeared in the ranks; and if the seasons would change for good ones the future for South- ern California would be bright. I found the Pacific Bcc Jour- nal blowing its horn lustily again. It even goes so far as to corral the weather for the next decade; but I think the bee-men will continue to look to the Weather Bureau for a good share of their information. As stated in the previous Ramble, the Shafl^ner Brothers were managing my bees and their own with success. I herewith present a photo of these enterprising young men in their cosy camp at the Ramblers apiar3% with dog, gun, and horse. Arthur is contemplating a slice of bread and hon- ey, while Earl has anticipations toward an apple. The horse also had the same mind, and moved his head. Although this re- treat is only ten miles from Los Angeles, there are coyotes, mountain lions, and now and then a deer seen here. Some of the night adventures here would make the av- erage man's hair stand on end. I found the bee-men also ready to pro- mote an}' enterprise for the increase of their honey pasturage, and for the irrigation of arid places. A new invention lias recently been tried successfully that may work a revolution in irrigation matters in Southern California. This portion of the State has no large rivers to draw from ; but there is plenty of water if they dig for it. When found b}' digging, the next operation is to pump it to the surface, and that is where the new solar engine will play an impor- tant part. This engine is run entirely by solar heat — no expense for fuel, and, dur- ing the season for irrigating, we have con- tinuous sunshine ; and what wonders are performed in this country with water and sunshine I On page 472 I gave you a photo of an im- mense eucalyptus-tree of only eleven years' growth. Let ine show you one of our beau- tiful pepper-trees that is also making a rapid growth. This tree was planted in October, 1899. It was then two inches in height, and a mere thread. This photo was taken in November, or a trifle over two years after, and, note the growth! Mrs. Maj' and daughter are very proud of their pepper-tree, and the bees were busy upon those little flowers when the photo was taken. The hopefulness of the bee-men here has a sort of contagious influence, and I began to be hopeful with the rest; but I have learned that we are not sure of a honev SHAFKNKR BROS. IN CAMP AT RAMBLKR'S APIARY. 52 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jan. 15 crop until well into the winter, and after tlie proper amount of rainfall. These certain uncertainties have led the Rambler into new fields and into enlargfed ideas in respect to bee culture. Let me ex- pound a new doctrine. In the first place, let me ask why it is that capitalists seldom invest in bees. The answer is upon your tong'ue — owing- to the uncertainties. A capitalist is looking- for a sure thing-, or an income for the money invested, and hardly ever enters this field unless he becomes an enthusiast about bees. PEPPER-TREE, TWO YEARS' GROWTH. I am quite sure the time is ripe for put- ting- the matter of honej^ production upon a safe financial basis, and so sure of g-ood leturns for invested capital that the latter will seek investment. This new combina- tion is a little too large for bee-men to un- dertake themselves and without capital ; but bee-keepers and capitalists can work to^^ether in these interests. For instance, let a company be org-anized upon strictly business principles, with trained business men at the head of it. Let said company own, by purchase, 10,000 colonies of bees in Southern California. As to the manage- ment of said bees, according to our present methods for extracted hone}', three men could manage 1000 colonies or more during the busy season, which, in Southern Cali- fornia, lasts from April until Jul}'. Dur- ing the other eight months one man could easily care for over 1000 colonies, except at times when hives should be made or bees moved to new locations; but when apiaries become well established one expert could care for an indefinite number. We have now established our 10,000 colo- nies in Southern California. Let us now go to Central California and establish an- other 10,000 in a series of apiaries. Nearly the same conditions exist in Central Cali- fornia for the actual work in the apiary as in Southern California, with the exception that the honey yield comes later, or Julj- until October. Inasmuch as this is prolong- ing the honey season to seven months for our company it might be asked, " Why not move the bees from Southern to Central California? " I would oppose several rea- sons to this: 1. The removal of an apiarj' abandons the field to others. 2. The expense. 3. An apiary that has just secured a crop of honey would not be fitted for gathering another so soon without requeening and much building-up work. W^e have now planted our 20,000 colonies, where, in a good honey season, we shall get a seven-months' flow. Now, in order to fill up the five-months" gap, and make the honey-flow continuous all the year round for our company, let us establish 10,000 colonies in Cuba, where the main flow comes from November to April. Let us now sum up the advantages. The leading one is the elevation of the industry t J a position of certainty. If I own stock in the company I am sure to realize a good percentage, even if there is a failure at one pjint. If a bee-keeper has put his bees in as stock he is interested in all of the loca- tions; and if his crop fails, another loca- tion will bring him a revenue; but when the yield is good in all of the locations his dividend would be no small amount. Another g-ood feature about this combina- tion is the inducement held out to young men to take up the business as an all-the- year-round and life vocation. At present there is no inducement, for the business in one location is short and uncertain. A skillful bee-keeper (and no others need ap- ply) who puts his bees into the company could secure work the year round. Then the grading and marketing of honey could be brought to something systematic, and in the hands of skillful managers. The failure of exchanges and all similar organizations is caused by the narrowness of their operations, and the lack of finan- cial backing. I speak from experience, and experience dearly bought, when I saj' that associations organized without finan- cial backing will and do result in weak at- tempts or total failures. The capitalist must step in with his mon- 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Si ey, and, as I have reason to know, the plan above meets with his approval. This plan can be orf^anized in California, Texas, and Cuba, or with an3' other locali- ties that will bring- a continuous honey- yield and an unlimited number of colonies. It is in no sense a trust — it is only a broad- ening- of the industry into a safe business proposition. It is not a visionary scheme, for private parties are carrying- it out in a smaller waj' to-day. The Rambler is now in Cuba, looking- up the industry; and, al- though he is but upon the borders of the land, he feels the influence of much sweet- ness, and hopes, in the next Ramble, to in- troduce the reader into the "Gem of the Antilles." SHALLOW BROOD=FRAMES. Localities where the Honey=flow is Scant ; thin Foundation for Sections. Extra. BY J. E. HANIJ. OFF FOR CUBA. [This plan of co-operation, or bee-keep- ers' trust, is very much like what was ad- vocated by the editor of the Pacific Bee Journal a short time a"go; but bee-keepers generally did not take kindly to it, I un- derstand, and the scheme fell through in favor of some sort of exchang-e. Well, now, here we have the Rambler actually advo- cating- the same thing-. Of course, he says it is not a trust; but nowadays the meaning of the word has been enlarged to incorpo- rate an aggregation of individuals, corpo- rations, or firms, under one head, forming one mammoth corporation not only controlling but actually owning the former independent concerns. Whether such a plan can be made feasible in the bee-keeping line re- mains to be seen. There is much to recom- mend it // bee-keepers will put in their api- aries and equipment as so much stock. Cer- tain it is that some controlling force should handle the entire output of the honey for any one State rather than to let the prod- uct of a thousand different bee-men go into the market in direct and open competition, resulting in a low level of prices rather than those that would put the business on a profitable basis so that those poor years that are bound to come could be tided over. The illustration of the pepper-tree is only a fair sample of the wonderful growths that very often take place in California and Ari- . zona. We here in the East would give hun- dreds of dollars for shade-trees on our front lawns; but in California all one has to do is to set out a Cottonwood or a pepper-tree, and in two j-ears' time he has fairly good shade, and in ten years he has a tree of the size of our elms when they are about fifty years old. —Ed.] " Well, here I am again. I have been doing some hard thinking about this system of contraction and expansion by means of very shallow frames. I am just starting in the bee business, and am very anxious to start right if I can; but I have been looking up this matter of large vs. small hives and deep vs. shallow fraines, and I find such a difference of opinion among prominent bee- keepers on these questions that I am more than ever at sea as to what size of frame and hive to adopt." " Yes, it is true there is a great diversity of opinion on these questions. As on all others, men are differently constituted. What suits one man will not suit another of different temperament. With me it is not simply a matter of like or dislike. There are some things about shallow frames that I don't like, but I am depending on the business for a living for myself and family, and it behooves me to be very careful about this matter. There are locations so good that a fair crop of surplus can be secured with almost any kind of hive, but ours is not one of these. Look around among the bee-keepers of this vicinity. They will tell you that the business is too uncertain, and that it will not do to depend upon bee-keep- ing for a living. If they do not, their rows of hives that are silent and empty have a language of their own that is more eloquent than words. I do not believe there are more than half as many bees in this county as there were five years ago. It is only by the most careful management and the most approved methods that any one can succeed in such a location as this; and unless a man has a natural love for the business, aside from the dollar-and-cent part of it, he will very soon give up the contest as too un- equal, and turn his attention to something that is more certain." "These are truths that everyone must face who has an aspiration to become a hon- ey-producer in such a location as ours." " In view of these facts, your desire to start right is very commendable." "Would it not be better for a man who has a natural love for the business to move to a location that is better suited to this oc- cupation— to some of the paradises describ- ed in the bee-journals? " " Well, friend Charles, this is a question that I have thought about a great deal dur- ing the past three poor seasons. There are a great many things to be considered in changing to a new location. I have been in some of these paradises, and there are other things to be desired besides securing a large crop of honey. Many of these places are far from market; and unless bee-keepers heive an organization to protect themselves they are at the mercy of specu- lators who will buy their product at their GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jan. 15 own price because they can not ship it themselves; and then most of these locations are already overstocked, and strangfers will meet with any thing but a hearty welcome. A good accessible market, with a fair to poor honey yield, is more desirable than a good crop that is practically^ inaccessible to market. This past season has decided that, for me, the proper solution of this problem rests in improved methods, careful management, and in developing the resourc- es already at hand." " I believe you are on the right track in this matter, and that the main thing is to study thoroughly your location, and then use the methods and appliances that are Ibest suited to that particular location." "Yes, that is it; or, as Heddon puts it, plant your guns and stay by them. Keep more bees; produce tons instead of pounds. Here is a sample of the foundation that the bees accepted and worked out into such beautiful combs of honey by the feeding- back process. It is the Root thin-base foundation. Here is a section that was on the hive only 12 hours, and at a time when common foundation would be completely de- stroyed, and here is one that is finished. You see there are no pop-holes in the corners of either of these sections, and this one that has been on the hives only twelve hours has honey in some of the cells." " Do you fasten the foundation at the sides? " " No. The pieces are made of a size just to fill the section inside, and will be quick- ly and firmly attached to the sides as well as at the top; but this one is as firmly at- tached at the bottom as at the top. ' ' " Oh, yesi I always use a narrow strip of foundation at the bottom of sections. Does not the fence separator have something to do with those well-filled sections? " "Yes. I am very certain that the free communication afforded by these separators has a tendency to lessen the pop-holes that are such an eyesore to producers of fancy honeys but not so much as does the thin- base foundation; and with the two com- bined there is nothing further to be desired in this dii-ection." "What is the cause of these pop-holes, as you call them? " " Well, I have always thought that the bees made them for passageways; but this last season I have about come to the conclu- sion that the bees gnaw out the foundation because they don't like it, and afterward are slow to fill up these holes, because they are so handy for passageways. It was this idea that led me to trj^ the thin-base foundation, which, in every case, was ac- cepted the same as natural comb." " Do you think that a section that is tall- er than it is wide, or 4x5, will be any bet- ter filled than one that is square, or 4Hx 4X?" "No. Other things being equal, one will be just as well filled as the other." "Is not this foundation rather expen- sive? " "Yes. It cost me 75 cents per pound, and that is about -'4 of a cent per section; but if I can get '2 cent more per pound for these extra well-filled sections it will pay me to use it, even at that price. I shall ex- periment further the coming season with this foundation." ^-. -» ••♦••••«* SUPER FOUNDATION FOR THE BROOD=CHAMBER. The Use of Weed and other Foundation. BY W. T. STEPHENSON. I was very much interested in that con- tribution on page 789, by Wm. M. Whitney. I have been experimenting along the same line myself, viz., using super foundation for the brood-chamber. I did not, however, buy the surplus foundation with the inten- tion of using it for brood foundation. I pur- chased what I thought to be enough of both kinds — brood and super. Late in the sea- son I suddenly needed foundation for about 100 frames. When I examined my pile of brood foundation I found, to my sorrow, I had only about 8 sheets. In my bewilder- ment I hit upon the following plan: I would use the super foundation for the brood- frames. I fastened one sheet lengthwise to the top-bar of each frame, precisely as the brood foundation was fastened, after which I put small drops of beeswax along the edge of the groove as a reinforcement. This is not necessary with every frame, as some of the wedges are thicker than others. After the foundation (thin or extra thin) is secure- ly fastened I have no more trouble from sagging or wjirping than with brood foun- dation. I presume I had better saj' the foundation used was the Weed patent. Success having crowned 1113' efforts last year, I concluded to try it oil a larger scale this year. I didn't get the Weed foundation (not fully appreciating its superiority), and conse- quently my experience this year was quite on the other extreme. After I had stayed this foundation with wedge and beeswax, the weight of the bees would tear the foun- dation in two. It would warp and fall down after the cells were '4 inch deep. Such a mess! I was thoroughly sick of mj' trade. Notwithstanding my "bad luck" this season, I am quite certain that, unless full sheets of foundation are required, the Weed super foundation will do all right. There is, however, one serious objection to using super foundation for the brood- frames. It is this: Unless there is a brisk honey-flow (brisk enough to keep the bees busy) they have an idle habit of gnawing holes through the midrib of the foundation. This makes pop-holes in tlie combs, as the bees will never repkice tlie septum ihey have gnawed awaj'. I heartily sanction what Mr. Whitnej' sa3's in regard to farmer bee-keepers using the thin foundation. If the apiarist can't give the bees the attention they need he had iyo2 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. better use somethinj^ true and tried; viz.. brood foundation. W. T. Stkphknson. New Columbia, 111. [Bee-keepers, if they only know it, can save quite a little expense by using- thin foundation for brood-nests; but it must be intelligently used. Let the careful bee- keeper look to his profits. — Ed.] BEEKEEPING 5N NORTH DAKOTA. BV A. P. ASPINWALL. Wahpeton is at the confluence of the Ot- ter Tail and Bois-de-Sioux Rivers, the two forming- the Red River of the North. The Red River has numerous tributaries whose banks are bordered with forest trees. There are numerous groves of wild plums and some basswood. The flora of the valley is wonderful for its profusion and variety. The nectar from which the honey is pro- duced all comes from wild plants and trees. There were three kinds of hone}' made this year — dark, white, and yellow, or am- ber. The dark came in the fore part of the season, the white in July, and the amber during August and September. There was no finer honev on exhibition at the Pan- American. The hives are all eight-frame Dovetailed, made by the Root Co. They are painted red, white, and blue. The back end of the hives rests on a piece 2X4, and front on a one-inch board, which pro- jects in front, answering for an alighting- board. Bricks are used for weights, and to indicate the needs of the colony, and su- pers bj' their position. Young fruit-trees are planted between the rows. The timber in the rear of the house is on the Bois-de-Sioux River. I run entirely for comb honey, which has a good local demand. The bee industry of the State is in its in- fancy. It is bound to come to the front as soon as its possibilities as a honey-produc- ing State are known. Wahpeton, N. Dakota. HAULING BEES. How to Do it by Loading them on a Wagon Just as they are in the Yard, Without Closing the En= trances. BY ADIN STONE. I have noticed the experience of others in moving bees from place to place, and the trouble from stings to men and horses in the operation. It has often recalled mj' Al'IAKV OK A. p. ASPINWAL 56 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURP:. Jan. 15 own experience to mind. I will tell you how I moved my bees without closings the entrances. I had about one mile to move, and about as many hives as I could place on a lum- ber-wagon as they sat in the apiary. I loaded them in as they sat, first using- the smoker to drive the bees inside. I hitched a horse to the load and drove to my desti- nation; unhitching the horse from the wag- on, I waited until morning, when I set them on their stands. These were full colonies in eight-frame hives, Hoffman self-spacing frames, loose bottom-boards, '4 -in. entrance full width of both ends of hives. All of them were left open as they stood when at work in the apiary. I moved on a lumber- wagon without springs, over a stony road, and thi-ough a small village, in daylight, between 6 and 7 o'clock p. m. I don't ad- vise anybody, nor claim this as the proper way to handle bees; but I tell what I did successfully. Not a person was stung, nor any trouble whatever came from the bees. Of course, they came outside and clustered on the hives. I walked and drove the horse (not a very steady one either). I found the same principle to work in this case as in handling bees in hives or hiving swarms. When thoroughly alarmed, and filled with honey, the bees attended to their own business and troubled nobody. I am satisfied I could have driven for miles with them. I can not say that this plan will always work. It did that time and season, between spring and summer. Some new honey was coming in at the time. I am the person who called your attention to Hoffman frames years ago Adin Stone. North Bay, N. Y., Nov. 24. [We have already had one report as to how a load of bees was carried over miles of road successfully without closing the en- trances; and I believe that the method can be practiced to advantage a great many times, and at the same time save considera- ble labor. When screens are used there is always danger of the bees smothering; and especially is this true during warm weath- er. They will sometimes smother, even when the whole top of the hive is covered with wire cloth; and if they do not die out- right they are of but little use afterward because of the previous scorching or over- heating while en route. It is a well-known fact in beedom that a colony that has been jarred or bumped a few times becomes very docile, providing, of course, that this bump- ing is preceded by smoking. Of course, one could not expect to walk up to a hive and give it a kick without experiencing a most vigorous protest on the part of its oc- cupants. But a smoking at the entrance will pi-epare them for further treatment; but it would not do, I should suppose, to give them just a few "whiffs." The whole colony should be brought under the influence of the smoke. After the load is once on the road, I should fear no further danger. It is the starting — the first few bumps — that might cause a circus perform- ance on the part of horses and driver. This is somewhat of an interesting ques- tion, and I should be glad to have reports from others as to the feasibility of moving bees without closing the entrances. I might say, right in this connection, that, in felling a bee-tree once, we had a good example of this. On the first shock — that is, when the tree struck the ground — the bees rushed out in battle array; but as soon as we begin chopping the log- right over the supposed cluster of bees they sub- sided, and very soon we took off our veils. The chopping demoralized them to such an extent that they acted as if they were thor- oughly subdued by smoke. Why should not buinping over rough roads have a simi- lar eft'ect?— Ed.I Prof. Frank Benton, of the Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, and Pres. W. F. Marks, of the New York State Association of Bee-keepers' Societies, are taking a hand in answering some of those comb-honey canards. Good ! Keep it up all along the firing-line. Ow^ng to the great accumulation of good matter on hand that was awaiting inser- tion, and seasonable too, I found it neces- sary, in order to find room for it, to leave out my own travels for this issue; and al- though we give 8 extra pages, in addition to our regular issue, there is still quite a quantity left. The bees in our two cellars at this date have just been examined, and, according to Mr. Warden, they are doinpf finely. We are not paying much attention to tempera- ture, but are giving large amounts of fresh air. The 250 colonies under the machine- shop, unless the weather is very cold, get a fresh supply from outdoors all night. One editor, who said something in his pa- per about manufactured comb hone}', when shown the truth, came out with a manly retraction. In a private letter to a friend he says: " I wrote hastily, made a mis- take, and take pleasure in correcting it." There is no reason why every one of the publishers should not be equally willing- to correct the error. They would lose neither prestige nor dignity by so doing. bee-keeping in the wes~t indies. This is the title of a neat pamphlet of 78 pages, received from and published by Dr. D. Morris, Commissioner of Agricul- 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 57 ture for the West Indies, written by W. K. Morrison, well known to readers of Glean- ings. As its name indicates, this book is prepared especially for the tropics, and a very careful reading- fails to show any thing- which is subject to adverse criticism. On the other hand, it is worthy of a careful reading- by kee-keepers and prospective bee-keepers in that section of the country. It is intended as a guide to beginners, and is full of valuable information. The be;- keepers of the British West Indies are to be cong-ratulated on having- so able a man as Dr. Morris, for he has not only made it possible to furnish them this book without expense, but is assisting- them in many oth- er waj's. PROSPECTS NOT FLATTERING FOR CALIFOR- NIA HONEY NEXT SEASON. Several of our subscribers in California have written us that, up to the 1st of Janu- ary, there had been little or no rain, and that this was the smallest amount up to that date for -a. period of over thirty years. Of course, there may be copious showers }'et; but they will need to come soon if they are to do any g-ood. There are quite a number of bee-keepers on the coast who held back their crops last summer rather than sell at low prices, and wisely so, I believe. They will surely find a market next season for all they have, at g-ood figures. A prospective short crop in California ought to mean a stift'ening- of prices throughout the whole United States; for there is no one State in the Union that, in a good year, gives anywhere near the amount of honey that California does; and when it unloads after one of its big seasons, it is apt to make a flurry in the market. THOSE COMB-HONEY CANARDS, AGAIN. A GOOD part of my daily correspondence is answering a great variety of clipping-s, slandering the comb-honey busines, in the various weeklies and dailies throug-hout the country. The task seems almost hope- loss, and I again call on our readers to help. If every one of our subscribers would sit down and write a short note to the pa- per publishing such stuft", its editor would begin to think bee-keepers were somebody, and that he would lose subscribers if he did not retract. Suppose a publisher got a dozen letters a day, and some days a hun- dred; and suppose the flow of protests con- tinued for two or three weeks, he would soon see that he would have to do some- thing to square himself with the world, and he would. There is nothing like the force of numbers in a fight of this kind. Brothers and sisters, this me^ms bread and butter to you. If you do not wish to see a staggering comb-honey market anoth- er year, get right down to business at once. But perhaps you say you do not know what paper to write to, or have forgotten. Let me suggest that you turn your guns on the Chicago Tribune — the paper that started these comb-honey canards and which has never really retracted. Let that paper feel that there is a power back of bee-keep- ers. The Chicago C/ri-ofiicle has retracted handsomely, and so have half a dozen others. There is another paper that persists in the wrong, and that is the Fanners' Guide (blind?), published at Huntington, Ind. Besides these two, there are scores of other sheets that I will not mention particularly, as I am not in position to know whether or not the}^ have made any correction or pro- pose to. Our attorney is at work on the case where the members of the Root Co. are accused of putting out manufactured comb honey. The law is slow, but we have ever}' reason to believe that our accuser will have to "eat crow "or go to jail, for we have been ac- cused of a crime. THOSE BEES IN THE MACHINE-SHOP CEL- LAR; IMPORTANCE OF FRESH AIR IN BEE-CELLARS. There are 200 colonies of them, and they are wintering finely. To all appearances they are doing as well as the SO colonies did a year ago; and these, it will be re- membered, came through without the loss of a colony, and scarcely an}' dead bees on the floor. During warm nights, when the air is sultry we open the door opening- into the outer cellar, and just opposite this door is a window leading- to the outside. The cool fresh air pours in all nig-ht, and then before daylight comes on the door is closed. We have tried keeping the door shut every night running for three or four days, but the bees get uneasy and begin to roar. This g-oes to show that an infusion of fresh air from outdoors and a constant supply of it all the time, day and night, from the out- er cellar having ten times the cubic capac- . ity of the room in which the bees are, is important. Yes, indeed, I am becoming more and more convinced that plenty of fresh air in indoor wintering is one of the prime essentials, and that variation in tem- perature is only secondary. Why, the mer- cury in our bee-room last year, where the bees wintered so perfectly, moved up and down all the way from 38 "to 60, and noise — there was a constant banging and slam- ming, and yet you will remember I kept those bees in till about the middle of May. The dead ones had never been swept up, and yet you could ahnost walk across that cellar without stepping on one. When we remember that it is considered good winter- ing indoors, even if the cellar is completely covered with dead bees, the results I have mentioned are all the more remarkable. The bees in the out-yard cellar are not doing quite so well, for the reason that a street-railway company have two or three times filled our drain, causing the water to back up. But we are sure of this, that Bingham's idea of ventilation through a shaft 20 inches square, going from the roof of the cellar on through the roof of the building above, is all right. 58 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jan. 1^ I believe bee-keepers have been mnkinij;- a great mistake in their house bee-cellars by not giving' the bees fresh air, and lots of it. N. B. — I forgot to say that rats have been getting- among our bees. We arranged with a man who owns a ferret to come and clean all the rats from our premises. He has done this to our complete satisfaction, and he says it will be some time before they get back to trouble us. For particulars see page 81. Cats — well, man}' of them, to use plain English, are nasty around factory buildings, and only a few of them will tackle rats at best. GLASS FOR SHIPPING-CASES — A BRIGHT IDEA. It is well known by all bee-keepers that glass, during the last j^ear or so, has taken several sharp advances. Although it has slumped a little within the last few days, the reduction in price is so slight that the problem of glass is still something serious to be considered. But, happilj', our friend F. A. Salisbur3', of Syracuse, N. Y.. has struck upon a bright idea. He learns that there are quantities of glass from old nega- tives rejected by the people for whom they were taken, that can be had of many of the photographers for the mere asking, provid- ing, of course, the artist has the assurance that no print will be taken from such nega- tives. The standard size used by the aver- age photographer, and from which cabinets are made, is 5X7. Mr. SaHsbury conceh'ed the idea of gathering up a quantity of these, quartering them with a glass-cutter so that he would have four lights 2'^ X 3 '-2, or enough glass for one whole shipping-case with four rows of sections. This is the wdy' he got at it: ' He took some strips of section wood and cut the same in lengths equal to the width of the glass, and of the same thickness, and wide enough to make the proper spacing-. Now, then, he slides a glass into the groove, and then a piece of the wood, or " button," as he calls it; then a glass and another but- ton; still another glass and another button. In this waj' he gets in four little lights. The space between the lights is closed up by the wood, which, coming directly in front of the upright edges of the sections, helps to set off the honey to advantage — the little strips of wood, or buttons, covering up the often propolized section and the un- sealed cells next to the wood. The result is at once neat and pleasing in its effect. Mr. Salisbury finds that the trade, as well as bee-keepers generally, pronounce the four-light negative-glassed honey-case as neater in appearance than the old-style case with one long glass showing all the defects of the boxes of honey. Of course, when the glass is only 254 inches wide the top and bottom grooved strips for the glass must be wide enough to take in the width. There are some who would feel that this 2''2 width is too narrow; but as negative glass can be obtained so cheaply one can afford to cut it with soine waste. The 3X4 size would make only a small waste; that is to saj', one can cut two glass lights out of one negative. But there mciy be places in the rural districts where negative glass can not be obtained. Then go around to your hardware stores and gather up all the scrap g-lass they will let you have. In some places they will be glad to have you take it away for it; in others you can get it for a small price. This, of course, would be in all sorts of shapes. But with a little prac- tice one can, with a glass-cutter, convert it into squares rapidly and easilj-. Mr. Salisbury sa3's he can quarter 5x7 negative glass at the rate of 12 lights per minute, or 600 for one hour, or what I should suppose about 5000 per day. His 5X7 glass cost him 7!2 cts. per 100. Cutting and washing at 20 cts. an hour would cost 6-3 cents, or a total of only 14 cents for 100 lights, 56 cents per 400, or which would be equivalent to only 56 cents for 100 shipping- cases. The regular glass for 24-lb. single- tier cases, four rows, for 100 cases, is listed in the supply catalogs at $2.50, or nearly five limes as much. But suppose there are rainy days or bad weather when one's time is not worth 20 cents an hour. Then the 56 cents will be cut down still lower, or, in other words, what one saves he actu- ally earns. Those who have honey now to crate should trj^ the experiment of negative glass, and thus work against the glass trust. Oh, yes! I forgot to mention that glass for negatives is necessarily perfectly clear and white, without spot or bubble, or the photo-suppl}' manufacturers would not use it. HOW TO CLEAN NEGATIVE GLASS. Mr. Salisbury explains that the trick is very simple. Into a kettle of boiling water he pours a quantity of potash; then throws in all the glass that can be submerged; al- lows it to soak a little, pulls it out and rinses it. The removal of the photographic film is very easy. 1 1.. -i The cut shows first a shipping-case with one long: glass; next, one with old 5x7 neg- atives quartered; and, last, 3X4 glass from the scrap obtained at a hardware store. The picture hardly does justice to the new idea. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 59 CAN OUR BEES BE IMPROVED? SOME PLAIN PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS ON HOW IT CAN BE DONE. " Good evening-, Mr. Doolittle. Awfully cold outside to-nij^ht. " "Yes, very cold; but not so cold as it was this morning', is it, Mr. Brown? " " Well, perhaps not ; but I see it was down to zeio a little after sundown, and that is what I call awfully cold for the 7th day of December. What was it here this morning? " " It was 6 degrees below zero here; 9 be- low at the Willow Dale Mills, and, I am informed, it was 22° below at Homer." "Whew! that is the coldest I ever knew it thus early in the winter. And they tell me that Otisco Lake is frozen over the en- tire length of it, the ice being two inches thick — something never known to the oldest inhabitant. Have you got those bees in the cellar 5'et, over at the out-apiary? " "No, and I am feeling quite concerned about them. To be sure, they are all in good condition for cellar wintering, but in just no condition at all for outdoor winter- ing ; but as most of them have snow all about them, nearly up to the top of the hives, this will help some during this se- vere weather. No one thought that, with the night of Nov. 10, when our weather had been so nice for four weeks, winter could drop on us with the morning of the 11th. But so it was; and as the hives were all covered with snow, which was frozen on, I thought it best to leave them till it warmed up enough so the snow would fall off, and am still waiting. The fact is, it is a hard matter to tell just when is the right time to put the bees in the cellar, and it is as often perplexing to tell when to take them out." "Yes, that is so; and I hope yours will not suffer materially from being out till a warm spell comes, which I expect before the middle of the month. But I came over to have a little talk about improving my bees. Do you think I can make any head- way in the matter if I try? Neighbor Smith says he has tried for ten years with his, but he does not see that thej' are any better now than when he commenced." " I fear Smith has not put the effort into this matter that he did when he made such an improvement with his cattle. He could easily see that a part of his cows were not nearly as good inilkersas were others, and so he went to work to have all as good as the best, and he told me that he succeeded too. Can you see any dift'erence in the gathering qualities of j'our bees? " " Yes. Some colonies gather from one- third to double as much as others." "And svich is the case with very many bee-keepers, especially those who have ta- ken no really advanced ground in trying to improve their stock. Probably there is not an apiary in the United States, containing twenty colonies or more, but that the owner thereof is compelled to acknowledge that certain colonies do better than others near- ly every year in producing honey, unless said owner has taken pains to bring his stock up to a high point of excellence along this honey-gathering line. Were it other- wise, we should not so often hear it re- marked, ' If the whole apiary could have done as well as such a colony, I should have had a big yield.' " "But don't you think that the hive used, and the strength of the colony, have nearly all to do with this matter? Smith says that such is the case." " I am inclined to think that the race of bees has the greater influence over these things, and that certain traits of character exist in certain colonies of bees that do not in others. If this is so, there is a chance of improvement in our bees, and I am inclined to think it will be to our credit in the future to work more for the improvement of our bees, even though we ' slack not our pace ' on the improvement of hives." "But how can we accomplish this im- provement? " "I know of only one way at present for the rank and file of bee-keepers to accom- plish this, and that is through the queen. If we could control the drone, as we can the male in our other animals, the matter would be much easier; but as we can not control the drones to any great extent, we have only the queen to aid us materially in the improvement, as a certainty." " Well, such being the case how shall we proceed? " " I do not know that I can give you my views better than to relate some of my ex- perience. A score or more years ago I be- gan to turn my attention to this matter, and soon adopted the following plan : At the close of each honey season I struck an av- erage of the number of pounds of surplus honey produced by the whole apiary; and then all colonies which did not come up to this average were marked. These colonies were united, either in the fall or spring, with others, which had produced an aver- age amount, or above, if such uniting was deemed advisable, through colonies light in bees or scarcity of honey. If all were not disposed of in this way (of course I always destroyed the poorest queen and retained the other), I superseded the inferior queens by those reared from colonies known to have produced the very largest amount." "But such a course would require the keeping of a record of each and all colonies in the apiary." ' ' Yes, and the keeping of such a record would be of much benefit in several waj's besides the one I have spoken of." "This keeping a record is something I have often thought about, and spoke to Mr. Smith about it onl3' the other day. He said 60 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jan. 15 he kept no record, and did not think it would pay so to do." " Did you ask him if he kept any record of his cows when he was tr3'ing- to improve them? It turns out as I expected. If Mr. Smith had been as anxious for the improve- ment of his bees as he was for the improve- ment of his cows he would have kept a rec- ord, and w^ould have known that such a record paid with the bees as well as with the cows. Very little improvement can be made with the bees unless a record is faith- fully kept of each colony." " And it would not be a very serious job, would it, to keep a record of the number of pounds of honey each colon 3^ produced? " "It is not with me. I have a piece of section tacked to each hive, and on this sec- tion I jot down the number of pounds of honey taken each time from the colony liv- ing- within, and at the end of the season an adding of the amounts gives the j-ield from that colony. Some use a book, having a page for each colony, the hives being num- bered, and a page given to each number. This may have the advantage that you can ' post up ' the book evenings or on a rainj^ day. But the section plan is very good, as I know from experience." •' Do 3'ou keep any thing besides the hon- ey-yield on this record? " " Yes. Proiificness, length of life of the workers, whiteness of cappings, wintering qualities, etc., are all looked after, and all queens at all times are reared, as far as possible, from those giving the highest num- ber of points along all these lines, and in this way any apiary can be kept steadily- improving instead of holding its own or retrograding." THE POTENCY OF THE MALE IN BREEDING; SOME THINGS WE DON'T KNOW. Mr. Root: — In touch with an article on p. 778, where you ask how Dr. C. C. Miller knows that the father of the drone's sister does not exert some potent influence on the drone himself, and to which Dr. M. quotes from Dzierzon, in Stray Straws for Oct. 15, also some of his own knowledge of the other facts in the human race, I quote only from my own experience as a breeder of fancy fowls and cattle. I once bred a Jersey of a St. Lambert strain, and of registered stock, to a Holstein bull, and had a black-and- white calf, as I expected; and the same cow, bred to a full-blood Jersey the follow- ing year, brought a black-and-white calf, the very image of the Holstein sire used be- fore. This trait shows up more in the breeding of dogs than in any other animal. I once owned a fine female pointer, crossed her with a spaniel, and for three litters aft- erward her 3'oung showed traces of spaniel blood. Why not the same in bees? One will often go into the poultry business with the idea of raising fancj' fowls; but it is no small job to have your stock purely mated. I once paid a good sum for a setting of Brown Leghorns, and got a nice lot of mongrels. My watchword is, "Breed from the best in the stock," as well as in the poultry business; and if all is well in 1902, that is going to be my watchword in queen- rearing. W. E. Head. Paris Station, N. Y., Oct. 21. [It is a well-established fact that the in- fluence of the male may extend to offspring not sired by him, even for some time to come. It is reasonable to suppose, then, that a drone may be blood-related to his nominal sister. If this be the case an Ital- ian queen that has met a hybrid drone might, and probably would, produce drones (as well as bees) having some of the char- acteristics of the sire ; but if the Dzierzon theory is correct in every particular, then the drone in the case cited would be just as pure as his mother. There are some things here that are not proven yet. — Ed.] DOOLITTLE'S FOUR COLONIES; A QUESTION ASKED. Should not G. M. Doolittle, in that, com- munication of his, "The Season of 1901," page 976, when giving his account of the comparative test of those four lots of bees as to the lengths of their tongues, and honey product, have furnished us an explicit statement of the quantity of bees and brood in each hive at the start? He has left us to assume they all started even, but he does not say so. The omission is a serious one. It renders the account given valueless. As to how it happened that he made the omis- sion it would be idle now to inquire. A slight disparity at the start might make a greatlj^ disproportionate difference in the results. The comparison made is not be- tween the total amounts gathered by the several colonies, but between the amounts of their several surpluses over and above the quantity needed for support of each col- ony— quite a dift'erent thing. How much honey will a colonj' consume when working twelve hours in the day, nursing, comb-building, ventilating, and on the wing? W. C. Eastwood. Whitby, Ont., Dec. 22. [Mr. Doolittle says the four " were work- ed as nearly alike as possible." He might mean by this that they were nearly alike in brood and bees; but the statement, as you say, is not explicit. Of course it would make a great difference if there was a va- riation in the quantity of brood and bees. As to how much we must allow for con- sumption, evaporation, etc., depends upon the strength of the flow. The loss will be from 25 to 50 per cent of the amount gath- ered during the da3^ See article by A. B. Cox in this issue. — Ed.] 1902 (rLP:ANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 61 CON FUSION OK BKKS JUST CARRIED OUT OF THE CELLAR. Are you troubled in the spring- about the bees fljnng- out of the hive when you are taking- them out of the cellar? When do you take them — in the inorning- or in the evening? I have always taken my bees out in the morning, and have been bothered some about their flying out when I am taking them out. Wm. Craig. Luce, Mich., Dec. 9. [Bees will fly out pretty freely when put out of the cellar for the first time in the spring, especially if the day is warm, as it should be for setting out. A good deal of confusion results sometimes by the bees go- ing into the wrong hive; but this hardly makes any serious trouble. It is sometimes advisable, if the weather-report indicates warm weather the next day, to set the bees out the night before at dusk, as they will then be able to calm down; but even the next morning- they will fly out and g-et mix- ed up some. — Ed.] ROARING IN THE CELLAR. I take the privilege of asking- for infor- mation in reg-ard to my bees. I have had my bees in the cellar under the house for the last month, but they do not seem to set- tle down. They are in a roar all the time, and some of them leave the hive and come up in the house. Not more than half a dozen have done this. The temperature runs from 40 to 50. F. R. Palmer. Carlton, Minn., Dec. 10. [Roaring- in the cellar is generally caus- ed from want of ventilation. We would ad- vise j^ou to open the cellar at night, after it gets dark, and close it in the morning- be- fore daylight, providing in so doing you do not reduce the temperature too much. It ought not to go below 40 degrees nor above 60. The roaring may also be caused bj' too high a temperature. This stimulates an activity of the bees, causing them to consume a larger proportion of oxygen, giv- ing off carbonic-acid gas, and vitiating the air. The i-emedy, as before explained, is ventilation. — Ed.] VENTILATION OF BEE-CELLARS; WIDE VS. LONG SECTIONS; SIDE-OPENING FENCES. We have just completed a repository for 200 colonies. It is 20x20, 7 feet high. It is not a cellar, but an upper-ground aflair. It is packed with 8 inches of clover chaft' on sides, and 14 inches on top. It took 16 loads of chaft" (a sixty-bushel wagon-box constituted a load). For ventilation a ven- tilator-box will be placed at the bottom, and a shaft at the top. A damper will be placed on box and shaft, which will be op- erated by an automatic regulator. When the temperature rises above 45, both damp- ers open, the cool air entering at the bot- tom, and crowding the warm and impure air out at the top. When the temperature drops back to or below 45, the dampers close — no need of a person opening and clos- ing the dampers. The regulator is sup- posed to do that. What objection is there to a section one- third longer than the regular 4%, or a sec- tion three of which will occupy the same space lengthwise in a super that four of the ordinary 4 '4 do? We have just been looking over your list to try to decide on a separator. We note what you say in regard to the fence giving freer communication than the ordinary saw- ed or veneer separator. When you first put the fence out we said that was one of the best moves you ever made in the surplus apartment. Now, if free communication of the bees sidewise is good, would it not like- wise be a further improvement if the bees could have free communication endwise or all around? H. C. Quirin. Parkertown, O., Dec. 9. [Your cellar 20x20, 7 feet high, ought to give fairly good results provided you put in not more than 200 colonies; but there should be a ventilator running up through the roof, at least 18 inches square, and so arranged that it could be closed during very cold weather. See Bingham's article on this subject in December 1st Gleanings, page 933. Our cellar, 12x20, 6'4 feet high, has only a six-inch ventilator, and we find it is not nearly larg-e enough, and shall be com- pelled to enlarge it as the bees get uneasy. One objection to sections one-third longer is that they would be odd-sized; and, again, the proportion would be wrong. If it is better larger, it should be tall rather than long or wide. It would be an advantage to have free communication sidewise as well as through the separators or fences. Mr. Aspinwall, of Michigan, and H. H. Hyde and Louis Scholl, of Texas, have devised separators g-iving lateral communication. While there seems to be an advantage in having the sides open, it weakens the separators or fences to such an extent that they will not stand ordinary usage.] QUEENS WHOSE BEES ARE ALL STRAIGHT FIVE-BANDERS. I have this night had opportunity to look over Dec. 1st Gleanings, and it is with great surprise that I notice your statement on page 937, that you have never seen a queen that would produce all straight five- banded workers, and that the best average for one queen, perhaps, was 50 per cent, and as a rule 25 per cent of five-banded workers was all that could be expected. I aiTi ver}' much surprised at that stat^-. ment. If you have never seen a queen th,at would produce straight five-bandied work- ers, will you please come to Floresville on. the first opportunity presented? We not only have one queei;*,. but we have several straight ones, and ifbe in particular, whose bees are not only gtll five-banded, but ^9ii[ie 62 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jan. 15 of them, when filled with honey, show a g'limmering- of the sixth. What I mean by five bands is five broad distinct yellow bands, thus making- the bees 5'ellow almost to the tips. We are not the only ones hav- ing straight five-banded queens. There are two or three others who have them, and from whom we got our first stock. We have found these goldens to be good workers, and a very good bee for climates that have a short season, or where there is only one short honey-flow. For localities like our present one, where we have long seasons and several honey-flows, we find that they are not as good as the three-banders, or what we really prefer — the Holy Lands or Cyprians. H. H. H^tje. Floresville, Texas, Dec. 20. [The facts are as I have stated them. If you have queens that produce workers all with five distinct yellow bands, then I stand corrected . — Ed. ] UNFINISHED SECTIONS ; EXTRACTING, AND HOW. I see by Gleanings that some besides myself have been puzzled to know what is best to do with unfinished sections. Al- though in some localities little trouble is experienced, yet in places where the whit- est honey is stored in the fore part of the season, and dark honey in the latter part, it is not practical to put dark sealed honey in the supers when the bees are storing white honey, making a "patchy-looking" comb. It is the custom of some bee-keepers to feed the unfinished sections to weak colo- nies in the spring. This, I have found, has its disadvantages. The sections become soiled, and are not suitable for storing the best grades of white honey in, when we need the unfinished sections most to get the bees started to work in the supers; and we can not depend on the bees uncapping all of the cells unless they are badly in need of honey. By uncapping it this difificulty is largely overcome. mack's EXTRACTING-FRAMES for UNFIN- ISHED sections. A better way to dispose of the honey in unfinished sections is to make two frames as thick as the section is wide, and wide enough to take in two sections, and leave y% inch to spare, and long enough to take in four sections and leave % inch to spare. Fill the frames with sections, and put them in the extractor. Turn the extractor at half speed; reverse the frames, and give it full speed. Reverse again at full speed, and you will have 16 sections in good con- dition for the bees to store white honey in, early in the spring, when it is hard to get bees to make comb, when it is cool, and there are comparatively few bees in the hive; and if the cut with the uncapping- knife is deep, there will be no show of yel- low cappings from the old combs. The work should be done while it is warm, and as soon as the honey-flow is over. If left until spring they will candy, and it doesn't extract the candy. Probably the majority of bee-keepers who produce comb honey do not have ex- tractors ; but where one produces much comb honey an extractor is almost indis- pensable. J. M. Mack. Nellie, Cal. [Many bee-keepers use the old-fashioned eight-section wide frame for holding sec- tions while in the extractor. With the ex- ception that it has projections to hang in the hive rabbet it is essentially the same thing as what you describe. It is true that the only practical way to extract unfinish- ed sections is the one you use. — Ed.] report of the ONTARIO INSPECTOR OF apiaries ; THE FOLLY OF BUYING AND SELLING OLD COMBS. During 1901 I visited bee-yards in the counties of Bruce, Grey, Perth, Oxford, Waterloo, Wellington, Wentworth, Halton, Peel, York, Ontario, and Simcoe. I in- spected 77 apiaries, and found foul brood in 29 of them, and dead brood of other kinds in many others. Some bee-keepers secured the combs from others who had lost many colonies of bees, and, not knowing that these combs were diseased, brought them home and put them into use and spread the disease in their own apiaries. When foul-brood matter dries down it glues itself fast to the lower side and bot- tom of the cells, and there it will remain just as long as the comb lasts, and in old dark combs the stain-mark left in the cells from the disease is not noticed by those who never had any experience with foul brood. It is when the disease becomes widely spread that bee-keepers wake up to the fact that their colonies have foul brood. These mistakes which have so often end- ed in big losses from bringing diseased combs into apiaries should be a warning to bee-keepers not to deal much in old combs. No bee-keeper would bring a diseased comb into his apiary if he knew it contain- ed foul brood; and the men who dispose of such combs do not know that they are dis- eased when they deal them off. I received many letters from bee-keepers, asking me to visit their localities, and, while inspecting there, to stop with them. I was much pleased with the generous treatment I received from every person, and, in turn, I felt that I was in duty bound to help the people all I could in every possible 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 63 way besides g'etting' their apiaries cured of foul brood, and I did so. I am also pleased to say that nearly all of the largest and best-paying- apiaries in Ontario are among- the very many that I g-ot perfectly cured of the disease years ago. Wm. McEvov. Woodburn, Ont., Dec. 3, 1901. TWO COLONIES IN ONE HIVE. 1. Do you think I can put two colonies of bees into one hive by placing perforated zinc between them, or do you think that the bees of one queen will kill the queen of the other bees ? Have you ever united them in that way? 2. Do you think it would be best to put wire cloth between the two colonies? 3. Please inform me how to sweeten comb honey that has soured. I had some un- sealed comb honey that soured. This is the first year that I have had that experi- ence with comb honey. L. H. LiXDEMUTH. Lehmaster, Pa., Oct. 7. [1. I do not think it would be practicable or advisable. 2. You can use wire cloth successfully; in fact, we sometimes use three or even four nuclei all in one hive, separated from each other by wire cloth, each having a laying queen. 3. I do not know of any remedy, although extracted honey can be improved by boiling it.— Ed.] WHY THE BEES BALLED THE OUEEN. I was examining a hive of bees with or- dinary precavition, when I discovered that the bees had balled the queen and were stinging her to death. I removed the queen for a few hours, and upon returning her I found she received the same treatment as before. This queen was brought up with the hive of bees, and I do not understand why this case should occur. As I have never heard of or experienced the same be- fore, I have taken the liberty to write you in regard to the matter. BiON B. Whitney. Standish, Maine, Oct. 22. [It sometimes happens that bees will ball their own queen. I have sometimes thought that the opening of the hive, or some pecul- iar disturbance, irritates them to such an extent that they lay the cause of their dis- turbance on the poor queen, and thereupon proceed to wreak vengeance. Again, a vir- gin queen from some other hive maj^ get in, and this is the queen that is balled. Some- times the newcomer is accepted, and the old mother that has been doing duty faithfully for two years is ruthlessly balled, and stung to death. The regular accepted mothers that have been found balled have been left to their fate by the apiarist. Examination days afterward showed that she was all right, and doing her regular accustomed duty. This would seem to indicate that they had somehow " settled their differ- ences."— Ed.] CARBOLINEUM PAINT, AND WHERE TO GET IT. Tell Dr. Miller he can get carbolineum avenarius close at home, in Milwaukee, at about 65 cents a gallon, or cheaper still in large lots. It can be mixed with red min- eral paint or the dry colors, rather; but if mixed with white lead it will look as a coat of varnish would over outside white. Bard, Ark. H. Zeiner. BEE-KEEPING IN SPOKANE. Friend Root : — Herewith I would answer friend J. O. Haynes as to the possibilities for bees and honey at or near Spokane, Wash. I went from here to Washington 7 years ago with 110 colonies of bees. I in- tended to locate at or near Spokane; but I could find no place where a bee could make a living, to say nothing about laying up any surplus all through the latter part of the season, as they can not irrigate, nor have they enough rain there to inake flow- ers grow. The Yakima Valley is a better country for bees, but that is already occu- pied, and that country is full of alkali wa- ter, and is very hot in summer. But if our friend wants to come back here, I will sell him my little fruit and bee farm with plen- ty of soft water, and a healthy and cool climate — just the thing for friend Haynes. J. P. Berg. Traverse City, Mich., Nov. 25. MORE PARTICULARS CONCERNING THE EU- ROPEAN BASSWOOD. There are several distinct varieties — Tilia parvifolia^ Ehrh., the small-leaf lind, also called the late lind. This is the plant for the bees. The tree attains an age of more than 1000 years, and a height of 60 to 70 feet. Near Neustadt, in Germany, is a lind which has a circumference of 32 feet, and was well known already in the year 1292. On account of their dense foliage and fast growth they are extensively planted on streets and roads. The wood is fine and soft, but strong; insects do not seem to like it, therefore it is much used in fine arts for carving, etc. The inner bark furnishes good bast for ropes and mats. It is a hardy tree, blooming in Germany in July till August. I think it would do well all over the United States. The flowers stand in clusters of five to seven, and therefore are easily distinguished from Tilia grandifolia, which bears clusters of two to three flowers. The leaves of Tilia parvifolia are naked on both sides, and on the under side gray- green. The flowers are much used for mak- ing a good tea for catarrh. When in bloom they are always covered with bees. Tilia grandifolia, Ehrh., the large-leaf lind, is at home principally in Hungary. Its leaves are on both sides green, but on the under side have short fuzz; bloom in June to July, and are considered to be two 64 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jan. 15 to three weeks earlier than the first-men- tioned variety. It is used as an ornamen- tal tree. Tilia platyphyllos is another variety, sometimes used for ornamental purposes. All varieties have one common flower- stem attached to the middle of a long- leaf, similar to our American variety. I will try to get some seed of Tilia parvi- folia, which alone should be planted as the best of the above varieties. Visalia, Cal., Nov. 24. O. Luhdorff. ALFALFA FOR HONEY — A CAUTION. Last August I wrote, g-iving- some sug-- gestions about sowing- alfalfa, and I also spoke of getting honey from it. Since then I have had several letters of inquiry about alfalfa, the amount of honey it j'ields, the price of land here, etc. Although alfalfa is one of the greatest if not the very great- est honey-plant known, do not build too high hopes on it or migrate all of a sudden to an alfalfa region, simply for the reason that, in future, very little honey will be ob- tained from it, owing to the fact that, un- less it is left for a seed crop, it will be cut just as it commences to bloom. In my own alfalfa I notice the bees do not commence to work much on the flowers until the latter have been in bloom some time. According to tests made by our Kansas Agricultural College, the feeding value of the hay is much greater if cut when only a tenth of the plants are in bloom, and nearly all will be cut in this locality at about this time in future, and only those who raise it for seed can be depended on, and that would not be many. Land here is very high. Good val- \ey land is worth $60 an acre, and some still higher, up to $100, according to locali- ty. M. F. Tatman. Rossville, Kan., Dec. 25. [I have already referred to the tendency on the part of alfalfa-growers to cut their alfalfa before it is fairly in bloom. If this practice becomes prevalent (and there is grave possibility of it), localities that yield large quantities of honey from it will prove to be very poor if not utter failures. — Ed.] scale record of a colony. I wish to make a report now of one stand of my bees. In my last report they were in a starving condition. I was feeding. About July 10th I noticed thej^ were gathering honey, and I stopped feeding. On the 20th I placed one hive, a two-story Graham, on the scales, and balanced them by adding weight at 100 lbs. My 50-lb. weight being lost, I had to make it up to 100 lbs. Since then I have secured another 50-lb. weight, and am weighing at actual weight now. July 20, 8 a. m., 100 lbs. July 20, 7 p. m., 102>4 lbs. July 21, 5:44 a. m., 102 '4: lbs. I lost % lb. by evaporation during the night, the dry weather being intense, not much water. July 21, 7:42 a. m., 102 lbs. There were 4 oz. of bees flying out; colony not extra strong. July 21, 7:30 p. m., 106 lbs. July 22, 5:10 a. m., 105^4 lbs. July 22, noon, 106^ lbs. July 22, 4:23 p. m., 107 lbs. July 22, 7:20 p. m., 108 lbs. July 23, 5:25 a. m., 107^ lbs. July 23, 7:00 a. m., 107 lbs. I extracted here 21 lbs. ; removed extra weight. July 24, 1:45 p. m., 70 lbs. July 24, 6:00 p. m., 70 '4: lbs. July 25, 7:30 a. m., 70 lbs. July 25, noon, 7lj4 lbs. July 25, 8:35 p. m., 74 lbs. July 26, 8:54 a. m., 72 lbs. July 26, 7:38 p. m., 75 lbs. July 27, 6:20 a. m., 73"^ lbs. July 27, 1 : 30 p. m. , 76 lbs. July 27, 7:20 p. m., 79 lbs. July 28, 7:40 a. m., 78 lbs. July 28, noon, 80;^ lbs. July 28, 7:30 p. m., 83 >4 lbs. July 29, 5:56 a. m., 82^^ lbs. July 29, noon, 84>4 lbs. July 29, 7:15 p. m., 88 'i lbs. July 30, 6:00 a. m., 87 lbs. July 30, 1:30 p. m., 89^4 lbs. July 31, 6:00 a. m., 91 lbs. Rain. July 31, 6:30 p. m., 91 lbs. Aug. 1, 5:30 a. m., 90 lbs. Aug. 1, noon, 91>4 lbs. Aug. 1, 7 p. m., 94 lbs. Aug. 2, 5:30 a. m., 93 lbs. Aug. 2, noon, 96 lbs. Aug. 2, 7:30 p. m., 97 lbs. Aug. 3, 6:00 a. m., 96 lbs. Aug. 3, 7:00 p. m., 96,!< lbs. Now, in the above you will see they lost from X lb. at night to 2 lbs. Rain inter- fered a little, and extracting stopped them a little. Aug. 2d I put on four sections be- tween upper and lower stories; and I sup- pose they consumed some in wax-working, as they lost weight. I will continue the ex- periment, and report further. Ladonia, Texas. A. B. Cox, M. D. [These figures are quite interesting. Al- though there are no phenomenal yields per day, the consumption of stores at night is suggestive. It shows how much may be thrown out by evaporation, even on small yields per day, for I assume that the prin- cipal loss is the evaporation. — Ed.] another protest against the sawed-off HOFFMAN frame; THE V EDGE DEFENDED. I can indorse all that is said by Mr. H. H. Hyde, Nov. 1, in regard to the sawed-off staple-spaced Hoft'man frame. Hives warp too badly here for that kind of arrange- ment. I have a strip J4' inch thick in most of my old hives, to keep the frames from dropping down below the rabbet, and the.y have full-length top-bars too; and, besides that, I want the ends of the top-bar to lift 1902 GLEAKINGS m B£E CULTURE. 65 the frames by. 1 have taken particular no- tice that I always hold the frame by these projecting parts of the top-bars. The rest of the top-bar is g-enerally covered more or less with bees. In regard to their popularity in this lo- cality, I can say that they are not in it at all. I have yet to find the first bee-keeper who likes them. The V edge on the end- bars is all right. I used some square edges, as suggested by Mr. Hyde, and found that propolis would accumulate on them and cause the spacing to get wider and wider each season until I could not get the follow- er-boards in. By using a little pressure the V will cut through the propolis when warm, so that the same spacing is main- tained. I have used frames with top-bars y$, thick and IjV wide, with inverted comb- guide, for four years, and like them better than anj^ other stj^le. They do not sag, and are more profitable to me than thick top-bars. W. C. Gathright. Las Cruces, N. M. [As I have before stated, we and all the manufacturers are prepared to make top- bars of any length desired. In fact, we keep the long and the short top-bar on hand as standard stock. Let us have a free ex- pression of opinion. Don't hold back your own individual feelings and experiences be- cause you do not happen to agree with the editor. — Ed.] THE SCENT OF BEES DURING SWARMING. I observe in Gleanings for Aug. 1, 1901, p. 639, a most interesting subject by Y. W. L. Sladen, on the scent-organ of the bee. Isn't it strange, without knowing any thing of the organ, that I discovered about the scent by accident? I had five swarms issue at intervals in one day, and the first three clustered on the same limb e^ich time. This set me to thinking. I experimented on cer- tain lines for a time, and now I can saj' positively that I have found a way of stop- ping about 90 per cent of the swarms issu- ing in an apiary. As soon as I am sure a colony is swarming I grab up three or four bees at the entrance of that hive, and, crush- ing them, rub them on a strip of black cloth. Hoisting this among the circling bees they soon settle on the cloth. To save stinging, grab up with cloth. I never knew any thing of the Zoubarefif organ, but I can easily understand why the crushed bees and black cloth have a talismanic ef- fect. Leslie Alexander. Malvern, Jamaica, B. W. I. [It is well known that, where a swarm has once clustered, there is a great proba- bilitj' that another one will lodge in the same place. There is no other cause for this than the scent left by the previous swarm under the full heat of the swarming impulse. Mashing a few bees on a cloth or some other object might have the effect of drawing the swarm. But better — far bet- ter— would it be to draw the cloth or branch, or whatever is used for clustering, right through the bees after they have clustered, raking it back and forth slowly until the object itself has become thoroughly scent- ed.—Ed.] THE DOUBLE COVER NOT SATISFACTORY, AND WHY. I notice considerable is being said in Gleanings recently in reference to hive- covers, and I am somewhat surprised to learn that so many of your correspondents are in favor of the double cover, as in this locality I find them to be a nuisance, espe- cially by affording a good nesting-place for ants and other insects, making them very disagreeable to handle. I'd rather handle the little black bees than ants. I have ten or twelve hives with double covers in my apiary, that I bought about 15 j^ears ago, and every spring I find them full of ants, while my single covers are never, or at least scarcely ever, troubled by them. Many old apiarists may say ants do not amount to much any way — that they do no harm in the hive, and, if they do, it is an easy matter to get rid of them. These fel- lows may be right; yet I find it very disa- greeable, when taking off covers, to have thousands of these little black ants swarm- ing all over me, and biting like little bull- dogs, as they often do when I move a dou- ble cover, obliging me to change my clothes and drown them out of the covers before I can continue my work. Swanton, Neb. L. O. Westcott. [It is certainly true that ants are much worse in many parts of the West and South than here in the East; but, even if this be true, the two-thickness cover should give satisfaction if it be properly made. We make one st3'le of double cover that we will guarantee to be ant and vermin proof, be- cause it is provided with side cleats to close up the side openings. I quite agree with our correspondent in saying that the ordi- nary air-spaced cover would, for his locali- ty, be very unsatisfactory. — Ed.] A handy apiary TOOL. Mr. Root: — I wish to add a handy tool for the apiary, to those illustrated in the August 1st number of Gleanings. It is a vineyard pruning-knife, with an edge put on the front end and the temper partly drawn so it won't snap off in prying. To separate supers, place the point of the knife at the joint; tap the back with the palm of the hand, to force it in; then either pry down or lift up, and the slightest effort will separate an3' hive. To separate frames, insert the edge between the frames and then turn the handle sidewise, and apart they come, no matter how badly glued. To get out frames that are stuck, insert the end under the top-bar, pry backward and up, and the frjime must come or break. To take off a cover, insert the end under the front strip, and then lift, and the least ef- fort brings the cover up. The back will drive a nail, the front edge will scrape oft" bb GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jan. 15 propolis, or act as a screwdriver; it will also clean off the frames, split a board, or any other hatchet work, while the leverag'e is so strong- that an ordinary nail- ed hive can be pried apart with it. It is a veritable little crowbar. I would not keep bees without it. This is a home-made knife, the blade being- forged from an old file, and tempered so that it will not break in pry- ing-. I notice Rambler has trouble in getting- his wax out of the cans. If he will set his can and wax in boiling water for a minute the wax will then slip out; or, if the can is too big for that, lay the can on the stove and turn it round and round till the wax is melted on all sides, and then chuck it, when the wax will slip out. Murphys, Cal. E. H. Schaeffle. A SELF-SEALING TWINE FOR HIVES IN THE SPRING. Get some fuzzy cord and soak the same with some pasty compound, and sell the same for hive-sealing, and you will find a sale, I think. The cord inust have a soft texture, and the compound must seal air- tight, but must not stick like glue. I would send a sample, but have not the necessary compound. Bees need air-tight quarters in early spring, and when they have to gather propolis it gets them into bad habits and loses time. A. D. Warner. Warsaw, Va., Oct. 11. A SUGGESTION FOR WHEELBARROWS FOR APIARY USE. In reading in Gleanings about wide tires on wheelbarrows, it occurred to me to make a wheel with a three-inch tire, and, instead of a heavy wood rim to fill it, why not make a steel shell, of the proper shape and width to fill the tire, and prevent the sand loading in? A shell could be made something like the rims that were used on bicycle-wheels for cushion tires. The shells could be very thin and light, if made of good material, and could be put on over a narrow wooden rim. It would increase the cost a trifle, but such a wheel would work well on sandy soils. Geo. E. Wells. Roseland, N. C, Oct. 14. [Unless there should be a very great de- mand, such a tire would be very expensive. It would, as you sii}% be a good thing on some sandy soils. — Ed.] A standing joke. I have a stand standing on the stand where it was standing last year. I want to destroy this stand and put another stand in its stand, and yet the stand is good and would stand for years where it is standing were it not for the stock of the stand. Chicago, 111. J. T. Hammersmark. [I commit you to the tender mercies of Dr. C. C. Miller. He may fire a Straw at you from his Straw-stack; so, beware of the straw that broke the camel's back. — Ed.] screw eyes for frame-spacers. I am interested in the discussion of a sim- ple spacing-device for brood-frames. In- stead of the staple suggested on page 890 I would prefer a screw in the form of an eye (hook and eye). I think this has the ad- vantage of a staple. You can screw it in with your fingers, and you can regulate the spacing conveniently. W. S. Shepherd. Shaker Station, Conn., Nov. 28. [But you will find, if you try them, that a size having the right head to bring about the proper spacing would be so small it would be very frail. The staple has the advantage of two legs, while the eyes would have only one leg, and that a screw. There would be another disadvantage, in that it would be a very slow job to attach such spacers to frames. — Ed.] MOVING BEES IN WINTER. I have a few hives of bees I desire to move about 40 feet. When would be, in your judgment, the best time to do it, with the least loss of bees? W. H. Kf.rk. Crawfordsville, Ind., Dec. 5. [The best way for you to move your bees would be to put them in a cellar and keep them over winter. When you set them out next spring, set them in the new location, and all will go well. If you leave them out- doors, and then attempt to move them, when the first warm day comes they will be like- 13^ to go back to their old location; while if \\\&y were confined several months to the cellar they would go back to their hives no matter where they would be. — Ed.] BEES LEAVING THE HIVE BECAUSE OK PAINT. Do any of the Gleanings family know any thing about "powder paint," or a wa- ter paint called "Acme," "Crown," etc.? I painted two hives with it, and the bees left, though there was brood in the combs. The entrances were rather too large, though. This paint is "not designed for roofs or inside work," as the advertisement states, so I thought it might be poisonous. Corona, Cal. W. S. Ritchie. [I should doubt very much whether the paint had any thing to do with it. If you try it on other hives next summer, I think you will find the bees will stay in them just the same. — Ed.] disappearance OF OUEENS. Answering S. Longmir's inquiry, page 715, disappearance of queens, this is caused by a quick short flow and sudden cessation, bringing about exact superseding condi- tions. It always happens in bad 3'ears, or years with man\' interruptions in the hDney-flow. J. E. Chambers. Vigo, Texas. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 67 OUR homes; BY A, I. ROOT. If it be possible, as much as lieth in j'ou, hve peace- ably with all men. — Romans 1:2 : IS. When I started that uevv home in the woods I have talked so mnch about, I told you I resolved to have pleasant relations with all of my new neighbors if it was a possible thing. Then there was another big reason why I should set a good exam- ple before this people, in avoiding any thing that had the appearance of jangle or ill feeling. When I gave them a talk in the little church one Sunday evening I used for my text, "Love ye your enemies; do good to them that hate you.'' I spoke about re- turning good for evil, and conquering even bad people by love. I had a pretty good houseful to talk to. Now, after that talk it would look very bad indeed for me to have difficulty or disagreement with any one in that vicinity. These good friends would be sure to tell me to practice what I preached on that Sundaj^ evening. They would be sure to say, "Mr. Root, you have told how you triumphed over enemies and all other difficulties away down in Ohio, and we shall expect, of course, you will demon- strate the correctness of your teaching \>y the daily life you live here among us." You see I had not only gone tlirough the bars, but I had put t/ion up beliind me, as it were. Once when I was talking to a class of ro\igh boys, and striving to show them the beauty of returning good for evil, and turning the other cheek when somebody strikes you, one youngster said at the close, "Mr. Root, do you mean to say that, if any- body hits you, you are not going to hit back?" I told him I should try hard not to hit back. He drew in a long breath, and his face expressed that he thought it was a prett}' big undertaking, and added, in an undertone, "Well, Diay be you would; but I should like mightily to see somebody try it on you." ' % I have often thought of this remark. I do not know that I have had any downright blows to test my temper from that daj' to this; but I have had some pretty severe trials, or at least so they seemed to me. Now, I wish to tell you a little stor3S and may God give me grace to tell it without bias, and without letting selfishness creep in to make me screen myself and lay the blame on my neighbor more than it should be laid on him. As I undertake this task I know my wejikness. Thousands of times I have tried to tell of some difficulty I had with somebody, andtotell it ingenuously — to tell it without screening myself, and with- out laying more blame on the other part}' than he deserved. I tell you, friends, this has been a hard thing to do. You have some complicated transaction with a neighbor. It is as natural as to breathe to tell people who inquire about it, \\n\v oaod and fair and kind you have been in the whole matter, and how selfish and imjust and unfair your op- ponent has been. Without meaning to, you tell everybody what anexceedinglygoodman you are, and what a very bad man the "other fellow" is. Selfishness keeps fol- lowing me up, coming close beside me — yes. even whispering over my shoulder, suggest- ing certain words and expressions that will just about fill the bill. Just as soon as I begin to tell the story I find he (self) is right at hand, and before I know it he is getting in his work. I chase him oft", and think he is clear out of the neighborhood ; but just as soon as I become once more ab- sorbed in my topic he is there when I least suspected him. It makes me think of a dog that belonged to a bee-keeper whom I was visiting. He was not going to let me come in the gate; but after the family had called him away he kept slipping back noiseless- ly, and sniffing at me, smelling of my feet and clothing in a sort of snarling suspi- cious way. The family remonstrated with him, but he seemed to think he knew what sort of a chap I was better than they did. (I have wondered sometimes if he was not right and they wrong. ) He evidently did not like the smell of me; although I have always tried to keep sweet and clean, es- pecially when I was visiting bee-keepers. They ordered him away several times. P^i- nally my good friend the bee-keeper told me to give him a good kick and then he would go off and stay away. Well, he had annoyed me so much I could have kicked him with exceedingly good grace; in fact, I fairly ached to give him "one" inider the chops. I just craved to hear him go lioivl- ing- ofi with pain; but you know it would not look well for A. I. Root, after all his talk and teachings, to be seen kicking vi- ciously at a dog, even if the dog's owner tiad advised so doing. So I put up with it and actually forgot all about the dog sever- al times, when all at once I became con- scious of something touching my clothing — first one spot and then another; £ind then the folks would say, "Wh}', what does ail that dog? We never knew him to hang around one like that before, and to be so sus- picious. Usually, after he has satisfied himself that somebody he had not seen be- fore is all right, he goes and lies down, and behaves himself." I declare, I do not know but I am almost "giving myself away" in telling this little incident; but it can not be helped. To-day. at least, I want to stand honestly before you all. May be I have some good traits. If so, I thank God for them; but there are lots of grievous imperfections, and may be 3'our sympathy will help me to do better if I own up. I am now going to try to tell you my story; but the temptation all through will be so great to make it appear that I am a very fair and liberal sort of man I am afraid it will be biased in my favor in spite of any thing I can do. Satan, in the shape of self, will be hanging around me 68 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jan. 15 all the way through (just like that dog); and even if I should stop my story to chase him clear off the farm, or even clear out of the county, I am afraid he will be back the next instant. And by the way, dear friends, it has occurred to me that the prince of darkness travels, especially when he is up to mischief, about as fast as the electric waves Marconi has invoked; and with this long preface I will begin my storj'. Last spring I was planning, as you may know, to have a summer outing in the Trav- erse region, and I was very anxious indeed to have a couple of acres of potatoes on that forty acres in the woods. I wrote to my young friend Orville to find somebody, if he could, who would plow the ground on that piece that had not been plowed for over twenty' years. I told him, also, to get a man somewhere in the neighborhood to cut down the sprouts and grub out the roots so as to get the land in fair trim. But the teams and farmers were all so busy he said he did not know whether he could get any- body or not. Along toward July he wrote me he did not believe he could find anybody unless it was one man near by who uiight get around to do it. Another thing, I could not get away from home, and so, even if the ground was plowed, I should not be there to plant it. I wrote to Mr. Hilbert that if Orville should get the ground plowed, and if he had time and any potatoes left after his own planting, to get in some potatoes on my place if he could. If he could not do so handily, let it go and I would sow the piece to clover in August, as many farm- ers do in that region. Well, one beautiful morning along the lat- ter part of July I called at Mr. Hilbert's, and one of the first questions was as to whether any plowing had been done. He said he reallj' did not know. If it had been done he was too busy at home to do any thing with it. I then said if it was plowed I would put in clover; if not, I would try myself to have it done. Then I went away with a light heart through the well-known path down through the woods, wondering if I should see some plowing done over by that spring or not. To my great surprise, I found not onlj^ a plowed field of toward two acres, but a growing crop on it. Part of the field was planted to beans and the rest to potatoes. In much surprise I went over to the residence of Orville, whom I had em- ployed to look after my property. Now comes the part of my story that is going to test my ingenuousness. May God give me grace. Orville said the man who did the grubbing put in the beans and potatoes. We will call this man Mr. Brown, for con- venience. Orville said he told him he had better not do it without writing to me. Mr. Brown replied that, if he took time to write me, it would be entirely too late to get in beans or potatoes either. He further said that he understood from one of the Hilbert family I had written to Mr. Hilbert that I was too busy to get away, and that Mr. H., or anybody else might have the use of the ground if thej- would plant it. You see it was comparatively new ground, and consid- erable labor would be needed to keep the crop in any kind of condition; and this first crop (at least so Mr. Brown thought) would break up the tough sod so as to fit and make it really better for the crop an- other year. Now, Mr. Brown's statement was pretty near the truth, but it was not quite the truth. Very likely he so understood it. He did not see Mr. Hilbert himself, because Mr. H. was absent ; but he did see Mr. Hilbert's son. The latter had not seen the letter I wrote — he only knew I had written something; but j'oung Hilbert did not know anj' thing about what I said about putting in clover in August. Well, I was rather glad to see a crop on the ground, even if it was not mine. I supposed that, of course, Mr. Brown expected to give me some sort of share for the use of the ground, for I had paid $8.25 for having it plowed. Now, I confess I felt a little surprised and some- what hurt when Mr. Brown said that he had not intended to give me any share, as no crop would have been on the ground if he had not taken hold of it. In fact, he said it would not even have been plowed if he had not volunteered to help the man by cutting the roots and small trees out. At this I said, "Well, Mr. Brown, you put in several days, as I understand it, in grub- bing and tutting out the roots, etc. Of course, 3'ou will allow this as rent for the use of the ground." To my surprise, he declared that I would have to pay him some five or six dollars for this work, as I had agreed, besides giving him the use of the land. Now, do not be too hard on Mr. Brown. I think I could take his side of the case, and make it look pretty fair and reason- able. By the wajs when I gave that little talk in the church Mr. Brown and his wife and children were all present. The ques- tion that confronted me was not what would be fair as Dieii generally do business; nor was it what would be fair according to the opinion of the neighbors or those who knew of the transaction. The question that con- fronted me was what course I should pur- sue that would be most pleasing in the eyes of the great Father above. The old pa- triarch Abraham, in pleading with God, said, "Shall not the Judge of all the earth do right?" I like to think of this, and I like to think that the same great Judge who can not err is watching us with loving kind- ness. Shall not we in like manner do right in his sight? On page 650 of Gleanings for August 1, last year, I alluded to this transaction. I spoke about kneeling on the summit of that big hill as the morning sun was just shedding its beams over all that part of the earth. I told you of praying for this brother, and that in a few minutes more the matter was pleasantly settled. I will tell you now how it was arranged. I went down to Mr. Brown's and told him that the matter of his crops on my land was 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE Cb'LTURE. 69 left unsettled the day before, and that I should like to take it up again. He said, "All rig-ht." "Mr. Brown, when you decided to plant the beans and potatoes on my ground, with- out my knowledge or permission, you must admit that you 'took your chances ' — at least to some extent — as to whether I would be pleased or displeased with what j'ou did." "Yes, Mr. Root, I did, as j'ou say, 'take my chances.' " "Well, I am sorry to feel obliged to say that I am not pleased, especially as I had planned putting in clover, and now j-our crop is in the way." He replied I was right, and that he had not been told any thing about my plans for clover. Of course, he would have to stand to whatever arrangements I made. I then told him that, if he would give his bill for the work of helping the man plow the ground, as rent, we would call it all set- tled. He said that was all right, and he worked for me quite a little during the sum- mer, and our dealing was all quite satis- factory, for he was a very skillful man, and in many things a very efficient helper. The neighbors got hold of the matter, how- ever, and several times I was questioned about it. Two or three times I spoke well of Mr. Brown, and said the whole transac- tion was fixed up satisfactorily to both of us. Now, I should have sfuck right io t/iis, and should not have listened to anybody who wanted to take my side in the miitter, and to prejudice me against Mr. Brown. That is one of my weak points, and I am afraid it is a weakness of all the world. When you have had trouble with a neigh- bor, and it has been fixed up, even if only fairly satisfactory to both sides, for good- ness sake, let it drop. Do not rake it up again. Do not let anybody, by expressions of sympathy, induce you to go over the ground any more and tell you how you did and how he did." Let me add that, when the subject was dropped, I remarked, on leaving, "Now, Mr. Brown, as I shall give up putting in clover, I think I will try to get in some rj'e after you get of¥ your potatoes and beans, and I hope you will get them out of my way just as soon as the crop is ready to harvest, or as soon as it is injured by frost." If I mistake not he said he would do so, of course. During the last of October I plowed up the land adjoining, sowed my rye, and when a killing frost came I urged him to get off his stuff so I could finish my fall work and go back to Ohio. Just at this time a vessel came up to the dock for a * Our pastor recently gave us a sermon on the text, " I-,ove ye your enemies. " etc. At the close he alluded to the "17th verse of the ISth chapter of Matthew. where we are told that, if one will not listen to the church (or to arbitration), we are to give him up as a heathen He said whenever we do meet a case as bad as that we should be very careful to drop the matter then and there for ever. Do not go around telling it to the neighbors ; do not mention it any more, even be- fore the family, and I think this advice is very much needed everywhere. " I,east said soonest mended" is a grand maxim. load of lumber. He is an expert in this line of work, and g-ets 40 cts. an hour for it, while I paid him only 15 cts. an hour for farm work. But I had engaged a man to plow up the two acres and put in rye when the ground was ready. I did not ex- pect him to drop his 40-cents-per-hour job, but I went down to the dock and asked him if he would permit my men to dig his pota- toes and pull his beans if we would do it at a very low price. He objected, for the rea- son that, when he was through loading the boat, he would have comparativel3^ nothing to do. Meanwhile his good wife, however, with the help of the children, pulled the greater part of the beans, so my man got in with his plow on his $8.00 job. When he was ready, however, to get on the potato ground, Mr. Brown was thrashing the beans, and did not want to stop. My plow- man lived several miles away; and if he did the job for $8.00 he wanted to finish it right up while he was there with his tools. I went down to see Mr. Brown while he was thrashing- the beans, and explained the cir- cumstances. Said I, "Mr. Brown, if you would let your beans go for the present, and get those potatoes out of the way at once, it would save your neighbor, who is plowing, quite a little annoyance, and also quite a little money, unless I pay him for going home and coming back." He replied that the neighbor in question had not been in the habit of doing him a kind act when he could as well as not, and therefore he would not trouble himself. ] "Mr. Brown, do you not believe in the good book which says, 'Love ye your ene- mies, and do good to those that hate you?' Don't you think it pays to return good for evil among your neighbors?" "Why, Mr. Root, I used to believe in that sort of doctrine, and I have followed it up all my life so far; but it has just made me a poor man, as you see, and I think now I will give it up and try the other way." I had to laugh at this, because I could not believe he was in earnest. Said I, "Mr. Brown, I too have tried both ways; but ren- dering good for evil has not made wer toljacco. We have succeeded in finding in this country the conditions under which all the wrapi>er tobacco ne need can be raised here, and experts of the Department of Agricuhure for the first time are seeking soils adaptable to the cultivation of the fine tiller product. We have parts of Pennsylvania. Ohio, and 'I'c.xa- selected for the investi- gation-of our experts, and land for similar purjioses will be selected in all our new island possessions, with a view to as- certaining how and under what conditions the filler prod- uct can be built up here." I think sometimes that, if the W C. T. U. and other kindred temperance organizations would drop some parts of their work, and in its place work against to- bacco, they would do far more real good. The tobacco hab't is gaining faster than the liquor habit, and i , I think, the cau.se of more suffering in the a.ggregate. Then it is the great stepping stone to intem'>erance. For our young boys tobacco is fir'-t. the saloon next. Only yesterday, on a ride into the couutrv, we met three boys, schoolbooks in hand, one with a pipe and one- with a cig.=irette in his mouth, and sc.ircelv twelve years old. and this is common. Everywhere we C' me into the tobacco atmosphere. No pers n can avoid it for a single hour unless he sta s in his own home. Invalids or delicately organ- '.y.'rd women are often made almost or absolutely .sick bv a nuisance they can tiot avoid, while it is very -el- dom that any oneis annoyed by intoxicating drink or intoxicated per.sons ^ Some mav say the tobacco user does not come home and abuse his "wife and family, even to blows. Btit think for a moment of a delicately organized woman, always in her own hotne, surr unded by and breath- ing a' tobacco atmosnhere, brought there and main- tained by a devoted husband soaked through and through with tobacco, doomed to a slow and almost certain death, and scarcely any one laying it to the real cause. Occasionally, by some mysterious act of Providetice (?) the bnsbai'id inay happen to go first. Then, to the surprise of everv one, the bereaved wife's health im- me liatelv commences to improve. This is no over- drawn or singular case, but is happening all around us -but the wife generallj- dies first. Then the undermining' of the health of our youth is, I think, far greater than all the damage done by liciuor alone unaided by tobacco. iy()2 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 7V Did you e\er think how even the women who tliink intemperance such a curse could almost alone, if real- ly in earnest, sta:np out Ijoth intoxicating drink and tobacco? Simply refuse to have any thing whatever to do with the user of either ; but it must be absolute, always, and nnrelenting. They will not do it, even as individuals. Are they really in earnest ? Actions count ; words, bnt little. 1-or the best waj-, if we could only find it, I am Sincerely yours, Couneaut, O , Nov. 2 D. Cummins. No information is given as to what paper the clippinpf referred to, f;;"iven in small t3'pe, came from. It is indeed a sad state of affairs to contemplate. The educators of our nation, teaching" in all otir schools and colleg-es the effects of tobacco on the human sj'stem, and at least to some extent warning our boys against the habit, and right while this is going on the Secretary of the Agricultural Department of Washing- ton is using government monej' to ptish this indtistry, not only throughout the United States but even into our new possessions, the islands of the sea! The trotible can be met; and, through the grace of God, it must be met. We can not put the whole burden on the shotilders of our women, even if they are not as a rule tobacco-users. But ever}' man who loves righteousness, temperance, and purity, and who hates iniquity, must enter his protest, and that right vigorously, and then the reform will come, and we have God's promise that we shall reap in due time if we faint not. MAKING GOOD MKN AND WOMEN ; THK CHEAPEST WAY TO DO IT. The following gem from the Promoter, of Grand Junction, Col., for Januarj', comes in nicely with the notice I gave in our last issue of Miss Remington's work among the children: The costliest way of making good men and women is that which looks toward reforming them after they have started out on the wrong track. And it is so uii- certain too. The time to start a tree growing straight and true is before it has liegun to go wrong. I50 Kinds for 16c. : is a fact that Sal/cr's vi'Kt'table and Hower seeds are found in more tJarileiis and on more lanus ll.an any otiier _ in Aniorii-a. There is reason It )■ lliis. We own and operate over .''it (-0 air tlie proiluc-tion of our elioiie seeds. In order to indme yon to try tlii-ni we inal:e 11 e lollow iiiK niiprec- edented oiler : Fof 113 CenHs Postpaid ^ •2'» liitids rf riirt'st luscious radishes, 11 ma:;nincent earliest melons. 1 -J •. ( I . u.iirif'us tuniiiloes, 2:i ( ('er!i'^s lettuce varieties, 1-.! >, .:e:i
  • ;ne( lelliiej all about 'i'eoslnte and I i a O't iiid Hroinus and Spelts, onion id at 6UI-. a pound, etc.. all only for 16o. in stamps. Write to-day. JOHN A. fflL7ER SEED CO., La Crubse, Wis. I Sections i =$1.50== January I we commence making ex- tensive improvements in our factory and warehouse. The following regular No. 2 sections are on hand, and we de- sire to sell them before beginning the improvements, as they will be in the way. In order to sell them quickly, we make the low price of S1.50 per 1000 in any quantity. 42()M 4 '/fx4i4'xl7/„ inches. 2SM -I',x4i ,'x2 inches 31M 4',xl' X 1 j :' inches 3.5M 1 ' , X 1 > x7-to-the-foot. 21M 41, xl' X 1 %4 inches. 2M 4',xJ' -x7 to the-foot. 4:iM 4' .xl' ■ xT-to-the-foot. 2.lM :'. ::\.l\ 1 ' ', no-beewaj' 11) \I 4x'>xl . ti(.)-Vjeeway. o2M 4'^xl' ixl '2 no-beewE i Page & Lyon WVg Co., I New London, Wis. | ■* % BERMUDA With cable communication and equable win- ter temperature of 70 degrees, is reached in 48 hours from New York by the elegant steamers of the Quebec Steamship Compa- ny, sailing every ten days up to January, and then every five days. The situation of these islands — south of the Gulf Stream — renders FROST UNKNOWN, and the porous coral fonnation prevents ma- laria. The Quebec Steamship Company also despatches highest class passenger steamers every ten days for ST. THOMAS, SANTA CRUZ, ST. KITTS, ANTIGUA, GUADALOUPE, DOMINICA, MARTIN- IQUE, ST. LUCIA, BARBADOS, DEM- ERARA, and the principal WEST INDIA IvSLANDS, affording a charming tropical trip at a cost of about $4 a day. For de- scriptive pamphlets, dates of sailing and passages, apply to A. E. OUTERBRIDGE & CO.. Agents, 39 Broadway. New York. ARTHUR AHERN. Sec. Quebec. Canada. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jan. 15 Revised Price List of Garden Seeds for Jan. 15, 1902. PlyEASE NOTICE that any or all seeds mentioned below are sold in five-cent packages, postpaid, by mail. p-or ten pipers ordered at one time, 40 cents; 100 papers, 83 50. Of course, scarce and high priced seed will necessitate making a very small amount of seed in a package; but by far the greater part of them contain a full half ounce of good fresh seeds. By comparing these picka'ges with those you get of any of the seedsmen you will notice the liberal amounts we furnish for only 5 cts. It is true, we do not give presents or cash prizes; but we believe the mo-:t intelligent people of the present day would prefer to have their money's worth of what they ordered rather than compete for a prize. The five cent packages are sent postpaid ; but the price of all other seeds does not include postage; therefore, when you order seed by the ounce or pound, allow postage thus : 9 cts. per lb.; 5 cts. per ^ lb., or 1 ct. per oz. Peas and beans by the pint and quart must alsa h^ve 8 cts. per pint or 1.5 cts. per quart; for corn, add 12 cts. per quart for postage. Postage to Canada is double the above rates. Cue-fourth ounce, pound, or peck will be sold at ounce, pound, or peck rates unless otherwise specified. ASPARAGUS. Asparagus, Palmetto. Oz. 5c; lb. 40c. BUSH BEANS. Burpee's Bush Lima. Pt. I5c; qt. 30c: 5^ pk. 81.00 Hendtrson's Bush Lima. Pt. 8c; qt. 15c; pk. 8100 bushel. «3 50. Wood's Improved Bush Lima. Pt. 20c; qt. 35c; pk 82,00. An inipiovemt-dt on Henderson's, and larger Davis Wax Bean. Pt., 8c; qt., 15c; 4 qts., o5c; pk 81.00; bushel, 83 75. Dwarf German Wax, black seeded. %. pt. 8c; pt. 12c qt 20c. Perhaps the ht-st wax bean, and very early Prize-winner Extra Early Shell Bean. J^ pt. 8c; pt 12c; qt 20c; V^ pk. fi5c; peck 81.2.5, This is not only the eai liest shell bean we have ever come across, but it is a treinend. U'' vielder, and the best qnality of a' y white bean we know of It is so ex eedinffly early that in the season of 1900 we prew two crops on the same ground and the second crop was from beans that ripened from the first White Kidney, Large. Pt. 8c; qt. 15c; pk. 81.00; bu., 83.50. Red Kidney Beans. Same prices as white. York State Marrow. The standard field bean. Qt. 10c; pk. 7.5c; bu.shel, 82.75. Banner Field Beans. Qt. 10c; pk. 70c; bushel, 82.75. POLE BEANS. Extra-Early Lima Beans, Vi pt. 8c; qt. 25c; pk. 81.75. King of the Garden Lima. ^A pt. 8c; qt. 25c; pk. 81.75. All of our beans -will be furnished in ycent packages; but where they are to go by mail, postpaid, of course the above packages will have to be quite small. If wanted by mail, add 8c per pt. or 15c per qt. for postage. BEETS. Eclipse. Oz. .5c; lb. 30c; 5 lbs. 81.25. Long Red Mangel Oz. 5c; lb. 20c; 5 lbs. 90c; 10 lbs. 81.60; 20 lbs. or more, 1.5c per lb. Golden Tankard Hangel. Oz. 5c; lb. 20c; 5 lbs. 90c; 10 lbs. 81.60; 20 lbs. or over. 1.5c per lb. STANDARD SUGAR BEETS. Lane's Imperial Sugar. Oz. 5c; lb. 20c; 5 lbs. 75c; 10 lbs. or more, lie per lb. French White Sugar Red-top. Same price as Lane. CABBAGE. Select, Very Early Jersey Wakefield. Oz. 20c; lb. 82..50. Henderson's Early Summer. Oz. 10c; lb. $1.25. Fottler's Brunswick. Oz. 10c; lb. 81.2.5. Burpee's Sure-h /Varrantod. Catalog Free. TOILED SPKINH FENCE CO., BoxlOX Wiochester, Indiana, U. ei« A> lOULTRY PAPER FREE. D ■^ \ "ur name aiiu aduress 011 postal oaia maileu t H Kt'liiible I'uullrv Juurnu , Uuimj. liliiioi», will bring you tree sample with elegant liiU-pagt} color plate frcintispiece showing in natural colors a pair of standard fowls, reproduced from oil painting by Frank L. Sewell. World's greatest poultry artist. Sixty-eight to 16u pages monthly, 5U cents a year. SKAD TO-I>AV DOK FKEE SAMPLE. MAliE POULTRY PAY by feeiiing '^een cut bone. TJic liuiuphrey GretL. Boue'aud Vegetable Cutter is guaran- teed to cut more bone in less time with less labor than any other cutter made. Send for free book contiimiiii;- blanks tor one ye.ir's et^s; record. Humphrey & Sens, l^ox 5\. Joliet, III. re^ THE WIFE AND CIIi«.Dl!K\. Get an incubatoi' tliatthey can run; r--%,one that will do good work from the ^^^st'^rt and last for yeai s. The Sure lliitfh is made of California red wood, withl2oz. cold rolled copper tank. Hydro S.fety Lar.ip, CliiiKix ba'ety boiler aud Corrugated Waferregulainr. Send for oi.r big freecatalog. Itgives actuil phot -irrai.h^o. hun- dreds who are mnking monev with the Sure Hatch Incubator. Our Common Sense Brooder is th • best. ^eIld iimv. Sure Hatch Incubator Co., Clay Center, Neb., or Columbus.O- 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKK. THE CYPHERS INCUBATOR IS THE STANDARD HATCHER OF THE WORLD. I Used with unjloi'in success on twenty-six liovernnient Kxperiment fttationsin (lie r S..('.'in!ula, Australia and New Zealand; also by America's leading poultryinen and many thousands of persons in every walk of life, tiuaranteed to give satisfaction or price refunded. The oii^flnal I .-. I and only genuine non-moNtiire ineiibiitor, fully covered by patent. Winnei of Moistures GOLD MEDAL AND HIGHEST AWARD AT THE PAN-AMERICAN, Oct., 1901. Illustrated, descriptive. 3*2 pa^cirt-ular FREE. Complete new catalogue for M'D'J cout-iinini; I'JG pages, 8x11 inches in F-iie, for H'c in stampB to paj postage. Illustrates over 100 of Americ;i'fl largest and most successful poultry plants. Ask lor Dook So. 74 and addresd nearest office. Cyphers Incubator Co.y Buffalo^ N. Y.^ Chicago, 111., Boston, Mass., New York, N.Y. IT TAKES FIVE CATALOGUES printed in li\c ■lilt', rent liiiiuriiairei to tell the people of the many points of o''r"" SUCCESSFUL Incubators & Brooders. One 200 egg maihnie will hatch more chicli> than 2Usteady old hens each time it is filled with e-'gs. They will be >troMger. more healthy chicli?. too. These nia chines will do for vou just what they have done tor thousands of others. Write for lo8 iiaire CataloL' enclosing 6c to pay postage. We ship machines and handle corresponoeucefiir the Kast from oiiruew house in liuffalo. Write nearest oHice. DES MOINES INCUBATOR COMPANY, Box 503, Des Moines, Iowa, or Box 503, Buffalo, N. Y. STERH OLD MOTHER EXPERIENCE has enabled us after 16 years to make perfect The Reliable IncubatorS and Brooders* You ought to have our SOtli Ontiiry Poultry Book ny^'TifStgj in the house. It will cost you but 10 cents and will make you a master in "^iJSw.s the poultry business. J^^^^^^^^^ Incubator & Broodev Co.. Box B.49 Quincy. Ills. Why Eyot Buy the Best? It costs no more than inferior styles. We claim that Adam's Green Bone Gutter is the brsD because it is the only B.iU Hearini? macliine on the market. It workson ilie shear iiiiniple, turns easier, cuts faster and cleaner, and prepares the bone in better shape than any other. Write atouce. Catalogue No. ot> Is Free. W.J.ADAM, - - JOLIET, ILL. fiET FERTILE EGGS AND LOTS OF THEM by feeding cut raw bone It makes vigorous chicks, too. Tlie easiest runniug ^^luost rapid cutting machine for preparing it, is the MAMM'C RfkMF OIITTCn 1903 New design, open hopper, enlarged table. lllf*i«H ^ WlfWCi VU I ■ Ctll Mouel newdeviceto control feed. Youcanset it to suit any strength. Never clogs. Sent on TEN DAYS' FREE TRIAL. No money asked for until you prove our jfiiarantteon your own premises, that out new model will cut any kmdot bone with adhering meat and gristle, faster and easier bnd in better shape thao any othtr type of bone cutter. If y. u don't like it^ send it bacii at Free Cal'lg explains all. F. W. MANN &. CO. BoX 5y MllfOrd, MaS8. Manfrs. of Clover Cutters, Granite Crystal Grit, Corn Shellere, EiiC. COME INTO THE FOLD. Be one of the successful poultrymen. (.)ur people make money out of chicken>. They run The Pctaluma Incubator and Broodertoo. i'e' feet regulation of heat, air. m dsture. Hatches nearly all. Quite all when egjs are good. The cat- alogue is free. Write for it. PETALUMA INCUBATOR CO., Box 125, Petaluma. Cai. 200-Egg Incubator for $ 1 2-80 Perfect in construction and action. Hatches every fertile egg. Write for catalogue to-day. GEO. H.STAHL, Quincy. III. GREIDER'S FINE CATALOGUE of jMize winning poultry for 190L'. prime. I in colors, illusirates and nescribes 50 Varieties of I'oiiltrTj ives reasonable [irices of e^esand siock Many hints to -'poultry raisers. Send lOo tn silve, or siamps lor this noted book. li. U. GKEIUEK, Florin, fa. Bt Brings More Eggs Get a l!!inil> Green ISone Cutter and double your e^g yield. Ournewcata- lya^l i-yni logue tells all about feeding green "AlhMi Wk bone, and the best machine /&rf "\ for cutting it. A ■■ jf|^r '\ Sold Direct ^^^^^-^^m^^' on ;;(► dsiyn' trial. and up ll" '■'" Strailon Mfg. Co., Box 54, Erie, Pa. That's the name whii-h means highest excelle .'e in Incubaiors and Brooders — the most perlect regul.'tion of tempeiature and inoistuie. Hotairor hot water. Send 4c for cataloirue and guar- antee. Your money back if you are not sat. .--lied MARILLA INCUBATOR CO., Box Ve are "The Only Mail Order Driig House in the World." Heller Chemical Co> Dept 40 Chicago, III. WANTED TO SELL! 40 acres of best fruit and vegetable hammock land on Manatee River, Fla. This land is .same class and near the E'lenton hammock spoken of in Gleanings, page 855, Nov 1. WOO, "Profitable Yield of Grape Fruit." This .section is noted for e:rha surcess with citrons, fruits, and vegetables. Manatee River is the most attractive body of tide water in Florida. I have held this land at SIOO per acre, but owing to old age and broken health, will take $UO0 for the entire tract; 11) acres under fence (wire). J. £. DART, Connesauga, Ca. <>♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦ ♦ » ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ I White Wyandottes ! J J Bred from Dustin's best. Some fine J J cockerels on hand alieady to ship. J * J. F. MOORE, TIFFIN, OHIO. 4 t ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ BELGIAN HARES ! With every hare sold goes a full pedigree, register number, and score-card, scored by an otilcial juiige. Does will be bred to one of our famous high -scoring bucks free. Write for book. :\tgr. of The A. 1. Root Co. J. B. MASON, MECHANIC FALLS, MAINE. llff^n^ ' Untested, $1.00; tested, $1.25 and up- "'-''^**^ • ward See former ads. and circular. J. B, Case, Port Orange, Florida. JOR SALE.— \\ ill sell cheap, otie 10 h. p. engin with upright boiler all complete. J. W. BITTENBENDER, KUOXville, lOWH. FANCY EXTRACTED HONEY.— An extra-fine lot of clover honey that I had reserved for bottling, but Dwing to change of plans will sell in bulk From combs entirelv capped and fully ripened, thick and rich. Now candied perfectly hard and dry. Cans hold 74 lbs. net. Per can, $.')..50. Fancy comb honey, .2 lbs. in case, per case, $3..S0 J. A. Green, Ottawa, 111. Q 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 79 SI DOES THE WORK OF £9 ^1^ ■ The Ohio Farmer 2 Years $1, or I Year 60 Gfs ^r ^"^ Any fiirnier, no matter wliere located, will find THE OHIO FARMER the largest, most reliable. iiistrm;live and valuable agricultural journal of America. It lias 20 vages, every week, filled with the practical experience of the largest staff of editors and correspondents ofanyf.irni paper in tlic world. It is piil)- lislicd solely for business faimers. who de- pend upon the f.irm for their living. It helps make the farm pay ! We can give the best farm paper at the lowest price, because we have the largest actual circulation of any weekly farm paper iu the world. Ohio Farmer Always Stops at Expiration of Subscription Wi' will fi'ud you any paper or inaprazlnp, at Out Itatt-s. in coiiuec-tiun wltliTHK olilo FAKMEK By spi-cial contracis we obtain low rates and give our readers the beiielits. OITFICH INTO. 1 Ohio Fanner, ivi-ekly 60c AVool Maritets & Sheep 50c Hairy and <"re:imery 50c Commercial Poultry. 50c OUll PKICK Only 95c Regular Price iSaTTo OFFEn ]VO. 2 Ohio Farmer, wreekly 60 Campbell's i lis. Journal $1.0i> Household l.OO AmtM-icaii l!<>y l.OO Poultry Keei)er 50 OUU PKIOE Only $1.85 Ucgular Price »4.iO These nre only samnli's of Uarjjains we can givo you. See part of our club li^t in next columti fi/r other pui)ii(:ations. and write us fur cut prices on any others not in this list. The First il'oi limn gives regular publication price. SccontJ eolumn gives cut price for one year's suliscrip- tion to both THE OUIO FARMER and the paper nientioni'd. Third column gives cut prices at which vou cnn :idd otlier papers. For example: pri(re of GUI' ) FARMER and Ohio Poultry .Journal l3 TO (;ents. Add 75 cents for New York triweekly W'rMand fio (rents for Hoards Dairyman, making ta.ns fi)r all four papers one yciir. .Arrange any other comliin-ition desired In the same w:iv. CLUB LIST ll DAILY, (tjaw. ek.) g Plain Dealer, Clevelan ', O $] 75 Sentinel, indiauapolis 6 00 TRIWEEKLY. (3 a week.) World, New York. N. Y $100 SEMI-WEEKLV. (2 a week.) Ohio State Journal. Columbus, 0...$1 00 Courier Journal, Louisville, Ky.. 100 WEEKLY NEWSPAPERS. Enquirer, Cincinnati, O $1 00 Commercial Gazette, Cincinnati, O 100 made. ToUdcO 100 Bee, Toledo, O 1 00 Dispatch. Pittsburgh, Pa 1 00 Journal. Indianapolis, Ind 1 00 Sentinel, Indianapolis Ind .50 Register, Wheeling, W. Va 1 00 Inter Ocean, Chicago. Ill 1 00 Journal, Meadville, Pa 1 SO Herald, Erie, Pa 100 CATTLE. SHEEP. SWINE, POUI.TRY, BEES 175 3 60 1 2.-) 1 20 110 110 100 )S5 95 110 110 85 110 100 135 1 35 1 15 3 10 Hoard's Dairyman. Atkinson, Wisll 00 Am. Sheep Breeder, Chicago, 111.. . 1 30 Am. Swineherd, Chicago, 111 50 Swine Breeders' Journal, Ind'polis 50 Poultry Keeper.Qniucy, III . .50 Gleanings in Bee Culture, Medina, 1 CO American Poultry Advocate 25 Breeders' Gazette, Chicago 2 00 MAGAZINES. Modern Ctiltnre $1(0 Kevimv of Revii^ws 2.^,1) Frank Leslio's Monthly 1 ( (I The Delineator 1(0 Household Realm, Chicago 50 Household, New York 1 00 Everybody's Magazine 1(0 Ledier Mo-ithly _ ;.. 1 00 Woman's Homo Companion 1 CO .Success Muiispy's Magazine 1 CO 1 00 American Rov, new subs, only ICO 110 130 80 85 75 1 10 65 160 1 10 2 (!() 1 30 1.50 70 100 140 1 30 1 10 120 145 85 75 125 80 30 35 25 60 15 110 60 210 80 95 20 50 90 80 60 70 95 35 25 75 25 Address Conkey's Home Journal. 50 Cosmopolitan ... . 1 00 Campbells Ills Journal, Chicago.. 1 00 Don't renew your subscription to any publication without first getting our prices. Send for Iree s;iinple conv giving entire club and Premium ii^t THE OHIO FARMER, CLEVELAND, OHIO n.llllJll.lUriil separate issues. 10 cts. Published at GARDENING !!lj:!!!!!ljhi!: I BEE SUPPLIES! I 5^ • Complete Line ^ • • Wianufacturers' Prices. ^ • Send for Our Catalog. . FRED W.MUTH& CO., Cincinnati, 0. § South-west Corner Front & Walnut. Bees Pay in Colorado. If you v^^ant to learn about the mar- velous Honey Resources of the Alfiilfa Reg-ions 3'ou should subscribe for the Rocky Mountain Bee Journal. Monthly; 50c per year. Sample copj' free; 3 months on trial, 10c. Address Rocky Mountain Bee Journal, Boulder, Colorado. 80 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jan. 15 A CORRECTION. An ir fortunate error occurred in our catalog bv which it appears that Glkanings can be had for 50 cents a year by any one wlio buys a single article from our catalos:, no matter how insignificant in v^lue It should read that the 50cent rate can be secured only when parties buy $io north or more of supplies at reg- ular prices. The correction was made while the forms were on the press ; but as some catalogs have gone out with the wrong reading, we think it best to men- tion it here. MAPLE SUGAR. We have a very choice lot of matile .sugar which, when being made up from .syrup, had about 20 per cent of granulated siigar added to make it grain prop- erly. Ordinarily this is not necessary; hut this was pn unusual lot ' We shall be pleased to mail sample to any one interested. Price 10c per lb. In barrel lots of about % 0 lbs., 9c. M:iple products, both syrup and sugar, are scarcely to be found in the market till the new crop is ready this coming season. TIN CANS FOR SYRUP AND HONEY. We have made favorable arrangements for the com- ing .season on tin cans of ^. 14, 1, a"ci 5 gallon capaci- ty, and have just received one car from the factory, and expect another one later. Unless otherwise spec- ified, our cans this year will have 1^-inch screws with- out the inner seal. We can suppU* them with \% inch screw a little cheaper if that size is large enough. We shall be plea.sed to hear from those in need of cans. We will not carry sap-buckets in stock, but we can fur- nish them direct'from the factory at favorable prices. If interested let us hear from j-ou. HONEY MARKET. The extracted-honey market seems to be a little firmer than it was six weeks to two months ago. There has been no rain in Southern California since the middle of November, and the ovitl ok for a crop there this season is very poor unless rain comes soon. We have sent out various inquiri- s for white-sage ex- tracted, but do not find it. We could use a car at the right price. Other honey, both comb and extracted, is selling fairly well We could take care of more orders for comb honey, as we have quite a large .stock. In- quiries solicited. GLASS HONEY-P.^CK.^GES. We recently laid in a stock of over 50 gross of Muth square jars with corks, and are prepared to quote spe- cial prices on large lots, and to ship promptly. We have on the way here a carload of Mason fruit- jars and No. 25 and 1-13 honev-jars. Our orders for these No. 25 jars have increased at such a rate that we have several times the past season disappointed sever- al good customers by delay in shipping their orders promptly The factory has been slow in filling our orders, and the increa.sed demand has used up stock sooner than we calculated. We hope from now on to keep pace with orders The No. 25 holds an even pound of honey, and No. 148 about 14 oz. See our cat- alog for prices. We have in stock a limited quantity of glass tum- blers, pails, and jars, such as we have listed in our cat- alog for a number of years, and which are omitted from the last editi n. We offer these, to close out, at the following prices : No 788, 5^-pint tin-top jellies, holding 10 oz. of honey, in barrels of 21 dozen at SI. 50 per bbl. No. 789, ^-qt., holding 1 lb honey, 16=^ dozen to bbl., at 1.5.00. 1 bbl. of 16?^ dozen of each size, nested, at ^.Od. No 776 glass pails holding 14 oz. honey, per bbl. of \e>% dozen, $(3.00. No. 777 glass pails holding 17 oz. honey, per bbl. of 12 1/5 dozen, $.5.40. No, 778 glass pails holding 24 oz. honey, per bbl. of Wi dozen, $,5 40. Also a few jam-jars and oaken-bucket jellies, which ■we will price to those interested. Special Notices by A. I. Root. GOOD AND USEFUL BOOKS AS PREMIUMS TO SUB- SCRIBERS. Any one sending us $1.00 for Gleanings, and a.sking for no other premium, may have books from the book list in last issue to the am unt of 25 cents. And any siihsrrjbei wiowill send us $1 CO for a w^?*' subscriber — that is. where he by so d^ ing starts Gleanings going into a new familv or a new locality- the sub- scriber who sends us this new name, without asking for anv other premium, inav have 50 cents' worth of books from the look list. These offers refer to the books themselves, not to the postage. .Send the prop- er postage for every book you order as a premium. growing tobacco ; giving the industry counte- nance AND assistance. The first seed catalog for 1P02 placed on my table is from our old friend A. T. Cook. Hyde Park, N. Y. It is gotten up in excellent style as usual. But what pleases me in particular about it is a paragraph right in the middle of the book, saying : " Don't ask me for tobacco seed I do not think'it right to raise the vile stuff, sell, or use it." Now, there may be other seeds- men in the United States who have the courage to come out this way before the world — especially when we are t Id that three-fo'irths of all the men use to- bacco. Very ikely friend Cook loses some trade by coming out thus boldly for principle. If so, let us who love righteousness and hate iniquity stand by him and give him encouragement. If there are other seeds- men who have the courage to come out boldly and fearlessly in a like manner, I should be glad to pub- lish their names. P'riend C. sells seeds in packets only, never in bulk. FERRETS for BANISHING RATS. For years we have been troubled more or less with rats and mice. They got into the potato cellars, into the seed-room— in fact, into the basements, more or less, of all our buildings They were baited a good deal by the workmen' throwing away fragments of their dinner when they had more than they needed I tried to stop this, hut had to give it up. Well for vears past we have kept the vermin down pretty well with a "gang" of cats ; but a good many times our people voted the remedy worse than the disease. In spite of every thing 1 could do the cats were clulibed out of the way, and sometimes shot, before I knew what was going on. Of course, some cats were "brought up" proprrly ; but occasionally we had trampcats tint had no bringing up, and, as it often happens, the innocent ones had to suffer in place of the guilty. Ernest has for a long time urged eetiing a ferret. " Ferrets cost money, and I thought it would be an added responsibility. 'A few days ago, howfver. I found a relative who owned a ferret. I telephoned him to come and banish our rats. He feared, however, he would lose his ferret in a place so large as ours; but when I volunteered to pav him for it (price 13 50) if lost, he went ahead. We first took the potato-cel- lar. As soon as he was out of the bag he put down under the floors into every rat hole he could find ; in fact, he went everywhere" a rat could go. Every little whi e he would come ont, or. rather, look out. anrl take a peep at his owner to see he was not 1 ntircly among strangers, and then back he went. We did not see any rat- in any of the factory buildings ; but in the course of two hours his owner said they were gone, and there would be no more around here for a week or two. for they will always leave as long as the scent of the ferret remains. The next day our team- ster informed me that, for some reason unknown, the barn and stables were full of rats. He said he found a good bushel of dirt carried out into one of the stables during one night : and then I remembered I had for- gotten all about the barn, for I supposed half a dozen cats would take care of that. We sent for the ferret again, and he went into a rat-hole where they had been digging, " quicker than a shot." I told the boys they had better have some clubs, but they were in too nnich of a hurry; in about a minute after the ferret went into one liole a rat came out of another. There was lots of .stamping and yelling, but the rat got away. Another rat went through the same pr.-gram. and a third one poked his head out and concluded, evident- ly, it would be jumping o\it of the frying-pan into the fire, so he went hack. Pretty soon out came the ferret. He was so excited that his master could hardlv restrain him ; and in just no time he explored every rat-hole and every nook and cranny in the barn. We after- 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUK'K. 81 ward found where the rats had made tracks off throiigli the snow for a " healthier " local ty. Now, this experience has been worth a good deal to me. If we can have a ferret once in two weeks or once in a month, it will certainly be much preferable to cats. The owner of the ferret says he to )k one into a barn where there were so manj' rats they came very near killing the ferret ; but after he was rescued, the rats went off in a body, and none have been notic- ed in or around that barn for more than a year al- though the ferret made only one visit One of our ad- vertisers, Mr. N. A. Knapp, of Rochester, O., publi.shes a book, "The A B C of Ferret Culture." which 1 have been reading with considerable interest. We can mail it for 12 cents. CONVENTION NOTICES. The Wisconsin .State Bee-keepers' Association will hold its annual convention in the .State Capitol at Madison, Feb 5 and (!, 1902. The convention promises to be largely attended. Excursion rates of 1^ fare, good for allof the first week in F'ebruary. All are in- vited to attend. Ada 1,. Pickard, Secretary. N. E. France, President. The annual meeting of the New York .State Associa- tion of Bee-keepers' .Societies will be held in the par- lors of the Kirkwood Hotel, Geneva, N Y., on Wed- nesday, F'eb. o. I!l02, commencing at 10 a.m. All inter- ested in bee culture are cordially invited to be present. Subjects of importance are to be brought before this meeting, and it is desired to have a large representa- tion of bee-keepers in attendance. W. F. Marks, Pres., Chapiiiville, N. Y. C. B. Howard, .Sec'j', Romulus, N. Y. Wants and Exchange. ■Vl/ANTED— To e.Kchange for cash or wax, one No. ' ' '2'> Cowan extractor, 100 R-11 honey-boards, and 1901 make of Daisv foundation-fasteners. Baixnins. Write to M. H. Hunt & .Son. Bell Branch. Mich. ■^X^ANTED -To sell at once, 40 colonies of bees. Got ^ ' them on bill of sale. Know nothing about bees. A. G. Cook, Pratt's Hollow, N. Y. ■V^AN TED —To sell or exchange 2f0-acre farm situ- ' ~ ated in L,onoke Co . Ark , ?> miles from county- seat. Good frame o-room house; good well at house, with windmill; good young orchard. 00 acres under cultivation, 100 acres grass, SO acres choice timber: all fenced except timber. For further particulars address A O Young, Montrose. Mo. \VANTRD.— Fifty to 100 colonies bees. March or '" April; .South preferred, near Brunswick or New Orleans. I. J. Stringham, 105 Park PL, New York. X^ANTED. — To exchange Dadaut uncapping-cans, Root's No. 5 extractor, and other supplies, for honey or wax. O. H. Hyatt, Shenandoah, Iowa. Y^ANTED —To exchange 50 T supers, mostly unused; '' 25 section-holder supers, unused; 25 second-hand supers, 25 eight-frame hive-bodies, many new; 100-egg incubator and brooder, 10-in. fdn. mill. Novice extract- or,Porter bee-escapes, all-zinc honey-boards, queen and drone tiaps, zinc-perforator for making queen-exclud- ing zinc, greenhouse or hotbed sash, made up or in flat; a large quantity of S.xlO glass, also odd sizes. Send for prices. Wanted — queens, honey, wax, St. Bernard dog, or offers. J. A. Green, Ottawa, 111. Y^ANTED To exchange IHO acres heavy timbered ^' hardwood land in N. E. Ark. First-class corn, cotton, clover, and fruit land ; foothills of thf Ozarks; 6 miles from railroad; for suburban home with small orchard, in middle Eastern State Tell what you have. J. R. Dart. Connesauga, Ga. \VANTED — To sell one-half interest in a paying bee- '^ business, 1000 colonies. R. T. Stinnett, Mesilla Park, N. M. ■y^ANTED. — To .sell a two-basket Ferris wax-extract- or, one extra basket, nearly new, for 1*8.00; regu- lar price, S12.00. We can guarantee this machine to be in good order, and at the price we offer it. it is a bar- gain. The a. I. Root Co., Medina, Ohio. AVANTED — To .sell or exchange gasoline-engines for '' all purposes — stationary, marine, bicycle, etc.; want machinery of all kinds. Robert B. Gedye, La.Salle, 111. \VANTED. — To sell Rocky P'ord cantaloupe seed. ' ' Seed of these famous melons postpaid, 40 cts per pound. Choice .selected stock H. F. Hag EN, Rocky Ford, Colorado. VyANTED— To sell or exchange 2000 Hoffman frames ' ' filled with combs ; also Dovetailed hive-bodies, bees, and fi.\:tures, and two dozen Persian pea-fowls — a bargain. B. J. Cross, Cherokee, Alabama. ANTED. — A dovetailing machine for making hive- bodies; also a two-frame Cowan honey-extractor. W. N Cannon, Greenville, Ala w IV ANTED — To buy a second-hand saw-mill, hea%'y '' (top and bottom saw). 21()Court St., Reading, Pa. VL^ANTED. — .\ buyer for my SO-acre tract of land in '* Crawford Co.,' Mo., at '$10.00 per acre, one-half cash; balance on time payment. Address lyOuis 'Werner, Edwardsville, Ills. WAN TED. Position under an experienced bee-keep- er, by single man, 30 years old; member of M. E. church; experience limited to care of few colonies on farm. R. JI. Black, Indiaiiola, la. VVANTED.— To exchange for bee supplies or any ^' thing I can use. one Monarch 600-egg incubator, one Successful 200 egg incubator, three DesMoines out- door brooders, capacity 200 chicks each. All in good condition. Or will sell cheap for cash. F A. Gray, Redwood Falls, Minn. \VANTED.-An assistant apiarist; have .500 colonies. ^' State age. experience, and wages desired. Give reference. W. Hickox, Berthoud. Colo. ■yVANTED. — A lady who would like to spend the win- '" ter in California can pay for her board in a pri- vate family by reading aloud a few hours each day. One interested in bees preferred. Mrs. E. B. Beecher. Auburn, Placer Co , Cal. Y^ANTED. — 'lo exchange 00-lb. cans. perfectU- bright ' ^ and good as new, 25c each, f. o. b. here, for honey or wax. G. 1,. Buchanan, Holliday's Cove, W. Va. w w ANTED. — To exchange a 45 cal. Remington rifle for a second hand bicycl-?. P. ivROEGEL, .Sebastian, Fla. ANTED.— Situation by .sober, active, practical, bee- man. Capable of taking charge. W. ,S. Frazeur, 1705 Rembrandt St . Indianapolis. Y^ANTED. — To sell two lots with small house and a '^ 10-acre lot. small grove orange-trees. Want a two-horse mower and bone-cutter C. G. Adams. Sorrento, Fla. ■Y^ANTED. — To exchange an oil-stove (heater), value ~' $3 00, and standard-bred B. P. Rock cockerels at 81.00 each, for bees or supplies. Write offers quickly. G. M R.^NUM, Perry, Wis ANTED —To se'l, 50 colonies of bees, Italians; f 120 buys the whole outfit. Write for particulars. S.AMUKL Collier, Elizabethville, Pa. w w w ANTED. — To exchange, 6-in. foundation-mill, and 140 egg Star incubator, for wax, bees, or cash. I. J. Stkingham, 105 Park Place, New York. ANTED. — Extracted honey. Kindly quote prices. Myers Bros., 231 .Spruce .St., Hannibal, Mo. w ANTED.— A competent person to take charge of my apiary. Correspondence solicited. Address 'WiLBER Wood, Ono, Pierce Co., Wis. IJL ANTED — To know who has 200 colonies of bees to sell cheap; also what young man would like to serve an apprenticeship with Onirin the queen-breed- er. H. G. QuiKiN, Parkertown, O. Y^ANTED — To sell, improved comb foundation. ' ' Send 10c for sample, by mail. H. VOGELER. New Castle, Cal. 82 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Jan. 15 dJIIIII'iiiiiiuiiiililliii tiiieo9iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiilllll!± iOUEENS!! Friends, we are ag^ain preparing for queen-rearing- on a large scale for 1902. We are headquarters for queens and nuclei in large quantities as well as for small lots. Visalia. Cal.. Sept 19, IHOl. I want 24 queens inst like those I got of you four years ago. I think that they were called Honey-gatherers. Wm B. Parr. We can begin mailing early queens by Feb. 15. Prices : Tested, $1.50 each; $8.00 for six; $15.00 per dozen. Untested, February, March, April, and May, $1.00 each ; $5.00 for six; $9.00 per dozen. Fine breeders, $5.00 each. Send for oin- catalog, free b^' mail ; tells how to rear queens, and how to keep bees for profit. ♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ « ♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦« ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦ iNow d^ t^\ ♦ ♦ - * ♦ Jl^ Ready! I I The Jennie Atchley Co., = Beeville. Bee Co.. Texas. iiiMii'iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiii««9iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiri7 ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ _ ♦ = ♦ ♦ ♦ Sixty-four Page Catalog ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ t ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ »♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ of every thing bee-keepers need. Illustrated and fully described. Especially valuable to begin- ners for the information it con- tains. Send your address on a postal and get it now. Estab- lished 1884. J* M* Jenkins, Wetumpka^ Elmore Co,^ Ala^ BEE-SUPPLIES. ■r Hest-equipped factory in the West; car- 3. ry a large stock and grcati..st variety of S, ( .erv thing needed in the apiary, assur- S mg BEST goods at the LOWEST prices, ^ and 1 ronipt shipment We want every ^ lue-keeper to hr\ve onr FREE II^LUS- t TRATEO CATALOG, and read dc-^crip- ^ tion of the AUernaling Hives. Ferguson ^ Supers, etc. Write at once for a c^italog. t AGENCIES ^ Tre.ster .Supply Co., 103 .So. 11th St., Lin- p colti, Nebraska ; C. C. Richards, ^ 1223 17th St., Denver, Col. g Kretchmer Mfg. Co., Red Oak, la. BINGHAM SMOKER. Dear Sir:— Inclospd fiiul $1.75. Please send one brass i-moke-engiiif. I h,ive one already. It is the best smoker I ever used. Trulv yours, Henry Schmidt, Hutto, Tex. MADE TO ORDER Bingham Brass Smokers. Made of sliect brass, which does not rust or burn out; should last a lifetime. You need one, but they cost 2.5 cts. more than tin of the same size. The little open cut shows our brass hinge put on the three larger sizes. No wonder Bingham's four-inch smoke-engine goes witliout puffing, and does not drop inky drops. The pei forat- ed steel fire-grate has 3S1 holes to air the fuel and support the fire. Heavy tin smoke-engine, 4-inch stove, per mail, SI oO ; 3J4-inch, $1.10; 3-inch. $1.00; 2'/2-inch, 00c; 2-inch, (5c. Bingham smokers are the originals, and have all the improvements, and have been the standard of excellence for 23 years. Only three larger ones bra,ss. T. F. Bingham, Farwell, Michigan. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 87 Contents of this Number. Air, Importance of Fresh 92 Bee-cellar, Koehler's 98 Cells. Depths of 91 Comb-honey ?"rrors 93 Drink Consumption in Different Countries 92 Dzierzon and Movable Frames 91^ Frames. Nail-spaced Ill Grammars, Use of 92 Head, W E.. to Utica Press 98 Hives, Box, Number Used 91 Hive-cover, Brodbeck's Ill Honey Improved by Boiling 91 Honey, Rize's Yield 110 Honey-yields in New Mexico Ill Irrigation in the West 99 I,arvoe, Age of 92 Niver on Selling Honey 95 Starvation, Guarding Against 94 Statistics, Honey, Wanted Ill Stitch in Time 98 Tongues Necessary for Clover 92 Wax extractors. Solar 107 Honey Column. GRADINQ-RDLES. Fancy. — All sections to be well filled, combs straight, firm- ly attached to all four sides, the combs uiisoiled by travel- stain or otherwise ; all the cells sealed except an occasional cell, the outside surface of the wood well scraped of propolis. A No. 1.— All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs straight ; one-eighth part of comb surface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soiled ; the out- side of the wood well scraped of propolis. No. ].— All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs comparatively even ; one-eighth part of comb surface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soiled. No. 2.— Three-fourths of the total surface must be filled and seaWd. No. 3.— Must weigh at least half as much as a full-weight section. In addition to this the honey is to be classified according to color, using the terms white, am4er, and dark; that is, there will be " Fancy White," " No. 1 Dark,"' etc. CITY MARKETS. Albany.— Honey market unchanged since our last, with but little cotnb honey of any kind here. Selling fancy white, 1 o ; No. 1 white, liralo ; mixed, 13(3jN; buckwheat, 13(a>l35^. E>ctracted dull e.xcept for buck- wheat, which is wanted by the Jewish people for their approaching holidays, at 6c. Beeswax, 28@30, with good inquiry. MacDougal & Co., Jan, 22. 380 Broadway, Albany, N. Y. New York.— Market for comb honey is good, with the stock pretty well cleaned up. Small lots coming in now and then which find ready sale and fair prices. We q'ote comb honey to-day as follows : Fan- cy white, 14(0)1(3; ANo 1 white, 14(c61.5 ; No. 1 white, 13 (gjl4; No. 2, VUmVlVi ; fancy buckwheat, 11(B;12; No. 1 buckwheat, 10,0)11; No 2 buckwheat, 9@10: mixed, 11 (Sil2. Extracted honey, demand fair, supply good; white clover and basswood, 6(3t7 ; light amber, 55^fe6; amber and buckwheat, 5]4(9^- Beeswax, 27(5)29. Chas. Israel & Bros., Jan. 20. 486-490 Canal St., New York City. Cincinnati.— The demand for honey is fair. Ex- tracted honey is offered very freely. Dark brings 5 ; lighter, 5^(gJ6; fancy, 6%®7%. Fancy comb, 15; low- er grades, 12J^(5)13J^. C. H. W. Weber, Jan. 21. 2146 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. Schenectady.— Our market is very quiet at present, and well supplied with white clover, but no buck- wheat comb honey on hand. We quote No. 1 white Ura 15; N ..2, 13a 14; buckwheat, 12(a 13. Stock of e.x;- tracted greatly reduced but no great demand; light, 6'J»7 ; dark, 5!4(a6. Chas. McCulloch, Jan. 20. 1 Eagle St., Schenectady, N. Y. Denver.— No. 1 white comb honey, $2 75 to $3.00 per case of 24 sections; No. 2, f2..5() to fi.65. Extract- ed, 7fai8. To bring these figures honey must be graded according to rules of the Colorado State Bee-keepers' Association. Beeswax, 22faj26 Colorado Honey-Producers' Ass'n, Jan. 21. 1440 Market St., Denver, Col. Philadelphia. — Market has been light sales since the holidays. Car of California bottled honey having been sent to this market and demoralized the trade and hurt the sale of good honey for years to come. We quote fancy comb 16; No. 1, 14. Extracted, 6fw'7. We are producers of honey— do not handle on commis- sion. Wm. a. Selser, Jan. 24. 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa. Milwaukee. — The honey trade has not been what it seems should have been thus far this year, but be- cause of the limited demand we continue to expect an improvement in the near future. The supply is not large, and shippers of fancy can ship to us and expect good returns, and we continue to quote fancy 1-lb. sec- tions 15(0)16; A No. 1, 14(flil5; No. 1, 13'J'14; amber, nom- inal 12^(0)14. Extracted, in bbls , kegs, or cans, white, 8@9; amber, bl4®7^A- Beeswax. 26ra),28. A. V. Bishop & Co., Jan. 20. 119 Buffalo St., Milwaukee, Wis. San Francisco. -Comb honey, 10(o»12 ; ■ extracted, water-white, 5^(^6'4 : light amber, 4(m^)% ; dark, 4(0)5. Beeswax, ZT%Oi)oO The winter in California has been a dry one; in consequence the prospects for the com- ing season are decidedly blue in the southern part of the State. As the bulk of the honey is produced in that section, prices are stiffening, and will advance unless rains come very soon. Jan. 9. E. H. Schaeffle, Murphys, Calif. Boston. — Our market continues somewhat dull in the demand for honey, while stocks are ample for the balance of the .season, unless there should be a much larger demand than we at this moment anticipate. Prices remain about the following : Strictly fancy, in cartons, 15;^^; A No. 1, 15; No. 1, 14'^; very little No. 2 to offer— stock nominally running No. 1 and A No 1. Extracted light amber, 7]4\ amber, 7; Florida honey, (iy213 ; dark grades, including buckwheat, Wa'l2. Extracted white, 5^(3)7 ; amber, b^iabM; dark, 5fa)5'4^, the .scale of prices vary- ing according to flavor, body, and package Beeswax steady at 28. R. A. Burnett & Co., Jan. 24. 199 South Water St., Chicago, 111. For .Sale. — Four lOgallon kegs white extracted honey, clover and basswood mixed, now candied, price 7'4 ct's. per lb., f. o. b. here. Also four 10-gallon kegs and five 5-gallon jacketed cans of fine amber honey just extracted, fine flavor and doubly ripened, very thick and waxy, 6^ cts. per lb. Large sample free. O. H. Townsend, Otsego, Mich. Wanted. — Honey; car lots or otherwise. Will send man to receive when sufficient amount to justify, and pay highest market price, spot cash. Address, stating quantity, quality, and price desired at your station. Thos. C. Stanley & Son, Fairfield, 111. Wanted.— Comb honey in any quantity. Please ad- vise what you have to offer. Evans & Turner, Town St , Cor. 4th, Columbus, Ohio. We will be in the market for honey the coming sea- son in carloads and less than carloads and would be glad to hear from producers everywhere what they will have to offer. Seavey & Klarshkim, 1318-1324 Union Avenue, Kansas City, Mo. For Sale. — Fancy and No. 1 comb honey; about 2000 Ibs.or more. Wm. Morris, Las Animas, Col. For Sale. Extracted honey, from alfalfa, at 7c per pound. Send for sample. D. S. Jenkins, Las Animas, Col. For Sale— a quantity lot of well-ripened clover honey in 60-lb. cans. B. Walker, Clyde, 111. For Sale.— Clover and sweet-clover extracted honey at 7c, in kegs and cans. Dr. C. L- Parker Sta. A, R. F. D., Syracuse, N. Y. For Sale. — 1000 lbs No 1 and fancy comb honey. H. L- Leonard, Brandon, Vt. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb. 1 Sa'tisf iod Ous-tomors, and their numerous expressions of the superiority of my queens war- rant me in continuing- the arrangement of my queen apiaries in 1902 as in 1 901. I have watched carefully, and have selected the queens whose colonies gave me the best results in HONEY, for my queen and drone mothers. Yard No. 1 consists of a combination of the Root Long-Tongued Clover Stock, the Supe- rior Stock so much Advertised by Hutchinson, and a Selection of IVIy Own Slock that I have been Breed- ing for years, in reijarcl to which I have the following-: Buffalo, N. Y., Aug-. 31, 1901. Mv Dear I'icfor: — Queen and nucleus arrived safely yesterday; made entrance to nucleus and allowed them to fly yesterday. Transferred them to a Dovetailed hive this morning-, withont sjnoke, and hatidled theui, patting them on the bac/c, and I never saw such quiet and docile bees. If their work- ing- qualities are as superior as their handling-, I am prepared to say you have the best bees I have ever met with, wliich would include some 25 or 30 different breeders, and all the well-known races. Yours very truly, Orel L. Hershiser. The colony of one of the queens I have selected for a breeder in this yard gathered right about 400 pounds of honey last season. I have not measured her bees' tongues, but they are ALL RIGHT, LONG OR SHORT. Yard No. 2 consists of imported Italians, daughters and granddaughters. For further description see ad. later. Testimonials on application. Yard No. 3— GOLDEN BEAUTIES or 5-banded Italians. I am now booking orders for spring- delivery ; first come first served. Untested queens: 1, S1.0;1; fl. *.').03. Select untested queens: 1, f 1 25 ; (5, fCi.OO. Tested queens: 1, $1.50; 6, 88.00 Select tested queens: 1, 52.00; (>, $11.00. Breeders, J" 00 to S7.00. See circular for specifications. ROOT'S GOODS AT ROOT'S PRICES, plus carload rate freight.. W. 0. VICTOR, Queen Specialist, Wharton, Wharton Co., Texas. California. The State that produces car- loads of honey ; the largest aver- ages of any State in the Union; a mammoth honey association to market the crop; the value of dif- ferent fields, is told in the Pacific Bee Journal, Los Angeles, Calif., whose correspondents are success- ful producers of tons and tons — 20 to 8o tons each. California as a Honey State, by A. J. Cook. Gallup' s Bee-keeping Experiences. Nevada Forging Ahead. Utah Bee-keep- ing. Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Arizona News. Bee-keepers say the Pacific is one of the best $1.00 bee-papers, prettily gotten up and illustrated; most appropriate cover design. Clubbed with Gleaning.s, new or renewal, $1.00 a year. Grand club with Gleanings and Rocky Mount- ain Bee Jo\iruaI, $i 25 a year. The Pacific Bee Journal, Los Angeles, Calif. 237 East Fourth Street. "Colorado's Characteristics; the Advantages of Irrigation ; and how Western Bee-keeping Differs from that of the Hast," is the title of a six-page editorial in the Jan. issue of the Bee-keepers' Review. The editor spent nearly two weeks, last November, with his camera, among the bee- keepers of Colorado ; and this "write-up" is the result. It is illustrated by several pictures taken by the editor, showing the mountains, alfalfa fields, "ricks" of alfal- fa haj', herds of cattle, apiaries, hives, etc. Mr. M. A. Gill, who, last year, managed 700 colonies in Colorado, producing two carloads of comb hone3% begins a series of articles in this issue. His first article is on "Hive- covers," and is the best of anything that has yet appeared on that subject. Send ten cents for this i.ssue, and with it will be sent two other late but different issues. A coupon will be sent entitling the holder to the Review one year for only 90 cts. With these copies of the Review will be sent an offer whereby 12 back numbers of the Review may be se- cured <"«//'< ?/i'_/)cc,- and the first few who accept this offer will get. as those 12 back numbers, the volume for 1901 complete. W. Z. Hutchinson, Flint, Mich. Your attention is called to advertisement of .Sure Hatch incubator on page 119 of this issue. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 89 Gleanings in Bee Culture [Established in 1873.] Devoted to Bees, Honey, and Home Interests. Published Semi-monthly by The A. I. Root Co., - - Medina, Ohio. A. I. ROOT, Editor of Home and Gardening Dep'ts. E. R. ROOT, Editor of Apicultural Dept. J. T. CALVERT Bus. Mgr. A. h- BOYDEN, Sec. TERMS $1.00 per annum ; two years, J1.50; three 3-ears, $'2.00: five years. S^i.OO, in adTviicf; or two copies to one address, |l.oO ; three copies, J-.OO ; five copies--, $5.75. The terms apply to the United States, Canada, and Mexico. To all other countries 48 cents per year extra for postage. DISCONTINUANCES. The journal is sent until orders are received for its discontinuance. We give notice just before the subscription expires, and fur- ther notice if is the first is not heeded. Any subscriber whose subscription has expired, wishing his journal discontinued, will please drop us a card at once; other- wise we shall assume that he wishes his journal con- tinued, and will pay for it soon. Any one who does not like this plan may have his journal stopped after the time paid for by making this request when ordering. RATES OF ADVERTISING. These will be fur- nislied on application. Mr. A. I. Roofs Writings of Grand Traverse territory and I.eelauau Co. are descriptive of Micliignu's most beautiful section reached most couvenienlly via the PERE iViARQUETTE R. R. For pimphlets of iJioiigan farn lands and the fruit belt, address J. E. Merri-.t, Manistse, Michigan. Barred Plymouth Rocks Exclusively. Bred for business and lieauty by an ex])ert poultryman. My birds are a combinat'on of the best strains in America. Eggs and stock in anv quantity. Chamberlin Hill Poultry Farm, Jordan, N. Y. 1200 FERRETS. All sizes; some trained; first- cl.ass stock New price list free N. A. KNAPP, Rochester, Lorain Co., Ohio. Angora Goats are handsome, hardy, piofitable. Prize stock ; low price ; circular. Ed. W. Cole & Co., Kenton, O. I DITTWER'S I FOUNDATION. % Retail — Wholesale — Jobbing. Having increased my shop -room, put in power and a new set of ma- chines, I am now producing a better article than ever, with unlimited ca- pacity to meet orders. I use a process that produces every essential neces- sary to make it the best and most de- sirable in all respects. My process and automatic machines are my own inventions, which enable me {o sell foundation, and WORK WAX INTO FOUNDATION FOR CASH, at prices that are the lowest. I make a specialty of working up Wholesale and Jobbing lyOts of wax into foundation, ior cash. If vou have wax by the 10 i lbs. or ton, let me hear from you. Catalog giving Full Line of Supplies with prices and Faniplec, free upon application. BEESWAX WANTED. I Cus. Dittmer, ^ Augusta, • Wisconsin. % HONEY QUEENS! Laws' Long={ongue Leather Queens. Laws' Improved Golden Queens. Laws' Holy Land Queens. Laws' queens are the standard-bred queens of Amer- ica. '1 he largest honey-producers use them and praise them. I^aws' queens go everywhere, and can furnish you a queen everj' month in the year Four apiaries. Queens bred in their purity. Prfces, October to April: Tested or untested, $l.tX) each ; 6 for $5.00. Breeders, none better, pi 00 each. Address W. H. Laws, Beeville, Texas. ^ L ]. Stringham^ 105 Park Place^ New York City* H oney-jars i-pound square jars $5 per gross ; No. 25 jar, porcelain top, $6 per gross ; Nickel- cap jar, fancy, $5.50 per gross. All are Discount on quantities. We ship from New LABELS^ 60 cents per gross. A full line of Catalog free. Apiaries are . clear flint glass. ^ York City, N. Y. 2 Apiarian Supplies alwa^^s in stock. > located at Glen Cove, Long Island, New York 90 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb. 1 siiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiii i| I The A. I. Root Co., Philadelphia, Pa. | I 10 Vine Street. | i Full line of all supplies manufactured by us. | i Low freight and steamship rates to all points on | I Atlantic Coast. Order early, be ready for spring. | iimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ I e. B. LEWIS CO., WATERTOWN, WIS. $ ^ ^ ^ ^ 1902 Catalog Ready. If you have not been receiving- a copy annu- m ally, send us your name and address, and one will be mailed to you free. m ^ Special Offer. To parties sending- us an order for supplies ^ ^1 amounting to $10.00 or more at regular prices m '♦"^ we will make following low rates on journals : Gleanings in Bee Culture, semi-monthly, 1 3'ear, 50c. American Bee Journal, weekly, 1 year . . . 70c. ^ * ^ ■^ ^^ Special Agency, C. M. Scott & Co., 1004 East Washington St., Indianapolis, Indiana. ^^ ^X AGENCIES: i,. C. Woodman, Grand Rapids, Michigan : Fred W. Muth & Co., Southwest Corner xlX yjsr Walnut & Front Sts., Cincinnati, Ohio; Fred Foulger & Sons, Ogden, Utah; Colorado V^ j^^ Honey-producers' Association, Denver, Col.; Grand Junction Fruit-growers' Association, vi^ "xtx Grand Junction, Colorado ; Robert Halley, Montrose, Colorado ; Pierte Seed and Produce VJx ^^ Companv. Pue'^lo, Colo.: E. T. Ahb.>tt. St. Joseph VTissonri Special Southwestern Agent. ^jy "y^ Charles Dadant & Son, Hamilton, Illinois; F. C. Erkel, olo First Ave., N. E., Minneapolis, Vjx y^ Minnesota; X,illy, Bogardus & Co., Seattle, Washington, Special Northwestern Agents. vj^ ^^W^^^WW^^^^^^^^^WW^^^^^W^^^^WWV»^^V»^^^^^^^^V BEE - SUPPLIES! ROOT'S GOODS AT ROOT'S PRICES. C. H. W. Weber, Cincinnati, Ohio. 2146-2148 Central Ave. A NEW AND COMPLETE stock for 1902 now on hand. I am The Root Com- pany's representative for Cincinnati and sur- rounding territories. . . You save TIME and FREIGHT CHARGES by having goods shipped from here. Convenience of railroad facilities here enables me to do so. Before buying elsewhere, write for my prices and catalog, which will be mailed you free of charge. l^^^^AA^^S^^^AA^>^^'^^^A/^/^ • delvoted; •To -Be. ELS' •andHoNEY *MD HOME, •1MTE.FIEST.S I'-.'MoHl'^^^r yiHEAll^ool' Co PER\tAR."^'\@"nEDlNA-OH10 Vol. XXX. FEB. I, 1902. No. 3. Let me say to J. M. Mack that his plan of emptying- sections to use the next year is all right provided he lets the bees dry them out before the honey in them granulates. I wouldn't be willing- to use them if the bees did not clean them out in the fall. I ADVISE Bro. Aikin not to be big--headed because he devises some useful thing-. All the same, if I had g-otten up that separator on p. 50, I'm afraid I'd need a hat of larg-er size. It should be put on the list of bee- keepers' supplies. JBi-o. Aikin, can't you g-ive it a name not already in use for anoth- er bee-keeping- implement? Mr. Editor, I think you misunderstand Wm. Craig-, p. 61. He means his bees fly out while he is carrying them out. Friend Craig-, the trouble is a lack of that fresh air in the cellar that the editor thinks so much of. Open up your cellar the evening before, and let it stay wide open all night, and see if it doesn't quiet the bees so they'll not want to liy out till after they are on the stand. If any are inclined to fly out, g-ive them a little smoke. No harm if the cellar is full of smoke so long- as all the bees will be taken out within a few hours. " Extracted honey can be improved by boiling it," p. 63. Do you mean boiling or heating, Mr. Editor? [I mean boiling in the case under consideration; for you will remember that our correspondent stated that he had some honey that soured, and he wished to know how to treat it. Mere heat, while it might do some good, would not bring about the improvement sought. It should be kept boiling for some time. That will arrest further fermentation, and at the some time expel tlie gases. But not all sour honey can be made sweet, by consider- able, by such treatment. If very sour, it had better be converted into vinegar. If honey is slightly tainted with an acid taste, it can generally be improved. — Ed.] " We have known that the depths of the cell varied . . . the cells at the start are longer than is necessary," says ye editor, page 48. Worker comb 25 years old will be perhaps y% inch thicker than when new; but is there any real difference in the depth of the cell? Is not the differ- ence almost if not entirely in the septum? Reidenbach's measurements seem to show that the average contents of a cell does not decrease with age; why should its depth? [Your notion of the matter is the same as mine. An old comb is deeper than a new one by just the thickness of the accumula- tions in the bottom of the cell. — Ed.] A. Maujean spaces his extracting-combs \f\ inches from center to center, leaves them on till sealed, then cuts them down to one inch in thickness. He thinks the extra yield of wax costs him nothing. — Rev. Eclec. [Th.s is a very common practice through- out the West; and extracting-frames are spaced wide, even with Hoffman end-bars. Wax always brings a good price, and very many, perhaps a majority, of the extract- ed-honey producers, consider that there is more money in producing wax and honey both by using thick extracting-combs, and slicing down each time, than spacing the combs regulation thickness and merely cut- ting off the cappings. — Ed.] "There are more bees kept to-day in the old-fashioned box hive than any other style," says L. E. Kerr, in American Bee- Keeper. I wonder if that can be true. There are probablj^ more box hives across the water than in this country, and it miiy be true there, but I suspect that frame hives have the upper hand in this country. [The statement of Mr. Kerr, even if it ap- plied to the whole world, can hardly be true. In Europe there may be more colonies in straw skeps and box hives co)nbined than in movable-frame hives. But if the state- ment is limited to the United States, it is certainl}' wide of the mark. I presume I have traveled through nearly all the best bee country in the United States and Can- ada; and the box hive, even with the old- fashioned farmer, is the exception. In my 92 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb. 1 last 6000-mile trip I do not think I saw a single one; but I did see all kinds of dilap- idated i}iovable-Jra))ic hives. — Ed.] In Glkanings for July 1, 1900, in a foot- note to an article of mine, you say, Mr. Ed- itor, "We have heretofore assumed that larvje just hatched, or larva; not more than three days old, was the preferred ag-e; but here is a case where the bees evidently had a preference for the tive-day limit." The fact that this continues to be quoted in for- ei^rn journals, and that it is likely to be misunderstood, makes me now refer to it. While you may have meant all rig-ht, there is danger that you may be understood as meaning: " In this case the bees preferred larva; live da3's old to any thing j'ounger." This is not true. The only possible prefer- ence at all in that line would be expressed thus: " The bees preferred to wait till some of the larvse were too old for good queens, rather than to start all cells earlier." Now let me give the truth deduced from my investigations — the truth that I think any one ivill deduce from any fair investigations — it is this: Bees will not start queen-cells with larvse as old as three daj's ivhen younger larvce are present; but they will continue to start queen-cells after all the larvje present have become too old for that purpose. Will my good friend of the Re- view say whether he believes this to be the truth? [I accept your amended correction. —Ed.] Thk editor seems to have mounted the hobby of lots of fresh air for bees in win- ter. I have been riding it myself for some years. Sometimes toward spring the tem- perature is 50° in the cellar and the bees quite noisy. Cellar too warm? No, that's not the trouble. It's 50° outside as well, and so there is no change of air. I'll start a fire and make it still warmer, so the air will change, and when the fire dies down it will be as warm as ever, 50°; but they will be quiet, because they have fresh air. [Yes, I now recall that you have been an advocate of fresh air in bee-cellars, but I had forgotten it. If I understand you, you agree with me that the temperature is not nearly so important as fresh supplies of air given often. Last winter there was a great range of temperature in our bee-cel- lar, ranging from 35 to 65, and yet we had perfect wintering, because the bees had fresh air all the time. I am beginning to feel that the bee-keeping world has been laying too much stress on temperature, and not enough on ventilation. For example, we kept our bee-room closed two nights; but the bees began to roar and fly out. Then we let in fresh air, and, presto! all was quiet. — Ed.] REPI.YING to your question, page 48, Mr. Editor, I freely admit, and have alwaj's admitted, that a colony with short tongues may gather more than one with long tongues. That does not militate in the least with the fact that length of tongue reach is absolutely essential to get the red- clover nectar. Now let me suppose a case. Suppose 100 acres of red clover with tubes of such depth that a tongue reach of less than .19 will fail to get the least taste of nectar. Of what avail will be all the best qualities in the world, if the bees have not the necessary .19? Another question will you please answer: Can bees do any thing oq red clover without sufficient tongue reach? If they can not, is not tongue reach an essential? [Your supposable case is bardly in the realm of probability. Assum- ing that it is, however, yow are strictly right. So far as my experience and obser- vation go, all Italians, and possibly some blacks, will gather some honey from red clo- ver providing there are f/Z/tv bees that gath- er large amounts from the same source. From measurements I have made, there are a good many flower-tubes in a head that are much less than the shortest tong^ue reach of anj^ bees. Again, there are some seasons when nectar is secreted so freely that even a long tube will be so full that the bees can get a considerable amount be- fore it is beyond their reach. — Ed.] I WILL TRY to answer 3'our questions, p. 48, Mr. Editor. In the first place it should be understood that grammars and diction- aries do not make rules and definitions. The usage of the best speakers and writers alone decides what is right and wrong, and dictionaries and grammars are author- ity only so far as they tell what that usage is. When that usage changes, then the books must change if they would hold their places as authority. A grammar does not make right usage — it merely records it. You ask, "How can a word be grammati- cal when it violates all present rules of grammar: When all the best speakers and writers unite in a usage entirel}' difter- ent from thiit laid down in ,the grammar, then the grammar to that extent has become antiquated and must be changed. I think that also answers j'our question as to how a word can be grammatical now that was not grammatical in the past. Compare the oldest English grammar published and see if it ag-rees with the latest. [Say, doctor, you are irrepressible. I thought I had you squelched; but even if you hiive the better of the argument I'll not ad- mit it to you. No, sir, I'll say "shook" when, according to my notion, it expresses better the Dutch method of treating a swarm to the average reader. — Ed.] We're bad, but we're not as bad as somebody else. In 1900 the drink con- sumption in the United States per capita was 14.7 gallons; in German3% 30.9; in Great Britain, 33.2; in France, 33.6. [I have faith to believe that, in the very near future, these figures in all of the countries will be reduced. German}', the country that has been quoted as favoring beer for its people, is now waking up to its sense of danger. The iron Bismarck, before he died, said that Germany had more to fear from beer than from any other enemy; and the 190- GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 93 young- emperor is taking- some decided steps to cut down its consumption. Verily the world is moving-, because it can not De and shall not be that it g-rows worse. There never was a time when there was so much healthy public sentiment against the drink- evil as now. Some day this sentiment will crystallize into one unit of force, and the American saloon in our own borders will be made to step down and out. There is power enough in the churches to enable the people of the country to do it now. The trouble is, the enemies of the saloon are not agreed as to the best method of killing it, while the friends of the saloon are put- ting up a united front. When we temper- ance people can stop criticising each other and can concentrate our forces into one united effort we shall accomplish something-, and that time is rapidly coming- in this country. — Ed. J t/AOM0(//f NEIGHBORS FIELDS. ^^ ■We think more kindly of the flowers And the things that summer brings. After facing winter's tempests And old Zero's frosty stings. vt« AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL. "Buckwheat Cakes and Honey. " Words by Eugene Secor, music by G. W. York. Send Pickings a copy, Mr. Editor. I hope those cakes will not b-flat; and I hope the do will not be sticky. Such cakes are the stajf of life in a )iieasurc, at least on a small scale. Can't you send us tenor a dozen? \b Some two weeks ago the Chicago Bee- keepers' Association, of which Mr. G. W. York is President, made out a brief state- ment in regard to the canards relative to manufactured comb honey. This statement was verj'^ brief, and was signed by Dr. C. C. Miller and Camille P. Dadant as well as by the President. A copy of it was pre- sented to the editor of the Chicago Tribune, the worst offender in circulating this ab- surd story. It was returned with the fol- lowing gratifying intelligence: The editor of the Tribune regrets that he can not make use of thf ma nscript. which is respe unfortunate as to read the Tribune will let its editor know what they think of its way of doing things. It has plenty of space for liqu r-dealers' ad- vertisements, sporting stuff, etc., but declines to cor- rect Us own statements that are of untold damage \.o an honest industry. Doubtless this expresses the feelings of all parties concerned. Whether this .strong language will pierce the skin of these edi- torial pachyderms remains to be seen. In refreshing contrast to all this is the conduct of the Chicago News. The state- ment that was refused a place in the Trib- une was printed in the News in full, with large screarner headings, as we learn by Mr. York's paper of the 23. He saj^s: When it is known that the Chicago Daily Nejvs has an evening circulation of about :-iOO,000, it will be seen what a i\ide reading the report will h ve. Up to the time of this writing, no other daily paper in Chicago has published the report, though all the morning pa- pers were furnished a copy of it by us in person. The complete refutation of the slander will now probably be an easy matter, as so many editors have come to see the light; but, like a suppressed fire, it will stand watching lest it break out again in a few months. King Error wields a strong scepter over the minds of men to-day. \i/ BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. " The Biolog-y of the Honey-bee: its De- velopment Dtxring the Nineteenth Century," is the title of two articles that appeared in our London exchange last November, from the pen of that able writer Mr. R. Hamlyn- Harris. They now appear in the form of a little tract of four pages. It would be hard to find more of interest in so little space. The writer gives a brief history of bee- keeping down to the present tiine. He says the Dickel theory has been shown to be er- roneous and incorrect, but lays great stress on the Dzierzou theory. Concerning the in- troduction of the movable-frame system, the author saj's: Dzierzou, by h's careful observations and practical ideas, whichviltim telv found outlet in the introduc- tion in his api ry of tha mov ble-frame hive, brought about a vast improvement on the old skeps of his day. There can hIso be no doubt that lo g before Dzier- zo I's time hives of somewhat similar construction were used by single individuals, as is shown in the his- tory of the ancients. Delia Rocca's book, " Traites Complets sur les A' eilles " (dated 7!i0), which appeared in Paris, • hows that the movable-frame hive was m t >inknown to him, and the conclusion has been arrived at— couseqiunt upon Delia Rocca's work — 'hat the discoverers of the movable frame were the Greeks, but that Delia Rocca was the first to utilize the same in a wooden hive fitted up for the purpose. The Napoleonic and other wars of ihe peri d were, no doubt, instrumental in causing this work to be almost entirely forgotten for the time beinv; so that we owe to Dzierzou tlie fact that during his life, and on his initiative, the movable frame hive should have come into general use. Mr. Harris does not claim that Dzierzon invented the movable frame, but his bias, if not lamentable prejudice, prevents him, as the reader will see, from making any men- tion of Mr. Langstroth. We are informed on good authority that movable frames "ul- timately found outlet" into Mr. Dzierzon's apiary only when their general acceptiince rendered his further opposition to them ri- diculous. To give Mr. Dzierzon any praise for the introduction of movable frames, and yet omit any mention of Mr. Langstroth's name, is strange indeed. The world's ver- 94 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb. 1 diet is quite the other way, and will prob- ably never be reversed. The remarks of the author on the prog- ress of anatomy and biology since 1840 are interesting in the extreme, showing that nearly all that is worth knowing on these vital subjects has been learned during the very short period of human existence com- prised within sixty j'ears. We owe the writer more than a passing ' ' vote of thanks' ' for this little essay, for it is one of great merit. GUARDING AGAINST STARVATION. " (jood morning, Mr. Doolittle. I have come almost half way across the continent (by letter) to have a little talk with you re- garding the best way to guard against bees starving before feeding can be done in the spring. I have fears that my bees have not honey enough to carry them through till warm weather comes." "Really, what you wish to know, then, is the best way to guard against bees starv- ing in winter." "Yes, that is right." "Then I am inclined to answer, the best way is to ktiow that each colony has suffi- cient stores in the fall to last till the ilow- ers bloom in the spring; and if we know this we need have no fears as to their safe- ty along this line." "How much stores should each colony have on the 15th day of October, so that I might know that there is no danger of starv- ation before the flowers bloom in the spring?" "When I first began bee-keeping I found one writer saying that 35 pounds was the needed amount, while another gave 25 pounds as right for a colony where winter- ed on the summer stand, and 20 pounds for those colonies which were to be wintered in the cellar during four or five months of the coldest weather." "But suppose they do not have 25 pounds in their hive October 1st to 15th; what is to be done?" "Each colony should be fed enough to make up that amount, and it will be much better to do the feeding the fore part of Oc- tober than later." "What should I feed?" "In feeding for winter stores I find the following formula the best of any: Pour 15 lbs. of water into a suitable-sized vessel, and set it over the iire till it boils. Then stir in 30 pounds of granulated sugar, stir- ring so it will not settle to the bottom and burn. As soon as the whole boils, set it off the fire and stir in 5 lbs. of extracted honey. This makes 50 lbs. of good feed for winter- ing." "But suppose some colonies have more stores of honey than they need, and others not enough — what then?" "If you have movable-frame hives the matter is very simple — just exchange frames, taking full frames from the heavy colonies and giving them lighter frames from those not having sufficient, till all col- onies have the desired amount, when, if any are still lacking, they can be fed with the sugar syrup, as spoken of before." "But the question I really asked was not from the time the flowers ceased blossoming in the fall tUl they commenced again in the spring, but till feeding can be done in the spring. How much would be needed in that case?" "This is something different, and some- thing not often spoken about, yet it is some- thing well worth knowing; for I claim that, if there is any time when it is profitable to feed colonies to keep them from starving, it is in the spring of the year." "Why?" "Because if we let them die now we lose all they have consumed thus far; and, be- sides, feeding in the spring tends toward bringing the colony in the very best possi- ble shape to give a good yield of honey dur- ing the honey harvest." "Do you think, then, it would be better to reserve feeding till spring, for this pur- pose?" "I would hardly wish to say that, for I think October is the month to know that all have honey enough to carry them through till flowers bloom in the spring. However, there are some good apiarists who advocate this, believing it to their advantage to re- serve the feeding necessary to be done to give sufficient stores during April and May, till April and May arrive, providing we can know that no colon3' will starve before that time." "Did you ever work on that plan?" ' ' Yes. One fall I found my colonies aver- aging quite light in stores; and as I was short of money to buy sugar with I allowed only 18 lbs. to each colony designed to be wintered on its summer stand; and from 12 to 14 lbs. for those to be placed in the cel- lar, and found, by equalizing the stores in all, that I did not have to feed that fall. These were fed in the spring with a cheap- er grade of sugar than could be used for fall feeding, and they built up and did well; but on the whole I prefer to feed in the fall all that is necessary to last till ap- ple-bloom." " But suppose the colonies have been neg- lected in the fall so that I do not know just how many pounds each colony has; or this has come about through sickness in the family, how am I to guard against starva- tion in such a case?" "On some mild day when it thaws a lit- tle, without the sun shining (you can see best on a cloudy day), go over the colonies which are out by removing what you have over the cloth covering to the frames, and then gently roll this covering up till you 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 95 come to the cluster of bees, when you can carefully note the amount of sealed honey not covered with bees. If you find plenty of sealed honey along- the top-bars to the frames, you can set that colony down as having enough till April. If plenty in half of the combs, then it is probably good till March. If very little, then it should be looked after in two weeks; and if none at all, it should be fed at once. All not need- ing feeding at once should be left with the hope that a day warm enough for the bees to fly maj' occur, when all needing attention should be looked after; but should no such day occur, then they should be attended to before they starve, no matter what the weather." "Well, how shall I feed at this time of the year?" "My waj^ has been to take frames of hon- ey from those in which I see much sealed honey, and give to those about to starve, taking out the outside combs of honey on any day when I could best do so, and put- ting dummies in their places. I now place these combs in a warm room for four or five hours till they get thoroughlj'' warmed through, when I go to the destitute colony, take out one or two empty combs on the out- side, divide frames near the center of the cluster of bees, using smoke to keep them from flying, and set in the warmed combs. In this way any apiary which had enough stores on an average, so that each colony could have had 12 lbs., had the stores been equalized in the fall, can be brought through till we can feed in the spring." "Suppose the colonies are in the cellar." "The same plan can be used there with all colonies where the combs can be gotten at; otherwise they will have to take their chances. But colonies in the cellar will generally go till they are set out, should they have as much as 6 lbs. in the hive when they were set in." "How about feeding in the spring?" "This can be done with feeders in the regulation manner, as given in the books; but feeding with an}^ thing but combs of sealed honey during the winter months has been very unsatisfactory to me." NOTES FROM A HONEY=MAN. Thick Top'bars Preferred ; Selling Honey ; a Joke on Hershiser. BY S. A. NIVER. Mr. Editor: — Every little while some item in Gleanings will almost persuade me to get out the old quill and take a hand in the fracas; but my almost insurmountable mod- esty makes it easier for you by keeping me silent. Just what makes me bristle up this time is that thick or thin top-bar controver- sy between Pettit and Dr. Strawcutter, for it's many a weary hour did I work at the sticky job of exchanging ^s pine worm-eat- en top-bars for yk basswood ones. Please read that last part over again, and read it slowl}', for it sums up Morton's conclusions after many years of experimenting. You may remember that Morton always had en- amel cloth over his frames or supers in summer, and worms (apologies to Prof. Cook ) would get on top of the pine top-bar, and bore or eat holes enough there to weak- en it so it would sag more than it naturally would, on account of being too thin; but they never trouble basswood. I am keeping at the canvassing from house to house with extracted honey, and have handled 8750 pounds this season, and was put out of commission by the grip for four weeks besides. There are many vexa- tious little points to settle before the system will work all smoothly; but every one met and conquered makes it easier. One little incident I want to tell you about, for it makes me feel real toney. I am in the habit of going over my terri- tory about once a month, and so in the course of my rounds I called on a customer who had a dollar's worth the first trip. A chap of twenty years or thereabout answer- ed the door-bell, and, to my inquiry if the lady of the house wjis in, replied, " No, she is out." Then I explained the case, and asked if that first lot of honey was gone yet, and if they wanted more. Say, Ernest, you would have enjoj^ed seeing the smiles thaw out the frost on that young chap's face. He swung the door open wide enough to let in a pair of honey agents, and said, with a hearty ring to his voice, " Oh! you are the honey-man. Come right in. I'll call mother — she is in the parlor. I thought you were a book agent." "There! don't we feel less of that tired feeling, and step a bit loftier, when stray straws like that show how the public begins to recognize our true worth? In another house I was told a good yarn on Hershiser, the jolly superintendent of the York State honey exhibit at the Pan- American. The lad3' had been persuaded to buy a jar of extracted honey there in the booth, "And," said she, "what do you think it was? Why, nothing but sugar syrup flavored with cinnamon essence." Who would have " thunk it " of Hershis- er— our ferociously virtuous Hershiser? But all my assurances of his honesty were of no avail with that lady. The grocers here are selling tumblers of a clear yellowish liquid labeled Pure Hon- ey, which has a sticky eftect to the tongue, and a decided flavor and aroma of cinna- mon. If they will only keep right on han- dling such stock, leaving the honej'^ trade to me, they will never hear a word of protest from me. Niagara Falls, N. Y. 96 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb. 1 The long-looked-for rains in California have come, at least in man}' localities. If this continues it will mean another g-ood year for our friends on our western bor- ders. In referring recently to the use of sulphu- ric acid in refining wax I stated that the acid and water, after standing, would sep- ar^ite. Two or three have written, saying that I must be in error, as the two would unite and stay united. I have not had an opportunity to test the matter; but my in- formants are evidently persons who under- stand what they are talking about, and I therefore accept the correction with thanks. THR NEWLY ELECTED OFFICERS OF THE NATIONAL BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. The following is the report of the special committee appointed to receive and count the ballots: We, the undersigned, have this day counted the bal- lots cast for General Manager and three Directors of the National Bee-keepers' Association, to fill the va- cancies caused bv the expiration of the terms of Eu- gene Secor as Geiieral Manager, and J. M. Hainb .u.uh. Dr. C C. Miller, and C. 1' Dadant as Directors, and find that3'.8 ballots have been cast, of which Eugene Secor received 172. The other ballots were cast for 109 different members, the largest number of votes for any one of them being 29. For Directors, J. M Hambangh received 180 votes; Dr C C. Miller. 'Is2 : C. P. Dadant, 215. We have also counted the voles cast for and against the proposed amen mrnts to the constitution, and find that 214 were cast for the first amendment, and 93 against it : 2()8 votes were cast for the second amendment, and 47 against it. A. B. M ■ son, S. J. Griggs, Toledo, C, Jan. 27. Cotn. The General Manager, it seems, was re- elected in spite of his expressed wish not to serve again. This surely bespeaks confi- dence, and an indorsement of the policies pursued under the several terms of his ad- ministration. THE RAMBLER FINDING HIS "FOUNTAIN OF ETERNAL YOUTH " IN CUBA. A SHORT time ago, in a private letter to John H. Martin (Rambler), now in Cuba, I gave some fatherly (?) advice to the effect that*^ he should remember that he was no longer a young man, and that he should go easy on his strength, and, above all, not to get too enthusiastic over a bee company. This is the way he comes back at me: Bless me ! Did you think I was hankering after running a big bee' and honey company? Not much. I am merely blazing the wav for younger men. And let me tclf you, Bro. Ernest, I am about ten years younger here than I was in California. Don't you t/itozv oi4t that I am l, SMOKE PASSAGE I I -J GRATES WAX ONf PIT. • Smoke and ■ jl Smoke AND „, ,,- ■ r - 4' i; Fire Chamber "' and U Heat Chamber. i ■' -HONfY;! >^ I "ffelFLUE. h^^^ GL A5S~_-::_ ^T -_--5l ^v— --^~- GLASS GALVANIZED-' i \fBOn '«°^ vBar Iron. is the east and west walls that cast the shadows. If one does not care to bother with the hip or three-slope roof, make the machine just one length of glass north and south, and the east and west length just as long as 3'ou wish, according to pocketbook and convenience. Also, put it against the south side of some rooin or house if j'ou can. A small room may be made for the purpose, and in this keep wax, slumgum, etc. Han- dle every thing inside, and away from the bees. I have made some sketches and also some photos, and from these the reader will have little difficulty in understanding the plan upon which I have constructed my solar. First, look at the photo showing the whole thing, together with a portion of the build- ing back of it. This needs no comment further than to say that the glass used is, for the main part, 16 inches from bar to bar, soine of it 10, and some 12 inches. As for the width the other way, it is all the way from 4 to 24 inches, a lot of it being waste glass picked up at the stores. To make the glass water-tight, the pieces are butted end to end after covering the edge with white lead. The bars are made of g-alvanized iron and plain bar iron, the ga - vanized iron bent at right angles, and bolt- ed to the bar iron with stove-bolts. See Fig. 3 in the line cut. The bar iron is about I's wide and i\ thick, for a re 'ch of a little over 4 ft. These sash-bars should always be of metal. The extremes of wet and dry, heat and cold, will invariably loosen the putt}- from wooden bars, but the metal will sta}' puttied. The two other photos show two inside views. One is taken from the west end, and shows the east-end melting-pan, the stirring-ladle, two honey-pails set in to liq- uefy the contents, and the wax and honey separator and two cooling-pans, the latter described in the preceding article. The other shows the wax and honey separator and pans, and beneath them is the honey- tank that receives the honej' from the sepa- rator. This view is from inside the house looking out to the south. You will notice that the separator and cooling-pans are well up in the sun, the honey-tank beneath partly in the shade; thus the separator and cooling-pans are kept hot until the sun is well down in the afternoon. Now look at Fig. 1. This shows the ground plan. It really needs no comment, more than to say that the walls as repre- sented are about three feet high. Fig. 2 is a view of the south wall of the brick house against which the solar is built. This view is also looking south from inside the house. 1,1 are the doors through which the melting-pans are loaded, and 2 is the door to the wax and honey pit, these doors being open, and showing the glass roof beyond. The small door at the left is the furnace-door, the smoke passing around the pit (4) and entering the flue near B. The dotted lines AAA represent the glass roof on the other side of the brick wall, and the lines B B show the melting-pans, or, rather, the smoke-tight metal surface on which the}- rest. The furnace feature is by no means a small item. A fire built in it in the morn- ing will have things warmed so that, as soon as the sun gets high enough to shine on the melting-pans, the thing begins work. A little fire beneath lengthens the working hours from two to four over the sun work alone. When I want to do a big day's work I put a fire beneath. Thus it melts from both top and bottoin, and I have had wax running by 9 a. m., and remain liquid until sundown. It will be wise to give a word of warning as to the construction of the furnace parts. Build the brick walls not less than 3 feet high at the point of putting on the smoke- 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 109 tight covering. This covering I made of common bhick sheet iron. Boiler iron, flag- stone, or cement would be better, because the thin iron rusts out too quicklj'. I laid the iron on the brick in mortar, then brick INSIDE VIEW OF AlKINS SOLAR WAX-EXTRACTOR. Shows wax-pan in the east, and also wax and honey separator, and two cooling-pans. and mortar on this again. This iron is made to pitch or slope toward the pit from all directions, just enough to cause any wax, water, or honey that might get in on it to run out; otherwise, when hot the wax or honey will burn and smoke. Now I come to a part that there should be no mistake in — the arrangement of the furnace. Make the smoke and fire chamber plenty deep — don't make the mistake of get- ting it too low or shallow. Make the fire- box and grates as close to the ground as you can get them, and still have an ash-pit under; then have the opening into the chim- ney at least six or eight inches higher than the top of the furnace-door, and the smoke- tight floor over all several inches higher than the opening into the flue. If the open- ing into the flue be made at the same le\el as the furnace-door, the smoke will b:ick out at the door everj' time a fire i.s started. You can not get the door to the furnace too much below the point at which the smo]-:e enters the flue, and there should be no point between the flue and furnace as low as the top of the furnace-door. The smoke- tight floor between the melting-pans should he several inches above the point at which the smoke enters the flue, because then the hottest air will hold right up against the lloor. This conserves the heat and save? wasting the flue unnecessarily. Arranged thus, there will be no difficulty about the draft when the fire is started; and, once heated and a slow fire kept going, it re- mains hot all day. After I get the fire go- ing in the morning I put in a good suppl}' of coal and shut tight the draft, at least tight enough that the fire burns slowly all da}'. Five to ten cents' worth of coal will run it all da}', and adds verj^ materially to the quantity of work done in a day. Right over the fire-box there will be in- tense heat; and to prevent the burning of wax and honey at that point, there should be a check or break — that is, a dou- ble, treble, or even quadruple floor. I accomplish this by putting in two or three extra floors above the fire-grate be- fore putting on the final smoke- tight floor. I would call attention to the fact that, with the length east and west, and but a verj' short width north and south, the sun shines in about as tnany hours as it would be effective were the machine faced about from time to time to front the sun ; and also to the fact that, with a moderate slope to the melting- pans, there is no shadow in the top patt of the pit until the sun has gotten so low as to have little melting power. Also to the fact that, when there has been a fire beneath, there is so much heat in the brick walls that the wax remains liquid as long as the sun will continue to melt under the most favorable conditions, and this keeps the whole interior hot, and favorable to the best cooling and caking of the wax. In operating this solar I put in a larj;e Looking south out of the house into tlie solar shows melting-pan, wax and honey extractor, and, beneath the separator and cooler, the honey-tank. 110 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb. 1 amount of comb, cappings. or whatever I have to put throug-h it. then let it remain in for several days, stirrinj^ and mixing the mass from time to time so I may be in the vicinity of the solar. When considerable slumg-um is accumulated, and I want to make a clean-out, I put on an extra heat by firing underneath, and stir and mix the refuse so as to get as much as possible of the wax out; then in the evening, while still warm and soft, shovel out into some recep- tacle to remelt in water, and put under pressure. I have no press yet, but have had a neighbor work over my slumgum in his press. The solar will not take nearly all the wax out, nor will the water-bag- punching- process. A press is a necessity ;ind a money-saver. A WAX-PKESS, WHY NEEDED IN CONNECTION WITH A SOLAR EXTRACTOR. You will now say, If we must have a press, why build a solar? I will tell you. There is scarcely a bit of comb, burr-comb, cappings, or whatever you want to melt, but has in it more or less honey. If you put these through the water process in either bag or press, you lose this honey. The saving in honey that can be used in feeding or in vinegar-making, and even for table use, will soon pay for several solars. It also saves time and loss in other ways, and the first run of wax that is gotten bj^ the solar is brighter and nicer than can be had by the wet process. One who has never used a solar will have little idea how much honey can be accumulated by means of the solar — just that much saved. The slumgum taken from the solar can be work- ed by the press later at your convenience. I will go so far as to say that, with a solar of ample room, I can get almost as much wax out of old combs as by the steam and water methods where no press is used. As to the proper construction of a press, I wish to make this sug-gestion. The whole press and bag of slumgum should be sub- merged in water. I am so thoroughly con- vinced of this that, when I have a press made, I want it so constructed. I want the wax all floated above and away from the press, and, being submerged in boiling water, every bit of wax released will leave the cheese iind press; and, too, there will be no need of great haste to get the pressing done before it is too cold to work. To ac- complish more perfect extraction, the screw may be released as often as you choose. ;ind thus the water enters the cheese and will bring away more wax when again pressed. These thoug'-hts are in part theo- r}\ but worthy of consideration. I know a bee-keeper who is remodeling a heavj' .■•nd expensive press that he may get the whole submerged in hot water, and he has done quite a little experimenting with this wax prohVm. Kight here I wish to make the prediction that, in certain fields and under certtiin conditions, wax will be no mean part of the product of the apiary. I find it is possible to pay a very large part of the expenses of running an apiary out of the wax sales. Like many others I have found that we have been throwing away money in slum- gum, and that in other ways wax is wasted in great quantities. Later. — Since writing the above I have read the discussion at Buft'alo on this sub- ject, and observe that the prevailing opin- ion favored a submerged press. This coin- cides with iny views on the matter. How- ever, I have never used the press yet, but speak partly from theory. R. C. A. lAlthoug-h this article is long, it is good in proportion to its length. I mj'self be- lieve, and have so stated, that the solar wax-extractor has its place. I believe that nearly all refuse, so far as possible, should be put through it first, because the wax that the sun renders out is of a superior quality'. But the slumgum from the solar and old combs should be put throug-h the wax-press. A beekeeper who thinks he can g-et along without a press of some kind is probably throwing away gold dollars by the handful." All refuse from the sun ma- chines should be hy all means saved. The question whether steam or hot water should be used in connection with a press is an open one. So far we are inclined to favor steain. The objection to hot water is that it takes up so much bulk that there is little room for wax. A steam-machine of a given capacity need be only a third as big as one for hot water of the same output of wax. — Ed.] A BIG HONEY YIELD IN CALIFORNIA. We are just advised by J. B. RadclifFe, of Helix, San Diego Co., that he took 19,000 lbs. of honey from 50 colonies, spring count, last seas n. Mr. Radclifte's word is above questioning, and we oft'er this as a news item for Gleanings, and as an evidence of the fact that " you can't keep a good State down." Arthur E. Raze. Los Angeles, Cal.. Jan. 14. [This is large — very large; and were it not for the '"oft"" yeaVs California would far outstrip any other locality in the world, and it comes near doing- so as it is. — Ed.] the rambler IN CUBA. Friend Ernest: — We have just had a visit from Rambler, and enjoyed it very much. The first day we went back to the moun- tains over pretty poor cow-paths. It took * a Hatch-Gemniill press is s ■methiug that almost anyone can make for himself for three or four dol- lars, and there is no excure why one should not have one, because it will pay for itself in short order. For description, see Gleanings, page 279, April 1, 1901. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Ill all day, but his C3'clometer showed only 35 miles. The next day we went out to some pretty little lakes and looked at the alligato s — about 40 miles — but some g'ood road among it. The third day we proposed to go to the south coast, and (would 3'ou believe it?) he said that, if it was just the same to us he would go out and see Mr. Moe first, and take the trip some other day. I have read all the Rambles as they came out in Gleanings and some way got the impression that the author loved to ramble around; but I find that he prefers to take his rambling in smaller doses. Jan. 1st Gleanings just came. A man who will use the same wire to prod into different colonies for foul brood is not a competent inspector, and ought to be re- moved. Harry Howe. Artemisa, Cuba, W. I., Jan. 3. SOME LARG'n; HONEY YIELDS; HOFFMAN FRAMES VS. NAIL-SPACED FRAMES. I have taken 2600 lbs. of honey from my 11 colonies of bees. I had the misfortune to lose my fine queen last August. I was very careful of her; but one day, about Aug. 6, she disappeared, and I noticed new queen-cells started. She was not in the hive, and I could not find her on the ground. I clip all my queens. This colony did not make any at- tempt to swarm or to supersede her. I lost three of my best queens the same way this year. Several of my colonies gave me 275 and 300 lbs. of honey; but this one gave me, up to Aug. 11, 377 lbs. ; and if they had kept their queen they would have given me over 500 lbs. of honey, as they had given me, at the time of the loss of my queen about 165 lbs. more than any of my other ten colonies. I see on page 929 that Dr. Miller prefers wire nails to staples or spacers. I do not think there could be a worse thing attached to a frame, to catch in the pocket of the ex- tractor, unless it would be a hook. Give me the Hoffman frame in preference to any of them. H. E. J. San Marcia, New Mex., Dec. 10. HONEY STATISTICS. As I was asked to write an article on bees or bee-keeping for one of our newspa- pers, could you kindly give me some figures as to how much honey the United States ex- ports, and how much do two or three of our largest States produce? Who i- the largest bee-keeper, and how many members has tne National Bee-Keepers' Association? W. E. Head. Paris Station, N. Y., Dec. 5. [There are no data as to the number of pounds of honey and beeswax exported from the United States, and I can, there- fore, give you no information. In a good year California might produce 200 cars of honey, Colorado somewhere about 40 cars, and Arizona 20 or 30. New York is anoth- er good State, but probably does not pro- duce all told to exceed 100 cars. But the honey is not exported from New York, it being consumed largely in the county where it is raised. There are something like a thousand members of the National Bee-keepers' Asso- ciation. You could get the exact number by writing to General Manager Eugene Secor, Forest City, Iowa. i ■■= 1 The estimate of the number of pounds of honey produced in the United States is somewhere about as follows: For comb hon- ey, 50 million pounds; for extracted, about 125 million, or a total money value of from eight to ten millions of dollars. Capt. J. E. Hetherington, of Cherry Val- ley, N. Y., and W. L. Coggshall, are the two most extensive bee-keepers in the Unit- ed States. The former is credited with owning 3000 colonies, and the latter about 2500.] BRODBECK'S double VENTILATED HIVE- COVER. I can fully indorse the hive-cover that Rambler illustrated in Gleanings for March 15, page 232, of last year. I had been requested a number of times to present it to the public, but wished to give it a thorough trial before doing so, and now after five years' use in my apiary I prefer it to any other combination of hive-cover and shade-board in use. I advise the use of a single board for each side, for the lap- ping or grooving together of two pieces in the center will result in warping in spite of all nailing, etc. I prime all boards thoroughly on the under side before I nail them up, and have one here now to be ex- hibited at our State meeting, which has been in use five years, and seemingly as good now as the day it was nailed up. Geo. W. Brodbeck. Los Angeles, Cal., Jan. 10. 112 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb. 1 HOME-MADE WAX AND HONEY EXTRAC- TORS. 1. Please tell me how to make a solar wax- extractor — that is, g-ive size and style which }'ou most prefer for about 25 colonies, and what kind of glass to use. Will window glass do? 2. Do you think it would pay me to make my own honey-extractor — that is, to buy the gearing- and all that is needed, and get a tinner to make the can? My tinner offers to make the can out of g^alvanized zinc for twelve cents a pound when finished. Do you think I had better do that or buy one already made? What kind would you rec- ommend for me? 3. Do you think sweet clover would g-row here in Southern Indiana, about 20 miles north of Evansville? 4. What do _vou think about this country for a bee business? Do you think it as g-ood as where you are, or as good as most of the States? I kept bees for about three years. Last year was the only one I got any honey to amount to any thing-, which was about 32 lbs. per colon}'. How much do you generally averag-e? How many col- onies do you keep? H. F. Buck. Buckskin, Ind., Jan. 10. [Dr."Miller replies:] J 1. The essential thing- in a solar wax-ex- tractor is to have an arrangement that will let the sun's rays in, and at the same time will not let the heated air escape; and along with that a chance for the melted wax to separate from the debris. Take a box covered in any way you choose with glass; put in that a dish to hold the melted wax, and over that a dish of wire cloth or perforated metal to hold the combs to be melted, and you have a solar wax-extract- tor. Common window g-lass will do all right. The size required for 25 colonies might vary considerably. Some would have much more wax to melt than others. Probably an extractor with a glass surface of one square foot would answer, although one of larger size would cost not much more and would be more satisfactory. Use tin for the dish, and wood for the box. Let the g-lass be half an inch or an inch above the top of the tin dish. Two thicknesses of glass half an inch or more apart would be better than a single thickness, but I doubt if it would be worth while. It is quite pos- sible, however, that, if you hare much wax to extract, it might be economy to get one of the new steam-extractors. [; 2. I suspect it would be a little more satisfactory to get the whole thing ready made. The tinner wavmake itallright; but when it is finished, if something proves to be out of whack, there you are. The ready made is sure to be all right. A novice ex- tractor would do all right for 25 colonies, but it isn't at all certain that you may not go considerably beyond that, in which case a two-frame Cowan would be much better. 3. I don't know whether any grows in your locality, but I don't believe there's a township in Indiana where sweet clover will not grow vigorously. 4. Proijably 3'our locality is as good as and possibly much better than my own. Taking bad and good years together, the average here is somewhere between 30 and 40 lbs. per colony. I have at present 235 colonies. OUR homes; BY A.I, ROOT. If thy brother trespass against thee, rebuke him ; and if he repent, forgive liini. And if he trespiss against thee seven times in a day, and seven times in a day turn again to thee, saying, I repent, thou shalt forgive him.— L,UKE 17:3, 4. In considering these two verses I wish to confine my talk to one point — to that phrase in the third verse which says, " // he re- pent," and the saine point in the next verse. We can forgive people for injury done us, even if they do not repent; and I suppose that is the right and proper thing- to do — the Christianlike way of doing in the ma- jority of cases. But perhaps we might con- sider the real definition of that word for- give. A great many times even good Chris- tian people will say, "I will forgive, but I can not forget." Now, in one sense we should both forgive and forget. We should not cherish malice nor hold a grudge. ,But in another sense it is not right nor Cnris- tianlike to forget. There has been much said in the papers of late in regard to the "pardoning business" in the criminal courts in Cleveland. The mayor, and di- rector of charities. Rev. H. R. Cooley, have been doing an unusual amount of pardon- ing people and letting them go after they were arrested and found guilty of crime. I will not stop here to discuss which side is right and which is wrong. Perhaps I may say, however, that a good many hiive been let go when the good of the community de- manded they should have been kept in the workhouse or behind prison bars. In dis- cussing the matter, the point that came up strongly was, " Is this man you have par- doned in for his first offense, or is he an old offender?" If the latter, it makes quite a difference; and it is perfectly right and proper that the police and criminal courts should not forget that the man in question has been up for a similar offense before. Sometimes, perhaps in only a few cases, a man was not only an old offender, but he went back to his old trick of picking pock- ets and the like just as soon as he was let loose. His repentance was only pretended — no repentance about it. When an offender is truly penitent he should most assuredly apologize, even if he does nothing more. Where one does not apologize, but just goes right on without considering, or paying any attention to the 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 113 fact that he has wrong'ed an innocent party, it is a question, as I look at it, whether he should be either forgiven or forgotten. A few months ago we were having a big fight with the brewers and saloon-keepers. They were determined the canteen should remain in the army. They got men high in office to back them up. The newspapers of our land, especially the great dailies, a great part of them, gave place to the most ridiculous false statements in regard to the effect of depriving (?) soldiers of their beer. In fact, the thing got a going to such an extent that good Christian people — yes, and some ministers of the gospel — believed these ridiculous and unreasonable falsehoods to be facts. They said it seemed, from care- ful reports from good authority, that the canteen was a temperance measure; and then they quoted what the papers said. The Prohibition party, the Anti-saloon League, the W. C. T. U., and other tem- perance organizations, invested both time and money to sift these statements to the bottom. They came out promptly with facts that could not be disputed. They then asked these great dailies, and other papers that have given place to strings of falsehoods in regard to the matter, to please correct, giving them .any quantity of facts, and letters from the proper officials, demonstrating beyond dispute that the newspaper statements were falsehoods, oft- entimes made out of whole cloth, put out by those interested in pushing the liquor- trade. Most of you know how it turned out. Very few indeed of the newspapers gave place to a correction and refutation of these pernicious lies. Sometimes in some obscure corner they put in a very brief note to the effect that the disasters consequent on abolishing the canteen were not so bad after all. Not one of them, that I know of, unless it was a religious paper, apologized for having unwittingly defended the brew- ers, or expressed any regret whatever, that they had been entrapped into serving the prince of darkness. After General Miles came out with his sweeping declaration, the subject seemed to be dropped; and, by the way, it seems to me we temperance peo- ple have not thanked God as we ought to have done for a man in authority, likie Gen- eral Miles, to come forward at such an op- portune moment. If I have not said it be- fore, let me say it here, may God be praised for General Miles; and inay all good men and women stand by him. The inatter seems to have been dropped pretty general- ly; but I for one do not feel like dropping it just yet. I fear the disgraceful and shame- ful example set by these great dailies is go- ing to establish a sort of precedent. Yes, it has already started a fashion of wrong- ing innocent men or an innocent class of people, and then refusing to retract or re- call the wrong statement. I once heard a story of an editor who, by mistake, gave an account of a man's death. The man came into the office considerably stirred up. He stood before the editor, and pointed to the passage. The editor said, " Well, what of it?" "You said I was dead. Now you know I am not dead; you see me standing here before you. I want you to retract and apologize." The editor very mildlj' replied: " No. my friend, we can not say that we were mistaken. An editor never makes a mistake. We will do this, however: We will say you have come to life again; that we have seen you, and know it to be true." Of course, this was sarcasm; but it is a fashion among periodicals ana even home papers that ought to be rebuked. I sup- pose most of you see already what I am driving at. By a mistake or blunder some- where— yes, a stupid, senseless blunder — almost every periodical, big and little, thought it a fine thing to dish before their rea'ers the fact that comb honey is now in this new century really made in large fac- tories, out of glucose and parjiffine. Permit me to say right here the bee-keepers of our land have done nobly in protecting their in- dustry from the damaging scandal. One editor said, in a sort of pleasantry, that he did not know there were so many bee-keep- ers on the face of the earth. Another thing, he did not know what a pugnacious, vin- dictive set of people they were, before. This editor had been a little backward about retracting, and I presume likely his patrons who were producing honey more or less almost snowed him under with pro- tests. He said he would have to buy a big- ger waste-paper basket if the thing kept on; but he finally came out with a pretty good apology. Of course, this story is old, and has been popping up a good many times. It makes one think of the seven times a day mentioned in our text, and it is right we should forgive and forget; but, as I see it, before we do this the editor of the paper needs to make at least some fee- ble attempt to undo his wrong. Does any- body ask ivhat wrong? During the holi- days, when comb honey has usually a large sale, a large dealer in Cleveland, who had a ton or more of honey from us, wrote that, for some reason he could not explain, the sales of honey hiid suddenly dropped, and that at a time of the j'ear when it is very unusual. This dealer had not probably noticed the scandalous statements in the papers. I do not know whether our bee- keeping friends, in writing to these stubborn and contrary editors, told them they could not consent to bring into their homes a pe- riodical that would refuse to correct an in- justice and injury, whether done ignorant- ly and carelessly or not. But I do advise that, when a mild letter to the editor of your home paper fails to stir him up to a sense of justice, you should tell him in plain black and white that he must be fair or you do not want his paper. I think the moral tone of the press the world over would be greatly improved if the editors got more such letters. Dictating to an editor that he should agree with you on politics, 114 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb. 1 finance, or relig-ion, is, of course, another thing; but when you have given him abun- dant proof that he is wronging an innocent class of people, and he refuses even to try to undo the wrong, then with drawyour pat- ronage and support. Our text says, " // he repent, forgive him," even though he should ask to be forgiven seven times in one day. Now, there is another aspect of this mat- ter that not only vexes me but it perplexes me. When the canteen falsehoods were up we could readily understand the editors had some personal interest in the matter, because a great many of them love strong drink. Perhaps I am mistaken in saying this. God knows how gladly I would re- tract and apologize if I could be convinced of my mistake. No doubt many of them had feelings on the subject. Thej' felt hos- tile and bitter toward us temperance peo- ple who were continually trying to curtail their "liberty '" as they expressed it. There was some sense and some reason in their re- fusing to retract and apologize. But how about the bogus comb honey? I suppose a good many papers gave place to the story because people are always interested in be- ing told that this, that, and the other thing is manufactured. The subject of artificial hen's eggs bobs up every little while, and lots of good people whom you would think ought to have some brains in the place where brains are supposed to be, believe it is true! I have never yet heard that any- body believed strawberries are manufactur- ed; but I do not know but it will come next strawberry time. Well, these editors gave place to the comb-honey scare because every- body would lift up their hands and say, "Did you ever!" The father of the family would read the newspaper in silence, until he came to the part about bogus honey; but such a morsel of scandal as that must be read aloud to the whole family, and then the good mother would remark, "Well, I thought that last honey we had tasted a lit- tle queer, and it looked too white and hand- some to be genuine honey. I guess we will not buy any more. " ' Let me tell you a little story about how foolish gossip may harm even a market-gar- dener. When the Stratagem peas first came out I bought quite a lot of the new mammoth pea in order to astonish our pat- rons pleasantly. The first day they were put on the wagon they made quite a sensa- tion, and there were not enough to go round. Pretty soon somebody started the story that these great peas were the result of using night-soil in our market garden; and I was told that one Medina doctor ^?aA people had better not use them, as they might convey contagion. Now, the truth was, we had not used a particle of night-soil on our grounds that .year, and never used any of any account. I told the men on the wagon to contradict the story and explain to the people that it was a new variety, larger than any thing we had ever had before; and I thought of having them carry along a catalog to show our customers a picture and description of the new pea. We should all be exceedingly careful about passing along any piece of news, especially where it is likely to damage innocent hard-work- ing people. Perhaps I might say right here one newspaper was so stubborn, after being repeatedly corrected, the editor still insisted there were large factories where comb honey was produced, and that, in his opinion. The A. I. Root Co. was probably making more of it than anybody else. He said our reward card was simply a blufi^ to hide our real business and work. After his attention was called to the fact that he was liable to fine and imprisonment, he promised to make a retraction; but he would not do it till his friends and fellow-towns- men had urged him to desist from the folly of the course he was taking. '&y the way, if any of you hear such stories as this, you might tell people our establishment is al- ways open to investigation ; there is no locked-up room on the premises, and never has been. Every thing we make and all we handle is open to the inspection of any- body who is curious, providing he will go to the office, make himself known, and get a permit to go through the works. Of course, I am not thinking of personal matters in talking about forgiving and for- getting. If anybody wrongs me individu- ally, and I can not persuade him to make it right, I would, as a rule, call it "spilled milk" and let it drop. But where commu- nity at large is being injured, that is an- other matter. If a man cheats you in a deal, you can forgive it and let it go and treat him pleasantlj'; but if he is engaged in making counterfeit money you would be guilty r6i/^;.?d'//" if you let him goon by fail- ing to report him to the ofiicers of the law. I have never yet been to law with a neigh- bor on account of some personal deal; but where a man persists in slandering our whole industry, I would not only fine and imprison him, but I would send him to jail even though he were poor and needj', unless he retracted and made amends for the mis- chief he had done. Jesus said, "I came not to bring peace but a sword; " and that sword, as I understand it, means that he would uphold the law and punish crime. Again he said, "Think not that I am come to destroy the law or the prophets." We take the following from Agricultural E.vperiinents, published at Minneapolis. As I understand it, the work was done by the editor of the periodical: In the latter part of January, 1901, we sowed several kinds of seeds in a sinall window-box, simply to test their vitality. The lot inrhided two varieties of to- matoes. Acme and Dwarf Champion When from one to two inches high, the young plants were transplant- 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 115 €d ; and when averaging eight or nine inches in height, we decided to give them the better accommo- dation of a hot-bed, then just ready for ihem Each plant was placed in the center of a quart-sized straw- berry-box ; the boxes were closely packed in order in the frame, and enough dirt put in to cover them to the depth of fully two inches. When the plants were too high for the frame, we placed another 12-inch board on top, and our memorandum shows that, by April "29, the foli ige was pressing against the glass, and the first blossoms were in evidence. The plants had also been allowed considerable fresh air on warm days, to harden them for the next and final change. The transplanting to the open ground occurred about May 10, into a sheltered spot on the south side of a "barn. The setting was quite deep, in some cases cov- ering six or eight inches of the stalks No pruning was done a that time, nor were the plants trained or tied up at any time thereafter, excepting as necessary to keep them off the ground. Aliout (io plants made up the collertion, and they had been held back as much as possible in their growth up to this time. But from this time on we did all, we could to hasten their development. Every night for two or three weeks the plants were •carefully covered, each one having a gunny sack drawn down over it, supported on stakes. i,ater in the .'rea- son, in caring for more than a th usand plants before danger from frost was past, we found other methods of protection, simpler and more effective. Now for re-ults. I find these entries in n\y diary : June 27. — Picked the first ripe tomato. July 1. — Took s X pounds of choice tomatoes to the city. July 11.— To day Yerxa paid me $2.25 for 18 pounds of tomatoes : very smooth and handi5ome. Further items of this kind might be taken from my cash-book, but I think I have given sufficient proof that early tomatoes can be grown in this latitude in the open ground, if started properly. Comparing this record with the published report of experiments with 66 varieties tested in one season at the New Hampshire State Experiment Station, I find rea.soii to call my first products "early." Their record of first pickings is as follows : From one kind, July S; from three varieties, July 16; one the 18th ; ten the 21th ; one the 27th ; seven the 29th. The first fruits of 23 kinds came in July, and of 33 varieties from Aug. 1 to 21. Average date for the entire lot, August 2. In my unprofessional experiment I have established a record which I expect to beat in the future. The above is not a difficult thing to do, as I have demonstrated again and again, by starting tomatoes in the greenhouse. The price of the early tomatoes is always enotigh to pay handsomely for all time and trouble. And this is not all. If you are located near the road where yoti can show good strong thrifty tomato-plants growing in quart boxes, you can sell almost any quantity at from 5 to 10 cents each. Where they have blossoms on, or, better still, small fruit, there is no trouble in getting 10 cents for a plant, box and all. The Dwarf Cham- pion is an excellent tomalo for this purpose. But the new plant called Earliest in the World will give you tomatoes quicker, and the plant blossoms when so small that it is an excellent one to go in boxes. Now is the time to sow your seeds if you want to try your hand at it. FLOWERS THAT DO NOT FADE. I have been having much enjoyment lately in that little greenhouse, and I want you to share part of it in something I am going to tell you about. A vase of flowers, even if it is only a very small vase and a few little blossoms, adds much to the charm of the breakfast-table — j'es, the dinner-table and the supper-table too. But it is something of a task for the good wife to keep stich a vase bright and fresh; and in the winter time it is not always easy to find the "posies." Now, I will tell you what you are to do. Get a rather deep sauce-plate — a square one if you can find it. Fill it with some sort of white sand — silver sand, for instance; or, if you can not do any bet- ter, get a piece of soft white sandstone and pound it up. I got mine by the side of the railroad track. It ran out of the sand-box of the locomotive. It is almost as white as sugar. Now, having wet this sand so it is about like mud, fill it with cuttings. In the corners I would put some sprigs of ly- copodium, for instance; a little further back put some California moss, or what florists call mesembryanthemum; then put in some sprigs of geranium, pelargonium, salvia, etc. I have mentioned salvia because it (especially the golden leaf) grows so rapid- ly from cuttings. Get a sprig of bloom for the center if you can; then take slips from any sort of house-plants. Ivy geranium takes hold beautifully. Of course, coleus is prettier than almost any thing else; but your dining-room mtist be very warm if y )u want it to thrive. Select slips from almost any sort of plant with a bud on, and they will blossom in the sand jtist about as well. Now all yoti have to do is to keep the sand wet. You all know about starting gerani- um and other plants in a bottle of water. Well, this is on the same principle. But a bottle is unsightly any way you can man- age it. A tiny dish of white sand kept wet will not only keep blooms of almost any kind better than any vase, but most plants will start and grow. Your greatest difficulty will be that the air of your living-room may be too dr}\ To obviate this, you want a glass vase, or any kind of glass dish or cov- er, to set over your little cutting-bed (only at meal time) to hold the dampness. With a little ingenuity you can manage it so as to have a bouquet of flowers and beautiful sprigs of foliage that will be growing all winter long. When 3'our plants have roots half an inch long, put them in little pots and you will soon get to be a florist on a small scale. Yoti can get sprigs and cuttings from any other kind of house-plant. If there are no house-plants in your home, go visiting to your neighbors who have them. I forgot to say that Impatiens stiltani is one of the very prettiest plants for this method of propagation. It needs, however, like the coleus, to be in a room that is rath- er warm, say 50 to 60 at night, and 65 to 70 in the daytime. Now, bear in mind if you shotild at any time let the sand get dry, your ctittings, or at least most of them, will "go dead." S. W. Pike, of St. Charles, 111., will furnish you rooted cuttings of all the plants I have mentioned, and ever so many more, for 2 to 5 cts. each; lower prices still by the dozen. All who are interested in house- plants had better send for his little catalog of rooted cuttings. 116 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb, 1 THE "red-albumen" SWINDLE. This thing that has been having- the run of the papers has been finally traced to the notorious "Bain," of Zanesville, O. Not only have the poultry-men been swindled, but , the drug-gists as well. The article sold as red albumen at 50 to 75 cts. per lb. is real- ly worth onU' 3 or 4 cts. ; and its worth for making- " hens lay " is just nothing- at all. If you have a friendly interest in your druggist, tell him he had better let the stuff alone, even if everybody is inquiring about it and wanting it. Somebody is go- ing to "get left" with a stock of it on hand. COLD-WAVE FORECASTS AND THE WEATHER BUREAU. Some of our readers m^y have noticed that on Friday, Jan. 24, the Weather Bu- reau said a cold wave would reach us b}'^ Sunday or Sunday night. This, you will notice, was a forecasting three days ahead. Well, Saturday night came, and Sunday and Sunda}' night, with no cold wave in sight. A good many began to ridicule the Weather Bureau. But by Monday morning there had been a fall of 3>S° in 12 hours. The explanation was that a warm wave swept in from an unexpected quarter, and crowded the cold wave back. Sunday aft- ernoon, however, I received a teleg-ram that the cold wave would be on hand Monday morning sure; and it is here yet, Jan. 31. The only trouble in this case was that the forecast was driven back so that it was from 30 to 36 hours late. BERT COOK, PRESIDENT OF THE MICHIGAN STATE ASSOCIATION OF FARMERS' CLUBS. For several j'cars I have been wondering why Bert Cook, son of Prof. A. J. Cook, had not been pulled forward a little more into public life — something like the life of his fa- ther, for instance, during the early and middle part of his life in Michigan; hence I was greatly pleased to find in the Michi- gan FavDier for Jan. 18 a most excellent picture of Bert Cook, or A. B. Cook, as the}^ call him, with the notice that he had been chosen President of the State Association of Farmers' Clubs. I know something of j'oung Cook's ability, from having met him many times at his father's home; and I do know, too, that his lamented mother was a jewel among women. With such a parent- age it has seemed almost wrong to me that 3'oung Cook should continue hiding his light under a bushel, even if he does enjoy him- self more alone out on the farm than any- where else. When he gets to be sixty or more, we will try to excuse him, and let him go off, even into the big back woods of his beautiful State, if he feels like it. Just now, however, we want him in the front, where he can do his native State such a service as his excellent training and parent- age have so eminently fitted him for. SPRAYING FRUIT=TREES. The question of spraying fruit-trees to prevent the depredations of insect p"e>ts and fungus diseases ia no longer an experiment Init n nf-cessity. Our readers will do w,rll tu write Wni. Stahl, Quincy, III., and get his catalog de.-^cribing twenty-one styles of Spraying Outfits, and full treatise on spraying the different fruit and vegetable crops, which contain much valuable information, and may be had for the asking. BERMUDA With cable communication and equable win- ter temperature of 70 degrees, is reached in 48 hours from New York by the elegant steamers of the Quebec Steamship Compa- ny, sailing every ten days up to January, and then every five days. The situation of these islands — south of the Gulf Stream — renders FROST UNKNOWN, and the porous coral formation prevents ma- laria. The Quebec Steamship Company also despatches highest class passenger steamers every ten days for ST. THOMAS, SANTA CRUZ, ST. KITTS, ANTIGUA, GUADALOUPE, DOMINICA, MARTIN- IQUE, ST. LUCIA, BARBADOS, DEM- ERARA, and the principal WEST INDIA ISLANDS, aff'ording a charming tropical trip at a cost of about $4 a day. For de- scriptive pamphlets, dates of sailing and passa.ges, apply to A. E. OUTERBRIDGE & CO., Agents, 39 Broadway. New York. ARTHUR AHERN. Sec. Quebec. Canada. For Sale. — Choice amber comb honey, in 24-lb. cases, at lie. Edw. Wilkinson, Wilton, Wis. For Sale.— F.xtracted honey from alfalfa, in 60-lb. cans, tinted or white, 7 cts. a lb. Also honey in small friction-top pails. M. P. Rhoads, l,as Animas. Col. Wanted— Comb and extracted honey. State price, kind, and quantity. R. A. Burnett & Co., 199 South Water St., Chicago, 111. 190- CJ LEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKP:. 117 Our Seeds, Plants, Roses, Trees, Etc., advertise themselves. The ben* alwnyB oheanest- Try us. our foods and prices will please jou. We have hundreds of car oads of Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Ro«oB. PlnniR, etc. We send by mail postpaid Seeds, Itulbs, PluiitH, KimeH. NinuU Trees, etc.. safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed, larger by express or freight. Our l^utuiouue, an elegant book, magazine size, profusely illustrated, tells it all, Free. Send for it today and see what, values we give for a little money. 4b years. 44 gieenhouses. lOOU acres. TS^E STORRS & HARRISON CO., Box 157, Painesville, O. j PLAMERS The above cut shows one of our small Planer*, of which we make twelve different styles and sizes. Also large Planers, Band Saws, Buzz Planara, Moulders, Wood Lathes, and all kinds of WOOD WORKING MACHINERY Send for Catalogue. The FRANK MACHINERY CO. BUFFALO, N. Y. Union Combination Saw For Ripping, Cross- cutting, Rabbeting, Mitering, (Grooving, Gaining, Boring, Scroll sawing. Edge - moulding. Beading. Full line FOOT and HAND POWEE niachin- erv. Send for calalot; A. SENECA PALLS MFG. CO., 44 Water St., Seaeea Fa,. N.r. ^OOD SEEDS CHEAP ^ "" ^ BEST in the world. None licttcr, and none lower price. Gieat Big Catalogue FKEK. Nice big Pictnies ol eveiy variety. Seeds Ic. per pack'g & up. A l.ig lot of extra pack'gs; new sorts presen- Xted FREE with everj' order. Buy ^ ■- direct froii the Grower to get Good Seeci. "^^^irvw^"^^ fo^' ''i- FREE BOOK." R.H.SHUMWAY 2R0CKFORD, ILL. Hardy sorts, Nursery grown, for wind- breaks, ornament and fiedges. I'repaid.Sl lu.SlO per KlU-DUCIreatB.ircains to select from. Write at once for free Catalogus and Hargain Sheet. Local Agents wiiiiled. D.Hill,iplcLrrs?.Dundee,ill. ■kHII H lilneUberrieA, GooHcberrieH, ^nHIB B _ I>e»' berries, Currauti>,GrapeH, ■ ■.•#■ ■ I Straw berri«-8, etc. I KUaraiitee every jilant to be true to name and variety and to be htrontr, beaKby, well roote Our Automatic fahinel at $17.75 r A S II llfYFRS- TNIIIN. l>pot. A-'t.-., ril' I REKEIUAT^ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ \ White Wyandottes ! % ♦ Bred from Dnstin's best. Some fine ^ J cockerels on hand already to ship. ♦ J J. F. MOORE, TIFFIN, OHIO. % ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦ 118 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb. 1 SEEDS ARE THE THAT CAN BEST BE GROWN I BH 11^1 \0 If you want the choicest vegetables or most beautiful flowers you should read BURPEE'S FARM ANNUAL FOR 1902,— so well known as the " Leading American Seed Catalogue." It is mailed FREE tO all. Better send your address TO-DAY. W. ATLEE BURPEE &. CO. ,** PH I L A D E LPH I A . You will never knowwhatareally fine flavored tomato is until you try this one. It is enrly, hardy, free Irom blleht. will not eriick nor fcnld. Reniarlrably solid. full fleshed and tree from seeds. It is of most desirable market size, handsome color, larg:e y ielderand a good ship- per and keeper. HasyieldedSOObus. per acre; 36 made a bu. We control nil tlieoeed Vritefor large Illus- trated Catalog of everythinLrfortlie farm and garden. Mailed free. Established 1S18. J.Bolgiano&Son.Dep. 0 .Baltimore. Md. The DEMING Field SpraLyer tor spiaying po- tato plants, straw- berry and cotton plants, small nur- sery stock, etc! The pu- /\ "'■ tato spray- ing appliance shown in the cut above differs from the usual spray in pr outfit in that it is inexpensive. The outfit may be placed n th -^ end of any wagon or truck, and a sec- tion of hose connected with spray pump. One man candoallthe work without vva.ste of material. Our free catalog explains our full line of pumps, spr.iy- ers, and treatment for diseases of trees, plants, etc. THE DEMINQ COMPANY, SALEM, OHIO. Western Agents, Ileiilon A llubbell, Chicuero,llI. 12 3 4 5 6 cr t Ifl Couivt the Chicks as tliey come out. Then count thf eggs, and you will si'e why so many people are using Successful Incubators and Brooders, The healthy egg becomes the vigorous, huskv, m.meymaking hen. You will want our beauti- fully illustrated c^ttalogue. Five different edi- tions in five languages. Knglisli edition 4 cents; others free. It is a poultry Bible. Des Moiives IncubsLtor Co., Box 503, Des Moines, la., or Box 503, Buffalo, N.Y. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 119 THE CYPHERS INCUBATOR IS THE STANDARD HATCHER OF THE WORLD. lUsed withunitorm success on tweiily-six Uovernnieiit Kxperiment Stations in ihe U. S., Canada, Australia and New Zealand; also by America's leadin;? poultrymen and many thousands of persons in every walk of life. Guaranteed to give satisfaction or price refunded. The original and only eeiiiiine iioii-moUtiire liic-iibator, fully covered by patent. Winner of GOLD MEDAL AND HIGHEST AWARD AT THE PAN-AMERICAN, Ooi 1901 riustratcd.descriiillvi'.Sa page c-ircular FREE. Complfte new cataloc'ie for 1TO2 contaiiiinr; 1 '.16 pages, 8x11 Inches in «1M, for Idc m Btampi to piy postage. lUualrates over lOO of America's largest and most Bucceasful poultry plants. Ask for Book No. 74 and address nearest office. Cyphers Incubator Co., Buffalo, N. Y., Chicago, III., Boston, Mass., New York, N.Y. Every Hen a Paying Hen N'^thinK protluces eggs or promotes growth like it. NO machine j^ann^g ^q„q CuttCP >t„del IF YOU FEED RAW CUT BONE owth like it. No machi does as good work as New design, open hopper, enlarged table, iievr device to control fted. You can set it to suit any strength Neverciogs. SentonTEN DAYS FREE TRIAL, Nomoni'yaskeci for until \ ou prove ■ ur (iiiarauteb on your own |iremise8, that out new model wil cut any kind of bone with ailherinsr meat and giislle. taster and eas'cr and in better shape than an; oth-r type of bone cutter. Ifv..u don't like it, «en.l it ba.k at our expense. Pret Cat'lg explain." a I*. "W. M.A.3VIV €«; CJO., IBoac 3"7, Milfor-ci, 2 Manufacturers of Clover Cutters, Granite Crystal Grit, Corn Shellers, etc. Every Chicken Man Needs a green bone cutter. The Adam alone is ball henring, it deans itself, it cannot become clogged or choked, it is fed at the pleasure of tiie oper- ator. You will want to know of it. Send for our lUustiated Catalogue No. S9, before you buy. Sent Free, W. tl. ADAM, Joliet, ills. Bushels of Eggs if you get a fast cutting l>nii£U, Florin, Fa. DO YOU GET GOODHATCHESr Feed cut green boue. promote ft ity and vualitv.and e t good hatches. trHUMPHREY Green Bone #\||^^m ' andVegelable VM I I til ' the open hopper kind. Nofu^snor bother. Guaranteed to cut tuore bone with less labor than any other. Men* y back if di' satistied. Send tor book contain. ng egg record and blanks for a whole year. HUMPHREY & SONS, Box 51, Joliet, III. S.iles Agents— Joseph Breck & Sens, Boston, Mas-. ;,lohnson& Stokes,Ph 1- adelphia; linffitti & Turner Co., Balti- more; Sure Hatch Incub.tor Co., Clay Center, N b. ; E.J.Bowen, Portlan'i, Or. g..n; Seattle, Wash., a. d San JUST AS NATURAL oid^; and a pood deal more reliable. Doesn t break i ta eggs or make its chicks lousy. Uoesn'tstay oft the nestand allow the eggs ■>tochill but hatches every egg that can be hatched. THE PETALUMA INCUBATOR Jsabsolotely perfect as to Incnbator essentials— proper application and distributionof heal and molstare, reu-ulatiun and ventilation. ror54to324eiBS, We Pay Freliihtanjwhrreln U. S. Catalog free. PETALUMA INCl KATOK CO., Box 125* Petaloma, California, or Box l',2o, Indianapolis, lnd« /iNce A MILLION TE5TinONIAL5i 130 DAYS TRIAL four 50 egg compartment hatchers I have advantages over al 1 other incia- bators. Bantams at $5, 89,50 and J15 for i50. 100 and 200 egg sizes. Hatch every good Ret^nlatinp V ^^regg. Send 2 cents for No.64 catalogue. BCOKETE IJNCL'BA'IOUCU., Springfield. Ohio. 200-Egg Incubator for $ 1 2-80 Perfect in construction and action. Hatches every fertile egg. Write for catalogue to-day. GEO. H. STAHL, Quincy, III. lOULTRY PAPER FREE. PI Your i.ame auu aduress oa postal cara maileu to l.eluible I'uullrt Juuriiu., Uuiiicy, liliiiuls, will bring you tree sample with elenant tuU-page color plate irontispieco showing in natural colors a pair of standard fowls, reproduced from oil painting by Frank L. Sewell. World's greatest poultry artist. Sixty-eight to lOo pages monthly, 50 cents a year. &KHO T0.1>A¥ van. FitEE SAMPLE. 120 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb. 1 »♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ »♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦ ♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦ ^ Marshfield Manufacturing Company. I Our specialty is making SECTIONS, and they are the best in the market. Wisconsin basswood is the right kind for them. We have a full line of BEE - SUPPIylES. Write for FREE illustrated catalog and price list. Marshfield Manufacturing Company, Marshfield, Wisconsin. I Sections! $1.50 I Januarj' 1 we commence making ex- tensive improvements in our factorj- and warehouse. The following regular No. 2 sections are on hand, and we de- sire to sell them before beginning the improvements, as they will be in the way. In order to sell them quickly, we make the low price of J1.50 per 1000 in any quantity. 420M 4i^x4icri|)tion to our Ifi-p. journal if interested in fowls, and sef our FREE-Eor, plun. Addre.ss The Farm & Poultry News, B.2 702, Uiddlesboro, K7. i BEE SUPPLIES! • Complete Line • • Nlanufacturers' Prices. • Send for Our Catalog. . FRED W.MUTH& CO., Cincinnati. South-west Corner Front & Walnut. QUEENS FOR 1902 Having secured from G. M. Dojlittle the breeding queen from which his apiary was stocked, that pro- duced such excellent resuhs in comb honey the past season, and being now entirely recovered from my illness of the past few vears, I am largely increasing my queen-rearing facilities ; and there will be no delay in filling \'our orders whether it be for one or lOl) queens. Those needing queens in early spring, and who require the best golden stock for honey- gathering, mailed promi)tly, and at verv reasonable prices, «ill find mine to be of the HIGHEST QU.AL,- ITY and INDIVIDUAL MERIT, as I am taking unu- sual care at all stages of their development, to insure the most favorable and natural conditions. No virgins are caged, nor are my queen-cells shifted about several times before hatching. I have also an excellent breed- er from J. B Case, as well as a Laws breeder, and one of Victor's Root Red-clover strain, and • ther choice stock; and am sparing no expense or 1 ibor to produce only the best queens. Your orders will be appreciated and promptly attended to. Circulars free. Geo. J. Vande Vord, Daytona, Florida. 1902 ITALIAN QUEENS. From imported and home-bred mothers, bv up- up-to-date methods. Tested, S2.00 Untested, .f I 00 ; six, $5.00 ; twelve, S9.00. Full colony, 80.00 ; three-frame, fi.OO; two-frame, $2..^i0; add the price of queen. Discount on large orders. Write for circul.ir. Rufus Christian, Heldriin, Georgia. iiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii kOOT'S GOODSJ IN CENTRAL MICHIG.AN. Best = goods; best shipping-point: cheap : est place to buv in state. Try me. Z List. W. D. Scper, Et. 3, Jackson,' Mich, r ■■■■iiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiir Q llff»n« f Untested, $1.00 U&dl9 • ward See former ads. and circular, tested, $1.25 and up- er ads. and circula J. B. Case, Port Orange, Florida. COR SALE.— Will sell cheap, one 10 h. p. engin *^ with upright boiler all complete. J. W. BITTENBENDER, KnOXvillc, lowa. FOR SALE. $1200 for oOO hives of bees in three api- aries. The sale of honey and wax from these bees in the last three years has been $;W00. For par- ticulars write to Wm. "G. Hewes, Bakersfield, Calif. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 121 r^T^Jill iMiTH Premier Typewriter SIMPLE, DURABLE ALWAYS RELIABLE A dollar of service for every dollar of cost. That is the record. Illustrated book free. :The: Smith Premier Typewriter Co. ■58 f^rospeuit., CLEVtLAND, OHIO. Listen, Bee-keepers! The Lone Star Apiarist A new bee-journal in the great South- west, the Texas bee-keepers' paradise. It will tell you of more glorious fields in the counties south of Uvalde, superior to and more abundant in honey-yielding flora, promising to be one of the great- est honey-producing sections in the world. With flow- ing well';, and the planting of fields of alfalfa in addi- tion to the fine natural resources there already. Its editor will tell about his extended trip through this wonderful land. Subscribe now, $1 a year. T\\q Apiarist is not only for the South, but for all America and foreign countries too. Our company has purchased the Southland Queen, and now we have the only bee-journal in the South. THE LONE STAR APIARIST. Louis Scholl. Editor. Floresville, Texas. 10 CENTS That's all it costs to get acquainted with the Rocky Mountain Bee Journal. We want to send it on trial to every reader of Gleanitifcs Tliree Months for 10 cts. This vigorous young month- ly has just entered its second year on a paying basis, and has become the recognized mouilipiece of tlie bee- keepers of the great Rocky Mountain alfalfa regions. Address The Rocky IVIountain Bee Journal, Box 611. Boulder. Colorado. POULTRY PAPER 3 Honths and hook, "Plans for Poultr.v-liouses,"10 cts. Paper ono .vear and book, 'J5 cts, if ,vou meat ion Gleanings (rPK. price. 50 cts). Inland Poultry Journal, Indianapolis, Indiana. To make cows pay, use Sharpies Cream Separators. Book " Business Dairyin? " & cat. 288 free. W. Chester. Pa. " Things are not what they seem." "A chain is no stronger than its weakest link." Seams are the 'weak links f^ in metal boxes when exposed k| to the weather — therefore, a IQI seemingly safe Mail Box with many seams, is not what it seems. The safe way is to use the practically seamless. Heavy Steel Plate Box made oiily by tlie Bond Steel Post Co., Adrian, Mich. DON'T MAKE THE same mistake twice. Buy The PAGE this time. Page Woven Wire Fence Co., Box S, Adrian, Michigan. Do You Read the Modern Farmer? If not, why not? Perhaps you have never seen a copy. If not, send for one now — it's free. Send us lo cents and the 7iaines and addresses of five farmers and we ivill s< nd you the paper one year. Clubbed with this paper. Write for price. Address MODERN FARMER, = St. Joseph, Missouri. AMERICAN Ten sample copies, separate issues, 10 cts. Published at GARDENING, 126 Liberty St., N. Y. BELGIAN HARES ! With every hare sold goes a full pedigree, register number, and score-card, scored by an olllcial judge. Does will be bred to one ,. of our famous hieh- scoring bucks free. vi,,> ,AA Write for book. Mgr. of The A. I. Koot Co. ^ .o^yky J. B. MASON. MECHANIC FALLS. MAINE. 122 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb. 1 /^i "^•^^S^^ ^ Faclbry^ Cost. We are giving our customers the benefit of Aft jobbers prices on tarriages, liarness and ot lier ^/xro I liorse accessories. Factory titnires are >fe/ inoi * (luoted— dealers protlts are eliiiiniated. Afl You Gef the Profits ^' In addition we Rive you selection from 'iJk L ft tlie largest stock in the world of liigli CKIV (» grade velucles and guarantee satisfaction IT? ♦ or money returned. Send for catalogue S\ 'and see how much you will save. \\X Shipment from Columbus. The COLUMBUS CARRIAGE & HARNESS CO J write to nearest ofHce{ g'j^jLO}'/,^;^,?;^;^^^^ I Selling Direct. We are the larpjest manufac- turers of vehiclesanu h-irness in the world selling to consum- ers, and we ha^e been doing business in this way for 29 years. WE HAVE NO AGENTS butship anywhere for examination guaranteeing bale delivery. You are out nothing if not 'satisfied. We mal;e 195 styles of vehicles and 65 styles of harness. Our prices represent the cost ot material and maldng, plus one profit. Our large free catalogue shows complete line. Sendforit. Elkhart Carriage & Harness Manufacturing Co.,Elkhart,lnd. Price 124 fs fine a-J sella for 16.00 to J8.00 more POPULAR TOOLS FOR MARKET GARDENERS SEE SEED DROP MEW UNIVERSAL Double Wheel II oe. Cultivator, KaKe, anJ Plow. Adjusta- ble Arcn Single Wheel Hoe Cultivator, Plow ami Kake, for be- tween row cultivation. Kuns easily. vheel combined. Hish Arch Exp: __oe is double and Adjustable to any depth. New Liiiversal Drill & Cultivator The only implement made which can used as seeder and cultivator 1 or2wheelsas desired. Quicli-' ly changed. All Kinds of Labor-SavIng Atfachmenfs. All oup implements are guararteed made of best mnterlaU tinely finished and have tough Oak bent handlei* Popular Prices Improved for I902. Send for catalog describing complete Une and book. AMES PLOW COMPANY, 88 Market Street, BOSTON, MASS. «ooi», ii<»\K Warranted. Catalog Free. rOU£D SPKINO FENCE tO., Box 101 Wincliester, Indiana. U. d. ^ 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 123 SPLIT HICKORY VEHICLES We put our honor agrainst yours. If you want a new buggy or carriage this season, and would like not only to see it set up. but to use it and satisfy yourself that itisabargaiu, we will .ship you oneon Thirty Days* Free Trial. We believe our Split Hickory Vehicles are the best on the mar- ket at any price, aL.d v\ e Leht ve you will give them a fair trial. If after thirty days you are not satisfied, return them to us. Ihere will be nothing to pay. All this is fully explained in our new illustrated catalogue, which is free. Besides vehicles it shows a full line of harness. OHIO CAR.IUAGC MFG. CO., Station 27, Clnclmuti, Oliio. S,%:i 16-SIZE WATCHES -(5- $12.55 JEWEL $10.50 GOLD FILLED These are the popular 16-size, smaller than regular 18- size and more convenient for the pocket. Open Face, Stem Wind and Sefm The movciiirnt Is nickel witli 15 jewels, settings, exposed pallets, cut expansion balunce, patent breguet hairspring, nard- ened and tempered in form, pntent mierometrlc regulator, tem- pered steel t-afety barrel, exposed winding wheels, polished and red gilded center wheel and jewel settings. Choice of eMter Elgin or Waltltant ntovemenf. We have these fitted in two styles of cases, both open face, as follows : These are handsom- $ I 9 , S 5 elv engraved, gold- "■^■'f Guaranteed for 20 joars. filled and warranted Dol'vered by makers to wear 20 years or will be replaced free. With this case you will have a watchequal to any in appearance and a guaranteed timekeeper. SILVEROSB. .i^!^^&^^^:^^T^S^i^l $10.50 Delivered throu!:rh, and is not plated in any wav. We use it because many people want a farst-cla-s nioyiv ment but do not care for an extra fine ca=e. Just the thin^ for everyday use as it is lieavj with thick crystal to protect the works. Our snpplv of these is limited, so do not wait too long, ^om pare our prices with retailers and see thp savinar.^ Eemember that these are the popular ib-size thin model and much lianrlier than oM st'le IS-size. GUAPaNTEED EXACTLY AS REPRESENTED. We will rofnnd money if not satisfactory or send them bv e^nress C. O. T). siibject to exami- nation. Address OHIO FAKMEE, Cleveland, Ohio. Like Haviiv^ A Doctor in the Ho\jse to have a copy of our Mammoth Illustrated Catalogue of Drugs, fledicines, etc. It con- tains anything you could possibly want for the treatment of any disease of either man or beast. It contains over 15000 drugs, medicines, home remedies, veterinary remedies, trusses, in= struments, extracts, paints, oils, etc. We guarantee to save you from 1.5 to 75 % ou any article you buy from this catalogue. These books cost us ff3. each. We mail them to you for 10 cents and refund that amount with the first order you send us. Order a copy at once and keep it handy. You can never tell how soon you may be in need of medicine. Remember: We are "The Only Mi33 Order Drug House in the World." Heller CKemice.! Co.. ^!f„Y<^:ja"o*.'*iLL. 124 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb. 1 TpECIAb^NOTjcEs BY ^1 |_wi'i n||<;|NF<;«; MANAGE BUSINESS MANAGER COMB HONEY. When in need of comb honey let us supply you, as we have a large slock to select from Our stock of ex- tracted is very low, and we shall be pleased to get samples and prices from those having choice extracted for sale. BEESWAX WANTED. Our very large reserve stock of beeswax is vanish- ing rapidly in foundation orders being filled at the rate of two or three tons a week. W e are, therefore, in need of more beeswax ; and until further notice we will pay 27 cents cash, 29 in trade, for average wax de- livered here. Send on your wax if you have any ready to ship. MAPLE SUGAR AND SYRUP. Those in need of maple sugar will do well to simple the lot we have to offer. It is very nice and cheap when you consider the scant slock to be had in the country Price 10c per lb in small lots; tic by the bar- rel. We have also secured a nice lot of syrup, which we can furnish at Jl.OO per gallon, in five-gallon lots or over. Special Notices by A. I. Root. We have just printed for Flan.sburgh & Peirson, I,es- lie, Mich., their annual catalog of strawberry, ra-p- berry, and blackberry plants, and potatoes. All inter- ested in the very best that is raised in this line should send for this catalog. Their specialty this year is the Uncle Jim strawberry and the King of Michigan pota- to. As we are U' w out of the slravvberrypl.int busi- ness we would refer our friends to the above firm. GRAND RAPIDS LETTUCE-PLANTS, ETC. For immediate orders we can furnish nice tran.s- planted plants at 30 cts. per 100; tf2 50 per lOOO. If wanted by mail, add 10 cts. extra per 100. Seedling plants, before they have been transplanted, half the above prices, and postage one-half. Any customer for either sbeds or plants may have "a small pincn " of Eu- gene Davis' ■' Gilt Edge " Grand Rapids .stock seed free if he will just mention it. This should be used for growing seed. SEED POTATOES SI ILL SMALLER THAN THE SFCONDS. Besides the seconds at ¥2.00 a barrel, mentioned in our last issue, we have a limited amount of thirds of Bliss Triumph, Early Ohio, Bovee, .Sir Waller, New Rus-set, and Craig Those who wish to risk these for seed can have them, while the supply lasts, for, '/< peck, 10 cts.; peck, lo; Vj bushel, 2-"). They will grow all right, and with a longer sea'-on on good ground they will make a fair crop of good size. OF course, it takes them longer to get started. These potatoes are about the size of hickorynuts, some of them a little larger. THE A B C OF STRAWBERRY CULTURE, NEW EDI- TION, REVISED AND GREATLY ENLARGED. This is just now off the press. The first edition was published in 1890 Part 2 is a review of the progress made in the past 12 year-;, from ISOO to Ui02, with sketches of strawberry culture in different localities all over our country. Part 1 is mainly by T. B. Terry ; part 2 by A. I Root. There are 285 pages all together in the new edition, and 81 illustrations. The price has been advanced to -15 cts.; bv mail, 50, in leatherette and gold; bound in cloth, (iS cts.; by mail. 75 We think the book is well worth the money to anybody who grows strawberries even on a small scale There has been one pleasing thing about all of these books by Terry; and that is, the demand for them has been much greater after being before the public for eight or ten years than when first published. Chamberlain, of Hudson, O. (as he is an expert in making maple syrup), to see if the book needed revi- sion or an appendix to bring it up to date. After hav- ing given the book a careful examin.ation, and sending for circulars from all those who furnish implements, pans, spiles, etc., for the industry, he replies as follows: Hurlson, Ohio, Jan 25. Mr. a. I. Root:— I had no expense, fxcept a little postage in writ ing for circulars, which (the circulars) are worth more than the postage to me, for the.v show me I am up to date in m.v own methods, and that Prof, ('ook's excellent little book is reall.v and essentially up to date too. W. I. Chamberlain. I preferred to get the opinion of some one well post- ed in regard to the book, as we did not wish to furnish our patrons with a book or any thing else out of date ; and just now is the se;ison of the year for you to get the book to study it up, even if you have but little to do with making maple syrup or maple sugar. Price of the book, 25 cts.; by mail, 30 cts. ANEROID BAROMETERS. .Some of our friends will remember I have had trou- ble in getting aneroid barometers that could be sent by mail without injury. One trouble was that I could not find where these barometers were made. I have now succeeded, however, in getting most beautiful and accurate instruments direct from the manufacturers. One is made in the old country, and the other one here in America. I am testing them careful y to see which is the better. Both instruments are so substan- tially made that I think they can be safely sent by mail -at least our experiments in the matter so far are a .success. Best of all. by buying at headquarters I can keep the old price, $2.60 each, jf sent by mail. 20 cts. more for postage and packing. Where you can have them sent by express, however, with other goods, I believe I would advise so doing. I have for some lime had two of these instruments hanging up beside my mercuiial barometer, and tliey agree most beautifully. The aneroid, however, is rather more .sensitive to changes than the old mercurial. For myself, while I am engaged in any kind of outdoor work I woiild al- most as soon be without a clock as a barometer. Print- ed directions accompany each instrument OUR BOOK ON M.\PLE-SUGAR MAKING. As it has been some years since this book was writ- ten by Prof. Cook, I "recently submitted it to Prof. OUR GARDEN SEEDS. When we first started in the seed business I under- took to grow a large part of the seeds we offered for sale. This I found to be impracticable Our trade did not re<|uire enough to make a great business of seed-growing. I found I could get seeds not only cheaper, but oftentimes better, by buying them of .somebodv who made a specialt\-, as H A. March does with cabbage and caulirtower. or Clark with corn. Therefore we have been getting more and more into a way of having our seeds grown for us by experts, each in his separate line of seeds. This year more of our seeds are grown especially lor us than ever before. Our onion seed and many other seeds are grown in California. We agreed to take a certain amount at a specified price before the se d was planted to grow the crop We thus know we have abso utely fiesh seed and nothing else — that is, knowing the man or firm that does the growing. Our tests in the greenhouse have .'-hown better germination than ever before. Even the onion se d that I offered at luilf price on page 3U— seed th it is a year old— germinates almo.st as well as fresh seed. Another thing, where the seed is grown especially for the seedsman it is next to impos- sible that the seed sho Id not be true to name. We shall be glad to mail our .-eed catalog for 1902 on ap- plication. THE NEW HAND POTATO-PLANTER. I have used the hand potato-planter long enough to give it a fair trial, but I can'f -ay that I like it. It goes too slowly. In fact, T prefer to plant almost any other way. I have used a horse idanter, but prefer to mark out the ground, drop by hand, and cover with horse. H. A. SiMON. Warren, C, Jan. 8. The Acme potato-planter wa.s a grand success with me. I planted on ground that was not furrowed, and it planted too deep ; so I tied a one-inch block under the lever, and it was all right. I planted some on tough sod, and it did the work all right. I let one of my neighbors fake it to use, and he said he would like to get one like it. I would not do without it for foir times its cost. M. Wtbick. Cascade, la., Jan. 7. The new potato-planter is a success with me. I have only a large garden, and have the soil worked deep, and tinely pul- verized, rolled level, and planted under a line. My plat is high and dry, and in so doing the moisture is retained by level working, not being ridged at all. I think some soils may not have enough sand, and the planter may not clean itself ; but I find that, if we use reason, we can soon work i9o: GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 125 the tool to perfection. I iilso use it to plant corn. Tarn well pleased with the planter. S.S. Fetherolf. Era, O., Jan. 8. We sold over 200 of ihese planters last season ; and, notwithslanding mj' invitation, only three people as above have made any reply. My impression is that friend Simon did not' get the hang of the tool or else he is too old a man to learn new tricks no disrespect meant by this. If he had given it to a good stout hoy, and the boy had fnith enough to follow his instructirtis, his verdict might have been more like that of the other two friends. I am glad to tell our customers that, by having a ver}' large lot of these planters made up ilur- ing the dull season, we can, this j'ear. make the low price of GO cts. each; three or more, 55 cts. each; half a dozen or more, an even 50 cts. A descriptive circular will be sent on application TO NEW jer.sk;y beekeepers Several of our progressive States have one or two bee-keepers' associations, and New Jer.sey should be able to place one to her credit with several hundred active bee-men If time was ever opportune for an as- sociation, with a menibershipof several hundred, that time is now. The New Jersey Bee-keepers' Associa- tion was organized January 11. 1902. The next regu- lar meeting will take place .Saturdav, March 1, at office of Mr. J. H. M. Cook, 62 Cortland Street. New York. Kvery bee keeper is cordialh' invited to be present. It does not matter whether you own half a dozen col- onies of bees or a hundred dozen, you are welcome to join us in a cause that you know is worthy of advance- ment. From present indications the regular annual meeting of our association will be held at • renton this fall, during the .Slate Fair, at which place almost every person in our .Slate who is interested in rural pursuits is gener llv found. Cranford, N. J. Geo. N. W.^^nser, Sec. Wants and Exchange. WANTED.— The sediment and slumgum from wax- extractors ; also the propolosin and scrapings of sections, hives, and brood-frames. Correspondence solicited. .State what you have Address C. H. Lake, American Art and .Specialty Co., 314 Cortland .Street, Baltimore, Md. WANTED —A competent person to take charge of a comb-honey apiary. Cheek & Walltnger, I^as Animas, Colo. WANTED.— To exchange gents' solid - gold watch, fine movement, and 22 rifle, for nuclei and queens; also 300 to 500 copies of Gleanings. Make me an of- fer on them. I want 200 colonies of bees cheap for cash in April. Bert W. Hoppfr, I.a Junta. Colo., R. F. D. WANTED.— Apiary and small farm. Would buy or rent. Want good fruit and potato laud, and sweet clover and fall bl )oni. R. ->. Becktell, New Buffalo. Mich. \l;'ANrEI> — To buy raw furs for cash, especially skinik. oi)0.ssum. raccoon, lynx, red and gray fox, mink, otter, and niuskrat. Write for price list. Elmer Bros., Bergen, N. Y. WANTED. — To buy, rent, or engage in the bee busi- ness somewhere in California where there is a good chance for good schools. Twelve years' experi- ence. M. R. Bliss, Davis, Illinois WANTED.— To buy 300 to 800 colonies bees in Colora- do alfalfa and sweet-clover district. Wiite, with price. C. H. Weeks, West Groton. N. 'Y. Y^ANTED. — To buy one or more large apiaries at a "' cash bargain in good location where honey is of best quality, and not liable to crop failures. Write full description and price. Address Box ot-l, Los Angeles, Cal. \T^ANTED. — To contract with Northern growers to ^' furnish early garden plants to be shipped by express February to INIay. Onions, fl.OO per 1000; other plants, $2.00 to $3 00 per lOOO; can furnish onions in 100,000 lots. If preferred, will grow from seeds j'ou furnish. I grow best early varieties. Albert Wittenmyer, Orniond, Volusia Co., Fla. Y^ANTED. — Young man to assist in apiary of 2.j0 ' ' colonies. State age and experience. No liquor or tobacco. Commence work Mai ch 1st. Address M. P. Rhoads, Las Animas, Col. \VAN ED - To exchange for bee supplies or any '^' tiling I can use. one Monarch k ANTED. — A young man ' f good habits as an assist- ant in my apiaries. Will start a man at $20 a month and board. .Steady employment and increased salary will be given on approved efficiency. Glen E. Moe. Prov. Pi'.iardel Rio, Candelaria, Cuba, W. I. Vl^ANTED.— To sell at $1.00 each, or exchange for ' ' beeswax or supplies, good healthy Belgian hares. Pedigreed stock higher priced. No ■" snuffle s" or other disease. Have never had a complaint from a single b lyer yet Satisfaction guaranteed. Ralph B. Daly, Route 5, Lockport, N. Y. WANTED. — To buy an apiary in Colorado, Michigan, or any good locality. B. F. Howard, Binghamton, N. Y. ANTED. — A competent man to take charge of my farm and apiary. Address John Ifft, Zelienople, Pa. Vl/ANTED— To exchange for cash or wax, one No. *' 25 Cowan extractor, 100 R-11 honey-boards, and 1901 make of Daisv foundation-fasteners Bargains. Write to M. H. Hunt & SoN, Bell Branch, Mich. WANTED. — I o exchange 60-lb. cans, perfectly bright and good as new, 25c each, f. o. b. here, for honey or wax. G. L. Buchanan, HoUiday's Cove, W. Va. WANTED — To buy a second-hand saw-mill, heavy (top and bottom saw). 216 Court St., Reading, Pa. WANTED.— A buyer for my 80-acre tract of land in Crawford Co., Mo., at flO.OO per acre, one-half cash; balance on time payment. Address Louis Werner, Edwardsville, Ills. Y^ANTED — To sell or exchange gasoline-engines for ''^ all purposes — stationary, marine, bicycle, etc.; want machinerv of all kinds. Robert B. Gedye, LaSalle, lU. w w i^ANTED.- To sell Rocky Ford cantaloupe seed. Seed of these famous melons po.stpaid, 40 cts per pound. Choice .selected stock H F. Hag en, Rocky Ford, Colorado. ■IVANTED. — To exchange Dadant uncapping-cans, '^' Root's No. 5 extractor, and other supplies, for honey or wax. O H. Hyatt, Shenatidoah, Iowa. YJLf ANTF;d — To know who has 200 colonies of bees to sell cheap; also what young man would like to serve an apprenticeship with Ouirin the queen-breed- er. H. G. QuiRiN, Parkertown, O. W^ANTED — To sell, improved comb foundation. '^' .Send 10c for sample, by mail. H. VoGELER. New Castle, Cal. w w ANTF;d. — To exchange, 6-in. foundation-mill, and 140-egg .Star incubator, for wax, bees, or cash. I. J. .Stk INGHAM, 105 Park Place, New York. ANTED. — Extracted honey. Kindly quote prices. Myers Bros., 234 Spruce St., Hannibal, Mo. 126 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb. 1 ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦»♦»♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦< ♦ i INow ^ e^i ♦ i I ^ Ready ! I Sixty-four Page Catalog of every thing bee-keepers need. Illustrated and fully described. Especially valuable to begin- ners for the information it con- tains. Send your address on a postal and get it now. Estab- lished 1884. J* M* Jenkins^ % Wetumpka^ Elmore Co., Ala, I ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»»♦♦ fJIIIIIIIIIIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII««*lllllllllllllllllilllllllllIlllh |QUEENS!| Friends, we are again preparing for queen-rearing on a large scale for 1902. We are headquarters for queens and nuclei in large quantities as well as for small lots. Visalia, Cal., Sept. 19, 1001. I want 24 queens just like those I got of you four years ago. I think that they were called Honey-gatherers. \Vm. B. Parr. "We can begin mailing early queens by Feb. 15. Prices : Tested, $1.50 each; $8.00 for six; $15.00 per dozen. Untested, February, March, April, and May, $1.00 each ; $5.00 for six; $9.00 per dozen. Fine breeders, $5.00 each. Send for our catalog, free by mail ; tells how to rear queens, and how to keep bees for profit. I The Jennie Atchley Co. I Beeville, Bee Co., Texas. i ^iimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii«««iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii? T. BEE-SUPPLIES. Best-equipped factory in the West; car- ry a larjje stock and greatest variety of every thing needed in the apiary, assur- ing BEST goods at the I^OWESf prices, and prompt shipment We want every bee-keeper to have our FRKK ILl.US- TRATRD CATALOG, and read descrip- tion of the Alternating Hives, Fcri^uson Supers, etc. li'ii/e at once for a catalog. AGENCIES Trester .Supply Co., 103 So. 11th St., I,in- coln, Nebraska ; C, C. Richards, 1223 17th St., Denver, Col. Kretchmer Mfg. Co., Red Oak, la. Dear Sir:— Inclosed find $1.75. Please send one brass 5.moke-engiue. I have one already. It is the best smoker I ever used. Truly yours, Henry Schmidt, Hutto, Tex. MADE TO ORDER Bingham Brass Smokers, Made of sheet brass, which does not rust or burn out; should last a lifetime. You need one, but they cost 25 cts. more than tin of the same size. The little open cut shows our brass hinge put on the three larger sizes. No wonder Bingham's four-inch smoke-engine goes without puffing, and does not drop inky drops. The pei forat- ed steel fire-grate has 8S1 holes to air the fuel and support the fire. Heavy tin smoke-engine, 4-inch stove, per mail, $1.50; 3^-inch, $1.10- 3-inch. Jl.OO; 2'4-inch, 90c; 2-inch, (i5c. Bingham smokers are the originals, and have all the improvements, and have been the standard of excellence for 23 years. Only three larger ones brass. T. F. Bingham, Farwell, Michigan. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 131 Contents of this Number. American Bee-keeper in Florida 137 Apiary, Dolsoii's H7 Apifnge 18(i Bt-es Do Not Work by Rule l;i8 Bee Making 040 Visits IM Bee-repn'-itories, Bingham on Ii4 Cellar Wintering in Canada ,U9 Cellar. Holterniann's ].")2 Colossal Ladino 185 Comb. Weight of Drone 136 Comb-honey Canards 141 Combs. Watery Appearance 18.5 Covers in Colorado - 186 Dolson at Home 149 Drunkenness in United Kingdom 187 Dzierzoir.s Claims 186 Fonl Brood in the Month 135 Gold-prospector 147 Hens and Bees 136 Hives. Two story, for Comb Honey 155 Honej' statistics 155 Honey. Untidy 137 lydssing Family 148 Notes of Travel in Arizona 116 Sali-bnry Method of Glassing 139 Tongues. lyength ■ f 145 Trusts. Rambler on 143 Ventilation and Temperature 150 Wasps, Value of ..138 Honey Column. GBADING-HBLES. Fancy.— All sections to be well tilled, combs straight, firm- ly attiichert to all four sides, the comb.s unsoikd b.v travel- stain or otherwise ; all the cells sealed except an occasional cell, the outsidf surface of the wood well scraped of propolis. A No. 1.— All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs straight ; oue-ei^'ht h part of CDmb surface soiled, or the entire surface slightl.v soiled ; the out- side of tlip wood well scraped of propolis. No. ] — All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs comparativel.v even ; one-eighth part of comb surface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soiled. No. ',; -Three-fourths of the total surface must be filled and sealed. No. 3.— Must weigh at least half as much as a full-weight section. In addition to this the honey is to be classified according to color, using the terms white, am')er, and dark ; that is, there will be " Fancy White," " No. 1 Dark," etc. CITY MARKETS. San Francisco.— No change in prices since last quoted. The As ociation of San Francisco Commis- sion Houses set the price-buying and selling— of hon- ey, in consequence there is no advance in price to the producer, though wheat, hay, and all other crops have advanced in price, owing to the unusually dry winter. Clear and cold throughout the .State at liiis date. Kainfall to date le s than any year in past 30 years. Prospects poor for honey crop, and good lor higher prices E. H. Schaeffle, Murphys, Calif. Jan. 29 Chicago. — Hope of Februar\' bringing a good de- mand for honey, is so far disajjipointing The weath- er is extremely cold, yet this should not curtail the demand, for honey is a cold-weather luxury, and to most pec pie more inviting when cold tliHii when it is hot Perha)-s one of the causes (for there are manj) was the holding back of the crop by producers in the tarly autumn, on the supposition that the yield was light, taking the country as a whole; the result was that consumers rea.soned that it was going to be scarce and substituted other things in lieu th< reof. Comb is freely offered, with prices weak at I4(a>15 for choice to fancy; No. 1, 13(ad4 ; amber and buckwheat, li®12. I eeswax strong at 29. R. A. Burnett & Co., Feb. 7. 199 South Water St., Chicago, 111. Schenectady.— Thefe is only a moderate demand for comb honey, and most of that is for ihtickwheat, with some to offer Extracted moving off fairly well, sut ply of dark quite limited. No change of note in prices of comb or extracted. Chas. McCulloch, Feb. 8. 1 Eagle St., Schenectady, N. Y. Boston.— There is a good stock of honey on this market, but should the demand keep up at its present rate we shall all be consumed before wnrm weather. We are not advising further shipments of comb at the present time. We quote fancy 1 lb. cartons, 15; A No. 1, 141^; No. I, 11; pr, ctically no No. 2 ijeing offered. Extrai ted light amber, 7^"a8; amber, 7; Florida hon- ey. 6(at7J4. Blake, Scott & i,EE:. Feb. 8. 31, 38 Commercial St., Boston, Mass. New York. — There has b-en very little movement of late in comb honey, and while there is no buck- wheat on the market to amount to anything, there is sufficient quantity of the different grades of white honey The demand having been slow of late, prices have h d a downward tendency and are likelv to re- main so during the spring. We quote fancv white, 14, and exceptiouHlly fine stuck at perhaps 15: No. 1. 13; amber, llfHil2. Extracted remains dull at unchanged prices Arrivals of late are quite plentiful of all the different grades. Beeswax firm at 28 « 2S14. Feb. 8. Hildreth & SeGELKEN. Cincinnati.— The honey market has been rather dull this year. Comb h ney is selling faiilv, and brings the following : White clover, 15; lower grades, 12'/4Cail4. Extracted .sells very slowly, the lowergrades bring 5(a6; fancy, 6>^(&i7}4. Beeswax, 28o30. C. H. W. Weber, Feb. 7. 2146 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. Milwaukee.— The honey market is rather slow just now. It seems that the cold weather has a cool- ing effect on trade. Offerings and supply of extracted are good Fancy comb is what is needed here, and we encourage s-hipments. We quote fancy 1-lb. sec- tions lotoKi; A No. 1, 14(0 15; No. 1, 13 ' 14; amber, nom- inal 12(ail4. Extracted, in bbls , kegs, or cans, white, 85^(g;,9; amber, 5^@7^. Beeswax. 2(iraj28. A. V. Bishop & Co. Feb. 8. 119 Buffalo St., Milwaukee, Wis. Buffalo. — Fau'-y white comb, 15@16; A No. 1. 14(^ 15 No. 1. V?,-" 11; No. 2, 12(3)13; No. 3, 11« 12; dark. 10(# 12 Extracted white, 6'^(c»7 ; dark, 0-5^4. Yellow bt-eswax, 2Sin .30; dark. 2'^'a2'->. There is not much hon- ey in our market. Demand is fair 'Feb. 8. W C. TowNSEND. Detroit.— Fmcy white comb honey, 14(al.5c; No. 1 white, 14; dark and amber, lla!l8; extracted, white, ''(^'16'. dark and amber, Hm 6'/. Beeswa.x, 27(aJ2S. M. H. Hunt & s'on. Bell Branch, Mich. New York. — Stock of comb honey on the market is almost cleaned up, and : A No. 1 1-lb. clover. 14'^15; No. K 3(6 14; No. 2. 11(«12; fancv buckwheat. 11(^12; No. 1 buckwheat, 10 1 11; No. 2 buckwheat, 9 ailO. Ex- tracted-honey market dull. Fancy white, 0 0)7; light amber. 6(616^2; amber and buckwheat, 5^(^ai(i Bees- wax. 2S.'3J. Chas. Israel & Bros., Feb. 10. 486-490 Canal St.. New York City. For Sale.— Four 10-gallon kegs white extracted honey, clover and basswood mi.xed, now candied, price 7'A cts. per lb., f. o b. here. Also four 10-gallou kegs a:id five .5-gallon jacketed cans of fine amber honey just extracted, fine flavor and doubly ripened, very thick and waxy. G'/i cts. per lb. L,arge sample free. O. H. TovvNSEND, Otsego, Mich. Wanted. Comb honey in any quantity. Please ad- vise what you have to offer. Evans & Turner, Town St , Cor. 4th, Columbus, Ohio. We will be in the market for honey the coming sea- son in carloads and less than carloads and would be glad to hear from producers evervwhere what they will have to offer. Skavey & Flarsheim, 1318-1324 Union Avenue, Kansas City, Mo. For Sale. — Fancy and No. 1 comb honey; about 2000 lbs. or more. Wm. Mokris, I Marshfield Manufacturing; Company, Marshfield, Wisconsin. ^ ' ►♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦^ »♦♦»♦♦♦♦ j The Twenty- five Years of Experience ^^^^^^^^ , I in the construction of writing machines, which are behind the Remington Typewriter, mean everything to the purchaser. He knows that he is getting a reliable machine when he buys a ^^H] REMINGTO WYCKOFF, SEAMANS & BENEDICT, 137 Superior St., Cleveland, Ohio. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 113 Gleanings in Bee Culture [Established in 1873.] Devoted to Bees, Honey, and Home Interests. Published Semi-monthly by The A. I. Root Co., - - Medina, Ohio. A. I. ROOT, Editor of Home and Gardening Dep'ts. E. R. ROOT, Editor of Apicultural Dept. J. T. CALVERT Bus. Mgr. A. L.. BOYDEN, Sec. TERMS $1.00 per annum ; two years, $1.50; three years, 12.00; five years. J^i.OO, in advance; or two copies to one address, $1.50 ; three copies, $2.00 ; five copies, $i.~'^. The terms apply to the United States, Canada, and Mexico. To all other countries 48 cents per year extra for postage. DISCONTINUANCES. The journal is sent until orders are received for its di.scontinuance. We give notice just before the subscrijition expire.?, and fur- ther notice if the first is not heeded. Any subscriber whose sub.scription has expired, wishing his journal discontinued, will please drop us a card at once; other- wise we shall assume that he wishes his journal con- tinued, and will pay for it soon. Any one who does not like this plan may have his journal stopped after the time paid for by making this request when ordering. RATES OF ADVERTISING. These will be fur- nished on application. Mr. A. I. Root's Writings of Grand Traverse territory and Leelanau Co. are de.scriptive of Michigan's most beautiful section reached most conveniently via the Pere Marquette R. R. For pamphlets of Michigan farm lands and the fruit belt, address J. E. Merritt. Manistee, Michigan. Queens That Please. J. W. Dickson, of W'estininstcr, ,S. C . writes: "Send me two more qvieens bj' return mail. I prefer your bees to any that I have seen. " Other beemen .say equally good things of them. See ad. for Feb. 1 t as to my breeders. I can serve you promptly with Doo- little's red-clover or Root's leather-colored stock. If you need early queens it will pay you to write me. GEO. J. VANDE vORD, Daytona, Fla. I DITTIVIER'S I FOUNDATION % Retail — Wholesale — Jobbing. Having increased my shop- room, put in power and a new set of ma- chines, I am now producing a better article than ever, with unlimited ca- pacity to meet orders. I use a process that produces every essential neces- sary to make it the best and most de- sirable in all respects. My process and automatic machines are' my own inventions, which enable me to sell foundation, and WORK WAX INTO FOUNDATION FOR CASH, at prices that are the lowtst. I make a srecialty of working up Wholesale and Jobbing Lots of wax into foundation, for cash. If vou have wax by the 10 i lbs. or ton, let me hear from you. Catalog giving Full Line of Supplies with prices and sample=, free npon applic.ition. BEESWAX WANTED. Cus. Dittmer, Augusta, Wisconsin. HONEY QUEENS! Laws' Long=tongue Leather Queens. Laws' Improved Golden Queens. Laws' Holy Land Queens. l,aws' queens are the standard-bred queens of Amer- ica. The largest honey-producers use them and praise them. lyaws' queens go everywhere, and can furnish you a queen every month in the year Four apiaries. Queens bred in their puritj'. Prices, October to April: Tested or untested, $1.00 each ; 6 for f.5.00. Breeders, none better, $3 00 each. Address W. H. Laws, Beeville, Texas. L J* Stringham^ 105 Park Place^ New York City* H* i-pouiid square jars $5 per gross ; No. 25 OnCy~jd.rS* jar, porcelain top, $6 per gross; Nickel- cap jar, fancy, $5.50 per gross. All are clear flint glass. Discount on quantities. We ship from New York City, N. Y. LABELS^ 60 cents per gross. A full line of Apiarian Supplies alwaj'S in stock. Catalog free. Apiaries an ^ located at Glen Cove, Long Island, New York 134 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb. 15 iiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinniiiriiiiiiinuii^ I The A. I. Root Co., Philadelphia, Pa. | I 10 Vine Street. | i Full line of all supplies manufactured by us. | = Low freight and steamship rates to all points on = I Atlantic Coast. Order earl}^ be ready for spring. = iiimiimiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiM S G. B. LEWIS CO,, WATERTOWN, WIS. m ■^ 1902 Catalog Ready. If 3'ou have not been receiving- a copy annu- ^ ally, send us your name and address, and one will be mailed to you free. m ^ Special Offer. To parties sending us an order for supplies * ^f amounting to $10.00 or more at regular prices ^ we will make following low rates on journals : Gleanings in Bee Culture, semi-monthly, 1 j'ear, 50c. American Bee Journal, weekly, 1 year . . . 70c. Special Agency, C. M. Scott & Co., 1004 East Washington St., Indianapolis, Indiana. AGENCIKS: L,. C. Woodman, Grand Kapids, Michigan : Fred W. Muth & Co., Southwest Corner Walnut & Front Sts., Cincinnati, Ohio; Fred Foulger & Sons, Ogden, Utah; Colorado Honey-producers' Association, Denver, Col.; Grand Junction Fruit growers' Association, Grand Junction, Colorado ; Robert Halley, Montrose, Colorado ; Pierce Seed and Produce Company. Pue' lo. Colo. : R T. Ahh 'H St Joseph VTissonri Special Southwestern Agftit. Charles Dadant & Son. Hamilton. Illinois: F. C. Krkel, 515 First Ave., N. E . Minneapolis, Minnesota ; L,illy, Bogardus & Co., Seattle, Washington, Special Northwestern Agents. ¥ * ^ ^^^^*^^*^#^****^^^^^**^^^^^^^^ BEE -SUPPLIES! ROOT'S GOODS AT ROOT'S PRICES. G. H. W. Weber, Cincinnati, Oiiio. 2146-2148 Central Ave. A NEW AND COMPLETE stock for 1902 now on hand. I am The Root Com- pany's representative for Cincinnati and sur- rounding territories. . . You save TIME and FREIGHT CHARGES by having goods shipped from here. Convenience of railroad facilities here enables me to do so. Before buying elsewhere, write for my prices and catalog, which will be mailed you free of charge. i^A" 'JourHaiJ' • DELVoTED •To "Be. ELS' -^„ •AiiD home:- iczKiJsrG& '^//lO/f^m'NVGHBflRS FIELDS. ^^ And perhaps the time is coining Wtien the losses we've sustained Will be counted greater profit Than the riches we have gained. After the Straw relative to Colossal Ladi- no had gone to press we received a card from Dr. Miller telling us to withdraw it. I had just translated Mr. Bertrand's letter to Dr. Miller, wherein it was stated that the plant in question was probably a fake, and not to be found. Dr. Miller's reason for canceling his Straw was a letter from Mr. Bertrand stating that he had secured some ladino seed, and it now appears that what was thought to be a myth is at least a reality if not a benefit. U/ AMERICAN BEE-KEEPER. A very important change has taken place in this journal. Instead of being publish- ed at Jamestown, N. Y., it is issued at Fort Pierce, Fla., the residence of the editor, Mr. Harry Hill. The difficulty of editing a paper at long range must be very great, and this, probably, accounts for the change. Another striking feature is the insertion of six pages of reading-matter in the Spanish language, for the benefit of Cuban readers. In the February issue will be found the be- ginning of the natural history of the bee, in Spanish. The Spanish seems to have been put in t3'pe by those who do not under- stand that language. In speaking of the trouble that besets the market in extracted honey, W. W. McNeal says that only about a half of one per cent of our people believe that extracted honey can be obtained in a state of purity. While giving the glucose-mixer due credit for his bad work, he says one thing that ought to be remembered: Now, bad as glucose may be, the germ that is sap- ping the life of trade in honey find-i its abiding-place in unscrupulous methods of productioti. To people of taste and refinement the quality and general appear- ance of extracted honey in so many instances reflects on the pro ucer such slovenly habits as to be in reali- ty reprehensible. The man who produces thin, unripe, unstrained, or dirty honey, and palms it off on another is just as de- serving of censure as one who puts in glucose and calls it honey. The effects are the same in both cases, for both rob honey of its rightful constituents. Referring to the comb-honey canards, and the diffictilty of convincing some edi- tors of the facts in the case, the editor well says: There is also another class of editors with whom we have to deal— their numbers are few. let us l)e thank- ful—who assume to have personal knowledge of the existence of such spurious products, and are therefore unwilling to be instructed on the subject. We have on several occasions, when endeavoring to impart the real truth of the matter, succeeded in eliciting only the sympathy of our misinformed enemy. 138 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb. 15 BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. John H. Hockinpfi in a defense of the wasp, quotes Sir John LUbbock as saying that he counted one Wcisp making- 94 visits to some honey in one day, the honey being given for that purpose. After speaking about the ceaseless warfare wasps wage on our common flies, the writer draws this sat- isfactory deduction in favor of Miss Wasp: To a nest, say 2000 workers iii th ir daily visits are carrying some 19S,0i 0 execrated pilferers and torment- ors, or. t) 100 nests, in a ra-nus of two miles, are carry- ing l!',8(l0 000 a day. Think of life without this pro- tt;clion ! This number will allow, if yon please, a lib- eral discount without ruining the plea We have a keen perception, and so has the s arrow, of what the destruction of hawks, owls, weasels, and other adjust- ers of the balance of power in Nature has done. Who can picture the resulis attending the extinction of the wasp family? .Shall they not be welcome to a share of our fruits, and may not an occa ional sting be borne with patience, when we remember our compar- ative freedom from the irritating attacks of other in- sects ? I am the more glad to learn this, for I have always had a liking for wasps on gen- eral grounds, they being our first paper- makers. In our old readers is a poem rep- resenting a conversation between a bee and a wasp, wherein the latter asks the bee why she is much more liked by people than she, the wasp, was. The answer was to the efi"ect that wasps are alwaj's stinging, like fault-finders, while bees are always doing something useful. Man is learning that many of his supposed enemies, such as wasps, snakes, owls, woodpeckers, hawks, etc., are his very best friends. I believe Prof. Cook has done much in furtherance of this humane view of the case. BEES don't work BY RULE. "I am a beginner in bee-keeping, and have been reading all I can get hold of pertaining to bee culture. I find much of your writings in the bee-papers, and much yoti say seems right and good to me. Still the teachings j'ou give do not harmonize with those given by other writers. On the contrary, they seem at times to be almost directly oppo**ite and the.«e other writers do not agree with each other any more than they agree with you. I have looked in vain fur some one person whom I could follow with a certainty of success, and as freely as I would a teacher in arithmetic or other common branches of studj% How am I to know whiit to do? " "But a rule in arithmetic and a rule in bee-keeping are two different things. Twice two makes four every time, because it can not be otherwise, no matter by whom multiplied, nor at what season of the year the computation is made, nor in what local- ity it is done; hence we have the rule of multiplication as being always the same. The same of addition, subtraction, etc. ; but when we come to apply any rule, simi- lar to the above, to the bees, we find it doesn't work, for the reason that every sea- son brings its changes, and each locality has a different bearing on the subject." "But don't j'ou think that many begin- ners are puzzled in these matters, similar to what I have been? " "I presume there may be, for I have known of even older persons in our ranks who said they could not tell just what to do from what they read; and so, if j'ou desire, I will try to explain a little to help you out." " That is just what I wish you to do." " Very well. Let us take the matter of early pollen as the first. Many advise feeding corn, oat or rye meal as a substi- tute for pollen, early in the season, while others saj' such a course is useless and an absolute waste of time, trouble, and material, and that it results in the loss of numerous bees on cold and windy days, by their being enticed out of the hive when they'd better remain at home." "Yes; that is one of the very items of disagreement which I noticed. How do you accotint for these different opinions? " " The matter of location will account for this matter. The party advising the meal feed lives in a locality where pollen from the flowers is not obtainable till late in the spring, so his bees are slow in building up unless meal of some kind is fed, while the one who opposes such feeding lives in a lo- cation where pollen-bearing flowers bloom nearly if not quite as soon as the bees can fly in the spring, and the feeding of meal in such as this latter locality is, as is said, wasted." " Would you feed meal if you lived in the location of the first? " " Ten 3'ears ago I would have said j^es, and I would do so now did I not have combs with pollen in them. Of late years I have been in the habit of setting away combs during the summer, which I found heavy with pollen, through some colony being queenless or otherwise, and keeping these to set in any colony (one in each colony^ which I might find not having plenty of pollen on the first opening of the hive in spring. Such a course seems to have a bet- ter eftect on the colony than feeding meal, and is nearly if not qtiite equal to the bees securing early pollen from the fields, and that withotrt the loss of bees, which very often happens where pollen from the fl )wers is sought after in cool, cloudy, and windy days." "But how do you keep the moths from ruining these combs? I read that there is nothing which suits the larva of the wax- moth better than combs having pollen in them." "These combs containing pollen are placed in an upper story over a weak colo- ny, or a strong nucleus will answer just as well, for it takes but a small colony of Ital- 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 139 ian bees to protect a score or two of combs from the ravajj^es of the wax-moth." "But we are digressing-. Some say I should put on the sections for surplus honey early, while others say they should not be put on till after swarming-. How do you reconcile this? " Here each has a different idea in view. The first wishes to discourag-e increase as much as possible, while the latter wishes increase, and so says wait till after swarm- ing, so that he may be sure of all the in- crease possible. All practical bee-keepers know that, while the early putting-on of sections will not entirely prevent swarming-, it will check it to some extent; but more es- pecially it tends toward swarms issuing- later in the season." "Then there are a thousand and one different ways of introducing queens, each claiming his as infallible, while the others say all are liable to fail except the particu- lar plan advised by him. What about this?" " This reminds me of what occurred some years ago, when, in our bass wood flow, I found I could introduce queens by letting them run in at the entrance just at night, the old queen having- been removed during- the forenoon; and as I did not lose a single queen out of scores so tried, I set it down as a rule that queens could be thus intro- duced safely every time. Now, thought I, here is a common-sense rule that will ap- ply to bees as the rule of multiplication ap- plies to the multiplication-table; but when I came to use it after the bass wood harvest was over I found it did not work with two queens out of three. This said the season of the year was the controlling factor in the matter. At the time I was having such success I wrote to a friend living in New Jersey, where there was no basswood, in reply to a question on this subject, how he could safely introduce queens by this plan; and although he used it at the same time of the 5'ear, he lost ever^' one he tried, owing to his being in a different localit}^ which g-a\e a different honey- flow. Undoubtedly he wished that Mr. Doolittle had told him something which he could follow with a certainty of success." " Do 3'ou think that the season and the locality was what made the difference? " " 1 can only think that the reason why he failed was because all things were not in the same condition in his locality that they were in mine when I wiis having- success; for, when there came a change in the con- ditions existing in my own apiary, I also failed, and I doubt if those exact conditions will ever come to my apiary again. And from these examples given, you can, I think, see why no rule regarding bee cul- ture can be formed which will do to follow throughout the world as can the rules of arithmetic." " This being- the case, how can I or any other beginner know what to do? " " The only thing- we can do is to try the plans of others (or even our own plans) cautiously till we know they are suited to our wants, using charity all the time, for there is a g-reat difference in persons. Some experiment carefully, proving every thing critically, step by step, as they go, arriving at almost a definite conclusion with the first experiment; while others ex- periment in such a slip-shod manner that their experiments at the end of several years are of little value. Yet, notwithstanding- all of these drawbacks, the careful reader of the many articles on bees found in our litera- ture of to-day will find much of value after he has sifted the chaff from the wheat. One hundred dollars per j'ear would not hire me to cease from reading- on this sub- ject, for it is to this reading- that I owe nearly all the knowledge I possess relative to bee-keeping." I THINK we never had so much g-ood copy on hand before as now. Some articles that we have been trying to get in the " very next issue " have been lying- on the galleys for two iTionths, and they are good articles too. We have been printing- eight extra pages, and ere long will issue a double number to catch up. In referring- to Prof. Frank Benton, in our Jan. 1st issue, page 16, I spoke of him in one place as "the entomologist." Prof. Benton has called my attention to the fact that this language might inean Dr. Howard, the head of the Division of Entomology. He explains that, at that time, he was one of the assistanf entomologists, and the omis- sion of the adjective might refer to his chief. In our April 15th issue for last year, p. 335, Mr. R. C. Aikin, of Loveland, Colo., described his non-swarming method, and then requested others to test it. It worked satisfactorily for Mr. Aikin, and in my footnote I stated that it embodied some fea- tures in a plan that I had tried with some success. Mr. Aikin wishes to know now whether any one did try it, and, if so, he would like to hear from the parties through our columns. THE SALISBURY MKTHOD OF GLASSING SHIPPING-CASES. In our last issue, page 58, I spoke of the advantages of using small squares of glass, in place of the long large pieces, for ship- ping-cases. I have just learned that some of the honey that took the first prize at the Pan-American was put up in cases having the small lights and wooden buttons. To my notion, the new method of glazing comb honey gives a far better appearance than the old, and it has the advantage that one can do his own glassing from material he can get around home, almost for the asking. 140 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb. 15 Just as we go to press I have only room to mention the appearance of the Lone Star Apiarist, Vol. I. No. 1, published by the Lone Star Publishing Co. , Floresville, Tex- as, and edited by Louis Scholl. Mr. S. is one of the young- men I met in Texas. He is a whole-souled good fellow, a progressive and up-to-date bee-keeper, who has got the making of a good editor. We extend our heartiest welcome, and wish them every success. The paper presents a very cred- itable appearance. APICULTURE NOW RECOGNIZED BY THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. Our readers will be pleased to know that the United States government has given apiculture an actual recognition by creating a special commission, that of Apicultural Investigator in the Department ot Agricul- ture. The nran who has been advanced to this position is Prof. Frank Benton, who formerly was Assistant Entomologist in the Division of Entomology. This position he held from 1896 to August 1, 1901, when the new commission was created. Prof. Benton has been doing some good work in the vigorous way in which he re- plies to these comb-honey canards that have been published in various papers. I have taken pains to ask the editors of all papers giving circulation to these lies to write to the Department of Agriculture, adding that there was a man in the employ of the De- partment who made apiculture his special- ty, and who could give full information, and it is evident the suggestion in some cases has been heeded. No one can really estimate the good this new commission has done us already. PROPORTION OF ACID TO WATER IN WAX- REFINING. A CORRESPONDENT has stated that I said somewhere in Gleanings (he does not say where) that the proportion of acid to water in refining wax was anywhere from 5 to 25 per cent. I do not see what I could have been thinking about, for that is very wide of the mark. The A B C of Bee Culture (and I wrote the item) says 1 per cent, and that is about right. It is our daily practice in refining the commercial product as we buy it, to use half a gallon of raw acid to two barrels (60 gallons) of water. This would be a little less than 1 per cent of acid to water. If the wax is very dark we make a slight increase. Very light wax would require less than half a gallon. In refining commercial wax, anywhere from Yz to 1^2 per cent of acid may be used ; but in the handling of old dark combs, especially slumgum, it will be necessary to increase the amount to perhaps 2 per cent; but in that case it would be better to render the wax again in clean water so as to get out the slight traces of acid or acid smell. The ^ or one per cent solution of acid never leaves any trace, so far as we can discover, in the wax. THOSE bees under THE MACHINE-SHOP. I HAVE seen bees in many different cel- lars; I have read a good deal about winter- ing; but I think I never knew what perfect indoor or cellar wintering was before. Those 250 — now practically 300 — colonies under the machine-shop in a compartment done off by themselves are doing finely. The cellar floor is dry; the air is sweet, and the bees can scarcely be disturbed by turning on a strong electric light. This morning I stay- ed in the cellar five minutes before a single bee flew out. Then one vigorous thrifty fellow struck for the light, apparently just as healthy and strong as any bee in the height of the honey- flow. True, there are some dead bees, but the number is small. The temperatuie this winter has not va- ried as much as last, and that may have had a great deal to do with the splendid results. This morning, Feb. 11, the mer- cury stood exactly at 45. It goes down to 40, and up as high as 50. The weather has been snug and cold outside, and there- fore it has been possible for us to control the temperature; but with good fresh air I should not expect to see many dead bees with even a temperature of 60. THE scramble WESTWARD; A FEW WORDS OF caution; THE BEE-KEEPING HOG; BEE-KEEPING IN THE WEST. In my general write-ups among our friends of the craft on our southe? n and western borders I have tried to tell the exact truth, the bad as well as the good things. Recently I have been informed that bee-keepers are rushing into Idaho from the mere reference that I made to the fact that it is a splendid country. One man has not only located there in a locality al- ready overstocked with bees, but has brought hundreds of colonies from the East -with foul brood; and when upbraided by a fellow bee-keeper for his folly he simpl3' laughed and said, "The foul brood I brought will soon clean out the fence-corner apiaries, and then I'll have room enough." I can not think of language strong enough to condemn such a — such a — well, yes, a hog as that. He would like to have all the territory to himself, even if he brings ca- lamity upon his brother, who has a prior right to the field. I assume, of course, that, while there is one man such as I have de- scribed, there are hundreds of others who are fair and honorable. But let me put in a word of caution. Do not rush into a field with a lot of bees unnl you have first written to learn something about the conditions. If j'ou will write me I will give you the address of some bee- keepers in the vicinity. Learn all you can by writing, then go yourself in person, but without bees. Look the field all over, and when you decide on your local it}', go into some place where there are no bees, or buy out some one who is in the field. I should be exceedingly sorry to know that my writ- ings result in a foolish scramble into local- ities already overcrowded. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 141 Now, while I have tried to tell the bad thing-s about some portions of the West, I wish to say that I did not see all the dark side, and therefore I can not tell about it. While thousands of tons of honey are pro- duced in the West, yet there are certain drawbacks. As I have before pointed out, lands that have been wonderfully produc- tive, and where there is plenty of water, are now barren wastes. The two princi- pal causes of this are a shortage of water, and alkali forced from the lower sub-soil up to the surface by the water of irrig^ation, leaving" the land barren as if it had been whitewashed. Alkali kills off ne^irly every form of profitable veg"etation; and the only thing-s that will then g-row are certain kinds of alkali weeds. In some cases sweet clo- ver will thrive. I found hundreds of acres of this on alkali land that had been aban- doned in the western part of Colorado. So bear in mind that one may locate on good land, and think he is going to make a for- tune; but, lo and behold! alkali, the dread enemy of the irrigator, may come to the sur- face, and then all is up. I went through one town, or vi^hat had once been a town, that was literally deserted. The houses, stores — in fact, every thing in sight, includ- ing the railroad depot, was put on wheels and pulled off from the alkali stretch. You can imagine what kind of hardship such moving puts on the people. There are some localities in Texas that have produced enormous crops of honey, but yet which are subject to drouth. Pos- sibly they may be irrigated in time, but generally there is sufficient rain to take care of growing crops. And California, the land flowing with honey, has too many off years to be a great bonanza to the bee- keeper. He who thinks of going west should re- member that, while thousands have bettered their condition, there are very many who have sunk every dollar they had, and have gone back east, sadder and wiser men. If one happens to get into a good locality, has ordinary business sense, and is honest, he will do well. But he may locate on an al- kali piece, he may get into the hands of a land shark, or he may happen to strike a locality usually productive, but sometimes visited by an awful drouth. Farmers in Kansas and Nebraska know something of what this means. Taking it all in all, I hope my friends who follow me through my trip in the West will take the pains to write before jumping over into any locality blindly. If I can not give you the full particulars and all the facts I can refer you to some others who will tell you the truth. Many of the best locations in the United States are now al- ready overstocked; and the bee-keeper who will go into a good location and establish an apiary right by the side of one who has been in the place for years — I do not like to say it, but he comes pretty near being a h-o-g. LIES ABOUT MANUFACTURED HONEY; THE EFFECT OF THE RECENT BOMBARD- MENT. The continuous stream of letter-writing that bee-keepers have been keeping up in response to the requests from the editors of bee-journals is beg-inning to have a telling effect. The result is, that many of the best agricultural papers as well as some of the leading dailies have published the truth concerning comb honey; and so far all but three of the papers that gave space to the lies in the first place have either retracted editorially or else have published the state- ment from some bee-keeper, utterly refuting the nonsense that appeared in their col- umns. Among the papers that have finally yielded to the pressure of hundreds and perhaps thousands of letters is the Chicago Tribune, the paper that started these ca- nards in the first place, and which has per- sistently refused to publish anything since in the way of retraction. Thinking that a prophet is not without honor save in his own country I wrote to E. H. Schaeiiie, of Murphys, Cal., asking him if he could not take a hand in helping us out. Among the first papers he tackled was this same Chi- cago Tribune. He wrote them a strong ar- ticle, and they published his letter in full under a heading that it put on itself, in good strong head-lines — " COMB HONEY IS NOT IMITATED." And this is not all. You will no doubt remember that Commissioner Jones, of the Pure-food Commission, Chicago, was re- ported to have said by this same Chicago Tribune that there was very little pure comb honey on the market in Chicago — that it was nearly all manufactured, and that the bogus could be readily detected from the genuine by the fact that the former was white, while the latter was dark with dark circles around its eyes, so to speak. For a long- time Commissioner Jones seems to have kept silent; but finally Editor Abbott, of the Modern Fari)ier and Busy Bee, wrote to him and received from Mr. Jones a letter, very emphatically stating that he had been misquoted; that he knew as well as any one that honey-comb could not be manu- factured and filled with glucose. I should like to place it before our readers, but I have mislaid the copy. At all events, the whole foundation of these comb-honey lies that have been so persistently circulated is crumbling to dust. Cominissioner Jones has been quoted far and wide. The Chica- go Tribune refused to retract; but, thanks to the persistency of bee-keepers and ed it- tors (we like some glory ourselves), the lies are being nailed, and the truth is being spread broadcast. The National Stockman and Farmer, at Pittsburg, Pa., a paper of wide influence, published the usual stuff about comb hon- ey. This paper was immediately bom- barded, with the result that it published a retraction; but among the bomb-throwers was 142 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Fkb. 15 Dr. Miller; and I have just learned that the Stockman has published his article in full, in addition to the previous retraction. Editor York, of the American Bee Jour- nal; Editor Abbott, of the Modern Farm and Busy Bee; Editor Hutchinson, of the Review; Editor Hill, of the American Bee- keeper, one and all, have been taking- a hand in this. But one of the most important articles that has been so far published was one by our Mr. W. P. Root, the man who is almost constantly at my elbow. His brother is publisher of the American Gro- cer, New York, undoubtedly the leading- paper of the trade, and of course goes to all the principal and progressive grocers in the country. This article, in the Feb. 6 issue, with certain illustrations supplied from this office, not only tells how comb honey is produced by the bees, but shows conclusively that it can not be manufactur- ed. This, going- as it does to all the gro- cery trade, just now is of immense impor- tance, for it will enable the grocers to tell their consumers (just the people we want to reach) theit comb honey is not and can not be manufactured, and why. There are two or three papers that have not yet retracted, so far as I know. A de- partment editor of the Des Moines Home- stead, under the 7iom de plume of Practical Farmer, put out a statement some time ago to the effi'Ct'that comb honey was manufac- tured; then when he got a bombardment from boe-keepers he modified his statement in a subsequent issue by saying that he had kept bees for twenty years; but th.-it he had "bought both extracted and comb honey, and found both to be adulterated. . . . Comb honev is not so readily adulter- ated, but it is possible to do this. The bee-keeper has to help do the mixing when comb huney is adulterated; and I am not going to say how it is done." Our friend professes to know, and insinuates that bee- keepers have a part in this nefarious busi- ness. That's a slander on the business and the men in it. As to "how it is done" he has probably got the idea into his head that glucose can be fed to bees so they will store it in the comb. If any one undertakes to do a thing of that kind he will find it is exceedingly unprofitable. The fact is. Practical Farmer does not know what he is talking about; and I hope our readers will bombard the Des Moines Homestead in such a substantial way that the editor of that paper will conclude that he has got into a bees' nest. I have alreatiy written to the editor of that paper, but no attention has been paid to my letter. It is evident that the Homestead will have to be given a dose of letter-writing such as the Chicago Trib- une and other papers have received of late; so, brother bee-keepers, you know what to do. Now, no one should suppose that the battle we have been waging is won. The general public are much more ready to believe sen- sational lies than sober and tame truth. The lies have found lodgment, and I ven- ture to say that the great mass of consum- ers still believe that comb honey is manu- factured. What we need to do is to start out on a campaign lof education. That means that every bee-keeper who has a lit- tle "pull" or influence with any particu- lar paper is requested to write a short clean-cut item about comb honey. It should be interesting as well as a simple narra- tion of facts. When possible, put the arti- cle in tj'pewriting. When that can not be done, if you can not write a good clear hand then get A'our wife or daughter or your best girl to copy your article. Let us flood the papers with facts. There is no more important work that bee-keepers can do for themselves than this, and it should be done right nozv. As an illustration of what bee-keepers can do in the way of getting articles pub- lished in the papers that have not slander- ed the comb-honey business, I give a bright pithj' paragraph from Mr. W. E. Head, in the Utica Press, published in Utica, N. Y., a paper of considerable influence and cir- culation. Mr. Head says: ABOUT THE BEE BUSINESS. To the Editor oj the Utica Daily Pi ess: An article is going the rounds of the pre^s that by all means should be corrected It rel tes to bogus comb honey, it is a vvell-ki.o n fact that extracted honey is sonietiii'es adulterated but the National Bee- keep ts' Association works hard to maintain he puri- ty of such honey But when some per^ons start the story of bogus comb honey, and furtliermore state that The A I Root Co , of Mec.ina, O , who are the 1 rgtst manufacturers of bee-hives in the woild. have been for some lime manufacturing bogus coml) and filling the same with glucose, I say that such is not the case, as there are no stronger workers for ihe bee-man's rights than E R and A I. Root When a person brii gs a single pound of artificial comb honey that can not be told from the genuine, thtn the Root com- pany will pay that persun a note of $ 000, and I will indorse the note If such dies were made to slamp comb, then all combs woidd look just alike. To the grocers of Utica who deal in comb honey I will pay $iO for two one-potmd section^ of honey that look just alike Of all the leaves on our trees, no two are nlike. I„et me advise those who inte d going to work mak- ing counterfeit comb honey that they'd better change their dies to make $W bills They would be much easier to counterfeit and a great deal easier to pas-. Palis Station, Jan li. 190-2. W E Head "a comb-honey FACTORY." Mr. Head, in sending this to us, very properly remarked that " a stitch in time saves nine," and then adds that he takes pleasure in sending a photo of the only " f.ictury " where comb honey is made. The picture, he says, was taken while the "workmen" were "in front of the main entrance." It is a "factory," and no mistake. It represents a bee-hive with the bees flying around at the entrance, appjirently busj' at work in and out of their "factory." In the upper right-hand corner Mr. Head pastes a cut of a queen-bee, and dubs her " Mrs. Q. Bee, General Manager and President." I wish to refer particularly to the excel- lent statement made by Mr. Head for the Utica Press. There is no immediate prob- ability now that that paper will help pass around the usual lie. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 143 BEE AND HONEY TRUSTS. The Right and Wrong Kind ; the Rambler is Indig- nant. BY J. H. MARTIN. Mr. Editor: — I have just received Glean- ings for Jan. 15, and feel like making- a few comments upon companies, trusts, ex- changes, etc. In the first place, I do not like it a little bit that the ideas respecting- a hone}' com- pany, as outlined in the last Ramble, should be classed with any little local California affair, as classed as a trust. If the plan outlined is a trust, then The A. I. Root Co. is a trust, and every combination of capi- tal for the org-anization of a company to con- duct business is a trust. It seems to me to be a very simple matter for a few capitalists or even one capitalist to put money into bees and so locate and manage them as to secure a continuous hon- ey crop. There is one man, at least, who has risen to the higher possibilities of honey produc- tion. Since I came to Cuba I learn that Mr. W. L. Coggshall is working- on this line, having- bees in New York, New Mexico, and Cuba, and is securing in a small way that continuous honey yield; or, if he is not, it is the fault of his selection of localities. It is further evident that, with good health and plenty of capital, he would greatly en- large his business. Now, shall we write Mr. C, with his broad ideas, down as a trust, or class him alongside of that recent effort on the Pacific coast to form a honey company? or shall we class him as a sensi- ble man with a sensible business proposi- tion? While we are about it, why not write down the California Citrus Fruit Exchange as a trust? that is a combination of many interests. "Stenog" quotes approvingly, page 47, what Prof. Cook says upon that subject in the American Bee /oiirnal. I have an idea that your readers outside of California have only a vague idea about the Citrus Exchange and its success, and there is one very important point upon which Prof. Cook has failed to enlighten the pub- lic. Let me escort you down Magnolia Avenue, Riverside, Cal. Here are orange-groves for miles. They are mostly in private hold- ings of five, ten, or twenty acres. Let us take the ten-acre orchard. It has been planted 20 years, and is in full bearing condition. There is a cottage almost hid- den under the foliage of pepper-trees. The grounds are planted with a variety of roses and briglit-hued flowers. Over the veranda is a climbing vine. In scores of instances instead of a cottage it is a palatial resi- dence. What do you suppose that ten acres with its cottage can be bought for? When I lived in Riverside a few years ago, $10,- 000 would scarcely touch it, while in many instances the palatial residence itself cost double that amount. Now let us see who owns these groves. Here is a house and grounds showing es- thetic taste in every line. Prof. Slender resides here. He is from Boston. His health failed, and, with a good amount of capital in his pocket, he has found health and profit in a California orange-grove. His neighbor is ex-banker Strong. His wife's health led him into orange-growing. A little further down the avenue is Dr. Herrick. He lives in a palatial residence, and has large moneyed interests. Here is an ex-governor from an eastern State; many ex-congressmen, ex-senators, and, out in Glendale. is Judge Ross, with a national reputation. They are all much interested in orange-growing. They are the class of men who give backbone to the Citrus Ex- change. They are the cream of the busi- ness, and professional men of the East. With their capital and business acumen they have an immense uplifting power. You would think that such men could or- ganize a successful citrus exchange upon the first trial. But such is not the case. The Exchange of to-day has come up through various trials and failures, and even now it does not control all of the orange - growers ; but there is enough to make the Exchange measurably successful. Let us now turn to the bee-keepers' side. Here is Sam Slop. He has an apiary of 200 colonies in Esq. Jenkins' canyon. Well — well, I have said enough along that line. I will carry the comparison no fur- ther. California bee-men all know how it is. While there are many good honest men and careful bee keepers, there are no ex- quantities with great capital behind; or if recently they have entered the field, their number is so few as to have little bearing upon the industry. There are too many Sam Slops and not enough of an uplifting power; and if the Citrus Exchange has had a hard time arriving to its present estate, with all of its moneyed influence, what can we expect from such a weak, uncertain in- dustry and personnelle as the honey busi- ness? Now, I imderstand that the trust promot- ed by the Pacific Bee Journal was pronounc- ed impractical by a competent committee because it took in all the Sams with their body, breeches, and bees, and not much working capital, and in due time Sam's share would be all experience while the cash went to the other fellow. It confined its operations to one locality, and a very uncertain one at that. A companj^ according to the Rambler's plan has a wide field. There is no chance for failure at all points at once. Then the Sams are all eliminated. The plan is not 144 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb. 15 even co-operation, for one capitalist can run it as his own private affair. I was going to say something severe about some editors of bee-journals and their ob- scure vision about a larger bee-keeping; but perhaps the editors are all right. The time is not just ripe for such things. Well, the Rambler is now in Cuba. Some of us have had an idea that it is a larger honey country ; but even Cuba has its undesirable features. I will soon en- deavor to give you an impartial glimpse of bee-keeping here. Havana, Cuba, Jan. 27. EXAGGERATED HONEY REPORTS. The Editor's Position Indorsed ; Nominations ; the Black=Brood Situation in New York. BY P. H. EL WOOD. Friend Root:— I have been wanting to write you for some time to compliment you on your famous editorial on that infamous attempt to bulldoze the bee-keepers of the United States into the belief that a large crop of honey had been secured the past season. I heartily indorse all you have said in condemnation. After two years of crop failure, the attempt to wrest from the bee- keeper the slight advantage he possessed in bare markets, moderate yield, etc., was in- deed infamous. The animus of their at- tack you unveiled so perfectly that it leaves them in an undesirable but well-merited position. They do not want the truth known. A few years ago, when an honest intelligent effort was made under the di- rection of Mr. Knickerbocker to gather sta- tistics of each honey crop in time for pro- ducers' use, this same class of people wei-e for ever howling about the unreliability of our reports. Their efforts with our mem- bers were kept up until the reports were discontinued. I think the time is now ripe to make another effort to obtain honey-crop statistics, and I have felt for a long time that the government ought to engraft them into its crop reports. Our product is of sufficient importance to warrant it, and we are well organized into a National Associa- tion. Our able manager, Mr. Secor, is well qualified to work this through, and we could not expend a part or even the whole of the money in our treasury to better advantage. We must make a united effort to maintain living prices. In regard to making nominations for Di- rectors before election, why not let well enough ailone? Our Association is doing wellfbut as soon as nominations are made there will arise the suspicion that some one or some clique is trying to run it. Better put up with some minor evils or inconven- iences than to have our camp divided. The black-brood disease seems to have let up somewhat the past season; but whether from the extra honey- flow or whether in the microbic warfare the death-dealing mi- crobes have met a new enemy we can not tell. New York is well policed for this dis- ease; but the original investigations, com- menced so auspiciously under Dr. Howard, have been discontinued on account of a lack of funds. A more short-sighted, parsimo- nious, and unjust policy can not be imagin- ed. We do not know how it spreads; but thepopular idea is that it is carried in infect- ed honey. A j'ear ago last fall one of the best bee-keepers in this or any other State fed a lot of diseased colonies on honey taken from diseased colonies broken up. A lot of brood was raised in each hive, without a trace of disease, so stated by N. D. West, State Inspector, and others. It may be a kind of 3-ellow fever among the bees, carried bj' a new kind of mosquito or some other in- sect. Some of our neighbors saw the dis- ease among the bees on exhibition at the Pan-American. I had not supposed it had got so far west. Starkville, N. Y., Dec. 27. A PLEA FOR CANDIED HONEY. Are we Making a Mistake in Putting Out so Much Extracted Honey in Liquid Form ? BY S. T. PETTIT. I am painfully convinced that some of us are making a mistake in saying so much about putting liquid honej' upon the mar- kets. I fear the practice, for two reasons, has a tendency to a temptation, with some, to allow a little adulteration to slip in, an(i more as the years go by. And then the practice means quite an additional cost to the consumer, which will react prejudicial- ly upon our small profits. If we all would follow the simple easy way of allowing the honey to candy, as na- ture intended it to do, nearly everybody would, after a certain amount of education, prefer it candied, and that would save a world of trouble and expense. A few days ago a neighbor asked me, "Can I get another ten pounds of your dark fall hon- ey? " I said, "Yes. Do you want it liquefied?" The answer was a decided: " Oh, nol we like it better solid. It doesn't have any strong taste when it is candied." Mr. John Yoder, of Springfield, Ont., while visiting us j'esterday, told me of fill- ing an order for a pail of honey not long ago. He took a pail of liquid honey, and the lady said, " Oh! we don't want it that way. We like it hard;" so of course he took her a pail of candied honey. I mention just these two instances of many to show the opportunity we are neg- lecting to our hurt. Years ago, when I was younger, and liked to canvass for the sale of honey, and when I enjoyed delivering my own sweet product, some of my city dealers did a large business in selling candied honej'. I would furnish it in 40-lb. covered pails, made for the purpose, and the dealer would cut it out and sell it in the same manner that tub butter and lard are sold. Indeed, some- times early in the season I would hurry up 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 145 the candying- process to help their trade. But the time came when I was obllg^ed to go more slowly, and do less; so I decided, some years ago, to sell nearly all my out- put to a wholesale firm. It does seem to me that we are now in a down-grade move- ment in this liquefying business. I know that many good men are now en- gaged in the process; but I feel sure that time will tell that they are making a mis- take. Aylmer W., Ont., Can. [I am with you in believing that we ought to push candied honey more than we do, for it is a fact that rank honey, when can- died, is a little nicer eating than when in the liquid state. On the same ground we should educate consumers to the fact that extracted honej' put up by a bee-keeper is always pure — that is, I think we may state that, as a rule, no bee-keeper will adulter- ate, so I fear nothing on that score. — Ed.] LENGTH OF TONGUES OR LENGTH OF TONGUE REACH. Prof. Gillette's Tables of Measurements Reviewed ; Some Phases of the Question that have Not been Considered. BY DR. C. C. MILLER. Interest in long tongues seems to hold its place for a g-ood many years. In the first place it was a sort of dreamy, speculative interest, with no thought of nearly ap- proaching realization — only the thought that it would be a great thing if by any means we could obtain bees with tongues long enough to work on red clover. That interest began a good many years ago. Then there came a special interest in the big- Indian bee. Apis dorsafa, and some were quite sanguine that the problem would be solved if said big bees were introduced. But the years have gone by, and no one has ever seen a single living specimen of the giant Indian in this country. Perhaps there would be little real gain if it could be do- mesticated and introduced, for, according to Prof. Gillette's measurements, we have plentj' of bees already with greater tongue reach than Apis dorsata. His measure- ments, however, were upon alcoholic speci- mens. Then there came something in the nature of a real boom, when measurements were made, and it was found that there was a marked difference in tongue lengths, and reports were made to the effect that some of the tongues were actually long enough to work on red clover. Now that there seems something like a lull, the question is wheth- er the interest is to be longer sustained, or whether it shall gradually fade out entire- ly, as in the case of many another fad with- out foundation. One thing that seems to be settled is that tongue reach is not determined by tongue length, there being no fixed relation be- tween the two. Prof. Gillette's figures show this clearly, in one case tongues hav- ing 40 per cent greater reach than other tongues of exactly the same length. That seems to show that, if there is to be any measuring at all, it should be measurement of reach rather than length. It is possible, also, that, better than measuring either of these, would be the plan of measuring in the live bee what it actually does reach. Still further, it is possible that, better than mea- suring any tongues, would be the measur- ing of the amount of honey stored. For it may easily be, in spite of the fact that some believe that length of tongue is a sign of greater value in other respects, that there may be such a thing as lazy bees with long tongues. Not only is this now recognized at least b3' some, but, like the swing of a pendulum in many another case, there seems a gravitating toward the belief that length of tongue is a thing of no value whatever. Is this belief to be accepted as the ration- al one? Are all the longings of the past for tongues long enough to reach the nectar of red clover, all the testimony to the effect that tongues long enough have done work in that line, to be considered as but " the base- less fabric of a vision "? Let us not lose our common sense. So long as there is nec- tar beyond the reach of ordinar3' tongues, just so long will it be a desideratum to have tongues that will reach that nectar. Let us not go to the one extreme of thinking that, if we have tongue length, we have every thing, nor to the other extreme of thinking that we can by any possibility dispense with sufficient length of tongue if we are to have the nectar of deep-tubed honey-plants. G. M. Doolittle has given in different bee journals details of the work of two colonies during the past summer, in which it was clearly shown that the colony with shorter tongues did very much the better work, and this seems to warrant him in concluding that there is no value in long tongues, say- ing, in Anier. Bee Joninah "And this also proves that the long-tongue fad was not only premature but a mistake as well." In coming to this decision it seems to ine that Mr. Doolittle has not exercised his usual judicial level-headedness. If he had a scrub cow that gave a large yield of milk, and a Jersey cow that gave only one-sixth as much, would he feel justified in relating the case in different dairy journals, and g-ravel3' announcing that this proves that Jersey cows are not superior as milkers to cows of scrub breed? "I am led to believe," says Mr. Doolit- tle {Am. Bee Journal, 775), "that Italian bees from various parts of the countr3% and from colonies that gather little or much honey, all have tongues of practically the same length." It is difficult to understand how he can believe this in face of the differ- ent measurements that have been given for months, and (I think) for years. If he will look at Prof. Gillette's table {Amer. Bee Journal, p. 793) in which are given tongue lengths 8 per cent greater than others, and 146 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb. 15 tongue reaches 46 per cent greater than oth- ers, will he say these are all "tongues of practically the same length "? In the two colonies that Mr. Doolittle compares, the poor colony with the longer tongues had tongues not quite one per cent longer than those of the good colony. What of the tongue reach f This, Mr. Doolittle does not give. As variation in tongue reach in Prof. Gillette's table for Italians is near- ly six times as great as variation in length, there x's, ^ possibility that the better bees, notwithstanding their one per cent shorter tongues, had a reach greater than that of the poorer bees. Indeed, the reach may have been considerably greater without pre- senting any thing more remarkable than appears in Prof. Gillette's table, where can be seen a tongue 2 per cent shorter than an- other, but with a reach 12 per cent greater, and there may be cases still more striking. Granting, however, that the reach of the poorer colony was the greater, is it at all proven that length of tongue cut no figure in the case? The average length of Italian tongues given by Prof. Gillette is 25.47 hundreiiths of an inch, not quite the aver- age of Mr. Doolittle's two colonies. It seems reasonable to believe that this is con- siderably above the average of Italian tongues ; for, in responding to Prof. Gil- lette's call for tongi'es to measure, bee- keepers would be likely to send in their best bees. So I think it not unreasonable to believe that both colonies had unusual- ly long tongues, and one colon}'^ did poor work in spite of its long tongues. The practical question is not so much as to the comparative tongue lengths of the two colo- nies as this: '" Would that better colony have done just as good work with shorter tongues?" In a field of red clover with the depth of tubes varying from 12 to 37 hun- dredths, would bees having a reach of 21.5 (Mr. Doolittle's bees may have had that according to the table) have no advantage over those with a reach of 15 or 16? That depends altogether upon how plentiful were the tubes measuring only 12 hundredths. If all tubes were of that depth, there never would have been any red-clover problem, and likely no long-tongue fad. But ordina- rily such tubes will be very scarce, most of them being beyond a reach of 17 or 18, and so beyond ordinary reach (I think the aver- age Italian reach given by Prof. Gillette is 17.85, which I suppose to be above the ordi- nary). In such fields it seems reasonable to believe that there might be a very great advantage in having tongues with a reach exceeding 18 hundredths. As I have already intimated, it is not the part of wisdom to go wild over long tongues, and count nothing else important, and I would put more stress upon a record for storing without any measurement; j-et I do believe the man is off who says length of reach is a matter of no consequence, wheth- er it be the editor of Gleanings or any one else. Marengo, 111. NOTES OF TRAVEL. Prospectors for Gold ; Wisconsin Bee-keepers in Arizona ; a Visit with Wm. Lossing and Pam- ily, of Phoenix ; Bee=keeping for Women. BY ERNEST R. ROOT. While Mr. Wm. Rohrig and mj'self were on the road to visit bee-keepers, we saw in the distance two donkeys (^ burros, I sup- pose) loaded down with camp equipment, and a solitary man straggling along with them on foot. "What is that?" I said. " Oh! He is one of the gold-prospectors with his mules and camp equipment," said Mr. Rohrig. As tliey drew near, the sight, though common in this country, was very nosel to me, and I was wondering how I might get a snapshot of the trio unawares. But the trouble was, one of the animals was away ahead of the other, and the man came along behind with the rear beast, prodding him along. Finally Mr. Rohrig called out: " Say, stranger, this is a tenderfoot from the East, and he would like to get a picture of you and 3'our equipment." "All right, pard; where do you want us? " said he good-naturedly. At first one of the burros seemed indis- posed to get into the "group," and finally his owner grabbed the halter of each and held them while I pulled out my pocket ko- dak and took a snapshot. The result is be- fore you. All through this western country may be seen prospectors a good deal like the one here seen. The country is warm, and they dress merely for comfort. So far, as a rule they have not "struck it rich," but are 'aI- wa.ys, expectins^ to. Their scant means do not permit them to travel in palace cars, and consequently they procure a couple of burros at a small cost, camping-outfit, cooking-utensils, etc., and then "rough it" on the mountain-sides. Their faithful ani- mals will live on almost any thing, and the cost of keeping them is almost nothing; while the man with his spade, pick, shovel, and pans, di^'s and pans as long as his "grub" lasts in the hope of some day striking it rich. When his diggings do not "pan out well," he will pack up and start off on the road for new fields, and that was what our "pard" was doing when we asked him to stop long enough for us to take a picture. Speaking of " panning out," I was quite interested in noting that this expression originated among the gold-diggers in early times. After digging for a considerable length of time the prospector takes a pan with a sieve bottom, dips down into the mixture of diggings, with the water, and washes and washes until he finds the pre- cious metal. Perhaps his diggings pan out well, but more often they do not. But these gold-hunters, even if they do not "strike it rich" (and that is another expression from the gold-diggers) generally manage to 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 147 KIG. 1. — A GOLU-PKOSPI'X'TOK. eke out a living-, because the}' find just enoug-h of the precious metals, either ifoUl or silver, to make it possible for them to continue in the business, with the never fadintf hope that some day they will really and truly make a rich find. So abiding- is that expectation that, as a rule, the}' never are good for any thing else but hunt and dig until tie ith intervenes. After we h;ul taken a photo of the m;in and the donkej's we visited Mr. Martin Rohrig, a brother of William. He has been in that Territory only a short time, but. according to his brother, he is one of the best bee-keepers in the vicinity; a me- chanic and a genius, he makes all the little fixings that he requires for his work among the bees. Although he had been there but a short time, he now owns and operates 320 colonies; and at the present rate he will FIG, 2>-— H. V. DOLSON ANJ_) HI.S TUST-MOVKlv(N OXJT-APIAKV... , 148 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb. is soon have a great many more. I should be g-lad to introduce him, but the photo was too poor to reproduce. Another bee-keeper in the immediate vi- cinitj' was Mr. H. F. Dolson, who has 250 colonies. He hailed originally from Wis- consin; but, disappointed on account of poor seasons, he had moved westward with his famil3'. The day we called on him he had just moved the bees from an out-location to his home, and had just arranged them in order under his bee-sheds as we came up. You will note in the photo, Fig. 2, that he is in the act of taking off the covers, and removingthe screens and the binding-strips. Mr. Rohrig and I joked him a little be- cause he was using the old-fashioned un- spaced Langstroth frames — frames that he had to fasten with numerous sticks pushed down between. We recommended him to use Hoffman frames — those that did not re- quire special fastening, and which could be handled as easily and rapidly as the old unspaced frames. Mr. Dolson explain- ed that he began with such frames, and could not afford to change. Not being able to secure a satisfactory photo of him with his veil on, under the shed, I asked that I might have the privi- lege of kodaking him rough and ready, just as he was when working among the bees. Complying with my request, he stepped to the house and "posed" in an easy chair. The ever ready kodak clicked, and here we have him in Fig. 3. We next took the road again. Just as we were getting into the wagon another Wisconsin bee-keeper, Mr. Wm. Lossing, and daughter, drove up, having just come from town. It was then toward night, and FIG. 4.— 'WM. LOSSING AND FAMILY, ALL OF WHOM ARE EXPERT BEE-KEEPERS. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 149 Mr. L. was very anxious that I should stop with him; but having- made other plans I arranged to call on him the next day with Mr. W. L. Chambers, the boy bee-keeper who owns 500 colonies. The following- day found Mr. Chambers and myself at the Lossing- home. Learning that every mem- ber of the family was a bee-keeper from the ground up, I craved the privilege of a photo of the whole crowd. The young- la- dies protested considerably, as they were "not ready;" but after some coaxing I finally secured what I think is a good photo of the whole famil}^ see Fig. 4. Mr. and Mrs. Lossing sit in front. Verna on the right and Maude on the left are the two older girls. Either one of them, as their father expressed it to me, was the equal of, or better than, any man in the yard; for a girl, whatever she does, will be neat about her work, and this is a matter of prime importance when handling soft combs, honey, and propolis. Yes, these girls could take off combs or sling honey; FIG. 3. — H. F. DOLSON AT HOME. and the little miss in the middle, whose name I have forgotten, is also a bee-keeper; and when the extracting days come the whole family turn out and help the father. Mr. Lossing and the girls, as I understand it, have charg-e of 700 colonies, 400 of which Mr. L. himself owns. A good deal has been said in j-ears gone by as to whether the gentler sex are strong enough to take care of bees. I well remem- ber the question was once asked of Mrs. L. Harrison, at the International Bee-keep- ers' Congress in New Orleans, some years ago, whether a lady could keep bees. Mrs. H. very promptly replied that she did not know; but that she did know that a woman could. Mr. Lossing's helpers appeared to be women of the Harrison kind; and not only women, but I should judge they were ladies fit to grace any society or any home in the East. Many and many a woman has found strength, health, and pleasure, in keeping- bees; and I am glad to introduce to our readers the good-looking girls, old and young, belonging to Mr. Lossing's household. WI.SCONSIN V. ARIZONA FOR BEE-KEEPING. "Mr. Lossing," said I, "how does Ari- zona compare with Wisconsin for bee-keep- ing?" "Why," said he, "money could not hire nie to go back. A beautiful climate the year round, no chilling snows, no cold weather, but warm balmy air, and honey galore." f., With that he took me out into his back yard and showed me some trees only ii j-ear or two old, that were 3'oung thrifty grow- ing .specimens, capable of giving a good amount of shade, and not a little fruit. These, he said with some degree of pride, were samples of what a Wisconsin man can do in Arizona with only a year or so of experience. In our next issue I will introduce to you some of the members of the Bee-keepers' Association of Maricopa Co. Among them will be J. P. Ivy, a bee-keeper who oper- ates some 700 colonies, and Mike Wall, the owner of 800 more. " Mike " is a character — of the right sort. I mean — always happy and full of fun. More anon. CELLAR WINTERING. A Model Bee=Cellar and its Construction. BY R. F. HOLTERMANN, Formerly Editor of the Canadian Bee Journal. A great many articles have been written upon the subject of wintering bees; not a few discussions have taken place at con- ventions and among individuals upon the same subject; and yet I venture to sa3^ that, taking all of those who have kept and still keep bees, the average man knows all too little upon this important subject; and the very best known in our bee-keeping ranks would get better returns did they know more about proper conditions for wintering bees, or had better facilities for practicing what they do know. DIVERGENCE IN OPINION. Before beginning, or, perhaps it might be more correctly stated, in opening the sub- ject on hand, let us ask ourselves why it is that there is so great a diverg-ence in the opinions and practices of bee-keepers; why do the practices vary so much? why so much confusion? Is it not because condi- tions and results are not weighed as care- fully as they should be? Take cellar wintering. One says, "Use a sub-earth ventilator;" another one saj's, "Use a ventilator;" the third says, "No ventilation is required." Again, one saj's, " Have a temperature of 60 ; " another, 52 ; 150 CLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Fkb. 15 another, 42; while another says that just above freezing- (32) is best. One says out- side wintering: is better; another, cellar. Let us suppose that conditions are quite alike, iind one man says his bees come out all right with a temperature of 52; the oth- er says his bees will not winter well at that temperature, but he wants 42. Under these circumstances both can not be correct. The trouble simply is, that one man is sat- isfied with poorer results than the other ; and so unless we admit, as in every thing else, that like conditions produce like results, we simply put ourselves down as less intelli- gent than others, and we are preventing the advancement of the business, which is an instrument in our hands, with God's blessing, first to glorify him, and, second- ly, to bring our " food and raiment." The proper wintering of bees, and bring- ing every colony out strong in spring, not only in bees but vitality, is necessary to success, and the very foundation of success- ful bee-keeping. The sooner we recognize this the better, the more the cost of produc- ing honey will decrease, and the less fre- quent will be the seasons when we do not obtain surplus honej". These expressions may be considered ex- aggerated and strong, but they are none too strong, and not exaggerated. In writ- ing, I am not seeking to please every one, neither have I the time to answer those who may object to the statements I make. If any take exceptions to a writer's state- ments it is for the public to judge. A man to-dav asked me, "Are any of your bees dead yet?" Having charge of something like 200 colonies I answered. " Yes, if 3'ou mean bees. There are bees dying continually." Hesaid,"OhI Ime.m colonies." I answered no, and I should consider it a very serious matter if any col- onics were dead. What I want to bring out is this: Man}- are satisfied if they bring the hives out with live bees in every one. No good bee-keeper should be content with this. What every one should aim at is to bring them out of winter quarters with the least consumption of honey, and the least possible loss of bees and loss of vitalit}' in the bees. Nothing less should satisfy. THE QUESTION OF VENTILATION ANIJ TEM- PERATUKE. We read grave discussions as to whether bees require the cellar in which they are wintered to be ventilated. When we un- derstand the nature of the honey-bee, its delicate breathing-cells, its abhorrence of impurities, it seems to me a waste of time to discuss such a question. We know how restless we become, and how injuriousl}' we are afi'ected, when the air becomes foul in the room we are in. Again, the bees con- sume honey. This turns the saccharine matter in the honey into heat and energy. It expels the water; and if the atmosphere is not changed it must become damp anil abnormal. Moisture about the bees, we know to be injurious. Again, as to temperature, if a floor has been scrubbed in the kitchen, and we sit down in the kitchen at a temperature of 70, EXTERIOR VIEW OF CELLAR. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 151 those liable to catch cold run great risk; but raise the temperature, and the evil from the diimpuess is largely overcome. Again, I can be comfortable with an overcoat on when I would catch cold without it. When the temperature of a cellar is discussed, would it not be well to know whether the wooden covers or cushions are on the hive or not? A lower temperature will answer if the cushions are on the hives to prevent heat from passing off. Again, where the humidity is great the temperature must be higher. I previously spoke of ventilation. I can understand that, the more perfect the condi- tions, the less movement and activity of the bees, and the less atmosphere is consumed, and the less stores are consumed; but if there is no supply of fresh air in time, the air })iusf become damp and vitiated, and then the bees become restless and active, and rapidly consume more stores, use more air, and wear themselves out. Again, weak colonies can stand a higher temperature. The strong generate more heat. These are all questions that require consideration. If the cellar is poorly constructed the air gets in and out here and there, and an uncertain quantity is supplied in this way. HOW MR. HOLTERMANN COMES TO BE ASSO- CIATED WITH BEE WORK AGAIN. Last summer I found mj'self for some two years out in evangelistic work. During that time I was almost entirely in the back districts — those neglected on account of in- ability to help financially, but in which there was much blessing. During that time I spent not iny own money, but what the Lord had made me steward of, and what I am afraid many call their own. When that was exhausted I looked around to do as Paul did — went to " tent-making," and I preached when opportunity arose. At Brantford, or within two miles and a half of it, there is a wealthy stock compa- ny— The Bow Park Company, Limited. They have over 1000 acres of land, often over 1000 hogs, several hundred head of fattening steers, sheep, etc. They also make pickles, having about 45 acres in cu- cumbers alone. The blossoms of these, last year, were much appreciated by the bees. They have about 150 acres in alfalfa, and will have a large area in alsike clover. These people having the capital, I proposed going extensiveU' into the bee business, they to furnish the capital and I to manage, and share in the proceeds. They, having plenty 'if monej' awaiting suitable investment, con- sented, and we decided, in addition to pro- ducin'^,'- honey, to sell bees and queens, to mnnufncture hone}^ vinegar, and, when suitable opportunity offered, buy honey to sell again. The company has also an ex- tensive pork-packing plant, and intends to make honey-cured ham and bacon; and the travelers selling pork, bacon, lard, and pickles, could also push honey vinegar and honey. Mr. J. M. Shuttlevvorth, the presi- dent of the company, is also connected with a company, the most extensve exporters of apples, probably, in America, for they have agencies in Boston and New York. It is, therefore, the intention to export honey. It would pay more such firms to engage in the handling of honey, and get in touch with bee-keepers; and it would also be an ad- vantage to bee-keepers to get honey more extensively distributed, as well as products from honey. PLANNING A BEE-CELLAR. Our first step was to plan a bee-cellar — one in which a large number of colonies could be wintered, and wintered well. You, as editor of Gleanings, situated at Medi- na, O., know that, in establishing and run- ning a business, the profit often consists only in what you can save in manageinent. What one man throws away is another man's living and profit. That bee-keep- ing has not been cut down to this, I believe; and yet the most successful man must take into account everj^ detail. In Ontario — in fact, Canada — and doubtless in many por- tions of the United States, with the best cellar wintering, and the best outside win- tering, the bee-keeper can save 7 lbs. of honey by cellar wintering. The bees do not require to generate as much heat, and the teinperature does not vary as greatl}-. Variations of temperature disturb the bees; increised consumption of stores causes in- creased loss of vitality. The loss in this direction can be estimated only very broad- ly- Again, an outer case suitable for this climate costs 50 cts. or more. It is our in- tention to establish out-apiaries until at least 500 colonies are run. A saving of 7 lbs. per colony on 500 colonies would be 3500 lbs. In wintering, cases would cost at least $250. During prolonged and stead}^ cold, wintering becomes uncertain; and we considered, in view of this fact, that a honey- house, work-shop, and store-room was re- quired— tliat is. it would pay us to build a first-class cellar, and the house above. The cellar is intended to hold the 500 colonies. The size is 40X24, and 7 feet in height in the clear. The entire cellar is below the level of the ground. It is built in a sand- bank; is double- walled with a 9-inch wall outside, a 3 "2 -inch wall inside, and a 2- inch space between. The ceiling above is a double floor. The first floor is matched lumber; then a heavy felt paper; then J^k- inch strips and a tongue-and-grooved floor above. The cellar floor is cement; and. laid in the cement, is a board floor. There is one stairway coming froin outside. This is for summer use, and is the stairway- down whicli the bees are carried for win- ter, and out of which they are taken for spring. Another stairway goes down from the shop above, and is for winter use. The object of this construction was to secure thorough isolation and no ventilation through the wall. If ventilation comes, here, there, and ever3-where through the walls, the bee- keeper hiis no control over it, and it may come in when he least requires it. Bj' hav- ing a proper ventilator, one which can be 152 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb. 15 jegfulated, he has something- like a busi- ness-like arrangement. The air comes in at the center of the cel- lar floor. It is connected with a sub-earth ventilator of three thirty-foot lengths of eight-inch glazed tile joined with cement, making it water-tight. It is laid 8 feet be- low the ground, and connects with an up- right pipe 25 feet high, and on top of it is a cowl always facing the breeze. The air passes through the sub-earth ducts; and they, being water-tight, can not get any moisture from them — a defect that many sub-earth ducts have. But the temperature is raised by passing through the warm earth, as the temperature of the air enter- ing it rises and becomes more capable of taking up moisture. In the plan you will notice two partitions running" crosswise of the cellar; and two, again, join these. In this center compart- ment stands a self-feeding coal-stove, and it stands right over (but two feet from) the floor where the cold air comes in. This stove regulates the temperature, and, after being warmed to the required temperature, it passes into the bee-cellars through wood- en pipes at the top, which discharge in the far upper and outer corners of the cellars. The stovepipe enters a double chimney, one part for the stove, the other for a foul-air vent. At the opposite side (but nearest to the two wooden partitions) is a foul-air pipe which, by means of vents and stops, can be made to draw the air from either the top or bottom of the cellar. These pipes draw oft" the foul air, and at the top of the chimney is another cowl, just the op- posite of the previous one, which has its back always to the wind, and thus becomes a suction cowl. In this way temperature and current of air can be controlled. The cellar is new, and 70 of these colonies never had a flight after being- two days closed up on the cars, yet all appear to be wintering- well — cer- tainly a ver3' severe strain on its qualities for wintering. I find that, when cold walls are exposed to the atmosphere, the moisture condenses there; but here not a particle of INTERIOR VIEW OF ONE OF THE COMPARTMENTS IN THE CELLAR, 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 153 moisture is apparent anywhere. It is car- ried to its proper place outside. A candle (I never take an oil-lamp) held close to the cluster shows it dry. The bees just lie there quiet as in sleep. Occasionally a cluster appears sli.L^htly active, but the next time this is quiet. The hives stand on benches 20 inches high in front, 22 at the back. Four hives can rest on each bench side by side, and four hives can rest one on top of the other. It will be seen from the bench that the back of the hive is 2 inches hi.i,'-her than the front. I like the back of the brood-cham- ber raised by means of two blocks ;>s inch from the bottom-board, giving- a current of air through the hive. A warm cushion should be placed on top of each hive, espe- cially the top and bottom row. Strong lol- onies so placed I like to winter at a cellar temperature of 42 — perhaps even a lower temperature will answer. If no cushions are used, if the colonies are weak or the bank a clay bank with more moisture, I would raise the temperature some. Note, I keep a thermometer in each cellar, sus- pended about midway from ceiling to floor, and midway between the fresh-air and foul-air pipe. All these points are impor- tant for comparison ; but to discuss the question with profit we must get the condi- tions and then compare; and let us not be -Vl^ Yyyyyyyyyy-^yyyyy-^yyyyyy^^^^ ELEVATION AND GROUND PLAN OF THE CELLAR. 154 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb. 15 content with what we should not be content with, and delude oui'selves with believing- we are doing- the best w en we are not. When a man loses in winter a colony with a queen and plenty of good stores, there is something wrong. Many a man g^ets no hone3'-flow, because the bees wintered so poorly they could not take advantag-e of the flow that came, especially early clover, or a blossom which stands in a relative posi- tion. In the house above the cellar I have a comb-honey room, a room for extracted hon- ey, and a room for store combs and hives. The first and last are almost air-tight, and can be fumig-ated. Then there is the work- shop. There are, of course, other conditions, such as good stores, the strain of bees, size of brood-chamber in proportion to the num- ber of bees, etc., which influence winter- ing-; but I have not time to enter into those questions now. There is one item in your Jan. 1st issue that is worth more to me than I he subscrip- tion price. I have had every volume for over twenty years — in fact, ever since I have kept bees. No man can aftord to do without a periodical upon the subject he is eng-ag-ed in. Brantford, Ont., Can., Jan. 20, 1902. Laler. — It was with much pleasure that I noticed your editorial remarks in your Jan. 15th issue concerning the necessity of fresh and pure air for the bees. If I had yo\i here for 24 hours I could thoroughly cor,- vince you that temperature is also of great importance. In that flash-light photo of hives piled up in the cellar, the second hi\e from the top, front row, right-hand side, is one by which I can tell you to a deg-ree the temperature of the cellar, or I can go to the thermometer and tell you to what extent the bees appear under the comhs and bottom- bars. How? At 40° the cluster contracts sufficiently to draw all the bees above the bottom-boards, and out of sight when you cast your eye through the opening made be- tween the bottom-board and bods' by block- ing- up the brood-chamber }% of an inch. At 41 a few bees appear below the bottom- bar; at 42, still more. This condition has pre- vailed all winter. That cellar, I believe, has not varied fcur degrees all winter, and it aft'ords a beautiful object-lesson. Varia- tions in temperature cause, as per abo\e (contraction and expansion of the cluster), activity; and to husband vitality and stores, this is not desirable. At this date, Feb. 1, not one hive is spot- ted by discharges from the bees in winter quarters, and they make no more noise than when they first went in. k. v. h. [This, according-' to our experience, is good orthodox teaching"On the subject of bee-cellars and their construction. While temperature is important, ventilation is more so, particularly if it be under con- trol. The plan outlined above is ideal if it is expensive. At present we are securing ideal results in our cellar by opening and closing- of doors at night, for we aie scarce- ly losing- any bees, not to say colonies. ( ur cellar is bone-dry, air sweet, and l)ee>. perfectly quiet, notwithstiinding- the noise above. — Ed.] BEE CELLARS OR REPOSITORIES. The litiportatice of Having them Properly Ventiicfec; Painted Hives Soaked with Moisture ; a Nut for Mr. Doolitfle to Crack. BY T. F. BINGHAM. I wish to call attention to what Mr. Doo- little says in the January Rcviciv regard- ing the eftect of paint on his hives, and how they were affected by moisture. In the 10 years he has been wintering" bees in his cellar successfully, I do not remember, un- til this winter, seeing a description of it and its shortcomings, if any. But now in- cidentally it has been shown by him that he had found air in his cave incapable of supporting combustion (that is, a lighted lamp) awa}^ from his three-door entrance. On p. 21 of Review above referred to. near the bottom, he says, " The mistake which I think he i Mr. Miller) makes is in assuming that this wooden wall remains dry during the winter and spring, " and then Mr. D. goes on to explain that the wood between the walls of propolis and paint of his painted hives was " thoroug-hly saturated with wa- ter—so much so, if possible, the same were worse than green lumber." From this statement there can be no doubt as to the condition of his cellar. He is not alone in cave wintering'- in New York; but while I ;im unable to say that his plan is the com- mi n one, I am of the opinion that most of tlie New York cellar repositories iire con structed upon the practical non-ventilation system. Mr. Doolittle's conclusions on the paint and moisture question are reasonable, and deduced from experience that no one can deny. The point I wish to raise right here, however, is not the effect that paint has when applied to bee-hives, but, how did the /lives alisorb ivater to such an extent as to he equal to j^reeii lumber f The no-paint rem- edy that Mr. Doolittle applied, no doubt fa- cilitated the drying of liis hives after being brought ovit of his cellar; but would it not h.'ive been better, or at least as well, to h.ive kept the hives dry in the cellar, with or without paint, with ample ventilation? Mr. Doolittle's stone-roof air-tight cellar is quite the reverse of your repository under the machine-shop. It would be of no use to inquire of 3'ou if the liives below the shop were dry. My first winter's experience witli a three- inch ventilator-flue in my cellar demon- strated conclusively its insufficiency. M\- hives, like Mr. Doolittle's, became charged with water; and, while not painted, they did not fail to show that thej' had been five months in a warm damp atmosphere. A 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 155 hundred colonies of bees consuming- 400 lbs. of honey per month would liberate not less than 35 to 40 lbs. of water per week. Just suppose two pails of water to be thrown into an air-tight cellar once every Sunday for five months, said cellar to be at a tem- perature of 40 to 50°. Mr. Doolittle is rig-ht. No doubt his hives needed drying. The winter problem remains the probleiu where the mercury for five months registers from 35 above to 12 below zero. Farwell, Mich. [I have just been down in our machine- shop basement, where the bees are. Every thing is dry and sweet, and the dust on the cellar bottom is bone-dry. The number of dead b es on the floor is still surprisingly small. I wish our friend Doolittle would con- struct a large air-duct up through the roof of his repositorj', of g-ood height, say 16 in. square, and see if there would not be dryer and better air, better wintering, and dryer hives. I am well aware he once had a roof ventilator; but, if I remember correctly, it was very small, having, as I estimate, only a thirtieth of the area of the ventilator rec- ommended by Mr. Bingham. Our Farwell friend is the first one to recommend a venti- lator so large, and our own experience seems to prove that his idea is correct. The little three and four inch ventilators were so small as to be worse than useless. — Ed.] TWO-STORY HIVES FOR COMB HONKY; HOW TO WORK THEM. I am a beginner, and have read with in- terest Dr. Miller's article, pages 329—331, of last year's volume, and your footnote about handling colonies in a double-story hive for comb honey till the harvest or flow is on, and I would thank you to answer me a few questions. 1. When taking away one story, is the queen left in the hive full of brood with the bees? As I judge, she having no room to lay, would not this cause the swarming fever? If I am right, how do j'ou avoid it? If she is removed with the lower story, she will raise a new colony, of course. If this is done, do you let the other hive raise a queen from brood? I am anxious to find a way to avoid in- crease and prevent bees from swarming-, when raising comb honey. H. Drishaus. Omaha, Neb., Jan. 30. [As a general thing the queen is left with the brood in the lower story or that stand that is designed to receive the comb honey, although there are times when she may be put with the removed part of the hive; but in our experience a queenless col- ony does not show the snap of on? that has a mother. There may be times when swarming might be hastened on by confin- ing her i-najesty to a brood-nest in which there is no opportunity for her to lay eggs. This will be particularly so if the upper story is taken oft' at the bej^inning o/or just before the honey-flow. Our practice has been to leave the super of extracting- combs on till the bees have stored some honey in it. When they get in the notion of going above, and storing there, they are likel}' to keep on storing above in the super of sec- tions that has replaced the one of combs. But if, on the other hand, you notice they are loafing at the entrance, it is better to leave the upper set of combs on until they have ceased loafing or have swarmed. But in using- these double hives the large en- trances should alivays be used. There will then be very little likelihood — at least that is true according to our experience — of loafing- or clustering- out. Tlie point to be remembered is that the upper story must not be removed before the bees get to work storing- honey energeticallj'. W^hen they have ''got their hand in," they will keep rig-ht on, no matter what the queen has got to say about it, below. Locality may alter the behavior of the bees. But in our experi- ence the two-story colonies are not nearly as much inclined to swarm, and, if worked properly, they will secure more comb hon- ey.—Ed.] HONEY STATISTICS. I write to say that I want some statistics that I felt in hopes 3'ou could give to me. First, the average annual production of honey in the United States. Second, the average production of wax in the United States, and about the number of colonies of bees kept; also what State produces the most honey, and how much. Bowling- Green, O. A. J. Kilgore. [There are no reliable government statis- tics relating to the amount of honey and wax produced in the United States; but we can give you some fairly accurate estimates on some items. Something like fifty mil- lion pounds of comli honey is produced an- nually in the United Stales, and in the neighborhood of one hundred millions of ex- tracted. The total value of honey, both comb and extracted, would approximate ten i-nillions of dollars. At a rough guess there are all the way from four hundred to five hundred thousand bee-keepers, or an aggregate of half a million all told. This includes both the small and larg-e pro- ducers. Concerning the amount of wax produced in the United States, I can not g-ive j'ou very accurate figures. There is something like two hundred thousand pounds of foun- dation made annually in the United States. Just how much wax is used for making- candles for the Roman Catholic Church, dental purposes, and the general arts, I could not say; but probably as much more, 156 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb. 15 or a total of between four and five hundred thousand pounds, as the annual production of wax. California, in a good 3'ear, is by all odds in the lead for amount of honey produced. In a fair season it will ship from its own border three to four hundred cars. The next best State, probably, would not aggregate above 50 cars. — En. J And the Iery outset to say, "Get thee behind me, Satan." Minnesota Bee-keepers' Supply Mfg. Co., Manufacturers of Bee-hives. Sections, Shipping-cases, and Everything Used by Bee-keepers. Orders filled promptly We have the best shipping facilities in the world Yo>i will save money by send- ing for our price list Address Minnesota Bee=keepers' Supply Mfg. Co., Nicollet Island Power Building, Minneapolis, Minn. I^H^ ONLY 50 LEFT. We have left some of those slightly damaged copies of Prof Cook's " Bee- keeper's Guide " that went through our fire a year ago. The reading matter is all right — only the clo'.h covers are somewhat damaged. Price to close out, 00c A C JPY, by mail ; or, with weekly American Bee Jotiryial a year, botli for only $\Af). Regular price of tlie book alone is $1.25. Big bargain where you get both book and Journal ("2 copies) for $1.}'1. Better order quick if you ■want book on either these low offers. CONVENTION REPORTS. The weekly Amer. Bee Journal will publish quite full reports of the Colora- do, Chicago, Ontario, and other conven- tions during the next few months. These reports are of great value. Now IS the time to begin to read the Bee Journal. It will continue to be a great bee-paper in 1902. And it comes every week. "We are headquarters in Chica- go for Root's Bee=keepers' Supplies. Catalog and sample ot the American Bee Journal free. GEORGE W. YORK & CO., 144, 146 Erie Street, Chicago, Illinois. ICHICAN HEADQUARTERS FOR G. B. Lewis Co.'s Bee-keepers' Supplies, Dadant's Foundation. Be sure to send us your list and g-et our prices before ordering- elsewhere. DIS- COUNTS on early orders. Sens for our 4S-page catalog-. L. G. Woodman, Grand Rapids, Mich. Fruit Packages of All Kinds. BEE=KEEPERS' SUPPLIES. . . Older your supplies now before the busy season catches you. Price list free. Address BERLIN FRUIT-BOX COMPANY. Berlin Heights, - . - Erie County, Ohio. EQQS from all varietifs of fancy chickens KREK. Senrl 10c for a trial subscription to our 16-p. journal if interested in fowls, and gei our Free-ego plan. Address The Farm & Poultry News, Blx 702, Middlesboro, Ey. 160 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb. 15 The Bee-keepers' Review for Feb. has Mr. Gill's second article, giving his plans and methods of managing 700 colonies for comb honey. He goes over the details of preparation, explaining short cuts in putting together sections, cutting up and putting in founda- tion, etc., showing how his wife is able, by these methods, to put to- gether, in eight hours, and fill with foundation, enough sections to fill 100 supers ! C. A. Olmstead, a new writer from New York, shows hows the longevity of bees may be increased two weeks, in the working sea- son, by having the larvae nursed by the right kind of laees. There are other articles equally interest- ing and instructive, and several pages of short editorials on a variety of topics, but there isn't room for further description; send ten cents for this issue, and with it will be sent two other late, but different, issues, and the ten cents may apply on any subscription sent in during the year. A coupon will be sent entitling the holder to the Review one j'ear for only 90 cts. W. Z. Hutchinson, Flint, Mich. 10 CENTS That's all it costs to get acquainted with the Rocky Mountain Bee Journal. We want to send it on trial to every reader of Gleanings Three Months for 10 cts. This vigorous young month- ly has just entered its second year on a paying basis, and has become the recognized mouthpiece of the bee- keepers of the great Rocky Mountain alfalfa regions. Address The Rocky Mountain Bee Journal, Box 611. Boulder. Colorado. AMERICAN Ten sample copies, separate issues, 10 cts. Published at GARDENING, 126 Liberty St., N. T. Listen, Bee-keepers! The Lone Star Apiarist A new bee-journal in the great South- west, the Texas bee-keepers' paradise. It will tell you of more glorious fields in the counties south of Uvalde, superior to and more abundant in honey-yielding flora, promising to be one of the great- est honey-producing sections in the world. With flow- ing wells, and the planting of fields of alfalfa in addi- tion to the tine natural re.sources there already. Its editor will tell about his extended trip through this wonderful land. Subscribe now, $1 a year. T\\s. Apiarist is not only for the South, but for all America and foreign countries too. Our company has purchased the Southland Queen, and now we have the only bee-journal in the South. THE LONE STAR APIARIST PUB. CO.. Louis Scholl. Editor. Floresviile. Texas, California. The State that produces car- loads of honey ; the largest aver- ages of any State in the Union; a mammoth honey association to market the crop; the value of dif- ferent fields, is told in the Pacific Bee Journal, Los Angeles, Calif., whose correspondents are success- ful producers of tons and tons — 20 to So tons each. California as a Honey State, by A. J. Cook. Gallup's Bee-keeping Experiences. Nevada Forging Ahead. Utah Bee-keep- ing. Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Arizona News. Bee-keepers say the Pacific is one of the best Si. 00 bee-papers, prettily gotten up and illustrated; most appropriate cover design. Clubbed with Gleanings, new or renewal, $1.00 a year. Grand club with Gleanings and Rocky Mount- ain Bee Journal. $1 25 a year. The Pacific Bee Journal, Los Angeles, Calif. 237 East Fourth Street, Do You Read the Modern Farmer? If not, why not? Perhaps you have never seen a copy. If not, send for one now — it's free. Send us lo cents and tlie names and addresses of five farmers and we will si nd you the paper one year. Clttbbed with this paper. Write for price. Address MODERN FARMER, = St. Joseph, Missouri. To make cows pav, use Sharple-S Cream Separators. Book " Business Dairying " & cat. 288 free. W. Chester. Pa. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 161 An Entering Wedge. Give us a few sam- ples on every route, rather than the full equipment of a part of them. That in- sures us steady work re- the light weight boxes, as they fade away. Send for descrip- tion and prices. Bond Steel Post Co., Adrian, Mich. PLAMERS The above cut shows one of our small Planers, of which we make twelve different styles and sizes. Also large Planers, Band Saws, Buzz Planers, Moulders, Wood Lathes, and all kinds of WOOD WORKING MACHINERY Send for Catalogue. The FRANK MACHINERY CO. BUFFALO, N. Y. CHAS. ISRAEL & BROS., 486-490 Canal St., Corner Watt St., N. Y. Honey and Beeswax. Liberal Advances made on Consignments. Whole- sale Dealers and Commission Merchants. Estab. 1875 pOR SALE.— Will sell cheap, one 10 h. p. engine ' with upright boiler all complete. J. W. BiTTENBENDER, Knoxville, Iowa. POULTRY PAPER 3 Honths and book, "Plans for Poultr.v-houses," 10 ets. Paper one year and book,'.5cts, if you mention Gleanings (res. price. .50 ctsi. Inland Poultry Journal, Indianapolis, Indiana. Concord Grapevines Elberta Peach=trees at Bargain Prices. . Large snpply. Other nui sery stock in proportion. E. A. BOAL, Hinchman, flichigan. from seed to market: 16 pages; magazine form; 2o cts. a year, sample copv 5 cts. .\ddress Publisher of "Speci.^l Crops," Skaneateles, N. Y. GINSENG Choicest FRUIT AND ORNAMENTAL Ourp have been the standard of excellence for nearly half a century. Direct deal will save you money. Valuable 16*-paire catalogue free. Send for il today and nee what values we give for a little money. We mail postpaid, Seeds. I'liintii. Bulbs, ItoNeiii, Small Trees, etc. Safe arrival and satisfaction sruaranteed. Larsrer by express or freight. 48 years. H g'reenhouses. 1000 acres. THE STORRS & HARRISON CO., BOX 153 PAINESVIULE, OHIO. FEggOJK f .Jr^ For ^^% The Farmer The Gardener and The Housewife They cost a little more. Tliev .are wurtli a gr^ut ,hal more tliMii tlie ordinary kind. Sold everywhere. 1902 annual free. D. M. FERRY &. CO. Detroit, Mich. |0\ir New White| Won.der will mature and heart out withprreiiterregularny than my caiii>age on tlie marliet This mulces it th^ mobO de- -ii able sojt for jr "nev il crop Heads are ex.-etitionali\ arue, solid, fine ti .vored md ixrIVft Jieeplnir- (irowers v.il! flndtiiis BOLGJANO'S Mew Vv'hlle Wor^de^ the iiestand most protUatdc Ijind liiac grows. Se lu to. Iarf<- .ice ili.sH'an.- i eut- ulojiiieot all seeiU, p auts Uiilba, etc. for the farm and garJea. jj Ifcr. 0 5 • 'Jiltiino ^^^ .X. . , The . . FINEST OF ALL. Our New Catalog tells all about it. Send for it. Sen- ator Dunlap, Rough Riiler and 75 other Strawberries. Bargains in New Varieties, SEED POTATOES. Flansburgh & Peirson Leslie, Mich. rhcrrli «•«, etc, I KT rill thy. wcll- "est ij^rower in countr 'WWt> K.-i«pherpies, ■ V^ IH J{> ckherrlex, ■ b'U' Uewixrries, it«, (ilaril 1 sell. HronsTt IrcHli diir i>luii( M. Laig- 1 ed free. ALLEN L. WOOD, Wholesale Grower, Rochaster, New York. 162 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE. Fkb. 15 ^ALZER'S ' SEEDS Produce m{ ^'i^ It is a fact that SALiZER'S SEEDS are grown in moregardeno , and pUnted 0:1 more farms in America than any other. There is i reason lor this. Salzer's See. Is always produce— they never lull, 1 o matter how poor the soil or inclement the weather. "\Ve are the lars^est growers of vegetable and farm .seeds, operating over iOOO acres, and hence make ' the following unprecedented offer: — ISO Kinds for 16 Cents Postpaid. so kin<1s of rarest luscious Radishes; 13 magnificent earliest Melons; 16 sorts clurious Tomatoes; S5 peerless Lettuce \arietics; l".i splendid Ueet sorts; <>5 Borseously beautiful Flower Seeds. Above 150 sorts, which will furnish you bushel baskets full of magniricent flowers and lots ami lots of rare vegetables, together with our great catalog t 'Uing al I about the rarest kind of Iriiits and llowers and best vegetables, is mailed you, all for but 16 cents in stamps. CABU CCCnC Wearet lie largest farm seed growers in rAnni aCCUOi theworld. our catalog IS bniu full of pedigieed stock with tremendous yielding rei-ords, suili i^ 100 bus. barley, 400 bus. curn,4i bus. fining wheit 300 bus. oats, G tons of bay, bO tons teosinie, etc., etc, per acre. It is mailed to you upon receiiit of 5c postage; or for lOe we will mail yon catalog and many farm seed samples. JOH^■ A. SALZER S/uD CO.. La Cross. , Wis. URPEE'S SEEDS o M ^ NEVER BEFORE have we introduced such SUPERB NOVELTIES of unusual merit. Six choicest Vegetables and five finest Flowers are shown painted from nature, others illustrated from photographs and all honestly described in BURPEE'S Farm annual for I902. This "leading American Seed Catalogue" is mailed FREE to all who intend to buy. Write to-day, a postal card will do. W. ATLEE BURPEE &, CO., Seed Growers, PHILADELPHIA. GOOD . SEEDS'^ CHE. AP Best in the World. None so low in price. Largest illustrated I seed catal"gue ever printed, FREE. En- graving of every variety. Price only 1 I cent per pkg, and up. A lot of extra' packages, rare sorts, presented FREE with every order. Send name and address by card or letter. ,R. H. SHUMWAY, Rockford, Illinois.; POUITRY PAPER FREE. Vuur iiuiue aim aduress on postal cara maiieu to VERGREENS Hardy sorts, Tsursiery prown, for wind- breaks, ornament and hedges. Prepaid, $1 lo.-iilO |iprl(IO--:"iO(;reatR,irirains to select from. Write at once for free Catalogue and Barpain Slioet. I.iieiil Afl-nts niiiited, 0. Hill Jreciarr.?, Dundee,lll. _ liaiue auu adui'ess ' H Itfliiible I'uulirt Ji stai cara maiieu to Uuiiifj, liliiiuis, ill briiij^ jou Iree saiiiple with tle^aut tuU-page color plate irMntispiece showing In natural colors a pair ot standard towls, repruduced trom oil painting by Franli L. Bewell World's greatest poultry artist. Sirty-elght to 160 pages montlily, 5u cents a yeax. SKAD TO-DAY t'OU J< ItEC tSAMJfLK. GREIDER'S FINE CATALOGUE of pMze winning poultry for 1902. printed In colors, illu.srrates and nescriliea 50 Varieties of I'onltrj; ■;ives reasonable (.tlc^s of ejgs and siock Many Dints to ^lOuMry raisers, ^end 10c le. Malta's Bone Oufter moaX cuts all hones, in luding meat aiol t:r'slleea--ier and __ quiclierthanothers— ifnoi.ooTrtKep.t. TRY IT ID DAYd FREL No money in aii in.-e. Our lice Cat'lg explains all. F. W. MANN CO., Box 37, Milford, Mass. It Brings More Eggs Getal>nn Oreen IJone Cutter and double your e:g yield. Our new cata- logue tells all about feeding; green bone, and the best macliine for cutting it, Sold Direct PKICE, ;!0 <1uvm' trial. and up Stralton Mfg. Co., Box 54, Erie, Pa. 12 3 4 5 6 Pi Co\ii\t the Chicks as tliey come out. Then count the eggs, and you will see why so many people are using Successful Incubators and Brooders, The healthy egg becomes the vigorous, husky, moneymaking hen. You will want our beauti- fully illustrated c italogue. Five different edi- tions in five languages. Englis'i edition i cents; others free. It Is a poultry Bible. Des Noii\es IncuhaLtor Co., Box 503, DesMolnes, la., or Box 503, Buffalo, N.Y. BANTLING SPECIAL This 50 Egg isth e I bargain in the natch at tne j-r-c**. Fulh df- 5rrit»ed in Our SfUh Cen- tury Pouhry Hook. Sent for :0c, w rt . *1. We have 115 sards of ihorouphbred poultr HeUabiclneb.Jif Brdr. Co., Uox B49 Quincy, IlL Mow mstrutuons- $5 by tue The Egg Question I Solved " HUWPHREYrvl-el'L^: CUTTER Guaranteed to cut more bone, ea&ier and quicker' than any other or your money back. Only open hopper machine. Catig and Es^ Record tree. HUMPHREY & SONS, Bo> ^1, Joliet, Ills. ir«QTT?r>TVi ( JO'^l^i'll RKKCK & SONS. Boston. .J!;aMl<>iUN ) JOHNSON & MOKES, I'liiladelphia. OitlH'I'ITII & TlUINKlt 10 , 1i:dtlmore. AGENTS, A FRIEND to poultrvmen— toohickens. ;, Adam'sS Cutter It runs easily because it lia3 ball bcannss. It cuts clean, quickly and perfecly. Makes a fine ixiiie sliaving such as chickens re- (juire. Hefiire yuii buy send for free cataloL'iie No. HQ W. J. ADAM, JOLIET, ILL. 164 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb. 15 Why Successful! Doesn't it vex 3'ou, after ordering- "one hive nailed up and painted," to get one all colors of the rainbow^, bodies and supers not square, covers don't fit, frames crooked, one nail where two ought to be, etc.? That doesn't happen here, because the Bee Supplies and Honey Business is the only iron we have in the fire, and we know how to keep it from burn- ing. We are practical, and can advise you correctly when you don't know just what you want. We don't sell "stickers" or fandangled paraphernalia to get your dollars, be- cause we want you to come again. We sell the best hives and supplies at manufacturers' prices. Service and shipping-facilities perfect. Our Standard-bred Italian Queens are the quality. Orders booked now for, untest- ed, 75c each, 6 for S4.00; select tested, $1.50. New 1902 catalog free. The Fred W. Muth Co., Front and wainut, Cincinnati, Ohio. QueensYou Should Have Does blood tell in other stock ? Give your bees a chance. Stock used for breed- ing the queens offered — not from a sport, but my pick out of an apiary giving last season an average j'ield as follows : Honey Gathered. 102 lbs. extracted and fiS lbs. comb honey per colony besides increase and stores for winter. Quality of Comb Honey Produced, " Man ! It would dazzle you." — Wm McEvoy, Onta- ria Government Inspector of Apiaries. Wintering Qualities. Up to the present. January 30, I never found these bees to show the least indication of unrest— always perfectly quiet. They are wintering perfectly. — Frank T. Adams, Brantford, Canada. General Commendation. Out of those queens you sent me I have produced the best race or strain of bees I ever owned. Remem- ber that is saying a lot, as I have tried every breed imported to this country. The bees winter better, build up, and stand cold chilly winds in spring better, and are more suitable than any bees I ever owned. For the season they gave me about double the honey the pure Italians did, and more increase. Glad you are going into the queen business, and are going to join our ranks again. We are much in want of a few men like you. C. W. Post, Ex president Ontario Bee- keepers' Associatijn (owns 3()5 colonies). S. T. Pettit, Canada's most successful comb-honey producer and bee-keeper, says: "The blood in my apiary is largely the progeny'of queens sent by you, and tliey are grand bees." Prices of Queens. They are dutv free to the United States. Tested, $2.00 each ; $10 OO for fi ; $18.00 per dozen Untested until July 1st, $1.25 each ; $7.00 for 0 ; or $12 00 per doz- en. Same after July 1st, $1.00 each: $o.50 for 6; or flO.OO per dozen. L,arger quantities, prices on applica- tion. Postage stamps taken'for fractions of a dollar. To be fair to every one, no selected tested queens are offered. Every one has the same chance. The above queens are bred from a careful selection of Italians and Carniolans. Pure Italian and Carniolan queens same price. Price of full coloni s on application. Orders booked as received, and filled as quickly as possible. Order early. Address R. F. Holtermann, Bow Park Co., Limited, Brantford, Ontario, Canada. POR SAI.,E— Barnes combined saw, good as new. * $20.00. D. P. Holt, Americus, Ga. Try a Sure Hatch Incubator. See adv't on page 163. Sections $1.50 January 1 we commence making ex- tensive improvements in our factory and warehouse. The following regular No. 2 sections are on hand, and we de- sire to sell them before beginning the improvements, as they will be in the way. In order to sell them quickly, we make the low price of 31.50 per 1000 in any quantity. 420M 4jJxl}g inches. 35M 4i() for $15.00. Safe arrival. SwiNSON & Boardman, Box 358. Macon, Ga. lee GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb. 15 VVe are the largest manufac- tiirei'S of vehiclesanu h iriiess in the worhl selling to consum ers, and we ha^ e been diiing business in this way for 29 years. WE HAVE NO AGENTS 1 but ship anywhere for examination guaiaiiteeiiiH: bare deilveiy. You are out nothing if not 'satiKtied. We make 195 styles of vehicles and 65 styles of harness. Our prices represent the cost of material and making, plus one profit. Our 16.00 to 58 00 more larpTC free catalogue shows complete line. Send for it, Elkhart Carriage & Marness Manufacturing CoMEIkhart,lnd. m (Faclbry We are giving our customers the benefit of ^S^ jobbers prices on t'arriaKcs, harness and otiier ^^No liorse accessories. Factory titrures are quoted— dealers profits are eliiiuiiated. You Get the Profits '§. In addition we pivc you selection from W L the largest stock in tlie world of high CKl\ » grade veludes and guarantee satisfaclion KjL Send for catalogue SV 3a34 I'.ugeT 'or money returned, ^and see how much you will save. The COLUMBUS CARRIAGE & HARNESS CO. } write to nearest oftlce{g'il^Y^MHUsfA^'p:«!'n^^^^^ "A Gold Mine On Your Farm" is the title of the most comi'lete and compre- hensive illustrated Treatise, on the subject of spraying, with tables of costs and formulae. The result of actual use at the leading Agricultural Experiment Stations, tells of the SPRA MOTOR, the "Gold Medal" machine at the Pan-American. 84 copyrighted pages. We mail it free. Ask for it. SPR.AMOTOR. CO.. Bviffa^lo, N. Y. London, Ca^n. SEWS ANYTHING I from silk to coars-^^^g lest fabrics. Tliecc.^;.ji.ii.--a 1^^^ BALL-BEARINC ^^^^ ARLINGTON y $40 to $r>5 Machine.) I (equal of I Combines hirhcai riu-ie Iclency with beautiful n'^pi itcompli'te atiachtnrnts. BALL iBEAUINQ.hen anleed for 20 y^-ars. 250.000 sold I Testimonials from every State. _ efor Free *"acaIo? ahowin? all styles and samp Arlington friiaranteed m-trliines from fll 95 up. Oar Aiitomiitic rahinel at $17.75 is a v CASH nrVFKS' TNION. I>pnt. A- '4.% iWVk I &t:FKKi.N( '.. y n- 1 NAii>-NAi- r^NK. c..n:.> Compare the Number of pieces in a -10-rod roll of Gl'RS and YOURS? Page Woven Wire Fence Co., Box S, Adrian, MIcliigan. BELGIAN HARES ! With every hare sold goes a full pedigree, register number, and score-card, scored by an official judge. Does will be bred to one of our famous high -scoring bucks free. Write for l>ook. Mer. of The A. I. Root Oo. J. B. MASON, MECHANIC FALLS, MAINE. Union Combination Saw For Ripping, Cross- cutting, Rabbeting, Mitering, (Grooving, Gaining, Boring, Scroll sawing. Edge - moulding. Beading. Full line FOOT and HAND POWEE machin- ery. Send for catalog A. SENECA FALLS UFG. CO., il Water St., Seneoa Fs., N.7. X902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 167 30 DAYS FREE IM ■For since a satisfied c stonier is the best adverlisemeiit we could have, we p'opose lo satisfy every one that our Split Hickory Vehicles arc .lie best made, and will ship anywhere on 30 Days' Free Trial. Tike it home, hiLcii lo ii, use it, and pay for it when you are satisfied that it is a bargain. We would not dare to do this if we di not know that every thing we make would prove satisfactory. If vou do not think they are ihe best, after a fair trial, send them back. We won't quarrel with you. Our new catalog fully explains this plan and shows our full line of vehicles and harness. It is free. Ohio Carriage Manufacturing Co., Station 27, Cincinnati, Ohio. )\ REMINDER. Time to buy that carriage or bup^. Wemakea fulUinel and sell direct on 39 Dsys' Frcc Trial>| We save you dealer and j obber I profits. Fiioutrh iiuld. Write for 22nd annual catalog. Mailed free. I Kalamazoo Carriage &HarnessMfg,^ Co , St.ition10, Kalamazoo, Mich. rimiemoflhe Frte Trie! Plan. Of Course You Know ^ " n ay iw.j, h'>we\i r, have known about the best and most urii,:'r:er'H:RDiE spray pumps have n ade that lun.i of a reputation wheri-vtrr tht-y hsve bten UFe-l. auil foi all cla8ses ot wurk. We make them \n prt-at varieiy. emlirac*i the Farmer at Wholexal* Prices. Full, (♦arranted. Catalog Free. TOILED SPKING FENCE CO., BozlUl Winchester, InOiaBa, U. a. 4* BARNES' Hand and Foot Power Machinery. This cut represents our combined circular saw, which is made for bee- keeper's use in the con- struction c f their hives, sections, boxes, etc , etc. Machines on Trial. Send for illustrated cata- log and prices. Address W. F. & Jno. Barnes Co., 545 Ruby St., Roclcford. IllinoiSc «OOl>, IIO.VE* r Buggies Sixtet-n ye.irs ex- perience in selling standa d grades <>r I Vehicles and Harness^ Has made on f.'ivorably linown for relialile (|u:ility Ills BUILT FOR SERVICE, Substan(i«l — Honest Material— Best Work. IR^AND THF PRICE IS All RIGHT, TOO..^ A shrewd disperning buyer, srciurin^ the ^ market for the best values, en n not aff^nd to bo 'ithout our C.taloffue A postal will bnn? it FltEE. Ci^^lt BCVERS' TNION (Inc.), Dept. B-345, « hica-o, III. Wagon World Awheel. Half a million of these steel wheels have been sent out on our own wagons and to fit other wagons. It is the wheel that determines the life of any wagon, and this is the longest hved wheel made. Do you want ' a low down Handy Wagon to use about the place? We will fit out your old wagon with Elec- tric Wheels of any size and any shape tire, straight or stag- gered spokes. No craclied hubs, no loose spokes, no rotten telloes, no resetting. Write for the big new catalogue. Itis free. Elsctric Wheel Co>« Box 95fQuincyi Ills. Statrt Right. Success depends upon it. Witli the "in»t" spraying outfits, you will save 7.5 percent of tlie usual loss from in- sects,and disease. We save money fi>r you. Makes Emulsion while pumping. Kills insects and lice on chickens and animals. Made only by THE DEMINQ CO., SALEM, OHIO. Twelve varieties of sprayers. Write for our booklet treiiting of a'l kinds of diseases and Insects. Hent free. Write us or our Western Agents. IKiiloii A mibbell, Clilcneo, IIIn. 168 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb. 15 The new and revised edition of Facts about Bees, fully describing the Danzenbaker hive and system of producing comb honey, will be ready for mailing in a few days. T hey may be had by applying to Francis Danzenbaker, Boxtii-, Washington, D. C, or to us. COMB HONEY. When in need of comb honey let us supply you, as we have a large stock to select from. Our stock of ex- tracted is very low, and we shall be pleased to get samples and prices from those having choice extracted for sale. BEES^VAX WANTED. If you have any beeswax to sell let us hear from you. We need it now more tlian we .shall next June For a luimberof years a great many shipments of wax have been delayed too late in the spring. .Some hold it an- ticipating a rise in price, and others do not gel around to making shipment as promptly, perhaps, as they might. Jn order to .stimulate early shipments we ad- vance the price we pay to the highest point it has reached in years, and is bkely to reach this year. We will pay 2S cents cash, 80 in trade, for average wax de- livered here, until further notice. Be sure your ship- ment is marked so we may be able to identify it among others on arrival Write us when you ship, giving the gro.ss, tare, and net weight shipped. If yoi: ship 111 a box, see that it i-; a strong one well nailed. If you have enough to fill a barrel, that makes the best package to ship in. If you ship a .'^ack it should be double, and extra strong. You can better afford to be careful in shipping than to lose several pounds on the way. Special Notices by A. I. Root. cow PEAS ; ADVANCED PRICES. We have only the Wonderful and F;.xtra-earlv Black- eye. Price of Wonderful, I qt., r.icls.: by mail. I5cts. more; peck, 7.S ; 'a bushel, Sl.So; bushel, $J.50. Ex- tra-early Blackeye, '/ more than above prices. This latter will ripen seed almost ain where in the North, but it does not produce anywhere near as large an amount of feed, either for stock or to tu n under. Both kinds will, however, produce suffic-ient bloom to furnish considerable quantities of honey in favorable localities. L,eaflet mailed on application. SEED POTATOES — REDUCTION' IN PRICE OK NO. 1 BY THE BARRKIL. We have reduced the price on our first-quality pota- toes by the barrel from $1.00 to $;5..n(). I'rices by the bushel and less will be the same as given heretofore. Price of seconds will be S^ 00 per barrel, as heretofore. Those who have paid us S4.00 per barrel, either last fall or during the winter, can have a rebate of 50 cts. per barrel if they v.- ill give us notice of the fact. Our seed potatoes, seconds, of Triumph. Bovee. and Sir Walter, are all sold out. We have, however, plen- ty of both firsts and seconds of all the other kinds mentioned on page 73, Jan, 15. A DOLLAR POULTRY-BOOK TO EVERY'BODY WHO SENDS US |1.00 FOR GLEANINGS AND ASKS FOR NO OTHER PREMIUM. This book is the same thing we have been selling largely for several years past. All things considered, I do not know but i sho ild recommend it as being the best poultry-book we have. But this edition we give away is printed on cluaper paper, with heavy pa-te- board covers. The covers, however, are embellished with pictures of poultry in bright colors, making it a "lost attractive book to have around. By taking a 1 irge quantitv we get them of the publishers at a very 1 )vv price, with the understanding they are to be given ;is premiums only to our subscribers They are not fir sale at any price. The book contains 3"2 pages, i.ud is full of illustrations. Kemeinber, everybody ho sends us 91 00 for Gleanings, past, present, or f uure, can have the book by asking for it, and send- i ig postage, which is 6 cts. J.AM.\ICA sorrel; DID ANY'BODY^ SUCCEED WITH IT? We did not succeed in getting any " fruit " from our Jamaica sorrel last fall, although we had great sturdy plants two or three feet high. Perhaps we gave it too rich soil, and it grew with too much luxuriance to blossom early. No doubt the trouble was it was not started early under glass as we start tomatoes. Just now. Feb. 7, we have some plants up and growing nicely in the greenhouse. Will those who tried Jamai- ca sorrel please report ? We have some seed left, at 5 c s. a packet. I am anxious to know whether it can be grown in the Northern States as well as in Florida. THE PRIZEWINNER FIELD BE.AN. I have told you that in 1900 I grew of this variety two crops of mature drj' beans on the same ground in one sea.son ; and the second crop was from the seed gathered from the first crop. I do not know how many days it was from the time of planting to the mature ripe seed. Last year I sent a few of these beans up to my Michigan ranch, to be planted. I find the letter WHS written May 22. My boy must have planted the beans near our"cabin in the woods " very near the first of June - may be a day or two .sooner. There was a row perhaps two rods long. My neighbor, James Hilbert, wrote me as follows, Aug 28 : I was surprised at the peach-trees and beaos. Those two rows of beans that are by the house are just loaded. An acre like that would just shell out 10 bushels ; the.v are al- most ripe. I am going over and gather them when ready, then I can sell you some " seed beans." I wrote him at once to gather all there was dry enough for seed, if he wanted any, and he did so, prob blv, about Sept. 1. From the above we gather that these beans, from the time they were planted un- til thev were dry enough to gather, were only just about 90 days in growing, and this in the comparative- ly cooler locality of Northern Michigan. There has always been troiible there about getlingbeans to ripen before frost or wet weather ; but with the Prizewinner theie certainly can be no trouble anj' seas n. Mr. Hilbert gathered about a peck, and Mrs. Root and I picked a good many afterward ; and I still say, as I said the year b fore, they are the best table bean, to niy notion, there is, not even excepting the linias. They are also the best yielder for a field bean I have ever tried, both here in Ohio and in Northern Michi- gan. We expect to plant a lot of them around that cabin in the woods. ,So far as we have tried them, they bear planting very thick in the row. I do not think those I have mentioned could have been more than tw or three inches apart. Our boy planted them as he would early peas. From one single stalk we shelled out 152 drv beans, if every stalk had yielded like that, we ought to get 150 bushels from one bushel planted As there has been a big demand for the bean ever since it was brought out. the price is still prettv well up. We have seured, however, ten bushels of seed which we will sell as follows ; ^A pint. 8 cts.; pint, 12 ; quart, 20 (by mail 24 c); % peck, 65 ; peck, tl 25 THE FLORIST'S MANUAL ; A NEW BO K ON FLOWERS AND GREENHOUSE MANAGEMENT. I have just been made happy by getting hold of a magnificent volume of 225 pages, 9x11 ^. The book is full of pictures, sometimes several on a page, and it is planned exactly after the style of our A B i. b'^ok It commences with " Abutilon '"' and ends with " Zinnia." These alphabetical heads name almost every plant known to florists— that is. commercial florists; and there is a splendid picture of every thing of note to be found in the greenhouse. Not oiilv are plants fully described, but all the different opera'tions of the green- house ; and with all the other good things about the book, the writer is an exceedingly practical man. and has a comical way of telling you how every thing is done, in a way that makes the book interesting to everybodv Let me give you one illustration. I want- ed particiilarlv to know about ^ s o\ir discount is quite limited from the retail price I do not see how I can do anj' more than to offer you the book for $5 0(1. including Gle nini.s for a year. If j'ou have already paid for Gleanin(;s quite recently we will mail you the book postpaid for an even f4.00, and I think it is worth that for the wife and children to look at just to encourage them in making their own home more beautiful and attractive. Just one more extract from the book, in regard to having your mind on your work : You can't talk to a fellow-workman and intelligently and faithfully water a Jot of plants in pots, much less syringe them. Your work needs all your thought and attention, and I will conclude this chapter by saying th it a man who chat- ters or smokes at his work is of little use. Work in work hours, give all your mind to your work, and when the noon and evening hour come you w llen.ioythp rest far better than if you had been discussing ^our mother-in-law or last employer. CONVENTION NOTICES. The annual meeting of the South Dakota Bee-keep- ers' Association will be held at the City Hall in Yank- ton, South Dakota, on Wednesday, February 19th 1902. The Committee is making special effort to make this meeting of interest to all who are any way connected with bees or fruit. Let all who are interested in bees come and bring a friend with them. By order of The Executive Committer. Kind Words from our Customers. I have lots of literature on tomatoes, but jours is the best and most practical of all. Walpole Nockolds. Oakley, Tex., .Sept. 21., 1901. Inclosed find check for S2.50, for which please credit me with subscription to Gle.\nings for two years, and send me a Post fountain pen. The p-n I rfceived of you two years ■ go is just as go d as new, although I carrv it every day. a d use it constantly. Roselle, Iowa, Dec. 16. I. W. Hoffmann. HAND POT.ATO-PL.'\NTER -ONE MORE REPORT FROM IT. I got a hand potato-planter of you la.st summer, and it worked like a charm. I plowed in a heavy crop of grass and weeds so we had to have a chain "to pull it in the furrow. Being so much pi wed under it could not be furrowed out; but the planter put them in in good shape, although ours is clay land. S. Minch. Divide, Oregon, Feb. 15. Too dry in Iowa for bees My bees averaged 21 lbs. I have 30 colonies. They are in the cellar. I have wintered in the cellar tw > winters, and have not lost one colony, and am a green hand with bees. But I had good help in the A B C and Gleanings. I like Home Talks. I am thankful to A. I. Root for his talk on tobacco, for it broke me of using it. Griswold, Iowa, Dec. 20. W. P. Willot-qhby. [Thank God for your concluding sentence, friend W. Can we not have some more such testimony ?] I inclose 12 months' subscription to Gleanings. Gentlemen. I can not find words to express the satis- faction that I have received by reading GLEANiNciS— not only from the amount of information I Imve re- ceived on bees, but from Our Homes I often feel, when reading them, that I would like to have the pleasure of shaking hands with Mr. A. I. Root, and asking him to have a cup of tea with me. JOHN H Jenkins. Wellington Gardens, Sandy Bay, Tasmania. A QUEEN FREE. Our stock is the very b st that moufyaud experi- ence can procure. J HSt give our stock a trial and be convinced. We will give one warrniited queo free in July for every order for one dozen queens before Mav 1, in order to have you try our stock. Prices : Untested, each, $1,00; (i for $5 00;" 12 for t9.00. .Select tested, $2. .50. Tested, SI 25. Two-frame nu leus and warranted queen, $3.00 ; three - frame nucleus and que n. $3.50. Send for our catalog of bee-keepers' supplies and our price list of Italian queens and nu- cleus col nies. with description of our strain of bees. PRESTON STORE & PRODUCE CO., Dority, Preston Co., W. Va. ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦< X White Wyandottes ! X J Bred from Dustin's best. Some fine J T cockerels on hand already to ship. J X J- F. NIOORE, TIFFIN, OHIO. X ♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦ jiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii = ROOT'S iGOODS lllllllllllllllllllllllll IIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIII { IN CENrR.\L MICHIGAN. Best ) goods; best shipping-point ; cheap ) est place to buy in state. Try me. \ i.,ist. W. D. Scp'er, Et. 3, Jae':son,' Mich. -iiiiiniiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiir Orders are Now Being Booked for queens ot my impioved selected strain of golden Italian business bees. Queens are very carefully reared. We aim to have none but the best. Our old customers stay with us. We use them right. Write for circulars J. B. Case, Port Orange, Fla. we have them at Root's prices. Also ABC in Bee Ctilture— one of the best hooks printed on bees. Catalog free. Address as below. If You Want Root's Goods D. Cooley & Son, Kendall, Mich. 1200 FERRETS. Angora Goats All sizes; some trained; first- class stock New price list free. N. A. KNAPP, Rochester, Lorain Co., Ohio. are handsome, hardy, ptolitable. Prize stock ; low price ; circular. Ed. W Cole & Co., Kenton, O. \VANTED. - A buj-er for my 20 -acre tract r f land in *' Benzie Co., Michigan, at $1.00 per acre, or $3.50 per acre if p id before April 1st. 1902. 100 acres most- ly cleared ; fine rout-brook ; -1 miles from railroad station ; 2 miles fr m church ; J/^ mile from scho 1- house. l.,aiKi on nearly all sides of it have found re- cent hale at higher prices, but I am anxious to sell. W. A. HoBBS, Traer, Iowa. \V^ANTED —Bryan Edwards' Hi.st-ry of the West In- '' dies. State year of publication, number of vol- umes, condition, and price wanted. .'V. L,. Boyden, Medina, Ohio. Wanted. — Honey; car lots or otherwise. Will send man to receive when .sufficient amount to justify, and pay highest market price, spot cash. .\ddre.ss. stating quantity, quality, and price desired at your station. Thos. C. Stanley & Son,' Fairfield, 111. Wanted — Comb and extracted honey. State price, kind, and quantity. R. A. Burnett & Co., 199 South Water St., Chicago, 111. For Sale.— Extracted honey from alfalfa, in 60-lb. cans, tinted or white, 7 cts. a lb. Also honey in small friction top pails. M. P. Rhoads, Las Animas. Col. For Sale. — Choice amber comb honey, in 24-lb. cases, at lie. Edw. Wilkin.son, Wilton, Wis. For .Sale— A quantity lot of well-ripened clover honey in (iO-lb. cans. " B. W'alkkr, Clyde, 111. 170 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Feb. 15 QUEENS, QUEENS Old Standbys.— The A. I. Root Co., to whom we ha^e sold queens for many years, wrote ns last May, thus: "Are you running low on queens? We hope not, as you seem to be our standbys. Send us 24 per week in'st< ad of 12, till further ordeis." Beat Any Thing He ever Saw, -The Cyprian queens you stnt lie last year beat nu\ thing I ever saw rear- ing bn od and fiTuig their hives with honey —J. Nitl- son, Huntington, Utah, Sept. 4, 1001. Is Great.— The nucleus you sent me last fall is great — the fi est queen that ever crossi d the plains. Please du licatc her this time. Mr. Joidan says the nucleus you sent him cast two fine swarms.— G. R. Warren, hruitvale, Cal.. May 12, liiOl. $50 Queens.- My nice queen that you sent me, and J put in a hive with a handful of bees on the tjth d-iy of^last Juu' , has now nearlv filled her 30-lb. super for the third time. No man's J50 i 0 bill could lake her. Please send nie another one like her a« soon as possi- ble, a d keep a dozen ready for me like her for the 20th of April next, aid I wi)l make vou a nice present. - M. Brown, Statii n A, Little Rock, Ark. We breed Italians, Cyprians, Holylands. Carniolans, and Albinos, in sepaiate yaids, .5 to 2ii miles apart. Prompt seivice. Sale arrival gi aranteed. Pees by the poiint, nucleus, full colony, or by the carload. Prices : Tested, $1 ;50 each : S8 00 for six ; $15 00 per dozen. Untested. February, March, April, May, $1.00 lach: $5.00 for six: $!t.00 per dozen' Fine breeders, $j.00 each. Send for • ur catalog, free by mail: tells how to rear queens nd how lo keep bee- for profit. Agents for Dadant's F'oundation and Gleanings. Premiums given. Don't fail to get onr printed niatter. It's ALL free. Bee-supplies of all kinds. The Jennie Atchley Co., Beeville, Tex. ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦»»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦< iNow ^ «^| M Ready!] Sixty-four Page Catalog of every thing- bee-keepers need. Illustrated and fully described. Especially valuable to beg-in- ners for the information it con- tains. Send your address on a postal and get it now. Estab- lished 1884. I J* M^ Jenkins^ 1 Wetumpka^ Elmore Co., Ala, ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦»»♦♦ m^iiiit i¥^Vt(W»iV.i oL,..-. ••^^ BEE-SUPPLIES. Best-equipped factory in the West ; car- IV a large stock and greatest vriety of . ve V thnig needed in'the apiary, ass ir- iiig "BF:sT goods at the LOWES'i' prices. and prompt shipment We want every bee-keeper to have our FREE ILLfS- TR.\ I KD CATALOG, and read descrip tion of .■alternating Hives, Ferguson Su- pers, etc. // ■) He at once Jor a catalog. AGENCIES • Trester Supply Company, Lincoln, Neb. Shugart & Ouren, Council Bluffs, la. Cha-. Spangler, Kentland, Ind. Krelchmer Mfg. Co., Box 60, Red Oak, la. BINGHAM SMOKER. Dear Sir:— Inclosed find $1.75. Ple,-\se send one brass tmoke-eiigine. I h.ive one already. It is the best smoker I ever used. Trulvyonr';, Henkt Schmidt, Hutto, Tex. MADE TO ORDER Bingham Brass Smokers. M.^de of sheet br.nss, which does not rust or burn out; should last a lifetime. You need one, but they co.st 2.5 cts. more thnn tin of the same .size. The little open cut shows our brass hinge put on the three larger sizes. No wonder Bingham's four-inch smokc-eiigine goes without pufifing, and does not drop inky drops. The pei torat- ed steel fir. -grate has 3S1 holes to air the fui-l and support the fire. Heavy tin smoke-engine, 4-inch stove, per mail, $150; 354-iiich, $1.10; ,S-inch, $1.00; 2>4-inch, 00c; 2-inch, C.5c. Bingham smokers are the originals, and have all the improvenienLs, and have b=en the standard of excellence for 23 years. Only three larger ones brass. T. F. Bingham, Farwell, Michigan. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 175 Contents of this Number. Alfalfa in Canada 179 Apiculture in Tunis 181 Arizona, Travels in 191 Bees and Fruit .' ..183 Bees in l,aw 189 Bee^!, Taking from Winter Quarters 186 Bellows, Improvements in 179 California Prospects 180 Cellars, Ventilation of, Doolittle 187 IJadant, As> lants. Growing in Greenhouse 199 Purity as a Chief Essential in Bees 181 Romarin for Foul Brood 181 Rosemary for Foul Brood 181 .'ialoons in the We.st 180 Tartaric Acid for Foul Brood 181 Turner's Apiary in Peoria 194 Wax-press, Miller on 179 Wax-worms in Basswood 179 Wiudmills and Electricity 2U2 Honey Column. GRADINO-RUL,E8. Fancy.— All sections to be well filled, combs straight, firm- ly attached to all four sides, the combs unsoiled by travel- stalu or otherwise ; all the cells sealed except an occasional cell, the outside surface of the wood well scraped of propolis. A No. 1.— All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs straight ; one-eighth part of comb surface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soiled ; the out- side of the wood well scraped of propolis. No. ].— All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs comparatively even ; one-eighth part of comb surface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soiled. No. 2.— Three-fourths of the total surface must be filled and sealed. No. 3.— Must weigh at least half as much as a full-weight section. In addition to this the honey is to be classified according to color, using the terms white, amber, and dark ; that is, there will be " Fancy White," " No. 1 Dark," etc. CITY MARKETS. Chicago. — There has been a decline in the market on comb honey of one cent per pound since the month came in. Best grades of white now slow at 14; sales chiefly at 13^4, with .some western choice at 13. No buckwheat comb offered, and other dark grades are meeting with little attention ; prices range from 9 to 12. Extracted is .steady ; white, 5'/^(a.7, according to quality and what it is gathered from; ambers, '^Jicaw^i; off grades, 5. Beeswax wanted at 30. R. A. Burnett & Co., Feb. 18. 199 South Water St., Chicago, 111. San Francisco. — No change in prices since last quoted Raining throughout the State at this date. My bees are at work on alders, willows, buttercups, Johnnie Jumpers," and manzanita. Feb. 12 E. H. SCHAEFFLE, Murphys, Calif. Buffalo. — Demand for honey is pretty slow, and still there is demand enough to take all that arrives, at the following prices : .Fancy white comb, 15fg;16; A No. 1, 14^4(al-'); No. 1, V?,Vz(a}\\\ No. 2, 12tol3; No. 3, ll'^(ail2. White extracted, (3(0)7; dark, bia^^i. Bees- wax, 2.SfS30. W C. Townsend. Feb. 19. 84, 86 West Market St.. Buffalo, N. Y. Schenectady.— There is but very little demand for comb honey We quote fancy white, 15; No. 1, 13@14; buckwheat, 12tel3 There is considerable demand for dark extracted, with no stock on hand. We quote light 6^'a>7; dark, tifeli^. Chas. McCulloch, Feb. 18. 1 Eagle St., Schenectady, N. Y. Albany. — Honey market bare of any kind of comb honey. Clover, 1.5(gjl6; buckwheat, 13'a)14 Extracted buckwheat, 6(ai6^, Light demand for light extracted. Beeswax wanted at 30c. MacDougal & Co.. Feb. 22. 380 Broadway, Albany, N. Y. Milwaukee. — This market does not present any new or very interesting features as regards the honey trade. The ^'erv low prices which have characterized the sugar supply, and the good supply of extracted honey, have evidently had an effect on the appetite of consumers of honey, and sugar has dominated the choice, and sweet, sweet honey is behind in the race for the race; yet we advise shipments of comb honey, f-s the supply of j:hoice is small. We now quote fancy 1-lb. sections lb(ml6: A No. 1, 14@1.5; amber, nominal, ]3(&j15. Extracted, in barrels, kegs, and cans, nomi- nal, white, 7(^8; amber, 5(0)6. Beeswax. 26(5 28 A. V. Bishop & Co. Feb. 20. 119 Buffalo St., Milfvaukee, Wis. Cincinnati. — The honey market has been rather dull this year. Comb honey is selling fairly, and brings as follows : White clover, 15c; lower grades, 12%io 14. Extracted honey sells very slow, the lower grades bringing 5@0; fancv, {i]4fa)7%. Beeswax, 28(3)30. C. H. W. Weber, Feb. 19. 2146 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. Denver.— No. 1 white comb honey, $2.75 to $3.00 per case of 24 sections; No. 2, S2.25 to *2..')0. Extract- ed, 7r«i7J4. Beeswax, 22' 2o. Colorado Honey-Producers' Ass'n, Feb. 24. 1440 Market St., Denver, Col. For Sale. — Choice amber comb honey, in 24-lb. cases, at lie. Edw. Wilkinson, Wilton, Wis. For Sale— a quantity lot of well-ripened clover honey in 60-lb. cans. B. Walker, Clyde, 111 For Sale. — .8000 lbs. fancy and No. 1 comb honey. Walter Martin, Globeville, Colo. P'oR Sale. — Extracted honey from alfalfa, in 60-lb. cans, tinted or white, 7 cts. a lb. Also honey in small friction-top pails. M. P. Rhoads, Las Animas, Col. For Sale. — White.st alfalfa honey, |9.00 ; tinted, $7. SO, per ca.se of two 6!)-lb. cans, net. Arkansas Valley Apiaries, Las Animas, Col. Texas Queens!! from the Lone Star Apiaries. G. F. Davidson & Son, proprietors, have made great prey a a- tions for the coming season to accommo- date their many cus- tomers with either Long-tongue, Import- ed St'Ck. or Golden Queens They have * -»-■''-'' bought out the queen- rearing business of O P. Hyde & Son, of Hutto. Tex., and by buying more bees and increa.sing their num- ber of nuclei, they are better prepared than ever to cater to the trade of the bee-keeping public. One of Root's Long-tongue Breeders; Imported Stock direct from Italy; Goldens from leading queen breeders. Fine breeders of each of the above have been added to their yards. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaran- teed. Send for queen circular and price list Address G. F. Davidson & Son, Box 190, Floresville, Tex. Do You Need Early Oueens? We can supply you from a liue strain of Italians which has no superior. Choice tested queens by return mail, $1.00 each. Satisfaction g-uaranteed. J. W. K. Shaw & Co., Loreauville, Iberia Co., La. There is money in poultry. See advertisement of Sure Hatch Incubator on page 207. 176 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 1 Sa-bisfiod Ous-bomc and their numerous expressions of the superiority of my queens war- rant me in continuing the arrangement of my queen apiaries in 1902 as in 1 90 1. I have watched carefully, and have selected the queens whose colonies gave me the best results in HONHY, for my queen and drone mothers. Yard No. 1 consists of a combination of the Root Long-Tongued Clover Stock, the Supe- rior Stock so much Advertised by Hutchinson, and a Selection of My Own Stocl< that I have been Breed- ing for years, in reg-ard to which I have the foUowing: Buffalo, N. Y., Aug". 31, 1901. My Dear Victor: — Queen and nucleus arrived safely yesterday; made entrance to nucleus and allowed them to fly yesterday. Transferred them to a Dovetailed hive this morning, without smoke, and handled them, patting them on the back, and I never saw such quiet and docile bees. If their work- ing qualities are as superior as their handling, I am prepared to say you have the best bees I have ever met with, which would include some 25 or 30 different breeders, and all the well-known races. Yours very truly, Orel L. Hershiser. The colony of one of the queens I have selected for a breeder in this yard gathered right about 400 pounds of honey last season. I have not measured her bees' tongues, but they are ALL RIGHT, LONG OR SHORT. Yard No. 2 consists of imported Italians, daughters and granddaughters. For further description see ad. later. Testimonials on application. Yard No. 3— GOLDEN BEAUTIES or 5-banded Italians. I am now booking- orders for spring delivery ; first come first served. Untested queens: 1, $1.00; 6, $5.00. Select untested queens: 1. $1 23 ; 6, $6.00. Tested queens: 1, $1.50; 6, $8.00. Select tested queens: 1, $2.00; 6, $11.00. Breeders, pi.QQ to 87.00. See circular for specifications. ROOT'S GOODS AT ROOT'S PRICES, plus carload rate freight. W. 0. VICTOR, Queen Specialist, Wharton. Wharton Co.. Texas. rv^ IVI^ri^V You want the best supplies at as low a price as pos- sible. If you are anywhere in the EAST we can fur- nish you, and it will be to your advantage to get our 1902 catalog. There are "special offers" in it. Re- member, we furnish EVERY THING a bee-keeper needs. Apiaries located at Glen Cove, Long Island. ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦■»»»^<»<»0^&-»»O»»»»»»<»»»»»»»^ Marshfield SVIanufacturmg Company. % Our specialty is making SECTIONS, and they are the best in the market. Wisconsin basswood is the right kind for them. We have a full line of BEE - SUPPIvIES. Write for FREE illustrated catalog and price list. Marshfield Manufacturing Company, Marshfield, Wisconsin. »♦♦ ♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦^♦^ »»»♦♦♦♦♦ 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 177 Gleanings in Bee Culture [Established in 1873.] Devoted to Bees, Honey, and Home Interests. Published Semi-monthly by The A. I. Root Co., - - Medina, Ohio. A. I. ROOT, Editor of Home and Gardening Dep'ts. E. R. ROOT, Editor of Apicultural Dept. J. T. CAI^VERT. Bus. Mgr. A. t,. BOYDEN, Sec. TERMS. 11.00 per annum ; two years, $1.50; three years, J2.00; five years, $;5.00, in advance,- or two copies to one address, $1..50 ; three copies, $2.00 ; five copies-, $3.75. The terms apply to the United States, Canada, and Mexico. To all other countries 48 cents per year extra for postage. DISCONTINUANCES. The journal is sent until orders are received for its discontinuance. We give notice just before the subscription expires, and fur- ther notice if the first is not heeded. Any subscriber whose sub.scription has expired, wishing his journal discontinued, will please drop us a card at once; other- wise we shall assume that he wishes his journal con- tinued, and will pay for it soon. Any one who does not like this plan may have his journal stopped after the time paid for by making this request when ordering. RATES OF ADVERTISING. These will be fur- nished on application. EMr.A.I.RoofsWritisigs of Grand Traverse territory and IvCelanau Co. are descriptive of Michigan's most beautiful section reached most conveniently via the Pere Marquette R. R. For pamphlets of Miohigan farm lands and the fruit belt, address J. E. Merritt, Manistee, Miohigan. Quaens That Please. J. W. Dickson, of Westminster, S. C , writes: ".Send me two more queens by return mail. I prefer your bees to any that I have seen." Other beemen say equally good things of them. See ad. for Feb. I'^t as to my breeders. I can serve you promptly with Doo- little's red-clover or Root's leather-colored stock. If you need early queens it will pay you to write me. GEO. J. VANDE VORO. Daytona. Fla. HONEY QUEENS I Laws' Long^tongue Leather Queens. Laws' Improved Golden Queens. Laws' Holy Land Queens. l,aws' queens are the standard-bred queens of Amer- ica. The largest honey-producers use them and praise them. Laws' queens go everywhere, and can furnish you a queen every month in the year. P'our apiaries. Queens bred in their purity. Prices, October to April: Tested or untested, $1.00 each ; 6 for $5.00. Breeders, none better, $8 00 each. Address W. H. Laws, Beeville, Texas. EGGS ^'■'"" **" varieties of fancy chickens FREE. Send • . 10c for atrial subscription to our 16-|). journal if interested in fowls, and get our Free-ego plan. Address The Farm & Poultry News, Box 702, Middleshoro, Sy. I DITTIVIER'S FOUNDATION. Retail — Wholesale — Jobbing. Having increased my shop -room, put in power and a new set of ma- chines, I am now producing a better article than ever, with unlimited ca- pacity to meet orders. I use a process that produces every essential neces- sary to make it the best and most de- sirable in all respects. My process and automatic machines are my own inventions, which enable me to sell foundation, and WORK WAX INTO FOUNDATION FOR CASH, at prices that are the lowest. I make a specialt>; of working up Wholesale and Jobbing I.,ots of wax into foundation, for cash. If you have wax by the 10(1 lbs. or ton, let me hear from you. Catalog giving Full Line of Supplies with prices and .sample^, free upon application. BEESWAX WANTED. I Cus. Dittmer, i Augusta, Wisconsin. ERMUDA With cable communication and equable win- ter temperature of 70 degrees, is reached in 48 hours from New York by the elegant steamers of the Quebec Steamship Compa- ny, sailing every ten days up to January, and then every five days. The situation of these islands — south of the Gulf Stream — renders FROST UNKNOWN, and the porous coral formation prevents ma- laria. The Quebec Steamship Company also despatches highest class passenger steamers every ten days for ST. THOMAS, SANTA CRUZ, ST. KITTS, ANTIGUA, GUADALOUPE, DOMINICA, MARTIN- IQUE, ST. LUCIA, BARBADOS, DEM- ERARA, and the principal WEST INDIA ISLANDS, affording a charming tropical trip at a cost of about $4 a day. For de- scriptive pamphlets, dates of sailing and passages, apply to A. E. OUTERBRIDGE & CO., Agents, 39 Broadway. New York. ARTHUR AHERN, Sec, Quebec, Canada. 178 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 1 ^jiiiiiiiiiiniiiMiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiimiin I The A. I. Root Co., Philadelphia, Pa. | I 10 Vine Street. | i Full line of all supplies manufactured by us. | i Low freight and steamship rates to all points on | I Atlantic Coast. Order early, be ready for spring. j £ E iiiiiiiimmiiiiiiiiimiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiimm^ f G. B. LEWIS CO,, WATERTOWN, WIS. $ * * ^ 1902 Catalog Ready. If you have not been receivings a copy annu- ally, send us your name and address, and one will be mailed to you free. Special Offer. To parties sending us an order for supplies amounting- to $10.00 or more at regular prices we will make following low rates on journals : Gleanings in Bee Culture, semi-monthly, 1 year, SOc. American Bee Journal, weekly, 1 year . . . 70c. m ^ ^ Special Agency, C. M. Scott & Co., 1004 East Washington St., Indianapolis, Indiana. AGENCIES: t,. C. Woodman, Grand Rapids, Michigan ; Fred W. Muth & Co., Southwest Corner Walnut & Front Sts., Cincinnati, Ohio ; Fred Foulger & Sons, Ogden, Utah ; Colorado Honey-producers' Association, Denver, Col.; Grand Junction Fruit-growers' Association, Grand Junction, Colorado ; Robert Halley, Montrose, Colorado ; Pierce Seed and Produce Companv, Puehlo. Colo.; E. T. Abbott. St. Joseph. Mi.s.soiiri. Special Southwestern Agent. Charles Dadant & Son, Hamilton, Illinois; F. C. Erkel, .51.5 First Ave., N. E., Minneapolis, Minnesota ; X,illy, Bogardus & Co., Seattle, Washington, Special Northwestern Agents. ^^^^^^^^^^^m^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ BEE - SUPPLIES! ROOT'S GOODS AT ROOTS PRICES. G. H. W. Weber, Cincinnati, Oliio. 2146-2148 Central Ave. A NEW AND COMPLETE stock for 1902 now on hand. I am The Root Com- pany's representative for Cincinnati and sur- rounding territories. . . You save TIME and FREIGHT CHARGES by having goods shipped from here. Convenience of railroad facilities here enables me to do so. Before buying elsewhere, write for my prices and catalog, which will be mailed you free of charge. •-fo'BE. •andHoNEY «MD HOME, •INTEFIEST^ ^^of'^ Uhshedy theA ll^ooY Co. $|£2PERYtAR '\§"nEDlNA-OH10- Vol. XXX. MAR. I, 1902. No. 5. Bkes and poultry have had a somewhat prominent place in Glkanings, and now a swine department is added. See last arti- cle p. 140. Since reading that wax- worms would not eat into basswood lumber I have met positive violations of the rule, for there was no question about their eating- into the wood in many places. Whether they would have done any worse on pine I do not know. The duty on honey from Canada to this country is 1% cts. per lb.; but President Newton, of the Ontario Association, thinks it will pay to grain a market here at that rate. If so, then American bee-keepers ought hardlj' to grumble at a better price of 1% cts. a pound. Alfalfa, 150 acres of it in one locality, reported in Canada, p. 151. The question is, does it produce honey there or any other where east of the Rockies? [Yes, I should like to know where there is a field of alfal- fa, outside of the irrigated regions, that jaelds honey. So far I have yet to hear of one. — Ed.] The reason given why drugs will do more to cure foul brood in Europe than here, and why they are more immune to the disease, is that they have had the dis- ease longer, and it has lost something of its force. A disease is likely to be at its worst in a locality where it has never been before. Ye Editor, page 139. speaks of being months behind on copy. Well, there's one good thing about that; sometimes thej^ hold on to an article of mine so long that I've nearly forgotten about it, and then I can •stand it to read it myself. [Perhaps I had better " let the cat out." The fact is, it is easier to impose on a friend than on one who might be a violent kicker. There, I guess I will not say anymore. — Ed.] I WONDER how much I could collect from the A. I. Root Co. if I should sue them for damages because they did not sooner get out the German wax-press. Since using one I feel sure that, for want of it in past years, I have suffered no little loss. [We had asked the doctor to criticise and smash the machine if he could. He may tell a different story later. — Ed.] "Occasionally a cluster appears slight- ly active, but the next time this is quiet," says R. F. Holtermann, p. 152, about bees in cellar. I've often wished I had the lei- sure to spend 24 hours in the cellar listening- to the bees. I think I've had some evidence that each colony has its stated spell of ac- tivity, " turning over in bed," if you please. [It almost seems that our bees under the machine-shop never "turn over in bed." See editorials. — Ed.] Please allow a remark by way of ap- pendix to a reply, page 155. W^hen, at the beginning of the harvest, a colony which has had two stories is reduced to one story for brood, with plenty of storage room above, and the eight combs fullest of brood are left, the queen is by no means greatl}' restricted. She has the whole of eight frames to lay in, and that is likely to be as much as she would occupy after the harvest begins, even if she had two stories. She may swarm, but hardly on account of the reduction to one story. Nowadays the bellows of smokers have grooves cut in the boards to make them eas- ier to hold. So far, good. But the round- ing edges leave something to be desired; and if you want entire satisfaction take W. L. Coggshall's plan and nail on a little cleat >4:x's or l{ square. That sharp edge is what holds, so there is no danger of the smoker dropping out of j^our hand. [I do not know how dauby you let your fingers get; but if one allows them to get smeared much with honey it is almost impossible to get a good grab on any thing. I take it that 3'ou have slippery hands when you handle a smoker. Say, doctor, if you can not find a pail of water handy, rub your fin- gers in the dust a little bit. That is the way 180 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 1 the Californiaitesdo, and that is the way I /;arf to do when I turned in and helped them out on extracting on one or two occasions. Smoker cleats — j^es, I suppose they mig-ht be a help for " slippery fellows "' like you and Coggshall. — Ed.] G. M. DooLiTTLE says, in A}n. Bee Jour- nal, to allow 10 cubic feet for each colony in cellar wintering, which is probably right. I have now 235 colonies in a room which allows 9'2 feet for each colony when the door is closed. Except in very cold weather, however, the door is open into the adjoining room, which gives each colony 15 cubic feet. [We do not allow that amount in the room under our machine-shop; but we secure in effect the same results by hav- ing doses of fresh air administered just often enough to keep the air sweet and the bees quiet. — Ed.] In regard to making nominations for Directors before election, why not let well enough alone?" page 144. That's just it, Bro. Elwood. I've been a Director ever since the first organization of the old Union; and unless I murder some one I'm pretty sure of the office as long as I live. You see, no matter if three-fourths of the voters would rather have some one else, without any previous nominations there's no chance to agree upon any one, and I'm sure to win out. But say, Bro. Elwood, you'd better keep mum, and not let the thing be talked up, or I may yet lose my job. The California Association, according to a report in Am. Bee Journal, has 11 members with 9000 colonies, and 48 mem- bers enter the National in a body. Some- thing must be done to keep those California fellows under. [We of the East do not need to do any thing to keep these " fellows under." The long -hoped -for rains have not yet come, although they had little spurts a few days ago. Their honey will not be much in evidence next year unless it is last year's held-over crop. Poor fellows! They have got misery enough without us East- erners wishing them anj' thing bad. — Ed.] In answer to a question, p. 136, it was Langstroth, beyond all doubt, who gave us the first practical movable frames, and just as truly as he invented them did Dzierzon really invent movable combs. [But is it really and truly settled that Dzierzon invent- ed movable combs? If I remember correct- ly, when the matter was up there were sev- eral others who held priority. But un- doubtedly Dzierzon did bring movable combs into use. Marconi, perhaps, did not invent wireless telegraphy; but he so per- fected the inventions of others that what was impractical and useless is one of the successes of the age — a wonderful success. —Ed.] Wm. Craig sends me a honey yarn that is the heaviest yet. The Detroit Tribune quotes it from the Durango, Col., Herald. With steel drills and blasting powder they are nihiin^ the honey, for there are *' prob- ably 4,000,000 pounds of honey — honey in all the crevices, recesses, and holes in the rocks for miles in every direction." [Such yarns as these are comparatively harmless; but it is the kind that the papers have been rehashing — the old story about manufac- tured comb honey, that makes us bee-keep- ers fairly boil with rage. I am inclined to think now that some of the sheets that pub- lished this nonsense wish they had never seen a bee-keeper nor heard any thing about manufactured comb honey. — Ed.] "Honor to whom honor is due." The " infallible " plan of queen introduction mentioned on p. 9 as the Wood plan turns out, like many another thing, to be nothinLf new. In that very excellent work written by S. Simmins, entitled "A Modern Bee Farm," the plan will be found given on p. 160 of the 1893 edition. Mr. Simmins also emphases the importance of giving to the queen only honey from the same hive. Tardy credit should also be given to Mr. Simmins for the idea of bleaching sections white, which may be found on p. 139 of the same work. [I think j^ou are correct; and when the article appeared I thought there seemed to be something about the method that was familiar, but I could not call it to mind then. — Ed.] Bro. a. I. Root, p. 156, says some folks think there is no personal Devil. If such a person is lacking anywhere, I assure you it's not "in this locality." [Say, doctor, do you believe this is a question of locality? I think I have run across him everywhere I have been in the United States. Perhaps I did not see his visible tracks, but if I re- mained long enough I could find traces of him. Do 3'ou know that, while I was awaj', I made a business of visiting saloons? Yes, I went into all I could find or had time to visit. As I was a stranger I could go around unmolested, and see just how his Satanic Majesty manages to catch his vic- tims. And if any one thinks there is no personal Devil I wish he would go through some of the western saloons. There are too many people in this world who are utterly ignorant of the awful iniquity that is con- cocted in these hells of Sodom. I make the recommendation that some of our friends who are indifferent to this temperance question just make a run through the drink- ing-places at night in any of our " wide- open " cities. They will then think there is a Devil sure. — Ed.] ''^#gaiife .A.V:. A: -,6^J-.^S^-^ ^». ^§pmmm^ TAKING BEES FROM WIMEK QUARTERS. When and How to Do it ; Good Orthodox Teaching. BY R. F. HOLTERMANN, Formerly Editor of the Canadian Bee Journal. After careful wintering comes the ques- tion of placing the bees on summer stands, and how and when to do so to the best ad- vantage. This is a matter in which the bee-keeper must be guided in part by cir- cumstances. Bees should be kept warm in spring, and doubtless a great deal can be gained hy husbanding the heat of the clus- ter and having the hive close-fitting in all its parts. Let me say that over twenty 5'ears of experience in handling bees, the manufacture of supplies, and having now no interest whatever in their manufacture, aside from making the hives for our own use, and to hold the bees we sell, convinces me that the average bee-keeper does not at- tach the importance and value he should to good hives. The supply-dealer who seeks to provide a good article for his customers, and charge a reasonable profit, has con- stantly to convince the inexperienced bee- keeper that his goods are worth more than those of a local sawmill, the operators of which often have no idea as to the requi- sites of a hive, especially as to accuracy. That it will pay in our locality to pack our bees in outer cases after setting on summer stands, I doubt; but that it will pay to give considerably more for a hive, that will af- ford ample top protection, I am sure. If a bee-keeper has such a hive it will pay to set bees out earlier than when they are not so protected. To know the best time at which to set out bees requires ver3' careful observation, and is, in a measure at least, partially guess- work. The purer the air of the cellar, and thetbetter the bees are wintering, the longer they can be left in the cellar. If I find cer- tain colonies restless I aim to set these out, also others necessary to move to reach those restless. When are these to be set out ? Just as early (in our latitude in March) or quickly as the bees can get a good cleans- ing flight. Activity exhausts vitality. When the intestines of the bee are charged with excrement, and it becomes diseased, it can not rest; and the longer that condition pre- vails, the more vitality is exhausted. Under these circumstances the sooner the bees get a flight the better. Even should it be very cold afterward, the bee has disposed in flight of the matter which keeps it restless, and it can settle down quietly in the hive. I have seen colonies so treated do fairly well when those in apparently the same condition left in the cellar perished. How- ever, I gave the bees a warm cushion on top. Top protection is important. Quite recentljs I do not know where. some one advocated taking a colony with dysentery, carrying it some distance from the hive, and shaking the bees in the air; and when those in their flight returned to the old stand they would, in flight, dis- charge their excrement; and by repeating the operation several times the bees would be cured. Let me say this: I never saw bees restless with dysentery, if it was day- light, remain in the hive if the atmosphere was warm enough for them to fly without chilling, and the shaking-ofF process ap- pears to me to be quite superfluous. If the bees are all in about the same con- dition, what then? Shall they all be set out at one time? I am not an advocate of setting a large apiary out of winter quar- ters at one time. By that I mean carrying them out one after another until all are out, especial!}' if the day is warm and bright. Why? It leads to confusion. The poorer the wintering, the greater the excitement of the bees during their first flight. Am I an advocate of late setting out ? No. From j^ear to year my practice has been to set out earlier; and in this locality, some 80 miles north of Buffalo, if the day is favor- able I would beg'in setting bees out at any time after March 15. Out of 100, set out 7 or 8; and when they have had a good flight put shade-boards over the entrance, and then set out more the next favorable day, and so on until all are out. In no case would I keep the bees in the cellar after the first pollen appears. No doubt, unless the bad air in the cellar prevents, the bees can smell the pollen and nectar, and they will not rest. Some say the bees that have been set out rob those taking their first flight. I have never found this to be the case. By setting shade-boards in front of those out, and then taking the bees from the cellar early in the day, these latter bees are pretty well over their excitement bj' the time those having stood in the outside cold with shade-boards over the entrance get stirred up. With suc- cessful cellar wintering there is no brood- rearing while in winter quarters. There is no mistake about this. Activity means exhaustion of vitality; and when vitality is exhausted, instinct (I call it obeying God's law implanted in the animal) causes the bees to rear brood to replace the exhausted vitality. When the bees are set out they begin brood-rearing; and the more active the bees, the more brood is reared. The days they fly, the queen lays. After sever- al days of quiet she ceases laying ; and when one or more days favorable to activity return, the queen again lays. To such an extent is this the case that an expe t can tell by the age of the brood in the combs the duration of cold between seasons of activity. Some complain that, in the excitement of a general flight, the bees intermingle, and the strong attract bees from the weaker. This is undoubtedly true; but by setting out fewer bees this tendency is reduced. I 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 187 aiso stroDfjly favor setting- bees on the sum- mer stands very early in the da}', or just before it is warm enough for a flight. By so doing, the bees come out more gradually as the temperature rises. There is a slight danger of a change in the weather; but here, as in other places, the experienced, careful, and observing person has some ad- vantag-e. With good wintering there is no need of changing or cleaning bottom-boards. Thej' should be clean, dry, and sweet; but if there are dead bees on the bottom-board to any extent I would change these after the bees are through flying. With the help of another this can be done very quickly. The sealed quilt should be left untouched, and entrance-blocks should be adjusted to suit the strength of the colony. When bees are set out early, before pollen or honey can be gathered, shade-boards should be placed over the entrance, and taken down onlj' when the bees can fly without chill- ing. Shade-boards over the entrance will also be found an advantage when bees are likely to fly during unfavorable weather, even when pollen or honey may be secured. To recapitulate briefly: Set bees out as early in March as they can get a cleansing flight, if they become diseased. If quiet and healthy, leave them in the cellar until the first pollen appears. The poorer they winter, the fewer should be set out at one time. Set out when the indications are that it will be warm and fair,, but before it is. Keep in, by means of shade, or even close up those that have had a flight, and might rob those having a first flight. In closing-, let me say I do not know if it is desirable that bees be returned to the stand from which the}' came. I doubt if it is necessary. By following the points giv- en above, we shall steer clear of that which tends most to draw the bees away from their own hive during the first flight; and to be perfectly safe it is, perhaps, as well to return each hive to the old stand. Brantford, Ont., Can. [It may be well to bear in mind that lo- calities vary greatly as to the proper time to set bees out. Dr. Miller once gave the good rule that applies equally to all places, to set out when the soft maples come into bloom. This will usually be about the time when safe warm weather comes on. AVe shall, however, set our bees out late rather than early. We are liable to have a very warm spell in April, during which the bees will get a large amount of brood start- ed. This will be followed by cold weather during which not only a large part of the brood is lost, but many of the bees, in their efforts to hover and preserve the brood. It therefore seems to me (except in the case of actually diseased colonies) that March 15 is about a month too early for most locali- ties. Last year we did not set our cellar bees out till after the ist of I\Iay, and those colonies proved to be the best we had. Of course, if one can't keep his bees quiet he will have to set them out earlier. Mr. Holtermann is exactly right in ad- vising the setting-out of a few colonies at a time. Indeed, I indorse everything else he says, except as to the time of setting the bees out. — Ed.] .-.->-»♦>»»»•»• . ■ ■ VENTILATION OF BEECELLARS. A Reply to T. F. Bingham. BY G. M. DOOLITTLE. [The following article was intended to follow imme- diately after Mr. Bingham's, to which it is in reply, in our ^'eb. 1.5th issue ; but it arrived just after our forms had been made up. The reader is requested to turn to page 1.54, and then he will understand this article a little better.— Ed.] Mr. Editor: — At last our snow blockade is oft", and we get our mail again, the first time for nearly a week. You ought to see our roads. Many are the drifts from six to twelve feet deep, and we have shoveled and shoveled till we are all glad to be in com- munication with the outside world again. One of the good things is that it is not so extremely cold, four degrees below zero be- irig the coldest. With the opening of the roads came your letter, containing proof of Mr. Bingham's article, with your footnotes thereto, together with a stack of mail that will take me days to wade through. I thank }'Ou very much for sending this proof, and giving me a chance to say a few words in the same issue. The discussion now going on relative to this ventilation matter reminds me of the seventies and early eighties, when we were at it "hot and heavy," only a little being said at this time about the "sub-earth" part, which was then thought to be the most necessary part in the matter, the up- per ventilator being opened and closed as the temperature of the repository said was necessary; and the opening and shutting of ventilators, as spoken of then, and at the present time, brings back very forcibly to my mind just how I used to run out to the cellar with every change of wind and tem- perature, else the cellar would be nearly or quite freezing one day and too warm soon after. I followed this for several years, as did scores, if not hundreds, of others, until it began to dawn on my mind that perhaps this matter of ventilation might possibly be overdrawn, and I mistrust tha't some of those who are now so sure that ventilation is the main thing in cellar wintering may weaken somewhat in the matter as tiine passes into years. With this "dawning" I began to leave the ventilators closed a part of the time, especially the sub-earth one, and found that the bees wintered bet- ter than they had at any time before, not- withstanding all the labor I had been to in fussing with ventilators. The next winter, during a cold spell I kept all closed for two weeks, and found on going into the cellar that the bees were in the nicest condition I had ever seen them up to this time, so I left all closed for another two weeks, when another examination show- 188 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 1 ed that they were in just as nice order as before. I now paid no further attention to ventilators; and when the cellar was new- 13^ roofed no provision was made for venti- lation whatever. Nor have I seen any rea- son since for ventilators, so far as the bees were concerned, for they come out in the spring- much better since I use no ventila- tion than they did when I was fussing with ventilators as some are now doing. If 3^ou will turn to page 333 of A B C, 1899 edition, you will see that my upper ventilator was not the little one "thirtieth." or "three and four inch ventilator" you speak of in your footnote, but a 6X8 inch ventilator, or one nearly one-fifth as large as your 16-inch-square one you are now recommending. This, together with the large sub-earth ventilator (100 feet long, and at an average of 3 feet under ground) would change all the air in the cellar in less than five minutes. Then you must have forgotten how, with those dry cellars of years ago, the bees got uneasy and nois3s coming out of their hives and running about the entrance till some one found out that the giving of water in a sponge quieted them. And I have often wondered if those having noisy bees, and who opened their cellar doors at night, and shut them in the morning to quiet them, could not do this quieting more quickly by giving a little water in a sponge. My idea is that it is the damp night air which is let in that should have the credit of quieting the bees, more than a change of air. This damp air, together with a cooling of the cellar, slakes their thirst and makes them happy. Away back in the seventies, with my dry cellar and pure air I have given water to restless colonies at night, and found them as quiet as ' ' lambs ' ' the next morning. I have been watching this ventilation matter through the "eyes" of the past, and can only see in it a revival of those days; and as long as my bees winter very nicely, without even one single thought, on my part, as regards ventilation, from the 10th of November to the 20th of April — no, not so much as the opening or the shutting of a door (notwith- standing Mr. Bingham thinks I do this, ac- cording to his letter found on page 934 of Gleanings for 1901), I do not see any rea- son for adopting that great big ventilator, nor worrying my head over the matter, and much less of running back and forth to the cellar all winter to see that the ventilation is properly regulated to suit ever3' change of wind and temperature. If the bee-keep- er can gain nothing by all of this trouble in looking after ventilators, his time can be much more profitably spent in preparing for the next season, or b3^ reading, recrea- tion, and rest. And to Bro. Bingham I will say, I would prefer my hives dr3', and would prefer less mold on the cellar walls; but if m3' bees winter as well as his, can he say that his dry sweet air is any better for the safe win- tering of bees than the dampness which mine enjo3'? The experience of the past has led me to believe that, where a cellar is not overstocked, an eve7i temperature of from 44 to 46 degrees, together with a moist atmosphere, is one of the happy environ- ments, very enjoyable to the bees, and one tending toward their coming out nice and healthy in the spring. At any rate, it win- ters well with me, and gives ;«i? a "happy " winter, free from any care whatever in the matter, and at present I am satisfied to let "well enough" alone. I had thought to close here; but I have been reading the proof of Bro. Bingham's article over again, and feel that I should say a few words regarding this sentence of his : "A hundred colonies of bees consum- ing 400 pounds of honey per month, would liberate not less than 35 to 40 lbs. of water per week." I wonder if Bro. B. meant just what that sentence conve3's to the mind of the average reader. Or was it put in as a sort of "filling" to make his side appear the nearer right? But whichever way he intended it, this sentence speaks the loss of 1500 pounds of honey, or its equivalent, during the five months the 100 colonies are in his gellar, over and above what mine consume, just for the sake of that dry air and his extra work with that big ventilator. Bless your heart, friend B., if bees must consume stores at the rate of four pounds of honey per month, per colon3', for the privi- lege of being in a dry, well-ventilaled cel- lar, then I have an additional reason for sticking to my moist, no-ventilation one; for it is a rare thing that any colony consumes more than one pound a month while in this cellar; and on several winters I have had colonies which did not consume more than from 3'2 to 4 lbs. of honey during the five to five and a half months the3' were in this repositor3'. This saving of honey will far more than overcome all disagreeableness which arises from moisture, and leave a large amount on the credit side of the bal- ance-sheet besides. Borodino, N. Y., Feb. 7. [This question of ventilation seems to be a rather perplexing one. Our experience is emphatically in favor of ventilation. Our out-yard cellar was not ventilated, and Mr. Warden has reported it as not doing well, while the bees in our home-3'ard cel- lar— that is, the one under the machine-shop — are doing finely. In the former the air is very damp and the ventilation is limited, because I did not notice that Mr. Bingham recommended a 16-inch ventilating-flue, un- til after we had put in the 6-inch ventilator, and the bees were in the cellar. Regarding the consumption of honey as reported by Mr. Bingham, it appears that our friend must have made a mistake. Con- servative estimates have shown that indoor- wintered bees consume about half of the amount of stores consumed b3' bees outdoors. In some cases the figures are down as low as one-fourth, so that from 5 to 10 lbs. per colony during the five months would be more nearly correct. Mr. Doolittle puts the 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 189 figure at 5 lbs., and he is about rig-ht, ac- cording to our experience, and according to the experience of those who get good re- sults in wintering. I consulted Mr. Bing- h;im's copy, but found the same 400 in his own handwriting, of honev per month for 100 colonies. This makes "in all 2000 lbs. of honey, for the five months, when it should be about 500 lbs. for the same length of time. Evidently' Mr. Bingham has made a mistake. His figures will be very liberiil, even for outdoor-wintered bees. But even taking the figure of 500 lbs. for the five months, that would leave him from 40 to 45 lbs. of water according to the same ratio, or between six and seven gallons for the 5 months. Even this amount, with the mois- ture from the cellar, would be sufficient to soak the boards of the hives of 100 colonies — that is, providing this moisture could not escape. — Ed.] A HONEY TRUST. California and its Effect on the Honey Market. BY F. E. BROWN, Manager Central California Bee-keepers' Association. It is a rule with the honey-buyers of the United States to watch the rain conditions of Southern California; and as soon as the winter rain is reported, then it is that they line up and get ready to "do" the fickle- minded honey-producers of that unfortunate part of this great honey-producing State, and the rest of the world is made to sufter ■their folly with them. For instance, at the beginning of the last season's rainfall for this State, the writer was in Chicago, and the honey-buyers had nothing to say regarding honey except that, as California wjis having big rains, there would be abundance of choice honey that could be bou'.'-ht at a price of 4 cents. I laughed at the idea, and told them that, as Southern California was now well organ- ized, the}' would probably market their hon- ey from this on; they would smile, and say, ' • Wait and see. ' ' Yes, we did wait and see. Central California, as well as Arizona, held their honey, provided money for the man who had honey who was forced to use the same to get money, and thus the honey was stored, waiting, as we supposed, for the conditions of the honey market to so shape up that we could prove to the honey- buyer that there was no 4 cents this time. After waiting a long time, all the while keeping in touch with Arizona, finding them faithful to their word, holding firm for the living price. Southern California through what was thought to be the Exchange, man- ifesting the same spirit, all seemingly work- icg quietly on to success, the buj'ers report- •ed to the California grower that Arizona was selling at 4 cts., and at the same time reporting to the Arizona producers that Central California was selling at 4 cents. These lopoit-s Iiad no weight upon us, as we were posted as to what the other was doing. Buj'ers soon began to be indifferent as to whether they had our goods or not, stating thjit they were getting all they wanted from Southern California at a price of 4 cents. Arizona was told the same thing, but we did not believe it; but suddenly the crash came, like a thunderbolt from a clear sky. A letter from a party controlling 50 or more cars stated that he had marketed, up to date, 22 cars, at ii price of 4 cents, and at the same time he advised me to sell what I controlled through hiin. What were we to do? Southern California, with 300 cars of choice honey, was seeking a market at 4 cts., with a freight rate of 85 cts., while we here in Central California, as well as Arizona, had our 30 to 40 cars, and a freight rate of $1.10. The jig was up, and we, with our hands tied, were forced to submit. Now comes Rambler, who wants to form a trust for the greater pi-oduction of honey, and suggests that Southern California be made the hub, the center, the first and fore- most. That is just what the buyers would like, as the scheme would work well to their good and gain. I say, let us have a trust (if it be called a trust) for the protection of the producer, and let its head be away from the coast of the Pacific. Make it national, with the head in Chicago, backed up by every local- ity in its reacli; give them the control of the honey, and allow no locality to dictate prices. THE BEE IN LAW. Keeping of Bees; When and When Not a Nui= sance. — Article S. BY R. D. FISHER. /. General Definition. — The term "nui- sance," in legal phraseology, is applied to that class of wrongs that arise from the un- reasonable, unwarrantable, or unlawful use by a person of his own property, real or personal, or from his own improper or unlawful conduct, working an obstruction of or injury to a right of another or of the public, and producing such material an- noyance, inconvenience, discomfort, or hurt, that the law will presume a consequent damage. A nuisance may be said to be any thing wrongfully done or permitted which injures or annoys another in the enjoyment of his legal rights. (See Wood's Liiw of Nui- sances, 2d Ed., 1, and Cooley on Torts, p. 565.) It will be noticed that this definition is so broad as to include many wrongs not regarded as nuisances. " Nuisance, 7ioc- uuientiini, or annoj^ance, signifies any thing that worketh hurt, inconvenience, or damage." 2. Public and Private Nuisances. — Public or common nuisances affect the community at large, or some considerable portion of it, such as the inhabitanis of a town or com- iiiunit}-; and the person theicin offending 190 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 1 is liable to critninal prosecution. A public nuisance does not necessarily create a civil cause of action for any person; but it may do so under certain conditions. A private nuisance affects only one person or a deter- minate number of persons, and is the g-round of civil proceedings only. General- ly it affects the control, use, or enjoyment of immovable property; but this is not a necessary element according to the modern view of the law. A nuisance, to be a pub- lic nuisance, must be in a public place, or where the public frequentl}' cong-regate, or where members of the public are likely to come within the range of its influence; for if the act or use of property be in a re- mote and unfrequented locality, it will not be a public nuisance. A common nuisance, according to English authority, is an un- lawful act or omission to discharge a legal duty, which act or omission endangers the' lives, safety, health, property, or com- fort of the public, or by which the public are obstructed in the exercise or enjoyment of any right common to all the people. Strictly speaking, a trade or occupation, a business or industry, lawful in itself, and which becomes a nuisance because of its location, or the manner in which it is conducted, or the character of the animals or thing, is not a nuisance per se, though it may be a prima-facie nuisance. 3. Keeping Bees — IVhen and When Not a Nuisance. — Whether bees are or are not a nuisance is to be judicially determined in each individual case, and it would seem that the foregoing definitions were broad enough to include them. Only a few cases have found their way to the higher courts, involving this subject; but with the devel- opment of the fruit-growing industry the bee's liberty is more than ever questioned, and it is not unlikely that the future will be conducive to much litig-ation between the fruit-grower and the bee-keeper. Place of Keeping Bees.--One engaged in the business of keeping bees may not right- fully keep his bees in a place upon his premises so as to annoy his neighbors. Such an act is a nuisance. One of the earlier cases on this subject was decided by the New York Supreme Court (Olmsted V. Rich, 6 N. Y. Suppt., 826), and other courts have been content to follow it. In this case the evidence showed that the plaintiff and defendants were neighbors; that the defendants were keeping a large number of hives of bees in a lot immediate- ly joining the plaintiff's dwelling-house, and that at certain seasons they were a source of great annoyance to him and his family, and also that they could be removed witViout material difficulty to a place on the defendant's premises where they would not disturb the neighbors. The action was in the nature of an injunction to prevent de- fendants from maintaining their apiary at the place above named. The court held that the case was a proper one for a per- manent injunction. In such action the is- sue was not as to defendant's motives in keeping- the bees, nor whether they had knowledge of any vicious propensities of the bees, but simply whether the condition of things, as then and previouslj' existing-, constituted a nuisance. The court held af- firmativel3', and the bees were ordered re- moved in order to abate the nuisance. On the other hand, an ordinance by a city council which makes the owning, keep- ing, or raising of bees within a city's limit a nuisance pei- se is too broad, and is, therefore, invalid. The most celebrated case of this kind on record is that of Clark V. City of Arkadelphia, Arkansas, i-2 Ark., 23. The evidence in this case showed that Clark, who had kept bees in that city for a number of years, was not in political har- mony with those in power, and the latter sought to punish him and get rid of his presence by prohibiting- the keeping- of bees within the corporate limits of the city. Clark was ordered to remove his bees, but refused to do so, and his arrest and con- viction by the city court under the ordi- nance followed. He appealed to the Circuit Court, the latter dismissing the prosecution, and then the State appealed to the Supreme Court, wherein it is held that, "Although bees may become a nuisance in a city, an ordinance which makes the owning, keep- ing-, or raising them within the city limits a nuisance, whether it is in fact so or not, is too broad, and is not valid." While bees have been kept for centuries in towns and cities, it is a fact, so far as we have been able to discover by a careful search of the court records, that the city of Arkadelphia is the first on record to at- tempt to forbid them. It is conceded, how- ever, that the keeping of bees in cities may be regulated as to quantity and the manner of keeping, or make the keeper responsible, as in cases of other animals with danger- ous propensities. This, however, is quite a different proposition from that of an or- dinance calculated to destroy a business or industry altogether. "All ordinances, arbitrary in their terms, and unreasona- ble, and unnecessarily abridg-ing private rights, are void," says Dillon on Municipal Corporations. City ordinances can not be levied at a mere private nuisance to one or more persons. The nuisance must be pub- lic and general in its charricter, and must be an actual nuisance with sufficient evi- dence to sustain it. Courts have, therefore, taken knowledge of the habits of bees, and hold that it would be impossible, at the present state of the bee industry, for them to be more than a private nuisance, for which the person or persons injured or an- noj'ed have their remedy as set forth in the Olmsted v. Rich case, supra. The decision of the Arkansas court is a valuable and stimulating precedent, is good law, and a menace to those who attempt to interfere with a useful and growing indus- try, pursuit, or occupation. Our next article will be devoted to the subject of damages by reason of the pres- ence, keeping-, and owning of bees. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 191 NOTES OF TRAVEL. Arizona Bee.keeping Concluded ; the Temperature of Arizona ; the two Associations ; our Genial Friend " Mike." BY E. R. ROOT. I have before mentioned that there are two associations of bee-keepers in Arizona. One of them goes by the name of the Arizo- na Honey Exchange, of which J. Webster Johnson is secretar}' and manager. The other bears the title of the Bee-keepers' As- sociation of Maricopa Co., of which J. P. Ivy is secretary. The first mentioned is a split-off from the other. Some members in the old society, it appears, were dissatis- fied, and a new organ ization was formed across the river. But so far as I could see there was not, at the time of my visit, a spirit of ill will or rivalry between the : wo. HON. |. p. ivv. They are practically working together as one harmonious unit. Mr. Johnson finds a market for the members of his organization, and Mr. Ivy performs a similar service for those of his. I have already introduced Mr. Johnson, and given a view of his apiary. I now take pleasure in presenting Hon. J. P. Ivy, the active man of the Maricopa Co. Association, who owns and operates some 700 colonies, and who is considered all through the Salt River Valley as one of the progressive and successful bee-keepers. At the time I met him, there was a gen- eral gathering of farmers and bee-keepers at Phcjenix, at a grange of some sort that was being held. Not only active in bee matters, he is a leader in political matters also. Recently he had been honored by his party, having been elected as Representa- tive on the Democratic ticket over a very popular candidate of the other party. 1 was invited by him to go out to his apiary, as he was expecting to do some honey-ex- tracting the next day; but as I was then almost at the limit of my time I found it impossible to accept his invitation. On this day of the grange meeting we met quite a number of bee-keepers. Be- sides other bee-keepers, whose names I do not recall, there were present Mr, Win. Rohrig'-; W. L. Chambers; J. P. Ivy; and last, but not least, Mr. M. C. Wall, or "Mike," as he is familiarly called. Mr. Wall is another active man in the Maricopa Association, and owns and operates over 1000 colonies. His particular forte seems to be buying up apiaries that "do not pay." Often he will take those same bees, and sometimes in the same localities, and make them return the cash put up for them in one season. I had heard a great deal about Mike — of how he was a "hale fellow well met;" and when that person joined our group nearly every one began to smile, for Mike always brings a ripple of merriment wherever he goes. I remember there was an ai-gument be- tween him and Mr. Rohrig as to how warm it was that day. I said it was about 120, or at least it /c// that way to me. Mike made the statement that it was 110. Mr. Rohrig very promptly asserted that he was away "off." There was something said about soda water and ice cream. Mr. Roh- rig very promptly accepted the challenge from his friend Mike; and thereupon some of the parties went to look at the thermom- eters at the nearest drugstore. Mike came back all wreathed in smiles. "You will have to pay for the soda and ice cream," said he. After we had refreshed ourselves at Mr. Rohrig's expense it developed that Mike had looked on the warm side of the build- ing, where the mercury actually showed 110, yet the other thermometers showed only 105. I mention this little incident to give an idea of the ever3^day weather in summer in Arizona; in fact, I was told that I would have to be prepared for a temperature of 120 in the shade. I did not find it as high as that; and Mr. Rohrig said, I think, thai it never reached that, in his experience, in the Valley. The question of temperature finall}^ re- solved itself into a little discussion as tc the pi'oper conditions favorable for a honey- flow. All practically agreed that a tem- perature of from 115 to 120 is decidedly un- favorable, especially if accompanied with a breeze. The air must be absolutely still. and the mercury in the shade should stand from 90 to 100. " Then the honey will fairly rain down. I had heard so much about Mike that I was anxious to visit his apiary. I "hinted 192 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar, 1 around ■■ for an invitation, but he didn't in- vite. Finally I g'ot Chambers to put the question to him straight. "Oh, no!"' said he: "I do not want any bee-man — much less the editor of a bee-pa- per, prowling around my place with a ko- dak. It looks too bad, and is not fixed up for company. ' ' But Chambers winked at me and said, "We will go anA'how,"' and we did. I think it was the next da3' on our way back to Tempe when we stopped off at Mike's headquarters, for he was baching it. When he saw us coming he said something about a bad penn}' returning, and that he wasn't looking for us; but that made us all the more anxious to prowl around. Between two of his apiaries he had a great pile of \ariety of odd sizes, for in Arizona there are several kinds of frames in use. Tie two most prominent are the Langstroth and the Nippert frame. The last named is a verj- small frame, 10X10. Besides these there are a few other odd sizes. Of course our friend had to take every thing just as it came. He is too progressive a bee-keep- er to have three or four different sizes of frames among his bees: so what did he do but toss all the odd-sized combs, as fast as the brood hatched out, into that mammoth solar wax-extractor which you see just back of him in the picture? Then he would transfer the bees to a standard hive and combs. I think the pile on which he stands represents the year's business of buying up and transferring. MIKE wall's pile OF TR.'i.XSFERREr) FRMIES; AX OBJECT-LESSON IN ODD-SIZED FRAMES AND HIVES. brood-frames of various sizes, as well as parts cf hives. He tried to steer us awaj- from this object-lesson, but we did not "steer." I told Chambers that I wanted Mike right on top of that pile: "but." said he, with a wink, "it will take better men than A'ou are to put me on it." and it would, no doubt. But by dint of coaxing I got Mike and Mr. Chambers on top, and took a snap shot or two. The result is before you. Mr. Wall said something to the effect that I must not use that for Gli:anings, but I made no promise. I have already explained that our friend was in the business of buying up apiaries, and then not only making them paj- for themselves but pay for their keeping. But as a result of his buying, he got a great As firewood is scarce in Arizona he finds that these old frames make splendid kin- dling-wood; and all he had to do was to go to the pile for fuel when he wanted to make a good hot fire to fry his beefsteak. That our friend is an up-to-date bee-keep- er will be further evident bj- a photo of him holding one of his combs with Doolittle queen-cells on it. He is a reader of Glean- ings, and I found he was able to produce as fine a lot of cells as Doolittle or any- bodj- else can turn out. THE BOV bee-keeper's WONDl-RFVL RECORD. It will be remembered that Mr. Cham- bers, of whom I have been speaking thus far in this article, is the boy bee-keeper 1902 GLEANINGS IN^BEE CULTURE. 193 MIKE WALL AND SOME OF HIS DOOLITTLE QUEEN-CELLS. who, through his own independent exer- tions, a7}d without a dollar of help froui any one, is the owner of 500 colonies — colonies that he has made pay for themselves. Since I left Arizona I have learned that his crop for last season was 44,000 pounds from 400 colonies, spring count, or an average of 110 pounds per colony. If there is another young man in all the United States who has made that record before he luas of a^e — yes, if there is another one in all the world — we have never heard of it. I am glad to introduce Mr. Chambers again to our readers. Lest I might create a wild rush to go to Arizona and do likewise, I will state that all the irrigated parts of the State, so far as I know, are very much overstocked with bees and bee-keepers. The j'ellow butter- tiies, the tendency to cut alfalfa before it comes into bloom, the occasional failure of water, the hot climate, rattlesnakes, mos- quitoes that are awful — all these and more, should be taken into consideration. There are many other bee-keepers whom I should like to introduce to you; but as I have got .something like 4000 miles ahead of me, and have not even yet got into Califor- nia, I shall have to bring my Arizona series to a close. But I will mention that there are Stahl and Hough, who own about 1200 colonies which they put out on shares. There is John Nippert, the owner and user of a shal- low hive and frame. I secured what I sup- posed to be a good picture of him; but he complained that it made him look so old that he wished me not to use it. But Mr. Nippert is a successful bee-keeper, and hi.'^ little hive and frame have been pretty widely scattered throughout the Valle}'. He is a believer in the principle of han- dling hives instead of frames, and is very successful in carrying out his idea, for he runs between five and six hundred colonies on that plan. YELLOW BUTTERFLIES AND ALFALFA. During some seasons of the year these are quite a pest, both to the alfala-grower and to the bee-keeper. Mr. Chambers ex- plained to me that they would sometimes be so thick on a field that it would be fair- I3' 3'ellow with them. They destroy the blossoms, with the result that no honey will be given off from that field or anj' field where they swarm, for they appear to go in swarms. HONEV-PLANTS OF THE SALT RIVER VAL- LEY, ARIZONA. The list of honey-plants that supply the brood-nest and bring the bees up into good shape for honey-plants are the following: First there is the wild currant in Decem- 194 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 1 ber. Next comes the cottonwood about the 15th of Januarj'. These are the lar;L,^e shade-trees I have spoken about that grow so luxuriantl}' along' the ditches. Follow- ing these about the first of February is the willow. This continues till March. Next there is the yellow sweet clover, or sour clover, as it is called in Arizona. This is followed by the first crop of alfalfa, coming on about the 10th of April. But from this first crop comparatively little honey is yielded. The plants that begin to yield surplus now come on, among which is first the mes- quite, something that grows in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona — in fact, all through this portion of the United States on the semi-desert lands. Mesquile in Arizo- na blooms about the first of May, and lasts some twenty days. Next comes on catclaw, about the 15th of May, and continues till the last of June. This is followed by the second crop of alfalfa, and froin this the greater part of the honey comes. Close on to this is the third crop of alfalfa, for there are three cuttings of this hay in Arizona. The alfalfa yield all together lasts till about the last of July, after which very little sur- plus is secured, although there are liglit flows following, keeping the bees in good condition, and rendering feeding unneces- sary. In our next issue I will take j^ou to the hottest place in the United States, and the most deserted of all deserts, and then we will take a big long jump over into Califor- nia. BEE-STINQS NOT A CURE FOR RHEUMATISM. Difference in Locality. BY DELOS WOOD. It is quite a common thing for the bee- journals to publish articles in favor of stings for the cure of rheumatism, and these articles are copied far and wide bj- the lo- cal press; but I have failed to see a single article refuting the statement. I contracted rheumatism in the army during the Civil War, and since that time I have worked every season in the apiary, having from 25 to 700 colonies under my care. Some of them would sting equal to Rambler's, and he intimated his would attack a hot stove- pipe. I have had hundreds of stings, day after daj', for weeks at a time, but no relief from rheumatism at an_y time. A friend of mine who was badly crippled with the disease told me he had tied strings around the bottom of his pants, and then put a cupful of bees from his crossest colo- nics inside his pants, and worked in the apiary for hours with them stinging him, but got no relief from it. Gleanings saj's that the poison from Apis ynellifica is used largely in homeopa- thic practice. This case was the homeopa- thic remedy in allopathic doses. Many things ;ire laid to locality; but this can not be, for my friend <'ind myself have kept bees in Indiana as well as California. Is it not owing to a difi^^ercnce in the disease itself? We are both atfiicted with c ronic inuscular rheumatism. There is no swell- ing nor inflammation. Possibly these cases reported as cured by the stings may be the inflammatory form. Who can tell us? Some things are largely due to locality; and in locating an apiary it is necessary not only to know that flowering plants abound but also that they produce honej' in that localit}'. Ventura Co., Cal., boasts of its lima-bean lioney; but along the coast of Santa Barba- i-a Co. a colony of bees would starve in the center of hundreds of acres of beans. There is not a drop of honey in them. In Colorado and in many places in California, alfalfa yields honey in abundance; but in this locality. I have never seen a bee on it. vSanta Barbara, Cal. A PRETTY SUBURBAN APIARY. Hives Alade with (he Barnes faw. BY W. V. TURNER. Mr. Root: — The picture I send you is not just to my liking, but the best I had at h^ind. The artist was in somewhat of a hurry, and did not give me time to fix up or arrange things for the picture as I had wished, knowing that, if it got into Glean- ings, it would by viewed by many a criti- cal eye. My success I owe largely to Gleanings and the ABC book, having received the first voluines of the former when issued as a quarterly. Our home is at the extreme left. The home of our only son, Charles L., is at the extreme right. He and his family are in the automobile, coming down street from the west. His wife and oldest daughter, Carrie, are standing it front of our house. Fifty-five stands of bees are on this lot, but not all shown. Shop and honey-house is just outside of the picture, near the solar extractor. By the side of your humble servant stands the Daisy wheelbarrow bought of A. I. Root years ago, and still doing good ser- vice. If 3'ou look closely _vou can see a bee- brush and smoker hanging on a comb-box. I use the wheelbarrow for carrying combs to and from the hone\'-house. I use the eight- frame L. hives, and have tried the various kinds of tops as made by the Root Co., and like the ventilated gable cover best of anj'. I have made with the Barnes combined machine 80 hives and supers besides 50 win- ter cases ; but unless one is far from the s lurce of supply, '^r ne.ir cheap hmiber, there is little or nothing saved if one's time is worth any thing. 196 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 1 My output of honey for 1901 was 40 lbs. |ier colony, which found a ready sale here in Peoria at 15 cts. by the case for comb, ;ind 10 cts. per lb. for extracted, put up in pint Mason jars. My pasture here is mainly sweet and white clover, basswood, and catnip. I don't take any stock in the red clover as a honey- pi ant except for bum- ble-bees, and this tongue reach I consider all nonsense. Why not turn our attention to the "business end,'' and grow shorter .stings, as hornless cattle are grown? Glf.anings is always a welcome visitor at my home, and the Home papers are al- ways eagerly scanned by myself and fami- ly, and just now we are enjoj'ing a great treat in the Notes of Travel by the editor, .•IS I have been six times through to Califor- nia, and note the correctness of many of the pictures shown. I wish Gleanings would come four times instead of twice a month. Peoria Heights, 111.. Feb. 5. RECORD=KEEPING OF APIARIES. A Modern and Convenient System. BV AKTHUK C. MILLKK. I wish to call the attention of the readers of Gleanings to a very convenient system of keeping the records of their apiaries. It is not new in the literary or commercial world, having been long in use in libraries and business offices for all sorts of records ;,nd indexing. I refer to the card system. I have used it in business for fifteen years, but applied it to ni}' apiarian records only about a year ago. For the benefit of those who may not be familiar with this system I will give a brief description of it. It consists of a lot of cards of vniiform size, perforated at the middle of the lower edge, all arranged in a drawer or tra3% and held in place by a rod passing through the ends of the tra3' and the holes in the cards. Assorted in among these cards are others having projections, or "tabs," which stand above the general lev- el of the rest of the cards. These tabs serve as the g-uides or indexes to the cards back of them. On the tabs are written or print- ed letters of the alphabet, numbers, dates, subjects, or any manner of sign which will readily indicate to the user the matter to be foinid on the cards between that guide- card and the next. The accompanying il- Itistration will serve to make it more clear. As may be readily appreciated, this sj's- tem lends itself to an endless variety of classifications, and its usefulness is limited only b}^ the skill of the compiler. When or- dinarily referred to, the cards are tipped back or forward like the leaves of a book: and if the case is dropped, the rod holds all secure. When putting in new matter, or removing that which has become obsolete, the rod is taken out and all cards are free. It has this particular advantage over a book: All "dead" or useless matter is eliminated by simply removing the card it is on. Any number of cards may be used to refer to thintrs about a colony or strain uf bees, each of these cards being filed un- der a diflferent classification, so that, n:) matter which of man\' titles is looked un- der, the details are readily found. Or one card may have records on one subject and refer to many colonies by number, letter, or otherwise. For memoranda in the hive, one of these cards is slipped under a bent pin or nail on the under side of the cover, or simply laid on the mat under the cover. Duplicates may be kept in the case in the house, or these cards may be left in the hive until filled up, when they are filed away and new ones put in their places. If work is to be planned before going to an out- apiary, the cards referring to the colonies needing attention may be removed from the traj', classed according to the work to be done, put into an envelope, and slipped into the pocket ready for instant use when wanted. An outfit such as I have illustrat- ed here, consisting of a case, guides, and 800 cards, cost me $2.00, and was purchased of the Library Bureau, Boston, Mass. I use cards ruled only across, as on let- ter paper. For all ordinary work they are as convenient as speciallj' ruled or printed cards, and much cheaper. Providence, R. I., Dec. 3. [We use this same system all through our office; in fact, we have even gone so far as to discard the heavy and cumbrous ledgers in our book-keeping department, and have substituted in their stead drawers of cards like that shown in the illustration. The great advantage of this system over the book method for any kind of business or any kind of work is, as Mr. Miller points out, that one does not have to thumb over constantlj' records that have been complet- ed, or which are of comparativelj' little use. The complete records are filed sepa- rately, while the new and unfinished ones, or those that are being- filled out, are with- in finger reach. The time is coming when records of everj' nature will be on what is known as the "card-index" sj'stem ; and Mr. Miller is correct in believing that such a sj'stem would be specially applicable to an apiary. This plan of record-keeping is respectfully referred to a certain doctor of the family of Miller.— Ed.] 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 197 QUESTION ON WINTERING. 1. Can I unite two weak colonies at this time of year? Is it too cold? 2. Do 3'ou make an air-spaced hive (no packiuf,^)? There are several bee-keepers here who use them, and prefer them to chaff. What do you think of them? 3. Is there a hive cover that will not leak? I boug-ht several Danz. covers (made bj^ you) last summer, and every one leaked so that I found a puddle of water on the can- vas after everj^ rain. Shall I contract the entrance to your Dovetailed hive for outdoor wintering-? I am a beg-inner. F. P. Bkiggs. Ayer, Mass., Feb. 1902. [1. You can very easily unite colonies at this time of the year, in the cellar. All that is necessary is to put one hive on top of the other, and the bees will g-radually work together. 2. All our double-walled hives can be made air-spaced, or packed with chaff, sawdust, planer shavings, or any kind of material. In a mild cHmate like _yours, our double-walled hives would not require packing. Perhaps it would be better with- out; but in a colder climate the packing- is certainly an advantage. -We would refer you to " Chaff Hives," on page 11 of our catalog. In putting these hives together, leave out the packing and you will have the best double-walled or air-spaced hive there is made. 3. In our 1902 catalog we offer two covers which we guarantee will not leak. The new gable cover, or flat cover covered with Neponset paper, will be perfectly tight. 4. For outdoor wintering we recommend an entrance >'sx8 inches. For ver3' cold weather an entrance :'sx4 inches would do verj' well; but in that case the apiarist himself should see that the entrances are clear, and not clogged by dead bees. 5. A compartment shut ott' from the fur- nace-room in your cellar would make an excellent place for wintering bees; but usu- ally in such a room not more than 50 colo- nies can be accommodated to advantage. Too man3'^ bees in a room make the air too bad.— Ed.I HONEY FROM RED CLOVER; RED-CLOVER BEES. I notice you advertise red-clover queens. So far as my experience goes, all Italian bees work more or less on red clover, es- pecially the second crop; but I find quite a contrast in the quantity of surplus stored by different colonies. I have had a few colonies that gave me a fair surplus from that source, while others, apparently as strong-, gave me nothing. This led me. years ago, to believe it quite possible to produce a strain superior to any thing we already ha\e in that regard, and reared the most t)f mv' queens from those best colo- nies. While mj- bees at present are more finely marked, 1 do not believe they are in any way superior, except the marking, to those I produced from 1868 to 1882. And this leads me to conclude that it is not as necessary to infuse fresh blood as some breeders claim. I purchased my first colo- ny of Italians in April, 1868, and Italian- ized my apiary of about 25 colonies during- that and the next season, and did not in- fuse any fresh blood until the summer of 1882. I am positive I secured as much sur- plus from red clover during the period named as I have since; and I am positive, also, that, during that period, there was no fresh blood infused, as I was the only person anj'where in this vicinity that bred the Italian bee, except a few of my neighbors whom I induced to trj' them. Since 1882 I have procured one or more queens annually, but can not see any im- provement except in color. During- the last two seasons I have reared queens from best colonies irrespective of color, being satis- fied it is the correct course. I am pleased to see the chang-e in breeding for color to that of honej'-producing qualit}'. I shall not feel surprised if the genuine red-clover queen were already here. E. B. SLAUGHrKR. ANOTHER OFFER FOR BOGUS (?) COMB HONEY. J/r. I\oof: — I notice on page 36 that you oft'er $1000 for 1 lb. of manufactured comb honey, filled and capped without the bees. This is all right; but you said, "made at a factory," " w/ieic such stuff is made.'''' Now, we have lots of fools who profess they believe comb honey is made and filled by machinery. Among these are man}' ladies, one an " M. D." who ought to know better. One rich, highly educated lady told me in- timate friends of hers had been in the fac- torj', and seen tons of such manufactured comb hone}^ Now, I wish to say most em- phaticallj' there is not such a factory in the broad universe. I challenge, and will pay $100 to any one who can name the State, county, city, street, or number, of any place where comb hone}^ is or has been made; and I will give $100 to any one that will give me one square inch of comb honey, made, filled, and capped in any wa}" other than bj' bees in the past. I will give them ten years to do it in future. Any one, who knows enough about bees and honey to say white is white or black is black knows it is physically impossible to manufacture and cap comb honey. F. Danzenbakek. Washington, D. C. THE AMOUNT OF WAX IN OLD COMBS. How much wax would the Root steam wax-press, described in Gleanings for August 1, take out t f a full set cf combs, 198 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE M\K. 1 both brood and extracting, of an eight- frame hive? The combs in question would be very old, black, and poor, but not moth- eaten. In other words, how much availa- ble wax would a set of combs such as I de- scribed, contain? Wm. Bloch. Dulzura, Cal., Jan. 24. [This is a hard question to answer. A good deal depends on whether the combs were made originally from foundation; and, if so, was the foundation heavj^, medium, or light brood? If no foundation was used at all, then the amount of wax that can be obtained will be smaller still. I should not expect, ordinarily, more than from half a pound to one pound of wax from such combs. With the best of apparatus, and combs that were built off from good heavy foundation, we might get two pounds; but under ordinary circumstances I should not be surprised if you did not get even half a pound. — Ed.] MOVING BEES ON A WAGON WITHOUT CLOS- ING THE ENTRANCE SUCCESSFULLY PRACTICED. Last spring I moved about 60 colonies of bees a short distance, without cl< sing the entrance. About dusk I went along and gave each hive a few puffs of smoke, then in a few minutes I went back to the first ones, puffed a little more smoke into five or six hives, then went to work loading un- til I had these five or six loaded, then smoked live or six more; commenced load- ing again, and so on until all were loaded. I started very carefullj^ If they were much disturbed I would stop fo a minute or two, then start again. After going a little way I would not pa}' anj' more attention to them, but drive right along. R. C. Clary. Ft. Morgan, Colo. A CARD FROM F. W. L. SLADEN. /I//-. Roof: — Have you room in Gleanings for a few words of thanks from me to the American apiarists who entertained me so splendidly on my recent trip to the great country across the ocean? I was very sorry not to have been able to get over in time to attend the Bee-keepers' Convention at the Pan-American Exposition, but the disap- pointment was well compensated by the greater pleasure I had in becoming ac- quainted with some of the bee-keepers in their own homes. The " royal welcome " you bespoke for me in your issue of October 1 was indeed realized, and I had a down- right good time with every bee-keeper I was able to visit. My chief regret is that I had only time to go and see so few. It is difficult for me to sum up in a few words my many impressions of American bee-keeping from an English bee-keeper's point of view, so I will not attempt it here, but will just say that I made a special point of endeavoring to investigate the dif- ferences between the methods practiced in the two countries, and looking into the causes of these differences. I found this to be a particularly interesting and profitable line of thought. On the whole I was sur- prised and delighted to see the remarkable progress that apiculture is making in America. Though I did not go far either west or south. I tried to realize the vastness of the country and the man_v varieties of the conditions for — and therefore methods in — bee-keeping that must exist. The industry is certainly in a verj' vigorous state. My best wishes for further progress during the year which will have begun before this reaches you, and also for a good crop to the bread-winners of the happy homes I have such pleasant recollections of having visit- ed. F. W. L. Sladen. Ripple Court, near Dover, Eng. , Dec. 26. THE marked difference IN THE WORK- ING QUALITIES OF COLONIES. I have many times watched the different colonies in my apiary when there was ap- parently very little honey-flow; and while some colonies were quite active, and actual- ly bringing in honev, others would be al- most entir ly idle. I have observed it so closely and so many times, also noting the conditions of the active and inactive colonies, that I am satisfied in my own niind that there is quite a difference in the industrial qualities of individual colonies. And why should it not be so, the same as in the rest of animal life? Progression in bee culture is still ahead of us; and to ob- tain the best results means experimental study. Your advice, Mr. Editor, in footnotes on page 97.5, I consider pure gold. Brooklyn, Pa. I.uthek S. Ely. Please give me 3'our opinion on wintering with sviper on, with no absorbents or any thing inside but cover sealed tight. Earl N. Evkrson. Brilliant, O., Nov. 17, l'H)l. [Some very good results in wintering have been secured by leaving on the supers; but usually we would advise taking themoff, putting on absorbents instead, or, perhcips, better still, a sealed cover. — Ed.] Will you please tell me how to feed refuse honej' to bees at this time of 3'ear? Clifford Rannev. Hillsdale, Mich., Jan. 2. [It is a bad time of year to feed refuse honey to bees, either in the cellar or out- doors. Better give cakes of hard rock can- d_y, and keep your honey until next spring. —Ed.] LIARS -WHAT THE SU DAY SCHOOL TIMES THINKS ABOUT THEM. No liar can ever be great except as a liar. He does not stauil on the eternal foundations of truth. All great tides of power in the universe sweej) along the lines of truth. Whoever works against them goi s down. Ananias died nuclily: all other-, more or less so. Thi- war^as of this sin is death. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 199 Happy is the man that findeth wisdom, and the man that getteth understanding — Prov. S:13. It is now toward the latter part of Feb- ruary ; and although I have not been away from home a single day during this past winter, and the weather has been cold and wintry (since the first of January, any way), I have been having an exceedingly happy time. In fact, I do not know that I ever enjoyed life more than I have during this past winter. I am happy when I get up in the morning, because it gives me a chance to get at the work I love. To tell the truth, it hard]3' is ivork, for to me it is more like play. When it comes dinner time I am happy again, because, although I had almost forgotten it, I was so much taken up with my work (or play) that I had actually forgotten I was hungry. I can thank God for my dinner, with honest sincerity, be- cause I have an excellent appetite; and it is the same way in the afternoon and the same way at supper time. Of course, I have my afternoon and forenoon naps when I am tired; but so much interested have I been in this winter occupation that of late I have been sleeping only fifteen or twenty minutes. I am happy again during the evening because I have the latest books and papers devoted to my favorite pursuit; and I am happy again at bedtime because I go to sleep instantly, and sleep soundly until the electric lights flash upon us at a quar- ter after five, admonishing us that it is time to begin the day. Before breakfast I en- joy my work again. Now, this work I am going to tell j^ou about is not any thing particularly expen- sive— that is, it need not be; and any of you or every one of you can commence it (on a small scale) right in your own homes. Of course, you may have some difficulties to surmount; but where there is a will there is a way. Now, friends, if you did not know me you would begin to be suspicious that I had something to sell; but the thought of it makes me feel happy again, for I can say, "Thank God I have nothing to sell, and no monopoly of the business." I have been happy because I have been getting wisdom and understanding; and, above iill, because I have been diiily and hourlj' — yes, and al- most every minute — in touch with the handi- work of the great Father above. I have felt his presence as I studied his works. All my life I have enjoyed, as you may know, learning the whys and wherefores that I may control Dame Nature, and make her do my bidding. Let me say briefly that this work I am talking about is growing plants over in that little greenhouse. You may say you h^lve not all got a greenhouse. My dear brother or sister, with God's help you can get one if you want it bad enough., if 3'ou are will- ing to pay the price. You can commence with just a window of your sitting-room or kitchen; but before I tell you about it I wish to diverge a little in order to get tlie point clearly before you. Most of 3^ou have been studying the new catalogs of seeds and plants; but I hardly believe any one of you fully realizes the amount of work that has been done to get these new things that are delighting the world. I regret that it is not all honest work — that is, some of the pictures paraded are to some extent not really new, but most of them are. Now, read carefully the fol- lowing, which I take from the last Rural Neiv - } orker: AN ELUSIVE RADISH. Bei"g impressed with the scarcity of desirable sum.. mer radishes, the writer beg n, about ten years ago, breeding experiments looking toward the develop- ment ot a type which w uld grow well during the summer heat, remain in good eating condition a rea- sonable time, and be of sightly appearance and mild flavor. Beckert's Chartier came nearest the ideal in mind at the time, but it requires about eight weeks to develop; and though mild, crisp, and tender when at its best, it so>n grows coarse and pithy. To impart greater durability of texture, and restrain the tenden- cy rapidly to run to seed, the Chartier was pollenized with a hard white sumtner radish of local origin, and the best of the resulting crosses, which were rather too pungent in flavor, with an unintrodnced white Chinese radish the succeeding year. This induced the hybrids to "break" wildly, but a few roots retained the form and some of the crim,son coloring of- Chartier, though with hard texture and slow maturity. The long early scarlet and a foicing round scarlet variety were next successively introduced i i the strain, and rigid selection began, after growing seedlings Irom the last cross. There was not as much variation among these later generations as might have been expected, but the looked-for type was very slow in developing vintil the eighth year, when it appeared at a bound, all the seedlings being much alike, varying onlj' in proportionate length. The newcomer was of the Chartier type, pale rose shading to white in color, tender, succulent, and well flavored. It developed rapidly, but reta ned a small top, and was very slow in running to seed, standing in good condition several weeks in the hottest weather. Here, apparently, was a good thing, planned and worked for, but ^ecu'-ed at last. The next year as grown from seeds saved fiom the most perfect specimens, they came so uniform that the only remaining defect appeared to be the shy seeding of the selected roots. '1 he next year the new radish was planted with high hopes, but a grtat pro- portion failed to " bottom -out, ' running at once to seed likecharlock or wild mustard, bo complete was the reversion that except for the white flowers the d. - generat'- plants could scarcely be distinguished from charlock. This was disappointing, but the best sptci- mens of those showing no deterioration were isolated bj' the removal of all others, and seeds again careful- ly saved. The result of this last sowing revealed a general stamped toward the primitive wild radish — scarcely two per cent keeping to the improve'! type, which had seemed at one time in a fair waj' to become fixed and in this abrupt manner our ideal sumnitr radish slipped out of existence. The uncertainties of breeding by hybridization spe- cial types of such economic ai.d ornamental plants as must commonly be propagated from steds, is thus de- tailed at some length as explanatory of the tendency of many high-bred strains, origi' ally produced by crossbreeding, to fall away from the advertised stan- dard Mendel's law of hybridization, based on long and carefully conducted experiments, .seems to show that the pollen and seed embryo cell of diverse plants of the same specie s or genus invariably unite in a defi- nite manner, and that, however various the associatioa of the characteristics of the parents may be in the progeny, the separate individualiiies are preserved, though often dormant, for many generations, and may at any time reappear w^ith startling suddenness in individual plants. There will ever be much diffi- culty in fixing and retaining types produced by cross- 20v) GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE, Mak. 1 ing, where see \ propagation is necessary, though oc- casionally a hybrid is so happily balanced that it seems to become a new species, and may be grown on indefinite Iv with reasonable care in selection. W. V. F. Friend W. V. F. has been at work for ten years to produce an ideal radish; but after he got it. like a wild colt out on the plains it got away from him, and there is very little hope that that same "colt" will ever be caught. Somebody else, by work- ing ten years more or less, may get some- thing near to his ideal. It is just like the strawberries. A strawberry having all the good qualities that a dozen others have, is not yet known. When we get it (if we ever do) a single plant will be cheap at a thousand dollars. Do you know why he could not hold his radish? The reason is this: Radishes must always be grown from the seed. You can not take slips as you do from a geranium, nor runners as you do from a strawberry'; nor can you graft rad- ishes as you would graft apple-trees, and bud peach-trees. It was because of this that our friend could not hold his beloved "wild colt." Now, this work that has made me so hap- py has been studying the "cutting" busi- ness. That china dish of white sand has been my favorite tool, only I have a lot of dishes so I can start cuttings more or less every day ; and then every morning and sometimes every afternoon I am delighted to find certain plants that had been behiiv- ing contrary have got into line, and are doing exactl}' what I wanted them to do. When we get at the conditions, the thing is easj'. Oh how manj^ times I have found this to be true during my busy happy life! I worked day and night trying to make comb foundation — burned my fingers, spat- tered my clothes, littered up the house, and it seemed only continual defeat. But little by little I began to " catch on," first to one important condition and then another; and now our 3'oung people down in our new wax- room would look up in surprise to hear there was ever trouble about it, the thing seems so easy and so natural. Well, I could not make coleus-plants grow to suit me. Oh! I forgot to tell you I have been studj'ing the catalogs and sending a few cents here, there, and yonder, for some new plants. Then before I could make cut- tings I had to study this new plant, get ac- quainted with it, and find out how to make it grow strong and vigorous. Well, I have never succeeded with the coleus till this winter; and now I find it is one of the pret- tiest plants to make grow we have in the greenhouse. The reason I did not succeed was because I did not keep my forcing-bed ivarm enough. I supposed 80 degrees would kill every thing; but I was so stupid I did not consider that we sometimes have 80 and 90 in the summer, and it does not kill things either. With a bottom heat of 80 degrees, and the heat above as much as 70 or 75, with a confined moist air, the coleus grows like a weed, and shows the most brilliant colors I ever saw. Well, most of these new plants are ex- pensive. I paid 35 cents for a single gera- nium by mail. I had it in bloom in about two days, and in two days more I had some cuttings, .so my plants will not cost me very much after all. PYom six golden-leaved salvias I have now 30 beautiful plants. That is about as many as I have room for. During former winters I have been much troubled by the green fly, red spider, and mealy bug in my greenhouse. This winter I have had hardly a glimpse of insect foes. I banished them with what is called "nico- tine punk," which I bought of the Skab- cura Dip Co., Chicago, at 60 c. a dozen rolls. Four or live rolls have kept my greenhouse absolutely free from insects all winter. This one thing makes a vast difference with a florist. Sometimes the stuff I order from away off is infested with mealy bug; but it is easily fixed by fumigation as above. Well, this winter for the first time I have really got in touch with making plants grow by starting them in the smallest size of pot and giving them a larger one just as fast as they needed it, and no faster. When you learn the trade, and really get in touch with the plants, it is just wonderful how 3'ou can make things grow. A friend gave me a slip of Impafiens Sultani. I put it in the white sand, and a few days afterward something on the plant looked like a drop of blood, only it was more brilliant. I put on my "specs," carried it to the light, and found it was a little bud unfolding. The slip put out a beautiful blossom in that wet sand before it had even a speck of root of any sort. Surgeons are hard at work on the problem, and have at least partly succeeded, in having a human being live with his stomach entirely removed. In the same way we make a plant grow with vig- or when its roots are all cut off — in fact, when it has not any sign of a root of any kind. Just get the temperature, moisture, and other things all right. Well, about the time the blossom dropped I discovered little roots on the slip. I put it in the smallest-sized pot and put it back in my cutting-bed. In ten days the pot was full of roots, and it wanted more room. I gave it one just a little larger'. In three or four days it wanted more room still. I bought some cinerarias. For two weeks thej' did not grow, and I thought they were going to die. I did not keep them warm enough. I gave them a bed where the tem- perature was from 60 to 70, bottom heat, day and night. Then they commenced to boom. I gave them larger pots, and larger still. I got them on the run, as it were, and it seemed to me they were really on the "double quick." Some of the strongest are now in eight-inch pots. The foliage is just wonderful (almost as "big as a cabbage"), and they are opening their brilliant glit- tering flowers while I write. I dropped the hose on one of them, and snapped off the center of the plant, buds, and two or three leaves. I felt as bad over it, almost, as if I had hurt a living being. In a min- 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 201 ute my spirits beg-an to recover, for I thouji;^ht of my spare saucers of white sand. I put it clear down so just the leaves and the buds were out of the sand ; kept it wet and warm, and — would you believe it? — that bud with- out roots opened up before those on the g-row- ing- plants. It was not sickly nor stunted. It seemed to say, "Oh! you need not feel particularly bad about the accident. I do not really rieed roots if you give me every thing' else I want." Well, the old plant has put out two or three branches of buds in place of the one I took off, and the new one is putting' out roots, so I am g'oing to have an extra plant, and possibly the old one will give an extra amount of bloom just a little later than the rest. Now, what makes me happy is that I am making- discoveries every day. They ma3' not be new to florists, nor to somebody else in this big wide world, but they are new to me; and I am getting in touch with these new and strange forms of vegetation so I can hold on to them — not as our brother did with the radish that "eluded" his grasp just when he thought he heid it for sure. And talking about radishes reminds me that, years ago, I worked several seasons for a white lettuce like the white-plume cel- er3^ I got so far as to put lettuce on the market that was part white and part green; but my patrons got a notion that the white spots 'were the result of putting some kind of poison on the leaves to keep off insects. Well, I finally got a few stalks that were all white, but they lacked vigor, just as the Madame Saleroi geranium, the one border- ed with white, lacks vigor compared with the green-leaved geraniums. Now, very likely my feeble white lettuce might have been crossed so as to give it vigor, but I be- came discouraged and let it drop. Vaughan, of Chicago, advertises in his catalog a new variety of Impafiens ( /. Platypetala ) . I have just to-day received three of the plants. The flower is larger than the old Siiltani, and the foliage is quite diff'erent, although it resembles our old friend. I should judge it is a ranker and more luxuriant plant, because they stood right up strong in the full noonday sun. Of course, the new plants cost quite a little; but when you con- sider that one who knows how can multiply the plants with great rapidity, you will not mind paying 30 or 40 cents for one to start with. By the wa}', this luipatiens Sultani is perhaps more commonl3' grown as a house-plant than any thing else unless it is the geranium. A lady friend of ours had a beautiful plant two or three feet high, just covered with bloom. I asked her the name of it. She said she had never heard any name given, but she called the plant worth a great deal of mone3^ When I came to examine it closel3' I saw it was just a beautiful specimen of my old friend. I have seen some very fine ones in some ver3' humble homes. Some people call them "bilsams." The only trouble is they will not bear anx' thing like a freezing tempera- ture, and are not nearly as hardy as the geranium, and they do not usually grow very much unless they have a pretty warm place near the stove. If it is not ver3' light it does not seem to matter very much. Now, we need not be discouraged by thinking it is only the florist who can have these beautiful plants. One day I made a wheelride of several miles to see a pelar- gonum (Lady Washington geranium). It was, perhaps, three feet high, and ma3' be two broad. It filled the entire window fronting the street. The woman was not a florist, and did not know much about plants; but she had learned how to give this plant just what it wanted. When I asked if it was for sale she said she had refused five dollars for it several times; and she kept it season after season the greater part of the year covered with bloom. I never saw an-v thing to compare with it in any floral es- tablishment. Cases of this kind come up frequently. Some of the finest house-plants the world has produced are in the posses- sion of ver3' humble people in very humble homes. Any ordinary home can be manag- ed to furnish the conditions necessary to grow beautiful plants. You can commence this work any time anywhere, and almost without capital. If you succeed, by the aid of a sash or two, 3'ou can enlarge 3'our win- dow to a hot-bed, and, later in the season, to a cold-frame. When you get half a doz- en sashes, with little expense you can have a little greenhouse where you can get in- side to work and raise stuff' to sell. Many large floral establishments have been start- ed in this manner, on a very small scale. I bought my first azalia in Utica, N. Y. I visited several greenhouses, and finally found a place where the plants were not only greatly superior but very much cheap- er. I asked the proprietor how it happened. He said something like this: "Why, I am not really a florist. I com- menced growing flowers for the fun of it, without any instructions whatever except what I got from books and periodicals. The other florists are all down on me be- cause I do not keep up to their prices; but I should like nothing better than having a market for all I can produce, at the prices I am getting. ' ' He was in love with his work, just as I am in love with mine this winter. By the way, when you are learning how, the very easiest plant to work with that I know of is the nasturtium. All 3^ou need is some nice seeds to start with. Better have one of the dwarf Tom Thumb varieties; and I would suggest Empress of India. Mine came from Burpee. You will not need very rich soil for nasturtiums (or "stertians")', especially for indoors and greenhouse. The^'^ will grow too rank. Mine began to grow too tall, so I cut off the tops of the whole of them. It seemed too bad to throw the tops away, and so I stuck them in a saucer of sand. In three or four da3's the3' were standing up so brisk and thrifty-looking that I pulled one out, and each cutting had 202 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 1 a mass of beautiful white roots; in fact, the roots were too long before I knew it. Bet- ter not let them stay in the sand until the root is over '2 -in. in length. Some iiorists saj', do not let them get to be over "4 -inch. After you learn how to make nasturtiums grow you can take other plants that are more difficult. We have succeeded in mak- ing some beautiful plants of cuttings of "Crimson Rambler" roses, but it takes two or three weeks to get them rooted. Al- most any plant that grows can be made to take root when you get at the conditions and understand them. Even hard-wood trees can be propagated in the same way. Now, the great point in this cutting busi- ness is that, by means of the process, we are enabled to hold fast to that " wild colt " that our friend got hold of when he was get- ting out the new radish. Luther Burbank, of California, has taught the world that we can have almost any thing we want (in the way of fruit) if we are willing to work for it a sufficient number of weeks, months, or years, as the case may be. I know I have written considerable on this same subject before but I firmly believe that one of the remedies, not only for our physical ills, but for the era of crime that is now casting a dark shadow over our nation — one of the great remedies for both sickness and crime, so it seems to me — is getting people busily employed in studying God's works. I have found health, even during this severe win- ter time, because I have been so busy and so happy. There is an unceasing demand for men (and women too) who are experts along the lines I have been treating. This work enables us to keep in constant touch with, and keep plainly in sight, not only the leaves and flowers of the plant, but the root-growth. I never enjoyed watching root- growth before as I have this winter; and when every thing is just right the micro- scopic roots push out and grow with won- derful rapidity. Again and again as I knocked the black balls of earth out of my little pots (or a big one, as the case may be), I uttered exclamations of surprise and delight to see a beautiful plant had done wonders in the way of root-growth when I least expected it. Be patient; work care- fully; watch and inquire; get every thing just right, and your reward will come. And again and again it comes home to me that our children — yes, the babies as well as the boys and girls — are not unlike the plants. Parents seldom realize the possi- bilities that lie before their children. Many a mother has watched and waited and pray- ed as her gentle and loving hand guided the little mind that was intrusted to her care. Many times, perhaps, it has seemed as if the young mind was attracted only by evil; but finally she succeeds in sowing the good seed and starting right impulses in the little mind. It grows and develops day by day, and finally, before she suspects it — yes, before anybody ihoughi oi it — this boy or girl has budded and blossomed into a glorious Christian character. His work will not only stand through all time but through eternity. MECHANICAL AIDS IN OUR HOMES; HEAT- ING AND LIGHTING BY ELECTRICITY WITH WINDMILL POWER. Mr. Root: — "Work out a plan to heat and light our homes by electricity by means of windmill power, and tell us all about it in your journal. Waverly, Neb., Feb. 14. G. R. Noren. Friend N., the thing you mention is al- ready being done, but the apparatus is quite expensive. The Aermotor Co., of Chicago, will send you circulars telling j^ou more about it than I can here. The principal difficulty is storing power suffi- cient to do the work when the wind does not blow. One way is to have an elevated reservoir in which to pump the water. Let this water run a water-motor, and you have it. Another way is to use a storage battery to store up the electricity until needed. M3' impression is the reservoir for water is cheaper and less complicated ; and there is this in its favor — you can have the water for any other purpose you wish. The trouble with wind for all such uses is that there are times, perhaps intervals of several weeks or months, when j'ou will have an enormous amount of power — enough to last through long periods ; and then, again, there are considerable periods when there will be little or no wind. This ne- cessitates a great amount of water — that is, if 3'ou are going to use electricity for heat- ing as well as lighting. If you want to run only a few lamps, the matter is com- paratively easy. Another thing, there is quite a loss of power by using it first to pump up water, and then convert the fall- ing water into power again, and have this pow,er riui the motor. The world is now waiting for some cheaper storage battery, or for some short cut to apply the power of coal, or wind either, so it can be applied di- rectly to the motor. The power from the windmill direct, as you know, is very un- even, even with our best-regulated mills. Unless you have a storage arrangement, either a reservoir of water or electricity, your lights would be first away down un- til you could not see, and then they would flare away up in a perfect blaze, burning out your fuses, and possibly melting your wires. The wind is all right for plenty of power; but it is, as yet, much like an un- broken colt. It needs taming. If any of our readers are using electric lights fur- nished by windmill power we should be glad to hear from them. An unfailing spring of water solves the problem easily. Even a very small stream, where you have a sufficient fall, will light your home beau- tifully; and if the volume is large enough it will also warm your rooms and do the cooking. I expect, this coming summer, to harness up a spring to light up our cabin in the woods. Perhaps I should say, rath- er, I am going to make some experiments in that direction. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 203 STOVE PIPE can be made of thin metal, because it is not exposed to the weather, but SMOKE" STACKS and nAIL=BOXES must be heavy weight or they will prove short lived. Ours is the only heavy steel=plate box approved by the (iovernment. Send for booklet; tells all about it. Bond Steel Post Co., Adrian, Mich. il i ^ a PACE = ^ ^ !»o*»* _1 j=: W. C. T. U. W-e C-ant Tell U how hard we are trying to restrain the rising generation of stock. I>o you see ? Page Woven Wire Fence Co.. Box S, Adrian, {Michigan. For Sale! FOR 5ALE! Cash, or exchange for comb and extracted clover or a'falfa hon- ey, a physician's phae- ton cart, used 4 nios.; :ilso perfect harness made especially for c.irt; used with shafts or p le; absolutely no horse motion, and the most perfect riding cart made. For fuller particulars! BE. J. B. ENOS, Charleroi, Pa. A splendid little fruit and bee- farm, in the midst of about half a dozen of the finest summer resorts in Northern Michigan, will be sold at less than one-half its value. Farm contains l(i acres with 1.500 choice fruit-trees, nearly all in bearing, .5 to 7 years old, consisting of 300 cherry— mo.stly sweet, 250 pear, 250 peach, 300 plum, and 400 apple trees. Buildings all new Plenty of water. Terms, $3000; $1000 down and balance to suit purchaser. Will also sell all my per- sonals. A. I. Root has visited the place and been over the fruit-orchard, etc J. P. BERG, Box 8, Traverse City, Mich. Poultry Keepers Need the Poultry Keeper the most helpful of .^I^L, poultry journals. Price 50c a year. Sample copy free. Agents wanted, (iood terms. POULTRY KEEPER, Box 13, QUINCY, ILLINOIS. J Sweet Potatoes===Choice Seed. J ^ .SEND FOR PRICE LIST. ^ A L. H. Mahan, Box 143, Terre Haute, Ind. ^ "GINSENG" Magazine Form. 16 Pages. 25c per Year. Sample Copy 5c. SPECIAL CROPS PUB. CO.. Box 603. SlVhite Dent are the 4 famous varieties today. American 1 made 197 l^u. shelled corn per acre. Fifteen other sorts Pa.Ere Cataiofif fully describiner tliese wonderful corns sei request. UAIIKY N. HAM310N1> SEED CO.IH'ANY, l.ld. l!oxG9. DayCit}, 1 PLANERS The above cut shows one of our small Planer*, of which we make twelve different styles and sizs*. Also large Planers, Band Saws, Buzz Planer*,, Moulders, Vvood Lathes, and all kinds of WOOD WORKING MACHINERY Sand for Catalogue. The FRANK MACHINERY CO. Buffalo. N. Y. Union Combination Saw^l?:^^. For Ripping, Cross- *ii^r-,^:^^-r: cutting, Rabbeting, V \^^:^^l//- - Mitering, Croovlng, >. \"' '^''"^ vSi-V Gaining, Boring, scroll i^~-— ^ sawing, Kdge - mci.ld" Beading. FtiU line Foot and Hand Po'ver niachin SENECA FALLS MPr,. CO., j*^^ 44 Water St , Teneoa Ts., N.7. ^"^-^ SEWS ANYTHING.^, j_ J m silk to I II 1 r" *»!! ' ^'^f^g. gfc ^ |est fabrics. Tliecei>;oiiii'C'.i jiffeaH BALL-BEARINC W^T- I ARLINGTON^ I (equal of an; $40*to $(i5 Marhinr.) , 14" MilNf I Combines hizhrst t-rii.ie mihiiDical ' «i ( ' " ^ DALL M'l I BEARINCJ, hence easy riinn.nc. noisvles" •'*'* anteed for 20 jpir«. 260,000 eold I Teatimonials from eiery State. _ Write for Free "'ataloe showing all Styles and aamjili Arlington (riiaranteedmachineg from $11 05 vip. Our Anlnmatle Taliinel at $17.73 is s wonder CASH lit TFRS- TNION. Pont. A-US, (UK ACO, II,I„ I REKERENI'K. HR»<->i l>linul8« «U1 bring you Iree sample with ele..aiit lull-page color plate irnntispiece showing in natural colors a pair ol standard fowls, reproduced from oil painting by Frank L. Sewell. world's greatest poultry artist Sixty-eight to 16u paj^es monthly, 5t) cents a year. BK^ID TU-1>AX h'OU. FUEC ISAMi'LK. M BPLfsgs the £;^frs. si Y-W «iri'(ii It. tie £ S & Vegetal, le is sidd on a positive puaraiitee to cut inoro bone in less time and with lesslatjor than any other or your money back. Handsome Catlg. and Egg Record free. HUMPHREY A SOWS, Box 5 > , Joliet,lll. JOSEPH BRECK & SONS, JOHNSON A STOKES, Boston. I-biladelphia. GRIl FITH & TURNER CO., Raid HENS WILL LAY twice as many eni^'s if fed raw cut bone. MANN'S BONE CUTIER m^'iVIl is sucli a success that we will send it to 3'ou ON FREE TRIAL— no m<">ey required. Easy "work, no waste — or don't keep it. Free catlg. explains all. F. W. MANN CO. Box 37* Milford, Mass. Every Chicken Man Needs a green bone cutter. The Adam alone is ball bearing, it cleans itself, it cannot beitome clogged or choked, His fed at the pleasure of tne oper- ator. You will want to know of it. Send for our lllustiated Catalogue No. 39, before you buy. Sent Free. W. J. ADAM, Joliet, Ills. it GET A DANDY" the fastest cutting bone cutter made, and double your egg yield. Sold direct on 30 days trial. 85 up. Catalogue free. Stratton Mfg. Co., Box 54, Erie, Pa. FENCE! STROMGESr MADE. Bull- strong. Chicken- tight. Sold ''T the Farmer at WlioleasI* Prices. Full. (Warranted. Catalog Free. rOLLED SPRING FENCE CO., Box 101 WiuebMter, lodlana, C. H. ^ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ I White Wyandottes ! : Bred from Dustin's best. Some fine J cockerels /on hand already to ship. ♦ J. F. MOORE, : TIFFIN, OHIO. I I ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 206 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 1 B¥ T f^ T^ JT^ T^ 9 CT Largest Mail-Order Seed House I I 1^ r^ W^ 9l ^^ »" t*^e World, fi®- In buying ^->' *X<* J— ^i— ^ ^^y BURPEE'S SEEDS direct by mail you get your money's worth in the Best Seeds that Grow — and you have your, choice of Rare Novelties for 1902, which cannot be had else- where. Write to-day (a postal card will do) for our complete Catalogue — FREE to all who intend to purchase seeds. W. ATLEE BURPEE & CO., Philadelphia. (etc., have been the standard of excellence for nearly i-^ =, half a century. Kver^ thing of the best at right prices £^^,/C-fc r^ r> ,^'SI for Orchiird, Vlnt-yuid. Luwii, I'ark. Stroet.lJurdeii S^^ Lf I"* l"« \/)j) uiid «ireenli<>u«e. We send by mail postpaid Seen-. ' \*^ I liVi— 1—i\h PlantH. Koses, Bulbs, Vines, Small Trees, ete., and Va I ^ra guarantee safe arrival and satisfaction, larger by \-\' \a * ;,.v.f „_ „»r>..Qo= Vi.liiphlB 1aiiver« and others. Seed grown from the earliest, most evenly developed choicest bulbs. ipS selected by an exoert. Don't waste J 7 time, labor, fertilizer, and the land, J!",Ji by planting poor seed. Our Kelin- ^^r< I ^ '»'e Oiiloii Seed will grow ^^^^ ^^ fully developeil o lions in ■5*^ >». one season in any section of the Unit- ed States Planted tliickly it will pro- dute an enormous crop of the finest 1 1 irketalde onion sets. If you want n instead of seed, we have tliem, I W rite for the bis seel catillojTMe. It IS free Established 1818. J. BOLGIANO&SON, . Dept. 0 9 Baltimore, Md. Ferry's \?i Seeds make good crops, good crops make more cus- tomers—so each year the crops and customers have grown greater. That's the secret of the Ferry fame. More Ferry's Seeds sold and sown than any other kind. Sold by all dealers. ^ 19U'2 Seed Annual FREE. D. M. Ferry &. Co. Detroit, Mich. COOD SEEDS CHEAP ' " ^ BEST in the world. >;()iie better, and none lower pi ice. Great Big Catalogue FKEE. Nice big Pictnies of every varictj'. Seeds Ic. per iiack'g & up. A big lot of extra iiack'tjs; new sorts presen- ted FREE witli every order. Buy- direct Iron, the Grower to get Good Seed, ^^,^;p^ Send for big FREE BOOK. '"^ R.H.SHUMWAY SROCKFORD, ILL. i9o: GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. In Cuba, tors and Brooders are primarily the michines for the people. No need of } our bei ig a mechanic to make svTCcess of the chicken business with the Successful. Simple, sure, safe. Fill it with good eggs, ?nd it d > :s all the rest. Our new cata'ogue makes everything clear. It is a beauty. Five different editions in five different languages. We send you the English edition for only 4c, others are free. Des Moines lacubator Co., Box 503, Des Moines. IaL.,or Box 503, Buffalo, N. Y. FORTIFY YOIRSELF H jioultry operations by buying an incubator of te^ited merit and ■ ...,,,„ THE PETAIUMA INCUBATOR against tmy possibility of failure in your next seasons knonn worth CANNOT FAIL. is a machine of that kind. It is the machii.e that produces only hifrh percentages of hatch. Made of best California Redwood, carefully packed and lined, perfectly heated and regulated, it gives satisfactory results every time. Made in sizes from 54eggsup. WE PAY FREIGHT ANYWHEREiu the U.S. it will pay you to get our FREE catalogue and prices. PETAIjUMA INCUBATOR CO., Address nearest office. Box 125 PetalumBt Cal.. or Box 135, Indianapolis, Ind* THE CYPHERS INCUBilTOR IS THE STANDARD HATCHER OF THE WORLD. lUsed withunitorm success on twenty-six Ciovernment Experiment Stations in the U. S., Canada, Australia and New Zealand; also by America's leading poultry men and many thousands of persons in every walk of life. Guaranteed to give satisfaction or price refunded. The original and only genuine non-moisture incubator, fully covered by patent. Winner of GOLD MEDAL AND HIGHEST AWARD AT THE PAN-AMERICAN, Oct., 190 1. niuatTated. descriptive. 16 page circular FREE. Complete new catalo^ie for 10O2 cont.tinini^ 180 pagea> 8x11 inches in size, for lUc in atampi to pay postage. lUustratea overlUU of America's largest and moat auccesaful poultry plants. Asi lor Look No. 74 and address nearest office. Cyphers Incubator Co., Buffalo, N. Y., Chicaao, 111., Boston, Mass., New York* N»T« STERN OLD MOTHER EXPERIENCE has enabled us after 16 years to make perfect The Reliable Incubators and Brooders. You ought to have our 80th Century I'oultry Itool: in the house. It will cost you but 10 cents and will make you a master in the poultry business, ^^y^^^^^^ Incubator & Broodeir Co.. Boi B-49 Quincy. Ills. NO COLLEGE EDUCATION I "All DIIHIT" k'H''' ^R-M ^-^g-q^T/Tsar? isnee.lpdtonin the ^ure Hatch 1 fflfc*. IlIMIIIi SIXTY at %M isrieeiled to run the ^ure Hatch Incubator. They are so simple that they run themselves. Made of California redwood, beautiful- 'ly finished; twelve ounce copper tan k, and hydro-safety lamp. Ful- ly guaranteed. Our catalogue contains hundreds of photographs of the t lire Ilntoh Incut.nior at work, and valu- able information. Sent free Sure Hatch Incubator Co., Clay Center, Neb., or Columbus, 0. GREIDER'S FINE CATALOGUE of pMze wmninsT poultry for 1902. printed in colore, illusirates and nescnbes 50 Varii-tiei> of Ponltry; 'iives reasonable prices of eegsand slocl Manybinlsto ,..ouliry raisers. Send 10c in silver or siaiiips tor this noted book. li. U. GREIUER, Florin, Pa. this means that we ship anywhere ■ <>0 Ekib Copper lank "All Rlgjif Incubator on FORTY DAYSFREE TRIAL and charge *S.OO tor it only when the customer is satisfied. Absolute- ly the btst 60 egg machine on the mai ket at any prite. Send for our free poultry book. "All Right." (Western ordersshipprd trom Pes Moines, la. CLAY PHELPS INCUBATOR CO., STATION 27, CINCINNATI, 0. Oats yielding oats are Mii.liii;an Northern Grown Ilainniond's Nameless, llamniond's t:ni;lish Wonder, Czar of Russia and nichlgan Wonder, the four best varieties. Rust proof,' stitT straw, have yielded 220 I'U. per acre. Catalog describing these oats and all other farm seeds free on retiucst. UAKKY N. UAmnONU ISEEU CODirANY. Ltd. Box 0 for $15.00. Safe arrival. SwiNSON & BOARDMAN, Box 358, Macou, Ga. i9o: GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 209 ^♦♦♦♦♦♦♦^ »♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ _ _ ^ _ « k J W'itli 1!I(IL' goods. Have you seen it'— our CATAI/X'., sho\ving the - 1—1 ^-^ I 1 ^-y 1 A 1^ greatest hive on earth. " Muth's Special " Dovetail. It's a "Cracker= Here we are. . . jack," neat and most substantial on the market. Wi 1 wear a lifetime. No warp to cover or bottcm=board. Finest supplies in the world at makers' prices. Service and shipping I'acilit'les simply perfect. ISame after July 1st, $1.00 each ; $o..50 for 6 ; or $10.00 per dozen. Larger quantities, prices on applica- tion. Postage stamps taken for fractions of a dollar. To be fair to every one, no selected tested queens are offered. Every one has the same chance. The above queens are bred from a careful selection of Italians and Carniolans. Pure Italian and Carniolan queens same price. Price of full colonies on application. Orders booked as received, and filled as quickly as possible. Order early. Address R. F. Holtermann, Bow Park Co., Limited, Brantford, Ontario, Canada. A QUEEN FREE. Our stock is the very best that money and experi- ence can procure. Just give our stock a trial and be convinced. 'We will give one warranted queen free in July for every order for one dozen queens before May 1, in order to have you try our stock. Prices : Untested, each, $1.00; 6 for $6.00; 12 for $9.00. Select tested, $2.50. Tested, $1 25. Two-frame nucleus and warranted queen, $,'5.00 ; three - frame nucleus and queen, |3.50. Send for our catalog of bee-keepers' supplies and our price list of Italian queens and nu- cleus colonies, with description of our strain of bees. PRESTON STORE «& PRODUCE CO., Dority, Preston Co., W. Va. I Sections i $1.50 January 1 we commence making ex- tensive improvements in our factory and warehouse. The following regular No. 2 sections are on hand, and we de- sire to sell them before beginning the improvements, as they will be in the way. In order to sell them quickly, we make the low price of I1..50 per 1000 in any quantity. 420M ■i]{x4}{xV/g inches. 28M -11^^x4^x2 inches 31M 4%x4}4xH^ inches. 35M 4Xx4i^x7-to-the-foot. 24M 4i^ inch Kelly rub- ber tires. Price, $73,00. As fine as sells from 1640. 00 to $oO. 00 more. Elkhart Carriage A Harness Manufacturing Co.; Elkhart, ind.^ ^^S^^ n ,Faclbry i Cosr . We are giving our customers the benefit of X^ jobbers prices on Carriages, harness and other ^Kf^o ^ horse accessories. Factory figures are /In nml (VS quoted— dealers profits are eliuiiuated. A4 You Get the Profits '^ In addition we give you selection from ^Jk L the largest stock in the world of high C%v\ , grade veliicles and guarantee Siitisfaction KS (for money returned. Send for catalogue SV ' and see how much you will save. \%V Shipment from Columbus. The COLUMBUS CARRIAGE & HARNESS CO. } >™i« '■» n™'"' <««• { oSlum'i!to"«.Vp.o.'b.?,"-. Six Goverivmeivts in America and Europe have adopted and use exclusively THE SPR.AMOTOR. ^,^S^r^^ aTe°t use by Ontario and Dominion Governments alone. The Spramotor has won over or\e Kundred Gold Medals and First Awards in the past three years. Wins a. Government Spray P\imp Corvtest. This is to Certify, that at the Con- __*_— /" test of Spraying apptiratna, held at "tf-^ ^T ' ,» Grimsby, imder the anspicef of the Board ZS: — -— Grimsby, under the auspices or I nejioara /*, a ^^.^y,,^ >jQ.— - »ryV awarded first plare. '^ J^y-l^r^C^i.^^ It any further endorsementwere needed it will be found in thesuperiorityof theSnramotoritself. Iti - enxv aiiick oikI tlioroiiirl' erHii*nts Well Grot£f Good rruit -^ ^^'"^ II you are going to grow fruit at all. There will be no trouble about it if you spray your trees, etc. with the HARDIE SPRAY PUMPS I They will reach the highest tree and the lowest vine and cover ^everything witK a. spra-y a.sfir\e a-s fog. We make them mounted and unmounted Barrel, Kna.psa.ck a.nd Bvicket Sprayers. Each_ is the best of its kind in every respect. Each pump is of sufficient Strength, I Size and ca.pa.city to supply several noz/Ies or clusters 1 of nozzles. That means fast work. Ourillustrated cata- logue tells the w iMile sioiy of » hen. where u>iil now to spruy Givesbestforraulastor nii.xiiigstjravuig niateiial foreaeli disease and liu it. We mail it free. Askforacopy. The Hardie Spray Pump Mfg. Co., 63Larned St., Deiroit, Mich. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 211 Driving a Bargain at Long Range. Voii do 'exactly this when yon sciid your money away for a bng- •^\ or carriage yon've never seen. Whether you get a bargain or not depends not on your good judg- ment or shrewdness, but entirely upon the honesty of the man who sells you the buggy. Your money is in his hands and you are at his mercy. We do not believe in that method. It is too one - sided. What is our plan? Well, we have such confidence both in you and in our Split Hickory Vehicles, to please you that we ship anywhere o'l-jripv 'C T*! Hitch it up; take it home, and test it. Compare it with the buggies Q\j UflVS rfCC 1 t*19l* your neighbor.s have paid consid- erably more for, and if not .sat- "^ isfied you have the best bargain of your life at the end of 30 days you can .send it back to us without paying one cent. We manufacture our own goods. We know how and of what material they are made, and we know they will stand the test. Our large new catalog describes and gives prices of our mammoth line of buggies, surreys, carriages, and harness. It is free. Send for it at once. Ohio Carriage IVIanufacturing Co., Sta. 27, Cincinnati, Ohio. eooi>, HONK* r Buggies Sixteen years ex- p-rieni-e in sellinj; standa d gradt-s ot I Vehicles and Harness^ Has ma'ie on favorably knowi relUl.le quiility It is BUILT FOR service: Substantial — Honest Material — Best Work. ir^AND THE PRICE IS All RIGHT, TOO.^ A shrewd discemintt buyer, srcmrins tht' .rket for the best values, oiniiot afford to b» 'ithout our Citalosue A postil will brinf; it FREE. C.VSH Br\ERS' [TMOrj flBe.1, Dept. B-34S, i fclca-.. III. The DEMING Field Sprat yer for spraying po- tato plants, straw- berry and cotton plants, small nur- sery stock, etc. The po- tato spray- ing appliance shown in the cut above diflfers from the usual spraying outfit in that it is inexpensive. The outfit niay be placed 'n the end of any wagon or truck, and a sec- tion of hose connected with spray pump. One man oandoall the work withont waste of material. Onr free oatalotr explains (lur full line of pumps, spray- ers, and treatment for diseases of trees, plants, etc. THE DEMING COMPANY, SALEM, OHIO. Western Agents, Ilenlon A llubbell, Chkugo,!!!. BETTER THAN SPRAYING. Don t lug barrels of water around when spraying. Use the poison direct. Our Common Sense Dust Sprayer sect Kxt i,:.:enious device that is rapidly suiiplantint; the uld methuds. It blows the finely powdered dust into every nook and crevice. Reaches the tiot- tonia as »ell ui the tops of leaves. Dcstro; a insect life on plants, vines, shrubs and trees Just aa effeetive forverminon poultry an<1 pics- More rapid than spraying. Bescriptive circulara and testimonials free. nil, LIS »L8T SPKAYEIt CO., Ilox 17, ST JI»KI'II, M(l. JUSTAWORD. Any of our full line of Carriatjes and IBuggies sent any- whereon 39 Qays' Fpce Trial, How can we do this? Because we manufacturein our own factory all vehicles wesell. Get one of our free money saving catalogues. Kalamazoo Carrlage& Harness Mfg. Co., Station 10. Kalamazoo, Mlcli, Wagon World Awheel. Half a million of these steel wheels have been sent out on our own wagons and to fit other wagons. It is the wheel that determines the life of any wagon, and this is the longest lived wheel made. Do you want a low down Handy Wagon to use about the place? We will fit out your old wagon with Elec- tric Wheels of any size and any shape tire, straight or stag- gered spokes. No cracked hubs, no loose spokes, no rotten felloes, no resetting. Write for the big new catalogue. It is free. Electric Wheel Co>« Box DSfQulncyt Ills. POPCLAU G«><»J>< Matthews' (Improvedfor1902' HAND SEEDERS AND CULTIVATORS. L.^ All styles. Oidy combination 1 and 3 wheel cultivator and drill made. Eveiy way adjustable. Allourtooh have tough oak bent handles and are made of be^t m»t«rir< I throughout. Send fd'catalo.- ."e^cribin,- r>Tnpl.-b line. AmesPlowCo., 88 MarketSt., Boston. 212 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mak. 1 A NEW HKALTH FOOD FOR POULTRY AND PEOPLE. Our poultrj'-house, as I have already told you, is built over a strip of ground where exhaust steam runs through tiles under it from the factory to our home. This exhaust steam not only keeps the ground floor of the poultry-house warm, but it is as dry as the dust in the road on a summer's day, all winter long. Chickens scratch and wal- low even when it is wintry outside and storming. Six feet abovethiswarm ground, where their roost is, the temperature is sel- dom much below freezing, even though there are various cracks, left purposely for ventilation. I do not believe poultrymen have given sufficient attention to this mat- ter of warming the ground under their poultry, bj" exhaust steam or otherwise. If dryness is desirable for fowls, we have it to a dot. Wherever exhaust steam is es- caping into the open air unused, such poul- try-houses may be had without any ex- pense, except the first cost of construction. Why, we had two chickens hatched by a hen that stole her nest, the day before Christmas. One is now nicely feathered out, and the other would be if it were not for the dogs I am going to tell you about. To be up with the times, and get winter eggs, I bought a bone-mill. The people at our meat-market let me have a heaping half- bushel basketful of bones, containing quite a little meat, for only ten cents. We got along finely until the cats and dogs in the neighborhood acquired an appetite for ground bones as well as the poultry. One of our neighbors across the vvaj' has three dogs, and two neighbors next him have a dog apiece. I very soon discovered that, if I did not stay with the chickens until they had eaten up the bones I had ground, the cats and dogs would drive them away as soon as I was out of sight. After dinner I carry over the refuse from the dining-ta- ble in the factory. But one day I found five dogs -And five cats waiting for the " cold victuals." Why don't I shut the chickens in, and so keep the dogs and cats out? Well, there is a strip of green grass right over where this tile carries the steam, where the chickens get out to get fresh air and pick grass during favorable days all winter. Another thing, our poultry-house is mostly made of hot-bed sashes. Broken panes of glass usually do no harm, for a great deal of the time the poultry-house would be too warm were it not for this abundant ventilation. In fact, it is so warm inside I usually hang my basket of bones on a limb of the evergreen trees out- side. Well, when I got tired of wasting my strength in grinding bones for five cats and five dogs, they began to appropriate my basket of bones without being ground. I commenced (thoughtlessly) hanging the basket down low; hut as I gradually put it higher, the dogs learned to jump higher. Finally I told Mrs. Root that those dogs had really learned the trick of climbing trees. By the way, did you ever hear of the boy whose father overheard him telling a story about how their dog climbed a tree? The father interfered at this stage of the narrative. "No, no, Johnny. Dogs do not climb trees. What are you thinking about? " "But, father, the dog did climb a tree this time. You see he /lad to do it. There was 710 other way.''' Now, my five dogs were a good deal like Johnny's dogs. There was " no other way" to get iny basket of bones than to climb the evergreen-tree. Of course, I did not see then do it, for it was after dark; but the bones were tumbled about on the ground, and carried off. Mrs. Root sug- gested that the five cats climbed the tree, and, after they had gnawed off what meat they wanted, they tumbled the bones down to the dogs. Now, here is a point which Mrs. Root and I have not yet settled. But I leave it to you if her story is not as im- probable as the other. Just imagine the cats sitting up in the tree and tumbling the bones down to a lot of ill-favored hungry dogs! Never mind. Just at this stage a lady over in Akron — a friend of our eldest daughter, Mrs. Calvert — told Maude to tell her father she could help him out of his trouble. Instead of using bones she said I should get some field corn and roast it in the oven, ear and all, and give it to the hens to shell off. She said that would make them lay as well as bones, or better, and the dogs and cats would not eat it. Well, Mrs. Root roasted the corn, but some of it was almost charcoal (by mistake) rather than parched corn; but I gave it to the "biddies" all the same, and the number of eggs increased at once. Now, I do not mean to say here that parched corn will take the place of bones. It started the hens to laying because it was a change of diet; and any change of diet, almost, will increase the number of eggs — a head of cab- bage, for instance, nailed to a post so it will be just a little above their heads; or, still better, some Grand Rapids lettuce- trimmings. I rather think, too, that the charred corn is better than parched corn, at least for a change. You know charcoal is relished by most domestic animals, and it assists digestion; and there is not any better form of charcoal to be had than charred corn or other grains. When I was watching the poultry snap up the hot corn I tried some myself, and here is the great point of my story. I told Mrs. Root there was not another cereal in the market, to my mind, as delicious and appetizing as this parched corn. Another thing, I found it excellent medicine. I have been for some years more or less troubled with constipa- tion. This parched corn is Nature's reme- 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. !13 dy. A friend of mine has a sort of axiom that the best "medicine" for a sick horse is grass. In the same waj^ I be^in to think the best medicine for bad dig-estion is corn. Chickens can eat corn raw, but human be- ings want it cooked; and the most obvious and natural way to cook the corn is to roast it just enough so you can chew it easily, then eat it slowly, g-iving the action of the jaws time to bring up the digestive juices provided hy nature. Take plenty of time to chew the corn very fine, and see if you do not decide it is not only the most deli- cious food, but that it is the best medicine for bad digestion. In answer to my prayers for wisdom and understanding' in regard to this matter of health, God directed me (at least so I un- derstood it) to go up into the woods and live as I have told 3'ou. Now, I have been praying for 3'ears to have it made plain to me whether God wishes his children to take drugs when they are out of health, and I feel now that the answer is coming. In- stead of drugs, use corn and other grains. To make them digestible, cook them by roasting, just as the Indians used to do. Try it, and see if you do not agree with me that it is a most delicious food as well as a grand substitute for any kind of medicine. Special Notices by A. I. Root. Wanted, Sweet-clover seed, hulled or unhuUed. BASSWOOD (or linden) TREES. Now is the time to take them up. We have a splen- did lot of one foot and under, grown in our nursery- beds. Prices as follows : One foot and under, each .5 cts ; 10, 30 cts.; 100, $2.00. Bv mail, each, 8 cts.; 10, 35 cts ; 100, $2.25. ' SIR WALTER RALEIGH POTATOES, SECOND SIZE. Our second size are all sold out, but we have plenty of firsts. Charles Vanderbilt, of L.yon'-, N. Y. can fill orders for .seconds at our prices — $2.00 per barrel of 11 pecks, so long as his stock of 20(' bushels lasts. Guar- anteed true to name, and nice seconds. cow PEAS, WHIPPOORWILL. In addition to the cow peas mentioned in our last issue, we have made arrangements to furnish Whip- poorwill at the .same price as the Wonderfvil ; name- ly : Quart, 12 cts.; quart bv mail, 15 cts. niore ; peck, 75 CIS.: H bushel. S1.35 ; "busht 1. $2.50. The above prices are f. o. b. Richmond, Va. We do not keep them in stock here. HOW TO MAKE POTTING SOIL FOR GROWING BEAUTI- FUL GEKANIUMS. We got a box of geraniums a few days ago that were so much ahead of any thing el.se I ever saw before in thrift, vigor, and rank luxuriance, as well as bud and bloom, that I wrote the grower for his recipe for mak- ing potting soil. Below'is what he says about it : The soil I use to grow them in is composed of one-half Jersey sand and one-half jmre loam, with about 2 quarts of bone meal to the bushel. This sand was nil washed out of the ocean at one time, and contains a good deal of fertiliz- ing material in the wa.v of phosphorus and very minute ani- malcules. Flowers do grow finely, out of it, and it is said they are more brilliant than anywhere else away from the seashore. G. P. MooKE. Ocean City, N. J., Feb. 20. If you want to see the geraniums that are pleasing me so much, send to friend Moore for samples. ever found before in my life. We laid it to the won- derful fertility of the virgin soil around our cabin in the woods. Unfortunately the labels were lost, so we could not name the varieties that pleased us .so much ; but in looking over Burpee's new catalog I recognized at once that the corn was his new " Cosmopolitan," and the liean was his new " Burpee's Brittle Wa.v." Not only was the quality extra, but the corn gave enor- mous ears, and the stalks went up over 6 feet high. In fact, they fed the carpenter's horses every day while he was building the cabin. The wax beans were lof d;d with pods, and kept on bearing clear into Octo- ber. We have ftot seeds of these two valuable varie- ties this year, so if you want them you will have to send direct to Burpee, Philadelphia. NEW BOOKS ON RURAL SUBJECTS. There are so many of these nowaday.s. especially books on special subjects, and .such extremely good ones too. that it almost bewilders one The first we have is "Strawberry Culture," by our old friend Mat- thew Crawford. Price 10 cts. Now, any thing from the pen of friend Crawford is always valuable, audit is also interesting reading. This booklet of 60 pages is the boiled-down experience of years in testing and growing the best varieties of strawberries there are before the world. You can hardly name a plant friend Crawford has not tested on his grounds. Even though we have just put out a strawberry-book of our own. I am glad to see that friend Crawford has got in his book a number of bright hints that we did not get hold of at all If this book h^d come out a little soon- er I should have been glad to have noted them. We can mail the book fr^m this office or you can get it of the M Crawford Co.. Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio. Although the author does a large business in selling plants he has not advertised his plants nor his business on any page of his book; in fact, you could not learn from it that he has any thing for sale at all. The other book that delights my heart is entitled "The Cow Pea" It has ()4 pages, a little larger than our strawberry-book, and some beautiful h^lf-tone pictures The book is a gem. and everybody who is at all interested in the wonderful things the cow pea is doing for agriculture, not only in the South but through many parts of the North as well, should send for it, I was almost disappointed to find there was no price on the hook. When we were invited to make editorial mention of it the letter closed up with this : Every reader can get a copy free by writing to the Super- intendent of Experiment Farm, Southern Pines, N. C. I suppose that the above means that every reader of Gleanings can have a copy of this beautiiul and val- uable publication free of charge by applying for it as above. I am inclined to think thev will get "snowed under " with applications, especially after the book is seen. Kind Words from our Customers. Gleanings gets better and better, and it seems to contain more each number. D. W. Anderson. Blacksburg, S. C. TWO NEW AND VALUABLE GARDEN VEGETABLES. Our good friend Burpee was kind enough last season to send rne a lot of seeds to test. I sent them up to our Michigan ranch, and when we got there we greatly enjo\ed the finest green corn and wax beans I had THE TOBACCO HABIT AND THE CULTURE OF TOB.-VCCO. [On page 71 (Jan. 15) I suggested that a reform will come, even if it is true that three-fourths of all the men are u ing tobacco. Some of you may think I was a little '■ rai tied " when I seemed to say that a one- fourth minority was going to rule the other three- fourths. Not '"rattled " at all, dear friends. Even if three-fourths of our men are users of tobacco it does not follow by any means that the users are all in favor of having it grown and sold. The following kind word explains the situation better than I can do it my- self :] I wish Mr. A. I. Root could know how much I enjoy reading his Home Talks ; and if he will only keep at the tobacco traffic I know of one at least who willl try to give it up. I wish his sermons could be puhlished broadcast over the land, for I know they woild do an immense amount of good. May God spare him to this world for a long time yet. that he may continue his fig;ht against sin and iniquity. If there" is a man in this world that I admire for courage, it is the smiling face of a true Christian. W. C. Whitaker. E'sex, Mass., Jan. 30. 214 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 1 ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦»♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦< i INow ^ ^ ♦ I «^ Ready ! sixty-four Page Catalog of every thing bee-keepers need. Illustrated and fully described. Especially valuable to begin- ners for the information it con- tains. Send your address on a postal and get it now. Estab- lished 1884. J* M* Jenkins^ Wetumpka^ Elmore Co.^ Ala^ ^♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦< QUEENS, QUEENS Old Standbys. — The A. I. Root Co., to whom we have sold queens for many years, wrote us last May, thus: "Are you running low on queens? We hope not, as you seem to be our standbys. Send us 24 pet week instead of 12, till further orders." Beat Any Thing He ever Saw. — The Cyprian queens vou sent me last year beat any thing I ever saw rear- ing brood and filling their hives with honey. — J. Niel- son, Huntington, Utah, Sept. 4, 1901. Is Great. — The nucleus jou sent me last fall is great — the finest queen that ever crossed the plains. Please duplicate lier this time. Mr. Jordan says the nucleus vou sent him cast two fine swarms. — G. R. Warren, Fruitvale, Cal., May 12, 1901. $50 Queens. — My rice q\ieen that you sent me, and I put in a liive with a handful of bees on the 6th day of last June, has now nearly filled her30-lb. super foi the third time. No man's joO.dO bill could take her. Please send me another one like her as soon as possi- ble, and keep a dozen ready for me like her for the 20th of April next, and I will tnake you a nice present. - M. Brown, Station A, I,ittle Rock, Ark. We breed Italians, Cyprians, Holylands, Carniolans, and Albinos, in separate yards, 5 to 20 miles apart. Prompt service. Safe arrival guaranteed. Fees by the pount, nucleus, full colony, or by the carload. Prices : Tested, $1.50 each ; $S 00 for six ; Jlo 00 pei dozen. Untested, February, March, April, May, |1.0C each; $5.00 for six ; $9.00 per dozen. P'ine breeders, J5.00 each. Send for our catalog, free by mail; tells how to rear queens and how to keep bees for profit. Agents for Dadant's Foundation and Gleanings. Premiums given. Don't fail to get our printed matter. It's AI ed and light amber 10@12. That which is candied is selling as low as 7, with the partially candied at 9®10 No great amount of dark honey is offered. Extracted is steady in price but slow of sale ; white, 5J4@7 ; amber, 5'4(a!53-i ; dark. 5, according to what it is gathered from, and quality. Beeswax in urgent demand at 30. R. A. Burnett & Co., March 7. 199 South Water St., Chicago, 111. Cincinnati. — The general tone of the honey market is lower. Water-white comb honey .sells from 14@I4^, and is hard to obtain; extra fancy, 15. Extracted has weakened a little, and sells from 5@5'/4; fancy, 6@6J^. C. H. W. Weber, March 7. 2146 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. Denver. — Demand for comb honey has been slow of late, but market shows some improvement now. No. 1 white comb honey, |2 65 to $2.85 per case of 24 sections; No. 2, $2.40 to «2.65. Extracted, 7@7J4. Beeswax, 22(0 26. Colorado Honey-Producers' Ass'n, Mar. 10. 14^10 Market St., Denver. Col. San Francisco.— Comb honey, 10(3)12. Extracted, water white, 5^(3 6;^ ; light amber, 4@554 ; dark, 4@5. Beeswax, 27}^fe30. Feb. 27. E. H. Schaeffle, Murphys, Calif. Buffalo. — Price of honey holds about steady, but demand slow. Fancy white comb, 1.5(5)16; A No. 1. 14 (a,15; No. 1, ViV.(w.\A: No. 2, 12^ra>13; No. 3, r2(Si,\2}4\ dark. 11@12. Extracted white, 6>4(a)7J4; amber, 5%@ 6J4; dark, 5(ai5!4. Beeswax, 28(aS0. W C. Townsend, March 8. 84, 86 West Market St., Buffalo, N. Y. Boston. — We beg to report a fairly good spring de- mand for comb honey, and from present indications stock will clean up in good shape Prices range as follows: Fancy, Ki; No. 1, 13@13K; No. 2, none. Ex- tracted is in good supply and moves slowly. Califor- nia, 7'2. Blake, Scott & L,ee. March 8. 31, 33 Commercial St., Boston, Mass. Schenectady.— No buckwheat and but very little white comb honey in our market, but owing to late- ness of the .season'prices remain unchanged. Ample stock of white and some dark extracted still on hand. Prices unchanged We quote fancy white, 15; No. 1, 13@.14 ; buckwheat, 12(gil3. Extracted, light, 6>4@7 ; dark, 6rt7(i^. Chas. McCulloch, March 7. 1 Eagle St., .Schenectady, N. Y. Detroit.— Fincy white comb honey, 14@1.5c ; No. 1, 13(a,14; dark and amber, 11@13. Extracted white, 6^4 (&7; dark and amber, 5'/4(5>6 Beeswax 28(3- 29. Mar. 8. M. H. Hutnt & Son, Bell Branch, Mich. For Sale— a quantity lot of well-ripened clover honey in 60-lb. cans. B. Walker, Clyde, 111 For Sale. — 8000 lbs. fancy and No. 1 comb honey. Walter Martin, Globeville, Colo. For Sale. — Extracted honey from alfalfa, in 60-lb. cans, tinted or white, 7 cts. a lb. Also honey in small friction-top pails. M. P. Rhoads, I,as Animas, Col. For Sale. —Whitest alfalfa honey, $9.00; tinted. $7.80, per case of two 60-lb. cans, net. Arkansas Valley Apiaries, L,as Animas, Col. For Sale. — Two grades fine amber honey at 6 and 6J4c respectively, and white honey at 7^2C per lb., f. o. b. here. Sample free. O. H. Townsend, Otsego, Mich. For Sale.— Fancy and No. 1 comb honey; about 2000 Ibs.or more. Wm. Morris, I«as Animas, Col. For Sale.— Extracted honey, from alfalfa, at 7c per pound. Send for sample. D. S. Jenkins, I,as Animas, Col. For Sale. — Clover and sweet-clover extracted honey at 7c, in kegs and cans. Dr. C. L,. Parker Sta. A, R. F. D., Syracuse, N. Y. We will be in the market for honey the coming sea- son in carloads and less than carloads and would be glad to hear from producers everywhere what they will have to offer. .Seavey & Flarsheim, 1318-1324 Union Avenue, Kansas City, Mo. 220 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 15 Victor's Strain of Italian Bees Awarded the Diploma as Being tlie Best Bees at the Pan = American. BUREA U OF A WARDS. PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION, Buffalo, New York U. S. A. Februaiv 12, 1902. Afy. IV O. Victor, Wharton, Texas. Dear Sir — I hRve the honor to advise you that a Diploma < f Honorable Mention has been awarded to you for your exhibit of Italian bees at this Exposition. Very respectfully, Wm. I. Buchanan, Director General. Orel L. Hershiser Bought of Me an Untested Queen. This is what He Says of Her Colony : "They are very industrious characteris'ical- ly marked, and extremely gentle. It was a daily experience and repeated many times daily, to go into the inclosure with interested visitors, at the Exposition, open the hive, full to overflowing with beautiful i ees, the prog- env of the queen you sent me, and handle them in the various manipulations r f hunting out the queen ; shaking the bees from the comb, as is done in extracting, showi"g the brood in all stages, etc., all without the use of a smoker or any thing else to quiet the hees, and I do not recollect that any one ever got a St ng from any of them." Of the bees I exhibited at the Pan-American, he says : "The nucleus you sent for exhibition and award was certainly very fine-looking bees, and, in my opinion, th y deserve the award given them by the judges." ^^^^^g^ But Who is Mr. Hershiser ? See Gleanings of date of Feb'y I, 1902. page 97 Send in your orders for queens, and in a short time, as Mr. Hershiser and hu-dredsof others are now doing, you, too, will be singing the praises of " Victor''s Bees." Price lists on application. W. 0. VICTOR, Wharton, Tex. ^ Queen Specialist. ^ Order a Swarthmore Outfit Now, and Rear Some Fine Queens For Yourself This Summer. Spec"alists use and recommend Swarthmore Queen- rearing Dev ces. Honey-p oduc r- are successful with queen-fertilizing attichmenls. Testimonials for the asking. L,e ding dealers will supply the Grace Cell- compres-er. Improved Nursery, Fertilizing - boxes. Shell cups, etc., etc., or sent direct by addressing the Swarthmore Apiaries, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania. Onlers booked now for Gulden-all-over and 3-banded Queens and Bees. We export. COR SALE.— Thirty colonies of bees in new 8- frame • Dovetailed hives, at Stockbridge. Mich., at |2.60 per colony. W. D. Soper, Jackson, Mich. „L*. —»-•''•'' TEXAS QUEENS!! From the Lone Star Apiaries. G. F. Davidson & Son, prop's, have made great prep- arations for the com- ing season to accom- modate their many customers with either Ivong-tongue, Import- ed St ck, or Golden Queens They have bought out the queen- rearing business of O. P. Hyde & Son. Hutto, Texas Hnd by buying and increasing their number of nuclei, they are better prepared than ever to cater to the trade of the bee-keeping public. One of Root'.s L,ong-tongue Breeders; Imported vtock direct from Italy; Goldens from leading queen breeders. Fine breeders of each of the above have been added to their yard-*. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaran- teed. Send for queen circular and price list Address Q. F. Davidson & Son, Box 190, Floresville, Texas. Tar Heel Apiaries. Abbott I,. Swinson, Queen-specialist in Charge. Or- ders filled now For nuclei, VSc per L. frame — add price of queen. Bees, SI. 00 per lb. Warranted qu^ ens, $1.10 each; $10.00 per dozen. Tested, $1.50. Breeders, $5.00. We have 300 colo. ies of best American albino Italians and Adel hees. These bees have no superiors in the long-tongue or any others. SWINSON & BOARDMAN, Box 358. Macon, Ga. BERMUDA With cable communication and equable win- ter temperature of 70 degrees, is reached in 48 hours from New York by the elegant steamers of the Quebec Steamship Compa- ny, sailing every ten days up to January, and then every five days. The situation of these islands — south of the Gulf Stream — renders FROST UNKNOWN, and the porous coral formation prevents ma- laria. The Quebec Steamship Company also despatches highest class passenger steamers every ten days for ST. THOMAS, SANTA CRUZ, ST. KITTS, ANTIGUA, GUADALOUPE, DOMINICA, MARTIN- IQUE, ST. LUCIA, BARBADOS, DEM- ERARA, and the principal WEST INDIA ISLANDS, affording a charming tropical trip at. a cost of about $4 a day. For de- scriptive pamphlets, dates of sailing and passages, apply to A. E. OUTERBRIDGE & CO., Agents, 39 Broadway. New York. ARTHUR AHERN, Sec. Quebec. Canada. ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ I White Wyandottes ! % Bred from Dustin's best. Some fine cockerels on hand already to ship. J. F. MOORE, TIFFIN, OHIO. ►♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦^ 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 221 Gleanings in Bee Culture [Established in 1873.] Devoted to Bees, Hooey, and Home Interests. Published Semi-monthly by The A. I. Root Co., - - Medina, Ohio. A. I. ROOT, Editor of Hdiue atid (hardening Dcp'ts. E. R. ROOT. Editor of Apicultural Dtpt. J. T. CA!,VEKT Bus Mgr. A. L,. BOYDEN, Sec. TERMS 11.00 per annum ; two years, $1.50; three years, $2.00; five years. $^^.00, in advancf; or two copies to one address, $l.o0 : three copies, $2.00 ; five copies, $3.75. The terms apply to the United States, Canada, and Mexico. To all other countries 48 cents per year extra for postage. DISCONTINUANCES. The journal is sent until orders are received for its di.scontinuance. We give notice just before the subscription expires, and fur- ther notice if the first is not heeded. Any sub.scriber whose subscription has expired, wishing his journal discontinued, will please drop )is a card at once; other- wise we shall assume that he wishes his journal con- tinued, and will pay for it soon. Any one who does not like this plan may have his journal stopped after the time paid for by making this request when ordering. RATES OF ADVERTISING. These will be fur- nished on application. Mr. A. I. Root's Writings of Grand Traverse territory and Leelanau Co. are descriptive of Michigan's most beautiful section reached most conveniently via the Pere Marquette R. R. For pamphlets of Miohigan farm lands acd the fruit belt, address J. E. Merritt, Manistee, Michigan. I DITTMER'S FOUNDATION. Retail — Wholesale — ^Jobbing. Having increased my shop -room, put in power and a new set of ma- chines, I am now producing a better article than ever, with unlimited ca- pacity to meet orders. I use a process that produces every essential neces- sary to make it the best and most de- sirable in all respects. My process and automatic machines are my own inventions, which enable me to sell foundation, and WORK WAX INTO FOUNDATION FOR CASH, at prices that are the lowest. I make a specialty of working up Wholesale and Jobbing Lots of wax into foundation, for cash. If you have wax by the lO.l lbs. or ton, let me hear from you. Catalog giving FuuL Line of Supplies with prices and sampler, free upon application. BEESWAX WANTED. Gus. Dittmer, % Augusta, Wisconsin. ^HAS^lSRAEl.&BROS7r 486-490 Canal St., Corner Watt St., N. Y. Honey and Beeswax. Liberal Advances made on Consignments. Whole- sale Dealers and Commission Merchants. Estab. 1875. »♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦ I Marshfield Manufacturing Company. ♦ Our specialty is making SECTIONS, and they are the best in the market. ♦ Wisconsin basswood is the right kind for them. We have a full line of ♦ BEE-SUPPL,IES. Write for FREE illustrated catalog and price list. I Marshfield Manufacturing Company, Marshfield, Wisconsin. »♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦< II I. J. Stringham, 105 Park PL, New York City. Save IVIon You want the best supplies at as low a price as pos- sible. If you are anywhere in the EAST we can fur- nish 3'ou, and it will be to your advantag'e to get our 1902 catalog-. There are "special offers" in it. Re- meinber, we furnish EVERY THING a bee-keeper needs. Apiaries located at Glen Cove, Long Island. I( 222 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 15 giHtiiiHiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiimim f The A. I. Root Co., Philadelphia, Pa. | I 10 Vine Street. I x = i Full line of all supplies manufactured by us. | S Low freight and steamship rates to all points on 5 i Atlantic Coast. Order early, be ready for spring. E i i SiwiiHHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiniiiH^ i G. B. LEWIS CO., WATERTOWN, WIS. t ^ 1902 Catalog Ready. ^ 'r^ If you have not been receiving a copy annu- ^^ ^\ ^&- ally, send us your name and address, and ^ ■^ y^ one will be mailed to you free. ^^ ^ ^ Special Offer. ^ ^ y^ To parties sending- us an order for supplies '5;^ ^ ^ amounting to $10.00 or more at regular prices ^ -^ ^ we will make following low rates on journals : ^i. ^^ Gleanings in Bee Culture, semi-monthly, 1 year, SOc. xfcj. ^j^ American Bee Journal, weekly, 1 year . . . 70c. ^^ m ' ' ^ ^ Special Agency, C. M. Scott & Co., 1004 East Washing^ton St., Indianapolis, Indiana. ^ ^X AGENCIES: t,- C. Woodman, Grand Rapids, Michigan ; Fred W. Muth & Co., Southwest Corner vV yff Walnut & Front Sts., Cincinnati, Ohio ; Fred Foulger & Sons, Ogden, Utah ; Colorado y^ >V^ Honey-producers' Association, Denver, Col.; Grand Junction Fruit-growers' Association, xfx Vfi Grand junction, Colorado ; Robert Halley, Montrose, Colorado ; Pierce Seed and Produce xj^ ^(T Company, Puehlo, Colo.; E. T. Abbott, St. Joseph. Mi.s^k^^^^^*^>A^^^'iA^^>^*^^A^^A^S^^i^^^^^A^^A^^i^^^^>^A^^^^kA^>A/i^^^^^^^^^Ar <2 • A Jou ■ DELVoTEC AND HOMEL- > •INTE-F^ESTi blishedbv TPfAll^OOl' Co. i^PLRVtAn'^'Xe) HEDINA-OKIO- Vol. XXX MAR. 15, 1902. No. 6. In grading honey, D. W. Working says, in Anier. Bee Journal, that the first essen- tial is honesty of purpose. Right! in other words, Bro. Working-, to have a conscience in working order. I envy a. I. Root his enjoyment in start- ing cuttings. I've been there. February and March are, I believe, the best months for it. Say, A. I., have you tried starting begonias from a leaf or a piece of a leaf? It's fun. I don't know whether to congratulate C. P. Dadant or the Revue Internafiotiale, the very able French bee journal, upon the fact that the former is now a regular col- laborator of the latter. I thinli I'll con- gratulate both. It is not wise in some cases to kill a queen, even when she is old. Mr. H. Tro- kay reports a queen whose workers in four poor years gave successively 174, 165, 209, and 77 lbs. But none of her progeny equal- ed her. — D Abeille. Referring to a Straw on p. 91, L. E. Kerr wishes it to be understood that, when he said "There are more bees kept to-day in the old-fashioned box hive than any oth- er one style," he meant more than any one style oi frame hives. G. M. Doolittle says, in the Am. Bee Journal, that he has had in one colony bees by the thousand live from Sept. 1 to July 1, an important factor in their longevity being their quiet wintering. [That is orthodox according to our experience. — Ed.] I RESENT the insinuation, Mr. Editor, that I go around with hands slippery with honey (see last Straw, p. 179), and I much prefer washing them with soil, which I often do. But that sharp edge makes it easier to hold a smoker, even if your hands have just been washed with soft water and Castile soap. F. L. Thompson did a first-class job in making a summary of the recent discus- sions on breeding, for the Colorado conven- tion. It occupies three pages of the Anier. Bee Journal, and is interesting reading, even if you have read the discussions in all the other bee journals. Just for once, Mr. Editor, I'm going to leave to you the last word in the Lang- stroth-Dzierzon matter ; but if your wife doesn't want to be a widow, I advise her to keep you out of Germany. [That may be ; but residents of the United States are in good favor with Germany just now.- — Ed.] The Bienen- Vater quotes the figures for cleansing wax with acid, given on p. 947. Dear Bienen -l^atcr, that was a mistake. Editor Alfonsus, kindly correct as fol- lows: Um dunkles Bienen wachs rein zu machen, meistentheils ein Zusatz von 1 Per- cent Schwefelsaure geniigt, und zwar ein Theil Saure und 100 Theile Wasser. Be- sonders schmutziges Wachs erfordert aber bis zu 2 Percent Zusatz. Dandelions are a different thing in Medina from what they are "in this local- ity," according to what is said of them, p. 185. I count much on both the honey and pollen. One j^ear I shook 2 lbs. of thin dandelion honey out of the frames of one colony. [I do not remember to have ever seen so much honey which I was sure was from dandelions in any one comb. I sus- pect the trouble is, we have so many bees in one locality that there is not enough dan- delion honey to go around to make much of a showing. — -Ed.] That record of only 4 qts. of dead bees on cellar floor Feb. 23 is very remarkable, page 184. About the same date, and with nearly the same number of colonies, I had swept up six times as many dead bees, and I thought I was doing unusually well. Say, Ernest, can't you put machine-shops on your price list? I want to buy one to winter bees under. [I have all along be- lieved that we were securing remarkable results ; but in order to get these results the doors are open every night, no matter how warm it is outside, and closed before 224 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar, 15 daylight. Our regular apiarist is an ear- ly riser and an early-to-bed man; and as he sleeps in our factory, the opening and closing of the doors works like clockwork. The bees in our outyard, in the bee-cellar, are not doing as well. The cellar is damp, and ventilation limited. — Ed.] C. P. Dadant says in Revue Internation- ale that nearly all of the wax in the United States comes from the South, the reason being that the northern bee-keepers do more reading of bee journals and books. And I wonder if it is not also because there is a larger proportion of dark honey in the Soulh, hence a larger proportion extracted. [Your supposition is correct. There is more dark honey in the South than in the North. In the extreme South, and especial- ly in Cuba and Mexico, it is profitable to produce wax rather than a cheap grade of honey, by converting such honey into wax. —Ed.] Dr. H. E. Fisk, principal of Northwest- ern Academy, an important institution near Chicago, has advised students, who can not give up cigarettes, to leave, offering to re- fund their tuition. He says only two per cent of cigarette-smokers are in the highest grade, while .S7 per cent are in the lowest, while four-fifths of those who persist in the cigarette habit ultimately fail in their stud- ies. [I was surprised and pained to read in the papers that Prince Henry, who is now paying us a complimentary visit, is a lover of cigarettes. Such fieures as j'ou give ought to stop any sensible man from continuing in the awful habit. — Ed.] The Burlington Railroad has hereto- fore rigidly enforced the rule against the use of liquor by those who had any thing to do with the running of trains. Hereafter the rule will be enforced against the em- ployees of all departments, including even the track, bridge, and building depart- ments. Here's the rule for all: "The use of intoxicants by employees while on duty is prohibited. Their habitual use, or the frequenting of places where they are sold, is sufficient cause for dismissal." How is that, Ernest? [Yes, and there are a great many roads that are going still further. If a man is seen going into a saloon, that is sufficient cause for his dismissal provid- ing he can not give a good and sufficient reason for going there. The time is not far distant when every road in the country will have these rulicgs; and when the great corporations that employ thousands of men take the same stand we shall put the whole saloon business where it belongs, and thus probably do actually more to prohibit the use of liquor than any laws that can be en- acted.— Ed.] The many reports in European jour- nals of drugs curing foul brood certainly looks as though the disease were milder there. E. Bochatey reports in Revue In- ternationale a number of cases cured by dropping in the corner of the hive every three or four days 15 to 20 drops of the essence of rosemary. [We have very little faith in the application of any drug, no matter how powerful, administered in such small quantities as in the manner stated. The fact is, I believe that many of our Eu- ropean friends are confusing foul brood with several forms of dead brood that are comparatively mild, and disappear them- selves. Two-thirds of the brood that is submitted to us for examination is pickled brood or another form of dead brood that is found sometimes in the summer, but which g^oes off of itself. Pickled brood in north- ern localities will very often disappear, and one might pour in a few drops of rosemary, salicylic acid, carbolic acid, or even salt water, and. because the disease disappear- ed, as it would naturally of itself, he would conclude he had struck a great remedy. I am satisfied in my own mind that foul brood, such as I have seen, would never yield to such treatment as that. — Ed.] "Nor do i consider any Italian queen as pure." When Bro. Doolittle saj's that, p. 182. I think that what he means is true, but that what he says is not true unless he uses the word "pure" with some meaning other than that found in the dictionary'. From what he has said in other places, I understand him to believe that no Italians are of an entirely fixed or permanent char- acter, in which he is probably strictly cor- rect. But I do not know that in the term "Italian" there is at all involved the idea of strict permanence of character. If a man should order a queen, saying, "I want a tested queen, for I want to be sure that I have nothing but pure Italian," I think Bro. Doolittle would be able to fill the or- der, and it would not surprise me if at some time he may have sold a queen that the purchaser supposed was "pure Ital- ian." If there is no such thing as a pure Italian queen, there is an immense amount of correcting that should be done in our bee literature. In looking over a half-page in the A B C I found just nine such cor- rections needed. Moreover, if no Italian queen ever sold was pure, an immense number of frauds have been committed by men supposed to be honest. m^m:0tl/l NEJGHBOflS FIELDS^ Resp'nsive to the sun's approach, I,ife springs from Winter's death ; The bitds return, the f ra-s starts up. Revived by Spring's warm breath. \i« The Review of Reviews says: Apples from America and Tasmania can be sold at a profit in Loudon, when apples growing a few miles out of the city are left to rot on the trees, because the railroad charges are so high that the farmers cau not afford to send them to market. Just how far that afi'ects the producers of honey wotild be an interesting question. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 255 It's a little stranjre how much the British suffer from the attacks of the Eng'lish, for, as the Premier of New Zealand says, one person in ever}'^ five in London either dies in the workhouse or lunatic asylum. ib L'APICULTEUR. As to the advisabilit3' of using- an extract- or, Mr. Maujean replies to Mr. Sylviac: By the universal consent of bei--keepers. llie ex- tractor is useful. And this concession is not made be- cause of its novelty. The farmer knows too well the value of money to buy an extractor on the affirmation of an author or the say-so of another party. It is re- markable that the old bee-men have all been convert- ed to the extractor, and those who remain behind do not say, " I am not convinc d," but, " I am too old to adopt a new system." This would be reason enough to decide a beginner. . . The extractor furnishes advantages enough in one vear to justify one in not going without it. Mr. Sylvfac believes that a bee-keep- er using frame hives does not get any more honey th n one using simply an eniptv hive. Unfortu ately for Mr. Sylviac he .--peaks without any experimental knowledge, as he admits he has never owned an ex- trac or The writer had, for four or five years, me- dium crops of honey, sometimes none a all. He was almost discouraged, when he had occasion to read Bertrand's "Management of the Apiary," when he began to use the extractor. That was in 188(', and im- mediately, as if by magic, it changed the whole aspect of things. AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL. P. H. Harbeck relates the following in- cident: I positively know that king-birds catch queens, for I was out one day with a shotgun watching frir Mr. Bird, and just when it caught a bee I let go ; and when I picked it up I found in its bill a dron^ and queen hanging to it yet alive, only one wing being torn off by the shot. I took it back to the colony that swarm- ed, and put it at the entrance. There came about twenty bees, going for her as if they meant to pull her to pieces : but that was not the idea, tor they pulled something away from her, and then every thing was all right, and tre queen marched right in, and the bees were as happy as could be. Since then 1 have no mercy for king-birds I may be wrong, but I think they are not a bee-keeper's friend. Prof. Cook has finished his Home Circle talks, and I can not better express my own view of them than by saying- *' me too ' aft- er the following, from the pen of Mr. E. E. Hasty: Exit " The Home circle ! " A surprise for us that was not agree ble. Gone, but not altogether forgot- ten. Prof Cook may V)e assured. In the real home cir- cle it oft happens that the one who is gone is. in a kind of way, more emphatically permanent and pres- ent than those who remain We can hope that some of the tender sentences of our "Home Circle " may enjoy a portion of the same sort of immortality. In the issue for March 6 is the second ar- ticle from Miss Emma Wilson, on how to begin bee-keeping. Although designed for green hands, these sketches "bristle with good points," as the saying is, and even the veterans can read them with profit; for the best workmen are those who continual- ly keep in sight the principles of their craft. As these articles come from the household of Dr. Miller we may suppose they have his " O. K." GATHERED BV A BEK. " Say. Doolittle, do you .suppo.«e we could tell how much hone}' a single bee would gather?" "I doubt it. But I have often thought if we look at the matter in the right light such an item may be made of interest to us if we study it from the right standpoint." "How so? You know it takes thousands upon thousands of them to do any thing to advantage bj' way of honey-gathering; and to study just what one bee would do would be to look into an almost infinitesimal mat- ter." "Yes, I know it takes thousands of bees to make much headway at storing honey, and this is just the very reason why many mistakes have been made in the past, and just the reason why there may be a profit in looking into the matter of how much hon- ey a single bee may gather." "What about the mistakes? I don't un- derstand." "Some have been telling us all along during the past, 'keep your colonies always strong,' just as though a large number of bees in a hive, at a/l times of the year, was the thing to be always sought after, and a thing of great value. But right here comes in another side to this 'gathering' question. We have just been saying that it takes thou- sands of bees to make much headway at gathering honey ; yet in this locality we very rarely have a yield of honey lasting through the length of life allotted to an in- dividual bee, while many bees — yea, more than half which are reared under the most skillful management, never add an ounce to our surplus product. If every bee rear- ed could have a field of nectar placed be- fore it in which to labor, then the motto, 'Keep your colonies ahvays strong,' would be the right one; but inasmuch as this can not be, and as bees at all times must be consumers, no matter whether producing or not, I can not now and never have been able to see the philosophy of having a colo- ny strong in bees at such seasons when of necessity they can only be consumers. The time to have our colonies strong, with thou- sands upon thousands of bees, till the 'measure is heaped up and running over,' is just when our field is yielding nectar." "Well, this is something I never thought of before, and I think I do see now why col- onies always strong may not be to the high- est advantage to the bee-keeper." "Then right here comes in another factor in this question, which is the field, or that from which our supply of nectar comes from. In reality we must begin with the field, or, in other words, place that first; for without the field, or neclar-flow. we have no use for the bees. With a continu- 226 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 15 ous aud uninterrupted nectar-flow within two miles of the hive during the whole time in which a bee lives, I think that a single bee might easily gather one ounce of honey, which would take only 16 bees to gather one pound, or 1600 to gather 100 pounds. And, if this were so, then 16,000 bees would be able to gather 1000, so you will see that the reason our thousands upon thousands of bees do no better for us than they do lies right here in the field." "Surely, I can not gainsay that. But the bees must live out of what they gather, must they not?" "Certainly. And I calculate of that amount it takes at least one-fourth of that gathered to supply the wants of the colony during the time a single bee is living; and unless the nectar is thicker than we get it here it would take 3 pounds of this nectar to make one of honey. So, then, we should have 750 lbs. of honey as the product of 16,000 bees during their lifetime, with an uninterrupted flow of nectar. While this might be possible, there are two tilings which make it improbable, the first being, as already spoken of, that the honey-flow does not continue long enough, aud, while it is on, it is interrupted more or less by unfavorable weather; and the second is, that the yield would not be sufficient within two miles of the apiarjs where many colo- nies were kept, so that the bees could work to the best advantage." "Where did you get any such idea of the amount a single bee might gather in its life- time?" "In one of my many experiments, con- f ducted some years ago, I had a colony which, on May 25th, I estimated to contain 4000 bees of field-working age. This esti- mate was gotten by counting the bees on a given surface of comb, and then dividing the amount of comb covered with bees by the space counted, when the quotient was multiplied by the number of field -bees counted on the first surface. The next day was a fine one, and apple-bloom was yield- ing nectar as well as I ever knew it to. At 7 A. M. the bees began to go to work, and at 8 A. M. I found that, on an average, 60 loaded bees were going into the hive each minute. One was caught and killed, which I found, upon dissecting, had a fair-sized drop of nectar in the honey-sac. By a care- ful estimate and weighing I found that it would take about 3600 such bee-loads to make a pound, so I concluded that 4000 bees were good for the gathering of one pound of nectar each hour, besides caring for the interior of the hive as to what was there needed. Before a bee had left the hive in the morning I had weighed the same so that I could tell when night came how much nectar the colony had gained. They work- ed right along at the average rate of 60 per minute till 4 p. m., when they began to slack up, and at 5 p. m. all had quit work for the day, as the sun went behind clouds soon after 4 p. m. I now weighed the hive again, saying, as I did so, that, if my es- timate was correct, it should weigh 8 lbs. more than it did in the morning." ' ' How near to the amount did you come? ' ' "I found that it weighed 8 lbs. 9 ounces, thus showing that my estimate was not far out of the way. But what was a great sur- prise to me was that, when weighed the next morning, I found that the 8 pounds 9 ounces gain of the day before had gone down to 3 lbs. 12 ounces, thus showing that the nectar just from the flowers was riot all honey by any means." "I suppose this set you trying to secure apple honey." "Yes, I became infatuated with the idea that there could be as much honey obtained from apple-bloom as from basswood, if I could only succeed in getting the popula- tion of the hive up to 40,000 instead of 4000; so I began trying that old advised plan of having my bees always strong, especially in apple-bloom; but after an entire failure of apple honej' for the next five years, on account of the trees failing to bloom a part of the time, and cold rainy weather during the years when they blossomed, and that at a cost to me of much extra work and stores, I gave the matter up, and came to the con- clusion that the ahvays-strons; idea had not been fully looked into — only trying to have the bees strong so as to take advantage of the generally good weather, and the regu- lar yearly bloom of the basswood, which is our main honey- flow here. But I see the time is up when I must leave to meet an ap- pointment. Before going, however, I wish to say this for you to carry home to think about: First we have the field or location we are in, of which we should have a thor- ough knowledge ; next we have the bees, which are to be secured to the maximum numbers, just in time to take advantage of the main honey -flow of our field; and, third, that a bee is of little value as a hon- ey-gatherer only as it can be placed in the field of action just at the right time; hence we should not encourage brood-rearing at all other times, only in so much as is neces- sary that the life of the colony may be pre- served in good condition for this main rush of brood to bring about the thousands upon thousands of bees just when they are want- ed. In this way the quantity of honey which a bee can gather in a lifetime be- comes of interest to us, that we may work assiduously to have that lifetime come when our field is yielding its greatest amount of nectar." L. IV. A., Texas. — You can induce comb- building in your locality — that is, provid- ing the temperature does not go below 70 or 80, by feeding liberally sugar syrup, or any cheap honey you may have. The idea is to get the bees prosperous and fairly fat. I would not advise you to use any sub- stance like tin to support the foundation for comb-building. We consider fine wire very much cheaper, and it answers all reasona- ble requirements. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. PlElDlTORIAC Reports so far indicate general good wintering, and the prospects very favorable. The heavy snows in the North have put the ground in fine condition, and preserved the young clovers. As I have been taking so much space in Gleanings of late, it seems to me only fair that in this issue I should give our corres- pondents more room than usual, and I am, therefore, cutting down the editorial space. The bees in the cellar under the machine- shop are beginning to make a loud protest. The thermometer stands at 60. The noise would quiet down providing we could let in fresh air without also letting in the light. Too great warmth stirs up activity, with the result that the air is rendered more or less impure. I AM not able to continue my series of travels in this issue, on account of the fail- ure of the paper-mill to supply the right grade of paper to print the half-tones on, which we have been using of late. I ex- pect to resume the series in our next issue; but in the mean time we are enabled to publish some articles that have been held back for want of space. Mr. W. Frank McClure, the well- known newspaper correspondent, and writer for a number of prominent magazines, such as the Ladies'' Home Journal, Review of Reviews, Country Life in America, etc., called at the Home of the Honey-bees to gather some facts for a write-up that he has in contemplation. I spent nearly all day with him, explaining the modern methods of bee-keeping and some of the peculiar habits of bees. I then told him how the bee-keeping industry had been damaged by the comb-honey canard. He promised to set the facts forth through the newspapers for which he is a regular correspondent. At the same time, he proposes to prepare an article or two, with illustrations, for some of our leading magazines. AN ASSURED HONEY CROP FROM CALIFOR- NIA. Just as our last issue was going to press, containing the statement that the long- looked-for California rains had not come, and that there would probably be no honey from California this year, we received sev- eral letters from our friends on the coast, to the effect that the long-expected rains had come, making in all about 9 inches, and that all the bee-keepers were wearing broad smiles. Some even went so far as to say that the rains were as copious as those that came in 1884, but this, I think, must be a mistake. This kind of news, while it brings joy to our friends in the Golden State, may be depressing to the bee-keep- ers of the East; but we see no good that can came from concealing the fact, as it is bound to leak out. If there is to be a honey crop in California it should be known. SHALL SWEET CLOVER BE OUTLAWED IN OHIO? Secretary Mason, of the National Bee- keepers' Association, recently called my attention to the fact that a bill has been presented in the Ohio Legislature (House Bill 598), the purpose of which is to class certain plants as noxious weeds, and among the list is named sweet clover. Whenever complaint is made, the township trustees are directed to cut down, or cause to be cut down, all such weeds. We immediately wrote to our Representa- tive and Senator, stating that sweet clover is grown in the far West as a forage-plant on the arid lands where nothing else will grow; that among the progressive farmers of the East it is not regarded as a weed, and when it has attained a certain growth stock are turned loose in it. We also stated that our Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station at Wooster had issued a bulletin telling of the value of sweet clover, stating that it is not a noxious weed, and never ought to be outlawed. I wrote the Station, and received from Director Thorne the fol- lowing letter: Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, C. E. Thorne, Director. Wooster, O., March 10, lOffi. Mr. A. I. Root, Medina, Ohio My dear Sir : — If you find any serious attempt to have sweet clover declared a noxious weed, please let me know. I should consider such a declaration about as wise as one to call red clover such a weed and will fight it with all my might. I was one of the first to call attention to the peculiar habit of this plant of growing on soils where no other plant will thrive, a little article of mine on this point having been pub- lished as far back as 1877, and quoted throughout the range of the agricultural press. Yours truly, (Die L,.) Chas. E. Thorne, Director. Since the above was written I have re- ceived'other assurances from the Director that he will use his influence against so foolish a measure. Our subscribers in Ohio are requested to write at once to their Representatives and Senators. Do not put it ofl^, but do it now as soon as you read this, otherwise your protest may be too late. In the mean time bee-keepers of other States would do well to watch their legis- latures to see what the}' are doing. There has been an efl^ort made to class sweet clo- ver as a noxious weed in several States. Wherever such laws have been passed, so far as I know they have been repealed; but there are certain old-fashioned farmers who call it a weed, and every once in a while they manage to get in a bill before the leg- islature providing for its annihilation. 228 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 15, WMmSM% '^.. ^ MARKETING COMB HONEY. The Secret of Getting Good Prices ; Slipshod Meth- ods. BY M. BROWN. BTr. Root: — Your editorial on page 909, scoring- honey-producers for their sluggish (and in part it may be called corrupt) prac- tice is timely, and ought to have a wide cir- culation, because it is of great importance to honest producers and in stimulating the markets. I am not a large producer, nor one who has had large experience in bee- keeping, dating back for only three years. When I began three jears ago I had to ped- dle out my honey in order to get IS cents per pound for nice white comb; 10 to 12>2 cents was the market price, so considered, for all classes of honey. The second year nearly all my honey was sold at my house at an average of 17^^ cents per pound, which very much encouraged me, and was a source of pleasure. On the 8th of May last, my number of colonies had increased from 7 in 1899 to 60, with full supers of nice white honey. I was compelled to try again the markets. Peddling was out of the question. I crated my honey under the rules laid down in Gleanings, in three grades; loaded my wagon, and called on our best groceries, offering to leave a crate with them. Most of them had honey out of commission houses, and did not want any at 15 cents when they could buy it at 11, to which I replied that I simply asked their permission to deposit a crate of my honey by the side of what they had; and if they could not sell it in a rea- sonable time and pay me 15 cents for it I would take the honey back, and pay them storage if they desired. My address with guarantee was written on the crate with that understanding. My honey was soon deposited. I went about my work, and, bless you! two days afterward a grocery wagon came in front of my yard v/ith an order for 200 pounds of just such honey as I had deposited with them, with an invita- tion to come and get my pay, and 16 cents was agreed upon for fancy white and No. 1 of any kind of my grading. Four houses got all my honey this season, and I had to make but one trip to the city to sell my crop. But here comes what I wanted to tell: Other producers came to me and asked me to sell their honey for them, saying they could get but from 10 to 12>2 for theirs, and wanted to turn it over to me at that price, to which I finally consented. But, let me tell you, I soon learned that it would not do at all to attach one's name to another man's product. I had to be good and take back a large part of my friends' honey. One consignment from an old bee-keeping friend from a distance was, I am sorry to sa3', an outrageous conglomeration, clearly exhibiting an incentive to deceive, or for immediate profit, regardless of honor or repute. Our market at present is flooded. Agents with consignments arrived, and are drumming it out in all parts of the city at from 10 to YlYz cents; but my customers will not handle any of it at any price. One of my customers who has been in the grocery business all his life said to me a few days ago that he had not the least idea that so much honey could be consumed provided a fine article in nice condition was offered. His experience showed him that a nice ar- ticle will bring fancy prices and largely increase the consumption. He said, "Your honey sells at the rate of one crate per day, while with commission-house honey tliree to four crates last a whole season; and I must say that, if you bee-keepers were more honest, j'our markets would vastly im- prove, and the ccnsumption of honey would displace the so-called fancy sj^'ups which are a manufactured poison at the best." Now, Mr. Editor, being only a small pro- ducer, my argument provoked by your re- cent editorial can not produce much weight in correcting the evils that exist. But it does seem to me that, if there were a little more honesty practiced, together with more intellectual practice, all would be vastly benefited in the end by producing a larger consumption and a more staple and uni- form price. Every poor or bad section of comb honey put on the market acts as a drawback in the market instead of a stim- ulant. The actor in the drama may be profited immediately; but when he again has honey to sell he must very likely seek another buyer, and may succeed in finding one, and may keep that up for a period; but what does he do toward increasing the consumption of honey, and improving the market? Well, they have done this: They have disgusted the consumer by placing an inedible chunk of honey before him: they have discouraged the merchant, flooded him with complaints from his customers, and actually caused him to lose good customers of his house by the sale of inedible honey so treacherously concealed in crates, and unsuspectingly unloaded on them. Now, Mr. Editor, I have no interest in this matter; the honey that I produce will always find a good market; but that incli- nation to deceive others in this manner is rampant, and is very damaging to bee- keepers' interests — I mean to those of honor and integrity; besides, it largely tends to demoralize the markets, which affects all producers; and I for one would advise those in that habit to quit the business and go and do something for which they are better fitted. There is one other matter that interests me, which is that of statistics. I see the thing is up, and ought to have been up long ago; but I would say on this subject that the National Bee - keepers' Association 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 229 should be the one authority to take the hon- ey statistics of this country, if the bee- keepers wish to derive any benefit from it. It will not be difficult for our journals to locate the producers and send them proper blanks to be filled out and returned at a given date to the secretary to be compiled and published under the authority of the organization. You will find it more relia- ble than any thing else you can get. My reason for making this statement is that I have been a statistical correspondent for more than 20 j'ears, and have fully enjoyed the honor and the profits of the position, which would average about 10 cents a year in seeds. I do not wish to cast any reflec- tion upon the head of the division; on the contrary, Mr. John Hyde is doing wonders with the means at his command. Suppose the department would add a honey column to its blanks now sent out, not one in 500 sent out would be filled out practically, in- telligently, and with reliability. A statis- tical correspondent should be a practical as well as experienced man, and at times will have to lose time to procure correct informa- tion on certain subjects. I made many trips, and lost time and horse hire thrown in, for the benefit of the good and generous public; but I do not believe there are many who will lose time to procure correct informa- tion to give to the good public, just for the honor of the thing. On the other hand, if the National Bee-keepers' Association sends out blanks to practical bee-keepers, nine out of every tea will make a correct report; will take pleasure in returning the best in- formation obtainable, because they will all be interested in the reports, and it will not all or nearly all be guesswork and exag- geration. Little Rock, Ark., Nov, 25. (Those who make a business of bu3'ing and selling know only too well that the great mass of bee-keepers do not under- stand the importance of putting up a first- class article. The great bulk of the comb honey that goes on to the market is un- scraped, a great deal of it is travel-stained, and much of it is poorly filled out, and, as a consequence, it goes begging; but a real- ly first-class gilt-edge comb honey will sell on sight at good prices. Yes, we do need reliable statistics, and I hope things may shape themselves in such a manner that the National Association can take hold of it. — Ed. ) QUEENS REARED UNDER THE PULSE. SWARMING IM- Fertilizing Queens in Upper Stories; a Simple and Practical Plan for Grafting Cells. BY F. GREINKR. What interests the honey-producer most is how to get a good crop of honey. He will leave no stone unturned to secure it. The wise and experienced bee-keeper also knows that he must have his colonies in as good condition when the honey season ar- rives as is possible and practical. One of the essential things to get the colonies into best condition is, to have good queens. In buying queens we do not have full assur- ance that we are fretting good queens. If we raise them ourselves, we at least know what the parentage is on the mother's side. We can select our breeding mothers. We also know that they have been handled carefully. It is often said queens reared under the swarming impulse are better than such as are reared at other times or under different conditions. How true this is I do not know. This much, however, I do know: Queens may be reared during this swarming-period more easily than at other times, so I prefer to rear them for my own use during June and July, the regular swarming months. If the weather is favorable the last third of the month of Maj^ when the apple-trees and other fruit-trees are blooming, then is a favorable time to begin. Some honey-producers will use swarm- ing-cells from any of their colonies. 1 did this myself years ago, but such a practice can not be recommended. There will al- ways be found a very few colonies in a yard that outstrip the rest, not only in the larger honey-yield but also in their milder temper- ament, better markings, color, or other good qualities. From such we should breed, providing we are satisfied the stock is of pure blood, be it Italian, German, or other blood. I usually select one or two queens to breed from. The colonies containing them need not be crippled by drawing on them for brood. Since we have become fa- miliar with the newer methods it is not even necessary to mutilate brood-combs to obtain brood for our purpose. By means of some simple and suitable tool. 1 prefer to use a small camel-hair brush. We can re- move young larvae from any brood-comb con- taining them, without difficulty, and with- out the least injury. This trick of trans- ferring larvae is not a very late discovery. It was first brought out by Mehring, a Ger- man, who is known as the inventor of comb foundation. He had found diff.culty in hav- ing certain colonies start queen-cells from selected brood, they seeming to be bound to use their own for the purpose. He finally hit on the idea of supplanting the larvse in the cells started with other larv^ from his selected stock, and he succeeded in thus fooling the obstinate colonies. For some reason Mehring's discovery did not then be- come universally known, but of late years has become a general practice. I do not know that it is necessary to say much more in regard to this art or trick; still, I will tell just how I proceed. In the first place I go to my breeding col- ony and get a brood-comb containing young larvje. Almost anj' comb contains some at this time of the year. This I take to my workshop, and place it upon a clclh -cover- ed board in front of the window. In order 230 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 15 to let the light fall into the deep worker- cells it may be necessary to tip up slightly the brood-comb (board and all). I then se- lect a larva of proper age or size, insert the little brush into the cell containing it, and, by a twisting motion, pick up the larva which adheres to the tip of the brush. It is then transferred to one of the artificial cups by my side. With a twisting motion the brush is quickly withdrawn and the job is done. Each cup is thus stocked up. The comb of brood is then returned to the colony it was taken from. A colony which is making preparations to swarm is well suited to build our cells, or, in other words, rear our queens; but in order to be on the sure side I always re- move the queen from such a one, and also several of the brood combs. Those that are left have to be looked over for cells once or twice, till the danger of cells being started on them is past. Immediately after the queen has been removed, a vacant place for one comb is made in the center of the brood- nest. A brood-frame is so fitted by cutting notches in the end-bars on the inside as to admit the insertion of three or even four bars parallel with the top-bar, the first one being about fi inch below the top-bar, the next one 2 inches below the first one, the third one 2 inches lower than the second, etc. These middle bars, as I call them, are pro- vided their whole length with narrow strips of comb, and to these are glued artificial queen-cups (from 15 to 18). The strip of comb is used in order that the queen-cells, when ripe, may be easily cut from their bars without any risk of injuring the cells. Only one bar with its 15 or 18 cells is given to the prepared colony at this time or at one time. These cups have been provided witli a little jelly before they were stocked up with young larva;. The queenless bees are very apt to accept about every larva given, and will at once proceed to lengthen out the cells and feed the larvje. If a great many cells are wanted as quickly as possible, such accepted cells may be given to any other colony to finish. Said colony should have brood in an upper story with queen-excluder between lower and upper, and queen in the lower. The colony from which the accepted cells are taken must then be supplied with a second set of newly stocked-up cups, which, when accepted, may be removed and finished by another colony, etc. Ordinarily I make the queenless colonj' not only start but also fin- ish the cells. In this case a new set of stocked-up cups are given every third day, so that, after a while, there will be cells of various ages in this one hive. It is very necessary that a careful record be kept of these cells; and as soon as they have come near maturity they must be removed. The arrangement, as I have described it, makes this removal very easy. All we have to do is to slip out the bar with cells at- tached; and, if we are ready for it, insert another in its place with fresh queen-cups, as spoken of several times before. A colo- ny may be kept at building cells in this way for a long time, providing a comb of brood is given it from time to time. It goes without saying that these combs must also be kept track of, for it is not impossible that cells may be started on them by the bees in addition to those we give them. On the eighth or ninth day after giving a comb of brood the same is looked over, and what cells may have been started are re- moved. It is, however, rare that any are found. The bees seem to be satisfied with those artificial cells we give them from time to time. We have now gotten as far as to have the cells, some of them, near maturity. After having had some experience in the matter of selecting larvas for queen-rearing we shall be able to select such as are of prop- er and uniform age, and we shall also be able to determine very nearly when each set of cells will hatch. We all know the raising or producing of the cells is the most inexpensive part of the business. The ex- pensive part is having our young queens fertilized. I was once very enthusiastic on the Doolittle plan of getting the queens fer- tilized from upper stories with full normal colonies below. Now, while I have not been successful practically in this I will relate briefly how I proceeded. It may prevent some one going over the same ground, and be saving money and time; or some one may be able to tell me or suggest why I have failed, and give the remedy. The upper stories, as I i»sed them, were made as follows: They were half-storj' bodies, divided into three compartments by wood division - boards nailed in solidly. Each division or chamber was sufficient to hold two or three combs. Each wood di- vision-board had a piece of queen-exclud- ing zinc inserted. There was also a zinc excluder nailed under each story, so there was a connection, vertically, between the brood-chamber and these apartments above as well as laterally between the apart- ments. For the sake of experiment, some of the upper stories had the centriil cham- ber on/y connected by zinc with the brood- nest below. Wire screen was used to pre- vent any direct connection between the out- side chambers above and the brood-nest be- low. By not putting a queen into these central chambers you can readily see a queen can in no way meet another queen except by having fine-meshed wire screen between them. I had great faith in this last arrangement if not in the other. In addition to this I also tried these queen-fer- tilizing chambers on colonies that had cast swarms, so that there were on/y young queens in the hive. I stocked up a number of these chambers. Some I placed on top of supers where bees were working in sec- tions. While I succeeded in getting a few queens fertilized, on the whole it was a fail- ure, and for years I have made no use of the fertilizing stories or bodies. In fact, I have not hit on any plan {//le Swarthmore included) by which to get queens fertilized, 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 231 except by the old-style nucleus plan, which I need not describe here. Where colonies are allowed to swarm naturally a very good use may be made of our matured cells by g-iving each mother colony, after swarming-, one of these — re- moving-, of course, all other cells they may have in their hive. It may be found neces- sary, some time after, to look each colony over ag-ain for cells, and remove them, if colony is not treated by the Heddon plan. On the whole I rather like this way of prop- agating our best stock. All colonies that swarm can thus be easily provided with queens from superior stock. Naples, N. Y. [Queens reared under the swarming im- pulse are, as a general thing, large and vigorous, although I believe it is possible, under proper management,. to produce arti- ficial conditions to secure queens that will be just as good; but those conditions must combine some of nature's plans. Your plan of grafting cells is, I believe, simple and practical. We have done a great deal of grafting — in fact, we believe all progressive queen-breeders make a prac- tice of it, because there is no way by which selected stock can be secured in a whole- sale way except by this plan. We have tried all methods of having queens fertilized in the upper story ; but when perforated zinc only is used between the upper and lower stories, or between the several compartments, the plan is liable to prove a failure. But we have been very successful in using upper stories by sepa- rating the brood-nest from the supers by means of wire cloth, then making each compartment "upstairs" entirely distinct and separate. On this plan the warmth of the cluster below rises up through the wire cloth into the nuclei above. This enables us to use weaker nuclei. So far our results in getting queens fertilized by this plan have been very satisfactory. — Ed.] THE SWINSON JUMBO HIVE. A Peculiar Arrangement. BY ABBOTT L. SWINSON. Mr. Root: — In response to a request of yours I send you herewith prints of our "Jumbo" hive, which is intended either for comb or extracted honey, and which will excel any other hive I ever saw for the pro- duction of honey in any form. Its chief ad- vantages are, in brief, plenty of room with- out (constant) changes during a honey-flow for a good yield. In sections where the flow is heavy and of short duration it beats the world. This characteristic feature of the entire South shows up the qualities of this hive, A No. 1; bees may store 112 lbs. of hon- ey by climbing up to the skies to do it, and hence it is done, and done without loss of time. Honey will remain longer on the hives without discoloring. One person may produce twice as much honey within a lim- ited period. There is much less clustering of bees on the sections after they are com- pleted, etc. We had several colonies that produced 140 lbs. of comb to the hive, inside of four weeks, last spring. This shows the brood-chamber with 10 L. frames, with one raised and leaning against the cover of the hive, which sits on end on the ground, with the top side to the front. The top side of the frames comes perfectly level with the top edges of the hive. This shows an end view of hive on stand, and closed. By this it may be seen that the surplus apartment is twice the width of the brood-chamber, and is cleated on top of the brood-chamber by close fitting of the bottom plank of the surplus apartment. This manner of fitting brings the bottom of the inside of surplus apartment on a level with the top side of the brood-frames in the brood - chamber. The cover is made gable-shaped, as shown, and ceiled with 232 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 15 thin boards crosswise, aud so arranged as to have a cleated edge all around it to pre- vent its blowing off. This shows the hive with the surplus apartment filled with 112 sections, size 1% X 4XX4X» contained in two section -cases (containing 56 sections each), sitting one on top of the other. This shows the surplus apartment filled with 20 L. frames of combs, as arranged for increase or for extracted honey either. One of the combs is raised up, and sits on top in full view. The brood -chamber takes 10 L. frames, and the surplus apartment 20 frames or 112 sections, size ly&XAyi X4>4 , either as the operator prefers. The inside of the brood-chamber is 15 inches. The inside of the surplus apart- ment is 30 inches. This hive is a model of my own, and fit- ted for best results by practical experience of years. Where 3'ou want either plenty of surplus room in a short space of time for a good yield, 112 lbs. of honey, without dis- turbing your bees to put in more sections during a honey-flow, or plenty of room without notice, the entire season, when the yield doesn't exceed 112 lbs., it allows you to do your work before honey-flow begins for whole season, to 112 lbs. per colony. Macon, Ga., Jan. 24. [This particular hive seems to violate all the principles laid down in hive-construc- tion in modern bee culture. It appears to be a cross between the Long-idea hive and the regular ten-frame Langstroth. Not- withstanding its peculiarities, Mr. Swin- son, I know, produces a great deal of hon- ey, for he orders a lot of stuff to put that honey in, and we must, therefore, judge the hive, not by its looks, but by what it dees. Taking it all in all, I doubt whether the average bee-keeper in average localities would secure as good results in such a hive as those obtainable from the ordinary stand- ard hive on the market. It has been laid down as ageneral principle that the surplus part of a hive should not extend over and beyond the brood below. In other words, the top of the hive or the super should be no wider and no longer than the brood-nest. Our chaff hives of years ago made use of an overhanging super; and I used to notice that the wide frames containing the sec- tions in that part of the super not directly over the brood-frames below would not be- gin to be as well filled as those directly over the brood-nest; and in northern locali- ties, at least, subject to cool nights, I should expect that very little surplus would be stored in the overhanging parts of the super. Another principle that has been laid down is that it is a mistake to give the bees too much surplus room at the start. For that reason, all section devices were, about ten or fifteen jears ago, cut down to single tier. One tier of sections is put on; and, when the bees get well at work in it, it is lifted up and another super put under it. Mr. Doolittle has for years been strenuous- ly advocating the giving of but little sur- plus room at a time. He even goes so far as to put on only two or three wide frames (sin- gle tier) at a time, in case of the weaker colonies, and then adds wide frame by wide frame as the honey-flow advances. While I believe and know that Mr. Swin- son's hive answers his purpose admirably, yet I doubt whether it would do in the aver- age locality in the North. — Ed.] 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 233 TONQUE-LENOTH AND TONGUE-REACH. An Explanation. BY PKOF. C. P. GILLETTE. How easy it is to be misunderstood! In my paper upon " Lon^ - tong^ued Honey- bees," I seem to have been misunderstood in two important particulars. The first is in reg'ard to the relation existing- between tongue -leng-th and tongue -reach. In the current volume of Gleanings, page 8, the editor, in commenting upon my measure- ments of bees' tongues, says, "It seems there is no fixed relation between total length of tongue and tongue-reach." Dr. Miller, in the number for Feb. 15, page 145, says, "One thing that seems to be settled is that tongue reach is not determined by tongue-lenglh," and refers to mj' measure- ments to prove the statement. Similar com- ments have been made in print by others. I tried to explain in my paper that I had found it unsatisfactory to depend upon tongue-reach directly measured, as I be- lieved the measurements could not be de- pended upon as being very acurate. I stat- ed that, "If the tongue-reach seemed too short when first measured, I could usually increase it by two or three hundredths of an inch by a little careful stretching." This is not a real stretching, but a straight- ening of the joints of the org-an which tend to close upon one another like the closing of a pocket-knife. I also said, "I have considered the entire tongue-length the best measurement upon which to base conclusions as to tongue-reach." Also, "I believe, for practical purposes, it may al- ways be considered true that the bee with the longest tongue has the longest possible tongue-reach." I place no value whatever upon my mea- surements of tongue-reach except to show how variable and unreliable such measure- ments are. If any one thinks a bee with a shorter tongue can outreach another bee with a longer tongue, the burden of proof lies with him to show that such is the case, for it seems very unreasonable that it could be true. Is there any real evidence what- ever that such is the case? The other point I wished to mention is that some writers in bee-journals seem to think that I expressed the opinion that bees do not gather honey from red clover. I sim- ply asked a very timid question. These are the words: "It makes me wonder if it is possible that those who think bees have gathered honey from red clover can be mistaken," and then followed the remark, "This is only a suggestion." In this connection I might correct a wrong impression that the editor of Gleanings has in regard to the variation in length of tongue of bumble-bees corresponding to the age of the bees. In his comments upon my paper on page 17 of the present volume, the editor says, "Apparently the tongue-length of bumble-bees varies consideriibly. This might be accounted for by the difiFerence in ag-e of the bumble-bees measured. It will be remembered that the bees of Apis mellif- ica, when a week old, are as large as they ever will be, while those of Bombus vary in size considerably, according to age. " The bumble-bee does not grow after leaving the cell any more than a honey-bee. The small bumble-bees in a nest are the workers; the very large ones in the same nest are queens, and the queens have longer tongues than the workers. This is not surprising, as the queens are also workers, and have to do all the work of the nest or colony in the spring until workers are reared to help her, then she stays in the nest, for the most part, and the little workers go out to collect nec- tar and pollen. There are many species of bumble-bees also in the same locality, and these vary much in size and coloration. The State Agricultural College, Fort Collins, Colorado, March 7. [What Prof. Gillette says is a good deal true; but in measuring tongue-reach there is one of our workmen who would get the same results as myself, and we both mea- sured according to the same plan. But I can readily see that two different people attempting to follow the same directions Diiff/it measure the same tongue and get different results so far as tongue-reach is concerned. In my own experience a cer- tain kind of combing of the tongue will bring it just so far and no further ; and my own measurements showed there was quite a variation in tongue-reach. With regard to the honey in red clover, my only purpose in referring to it was that some who read what you said, even though it was merely a suggestion, might get the impression that there was no honey in red clover. I merely desired to state that it was definitely proven that red clover did contain, some seasons, large quantities of honey. — Ed.] SELLING HONEY. Plain, Practical Advice from a Practical Man. BY ADRIAN GETAZ. So much has been written on this subject it is almost needless to go over the ground again. In this paper I will mention only a few points which have not received suffi- cient attention. Honey can be sold to four different class- es of buyers: 1. The wholesale merchants; 2. The commission merchants ; 3. The re- tailers or grocers; 4. The consumers. Selling to the consumers is generally called "peddling." Between the two first classes of buyers there is little choice. I would say that the ability and integrity of the parties shoul.' be the principiil consid- eration. If there is doubt as to the honesty of the buyer, the commission merchant would be the safer. The dishonest dealer who buys outright may get your honey and never pay. 234 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 15 All the recourse you have in such cases is to sue, get a judgment, pay the costs, and — get vour mo7tey if you can. The commission merchant has to make some kind of returns that the courts will accept, otherwise he may be criminally in- dicted for breach of trust, and perhaps be sent to the penitentiary. Very few among the more or less dishonest men will risk go- ing to the " pen." Selling to the grocers is, I think, the most advisable course after all, at least in the majority of cases. It will take some time and some trouble at the beginning; but after a sufficient number of good cus- tomers is secured it will not take any more work to ship to them than to the wholesale dealers. Better not sell too much on credit to any one man until you know positively he is all right. Cash sales can not always be secured. The grocer may not have the cash at hand. In fact, the grocers have to sell almost altogether on credit, and often wait quite a while for their money. The result is that they are frequently " hard up " for cash. Often a grocer will not or can not buy; but very often, in such cases, he will take honey on commission, to be paid for when sold. The commission varies from two to three cents per pound. If his customers like the honey, and he finds profit in selling it, it is easy to make a better arrangement a little later. The question may now be asked, whether it is best to sell near home or in the large cities. Many writers have insisted that the home market should be developed. That is all right where it can be done. The trou- ble is that, in villages and small cities, the specialist has to meet the competition of farmers and other slipshod bee-keepers who sell their honey for whatever they can get. A great many writers have abused the gro- cers for buying such honey, and at such prices, and refusing to pay more for the specialist's honey. But the grocers can't help it. They can not pay you 18 cents for your honey and resell it at 20 when their customers know well that they can them- selves buy directly from the farmers at 15 or perhaps 12 cents. In large cities the farmer is out of it for lack of tidiness in his arrange- ments. The honey in a wholesale or commission house has to be sold altogether on its ap- pearance; hence the necessity of having crates, cases, sections, grading, etc., all in tiptop order. In selling directly to the gro- cers the honey can be tasted, and sold on its quality; and after the grocer and his customers know your honey to be good they will not mind if it is a little off color, or if the sections are not very carefully scraped. In selling near home the freight is saved, also the cost of cases, crates, packing, etc., or at least a part of it. When sent a short distance the honey can be put into any kind of boxes; or if cases are used, they may be returned. That means a saving of some- thing like 1>2 or 2 cents a pound. If the crop is not large, and the apiarist has nothing better to do, he can peddle the honey, and put into his own pocket the two or three cents per pound profit that the gro- cer would have made. I say, if he has nothing better to do. Generally speaking, peddling is slow work. One chief reason is that the majority of people keep but little money at home. They buy at the grocer- ies, dry -goods stores, etc., all they need on credit, and pay at the end of the month or any other convenient time. The result is, they can not buy much for cash. Selling such small quantities on credit is out of the question, except with a few well-known customers. The boarding-houses, hotels, etc., will buy large quantities, but they do not want to pay retail prices. But sometimes, in good seasons, the gro- cers are so well supplied that they can not buy, and peddling may have to be resorted to. There is an advantage in peddling ex- tracted honey. It can be tasted, and, if found good, many people will buy at a price not very much below that of comb honey, and a larger profit made than could be on comb honey. As to producing first-class honey and retailing it to private customers above the market price, I may say that I have not succeeded very well. Very few people will pay above the market price, and I have found the sales too slow to be profitable, and finally abandoned the scheme. Here comes the question of buying honey and selling it to consumers. That is ped- dling within the legal meaning of that word, if the honey is carried from house to house, and sold there and then to whoever chooses to buy it. Peddling in Tennessee is subject to a prohibitive license of several hundred dol- lars, and equally heavy fines and impris- onment are provided against the transgress- ors of the law. However, the courts of the United States have decided that a merchant has a right to solicit orders, either directly or by employing agents or commercial trav- elers, and also to deliver the goods sold, either himself or his employees. The re- sult is, that a man can procure a merchant license (it is only $8.00 per year here), go around and take orders, and return later to deliver the goods ordered. A farmer or tiller of the ground (and that term includes bee-keepers, poultry-raisers, etc. ) can sell what he raises to whoever he pleases, with- out license, even grape or blackberrj' wine. Commercial travelers tell me that sub- stantially the same laws exist in all the States of the Union. The above may ex- plain why Messrs. Moore, Niver, and oth- ers always employ two men — one to take orders, and the other following to deliver the honey ordered. Knoxville, Tenn. [This is an excellent article, and as it covers the ground so thoroughly we expect to have it struck off in pamphlet form. — Ed.] 1902 GLEAXIXi.vS IN BEK (TT^TURE. 235 /^ORO CASTi::E?^==--:r ' r-- RAMBLE 198. Morro Castle and the Wreck of the Maine ; The Immense Honey Resources of Cuba ; Cuban Extracted and Cuban Comb Honey, and Their Effect on the United States Markets. BY RAMBLER. Sometimes we stumble upon surprises, sometimes they are thrust upon us, and sometimes we bring" them upon ourselves. It was through a combination of all these methods that 1 found myself, on the early morning of Nov. 19, on the forward deck of the steamship Aransas with half a hun- dred deeply interested fellow-passengers, passing the historic Morro Castle and Ca- banas fortress, and into Havana harbor, the capital city of the " Gem of the Antil- les." After feasting our eyes upon massive stone battlements and protruding cannon "to the right of us and to the left of us," our attention was directed further up the harbor to the wreck of the Maine. As our steamer slowly passed and anchored near it there was scarcely a word from the crowd of passengers. All, like the Rambler, had their e3'es riveted upon the bent and mis- shapen ironwork of the cruel wreck, and were thinking of over two hundred Ameri- can sailors who were there dropped sudden- ly into eternity. But, the anchor down, then came the hus- tle to get ashore. We were transferred to a small harbor boat, and were duly strain- ed through the custom-house with our va- rious belongings. As we had no contraband goods aboard we were not unduly detained. To a person who has been living in one of the newest and up-to-date cities of the far West, with broad streets and ample sidewalks, neat cottages and ground around them, laid out in artistic design, it is in- deed a strange experience to drop into a city like Havana, with its narrow stone- paved streets, stone buildings, marble floors, tile roofs, and windows protected with iron rods and wooden shutters instead of glass. While crossing streets it was not long until I was measuring their width by pacing. In the business portion of the city the width does not vary much from seven paces, and this includes the sidewalks. Many of the latter are only one foot wide. The truck- ing on these streets is nearly all done on immense two- wheeled carts drawn by mules. There is just about room enough for two to pass; and as a big wheel chucks toward you on that narrow sidewalk you feel as though you ought to get out of the way; but you are safe, as that stone curbing checks the wheel when the big hub is with- in an inch of your clothing. Just as I began to feel the need of a little more breathing-space I emerged upon a wide avenue in the center of the city, known as the Prado, with parks and seats for thousands of people. After finding a lodg- ing-house and breakfast, the next consider- ation was The A. I. Root Co. 's headquar- ters. I entertained the idea that a center for supplies would be a center where bee- keepers most do congregate, and found said center upon Obrapia Street; and with the genial manager, Mr. F. H. DeBeche, I felt very much at home, and fully so when sur- rounded by all of the modern appurtenan- ces of bee-keeping. In studying up the honey resources of a country it is well to consider the amount and variety of supplies sold and the honey shipped. When in Oregon and Washing- ton a few years ago I found that, though a few carloads of supplies were sold from the Root headquarters in Portland, there were quantities of honey being shipped in from Utah and California. From this it was self-evident that those northwestern States were not great in honey-production. From the amount of supplies on hand on Obrapia St., Havana, I considered the hon- ey business in a healthful condition. A few days later I called at 14 Obrapia St., and found the place vacant. Mr. DeBeche, finding his rooms too confined, had moved about a block away to No. 17 San Ignacio St., where a large building had been rent- ed, and well filled with a new and large invoice of supplies. I then knew that the honey business was no small matter in Cuba. During the past year California, at a conservative estimate, produced 5,000,000 236 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 15 lbs. As nearly as I can learn as to the Cuban crop for the past year, it has been equal to if not more than the California yield. I doubt if California ever produced 10,- 000,000 lbs.; but I am credibly informed that, before the war, when there were more apiaries than at present, the product was over that amount in Cuba. A marked difference in the yields of Cal- ifornia and Cuba is that the former often has failures, but the latter none. The smaller area, then, of Cuba can be put into the front ranks as a producer. At present virtually all of the honey pro- duced is liquid, and probably ^^ of it is handled by one firm in Havana — Bridat- Montros Co. Price prevailing at present is 34 to 37 cents per gallon. This honey nearly all goes to Europe. Our friends in the States, I fear, are cast- ing envious e3'^es toward Cuba, and think- So far as my observation goes, honey is extracted too green ; the combs are but slightly capped. Extracted in the coolest portion of the year, there is but slight evap- oration in the tank, and none where it is put immediately into tierces. The same honey, under a California sun, might be- come equal in flavor to the best in the land. I am confident, however, that there will be a great change in the near future in the production of honey in this island. Comb honey will come to the front, and I am sure the States can absorb large amounts of it at fair prices. Cuban comb honey is thor- oughly ripened, and fit for table use. I would, therefore, caution the friends in the States not to hold this Cuban honey trade before their eyes as an immense lion. Lions are mostly terrible in anticipation; and, getting down to the birth of such lions, are they not born of selfishness? Havana being the chief seaport of the is- THE CKAYCKAFT AND Dp; BKCHP: APIARY; PUENTES GRANDES. ing that a change to low tariff or free trade will allow a flood of honey to flow into their markets. Certainly honey is cheap enough now in the States, and it might temporari- ly affect the market should the several mil- lion pounds produced in Cuba be added to a large crop in the States; but the latter do not get large crops every year. Then here is this foreign safety-valve against ruinous- ly low prices. I believe that, with the 20 cts. per gallon duty off, there would be but little change in the marketing and prices of Cuban ex- tracted honey. It is used in foreign coun- tries for manufacturing purposes, and, al- though my Cuban friends protest when I say so, I must say that Cuban extracted honey will not find favor in the States as a table honey beside California or New York honey. land, and the chief landing-place for Amer- icans, there are quite a number of bee-keep- ers in and near the city, and several United States employees and professional men are interested in bees. The readers of Gleanings are familiar with the name of Fred Craycraft. He is a bee-keeper of many years' experience in Cuba ; and, though at present holding a good position in the custom-house, he is still interested in the busy bee. Mr. DeBeche, manager of the A. I. Root supply-house, and Mr. Craycraft are jointly interested in two large apiaries — one at Puentes Grandes, near Havana, and the other at San Jose, 25 miles out. These api- aries are directly cared for by native Cu- bans, while the owners go out holidays and Sundays to see that things are moving; and I judge they are not afraid, when occasion 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 237 requires, to take hold and help make thing's move. In one of their apiaries they are produc- ing some beautiful comb honey; and if this is marketed successfully^ their apiaries will probably be devoted largely, in the future, to that g-rade of honey. TIERCES OF HONEY ON HAVANA WHARF, READY FOR SHIPMENT. I herewith present a view of the Puentes Grandes apiary and the surroundings. We get a glimpse of a little river below, and a portion of a tile-covered stone building of uncertain age. Here is also a view of The Root Co. 's sup- ply-house, not so much to show the Root sign as to show the street with its narrow sidewalk and the style of house with its prison-like windows. In fact, there are but few glass windows in all Havana. The upper portion of these stone houses is very pleasant and roomy, with lofty ceilings and marble floors. There was one mistake made in this photo. Mr. DeBeche first and Mr. Craycraft second are on the far end of the balcony, when they should have been upon the near end. It is all owing to the fact that Mr. Craycraft is a very modest and retiring man. There were some ladies coming down the street, and he was afraid he might be captured. The gentlemen are both bachelors, and have their den off the said balcony. Lady bee-keepers should remember the number — 17 San Ignacio St. EXPORTATION OF HONEY AND WAX FROM CUBAN PORTS DURING 1901. Honey. Wax. Pounds. Value. Pounds. 176,384 882 204,352 619,240 7,761 600 13,378 Value. United States 1,317,222 15,040 1,009.755 1,500,790 246,847 695,871 10,075 4,795,600 $ 50,956 500 42,559 58,263 8,894 27,648 529 $ 40,446 150 58 350 .Spain 166,214 1,215 200 3,913 United Kingdom... Anier. Countries.... Europ'n Countries Other Countries Total 1 189,349 1,022,897 % 270,488 In several respects the above statistics are deceptive. While the aggregate amounts are correct, the amounts credited to difi"er- ent countries are wrong in this respect: The greater portion of the 1,317,222 lbs. shipped to the United States was first ship- ped to the port of New York, and from there re-shipped to Germany. It is the same, only in a little less degree, with the honey shipped to France. Germany at last gets the bulk of it. TELEGONY. SUPPLY-HOUSE OF THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY, HAV.\NA. The Influence of the Male on Succeeding Offspring Not Sired by Him ; is the Theory Proven ? BY PROF. A. J. COOK. I am always much interested in reading Gleanings. I was especially attracted to the communication from W. E. Head, on p. 60, and also in your comments. You agree with Mr. Head in the statement that telego- ny is thoroughly established as a correct theory. I am exceedingly skeptical regard- ing the cases given by Mr. Head. I feel quite certain that reversion, not telegony, must explain them. If telegony be true at all, I believe it speaks with muffled voice and never in loud accents. May I present the matter to your readers, as it is very im- portant in practical affairs? The belief in it once reduced the value of a cow in my herd many dollars. I believe there were no just grounds for this loss. The theory of telegony is very important to breeders. The name originated quite recently with Weismann. Telegony teach- es that a taint is given a female by mating with a male of different breed or race. To illustrate, a mare bears a foal from a jack. If the theory of telegony be true, any sub- sequent foal from that mare, even though sired by a horse, will very likely show mule characteristics. Again, a shorthorn cow is crossed with a Jersey bull. All future off- 238 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 15 spring', even from pure shorthorn, are like- ly to show the Jersey taint. That there was some such theory in the minds of people as early as Jacob's time is possibly true. The theory has been reg-ard- ed bj' many of our scientists as a correct one, back even to 1820, when Lord Morton wrote to Dr. W. H. Woolston, President of the Royal Society of Great Britain, the re- sults of his famous experiments. These ex- periments were substantially as follows: A nearly pure Arabian mare was cou- pled with a quag-ga. The resulting off- spring v^^as a female hybrid quite interme- diate in character between the sire and the dam. The mare was afterward bred to a pure Arabian horse. The resulting filly, in the words of Lord Morton, and also a colt a year younger, were fine specimens of the Arabian breed, as fine as could be ex- pected when only fifteen-sixteenths Arabi- an; but in the color and the hair of their manes they bore striking resemblance to the quagga. The stripes seemed quite conclu- sive, but the evidence from the main and tail was less so. This testimony from Lord Morton has been regarded as conclusive by many scientific men. Darwin, in referring to this case, says, " There can be no doubt that the quagga affected the character of the offspring subsequently got by the Ara- bian horse. ' It is significant, however, that Darwin wrote afterward that telegony occurred rarelj^; for he stated, some years before his death, that it was " a very occa- sional phenomenon." Agassiz believed in telegony. He was fully persuaded, to use his own words, "that the act of fecunda- tion is not an act which is limited in its ef- fects, but that it is an act that affects the whole S3^stem, the sexual system especially, and in the sexual system the ovary to be impregnated hereafter is so modified by the first act that later impregnations do not ef- face the first impressions." Romanes also believed that telegony was of occasional oc- currence. His researches were quite ex- tensive. He sums up his conclusions in the following words: "The phenomenon is of much less frequent occurrence than is gen- erally supposed. I doubt if it occurs in more than one or two cases in a hundred." Herber Spencer believed in telegony. He not only has a theory to explain it, but also makes it the basis of an extended argument which he used in his controversy with Weismann. The latter, who gave us the term "telegony," writes as follows in the Contemporary Review: " I must say that, to this da3% and in spite of the additional cases brought for- ward by Spencer and Romanes, I do not consider that telegony has been proved. I should accept a case like that of Lord Mor- ton's mare as satisfactory evidence if it were quite certainly beyond a doubt. But this is by no means the case, as Settegast has abundantly proved." Settegast explained the case in question as an instance of "reversion." He says, "Cases are not rare where colts are born with stripes which recall the marking of a quagga or zebra." Many German lareed- ers hold with Weismann that telegony is yet unproved. The late Sir Everett Millais, an eminent breeder of dogs in England, was also a doubter. He says: "I may further adduce the fact that, in a breeding experience of nearly thirtj' years' standing, during which I made all sorts of experiments with pure-blood dams and wild- blood sires, and returned them afterward to pure sires of their own breed, I have never seen a case of telegony, nor has my breeding stock suffered. I maj' further ad- duce the fact that I have made over fifty experiments for Prof. Romanes, to induce a case of telegony in a variety of animals — dogs, ducks, hens, pigeons, etc., but I have hopelessly failed, as has every experiment- er who has tried to produce the phenome- non." Very recently Prof. Ewart used Matopo, a beautiful zebra stallion. He has secured eleven zebra hybrids, from mares of various breeds and sizes. Some of these hybrids were even more marked with stripes than the sire. The mares were afterward bred to horses. The progeny were for the most part verj^ much like ordinary foals. There were, however, stripes, which in some cases were quite evident in certain lights, but even these in many cases disappeared later. It is interesting to note, however, that these faint stripes were unlike those of the sire or even the hybrids. Foals of ordinary breeding very often show similar stripes. Many of the colts show no stripes at all, nor any indication of taint. Prof. Ewart has also experimented with pigeons, fowls, ducks, and dogs. There were many cases of rabbits, and in every case the moth- er which had been impurely mated subse- quently bred true upon being purely mated. Prof. Ewart does not claim to have proved any thing. He is certain that it does not always occur, and believes with German breeders that, if it occurs at all, it is sel- dom. We quote from him: " The experi- ments, as far as they have gone, afford no evidence in support of the telegony hypoth- esis. ' ' He believes that the stripes are easi- ly explained by atavism or reversion. Cer- tainly we owe a great debt of gratitude to this Edinburgh professor. Very recently Prof. Ewart gave the results of further ex- periments to the same purpose. The late Dr. Manly Miles, in his " Prin- ciples of Stock-breeding," accepts telegony. He gives a case in his own breeding. An Essex sow was bred to a Chester White boar. She was afterward mated purely, and produced a litter of pigs which were as much mixed black and white as the previ- ous litter. I was at the time a colleague of Dr. Miles, and with many others had grave doubts regarding the experiment. A care- less work-hand, the accidental opening of a gate, so many things would explain the re- sult without an appeal to telegony. The taint was so great that it could not but 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 239 make one skeptical. I can not but feel the same way regarding- Mr. Head's report in Gleanings. As is well known, many poultry-men and apiarists argue that the law of teleg^ony is as true of birds and bees as of mammals. I have long doubted its truth with poultry, or our pets of the hive. Telegony was at first explained as blood taint in the case of mammals; but there is no intermixture of the blood of the mother and the embryo. An extensive membrane in the placenta sepa- rates entirely the blood of mother and foe- tus. Blood taint is obviously impossible. The nerves were next appealed to to ex- plain this phenomenon. This, however, is vain, as the nerves of mother and ofi^spring are entirely separate. Dr. Miles called in cell inoculation to explain telegfony. We all know how inflammation spreads in the case of wounds. The explanation is evi- dent. Poison, or possibly microbes, pass from the injured to the uninjured cells, and, with the spread of the cause of the disease, the disease spreads. In telegony there is no virus, and so there could be no inocula- tion. Herbert Spencer suggests that " germ- plasm" passes from the foetus to the moth- er and becomes a part of her body, and spreads to affect all the tissues, even the reproductive org^ans. This is surely very hypothetical. I was led to question the truth of telego- ny, as the testimony' seemed as conclusive with birds and bees as with mammals. Mr. Spencer's germ-plasm could not affect in these latter cases. With fowls, only the sperm-cells are lodged, and that for a brief space, in the oviduct of the hen. There is no org-anic connection, and it is hard to see how any influence could taint the hen. I know it is claimed with some show of au- thority that impure mating changes the color of the eggshell. I can only say, very interesting if true. If such a change oc- curs, I believe reversion explains it. In the case of bees the connection is a little more obvious. Here millions of sperm-cells are lodged for years in the spermatheca, or sperm-sac, of the queen. There is, how- ever, no difference in kind from the fowls — the only difference is in time. The sperm- cells are present in the reproductive appa- ratus for years instead of days. So grave were my doubts that I experi- mented at length to see if I might decide the matter. My experiments with poultry were made with Light Brahmas and Brown Leghorns. These birds are different in limb, feather, form, habit, and color of egg. The fowls all ran together through the winter, mating promiscuously. In early spring I separated the birds, putting all the Leghorns, male and female, in one pen and the Brahmas in another. After three weeks I commenced to incubate the eggs, and raised over 200 chickens. There was not the least show of taint in either breed. We all know how persistent the feathers on the legs are with any show of Brahma blood. M3- Leghorns had legs that were entirelj'^ clean. At the close of these exper- iments I was more skeptical than ever as to the truth of telegony in birds. Noted breeders of lOng experience in our country make similar reports. I next experimented with bees. I pro- cured a queen all the way from Syria. I introduced her in my apiary where there were only Italians. I at once reared sever- al queens from her which must have been mated exclusively with Italian drones, as there were no Syrian drones within hundreds of miles. As is well known, drones hatch from uuimpregnated eggs. Here, then, if the drones from these queens should show any Italian taint, we should have positive proof of telegony in bees. The eggs, not being impregnated, can produce only drones that have the characteristics of the mother. If impure, then surely the mother must be affected. In this case we have examples, not by the tens nor the hundreds, but by the thousands. I examined these drones very carefull}', as did my students and many others. Every drone was decidedly Syri- an, and had not the sligtest mark of an Italian. Have we not, then, good reason to doubt the truth of telegony in bees? I have known several cases among mam- mals where telegony might be put in evi- dence if true; yet in every case the evidence was absent. I know this is only negative testimony. I went to the Chicago exhibi- tion during the time that mules were being exhibited. I talked with , many extensive breeders, and not one believed in telegony. They all said that they had had no evi- dence of its truth. As stated at the beginning of this article, this is a matter of no little importance to the breeder. If telegony be true, then ac- cidental cross-mating with any female for ever taints her blood. I am so firm in the belief that it is not true that I would not pay one nickel less for a shorthorn or Jer- sey because, at some time in the past, she had been impurely mated. Claremont, Cal., Feb., 1902. EXPLOSIVE COMPARISONS, Breeding from Freaks ; Dr. Miller and Mr. Doolit. tie Put on the Witness Stand ; Difficulties in Improving Stock. BY ARTHUR C. MILLER. [The following article was written for our Jan. 1st issue, but owing to the large amount of matter on hand we were not able to get to it till now. — Ed.] Just what the editor was trying to do when he compiled the copy for the issue of Dec. 15 is a conundrum. He at least succeeded in gathering together a most excellent lot of explosives if properly combined. Let me see if I can make the combination. P. 972 Dr. Miller says: "F. B. Simpson, in the Revieiv, stands sponsor himself for the idea that freak-best queens should not be select- ed to breed from, and tells me to come on with my brickbats. Well, here comes one. 240 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mak. 15 F B G. M. Doolittle says that for thirty years he has followed the plan of breeding from the best (and, if I understand him correctly, the more of a freak a queen was by way of securing- exceptional yields, the better she suited him as a breeder), and as a result he has not only broug-ht up. his av- era<^e, but has secured a much greater uni- formity in the yields of different colonies." Dr. Miller's witness, Mr. Doolittle, has for years told of the great labor and pains he is at to get all his colonies of a uniform strength in the spring; told of its impor- tance in getting more unijorm results in honey crop. Also on page 975, Dec. 15, he says he has been keeping bees for 33 years, and again refers to his effort at stimulat- ing this year (1901 ), keeping the feeding up until the 15th of June. On p. 976 he tells of his average yield from colonies not drawn on for queen-rearing was 175 to 180 lbs. He omits giving the number of colonies. Next he mentions four colonies, the tongues of the bees of which measured from 25.4 hun- dredths to 25.8 hundredths of an inch, the difference, 4 one-thousandths, being infini- tesimal. Incidentally he says the honey- flow was the greatest in his experience. Now from these four colonies the yield was 317 lbs., 54 lbs., 105 lbs., and 93 lbs. And this is uniformity! The tongue length was uniform enough; and unless Mr. Doolittle's skill has failed him the colonies started of uniform strength. Dr. Miller was unfortu- nate in his selection of a witness. On the streno-th of the evidence Mr. Simpson wins. But^here are some further combinations. Mr. Doolittle says his care in selecting his breeding stock (extreme freaks) has raised his average honey-yield, and made the re- turns per colony ''more uniform.'''' Great Scott ! what were the previous extremes ? This selecting has been done inside of 33 years; he has been able to select only the females, the males being practically beyond control. By his own statements the bulk of his queen-rearing is done during the height of the honey season — a time when drones are abundant in all colonies, particularly in his neighbors' yards and in wild stocks. To digress a little: Taking any species of animal from its wild state, changing its environment, food, etc., selecting both the males and females, and it is, even under such favorable conditions, years before any perceptible variation is secured. To di- gress further: Certain species of birds that were known to exist under the same condi- tions in the same locality for over 3000 years, and free to mate as they choose, have not varied so far as can be perceived. To return to the bees: Our bees to-day are living under practically the same con- ditions that they have lived under since man has known of them— over 2000 years of written records. We have not been able to change their habits, and we are able to se- lect only the females. To claim that radi- cal changes in structure and habit m a de- sired direction could under these conditions be secured in 33 years is, scientifically, an absurdity. In a neatly satirical article in Gleanings for Dec. 15. p. 973, Mr. S. E. Miller has shown the folly of making any such claim or of deceiving oneself by any such delusion. Mr. Doolittle has recently called particu- lar attention to his 33 years of experience, and to what he honestly believes he has learned and accomplished in that time. He alludes to this long experience in the open- ing paragraph of his article, p. 975. On p. 983 the editor tells of a young and not ro- bust lad who, from a start of 7 colonies, has increased to over 500 colonies in five years. Mr. Editor, you should be careful how you put the ingredients for such explosive com- parisons in the same issue. I do not make these comparisons for the purpose of ridiculing any one. Mr. Doolit- tle is a facile writer, and is popular with many readers; but I think he has shown that, in spite of his years of bee-keeping, he is not successful in making correct deduc- tions from the facts before him. It is not his fault, but, rather, his misfortune. Dr. Miller is an entertaining writer, a successful bee-keeper, and probably has more friends among the bee-keepers than any other living man; but if we may judge from his own communications he is not "up" on the latest accepted beliefs on breeding, on development, and on heredity. With his many duties and his advancing years it is not to be expected that he could be. But he and Mr. Doolittle are far from being alone in misinterpreting the results obtained under different methods and vary- ing conditions. We have before us a very complex problem. We desire to increase our honey-yields, and practically all pro- gressive bee-keepers (including Dr. Miller and Mr. Doolittle) are, I think, agreed that, to accomplish that result, we must have improved strains of bees. To obtain such we must breed from stock selected be- cause of its excellence in the desired direc- tion. But how shall the selection be made? Evidently, tongue length isn't all, nor is uniformity of strength in colonies a safe ba- sis for comparison, nor is extent of honey- flow an aid. Evidently, the first thing we have got to do is to teach ourselves how and what to observe. We have got to study the same individual colonies for at least two whole successive years — one won't do. By experience and the careful comparison of the results of many observers we must learn what factors have weight and what may be ignored. We are dealing with conditions which call for keen eyes, and minds able to discern all possible factors. The results must be clearly and concisely stated. Gen- eralities will not do; broad assertions will not do, and oft'hand assumptions will not do. And while we are learning to observe we may busy ourselves still further in try- ing to discover a satisfactory method of controlling mating. This we have got to have; for, to expect to advance in a specific direction by the selection of the females, without ability to control the males, is like 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 241 Mrs. Parting-ton trying- to mop up the At- lantic. To be sure, under exceptional con- ditions (as on a small island) we may be able to make some progress; for under such conditions we should be practicallj' con- trolling- the males. But what would the product of many such islands amount to when distributed through the apiaries of our land? The Atlantic, as before, would beat Mrs. Partington. We have this much in our favor (and it is a good deal): Our bees have begun to vary perceptibly. This, I think, is chiefly due to our introducing to our temperate clime bees of the tropics, and the crossing of them with the native stock. (Scientifically speaking, variation is con- tinuous, though by no means always defin- able). If we acquire the ability to select intelligently, and at the same time have an effective way of controlling mating, we may reasonably hope to reap some of the benefits of our improved strain of bees within the lifetime of many of us, and not leave it all for coming generations. From information in my hands I believe the day of controlled mating is not far distant, though I am not yet at liberty to disclose the facts or source of the informa- tion on which I base this belief. Providence, R. I., Dec. 21. HAY VS. HONEY. Alfalfa Cut Before Blooming ; no Honey. BY J. A. GREEN. A note of warning was sounded in the Dec. 1st number of Gleanings in regard to the probable decrease in the yield of hon- ey from alfalfa, that may be pondered over very pr )fitably by those who depend on this source, or who are thinking of locating in alfalfa regions with the idea of securing a more certain source of honey. I have lately returned from a trip through the West, during which I paid particular at- tention to the alfalfa question. When I learned, in Southern California, that there were districts where alfalfa was the main crop, I thought that I had found the ideal country for a bee-keeper, and I hastened to investigate. I had not felt particularly at- tracted toward bee-keeping as generally practiced in California, where the apiarist lives a secluded life up some almost inac- cessible canyon, and depends for his bread and butter and honey upon a rainfall that is far more capricious than that in the Eastern States. But this country is com- paratively thickly settled, and with a honey source that was almost certain; and since it depended on irrigation rather than the chance of the seasons, it seemed to offer special advantages to the apiarist. I ac- cordingly procured a bicycle and started on an exploring-tour. I found the alfalfa country all right, and learned at first hand some of the possibilities of this wonderful plant in that land of sunshine. In this dis- trict most of the water is pumped from wells. Many of the pumps are operated by elec- tricity derived from an electric wire run through the valley for this express purpose, while others are run by gasoline-engines or other sources of power. Alfalfa-raising was evidently a profitable business. But I saw no bees. "All the better,'' I thought. "This is unoccupied territory. The alfal- fa business is new here, and the bee-keep- ers have not got in here yet." But I made inquiries. "Are there no bees here?" "Lots of them up in the foot-hills and canyons. No bees around here." "But I should think that, with so much alfalfa around here, there would be lots of bees." "Never heard of its being any good for bees. Don't think they get anj- honey from it." Mystified, I went to the bee-keepers. "No, alfalfa doesn't yield honey in this country. It is no good at all for bees here. ' ' A little investigation showed the reason. The alfalfa business was so profitable that it was run as a specialty. In that favored climate, with plenty of water, six or seven crops a year were cut. Better hay, and more of it, was secured by early cutting. Small farms were the rule. Good livings were being made from pieces of land that, to the hay-raiser of the Mississippi Valley, would seem ridiculously small. The result of all this was that, just as soon as the al- falfa was ready to cut, the mower was start- ed. The proper time for this seemed to be. in their opinion, just as soon as the blos- soms appeared, or a little sooner. With the small farms, divided into fields so man- aged as to come on in succession — an easy matter where the climate is always the same and water regulated at will — cutting did not last over a day or two. The honey- yield is nipped in the bud, as it were, and a colony of bees might starve in the midst of an alfalfa district, if it were not for the few stra3' plants along the irrigating- ditches, which escape cutting. I afterward learned that there were other parts of California where alfalfa is the source of considerable honey. Here the farms are larger, and it is the custom to delay cutting longer. In Idaho and Colo- rado, where alfalfa is the main source of honey, it seems to be the custom not to be- gin cutting until the alfalfa is well in bloom; and as the fields are large, the bees have a number of days to gather honey. The ten- dency, though, is to cut earlier, and this tendency is likely to increase as the farm- ers find they can get more hay of a better quality by early cutting. Some with whom I talked thought that, with the large fields that were the rule in their locality, cutting would always last so long that there was little danger of the yield of honey being materially lessened. But, without question, alfalfa must in most places be less reliable as a source of honey in the future than it has been in the past. Ottawa, 111., Dec. 10. 242 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 15 COMMENTS ON RAMBLER'S TROUBLES. Alfalfa, Why it Fails to Yield Honey at Times; Rambler's Wee-waw Hives; the Heddon Hive. BY W. A. H. GILSTRAP. Rambler's writing's have a peculiar at- traction to me. When he was writing- of California honey conditions from the south end of the State it was trying- on our nerves. We can write all we please about apicul- tural conditions to Gleanings, and still our Southern California friends seem to know but little about the greatest mountain- inclosed valley of the world. The way Rambler writes on page 977 shows that he has spent some time in our valley, and we will not quarrel with him for being in Cal- ifornia so long before he learned of our sec- tion. As I slung honey fifteen or twenty miles west of Rambler's retreat for several years, and alfalfa honey in other localities as well, perhaps my experience and obser- vation would help the traveling man the next time he comes our way. To my mind, alfalfa is a desert plant. If it is excessively flooded it is thrown out of its normal condition, and makes poor success as a flower or honey producer, and almost completely fails for seed. These conditions are more pronounced on some soils than others, and it is evidently influ- enced by the atmosphere. The weather that is best for honey production in New York is not normal summer weather here, and will not give best results. Mr. Doo- little has said that the honey season is bet- ter with occasional thunder showers, I be- lieve. It will not work here " a little bit." Alfalfa is said to be a poor honey-producer in the Northern States. That could be ex- pected of a dry-weather plant. Perhaps sweet clover is a good honey-producer nearly anywhere. But some seasons alfalfa presents an abundance of fragrant blossoms which look all right, and yet very little honey is pro- duced. Why? The most striking case of the kind that I have observed was when an unusual amount of lightning was notice- able. This led me to believe that an excess of electricity in the atmosphere was detri- mental to honey production. This view has been strengthened since, but still there is a question as to this theory being reliable. Who knows? But the great enemy to alfalfa-honey pro- duction is the change in cutting the crop. I have not heard of a farmer who has tried making hay of very young alfalfa who has changed back to his former plan of allow- ing it to stand in bloom quite a while. "The great problem in this valley is to ■ learn how to hold the bees in when they want to increase, and make them increase when they don't want to " (page 978). As you, Mr. Rambler, are a Heddon-hive crank (me too), you would probably con- tract the brood-chamber to one case about the last week in August. In the spring you would turn the queen loose with that rather light colony- As they would not get strong enough to swarm, with empty combs present, until the "starving time," they would still try to get extra strength, and perhaps would be your strongest colonies early in the honey- flow. Now, Rambler, that brings us to wee- waw hives. The name "astral hives," from a prominent word on many of the hives, may go into oblivion, so far as I am concerned. You certainly never tried to move bees in such hives. As there is hard- ly any thing to nail to you can not nail them tight. As they are sure to be warped and split, tying is a failure. Do the best you can, and then some bees will come out and push you off the wagon. But if you want to enjoy life, just ship some bees in wee-waw hives by rail. I tried it once. But there is one redeeming feature about them. When a man g-ets 300 or 400 wee- waw hives he buys a ranch or improved town property, or loans money out at inter- est. Did you ever know it to fail? Per- haps these old rattle-trap hives will give better results in average hands than the best Dovetailed hives made, as you are sure of ventilation. Let me illustrate. A friend of mine, a good bee-l^eeper too, ran short of good hives during swarming one spring, and then put the rest of his swarms in old discarded hives that were quite leaky. To his surprise the bees in the leaky hives stored more honey than those in the tight hives — more ventilation. In this locality we need good bees and good worker comb. The outside part of the hive is of less consequence. Of course, this is a matter of locality. Gra5'^son, Cal., Jan. 6. [As I went through the alfalfa districts last summer I heard a great deal about getting the roots of the plants too wet or too dry. In some localities it seems to thrive more vigorously than in others. While the soil and climate may have some thing to do with the bloom, yet it was very evident that the method of handling and watering had also much to do with it. But the matter that is of great concern to the bee-keeping interests is the increasing tendency on the part of farmers or ranchers to cut the hay before it comes into bloom. If this practice continues at the rate at which it has begun, it will be only a question of time when the great alfalfa-growing re- gions will become less and less known as honey localities ; and the alfalfa honey which we prize so highly will have to come from those fields where the plant is culti- vated for seed. Some regions are devoted entirely to seed-growing ; and when a bee- keeper can get into one of these lofcalities he has a bonanza — or, as some of them told ine, a "snap." The general practice at the present time is to cut the alfalfa after it has been in bloom for a few days. If it were only to the interest of the hay-grower to let the plant continue on through the 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 243 blooming season, and then cut, twice as much honey might be secured, perhaps. But I fear the matter is working the other way. It is well, therefore, for those who think of going to.the West, to consider most seriously whether the production of alfalfa honey will not be largely a thing of the past. If I am setting forth the situation worse than Mr. Green or Mr. Gilstrap have in their article (and I think I am not) I should be glad to be corrected. >■'■ The time may come, however, when bee- keepers can afiford to pa}' the ranchmen something for letting their hay crop go into bloom before cutting. Whether that would be feasible or not remains to be seen. — Ed.] DOOLITTLE'S FOUR COLONIES; A QUESTION ASKED." Why Some Colonies Gather More Honey than Others ;'Brood=rearing under Control. BY G. M. DOOLITTLE. Under the above heading, Mr. W. C. Eastwood, in the January l5th issue, has this to say: " Should not" G. M. Doolittle, in that communication of his, ' The season of 1901,' page 976, when giving his account of the comparative test of those four lots of bees as to the length of their tongues, and honey prodvict, have furnished us an explic- it statement of the quantity of bees and brood in each hive at the start? He has left us to assume that all started even, but he'does not say so. The omission is a se- rious one. It renders the account given valueless. . . The comparison made is not between the total amounts gathered bj' the several colonies, but between the amount of their several surpluses over and above the quantity needed for the support of each colony — quite a different thing. . . And the editor adds, Mr. Doolittle says the four were worked as nearly alike as possible. He might mean by this that they were near- ly alike in brood and bees; but the state- ment, as you say, is not explicit." When we come to technicalities, both of the above are right; yet I expected it would be inferred, as was really the case, that the four colonies were as near alike as "two peas," b}'^ the words " were worked as nearly alike as possible," for, surely, no one would think of comparing colonies of unequal strength on the start. No, the trouble was not in the colonies being of un- equal strength the first of May, but was in just the thing touched on by Mr. E. in his last sentence quoted. Ouite likelj' all four of the colonies may have gathered some- where near the same amount from the field, but of what use was that? It is only the surplus which counts to the one keeping bees for profit. I really thought, on June first, that the colony which gave the least surplus was the one which was going to do wonders for me. And why? Because it had the nicest lot of brood, and that in the most compact shape. And why did it not do the best? Ah, there is the rub. And right here is the thing which most bee-keep- ers have failed to grasp in their breeding and selection: That supposedly better col- ony used nearly all of its energy rearing brood when the honey harvest arrived, which resulted in a host of restless bees, which began to swarm in the height of the honey harvest. And at brood-rearing they kept, and day after day they would swarm, in spite of all Doolittle could do, without up- setting the plan started with, and upon which the others were worked, until the whole season was frittered away (except 40 lbs. of poor surplus) in this brood, and the swarming of the bees, which became useless consumers later on, so that there was not honey enough for winter stores. Will Bro. Eastwood — yes, or any one else, tell me what use there is of bees, gathering- from the fields, using the honey in such a way as that? Now let us come to the other colon j^ that gave the 261 lbs. of surplus, all nice for market. What of those? The_v put in good licks at brood-rearing, up to the time the honey- flow had been on for about a week, when the brood gradually lessened down to just enough to keep the colony in good con- dition for wintering, while every energy was bent in putting in all the nectar possi- ble as a surplus, supposedly for themselves, but which I took advantage of at a rate of $33.42, and after that they had double the amount they required for winter. '"No use talking-, brethren," the queen that will put her bees on the stage of action, in a maxi- mum number or amount, right at the begin- ning of the honey-flow, then decrease her brood so that this brood, and the bees from it, shall not consume a larger share of the nectar gathered, while the maximum amount of bees work energetically, with little or no swarming, for the accumulation of a surplus — such a queen is of more value than any other one thing in all the realm of bee- keeping, if not more than all of the other things combined. And this is the o;/d? thing I have been breeding for, and the result of the season of 1901 proved that I had not worked in vain. The queen colony which is susceptible to the manipulation of the apiarist along the line above spoken of is a power in the apiarist's hands to roll up un- told amounts of honey. But the colonv- which is not susceptible to such manipula- tion will prove to be a disappointment the larger part of the time. And I wish to thank Mr. Eastwood for drawing this mat- ter out. Here is something I hiive been trying to get the brethren to think seriously about for many 3'ears, but my words have seemed to them as "idle tales." I have had queens from all over the United States, and even from Austriilia, which would do nothing but go to booming brood-rearing at just the time they should be bending every energy to the storing of nectar, if I was to reap any reward for my trouble in keeping them. That queen from Australia would put brood in only four combs prior to our 244 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 15 basswood-honey harvest, and I had a mind to kill her on account of her unprolificness, but did not, because I wanted to show peo- ple a queen raised in a country on the op- posite end of the globe, and 10,000 miles away. Imagine my surprise, when the basswood harvest came on, when all of the queens from my stock were beginning- to re- trench brood-rearing, to see this queen go to brood-rearing as if it were the fore part of May, and thus continue till nearly every available cell in the brood-chamber was crammed with brood; and at the close of the honey harvest they began to swarm, and kept it up as long as there was a drop of honey to be had in the hive or elsewhere, fully a month after the last swarm from my own queens had issued. I kept putting in frames of honey to keep them from starving, and they kept swarming till they not only used up all the honey they had gathered, but fully 20 lbs. from other colonies, and I had to give them their stores from other CDlonies for wintering. I thought I would try them again the next year, was the rea- son I wintered them, but the next year they proved just as bad, and so I killed the queen and gave them one from my own stock. And this is the way, only to a lesser ex- tent, that the Carniolan and Syrian queens have acted with me, as well as several queens of the Italian race which I have pro- cured from other parties. We have talked during the past about the prolificness of queens as being the great object which should be sought after; but I came to the conclusion long ago that pro- lificness in a queen, which could not be controlled, counted for naught — yea, worse than naught. If this criticism of Bro. Eastwood, which called out this article, shall set us to think- ing along the right line regarding the pro- lificness of our queens, he will have done the world a great favor, and I shall not have written this in vain. Borodino, N. Y. RAMBLER'S JOUNCER. Extracting Combs without Taking them out of the Super. BY J. HAMMOND. Mr. Root: — In reading Gleanings for Jan. 1, I noticed Rambler was trying to kill off my new bee-brush with his jouncer. Of course, a fellow doesn't like to see one of his pets knocked out with such an ugly- looking "jouncimal" with forty legs, more or less; and, just see his position in the performance. Surely he must be out of joint entirely; and since when, and where, has he accumulated such enormous wealth that he offers to squander it by offering such large prizes for such simple little queries as how to extract one whole super without removing the frames? Now, I want that fifty dollars, so will you tell him to send it to me right away? I need money. I have made only very little since my accident two years ago this spring. Here is the method he covets so much: First, provide a reversible extractor suitable to accommo- date four supers at one time. Place the su- pers in and then uncap. He will have to use tin separators in place of fences to stop the honey from being thrown on to the next section, and work speed accordingly. If he can not see a way to uncap the four su- pers while setting in the extractor, tell him to jounce his head a very little, and then brush it well with one of my bee-brushes, and, perhaps, while doing so he will see so much wire it will inspire him with an idea. But, by the way, I am giving him too much and too good measure for the price. I am giving four where one is the bargain. Well, tell Jouncer he can have the first one for the price offered, and I will throw in the other three for fifty dollars more; and if he offers enough of a prize I will give him a method on an entirely different prin- ciple that will almost jounce the wind out of him. I am not a good hand at keeping secrets, so I will give it to you to keep for me; and if Rambler will promise not to let his great big jumping, jarring, splashing, jouncing jouncimal molest my little pet any more, and you can jounce some of his spare wealth out of his pockets, we will let him peep in through the glass in the tank while the method is in operation. Here is the method: Provide a strong tank with a lid to open and shut with a rubber joint, to make it air-tight. Insert suitable valves where needed, also connect a powerful air- pump. Place inside, inverted, 100 supers, more or less, and just pump the honey out by suction through the cappings without removing; then if you can jounce 40 or 50 millions out of Rambler we will share the swag. Buena Vista, O., Jan. 22. [I hardly know whether to take you seri- ously or as joking when you speak about extracting the combs without taking them out of the super. However that may be, I once entertained the idea that it could be done very feasibly; but if you will stop and think a minute you will see at once why tin separators between the combs would not be practicable. The first difficulty is in the matter of uncapping the combs. The next is in getting the honey out. We will put our supers, having tin separators be- tween each pair of combs, into a mammoth honey- extractor. We will turn the reel vigorously. The honey will now fly out, and strike the tins. Except for uncapping this is all very simple. After the honey is all out of one side of the combs in the su- pers we will turn the supers the other side to. Remembfer that one side of the tin sep- arators will be covered over with honey perhaps an eighth of an inch thick that has not yet run down. We will turn the ex- tractor and get it under good motion. Now, don't you see that the honey that clings to the surface of the tins wiWfly back 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 245 info the cells front which it came? Ay, there's the rub. It is true that Cog-g-shall has tin separa- tors between his pairs of combs; but his extractors, you will bear in mind, are not reversible, and the surface of the tins is not reversed. I myself never saw the difficulty in the way until Mr. J. F. Mclntyre, of Califor- nia, pointed it out to me. — Ecj TWO VS. FOUR FRAME HONEY-EXTRACTORS ; EXTRACTING IN A WHOLESALE WAY; CRITICISMS. We have noticed a great many remarks in regard to the relative merits of the differ- ent sizes of honey-extractors, and among them Rambler's suggestion in Ramble 193, that some one should make a test. This prompts us to report our experiences with them. We have eight different apiaries, and keep an extractor at each place. This gives us a chance to test the machines un- der the same conditions, and with the same men, and here are the results: The two-frame Cowan is all right for light work (what we mean by this is where you have time to use care in handling). It is the easiest to move and to run, and is suitable for up to 150 colonies of bees. It is not strong enough to stand forcing, such as is necessary where a gang of four men are working in the apiary, as in our case. We have never been able to force one for a day without having trouble in keeping set- screws tight; and, in fact, many little things go wrong. The most that we have extracted with this size in one day was 26 cases, July 25th. The four-frame is our choice, every thing considered — the cost, room required to ma- nipulate, and strength required to run it. Its capacity is about equal to the amount of heavy combs that an experienced uncap- per can turn off, and it will keep two men busy bringing the honey in. We find that we can average about two tons a day with it under favorable conditions. But when it comes to doing a really wholesale job, give us a six-frame. A good strong man can do just twice as much with it as he can with the two-frame, and do it with less hustling. It is easier on the combs, and does cleaner work than either of the others, and ordinarily the operator does not have to pay any attention to paring up the combs (that is, keeping the heavy combs opposite so that they will balance). It is a splendid machine, and will handle all the combs that you can bring to it, as two men can work to advantage on it in case of a rush. Now for a little honest criticism. The manufacturer evidently does not realize to what an extent we have to crowd our ex- tractors in the large apiaries of Southern California. While the extractors are un- doubtedly very near perfection for a little gentler use, we find the monkey-wrench, a few rivets, and set-screws (to say nothing of brake-bands and a soldering-outfit) are necessary to keep even the newest, largest, and strongest in shape for good work. In the first place, the handle will not stay on the shaft. Why is only one set-screw used there, and two ever3'where else? We have overcome that difficulty by the use of a key carefully fitted and driven home to stay. But even now the set- screws work loose every little while, allowing one gear or the other to slip, and even the basket to start out on an independent revolution. The brakes are a great help, but do not stand up to the work. Ours all gave out this sea- son one or more times. The band breaks where the screw holds it on the lever. The continual bending is too much for it. These little things can easily be made secure without any perceptible cost to the maker, and we believe that it will help to make better bee-men, not to say Christians. Emerson Bros. Santa Ana, Cal., Nov. 15. [From my own personal experience (and you know I have helped to extract in Cali- fornia with two, four, and six frame ma- chines), I believe you are pretty nearly right; and I know you are right in regard to the use of the set-screws. The Root Co. will undoubtedly make a. change. — Ed.] FULL FIVE-BANDED ITALIANS. Mr. Root: — I was very much surprised at your remarks in Dec. 1st Gleanings in regard to golden Italian queens. I was also glad to note that a friend, Mr. H. H. Hyde, has replied to that statement, and at the same time I am sorry to note that you are still unconvinced that there are straight five-banded Italian queens, or, in other words, golden queens producing straight five-banded workers. I wish to add my word to that of Mr. Hyde, for I have not only seen a large number of such queens, but have owned them, and last season sent out about 25 straight golden queens — those whose bees showed five yellow bands. Neither mj'self nor Mr. Hyde now have queens for sale, and this is not said with the hope of any pecuniary reward. I also notice that you made a short tour of Texas last summer, and have run these travels through Gleanings, and have now got to Arizona in your travels, and you have not said a word about the great Texas product, bulk comb honey. I should like to see it properly shown up in Gleanings, also to have your opinion on it after going through the very heart of the country where it is produced, and talking to some of its main producers. I hope you will again 246 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 15 some day make Texas a more extended vis- it, so you can satisfy yourself as to these statements above. Wm. Cravens. Floresville, Texas, Jan. 28. [Do not misunderstand me as believing that there is no colony of bees all with five bands. As I said before, I say now, I never saw all the bees of any one queen that showed the five yellow bauds. I have seen the progenj- of some queens that show- ed four bands and five bands. — Ed.] OUR HOMES, BY A. I. ROOT. Prove all things ; hold fast that which is good. — I. Thess. 5:21. I have been greatly troubled of late years — in fact, dear friends, I have been troubled more or less during all this short life of mine — not onlj' because truth and error lie scattered before us everywhere, but because of the difficulty of separating truth from falsehood. Even when I was a child I was in the habit of asking questions innumer- able about these strange and wonderful things that are being constantly unfolded before every one who loves to study nature and humanity. I am told that, after my father and mother said things were thus and so, I would follow my question right up by saying, " How does anybody know this? How can they be sure they have not made a mistake? " Now, do not imagine I have all my life been doubting every thing. When reason- able proof has been furnished, I believe I have been willing to accept facts. At the same time, I always had a fondness for testing and proving the thing myself. I once heard of a boy who, when he was told a pound of lead and a pound of feathers weigh exactly the same, could not be satis- fied until he got his mother's steelyards and proved the thing to his own satisfac- tion. When I was old enough to get ac- quainted with the doctors (and, by the way, that happened at a very early age in my case) I was very curious to know how Ihey found out that certain medicines would cure certain diseases. After I had admitted that this might be true, I was still more perplexed when told that certain things could not be cured unless one took a certain combination of things — a little of this or of that; a pinch of something else, and so on until you had a bottleful of a great many things. Somebody would tell me thej^ had discovered by careful experiment that all these things were good, and that by com- bining them they got a " powerful " pana- cea for certain troubles. Well, after I had reluctantly admitted this might be true, the question then arose, "How is it possible for anybody during his lifetime to find out that a little pinch of this, a tablespoonful of that, a teacupful of the other, and so on through (just so much of each, and no ■more), is exactly the thing to cure so and so? " Our humble home furnished on its shelf several books, one of which was called a "doctor book." I read that book through and through, and proved a good many of its statements, and also proved the absurd folly — at least I thought I did — of some statements. Now, do not think I am going to make a tirade against doctors. Our fam- ily physicians are to-day benefactors to humanity ; and even in olden time they meant to be benefactors. I say this, even if it is true, as has been stated, that, through mistaken kindness, they took the life of the father of our country by drawing his blood away from him just at a time when he not only needed every drop he had but a good deal more if it could have been furnished. As I became older, when multitudes of people assured me a thing was true because they had each and all been benefited, I de- cided that " many witnesses " ought to set- tle the matter. One day at school, how- ever, when the whooping-cough was rag- ing I was told that a certain woman in the neighborhood could cure it, and the chil- dren all flocked to her door, when school was out, to get cured. When I inquired into it, I found she gave some of them a raisin, others a piece of dried apple, still others a bit of bread. In fact, the medicine was different every time. This was a real stunner. Then I was gravely informed that whatever she, this particular woman, gave a child, it cured him of the whooping- cough, because this woman, when she got married, did not change her name! Her husband's name was exactly the same as her own; " and," my informant said, ''''ev- erybody knows that a woman like that, when one can be found, can always cure the whooping-cough. Just you eat what she gives you, and you will not cough any more. Try it and see." Well, I "bolted" at this sort of .yrzV«r(?(?) for I remember I decided, like Galileo, that, even if the whole world declares to the contrary, and gives any amount of tes- timony, I would never consent to swallow such philosophy ( ! ). Now, dear friends, the thing that trou- bles me, as God lets me look forth into this world of ours, is that there are multitudes of cures that have no more sense or science about them than this cure for whooping- cough. And yet people insist that they have tried it, and it is true, and they keep on spending their hard earnings. I have said so much about Electropoise and Oxy- donor I hardly need bring it in right here; but after a prolonged "fight," extending through several years, the world has mostly admitted I was right about these senseless toys. I am not sure, however, that some one will not write to me now in all serious- ness, and tell what wonderful cures Oxy- donor has performed in their own family. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE, 247 You know how I have been fig^hting, not only superstition but deliberate impostors, in reg-ard to foretelling- the weather. Yes, I have been " snowed under " several times; and, worst of all, by (apparently) educat- ed and intellig-ent people, who insist, in spite of all I can say, that we have men living who can tell a year ahead what the weath- er is going to be on a certain day. When the Weather Bureau took this matter up I turned to that for relief, thinking our gov- ernment would certainly be able to find men who could sift truth from falsehood, or science from folly and superstition, and. thank God, I have not been disappointed. It is true, the papers (some of them) say, "The Weather Bureau predicts an unusu- ally cold winter," or something to that ef- fect. Every time I get hold of such clip- pings I forward them to the Department, and each time comes the public announce- ment, very emphatically, that the Weather Bureau has never yet even hazarded a con- jecture as to what a certain summer or win- ter is likely to be. If you see any such piece of folly in your home paper, or in any other, call the editor down. Tell him he is not up to the times. Well, when I heard about the bombard- ment of thunder-clouds with artillery, I fell to wondering whether humanity had any artillery equal to such a task; and my faith in and admiration for Chief Willis L. Moore, of the Weather Bureau, were great- ly increased by noticing that the head of the Department stood squarely against such a waste of money. As this whole matter illustrates the difference between sense and science, and as it shows, too, not only how crowds of people or even a great nation may be misled into spending vast sums of mon- &y, I have thought best to copy at consider- able length from the author's report to the Department of Agriculture for the j^ear end- ing June, 1901. DESTRUCTION OF HAILSTORMS WITH CANNON, ETC. Considerable interest has been aroused among agri- culturists in the United States relative to the preven- tion of hailstorms by the use of explosives fired from specially designed cannon. The experiments con- ducted along this line by grape-growers of France and Italy have aroused popular interest in this country. The theory is not a new one, though perhaps not so ancient as the idea that precipitation occurs .soon after and as a result of the explosives used in battles. As early as 1769 the Marquis de Cheviers, a retired naval officer of France, thought that he could combat the scourge of hailstorms by the firing of cannon : but his experiments, like those conducted by many others at various times during the past century, were not pro- ductive of definite results One of the mo.st serious drawbacks to grape culture in Europe is the destruction caused by hail, and the growers are naturally interested in any thing that promises to give immunity from such damage. Dur- ing the past two or three years renewed interest has been taken in the matter by the vineyardists of certain parts of France and Italy. Several manufacturers have placed upon the market a special form of cannon which they claim will effectivelv break up hail-bear- ing clouds^ The belief in the efticacy of this methoi of protection has become quite general in Europe, al- though scientists versed in the physics of the air have not expressed confidence in the system. In brief the apparatus in use consists of a cannon fitted with a funnel-shaped conical extension The difference between the various forms of cannon that are used lies mainlv in the shape and size of the fun- nel extensions and the size of the powder charges. Usually the cannon are fired vertically upward, al- thougH in some instances the apparatus is inclined to- ward an advancing cloud. The effect of the funnel at- tachment is to cause the formation of a mass of rapid- ly revolving air, or vortex, which leaves the mouth of the cannon with tremendous velocity. In shape, the.se vortices can be likened somewhat to the rings or puffs of smoke made by a person smoking a cigar. It is claimed that these whirling masses of air, intermixed with gases from the explosives, are forced upward to a sufficient height to enter the hail cloud and destroy its hail forming processes. If it is granted that these rings a'icend to a sufficient height to enter the cloud, I am of the opinion that the force of the ring is too puny to have anv appreciable effect on the cloud. Many experiments have been made for the purpose of ascertaining the actual height to which the.se air rings rise before being dissipated. In a report by Profs. J. M Pernter and W. Trabert, who, at the invi- tation of the Imperial Department of Agriculture of Au'itiiaand of the inventor of one of the methods, made as complete an investigation as was possible, and, under various conditions, these scientists .stated that they were not able to report any thing positive as to the value of hail-shooting. They reported that, using the largest cannon and the heaviest charges, the vortices did not a.scend to a height of 1000 feet on an average, although in some instances greater distances were obtained. There is a marked difference of opinion as to the ef- fectiveness of cannon-firing, with the manufacturers and many grape-growers on the one side and the scientists of America and Europe on the other. The former maintain that hailstorms can be prevented in the manner described, while the tatter clniiii that the force exerted by the explosives is infinitesimal as com- pared to the forces of nature that are exerted in hail formation, and that experiments conducted by the ad- herents of the cannonading p oce.ss themselves have not produced convincing results. The inimber of thunderstorms from which hail is precipitated is but a small percentage of the actual number. In most lo- calities of the United .States a whole season sometimes passes without a fall of hail, while in seasons of ab- normal thunderstorm frequency the number of hail- storms is small. While in the grape-growing regions of France and Italy there may be greater hailstorm frequency, it is still'true that the number of hailstorms is few as compared to the number of thun terstorms without hail. The expi-rimenters .score a success whenever they shoot at a thunderstorm cloud that does not produce hail, although the chances are greatly in favor of there being no hail in the cloud. Again, thev excuse the occurrences of hail in spite of a bombard- nient by saying that the cannon was not large enough or the powder charge sufficiently heavj', and declare that the hailstorm was far less severe than it would otherwise have been. How is one either to prove or disprove such statements ? It is true that many important discoveries have been made by experiments that were conducted contrary to scientific theorit s, and in the matter under discussion it is not our intention tooverweigh the scientist or to underestimate the practical investigator, but unques- tioned facts and not explanations must be the proof of results. Scientists both in America and in Europe de- clare that hailstorms can not be prevented by the use of cannon and explosives of even greater power than have been used or that it is possible for man to use, and they base'their belief on such knowledge of the forces of nature as science has revealed. Those oppos- ed attempt to break down the scientists' argument by declaring that no one has yet satisfactorily explained the proct.sses of hail formation. This is true to a cer- tain extent, but enough is known upon which to base a logical opinion. But there are other reasons for believing that the u.se of cannon and explosives in preventing hailstorms is not effective. Mr. Stiger, one of the inventors of the apparatus in use, claims that hail is formed in quiet spots in the atmosphere, where atmospheric moisture crystallizes out in large crystals in a manner analogous to the formation of large crystals of .salt in liquid .solution. I agree with Professor Abbe that there are no such quiet spots in the atmosphere, and hailstones are not crystals, but masses of ice with only a partially crj-stalline structure. Even the perfect crystals of the snowflake are formed in the midst of rapidly moving air. Hailstorms are generally local and very erratic. .Some have maintained that they are controlled by the hills or the contour of the ground or by the presence of forests and lakes, and this may be true to a certain degree ; but, practically, the whole question it one of ascending and descending currents that characterize whirlwinds and thunder.stonns. 248 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 15 Several thousand shooting-stations have been estab- lished in Italy and France during the past two years, but reports received from them give no definite data in support of the success of the experiments, although there is no doubt that the cannonading is believed to be effectual by the farmers who do the work. Waves of irrational enthusiasm sometimes sweep over a com- munity, only to be regretted in subsequent years when calmer judgment has come to prevail. We have but to remember the experience of our own country only a few years ago with the rain makers, and how firm was the belief of thousands of people in the sub-arid and arid regions of the West that the use of powerful explosives would produce rainfall. Thousands of dollars were expended in these exper- iments before the absurdity of the claim was demon- strated. It is a fact worthy of remark, that the hail- shooters are now using practically the same methods to dissipate the clouds that the rain-makers used to produce them. Time and experiment will probably demonstrate that hail prevention by such means is as impracticable as rain production. The fact that 15,000 or 20,000 shooting-stations have been established is of itself no argument as to the efficiency of the process. One might as well argue that the moon real- ly affects the weather because a million people believe it and can prove it — to their own satisfaction. A knowledge of the exact truth on any question of natural science is not easily attained. The hail-can - nonaders base their reports of success upon such statements as "a black cloud was seen approaching, cannon were fired, and the cloud passed over without hail," or "it passed to one side and the hail did not fall on the protected vineyard, and there the hail ceased," or ■' the cloud broke in two, passing to the right and left, leaving the sky cloudless over the can- non." Now, these are quite common cloud and storm phenomena, and they will frequently happen without cannonading. There is no way of telling by the sight of an approaching cloud whether or not it is ac- companied by hail. Therefore, if the cannon be used every thunderstorm would have to be bombarded, al- though statistics have demonstrated that only one thundercloud out of a great number contains hail. In other words, there would be a tremendous waste of time, monej-, and energy in unnecessary bombard- ments. After examining all that h^s been publi,shed during the past two years on the subject of hail prevention, I have to repeat the opinion heretofore expressed that we have here to deal with a popular delusion, and that efforts should be made to prevent its spread in this country. The great processes going on in the atmos phere are conducted on too large a scale for any :nan or any natiin to attempt to control them. According to Prof. Abbe, the energy expended by nature in the production of a hailstorm, a tornado, or a rainstorm probably exceeds the combined energy of all the steam-engines and explosives in the world. It is use- less for man to attempt to combat nature on this scale. Now, friends, I hope you have not only read the above carefully and thong-htfully, but I think it will profit you to read it sev- eral times. Most of you know more or less of the experiments in regard to " rain- making." A little periodical for children, and one that I have a great admiration for, lately announced, while illustrating some- thing else, that the experiments made by the general government of the United States in regard to producing rain, by the use of explosives carried up by means of a bal- loon, were a perfect success. I was going to forward the extract to Mr. Moore, but I afterward ran on to a contradiction of the statement by Mr. Moore himself. No suc- cess of any kind — at least nothing that would bear the searchlight of science — has ever been accomplished in rain-making. Certain enthusiastic inventors, who had a pecuniary interest in the matter, claimed success, or did claim it at the time the ex- periments were made. As it is now several years since the matter has received any at- tention, we may safely conclude, I think. that our Weather Bureau is sound and lev- el-headed. In concluding this subject I wish to make an extract from an article in the February number of Good Health, entitled, "The Curse of the Drug Habit." Various enterprising patent-medicine firms, by per- sistent and extravagant advertising, and partially by taking advantage of that superstitious reverence which still lurks in the public mind for drugs that are put up under mysterious names, succeed annually in disposing of $2(i0,000,000 worth of their nostrums. The average invalid demands something more sub- stantial than extravagant claims. As there is no drug that will so effectually s:nother the immediate cries of an outraged nerve as some form of opium, and as there is no medicinal agent that can supply such sat- isfactory temporary exhilaration as cocaine, therefore these drugs are beginning to enter largely into the compositionofthe.se so called "remedies." They as- sist the enterprising manufacturers in securing relia- ble and convincing testimonials as to the remarkable efficacy possessed by their particular " cure " in fur- nishing immediate relief from pain. Soon a large number of these invalids discover that they can pur- chase the active agents for themselves cheaper than the patent medicine man can supply them, mingled as they are with a variety of more or less inert sub- stances. Unfortunately, many drug fiends made their first acquaintance with these drugs under the physi- cian's supervision ; but after they passed from his ob.servation they did not dispense with the fascinating effects of the drugs he prescribed. FLORA HOME — A CAUTION TO MINISTERS, AND LAYMEN TOO. Your write-up in regard to Flora Home was a good and true one, but it did not suit the sharks. Had I known that you were there I would have gone after you, and you "would not have got drunk on tobacco at my place. I lived one mile west of there. Mr. Wil- son, of the F. F. & F., of Chicago, was the man who got those people down there, and he was a man who would expose frauds and talk religion and temper- ance just as you do, and would preach when there on Sundaj', and do all he could to get people to stay when they were there, to get others to come. Orange Heights, Fla. {S. R. Boyd. I have given the above because I wish to urge more caution not only to ministers but to professors of religion in general. Spec- ulators have learned by experience that, if they can get a minister of the gospel, a re- ligious paper, or even a man who can talk and pray in prayer-meeting, to boom a town or an oil speculation or a gold-mine, they can draw in lots more people. I have sometimes remonstrated with ministers and others for lending their names to such schemes, and they often reply, "Why, it is a good thing," meaning by this that they had faith it was a good thing. But, even if this is true, ministers especially should let such things alone. There are grievous losses and failures all the time. We should all be careful about urging anybody to put his small hoard of earnings into any thing; and especially should we be careful about urging people to move away off into some new locality like Flora Home. If those who have pushed projects of this kind could visit Flora Home, and talk with some of the people who have been duped into invest- ing their all, they would, I am sure, be more careful. Notwithstanding what I have said, I believe there are people who would make a good thing of Flora Home in some special line that the locality is adapted to, 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 249 just as Mr. Hale, the peach-man, is mak- ing- a success of peach-orchards by the square mile down in Georgia. But where there is one like Mr. Hale there are thou- sands who had better keep in the beaten track. I know the above hits me a little, and I thank friend B. for his timely and wholesome rebuke. It will help me to be -careful about what I recommend — especial- \y any thing- along the line of real estate or other sorts of speculation gotten up on pur- pose to draw in the unsuspecting. MRS. HARRISON TELLS US HOW TO MAKK A HOE-CAKE, AND SOMETHING ABOUT FLORIDA. Mr. Editor.— Vve exceedingly enjoyed reading your account of how you made that outiiig-place in Mich- igan. I would shut my eyes and watch you digging out the spring, and listen to the rippling water as it went purling away. What a sweet piney smell in that new cottage ! How I should have loved to sit around that improvised table, and share the fresh fish and potatoes — much more than at the home in Medina ! There was one thing you lacked, and that was a hoe-cake, baked as the native Floridians bake it, with slight variations. Take two small cupfuls of corn meal, one teaspoqnful of salt, the same of sugar, and pour on to it boiling water until it is thick enough to spread on a griddle nicely, and then set it over a slow fire When it is baked on the bottom turn it over, or, better .still, put it into a hot oven until it browns nicely. When fish is eaten with this kind of bread the stomach has such a restful feeling, and you are not troubled with thirst as when it is eaten with fine flour bread. This is the true bread of the South; and we often meet South- erners who have been north and starved because thev could not get their bread. With many kinds of food they don't want corn bread made with eggs and sour milk, which they call egg bread. Mr. Root, why didn't you make a winter home in Florida ? You could have found some sheltered sunny nook, and taught us how to raise crops all winter. On my veranda I keep bnxes of rich s il, supported by tin milk-cans, to keep the floor from decay. The first day of my return I empty the .soil from the boxes and shovel it back again; then plant onion-sets, rad- ish and lettuce seed; sprinkle with warm water, and cover up at night, if chillv. In a few days the plants are up, and in a short time we are pulling out the crisp tender onions to make room for the lettuce. During the zero freeze we did not lose our lettuce. The ground froze, but we thawed it out with water from the well, and it was not injured. We also make garden in the open ground, but we can protect our box garden easier during frosty weather. Every thing grown in Florida soil is very sweet. Her tur- nips and beets can not be surpassed anywhere. Any person. who has to seek a warmer clime every winter had better purchase a little home. Plenty of them can be had cheap, and a person be more com- fortable than traveling around. I once a.sked a lady living in a fine house, elegantly furnished, if .she did not like to leave it and live in her board cottage of one room in Florida, and not have to sweep, dust, and clean? She replied, " Indeed I do. And I'm just as happy, and more comfortable." I've one orange on one of my trees, but it's a big one ; and, Mr. Root, if you come we will sit before the open fire and eat it, and talk bees. If you remain over night you can sleep on a bed made of saw pal- metto leaves, and breakfast on fish and oysters from the finest bay on the continent, with a hot hoe-cake, of Mrs. Harrison's own make. Peoria, 111. Mrs L. Harrison. Dear Mrs. H., nothing- would give us more pleasure than to have yoti sit down with us at our meal in our cabin in the woods; and if I ever get down j'our way again I shall mo.st stirely hunt you up, and I shall be sure of just such a warm wel- come as you promise. We may some time try a cabin in the woods in Florida. Tobacco. TOBACCO AND OUR SCHOOLS. In years past I have spoken some very kind words in regard to our Ohio State University at Columbus. I have spoken with pride of their buildings ; I have spo- ken of their apparatus, their machinery, and their methods. But I am now going to complain of just one thing — perhaps I might say of just one person. They have a pro- fessor there, one who, I understand, is "away up," and who smokes a pipe while he gives his pupils advice and instruction. I do not know that he does this as a gen- eral thing, right along ; but I know that he did talk to one young man, advising him as to how much and how little Latin he should take, besides other matters, and he was obliged to take his pipe out of his mouth when he spoke. This young man was not a pupil; but he visited the State University with the view of becoming one. I am not sure that the pipe was the means of deciding him to go elsewhere, but he did go elsewhere. I talked with several others of our educators in the service of the State, and they admitted that such was his cus- tom, and deplored with me the influence that this example was likely to have on our Ohio boys. Now for the fruit of keeping a professor of this sort. A few days ago a young man who has been for some years finishing his education at the Ohio State University received an application for a recommend, and this is the one I gave him, addressed to a well- known professor at Ithaca, N. Y., where my young friend expected to get a situa- tion: Prof. L. H. Bailev Ithaca, N. Y. Dear Sir : — It affords me great pleasure to sav that I have known the bearer from boyhood up, and that he has all his life been a model of steadiness and up- rightness. I believe him to be a young man who will make his mark in the world, especially if diligence and close attention and most excellent habits will con- tribute to that end. Any thing that you can do for him will not onlv be gratifying to me and his host of friends here in Medina, but I think it will prove an advantage to yourself and any others with whom he may have to do. Your old friend, A. I. Root. After I wrote the above recommend it troubled me a little because I had not known personally very much about this young man since he left his home on the farm near Medina; and several days after- ward I wsa not only astonished but almost appalled on being told that this model young man — one who, from what I knew of his Christian parentage and early habits — one whom I felt almost as sure of as of my own boys— was not only using tobacco, but that he defended its use, and, in spite of every thing his friends could say, he de- clared his intention to stick to it! I at once wrote him what I had heard, and said that, if it were really true, I must ask to with- draw my recommend, and that, if it had al- ready been sent on to Ithaca, I could not see any honest, straightforward way out of the dilemma but to send this second letter, 250 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 15 to be presented with the recommend. Below is the reply I received. Of course, I sup- press all names. Mr. A . I. Root: Your letters of Feb. 25 and March 6 are at hand and contents noted. I was very grateful for the kind recommendation, and am sorry that you felt the necessity of recalling it. For the time being I did not think of your strong prejudice in the matter, and so hope you will pardon my seeming deception. It is evident that your ideas and those of .some of my relatives do not agree with nay own regarding the use of tobacco. Howrver, it is of no use to argue those things, for we all have a right to our own opinions. I have some few grains of honesty left, so I do not promise to quit smoking, and send the recommenda- tion along. While lam not and do not intend to be an excessive smoker, yet I do not feel justified in promising away my personal liberty in the matter to secure a recommendation on false pretenses, as it were; so I take the only honorable alternative left me and return your letter. Hoping you will not consider me eternally lost, I am Sincerely yours, . Ohio State Univ., Columbus, Ohio, March 7. You will notice from the above that my young friend admits he knew how I have battled against the use of tobacco all my life. You will notice, also, he has got hold of this taking phrase, "personal liberty." I wonder if that professor with a pipe in his mouth used the expression in talking with his pupils. And, by the way, one of the best illu.strations of personal liberty I ever came across was something like this: I was pleading with a man who, in a drunken fit, had turned his wife and chil- dren out of doors in winter. I asked him to sign the pledge, but he refused. One or two others who were present and heard the talk signed the pledge. One of these after- ward broke it. My friend, in speaking of it to me, said, "Now, Mr. Root, in view of this don't you think it was better that I did not sign the pledge, when you urged me so hard ?" You will notice there is considerable log- ic— that is, of a certain sort — in that man's reasoning. Our old pastor, Mr. C. J. Ry- der, now of the American Missionary As- sociation, Boston, Mass., placed the matter in its true light as follows: "Mr. H., you mean by that, after you had refused to sign the pledge you could .£,'■ thr ground afier it. I had a piece sown to sweet clo- ver along my pasture fence, on a piece of waste ground between my neighbor and me. The cattle would reach through Ih fence, and they reached so far they would break the wire, and sometimes break the po.sts My neighbor came one day and found them through the fence. He said, "Those catlle are reac ing for that sweet clover. I am surpri^ed to see them eat il. I did not .suppose tliat a y thing woild eat it." He asked me if he could have some ol the seed. I t Id him he could : and when he cut his grain he turned in with the binder an. 1 lutaswath and b..und it. i he cattle " ere not reaching lhrou«h the fenc because they had no feed, fo-- the pasture was good inside. Those who can't get stock to eat clover should turn them out early in the spring, and they will eat it all right. Our bees did well last summer. We got 1000 lbs. of honey from 11 colonies, spring c. ■unt, and increased to 20 colonies Th y are in winter quarters, and seem to be do ng all light R. Chinn. Wakefield, Neb., Jan. 28. MORE ABOUT SWEET CLOVER. Tell Mr. J. A. Johnson, of Greenhill, lud., that my Ohio cows wi 1 eat sweet clover along the roadside, so there isn t any need to mow it to keep it down ; and tell him if cut when 'Zy^ feet high, and cured as other hay, then salted when put into tne mow, as any hay THE NEW RUSSET (SCAB- PROOF) POTATO. I planted them the 10th of May on ground where I raised the Freeman variety last year that were so scab- by they were no' raarket-ible at all. They came up well, and yielded me 12 bushels of very nice potatoes, clean and smooth, I have not found a rough or scabby potato in the entire lot. The volunteer Freeinans that came up among them are so so bby they are fit only for stock feed. The tubers aie .some wh .t poim. d at the outer end, but not enough to injure the potato. I distributed about two bushels of them among my customers, to learn .something about them as a table potato, and iieard only the most satisfactory reports of them. They are reported lo be the m st solid and white-t potato grown. The .samples created quite a demand for them to the exclusion of other varieties I shall give them a more extended trial next year. Owing to the long hot dry summer and fall n South- ern Illinois, our Iiish potatoes arenearlyall raised un- der wheat straw, which is spread over them when they are beginning to come through the ground. This makes a very smooth and prettj tuber. Marissa, 111., Nov. 2.5. Wm. I,ittle. Thanks for your report, friend L. ; but I am sorry to say we had some russet pota- toes last year on some ground very badly infested with scab that were either scabby or affected with something that looks very much like it. THE SOY OR SOJA BEAN. In 1900 I ordered soy bean seed from you. It grew very tall, and mad*" the best protein hay we ever rais- ed. I sowed it the 4th of June, and cut it about Sept. 15 for hay. This period covered 103 days. We let an acre stand for seed till Oct 10, when frost stopped the plants maturing perfect seed. This was 12s days. Now, wi at I wish to ask you is this : Do you kno a^ an earlier variety of this valuable plant? Is there a va- riety that will mature seed in luOdays? I i.otice in reading the F'armers' Bulletin, issued by Department of Agriculture, Washington, that several varieties are spoken of. It speaks of one variety maturing seed in Ma.ssachusetts. I am looking for a variety that will mature seed in this latitude— northern part of Holm s Co. — from the time it is safe to plant in the spring. The kind you sent me in U)00 mu.st have been a late 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 253 variety, judging from the enormous growth of plants, some being 4 feet or more in height. C. O. Snyder. Millersburg, O., March 6. Friend S., we have kept for many years two kinds of soja beans — the kind we sent }'ou, which is the staple sort found in the markets, and the smaller or earlier kind called the American coffee-berry, which we have mentioned so frequently. The only objection to this early kind is that it does not furnish nearl}^ the amount of feed or material to plow under that the late one does, and our stock of this seed this year is quite limited. For forag^e purposes I be- lieve it is pretty well settled that the late larg-e kind is the best, even if you have to have 3'our seed grown in the South. It is now offered for sale in the southern cities by the carload, at very low prices. THE TONGAN BEAN. I have had Tongan vines each summer for several years, but the pa^l summer failed lo mature the seed. It is a rampant grower and makes a fine shade. From the very large nodules on the roots I should think it would" make a g od land-enricher. Washington, D. C , Jan. 27. C. A. Johnson. I have been considerably disappointed in years past because we did not get more reports from the new things I have recom- mended and offered to our friends for irial. One of these is the Tongan bean ; and here at this late date we have a good report. We can still furnish seed in five-cent packets. PURE WATER TO DRINK. Mr. Root: — In Gleanings for May I, 1898, you wrote an article on pure water, and mentioned the sanitary still made by the Cuprigraph Co., that you were then using. I wish to know if it still continues to give you the same satisfaction that it did at th it time, and also as to its durability. John R. Colvin, Olyphant, Pa.. March 7. For three or four years past I have used only distilled water — that is, unless I could g-et nice rain water without much trouble. Sometimes when there is a big- shower we set a lot of tin pans outdoors, and the wa- ter thus caught is just as good as that from the sanitary still — in fact, it is practica ly the same thing. After our slate roof has been well washed from coal smoke by a heavy rain we turn the conductor, and run the water off into stone crocks. This does very well, but it is not equal to the rain water that has not been on the roof at all. While in the Traverse region I drank wa- ter from a rain-barrel, that came from a roof made of new cedar shingles. The ce- dar gave it a resinous flavor that I found rather pleasant, although Mrs. Root could not stand it at all. Well, of late our sani- tary still has been standing idle because I discovered the rain water from the glass roof of the greenhouse was so near like that from the still I could hardly tell one from the other. So you see circumstances must govern the matter. In our locality, with the smoke and soot from our factory and from two lines of railway blowing toward our house, it is a hard matter to keep the rain water real nice — that is, where it is drawn from a cistern. Mrs. Root is now petitioning for a second cistern, to be filled with water that falls in the winter, and to be kept for drinking purposes &ud nothing else. With my poor digestion that has troubled me for many years, especially when I am confined to office work, I Hnd it of very great importance to comfort and health to be very careful in regard to the water I drink. When I am at work almost all the time in the open air, 1 can drink al- most any good well or spring water; but almost every well, and, in fact, the greater part of the running springs, contain more or less minerals; and until one becomes ac- customed ^o^, as you might sajs acclimat- ed) to this especial kind of water it is like- ly to give trouble. Of course, distilled wa- ter is absolutely pure; and where there is any suspicion that the water is causing trouble with the digestion I would assured- ly try the effect of drinking only pure soft water. Special Notices by A. I. Root. PRIZEWINNER BEANS — AN ERROR. On page 168 I said these beans would be, quart, 20 cts ; by mail, 24. As the postage on a quart of beans is 15 CIS. instead of 4, the price should be, 1 qt., post- paid by mail, So els. Yes, and I made another mistake on page 168. I said there were 152 beans on One stalk My young friend Alice Hilbert, who counted them, corrects me as follows : Dear Mr. Root ^-There were 36 pods and IM beans on one of the biggest .stalks. ALICE Hilbert. Bingham, Mich., March 4. ADVANCE IN PRICES OF CLOVERS. GARDEN SEEDS, ETC. Instead of catalog prices on white Dutch .clover read bushel, $12 ; ^ bu-hel $o 25 ; peck. $3.25 ; 1 lb., 25 cts. Swett clover, 100 lbs at 10 cts. per lb.; 10 lbs. or more at 12c,s.; 1 ib., 15 cts.; if wantea by mail, 10 cts addi- tional. The above is for sweet clover with the hulls on. The hulled seed (sometime- called Bokhara) will be just double the above prices I do not expect any de- c.ine m the above uitil the new crop is harvested. Orange Danvers carrot, half-long. 1 6z. 5 cts ; lb., 50. Bieadstonc turnip. Ounce, 10 cts.; 1 lb., $1.00. Add iO cts. per pound on all seeds ordered by mail. Our seconds of early potatoes are sold out, and we have only a very few of the .seconds left of the Craigs ; so the Craigs are the only ki. d of potatoes we have for *2.( 0 per barrel for seconds. Of firsts we have all kinds, however, at ii3 50 per barrel. HUBBARD SQU.^SH SEED — PRICES ADVANCED, ETC. I,ast year we sold about a bushel of Hubbard squash seed that were grown by a bee-keepei who said they were from nice squashc s from seed obtained from us. Now. we have not had one single complaint from abroad in regard to those squashes ; but a neighbor says he planted that seed, and did not get a real Hub- bard squash from the lot, but he had a good many oth- er kinds. The mystery is, why not one complaint has come besides this from our neighbor. On our own grounds we did not raise a squash because the boys said when I was up in Michigan the bugs ate them all up in spite of any thing ihey could do. II I had been there, no doubt we would have had some squashes. The vines were running, and looked well when I left. The seed was very handsome-looking, and germinated 254 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 15 nicely, both in the greenhouse and outdoors. As a rule we prefer to get all of our seeds from some man who has a reputation at stake, like our great seedsmen ; and we seldom buy any thing, even of as good a man as a bee-keeper, in the way of seeds. I can hardly think it possible we have a bee-keeper in our land — that is, one that is a real substantial man like the one I bought these seeds of — who would send out a bushel or more of seeds that he knew would swindle and in- jure every purchaser. Now, will not all ot you who bought Hiibbard squash seed of us last season tell us on a postal card whether it is true to name? We want to vindicate our friend who furnished us the seed. True Hubbard squash seed is now very scarce and high. The best price we can po.ssiblv make is : Ounce. 5 cts.; 1 lb., GO ; 5 lbs., $2.75 ; 10 lbs.. $.5.00. THAT BEAUTIFUL LARGE POULTRY- BOOK SENT FREE OF CHARGE TO SUBSCRIBERS TO GLEANINGS. We are having a " raft " of calls for the poultry- book, and quite a few of the friends are it rgetting to send t) cts to pay postage. Others are sending the postage without any dollar. Of course, they say they sent a dollar a spell ago, etc. >ow, we do not like to be close: but, dear brothers and sisters, I think we shall have to say that you must either send the dollar in addition to the 6 cts., before we can send you the poultry book, or else your sub.scription must be al- ready paid for at least a year or more ahead. We can not send the book to any one who sent a dollar several months ago ; and although Gets, is a small sum to hag- gle over, if we give you the book right out yen must pay the actual postage. By getting these books by the hundred or thousand, they are made at an aston- ishingly low price, and we can manage so as to make the low offer of the poultry book. But please keep in mind that Uncle Samuel does not sell postage-stamps any cheaper, even if yovi buv a ton. We give away books and .some other goods, but we really can noi give away postage-stamps. POTATOES FOR PREMIUMS. We are having s )mething the same trouble with po- tatoes. Any oiie wh > sends a dollar for Gleanings, asking for no other premium, may have 25 cents" worth of potatoes, according to prices in our seed cat- alog You can have your premium potatoes sent by mail, express, or freight ; but if you want them by- mail, you must send the nioney for postage. For 25 cents you can have 5 lbs. of potatoes ; but the postage and packing amovints to 10 cents for each pound ; and I do not believe you want to pay 50 cents in postage for 25 cents' worth of potatoes As a rule, potat es should go only by freiyht ; 25 cents' worth is hardly enough for a freight shipment ; so by far the better way would be to have them shipped by freight with other goods. The express charges on only 25 cents' wo th are very often as much as the postage, and .sometimes more. Now, when you ask for potatoes for premium, will you please be sure to say how they are to be sent, .so our clerks in th^ rush of the busy season, will not be obliged ti puzzle their heads and go from one to the other and ask what to do under the circumstances ? THE EVERLASTING METAL LABEL. I can think of hardly any one thing that has bother- ed me more than to keep the names of trees and plants scattered over the fields, as well as the names of new things in the greenhouse, so they will not get lost or become so^im they can not be read. Outdoors the label has got to stand sun, frost, snow, and rain. In the greenhouse it has got to stand dampness, and po-ssibly be spattered with muddy water Sooner or later every label we have ever got hold of has become illegible, and then it was gone entirely Well, Willis G. Young, of Dayton, (>., has got something, for either tree or pot, he says will never rust, tarnish, corrode, break, split, nor fade ; and, judging from samples he has sent me, I think probably he is right. The label and wire are, I suppose, of aluminum. If you are sell- ing plants, and want a lot of the same kind, the name is stamped on the metal. If you want only one of a kind he sei ds along a little steel marker, with which you can write on the metal almost as easily as you can with a leadpencil. Price, including marker, 40 cts. per 100 ; still lower figures by the thousand. I regard it as an acquisition. See ad. on page 2G0. NEW RURAL BOOKS. The O. Judd Co. have just sent out three new ones. The first is entitled " Prize Gardening ; How to Derive Profit, Pleasure, and Health from the Garden." Cloth- bound, 32:5 pages ; price $1.00. This book is mostly a series of letters from men, women, and children who have made a success with different fruits and vegeta- bles, flowers included, in towns and cities t-s well as in the country. The book is peculiarly interesting, as it consists of accounts of what has been done. It is fill- ed with beautiful photos, making a series of object- lessons, and showing just how and in what manner certain desirable things are done. Another book is devoted entirely to asparagus — its culture for home use and market. It tells all about raising the crop, from the seed to the mature product ready lor the table ; and it also tells about selling to the best advantage. By Dr Hexam r. Forcing in hot-beds and frames is most fully discussed ; also forc- ing in the open field by running .'team between the rows ; and tinally there is quite a chapter, with several illustrations and full particulars, about putting up as- paragus in cans. The S'ze of the book is5x7, 170 pages, bound in cloth. Price 50 cts. postpiid. Kither of the above books can be ordered from this office. FRUIT-HARVESTING, STORING, MARKETING, ETC. It has been well said that it is an easier matter to grow stuff than to sell it at a proper price after it is grown; and many men fail, n t because they are in- expert in getting a crop, but because they do not know- how to sell their crops to the best advantage. This is the fi- St book of the kind we have had as an aid in selling. It not only tells all about picking, sorting, and packing, but gives all the best methods for storing for one or two days or a longer time. It also tells about evaporating and canning when there is a glut in the market. It discusses fruit packages and com- mission dealers, and even takes in cold storage. It is a new book of 250 pages, full of illustrations. Pub- lisher's price (fl.OO. We furnish it to our readers for 75 cents; by mail, 10 cents extra While admiring these new books devoted to special subjects I fell to thinking how the world nowadays has branched of into specialties We used to have books devoted t'> agriculture, some of them attempt- ing to cover the whole field. A little later horticulture and agriculture became separate. Pretty soon fruit- growing and market-gardening were discu-ssed sepa- rately, and then gardening under glass became a sep- arate line of work from outdoors, and florists began to confine tReir attention to flowers and nothing else. When our advertising agent, a few days ago, sent our advertisement to a floral publication they objected to it because it was not in their line of business ; and I am really glad to see a periodical that objects to ad- vertising any thing of any kind that is not in line with that particular cla-s of journal. Well, just yes- terdav I got quite a pretty little book in paper covers, devoted to the cultivation of the petunia. It is not a book on flowers— it is devoted to just one flower. The author of the book has originated the famous star pe- tunia, and he w 11 send the book, telling all about it, on application. Address A. B. Howard & Son, Bel- chertown, Mass. jiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii : POOT'^^ ^^ CENTRAI^ MICHIGAN. Best = Z l\yjyj I O 5 goods; best shipping-point; cheap- E est place to buy in state. Try me. S L,ist. W. r. Sop'er, Et. 3, Jackson, Mich, z ■■■■iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiir If You Want Root's Goods we have them at Root's prices. Also A B C in Bee Culture — one of the best books printed on bees. Catalog free. Address as below. D. Cooley & Son, Kendall. Mich. 1700 PPPPPT^ All sizes; some trained; first- l&UU 1 l_,l\IVLr 1 o. class stock. New price list free. N. A. KNAPP, Rochester, Lorain Co., Ohio. Angora Goats are handsome, hardy, profitable. Prize stock ; low price ; circular. Ed. W. Cole & Co., Kenton, O. POULTRY PAPER 3 Honths and book, "Plans for Poultry-houses," 10 cts. Paper one year and book, 25 cts, if you mention Gleanings (reg. price, 50 cts). Inland Poultry Journal, Indianapolis, Indiana. FCiflS from all varieties of fancy chickens FREE. Send ^ 10c for atrial subscription to our 16-p. journal if interested in fowls, and get our Free-ego plan. Address The Farm & Poultr7 News, Bcz 702, Middlestoro, K7. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE. 255 What the buyer of a I^cmin^ton Typewriter gets ! The Standard Typewriter for over a quarter of a century The most durable writing machine made The largest output of work by the operator . The greatest economy of Time, Material and Expense] The Best Investment — The machine which depreciates least from year to year WYCKOFF, SEAMANS & BENEDICT, 327 Broadway, New York. Branch Office, 137 Superior Street, Cleveland, Ohio. THIS BOX """TrlUt Zlra'^^"'"' $5.00. 200 Choice Strawberry Plants, C varieties, 34 Best Currants and Gooseberries, 7 varieties, 118 Redand Black Raspberries, 4 varietiea. 77 Finest New Blackberries, 4 varieties, 12 Qrape Vines, Red, White and Blue, Avarieties. ThlflfineoolUotlon provides fresh fruit onyour table from May 10th to Nov. 1 Bt. Will plan tabout 1^ of an acre of ground. Why otinterestyour boya and drls In profitable horticulture? Itis ortb many timesita cost. Our be&utJfulfreecataloi; tells aboutlt. W. N. SCARFF, NEW CARLISLE, O. 14" SEWS ANYTHING. I from silk to coars-^^^s jest fabrics. Theceieuiaueu BALL-BEARINC I ARLINGTON' I (eqnal of aajr S40 to $B5 narhinr.) , Iclency with beautiful anp^aranc l»nJ mostcompltto Ettachmfnts. BALL i BEARIVO.beuccea: iGuatanteed for 20 jcars. 25U,0O0 loU." I TeatimoniAli from erery State. ' Write for Free I'atalo; «bowiiiS«Il styles and samplei Arlington guaranteed machines from 111.95 up. Oar intomatie Pahinet at $17.35 is a wondfr TASK nriERS- TNION. Dept. A-'!4o, rilH'A(;0. It I aEFEBIJN'Cf.. H»s~ BELGIAN HARES \ With every hare sold goes a full pedigree, register nnmber, and score-card, scored by an official judge. Does will be bred to one of our famous high -scoring bucks free. Write for book. Mgr. of The A. I. Root Co. J. B. MASON, MECHANIC FALLS, MAINE. flail Box Tests. Tender-hearted men should not serve on the committee. Each member should be furnished with a heavy club and a dose of nerve tonic. Be- fore knocking the samples all over the hall, instruct janitors where to ship the remains of those that fall. If there is more than one survivor, it is a sign you are not hard hitters. Write to-day for descrip- tion and prices. Bond Steel Post Co., Adrian, Michigan. STRAWBERRY PLANTS. Choicest new and stap e varieties, by mail or ex- press; guaranteed to arrive in perfect condition. We refer to many thousands of satisfird patrons during our 2.") years as strawberry culturists. Our 1902 catalog contains valuable iufoimatioii and tells about 47 choice varieties. It is authority on the subject. FKHK. Write for it to-day. M. Crawford Co.. Box 1025, Cuyahoga Falls, 0. HUNDREDS OF TEAMS have run right into P.\GE FENCE and not hurt driver, team nor fence. It's like a cushion. Page Woven Wire Fence Co., Box S, Adrian, Michigan. Potatoes for Sale. .sir Walter Raleigh .seed potatoes. Choice and true to name. $1.00 per bushel, F. O. B. Charles Vanderbilt, of tiie New Yorlc Peerless Farm, Lyons, New Yorlc. !! WHITE LEGHORNS! ! single comb ; stock large and fine ; Satisfaction guar- auteed. Pekin ducks. Eggs, $1.50 per 13. Address W. H. GiFFORD, 151 Franklin St., Auburn. N. Y. Do you want an incubator? See advertisement of Sure Hatch Incubator Company, on page 259. 256 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. is I have bought a new job-press — as good a press as money can buy. It has all of the latest im- provements and attachments that enable the printer to do the BEST work, and do it quickly. It has a throw-off, depressible grippers, double revolving ink-disc, etc. It has three inking rollers that pass over the type twice between each impression, thus securing a per- fect distribution of the ink, and a thorough inking of the type. I have also bought a series of eight sizes of a new style of type — Engravers' Gothic — (Resigned especially fpr use in printing fine stationery; and, to show what nice work I can do, I will furnish 100 sheets of the finest commercial note- heads, and 100 of the finest white-wove, high-cut, XXX envelopes, all printed with your name, business, and ad- dress, and send them, postage paid, for only $1.25 ! The ink used will be photo- brown, which gives a much richer effect than the ordinary black. This batch of stationery, and the Bee-keepers' Review one year, for only $2.00. The stationery, the Review, and a queen of the Superior Stock for only $3.00 ; queen alone, $l..'=iO. Prices on larger quantities of stationery, or on labels, cards, catalogs, or other kinds of printing, will be given upon application. I shall be glad to correspond with, any one wishing fine work done in two or more col- ors, or on tinted or colored stock. W. Z. Hutchinson, Flint, Michigan. Listen, Bee-keepers! The Lone Star Apiarist A new bee-journal in the great South- west, the Texas bee-keepers' paradise. It will tell you of more glorious fields iu the counties south of Uvalde, superior to and more abundant in honey-yielding flora, promising to be one of the great- est honey-producing sections in the world. With flow- ing wells, and the planting of fields of alfalfa in addi- tion to the fine natural resources there already. Its editor will tell about his extended trip through this wonderful land. Subscribe now, $1 a year. The Apiarist is not only for the South, but for all America and foreign countries too. Our company has purchased the Southland Queen, and now we have the only bee-journal in the South. THE LONE STAR APIARIST PUB. CO.. Louis Scholl. Editor. Floresvilie, Texas. 10 CENTS That's all it costs to get acquainted with the Rocky Mountain Bee Journal. We want to send it on trial to every reader of Gleanings Three IVIonths for 10 cts. This vigorous young month- ly has just entered its second year on a paying basis, and has become the recognized mouthpiece of the bee- keepers of the great Rocky Mountain alfalfa regions. Address The Rocky IVIountain Bee Journal, Box 611. Boulder. Colorado. AMERICAN Ten sample copies, separate issues, 10 cts. Published at GARDENING. EiJJJ^iMi: Do You Read the Modern Farmer? If not, why not? Perhaps you have never seen a copy. If not, send for one now — it's free. Send us lo cents and the names and addresses of five farmers and we will send you the paper one year. Clubbed with this paper. Write for price. Address MODERN FARMER, = St. Joseph, Missouri. Cfi IN 99 ENC Magazine Form. 16 Pages. 25c per Year. Sample Copy 5c. SPECIAL CROPS PUB. CO.. Box 603, Sl' one sho\ild plant these lovelv vines. No hoTie IS complete wi' hout them. They stand the harde.st win- ter without injury, and burst forth in all thtir marvel- ous splendor very earlv in the spring— as fine a climber as any lover of beautiful flowers can wish. IT ALWAYS PAYS TO Make Home Beautiful. ii J BE SURE TO READ THESE TESTIMONIALS. =®8i Lydia and M. J. Clarkson, Authors of " Art Studies," write: -No vine ever gave us so much con- tinned pleasure. The growth is truly phenomenal. Its handsome foliage and fragrant blossoms commend it to every lover of flowers. If its merits were more widel,v known you would be over- whelmed with orders. Mrs. C. Hensle.v, Barnard, Ind., writes:~The Cinnamon Vines you sent me grew 30 feet last year, and were the talk und wonder of the neighborhood. From the Gentlewoman Magazine, New York:— The Cinnamon Vine— new from China— will thrive everywhere, and when once established will grow forever. Its fragrance is as truly wonder- ful as the beauty of the vine itself. The roots recently sold for $10.00 each. S. Wilson, Pa., writes:— The Cinnamon Vine blossoms as freely in the house as outdoors, and will fill a room with a delightful fragrance in the cold and dreary month". W. Weeks, Barre, Mass., writes:— I enclose order for 100 more vines. I sold the last lot in fifteen minutes. Prices of Cinnamon=Vine Roots, Postpaid Valuable Premiums Free With Every Order. I am the largest grower of Cinnamon Vines in the world, and offer strong roots to Gleanings readers ^t a wonderful bargain. iSSfThf valuable Premium.s, Novelties and Extras given with every order (to introduce) ate worth more than the entire cost. 2 Strong Roots, 2 Packets Choice Novelties and Catalog, 10c. 25c. 50c. 22 " " 8 " and lllus. Home Magazine, 1 year, $1.00. 64 " " 14 " and elegant guarant'd Watch and Chaii, Improved Camera and Outfit, Acme Seed Drill, or Solid Gold Fountain Pen (Your choice) = = =.=.. $3.00. Roots Without Premiums, $2.50 per 100, prepaid. Directions for planting accompany the roots. Evervthing carefully packed and sent prepaid. Safe arrival and satisfaction giiaranteed. Club Agents wanted at every post- oflfice. An easy way to get money or useful premiums. Colored plate of the vines with every order. Also CATALOG OF BARGAINS— from a farmer's son— A Seedsman for 25 years. 4ar-Remit by money-order, cash, or stamps. Be sure and mention Gleanings Please address ' f A. T. COOK, Seedsman, Hyde Park, N. Y. CIN. VINE ROOT :58 (iLKAXINGS IN BEP^ CULTUKE. Mar. 15 URPEE'S SEEDS D ■ ^ NEVER BEFORE have we introduced such SUPERB NOVELTIES of unusual merit. Six choicest Vegetables and 5ve finest Flowers are shown painted from nature, others illustrated from photographs and all honestly described in BURPEE'S FARM ANNUAL for I902. This "leading American Seed Catalogue" is mailed FREE to all who intend to buy. Write to-day, a postal card will do. W. ATLEE BURPEE & CO., Seed Growers, PHILADELPHIA. I etc., have been the standard of excellence for nearly half a century. Everything of the best at right prices , for Orchard, Vineyard, Luwn, Park. Street, Garden ' and (ireen house. We send by mail postpaid («ee Juuriiai, Uuiiiey, Illinois, will bring you tree sample with elegant full-page color plate frontispiece showing in natural colors a pair of standard fowls, reproduced from oil painting by Frank L. Sewell, World's greatest poultry artiste Sixty-eight to 160 pages monthly, 60 cents a year. BEMD TO-DAY fOH FKEE SAMPLE. POTATOES I Mane grown. Aroostook Co. Among all the varieties of potatoes nothing equals Bmlgiano Famed Prosperity Potato Frodiioed this year 500 ~~-^ bushels per acre. \»"J»^' „ - \ Very hardy and free j lY^. (''" ■». ' from scab or rot. ' ' ■• ' IVery early, fast 1 grower,(rood yield- s'^'er and handsome red tubers of excellent quality. Very hardy andlree from scab, rot, etc. Thisistlielmproved Red Bermuda of the early season's market. We have alarge stock of specially flneseed. Write tor Large Free IUukI rated Cata- 1 0(t of everything for the garden and farm. i. Bolgiano & Son. Depi n 4. Baltlmore.Md. CRUIT. I grow all my own Raspberries Blackberries, Gooseberries, Dew berries. Currants, Grapes, . _ Strawberries, etc I guarantee ■ every plant to be true to name and variety and to ■ be stroiiir, healthy, well rooted and fresh dug. " Send for large Ni'w (^atalotrue. It is mailed free. ALLEN L. WOOD, Wholesale Grower, Rochester, New York. FENCE! STROMGESr MADE. Ball- strong. Chfcken- tight. Sold 't the Farmer at Wholetato Prleea. FnlU 'I'arraiited. Catalog Free. COILED SPRING FENCE CO., BgxlOl WUehMter. Indlau. U. ti. 4* GREIDER'S FINE CATALOGUE of piize winning poultry for 1902, printed in colors, lllusirates and describes 60 Tarieties of Ponltry; eives reasonable prices of eegs and stock Maey hints U> J poultry raisers. Send lOe in silver or stamps for this noted book. B. U. GBEIDER, Florin, Pa. 200-Egg Incubator for $ 1 2-80 Perfect in construction and action. Hatches every fertile eKE- Write for catalogue to-day. GEO. H. STAHL. Quincy, III. $ 5 IL'MIUT.W.lrk«i-Ig3.l!',^ Self reiolaimg, tiuaranleed tor a years. Hatcnes every goodegg. Bend for cataloene No 6* Sel 1 six and g«t one free. INVINCIBLE HATCHER CO., • SPRINGFIELD. OHIO 1902 gl?:anings in bee cii/iUKi:. 259 The Records of Poultrymen show that the SUCCESSFUL St. AuGTUstine, Fla., April 31, 1901. I made one hatch that proved a 100 per center. C. F. WiNTON. is tiikiiig the lead among Incu= bators for safety and success. Sold at a low rate and guaranteed in every way. We have a new catalogue fullv iihistrated and tilled -with happy thoughts on question of Poul- try ruhnre. rublishcd iu 5 lanprnages— 5 separate books. EugUsh edition, 154 pages, 4 cei . xjbtage. Others 80 pages, tree. ^ u« • T . 5_ _ > - _ r^- Dox 503 Des Moines, low Ev- er Box 303 Bvjttalo. N. Y. loiaes lacisbaior Co. THE CYPHERS INCUBATOR IS THE STANDARD HATCHER OF THE WORLD. I Used with unil'orin success on twenty-six (lOvernment Experiment Stations in the U. S., Canada. Australia and New Zealand; also by America's leading poultrymen and many thousands ol persons in every walk of life. Guaranteed to give satisfaction or price refunded. The original and only genuine non-iuoif>tiire Incubator, fully covered by patent. Winner of GOLD MEDAL AND HIGHEST AWARD AT THE PAN-AMERICAN, Oct., 1901. niastrated, deacriptive. 15 pape circular FREE. Complete new catalogue for 1002 contTitiine; 180 pagea, 81II iDchea in si?.*, for 10c in Btompl Jq paj postage. Illustrates over lUO of America's largest and moat successful poultry plants, Asl lor Book No. 74 and address nearest office. Cyphers incubator Co., Buffalo, N. Y., Ghicauo, 111., Boston, Mass., New York«N.Ta FOR THE WIFE AND CHILDREN. (Set an incubator that they can run; one that will do good work from the start and last for years. The (Sure ilutfh is made of California red Iwood, with 12oz. cold rolled coppertank, VHydro-Safety Lamp, Climax Safety boiler and Corrugated Wafer regulator. Send for our big *• free catalog. It gives actunl phot^trraph^o. hun- dreds who are making money with the Sure Hatch Incubator. Our Common Sense Brooder is th> best. .'~eiid now. Sure Hatch Incubator Co., Clay Center, Neb., orColumbus,a GOME INTO THE FOLD. jBe one of the successful poultrymen. Our people make money out of chickens. They run The Petaluma Incubator [and Brooder too. Perfect regulation of I heat, a^r. moisture. Hatches every fertile egg. Write for free catalogue. Address nearest office. PETALUMA INCUBATOR CO., Box 125. Petaluma, Cal., or Box 125, Indianapolis, Ind. "ALL RIGHT" l£V;..«8iLo IhiB means that we t^iip anywhere our 60 Ekk Copper lank "All Rlelit" Incubator on IFORTY DAYSFREE TRIAL [and charge KH.OO for it only when the customer is satisfied. Absolute- ly the best fiO egg machine on the I market at any price. Send for our free poultry book, "All Right." (WeFtern orders shipped from Des Moines, la. GIAT PHELPS INCUBATOR CO., STATION 27, CINCINNATI, 0. A Combination (if lirniii^. experience ami high grade material has made the RELIABLE I""""'" known throughout the civilized world If you are after results represented in dollars and cents, you want one of our popular 3(Mh <;en- tury Poultry Book*. Bright, instructive and worth ten times the price asked. Sent tor lOc. Asful I of meatasaaegg. Reliable Incubator & Brooder Co., Box B-49 Quincy,liis. 3 becatifietbey need anlmsl food. Ff ed cut bone and get eggs when eges are egers. The HUmPHREY Green Bone and Vegetable Cutter is guaranteed to cut more bone in less time and with less labor than any other 1 cutter made. Get your money if not perfectly satisfied. Catalogue free. I HUMPHREY & SONS. Box 51, Joiiet.lM. Sales Agents — Joseph Breck & Sons, Boston, Mass. ; Johnson & Stokes, Phil- adelphia; Griffith & Turner Co., Balti- , more; Sure Hatch Incur aior Co., Clay Center, Neb. ; E. J. Bowen, ' Portland, Oregon; Seattle, ' Wash., and San Francisco. A FRIEND to poultrymen— to chickens. Adam 'sS Cutter It runs easily because it has ball bearings. It cuts clean, quickly and perfecly. Makes a fine bone shaving such as chickens re- quire. Before you buy send for free catalogue No. 39 W. J. ADAM, JOLIET, ILL. IT WILL PAY YOU to send for our new poultry book de- rb.ng DANDY*fw"CUTTER It tells how to increase the egg yield. The l>uii each ; breeders, $;^.U0 ; l-frame nuclei with warranted queen, $2.00; i.-frame, $3.00. Bees and queens ready to mail any day. My bees are' selected from the very best strains that motiey can buy. I make a specialty of queen-rearing and fill orders promptly. I lU'-uresafe arrival of queens. This is a postal money-order office. Remit with money-order to DANIEL WURTH, Caryville, Campbell Co., Tenn. RUBBER STAWIPS. Send us 25 cts. for year's sub to our 16-p. monthly journal and we will mail you FREE as a premium a two-line Rubber Stamp, or two one-line Stamps, to print any wording you want. THE Farm and Podltby News, Middlesboro, Ky. FLOWERS.— Strong plants from 2J^inch pots. The famous $3it.000 queen of all carnations, Mrs. Thos. W. Lawson, 15c; 2, 25c. Verbenas, 4c; 35c doz. Pan- sies, 2-jc doz Boston ferns, 8c each. Roses, monthly bloomers, assorted colors. 10c each; 3 for 2.5c: prepaid. Frank Danley, Macomb, Illinois. Wanted.- Comb honey in any quantity. Please ad- vise what you have to offer. Evans & Turner, Town St , Cor. 4th, Columbus, Ohio. Wanted— Comb and extracted honey. State price, kind, and quantity. R. A. Burnett & Co., 199 South Water St., Chicago, 111. Wanted.— Extracted honey, either large or small lots; parties having same to offer, send samples, and best prices delivered, Cincinnati, O We pay cash on delivery. The Fred W. Muth Co., Front and Walnut Sts., Cincinnati, O. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 261 >♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ »»»»»^^» ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦ »♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ Yes, Sir! The Muth's Special Dovetail hive is aCnACK- KRjACK, COVER AND BOTTOM are absolute- ly warp-proof We know because we are practical. Our illuslrated ^cataloR explains it all. Yon can have one by asking Not a hive left over from last season We sell the finest supplies at manufficturers' prices. STANDARD BRED QUEENS. None better than our Buckeye Strain of 3-banders and Muth's Strain Golden Italians. Toe each ; 0 for $1.00. Safe ar- nval guaranteed j^^ p^^j ^ ^^^^ CO., ^ront and Walnut, CinC'mnati, 0. ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ » »♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦»♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦»♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ » QueensYou Should Have Does blood tell in other stock ? Give your bees a chance. Stock used for breed- ing- the queens offered — not from a sport, but my pick out of an apiary giving last season an average yield as follows : Honey Gathered. 102 lbs. extracted and 68 lbs. comb honey per colony besides increase and stores for winter. Quality of Comb Honey Produced. " Man ! It would dazzle you."— Wm. McEvoy, Onta- rio Government Inspector of Apiaries. Wintering Qualities. Up to the present, January 30, I never found these bees to show the least indication of unrest— always perfectly quiet. They are wintering perfectly. — Frank T. Adams, Brantford, Canada. General Commendation. Out of those queens you sent me I have produced the best race or strain of bees I ever owned. Remem- ber that is saving a lot, as I have tried every breed imported to tfiis country. The bees winter better, build up, and stand cold chilly winds in spring better, and are more suitable than any bees I ever owned. For the season they gave me about double the honey the pure Italians did, and more increase. Glad you are going into the queen business, and are going to join our ranks again. We are much in want of a few men like you. C. W. Post, Ex president Ontario Bee- keepers' Association (owns 366 colonies). S. T. Pettit, Canada's most successful comb-honey producer and bee-keeper, says: "The blood in my apiary is largely the progeny of queens sent by you, and they are grand bees." Prices of Queens. They are duty free to the United States. Tested, J2.00 each ; $10 00 for 6 ; |18.00 per dozen Untested until July 1st, $1.2.5 each ; $7,00 for 6 ; or $12 00 per doz- en. Same after July 1st, $1.00 each ; $.5.50 for 6 ; or $10.00 per dozen. l,arger quantities, prices on applica- tion. Postage stamps taken for fractions of a dollar. To be fair to every one, no selected tested queens are offered. Every one has the .same chance. The above queens are bred from a careful selection of Italians and Carniolans. Pure Italian and Carniolan queens same price. Price of full colonics on application. Orders booked as received, and filled as quickly as possible. Order early. Address R. F. Holtermann, Bow Park Co., Limited, Brantford, Ontario, Canada. A QUEEN FREE. Our stock is the very b'st that money and experi- ence can procure. Just give our stock a trial and be convinced. We will give one warranted queen free in July for every order for one dozen queens before May 1, in order to have yon try our stock. Prices : Untested, each, $1.00; 6 for $.5 00 ; 12 for $9.00. Select tested, $2. .50. Tested, $1 25. Two-frame nti' leus and warranted queen, $3.00 ; three - frame nucleus and que' n, $:? .50. Send for our catalog of bee-keepers' supplies and our price list of Italian queens and nu- cleus colonies, with description of our strain of bees. PRESTON STORE & PRODUCE CO., Dority. Preston Co., W. Va. I PACE ^ LYON, New London, Wisconsin, MANUFACTURERS OF AND DEALERS IN . . . BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES. . . Send for Our Free New Illustrated Catalog and Price List HONEY QUEENS! Laws' Long=tongue Leather Queens. Laws' Improved Golden Queens. Laws' Holy Land Queens. I,aws' queens are the standard-bred queens of Amer- ica. The largest honey-producers use them and praise them. I. y^^^n «r3«-'T]^ Mitering, Grooving, \> \vV ^\ , Gaining, Boring, .Scroll- \v u"vS^' sawing, Edge - moulding, \, r\' ^^j Beading. Full line Foot \(( 1/ •' and Hand Power machin- jt<5^ er\'. Send for rnlnioz A. "*" "«" — \J SENECA FALLS MFG, CO,, "^i^ ' 41 Water St , SeJieea Fs„ N.7. ■*^^' GOOO, IIOXE-T Buggies Sixtet-n years ex- perience in selling stauda d gradeb nf Vehicles and Haraess^ Has made on favorably known for its reliable qunlity It is BUILT FOR SERVICE, Substantiil — Rnnest Material— Best Work. It^ANO THE PRICE IS All RIGHT, TOO.^ A shrewd discemlne buyer, icouriBs th»l market for the best values, ennnot afford to b* ■ithout our Catalogue A postal will brinr it KREB. evSH BCTERS' UNION Mne.), Dept. B-34a, i kiea;*, III. Fruit Packages of All Kinds. — ALSO — BEE=KEEPERS' SUPPLIES. . . Order your supplies now before the busy season catches you. Price list free. Address BERLIN FROIT-BOX COMPANY, Berlin Heights, - - Erie County, Ohio. BARNES' Hand and Foot Power Machinery. This cut represents our combined circular saw, which is made for bee- keeper's use in the con- str\iction of their hives, sections, boxes, etc., etc. Machines on Trial. Send for illustrated cata- log and prices. Address W. F. & Jno. Barnes Co., 545 Ruby St., Roclcford. : Illinois. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 263 No. aHo Carriage. Price, S120.0O. As fine as sells for $50.00 more. 29 YEARS SELLING DIRECT. We are the largrest manufacturers ot vehicles and harness in the world sell- ing to consumers, and we have b 'en do- ing business in this way for 29 years. WE HAVE NO AGENTS but ship anywhere for examination guaranteeiuK safedelivery. You are out nothing if not satisfied. We make 195 styles of vehicles and 65 styles of harness. Our prices lepresent the cost of material and making, plus ered steps andTi inch Kelly rub- one profit. Our large free catalogue ber tires. Price, 873.00. As fine Shows complete line. Sendforit. as sells from WO. 00 to 850.00 more. No. 'H.d ^uggy has rubber cov- Elkhart Carriage & Harness Manufacturing Co.,Eii€hart,lnd. m facXbry i Cost / We are giving our customers the benefit of Jff^ jobbers prices on Carriages, harness and other ^/^Xso Factory tigures are Jiof ggg^ nf Buggy horse accessories, quoted— dealers profits are eliuiinated. You Get the Profits ($ In addition we give you selection from the largest stock in the world of liigh ..«k \ grade veliicles and guarantee satisfaction KS Send for catalogue jft 'or money returned ^and see how much you wUl save \^^ Shipment from Columbus, COLUMBUS CARRIAGE & HARNESS CO. } write to nearest oace { ^;j;^«;t^^^-^f»;p^;«;»^^^^^^^^ A FEW REASONS WHY You Should Buy "The Hardie" Spray Pump in Preference] to One of Any Other Ma.ke. Every pump we make is supplied with our strainer and agi- i [ tator. Strainer is on side of extreme end of suction pipe. The | agitator rod moves the agitator up anddown in front of the strainer every time the pump handle is worked. See cuts. 1 This insures thorough mixing and prevents burning or scald- ing of plants, vines, etc., from lieavy deposits of poison. It is | an invaluable feature in painting and whitewashing. "The Hardie" is the only pump that requires no wrench to get at | the valves. The stroke may be instantly adjusted to any de- sired length, by simply changing a pin in the handle. Our I brass plunger is the most simple, durable and serviceable on any pump. "The Hardie'' is a large capacity pump. The pump here shown is our No. 7. When this pump is worked I I at the rate of 30 strokes per minute it will reduce to fine spray 187 gallons of liquid per hour. All the "Hardie's" easily [ ) maintain a pressure of lOO pounds with two nozzles open. Think about these things and then send for our free catalog. THE HARDIE SPRAY PUMP MFG. CO.. 63 La^rned Street, Detroit, MlcKiga.r\. Handy Farm Wagons niaice tl K easier for both the man and team. Tiie tire^' l>eing w ide Ihey do not cut in to the ground , tlie labor of loadiiicr is reduced many times, beeau.se ot the short lift. They are equipped with our fam- ous Electric Steel Wheclx, eitherstraiifhtorstag- ger spokes. Wheels any height from 24 to 60 inches. Whi te hickory axles, steel hounds. Guaranteed to carry 401^01 lis. Why not get started rightby putting in one of these wagons. We malie our steel wheels to fit any wagon. Write for the catalog. Itisfrea. ELECTRIC WHEEL CO., BOX 95, QUINCY, ILL.* /p&o=: °^^ ^eaf the ^tig^: Such things as CodlliiB Moth, CurouIIo. Orecn Aphis, (ieiily Iturk, Saii Jowe Scale, Bl-slit, Etc., can only be defeated by frequent and per- Blstentsprayii.g. "^/jg Spramotor has iJioveii to be the best all round spraying outfit on the market. Was awarded Gold Medal at Pau-Ameri- can Exhibition, and winner of the Canadian GovernmentSpiaying 246 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mar. 15 EIGHTEBN-INCH GEM PLANER. We have for sale an IS-inch Gem pl one of the 48-lb. capacity. The divisions on the dial of this being closer, it will not be as handy for weighing small amounts as the cue of 12 lbs capacity. BEESWAX WANTED. The market for beeswax continues firm, and prices are ruling a little higher. We advance the price we pay to 29 cents cash, 31 cents trade. We hope we shall not have to advance anv further. If we do we shall h ve to advance also the price of foundation. If you have any wax to sell or any old combs to make any, let us have an early shipment. As soon as we secure enough for this season's needs we will make the price down again. Too often in the past, parties have held their wax a little too long to secure the best price. BUSINESS BOOMING. We are well nigh swamped with orders. Two months ago we were about 20 cars behind, but we kept gaining till toward the last of February, when we had only about 12 ahead of us. Since then they have come in again in such numbers that, at this writing, we are 16 cars behind We are running our factory 11 hours a day, and our shipping department still longer, and doing our utmost to keep pace with the orders, and catch up a little closer. Prospects are promising for a good season, and it behooves the foie-handed to be prepared in time. Kind Words from our Customers. Please do not mark my name with aD (di.scontinue), for I would rather you would use a C (continue). So, for a renewal, here is my dollar ; and now for Glean- ings, just hear me holler. Three cheers ! Hip, hip, hip. hurrah for Gleanings ! Lewis Hockett. Fairmont, Ind., Jan. 22. To The A. I. Root Co.. San Antonio. Texas: — Ire- reived the goods all right. I am certainly well pleas- ed with them. They are the best hives I ever saw. Plea.se accept my thanks for the nice way they are packed. J. W. Wolf. Mineral, Texas, Feb. 15. the new MATTITUCK ERFURT CAULIFLOWER (IM- PROVED snowball) seed. Inclosed find $1.75, for which please send me by mail one ounce of the Mattituck Erfurt cauliflower seed. I got an ounce last year, and it was by long odds the best I ever grew. John G. Gray. St. Catharines, Ont., Dec. 21. Mr. A. I. Root : — In reading your Home paper last evening in regard to the Biddle affair, it occurred to me that, if you would pick out the cream of your Home papers, and put them in book form, I should be pleased to get one or more and have them placed in our libraries I lent your Adam and Rve story to my brother Jacob (of happy memory. Judge of Hali- burton), ai d he gave it to a man who came to him for a divorce, and who after reading it, saw his error and returned the journal to 'i>y brother, with many thanks, as it had completely reconciled him and hfs wife to each other, at least, and mav we not hope to God also? Little Britain, Can., Feb. 28. F. Whiteside. Mr. Root: — Our Homes is very interesting to me. We have been in Colorado 15 years, and this year is our first with the journal here. We were from Ohio originally and husband was a great bee-man — a regu- lar subscriber to your journal, and got many supplies from you some 25 years f>go I reid the Home papers when Huber was a cute little fellow, and when Blue Eyes was so often spokf n of ; and to have the journal again is like a drink of water to a thirsty traveler. Husband, of course, was more interested in the bee business. H. S. ShuU Wellsville, Ohio, was our old home addre,ss. I want to tell you why the journal which came to day was so interesting. The reading abo t the little horne in the woods, the companio ship of -10 years of married life (which is our length of ti'ne together), all appealed to me forcibly. You will always have interested readers of the Home papers, as they are written differently from any thing found el.sewhere. You write honestly, and plain - spoken, without fear or favor to any one. Mr. and Mrs. H. S. Shull. L,a Junta, Colo., Nov. 20. Mr. A. I Root :- It was your article in a back num- ber of Gleanings where you spoke of dear Mrs. Root wishing to do her '' own work." Yes. it was that picture of true home life which has made me a hum- ble sub>-criber to Glean ngs. I thought you were talking to my wife all the time. She. too. won't have a hired girl in the house, although we are both 75. You are tolerable on "bees and horse<," but you don't touch the living spot till you write out your everyday experiences ; and after reaf'ingthem I could almost fun to Medina and throw my arms around you, and wish I was ^{ as good a Christian. Waterbury, Ct., Dec. 30. B. S. Hotchkiss. Why, dear friend H , yru do not realize how extrav- agant you are in your talk especially for a man 75 years old. You do not know what a predicament you would be in if you were " '/ "as good a Christian as my poor self. If you should talk with my next-door neighbors, especially a certain one who does not fall in with my erratic ways, j'ou might change your mind. May God 'ble.ss you and your wife I wish you could come and make us a visit when we get up to our ' cab- in in the woods " again. As we are snowed in up on these mountains T thought I would write you. I have been thinking for almost a year that I would do so. When our boy wanted a dol- lar to send to you for Gleanings I said. " I gne s fa- ther would not want you to spend money in such a foolish way." As his father is a Christian, he wants his children brought up in the good way ; but the boy said, "There is as good reading in the books as you will hear preached." and so I said I would like to see some of them, as I had never read any thing in any advertising book vet that was as good as what you would hear at church. So the boy brought me three of them that .some friend had let him take, and I saw at once that they would be a help to him. and gave him the dollar This was one year ago. and this year I gave him another dollar for it. I think the lesson that you have in about the Biddle brothers pays for the book this year. I don't believe in secret societies, and I hope that the Lord Jesus Christ will keep me so that I never will want to belong to any. I have been a Christian for ten years, and I love to read God's word ; and. so far, in reading your journal I have been strengthened. I often think of your text, " And the Lord God said unto 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 265 the woman. What i« this that thou hast done? And the woman said. The serpent beguiled me, and I did eat " You will find almost every time any thing happens that a woman is about, somewhere ; although I am of that sex I don't want to do as I have seen and known some to do. Mrs. Theo. Allen. Prospect, Ct., Feb. 24. jl/*-. A'oo^ .•— I have at last received the hives you so kindly donated to my mission. I have not yet been able to get them over the mountains, but I hope to make you a good report in the course of time. It was mo'-t kind of you, making me this donation. I hope there will be goo l results from it. In moving forward to this new countrj', in my mis- sionary life I have struck quite a new manner of life among the natives. It is a new mine from which to dig jewels for the Loid's crown, and promises to be most fruitful. We have now occupied some over 20 villages, and there is a much larger call for help from the heathen. We meet with many obstacles, and have already (ur first martyr, a grand man --aved by grace, and assTssinated because of his new life. I have been now over 36 years in this work, separated from my family— my '■ Blue Eyes," now. for 12 years, for this work's sake : but it "is the very work "of God. How deeply I sj'mpathize with you in your Hon-e Papers. They are admirable, and of God. ' I am mo.st thankful God ever led me to know A. I. Root. A. Bunker. I,oikaw ( foutigoo), Oct. 31. ONLY 20 LEFT. We have left some of those slightly damaged copies of Prof. Cook's "Bee-keeper's Guide" that went through our fire a year ago. The reading matter is all right — only the cloth covers are somewhat dam- aged. Price, to close out, 60c a copy, by mail ; or, with week- ly American Bee Journal a year, both for only $1.40. Reg- ular price of the book alone is $1.25. Big bargain where you get both book and Journal (52 copies) for $1.40. Better order quick if you want book on ei- ther the.se low offers. Now is the time to begin to read the American Bee Journal. It will continue to be a great paper in 1902. And it comes every week. We are headquarters in Chicago for Root's Bee-keepers' Supplies. Catalog, and sample of American Bee Journal free. GEORGE W. YORK & CO., 144, 146 Erie Street, Chicago, Illinois. Minnesota Bee-keepers' Supply Mfg. Co., Manufacturers of Bee-hives, Sections, Shipping-tases, and Everything Used by Bee-keepers. Orders filled promptly We have the best shipping facilities in the world You will save money by send- ing for our price list. Address Minnesota Bee=keepers' Supply Mfg. Co., Nicollet Island Power Building, Minneapolis, Minn. ICHICAN HEADQUARTERS FOR C. B. Lewis Co/s Bee-keepers' Supplies, Dadant's Foundation. Be sure to send us your list and get our prices before ordering elsewhere. DIS- COUNTS on early orders. Send for our 48-page catalog. L.G. Woodman, Grand Rapids, Mich. J Sweet Potatoes===Choice Seed. J ^ SEND FOR PRICE LIST. ^ ^L. H. Mahan, Box 143, Terre Haute, Ind. ^ FOR SALE! Cash, or exchange for comb and extracted clover or a falfa hon- ey, a physician's phae- ton cart, used 4 mos. ; al.'io perfect harness made C'-pecially for cart: \ised with shafts or p le; absolutely no horse motion, and the most perfect riding cart made. For fuller particulars, DE. J. B. ENDS, Charleroi, Pa. THE BEST PLACE to send orders for queens when you want golden stock that is satisfactory (bred for honey-gathering for nearly 30 years) is to GEO. J. VANDE VORD. Daytona. Fla. He will treat you right, and is using extreme cire in raising fine large queens. A breeder of Root's red- clover strain. Only superi'^r drones in or near both yards. The best mailing and introducing cages made. An extra choice Doolitlle golden breeder. Untested, 11.00 each; three for $2.25 ; tested, $1.25. Every Reader of Gleanings is especially invited to accept the offer of Cinnamon Vines on page 2.j7. Also to get up clubs. Nothing is easier. Everybody wants them. You can quickly earn Silver Watches. Cameras, Dress Patterns, Seed brills, Gold Pountain Pens, or a big pocketful of " pin-mon- ev " far easier than you would imagine. Try it. Thousands have done it and are d lighted. Read every word of the Special Offer to Gleanings Readers (made solely to introduce), and begin your club at once and your success will be certain. $1.00 Chicago to St. Paul or Minneapolis for double berth in tourist sleeping-cars of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway each Tuf.sday and Fri- day during March and April, l902, on Train No. 1 leav- ing Chicago at t):oO p. m. For further informatio" ap- ply to the nearest coupon ticket agent, or address F. A. Miller, General Passenger Agent, Chicago. COR SALE.— Will sell cheap, one 10 h p. engine ■ with upright boiler all complete. J. W. BiTTENBENDER, Knoxville, Iowa. 266 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Mar. 15 QUEENS, QUEENS Old Standbys.— The A. I. Root Co., to whom we have sold queens for many years, wrote us last May, thus: "Are you running low on queens? We hope not, as you seem to be our standbys. Send us 24 pel week instead of 12, till further orders." Beat Any Thing He ever 5aw.— The Cyprian queens you sent me last year beat any thing I ever saw rear- ing brood and filling their hives with honey.— J. Niel- son, Huntington, Utah, Sept. 4, 1901. Is Great.— The nucleus you sent me last fall is great — the finest queen that ever crossed the plains. Please duplicate her this time. Mr. Jordan says the nucleus you sent him cast two fine swarms. — G. R. Warren, Fruitvale, Cal., May 12, 1901. $50 Queens.— My nice queen that you sent me, and I put in a hive with a handful of bees on the 6th day of last June, has now nearly filled her 30-lb. super foi the third time. No man's $50.00 bill could take her. Please send me another one like her as soon as possi- ble, and keep a dozen ready for me like her for the 20th of April next, and I will make you a nice present. — M. Brown, Station A, yttle Rock, Ark. We breed Italians, Cyprians, Holylands, Carniolans, and Albinos, in separate yards, 5 to 20 miles apart. Prompt service. Safe arrival guaranteed. Bees by the pount, nucleus, full colony, or by the carload. Prices : Tested, $1.50 each ; SS.OO for six ; $15.00 pet dozen. Untested, February, March, April, May, $1.0C each; fS.OO for six ; $9.00 per dozen. Fine breeders, J5.00 each. Send for our catalog, free by mail; tells how to rear queens and how to keep bees for profit. Agents for Dadant's Foundation and Gleanings. Premiums given. Don't fail to get our printed matter. It's AI.-•"'' Kretchmer Mfg. Co., Box 60, Red Oak, la. BINGHAM SMOKER. Dear Sir:— Inclosed find $1.75. Please ■end one brass smoke-engine. I have one already. It is the best smoker I eremsed. Truly yours, Henbt Schmidt, Hutto, Tex. MADE TO ORDER Bingham Brass Smokers, Made of sheet brass, which does not rust or burn out; should last a lifetime. You need one, but they cost 25 cts. more than tin of the same size. The little open cut shows our brass hinge put on the three larger sizes. No wonder Bingham's four-inch smoke-engine goes without puffing, and does not drop inky drops. The perforat- ed steel fire-grate has 381 holes to air the fuel and support the fire. Heavy tin smoke-engine, 4-inch stove, per mail, |1.50 ; 3^-inch, $1.10; 3-inch. $1.00; 2^-inch, 90c; 2-inch, 65c. Bingham smokers are the originals, and have all the improvements, and have been the standard of excellence for 23 years. Only three larger ones brass. T. F. Bingham, Farwell, Michigan. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 271 Contents of this Number. Abbott as General Manager 281 Alfalfa for 8eed and Honey 276 Bees under Glass 276 California, vSouthern 288 Canvas for Hive-covers 294 Cigarettes and Wages 297 Desert, Colorado 288 Foul Brood, To Combat 280 Frank McNay 288 Ginseng and Whisky 298 Grading Rules 292 Honev Canards Breaking Out 278 Honey, Labeling 293 Journals, Value of 279 yueen, Medkiffs Good 294 Rambler Vi-its Brown of Tulipan 286 Seabed, Old 288 Stahl's Advice, Effect of 279 Sugar, Beet and Cane 281 Swarms, Prime 277 Telephone, Future of 298 Texas, a Warning Concerning 292 Ventilation in Cellars 294 Wax in Old Combs 293 Honey Column. GRADING-RDLES. Fanct.— All sections to be well filled, combs straight, firm- ly attached to all four sides, the combs unsoiled by travel- stain or otherwise ; all the cells sealed except an occasional cell, the outside surface of the wood well scraped of propolis. A No. 1. — All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs straight ; one-eighth part of comb surface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soiled ; the out- side of the wood well scraped of propolis. No. 1.— All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs comparatively even ; one-eighth part of comb surface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soiled. No. 2.— Three-fourths of the total surface must be filled and sealed. No. 3.— Must weigh at least half as much as a full-weight section. In addition to this the honey is to be classified according to color, using the terms white, amber, and dark ; that is, there will be " Fancy- White," " No. 1 Dark," etc. CITY MARKETS. Boston. — The demand for comb honey remains good. Market ranges as follows : Fancy, lo(«,l(i; A No. 1, 14@15; No. 1, 13@14; honey in glass-front ca.ses about Ic less. California light amber, extracted, 7@ ly,; Florida honej' in barrels, Hl^ii'/i Blake, Scott & 1,ee, March 20. 31, 33 Commercial .St., Boston, Mass. Chicago. — Continued depression in the trade owing to light output on the part of retailers and the desire on the part of those having stock on hand to dispose of it. The past two weeks have noted a further de- cline in price of comb honey, with the exception of ba.sswood, which is scarce, and wanted at two to three cents above any of the other white grades and now brings 14(®15: alfalfa and other fair white, 10@13; am- brrs. 8®10. White extracted dull at o%(q%; Southern and dark, biahy^. Beeswax scarce, and wanted at 30. R. A. Burnett & Co., March 19. 199 South Water St., Chicago, 111. Albany.— Honey market bare of comb here, and none selling less than 15. Extracted dark most in demand at o%. Beeswax wanted at 29@80. MacDougal & Co.. March 13. 380 Broadway, Albany, N. Y. Cincinnati. — The general tone of the honey market is lower. Water-white comb honey sells from 14(0)14^, and is hard to obtain; extra fancy, lo. Extracted has weakened a little, and sells from 5(gj5%; fancy, 6(0*6^4. C. H. W. Weber, March 19. 2146 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. DicxvER. — Demand for strictly No. 1 comb honey is fairly good; off-grade and No. 2 selling slow, and prices on these have to be shaded to effect sales. No. 1 white comb honey, 52.0.5 to $2.85 per case of 24 sec- tions; No. 2, $2.25 to $2.50. Extracted, 7 to 7}4c per lb. Beeswax, 24 to 26c. Colorado Honey-Producers' Ass'n, Mar. 20. 1440 Market St., Denver, Col. vSchenectady.— There is but little comb honey re- maining on our market, and that is white. We quote fancy 15; fair to good, 13@14. There is quite a little demand for extracted light— light selling at 6@6}4; dark, 55^06. Chas. McCitlloch, March 19. 1 Eagle St., Schenectady, N. Y. Milwaukee. — The condition of this market on hon- ey remains about the same as when last reported. The receipts have been fair. The stock is not large, yet sales seem to drag, especially on the extracted. 1 he best comb honey is in fair request, while the sup- ply is small. We now quote fancy 1-lb. sections, 14(5(15; No. 1, 13@,14; off grades, nominal. F'xtracted, in bar- rels, kegs, pails, and cans, 7@8 ; amber, 6(&7. Bees- wax. 26(0)28. A. V. Bishop & Co., March 19. 119 Buffalo St., Milwaukee, Wis. San Francisco.— Comb honey, 10(ai2. Extracted, water white, 5^@6^ ; light amber, 4(ck5^ ; dark, 4(^5. March 13. E. H. Schaeffle, Murphys, Calif. Wanted.— Comb honey in any quantity. Please ad- vise what you have to offer. Evans & Turner, Town St , Cor. 4th, Columbus, Ohio. Wanted— Comb and extracted honey. State price, kind, and quantity. R. A. Burnett & Co., 199 South Water St., Chicago, 111. Wanted. — Extracted honey, either large or small lots; parties having same to offer, send samples, and best prices delivered, Cincinnati, O. We pay cash on delivery. The Fred W. Muth Co., Front and Walnut Sts., Cincinnati, O. Wanted.— Comb honey in Danzenbaker sections. We can use both white and amber. The a. I. Root Co., Medina, Ohio. For Sale— a quantity lot of well-ripened clover honey in 60-lb. cans. B. Walker, Clyde, 111. For Sale. —Whitest alfalfa honey, |9.00 ; tinted, $7.80, per case of two 60-lb. cans, net. Arkansas Valley Apiaries, l,as Animas, Col. For Sale. — Two grades fine amber honey at 6 and 6^c respectively, and white honey at 75-2C per lb., f. o. b. here. Sample free. O. H. Townsend, Otsego, Mich. For Sale. — Fancy and No. 1 comb honey; about 2000 lbs. or more. Wm. Morris, I,as Animas, Col. For Sale. — Extracted honey, from alfalfa, at 7c per pound. Send for sample. D. S. Jenkins, I,as Animas, Col. For Sale. — Clover and sweet-clover extracted honey at 7c, in kegs and cans. Dr. C. L,. Parker Sta. A, R. F. D., Syracuse, N. Y. We will be in the market for honey the coming sea- son in carloads and less than carloads and would be glad to hear from producers everywhere what they will have to offer. Se.wey & Flarsheim, 131S-1324 Union Avenue, Kansas City, Mo. The "Triumph" Fish=hook. Holds any species of fish. The fish bites the middle hook. The side hooks close down as he pulls. The more he pulls the tighter he is hehl. Is a combination of a fish-hook and a gatf. Will catch any fish— minnow to cod. For trolling, casting, deep-sea fishing. Four sizes. State which is wanted. Dozen, .■?!; alike or assorted. Sample, Klc. F. J. Root, 90 W. Broadway, New York. Foot or power; has a ('-foot bed; screw and gear cutting, and wood and steel turning attachments and tools. Of good make, in fine order, and a bargain at 1-3 cost. Ten Doolittle solar wax-extractors (Root's makei in fair order, will last for Years, at 75 cts. each. Also pulleys, shafting, and other tools and articles for sale. For lists and prices, please address W. J. FINCH, JR., = = CARLINVILLE, ILLINOIS. 272 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 1 Victor's Strain of Italian Bees Awarded the Diploma as Being the Best Bees at the Pan=Anierican. B LIRE A U OF A WARDS. PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION,^ Buffalo, New York, U. S. A. Februai v 12, 1902. Mr. W. O. Victor, Wharton, Texas. Dear Sir. — I have the honor to advise you that a Diploma cf HonoraVjle Mention has been awarded to yon for j'onr exhibit of Italian bees at this Exposition. Very respectfully, Wm. I. Buchanan, Director General. Orel L. Hershiser Bought of Me an Untested Queen. This is what He Says of Her Colony : " They are very industrious characteristical- ly marked, and extremely, gentle. It was a daily experience, and repeated many times daily, to go into the inclosure with interested visitors, at the Exposition, open the hive, full to overflowing with beautiful tiees, the prog- eny of the queen you .sent me, and handle them in the various manipulations of hunting out the queen ; shaking the bees from the comb, as is done in extracting, showing the brood in all stages, etc., all without the use of a smoker or any thing else to quiet the bees, and I do not recollect that any one ever got a sting from any of them." Of^the bees I exhibited at the Pan-American, he says : "The nucleus you sent for exhibition and award was certainly very fine-looking bees, and, in my opinion, tht y desen-e the award given them by the judges." But Who is Mr. Hershiser ? See Gleanings of date of Feb'y 1, 1902, page 97 Send in your orders for queens, and in a short time, as Mr. Hershiser and hundreds of others are now doing, you, too, will be singing the praises of "Victor's Bees." Price lists on application. W. 0. VICTOR, Wharton, Tex. ^ Queen Specialist. ^ You Need a Grace Queen=cell Compresser Messrs. Giraud-Pabou & Sons, Le Landrau. France, say: " We are very successful with compressed cups. Box attach- ments have arrived." In .January, Mr. Geo. J. Vande Vord, Daytona, Fla., ordered 200 shells, and on Feb. 28 said: "Please send 400 more immediately. I now tind them to work all right." "A grand invention," say the Atchleys. Another has said, " Removable queen-cells are as valuable to the queen-raiser as removable combs are to the honey-producer." Great, Fine CeMs Secured Each Time. Order a press and have it on hand. By post, $2.00; with other goods, $1.75. Shells, Ic— use them over and over. A 10-box queen-fertilizing attachment will mate several queens to the nucleus colony at cost of one. Send for circular of complete queen-rearing outfits. Golden-all-over queens, $1. E. L. Pratt, Swarthmore Apiaries, Swarthmore, Pa. THE BEST PLACE to send orders for queens when you want golden stock that is satisfactory (bred for honey-gathering for nearly 30 years) is to GEO. J. VANDE VORD, Daytona, Fla. He will treat you right, and is using extreme care in raising fine large queens. A breeder of Root's red- clover strain. Only superior drones in or near both yards. The best mailing and introducing cages made. An extra choice Doolittle golden breeder. Untested, $1.00 each; three for $2.25 ; tested, $1.25. A QUEEN FREE. Our stock is the very b'st that money and experi- ence can procure. Just give our stock a trial and be convinced. We will give one warranted queen free in July for every order for one dozen queens before May 1, in order to have you try our stock. Prices : Untested, each, $1.00; 6 for $5.00 ; 12 for 89.00. Select tested, $2.;50. Tested, $1 25. Two-frame nucleus and warranted queen, $3.00 ; three - frame nucleus and queen, $3.50. Send for our catalog of bee-keepers' supplies and our price list of Italian queens and nu- cleus colonies, with descriptioti of our strain of bees. PRESTON STORE & PRODUCE CO., Dority, Preston Co., W. Va. Potatoes for Sale. sir Walter Raleigh seed potatoes. Choice and true to name. $1.00 per bushel, F. O. B. Charles Vanderbilt, of the New Yorl< Peerless Farm, Lyons, New York. Sweet=Potato Plants. Jersej' Yellow, Big Stem, Jersey Red, Vineland Bush, and other kinds. Write for price list. F. S. Newcomb, Vineland, N. J. CLOWERS.— -Strong plants from 2;^-inch pots. The *^ famous $:W,000 queen of all carnations, Mrs. Thos. W. Lawson, 15c; 2, 25c. Verbenas, 4c; 35c doz. Pan- sies, 25c doz. Boston ferns, 8c each. Roses, monthly bloomers, assorted colors, 10c each; 3 for 25c; prepaid. Frank Danley, Macomb, Illinois. !! WHITE LEGHORNS! ! Single comb ; stock large and fine ; Satisfaction guar- anteed. Pekin ducks. Eggs, $1.50 per 13. Address W. H. GiFFORD, 151 Franklin St., Auburn, N. Y. BELGIAN HARES ! With every hare sold goes a full pedigree, register number, and score-card, scored by an official judge. Does will be bred to one of our famous high - scoring bucks free. Write for book. Mgr. of The A. I. Root Co. J. B. MASON, MECHANIC FALLS, MAINE. All sizes; some trained; first- class stock. New price list free. N. A. KNAPP, Rochester, Lorain Co., Ohio. 1200 FERRETS. Angora Goats are handsome, hardy, profitable. Prize stock ; low price ; circular. Ed. W. Cole & Co., Kenton, O. POULTRY PAPER 3 Honths and book, "Plans for Poultry-houses," 10 cts. Paper one year and book, 25 cts, if you mention Gleanings (reg. price, 50 cts). Inland Poultry Journal, Indianapolis, Indiana. Pflfl S from all varieties of fancy chickens FREE. Send '^^'^^ 10c for a trial subscription to our 16-p. journal if interested in fowls, and get our Free-egg plan. Address The Farm & Poultry ITews, Bcz 702, Uiddlesboro, Zy, ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ I White Wyandottes ! X T Bred from Duston's best. Stock and eggs x J for sale in season. Satisfaction guarant< ed. t I J. F. MOORE, TIFFIN, OHIO. I ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 273 Gleanings in Bee Culture [Established in 1873.] Devoted to Bees, Honey, and Home Interests. Published Semi-monthly by The A. I. Root Co., - - Medina, Ohio. A. I. ROOT, Editor of Home and Gardening Dep'ts. E. R. ROOT, Editor of Apicultural Dept. J. T. CALVERT. Bus. Mgr. A. Iv. BOYDEN, Sec. TERMS. $1.00 per annum ; two years, $1.50; three years, $2.00; five years, $3.00, in advance; or two copies to one address, $1.50 ; three copies, $2.00 ; five copies, $3.75. The terms apply to the United States, Canada, and Mexico. To all other countries 48 cents per year extra for postage. DISCONTINUANCES. The journal is sent until orders are received for its discontinuance. We give notice just before the sub.scription expires, and fur- ther notice if the first is not heeded. Any sub.scriber whose subscription has expired, wishing his journal discontinued, will please drop us a card at once; other- wise we shall assume that he wishes his journal con- tinued, and will pay for it soon. Any one who does not like this plan may have his journal stopped after the time paid for by making this request when ordering. RATES OF ADVERTISING. These will be fur- nished on application. Mr. A. I. Roofs Writings of Grand Traverse territory and Leelanau Co. are descriptive of Michigan's most beautiful section reached most conveniently via the Pere Marquette R. R. Fcr pamphlets of Uichigas farm lands and the fruit Iselt, address J. E. Merritt, Manistee, Michigan. DITTMER'S FOUNDATION. Retail — Wholesale — Jobbing. Having increased my shop -room, put in power and a new set of ma- chines, I am now producing^ a better article than ever, with unlimited ca- pacity to meet orders. I use a process that produces every essential neces- sary to make it the best and most de- sirable in all respects. My process and automatic machines are my own inventions, which enable me to sell foundation, and WORK WAX INTO FOUNDATION FOR CASH, at prices that are the lowest. I make a specialty of working up Wholesale and Jobbing Lots of wax into foundation, for cash. If you have wax by the lOil lbs. or ton, let me hear from you. Catalog giving Full Line of Supplies with prices and samples, free upon application. BEESWAX WANTED. Gus. Dittmer, Augusta, Wisconsin. CHAS. ISRAEL & BROS., 486-490 Canal St., Corner Watt St., N. Y. Honey and Beeswax. Iviberal Advances made on Consignments. Whole- sale Dealers and Commission Merchants. Estab. 1875. ' Pflarshfield Manufacturing Company. Our specialty is making SECTIONS, and they are the best in the market. > Wisconsin b'asswood is the right kind for them. We have a full line of » BEE - SUPPI offset the larger quantity produced. — Ed.] The failure of F. Greiner to get queens fertilized over a colony with a laying queen is about the same as my own. No trouble to have the young queens reared there, but when they should beg"in la3'ing they turn up missing. Yet I did it once easily, and 1 believe that was the first-published case of rearing a young queen over a colony with a laying queen. To have combs preserved from worms, I piled four stories of them over a colony with a laying queen, and to make sure they would all be visited by the bees I put a frame of brood in the upper story — no excluder anywhere. Later, when I came to take them away there was a lay- ing queen above and the old one below. A leak in the upper story allowed an exit and entrance. The Medina plan, wire cloth, is no doubt the right thing for fertilization. [Yes, try it. It works to perfection with us. Ordinary nuclei on separate stands take as much room as the full hive; but by putting an upper story on a strong colony the two parts of a hive separated by a wire cloth, one can work three nuclei very nice- ly. They are up a convenient height for working, and economize room, because they stand exactl}' in the same spot of another hive that may be and probably is gathering honey. — Ed.] Yes, cut and slash sweet clover down — Don't stop to ask its name ; Call it a weed and grub it up. And throw it in the flame. l,et bigotry and ignorance Have now their fullest sway; Don't stop to get a new idea. But mow the plant away. Let fragrant ragweed, burdock sweet, And prickly lettuce grow; It wreathes the mossback's face with smiles To see such things, you know. Just find the rut that father trod. And be content with that; He always cut sweet clover down. And that is what we're at. In American Gardening for March 8 I notice the following, from E. R. Orpet, in regard to the use of bees under glass ; and while it has more to say about how to get the bees ready for their work under the glass than about the results of their work afterward, it can not fail to be of interest 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 277 to bee-keepers, and to greenhouse owners in particular. I copy nearly all of it. BEES UNDER GLASS. Where fruit is extensively cultivated in glass struc- tures, the aid of the busy bee is often invoked, always with good results to the cultivator, but often with dis- astrous effect on the bees. Our stocks were originally procured in the light- fr;iine I,angstroth hives; but as these were much the ■v\ (ji se for wear, we determined to transfer to a more niiKKrn pattern, and were induced to adopt the Dan- zenliaker hive. Two weeks ago, the peach and nec- tarine buds being far enough advanced to sh iw color, a hive was brought in, and, after allowing the bees their first flight, the frames were lifted out and the combs carefully cut to fit the new Danzenbaker frames, whch, being slightlj' smaller, allowed of a snug fit without any wiring. We noticed that there was lots of stores — honey— to carry the bees through vintil spring, and in the enter of the hive wa^ a patch of young brood and egus as big as the palm of one's hand. This induced ns io examine closely for pollen sto ed up, but scarcely any could be detected; certainly not enough with which to rear young brood. A few large pots of single violets full of bloom were in the house, and the bees worked zealously over these, gathering what pollen was available; but, sin- gular to say, they did not touch the old frames with scraps of comb full of honey that were laid round the new hive for the bees to clean up This set us to thinking, and it was reasoned that something was lacking, and that this must be pollen. Having read that, in the absence of this most essential article of food, rye meal had been found a good substi- tute, some was procured, and about a tablespoonful was heaped on the old hive-cover, which had also .some honey spilled on it, and, presto ! the result was a revelation — the bees came out and simply revt led in the meal They became as white as millers, and at the end of the first day it was seen that all the coarse particles of meal had been carefully brushed aside, the whole of the fine meal being removed and carried into the hive to feed the young. And then they at once began to clean up the scraps of honey; not a par- ticle remained at the end of the first day. Some cultivators do not use bees to set their fruit- bloom, but it is the best of economy to let them do it. Tlie co.st of a swarm is soon outbalanced by the amount of labor expended in .setting the bloom by hand. It is a fair estimate that one house alone of peaches and nectarines would cost as much to set by hand as would buy a good colony of bees; and if these are carefully tended they come out stronger and better for their .sojourn under gla.ss, always provided that there is plentj' of honey stored in the hive. Should their stores be short, syrup must be fed as well as the rye meal. We used to have to borrow a swarm from a bee- keeper, and at first he did not much like the idea, unless we would guarantee him against loss; but the hive, when returned to him, threw off such early and very strong swarms that he had no further misgiv- ings, and we became interested ourselves in the art, and have never before taken up a study that was at once so intensely interesting as that of the busy bee. BEES AND FRUIT. This is the name of a French bee journal now in its second year, of which we have just received our first copy. It is publish- ed in Alencon, France. The February is- sue contains a biography of Mr. Charles Dadant, with a fine view of this apicultu- ral veteran. It states he was born in 1819. It should be 1817. We are g"lad to receive this new journal, as it abounds in interest- ing- thing-s relative to apiculture and farm- ing generally. BEES. This is the short title of a new bee-paper started the first of the year in London. It is the outcome of a dispute between the pub- lisher and editor, E. A. Geary, and the editor of the British Bee Jourtial, Mr. W. B. Carr. Last spring Mr. Geary sent an advertisement to the B. B. /. , headed, " Perfection at Last in Management. " Mr. Carr very promptly rettirned the money and copy, saying he would not insert the ad- vertisement at any price. The resulting correspondence is published in full in the January issue. After a long war of words the clarion notes of Mr. Geary's trumpet were heard on the hillside, and his sword leaped from the scabbard ; and llie result is a splendid addition to the apicultural littr- ature of England, for Bees is in e\ery way a readable publication. It is claimed that, where twelve colonies would be enough to keep one man busy in the old way, by Mr. Geary's new plan thirty can be managed as easily. Interesting results are expected. PRIME SWARMS. " Good morning, Mr. Doolittle. I am in- terested in the swarming of bees, and feel that I know very little about the principle on which swarming is conducted, so I came over to have a little chat with you regard- ing the matter." "All right, Mr. Brown. But what start- ed you off on this swarming matter now? Bees are not likely to swarm here in Cen- tral New York to any amount under nearlj- three months." " Yes, I know that is so; but I have been looking over my back volumes of Glf;anings during the stormy days which we have had along back, when I came across this in Dr. Miller's Stray Straws, page 511 for July 1, 1895: 'A prime swarm,' says Doolittle, p. 484, ' is often erroneously called a first swarm. Why erroneously?' I copied it off so that I could ask you if you ever answered that question." " I do not remember whether I ever did or not; but I think it can be answered sat- isfactorily." " But I alwaj's thought a prime swarm was a first swarm, and all of those coming later on from this same parent colony were after-swarms. ' ' "You are correct in thinking that a prime swarm is a first swarm, for stich is always the case; but that is not the ques- tion Dr. Miller raised, if I understand him correctly." "Well, then, I do not understand Dr. Miller as well as I thought I did. What do you understand to be the question he raises? " " He wishes to know why it is erroneous to call a first swcirm a prime swarm. A prime swarm must of necessity be a first swarm, but that does not necessarily make 278 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 1 it that a first swarm must be a prime swarm." " Well, what is the difference? •' " I think we can g^et at this matter by turning' to the dictionary. All I have here at the office is the Student's Standard Dictionary by Funk &. Wagnalls; and it is so brief in every thing- I may not find what I want. Oh, yes! here it is. 'Prime, n. 1. . . 2. The period of full perfection in any thing." " Very well. Is not the first swarm a perfect swarm? " "No, not always." " Please tell me wherein not." "A first swarm, to be a prime swarm, must be in a normal or perfect condition, which is as follows: The parent colony must have an old or laying- queen, general- ly reared the season before, or of longer standing, though this is not strictly neces- sarj' with a prime swarm. But it is neces- sarj' that this queen should have been lay- ing long enough to fill the hive with brood, laid the eggs in the drone and queen-cells, while the younger bees are all of her own production. Then upon the sealing of the first queen-cell (in some cases before), this old or la3dng queen goes out with the bees when they swarm, so that they can estab- lish a perfect colony in their new home at once. Here we have not only a first swarm, but a prime swarm as well, because in ev- ery way the whole thing is in accord with perfect or 7iormal condition." " But I never knew a first swarm to issue under any other conditions. Did you? " " Oh, yes! Very many of them. And this is especially the case in verj' poor sea- sons. Two years ago I had only three swarms in both apiaries, and none of the three were prime swarms — that is, swarms like what we have just been talking about; yet all three were first swarms." " Please explain." " In each of these three hives, or colonies, the laying queen which was wintered over commenced laying the same as did all the others, and the bees had no more desire to swarm while these queens continued to lay than did any of the other ninety odd colo- nies; but just before the season arrived, when most colonies would have swarmed, had the season been good, from some reason or other these three queens died right at a time when the hive was well filled with brood and bees of all ages. The queen having died, the bees set about raising them another; and, not being content to start onlyone queen-cell, as is almost always the case, they started from four to a dozen, which queen-cells were perfected over the larva; they had chosen for the purpose. Here you will see is quite a dlfi'erence from the prime-swarm method. In the one case the bees and queen were all agreed in the matter, in order that a perfect swarm should go out, so she laid the eggs in the queen-cells for the queens, they being per- fected from the &^^, while in this latter case the bees took larvse of their own choos- ing and built queen-cells over them. You see the difference? " " Yes, I see. But go on." " When the first one of these emergency queens came out of her cell, there were sev- eral others just ready to come out, and the bees hesitated what to do till the first out began to pipe and the others to quawk, so finally concluded to send out a swarm to keep peace in the familjs and soon out they came — a first swarm, to be sure; but was it a prime swarm, a perfect swarm, or a normal swarm? " " From your line of reasoning, I shall be compelled to say no." "No. It issued, to all intents and pur- poses, just the same as an after-swarm would, except that it had more bees, and the queens were what is called ' emergen- cy ' queens, instead of those reared where the queen laid the &^^ in the cell for them at the start. They had no laying queen, and the swarm must be queenless, so far as any egg-laying was concerned, till this young queen went out to meet the drone, and had eggs perfected, or from three to six or eight days; while the prime swarm had a queen ready to lay eggs in the first comb built, as soon as the cells were deep enough. I think Dr. Miller must have fail- ed to comprehend, just at the moment he asked that question, that prime meant in a normal or truly perfect condition in every way." The outlook for the honey-crop in Arizo- na, up to March 10th, was very discourag- ings, according to one of our correspondent. Neither comb nor extracted honey is moving off very freely, and this is particu- larly so of comb, a large part of w^hich, if not all, could have been moved off had it not been for the comb-honej' lies that have not 3'et been all choked oft'. COMB-HONEV LIES BREAKING LOOSE AGAIN. The comb-honey lies are breaking out again in the Eastern papers. Thej' first started out in Chicago, and moved south- ward and westward till they got to Cali- fornia. Then there was a gradual exodus eastward again. The Chicago papers had been so thoroughly bombarded and lam- basted by bee-keepers that they probablj^ will not rehash any more of the stuff. But in the mean time the Eastern papers began to pick up the old stories and rehash them. Among these papers is the Philadelphia Record, one of the very best and most influ- ential papers in the East. Another one was the New York Tribinie, one of the old standards. I suggest that our Eastern bee- 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 279 keepers send a few thousand letters. Pile them in so thick and fast thiit the editors of those papers will never ag^ain give space to such nonsense. I'HE EFFECT OF WM. STAHL'S ADVICE RE- GARDING THE MATTER OF SPRAYING TREES WHILE IN BLOOM. The following letter, from one of our sub- scribers, a member of the National Bee- keepers' Association, shows the effect of Wm. Stahl's advice about spraying while in bloom: Mr. Root:—! fear I am about to get my bees all poisoned. A neighbor w ithiii a quarter of a mile has an apple-orchard of 1000 trees. He bought of Win. Stahl, of Quincy, 111., a spra5'ing outfit Stahl advises spraying while in full bloom with Paris green My neighbor says he is going to do it. You certainly know the result will be death to my bees. I sent $1.00 to George W. York, as dues in the National Bee-keep- ers' A.ssociation more than one month ago, and have not heard from it yet. I also wrote to our member in Congress, and he turned my letter over to Frank Benton, who sent me his book on bee culture. Now, if you can help me to get bulletins from the experi- ment stations of the States that have laws against spraying fruit in bloom, I think I can convince my neiglibors that Stahl's advice is all wrong. I am n-.t an object of charitv, but I am not in position to know whom to write to in order to get what I want. Will you please help me out? J. T. Williams. P. vS. — Apple-trees will be in full bloom here about April 15. J. T. W. Noel, Mo., March 1. There is no doubt that your dollar was received and forwarded on to the General Manager. The office has been vacant for a few weeks ; but now it has been filled, some action looking to your relief will doubtless be taken. Any amount of evidence has been placed before Mr. Stahl showing that his advice is hurtful, not only to bee-keepers but to the fruit-grower. But none are so blind as those who will not see. When a good many bee-keepers complained, he came out with a modified statement in one of his circulars, to the effect that the liquids he recommend- ed were not strong enough to kill bees. If there ever was a case that ought to come before the National Association, this is one ; and I recommend that the Associa- tion, through its General Manager, employ the best legal talent it can get hold of to see if there can not be some redress against a man who, apparently at least, is purposely giving such advice. I for one should like to see the Association emptied of half its treasury in making this a test case. Remember, Stahl is one who has been giving a helping hand in the dissemi- nation of the comb-honey canards. In the mean time, those of our friends who have disagreeable neighbors who are following the advice of this man Stahl are requested to send to us at once for litera- ture bearing on the subject. If the fruit- growers are persons who will listen to rea- sonable evidence presented by the experi- ment stations at Geneva and Ithaca, N. Y., or any other station in any State, they will for their own protection spray only before and after bloom. We are prepared to fur- nish leaflets on application, which will ex- plain the matter very thoroughly. Later. — There is another firm, the Field Force Pump Co., of Lockport, N. Y., inan- ufacturers of spraying outfits, who have been sending out circulars recommending the spraying of trees while in bloom. We wrote a gentlemanly protest to these people, sending them facts from their two experi- ment stations, at Ithaca and Geneva. In repl3' they wrote back this courteous letter: Gentlemen: — Our attention had already been called to the fact which you mention in your letter of March 18, and we have replied to our correspondent. We promised our former correspondent, however, that, as .soon as there was a reprint of these leaflets, it would be chaiijged to read "As .soon as the blos.soms fall." We are in full sympathy in your efforts to pro- tect the bees, which are sometimes poisoned by the spray, and thank you for calling our attention again to this unintentional error on our part. Trusting that this will be satisfactory, we remain Very truly yours, IMr6' sugar from the consumer's point of view, and is good enough for the tables of the richest in the land. It commands the highest inarket price, and is preferred by epicures who put flavor before appear- ance. From the experiments of Dr. Planta, a gre'it chemist, as well as many "tiiois less distinguished, it has been proved that a highly refined chemically pure sugar is not good for bees; and when we recollect that honey is quite a difterent thing entire- ly it follows that the bees are compelled to digest what their internal organs are not adapted for. We know that, after passing through the organs of the bee, common su- gar is partially converted into glucose. If extracted and fed again, it is still further converted into glucose, and the process may be continued till it is all converted into glu- cose. Such a process is a great strain on the bees, and we bee-keepers should try to avoid this by using the best sugar possible for the purpose. The presence of albumin- oids, amides, gums, salts, etc., all conduces to the health of the bees, showing that their constitution somewhat resembles humans in its rebelling ag-ainst chemically pure foods. And while honey is set down by chemists as glucose, and nothing else, it is not so in actual practice. A good many kinds of honey contain cane sugar in small quanti- ties, also albuminoids, gums, oils, wax, amides, salts, etc., so that there is a great difference between glucose and honejs though both are alike according to the chem- ists. We may be allowed to paraphrase the saj'ing of Pontius Pilate with regard to truth, and ask, "What is honey?" and, going a step further, say, "What is sugar?" Here let me say again that that English grocer made the very same plea that Mr. Gilmore makes; namely, that beet sugar is cane sugar, and so it is — to a chemist. What little I know about chemical science I owe to one of the great Meyer family, of Germany — surely a name to conjure by, Mr. Gilmore will admit ; and I believe, from what he taught me, we are still far from understanding the sugar question. Prof. Armsby hits it oft' far better than I can do, in his "Manual of Cattle-feeding," page 44, where he states, in speaking of the sugars: "They all resemble in a gen- eral waj^ cane sugar in their properties, though they are by no means identical.'' (The italics mine.) Surely my opponent will admit that Mr. Armsby is a very high authority, more particularly as he is follow- ing in the footsteps of a very great German authority, Mr. Wolft". Following the same authority, and also that of Prof. Henry, in his "Feeds and Feeding," Mr. Gilmore will find that the presence of extraneous inatter in food is a help to digestion. One that is familiar to manj^ is that of Graham versus fine bolted flour. Another instance that is familiar to cattle-feeders is that of corn meal versus corn and cob meal. Both are equal as regards feeding value, though the corn and cob meal is much inferior, chemically speaking. I know there are some who believe that the future man will live on pure concentrat- ed extracts and the like, but they haven't a leg to stand on. Persons who try that sort of thing get dyspepsia, and so do bees. Na- ture rebels against it. When living on the eastern shore of Mary- land I worked tor three different canning- 284 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 1 factories, and none of the three or any oth- ers there would use beet sujijar with their fruit for canning-, and it seems to me this is a rule everywhere. It is so in condensed- milk factories. The mjinag^er of the New York Condensed :ailk Co. (Gail Borden), an old friend of mine, told me that his com- pany would use only the best cane sugar. They never would use beet sug^ar. It is the same in Europe, where beet sug^ar is king-. Thej^ won't use it in milk. This is what Fleichmann, the very liighest authorit}' in the world on milk, has to say: "The expe- rience which has been acquired up till the present time in the preparation of condens- ed milk points to the fact that the fresh milk should be previously warmed with 12 to 13 per cent of cane sug-ar — beet sugar has proved itself unsuitable." The italics are mine. Coming- from one of Germany's most celebrated scientists, from a country where beet sugar this is supreme, is very important testimonj'; and from Germany, Switzerland, France, and Great Britain, beet-sug-ar-con- suming countries, has come nearly all the testimony that beet sugar has proved itself unsuitable as a bee food. Nay, more; the bee-keepers of Europe look to the West In- dies and the East for their sugar supply, using it just as it is sent. It is not "raw" sugar, as Mr. Gilmore supposes. I am so isolated that I am obliged to rely wholly on my own library for references, but I think I have done enough, and rest my case, as the lawyers say. W. K. Morrison. [After I had received the articles from the two gentlemen referred to, one came from J. M. Rankin, of the Michigan Experiment Station, who had not seen any of the arti- cles except Mr. Morrison's first one, lead- ing up to this discussion. He seems to sup- port the opinion of Mr. Gilmore, the beet- sugar expert at the Pan-American exposi- tion. Mr. Rankin writes:] BEET vs. CANE SUGAR AS A BEE-FOOD. It seems a useless waste of space to dis- cuss beet and cane sugar at this late date. " If it were done when 't is done. Then 't were well if it were done quickly;" that is, if writing this article would con- vince our skeptical brethren then I would feel that I was really doing a lasting good to the bee-keeping public. Many able ar- ticles have preceded this one on the subject, and the chemical side of the question has been discussed in a former issue of this journal so much more ably than I could possibly handle it that I will refrain from touching the chemical side of the question, and will give the reader an account of some actual experiments along this line. Early in the history of the Michigan Su- gar Co., whose factory is located at Bay City, and was the first factory built in Michigan, the chemist of our Experiment Station requested me to test the product of this factory as a bee-feed. I wrote to the Michigan company, and procured a sack of 100 pounds of what I knew to be beet sugar. It came direct from the factory, and in a sack on which was printed the trademark of the Michigan Sugar Company. (I send herewith a sample of this same sack of su- gar to the editor. ) October 10, 1899, the brood-chambers of five colonies of bees in the apiary of the Experiment Station were extracted clean, and syrup made from this beet sugar was fed. October l.S, five days later, five more colonies were extracted clean, and fed on syrup made from sugar that was known to be the product of sugar cane. No honey was gathered after this date, and the ten colonies under experiment went into winter quarters as nearly of equal strength as it would have been possible to select them. The bees were wintered on summer stands, packed in chaff. All ten colonies came through the winter in prime condition, and no preference could be noticed for either feed. In fact, I thought not enough of the experiment to publish it in full, as there seemed to be no case against the beet su- gar, and I had no idea that such a dispute would ever come up as has taken place in the journals within the last year. I mere- ly mentioned, in the Report of the State Board of Agriculture of Michigan for 1900, page 91, that such an experiment had been carried out. The following year some beet sugar was offered for sale that had about it a peculiar odor. It looked like any other sugar; but when kept sealed in a glass jar for a few weeks, upon opening the jar an odor was detected. Syrups were made from this su- gar, and placed in open dishes in the tops of some four or five colonies of bees. Each dish was placed beside a dish of cane-su- gar syrup. The dishes were all exactly alike, and in each was placed one pound of the mixture. In every case the bees emptied the dish containing the syrup made from the sugar with the odor before scarcely be- ginning on the dishes containing the cane sugar. Two colonies were wintered on this sugar, and came through the winter in per- fect condition. What is beet sugar? Is it some new prod- uct of the last few years which was entirely unknown before? Let me qtiote a few sta- tistics from A. Boucherau's Statement of Sugar Crop. The following shows the per- centage of cane sugar that has gone to make up the world's sugar supply: 1865 ... .... 69.8 per cent. 1885 51 2 per cent. 1870... ....02.9 '■ 1890 . ...1.5.0 " 1875... 54.:i 1895...., iO.l 1888.... 52.2 1900 35.6 Does it seem reasonable-(I leave it to the reader) to think that, during all these years, we have been using cane sugar entirely? It will be noticed by examining the above table that, since 1875, nearly half the su- sar consumed in the world was made from beets. In conclusion, let me quote from a man whose name is dear to every farmer in Mich- igan, and honored by the college men the world over — Dr. R. C. Kedzie, the veteran Experiment Station Chemist of America. '.yo- GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 285 He said, when asked what the difference between beet and cane sug-ar was, "There is only one answer to this question; cane sug^ar and beet sugar are the same. It is not a question of similarity, but of identity. Chemists, the world over, are agreed as to the identity of cane and beet sug-ar, and all statements of differences and properties — of inferiority or superiority of these sug"ars — are either in ignorance or for deception. We sometimes say, 'As like as two peas;' but no two peas are exactly alike ; such comparison does not hold on this subject, for it is not a question of likeness but iden- tity. "The suspicion was aroused by the sug'ar trust that beet sugar is inferior to cane su- gar, and this suspicion has been carefully nourished by the sugar trust; and the state- ment has been so often repeated that many folks have believed it. What are the facts? For the last three years the people of the Northern States have used beet sugar al- most exclusively. Look at the world's su- gar production in 1898. We were at war with Spain, and little sugar was produced in Cuba and Porto Rico, and less still was exported. None was obtained from the Philippine Islands ; the sugar from the Sandwich Islands was required for our peo- ple on the Pacific coast; Louisiana could not make enough sugar to supply herself and the Gulf States. Where could we get enough sugar to supply the millions of tons required for the world's consumption if we depended on sugar from the cane alone? The supply of sugar from sugar cane has been insufficient to fill and replenish the world's sugar-bowl, and for three years past we have been in a large measure cut ofT from that source. If it had not been for the beet sugar of Europe the world would have gone hungry. Beet sugar at this very time furnishes two -thirds of the world's supply. The supply of refined sugar for our own use for three years past has con- sisted very largely of beet sugar from Ger- many and France." J. M. Rankin. [I have read this discussion thus far very carefully, and I do not see that there is very much disagreement between our corre- spondents except as to the suitableness of unrefined sugars for bees. Mr. Morrison argues in favor of the rich honey-like sugar before it is chemicalized and bleached to suit the American market, and there is no question but such sugar does have more flavor than the refined sugars of either beet or cane. Personally, on my own puddings and pastry I prefer them to the refined ar- ticle. While there can be no question that many honey-like sugars have more flavor, I believe there is a question as to whether such sugars are as healthful for bees. Many years ago A. I. Root conducted a long series of experiments, feeding the brown sugars, coffee A sugars, and granu- lated sugars, all from the sugar cane, be- cause at that time there were no beet sugars on the market. He came to the conclusion Ih it the white or refined sugars were not only cheaper but more wholesome for the bees, for northern climates like ours. The dark sugars had a tendency to bring on dysentery. Other bee-keepers have since verified A. I. Root's experiments ; and throughout the United States, at least, granulated sugar only is used when made into syrup for feeding bees for winter. Mr. Morrison also writes as though honey were more wholesome than sugar syrup. He says, moreover, that syrup fed to bees is partly converted into glucose. Chemically speaking I suppose that is true, although we have said of late that either nectar from flowers or sugar syrup is "inverted" in the organs of the bees, or, as Prof. Cook puts it, "digested." If I am correct, nec- tar is a cane sugar — that is, a chemical cane sugar ; so also is granulated sugar which we feed to the bees. Either one goes through a chemical change in the organism of the bee ; but the nectar of flowers, being almost as thin as water, is, as a rule, more thoroughly digested, or inverted, and may, therefore, be more easily assimilated. It has been the practice of late to feed all sugar syrup thin — much thinner than rec- ommended 3'ears ago, for the purpose of se- curing much more thorough inversion of the syrup before it goes into the combs. Some years ago, I think it was Mr. Jas. Heddon (and his testimony was supple- mented by a numbers) who argued in favor of sugar syrup rather than honey as a win- ter food; and, as a rule, I believe bee-keep- ers, at the same price, have preferred gran- ulated-sugar syrup because it was free from deleterious flavors and substances that have a tendency to clog the intestines of the bees. I be ieve it is true that, in England, and perhaps throughout Europe generally, cane sugars have the preference over beet sugars as a bee food; but this preference, I have been told, is based on the theory or fact that an unrefined cafw sugar is more whole- some than an unrefined deef. Whether or not there is any thing in this, I do nut know. I believe it is also true that some canning-factories have at least a prefer- ence for sugar from the cane. Whether that preference is based on an erroneous no- tion or not, I can not say. I do not believe it is wise or best to con- tinue this discussion any further; for when doctors disagree, who shall decide? — Ed.] /. D. C, A^. C.—I do not think there will be any difficulty about your moving your bees any time, providing the weather is warm enough to permit them to fly at the time you move them. You should make some arrangement to see that the combs are securely fastened in the hive, and the bees have plenty of ventilation. Wire cloth should be put over the entrance, and wire cloth or thin muslin over the tops of the hives. In moving bees it is necessary to give a large amount of ventilation. Wire cloth at the entrance only would not answer. 286 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 1 fAmm RAMBLE 199. Troubles with a New Language ; Mr. Brown, of Tulipan ; Glimpses of Life in tlie Tropics. BY RAMBLER. When a lone traveler from the States drops into a city like Havana there is an- other peculiarity that strikes him with con- siderable force. His tongue does not fit at all with nine-tenths of the tongues he meets. When several full-grown men are in turn asked a civil question in English, and they stare at you, and repeat a jargon of words you do not understand, with many motions of the hands, and so rapid as to sound about like hail pattering on a tin roof, you begin to realize, what a wretched time the confusion of tongues caused at the tower of Babel. But I did not worry a bit. I rath- er enjoyed the situation. It was something new and novel. As a natural outcome from such a condition the traveler will seek his own, or, in other words, "birds of a feather will flock together," and I was temporarily quartered at Hotel Thrower, where patrons are all Americans, and can speak a civil- ized language. I was not slow to talk about honey matters, and had not talked far with Mr. Thrower before he remarked, "If you are a honey-man you must see Mr. Brown, of Tulipan," and he gave me directions to find him in the suburbs of the city. A short time after, I was talking with Mrs. Thrower, and she "throwed " the same ad- vice to me: "You must see Mr. Brown, the great bee-man at Tulipan. Why," said she, with enthusiasm, "we had a delight- ful basket picnic there last Fourth of July. A great affair it was too — honey all we could eat; speeches, flowers, and the hum of the bees under the palm-trees." Dr. James Warner, an American, is a bee-keeper of note as well as a popular and successful dentist of many years' standing in this city. While spending a very pleas- ant evening with him he also propounded the question, "Have you seen Mr. Brown, of Tulipan?" Mrs. Warner also, soon after, entered the room, and in the course of conversation said, "You must see Mr. Brown, of Tuli- pan." Then there is the Rev. Mr. Herrick of the Congregational mission in Havana, he- roically hoeing his row, digging up tares of rank growth. We had not conversed long before the advice came, "You must see Mr. Brown, of Tulipan." His sou and then his wife were introduced to me, and it was again, "You must see Mr. Brown, of Tuli- pan." I was attracted to a restaurant because it bore in large letters, "California Restau- rant." Charley Chinaman, a round-faced jolly fellow, was manager. We swapped ideas about California; and when I men- tioned honej' matters he remarked, "Oh, I'yes ! honey, honey ; I'you kl'now Mr. Blown, of Tluliplan? Oh! ha— I'you must slee Mr. Blown; him gleat blee-man — ha- ha." Certainly I wanted to see Mr. Brown; and when the opportunity came for me to go to Tulipan I had forgotten my directions; and, though on the Prado, where hundreds of people were passing, I knew I should have to ask many before getting the infor- " SHE WALTZED UP IN ERONT OE ME. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 287 mation. While I was revolving these mat- ters a gentleman stepped up to me and re- marked, pointing to a street-car, " That is a Cerro car." " So I observe," said I; "but I want to go to Tulipan." "Oh! it is Tulipan, he3'? Why, you must be seeking Mr. Brown, the bee-man;" and he gave me full directions for getting there. And you will excuse me if I began to think things were coming mj' way quite fast when an utter stranger should step up to me and give me the desired information at the desired moment. Tulipan is a close-in suburb of Havana, and near the end of my journey I was fol- fowing a stone canal. Approaching was a tall angular negress, and cutting up such antics trying tojdance a jig upon the edge of the canal. We met; and, instead of pass- ing me civilly, she waltzed up in front of me with her long uncanny lingers elevated, and her bleared eyes and ugly mouth with- in three inches of my face; and such a sav- age expression and flow of words — abuse or compliments it was all the same to me. I stood my ground, looked her in the eye, and shouted, " Senor Brown I colmenero Brown!" and such a magic effect as the name "Brown" had upon that witch you can not imagine. She just faded away, and slouched off up the canal without an- other word. Well, I found Mr. Brown camping in tents with his bees — about 120 colonies — un- der the mangoes and palms. Mr. Brown and I were soon acquainted. He has lived in many portions of the States, and is well posted upon all topics of the day, and has taken to bee-keeping very recently in Cuba. There is an old adage that, " if j'ou give the persistent seeker after knowledge the handle, he will pump you dry." I found Mr. Brown somewhat inclined that way, and I have no doubt his pleasant talkative qualities are the reason of his being so well known and popular with the American col- ony in Havana. His apiary was imported from the States — one portion of it from Mis- souri and another from Vermont. The Mis- souri contingent was started by Mr. Cull}^ of Higginsville. Mr. Cullj' being acciden- tally killed on the way, the bees, after many delaj's, arrived in Cuba 21 days after ship- ment, half of them dead, and the rest in a weak condition. The Vermont bees came through in a week, all alive, at an expense of about $2.00 per colony; and, though Mr. Brown's bees have cost him about $10 per MR. BROWN'S APIARY IN CUBA 288 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 1 colony, he concludes that, if the shipment is not delayed, bees can be shipped here profitably from Texas and all States east of the Mississippi River. Bees, however, can be so rapidly increased here that it is better to buy than to run the risk of ship- ping-. I will tell you later how it can be done economically. Owing- to the aforesaid propensity to seek information, Mr. Brown secured a great variety of it from the many bee-keepers he interviewed, and some quite contradictory. We all want to get on fast, and so does Mr. Brown; and this desire led him to push his insertion of sheets of foundation too fast, putting two frames where the condition of the brood - chamber would barely warrant one. Mr. Brown is a close reader of bee liter- ature, but could find nothing conclusive upon that point, and he remarked that he did not see why the A B C of Bee Culture couldn't tell just how. when, and how fast to insert foundation into a colony weak or strong; and that is a point, Mr. Editor, for you to look to in the next revision of the ABC. I herewith present photos of Mr. Brown's pleasant location. The hives are nicely shaded under the mango-trees. This tree blooms twice during the year, and the bees work with energy upon it. I am told that the fruit of this tree is delicious, but it is so tender that it will not bear shipment. In this respect it is like many varieties of fruit on this island. In this photo you get your first glimpse of the royal palm as far as my rambles are concerned. It is indeed a noble tree; and this, too, has a honey-producing blossom. The palm is a useful tree in many other re- spects, as I will show you later. That Mr. Brown is a sociable man is shown in the next photo. His neighbors, great and small, Americans and Cubans, are all in the picture. Mr. B. is the center figure, with a wheel in front of him. An- other notable figure leaning against the tent corner is Hilas D. Davis, of Vermont, of whom more anon. Then there is a Cu- ban mounted rural guard. We meet them on every road — a natty uniform, machete, revolver, and a carbine. He is a sort of useless arsenal, but it is dear to the heart of the Cuban to bear the insignia of office. Mr. Brown uses the tent in the foreground for extracting honejs where we find a two- frame extractor. He is quite proud of his uncapping-tank — uses a barrel with a wire- cloth strainer about ten inches from the bottom. At present. Feb. 7, Mr. Brown is happy from the fact that his bees have recovered from their setback, and are enabling him to fill his barrels with honey. One colony gave him 90 lbs. at one extracting. Mr. B. is a good salesman, and retails quite a lit- tle honey in Havana. He has worked up quite a market for honey in brood-frames. When he finds a super with one or more combs newly drawn from foundation, nice- ly sealed and white, he calls that a " sell- er," and sells it for one peso (dollar). May the shadow of Mr. Brown never grow less. ««««« NOTES OF TRAVEL. The Colorado Desert ; the Old Seabed ; the Econom= ic Value of Deserts ; Southern California ; Frank McNay. BY K. K. ROOT. On leaving for Los Angeles I took the Southern Pacific at Maricopa. I had read a good deal about the Colorado Desert in Southeastern California: of the fact that my route was to be over the hottest place in the United States; and I was anxious to see for myself, and now I was to have that long- cherished hope gratified, and I did. I re- member distinctly when we got into the des- ert country how I suffered from the heat, dirt, and sand, and well do I recall the wierd sensations that came to me as I got into the old seabed on this side of Salton — a basin or bowl ^oo feet beloiv the level of the sea, perhaps 25 miles long and about 5 miles wide. I had a verj^ strong field-glass, one of the Treider binoculars, and with this I took in the country far and near. As we reached the edge of the celebrated basin I began to see the mirage. To all appear- ances we were making toward the shoresof a beautiful lake or sea, instead of going down, down, into one of the most desert portions in all the United States. Steam was shut off the engine, and gradually we moved down into this valley of death and stillness, where nothing can exist for any length of time, not even the salt grass. Occasionally, I am told, there are tracks of animals go- ing across the desert, but they were in straight lines, because they know there is nothing in that waste for them. The ground is parched and broken into great gaps, and it seemed almost as if Mother Earth were yawning to receive us. Some parts of the basin are as level and hard as a granite floor. Other parts glisten with sand that is finer than snow. As we descended into the very bottom of this immense bowl, we appeared to be, not in a depression, but on the summit of a knoll; and when we looked in every direction it appeared as if we were on an island, and looking down toward in- viting shores. I pulled out m}' glass and tried to discern more clearly this mysteri- ous water with its ever-vanishing fleeting shore-line that so deceives the traveler. By looking very carefully I could see what seemed to be a sort of fog that was perfect- ly level on top; but so far as any water or moisture was concerned, I believe there is nothing of the kind — a sort of mysterious something due to the reflection on the sand, and the immense heat. I was told that, if I could get out of the car and lie with my head to the ground, this mirage would ap- pear close enough to throw a stone into the water. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 289 But the temperature I I never suiYered from the heat in all my life as I did in that desert bowl. The passengers seemed to consider comfort beyond conventional deco- rum. We pulled off our coats and vests, and still the heat was insufferable, and the sweat oozed from every pore — not the pro- fuse perspiration that we experience in damp countries, but a very slig-ht thin moisture all over the surface of the bodj'. On we sped until we reached Salton, a ver- itable oasis — indeed, a little town on the west edge of the basin, and where, it seem- ed to me, there was no chance for any pop- ulation to exist. But here is, nevertheless, quite a respectable town, and all because of water which is obtained from the moun- tain-sides. But before we go further on the trip let us make some observations about the desert out of which we have just come. This bowl, or seabed, which is 300 feet below the level of the sea, was originally, accord- ing to geologists, a part of the sea, and probablv' had direct connection with the Gulf of California. It appears that the Colorado River has queer freaks, and every once in a while it overflows its banks, and sometimes the entire country. In one of these freaks it is supposed it changed its course, flooded the country, closed up the old outlet by carrying sands and silts, and shutting oft' the connection to the Pacific itself, leaving an inland body of water. As the water was very shallow, the intense heat evaporated it, leaving a great many little basins here and there. But the larg- est and most wonderful one of all is this one of the Salton seabed. Travelers tell us that the old shore-line is very clearly de- fined; that there are evidences that the In- dians once lived on these shores, that there are crude relics of their handiwork scatter- ed all along. In this Salton bed nothing will grow. Wood will not rot; iron will not rust; a car- cass will not decay. Ever}' thing is parch- ed by the sun. I have seen no estimate or figures as to what the temperature may be out in the open; but I will guarantee it is hot enough to fry eggs up to the queen's taste. I learn that a gigantic enterprise is now on foot to reclaim the Colorado Desert (of which this old seabed is a small part) in Southeastern California. It is proposed to divert the Colorado River into its old bed and make a large area, of about 100 or 150 miles square, into a garden of Eden, or like the other portions of California where tropical fruits are grown. But a note of warning is sounded by some who have giv- en this matter no little attention. It is ar- gued that these deserts in and about Cali- fornia serve a very useful purpose in giving the necessary heat to those localities that are now under cultivation. The sun's rays pour down on these desert sands with re- lentless fury. The heat is thus stored up in Mother Earth. The wind wafts it over the mountains into the valleys that are un- der cultivation. The contention is that, if the Colorado River is changed back to its old bed and the Colorado Desert is convert- ed over into fertile plains, growing all kinds of fruits and grains, then this immense fur- nace or storage battery of heat will fail to give oft' its supply of dry hot air so needful to the growing districts of other parts of Southern California. There is no doubt at all that the all-wise Creator has arranged the mountains and the deserts, the lakes and the seas, just where it is best. Man had better not, per- haps, go too far with his irrigation schemes, else he may kill the goose that lays the golden egg. But we will not moralize on this question. No human being, at least, can tell what the result will be. Some au- thorities seem to think that man will not be able to carry out this great scheme; that Nature, having a plan of her own, will thwart his eftorts. We shall see. FKANK M'NAY AT HOME. We now leave Salton, with its great heat, and pass onward into the higher lands be- tween the mountains. We realize, by the puffing and snorting of the locomotive, that we are climbing onward and upward. The mountains on either side of the Southern Pacific tower up in peaks 10,000 feet high, and aftord quite a change of scenery from the bed of the sea from which we have just emerged. The temperature begins to drop. We find it comfortable to put on our vests again, and then our coats; and it is not long before I begin to realize the need of my overcoat — a useless thing which I have lug- ged 2000 miles all for naught — Dr at least I thought so up to this time. The air begins 290 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 1 FRANK M 'nay's BEE-CAVE. to grow chilly, for it is getting- toward even- ing-. As our train stopped at the various points, oranges, bananas, and all tropical fruits, are offered at ridiculously low prices. As we speed on, here and there I see bee- yards, and bee-men working- to prepare for the honey- flow which is bound to come in a few days. Ever and anon we pass heaps of oranges lying on the ground. They were culls, or slightly rotten. Here they were, all going- to waste because there was no market, or at least it did not pay to ship to the East any thing but the select fruit. Beautiful orang-e-groves and ripe fields of grain flit by, and such cultivation! Final- ly we land in Los Angeles, indeed the "citj' of the ang-els." In fact, this country for 100 miles around seems to be God's country if any part of the world deserves that name. I put up at the Natick House, a large ho- tel in the center of the city, where one can get board and lodging- on the European plan. A large beautifully lighted room, clean bed, and modern furniture, for 25 cents; and meals, the very best of them, for the same money. One can live in Los An- FRANK M'NAY UNPER FIRE ( BEE-STINGS ) 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 291 g-eles very economically, if he chooses; or if he wants to be in style, and be in with the nabobs, he can pa}' as hig'h a price for hotel accommodation as he desires; but as I was not a nabob, I was content to live on a level with common people. Almost the first bee-keeper I met in Los Ang-eles was Mr. Frank McNay, formerly of Mauston, Wis. He was particularly suc- cessful as a bee-keeper in his old State, be- ginning" in the business when he was only 17 years old. In his early experience he had more difficult}' in selling a single bar- rel of honey than he had later on in selling carloads. He located something like 25 dif- ferent apiaries in Wisconsin, and was do- ing a flourishing business; but ill health compelled him to seek a new lo- cation. He wandered westward until he landed in California. He had made a fair competence, and it was not necessary for him to work as hard as he formerly did; and when we met lie was keeping bees for pleasure as well as profit. He lived in Los Angeles, and had one and pos- sibly two out-yards not very far from the street-car line, and with- in two miles of Pasadena. At the last-named city we secured bicycles, and took a run out around to one of his out-yards. It is shown opposite, and over beyond is what is known as Eagle Rock. On the top of this one can, on a clear day, see verj' distinct- ly the beautiful outline of the ocean some 20 miles away, and the islands off the coast of Cali- fornia, 20 miles further still. The apiary is located up on the mountain-side, and the bees of it, like all California bees, were very cross; and as I had neg- lected to bring along with me a veil I had to "stand and take it." Pvven when we entered the door of the honey-house and sani- pled some of tiie beautiful, thick, water-white sage honey, the ras- cals would even go through the door and attack us there. As we strolled through the apiary, Mr. McNay said he had something he wishetl to show me, and so together we walk* d mountain side, and everv now .and the size of the entrance I asked Mr. McNay to sit down by the side of it while I took a couple of snaji shots, and I here reproduce both of them. Those ugly bees from the yard followed us up there, and were sting- ing us right and left; but McNay, the old hardened veteran in the business that he is, paid no more attention to the stings than he would if the bees had been so many flies following us about. Even while I was tak- ing the picture they were peppering him, and the pictures show how well he can stand "under fire." Even his ej'es and bald head seemed to be objects of their wrath. I have run across many veterans who could take stings without wincing; but McNay FRANK M 'nay's EAGLE ROCK APIARY, CALIFORNIA. up the then I would run into the Spanish needles, and — oh the exquisite pain these give to a tender- foot if he is not careful I The old residents have a respectful fear of these needle- points, and are always careful not to run into them. It was not long before I learned to look before I stepped. As we clambered and climbed we finally reached the mouth of a genuine bee-cave where the bees were fl3'ing in and out. It had never been explored, and no one knows how many tons of honey are stored back in the dark recesses. To give you an idea of beats any man I ever saw. I can stand a few stings ; but when it comes to taking them without smashing the rascals, that is something I can not do. If my lens had been a little more powerful I think I could show you the bees on his bald head, and even the bee-stings. I must not close without mentioning a re- markable feat performed b}' Mr. McNaj' in the production of a lot of honey. While in Wisconsin he took 250 colonies of bees into the northern part of the State, and secured a carload and a quarter of basswood and willow-herb honey. I doubt if such a rec- ord in migratory bee-keeping is equaled. 292 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 1 SOUTHWEST TEXAS AS A BEE COUNTRY; A FRIENDLY NOTE OF WARNING TO NEW COMERS. I have been noticing- the recent promi- nence given Southwest Texas as a honey country, in the bee journals ; and fearing that some one would come here without a fair conception of the facts has prompted me to write this note of warning. It is a fact that Southwest Texas is a good bee country, and that, although some localities, like Uvalde, Bee, and Wilson Counties, are now well stocked, there is a good deal of room yet in unoccupied territory. The bee- keepers here heartily welcome all bee-keep- ers to come and join us, believing that "the more the merrier," and in the universal brotherhood of man, especially of bee-keep- ers. Southwest Texas, as, indeed, does almost all of Texas, prides itself that it is not af- flicted with that dread disease foul brood. I personally have never yet seen a case of it, and wish to say that I do not want to; neither do the bee-keepers here want any of it, and they will go to any extreme measure to keep it out. We wish to request that all be careful and bring none of it here or else the bee-keepers already here will make them wish thej' had not. I have heard them saj- that, should a man bring it here, his bees would be burned and himself drummed out of the countr}', and I believe they would do it, and could you blame them? I insist that their view of the question is eminently right and just to all concerned; and although I hope the disease will never be brought here. I for one can be depended upon to use any or all measures for its eradication. We do not wish to seem harsh, nor to make any one feel in lisposed toward us; but we wish all to be in possession of the facts. I hope to see the day when all this great country will be fllled up with live up-to-date bee-keepers, and all this vast amount of honey that is now going to waste saved. I shall be glad to give any facts, in regard to this country, to all in- terested; but remember, however, that all bitters have their sweets, and we would rather have you investigate in person. H. H. Hydk. Floresville, Texas, March 6. "SIXTEEN THOUSAND FIVE HUNDRED DOL- LARS." The above is a strange heading for an article for Gleanings; but as some bee- keepers don't have that much, I head this article with the above amount. It was in the summer of 1890 that I took a trip to that Texas bee-man's land, "the honey Eldorado, or Klondike," that the editor is telling us of (wish he could have been along). I was with Major H. H. Boon, the law partner of Congressman Hutchinson, of fame. The tw^o had secured a judgment against the Santa Fe R. R. Co. in favor of J. Butler Terrell, who was badly smashed in a railroad wreck, for the sum of $16,500. The railroad company had given the shrewd lawyers land in that paradise that the edi- tor of Gleanings wrote about, and they unlocked the hidden secrets of that para- dise for four hundred years, revealed to man what had been, as well as we can look at the future by the light of the past ; then the lawj'ers saw it, and sold the land, and held judgment for what it failed to paj'. Armed with sharp crosscut saws the modern inan sawed the mighty oaks down, and read in their "growth-rings," under the micro- scope, Nature's hidden secrets — secrets that had been buried as far back as four hun- dred years — buried in the mossy oaks to be read by progressive man. Very dark and gloomy is the record — periods of dry j'ears back for four hundred years is the story — periods of wet years or rainy 3'ears — honey years — and then what? Death and desola- tion— a burning desert, strewn with dead and dying animals; no grass, no water, no vegetation, a desert creeping- and crawling with venomous snakes, the deadl}^ rattler, that leaves his mark everywhere in the dry sand. Tanks all go dry, wells go dry, and people flee for their lives. I had an old schoolmate who struck the desert period with a loving young wife, two little ones, and Ave thousand in cash. He was a bright, happy, hopeful young Christian. His name is Cohen Harris, and his tales of drouth, death, and misery would fill more than a full cop3' of Gleanings; but at last every cent of his five thousand was gone, and he left that paradise an old man in only a few years, and that will be the history that Gleanings will give if it lives to chronicle the history of that country for the next twent}^ years — and it may be much sooner than that- that the bees "go dead" along with cattle and other animal life. So, lookout, paradise hunters, as 3-our paradise may be only burning desert, as history is said to repeat itself, and the his- tory in those old mossy oaks can be read by any one who cares to read it. Caimito, Cuba. W. W. Somerford. GRADING RULES OR SUPPLY-DEALERS — WHICH ? I believe that every producer of comb honey is anxious to produce the grade that will bring the highest price in the market — the fancy grade — and also that, when he has carefully graded his product, and has marked it "fancy," he wants to be sure that it is fully upto the rules which govern that particular grade. It is a deplorable fact that, with the surplus-appliances ad- vertised and recommended by the supplj'- houses of the couutr3', no one can produce really fancy comb honey according to the rules adopted by the North American Bee- keepers" Association. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 203 It is evident that something' is wrong. Either the standard for the fancy grade is too high or else the surplus-appliances are not up to the standard required to produce a really fancy grade of comb honey. I be- lieve the standard for the fancy grade, as originally adopted, is not too high; in fact, it could be higher. The fancy grade should be just what its name implies in every re- spect. Not only the honey should be fancy, but also the wood which surrounds it. I have seen honej^ in the market in sections that were soiled and dirt}', while the honey they contained was really fanc}'; yet who would think of classing such as fancy hon- ey? No amount of scraping or sandpaper- ing would ever make them presentable. What is the use of going to the expense of buying snow-white sections if the " fancy" grade admits any old section, no matter how soiled, only so it is well scraped? I believe that, instead of lowering the stan- dard of fancy honey, and, by so doing, cheapening that grade just to omit our im- perfect appliances or implements, it were far better to raise the standard of our sup- plies so that we can produce a really fancy grade of comb honey, or else be content to place our product in the grade in which it belongs. Justice to those who will produce a really fancj' article, and expect a fancy price, de- mands that we do this instead of forcing them to compete in price with a grade that has been cheapened by lowering the stan- dard of that grade. B3' using the wide frame or section-holder, with quarter-inch top-bar in connection with the plain sec- tion and fence, the sections, when tilled, will be as clean outside as when they left the sandpapering-machine, and no scraping is required to permit them to pass as un- soiled by travel-stain or otherwise. Wakeman, O. J. E. Hand. [As I understand Mr. Hand it is not that supply-dealers put out poor supplies, but that bee-keepers buy second-quality sec- tions or use out-of-date appliances to such an extent that the quality of the comb hon- ey put out is affected. If such a policy saves a fraction of a cent, and depreciates the honey one or two cents, it is penny wise and pound foolish. — Ed.] THK AMOUNT OF WAX IN OLD COMBS. Your answer to Wm. Bloch's question, p. 198, sets me all on nettles. "Under or- dinary circumstances " you would not be surprised if he did not get even half a pound. Whew 1 I should like to get a 1on or two of slumgum after he had gotten out his half pound. I would get about 5 pounds to his half pound. Let me tell you what I did twice, as an illustration: Some years ago I helped a friend transfer a small box hive, capacity about equal to eight L. frames. We saved and transferred all of the straight comb, considerably over half; and as he wanted a little wax I took the leavings home to melt up for him. I took a large cast-iron stove-kettle, with a sinall hole in the bot- tom, and put it in the oven, with a tin spout to carrj' the wax out at the partly open door. I allowed it to drip out all it would, and got 2 lbs. of wax out of not over four L. frames of very old black natural comb. The other case happened last fall. I bought nine colonies. Four were in ten- frame L. hives, two in nine-frame Biehl hives ( about the same capacity as nine L. frames). One was in a two-frame Dibbern hive, and two in box hives of about the ca- pacit}' of twelve L. frames. There, we have about 92 L. frames, or their equal. Now for the result: thirst, I found about 25 nice straight L. frames, which I set into my hives. Then I cut all the rest out and extracted the honey; then I filled 24 L. frames /"//// solid with rich straight combs, which left about 43 L. combs and the cappings for wax. I expected about 10 pounds. I took a 50-lb. lard-can, and inside put a wire-cloth basket. In the bottom, near one side, I had a small hole for the wax to come out at; and directly opposite in the side, near the bottom, I made a hole to take the spout of the tea-kettle. I turned on the steam; and after all was in, and hot, I applied about 300 lbs. pressure as long as the wax would run. The result was 19 lbs. of nice wax. The next time j'ou have the opportunity, examine some old black comb, or melt a small piece. That blackness and weight are not all dirt. It is rich in wax. Swedona, 111. S. ¥. Tkkgo. [I am sincerely obliged to you for the correction. When the matter was up some time ago I remember that half a pound of wax was the amount we got out of a certain amount of comb; ^lnd when I dictated the answer I was under the impression it was for the whole hive; but since you call my attention to it I now recall that half a pound was the amount per comb, on the average. I find that C. G. Ferris, a man who has had a wide experience in render- ing up old comb, on one test with some old wormy combs secured about 6 ounces per comb. Mr. F. A. Gemmill. of Canada, in another experiment, took about 8 ounces to the comb, and there are other times when more can be obtained. — Ed. J LABELING COMB HONEV. A/r. Root: — I believe the wholesale buy- ers of comb honey and the commission men are largely responsible for the artificial- comb-honey lie getting- a start. They don't want the producer of the honey to put his name and address on any honej- the}' han- dle, not even upon the case in which it is shipped. I believe the lie would never have started if all the best grades of comb honey had borne the name and address of the producer. The consumer would have much more confidence in its purity if the producer's name was upon the honey he 294 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 1 buys. I believe nothing would restore con- fidence in the purity of comb honey sooner than to have every producer of comb honey place his name and address upon ever}' section of his best grades. D. I. Wagar. Flat Rock, Mich., Mar. 11. [There is some truth in what j'ou say. But this is the contention of the commission man; and, for argument's sake, suppose I am that man. I have sold, we will say, a good deal of Mr. A's honey — a very fine honey which bears A's stamp. Mj' cus- tomers are well pleased with it, and call for more of the same brand. I get out, and can't get any more because A is sold out. I may have tons and tons of B"s honey that is just as good, or better, bearing the brand of B. I ship it, and my customer "kicks," retorting that he ordered honey branded with A's stamp. The point is here: If neither A's nor B's honey had been brand- ed or stamped, the B lot of honey, of the same grade and quality, would have passed muster readilj'. But, taking it all in all, I am rather of the impression that, if all comb honey were labeled by the producer, it would have a strong tendency to bring about confidence in that product. If Mr. A can produce an extra-fancy grade of honejs and certain customers demand it at an}' price, rather than take any other honey "just as good," why shovild not A receive credit for his skill, and get a corresponding price? I believe Dr. Miller always sells his comb honey to one man; and, if I am not mistaken, that man is willing to buy his crop in advance. Why ? Because he knows that Dr. Miller's honey is always of a certain quality and grading. There is a great deal to be said on both sides of this question; but I think the weight of the argument is in favor of labeling or branding. It certainly would redound to the credit of producers to put up a fine qualit}' of goods. There is not a doubt that such honey would bring a higher price in the open market. — Ed.] VRNTILATION AND DAMPNESS IN BEE-CEL- LARS. REPLY TO G. M. DOOLITTLE. Mr. Root: — I have just read Bro. Doolit- tle's review of my ventilation article, and find no complaint to make. However, it would be a great pleasure to know if he ever recommended the experiment of win- tering, indoors or out, bees with from onlj' 5 to 10 pounds of hone}'. I get some gen- eral facts regarding bees from Mr. O. J. Hetherington, and have not in mind now that bee-keepers in Eastern New York have ever so recommended. It is not impossible that the weight of ten feet of dry pine lumber should have doubled in weight in Mr. Doolittle's cellar, and con- tributed very materially in balancing the loss of honey between the dry hives put in cellar and the "equal to green " taken out. Practically, 5 or 10 lbs. honey consumption will not prove to be the weight recommend- ed for safe wintering. I like the allusion to trouble incident to ventilation. The plan I have adopted as an experiment would render the experiment useless, rationally considered, if no notes of temperature and conditions had been ob- served. Would bee-keepers have been any better informed had Gleanings made no mention of the bees under the machine-shop? I have doubts about the arrangement I made in my flue for closing it. I am not sure that closing it would have raised the temperature. I have never closed it, and don't know. It is generally admitted that dampness lowers the temperature; if so, to have closed it would have defeated the ob- ject. The temperature these warm days ranges from 32 to 45 outdoors. My bee-cellar shows no variation of any account, showing SO morning and evening, when I pull up out of the top of the cellar my thermometer. I was g'lad to hear from your machine-shop. We may all be glad to run an engine to winter our bees yet. T. F. Bingham. Farwell, Mich., Mar. 10. [One thing we have proven is that noise does not disturb bees. And another thing we have proven to our own satisfaction, and that is, that ventilation, and lots of it, keeps the bees quiet. — Ed.] 200 LBS. (half comb honey) FROM ONE QUEEN. It was a very poor season here last year. I harvested over 1000 lbs. of honey from 25 colonies. I had one queen that I bought from J. P. Moore, of Morgan. Ky., whose bees gathered 200 lbs. of the 1000 lbs. This Moore stock gathered 100 lbs. of comb honey (white clover), and their queen did not swarm. I had a little over 100 lbs. of ex- tracted froin what you call heartsease, which is very plentiful here some seasons. I have had very good success for a begin- ner, which I give your valuable ABC and Gleanings credit for. I could never have been so successful in so short a time with- out them. The Homes department has been a great comfort to me. L. C. Medkiff. Salem, N. J. COVERS COVERKD WITH CANVAS INSTEAD OF PAPER. As regards hive-covers, I would give con- siderably more for one covered with canvas, and painted, than one with Neponset paper on it. One covered with canvas will stand (if painted once in three years), ten times the hard usage that the paper one will. In fact, after it has had three coats of paint when made, you cotild walk on it and not hurt the canvas. After one has tried the canvas I don't think you could get him to use the paper. F. P. Briggs. Ayer, Mass., Dec. 26. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 295 OUR HOMES, BY A.I. ROOT. Thou God seest me.— Gen. 16: 13. Not with eye-service, as men-pleasers, but as the servants of Christ, doing the will of God from the heart. — Eph. 6:6. For the past two weeks I have been ex- ceedingl3'^ busy; iu fact, I have hardly had time to run over to that little greenhouse to rest up. We have had quite a large run of trade in seeds, and there have been quite a few complications. There have been mis- understandings, and sometimes some good friend who entrusted his money to our care has been wronged, and nobody felt like taking the liberty of righting the wrong, nor even of writing him a pleasant letter of explanation unless I did it mj'self. Oh how much better we all feel when some one takes the time to explain matters, and as- sure us he has not been unmindful of our interests ! Sometimes it costs money to make things pleasant; but in the greater number of cases, so it seems to me, about all it costs is to take time to assure the one who has been wronged (or who has got it into his head that he has been wronged) that there was no intention of selfishness, nor even a want of friendlj- feeling and interest. During those busy days a man came to me and said he wished I would go out in the woods and measure that wood. At first I hardly knew what he was talking about. Then I did remember that along in the fore part of the winter I told a man he might cut up some beech-trees that were among my basswoods. First I told him I would go out in the woods and show him the trees I wanted him to cut; btit as I did not get time I told him to go and cut down all the beech-trees he could find. But I told him I wished he would take them big and little, just as they came, and not pick otit the easi- est ones to convert into firewood. Then I forgot all about it. He and his boy had been at work more or less all winter, and had put up 25 or 30 cords. I took my wheel and rode up the railroad track about one mile, and then I left the wheel over in the lots, out of sight, and got over into the woods. I took my tape-line out of my pock- et and measured the height of a pile of wood. It was a little more than four feet. When I took the length I found it a little more than eight feet. The next cord turn- ed out the same way, and pretty soon I be- gan to look smiling and happy. Do you know why? Because I have had so many disappointing experiences in setting people at work away oft" in the woods or fields out of sight I fear I have become a little discour- aged. I have not lost my faith in God be- catise of my disappointments; but I fear I have come pretty near losing my faith in poor infirm humanity. I went along to pile after pile, with the same result — the measure overran just a little. When I found two piles that had been tipped over I said to myself, " Well, I am sure there is a good cord there, any way. The man who is doing this work is evidently honest." Pretty soon I met him and said, " Why, friend, your cords overrun a little in height and a little in length. Is that the way you do business? " "Yes, Mr. Root, I always try to give good measure. I wish to do so because, when your eye comes to look it over, I don t want you to be disappointed. But there is one thing I am still more anxious about. I profess to live believing that there is an ali- seeing eye away up above us all that looks down and watches over us. I want to give such measure as will be pleasing in his sight." I need not tell you that this was one of vay happy surprises. Oh how much good it does us — how happy it makes us feel (and I ain sure I may say all of us, and every one who reads these pages), when we come across somebody who recognizes God's watchful eye, and tries to have his work right and honest in God's sight! When a man has this feeling in his heart he does not need watching. All anxiety and solic- itude on your part are at an end. You can, with perfect assurance, entrust him with the care of your property, your money — yes, even your good name. And what a restful feeling it gives one when he finds such a person ! Now, what I am saying would seem to imply that I am myself {of course) just one of that sort, but I am afraid I am not. I am afraid that, if I were sawing and split- ting that hard tough beech that grew part- ly in the clearing, I should not have given as good measure as this man of whom I have been speaking. He said he did not make very big wages, and some of his friends laughed at him for going ahead with the job; but he told them he had prom- ised to cut some 25 or 30 cords of wood dur- ing the winter for me, and he was going to do it. The bargain was, he was to have 60 cts. a cord. I told him I did not like to be outdone in giving good measure, and so I suggested that we make the price 65 cents. If every man were upright, and tried to be honest before God, I presume we should not appreciate these gems among humanity. After I have been obliged to be among a crowd of cursing and swearing men, I ap- preciate clean men as I never did before. After I have had some very trying experi- ences with a helper who is cross and con- trary, I value all the more those who are willing, cheerftil, and obliging. In fact, I am not sure but it does us good to have to get along for a while with disagreeable people, so we can justly and trtily appreci- ate God's tioble men and noble woiiieti. Now, I dislike to say so much about the bad side of htimanity; but I do not know how I can give this man of whom I have been talking full credit without telling you of some of my discouraging experiences. I bought this piece of woodland near our 296 G1.EAN1NGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apk. 1 home maiuly for the basswood-trees grow- ing on it. There are thousands of them, large and small, and I wanted the other timber out of the wa}'. When I talked about getting- a man to cut it into cord wood my neighbor said there was nobody who would cut wood (bjr the cord) nowdays. They used to do it in olden time, but it was too hard work. When it became known, however, that I wanted somebody to cut wood by the cord during winter, a man volun- teered to do it for 60 cts. per cord. The old price had been 50. I am speaking of 18- inch stovewood. I told him I would not only give 60 cents but I would give 65 if he would take every thing as it came, little and big. He agreed to this, and I told him to begin nearest the road until I got around again. A few days later I found he had gone away off to the back part of the woods, and, in fact, across the line, and had cut down some nice beech-trees on atiot/ier man's land! When I remonstrated he ad- mitted he had disobeyed orders, and had not worked according to contract, giving no other reason for not keeping his word than that "no man could make a living" in cutting such trees as he found where I had directed him to start in. Of course, I could have refused to give him any pay for cut- ting wood on land that did not belong to me, contrary to orders; but he is a poor ipan, and so I called it a mistake, and paid him just the same, and now I have got to fix it up with my neighbor as best I can. Let me give you one more illustration. I wanted some plowing done. A man with a big stout team said he would do it if I would give him $3.50 a day. While I went along with him and helped to get the bush- es and stumps out of the way he did a very good day's work. One day, however, I was obliged to be absent. I told him I did not expect to be back till night. Unexpec- tedly I got back in the middle of the after- noon. When just in sight of the field I caught a glimpse of him disappearing with his team over the hill. As he said in the morning he had a bad headache I conclud- ed he had decided to put in only three- fourths of the day's work. When he came to settle up, however, he insisted on having pay for a full day's work. Now, one does not like to be small and close, especially about trifles; but where one lets a good many things of this kind pass, thinking it is not of sufficient importance to make a fuss about, he finds himself, finally, where his crop costs more than he gets for it. " Eternal vigilance " is not only the price of liberty, but it is the price of success in almost any work. Lots of boys — j'es, I might say lots of men— will do very well — yes, I may say tiptop — as long as their em- ployer goes right along with them; but there are not very many (and I say it with sadness) who have more regard for the all- seeing eye of the great God above than they have for any human employer. It is praise- worthy, no doubt, to have somebody who tries hard to have his work make a good showing before his employer when night comes; but, oh how much more praisewor- thy it is to find one who has the faith to believe (and let his daily actions show that belief) that it is more important to have every thing' right in God's sight than be- fore any human being! What a millenni- um it would be here on earth if we had people of that sort! I have had many kind and encouraging words because people have found that I, even while alone and unwatched, strive to be honest and unselfish; but, to tell the truth, I do it only by fits and starts. The voice of conscience and the influence of the Holy Spirit (perhaps both are one and the same thing) are constantly prodding me. I do not quite like the word, but I do not think of another that will express it. It is as natural for me to be selfish as it is to breathe, and I find myself almost continu- ally yielding to it if I do not look out; but that better spirit comes in, at least occa- sionally, and may God be praised that it comes occasionally, if not always. Let me illustrate it by a little story which I think bears on this point. I told you about the dogs and cats, how they annoyed me. The neighbors said, " Shoot the cats and the dogs too." They said the law would uphold me in so doing — it was my duty. But, dear friends, sup- pose one of you should visit me. Suppose you should see A. I. Root, the author of these Home papers, with a pistol in his hand, trying to shoot a cat! I presume it would be only trying, for I never fired a pistol in my life — that is, I do not remem- ber that I ever did, and the poor cats would stand a good chance of not getting hurt at all. Suppose, however, I should be lucky enough to hit one, and it should drag itself away in terrible suiTering. No, no! I am 62 years old, and have never fired a pistol so far. I may possibly commence, but not on a cat or a dog, God helping me. Well, the cats drove away the poultry from their cold victuals, and then I drove them away with corncobs; then I threw ears of corn; but they looked up in my face confidingly, and seemed loath to believe that I had any very wicked feelings toward them. A nice little hammer hangs up on a nail near the door. One great ungainly cat bothered me by breaking the glass in my poultry-house in order to get in. You may remember that I remonstrated with the boys some years ago because they could not make the chick- ens stay away from the plant-beds. I told them if they would give the chickens a good scaring they would go away and stay away, and I gave them an example of how it was to be done. I frightened the flocks of hens, roosters and all, so they cackled about it nearly all the rest of the afternoon, and they did not come near our plant-beds for weeks afterward. Well, one day when I was sorely tried by this cat I declared I would give it such a scaring as I did the chickens. I took the hammer off the nail, and, remembering my practice witli an In- 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 297 dian tomahawk when I was a boy, I took aim at the cat's head. The hammer whizz- ed throui^fh the air and struck the cat fair and square on the side of the head. The poor thinof just rolled in a!,^ony, and gave me such reproachlul hx^ks I could not g"et over it. The voice of conscience I have been telling- 3'ou about then commenced: "Now, old fellow, are you satisfied? A few days ag-o you had the toothache and the earache; but probably all the pain you suffered then was not a comparison to the suffering- you have deliberately inflicted on this poor dumb brute. It is winter time, and poor pussy was very likely starved into being- bold. You, with your possessions, could doubtless feed all the cats in Medina County, and not be impoverished either. Is it really true that, with all the abundance you have around you — an abundance that God in his mercy has entrusted to his care, you can not allow even this poor cat a meal of the cold victuals you bring- out to the poultry? " Conscience kept on, but I think I will not tell all it said. I would g-ladl}' have patted poor kitty on her head and tried to explain to her how sorry I was. When she g-ot a little better she slipped off among- the ever- g-reens to g-et over her pain the best she could. Now, I would have given a good deal to have that foolish act undone; and when the cat came up next day to g-et her share of the cold victuals, apparently as good as ever, and certainly not cherishing any unkind feelings toward me, it rejoiced my heart. Suppose, dear friends, that some power beyond us could help, us to see all our faults and littleness as the loving eye of the great Father above sees it all, what a dif- ferent world this would be! As I think it over while I studj' the problems that beset this great nation of ours, I pray again and again that the influences of the Holy Spir- it may shine into our hearts, each and all, and help us to see the. folly of heaping up dollar after dollar when not even the small- est fraction of it can be carried along when we die. It is true, we may heap it up and leave it to our relations; but a great manj' times of late I have thought it would be far better for said relations if the deceased had put the money to some good use before he died, instead of leaving it to them to wran- gle over, and possibly give it all to some lawyer who is too lazy to work for a living. And now, friends, can we not get an ex- ample from the man who was cutting down tough beech-trees, and splitting them into firewood for 60 cents a cord? If he in his tough job — a job that took an unusual amount of strength — could aft'ord to give ^ood measure, so that his daily tasks might be pleasing in the sight of God, can not we, each and all, at least strive a little harder to do OUT work in such a manner that we are sure God is pleased when he looks down lovingly on us? And can we not have faith enough to believe our other text is true where it says, " Thou God seest me " ? Tobacco. GETTING A "raise" IN WAGES — CIGAR- ETTES. Every ambitious young man or woman in our employ is looking forward to advanced pay — that is, I hope they are. I would not give much for a boj' or g-irl who did not have some ambition and enthusiasm in this matter of advanced wages. Daily we are called on to discuss the matter. A boy — we will call him John Brown for illustration — goes to his foreman and sa3's he has work- ed a long while at 12'4 cents an hour, and asks if he is not worth a little more. I do not know just what the foreman does, but I presume they talk the matter over more or less, and the foreman refers the matter to one of the firm. The reply is usually some- thing like this: "If John Brown is worth more money than he is getting, all things considered, of course he should have it. We are alwaj^s glad to hear that an3'- of our employees are worth more money than they are getting. This 3'oung man is diligent, capable, and is making progress, is he?" • "Why, yes; reasonably so." "Is he on hand every time when the ma- chinery starts?" "Well, to tell the truth he is not. A good deal of the time he is half an hour late, and sometimes a whole hour." "Have you talked with him about this? Can he give any good reason for it?" "Yes, I have talked with him about it; but he does not seem to do much better." "Do you know whether he is out nights? Has he any bad habits?" "Why, to tell the truth, I think he is out nights; but I do not know that he has any bad habits except smoking cigarettes." At this perhaps there is a smile on both sides; may be it is a sad smile on both sides — I rather hope it is. Later on John Brown is interviewed by the senior member of the firm. "John, is it really true that you are smoking cigarettes?" "Why, Mr. Root, I will not tell any lies. I do smoke cigarettes; but I am not smok- ing now as many as I used to." "John, you surely know what the papers and almost everybody else is saying about cigarettes. Do you read a daily paper?" John shakes his head. "Haven't you heard that, since the Chief of the Weather Bureau has set the example, quite a number of manufacturing firms are declining to employ boys who persist in ci- garette-smoking? Haven't j'^ou heard of that?" "Never heard of it." "Well, you surely have heard that some of our leading physicians say that every cigarette a boy smokes is one nail more in his coflin." John smiles at this, and says he has heard it. He further adds that he will try hard to be on hand promptly when the 298 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 1 whistle blows; but he does not promise to give up cigarettes. Now, I do not know that I am able to de- cide, just now, where our duty lies right here. I do not like to lay down cast-iron rules. I would a hundred times rather use some means to induce the boy or boys theviselves to agree to what we feel is best for their interests and ours; and I think I shall leave this question right here. Under circumstances like the above, should John have an advance in wages? If he does his work as well in every respect as others who have more than 12-2 cents an hour, ver}' likelj' he should have more. But in the cigarette business he is harming oth- ers. He has admitted io me that he can not buy cigarettes here in Medina. He ac- knowledges that he has to send away to get them. Well, to save expense the boys usu- ally club together and send off for a sup- ply, and therefore he must do a little can- vassing. He hunts up other boys who want them, or recommends them to other boys so they can save expense by buying them by the quantity. Ought a boy, under such circumstances, expect promotion, especially if he is working for The A. I. Root Co.? Instead of answering this myself I wish to ^et the opinion of our helpers generally. Is John worth as much money as the one who has not got into the cigarette habit, leaving out for the time being this other question about being on hand when the whistle blows, or a little before? "We are marching on." Do you wonder what called forth the above? Well, it is the contents of a postal card just at hand. Gentlemen.— VXzase: give us advertising rates and discounts; also state whether you have any objection lo liquor ads. Please mail us sample copy, and oblige Yours truly, Ginseng Distilling Co. St. I^ouis, Mo., Mar. Vi. How does the above indicate we are marching on ? Why, this distilling compa- ny frankly admit that some periodicals, we do not know how many, are refusing to accept "liquor ads." May God be praised for this much. And now, friends, I will tell you what we, the people who support these periodicals, are to do. Look the ad- vertising pages of your home paper all over. If you see any thing in it that even indirectly helps advertise the liquor busi- ness, make a protest to your editor, and have the paper stopped if he does not slop the whisky advertisements.* If all Chris- tian and temperance people would do this simple thing that I have suggested, it would clean our advertising pages pretty thor- * I wish the editor of every periodical in the land could read what that exceedingly popular book, "In His Steps,'' has to say about receiving advertisements of whisky, tobacco, etc.; and it is gratifying to know that, notwithstanding the bold stand this book takes against these things, it is having and has had a larger sale than any other book since Uncle Tom's Cabin came before the world. This would seem to indicate that there is a hungering and thirsting after righteou.s- ness— yes, even among the great masses of the com- mon p'eople. Mav God be praised for such a book, and mav it still co'ntitnie to go "marching on." oughl}' of this disgraceful sort of advertis- ing. Will you not help us in the battle for righteousness, temperance, and purity? Just one thing more : What kind of a distillery is the Ginseng Distilling Co. ? Is the ginseng industry be- ing hitched on to the whisky business? A very good friend of inine, and an expert chemist, has recently written me that the sole reason why the Chinese pay such ex- travagant prices for ginseng roots is that they have a notion or superstition that it tends to stir up the lower passions. If this is true, every good man and woman should let it alone, just as the}^ would let — well, we will say just as they are now making up their minds to let tobacco alone. Still another thing: I guess I might as well admit right here that even Gleattings was entrapped into ac- cepting the advertisement, for a time, of the Heller Chemical Co., Chicago. One of our veteran subscribers called our attention to the fact that that company sent in their catalog an inset sheet of pictures in colors of fancy demijohns containing "rock-candy whisky," and a long list of liquors with fancy natnes. Of course, at the head of the sheet they declared these liquors were never sold to anybody except for "medical uses." But they were pushing their wares with most extravagant advertising. How do they know — or, better still, how much do they care — who sends for it, providing the}' get the money ? Another note at the bottom of the sheet says the packages are very carefully done up, so that no one can see or even guess the contents — as much as to say, "You church-members and temperance peo- ple who would like some nice whisky, but are afraid to have people know about it, can get it from us 'on the sly,' and nobody in the world will be a bit the wiser." THE FUTURE OF THE TELEPHONE — RURAL TIMEPIECES. The following extract from the New Yoik Indepctident suggests what may be done with a rural telephone, if it is not being done already. New services for the rural telephone are constantly being devised. One of the most interesting and ad- vantageous is the " News service." Rvery evening" at seven o'clock all the farmers in a group, or in a circuit of groups, take their stand at the telephone. There will be a ring, and then the opening call, " Good even- ing ! now keep quiet ! It is one minute and a half after seven o'clock by the regulator. " Every farmer at once regulates his watch or his clock. 'When this is done the call comes again : " Weather indications for the next thirty-^ix hours are ' Cooler and cloudy, with probable rains;' or, •'Weather clear and warmer.'" Then come market quotations. The price of corn, wheat, oats, rye, butter, chickens, eggs, apples, and whatever else the farmer may have in season, is announced. Then come news items, such as consti- tute the main headlines of newspapers. The part about having farmers keep a imiform and standard time commends itself particularly to me. I suppose you all know how it is, or, perhaps I had better say, how it used to be, with timepieces in the ci->iuitry. There are no two alike. When I was up at 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 299 our ranch in Michig-an last summer I let my watch run down, and wanted to catch a train. I rode through the rain so as not to be too late, and pretty nearly used myself up with over-exertion, and then found I was an hour ahead of time. The farmer's clock, eig'ht miles away from the station, was a whole hour out of the way, and this thing- has happened to me several times. Yes, I know we have a lot of contrary, stubborn farmers, who, if they could have the correct time by telephone, would insist on setting their clocks by the sun, saying sun time is "God's time," or some such foolishness. Hired men come to work before the correct time, and oftener away behind, just because there are no two timepieces alike ; and this clumsy and slipshod way of setting clocks costs the country at large thousands of dollars yearly. There can be no sharp promptness such as banks, railroads, and great business corporations must have, without uniform timepieces. May God be praised for the telephone on this account if for no other — it enables us to correct our clocks and watches, at least once in 24 hours, so we can have them all pretty nearly, if not quite, "on the dot." ALFALFA CLOVER SEED SPECIALLY ACCLI- MATED FOR COLD REGIONS. Mr. Root: I have been much interested in all that you have published about alfalfa, but the half has not been told about it. No doubt if more farmers knew just how to plant the seed, and could be conveniently supplied with good fresh seed, more would be induced to try a little piece. To that end I am willing to go half "way and help them out. Though I am hardly able to furnish seed free and pay the postage, I can send seed if they will help pay the postage, so it will not be all a matter of labor of love. I have a quantity of nice fresh seed from Nevada, a high, cold section where the thermometer goes down to 20 below zero, and I consider such seed much better for the colder sections than seed matured in a warmer climate. I inclose 30 cts. for insertion of three lines in your Wants and Exchange column, and wi.sh that you would give me — one of your old twelve-year subscrib- ers—an editorial note on the subject. This is a magnificent section of the State for our bees, and thou.sands of acres of the best pasturage. Why is it so neglected in your columns ? I have never seen an iterii from our vicinity in Gleanings since reading it. William C. Aiken. Angwin, Cal., March 14. Friend A., I am glad to give an old sub- scriber, or anybody else, encouragement in introducing- new and improved seeds ; but I am afraid you are undertaking- to be too liberal. Permit me to suggest that 3'ou send 10 cents' worth of seed for one of the dimes, and use the other to pay postage — see page 305. You may get snowed under with applications if you undertake to be too liberal, and I think you had better have a little printed slip to go with each package of seed, telling the farmers how to sow it and how to manage it. Here and there we have patches of it in Ohio; and after they once get a stand it seems to hold its own for many years — that is, if it is cut at the proper time and managed right. To make cows pay, use Sharpies Cream Separators. Book " Business Dairying " & cat. 288 free. W. Chester, Pa. ONLY 20 LEFT. We have left some of those slightly damaged copies of P rof . Cook ' s " Bee - keeper ' s Guide" that went through our fire a year ago. The reading matter is all right — only the cloth covers are somewhat dam- aged. Price, to close out, 60c a copy, by mail ; or, with week- ly American Bee Journal a year, both for only $1.40. Reg- ular price of the book alone is $1.25. Big bargain where you get both book and Journal (52 copies) for $1.40. Better order quick if you want book on ei- ther these low offers. Now is the time to begin to read the American Bee Journal. It will continue to be a great paper in 1902. And it comes every week. We are headquarters in Chicago for Root's Bee=keepers' Supplies. Catalog, and sample of American Bee Journal free. GEORGE W. YORK & CO., 144, 146 Erie Street, Chicago, Illinois. ICHICAN HEADQUARTERS FOR C. B. Lewis Co.'s Bee-keepers' Supplies, Dadant's Foundation. Be sure to send us your list and get our prices before ordering elsewhere. DIS- COUNTS on early orders. Send for our 48-page catalog. L.G. Woodman, Grand Rapids, Mich. HONEY QUEENS 1 Laws' Long^ongue Leather Queens. Laws' Improved Golden Queens. Laws' Holy Land Queens. I,aws' queens are the standard-bred queens of Amer- ica. The largest honey-producers use them and praise them. L,aws' queens go everywhere, and can furnish you a queen every month in the year. Four apiaries. Queens bred in their puritv. Prices, October to April: Tested or untested, $1.00 each ; 6 for fo.OO. Breeders, none better, $:3 00 each. Address W. H. Laws, Beeville, Texas. 300 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 1 The best article ever publislied in the Bee-keepers' Review, ac- cording to the judgment of many who took the trouble to write and express their views, was contrib- uted in March, 1901, by Mr. S. D. Chapman, of Mancelona, Mich. He outlined a system peculiarl}^ adapted to his locality and needs. A leading feature was the remov- al of the queens at the opening of the honey harvest. He has now contributed another article, and it appears in the March issue for this year. It discusses the swarming-problem, and it seems to me that he gets nearer the bottom facts of the matter than has any other writer. He shows clearly why bees get the swarming fever — how it can be avoided, or how brought about. So thor- oughly does he understand the matter, that he has been able to so make up a colony that one-half of it will swarm, leaving the combs deserted, while the other half will refuse to budge. This issue also gives some very novel and original hints and il- lustrations on hive covers. Send ten cents for this issue, and with it will be sent two o^her late but different is- sues, and the ten cents may apply on any subscription sent in during the year. A coupon will be sent entitling the holder to the Review for 90 cts. W. Z. Hutchinson, Flint, Michigan. Listen, Bee-keepers! The Lone Star Apiarist A new bee-journal in the great South- west, the Texas bee-keepers' paradise. It will tell you of more glorious fields in the counties south of Uvalde, superior to and more abundant in honey-yieldiiig flora, promising to be one of the great- est honey-producing sections in the world. With flow- ing wells, and the planting of fields of alfalfa in addi- tion to the fine natural resources there already. Its editor will tell about his extended trip through this wonderful land. Subscribe now, $1 a year. The Apiarist is not only for the South, but for all America and foreign countries too. Our company has purchased the Southland Queen, and now we have the only bee-journal in the South. THE LONE STAR APIARIST PUB. CO., Louis Scholl. Editor. Floresville, Texas. 10 CENTS That's all it costs to get acquainted with the Rocky Mountain Bee Journal. We want to send it on trial to every reader of Gleanings Tiiree Months for 10 cts. This vigorous young month- ly has just entered its second year on a paying basis, and has become the recognized mouthpiece of the bee- keepers of the great Rocky Mountain alfalfa regions. Address The Rocky IVIountain Bee Journal, Box 611. Boulder. Colorado. NONE BUT THE BEST QUEENS ArtE GOOD ENOUGH FOR ANY ONE. No bee-keeper wants to give hive room to inferior bees. The best queens fill their hives with brood. The best bees fill their supers with honej'. Every bee- keeper knows this, but does not know that our strain of Italians are in the lead. Try them. You will not be disappointed Choice tested queens, 81.00 each. Untested, 75c; $S.OO per doz. Send for price list. J. W. K. SHAW & CO., Loreauville, La. 1902 Queens from the best strains of either three or five banded Italians. Untested, So cts. each; tested, 81.25 each ; breeders, S^^.OO ; 1-frame nuclei with warranted queen, $2.00; 2-frame, $3.00. Bees and queens ready to mail any day. My bees are selected from the very best strains that money can buy. I make a specialty of queen-rearing and fill orders promptly. I in-^urcsafe arrival of queens. This is a postal money-order office. Remit with money-order to DANIEL WURTH, Caryville, Campbell Co., Tenn. 1902 ITALIAN QUEENS. From imported and home-bred mothers, by ujy- up-to-date methods. Tested, 82.00 Untested, $1.00 ; six, $5.00 ; twelve. 89.00. Full colony, 86.00 ; three-frame, $2.00; two-frame, $1.50; ad:d the price of queen. Discount on large orders. Write for circular. Rufus Christian, rieldrim, Georgia Headquarters tor the Albino Bee. The Best in the World. If you are looking for the bees that gather the most honey, and are the gentlest of all bees to handle, buy the Albino. I can also furnish Italians, but orders stand fifty to one in favor of the Albino. Select tested Albino queen before June, for breeding, $4.00; tested, $2.50; untested, $1.00; Italians, 81.00. I have located an apiary near Rocky Ridge, Md., and most of my queens will be shipped from there Other supplies will be furnished from Hagerstown, Maryland. Address me at Rocky Ridge, Md., for queens. S. Valentine. Minnesota Bee-keepers' Supply Mfg. Co., Wlanufacturers of Bee-hives. Sections, Shipping-cases, and Everything Used by Bee-keepers. Orders filled promptly We have the best shipping facilities in the world. You will save money by send- ing for our price list. Address Minnesota Bee=keepers' Supply Mfg. Co., Nicollet Island Power Building, Minneapolis, Minn. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 301 CES BY I BUS I N E'S S JVl ANA GER k HONEY. We are still having a fair demand for comb and ex- tracted honey, and trust we shall close out present stock before any of the new crop is on the market. We hope to hear from any in need of honey to supply their trade. MAPLE SUGAR AND SYRUP. The maple crop is rather light, and the producers are asking good prices for what little we are able to secure. We can not at this writing offer syrup in lots of 5 gallons or more at less than 81.00 per gallon, or sugar in &0-lb. lots or more at 12 cts. per lb. for best grade. If interested, write us. BEESWAX WANTED. We wish again to urge bee-keepers who have combs to render or wax to ship to lose no time in getting it to njarket. A little later, wax will accumulate much more freely, and the price will begin to go the other way. We have not for years paid as high as we are now paying for wax — 2i)c cash, 31c in trade, delivered here, and you should take advantage of high-water mark in prices. We have been getting in some large shipments, and have enough to keep us running for the present, but will be ready for some as .soon as you can get it to us. It sometimes takes a month for wax to arrive from far western points. If you have any to furnish, get it on its way at the earliest date possible. Should you have an offer that nets you more than our price, let us hear from you before you let it go if you can. HASTINGS SHEAR AND KNIFE SHARPENER. Here is a little tool that ought to be in every house that possesses a sewing-machine. It is clamped to a sewing-machine stand just where the belt comes through, and is driven by the sewing-machine belt just the same as you drive the bobbin-winder. It has a wheel of carborundum, about three inches in diame- ter, securely mounted in a metal frame, with adjust- able guide for holding shears, knives, or any of the various household tools that need sharpening. It will pay for itself in a very short time. It can be sent by mail safely for 8 cts. postage, and the price is only one dollar. Send for one, enclosing one dollar, to N. P. Robinson, Wellington, Ohio; and if you don't find it well worth the investment, let us know. If you can .sell any to your neighbors, ask for terms to agents. Don't send your orders to us, but send to the address above. We will vouch for Mr. Robin.son's honesty. BUSINESS AT THIS DATE. Present indications point to a congestion of orders such as we had in 1K98. We are now an average of three weeks behind on orders, and some carload or- ders are over four weeks old. I,ess than carload ship- ments we try to ship within a week or 10 days, either from here or one of our agencies. We are doing our utmost to keep up the quality as well as the quantity of our output, and shall have to ask the utmost pa- tience on the part of our customers. We have orders in for eighteen carloads, as well as a goodly number of less than carload shipments. We have shipped so far this season, since the n iddle of December, 6i car- load shipments. The forehanded people who order in the fall or winter what they need for the coming season are the ones to be envied and congratulated in times li-se this, and imitated in larger numbers in the years to come. Special Notices by A. I. Root. Chas Vanderbilt, I,yons, N. Y., can still furnish Sir Walter Raleigh potatoes, second size, at 82.00 per bbl. SWEET CLOVER AT THE OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. Press Bulletin No. 223, March 24, of th-s year, tells us pretty clearly why sweet clover should never be classed with noxious weeds. If you want the bulletin, write to the Ohio Experiment .Station, Wooster, Ohio. This bulletin treats mainly of its value for plowing under on poor soils where nothing else will grow. It also explains very clearly why it is rarely if ever found under circumstances where it should be consid- ered in any way even an annoyance to a progressive farmer. YELLO^V SWEET CLOVER. For the first time we have enough now so we can offer seed of the yellow sweet clover; but as it is scarce and high-priced the price will be, for 1 lb., 20 cts.; 5 lbs. or more at 18 cts. If wanted by mail, add 10 cts. extra for packing and postage. We have seed only with the hulls on. M. M. Baldridge, of St. Charles, 111., who has tested it for years side "by side with white clover, says it is a biennial, the same as white clover, and that it blooms two or three weeks earlier than the white. It is not as tall as the white, but produces a great quantity of bloom. I saw it on his place when I called on him in July, 1900. FUMIGATION METHODS. The above is the title of another new book by the O. Judd Co. It treats principally of fumigation by the use of hydrocyanic acid gas. Killing insect pests marks one of the greatest strides ever made in agricul- ture. Heretofore we have been more or less helpless victims to these terrible scourges. Now, however, by spraying bisulphide of carbon, and, lastlj', by the use of this new gas, we are getting to be pretty well mas- ters of the situation. Not only fruit-growers and nur- serymen, gardeners and florists, millers and grain- dealers, but the farmers of the country at large, where they keep posted, are getting the upper hand of these hindrances. Wormy apples are a disgrace to the or- chardist; and gardeners, seedsmen, and grain-dealers .should be ashamed to offer any of their products in- fested with iiLsect enemies. The book has 313 pages. It is full of pictures. The latter part of it tells all about fumigation with carbon bisulphide. The result of the work of the experiment stations, and the laws in regard to insect pests, are given for the whole United States. I think the book will prove to be a valuable acquisition to our agricultural literature. .Sent postpaid from this office for $1.00. MAIL ANY DAY. Orders are now being booked for queens, untested and tested. Golden Italian selected tested, $1.50. Breeders, 82.50 to 85.00. None better. H. C. TRIESCH, Jr., Dyer, Ark. 99 "GIIMSE Magazine Form. 16 Pages. 25c per Year. Sample Copy 5c. SPECIAL CROPS PUB. CO.. Box 603. Skaneateles, N. Y. 302 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 1 Statrt Right. Success depends upon it. ■\Vith the "incomparable"' NOZZLE, and one of our "World"* best"' spraying outfits, you will save 75 per cent of the usual loss from in- sects,and disease. We save money for you. Makes Emulsion while pumping-. Kills insects and lice on chickens and animals. Made only by THE DEMINQ CO., SALEM, OHIO. Twelve varieties of sprayers. Write for our booklet treating of all kinds of diseases and insects. Sent free. Write us or our Western Agents. Ileiiion Jk Ilubbell, Clileiieo, Illo. tV— - Of Course You Know all fibout the advantapeB of and the necessity for aprav ^^f n ay not, howevtr, havekuown about the beet and most "'"■riLra^lT-'HiRDIE SPRAY PUMPS hare n ade that kind of a reputation wherever tht-y have been u*>ed. and for all classes ot work. We make them in great variety^ embracing bucktt. kna|.B:ick and barrel sprayer;. Full line ot spray nozzles, eivns'on rod^ and other spraving arceseories. Sen^ for free illNsiiated catalogue. Tells all about plant and fine di eases, ant. gives foiuiulasfor their treatmrUt. The Hardie Spray Pump Mfg. Co.. 63LaraedSl., Detroit, Mich. FENCE! SmOHGESW MADE. Ball. strong. CblPken- tight. Sold 'o the Farmer at Wk.l«sal« Price.. Fallv (farrantrd. Catalog Free. COILDD SPRING FENCB CO., BazlOl WlBchMter, ladiua, V. 6. ^ — [ — T'J 'T r — ' 1 — 1 _J ■ T ■ 1 — 1 — p 1 ^ACE _ _ . rd ^z — = •s i i. ri i; ^ ^ — ^ ^^it^ y PAGE POULTRY FENCE weighs ten pounds to the rod. Tsn't that better ? Page Woven Wire Fence Co., Box S, Adrian, Micliigan. Stone Bruise. This is a dangerous disease among' Rura Mail Boxes. If the box is light weight, oi- has (cast) iron in its blood, the disease very often proves fatal. Even when the victim pulls through it will have a pock-marked ap- pearance. The Steel'plate Mail Box is per- fectly immune to this disease. Made onh- by the Bond Steel Post Co., Adrian, Mich. RUBBER STAMPS. Send us 25 eta. for year's sub to our 16-p. monthly journal and we will mail you FREE as a premium a two-line Rubber Stamp, or two one-line Stamps, to print any wording you want. The Farm and Poultry News, Middlesboro, Ky. Queens! Buv them of H. G. Quirin, the largest queen- breeder in the North. The A. I. Root Co. tells us our stock is extra fine. Editor York, of the Ameri- can Pee Journal, says he has good reports from our stock from time to time, while J. L. Candy, of Humboldt, Neb., has secured over iOO lbs. of honey (mostly comb) from single colonies containing our queens. We have files of testimonials similar to the above. Our breeders originated from the highest-priced long - tongued red - clover queens in the United States. Fine queens, promptness, and square dealing have built up our present business, which was es- tablished in 1S88. Price of Golden and Leather-colored Queens Before July First. 1 6 12 1 $1 uo 1 50 2 10 400 |5 00 <; 9 ,50 1 8 (0 10 50 15 00 Extra Selected Tested— the best We guarantee safe arrival to any State, conti- nental island, or any European country. Can fill all orders promptly, as we expect to keep three to five hundred queens on hand ahead of orders. Special price on 50 or 100. Circular free. Send all orders to Quirin the Queen=breeder, Money=order Office. Parkertown, Ohio. ■^d _w«i TEXAS QUEENS!! From the l,one Star Apiaries. G. F. Davidson & Son, prop's, have made great prep- arations for the com- ing season to accom- modate their many customers with either L,ong-tongue, Import- ed Stock, or Golden Queens. They have bought out the queen- rearing business of O P. Hyde & Son, Hutto, Texas, and by buying and increasing their number of nuclei, they are better prepared than evf r to cater to the trade of the bee-keeping public. One of Root's L,ong-tongue Breeders; Imported Stock direct from Italy; Goldens from leading queen-breedeis Fine breeders of each of the above have been added to their yards. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaran- teed. Send for queen circular and price list We are now prepared to fill orders for Cyprian and Carniu- lan queens. Good strains. Address G. F. Davidson &. Son, Box 190, Floresville, Texas. Business Bees! Are the kind vou want for honej'. We have them in our select five-band strain. J. F. Aitkins, Reno, Nev., has been buying several dozen queens a year — last year 180; have his order for 100 in April. F. I,. Crav- craft, Havana, Cuba, bought about 200 in fall of 1900; also 100 last April; has placed his order for 100. These men are large honey-producers. They know what they are about. We are better prepared than ever to handle orders. Prices: Untested queens, $1.00; dozen, Sg.OO; after May 1st, $8.00; tested, $1..50; select, $2.00. Send for circular. J. B. Case, Port Orange, Fla. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 303 THE CYPHERS INCUBATOR IS THE STANDARD HATCHER OF THE WORLD. Used with uniform success on twenty-six (Joverument Experiment Stations in the U. S., Canada, Australia and New Zealand; also by America's leading poultiymen and many thousands of persons in every walk of lite. Guaranteed to give satisfaction or price refunded. The crlglnal and only griiutne non-moiHtiire Incubator, fully covered by patent. Winner of GOLD MEDAL AND HIGHEST AWARD AT THE PAN-AMERICAN, Oct., 1901. Illustalt«a,i3eBcrijiliTf. 16 p«e circular FREE. Comiilete new catalocue for 1'.«'2 contaiuinc ISOpngts, 8ill inches in tize. for Klo in stampf to pay postage. lUufltratea over lOU of America'a largest and moat successful pijultrj plants. Asi tor Look No, 74 »nd address nearest office. Cyphers Incubator Co., Buffalo, N. Y., Chicaao, lll.« Boston, Mass., New YorkfN.Ya IT TAKES FIVE CATALOGUES printed in Hve "littVmit liinsiiace!* to tell the people of the many pdint^ ■■! 'ot'our'' SUCCESSFUL Incubators & Brooders. One 200e!rpniachiMe will hatch more chicks than 20steady old hens each time it is filled with e-rcrs. They will be stronger, more healthy chicks, too. These ma chines will do fur yu just what tlicy have done forthousands of others. WiUc for 158 paL'e (^ataloLT (Mi.-lDsiiii; fir t<> pay postayre. We ship machines and handle corresponilencc for the K.-isI frimi imit- new house in Buffalo. Write nearest office DES MOINES INCUBATOR COMPANY, ! Box 503, Des Moines, Iowa, or Box 503, Buffalo, N. Y. lUST AS NATURAL o-l^^^^ 11 "•■rind a good de.il more reliable. Doesnt ^ break its e^ps or make its chicks lousy. Doesn'tstay off the nestand allow the eggs ^ to chill but hatches every egg that can bt hatched. THE PETALUMA INCUBATOR iBabsolntely perfect as to incnbator easeutials — proper application and distribution of heat and moistare, regulation and ventilation, For64to32*eies. WePayFreightanywhereinll. 8. Catalog free. PETALUMA INCH KATOli CO., BoZlSSt Petalama, California, or Box 1*25, IndlanapoUSi Ind, OtfT /INCe WILL A MILLION TCSTmONIALSi 30 DAYS TRIAL Our 50 egg compartment hatchers have advantages over all other incu- bators. Bantams at $5, t9.50and tl5 for 50, 100 and 200 egg sizes. Hatch every gooi egg. Send 2 cents for No.B4 catalogue. BUCKEYE lI«IOUBAXOUCU., Springfield, Okl*. Every Chicken Man Needs a green bone cutter. The Adam alone is ball beating, it cleans itself, it cannot become clogged or choked, it is fed at the pleasure of the oper- ator. You will want to know of it. Send for our lllustiated Catalogue No. 39, before you buy. Sent Free. W. J. ABAM, Joiiet, Ills. IWAKE I>08JITRY PAY by feeding,' srreen cut bune. The llumphn-y Greeti Bone aod Vegetable Cutter is guaran- teed to cut more bone in less time with less labor than any other cutter made. Send for free book containing blanks for one year's egg record. Humphrey & Sons, Box 51* Joiiet, III. The Sure Hatch is the incubator for the poultry raiser, whether farmer or fancier. jAnyone can run them, because they run themselves. Anyone can own because the price is right. Ma^ nnd results guaranteed ; you take fcno risk. Our Couimon Sense Brooder is thb Ijestatany price, and we sell it very low. "Handsome catalogue containing hun- dreds of views and full of honest poultry information, mailed free. When writing .iddress nearest office. Sure Hatch locubator Co. Clay Ceuier, Neb. or Columbus, 0. "ALL RIGHT" irxV;..«8iy? ■ ' j'ihia means that we ship anywhere ur »jO EgTK Copper 'lank "All Right" Incubator on IFORTY DAYS FREE TRIAL and charge ifS.OO for it only when the customer is satisfied. Absolute- ly the best 60 egg machine on the I market at any price. Send for our free poultry book, "All Right." (WeFtern orders shipped from Des Moines, la, CLAY PHELPS INCUBATOR CO., STATION 27, CINCINNATI, 0. 200-Egg Incubator for $ 1 2-80 Perfect in construction and action. Hatches every fertile egg. Write for catalogue to-day. GEO. H. STAHL, Quincy, III. POULTRY PAPER FREE. Your name and address on pusUil cara mailed to lieliuble l'uullr> Journal, yuiin-.\, Illinois, will bring you free sample with elegant full-page color plate frontispiece showing in natural colors a pair of standard fowls, reproduced from oil painting by Frank L. Sewell. World's greatest poultry artist. Sixty-eight to 160 pages monthly, 5U cents a year. BEMD TO-DAY t'OK I'KEE SAMPLE. REIDER'S FINE CATALOGUE Fruit Packages of Ail Kinds. 'f piize wiDDing poultry for 1902, printed In colors, illnsi rates and oescribes 60 Varieties of Poultry; reasonable [irlces ofeeffsandstock Manyhintsto -I jjouliry raisers. Send 10c In siUer or stamps for this noted book. B. U. ttKEIUEE, Florin, Pa. GUARANTEED ^BIBSB- •itraivbcrries, CurruntH, Orapea, «'«o"i'ber- rles, etc. 1 grow every plant I sell. Strong, healthy, well-rnolcil, trt-nhdug plunt»>. Largi- est grower in country. New Hatalog mailed free. ALLEN L. WOOD, Wholesale Grower, Rochester, New York. --^^■ \ — AI,SO — BEE=KEEPERS' SUPPLIES. . . Order your supplies now before i 'le busy season catches you. Price list free. Address BERLIN FRUIT-30X COMPANY, Berlin Heights, - - Erie County, Ohio. 304 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 1 ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦ I YES, SIR! t The MUTH'vS SPECIAL Dovetail hive is a CRACKERJACK. COVER and \ BOTTOM are absolutely warp-proof. We know because we are practical. Our : illustrated catalog- explains it all. You can have one by asking. Not a hive left ^ over from last season. We sell the finest supplies at manufacturer's prices. \ STANDARD BRED QUEENS, None better than our Buckeye Strain of 3=banders and ♦ Muth's Strain Golden Italians. 75c each; 6 for $4.00. Safe arrival guaranteed. I THE FRED W. MUTH CO., ♦ FRONT AND WALNUT. CINCINNATI, OHIO. ♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦ »♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ : : QueensYou Should Have Does blood tell in other stock ? Give your bees a chance. Stock used for breed- ing the queens offered — not from a sport, but my pick out of an apiary giving last season an average yield as follows : Honey Gathered. 102 lbs. extracted and 68 lbs. comb honey per colony besides increase and stores for winter. Quality of Comb Honey Produced. " Man ! It would dazzle you."— Wm. McEvoy, Onta- rio Government Inspector of Apiaries. Wintering Qualities. Up to the present, January 30, I never found these bees to show the least indication of unrest— always perfectly quiet. They are wintering perfectly. — Frank T. Adams, Brantford, Canada. General Commendation. Out of those queens you sent me I have produced the best race or strain of bees I ever owned. Remem- ber that is saying a lot, as I have tried every breed imported to tliis country. The bees winter better, build up, and stand cold chilly winds in spring better, and are more suitable than any bees I ever owned. For the season they gave me about double the honey the pure Italians did, and more increase. Glad you are going into the queen business, and are going to join our ranks again. We are much in want of a few men like you. C. W. Post, Ex president Ontario Bee- keepers' Association (owns 305 colonies). S. T. Pettit, Canada's most succes.sful comb-honey producer and bee-keeper, says: "The blood in my apiary is largely the progeny of queens .sent by you, and they are grand bees." Prices of Queens. They are duty free to the United States. Tested, $2.00 each; $10 00 for 6; $18.00 per dozen. Untested until July 1st, $1.2.5 each ; $7.00 for 6 ; or $12 00 per doz- en. Same after July 1st, $1.00 each; $5.50 for 6; or $10.00 per dozen. Larger quantities, prices on applica- tion. Postage stamps taken for fractions of a dollar. To be fair to ev.ery one, no selected tested queens are offered. Every one has the same chance. The above queens are bred from a careful selection of Italians and Carniolans. Pure Italian and Carniolan queens same price. Price of full colonies on application. Orders booked as received, and filled as quickly as possible. Order early. Address R. F. Holtermann, Bow Park Co., Limited, Brantford, Ontario, Canada. TWENTY-FIVE SWARWS of bees for sale. Queens bought of J. P. Moore in 1901, of his best strain, in new Dovetailed hives, telescope cap, Hoffman frames, and foundation. $5.00 each. Also a lot of new hives well painted ; also 30 Alley queen and drone traps to sell cheap. JAMES REED, Jamesville, Onondaga Co., N. Y. PACE $( LYON, New London, Wisconsin. ^ MANUFACTURERS OF AND DEALERS IN . . . BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES. . . . Send for Our Free New Illustrated Catalog and Price List Tar Heel Apiaries. Abbott L- Swinson, Queen-specialist in Charge. Or- ders filled now. For nuclei, 75c per L. frame- add price of queen. Bees, $1.00 per lb. Warranted queens, Sl.OO each; $10.00 per dozen. Tested, $1.50. Breeders. $5.00. We have 300 colonies of best American albino Italians and Adel bees. These bees have no superiors in the long-tongue or any others. SWINSON & BOARDMAN, Box 358, Macon, Ga. 1___^_ -, When you buy labels why don't A Y\ |-< I V^ you get the kind that can be used im.L/L5 narlii ICombiaea hi2:lic3t craije ni' ch:iDical lolencj wiih beautiful ar-rx-drance. F lanJ mo5t complete »ttachment9. BALL J iBEARI.NO.henceeasj runn nteod for 20 jf»ri. 250,000 Sold." ^^^^^^^^^^^..^^^^ ^, - |T«stimonialifromeT. .-oui- plflf (lcscri)itions and accurate illustrations. It will guidp you in l>uyinK rijiht. It also explains our plan of sellinj; diriM-t.— A Plan that Fully Protects Every Buyer Against Loss or Dissatisfaction. Knctorv and Genrral Ollloc, (iilumhus, Ohio. VrstiTii Oftit'p andDistribulinu'lloiise, St. Louis, Ho. The Columbus Carriage & Harness Co. Write to tlie / St. I.oiiis. nearest office \ Columbus. GOOJ», HOM>r Buggies Sixteen years ex- perience m selling Btanda d grades uf Vehicles and Harness lias made our x\'i i favorably know reliable ou.Tlity It is BUILT FOR. SERVICE, Subslantial — Honest Miferial— B,-st \V»rli. VTkm Jm PRICE IS All RIGHT, TOO^^ A wlirewd diwoernlng buyer, »rouriBff th«I market for the best ralues, ennnot ifF.irrt to without nur Citalnaue 1 postfil will hrinj it FREE. Ci^H BCTERS* TNION Hae.), Dept. R-34fi, i liieas*. 111. A RflVIINirER Time to buy that carriage or huf;^. We make a full line] and sell direct on 30 Days' FreeTriai.| We save you dealer and jobber ]irotits. Eiioucrh said. Write for ',*Mnd annual catalog. Mailed free. Kalamazoo Carriage&HarnessMfg,/ Co .StationlO. Kalamazoo, Mich. Pioneers of the Free Trial Plan. "-"^aSa^^^-i^^W^ ' Wagon World Awheel. Half a million of these steel wheels have been sent out on our own wagons and to fit other wagons. It is the wheel that determines the life of any I wagon, and this is the longest lived wheel made. Do you want I a low down Handy Wagon to use about the place? We will fit out your old wagon with Elec- tric Wheels of any size and any shape tire, straipht or stag- gered spokes. No cracked hubs, no loose spokes, no rotten felloes, no resetting. Write for ♦he big new catalogue. It is free. Electric Wheel Co.t Box 95f Quincy, Ilia. Union CofflMnation Saw /^^^ For Ripping, Cross- ■a_^r-^!^g^S°T' ' — ^^^ cutting, Raljbeliiig, X^ \\05^~ Jliteriug, Groov.ng, ^^ \^ll''l Gaining, Boring, Scroll- ^\ Y^U^- ' sawins;, I-ldge - mor.ldinc, \^ lfNJ'(<.||'|i,;4 Beading. Full line Fobt ^^ffWls'^ and Hand Power machin- t^^ilSLrt' en,-. .'orting, and packing, but gives all the best methods for storing for one or two days or a longer time. It also tells about evaporating and canning when there is a glut in the market. It discus.ses fruit packages and corn- mission dealers and even takes in cold storage. It is a new book of 2.50 pages, full of illustrations. Pub- lisher's price, |1.00. I Farming with Green Manures, postpaid** 90 This book was written several yeaas ago; but since competent labor has got to be so expensive, and hard to get, many farmers are beginning to find they can turn under various green crops cheaper than to buy stable manure, and haul and spread it— cheaper, in fact, than thev can buy fertilizers, this book m-n- tions almost all plants used for plowing under, and gives the value comdared with .st-ble manure. Some of the claims seem extravagant, but we are at present getting good crops, and keeping up the fertilitj', by a similar treatment, on our ten-acre farm. 7 I Farm, Gardening, and Seed-growing** 90 10 I Fuller's Grape Culturist** 1 15 5 I Garden and Farm Topics, Henderson** 60 12 Gardening for Pleasure, Henderson* 1 10 12 Gardening for Profit** 1 10 8 1 Gardening for Young and Old, Harris** 90 This is Jo.seph Harris' be,st and happie-st effort. Al- though it goes over the same ground occupied by Peter Hender.son, it particularly emphasizes thorough culti- vation of the soil in preparing your ground ; and this matter of adapting it to young people as well as old is 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 309 brought out in a most happy vein. If your children have any sort of fancy for gardening it will pay you to make them a present of this book. It has 187 pages and -16 engravings. 3 I Grasses and Clovers, with Notes on Forage Plants 20 This is by Henrj' A. Dreer, author of the book, '■ Vegetables Under Glass " that has had such a large sale of late. This little book tells how six tons of grass has been grown to the acre, and gives much other valuable matter. 10 I Greenhouse construction, by Prof, Taft** 1 15 This book is of recent publication, and is as full and complete in regard to the building of all glass struc- tures as is the next book in regard to their manage- ment. Any one who builds even a small structure for plant-growing under gla.ss will save the value of the book by reading it carefully. 12 I Greenhouse Management, by Prof. Taft** 1 15 The book is a companion to Greenhouse Construc- tion. It is clear up to the times, contains 400 pages and a great lot of beautiful half-tone engravings. A large part of it is devoted to growing vegetables under glass, especially Grand Rapids lettuce, as well as Fruits and flowers. The publisher's price is $1.50; but as we bought quite a lot of them we can make a spe- cial price as above. 5 I Gregory on Cabbages, paper* 20 5 I Gregory on Squashes, paper* 20 5 I Gregory on Onions, paper* 20 The above three books, by our friend Gregory, are all valuable. The book on squashes especially is good reading for almost anybody, whether they raise squashes or not. It strikes at the very foundation of success in almost any kind of business. I Handbook for IvUmbermen 05 5 I Home Pork-making; 125 pages, illustrated 40 I think it will pay well for everybody who keeps a pig to have this book. It tells all about the care of the pig, with lots of pictures describing cheap pens, appliances, all about butchering, the latest and most approved short cuts; all about making the pickle, barreling the meat, fixing a smoke-house (from the cheapest barrel up to the most approved arrange- ment); all about pig-troughs; how to keep them clean with little labor; recipes for cooking pork in every imaginable way, etc. Publisher's price is 50 cents, ours as above. 10 1 Household Conveniences 90 15 I How to Make the Garden Pay** 1 35 By T. Greiner. Those who are interested in hot- beds, cold-frames, cold green-hou.ses, hot-houses, or glass structures of any kind for the growth of plants, can not afford to be without the book. Publisher's price, $2.00. 2 I How we Made the Old Farm Pay— A Fruit- book, Green 15 2 I Injurious Insects, Cook 10 10 I Irrigation for the Farm, Garden, and Orchard* 85 By Stewart. This book, so far as 1 am informed, is almost the only work on this matter that is attracting so much interest, especially recently. Using water from springs, brooks, or windmills to take the place of rain, during our great drouths, is the great problem before us at the present day. The book has 274 pages and 142 cuts. 3 I Maple Sugar and the Sugar-bush** 25 4 I Peahodv's Webster's Diotionarv 10 Over 30,000 words and 2.50 illu.stra'tioiis. 5 I Manures ; How to Make and How to U.se Them ; in paper covers 30 6 I The same in cloth covers 65 I Nut Culturist, po.stpaid 1 50 3 I Onions for Profit** 40 P'ully up to the times, and includes both the old onion culture and the new method. The book is fully illustrated, and written with all the enthusiasm and interest that characterizes its author, T. Greiner. Even if one is not particularly interested in the busi- ness, almost any person who picks up Greiner's books will like to read them through. I Our Farming, by T. B. Terry** 1 50 In which he tells " how we have made a run-down farm bring both profit and pleasure." If ordered by express or freight with other goods, 10c less. Poultry for Pleasure and Profit.** 10 Practical Floricvilture, Henderson.* 1 10 Profits in Poultry.* 75 Silk and the Silkworm 10 Small-Fruit Culturist, Fuller 75 2 I Sorghum, Stock Beets, Strawberries, and Ce- ment Floors. By Waldo F. Brown 08 This little book ought to be worth its cost for what is .said on each of the four different subjects; and the chapter on cement floors may be worth many dollais to anybody who has to use cement for floors, walks, or any thing else. In fact, if you follow the exceed- ing plain directions you may save several clpllars on one .single job; and not only that, get a better cement floor than the average mason will make. 2 I Sweet Potatoes; Fortv Years' Experience with, By Waldo F. Brown ** OS This little book, by a veteran teacher at our farm- ers' institutes, ought to be worth many times the price to everybodj' who grows even a few sweet potatoes in the garden. It also gives full particulars in r^ gard to handling and keeping this potato, which is difficult lo keep unless you know just how. 10 I Talks on Manures* • 1 35 10 I The New Agriculture; or, the Waters Led Cap- tive (a $1.50 book) 40 11 I The New Egg-Farm, Stoddard** 70 This is an enlarged edition of the 50-cent book lub- lished 25 or 30 years ago by H. H. Stoddard. If I could have only one poultry-book it would be the New Egg-farm. This book is of special value to me be- cause it not only discusses most emphatically the value oi exercise to poultry, but it touches on the value of exercise to all other animated nature including hu- manity. The book has over 300 pages and 150 illustra- tions. It is entirely diff'erent from any other poultry- book in the world, inasmuch as it discusses mechanic- al contrivances .<-o that all the varied operations of a poultry-farm may be done as much as possible with the aid of machinery. The regular price is $1 00. but by buying a quantity we are able to furnish it at price given. 5 I The New Rhubarb Culture** 40 Whenever apples are worth a dollar a bushel or more, winter-grown rhubarb should pay big. It does not require an expensive house nor costly appliances. Any sort of cellar where it will not freeze is all right for it; and the small amount of heat nece.s.sary to force the rhubarb costs very li.tle. The book is nicely bound in cloth, full of illustrations, mostly photos from real work, 130 pages. Every market-gardener should have this book, for the lessons taught indirect- ly, in regard to forcing other crops besides rhubarb. Publisher's price 50c. 2 I Treatise on the Horse and his Diseases 5 5 I Tile Drainage, by W. I. Chamberlain 35 Fully illustrated, containing every thing of impor- tance clear up to the present date. The single chapter on digging ditches, with the il- lustrations given by Prof. Chamberlain, should alone make the book worth what it costs, to every one who has occasion to lay ten rods or more of tile. There is as much science in digging as in doing almost any thing else ; and by following the plan directed in the book, one man will often do as much as two men with- out this knowledge. 3 I Tomato Culture 35 In three parts. Part first.— By J. W. Day, of Crystal Springs, Miss., treats of tomato culture in the South, with some remarks by A. I. Root, adapting it to the North. Part second. — By D. Cummins, of Conneaut., O , treats of tomato culture especially for canning- factories Part third— By A. I. Root, treats of plant- growing for market, and high-pressure gardening in general. 3 I Vegetables under Glass, by H. A. Dreer** 20 3 I Vegetables in the Open Air* 20 This is a sort of companion book to the one above. Both books are most fully illu.strated, and are exceed- inglv valuable, especially at the very low price at which they are sold. The author, H. A. Dreer, has a greenhouse of his own that covers one solid acre, and he is pretty well conversant with all the arrangements and plans for protecting stuff from the weather, and afteiward handling to the best advantage when the weather will permit out of doors. 3 I Winter Care of Horses and Cattle 25 This is friend Terry's second book in regard to farm matters ; but it is .so intimately connected with his po- tato-book that it reads almost like a sequel to it. If you have only a hor.se or a cow, I think it will pay you to invest in a book. It has 44 pages and 4 cuts. 3 I Wood's Common Objects of the Micro.scope**. . 47 8 I What to Do and How to be Happy While doing It. bv A. I. Root 65 8 I Same in paper covers 40 THE A. I. ROOT CO., Medina. Ohio, 310 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 1 QUEENS, QUEENS Old Standbys.— The A. I. Root Co., to whom we have sold queens for many years, wrote us last May, inus : "Are you running low on queens? We hope not, as you seem to be our standbys. Send us 24 pel week instead of 12, till further orders." Beat Any Thing He ever Saw.— The Cyprian queens you sent me last year beat any thing I ever saw rear- mg brood and filling their hives with honey.— J Niel- sen, Huntington, Utah, Sept. 4, 1901. Is Great.— The nucleus you sent me last fall is great —the finest queen that ever crossed the plains. Please duplicate her this time. Mr. Jordan savs the nucleus you sent him cast two fine swarms.— G. R. Warren, FruitvaU, Cal., May 12, 1901. $50 Queens.— My nice queen that vou sent me, and I put in a hive with a handful of bee's on the 6th day of la.st June, has now nearly filled her30-lb. super foi the third time. No man's $50.00 bill could take her. Please send me another one like her as soon as possi- ble, and keep a dozen ready for me like her for the 20th of April next, and I will make you a nice present. — M. Brown, Station A, I^ittle Rock, Ark. We breed Italians, Cvprians, Holvlands, Carniolans, and Albinos, m separate yards, 5 to 20 miles apart. Prompt service. Safe arrival guaranteed. Bees by the pount, nucleus, full colony, or by the carload. Prices : Tested, $1.50 each ; $S.OO for six ; $15.00 pet dozen. Untested, Februarj', March, April, May tl OC each; $5.00 for si.x: ; $9.00 per dozen. Fine breeders, $5.00 each. Send for our catalog, free by mail; tells how to rear queens and how to keep bees for profit. Agents for Dadant's Foundation and Gleanings. Premiums given. Don't fail to get our printed matter. It's Alyl, free. Bee-supplies of all kinds. The Jennie Atchley Co., Beeville, Tex. ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦^ ♦ \ INOW S' e^l j «^ Ready ! | ♦ Sixty-four Page Catalog of every thing bee-keepers need. Illustrated and fully described. Especially valuable to begin- ners for the information it con- tains. Send your address on a postal and get it now. Estab- lished 1884. J> M* Jenkins^ X Wetumpka^ Elmore Co., Ala, x ♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»»»♦»♦ ^)miii>i^)t*\iMH\i^wmmi^immii^^ BEE-SUPPLI Best-equipped factory in the West ; car- ry a large stock and greatest v.iriety of • very thing needed in the apiary, assur- ing BEST goods at the LOWEST prices, ;ind prompt shipment. We want every bee-keeper to have our FREE ILLUS- TRATP:d CATALOG, and read descrip- tion of Alternating Hives, Ferguson Su- pers, etc. IVt He at once Jot a catalog. AGENCIES I Kretchmer Mfg. Co., Box 60, Red Oak, la. Trester Supply Company, Lincoln, Neb. Shugart & Ouren, Council Bluffs, la. Chas. Spangler, Kentland, Ind. BINGHAM SMOKER. Dear Sir:— Inclosed find $1.75. Please send one brass smoke-engine. I have one already. It is the best smoker I ererused. Trulv yours, Henky Schmidt, Hutto, Tex. MADE TO ORDER Bingham Brass Smokers. Made of sheet brass, which does not rust or burn out; should last a lifetime. You need one, but they cost 25 cts. more than tin of the same size. The little open cut shows our brass hinge put on the three larger sizes. No wonder Bingham's four-inch smoke-engine goes without puffing, and does not drop inky drops. The perforat- ed steel fire-grate has 381 holes to air the fuel and support the fire. Heavy tin smoke-engine, 4-inch stove, per mail, $1.50; 354-inch, $1.10; 3-inch, $1.00; 254-inch, 90c; 2-inch, (i.5c. Bingham smokers are the originals, and have all the improvements, and have been the standard of excellence for 23 years. Only three larger ones brass. T. F. Bingham, FarweBI, Michigan. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 315 Contents of this Number. Alfalfa in Kansas and Nebraska 329 Apiary, Where to Start 339 Apis Dorsata 321 Bees Giving; a Flight lo 323 Pees in Walls of House .336 Bennett. B. S. K 333 f alifornia Notes 332 Cia:arettes, Effect of 320 Clipping Queen's Wings 321 Clover, Red, Wheu Bees Visit 319 Clover. Sweet, as a Weed 323 Colonies, Naked 320 Coinbs on which Bees have Died 339 Covers, Porous, for Wintering 338 D.inz. Hives, Two-story 337 Kxtracting-frames .Spreading 339 I'oul Rrood Cured with Sulphur Smoke 328 Foundation, roughness of 320 Glucose. To Detect 337 Hives, Two-story, for Michig-l3'^ : No. 2, 12(aiV2V.[ No. 3, 11(3)12 dark. 10 (3)12. Extracted white, 6J4(§*7 ; amber, 6(a6^ ; dark, 5(g»5H- Beeswax, 28ta30. W C. Town'send, April 9. 84, 86 West Market St., Buffalo, N. Y. New York. — Comb honey. — l,ast year's crop is prac- tically cleaned up but as we wrote a little while ago we had received a new crop from Cuba, and are now receiving a new crop from the South. Demand is fair at 14c for fancy white; No. 1, 13 ; No, 2, 12; amber, 10@ 11. FIxtracted. — The market is decidedly dull. Very little demand, with large stocks on hand, .some of which no doubt will have to be carried over, and indi- critions point to a further decline in prices. We quote white, (i; light amber, !i]4; amber, 5; Southern, 52'/^(a> 58 per gallon, according to qtiality. Even these prices are shaded in car lots Beeswax scarce and firm at 29 (§30. Hildreth & Segelken, April 7. 265-7 Greenwich St., New York City. Cincinnati. — The general tone of the honey market is lower. Water-white comb honej' sells from 14r«ll4^, and is hard to oVitain; extra fancy. 15. Extracted has, weakened a little, and sells from 5(ai5H; fancy, 6(0*6^. C. H'. W. Weber, April 17. 2146 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. San Francisco. — Comb honey, 10'®.] 2. E-xtracted, veater-white, hl^fd 6^^ ; light amber, 4(aih)4 ; dank, 4'3)5. Southern California reports 10 inches of rain to date; this makes a half crop secure. Should additional rains follow, the percentage will increase. The cen- sus bureau credit^ New York State with producing, in 1899. 3.342.497 lbs. of honey; California, 3,(;67,738; and. "Tell it not in G&th," Texas, 4.780.204 lbs. Now let the Texans blow their " lyOng Horns," while Califor- nia "goes way back (of Texas) and sits down." Pros- pects in Central and Northern California are excellent for a good season. Wax, 27 — 30. E. H. Schaeffle, March 26. Murphys, Calif. Detroit. — Fincy white comb honey. 15; No. 1. 13(^ 14; dark and amber. 11(3)12. Extracte'd white, 6%@7; dark and amber, .5(0)6 Beeswax 29'« 30. Apr. 8. M. H. Hunt & Son, Bell Branch, Migh. MiLWAtiKEE. — The market continues very quiet on honey. The supply is fair, and demand not urgent. Sales slow, especially on the extracted of all grades. Choice comb honey meets with more favor, 3'et sales are not as usual at this season of the year. We con- tinue to quote: ANo, 1 sections. 13(§15c; No. 1, 13@14c. Off-grades entirely nominal. Extracted in barrels, kegs, and cans, white, 7}4(a)8c; amber, 5'i7c. Beeswax, 2hm28 ' A. V. Bishop & Co.. March 19. 119 Buffalo St., Milwaukee, Wis. For Sale.— 2000 lbs. honey, buckwheat mixed, at 7c, freight prepaid, in 60-lb. cans, two cans in a case. B. F. Averill, Howardsville, Va. Wanted. Comb honey in any quantity. Please ad- vise what you have to offer. Evans & Turner, Town St , Cor. 4th, Columbus, Ohio. Wanted — Comb and extracted honey. State price, kind, and quantity. R. A. Burnett & Co., 199 South Water St., Chicago, 111. Wanted.— Extracted honey, either large or small lots; parties having same to offer, send .samples, and be.st prices delivered, Cincintiati, O. We pay cash on delivery. The Fred W. Muth'Co., Front and Walnut Sts., Cincinnati, O. Wanted.— Comb honey in Danzenbaker sections. We can use both white and amber. The a. I. Root Co., Medina, Ohio. For Sale. — Fancy and No. 1 comb honey; about 2000 lbs. or more. Wm. Morris, 1,3S Animas, Col. For Sale.— Extracted honey, from alfalfa, at 7c per pound. Send for sample. D. S. Jenkins, I,as Animas, Col. F"oR Sale. —Whitest alfalfa honey, f 9.00 ; tinted, $7.80, per ca.se of two 60-lb. cans, net. Arkansas Valley Apiaries, I^as Animas, Col. For Sale.— Clover and sweet-clover extracted honey at 7c, in kegs and cans. Dr. C. t,. Parker Sta. A, R. F. D., Syracuse, N. Y. We will be in the market for honey the coming sea- son in carloads and less than carloads and would be glad to hear from producers everywhere what they will have to offer. Seavey & Flarsheim, 1318-1324 Union Avenue, Kansas City, Mo. 316 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 15 Wants and Exchange. Notices will be inserted under this head at 10 cts. per line. You must SAY you want your adv't in this department, or we will not be responsible for any error. Vou can have the no- tice as many lines as you please ; but all over ten lines will cost you according; to our regular rates. We can not be re- sponsible for dissatisfaction arising from these " swaps." w ANTED. — To exchange for ca.sh. beeswa.x;, or ofTers, 1 12-in. and 2 6-in. Root foundation-mills. M. H. Hunt & Son, Bell Branch, Mich. WANTED. — To exchange Dadant nncapping-cans, Root's No. 5 extractor, and other supplies, for honey or wax. O. H. Hyatt, Shenandoah, Iowa. \X/ANTED.— Comb honey in Danzenbaker .sections in ' ' exchange for supplies, or will pay cash. We pre- fer large lots of white honey, but c^n use some amber in this size. The A. I.'Roo r Co., Medina, Ohio. WANTED.— To sell Rocky Ford cantaloupe seed. Seed of these fatuous melons po.stpaid, 40 cts. per pound. Choice selected stock H. F. H.^GEN, Rocky Ford, Colorado. IV ANTED —To know who has 200 colonies of bees to '" sell cheap ; al.so what young man would like to serve an apprenticeship with Quirin the queen-breed- er. H. G. Quirin, Parkertown, O. \VANTED. — To exchange New Cumberland black- '' raspberry plants (Cuthbert), Fay's Currants, blackberry (Snyder, Taylor, Western Triumph), for beeswax at 30c per lb., or cash. Wanted, old comb and slumgum. A. P. L,awrence, Hickory Corners, Mich. WANTED.— To exchange Victoria rhubarb roots at SI. 25 per 100, White Wyandotte and Pekin duck eggs at $1.50 per .30, and a Prairie State incubator, for strawberry-plants and bees. Geo. M. Ames, Tamaroa, Illinois. \VANTED. — To trade good two-stor>' building, fine location, for bees in good hives. E. Y. Perki.ns, Creston, Iowa. WANTED. — To sell for cash, .>gallon square tin cans in partitioned cases of two cans each, in lots of 20 cases or more, at about half the price of new cans Having been in use once only, and as containers of honey they are practically as good as new. For par- ticulars and prices, address Orel I,. Hershi.ser. 301 Huntington Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. ANTED. — To purchase 150 colonies bees, t,. frames. Must be clean of disease. State price f. o. b. cars. Orel L, Hershiser, 301 Huntington Ave., Buffalo. N. Y. Y^'ANTED. — To sell five colonies of Italian bees with '' new eight-frame Root's Dovetailed hives com- plete for $4.00 per colony. Strong colonies, free from all disease. I. i,. Powell, Millbrook. N. Y. ANTED.— To buy .50 to 100 colonies of bees in Colo- rado. A.B. Tackaberry, Cantril, Iowa. w w w ANTED.— To exchange a 3'2-caliber Winchester rifle for a lO-inch Root foundation-mill. D. A. DrsBROw, Belleview, Marion Co., Fla. WANTED. -To sell .500 brood-combs, just a little larger than the Hoffman framr, at $8.00 per 100, f. o. b. at Petoskey. R. B. Oldt, Epsilon, Mich. XVANTED.- To .sell a Caligraph typewriter for $'25. '' A substantial, long-lived, rapid machine, doing excellent work; sample on application; the best value for the money. \V. J. Finch, Jr., Carlinville, 111. ANTED. — To exchange brood foundation for bees- wax or offers. Fred W. Buttery, R. F'. D. 43, Norwalk, Conn. IVANTED.— To sell 30 colonies of Italian and hybrid ' "^ bees at $2.50 per colonv. J.'F. Rasch, Marilla, N. Y. VVANTED. Second-hand or knocked -down hives. "' Describe them, with price. Also want a man who knows how to handle bees a little. W. L,. CoGGSHALL, West Groton, N. Y. w w WANTED.— To .sell Gulf coast sea-shells, cabinet specimens and shells for all purposes. Prices low. Send 15c for 12 nice shells. G. .S. Warnem, Palma Sola, Manatee River, Florida. WANTED. — One dollar for 15 W. P. Rock eggs; $3.0I> for 50, or lo.OO for 100; from 93 to i»5 scoring birds; cockrels and pullets. $1.00 each; 75 cts. for one Golden Italian queen, or SS 00 per dozen — after August 1st, 50c each or $5.00 per dozen. Geo. W. Cook, Spring Hill, Kansas. WANTED. — To exchange 30 colonies of bees with fixtures. Hilton chaff hives -every thing up to date — for wall-paper stock or cash offers. H. F". Swan, Grand Rapids, Mich. WANTED. — Beeswax, typewr ter, and wheel-hoe and drill. Send for long list of articles to select from in exchange. F. H. McFarland, Hj-de Park, Vt. WANTED. — To exchange a Clark's cutaway harrow and a Brightest and Best blue-flame oil stove for bees or offers. J. P. Moore, Morgan, Ky. WANTED. -To exchange 10 colonies of hybrid bees, some fine collie-shepherd pups, one goo i hound coon dog, some nice canary birds (beautiful .singers) for a lady's or gent's watch, a good shotgun, or almost any thing you have for trade except poultry. Address wi.h stamp. W. S. Brillhart, Oakwood, Ohio. WANTED.— To exchange a $35.00 Henley wire and picket fence machine (to weave on the posts) for ofTers, or will sell for $7.00, as I have no use for it. In good condition. C. Brown, Box 61, Dayton, O. ANTED— To sell one Zimmerman Autoharp No. 2%, used very little, good as new. $2. .50 takes it. Mrs. N. O. Penny, Nathan, Fla. WANTED — Beekeepers to study our advertisement and testimonial of queens in April 1st Gleanings. R F. Holtermann, Manager Bee Department, Bow Park Co., l,imited, Brantfoid, Canada. WANTED. — A honey - extractor. Also a foot-power circular saw. Slate kind and price O. W. Jefferson, Pittsford, Mich. Box 115 \V^AN lED. -The address of a young or middle-aged ' ' man of some practical experience who wants to come to Colorado for his health and take the job (probably during May, June, July, and August) of attending to an apiary'of 1.50 or 175 colonies. We have two apiaries, about four miles apart, and want a hand to take charge of either one as circumstances mav decide. Apiaries are connected by telephone. We have a bee-house with two good living rooms Would like a man as an a.ssistant to the one we have now. This is a good chance for one affected with lung trou- ble if not sufficient to interfere with work. W ages. $40 without board or $20 with per month. Address The Denver L,and Co.. A. M. Patten, Manager. Denver, Colorado. Look Here! Buy your bee-supplie-s where j'Oii can do the best. We handle the well-known Lewis Goods, and every thing- else necessary for the bee-keepers, the Very Best Goods, The Very Best Service, The Very Best Shipping Facilities. Plenty of Room, Large Stock, Manufacturer's Prices. Write to us before buying elsewhere. Cat- alog- free if you say where you saw this ad. C. M, Scott <&. Co., 1004 E. Washington St., Indianapolis, Ind. Don't forget us when you want a queen. We guarantee ours. We will have .50 black and hybrid queens to mail be- tween April "20 and May 15, at "40c each, (i for $2.00. SwiNSON & Boardman, Box 3.58, Macon, Ga. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 317 Gleanings in Bee Culture [Established in 1873.] Devoted to Bees, Honey, and Home Interests. Published Semi-monthly by The A. I. Root Co., - - Medina, Ohio. A. I. ROOT, Editor of Home and Gardening Dep'ts. E. R. ROOT. Editor of Apicultural Dept. J. T. CAI^VERT, Bus. Mgr. A. h. BOYDEN, Sec. TERMS. |1.00 per annum ; two years, $1.50; three years, $2.00; five years. JJJ.OO, in aduance; or two copies to one address, $1.50 ; three copies, $2.00 ; five copies, $3.75. The terms apply to the United States, Canada, and Mexico. To all other countries 48 cents per year extra for postage. DISCONTINUANCES. The journal is sent until orders are received for its discontinuance. We give notice just before the subscription expires, and fur- ther notice if the first is not heeded. Any subscriber whose subscription has expired, wishing his journal discontinued, will please drop us a card at once; other- wise we shall assume that he wishes his journal con- tinued, and will pay for it soon. Any one who does not like this plan may have his journal stopped after the time paid for by making this request when ordering. RATES OF ADVERTISING. The^e will be fur- nished on application. Mr. A. I. Root's Writings of Grand Traverse territory and I,eelanau Co. are descriptive of Michigan's most beautiful section reached most conveniently via the Pere Marquette R. R. For pamphlets of Michigan farm lands and the fruit belt, address J. E. Merritt, Manistee, Michigan. PITTWIER'S FOUNDATION. Retail — Wholesale — ^Jobbing. Having increased my shop -room, put in power and a new set of ma- chines, I am now producing a better article than ever, with unlimited ca- pacity to meet orders. I use a process that produces every essential neces- sary to make it the best and most de- sirable in all respects. My process and automatic machines are my own inventions, which enable me to sell foundation, and WORK WAX INTO FOUNDATION FOR CASH, at prices that are the lowest. I make a specialtj; of working up Wholesale and Jobbing l,ots of wax into foundation, for cash. If you have wax by the lOil lbs. or ton, let me hear from you. Catalog giving Full Line of Supplies with prices and sample.=, free upon application. BEESWAX WANTED. Cus. Dittmer, Augusta, Wisconsin. CHAS. ISRAEL & BROS., 486-490 Canal St., Corner Watt St., N. Y. Honey and Beeswax. L,iberal Advances made on Consignments. Whole- ,sale Dealers and Commission Merchants. Estab. 1875. anufacturing Company. ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦^♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦^ ^ Marshfield Our specialty is making SECTIONS, and they are the best in the market. 4 Wisconsin basswood is the right kind for them. We have a full line of ^ BEE - SUPPIylES. Write for FREE illustrated catalog and price list. 4 Marshfield Manufacturing Company, Marshfield, Wisconsin. J »♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦< If I, J, Stringham, 105 Park PI, New York City. Save IVIon You want the best supplies at as low a price as pos- sible. If you are anywhere in the EAST we can fur- nish you, and it will be to your advantag'e to f^et our 1902 catalog. There are "special offers" in it. Re- member, we furnish EVERY THING a bee-keeper needs. Apiaries located at Glen Cove, Long- Island. tl 318 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 15 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiMiiiiiiiimiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiriiiiiiim I The A. I. Root Co., Philadelphia, Pa. | I 10 Vine Street. | I Full line of all supplies manufactured by us. = = Low freight and steamship rates to all points on = I Atlantic Coast. Order early, be ready for spring. i SimiiiiiiminiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim^ ^ G. B. L-GM^is Oompanv', ^ X WATERTOWN, WISCONSIN, U S. A. X i Bee-keepers' Supplies. S •^ If you are located nearer any of our agencies send us ^ ^ your name and address and write to them for prices. -^ ik. ■^ XT? C. M. Scott & Co , . . . lOOi East Washington St., Indianapolis, Ind. L,. C. Woodman Grand Rapids, Michigan. The Fred VV. Muth Co , S. W. cor. Walnut & Front, Cincinnati. Ohio. Fred W. Foulger & Sons Ogden, Utah. Colorado Honey Producers' Association, 1440 Market St.. Denver, Colo. Colorado Honey Producers' Assoc'n, R. C. Aiken, Mgr , Loveland, (. olo Grand Junction Fruit-growers' Association, . . Grand Junction, Colo. Robert Halle, ... Montrose, Colo. Pierce Seed & Produce Co Pueblo. Colo. E. T. Abbott vSt. Joseph, Mo. Chas. Dadant & Son, Hamilton, Ills. F. C Erkel 515 First Ave., N. E., Minneapolis Minn. Lilly, Bogardus & Co Seattle, Wash. Klauber. Mangenheim & Co., ,San Diego, Calif. Fallbrook Co-operative As.sociation, Fallbrouk, Calif. J. K. Hill & Co Uvalde, Te.vas. ^ All of the Above Agencies can Fill Your Orders Promptly. ^ BEE -SUPPLIES! ROOT'S GOODS AT ROOT'S PRICES. C. H. W. Weber, Cincinnati, Ohio. 2146-2148 Central Ave. A NEW AND COMPLETE stock for 1902 now on hand. I am The Root Com- pany's representative for Cincinnati and sur- rounding territories. . . You save TIME and FREIGHT CHARGES by having goods shipped from here. Convenience of railroad facilities here enables me to do so. Before buying elsewhere, write for my prices and catalog, which will be mailed you free of charge. ' -DELVorED •■fo'BE.E.3 •ANdHoNEY •TiKD home:- 'rf •INTE-FIEST^ 'ubli5hedby-THE~A II^OOY Co. i°°ptRYEAK^'\s) Medina-Ohio- Vol. XXX APR. 15, 1902. No. 8. Soft maples bloomed March 24 — 12 days earlier than last year. " A BEGINNER with a few brains, boards, and a buzz-saw, is the man before all oth- ers who feels called upon to invent a bee- hive."— Editor Hidchinson. When a colony swarms, what per cent of the bees go with the swarm, and what per cent remain ? [This varies; and while I will not attempt to answer the question, I will put out a rouffh guess as an average. I should say 75 per cent go with the swarm, and 25 remain with the comb. — Ed.] H. "Melzer, in Centralblatt, declares from abundant observation that bees get honey from red clover, not when it is deficient in growth, but when it is specially luxuriant, so that the tube is so filled with nectar that the bees can reach it. This occurs espe- cially when hot dry days follow a thunder- shower. [This agrees with our experi- ence.— Ed.] You appear to think, Mr. Editor, p. 275, that I do not have confidence enough in Prof. Gillette's work. Just the opposite. I had too much confidence, taking his fig- ures as entirely reliable, and, like the hon- est man that he is, he says that his reach measurements are not reliable. Yes, in- deed, I think he will subscribe to my last statement, although he might prefer to say that tongue-length is not settled by measure- ment of tongue -reach. [You misunder- stood me. I understood you to mean just what j'ou now say in the foregoing. — Ed.] Bko. Doolittle, on page 277 that man Brown gets you mixed up, or you get him mixed up, or else you both get me so mixed up that I can't understand English. You first state my question as I gave it, why is it erroneous to call a prime swarm a first swarm? and then 3'ou say I wish to know why it is erroneous to call a first swarm a prime swarm. Then you go to work and answer the question that I never asked. Now will j'ou kindly answer the question that has been waiting for an answer seven years? If 3'ouwill please answer it I have another question to ask. The only hive badly spotted with diar- rhea last winter was one of the painted ones (I think there are three painted). I don't know whether the paint had any thing to do with it, but I remember another win- ter the hive with most dampness was paint- ed. (I suspect that the other Miller ^ Ar- thur C. ) would tell you there could be no possible difference between the painted and unpainted hive, because either one is smear- ed over on the inside with propolis, and therefore would not let moisture pass through. Is it not possible that what you observed was an accidental coincidence? — Ed.] Answering your question, p. 275, I never put on more than one super at a time nowa- days. Too much heat is needed to fill up two. The fact remains that I had just as fine work when I put on 56 sections at a time. [Yes, probablj'; but the fact remains that you do not consider it good practice to give too much room at the start; and if not good practice, you of course do not get as good results. While the honey that was secured was just as good and just as pretty, is it not true that the bees would be longer in getting into the supers when they had a great big empty space to go into and kee warm? — Ed.] For beginners who allow natural swarm- ing, I want to suggest a plan for improve- ment of stock that is more than 40 years old (I mean the plan, not the stock, is vso old). Strengthen with brood the colony with best queen, so as to g'et it to swarm first. Call it No. 1. When No. 1 swarms, put swarm in place of No. 1, and set No. 1 in place of No. 2, setting No. 2 on a new stand. When No. 1 swarms again ( perhaps 8 days later), set the swarrri in place of No. 1; set No. 1 in place of No. 3, and set No. 3 in a new place. As often as No. 1 swarms (and it may do so several days in succession), set the swarm in place of No. 1, and set No. 1 in place of some other full colony. 520 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 15 An excellent little treatise on queen- rearing- has just been published in France by Giraud-Pabou and Son, g-ivin.fr an up- to-date resume of methods used in this coun- try and elsewhere. The experiment given, p. 522, Gleanings, 1900, is quoted quite fully to show that bees sometimes choose larvte 4 or 5 days old for queen-rearing-. But attention is not called to the fact that the bees chose the youngest larvce they had, and that under ordinarj^ circumstances there would have been plenty of larv^ young enough when the last cells were started. For when the brood was given to No. 18 the youngest Qg^ was three days old, and un- tler ordinary circumstances there would be eggs three days younger. The added toughness in foundation made by the new process is an excellent thing in the brood-chamber; but in the case of super foundation there may be a danger of its being carried too far. — D. D. M. in British Bee Journal. I wonder how much there is in that. [While the new process makes wax tougher it also makes it possi- ble to use less wax in ordinary sheets of foundation, both brood and super. The re- sult of this was that all sheets are made lighter. The ordinary foundation for sec- tions is, as a rule, much lighter than that which was made years ago by the old plan. If the new wax is tougher, there is less of it, so there is and can be no more (if as much) midrib as before. — Ed.] Are you sure you are not mistaken, Mr. Editor, in saying, p. 285, that there were no beet sugars on the market when A. I. Root made his experiments? He began bee- keeping in 1865, and at that time was not 1% of the total sugar supply beet sugar? and didn't we have our full proportion in this country'? We didn't know we were using beet sugar, though. [At that time, 1865, the beet sugars that were then made were confined almost entireljs if I mistake not, to Europe. Beet sugars did not come into use in this country until the beet was grown here, if I am correct. The growing of this, as you probably know, is a comparatively new industrj' in the United States; so I feel quite positive that the sugars that A. I. Root used along in the 70's w-ere all cane. —Ed.] Quite a traffic in some parts of Ger- many is the sale of "naked " colonies, as they are called — bees drummed out without any combs. Thej' are generall}' shipped from the middle of September to the first of October. [How far do they ship them, and how? Years ago, you remember, we used to do a business something of this nature, sending what we then called " bees by the pound." A large cage was prepared, fill- ed with Good candy. The bees were shak- en oft" the combs into a large funnel, which delivered them into this cage. They were weighed up; and if the scales showed, after deducting tare, a full pound, a wire-cloth cover was put on and the package of bees was sent by express. But we had to give it up because so many of the bees died en route. We now ship in the form of nuclei on combs, and the results are very much more satisfactory. — Ed.] Bro. a. I. Root, I'm afraid if we stop all papers that either directly or indirectly advertise the liquor business, as you advise, p. 298, most of us would do without papers. Rather than patronize a paper with a Sun- day edition, I take the only daily I know of in Chicago without a Sunday edition, even though it brings the news to me nearly a day later; but the Daily News is not sinless in the way of advertisements. If you will get a number to band together, I'm ready to join you in doing without the news till a paper with clean ads. is started. [Don't you mean, doctor, we would have to go with- out daily papers? Surely there are week- lies without number that do not and never will accept any thing in the shape of a liq- uor advertisement. Who else among our readers will join the "band" with Dr. Miller and myself as above? We learn from the American Issue that it was stated at a recent editorial convention at Manhat- tan, Kansas, that only 61 out of the 783 news- papers and periodicals in the State will publish a whisky advertisement. — A. I. R.] My answer to that question, page 298, is that cigarette John is not worth as much as another boy just like him in all respects but the cigarette. One reason is that John has in him a deteriorating element not found in the other boy. I don't believe a boy can be quite as truthful and reliable with cigarettes as without. The cigarette seems to deaden his sensibilitj' to the harm of being unfaithful or untruthful. [Doctor, your remarks bring to mind an incident of just a few days ago. The Lakeshore Rail- ro£id has for ticket agent at a small station a .voung man who smokes cigarettes while he sells tickets. This young man got my money, but the ticket he made out would never have been accepted by the conductor had not a passenger aided his befuddled brain in the matter; and then the agent had to go with me to the conductor on the train and explain why my ticket was in two pieces. If the Lakeshore Railroad has not yet decided that cigarette smokers are not fit to sell tickets, I oft'er it the above evi- dence.— A. I. R.J As Mr. Secor seems to be gradually re- tiring from the post of poet-laureate for the bee-keepers, his mantle seems to be falling on Mr. Harry Lathrop, now of Calamine, Wis. See another column. We have received several copies of the Bulletin of Agriculture, published by the 1902 glp:anings in bee culture. 321 Central Uniou of Scientific Industries, of San Salvador, Central America. It is f^ratifyincf to see the apparent prog"ress be- ini,-- made in bee-keeping", as well as all other branches of aj^-ri culture, in that little republic whose interests have of late be- come so closely identified with our own. The work is all Spanish. We have just received from England the foll(nvinof, printed in tract form, from the pen of Mr. R. Hamlyn-Harris, one of the best bee-writers of Europe. It is reprinted from the Entomologist'' s Record. As it seems to cover, in very concise and reliable form, all that is now known relative to Apis (lorsata, I give it complete. The reader can draw his own conclusion. It is now some years since the idea was first con- ceived, tliat. l)y the introduction of Apis dorsata (known as the Giant bee of India), a vahiable addi-^ lion to our fauna would be obtained, yielding a larger quanlit\- of honey and wax, and generally more prof- itable than our honeybee. Apis mellifica and its different varieties— var. ligustica, var. Carniolia, etc. According to Ualla Torre; ' Apis dorsata, Fabr., occurs in Assam, India, and Java. Var. bicolor, Klug, occurs in Assam, India. Cey- lon, and Java. Var. testacea, .Smith, occurs i" Assam aiid Borneo. Var. zonata occurs in Assam, Celebes, and the Philippines." [The var. zonala also occurs in India, whch is not mentioned bj- Dalla Torre.] About three years ago a special enquiry was set on foot to ascertain whether or not the Giant bee of India was really a suitable subject for domestication. At that time I was permitted to look over various reports at the India Office, and all these agreed that Apis dor- sata, mentioned generally under native names, could not be domesticated, on account of its intractable character i he chief points noted are: I. It is said to be exceedingly viciou.s, often attack- ing man or beast on the smallest provocation. 2. It preserves the same habits and apptarance wherever its habitat. 3. It has never been known to build its nest under shelter, but mostly on isolated lofty trees or overhanging rocks. After the honey sea.son the bees will desert their nests, and often travel for long periods and great distances, even crossing such moun- tain chains as the Nilgherris in their course. 5. They build single combs. 6. And are used to approach from north, .south, east, or west. They rarely remain in one locality for more than three weeks, emigrating as flowers become scarcer. We will consider these points more in detail, to make the subject better understood. Among the hill- men, near Darjeeling (Eastern Himalayas), this bee is known by the name Cargoo. and is generally an object of fear and dislike, according to Sladen It will be readily seen the risk of introducing such a bee, even were "it po-sible, into a thickly populated country would be too great. Not only the hill-men of Du- jeeling find Api- dorsata an undesirable neighbor, but ::11 are agreed on the subject who have had any experi- ence in the matter. Interesting, however, 'S the way i I which the natives of the Malay Archipelago, fur iristance, take the comb and honey, sliowing much com age on their part. Perhaps, also, the Apis i^orsata may be somewhat less dreaded in the islands than on the mainland of India. The native, having located the nest (some 70 to 80 feet from the ground, some- times even more*), repairs by night to the spot, and after a weari.some climb, sometimes lasti g an hour, with only the smoke fumes of a torch drives the bees away from the combs, which are then severed from the boughs and let down bj' cords to his helpers below. Such a rough-and-ready style of proceeding must necessarily provoke the bees, and stings, as one may suppose, are plentiful; still the tribesmen do tiot seem much concerned. It is well known that one of the greatest obstacles to the domestication of this bee is its ntitural wildne.ss and its inability to settle per- manently in one spot. When we consider that Apis dorsata usually makes its nest in wild and rocky country, remaining in one locality only so long as * This is for protection against the bears, which are (as is known] fond of honey, and would climb the trees in search of it. flowers abound, we shall better realize why it moves from pi. ice to place, and the importance of so doing to its general welfare. Therefore we see that only by completely altering its natural habits could we hope to domesticate this lice, or bring it into use under dif- fering cirf^umstances from those in which it hasalways live I, Also on account of its size, and the power of its flight, the Giant bee will travel as much as a hun- dred miles before again settling down to liome life.* It i-; not so much the honey eathered by these bees which is valuable to the natives, but the large quanti- ties of comb they produce; the latter, being melted down into wax, forms a valuable article of industrj' in India. The hillmen do not trouble much about the honey, but are said to eat the young bees and larvae with great gusto. Another great hindrance to domestication is the way they build their nests, quite in the open, entirely un- protected, and always single combs from about five to six feet in length, and about two to three feet in depth. Some fine specimens of th'se combs are to be seen in the South Kensington Natural - History Museum. When a species of insect has been used to certain hab- its for endless generations — in fact, has never known any others it will be readily understood how difficult would be the problem prrsented to us did we attempt to keep such a refractory creature in confinement. The only attempt made seems to have been a failure. A queen-bee was tied by a thread to a stick and placed in the hollow of a tree. and. after two to three months. a verv small piece of comb was found, and, the exper- iment proving useless, it was abandoned. Since this a writer t i the last Government report says that he " had seven hives all well and fed for the winter," but in the spring the ' little brutes " decamped by twent3- and thirty a day, until each queen in turn left its hive in disgust. Clipping the queen's wings, as is done io modern bee-keeping, would prove fatal to Apis dorsa- ta. On account of her uncontrollable character she would probably be lost. The question arises, If we can not domesticate Apis dorsata itself, could we bj- judicious crossing attain the desired end? The best an-wer to this question will. I think, be found in the fact that European bees exist which are closely allied to a species found in Northern India, which never crossed with Apis dorsata. All these facts considered, there only remains Apis Indica, very similar to our Europeanbee, with which domestication might be a succes- ; but if any real advantage would arise there- from or not is doubtful ; but no doubt can remain that the facts relating to Apis dorsata must for ever bar the way to its domestication. It would seem from this that, notwith- standing the large amount of wax and honey which this bee produces, and which is sold .so largely in India, it is incapable of domestication. This agrees substantial- ly with whiit F. W. L. Sladen and others have said. CI.IPPING QUEENS' WINGS. "Good morning, Mr. Doolittle. The sun shone so brightly, and the air seemed so springlike, that I thought I would run in a little while, and, if j'ou were not too busy, have a little chat with you relative to clip- ping queens' wings." "Yes, it is a nice morning, and looks as if spring might open up before long ; but there is still plenty of tiine for much rough weather before the bees will be out of the cellar. But what did you wish to know about clipping the wings of queens?" " I have never clipped my queens, and * Apis dorsata is, however, inclined to fly somewhat clumsily, and to v'sit flowers somewhat listlessly. 322 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. ]5 have been in doubt in the matter, as quite a few tell me that clipping- does more harm than good ; but after having- several swarms g-Q off to the woods last summer, I have been wondering- what to do, so I came over to consult with 3'ou in the matter." "I have always contended that, by hav- ing- the wing-s of all queens clipped, we have the bees under the control of the apia- rist and can handle them as we wish, sep- arate them with pleasure when two or more swarms cluster together, and hive them on the returning- plan when they come out sing-ly." "What about this returning plan? I have never heard anything reg-arding it; and if there is a better plan than the hiv- ing- of bees from a limb or some crotch of a tree, I would like to know about it." "In using- this plan, all you have to do when a swarm issues is to step to the en- trance to the hive with a little round wire- cloth cag-e ; and when j'ou see the clipped queen running- around in front of the hive hopping- about, trying to Hy, put the open end of the cage down before her, into which she will immediately run, when the cage is stopped and laid in front of the hive." "What, don't you have to pick her up and put her in ? " " No, not at all. If j'ou will watch her a moment before you let her run into the cage you will see that she is all the time trying to get something to climb up that she may better take wing, as she thinks, climbing up anj' little pebble, chunk of dirt, or spear of grass, etc. ; and on your holding the cage in front of her she will use the cage for the same purpose, and you are to put in the stopper while she is climbing to the top." "Well, that is easy. sure. I thought I had to pick her up, and was afraid I should hurt her, and that was one of the reasons I doubted in the matter. But I interrupted vou about the plan. Go on from where you left off." " Having the queen in the cage in front of the hive, the old hive is now moved to a new stand, and a new hive, all fitted and fixed in readiness for the swarm, is set in its place. In a few minutes the bees miss their queen, and, as is always the case where any queen can not accompany the swarm, in a few minutes the bees come back, running into the hive with fanning wings, telling-, as plainly as can be, that they are rejoicing over finding their queen. When about two-thirds are in, the stopper is taken out of the cage and the queen al- lowed to go in with them, the same as she would have done had you cut down a swarm from a tree. ' ' "Is it as simple as that ? How long have you followed that plan?" " I have followed it for over thirty years, and know it to be a good one, and as good a yield of honey is the result as can be ob- tained by any plan where swarming is al- lowed— no climbing of trees, cutting of limbs, or lugging a cumbersome basket or s warming-box about. It is so straightfor- ward— remove the old hive to a new stand, put the new hive in its place, and the re- turning swarms hive themselves without trouble, except the releasing of the queen." " Have you any other reason for clipping the queen ?" " Yes. In clipping I cut the most of all of the wings off so that she is always, after that, very readily found. In making nu- clei, changing frames of brood and bees, etc., if you find the queen you can always know that she is just where she belongs, and not in some place she ought not to be, where she will get killed, or where 3'Ou do not wish her. By having her wings cut short, j'ou can see her golden abdoinen at once, upon glancing over the frames as you lift them." "Well, I should think as much of this part as of any of the rest, it seems to me, for it does bother me so to mind a queen ; and I now believe that, if the wings were off, I could much more readil3' find one. Have you any other reason why you clip?" "Yes, I have not as 3'et touched on the main reason for clipping, which is the loss of swarms by 'running away ' to the woods. Having the queen clipped, even if 3'our bees do start off' for the woods or some old hive or open place in a house, 3'ou can always rest assured that the3' will come back again as soon as they miss the queen, and run into the hive fixed for them, the same as did the swarm we first spoke about. Your own experience has taught 3'ou what the loss of swarms going to the woods means; and if you had had the wings of those queens clipped last summer, 3'ou need not have lost a single one of those which went off." " If that is so, that settles the matter with me. I will try clipping a part of mine this spring, in any event, and then a trial will tell me which I like best." "I am glad to hear you talk like that, for that is the wa3' all new plans, or those new to us, should be tried; for it often hap- pens that what suits others does not always suit us. By trying the plans of others on a small scale at first, we are soon able to tell whether they are to our liking; and if they are, we are then ready to adopt them for the whole apiary; and if they do not suit we are not much out for having tried the matter in a limited way. But you can not very well help liking to manage an api- ary having the wings of all the queens clipped." " I judge that I shall, but I must be go- ing now." "All right! I am glad you called. But before you go I wish to tell 3'ou something else you can do with a swarm having the queen clipped. I do not believe in not hav- ing hives all in readiness for swarms when they come; but in case of emergency, if the queen is clipped you can hold a swarm out on a limb while you make a dozen hives, or all summer if you wish. If you ever wish to do this, as soon as you have the queen in the cage attach a short piece of wire to the 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 32J cag^e: and as soon as the bees begin to alight, bend this piece of wire over the limb, so the caged queen will hang where the cluster will naturally be, when the swarm will alight and cluster the same as they would had the queen not been clip- ped. You can now go about any thing you may wish to, making hives or any thing else, resting assured that j'ou will find the bees there when you are ready to take care of them, no matter if it is not till the next day. If they should go off they will come back to the limb as soon as they find their queen is not with them, and cluster there again, as I have had them do when con- ducting experiments along this line, I even holding them thus until they had started several combs, evidently concluding to make their future home on this limb. I at first thought, when the}' started oft' so, that they would return to the parent hive on coming back, instead of seeking out the limb; but the queen is of all-absorbing consequence to any swarm, and so thej"^ come back to her every time." Thk subscription-list of Glkanings con- tinues to grow apace, for which we are very grateful. Reports in regard to wintering are un- usually favorable this spring, notwith- standing the winter has been very severe in many localities. Watch your State Legislature during these closing days. Some bills are liable to be rushed through; and if you do not look out, some of them may hurt your busi- ness. In our issue for March 15, page 227, I re- ferred to the fact that a bill had been in- troduced in our Ohio Legislature, classing sweet clover as a noxious weed, and requir- ing it to be destroyed by the township trus- tees. We sent out something like 1000 cir- cular letters to our subscribers in this State, besides personal letters to some of our Representatives and Senators, and now we have the practical assurance that the bill will be pigeonholed in committee, and the present session of the Ohio Legislature is drawinsf to a close. GIVING INDOOR BEES A CLEANSING FLIGHT, AND THEN PUTTING THEM BACK IN THE CELLAR. The bees in our bee-cellars have win- tered nicely. The larger portion, as will be remembered, were in our home cellar, comprising nearly 300 hives, and these, many of them, two and three frame nuclei; and yet they came out bright and healthy. One or two nuclei succumbed, but they were very weak. During the last days of March there was considerable roaring among the bees, and it seemed necessary to quiet them down. Mr. Warden finally suggested taking them out on the first warm day and giving them a flight, and then returning them. This was done with the bees in both cellars, and the results were eminently satisfactory. In our first trial test, we took out 25 or 30 col- onies, that were quite uneasy. We gave them a flight, and put them back, and, presto! they were quiet, while those that had not had a flight were uneasy as before. These were put out, and they too became contented. I believe it has been stated that it is a waste of time and labor to give indoor bees a flight during mid-winter or early spring; but our own experience does not seem to prove the statement. When we put the bees out in the first place we numbered and marked their loca- tion, so that in a month hence when they are put out again they will go back in ex- actly the same places. EXPERIMENTS IN MEASURING THE TONGUES OF BEES AT THE MICHIGAN EXPERIMENT STATION, LANSING. We have been favored with extracts from a bulletin about to be issued from the Mich- igan Experiment Station on the subject of measuring bees' tongues. They are as follows: REPORT OF 1897, PAGE 128. A great many queens have been bred for the pur- pose of testing the question whether a strain of bees could be produced which would be characterized by long tongues The tongues of several bees of each colt ny were measured, and were found to average as follows : Black, 4.2 mm.; hybrid, 4.9 mm ; Italian, 5.2 mm. One colony of Italians was found whose tongues measured 5 3 mm. The drones from this colony were allowed to fly at will, and the others were kept down. As a result we have in the yard at the pi"esent lime one queen the tongues of whose progeny measure 5.41 mm. This result is very encouraging and leads us to con- tinue the experiment. REPORT OF 1898, PAGE 141. The continued experiment on bees' tongues did not make such narked progress as it did last year. At the beginning of the season the longest tongues in the yard measured 5.41 mm. One direct cress was made ; but, owing to the large number of drones from com- mon stock in the surrounding country, no other queens were satisfactoril3' mated. The bees from this cross have made a gain of .9 nun., and now mea- sure (3. .'U mm. The experiment will be continued. REPORT OF 1900, PAGE 90. The continued experiment on lengthening the tongues of the bees so that it will be possible for them to reach the nectar in such flowers as June clover, has been carried on with little success, the average lengths of the tongues of those colonies under experiment be- ing no longer than a year ago, the principal diflRculty seeming to be the failure of the desirable mating of queens. When this difficulty can be overcome it may be possible to breed a strain of bees superior to any thing now known. There seems to be, from the above, quite a variation, all the waj' from 4.2 millime- ters in blacks to 6.31 millimeters in Ital- ians bred by selection. These figures, converted into hundredths of an inch, stand respectively 17 and 25. I do not know what these measurements 324 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 15 refer to, although I assume they relate to the whole tongue-leng-th and not to the tongue-reach. At all events, the experi- ment shows a great variation, and gives us some encouragement that we may be able to accomplish something providing we can control the male parentage. NEV/ YORK'S RECENTLY ENACTED ANTI-BO- GUS-HONEY LAW. If there is a bee-keeper anywhere in the great State of New York who works un- stintedly and unselfishly for the industr3' of which he is a representative, it is Mr. W. F. Marks, of Chapinville, President of the New York State Association of Bee- keepers' Societies. The great city of New York has been headquarters of late for bo- gus honey. Every thing would pass muster in that great metropolis, and then would be scattered far and wide. Some little time ago I asked President Marks if it would not be possible to get a law that would better protect bee-keepers. He immediately wrote back that the matter was under consideration, and that he him- self would do all he could to get the law amended. The following letter from Mr. Marks, dated March 24, will fully explain itself:| Mr. E. R. Root :^\ hand you herewith a copy of our new anti-bogus-honey law, or as much of it as relates to honey. You will observe that the provisions rela- tive to lioney are the same as in the original draft, ex- cept the words " s' rained honey, " which were added before the bill was in rovluced. The duties of the com- mi sioner, and penalties for voUition of the agricul- tural law, were already provided for in other sections of said law, abstract- from which are annexed ihereto. It passed both branches of the legislature, without amendment. I received word from Albany Saturday that it had been approved by the Gove nor. The act takes effect immediatey. The Hon. Jean 1, Burnetc of Canandaigua, whi secured the passage of our foul- bn od law, introduced and had charge ot this l)ill. F Our slogan is, " Human foods should be sold un der their proper names; misbranding is a fraud; honey is the natural product of the honey-bee; and the word ' honey ' in any form must not i e used as a brand for glucose, syrups, and cheap compounds " Chapinville, N. Y., Mar. 24. W. F. Marks. The text of the amended sections of the law is as follows: AN ACT to amend the agricultural law relative to prevention of disease among bees, and to add two new sections thereto relative to honey, to be known as sections eighty-a and eighty-b. Section 2. — Said chapter, three hundred and thirty- eight, is hereby amended by inserting therein, after section eighty thereof, two new sections, to be known as sections eighty-a and eighty-b, and to read respec- tively as follows : Section 8o-a. — Defining honey. — The terms " honey," "liquid or extracted honey," "strained honey," or ■' pure honey," as used in this act, shall mean the nec- tar of flowers that has been transformed by, and is the natural product of, the honey-bee, taken from the honey-comb and marketed in a liquid, candied, or granulated condition. Section 8o-b. — Relative to selling a commodity in imi- tation or semblance of honey — No person or persons shall sell, keep forsule, expose or offer for sale, any article or product in imitation or semblance of honey branded as "honey," "liquid or extracted honey," "strained honey," or "pure honey," which is not pure honey. No person or persons, firm, association, ■company, or corporation shall manufacture, sell, ex- pose, or offer for sale any compound or mixture brand- ed or labeled as and for honev which shall be made up of honey mixed with any other substance or ingre- dient. There may be printed on 'he package contain- ing such compound or mixture a statement giving the ingredients of which it is made ; if honey is one of such ingredients it shall be so stated in the same size type as are the other ingredients ; but it shall not be sold, exposed for sale, or offered for sale as honey ; nor shall such compound or mixture be branded or labeled with the word " honey " in any form other tl an as herein provided ; nor shall any product in semblance of honey whether a mixture or not be sold, exposed, or offered for sale as honey, or branded or labeled with the word " honey," unless such article is pure honey. ABSTRACT FROM THE AGRICULTURAL LAW RELATIVE TO PENALTIES. Seclinn -^y. — IJvery person violating any of the pro- visions of the agricultural law shall forfeit to the peo- ple of the State of New York the sura of not less than fifty dollars nor more than one hundred dollars for the first violation, and not less than one hundred dol- lars nor more than two hundred dollars for the .second and each subsequent violation. Wneii such violation consi-ts of the manufacture or pr duction of any pro- hibited article, each day during which or any part of whicn such manufacture or production is carried on or continued, sh <11 be deemed a separate violation of the pr jvisions of this article When the violation con- sists of the sale, or the offering or exposing for sale, or exchange of any prohibited article or substance, the sale of each one of several packages shall consti- tuie a separate vii)latioii : and each day on which any article or substance is offered or expo.'-ed for sale or exchange shall constitute a separa e violation of this article. When the use of any such article or substance is pr ihibited, each day during wtiich or any part of which said art cle or substance is so used or furnished for use, -hall coiistilu e a separate violation, and the furnishing of the same for use to each person to whom the same may be furnished shall constitute a separate violation. Section 2. — This act shall take effect immediately. I have read over this law, and I can not imagine how any thing can be more specific or more sweeping. If the officers whose duties it is to enforce this law perform their duty at all, the whole State of New York will be very largely, if not wholly, free from the adtilteration of honey. The time was, not more than three or four 3'ears ago, when Chicago was the head center of adulteration, simply becatise there was no anti-adulteration law that could be made sufficiently effective. But a law was finally passed, so that to-day in Chicago scarcely a pound of adulterated honey can be found unless properly labeled; and such goods, of course, will nut sell. We are now looking forward to a similar result in the city of New York ; atid you may rest assured that W. F. Marks and the various metnbers of the society with which he is connected will leave no stone unturned to bring about a proper enforce- ment of the law above given. Ohio has a good law against the adulter- ation of food products, and it is well enforc- ed. If we can get a few more States to go and do likewise, bee-keepers will begin to see a rise in price of honey. California had a good law ; but those whose duty it was to enforce it have prac- tically taken the teeth all out of it, so that it is only partially effective. If our friends on the west coast can get a law such as there is in Illinois, Ohio, and New York, and get some men back of it who will see that it is enforced, we shall get this adul- teration business pretty well corraled. As the matter now stands, there is nothing to prevent carloads of honey in California from being adulterated with glucose, and 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 325 then being- sent East ; but, thanks to our New York friends, they would not be send- ing" any inore such g^oods into the State of New York without g-etting into trouble. THE BEK AND PEAR-BLIGHT; THE SITUATION IN CALIFORNIA. Our readers will remember that trouble arose last summer between the pear-grow- ers on the one side and the bee-men on the other, in the vicinity of Hanford, Cal., a g:reat fruit-growings region near the center of the State. The first mentioned alleg^ed that the blight that was killing their trees was scattered by the bees, because the mi- crobes causing the disease, and which they claimed was in the nectaries of the flowers of affected trees, were scattered by the bees to the nectaries of flowers of healthy trees. In this contention they seem to be sustained by one or two scientific inen of some promi- nence. As a member of tfie National Association I appeared at the scene of the trouble in be- half of the bee-keepers. The result of our meeting was that a compromise was agreed on, bj' which, for the purpose of experi- ment, all bees in a given vicinity were to be removed b^' the bee-men voluntarily for one season, to determine whether the spread of pear-blight could be mitigated. When I left, there was good feeling; but in the mean time there have been various strii3' shots fired back and forth at different times. The pear-men, in two or three in- stances, iiccused the bee-keepers of bad faith, but unjustly, as I know from facts in my possession. A month or so ago a statement was broadly scattered throughout the East, to the effect that Mr. Downing, near Han- ford, one of the larg-est if not the largest pear-grower in California, had stated in a public meeting that there were certain counties in the Eastern States where it was unlawful to keep bees within five miles of a pear-orchard. As I had met that gentle- man, and had a very pleasant chat with him, I immediately sat down and wrote him, asking him to give me the names of the counties and States in which such laws or ordinances were in effect. At the time of doing- so I sent a copy of that letter to Mr. Brown, President of the Central Cali- fornia Bee-keepers' Association. The lat- ter immediately, on receipt of this, it ap- peiirs, wrote Mr. Downing, asking for in- formation. At the time of sending this letter Mr. Brown sent one to me, which reads as follows, and which explains the final out- come of the situation: Mr. E. R. Root : — I have j'our letter of March 18 re- garding the published siatenieiit of Mr. D wning. where he said that he kuew of places in the Kast where it was unlawful to keep bees. Mr Downing made thi-^ statement before a mass meeting in the Su- perior Court room in Hanord, at which I was present. I at once called for the particular State and county, but he was unable to give it. I then called for the source of his infornialio'i, when he stated that his brother had just arrived in Seattle, and that a man there had told him that he had a let er from his friend somewhere in the East to the effect of the law a.^ above referred to ; so you will see it is only hearsay, and I have no faith in the matter whatever ; but as soon as we can find out for sure that he is publishing only hearsay, then I think the statement should be published as it is, setting forth Mr. Downing and his statement in a true light. His statement as to $10,000 loss in pears is another exaggerat d remark, I think, but I have no means to disprove it. The way the bee and blight question was settled is this : The two committees came together on February 22, and. after much deliberation, mapped out a section two miles square, as a matter of lest, and agreed tt> move our bees three miles from the two-mile line, and left it to the fruit-men to St e that all the bees that be- long d to the fruit-men. and a 1 farmers not in the As- sociation, be moved. This they agreed to do, but they are not succeeding, and ic will spoil the test. Some ore compaining of poison, but I am not yet sure that poi-.on has been put out this spring, although last fall there was. We gathered up some of the bees and had them analyzed, and it was reported that they were poisoned by arsenic. California has had plentv of rain for another big crop, and I am afraid that 'the market will begin to weaken at the fiist report of new honey ; and should Southern California not get in position to hod the bulk of the product until as late as August or Septem- ber, then I ciii not see but we still have repeated the same results as we experienced last season. Haiiford, Cal., Apr. 2. F. i). Brown. There is a possibility that bees carry the virus of pear-blight. If they do, all kinds of insects that are so abundant in Califor- nia, that visit the flowers, are helping to do this mischief. It has been contended by us all along, that, even if all the bee-men were to remove their bees from a given locality, there will be large numbers of wild bees, so to speak, in the rocks and in trees, that are wholly beyond the control of man. These alone would be sufficient to cause all the trouble. But suppose all the wild bees as well as the tame ones could be removed ; there would still be hordes of insects that would scatter pear-blight. But a most significant fact against the theory that bees are the sole means of con- veying the virus from tree to tree while in bloom is this: Young trees that have never been in bloom — acres and acres of them — were fearfully blighted last summer. Our committee called the pear-men's attention to this, and asked them what explanation they had to offer. One of them said, "I think that bees crawl all over these young trees." Some bee-keeper offered to give him five dollars for every bee he could find crawling- around on those little sprouts sticking out of the .ground, on which there had never been any bloom. Later. — Since writing the foregoing, a letter has been received from President Brown, inclosing one from Mr. Downing, who, under date of April 3, writes: Mr. F. E. Broivn. Dear Sir: — In answer to jour let- ter of the 2d inst., and in order lo give you fully what information I have regarding the subject mentioned. I inclose herewith a letter received from Prof. Buck- hout, of the Pennsylvania State College, which will show that, whereas I was given to understand that the laws referred to had already been passed, they have up to the pre.sent time been only proposed. Armona, Cal. Chas. Downing. The letter from Prof. Buckhout was not inclosed; but from the admission of Mr. Downing there are no such laws as he is reported in all the papers to have said were in existence. Will those same papers now give the correction? 326 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 15 ;:5>^: <£j> -^^.(^ wsbM^^- THE ALLEY vs. THE DOOLITTLE METHOD OF QUEEN-REARING. Grafting Queen -cells ; is it True that Artificial Cell Cups Cause Queens to Fail ? BY ARTHUR C. MILLER. Some time ago I stated that the Alley system of queen-rearing- was superior to the cell-cup plan; that the latter, except in the hands of a skillful manipulator, was likely to produce many inferior queens. Dr. Miller and some others questioned the correctness of my position, and the doctor called for my reasons. A careful perusal of the bee-papers will, I think, plainly show a very noticeable in- crease in the number of reports of "missing- ([ueens," "superseded queens," "failing queens," etc., since the introduction and ex- tensive adoption of the cell-cup plan. It is but fair to presume that part of the increase in such reports is due to closer observation, but that can npt be accepted as the reason of the whole of the increase. A part of such reports may be attributed to queens injured in transportation by mail; but even with such allowance there still confronts us an increase which seems to be inexplicable unless a large number of the queens pro- duced in the last few years are inferior to those produced previouslj^ Is or is not that the case ? During the past six years the cell-cup plan has been exploited far and wide, and with scarcely a warning word. The system was put forth as being one which would enable us to approach more nearly "Nature's way," but does it? Under natural conditions a queen lays an ^^^ in a cell. For three days the em- bryo in this e.^^^ grows, the nourishment for the forming larva being the vitellus, or j'olk. On hatching, it receives a food pre- pared in the stomach of the nurse-bee, con- sisting of honey and pollen acted on b}' the digestive secretions of her body. If the lar- va is destined to become a worker it receives such food for approximatelj' three days, after which a gradual change takes place. According to Dr. A. de Planta's analj-sis, the solids in the food of the worker larva, before the fourth day, consist of albumen 53.38; fatty substances 8.38; sugar 18.09 per cent. After that time the proportions ■of the same elements are respectively 27.87, 3.69, and 44.93 per cent — a very decided change. According to the same tables a larva destined for queen receives of albu- men 45.14; fatty substances 13.55; sugar 20.39. These figures are taken from Mr. Cowan's book, "The Honey Bee," page 123. Mr. Cowan also quotes Dr. de Planta as saying that, for the first three days, the food of queen-larvie is the same as of the worker larvaa for the same period (p. 122), and that "queen larv« were fed the same food during the whole term of their exist- ence." There is a discrepancy here which needs investigating. "What I desire to im- press on the mind of the reader is that, with each varying stage of the develop- ment of the embryo — that is, from the commencement of the incubation of the &^^ until the larva spins its cocoon, there takes place a change in the proportions of the el- ements of the food. It is of vital impor- tance that these changes occur at the proper time if the embrj^o is to develop normally. It should be borne in mind that the larval bee is as truly a developing embryo as is an unborn mammal. Now, if we take a worker larva two or three daj-s old and transfer it into a mass of "royal jell}^" we suddenly and violent- ly change the conditions necessary to its proper development. Recently it has been shown that, soon after these transferred larvai are given to the bees, all traces of the "roj^al jelly" are removed, and that for a greater or less period these larvae are without food, which is to be considered as another shock to the developing embrj'o. Other factors against the transferring sys- tem are the danger of touching the larva with the transferring spoon, the chilling, or the exposing to hot, dry air the delicate organism. Now, while the transplanted larva may survive all this, and may develop into a large fvnt-lookiiig queen, it is not the slightest proof that she is perfectly devel- oped or constitutionally strong-. Judging from analogy it would be more likely that she was defective or of weakened constitu- tion. The increased reports of "failing, " etc., queens, seems to sustain this conten- tion. There are two other factors which should be alluded to before leaving this part of the subject. The first is that, in the hands of the average manipulator, larv^e over rather than under two days old are used. Many persons seem unable to judge correctly of the age of a. larva by its appearace. The second is that, by the Pridgen method of transferring the "larva, cradle, and all," there is less chance of incurring several of the before-mentioned evils. One feature of the cell-cup plan has been exploited as most valuable, whereas it is the most dangerous. I refer to the claim ihat cells so started can be handled more readily and with greater safety. A more harmful and dangerous propaganda can scarcel}' be imagined, for it engenders care- less treatment. The cells containing the young queens should be handled as if they were made of spun glass. In regard to the rearing of queens in up- per stories, Mr. Alley has this to say: "I lung ago discontinued rearing queens, or, rather, having cells finished in upper sto- ries. Queens so reared, except in the flush of the honey-flow, are as worthless as flies." Why this is so, it is difficult to say, but presumably it is due to the larvae 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 327 not receiving" proper food at the proper time. With the Alley system, as now practiced by that veteran, either egg's or larvaj not over six hours old are used — a practice as close to "Nature's way" as at present seems possible. Recently Mr. Simpson ob- jected to Mr. Alley's use of a match for destroj'ing larvae in the alternate cells, on account of the brimstone. As I understand it, Mr. Alley uses a match simply because it is a handy bit of wood with a smooth, rounded end; and as he uses the hard-end- ed " parlor-matches," no brimstone or oth- er deleterious substance is left in the cells to be removed by the bees. The cell-cup plan has much ag-ainst it and little in its favor. It requires much time and the most delicate manipulation, and at its best is surrounded with many dangers. The Alley sj'stem is safe, sim- ple, easy of operation, and if the results achieved by the most careful and observ- ant members of our profession are any cri- terion, it must be acknowledged that the Alley system produces uniformly better queens than anj' other system that has as yet been tried. Providence, R. I., Feb. 25. NUCLEI MANAGEMENT. The Swarthmore Systam any thing but a Success; an Experience. BV QUEEN- BREEDER. I struck the Swarthmore system of "nu- clei management" with a full head of steam ■on, May 25, 1901. The season in this local- ity was very backward, with cold winds and rain almost daily up to June 1, and I lost several colonies of bees in wintering-; and this led me to take an interest in the article in the May 15th number of Glean- ings, pag-e 434, which showed in such a plausible way how to fertilize queens in nucleus colonies with so little expense in bees, time, labor, care, etc., that I became a convert to the system at once. As I had never before tried to get queens fertilized in less than three or four frame nuclei, this sj'stem was, therefore, entirely new, and so I determined to follow the details very carefully. I have had no experience with Swarth- more's system of queen-rearing- up to the time of the hatching- of the queen, as I have my own method, which I prefer to all others, and the same I suppose is true of all queen- breeders. I had about 380 tine cells due to hatch June 1st; and May 25 I had prepared 42 frames, 8^2X17 inside measure, each hold- ing- 8 section boxes Wi X4X Xl/4, with foun- dation starters. In sets of seven each these frames were placed in eight-frame hive- bodies — 56 boxes in all to each body, all having- been previovisly fitted with covers with zincs, flight-holes, etc. — covers, of course, being left oflf for use later on. Now, here comes up the first query in practice, and not explained in the Swarth- more article referred to. I am directed to hive a good-sized swarm (natural or forced) into a hive- body, etc. I don't happen to have a natural swarm at this time, so I must hive a forced one. Whence shall I ob- tain it? I have several full colonies in fair- ly good shape to meet the full honey-flow which I am expecting soon, and which has, in fact, already commenced — a rather bad time to remove bees; but I have started in, and I will see it through, so I select a full colony. Of course, it won't do to drive out all the bees and queen, so I set a full colo- ny to one side and in its place put the hive- body with 7 frames as above. I now brush from the frames of the old colony as many bees with the queen as I can without too much depopulating the parent stock; and these with the field bees give me a strong colony. I do the same thing with five other colonies, and await results. Although hon- ey is coming in I want to be on the safe side, so I give the bees half a pint of sugar sj' rup with a Boardman entrance - feeder, nightly. Honey is now coming in quite freely from dandelion and other sources. Now, Swarthmore says that, in a few days, a good prolific queen will have filled these little combs with eggs, so on the 28th I take a peep into a colony. On the first frame, north side, I find about half of the combs partly drawn out, with upper rows of cells filled with honey, and capped. The other half of combs are in various stages of advancement, some being without honey, others with the cells partly filled and not capped, but none containing eggs. The next three frames are in about the same condition, with a larger percentage of capped cells, but no eggs. In the three remaining frames I find the combs with honey in the upper portion, and eggs in the cells not filled with honey. The remaining five colonies are in about the same shape, which is evidently not the exact condition for forming nuclei a la Swarthmore, so I think I will wait a little until the queen takes a notion to deposit some eggs on the north side, when all will be well; so I close the hives until the follow- ing da3% when I open for inspection the one first examined the day before. On frame No. 1, north side, I find several eggs in each comb. On No. 2 I find the queen at- tending strictly to business, and eggs in every available cell. Nos. 3 and 4 present about the same condition. The three re- maining frames which contained eggs the day before haven't a single &^^, but are ei- ther empty or partly filled with honey. Ye shades! Where's Swarthmore, Dr. Miller, Doolittle, Alley, Root — somebody who knows more about this business than I do? Well, if this kind of thing continues I certainlj' shall not have the nuclei in prop- er condition for queen-fertilization by June 1. so I do the onU' thing that suggests it- self. 1 go to full colonies, and remove as man\- frames of hone^' as jan be spared, 328 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 15 and give these to the forced colonies. I spread the brood-nest of the full colonies, and fill the empty space with frames of sec- tion boxes with foundation starters as be- fore. I also remove from \.\i& forced colonies all boxes containing- eggs and honey, and place them for safe keeping with the parent stocks. By thus manipulating I succeeded in getting, by May 31, 336 section boxes with eggs and honey; but this was done, of course, at the expense of breaking up and seriously disturbing several full colonies, and the end is not yet. The next step is to people these boxes with bees' and queens. I have six queenless colonies of the parent stock spoken of above, and think these will be just what I want; but upon inspection I find that, if the boxes are peopled from these colonies alone, it will take all the bees, and ruin the colonies, unless I give them onlj'^ one frame each; but this will re- quire 42 queenless colonies ; two will re- quire 21, etc. Hi, there! Swarthmore, et al., come to the rescue! I refer to the article in ques- tion for light. I find this: "Then hang the frames in the hives of such bees as you may have just used in getting a batch of cells or any queenless and broodless bees you may have at the time." Now, the fact is I am quite particular not to have a colo- ny of queenless and broodless bees in my apiary at this season of the year (I rear my queens by the supersedure method in upper stories, and three or four of these will furnish me with 1000 to 1500 queens in a season). I finally removed all frames from the original six colonies, and put in their place the section-box frames, giving five frames to each — all that can be accom- modated after the covers are on. I dequeen two more colonies, and give five frames to each. The two remaining frames I place in the upper story of a supersedure colony by way of experiment, with the result that the queens that hatched in these latter sec- tion boxes were promptly killed by the bees. Before placing the section boxes in the va- rious hives I adjusted a selected queen-cell to each comb. On the afternoon of June 1 I inspected and found queens in nearly every one, supplj'ing such as had failed to hatch, or were not up to the standard of vigor, with a strong active virgin queen. The boxes now had each a queen and a full complement of bees. These were to re- main five days, according to Hoyle — I mean Swarthmore. In the mean time a little su- gar syrup was fed each day. On the fifth day, the weather being unfavorable, the bees were not disturbed until the following day when all were removed to stands some distance from the parent stands, and fasten- ed to stakes as illustrated on page 436, but with four flight-holes on each side instead of three. Going over all carefully I found four dead queens, which I replaced. To- ward evening I opened the flight-holes as directed; and, as the next few days were pleasant, I watched developments. To be ConHnued. AN EXPERIMENT AND APPARENT RESULTS. Made a Successful Attempt in Curing Foul Brood with Sulphur Smoke. BY T. F. BINGHAM. About the beginning of the buckwheat honej'^-flow last season a very full colony sent out a prime swarm which was given one of my fractional hives full of clean emp- ty combs, but no honey below it; two frac- tional hives with full sheets of heavy foun- dation; room enough, but none to spare. The queen, though an old one, stowed in the eggs, and soon the full combs were fill- ed with new honey and brood, and the queen passed down to the new combs, and, after filling them, gave out, and the bees reared a new one, and matured the brood so that very little was left to develop, but a fine colony occupied the entire hive. Mr. Heth- erington was at my place, and I wished to show him my first buckwheat colony. When opening it we found a non-laying queen and a few black dead larvje scatter- ed at intervals among the empty cells when, evidently, the brood had just matured. Mr. Hetherington said there was no doubt that the dead brood was such as had made trou- ble in Eastern New York. It filled the de- scription given in the journals so far as we could decide. I told him I would try an experiment, and watch results. I gave them an unfertile queen five days old; and when darkness came I smoked the bees, thoroughly at the entrance, and at the top of the hive, and at the two joints between, with pure sulphur smoke. The following night I gave tiiem the same treatment, but stopped the exits from the hive and compel- led the bees to stay a while. Just as the young queen had begun to lay, Mr. H. was again at my place, and, of course, we ex- amined the first prime buckwheat swarm to see if the combs had still in them evidence of disease. Nothing could have been clean- er or in better order. The question, so far as cleaning out the few dead larvje was a factor, was complete. One factor, however, remained; viz.. would the disorder develop again? I kept watch of the brood, and nothing could have been finer or more abun- dant. The queen laid abundantly till the flowers failed, and no signs of weakness or dead brood appeared. The query will naturally arise, "Was the sulphur smoke the causeof the change?" The reason I have given this experiment publicity is because I am not likely to have an opportunity to test the experiment again; and while I do not like to sa}' much, based on a single experiment, others may find it of value. When at Thompsonville, at the Michigan State Bee-keepers' convention, and The A. I. Root Co. was represented, and Mr. Hutch- inson and Mr. Hilton and Mr. Rankin and many others not so largely known were present, I stated to the convention that I thought it reasona:le that sulphur smoke i9o: GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 329 would do more to arrest and control foul brood than any thing- that had been tried. The prejudice or superstition was so marked and general that the only thing- to do was to stamp out, on the old plan of cre- mation, any signs of trouble, that little dis- cussion followed. Undoubtedly those who were there had never read of such a method, and acted with usual caution, and on the motto that it is better to suffer wrong- than to do wrong-. The treatment would be regarded as under the head of cruelty to iinimals, by many. The future, as in the past, may demonstrate that sulphur smoke as a disinfectant or spore-destroyer has no equal, and is as ap- plicable to bees and combs and hives a^ to pest-houses, etc. I may remark here, that sulphur smoke does not kill bees if allowed fresh air soon after it is applied. The odor, however, re- mains in the hive and among the bees for several days, but in no way disturbs their general actions. The smoke should be ap- plied at night after the bees are mainly quiet, so that they may recover in time for the morning's duties. If sulphur smoke will kill germs and spores it may also kill eggs, and work more injury than might be expected. My experiment was free from eggs and larvje, and could not be regarded as a test in that sense. I shall test the effect on eggs and larvae that have no disease. If it will dry up dead brood and immature larvas, foul brood and similar disorders will lose their terror. It is well known that bees will not remove gelatinous substances from their combs, and it is probable that they would not dry matter, except to accommodate immediatelj"^ the instinct to produce brood. Farwell, Mich., Feb. 24. [Sulphur si-noke is a strong germicide; but I should question whether it would kill the spores of foul brood, especially if those same spores can resist the temperature of boiling water for an hour or more. — Ed.] ALFALFA IN KANSAS AND NEBRASKA. How it Yields Honey in Unirrigated Lands. BY CARL F. BUCK. Mr. Editor: — On page 179, March 1, in one of Dr. Miller's Stray Straws, you and he both claim that alfalfa does not yield honey except on irrigated laud. This Straw is surely a stra3^ I don't know what we would do if not for our alfalfa. Last year our fruit-bloom and alfalfa were our only honey-plants, and my bees averaged be- tween 35 and 40 lbs. surplus per colony; be- sides, I sold many nuclei and queens from my 192 colonies, spring count. This honey was all gathered from alfalfa in the short time of about two weeks. After this we had the great drouth, and our fall flowers did not furnish any honey to speak of. Not only does my locality furnish alfalfa honey, but so does all the bottom lands along the Arkansas and Kansas Rivers and tributa- ries. Two years ago I purchased 150 colo- nies of bees in Chase Co., on the Cotton- wood River. These bees were located in large alfalfa-fields. When examining the bees I found they had produced large quan- tities of alfalfa honey, and they were not cared for at all. They were in all kinds of cheap hives, some open at top so wide one could put his lingers in; covers warped, etc. The manager reported that he had lost at least 40 colonies that spring by spring dwindling. Should this apiary have been run with Danz. hives, that have no such cracks as above hives, and been cared for as they should, I see no reason why this locality would not have yielded over 100 lbs. per colony surplus from alfalfa only, be- sides some other flowers on the bottoms and prairies. Alfalfa does not seem to do much good in Missouri, Illinois, and other more eastern States; but in Nebraska, Kansas, Oklaho- ma, and Indian Territory alfalfa on the bottom lands does j'ield honey, in some quantity at least, and in many localities it yields it in abundance — but, of course, not like the irrigated districts of Colorado and other western States. Come out here some time, Mr. Editor, about June 1st to 15th, and I 11 prove to you that our alfalfa does yield honey. I might add that our locality, Butler County, is now overstocked, so we don't ask any H. O. G. to come in. You see. only just here and there are these al- falfa-fields, so there is no large number of colonies in one location. Augusta, Kan., Mar. 22. [Thanks for your invitation. The next time I make a general tour westward I'll stop in your countr}\ I, had always supposed that no nectar was secreted from alfalfa in unirrigated lands. — Ed.] DAD'S ADVICE. BY HARRY LATHROP. Now, Lewis, when you see a riiaid With face so very pretty, Just think of that old maxim true. And this my little ditty. ' Handsome is as haudsome does," Nong. t repays the one who loves But the worth of heart and mind, These witli beauty well refined. To the lover's eagef eyes, Beauty may her faults disguise. And the plainer face reveal . That which dress may not conceal. Plainest surface may but cover That most worthy of a lover; Let'each merit ha%'ea portion Of your heart's sincere devotion. If you follow my direction, i Kindly given for your protection, "Vou perchance may sooner fiod ■ Beauty, strength, and worth combined. Then when you have made selection. Love may not avoid detection; What to say, I will not mention. That u.ust be vour own invention. 330 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 15 iY ,.. /A oRo'CAsTCEf^=^-j::-^^r RAMBLE 200. A Visit at W. W. Somerford's ; More Troubles with Spanish ; Calzadas ; Scenes on the Train. BY RAMBLER. Before coming- to Cuba I had some corres- pondence with Mr. W. W. Somerford in re- lation thereto. In fact, Mr. Somerford was the first person to put a Cuban bee in my hat; and now being on Cuban soil Mr. S. was one of the first bee-keepers for me to find outside of Havana. Caimito, his home, is 20 miles west of Havana. Mr. Craycraft g-ave me full directions to find him. First, take the train ten miles to Marianao, then by stage. There is a little bit of a twist in the pronunciation of allot these Spanish words, and Marianao is not an exception; and the more I repeated it the more it be- came "Marrj'-me-now; " then my horror in- creased when I found the station filled with ladies of all colors and sizes. In order to proceed it would be necessary to ask ques- tions. I asked a policeman the way to Marry-me-now. He evidently didn't know, for he shook his head and said, "No sabe." I exhausted all the resources in the male line, and then desperatelj^ turned to the la- dies. It was "no sabe" here too; but they were kinder than the men. I had asked the way to Marry-me-now, and clustered 'a petite jewel of a woman took in- terest IN the matter." around until a petite jewel of a woman took interest in the matter, and remarked, in good English, that I was evidently on the wrong line; that Marry-me-now lay through the priest's office, and the price of the tick- et was from S20 to S40. Well, the good lady set me right, and in the brief visit I learned for a wonder that her name was Brown — widow Brown — of Matanzas. She has a place out there, splen- did for bees, and for rent, at SlOO per month; and as the train pulled out, the matter was left open for further negotiation. There is no knowing what will come of that slip from Marianao to Marry-me-now. I discovered various new things on this little journey. One of them is, that there is not much of a color line here; and al- though there is a first, second, and third class on the train, white, black, and Creole can secure the best by paying the better rate. Another discover}', after it was too late. Widow Brown called my attention to it. I asked for a ticket without specifying tlie class, and in such cases the ticket agent is sure to give j^ou the highest-priced, and a return at that. I regretted it, for it took me to another car away from widow Brown. After changing from rail to coach I dis- covered all colors here, and nearly all of the ladies were bareheaded, or with the black mantilla thrown gracefully over the head. Nearly all themenand boj's were smoking. The Cuban next to me smoked three big ci- gars while going that ten miles. If any one wishes to start a reform on the line of tobacco- using, Cuba offers a fine field. Women are often seen with a big cigar in the mouth. Another thing of interest, and always under consideration in Cuba when locating an apiary, is the calzada (macadamized stone road). These calzadas lead out from Havana in various directions. This one leads 60 miles toward the west end of the island. It is marked off in kilometers, and, 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 331 according to my cyclometer, that means about 6% tenths of a mile. These stone posts, with the prominent fig-ures, are of the utmost convenience; for instance, if we wish to find Mr. Somerford, look sharp for his apiary after passing- the 29th. Turn in right at ,'•5 to find Harry Howe; just a little beyond 85, to find Mr. Moe. The stage dropped me oft' at the proper place, just in the edge of the evening. Mr. Somerford 's home apiarj^ is nicely lo- cated close to the calzada; and, Mr. S. has a helpmate and two bright little girls, and liable to get stung every da3\ because the hives surround the house on three sides. The photo will give j'ou an idea of the situation. There are over 200 colonies here, and it is a busy place at almost any time in the 3'ear. The hives are arranged in double rows, and sheds will be erected over them in due time. At the time of my first visit Mr. S. had four apiaries and about 800 colonies. At this writing, two months later, bees are be- ing moved and new apiaries established. Mr. S. has very large plans. His ambi- tion now is to get up to 2000 colonies. When he gets that number there is no telling how many thousand more he will want. He has, in certain respects, outgrown the calzada plan, and is locating apiaries along the north coast some ten to fifteen miles from his residence. Along this coast sever- al little bays lead inland, and upon them are the apiaries. The idea is a good one, for from these points cheap water transpor- tation can be secured. A schooner can be riui to the vicinity of the apiarj', and the honey loaded withovit the intervention of the cart or mules or oxen. When taken into Havana harbor, other expenses are saved. All of these items count when honey is sell- ing for only 34 cts. per gallon. On one of these bays Mr. S. has an apiary which he termed the "Rambler's Retreat." He had an ideji that I would like a real re- tired place in which to work bees, where I could fish and swim, and be far, far awa}^ from the wiles of the fair sex; but when I saw the location I strenuously objected to being buried alive. Said retreat is five miles from the calzada, and such a five miles of road you never saw. All of the traffic on these byways is done with big two- wheeled carts drawn by oxen; and the carting is so infrequent that the road degen- erates into a mere cow-path, with the cow- path hubbies, and in places rocks and stones. A bicj'cle can be worked over it bj^ alternate riding, walking, and falling off; and when the rains come the road is im- passable to all ordinary means of locomo- tion. Even on horseback there is danger of getting mired, while a pedestrian would have to carry a good share of the land off on his boots. The bee-keeper in the States, who has an idea of coming to Cuba, must take this road matter into serious consideration. If locat- ed a mile back from the calzada it costs as much to get the honey over this mile as it does to haul thirty miles on the good road. To own a mule or ox team means quite an expense. A good yoke of oxen costs from !?200 to S300, and a span of mules from $200 to $500. Even Mr. S., with all of his bees, present and prospective, depends upon his neighbors for all of his freighting. It is W. W. SOMEKFOKD S HOME AND API,\RY. 332 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. is cheaper to hire it done than to keep and feed a team. The bicycle answers all purposes for run- ning- from one apiary to another, and the wheeling- on the calzada is sublime; but it is only a step to the ridiculous. Just turn into one of those side roads, and you have it, just as I will show you a little later. Apiaries are plentiful along- the g-ood roads, and bee-men are somewhat jealous of their honey resources. Cuba is not all bee-pasturage. There are extensive areas along the calzada where but few honey- plants are visible; and I am assured that, in some places, bees would scarcelj' make a living. The honey-yield from which the bee-keeper secures his revenue comes dur- ing the months between November and April. Owing to the shortened days of winter the bees work on an average about four hours. Though the nights are not so cool as in California, still they are cool enough to drive the bees to the brood-chamber, and it gin to swarm, and keep the bee-keeper busy with a rapid increase. Mr. Somerford was well supplied with helpers, and I herewith introduce them to your readers. First to the left, Mr. Somer- ford; next Mr. Faulkner, from New Jersey; Mr. Livingstone, Mr. Wade, and two Cuban boys. Observe the machete on Nicano, ever present on a Cuban, and the scarf around the neck of Frederico, and in such a mild climate! We shall have more of this apiary in our next. NOTES OF TRAVEL Bee-keeping in and about Los Angeles ; some of the Characteristics of the Business in California. BY E. R, ROOT. W. W. SOMERFORD AND HIS HELPERS has been found that bees are slow to occupy section supers and draw foundation; there- fore comb honey has been produced to a limited extent. This feature will probably be overcome, for several are experimenting with comb honey this winter. I have an idea that a shallow hive will fill the bill for comb honey in Cuba. The honey gathered at this season is from aguinaldo, or bellfiower, or morning-glory, just which you wish to term it. There are three varieties. The first to bloom is just like the well-known morning-glory of the States. The next is a purple and smaller flower; and the last and most profuse is the white. These flowers are ordinarily all gone by Feb. 1. Then for several weeks ramerillo amarillo comes into bloom. This is a plant of bushy habit, bearing a pro- fuse bloom of small yellow flowers; the honey a light golden yellow, much like the sunflower honey of Central California. In fact, the blossom is a very small sunflower. In March and April, when the weather is warmer, and fruit-bloom is on, the bees be- The conditions as well as the methods which prevail in California are somewhat different from those in other portions of the United States. The great bulk of the hon- ey produced is extracted, and one of the reasons for this is, doubtless, owing to the fact that a very large part of the product must necessarily be shipped out of the State. Another rea- son is, that the honey from sage is not inclined to candy, and because it keeps liquid so long it can be sold anywhere. As a general thing the hives I saw in California were home- made, and poorly made at that. Some of them had seen ten or twenty j'cars of use, and were somewhat the worse for wear. But in that climate almost •'any thing goes" so long as it will hold together and protect the bees from the hot rays of the sun, and from the rains that last for a comparatively short time. If there is any place in the United States where bee-keeping is conducted on an ex- tensive scale it is Southern California. As a general thing, non-reversible or two-frame extractors would be considered mere toys. The extensive bee-keepers on the coast will have nothing smaller than a four-frame re- versible machine. This they want mounted on a slight elevation on the side of a hill. The honey runs from ihe extractor into a spout that connects with a ten or twenty ton galvanized-iron tank. Talk about letting the hone_y run into a tin pail and then lift- ing the pail and dumping it into a can — why, those fellows would laugh at you. They want things handy, and they have them so — all but the hives. Of all the mis- erable contraptions that some of those big bee-keepers will put up with! I never saw the like. Brood-frames — some of them look as if they had been made with a hatchet — and, as I have been told, were actually chopped out with this rude tool. Burr- combs? Yes, they have them galore, be- C3.use the bee-spaces vary all the way from 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 333 the regulation fg tip to 2 inches. Then when the hives were opened, such a mess of broken honey and an uproar, especially if it was to- ward the close of the season, and the bees were beginning to nose around to see what they could find! But of this I shall have something to say more specifically later on. To give one something of an idea of the amount of honey produced in California in a good year, perhaps a few figures may be interesting. SOME POSSIBLE RESULTS IN HONEY PRO- DUCTION IN CALIFORNIA. Up to 1901 the seasons had been very dis- couraging for several years. Then there was a fairly good flow. When the season is favorable, San Diego Co. will average somewhere about 80 carloads of honey; Los Angeles Co. somewhere about 60; Riverside, 75. Taking the counties of Orange, Los Angeles, Riverside, and San Diego togeth- er, the enormous aggregate of 500 carloads could possibly be produced in a good sea- son; and it is estimated that this amount was actually harvested in 1896. Some of the old resident bee-keepers of California say these figures are too large, even for a good year. On the other hand, there are apiaries yielding little lots of honey, pro- duced all through the mountain canyons, that never gets out into the general markets, and therefore is not counted. Some time in the early 60's, I am told, Mr. Harbison, who at one time was thought to be the most extensive bee-keeper in the world, and who possibl}' has made a record that will never be equaled, owned and oper- ated as many as 6000 colonies; and his aver- age for the entire number, I understand, was something like 60 lbs. per colony, ex- tracted hone}^ It is reported that a man by the name of Easl_v, who had come from the East, starting with 500 colonies, increas ed them to 1200 in one season, and took iSo tons of honey. This was near Santa Mo- nica. THE DISCOURAGING FEATURES OF CALIFOR- NIA BK,E-KKEPING. But lest some of my readers may get the impression that there is nothing but gold and honey in California, I think I had bet- ter tell something of the other side. Ex- perience has shown, I believe, that there are only one or two good years out of five. In the two or three off years, many thou- sands of colonies starve to death; and it is only the regular stayers who manage to hold over, waiting for the good year that is bound to come if they can hold out long enough. In Los Angeles Co. alone there were, in 1897, something like 40,000 colonies. At the beginning of 1901, after a period of four bad seasons, it was estimated there were only about 12,000 — the remainder, something like 28,000, having probably died off from the continued drouth and the con- sequent lack of forage. Several bee-keepers who had come from the East to California told me that, al- though they produced enormous crops of honey some seasons, they believed that their general average per colony was no larger in California than in the East, and this, coupled with the almost prohibitive freight rates to the markets, makes California bee- keeping no bonanza. These off years are due entirely to lack of rainfall. Some parts of California re- quire more inches of rain than others. Several bee-keepers told me that, if they could get 10 inches for the southern coun- ties, they would get at least a light crop, and in some portions a good crop would be secured. In other portions, from 14 to 20 inches seem to be required, a good deal de- pending on the soil and the lay of the land. Down deep in the canyons, where many an apiar}' is located, and where the sun strikes not more than five or six hours during the day, a small number of inches of water would probably do ; whereas in the open valleys more might be required. A FEW REPRESENTATIVE CALIFORNIA API- AKIRS. Having now generalized on the conditions and peculiarities of bee-keeping in South- ern California, let us take a look at some of the men and some of the apiaries just as I found them with mj' little kodak. B. S. K. BENNETT. After having visited with Mr. Frank Mc- Nay, as spoken of in our last issue, I sought out Mr. Bennett, the editor of the Pacific Bee Journal, and later on I arrang- ed for a drive out among the bee-keepers in the immediate vicinity of Los Angeles. A 334 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 15 quick-stepping- little horse and a light easy buggy carried us from point to point with a good deal of ease and comfort. Our first stop was at the apiary of Rob- ert Hitchings, of Verdugo, where there were 200 colonies in the valley at the foot of one of the hills. Two large honey-tanks were located right beside the extracting- house, behind some sage brush, as shown in No. 3, Fig. 1, and the apiary is shown in No. 1 just above. It is located perhaps two or three miles from any dwelling-house, and the tanks were nearly full, or at least we judged so. Situated as they are out in the open, with honey-gates totally unpro- tected, made, it seemed to me, most invit- ing objects for thieves; and there was no one present at the yard at the time of our visit. "How easy," I said to Mr. Bennett, as we looked over the premises, "for some one to come here and help himself! He might come every night, just after an ex- tracting, and take oflF a ton or two, and the owner would never know it. If he were not too greedy, and took just a little at a time, the bee-keeper would work and plod while the thief would manage to get prob- ably half of his crop." "Yes," said Mr. Bennett, "this kind of thieving work has been done; but out here in California, if the thief is ever caught he is dealt with most summarily. As a gen- eral thing, open tanks like these are not molested." Then he told me how, evidently, some an- imal had brushed up against the honey- gate of a ten-ton tank clear full, in one in- stance, opened the gate and let all the hon- ey run out on the ground ; and, such a mess ! Stepping into the buggy again we resum- ed our journey, for Mr. Bennett seemed to know where every bee-keeper was located, and what his name was. Our next stop was at the apiary of Rev. C. G. Belknap. This apiary was located in the rear of a rabbitry that had formerly been a brooding-place for Belgian hares; but the industry had not proven to be prof- itable, and, if I remember correctly, there were only about three or four animals in the building. But, oh the bees I They greet- ed us before we got anywhere near their FIG. 2. — MR. WOODBURY'S APIARY. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 335 quarters. Thej' stung us; they tried to drive us oflf; but still we pressed on. So persistent were they that I found it exceed- ingly difficult to get a snapshot. I fired one off, and then retreated in haste. But this view was too poor to reproduce. Our next stop was at the home of Mr. G. B. Woodbury. This gentleman is also an extensive fruit-grower. He had several large orange-groves as well as other kinds of fruit on his ranch. He had recently tak- en up bee-keeping, and the apiary had some- thing of the esthetic in its appearance, and, indeed, it was in marked contrast with some of the yards I had seen before. The honey-house vvas neatly painted, the hives were new and modern, and also painted. No. 1, Fig. 2, shows Mr. Woodbury himself, standing by the side of one of his hives. No. 2 shows Mr. Bennett standing in the door of the honey-house. I ran up on the side-hill to get a good view of the yard. While setting up the camera I had my first experience with a rattlesnake, or what I thought to be such. I had been cautioned, as I went up on those side-hills, to look out for those reptiles; for a tenderfoot will be quite sure to blunder on them unless properly warned. Sudden- ly I heard a peculiar kind of b-z-z-z-z. I had never heard the sound of the rattlers; but as I had been told to run or get out of the way if I should hear any peculiar sound of that kind, I grabbed up my cam- era and made a lunge. "What," said Mr. Woodbury, "rat tiers?" "I don't know," I said in breathless haste; " but come up and look." " What was it you heard ? " he said. " Thei-e! listen! " He began to smile, and said, " Why, that is a beetle. Don't you have them out east?" I resumed taking my pictures, without au}' more comments, and the result is shown in 2 ; another view, lower down, at 3, and, last of all, a view showing Mr. Bennett with his light gauz3' bee- veil on by the side of one of Mr. Woodbury's hives. Another yard at which we stopped was one belonging to John McClure, at Burbank, or near there. He had, all told, some 500 colonies in three different locations. In No. 2, Fig. 1, is shown one of these apiaries. It is on the side of the mountain, near the edge of an enormous raisin vineyard, which we were almost half an hour in driving through to get to the yard. The hives were of the peculiar California style, not built for beau- ty. A nearer view of the extracting-house and of the large honey-tanks is shown in No. 4. The wheelbarrow for carr3'ing in the combs stands in the foreground. The extracting-house in this case is on the side- hill, and from the bottom of it runs a spout about 3 inches in diameter, at the top of FIG. 1. — THE HITCHINGS AND M'CLUKE APIAKIKS AND HONEY-TANKS. 336 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 15 the honey-tank. When one tank is full the spout is shifted over to the other one. In the mean time a piece of cheese-cloth is tied over the top of the filled tanks to allow of evaporation. The extracting--house and the storage- tanks on the side-hill shown in No. 4, Fig. 1, are representative of dozens that I saw in California. The house is just large enough to accommodate an extractor, uncapping- box, and the necessary tools for working. The hives in this case, as will be seen in No. 2, Fig. 1, are located above on the side- hill. The extracting-comhs are set in a barrow or cart, and the load is run down- hill until it reaches the extracting-house shown in the lower left-hand corner. The whole arrangement of these California api- aries is such as to provide for honey going downhill all Ihe ivay, so that about all a man has to do when he loads up his cart or barrow is to let the thing go itself down grade. When the honey is extracted it runs from the machine downhill again into the tanks. These are usually set up on the ground about IS or 20 inches, or just high enough to let the honey run from the honey- gate into the square 60-lb. can — the favor- ite package for extracted honey on the Pa- cific coast. These are filled one at a time, and put into a wagon that is backed right up to the tanks. It is then delivered to the nearest railroad station, or sometimes haul- ed all the way to market, as at times freip ht rates in California are almost prohibitive. FREIGHT RATES IN CALIFORNIA. The railroad company proposed, I thinlc, in one case to charge a bee-keeper $120 f( r hauling a carload of honey only 40 miles, and then did not deliver it at the dock. He finally hired a teamster with a truck, and hauled it to the boat-landing, for less than $40. But the aggravating part of the whole thing was that the railroad company was mean enough to offer to deliver the next car for $40, when before it had staled it could not haul it for less than $120 and make a profit. The agents of some of the compa- nies, I am told, are instructed to "charge all the traffic will bear," and they do. And that reminds me Ihat one of the things the residents of California have to put up with is exorbitant freight charges. In some cases the common roads are too mountain- ous for wagon traffic, and the poor rancher has to pay the rate or go without marketing his product. We drove that da}' something over 40 miles — 46 in all, I believe. We stopped at a good man}' different apiaries, and took some photos; but those I have reproduced are representative lots showing the apiaries as they appear round about Los Angeles, and, I should say, prett}' much all the rest of Ciilifornia so far as I went through it. I found Mr. Bennett to be a man who is ex- ceptionally well posted on bee-keeping as it is carried on in that land flowing with milk and honey; and the long pleasant drive I had that day in that valley will re- main as a pleasant spot in my memory. CALIFORNIA; THP: BLESSING OF THE RAIN. The fears of a drj' season have been dis- pelled; abundant rains have fallen in all parts of the State. In the South, where the rainfall is always less than in this northern section of the State, much relief and thankfvilness are felt, for it means prosperity to the bee-keepers as well as to the fruit-growers, ranchers, and stock-men generally. Here in the Santa Rosa Valley (fifty miles north of San Francisco) the rainfall up to P^eb. 3 was 18 inches, and since then we have had gentle rains almost continuously, making a total of 25 inches recorded up to Feb. 26. During the past three days nearly 6 inches have fallen, and some damage is feared from rising waters, for the rain has not yet ceased. At Los Angeles, on the 25th the precipi- tation was one-fifth of an inch, with rain still falling, making six inches for the sea- son against 12.68 inches to the correspond- ing date last year; but a continuance is expected. Even in those sections where the showers have been lightest and least fre- quent it appears that there has been a suf- ficient supply to insure the spring crops. At San Bernardino they have been visited by a steady downpour. At Santa Barbara, ^4 inch fell in one day; and at San Louis Obispo, 1.09 inches fell in the last 24 hours. At Eureka, in Humboldt Co., in the ex- treme north, 1.42 of an inch fell in the same time, against .20 at San Diego, in the ex- treme south. Ensenada, in Lower Califor- nia, received more rain than did San Diego. To none will it bring more gladness of heart than to the bee-keepers; for without this rain the sages, which form so large a part of the natural pasturage of the great hone.v-producing sections, would not have yielded nectar. To the olive-groves, vine- yards, and great fruit-orchards, the com- ing of the rain means bountiful crops; for at hardl}' any season are the showers more propitious than those that fall in Februar}'. We have lost one good bee-keeper from this section — Mr. G. O. Miller, of Healds- burg, who has gone to Los Angeles to take his part in the hoped-for prosperity of that southern region. We wish that he and all the workers there may find abundant re- ward for their toil and skilled efforts in the bee-field this coming season. Dr. Frederick Weblev. Santa Rosa, Cal., Feb. 26. BEES IN THE WALLS OF A HOUSE; HOW TO GET THEM OUT. This is from a poor ignorant woman whose knowledge of bees consists of the two facts that they sting, and also make honey. She lives in an old house where bees also live, they having entered years 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 337 ag'o through knot-holes in the clapboards. For some time honey was taken out everj' 3'ear, but of late years none can be reached, and every fall there is a strong- smell of over-fermentation. Now, the new owners want to know if there is any way of ridding- the house of them except by burning it. The woman of ignorance imagined a new queen in a tempting hive would tempt them out where they would prove the nucleus of a fortune, or at least provide the family with honey. What particular form of en- dearment is used in cajoling bees? and with how long a pole is it allowable to han- dle them? They have always been very much attracted toward the woman, show- ing a desire to nestle in her hair, etc. She is firmly persuaded there is no good bee but a dead one, and expects to badger the men into the necessary formalities. Helen M. Griffen. Yorktown Heights, N. Y. [When a colony or colonies of bees once get lodged in between the inner and outer walls of a dwelling it is not an easy mat- ter to get them out without tearing oiT the clapboarding. I have seen several attempts made to take the bees out. Perhaps the most feasible is to put a Porter bee-escape over the entrance or knot-hole through which the bees go. This will catch all the flying bees, and all other bees as fast as they come out to fly. But the result in the end will be some dead brood, some young bees, the queen, and more or less honey. After all, the attempt at best is somewhat abor- tive. If the brood die, there will be a smell, and the honey may sour, or it may melt from the direct action of the sun's rays, and at some future time leak out and run down somewhere. — Ed.] TWO-STORY DANZENBAKER HIVES ; CONDI- TIONS UNDER WHICH THE SAME MAY BE USED. Can a larger crop of comb honey be se- cured by using two stories to a Dauzenba- ker hive? and will it curtail the desire of the colony to swarm? I should like to hear of other bee-keepers' experience with two- story Danzenbaker hives. Wm. H. Earnshow. Bridgeport, Pa., March 19. [A great deal depends on a locality as to whether two brood-chambers of a hive can be used to advantage. My impression is that, situated as you are, you could to very good advantage use two brood-chambers up to the be'ginning of the honey-flow. At that time, crowd all the brood into one brood-chamber, and give the remainder to some other colony or nucleus. In place of the brood-chamber removed, put on another with empty combs. After the bees begin to store in the combs, put on a comb-honey su- per containing sections, with full sheets of foundation, and then look out for comb honey. — Ed.] A SIMPLE TEST FOR DETECTING GLUCOSE IN HONEY. Have you a simple test for the purity of honey? Why not tell us how to analyze honey, through Gleanings? I have access to a chemical laboratory. Peru, Ind. Geo. S. Demuth. [It would not be practicable for the aver- age person to analj'ze honey to determine its purity. This is the work of experts, and the very best of them at that. A sim- ple test, however, may be applied in the case of hone}' suspected of containing glu- cose. If a little alcohol be stirred in with such mixture a slightly cloudy appearance will be noticed in the course of five or ten minutes if glucose is present. But if one is familiar with the " brassy " taste of or- dinary commercial glucose he can usually, by means of his tongue, detect (at least for his own satisfaction) the glucose in honey, even if only a small amount is used. — Ed.] QUEENS FLYING OFF THK COMBS. The queen that I received last summer came in good condition, and was success- fully introduced by being allowed to run in at the entrance. On the third day I had some friends call, and they wanted to see the new queen; so I took out a frame of bees, found her, and we were inspecting her, when, without warning, she left the frames, flying over the barn, and that was the last I ever saw of her. Did you ever have such an experience? Sam. a. Fenner. Providence, R. I., Mar. 15. [The circumstance which you have re- lated is not an unusual one. A queen that has been introduced is usually a little shy; and when the hive is opened she may be frightened. She maj' rush about over the surface of the comb trying to hide, and this act of hers has a tendency to excite the bees, with the result that they grab for her. This will frighten her the more, when she will take wing, possibly never to return. But when a queen " lights out " in this fashion it is best to set the comb back in the hive, leave the cover off, and go away and leave the hive. There are chances she will return and go in among the combs. I have two or three times stopped queens by knocking them down with my hand. This may stun them a little, but they will recover all right providing you can catcii them in the grass before they take wing. — Ed.] night ventilation of bee-cellars not satisfactory. I have tried your plan two winters of leaving a cellar door open nights and closed days; heat about 42 to 45°; went up one or two days to 50°; have a large cellar with heater, but not in the part where bees are, and I will never try it again. They kept up a roaring all winter, and came out bad. About three bushels of bees came out on 338 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 15 the cellar bottom. I have wintered for 50 j'ears in a cellar, and only once did I ever have them winter so poorly, and that was when they g^ot honey-dew. West Rupert, Vt. C. M. LiNCor,N. [I can not understand why you should have had results so unfavorable. Our bees would roar invariably if we did not give them sufficient ventilation. Sometimes when the days were mng-gy and warm outside, the bees would become quite restless till toward night; then when we swung the doors open, in the course of an hour or so they would become quiet. During this time the thermometer would remain about the same. I should be inclined to feel that the food or some other condition, rather than the opening and closing of the door at night, was responsible for the uneasiness on the part of the bees. — Ed.] A BUNCH OF QUESTIONS. 1. Is there any danger of introducing foul brood into one's apiary by using comb foundation from any and all dealers? If so, where would you buy foundation? 2. How many days old is a drone from hatching before he is able to fertilize a queen? 3. By using Alley drone-traps can one rid a hive of drones that may be in there, providing no more be raised? How long will it take to do it? 4. When running for extracted honey, about when would you pui on queen-exclud- ing honey-boards? 5. In the early spring, just before drones begin to fly, can one secure as good queen- cells by the Doolittle method, as in swarm- iug-time, if he feeds the colony to stimulate them? How much and how long should he feed? Will the cells produce as good queens? 6. Where can I get an electrical appara- tus for imbedding found at ion- wire? What will it cost? 7. I want a fine breeding-queen — one for business not color. What sort of queen would you advise me to get? Henry Perkins. Highland, San Ber. Co., Cal. [1. Not the slightest. Foul brood has never been known to be transmitted through foundation. 2. I do not know exactly, but anywhere from ten days to two weeks. 3. The Alley trap will take care of all the drones in the hive. It may take a week or so before the drones attempt to fly; and when they do they will go into the upper chamber, where they will die of starvation. 4. Excluding honey-boards should be put on at the same time that the supers or up- per stories are given. 5. Nearly if not quite as good queens can be secured by the method you outline; but the feeding must be of a stimulative kind — a verj' little thin syrup daily. If the wea- ther is cool or chilly at night I should not expect as fine queens as I would later on when the weather is more mild. 6. The A. I. Root Co. now supplies an electrical apptiratus made up of six dry cells for imbedding wires into foundation, at a cost of $3 00. This includes a com- plete outfit. 7. I would select my queen-breeder, and then call for just the kind of queen you call for in your question. — Ed.] two-story hives for michigan; spring management. On page 822, last year, you say you would not advise the use of the double- decker for all localities. Would it not be an ideal plan in Michigan? If I take my bees out of the cellar about the middle of April, how many pounds of stores does each colony require in order to build up strong- ly? In case some colonies have from 25 to 30 lbs. of stores left, can I leave that, or had I better take some of it out, so as to give them more room for brood? After the middle of April can I encourage brood-rearing too much or too soon? I de- sire to have them in the best possible con- dition ior white clover. W. Bos. Forestgrove, Mich., Mar. 27. [Double-decker colonies might answer very well for your part of the State. Un- der no circumstances would I advise you to take away any stores from a colony of bees at this time of the year, for they will need all they have. I would not stimulate brood- rearing too early in April. For your lo- cality you had better not do any thing of the kind before the first of May, and not even then if the weather should remain cool. — Ed.] sealed v. porous covers IN wintering ; alfalfa. What do 3'ou think about wintering bees under enameled quilts with a good suppl}' of packing over the top, and with a Hill device over the frames? The farmers are beginning to sow alfalfa clover, and some people say it will not pro duce any honey in this State. Is it true that it has failed in some States? A. A. Stickley. Strasburg, Va., March 17. [Enameled quilts are very often used in packing over a brood-nest, with verj^ good results. They make what we call a sealed cover. Others argue in favor of one por- ous, like burlap, claiming that the moisture then has an opportunity to pass upward and away from the bees; but this is an ob- jection in that the packing material be- comes damp and cold. All things consid- ered, we should prefer in our outdoor win- tering the sealed covers. Alfalfa does not yield honey in all States. In the East we do not know of its furnish- ing any honey, while in the West generally it is regarded as a very important honey- plant. — Ed.] 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 339 WINTERING AND HOUSE APIARIES. Will you please state in Gi.eaninos the best method of uniting' two or three colonies to make one strong- one when they are scat- tered about ten feet apart among 25 other hives ? Also please state the advantages and disadvantages of a house-apiary for 25 colonies, and ask other subscribers to give their experience with same. Philadelphia, Pa. John P. Tull. [If the colonies or the nuclei to be united have been outdoors all winter, and if it is desired to combine them together into one colony, utilizing the heat, the task is not an easy one. I have united nuclei in the spring ; but in two or three days after bringing them together, the little colony that received fresh infusions of strength from other sources was about as weak as ever. The trouble is, the bees of the sev- eral nuclei, as soon as they fly, will be prettj' sure to go back to their old locations. If there are no combs of honey to receive them they will starve even if they do not chill to death; but weak nuclei in the cel- lar can be united before taking them out, or afterward if it is more convenient. But the uniting must be done before the bees get to flying and marking their locations. Regarding house-apiaries, they should be used only when land is scarce, and thieves are prevalent in the locality. They are handy to work in all kinds of weather, and the colonies can be opened up without inducing robbing. A lot of cross bees can be handled in such a building much more comfortably than outdoors. The main objection to the house-apiary is the expense and its lack of portability. For further particulars you are referred to the A B C of Bee Culture, where the subject is discussed very fully. — Ed.J WHAT TO DO with COMBS OF STORES ON WHICH BEES HAVE DIED. What do you do with honey and comb that are left in the hive after bees have died in spring? Would you advise hiving new colonies on this old comb at swarming, or would you think it best to give them new foundation? J. H. Murdaugh. Croswell, Mich., March 11. [There is no objection at all to putting a fresh lot of bees upon combs from which other bees have died, unless the combs are badly smeared with stains of dysenter3'. — Ed.] spanish names. Mi'. Root: — In regard to the pronuncia- tion of the Spanish names of shrubs or trees you give on p. 863, I will beg leave to say that, according to the rules laid down by F. M. de Rivas, who is a graduate of the University of Sevilla, Spain, and of St. Edmunds College, London, it should be re- spectively: goo-ah-//6v/-ee-ah and mais-Xv^- tai, and not as you give it, which I judge you did, probably, after the manner of Americans who pronounce largely after the manner of the Mexicans, or according to local custom, which is often about as rnuch Spanish as the Scotch brogue is English. J. B. WiENMILLER. Pineridge, Cal., Feb. 23. [You are quite right. I was simply giv- ing the local pronunciation. But I fear your spelling would be capable of still greater perversion, as you make five sylla- bles out of guajit/a, which is pronounced gwah-//d'^'/-yah. The other word has three syllables, pronounced like the English " mace--t6'6'-tay," and not " mes-X;^^-ti," as you seem to make it. — Ed.] SPREADING EXTRACTING-FRAMES. 1. In extracting from the top story of a Dovetailed hive would it not be better to use only seven combs, dispensing with the Hoff- man principle altogether? It is a vexatious and tedious job to extract from Hoffman frames when placed in contact with each other. 2. Is not the ten-frame hive superior to the eight-frame when used exclusively for extracting? Alpine McGregor. Inglewood, Ont., March 12. [1. It is the practice of some bee-keepers to space their combs further apart in the extracting-supers. Hotfman frames can be spaced anywhere from IVi to \% in. from center to center; and from the fact that thej- have wide end-bars, a half-inch space does not interfere in the least with the practice. 2. The ten-frame hive is generally re- garded for extracting purposes as better than the eight-frame, especially in the South.— Ed.] WHERE TO START AN ABIARY. I wish to know where in the United States would be the best place to start an apiary. Steen Freeman. Cedar Mills, O., March 30. [It would be almost impossible to answer this question satisfactorily. The climate and general conditions of various localities are such that I would have to know what your capabilities and general health are. Some persons can not stand the hot or dry climate of Texas and Arizona; others can not live in a high altitude, like Denver or up on the Rockies in Colorado or Montana; and others could not bridge over two or three bad years out of five, such as one would find in Southern California; and still others would not like to pioneer it in a new country without its modern conven- iences and "good society." If you follow the series of articles that I am writing, giving an account of my trip through the various bee localities of the United States, from Alabama to the far West, and back again, j'ou will, perhaps, be able to come to some conclusion as to where j'ou had better locate. — Ed.J 340 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 15 OUR HOMES, BY A.I. ROOT. Therefore take no thought sayino;, what shall we eat? or, What shall we drink? or, Wherewithal shall we be clothed?— Matt. (i:31. Seven times within the last two years I have made a trip to the Traverse region of Northern Michigan when used up phj'sical- ly and mentally, with impaired digestion, etc. ; and seven times I have returned full of strength, energy, and vigor, both mental and physical, and, I hope I maj' say, spir- itual as well; and once more the question confronts me, Is it altogether the healthful- ness of the locality with its vitalizing and invigorating breezes from off across the northern lakes? or does this wonderful re- newal of health, strength, and happiness, come from different habits and different modes of life? I rather suspect it is both; and in any event I can give God the thanks for having answered once more my oft- re- peated prayer, not onl}^ for health, strength, and enjoyment for myself, but that I may direct others who are coming to me for ad- vice. Did God, when he created man in his own image, expect him to regain and retain health through drugs and medicines, or otherwise? Yes, I ma3' say not only seven tiines in my experience, but when Mrs. Root went with me, although she had very little faith in my enthusiasm she was forced to admit that she found a degree of strength, health, and vigor that she nev- er expected again in this world. Now, to be sure that I have made no mistake let me go into particulars a little. If you should think my stor}^ is a long one, please bear in mind that it has to do with the health and happiness, not only of untold thousands, but perhaps millions. I reached Traverse City between 6 and 7 o'clock Saturday evening, March 22; ^nd I was so anxious to get among my friends, eight miles away, up on the hills, that I started off on my wheel by moonlight, car- rying my grip. When I reached the first country store, however, two or three miles out, I found I could not carry my grip up the hills to the place I was going to; but a loaded wagon that I overtook proved to be- long to a neighbor of Mr. Hilbert, and the driver kindly took it on top of his load. As the snowdrifts were not all out of the way, I had a pretty tough time of it, and reach- ed friend Hilbert's just before bedtime. My young friend Alice informed me the Sunday- school had been closed all winter, and that there had been very little preaching servicT-; once, the drifted snow had prevented the people from getting out ; and at another time, by mistake in appointment, the con- gregation gathered, but there was no min- ister; and as they have services only everj^ other Sunday any way, the meeting-house had been standing empty, much of the time, even on God's holy day. It was their cus- tom to start up the school the first of April. I said something like this: "Now, look here, friends. It is a long while since I have passed a Sabbath with- out going to Sunday-school or church, or iittending anj' place of religious worship. I rather think we will have a Sunday- school there to-morrow." There were, however, all sorts of objec- tions in the way. First, it was not announc- ed. Second, the superintendent was awaj' from home. Third, everybody understood it was to start in on the first Sunday in April, and it was then March. P^ourth. there was no janitor. Fifth, the great su- g-ar-camp of 1600 trees and 2400 buckets was running full blast. In fact, Mr. Hil- bert himself was in the camp then, and was to boil all night, and all hands were to be oft" early Sunday morning to keep up the boiling so the sap could be handled that was going to waste. Sunday morning, how- ever, I was well rested, and full of enthu- siasm to have a Sunday-school. Alice was almost the only one of the familj' that could be spared from the sugar-making. I com- menced calling at the houses, inviting them to come to Sunday-school; but it was most- ly up\\\\\ work. Once in a while the bright smiles of the mothers and the animated faces of the children at the prospect of go- ing to Sunday-school made the work a little downhill. I found the superintendent's fa- ther, and he said it was all right if I could get the children to go, and he got the key of the church for me. At the next house I found a father and five children eating breakfast. The father was quite sure that none of the children could go. He said they were not the Sun- day-school kind. The oldest girl, however, admitted that I had seen her in the Sunday- school the summer before. I knew if I gave up at the start I should lose my enthusiasm, so I stopped to talk with the father a little. I soon found out that in the old country he had worked at gardening under glass, and knew about hot-beds, cold-frames, sashes, etc. Then I pointed out to him what could be done in his locality with the piles of heating stable manure close at hand. I finally got permission to get one of the boys to go with me to make trips crosslots to houses too far away for me to reach alone. Then I went through the whole little town of Bingham, shook hands with the mothers and fathers, and talked with the children, and had a good-sized crowd in full sympa- thy with my undertaking before half-past ten, the usual hour for the Sunday-school. The woodshed was locked up, and I did not have the key; but I picked up splinters around the church door, thus ridding up the yard, and soon had a pretty good fire in the stove. By this time I began to feel happy ; and it was a great privilege to kneel there in that little church alone and pray for the mothers and the children I had talked with, that were already on their way to Sunday-school. One of the objections to keeping Sunday' - school going all winter 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 341 was that the snow was too deep, so they could not get to the church. I asked sever- al if they ever found a snow too deep to get to the one saloon. All agreed that never a Sunday had passed without there being a well-beaten path to its front door. After Sunday-school my heart was re- joiced again by two pieces of information. P^irst, the saloon was to be removed; in fact, the fixtures were already sold. Second, the reason of its removal was that it did not pay expenses. Oh what an easy way this would be to settle that vexed question that is now stirring the whole wide world — saloon or no saloons! If the proprietors could just be made to pick up their duds and leave because of lack of patronage, what a deal of quarreling and hard feeling might be saved! Well, it was arranged that, after Sunday- school, I was to get my dinner over at the sugar-camp. I told Mrs. Hilbert in the morning all the dinner I wanted was some Russet potatoes roasted in the ashes, and some milk to drink while I ate them. Of course, we had bread and butter, and ma- ple S3'rup as a side issue, and a very good dinner it was. When I told friend Hilbert that, as I had spent the forenoon worship- ing God, I should like to help a part of the afternoon in saving the sap from wasting, he said he did not know any thing I could do unless it was to sit on a high stool and boss the ranch. I told him I used to be am- bitious when I was young, but I had gotten over it. I asked for a light tin pail and a tin dipper that they could spare as well as not. I told. Alice, after she had cleared away the dinner-table, to come and help me. The greater part of the immense ma- ple-trees had two buckets, but usually only one bucket was running over, so we dipped sap with our dippers into pails that were not quite full. At many of the small trees the pails were only half full; and we car- ried sap from the pails that were running over, into these. The cistern was full of sap; the store-troughs were full, and the boilers were going at such a rate that one or another of the six or eight was boiling over most of the time. The plan I was working on was about the only one to save the wasting sap. Three teams were gath- ering— that is, as fast as the boiling would permit them to gather. When we had stop- ped sap wasting, by equalizing as far as we could go, we followed after the gather- ing-tank and took a dipperful or two from the pails running over, and carried it to the pails that had just been emptied. By the middle of the afternoon, as there was no sap going to waste I started off crosslots in the direction of that "cabin in the woods." I was a little tired when I reached it, for you know I was a little out of practice in climbing those great hills; but when I opened the door of our little home and found every thing in apple-pie order, just exactly as we had left it last November, I once more knelt down and thanked God for his great mercies on that little home. Nobody had meddled with any thing. As there is no smoke or dust in that out-of-the-way place, even the cheese-cloth screens over the windows were just as clean and perfect as the day Mrs. Root put them up. Finally my eye rested on a big stout chest, where our most valuable articles of clothing, etc., were, as we supposed, most securely locked with a strong double-bolt lock. Sure enough, the broaid plank that made the cover had warped during the win- ter, and by some unexplained means had sprung open that strong lock. The cover was opened just wide enough for a mouse to crawl under — yes, and they did crawl under. Mrs. Root had placed in this box for safet3' a bag of crackers, some granose flakes, and part of a sack of flour. The mice had got in and held a picnic there all winter. A very comfortable and stj'lish nest had been made inside of her Sunday hat, and the piano spread that we used on our little round diniug-table had furnished some very soft and appropriate material for said nest. Luckily, however, these were the deer mice of the woods, and hence there was no smell about their work as with the common house mice. God in his infinite wisdom has seen fit to send us, all along, thorns with the roses; and while I felt sad about this mishap I could thank him all the same. It took me till dark — in fact, I had to light a lamp to finish taking every thing out of the chest and shaking and brushing it to restore things to order. Then I found I had to go a quarter of a mile to get some milk, eggs, and bread and butter, etc., for my evening meal. I was so tired when night came that I curled up under my warm woolen blanket on my rus- tic bed up by that little stove I told you about last fall, with a keen appreciation of a warm cosy place to rest. Yes, I was tired after my busy Sabbath day's work; but I was happy — yes, very happy. Shortly before this trip I have been tell- ing you about, our pastor, Rev. Jessie Hill, gave us a sermon, using the text I have at the head of this chapter. From this sermon I make the following extract: Worry is not the most cominon sin among the very poor. They possess a stoicism and indifference that makes them indifferent to their condition. But worry is a/aw/Zzar face among those who own larders anS wardrobes. We account for this on the basis th t as a man goes up in the scale of being, his wants become more numerous. In most cases the multiplicity of wants is the badge of civilization. A jelly-fish finds food in the seaweed which grows in the decayed tis- sues of its own organism. Its wants are few. But its life is among the lowest form of animal life. But we have magnified the complexity of modern life by elaborating what God intended to be simple. Eating was intended to be the soul of simplicity A very little food prepared in a very simple waj' is all that is necessary for healthy life. But now, unless we have a dozen spoons, several forks and knives, half a dozen side dishes be.side each plate, we haven't had any thing to eat ; and a mother testified the other day: " I might as well run a private sanitarium. We have five dilTerent sorts of health food and three kinds of cocoa in the pantry; and the cook, who is justly proud of her hot bread aiid her cofT e, is los ng all patience with us. ' Sure, and they are getting so that hot wa- ther'U be too sthrong for thim,' I heard her say to the hou emaid yesterday. ' 'Tis a sick-diet kitchen this is coming to be, and no place for a g .irr) that can make eliven kinds of cake.' " 342 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 15 And the same is true of clothing. Comparatively speaking, a very little clothing is all that is necessary. But we are not satisfied with thi'^. We care more for custom and fashion than for our own comfort We are slaves to fashion. Fashion is a hard ta.skmaker. When we want clothing, fashion .says: "Wear this" We say : " It looks horrid.'' " Wear it," conies the de- mand'" "But it is uncomfortable," we say. "Wear it," is the reply "Makes me look like a fright." " Wear it," is "the only answer. An I we wear it. Con\indrum and puzzle "though it may be, we wear it until one says : " Instead of wearine our clothes out, they wear us out." It would be ridiculously funny, if it w'ere not so pathetically .sad, to see people to whom the matter of eating and clothing were the great ques- tions of life. After we g'ot home Mrs. Root and I were discussing the matter, and I told her I was going" to board myself and do my own cook- ing in that cabin in the woods for the fol- lowing two weeks. I told her I wanted to see how few dishes I could get along with, for I shouldn't have much time, and I also wanted to see what the effect would be on my health. Therefore on Monday morning, after that busy Sabbath, I started to do my own cooking, for almost the first time in my life. First I opened a pit of Early Mich- igan potatoes in the sandy side-hill close by the cabin. Three fair-sized tubers were placed in the hot ashes in the front part of our drum stove — the one I told you about called the "Flirt." It takes about half an hour to roast potatoes in this way and have thein right. Of course, the outsides were charred black. I told you a few weeks ago I found a little charcoal with my food is an excellent aid to digestion. In fact, we had the same kind of roast potatoes in the su- gar-caiTip the da}' before. When some of the boys were going to scoop out the inside and throw away the charred crust. I told them they were wasting the very best part; and that if the}' would tr_v it, chewing this hard crust up very tine, they would agree with inc. I think they all did so. for friend Hilbert said he noticed every boy had a black motith when he got through dinner. Well, with these roasted potatoes I had scalded milk, procured by simply putting my covered tin pail on top of the stove while I got breakfast. After my potatoes were nicely roasted I raked out a bed of clean glowing coals aroinid the open front of the stove. On this I placed a couple of eggs, having first pricked a hole right over the air-bubble, to prevent explosion. Now, I like roasted eggs better than eggs you can cook in any other wa}'; but I did not suc- ceed in studj'ing out a plan to prevent ex- plosion entirely. May be some one who has had more experience can help me. Well, I not only relished my roasted eggs and po- tatoes, scalded milk, and bread and butter, but I began to gain in health and strength right along. I had three or four men at work that week, besides the team, and sometimes two teams, and so I did not have very much time to get my meals or wash the dishes and put them away. And I found very few dishes were needed. I had planned to have some wooden plates (such as are made by the million in Traverse City, but I didn't get around to it); and these wooden plates v\'ere to be dumped into the stove after each meal. For a table- cloth I used a daily paper. This was fold- up and put into the stove to save time. A quart of milk lasted me for just three meals. Then I carried the pail to Mrs. Heinforth (a quarter of a mile away) for another quart. She washed the pail, or we swap- ped pails, so I did not have any thing to do with washing titensils that had contained milk. The water I drank came from a big snowdrift close by the cabin; and it was certainly equal to any furnished by the san- itary still. During the day it was ice-cold, and I soon learned to prefer cold water to any thing else. When I can get pure water from a snowdrift I shall always choose it in preference to anj' tea or coffee the world has ever furnished. During the first week iny strength gave out every two or three hours so I had to go and take a rest in the rocking-chair or take a nap. But, just as it has happened before every time, I found I could work harder and longer every succeeding day. At the end of a week I worked from morning till night, withotit any fatigue worth mention- ing. During the first week I lived on a vegetable diet except the eggs and milk. But the second week I sent to Traverse City for some beefsteak. Here in Medina it is worth 18 cts. per lb. for the best; but in Traverse City I paid 12>4 ; and with my cooking I pronounced it the finest I ever ate. My plan was to roast it on those maple- wood coals. B}' the way, my drum stove is fired with large seasoned blocks of maple wood, and I always had a nice bed of clean coals. Well, my first piece of steak was rather tough. I knew that people g'enerally pound steak to make it tender; but I never pound- ed a piece in my life, although I have lived on beefsteak for years. The only thing I could find for a pounder was a carpenter's hammer; and for a good solid block I used the big white stone you may have noticed before the door of our cabin. I reasoned that, if a little pounding was good, more would be better. So I made that piece of steak "mellow," and then I carried it with my knife and fork to that bed of maple coals in the front part of the stove. Not only was the steak laid on the coals, but I managed to have a glowing brand of fire right above the meat as well. As it began to cook, the edges rolled up all around the outside so as to be just about the shape and size of a com- mon saucer. This saucer held the juices of the meat so I was able to transfer it to a plate without spilling a drop. Some but- ter, pepper, and salt, made it as appetizing as they get it up at the very best city res- taurants where one pays from 50 to 75 cents for a beefsteak. This steak, with the roast- ed potatoes, made a dinner fit for anybody.* *I got along very well with the eggs and milk, with- out any meat of any kind ; but after I got my beef- steak my strength seemed to hold out better, clear up to the next meal, than it did before ; but as my health and strength were constantly on the increase this mif^hl have been the result even had I purchasetl no 1902 GLEANINCiS IN BEE CULTURE. 343 When Mrs. Root and I left last fall there remained a little pail of honey. It had •candied during- the winter; and this can- died honey, with my bread and butter, while I drank the scalded milk from my tin pail, seemed so delicious and streng-th-g-iv- ing that I thanked God again, even though I asked his blessing on the meal before I started. Another thing- I found in that little cup- board, that g-ave me great satisfaction, was a can that came from the Sanitas P^ood Co., of Battle Creek. It was labeled "Soup Stock," and was intended to make soup, or brown gravy, without the use of any meat. I used it on my bread and butter, as I did the candied honey, and I found it not only exceedingly luscious but very nutritious and strength-giving. Just a word about candied honey as a health food. I was greatly delighted to find I could eat this candied honey three times a day, without any of the unpleasant re- sults that honey has produced almost all the past winter down in Ohio. Toward the bottom of the pail, however, I discovered the honey was not candied ; so I took a spoon and began to eat that liquid honey in the same way. I tried this ag-ain and again. The liquid hone}' interfered with digestion, and produced distress, while the pure white candied honey I could eat with impunity. Now, here is a point for those who love honey and find it disagrees with them. The pure white candied honey is certainly different from the residue at the bottom of the pail or jar. If you melt some •of it you will find it is much whiter, and freer from the rank odor that remains in the honey at the bottom. Is it not Nature's method of refining this luscious sweet? I came home strong and well — in fact, re- joicing in my health and strength. It took me just about an hour to prepare my meals and have every thing put away — that is, an hour for each meal; and the expense, as nearly as I could figure it, was just about a dollar a week for provisions. Now, of course, many people can afford to pay a dollar a day for board, or perhaps a dollar a meal; and I have no quarrel with those who prefer that way of living. But as for me, give me the simple, inexpensive way, especially as it gives me health and strength that I have never found where I live in what the world calls '"style." I forgot to say that in some respects I g-reatly enjoj'ed living alone. I enjoyed g-o- ing out in the evening and looking up at the stars, realizing there was no human being within a quarter of a mile of me. I rejoiced in the privileg-e of singing old familiar hymns out loud, feeling sure there was no- body to laugh at me and look astonished unless it was the chipmunks and squirrels.* *One of the hymns I greatly enjoyed was ■what we used to call "free salvation," especially the stanza which runs: Know, then, soul, thy full salvation; Rise o'er pain and grief and care ; Joy to find in every station Something still to do or bear. I rejoiced, too, at the privilege of kneeling down and thanking- God right out loud whenever I felt it. Some of the friends who read this will no doubt pronounce me cranky, and say, "Bro. Root, why couldn't you thank God in your heart, or, if you choose, while standing up, just as well as to kneel down?" Look here, my friend. Perhaps you have never done it j-ourself, but you have heard of boys or young men who kneeled at the foot of their "best girl" while they kissed her hand. And this was all right too. I like to see a man who thinks enough of the woman he is g"oing to marry, or has al- ready married, to show his love and de- votion, once in a while, by kneeling at her feet; and if she is a good woman (like one or two I know of) it will not make her proud and lofty. Well, now, if it is all right to kneel before a human being — one of God's creatures — and a g^ood fashion too, what is there wrong or inconsistent or lui- reasonable in kneeling before the great God above, who gave you life and being, who has answered your praNers in giving 3'ou health and strength, or helped you to sur- mount any and all obstacles that stood in the way of your happiness? During those two weeks I spent there alone in the woods, I thanked God more times for giving me a human life to live than I ever did before in the same length of time. Some time ago I made the remark that if Solomon had helped his wife in her household cares he would never have said, "All is vanity." Now I want to change it a little. If Solomon with all his wisdom had gone off in the woods to live alone for two weeks, doing his own cooking-, and waiting on himself, I think he might not only have thanked God without even a g-limpse of the "vanity" business coming into his head, but that he might have swung his hat and shouted praises, especially if his "outing" had been taken in the woods of Northern Michigan. HIGH-PRESSURE PEACH-GROWING. When I first contemplated building that cabin in the woods I said to friend Hilbert, "These tall hills, so steep in manj' places that a horse can not climb up them, are probably of no use, and never will be, for any thing." Yes, I did have some crosses to bear, up there in the woods; artd I learned while there alone to find real joy in bearing crosses, especially where the crosses were for Chr st's sake. Just th 11k of it. friends. It is our privilege as followers of Christ Jesus to rejoice when we have persecution and trouble; and of course we should rejoice, also, when we have "happy surprises" (anybody can do that); and, finally, we can be happy all the time ; and yet there are people in this world ■who are committing suicide, rejecting this most won- derful and precious gift God has given us— a human life to live. 344 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 15 He replied at once, "Oh! yes, there is, Mr. Root; they are the very best places in the world to grow peach-trees. Just plant the trees all over these steep hills and you will find the hills are the best and most profitable land on j'our ranch." Since then I have learned, as you know-, that the ground on those side-hills, after the trees and underbrush are removed, is splen- did to grow corn or potatoes, garden crops, or an}' thing ; and the few peach-trees I planted last year made a most wonderful growth. In fact, this spring many of them were covered with blossom-buds. Last sum- mer I kept the ground fine and mellow with a garden-rake; in fact, I made a dust mulch around ever}' tree; and before a weed had started I raked a circle all around the trees, six or eight feet across, and kept it raked up fine until about the first of August. After that we did not encourage the trees to grow any more. Well, they have wintered on those steep hillsides without the loss of a bud or twig. Now, I suppose I am not very much of an authority on peach -growing; but I have been reading books and papers, and study- ing the subject up with most keen interest; and I think I can tell you why so many people fail with peaches. In the first place, the ground must be kept clean and mellow around the tree, just as much as it must be around a stalk of corn or a hill of potatoes to get a good crop. How can you expect peaches when the weeds are almost as high as ihe tree itself, and the ground full of all sorts of trash all around its trunk? Keep your peach-or- chard under cultivation just as much as you would your cornfield. Second, a peach- tree, if left alone, will make altogether too much top. In fact, most varieties of peaches will make a veritable brush-pile if left to themselves. Then the branches will be pushed away out in order to get out of said brush-pile, and the peaches will grow on the ends of the limbs, where they can get the sun and air; then if there should hap- pen to be a good crop, the weight of the fruit tears the tree all to pieces. Some 3'ears ago I passed a peach-orchard that had been planted and cared tor by a man who was an enthusiast. About the time it was ready to give its first good crop he left it and went away off somewhere else. The trees, in response to the good start they had, were loaded with fruit ; but as there was nobody to thin it out nor even to prune off the excess of top, the trees broke down under their weight of peaches until almost every tree in the orchard was ruined. I saw it after the fruit was gath- ered, and it looked as if a big storm or cy- clone had torn every tree to pieces. Modern peach-growing consists in keeping the root in advance of the top; then cut back and thin out every spring until all the branches that are left are full of vigor and life. You know how common it is to see peach- trees with almost half of the limbs or twigs dead and dying. Scientific pruning will correct all of this. There will never be a dead leafless twig if it is pruned properly. Then if the fruit is thinned out as it should be, there will be no "June drop; " in fact, with the right kind of "heroic" thinning not a peach will drop to the ground — that is, unless stung by insects; and we are al- most a match for the insects and fungous diseases."" In regard to this matter of pruning, let me quote from the Michigan Fa^-mer of Sept. 7, 1901 : "Each and every peach-tree that would produce, probably, 1500 or 2000 fruits, should be pruned and thinned until the same tree produces only 200 or 300 peaches. Such drastic pruning will not be acceptable to many. They would claim that more would be received from 2000 peaches than from 200 or 300; but when the difference in cost of picking, packing, and shipping of these two quantities of fruit is considered, the profit will be found every time on the side of the smaller shipments." You see, the markets are all the while flooded with common average or fair peaches. In fact, most markets are liable to be glut- ted with them; but with this method of pruning and thinning I have spoken of, every peach on the tree would attract at- tention by its size and beauty. A small basketful placed in sight in front of a gro- cer}' will cause people to stop, and lift up their hands in surprise. On one of my wheelrides I passed some trees that had been managed in this way. I told the own- er of the trees to ship half a dozen half- peck baskets to Medina, and I would pa^' the bill. He said I might object 1o the price when I learned what he was getting for them. I told him I did not care much what the price was. I wanted them to ex- hibit around among my friends to illustrate the possibilities of scientific peach-growing. My impression is that I had to pay either 40 or 50 cents for a half-peck basket, or be- tween $3 and $4 a bushel. Such peaches always sell. There is no trouble about get- ting a market. Now, I can not take the space right here to go into this matter of scientific peach- growing. In the same issue of the Michi- gan Farmer just quoted from is an exhaus- tive article by Roland Morrill; and if you are interested in the matter you had better write and eret it. Although the article is a *Our nearest neighbor had a verj- pretty little peach- orchard of perhaps two dozen trees last summer. I say she had an orchard, because last fall the trees were so heavily loaded with fruit away out to the ends of the long sprawling branches that the limbs broke one after another until now the greater part of the trees are ruined. One Sunday afternoon we would hear a crash every little while from the limbs breaking. Now, these trees were pruned improperly to start with Then they were allowed lo overbear out on the ends of those limbs. The result was, the limbs split off or split the tree right in two where they startt-d oiT from the trunk. A properly pruned peach-tree has its fruit evenly distriliuttd ail over the tree, and none of it very far away from the ti unk ; 5'et the head of the tree is suflticieutly open so that the peaches ripen and color up nicely through every part of the top. It wants sense, science, brains, and stick-lo-it-iveness to make a peach-tree grow just as it should, and keep do- ing so. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 345 long one, I have read it over about four times. Then I g-ave it to friend Hilbert, who is planting- this spring 3000 peach-trees on 30 acres of land much like my own, and he said it was sound all the way through. Morrill says you want j'our peach-trees on a side-hill, and near a large piece of wa- ter if possible. During- cold frosty nig-hts the cold air is alwaj's running downhill. It runs down as water would, but not so fast ; and moving air does not hurt the peaches nearly as much as still air. Plant your trees in a hollow, between the hills, where there is no outlet for the cold air to run away, and they will freeze up sure — not onlj' peaches but every thing else. We had a tomato-patch on rolling- ground. In one spot at the lower edg-e was a low place where the air could not have a free outlet, and all the tomatoes were killed by frost in that low spot, and not one where the air could run away. It is the same with peaches. A body of water tempers the air and prevents severe sudden changes. Do not be fooled by paying ten times what you should for j'our peach-trees to the tree- sharks that are going around. Friend Hilbert got his 3000 trees at 5 cts. each, and they are nice ones. I g-ot mine in the same lot at the same price. For smaller lots you may have to pay 10 cents each; but if you pay much more than that you are swindled. But do not be fooled into buying poor trees because they are cheap. If you are new at the business, get somebody who is posted to advise 3'ou. Do not plow deep in your peach - orchard. Shallow cultivation with modern short-toothed cultivators is all that is needed. In regard to insect enemies, permit me to quote from Mr. Morrill: I find tliat men who are thorough cultivators have very little trouble with the curculib. By thorough cul- tivation I mean cultivating every two or three days. There is no chance for an insect to get through the different stages of growth with a cultivator on his back all the time. In fact, this frequent shallow cultivation is a remedy for almost every thing. Do not let traveling agents fool you into killing your trees with something they have to sell to keep the borers out. I think our experi- ment stations all agree there is no safe remedy for the borers aside from getting down on your knees (with your spectacles on), and looking your trees over frequently. Pull away the dirt from aroutfd the roots. See that every thing- is all right; then put it back again. When the trees are small you can grow some crop between them pro- viding you keep it a yard (or, better still, four or five feet) away from the trees. Last spring I found the boys had planted the Prizewinner beans I told you about, in a row between the peach-trees. The beans had made a perfect mat, and almo.st smoth- ered a nice little tree just starting to grow. I pulled away the beans by armfuls, and mulched the ground around the tree for five or six feet with green beans full of blos- soms. After that, the tree took a start. But it did not get over the shock during- the whole season. It seemed to have been rob- bed of its nutriment by those rank, vigor- ous Prizewinner beans. It is better to clear off your woods ground so as to leave the leaf-mold and trash to be plowed under, rather than to burn it up, if you can. We spent about two weeks clearing up say an acre and a half on those steep hillsides; but after the ground was put in nice order, stones and roots carried off, and it had had a thorough dragging- with a spring-tooth harrow, we planted 50 peach-trees and put them in nicely in less than half a day; and just now I love to g-o off among those peach- trees, prune them, rake over the mellow ground, and fix things just according to my notion, better than any thing else in the world. Yes, that little greenhouse where I spent so many happy hours during the winter has lost its attraction — at least a larg-e part of it — for the time being. By the time these pages are before you, Mrs. Root and I expect to be living in that cabin in the woods, where we shall stay for the greater part of the summer. Provi- dence permitting. We are so far back in the woods we are not likely to have .many visitors ; so if you should happen to get around our way you need not hesitate about dropping- in; and if you do not mind eating- baked potatoes (roasted in the ashes), with lots of nice milk to drink, I do not know but we can refresh you as well as interest you in the improvements we are making- in our woodland home. COLOSSAL LADINO, OR MAMMOTH WHITE CLOVRR. This clover is now up and growing nice- ly' in the greenhouse— see page 251, March 12. The most of the plants look exactly like white clover, or white Dutch clove^r, perhaps; but we are a little surprised to find there are two or three different kinds of clovers. One of them looks exactly like sweet clover; and on the other, the leaf re- sembles crimson clover. Instead of having one new kind of clover we may have three or four — who knows? They will soon be planted outdoors, each plant being allowed about a square yard. Then we will try to have seed to sell or give away another year. SOWING RED CLOVER IN AUGUST IN OHIO. Our friends will remember I spoke of the success they make in Michigan by sowing mammoth and medium clovers in August among the corn. I said I was g-oing to give it a test here. While I write, my mam- moth clover, sown last August with crim- son clover, is making a fine show; in fact, there is going to be somewhat of a contest between the two plants as to which shall occupy the ground. I think we may safely say this: That on good soil, well under- drained and enriched, we can sow mam- moth or medium clover in August and have it come through the winter all right. The idea is to sow it early enough to enable it to make a sutficient root growth to with- stand the heaving-out by frost on our clay soil. 346 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 15 Typographical changes in the Bee-keeper's Review, beginning with the April issue, will add much to the beauty of that jour- nal. The glazed, shiny paper, so difficult to read unless the light strikes it just right, has been laid aside for a soft, white paper that gives to the printing a clean, tasty, tempting look. Hereafter, the frontispieces, in most of cases, will be printed with colored inks, in- stead of somber black. The one for April is in dark green, and shows a century apiary — one established 100 years ago. The cover is a light drab, the front page being printed in two colors — a dark, rich brown and Milori blue. One feature of this issue is that it con- tains elcveji pages of helpful, encouraging, suggestive editorials. Send ten cents for this issue, and with it will be sent two other late but different is- sues, and the ten cents may apply on any subscription sent in during the year. A coupon will be sent entitling the holder to the Review for ^0 cts. W. Z. Hutchinson, Flint, Micliigan. Listen, Bee-keepers! The Lone Star Apiarist A new bee-journal in the great South- west, the Texas bee-keepers' paradise. It will tell you of more glorious fields in the counties south of Uvalde, superior to and more abundant in honey-yielding flora, promising to be one of the great- est honey-producing sections in the world. With flow- ing wells, and the planting of fields of alfalfa in addi- tion to the fine natural resources there already. Its editor will tell about his extended trip through this wonderful land. Subscribe now, $1 a 3'ear. The Apiarisf is not only for the South, but for all America and foreign countries too. Our company has purchased the Southland Queen, and now we have the only bee-journal in the South. THE LONE STAR APIARIST PUB. CO.. Louis Scholl. Editor. Floresvlile. Texas. Minnesota Bee-keepers' Supply Mfg. Co., Manufacturers of Bee-hives, Sections, Shipping-oases, and Everything Used by Bee-keepers. Orders filled promptly We have the best shipping facilities in the world You will save money by send- ing for our price list. Address Minnesota Bee-keepers' Supply Mfg. Co., Nicollet Island Power Building, Minneapolis, Minn. 1 0 CENTS That's all it costs to get acquainted with the Rocky Mountain Bee Journal. We want to send it on trial to every reader of Gleanings Three Months for 10 cts. This vigorous young month- ly has just entered its second year on a paying basis, and has become the recognized mouthpiece of the bee- keepers of the great Rocky Mountain alfalfa regions. Address The Rocky Mountain Bee Journal, Box 611. Boulder. Colorado. Cfi 99 »inse:n< Magazine Form. 16 Pages. 25c per Year. Sample Copy 5c. SPECIAL CROPS PUB. CO.. Box 603, Skaneateles, N. Y. POULTRY PAPER 3 Honths and book, "Plann for Poultr.v-houses," 10 ct.s. Paper one year and book, '26 cts, if .vou mention Gleanings (reg. price, 50 ctsi. Inland Poultry Journal, Indianapolis, Indiana. NONE BUT THE BEST QUEENS AHE GOOD ENOUGH FOR ANY ONE. No bee-keeper wants to give hive room to inferior bees. The best queens fill their hives with brood. The best bees fill their supers with honey. Every bee- keeper knows this, but does not know that our strain of Italians are in the lead. Try them You will not be disappointed Choice tested queens, tfl.OO each. Untested, 75c; $8.00 per doz. Send for price list. J. W. K. SHAW & CO., Loreauville, La. 1902 Queens from the best strains of either three or five banded Italians. Untested, 8o cis. each; tested, SI. 25 each ; breeders, 8.'i()0 ; 1-frame nuclei with warranted queen. $2.00; i!-frame, $3.00. Bees and queens ready to mail any day. My bees are selected from the very best .strains that money can buy. I make a specialty of queen-rearing and fill orders promptly. Iin>iuresafe arrival of queens. This is a postal money-order office. Remit with money-order to DANIEL WURTH, Caryvillc, Campbell Co., Tenn. 1902 ITALIAN QUEENS. From imported and home-bred mothers, by up- up-to-date methods. Tested. 82.00 Untested, .$1.00; .six, 1.5.00; twelve, 89.00. Full colony, 86.00 ; three-frame, $2.00; two-frame, $1.50; add the price of queen. Discount on large orders. Write for circular. Rufus Christian, neldriin, Georgia. ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦ \ White Wyandottes ! X ♦ Bred from Duston's best. Stock and eggs T T for sale in season. Satisfaction guarant- ed. x 2 J. F. MOORE, TIFFIN, OHIO. I ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ To make cows pay, use Sharpies Cream Separators. Book " Business DairTing " & cat. 288 free. W. Chester. Pa. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 347 A Warranted Red=clover Queen, 30 cts. An Offer for New Subscribers. We want to add a lot of new readers to our WEEK- LY AMERICAN BEE JOURNAI, list during August and September. For that reason we are making those who are not now reading our j lurnal regularly, this liberal offer: Send us Si HO and we will mail you the i!ee Journal for a whole vear, and also one of our WARRANTED LONG-TONGUED RED - CLOVER OUEENS untested Iiatian. ~ We arranged with one of the oldest and best queen- breeders (having many years' experience) to rear queens for us this season. His bees average quite a good deal the longest tongues of any yet measured. The breeder he will use is direct from Italy, having imported her himself. Her worker-bees are largr-, somewhat leather-colored, very gentle, and scarcely requiring veil or smoke. They stored red-clover honey last season. All queens guaranteed to arrive in >!Ood conditi n, and all will be clipped unless other- wise ordered. Thej- will be mailed in r tation, begin- ning about June 1st. so ' first com.e, first served." Headquarters in Chicago lor Root's bee-supplies at Root's prices. A free catalog and sample of the American Bee Journal on request. George W. York & Co., Chicago, 111. 144, 146 Erie Street. Special Notice to Bee=keepers' Root's Supplies at Catalog Prices. SEND FOR CATALOG. F. H. Farmer, Boston, Mass. 182 Friend St., 1st Flight. HONEY QUEENS! Laws' Long-tongue Leather Queens. Laws' Improved Golden Queens. Laws' Holy Land Queens. Igs, IM.BIAGGI ANTHONY, Pedevilla, near Bellinzona, Italian Switzerland. MAIL ANY DAY. Orders are now being booked for queens, untested and tested. Golden Italian selected tested, $1.50. Breeder-s, #2.50 to J5.00. None better. H. C. TRIESCH, Jr., Dyer, Ark. A QUEEi^ FREE. Our .stock is the very b-st that money and experi- ence can procure. Just give our stock a trial and be convinced. We will give one warranted queen free in July for every order for one dozen queens before May 1, in order to have you try our stock. Prices : Untested, each, $1.00; 6 for $5 00 ; 12 for f9.00. Select tested, $1.50. Tested, $1 25. Two-frame nu. lens and warranted queen, $3.00 ; three - frame nucleus and quern, $;3..50. Send for our catalog of bee-keepers' supplies and our price list of Italian queens and nu- cleus colunies, with description of our strain of bees. PRESTON STORE & PRODUCE CO., Dority, Preston Co., W. Va. jiiiiiiiiii IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIL IN CENTRAL MICHIGAN. Best = goods; best .shipping-point; cheap E est place to buy in state. Try me. Z List. W. D. Soper, Kt. 3, Jackson," Mich. S ^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiir i ROOT'S fOOODS If You Want Root's Goods we have them at Root's prices. Also A B C in Bee Culture— one of the best hooks printed on bees. Catalog free. Address as below. D. Cooley & Son. Kendall. Mich. Do You Read the Modern Farmer? If not, why not? Perhaps you have never seen a copy. If not, send for one now — it's free. Send us lo cents and the names and addresses of five farmers and ive will send you the paper one year. Clubbed with this paper. Write for price. Address MODERN FARMER, = St. Joseph, Missouri. i Sweet Potatoes===Choice Seed. J ^ SEND FOR PRICE LIST. ^ ^L. H. Mahan, Box 143, Terre Haute, Ind. ^ Sweet= Potato Plants. Jersey Yellow, Big Stem, Jersey Red, Vineland Bush, and other kinds. Write for price list. F. S. Newcomb, Vineland, N. J. I. p^ --^ - — , When you buy labels why don't A l-v 1-^ I ^ you get the kind that can be used /VUl-rfl-/*J over and over again? An abso- lute guarantee that these EVER- j LASTING METAL LABKLS are just as rep- ^t resented, or money refunded. Price, plain labels. 40c per 100; H2.00 per 1000, including marker. Address W. G YOUNG. 323 Brown St.. Dayton, 0. Marked labels, samples and pricestsenton application. 348 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 15 Queens! Buv them of H. G. Quirin, the largest queen- breeder in the North. The A I. Root C i. tells us our stock is extra dne. Editor York, of the Ameii- cat! Bee Journal, says he has good reports from our stock from time to time, while J. L. Gandy, of Humboldt, Neb., has secured over JOO lbs. of honey (mostly comb) from single colonies containing our queens. We have files of testimonials similar to the above. Our breeders originated from the highest-priced long - tongued red - clover queens in the United States. Fine queens, promptness, and square dealing have built i p our present business, which was es- tablished in 18,SS. Price of Golden and Leather-colored Queens Before July First. Selected Warranted Tested •Selected Tested Extra Selected Tested— the best that money can buy $1 UO 1 50 2 to 4 00 $i5 001$ H 50 8 (01 15 00 10 50 We guarantee safe arrival to any State, conti- nental island, or any European country. Can fill all orders promptly, as we expect to keep three to five hundred queens on hand ahead of ordt rs. Special price on 50 or 100. Circular free. Send all orders to Quirin the Queen=breeder, Money-order Office. Parkertown, Ohio. TEXAS QUEENS !! From the Lone Star Apiaries. G. F. Davidsoai & .Son, prop's, have made great prep- arations for the com- ing season to accom- modate . their many customers with either Long-tongue, Import- ed St ck. or Golden Queens They have bought out the queen- rearing business of O. P. Hyde & Son, Hutto, Texas, and by buying and increasing their number of nuclei, they are better prepared than ever to cater to the trade of the bee-keeping public. One of Roof.- Long-tongue Breeders; Imported stock direct from Italy; Goldens from leading queen breeders. Fine breeders of each of the above have been added to their yards. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaran- teed. Send for queen circular and price list We are now prepared to fill orders for Cyprian and Carnio- lan queens. Good strains. Address Q. F. Davidson «& Son, Box 190, Ploresville, Texas. Business Bees! Are the kind you want for honey. We have them in our -select five-band strain. J. F. Aitkins, Reno, Nev., has been buying several dozen queens a year— last j'ear ISO; have his order for 100 in April. F L. Crav- craft, Havana, Cuba, bought about 200 in fall of 1900; also 100 last April: has placed his order for 100. These men are large honey- producers. They know what they are about. We are better prepared than ever to handle orders. Prices: Untested queens, $1 00; dozen, 89.00: after May 1st, $8.00; tested, $1.50; .select, 82.00. Send for circular. J. B. Case, Port Orange, Fla. I PAGE $c LYOIM, I New London, Wisconsin. MANUFACTURERS OF AND DEALERS IN . . . BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES. . . . 5 Send for Our Free New Illustrated 5 ^ Catalog and Price List ^ Tar Heel Apiaries. Abbott L. Swinson, Queen-specialist in Charge. Or- ders filled now. For nuclei, 75c per L. frame — add price of queen. Bees, fl.OO per lb. Warranted queens, 81.00 each; $10.00 per dozen. Tested. $1.50. Breeders, $5.00. We have 300 colonies of best American albino Italians and Adel bees. These bees have no superiors in the long-tongue or any others. SWINSON & BOARDMAN. Box 358, Macon, Ga. ICHICAN HEADQUARTERS FOR C. B. Lewis Co.'s Bee-keepers' Supplies, Dadant's Foundation. We have the largest stock of supplies in the State. Can ship on one day's notice. Send for our 48-page illustrated catalog" and give us a trial order. L. G. Woodman, Grand Rapids, Mich. HONEY QUEENS FROM TEXAS. I can furnish queens of G different races, all bred in their purity in separate yards from ti to 25 miles apart. Untested queens, 75 cts. to $1.C0 each. Tested queens of either race. 81.50 to $;i.00 each. Breeders, $3.50 to $5 each. Bees by the pound, and 1, 2 and 3 frame nuclei a specialty. Prices cheap Quoted on application. Price list free. Will Atchley. Bo.N:~79,Beeville, Bee Co., Tex. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 349 ^ENINGTQK Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict, 137 Superior St., Cleveland, Ohio. >♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»»»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦< YES, SIR! The MUTH'S SPECIAL Dovetail hive is a CRACKER JACK. COVER BOTTOM are absolutely warp-proof. We know because we are practical, illustrated catalog- explains it all. You can have one by asking-. Not a hive over from last season. We sell the finest supplies at manufacturer's prices. STANDARD BRED QUEENS. None better than our Buckeye Strain of 3-banders Muth's Strain Golden Italians. 75c each; 6 for $4.00. Safe arrival guaranteed. THE FRED W. MUTH CO., Cincinnati, Ohio. »♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦< ♦ and 5 Our 4 left ♦ and 2 ♦ FRONT AND WALNUT. ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ Built for Long Service FROM THREE FACTORIES ^\ e ship duect to the coiiMiiuer We make ilie most leliable line ol vehicle^, liMi'iiess, ere, t^l p found anywhere and sell «t the lowest u lioK»ale prices We Handle No Low-Grado Work. Strons. flurabl* material and good honest workminship mnke our vehicles and hainesi outlast two of the ordinary kind. WrifO at flnPO '"'' "■• »"''>-"nie'd frel-Ui oharire«toyour IllllCfll UIIOC station on anvvehicle. C rts from *11.00to $38.75: Road Wagons irom $.'8,90 to ^lO.I 00; Buggi. s f roqi $36 tn $82 4.5: Surreys from $52.20 to *120.r,': Spring Wagons from $37. .50 to $112 511: F«rm Wagons from MI 5.") to $i;5 (15; Single Harness from $* .'^0 to $20.20; Farm harness from ♦12. .SO to $39.00 W/C QCWn PDCC "■" '•"•S"' illu«(riir(..l Veliicl» iind liar- flL OLIIU rnCL DfnH ealalo? ever Usnrd. Send for it. CASH BVYEUS' UMXON, Uept. £-845, CHICAGO. BELGIAN HARES ! With every hare sold goes a full pedigree, register number, and score-card, scored by an official judge. Does will be bred to one of our famous high -scoring bucks free. Write for book. Mgr. of The A. I. Koot Co. J. B. MASON, MECHANIC FALLS, MAINE. 1200 FERRETS. All size.s; some trained; first- class stock. New price list free. N. A. KNAPP, Rochester, Lorain Co., Ohio. Angora Goats are handsome, hardy, profitable. Prize stock ; low price ; circular. Ed. W. Colk & Co., Kenton, O. Just Horizontals and Cross-Bar3 woven together is all there is to^PAGE FENCE. Simple construction, isn't it? Page Woven Wire Fence Co., Box S, Adrian, Michigan. $3QFalityEggsfor$l Why? Because we represent twelve of the leading poultry-breeders of Washington Co., who for many years have taken their share of the premiums at the poultry shows. Their winnings for the past ten years wotild fill many editions of this paper. Eggs $1.00 per 13 from Single and Rose Comb White l,eghorns. Sin- gle and Rose Comb Brown L,eghorn.s, Buff IvCghorns, American Dominiques, White-crested Black Polish. Silver Spangled Hamburgs, Rose and Single Comb Black Minorcas; Buff, White, and Silver Laced Wyan- dottes; Barred, White, and Buff Plymouth Rocks; Light and Buff Brahmas, Toulouse Geese, Pekin Ducks. For $2.00, Rose and Single Comb Buff L,eg- horns and Buff Orpingtons. Catalog for stamp. E. R. Philo Poultry Association, Salem, N. Y. RUBBER STAN* PS. Send us 25 cts. for year's sub to our 16-p. monthly journal and we will mail you FREE as a premium a two-line Rubber Stamp, or two one-line Stamps, to print any wording you want. The Farm and Poultry News, Middlesboro, Ky. 350 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. is ^" On Split Hickory Veiiicles. "'"'^ In fact we chop off the jobber's and dealer's profits _ alto- gether and you buy at factory prices. On top of this we do something no dealer ever thought of or would do. We send any of our Split Hickory Vehicles anj^where on 30 Days' Free Trial to let the customer see and try them. Think of it, try the buggy 30 days, compare it with your neighbor's, and if 3'ou are not more than satisfied at the end of the 30 days that >ou got a great bargain, send it back without paying a cent to us. Now, are you interested? If so, send for our catalogue. It contains a full line of late style rigs, also complete line of harness. OHIO CARRIAGE MFG. CO., Station 27, Cincinnati, Oliio. >/7 29 YEARS SELLING DIRECT. No. 717 Surrey. Price, f7.'>.00. As good cllsfor J.'?.') OOtoJ'O.nOmore. We are the larges^t manufacturers of vehicles and harness in the world sell- ing to consumers, and we havf- b en do- ing business in this way tor 29 years. WE HAVE m AGENTS but ship anywhere for examination guaranleeinj^safedelivery. You are out nettling if not satisfied. We mal^e 195 styles of vehicles and 65 styles of harness. cost of material and making, plus ^ . No. 233 Wagon has rubber cov- Our prices represent the ered steps and X inch Kelly rub- iterial and making, plus ler tires. Price, ?67 ro. As roikI one profit. Our large free catalogue as sells for $10.00 to 450.fi0 more. shows complete line. Send for it. _ElkhartCarriage & Harness Manufacturing Co., Elkhart, I nd. No matter wlien, where or how you buy a rarri.ige or lianicss, our FKKK illu.strateii r;it:iU>f-'ue w ill furnisli yon Willi 111.' I.OWKST K.\< TOKV IMIU'E.S coni- lili'le (li'Srri]itions and ari'ur:ilr illustiatinns. It will guide you ill buying riglit. It also exijluiiis our plan of selling direct.— A Plan that Fully Protects Every Buyer Against Loss or Dissatisfaction. F.irtorr and Cienerai Olllce, Ciilumlms. Ohio, rrstern Ofllcr and Distributinf; House, St. Louis, Ho. The Columbus Carriage & Harness Co. Write to the nearest to the r St. I.oiiis. office \ Columbus. SEWS ANYTHING. *i/» 14 from silk to coars-S I est fabrics. The cei BALL-BEARINC I ARLINGTON' ] (eqaal of anjr $40 to $65 Ma loleDCJ with beautiful ar-p^arance. l»nd most complete attachments. B.\LL i BEARING, hence easy i I Guaranteed for 20 years. 250,000 eoM," I Testimonials from everj State. _ Write for Free I'atalo? showioj all styles and sampleE Arlington guaranteed machines from »11.95up. Oar Antomatie Pahinet at $i;.<5 is m wn CASH nrifERS- TNioN. nept. A-UTt, rmiAco, ii.i,. >EFEBHNCE. I- 1 RSI N A rii'N A 1 R\N k. jult.Sdu. !! WHITE LEGHORNS! ! single comb ; stock large and fine ; Satistaction guar- anteed. Pekin ducks. Eggs, $1.50 per 13. Address- W. H. GiFFORD, 151 Franklin St., Auburn. N. Y. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 351 Handy Farm Wagons maice tlie WO' K easier forbnth the man anri team. Tne tiree lieing v ide iliey di) not out into the Kiouiid; tlie labor of loadin'r is reduced many times, because of the short lift. They are equipped withourtara- ous Elet'trie .*tcel WlieiN, eitherstraiKhtorstas- frer spokes. Wheels any height from 24 to 60 inches. Whitehickory axles, steel hounds. Giiaranteed to carry 40110 lbs. Why not get started riprht by putting in one of these wagons. AVe make our steel wheels to fit any wagon. Write for the catalog. Itisfres. ELECTRIC WHEEL CO., BOX 95, QUINCY, ILL.* ISO Kinds for 16c. a fact that Salzer's vegetable and flower seeds are found in more gardens and on more fanns than any other _ in America. There is reason for this. We own and operale over Uioo acres for the production of onr choice seeds. In order to induce yon to try them we make the following miprec- edented otter : Fof HG Cents Postpaid ^ 20 kinds nf rarest luscious radishes, Iw magnificent earliest moluns. Hi so Is glorious toniutors, 1! j peerless lettuce varieties, !2 s;ilendid beet sorts, 65 gopgeously lieaulif ul flower seeds, in all 150 kinds positively furnishing bushels of charming llowci-s imd lots and lots of clioice vegetables,/ together with our great catalogue/ telling !ill about Teosinte and Tea ().if :ind Broniusand Speltz, onion sc l1 at 60c. a pound, etc., all only tor 16c. in stamps. Write to-day. JOHN A. SflLZERSEEDCO., La Crusse, Wis. CALIFORNIA RED WOOD Twelve ounce cold rolled copper tanks; hydro-safety lamps; clirnax ^safety heater ;corrn gated wafer reg- ulator, and the best system of heat- ing and ventilation is what makes iSiire Ilntcli liiciibators hatthcure. 9iiiiiion ScTiAe I rooders take goo.l care little chicks. Otirfr^ecat:ilntrueconiains hun- ^dredsof actual photographs of the Sure Hatch al work and is full o- honest poultry informat on. V u ou^ht to have It. Let us send it to you. Wr'le at once, addressing nearest house. Sure Hatch lacubatorCo.,Clay Ceoter,Neb.,orColu[nbus,0. GOME INTO THE F0LD7 Be one of the successful poultrymen. Our people make money out of chickens. They run The Petaluma Incubator and Brooder too. Perfect regulation of heat, air. moisture. Hatches every fertile egg. Write for free catalogue. Address nearest office. PETALUMA INCUBATOR CO., Box 125. Petaluma, Cal., or Box 125, Indianapolis, Ind. QREIDER'S FINE CATALOGUE of prize winning poultry for 1902, printed in colors, illusi rates and oescribes 50 Varieties of Ponltrj; Eives reasonable prices of ecgs and slock Many hintsto poultry raisers. Send lOe In siUer or stamps for thli noted l)ook. B. U. GUEI1>EK, Florin, Pa. /PWC ■="3^ "Beat the Bt/^V Such things as Ootl I lug- Moth, Ourcullo. t^rcon Aplils, Hciilv HtirU. Sail Jo!>e Scale, Klelit, Ktc, can only be defeated by frequent and per- Blstent spray ii g. '^/jg SprcLtnofor has proven to be the best all round spraying omtit on the market. Was awarded Gold Medal at Pan-Ameri- can K,\hibition, and winner of the Canadian iJovernment Spraying Contest. We mail fiee, booklet ••A (M)id mine ott VoiirFat m. "Ask for Your dealer will sell you the Kfiruixxor, or you can get it from us direct. BETTER THAN SPRAYING. Don't lu^-^barreh of water around when spraying. Use the poisun direct. Uur Common SenseDustSprayer and Insect Exterminntnr is a most ingenious device that is rapidly supplanting the old methods. It blows the finely powdered dust into every nook and crevice. Reaches the bot- toms as wen aa the tops ol leaves. Pestroy s insect life on plants. VTnes, shrubs and trees. Just as effective for vermin on poultry and pics. More rapid than spraying. Pescripdve circulars and testimonjals free. IIIM.IS I)LST SPKAVKlt t'O., Ilox 17, ST. Jt)M.|'ll, MO. $5iiMtiZ:U!i:aani§ Scltre^fulanug, tjiurautcet ti,r i: Bend frrcataloCTieNoSl Sellsli INVINCIBLE HATCHER CO.. 50EG6 SIZE rs, HatcQes every good egg, d get oDe free. • SPRINGFIELD. OHIO Fruit Packages of All Kinds. — AI^SO — BEE=KEEPERS' SUPPLIES. . . Order your supplies now before the busy season catches you. Price list free. Address BERLIN FRDIT-BOX COMPANY, Berlin Heights, - - Erie County, Ohio. Union Combination Saw /^ For Tiipping, Cross- cutting, Rabbeting, Mitering, tirooving, Gaining, Coring, Scroll sawing, Edge - nioiildi Beadiiig. Full line Foot and Hand Power niachin- erv. Send for mtaloz A. SENECA FALLS MFG. CO., 41 Water St , Seneca Fs., N.7, BARNES' Hand and Foot Power Machinery. This ctit represents our combined circular saw, which is made for bee- keeper's use in the con- struction of their hives, sections, boxes, etc , etc. Machines on Trial. Send for illustrated cata- log and prices. Address W. F. & Jno. Barnes Co., 545 Ruby 5t., Rockford. : Illinois. 352 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. is i'/^rr^ ••J f L.W1»»"— nllCIMF«;<; MAM BUSINESS JVIANAGER LOGWOOD HONEY FROM JAMAICA. If you want to taste some very fine extracted honey, send 10 cents for a mail sample of logwood honey from Jamaica. We have just received a two-ton lot in 60-lb. cans, which we offer at !S cts. per lb.; by the case of 2 cans, 7^c, or $9.00 per case. We can furnish choice white California honey at the same price, and amber at 5^ cent less. If interested, let us hear from you. A NEW WIRE-IMBEDDING OUTFIT. We have just gotten out a new wire-imbedding out- fiL that makes use of six dry cells. It is connected up with a multiple-point switch in such a way that a power of 2, 3, 4, 5. and 6 cells can be utilized according to the strength of the battery as a whole. This outfit is n ever\ way superior o the one we have been send- ing out. It makes use of no liquids; there are no acids to con ode the fingers, and the whole thing is so sim- ply arranged that any one can make it work. The price of the new outfit is $:?.00 instead of 82.50 for the old one. BEE.SWAX. Since our last issue we have received several very large shipments of wax, so that our bins are now full; but it will be gone by May 1, or soon after. If you have any to ship, not quite ready, don't put it off, for we will crop the price as soon as we get enough to run us through the season. The general market is active, and prices are firmer; but by the first of May the sup- ply is usually more plentiful. We can not afford to pay more and not advance the price of foundation. As it is, we are selling so near the cost that it is almost like changing dollars just to accommodate the bee- keepers. HOLDING OUR OWN. Between the middle of March and the middle of April we shipped 22 carloads, besides a large number of less than carload shipments. We have unfilled or- ders on hand for 17 carloads, and about 800 less th'n carload shipments. If any thing, we have gained a little on the orders sinc^ April 1, and sliall be in still better shape by May 1 if we do not in the meantime receive too many new orders. Many things go out promptlv. Hives of all kinds are crowding us the worst. Our stock of ch^ff hives, estimated to last clear through the season, is all gone already. We are having an unprecedented demand for the Danzenba- ker hive, as well as for other styles. We have surplus stock ahead of orders on Hoffman, thick-top, all-wood, and shallow frames, slotted section-holders and sep- arators The demand for fences and plain sections is very heavy, showing that these sensible ideas are sure- ly winning their way into popular favor. We have a large surplus of No. 2 sectioiK, only in 2-inch and Ifg, four openings, and 1 H plain, both 4itate con- vention last fall was the equal of many meetings of the National Association. And in all probability the Colorado State Bee-keepers' Association will meet with us in joint convention. If held at Denver, the bee-keepers of Utah, California. Texas, and all of the great West will be able to get theie. I firmly believe that a convention can be held at Denver that will be the equal of any ever held. " Of course, the first question asked will be : ' What about rates?' Well, they are all satisfactory, or. of course, we could not have gone to Denver as a conven- tion without low rates on the railroads was never a success. The National Letter-carriers' Association holds its annual convention in Denver during the first week in September, and an open late to eveiybody will be made at that time.' A representative railroad man told Mr. Working, the Secretary of the Colorado .State Bee-keepers' Association, that the regular fare outside of Colorado would be one fare, plus Jt2.00, for the round trip, with a regular rate of one fare for a round trip in Colorado, while there have been made some specially low rates from some points in the East. From Chicago the fare will be only f25 for the round trip From .St. L,ouis it is 1'21. From .St. Joseph, Kan- sas City, and Omaha, it will be only $15. Rates from points still further east have not yet been definitely settled. " Bee-keepers in the West will need no urging to come. To the bee-keepers of the E st I will say, take the trip It will open your eyes, not only in regard to bee-keeping, but to the wonderfvil possibilities of the great West. Your tickets will give you all the time you wish to see Colorado's w ndeiful mountain scen- ery — ' The Switzerland of America.' Don't miss this op'portunity of seeing its wonders, and mingling with its bee-keepers — the men and women with great big hearts. W. Z. Hutchinson, Pres."^ I am satisfied, from what I know of the bee-keepers in and about Denver, that this will be one of the most largely attended conventions of the Association ever htld in its historj'. From all present indications bee- keepers in California will have a good season ; and we hope that many of them will feel able to be present and help form a na ional policy to be pursued with reference to the prices of honey throughout the United States. Denver is right in the heart of the great West, and where, I predict, the great bulk of the hon- ey of the United States will be produced in the future. The railroad rates promi-ed are as low as we could ever expect to get ; and now is the opportunity for the bee-keepers, west of the Mississippi at least, to get to- gether in one grand omclave, and I hope that there will be seveial from the East. CONVENTION NOTICE. The Eastern part of the Northern Illinois Bee-keep- ers' Association will hold their spring meeting at the residence of C. J. Cummings, 'IV? miles northeast of Rockford, III., on Tuesday, May 20-, 1902. All interest- ed in bees are invited to attend. R. Kennedy. Sec. Rockford, 111., Rural Route No. 5. Special Notices by A. I. Root. SPECIAL EXCURSION RATE TO NORTHERN MICHIGAN VIA THE PERE MARQUETTE RAILWAY. The P re Marquette Railway will make a special fishing rate to Northern Michigan of one fare for the round trip, between May 1 and August 31. This will bring the round-trip fare from Toledo to Traverse City (locality I have been writing about) down to $8.25. THAT HUBBARD SQUASH SEED. On page 153, March 15, I a.sked about the Hubbard squash seed we sold last season. I am glad to be able to say that, up to date, not a single customer has re- ported squashe-; not true to name; therefore we may reasonably conclude the seed was all right. THE AMERICAN WONDER LEMON. Two years ago I bought of Schmidt & Bottley, of Springfield, Ohio, an American Wonder lemon, about a foot high. I,a.st season it bore about half a dozen lemons. While I was absent the fr st got into the greenhouse and made it drop part of its leaves and two lemons. The other four made handsome fruits, larger than any lenii n in the market, and it seemed that the lemonade they made was ahead of any thing el.-e in the world. But that may be bec-nise they grew on my own tree. This tree is now loaded with bloom, and its branches would all lie on the ground covered with fruit if I let them bear so much; and, all togeth- er. I consider it a beautiful house-plant, hardy enouih to stand quite a frost without injury, and very easy to manage. My first plant cost me 25 cts. They are now offered at 15 cts. each, or five for 50 cts. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 353 SEED POTATOES. We are all sold out except New Rtisset and New Craig, and the seconds are all gone of these. We can ship promptly, on receipt of orders, firsts, for $3.50 per barrel, as long as they last. We have about HO or -10 bushels of the New Russets, and perhaps 00 or 70 of the Craigs. The greater part of our seed potatoes for the coming year will be grown in Northern Michigan, Providence permitting; and we expect to have some nicer potatoes for our customers than any thing we have grown here in Medina for many a year. Pc liaps 1 might say we have odds and ends of ahndst all varie- ties, .so we can still furnish potatoes by mail, or per- haps half a peck or so of a kind, by express or freight, SHALLOTS, OR POTATO ONIONS. For some years ^ve have been sold out of these onions, .so we have not even advertised them. >ow, however, we have a nice lot of about three bushels which we can sell at the following prices: Small ones, from the size of a hulled walnut down, 1.5 cts. a quart; 90 cts. a peck; S^.OO a bushel. I really do not know the difference between a yellow shallot and a yellow potato onion. They look so near alike and act so much alike I should be inclined to call them one and the same thing (Our old Whittaker onion is also the .same, only it seemed to make a bigger onion). The small sets, when planted alone, will produce one or two large onions; but the larger ones, when planted, will break up into small sets, producing all the way from half a dozen to a dozen or even two dozen in a hill. They are very hardy, and will usually win- ter outdoors all right; but when kept in a dry cold place over winter they are the best keepers of any thing in the onion line; in fact, ours are as hard and firm as when they were first gathered, and there is not a sprouted one in the lot. If wanted by mail, add 10 cts. per lb. for packing and postage. THE GRAND TR.AVERSE HAND POTATO-PLANTER. I notice the manufacturers have changed their di- rections for using the planter, slightly, for this year. The new directions read as follows : " It is very important in planting potatoes that they he plaud in moi'sf soil and covered before the soil diies out. This the Acme planter does perfectly. Ordina- rily the holes are made, or furrow turned if horse is used, and the soil exposed to the hot sun for the day. The soil soon dries. Next the sets are dropped, and perhap-i they are left to blister in the sun; they are then covered at unequal depths. "directions for USE. " Carry the planter with the horizontal arm or lever across the row you are following. When putting in the seed raise the planter to the left hand. Do not stoop. Put the planter into the ground with the toot stepping squarely on the hopper, not on the lever; keep the foot on the planter while throwing the handle to the left, which releases the seed, then raising the planter you naturally step on the hill, which firms the ground. Carry the seed in a sack, as shown in the cut. It is very important to hav - the right kind of sack; it should be about 20 inches wide and 11 inches deep. A common grain bag makes three good ones. The strap for carrying it should be fastened about three inches from each edge of the bag. Carry the bag high enough so that the bottom can be easily reached. Do not make the bag too deep." From what vre used the machine last year I am in- clined to think the above directions are rather an im- provement on those we gave a year ago, especially in regard t . keeping the foot on the planter while throw- ing the handle to the left. Please remember the new prices : One planter, 60 cts.; 3 or more at 5-5 cts. each ; half-dozen or more, 50 cts. each ; one crate of a whole dozen, f5 25. ;OR SAI^E — 2000 lbs honey, buckwheat mixed, 7c, freight paid; in (iO lb. cans, 2 cans in case. B. F. AvERiLL, Howardsville. Va. 200-Egg Incubator for $12-80 Perfect in construction and action. Hatches every fertile epg. Write for catalogne to-day. GEO. H. STAHL, Quincy, III. Victor's Strain of Italian 4 Bees Awarded the Diploma ^ as Being the Best Bees ? at the Pan=American. BUREA U OF A WARDS. XPOSITION,) L^ORK. U.,S. A. V uaiv 12, 1902.) PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION,^ Buffalo, New Y( Februai Mr. IV. O. Victor, Wharton, Texas. Dear Sir — I have the honor to advise you that a Diploma rf Honorable Mention has been awarded to you for j'our exhibit of Italian bees at this Exposition. Very respectfully, Wm. I. Buchanan, Director General. Orel L. Hershiser Bought of Me an Untested Queen. This is what He Says of Her Colony : "They are very industrious characteris1i/:al- ly marked, and extremel3' gentle. It was a daily experience and repeated many times daily, to go into the inclosure with interested visitors, at the Exposition, open the hive, full to overflowing with beautiful tees, the prog- eny of the queen you sent me, and handle them in the various manipulations cf hunting out the queen ; shaking the bees from the comb, as is done in extracting, showing the brood in all stages, etc., all without the use of a smoker or any thing else to quiet the bees, and I do not recollect that any one ever got a sting from any of them.'' Of the bees I exhibited at the Pan-American, he .says : "The nucleus you sent for exhibition and award was certainly very fine-looking . bees, and, in my opinion, thry deserve the award given them by the judges." „_ i^j^i^-s t But Who is Mr. Hershiser? ''T3 "^ See Gleanings of date of Feb'y 1, 1902, page 97 Send in your orders for queens, and in a short time, as Mr. Hershiser and hundreds of others are now doing, you, too, will be singing the praises of "Victor's Bees." Price lists on application. I Am Filling Orders by Return Mail from This Superior Stock at Following Prices : Untested queens: 1, $1,00; (i, f5.00. Select un- tested queens: 1, $\.'lo: 0, Jti.OO. Tested queens: 1, I1..50; t), fS.OO. Select tested queens: 1, $2 00; 6, $11.00. Breeders, $i.W) to $7 00. See circular for specifications. W. 0. VICTOR, Wharton, Tex. ^ Queen Specialist. 354 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Apr. 15 QUEENS, QUEENS Old Standbys.— The A. I. Root Co., to whom w€ have sold queens for many years, wrote us last May, inus : "Are you running low on queens? We hope not, as you seem to be our standbys. Send us 24 pet week instead of 12, till further orders." Beat Any Thing He ever Saw. — The Cyprian queens you sent me la.st year beat any thing I ever saw rear- ing brood and filling their hives with honey.— J. Niel- sen, Huntington, Utah, Sept. 4, 1901. Is Great.— The nucleus you sent me last fall is great — the finest queen that ever crossed the plains. Please duplicate her this time. Mr. Jordan says the nucleus vou sent him cast two fine swarms. — G. R. Warren, Fruitvale, Cal., May 12, I'JOl. $50 Queens.— My rice queen that you sent me, and I put in a hive willi a handful of Lees on the (ith day of last June, has now nearly filled her30-lb. super fot the third time. No man's J.oO.dO bill could take her. Please send me another one like her as soon as possi- ble, and keep a dozen ready for nie like her for the 20th of April next, and I will mnke \o\\ a nice present. - M. Brown, Station A, Little Rock," Ark. We breed Italians, Cyprians, Holylands, Carniolans, and Albinos, in separate yaids, o'to 2(t miles apart. Prompt service. Sate arrival guaranteed, lees by the pount, nucleus, full colony, or by the carload. Prices : Tested, $\ .50 each ; S.S 00 for six ; SI.') 00 pei dozen. Untested, February, March, April, Mav, $IM each; J5.00 for six ; $9.00 per dozen. Fine breecers, f.5.00 each. Send for our catalog, free 1 y mail; tells how to rear queens and how to keep bees for profit. Agents for Dadant's Foundation and Gleanings. Premiums given. Don't fail to get our printed matter. It's AI.,1, free. Bee-supplies of all kinds. ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦< The Jennie Atchley Co., Beeville, Tex. ♦ I S' Ready ! Sixty-four Page Catalog of every thing- bee-keepers need. Illustrated and fully described. Especially valuable to begin- ners for the information it con- tains. Send your address on a postal and g-et it now. Estab- lished 1884. I ]. M* Jenkins^ I Wctumpka^ Elmore Co., Ala, ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ BEE-SUPPLIES. Kretchmer Mfg. Co., Box 60, Red Oak, la. wfmmm Best-equipped factory in the West ; car- ry a large stock and greatest v..riety of every thing needed in the apiary, assur- ing BEST goods at the LOWFIST prices, and prompt shipment. We want every bee-keeper to have our FREE ILLUS- TRATED CATALOG, and read descrip- tion of Alternating Hives, Ferguson Su- pers, etc. IVriU at once /or a catalog. AGENCIES Trester Supply Companv, Lincoln, Neb. Shugart & Ouren, Council Bluffs, la. Chas. Spangler, Kentland, Ind. BINGHAM SMOKER. Dear Sir:— Inclosed find $1.75. Please ■end one brass smoke-engin*.'. I hare on« already. It is the best smoker I •Terused. Trulvvonrs, Henry Schmidt, Hutto, Tei. MADE TO ORDER Bingham Brass Smokers, Made of sheet brass, which does not m.st or burn out; should last a lifetime. You need one, but tliey cost 25 cts. more than tin of the same size. The little open cut shows our brass hinge put on the three larger sizes. No wonder Bingham's four-inch smoke-engine goes without puffing, and docs not drop inky drops. The perforat- ed steel fire-grate has 3,S1 holes to air the fuel and support the fire. Heavy tin smoke-engine, 4-inch stove, per mail, $1.50; 3^-inch, $1.10; 3-inch. $1.00; 2>4-inch, 90c; 2-inch, (»c. Bingham smokers are the originals, and have all the improvements, and have been the standard of excellence for 23 years. Only three larger ones brass. T. F. Bingham, Farweil, Michigan. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 3£9 Contents of this Number. Alfalfa on Unirrigated I,and 3()3 Alfalfa, Discouraging Outlook 367 Alfalfa, Time of Cutting 386 Bees and Peaches 381 Bees in a Canyon 385 Bees in Greenhouse 368 Bee in L,aw 375 Bees Killed by Furnaces 385 Bees Not a Nuisance 376 Bees Preferring Old Combs 363 Bees, Chinese 385 Bee-keeping, Amateur 386 Benton's Reply to Dr. Miller ; 372 Blacks Preferred in Europe 363 Breeding from P'reak-best Queens 364 Brood, Pickled, Character of 384 Clipping, Time for 363 Clover, Sweet, Soil for 385 Feeding in Fall 375 Fertilizers, Chemical 392 Figwort, Good Report of 385 Honey Crop of California 384 Honey I,ocalities, Best 368 Honey Recipes 370 Honey, Candied Comb, Disposing of it 384 Honey-dew, Black, Wintering on 385 Larch Lumber 363 Lies, Inflation, from California 369 Manures, Green 392 Market, Bearing Down 369 Money, Post Check 370 Noise Disturbing Bees S'*^; white clover, 6!4@7. Beeswax, scarce, 30. C. H. W. Weber, April 18. 2146 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. Chicago.— The season in which comb honey sells prior to the new crop is now practically at an end; therefore prices are more or less irregular, as some sections in a case will be grained more or less, and others free. The best lots of basswood and clover sell at 14(ailo; other kinds of white, 10@13; ambers, 9@ 12, and not in heavy supply. Extracted white, dull, 5(0 6 '4, and amber. 5 a 6, depending upon flavor and other qualities. Beeswax scarce, and wanted at 32. R. A. Burnett & Co., April 18. 199 South Water St., Chicago, 111. Wanted. Comb honey in any quantity. Please ad- vi.se what you have to offer. Evans & Turner, Town St , Cor. 4th, Columbus, Ohio. WANTED-Comb and extracted honey. State price, kind, and quantity. R. A. Burnett & Co., 199 South Water St., Chicago, 111. Wanted.— Extracted honey, either large or small lots: parties having same to offer, send samples, and besi prices delivered, Cincinnati, O. We pay cash ou delivery. The Fred W. Muth Co., Front and Walnut Sts., Cincinnati, O. Wanted.- Comb honey in Danzenbaker sections. We can use both white and amber. The a. I. Root Co., Medina, Ohio. For Sale — Fancy and No. 1 comb honey; about 20)) lbs. or mori. Wm. Mokris, Lis Animas, Col. For Sale.— Extracted honey, from alfalfa, at 7c per pound. Send for sample. D. S. Jenkins, Las Animas, Col. For Sale. —Whitest alfalfa honey, |9.00 ; tinted, f7.80, per case of two 60-lb. cans, net. Arkansas Valley Apiaries, Las Animas, Col. For Sale.— Clover and sweet-clover extracted honey at 7c, in kegs and cans. Dr. C. L- Parker Sta. A, R. F. D., Syracuse, N. Y. We will be in the market for honey the coming sea- son in carloads and less than carloads and would be glad' to hear from producers everywhere what they will have to offer. Seavey & Flarsheim, 1318-1324 Union Avenue, Kansas City, Mo. MAIL ANY DAY. Orders are now being booked for queens, untested and tested. Golden Italian selected tested, $1.50. Breeders, r2.50 to 85.00. None better. H. C. TRIESCH, Jr., Dyer, Ark. CC 99 eilMSEIM< Magazine Form. 16 Pages. 25c per Year. Sample Copy 5c. SPECIAL CROPS PUB. CO., Box 603, Skaneateles, N. Y. 360 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 1 t Victor's Strain of Italian Bees Awarded the Diploma as Being the Best Bees at the Pan=Anierican. BUREA U OF A IVARDS. PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION, \ Buffalo, New York. U. S. A. - Februaiy 12, 1902. J Ml . IV. O. Victor, IVhar/on, Texas. Dear Sir. — I have the honor to advise yon that a Diploma of Honorable Mention has been awarded to you for your exhibit of Italian bees at this Exposition. Very respectfully, Wm. I. Buchanan, Director-General. Orel L. Hershiser Bought of Me an Untested Queen. This is what He Says of Her Colony : "They are very industrious, characteristical- ly marked, and extremely gentle. It was a daily experience, and repeated many times daily, to go into the inclosure with interested visitors, at the Exposition, open the hive, full to overflowing with beautiful bees, the prog- eny of the queen you sent me, and handle them in the various manipulations of hunting out the queen ; shaking the bees from the comb, as is done in extracting, showing the brood in all stages, etc., all without the use of a s:noker or any thing else to quiet the bees, and I do not recollect that any one ever got a sting from any of thein." Of the bees I exhibited at the Pan-American, he says : " The nucleus j'ou sent for exhibition and award was certainly very fine-looking bees, and, in my opinion, they deserve the award g^ven them by the judges." But Who is Mr. Hershisen? See Gleanings of date of Feb'y 1, 1902. page 97. Send in your orders for queens, and in a short time, as Mr. Hershiser and hundreds of others are now doing, you, too, will be singing the praises of "Victor's Bees." Price lists on application. 1 Am Filling Orders by Return Mail from This Superior Stock at Following Prices : Untested queens: 1, $1.00; fi, $5.00. Select un- tested queens: 1, $1.25; 6, $6.00. Tested queens: 1, $1.50; 6, $S.OO. Select tested queens: 1, $2.00; 0, $11.00. Breeders, $3.00 to $7 00. See circular for specifications. t W. 0. VICTOR, Wharton, Tex. ^ Queen Specialist. Wants and Exchange. Notices will be inserted under this head at 10 cts. per line. You must SAY you want your adv't in this department, or we will not be responsible for any error. You can have the no- tice as many lines as you please ; but all over ten lines will cost you according to our regular rates. We can not be re- sponsible for dissatisfaction arising from these " swaps." Y^ ANTED. — To exchange Dadant uncapping-cans, '" Root's No. 5 extractor, and other supplies, for honey or wax. O. H. Hyatt, Shenandoah, Iowa. \1/ ANTED. —Comb honey in Danzenbaker sections in '' exchange for supplies, or will pay cash. We pre- fer large lots of white honey, but c^n use .some amber in this size. The A. I.Rooi Co., Medina, Ohio. Yl^ANTED.— To sell Rocky Ford cantaloupe seed. ' ' Seed of these fainous melons postpaid, 40 cts. per pound. Choice selected stock H. F. Hagen, Rocky Ford, Colorado. \V ANTED.— To know who has 200 colonies of bees to ' ' sell cheap ; also what young man would like to serve an apprenticeship with Quirin the queen-breed- er. H. G. Quirin, Parkertown, O. Vl^ANTED.— To exchange New Cumberland black- "' raspberry plants (Cuthbert), Fay's Currants, blackberry (Snyder, Taylor, Western Triumph), for beeswax at 30c per lb., or cash. Wanted, old comb and slumguni. A. P. 1,awrence, Hickory Corners, Mich. \17ANTED.— To sell 500 brood-combs, just a little '^' larger than the Hoffman frame, at $8.00 per ICO, f. o. b. at Petoskey. R. B. Oldt, Epsilon, Mich. WANTED.— One dollar for 15 W. P. Rock eggs; 83.00 for 50, or $.5.00 for 100; from 93 to 95 scoring birds; cockrels and pullets, $1.00 each; 75 cts. for one Golden Italian queen, or $8.00 per dozen — after August 1st, 50c each or $5.00 per dozen. Geo. W. Cook, Spring Hill, Kansas. WANTED. — Beekeepers to study our adverti.sement and testimonial of queens in April 1st Gleanings. R. F. Holtermann, Manager Bee Department, Bow Park Co., L,imited, Brantford, Canada. WANTED. — To exchange a Belgian rifle for offers. R. J. Cary, R. F. D. No. 42, Norwalk, Conn. AVANTED. — To exchange the vmbound volumes of '' Gleanings from 1882 to 1901, for books or any thing of value. J. F. Nieman, Woodville, Ohio. WANTED. — Position, by a young man of 21, to as.sist in apiary; have had some experience with bees and factory work; temperate habits; good reference. John Tite, Robinson, Quebec, Canada. WANTED. — Some one to move into this vicinity and take 12 or 15 colonies of bees on shares. Bees are in Dovetailed hives, and in good condition. Or will sell. Write quick to H. J. Schrock, Goshen, Ind. WANTED. — To sell for cash, 5-gal. square tin cans, used for honey, at about half price of new cans. Also elegant exhibition 12-lb. no-drip honej'-cases for plain Danz. and ■i'%Xi% sections; made for Pan-Amer- ican. For prices and particulars address Orel I,. Hershiser, 301 Huntington Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. WANTED.— Second-hand or knocked -down hives. Describe them, with price. Also want a man who knows how to handle bees a little. W. I,. CoGGSHALL, West Groton, N. Y. WANTED.— To sell in May and June, three I<. frame nucleus with good queen, free from disease. Ital- ian bees. C. S. Younki.v, Confluence, ,Som. Co., Pa. WANTED.— Correspondence with person desiring apiary of 38 colonies, and all up to date appli- ances for conducting same. A bargain for cash. Evans E. Ewing. Rising Sun, Maryland. WANTED. — Beeswax, typewriter, and wheel-hoe and drill. Send for long list of articles to select from in exchange. F. H. McFarland, Hj'de Park, Vt. WANTED. — To exchange brood foundation for bees- wax or offers. Fred W. Buttery, R. F. D. 43, Norwalk, Conn. 1902 GLEANNGISIN BEE CULTCKK. 3<.l Gleanings in Bee Culture [Established in 1873.] Devoted to Bees, Hooey, and Home Interests. Published Semi-monthly by The A. I. Root Co., - - Medina, Ohio. A. I. ROOT, Editor of Home and Gardening Dep'ts. E. R. ROOT, Editor of Apicultural Dept. J. T. CALVERT. Bus. Mgr. A. I,. BOYDEN, Sec. TERMS. 11.00 per annum ; two years, $1.50; three years, $2.00; five years. $.'!.00, in advance; or two copies to one address, $1.50 ; three copies, $2.00 ; five copies, $3.75. The terms apply to the United States, Canada, and Mexico. To all other countries 48 cents per year extra for postage. DISCONTINUANCES. The journal is sent until orders are received for its discontinuance. We give notice just before the subscription expires, and fur- ther notice if the fir.st is not heeded. Any sub.scriber whose subscription has expired, wi.shing his journal discontinued, will please drop us a card at once; other- wise we shall assume that he wishes his journal con- tinued, and will pay for it .soon. Any one who does not like this plan may have his journal stopped after the time paid for by making this request when ordering. RATES OF ADVERTISING. These will be fur- nished on application. Mr. A. I. Root's Writings of Grand Traverse territory and I,eelanau Co. are descriptive of Michigan's most beautiful section reached most convenientU- via the Pere Marquette R. R. For pamphlets of Michigan farm lands and the fruit helt, address J. E. Uerritt, Manistee, Michigan. DiTTMER'S FOUNDATION. Retail — Wholesale — ^Jobbing. Having increased my shop -room, put in power and a new set of ma- chines, I am now producing a better article than ever, with unlimited ca- pacity to meet orders. I use a process that produces every essential neces- sary to make it the best and most de- sirable in all respects. My process and automatic macliines are my own inventions, which enable me to sell foundation, and WORK WAX INTO FOUNDATION FOR CASH, at prices that are the lowest. I make a specialty of working up Wholesale and Jobbing IvOts of wax into foundation, for cash. If you have wax by the 100 lbs. or ton, let me hear from you. Catalog giving Full Line of Supplies with prices and samples, ^ree upon application. BEESWAX WANTED. Gus. Dittmer, ^ Augusta, Wisconsin. CHAS. ISRAEL & BROS., 486-490 Canal St., Corner Watt St., N. Y. Honey and Beeswax. I^iberal Advances made on Consignments. Whole- .sale Dealers and Commission Merchants. Estab. 1875. »♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»»♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦< I Marshfjeld Manufacturing Company. I Our specialty is making SECTIONS, and they are the best in the market. Wisconsin basswood is the right kind for them. We have a full line of BEE - SUPPL,IES. Write for FREE illustrated catalog and price list. Marshfield Manufacturing Company, Marslifield, Wisconsin. \ »♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦? 11 I. J. Stringham, 105 Park PL, New York City. n^y 1 You want the best supplies at as low a price as pos- sible. If you are anywhere in the EAST we can fur- nish }'ou, and it will be to your advantage to get our 1902 catalog-. There are "special offers" in it. Re- member, we furnish EVERY THING a bee-keeper needs. Apiaries located at Glen Cove, Long Island. 362 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 1 SHHiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiniiiin I The A. I. Root Co., Philadelphia, Pa. f I 10 Vine Street. | = Full line of all supplies manufactured by us. i 1 Low freight and steamship rates to all points on | I Atlantic Coast. Order early, be ready for spring. j SimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiii^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^ ^ WATERTOWN, WISCONSIN, U. S. A. Bee-keepers' Supplies If you are located nearer any of our agencies send us your name and address and write to them for prices. C. M. Scott & Co , . . . 1004 EastWashington St., Indianapolis, Ind. ly. C. Woodman Grand Rapids, Michigan. The Fred W. Muth Co., S. W. cor. Walnut & Front, Cincinnati, Ohio. Fred W. Foulger & Sons Ogden, Utah. Colorado Honey Producers' Association, 1440 Market St.. Denver, Colo. Colorado Honey Producers' Assoc'n, R. C. Aiken, Mgr., Loveland, Colo. Grand Junction Fruit-growers' Association, . . Grand Junction, Colo. Robert Halle Montrose, Colo. Pierce Seed & Produce Co Pueblo, Colo. E. T. Abbott St. Joseph, Mo. Chas. Dadant & Son, Hamilton, Ills. F. C. Erkel 515 Fir.st Ave., N. E, Minneapolis Minn. lyilly. Bogardus & Co Seattle, Wash. Klauber, Mangenheim & Co., San Diego, Calif. Fallbrook Co-operative Association Fallbrook, Calif. J. K.Hill & Co * Uvalde, Texas. J All of the Above Agencies can Fill Your Orders Promptly. ^ BEE -SUPPLIES! ROOT'S GOODS AT ROOT'S PRICES. C. H. W. Weber, Cincinnati, Ohio. 2146-2148 Central Ave. A NEW AND COMPLETK stock for 1902 now on hand. I am The Root Com- pany's representative for Cincinnati and sur- rounding territories. . . You save TIME and FREIGHT CHARGES by having goods shipped from here. Convenience of railroad facilities here enables me to do so. Before buying elsewhere, write for my prices and catalog, which will be mailed you free of charge. ' • DELVOTEDJ •AND Hon EY •AND home: •INTEF^EST^ fublishedby-THE7\l1^00YC0. ■ 12^ PER^AR.'^'Xs'nEDiNA- Ohio • Vol. XXX. MAY I, 1902. No. A CORRESPONDENT watits to know if I think a supersedure queen best of all queens, and, if so, why. I don't know ; but I have an impression that a supersed- ure queen is no better than a queen of the same colony raised at swarming- time. If a colony should for several years refrain from swarming-, renewing- its queen at proper intervals by supersedure, I should have some preference for such a queen be- cause of its non-swarming- blood. [That is orthodox for our localitj^. — Ed.] E. Laglaine says in Revue Eclectique that bees occupy old combs only when they can not do otherwise, preferring- to build new. It passes my comprehension to un- derstand how the experience and observa- tion of others can be so different from my own. Over and over ag-ain I have had the strong-est proof that the bees preferred old combs to foundation or empty space, or even fresher comb, and I have yet to see the first case in which any thing- else was preferred to old comb, unless the old comb was moldy or otherwise in bad condition. [So here.— Ed.] Larch lumber, s?Lys, Illustrierfe Monats- blaetter, is not suitable for hives, among- other reasons because the wood is not suf- ficiently porous for g-ood wintering-. If that is so, it supports Doolittle's contention that hives should be unpainted. [Larch is a species of pine ; and I find by the Century Dictionary that the wood is tough, buoyant, and elastic ; but there is no wood in the world that quite equals the northern white pine, such as we g^et from Michigan and Canada. The yellow pines are pitch3% heavy, difficult to work, and do not g-ive the satisfaction that the white does. But in Arizona and California, redwood, a spe- cies of cedar, has the preference in certain localities to even white pine, for hives. It seems to be especially adapted to a hot dry climate. —Ed.] Black bees are in better repute across the water than on this side. Illustrierte 3/oTiatsblaetter says the best bees aire the natives, and next to them the Carniolans. [On this side the averag-e honey-producer would just as soon have hybrids ( a cross between blacks and Italians) as the pure Italians. They will certainly get as much and possibly more honey, but they are not so pleasant to handle. Black bees are very much inferior to either so far as the amount of hone}' is concerned. Years ag-o, when we had about 25 colonies of such bees in the apiary, it was very plain to be seen that the Italians would outstrip them; and this was especially so when it came to the red-clover season. — Ed.] For those who must find queens each spring- so as to know whether the clipped < ueen is still there or has been suoerseded by a queen which must be clipped, it is well that the work be done as soon as the weather is warm enoug-h. It is much eas- ier to find a queen in a small colony than after it has become overflowing- with bees. On the other hand, it is frequently the case that, in a very weak colony, it is almost impossible to find the queen. I don't know why. [Yes, indeed; now is the time to clip queens' wing^s. It is penny wise and pound foolish to put it ofl^ till the busy season, when the hives are boiling- over with bees, and when it may sometimes take an hour to find a queen. One can clip ten queens now where he can clip one along- about the middle of June. — Ed.] Carl F. Buck says, p. 329, that I "claim that alfalfa does not yield honey except on irrig-ated land." Not quite that, friend Buck. It was not so strong: as a claim; only a question, and that with no reference to irrig-ation. I supposed it would yield on unirrig-ated land, for I think I have read of the difference in the yield on irrigated and unirrig-ated land close by. My question was whether it would yield east of the Rockies — a question I should not have ask- ed, for I knew it yielded east of the Rock- ies in Colorado. What I suppose I had in mind — a question still in order — was this: Does alfalfa yield honey east of the Missis- 364 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 1 sippi? [So far I have yet to hear of alfalfa yielding' honey east of the Mississippi; and it was a surprise to me that it did so in any locality not irrigated. I refer to what Carl F. Buck says of its yielding honey in Kansas. — Ed.] Mr. Editor, you say you marked loca- tions, so that, when you put out bees a month later, you can put them on same stands. I wish you would change location of a few, so as to see just how much harm would come of it. Some say they will get mixed if put on wrong stands, even after being in cellar all winter. It never seemed that my bees clung so tenaciously to old locations. This year I set a colony near the cellar on taking out. It flew that day, and, after standing there a week, I took it down to the apiary. The first day it flew, perhaps ten days after its first flight, it seemed to mark its locality anew, and I don't know that any bees were lost. [Per- haps you are right; but we determined to be on the safe side; but if bees after a confinement of ten days will mark their locations anew, then the fact is a matter of importance on the score of convenience if nothing else. — Ed.] A TRICK in transferring, new to me, is given in Revue Eclediqiie. Lay your empty frame on its side; drive into the side of the top-bar seven or eight small nails, leaving the heads projecting \% incli. Likewise drive an equal number in the side of the bottom-bar. Take very fine wire and fas- ten one end to the first nail above; pass to the first nail below, take a turn and pass to the second nail below, then successively to the second nail above, third nail above, third nail below, fourth below, fourth above, and so on, fastening on the last nail. Turn your frame over and lay combs in it, then put over the combs another se- ries of wires, and there j'ou are. [M3% oh my ! That would be a lot of work ; and how much better would it be than a string or thread wound around the frame of combs? The string, the bees will take oii" of their own accord if the apiarist is too lazy to take it olf after the combs are fas- tened ; the wire — that would have to be taken off very laboriously; and those nails! how nice (?) they would be for uncapping! Give the fellow that got that up a leather medal. — Ed.] I THREW BRICKBATS at F. B. Simpson be- cause he said we mustn't breed from freal<- best queens. The National Stockman fur- nishes a briclibat that might come whizzing about my ears if he should happen to see it. It says: "Most breeders will endorse Mr. Gormle3''s position that speed without a speed inheritance is not likely to reproduce itself; and that for breeding purposes the inheritance without the standard speed is preferable to the speed without the inherit- ^tnce. " Well — yes — or — but, say, F. B., bees are not horses — that is to say, you can't control the mating, and so you never can be sure of inheritance ; and so long as you are perforce compelled to forego inher- itance, it is better to breed from the best performers in the hope that at least some- thing of their good qualities will be inher- ited by their royal ofi'spring. [There is the trouble — the control of the male parentage. In our own experience, breeding from our best queens produces a superior class of daughters — no doubt about that. A princi- ple that may be true in the breeding of horses may not hold good in breeding queens. — Ed.] The wind is a factor in wintering that is not sufficiently considered. Some speak as if an increase of latitude must make an in- crease in the severity of the winter. The isothermal lines do not by any means keep company with the parallels of latitude. The wind may cut more figure than either. Where I live, the wind thinks nothing of keeping up a lively gait 24 hours at a stretch, with the mercury not far from zero. I can easily imagine a place 500 miles fur- ther north, and a good many degrees cold- er, where it will be easier on outdoor bees than in this windy localitj'. [It is not much wonder to me that Dr. Miller has never been able to make a success of out- door wintering in his locality. A lively gale of wind for 24 hours on a stretch, with a zero temperature, is something we do not have in Medina, for perhaps more than one day in the winter, although we may have several days of high wind when the temper- ature is 20 above; but these are liable to be followed by a warm spell, and it is not an unusual thing during the winter for bees to have a flight. Notwithstanding, however, we have made a great success with outdoor wintering at Medina, I am coming to the conclusion that the indoor method even here will be more economical in the consumption of stores, and give us stronger colonies for the honej'-flow. I may change my mind; but that is the way the straws round about Medina blow just now. — Ed.] One of the things fully settled long ago was that it is a bad thing to put bees out of cellar for a flight and then return them. Having tasted the pleasure of the free air they would not again be content to be imprisoned. Now, Mr. Editor, you've gone and unsettled the whole business again by what j'ou say on p. 323. Please tell us minutel}' as to the final result. Also tell us when you took out, returned, and took out for good. There have been times when I felt I'd like to give the bees a flight, and then return them to the cellar; but I had too strong respect for traditions. [I think we have proven, to our own satisfac- tion at least, that the old idea that indoor- wintered bees should not be given a flight on some warm day in midwinter, is not good practice for Medina. In a normal state of health, bees are compelled to void their excreta at certain regular intervals. We know that they do retain them during the winter; and we know that, just as soon as they are set out, the first thing they do 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 365 is to spot every thing in the neighborhood. This goes to show that Nature has been pent up for a long time, and seeks relief. To give the bees a cleansing flight during win- ter is not only rational but humane. We managed to keep our bees quiet till about the latter part of March. Then we set them out and let them have a cleansing flight and put them back again, and then they are perfectly contented — no doubt about that. See editorials. — Ed.] what joyful scenes around the hives The springtime brings to sight ! Great clouds of bees sweet tribute bring Like offerings of delight. AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL. Mr. York tells a good one in regard to manufactured comb hone3'. Rev. A. E. Taylor, of York Co., Pa., wrote to Mr. York that he had read in the Philadelphia Record a denial of the assertion that comb honey can be manufactured, and that $1000 had been offered for a sample of said hon- ey, and adds the following: I send it, first, to say that I manufacture comb hon- ey; and, second, to say that you had better call in your offer, if you made such, as some one maj' claim it. I do not claim any reward. I manufacture comb honey because — first, I get hon- ey in that way, whereas I would get none otherwise; and. second, I get a better product. A. e;. Taylor. Mr. York immediately sent for 2 lbs. of said hone3% but got the following instead: Messrs. George W. York & Co.— Yours of the (ith at hand. I do not pretend to "man- ufacture comb honey by machinery, without the aid of bees." That would imply that I am a creator or secreter of wax, and I do neither; that I construct comb; that I make a chemical change in the com- pound of sugar and fruit, which I give them, into honey. It would be as if a ranchman raised cattle without breeding-stock. Such an effort would result as did Aaron's effort at making a god. You would be safe in adding six units to the offer, for since the world began man hath created nothing; nor hath he entered into the secret of insect architec- ture; all the paper-makers together could not make one hornet's nest. I prepare the material out of which bees give me a product which the best judges of honey pronounce superior to the natural product in both taste and keeping quality. A. E. Taylor. Mr. York winds up with the following: And so endeth another boaster. In his first letter to us he distinclly said, "I manufacture comb honey." In his reply he says : " I do not pretend to say I man- ufacture comb hoiiey," etc. We wouldn't care to be compelled to sit under his preaching, and help pay for keeping him alive. He belongs in the mistaken crowd instead of the Taylor family. But, thank the IvOrd, there are few such as he among the preachers. But we will not " call in " that offer of |1000 just yet. We prefer to wait and let a few more ignorant ones bite on it. It's pretty good bait — a genuine offer. And we are not afraid of being called on to pay the money, because there is no such thing as manufactur- ed comb honey — made without the aid of bees. Wasn't Mr. Taylor indulging in a little " scientific pleasantry," after all? or per- haps we might call it sarcasm toward those who think comb honey can be manufactured by man. Although the last paragraph sounds a little mysterious, no one has stat- ed in more satisfactory language than he the impossibility of making comb honey ar- tificiall3^ Adrian Getaz says, " Put a piece of wood in the fire and burn it. You say it is de- stroyed. No, it is not; it is only transform- ed. A part of it is now ashes, and another part smoke and gases." Yes, the wood is destroyed and annihilated, as that consist- ed of a combination of elements; and when that combination was destroyed the wood went with it. The elements, of course, were not destroyed, btit simply separated. In reply to a correspondent. Dr. Miller restates what may be a well-known truth; but as I believe many will understand it more perfectly after reading his definition I give it here, as it is too plain to be mis- taken: All the eggs of the queen are unimpregnated as they leave the ovaries. In its outward passage the egg is impregnated as it passes the seminal sac or sperma- theca if the egg is destined for a worker-cell or a queen-cell. But if the egg is destined for a drone-cell it is not impregnated. In the absence of a queen, workers sometimes undertake the business of egg- laying; but their eggs, not being impregnated, pro- duce only drones, even if laid in worker-cells. BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. In the April issue Mr. Hutchinson has the following to say in reference to the sto- ries about artificial comb honey: Mr. F. B. .Simpson suggests that we make a tnistake in not taking the public into our confidence in this matter. We simplj^ say that the manufacture of arti- ficial comb honey is impossible, but that is as far as we go. A great many people feel sure they know that it can be done — they have seen the artificial comb and the machine that made it (?). What they have seen is comb foundation and the machine by which it is rolled out. They have seen it at some bee-keeper's, or at some fair, and have not thoroughly understood — have simply gotten a superficial idea of it, and then when they re'ad some of these manufactured stories about manufactured honey, they put two and two to- gether, and that ends the matter in their opinion. Mr. Simpson thinks we should explain, in our refuta- tions, the nature and use of comb foundation. We should tell the whole truth about the matter, and not simply deny. I found an obstinate case of this kind at the Pan-American Exposition, especiallj' as the "case" was a woman. She knew all about it — had seen the pictures, etc.; but after showing her just what Mr. Simp- son advises, she immediately saw the truth and admitted she was wrong. Every gro- cer should be provided with a section w ith a sheet of foundation in it, and another one filled with empty comb. These would offset any newspaper fake ever printed. As long as people know that man has some- thing to do with making comb they will feel sure he can make the whole thing till shown otherwise. " Taking people into our confi- dence " is, as Mr. Simpson suggests, the best way out of the trouble. 366 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 1 |(gHVE^^™'«*M;p00^^1 HIVING SWARMS HAVING QUEENS WITH CLIPPED WINGS. "Good morning again, Mr. Doolittle. I have been thinking over what we talked about the other da5'^ regarding swarming with clipped queens. I did not know that I fully understood the matter, so came over again to see if you would not tell me a little more fully the particulars in the matter." " Glad you came, Mr. Smith, for I touch- ed but lightly on the managing of the swarms, as we were more particularly dis- cussing whether it was best to clip or not." "But do you really think that you can hive a swarm easier where the queen is clipped than you could one having their queen flying with them, were it not for the risk of their going off to the woods ? " " I certainly do. The ease with which natural swarming is conducted, where all of the queens have their wings clipped, is one of the greatest reasons I have for clip- ping queens' wings. Because the queen has her wings clipped, it does not follow of necessity that the swarm must be hived on the returning plan which I outlined a little the other day." " But is not the queen likely to get lost in this swarming process, or stepped on when you are trying to find her? " "No, I do not think so, although some have written that way. In an experience covering over thirty 3'ears, with nearly ev- erj' queen's wing clipped in my apiaries, I have yet to step on or lose the first queen, from any cause arising from her having a clipped wing. In fact, I am so well pleas- ed with the plan of natural swarming with queens' wings clipped, after trying all oth- er plans used in such natural swarming, that I would as soon think of going back to the old box hives as to return to the old way of letting the queens have their wings as nature made them." " That is saying a good deal. And now suppose you tell me a little more fully about that returning plan you spoke briefly of tlie other day." " I will try to do so, for there are some items which sometimes bother people that I did not touch upon. When a swarm is seen issuing, I (or Mrs. D. ) step to the rear of the hive and then look on the ground to tke sunny side (you can always see the best with the back to the sun, especially if you have a bee-veil on) of the same to see if there are many bees there, thereby indi- cating the presence of the queen; and if not, which is usually the case, step up on that side and glance over the ground in front of the hive. If the swarm has nearly done issuing, the queen is readily found by a little cluster of bees being about her. If just commencing to swarm, look at or near the entrance where she will be seen run- ning as soon as she comes out." "But you said something about a wire- cloth cage the other day, did you not ? ' " Yes. Have on hand a round wire-cloth cage lyz inches in diameter, by 6 or 8 inches long, made by rolling a piece of wire cloth around a stick and sewing the sides to- gether with a wire raveled from the same, when a stopper is fatted into each end — one permanently, the other removable. As soon as the queen is seen, hold the open end in front of her in such a way that she will run up into it, and immediately hold tIVs open end in front of the entrance so that the out- going bees of the swarm will run in with her to the number of from 20 to 50. These bees help much in caring for her, and to bring the swarm where you want it. If the bees are through running out, then you can get the little cluster which gather about her in the cage with her." " What about moving the hives ? " " As soon as you have secured the queen, lay the cage down in front of the hive, when you will move th-^ old hive back, and put in its place the one which the swarm is to occupy, when the cage with the queen is to be laid near the entrance. Place the old hive where you wish it to stand, or move it up beside the new one at right angles, a la Heddon, as you prefer. Have, in a convenient place, two sheets, one of which is to be placed on each of the hives on either side nearest the one now awaiting the swarm, so that they can be spread over them should the swarm attempt to enter these hives upon returning, which they very rarely will do if only one swarm is in the air at once, and if the caged queen and the bees with her is left at the entrance of the new hive. When about two-thirds of the bees have returned and entered the new hive, pull the stopper out from the cage, which liberates the queen, when all run in together. If the queen is allowed her lib- erty as soon as the first bees run into the hive, the whole swarm will sometimes take wing again, and this is the reason that we wait about giving her her liberty till at least two-thirds are settled in the hive. If several swarms come out together, more sheets are needed, so that, if more than the right proportion of bees draw toward one of the new hives placed on the old stands, a sheet can be thrown over for a little until the bees are drawing about alike to all." " When we first began you hinted at an- other way of managing these swarms hav- ing clipped queens beside this returning plan." "Yes; and a very simple plan, and one preferred by many, is the following: Go to the woods and get a light tough pole, or, what is better, three or four of them of dif- ferent lengths, the shortest being about 8 feet long, and the longest 20, sharpening the large end of each. If these are of bass- wood, and cut in June, when they will peel, they will be the lightest and strongest of any thing possible after being peeled and 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 367 seasoned. Now bore a |^ or ^ inch hole in the small end of each, when your poles are ready for one of the Manum swarm-catch- ers, sold by the publishers of Gleanings. As soon as you have the queen, and the few bees in the cage, drop this cage into the swarm-catcher; slip the pointed end of the iron rod which holds the catcher into the end of the pole which you think most con- venient for you, and then hold this still open catcher up among the thickest part of the flying bees, when, in more than half the cases, they will begin to alight on it. When they are alighting so rapidly that the thing begins to get heavy, slowly carry to some tree near by, and lean the pole against one of the branches, and stick the sharpened end in the ground in such a way that it carries the clustering swarm out and away from the other limbs of the tree. The bees will soon all be clustered, when you can carry them where you please and hive them. If they begin to cluster on a limb, instead of on the swarm-catcher, wait till two or three quarts are clustered, when you will jar these into the catcher. Close the lid by drawing it over a limb, and bring it out from the limbs of the tree as before, when all will cluster on and about the cage and catcher, the same as if they had start- ed to cluster on it before commencing on the limb. When you have them thus you can hive them at your leisure, resting as- sured that they will not leave their queen, no matter if you do not hive them till the next day.'' "As I have a Manum swarm-catcher, I think I will try this plan in connection with the other. But I must be going." bees in the basswood orchard, and come back when they get ready. I FULLY expected to continue the account of my travels through California in the pres- ent issue; but the engravers made a mis- take and sent the wrong cuts, and I am, therefore, obliged to make a break in the series. They will commence again in our next issue, and I hope after that to con- tinue my travels without a break until I get to the end of my long journey. ELECTRIC RAILWAYS AND OUT -YARDS. We are expecting an electric railway to come by or near our premises. It already runs right through our basswood apiary, about a mile and a half north of us, and we expect to locate three or four more yards right along the line. The fact that the cars will be running every hour or so will enable us to send a man back and forth to the yards at an insignificant cost; and this will enable us to keep in close touch with the bees in several locations. As it is, our men can go down on one car to visit the A DISCOURAGING OUTLOOK FOR THE PRO- DUCER OF ALFALFA HONEY. Elsewhere in this issue Mr. W. A. H. Gilstrap calls attention to the fact that some bee-keepers in California, on account of the growing tendency among the ranch- men to cut alfalfa before it comes into bloom, are obliged to migrate to other lo- calities; that the alfalfa regions that were once splendid localities for the production of alfalfa honey are of no further use to bee-keepers. If it is indeed a fact that there is more money in cutting alfalfa be- fore it blooms — that it makes a better hay, etc., the bee-keepers in the alfalfa regions will either have to quit business in time, or go where the alfalfa- growers are less up to the times. BEES NOT A NUISANCE; SO DECLARED BY JUDGE MONCK, OF HAMILTON, ONTA- RIO. For some time an interesting case has been pending over across our border, in which the bees of a certain man were de- clared to be a nuisance, and damages ask- ed in the sum of $60.00. The case was hot- ly contested on both sides, but the decision of the court, as usual, exonerated the bees. The results are thus set forth in the Brant- ford Expositor of April 6: The celebrated bee case of Brock vs. Patterson, from Lynden, has been disposed of. so far as Judge Monck, or Hamilton, and the fourth divi.sion court are concern- ed. His honor gave jndgment yesterday, non-suiting the plaintiff. After reciting the facts shown in the evidence, the judge went on to .say that the keeping of bees — 118 hives of them — by the defendant made the enjoyment of the plaintiff's property less agreeable than it would otherwise be ; in fact, at times the bees were a nui- sance to the plaintiiT. Beyond that his honor could not find that the plaintiff had suffered any specific damage. Concluding, the judge says : "I find the annoyance not surli as to create a public nuisance. In many cases the individual must suffer annoyance for the general good ; and I am in great doubt as to whether m this case the plaintiff is entitled to damages. As he has a remedy in a court of superior jurisdiction, in an action for an injunction, I direct a non-suit to be en- tered without costs to either party." As that old war-horse, Thos. J. Newman, would say, "Score another victory for the bees." It is doubtful whether the plaintiff will appeal to a higher court. Later. — A full account of the case is giv- en in the Canadian Bee Journal for April. THE TRUTH ABOUT BEE-KEEPING IN TEXAS. Mr. G. F. Davidson, of Fairview, Texas, protests against statements made in two ar- ticles— one from H. H. Hyde, and the other from W. W. Somerford — in regard to Texas in our issue for April 1. Referring to Mr. Somerford's statement that Texas has a bad record back of it; thcit there are peri- ods of dry years, periods of wet years, des- olation and death, burning deserts strewn with dead and dying animals, no grass, venomous snakes, etc., all that, he says, is not true, and that I was correct in all I said about those bee paradises; and then 568 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 1 he gives numerous instances to show how home-seekers have gone there and made a good living. With regard to what Mr. Hyde has to say about the bringing of foul brood into Texas, and that any bee-keeper who brought it there would be summarily dealt with, he wishes to say they are not going to hang the man who does it — that they will treat him right, and will expect him to do the same. He thinks there is no danger of overcrowding in the State, but condemns the practice of some bee-keepers who have located apiaries within a few hundred yards of other apiaries that have a prior right to the location. A FEW FIGURES REGARDING SOME OF THE BEST HONEY LOCALITIES IN THE WORLD. Our honey-man, Mr. A. L. Boyden, has prepared a statement that I think will prove of interest. It reads: Comparisons of the honey crops of different States have been made by several writers lately, and we notice that Rambler, in March 15th Gleanings, estimates the California crop for 1901 at five million pounds, and con- cludes from the table of exports that Cuba produced as much as did California. In the Pacific Bee Journal for April we find the editor has given space to the Census Report, and by the heading of the article, "Only Texas Beats Us," we conclude that California acknowledges Texas ahead of them. Let us look for a little at the amount of honey produced per square mile in some of these countries according to the figures of the Census Bureau report of the exports from Cuba and Jamaica : Area in Honey Produced Square Miles. Gross Yield. Per sq. mile. Texas 2(i5,-80 4,780,000i 18 lbs. California 158,360 5,000,000^ 31 lbs. Cuba 42,000 4,795,000^ 114 lbs. Jamaica 4,200 1,503,376* 358 lbs. 'Census report for 1899. -Rambler's estimate for 1901. ^Exports for 1901. "Exports for 1901. By the above table it will be noticed that Jamaica is way ahead of any of the other mentioned States per square mile, and their honey is of most excellent quality, too. We have just recently received a lot of their logwood hone3% and it compares very favor- ably with our alfalfa, or sage, or white clover. It is fully equal in color to white clover, and has a very delicate flavor. WHY THE GOVERNMENT STATISTICS WERE NOT TRUE AS RELATING TO CALIFORNIA. Referring to the census report of bees and honey, the accuracy of which I ques- tioned, Mr. Hutchinson, of the Bee-keepers'" Review t says: Mr. Root says the trouble is that statistics are not "gathered systematically in some States." As I un- derstand the matter, the taking of a census is a sys- tematic matter, carried on by enumerators appointed by the government, and furnished with proper blanks. 1 should expect that they would get as correct statis- tics in one State as in another. Mr. Root feels sure that California ought to rank first as a honey-produc- ing State. He admits that Texas might come in sec- ond. It must not be forgotten that Texas is a large State — the largest in the Union — and is an excellent honey-producer. What I had in mind more particularly was not that the government did not gather its statistics systematically, but in some States the work is done much more thor- oughly than in others. I made a trip through Texas, and through the entire length of California, and I should say that bee-keeping operations in the lat- ter State are conducted on a far more ex- tensive scale than in the former. It is true that Texas is a large State, and that it is coming rapidly to the front for comb honey; but in a fair year I feel sure that it can not begin to compare, even in the aggregate yield, with its sister State. Of course, I may be mistaken; but those who live in California are large consumers of hone)'; and yet from 200 to 300 carloads of honey may go east in spite of this large consump- tion; but we never hear of more than four or five carloads of Texas honey getting up north. There is this to be said in favor of Texas: Bee-keeping in that State is more certain than bee-keeping in California; that is to say, bees do well in Texas every year, while in California there are only about two years out of five that 3'ield much honey. The main reason why I questioned the California statistics was that they referred to a particular year. The j'ear 1899 was selected as the one where the yields were reported for the several States. That was an off 5'ear for California — a decidedly off year, but it was a fair one for Texas, if I mistake not, as Texas generally has good seasons; so it can be readily seen how Tex- as might seem to outstrip California. But compare some of California's good 5'ears with Texas, and the latter will be found to be far behind. A set of figures, to be at all instructive or fair, should cover a peri- od of years — not some particular year that will be good for one State and poor for an- other, as in the case already cited. BEES AS pollinators IN GREENHOUSES. The following, written to Mr. W. F. Marks, President of the New York State Association of Bee-keepers' Societies, has been referred to me for reply: Mr. W. F. Marks, Chapinville, N. K, Dear Sir:— Can you give me any information as to what extent honey-bees are used in greenhouses for the purpose of securing cross-fertilization of cucumber and tomato flowers? Where used successfully are they in large houses? Do the bees have to be fed, and do they store up honey? Can you give me the address of any green- house men who are now using bees for this purpose ? Thanking you for your trouble, I am Very truly yours, V. H. I,owE, Geneva. N. Y., Mar. 29. Entotnologist. I regret that I am not able to give any specific information. I can only say that I know that certain florists do make use of colonies of bees in their greenhouses to bring about cross-pollination on the flowers. So far as I know, the results have been much more satisfactory than pollination by hand. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 369 Later. — Since the foregoing- was in type the following letter has come to hand: I liave just sold two colonies of bees to go into cu- cumber hot-houses. I sold seven last year, and got about as much money for them as I did for the honey they made the year before. There are a good many colonies used up in this city and the adjoining town of ■\\ inchester in this way, and in Arlington. Mr. Raw- son, of the latter place, last year had five acres of cu- cumbers under glass. John P. Coburn. Woburn, Mass., Mar. 15. The Mr. Rawson spoken of is W. W. Rawson, of Arlington, Mass., and is thus referred to in the American Agriculturist of Feb. 15: How many stands of bees do j'ou keep in a house 800 by -10 feet when cucumbers are fruiting? "Usual- ly four stands are required for a single house, and they are put in just before the blossoms begin to open, .so that they are read}' for work as .soon as the flowers are ready to receive them, Eaily in April the old stands are taken out and new ones put in. We contract for our bees at 85 per stand and use about 50 stands each season. We usually lose about one-half the swarms, even after the most careful attention is given them. Man}' of them get out of the house through the ventilators, and are unable to return. Many others lose their lives in the house and various places: but we find it absolutely necessary to keep the house well stocked to insure fertilization and thus good fruit." This will be a partial answer to Prof. Lowe. If any one else is in position to give us information along these lines we should be glad to hear from him. GETTING THE EARS OF NEWSPAPER REPORT- ERS. I HAVE been furnishing various newspa- per reporters and magazine writers with information and photos relating to bee- keeping. I have not asked or expected that they would mention the name of The A. I. Root Co., but have requested all of them to mention incidentallj^ something about the comb-honey lies, and to saj^ that there is no truth in them. Several articles have already been published. The Los Angeles Times of April 13 prints two of my photos that I took while in California, showing M. H. Mendleson, his comb hon- ey, and his beautiful apiar3' in Rattlesnake Canj'on. The article is beautifully writ- ten, and, so far as I can discover, it tells plain straight facts about bees in Southern California; nor does it fail to say some- thing about the comb-honey lies, which it nails most satisfactorily. Another article is published in several of the dailies in this portion of the country, giving many interesting facts concerning bee-keeping, and tells howmillionsof pounds of honey are produced annually. It gives pictures of the hives of the olden days; of ijees in a bee-cellar; of two modern apia- ries; and last, but not least, a fine por- trait of Rev. L. L. Langstroth, "the fa- ther of bee-keeping in America, who died a poor man." I am personally acquainted with the writ- er of this article. In fact, I spent a large part of one day in telling some of the facts connected with our industry, and well has he told the story. These articles, illustrated as they are, will be read by thousands of people; and I am now in hopes that the "boiler-plate" makers will make extracts and scatter the truth broadcast over the United States. There is nothing the general public need to know so much just now as that honey — real honest honey, both comb and extract- ed — is produced tty bee-keepers to the ex- tent of many millions of pounds. These stories about artificial comb honej'', and the fact that carloads of honey are offered for sale, produce a feeling of distrust; and the truth intelligentlj^ told, that honey is pro- duced on such an immense scale reassures the public. Our bee-keeping friends should get the ears of reporters whenever they can. Invite them to come and see you " handle bees like flies " and take off honey, and do not forget to sweeten them up with several nice sections of honej^. BEARING DOWN THE MARKET ; INFLATION LIES FROM CALIFORNIA. In several of the daily papers I have seen references to the effect that "bee-men say that the California honey crop this year will be the largest that was ever gather- ed;" and there is a whole lot more of rosy statements to the same effect. While I be- lieve it is conceded that there has been a fair amount of rain, and that the prospects are good for a fair crop, I do not believe that any sensible bee-keeper on the coast, if he stops and thinks a minute, is willing to be quoted as broadly saying that "the California honey crop this year will be the largest that was ever gathered." And yet in fact that is just what the papers do say. I have been through California, and have studied the conditions somewhat ; and from the amount of rain that has so far been re- ported I believe I am correct in forecasting that the next year ivill ?iot be " the largest j'ear ever known for honey." All plant life has had a setback in Southern California. The rains came too late in many localities to make the year a big one; for it takes Nature a little time to recover herself from a long-contintied drouth. These statements of "unprecedented seasons," "veritable floods of honey in California," "biggest year on record for honey," and a whole lot more of the same ilk, are all being scatter- ed broadcast through the daily press so they are circulated widely here in the East. Just stop and think, brother bee-keepers of California, what all this means, and how it will be knocking off the profits of your labor. I believe the truth should be published; but for the sake of our own in- terests, don't tell more thiin the truth, thus destroying the chance of getting fair prices. Early last season a lot of rosy statements were sent out broadcast, telling what a big year California was going to have. It was a fair year, but not a " big " one. But the effect of the inflation talk was a big slump in prices, for no one dared to make an of- fer. Such statements as these have a ten- dency to depress the honey market all over the United States, and as such they are most mischievous in their effect. 370 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 1 The bee-keepers of California should in some way get the ears or attention of every producer on the coast, and plaster up their mouths, if they do not know enough to keep still till we know what we are talking- about. In the mean time, let every one " keep still and saw wood." necessary for thousands of people to coun- teract this influence at once. POST CHECK MONEY. It is not often in these columns, especial- ly in this department, that I refer to some- thing entirely separate and distinct from the subject of bee-keeping; but here is something that is not only of great interest to bee-keepers but to every citizen of the United States, and I desire to interest the readers of Gleanings. I refer to the Post check-money bill which is now before Con- gress for consideration. In a word, it is to supplant or take the place of all the present paper currency, much of which is filled with germs of disease and filth, and sub- stitute in its stead clean new bills that will be a great deal like our present money, with the exception that they are converti- ble into ordinary checks payable to cer- tain specified individuals. There are blanks for your own signature, and for the one to whom the money is sent. Until these are filled out the bills will pass as common currency, like our present paper money. Now, then, when one wishes to send money through the mails, all he has to do is to take a bill out of his pocket-book, fill in the name of the receiver, attach his signature in the blank spaces provided, put on a postage stamp, and cancel it with the in- itials of the sender. This renders it paya- ble to only one person — the one to whom it is sent, and no one can cash it but that per- son. This new plan will be cheaper than pos- tal orders and express money orders, and it is estimated that it will bring in a larger revenue to the general government than the present system. The fact that every bill will, in a very short time, find its way into the mails, will insure early cancellation and renewal. The result of all this will be clean crisp bills that are not defiled with all kinds of germs. When j'ou remember that money passes through the hands of all kinds of filthy per- sons, and those who are fairly reeking with disease germs, we wonder that the present system does not spread disease more than it does. By the new Post check money, all this will be avoided. It will then be possi- ble for any one to pull a bill out of his pock- et, convert it into a check, and send it any- where in the country. He will remove very largely the temptation to rob United States mails, for no negotiable money will then be sent. Now, then, if our readers desire to help foster this enterprise, let them write at once to their Senators and Representatives in Congress, urging their support, for the express companies will put in a powerful lobby to kill the bill, and it is, therefore, RECIPES FOR MAKING HONEY CHEAPER THAN THE GENUINE. The advertisement below we find in the Ventura Indepe7tdent. It seems a little strange that a man in Ohio should send away ofl" to California to advertise his wares. Perhaps he thinks they do not have enough honey there to go round. ARTIFICIAL HONEY. Can't be told from the genuine. Cost.s about one- tenth as much, and gives yon a big profit. Complete instructions for 25c, coin or .stamps. James L. Kenning, Box 87, Bantam, O. Below is the wonderful recipe for making honey that costs only a tenth as much as the genuine. It was written with a pen, and the writer does not even sign his name to it. RECIPE FOR MAKING ARTIFICIAL HONEY. Take 10 lbs. of brown sugar; add 3 lbs. of water, 40 grains cream tartar, and 3 lbs. of honey; 10 dn ps es- sence of peppermint. First dissolve the sugar in the water and take off the scum arising therefrom, then dissolve the cream tartar in a little warm water which you will add with a bttle stirring. Then add the hon- ey Heat to a boiling-point and skim it, then stir a few minutes. The above is a fair sample of the artifi- cial-honey recipes. By the way, why did not the editor of the Ventura Independent tell this man he could not accept such an advertisement? or doesn't he care what his advertisers say so long as he gets the tri- fling sum they pay for the insertion of their advertisement? 1 am ashamed of our State of Ohio. No wonder this town is called "Bantam" where this man lives. In his letter accompanying he asks for our adver- tising rates. He will not need them, how- ever, for he will discover we have inserted his advertisement free of charge as above. We find Bantam is a little town of only 100 or 200 inhabitants. Here is another recipe. It comes from the Home Reinedy Co., St. Louis, Mo. They have a little book giving recipes for doing almost every thing, and declare they will return the mone}' promptly if the customer is not satisfied. This is what the adver- tisement says: Artificial honey is made all over the world, and .sold as genuine bee honey, and no one can tell the differ- ence. Our recipe was used by the greatest honey com- pany in the world for several' years, no one ever sus- pecting that it was not pure bee honey, and was only discovered by one of the chemists in their laboratory exposing them. You can make this honey at a price about the same as the price of molasses. Try this and you will never be without good, pure honey. Recipe with full directions, 25c. And here is the wonderful recipe: Brown sugar, 10 lbs. Water, 1 quart. Old bee-bread honey in comb, 2 pounds. Cream of tartar, Y^ ounce. Gum Arabic, 1 ounce. Oil of peppermint, 3 drops. Oil of rose, 2 drops. Mix and boil two or three min- utes, then add one quart of water in which one egg luis been beaten. As soon as it begins to boil, skim well ; remove from the fire : and, when a little cool, add two pounds of pure bee honey, then strain. This will keep any length of time if sealed up when fresh- ly made. Home Remedy Co. You will notice the foundation of these artificial-honey recipes is brown sugar; and 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 371 their recipe does make a sort of syrup; but the idea that no one can tell the difference between this and g-enuine honej' is pure humbug'. It must have been a wonderful chemist indeed who was unable (in his lab- oratory) to decide the stuff was manufac- tured instead of being- pure bees' honey. Now, do not any of you waste money in buying recipes. Just send the advertise- ment to us and we will send the 25 cents, and then you can all have it free. See? A. I. R. WINTERING OUTDOORS AT MEDINA. As I reported in our last issue, the bees at both our cellars came out in good condi- tion ; but those under the machine-shop, that had fresh air all night during the entire winter except during the coldest weather, were in much better condition than those in the outdoor cellar that did not have such supplies of fresh air. The out-cellar was built on the plan recom- mended by Mr. Bingham — a square cistern, as it were, clear under ground; but unfor- tunately it did not have the large ventila- tor recommended by him. There was in this cellar some dysentery, and a good many dead bees on the cellar bottom — about the usual number. There was no dysentery in the home cellar except in one corner that did not get the usual cir- culation of air. The strange thing about it was there were three colonies in this cor- ner, and every one of them had dysentery, while those bees that were right in line with the opening at the north end and the one at the south end, and which could g-et a strong current of air, were free from dis- ease, and perfectly healthy. Our home cellar smelled as sweet as almost any liv- ing-room, and was just about as dr\^ Two or three times during the winter, however, Mr. Warden sprinkled water at the en- trances, and he says the bees came out and drank. In Mr. Doolittle's ce lar the mois- ture given off by the bees condensed, and this the bees used over again. In a dry cellar such as we have in Medina it would seem that, if the bees need moisture (and I believe they do), fresh water right from the well would certainly be more whole- some than the condensed breath of the bees. EARLY OR ].ATE SETTING OUT. I mentioned in our last issue that we set out all the bees from both cellars along from the 20th to the last of March, and ^-.w^ them one or two daj-s of flight. The loca- tion of each hive was marked so that, when the bees were set out again, each colony would go back to its own stand. This may not have been a necessary precaution, but we felt that it was wise to err on the safe side. All the bees were kept in the cellar till along the first week in April. About 100 colonies or nuclei were set out of the home cellar, and left out. The rest were confined till about the 20th of April, when they were put out. But in this case Mr. Warden thinks the first lot of bees are in better condition than the second lot. The former have brood in all stages, while the latter have nothing but eggs, and it looks now as if the first bees had about two weeks' start over the others in brood. This seems to contradict my footnote on page 186 of this year, wherein I said I believed it was the best policy to keep the bees in until the first of May. A year ago, about this time, we set out some bees early, and some not till May. We thought the last lot of bees had the advantage over the others, because there was a storm on the 20th of April, and the snow lasted for several days, with a good deal of cold weather. It is hard to tell just when to set bees out ; but obviouslj' it would have been bet- ter this year if all the bees had been set out about the first of April. Last year, the latter part of the month would not have been too late. We have determined that we will do this: Next year we will set the bees out the first of April if the weather is suitable; and if it should turn cold we will put them back in the cellar and keep them there till it moderates again. And that reminds ine that all our bees which we set out early, and put back, started brood-rearing; where it had progressed to a point beyond the &^^ stage it continued on, was capped over, and hatched out a fine lot of bees. So here is one more point in favor of giving the bees a week's flight in the latter part of Febru- ary or early in March; for in our locality we are liable to have during these months a whole week of nice weather. This would give the bees quite a start in brood-rear- ing; then if the weather turns cold put them back, and the brood will be taken care of, and mature and hatch into bees. As a rule there will be very little bro<"d in a good bee-cellar. When the conditions of temperature and atmosphere are right, the bees should go into a quiet sleep and stay there. I have already spoken, in answer to Dr. Miller, in Straws, this issue, of the advan- tages of giving the bees an early cleansing flight, and setting them back again. This of itself is a very important matter. While it entails some little labor, yet it does not mean more than the loss of two or three hours' time for 100 colonies. THE RESULTS OF OUTDOOR WINTERING. Our outdoor colonies did well; but they were the strongest and best we had in the whole yard last fall; and the loss out of the whole 300 that were outdoors was only two colonies; but the results were more remark- able with the bees under the machine-shop, because the greater part of them were nuclei. Some of them were very weak, and it was so late that we did not know whether all had even virgin queens or any queens at all. Our queen-rearing operations were conducted clear up till November. We did not, as usual, unite or double up, but kept the nuclei just as they had been used, and put them into the cellar just as they were. 372 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 1 The result was the loss of about three col- onies. This loss was due to the fact that the bees were queenless, and not to any other cause that we could determine. Some little time ago I attempted to take a flash-light of our bee-cellar under the ma- chine-shop, but did not succeed in getting a good picture; but as it will give one a good idea of our cellar I show part of one end of it on page 382. The hives in the foreground are double-walled. When we found the bees were doing so nicely we put in some chaff hives. These, of course, were the first to go out in the spring. Those that show on either side are single-walled hives piled on top of each other. Each hive has its own bottom-board. Sometimes the body is pried up off from the bottom-board; but in the case of nuclei only the entrance is allowed. The electric-lamp globe of which I have spoken is shown in the foreground. With this I can suddenly throw in a flood of light, 3'et it rarely caused any disturbance. THE ONTARIO CO., N. Y., BEE=KEEPERS' ASSO= CIATION. Government Apiarian Work ; Dr. C. C. Miller Criti- cised. BY FRANK BKNTON. If Dr. C. C. Miller had read the report of the Ontario Co., N. Y., Bee-keepers' As- sociation more carefully, as it is published on page 148 of the Amer. Bee Journal for March 6, 1902, he would likely not have misquoted as he did in Stray Straws in Gleanings for April 1, 1902, page 275. Dr. Miller says: "Ontario Co., N. Y., bee- keepers' convention thought what money our^overnment expends in importing queen- bees from other lands might better be made use of otherwise." This he credits to the Amer. Bee Journal. But I find in the lat- ter, the report, as given by the Secretary of the Ontario Co. society, Mr. F. Greiner, reads: " It was believed that we had just as good bees in America now as anywhere on the globe, and what money our govern- ment expends in importing queen-bees from other lands might better be made use of in the line proposed" (controlling mating). Then Mr. Greiner adds: "The Association did not take action on this proposition." From this it is plain, 1. That the Secreta- ry, Mr. Greiner, was not reporting verba- tim the proceedings of the Association, but was merely paraphrasing them in his own words; 2. That some member or members of the said society expressed the belief that "we had just as good bees in America," etc.; and, 3. That the Ontario Co., N. Y., Bee-keepers' Association did not see fit to adopt the view of some individual member or members as indicated above. Further- more, it may be seen that a second attempt was made to get the society to indorse these views, for the Secretary says, further on: "The matter was brought up again by an- other member. " But this, likewise, failed. Notwithstanding all this, "the good Doc- tor" makes it appear in Gleanings as though the Ontario Co. , N. Y., Bee-keepers' Association had whipped right around to his way of thinking. This is by no means the first time I have had to call attention to inaccuracies on the part of Dr. Miller. Want of time, and a disinclination to criti- cise in print, have often kept me from point- ing out numerous other erroneous or loose statements recorded by him. Suffice it to say, that I believe when one is so inaccu- rate in his quotations, or siezes upon so flimsy an excuse to support his personal views, he is open to, and justly deserves, the severest criticism which due courtesj' will permit. In closing, I would also like to ask — not Dr. Miller — but the rest of the esteemed readers of Gleanings, if, in their opinion, it is the best taste on the part of the doctor to be so ready, as he seems, to throw cold water on anj' work in the bee-line that the government might sanction, or for him to rush forward with a bushel or two of prop- ositions as to what he might think best should be done, when he has not contributed a single ejfort toward sectiring national rec- ognition in the form of appropriations J'or the benefit of the iridustryf and when, al- most single-handed, after many years of persistent efl'ort, some little vantage-ground has been gained — vantage-ground that might have been reached years ago but for just such holding back, just such quibbling, or just such halting support — when some- thing, at least, has been attained, I say, would it not be full more modest for the doc- tor (and I might add, also, for some others who are " in the same boat" ) to wait just a bit and see if what he and they want, as well as what "the other fellow" longs for, may not come to pass? Does he not fear to lose the half-loaf when he lets go to grab for the whole one? I state what I know to be a fact, that united and strong action ten years ago, in the line I then suggested to the officers of the North American Bee- keepers' Association at the Albany conven- tion, would have placed these matters quite as far along as they now stand. But it would seem that one of the officers at that time, who might have taken hold and aided in pushing the work, has only recently wakened up to the fact, or at least made known, that he realizes the need of govern- mental aid (see the Review for February, 1902, p. 53), and he is now at the head of the National Association! In the whole world there is not another county bee-keepers' society as widely and favorably known as the Ontario Co., N. Y., Bee-keepers' Association; and it is hardly 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 373 to be conceived that it would so suddenly conclude that its past persistent efforts in any g-iven line of prog'i-ess were all wrong-, and that, vacillating- at the behest of some member or two or three members, it would at once jump over to Dr. Miller's apparent view, that the best way to secure action in a forward line is to begin by quibbling- as to just how the first step is to be taken! No; they are men of action, whose words are but to chronicle results. And what an ex- ample their unity should be for not only the National Bee-keepers' Association, but also every other one on this continent! Washington, D. C. [From what I know of Dr. Miller I am sure he did not intend to throw cold water on any work in the bee line that the govern- ment might sanction. Indeed, I know he has been much pleased with some things that have already been done through its api- cultural investigator, Frank Benton. I re- fer to the quietus he has given to some of the newspaper lies about comb honey. No man will do more to encourage government work than Dr. Miller, and if he has &aid something that looks like discouragement I know he will be glad to offer due apologies and to make amends so far as lies in his power. — Ed.] HOME'MADE HIVES. Experience with a Buzz=saw. BY D. B. THOMAS. I have been a bee-keeper for about fifteen j^ears, with variable success, according as I cared fox or neglected my bees. But I had one serious drawback, namely, I had to be my own pioneer, as no one who knew any thing about bees lived near to help me over difficult places ; and the result is I have learned to not do many things as well as to do some others. It has taken a good deal of education in hive-making and buy- ing to satisfy me, and I am still at it. A long time ago I bought two Dovetailed hives for comb honey, which pleased me so well that I bought forty next time, and for a while I bought and sold a good many. But a succession of oft" years knocked the bot- tom out of the honey business, and my bees died for want of proper attention. After a business once gets a good hold on a person, it seems, like a bad habit, to be next to im- possible to shake it off; so three years ago found me relapsing into the bee fever, and I have been getting worse ever since. We have had extremely dry weather in this lo- cality for two years, and, as a consequence, when a man has outwitted an elusive dol- lar he is slow to part company with it. For this reason I made my hives last year by hand, which, for ten hives, spring count, which were increased to twenty during the season, did not, of course, require a great deal of labor. They were run entirely for extracted honey; and although the season was much the dryest we ever had, they net- ted me $70, or $7.00 apiece. This spring a new condition confronted me. I must either make or buy about 40 hives for myself, besides supplying my neighbors. That would take about 80 dol- lars. I could not see my way clear to spend so much money at once, so I bought goods as follows: 1 combined saw, cost at home, $38.00. 1 lot of supplies, such as frames, fences, and sections, not easi- ly manufactured at home. - 30.00. $15 worth of lumber at $3 per 100 15,00. Total $83.00. By working like a Trojan I have the prospect of 50 hives in the future. Candidly I no longer envy the supply manufacturer his hard-earned cash; and in order to carry my conviction still further I would sell my outfit at cost, for a buzz-saw is a veritable terror; and if I ever get rich on what I save I am afraid it will be at the cost of precious fingers. Odin, Mo., April 1. [As a general rule it does not pay any one to make his own hives; but there are localities remote from a dealer or manufac- turer, and where lumber is reasonably cheap, where one can to advantage do his own work, providing, of course, he is a fair mechanic. Nearly every one who attempts to run a small circular saw finds out, soon- er or later, that it will cut fingers about as easily as it does boards. — Ed.] THE WINTERING PROBLEM. The Truth of Some Old Teachings Questioned ; How Much Ventilation do Bees Require ? Mois= ture ; Weather to Set Bees Out in the Spring. BY DR. C. C. MILLER. The wintering problem, which the Ger- mans call the masterpiece {Dleisterstueck^ of bee-keeping, seems likely to remain of perennial interest to bee-keepers north of Mason and Dixon's line. I am watching with interest the outcome of the wintering at Medina in the cellar under the machine- shop and the other cellar. While we may not all have just the same advantages, the light thrown upon the problem by those two cellars may still be of general profit. The present discussions in Gleanings as to winter ventilation remind one of the days of old, when a government document advocated buryingbees, with no provision for ventilation, and when there were those who talked about blowing a candle through a two-inch plank, and iibout having colonies hermetically sealed. I suppose no one will insist that impure air is a benefit to bees, although it comes pretty near it when it has been asserted that the least particle of outside air admit- ted during the latter part of winter will make the bees uneasy b3' reminding them 374 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 1 of the approach of spring. At any rate, it is held, and no doubt rightly, that fresh air may be admitted in such a way as to do harm. Mr. Doolittle, on p. 187, refers to the sub- earth ventilator. I think I was one of the last to hold on to this. I became skeptical as to the quality of the air admitted through porous tiles, such as I had; and as it was the lazier way, to allow the pipes to be- come filled up, the combination of laziness and skepticism drove the sub-ventilator out of use. I am just a little afraid it would have been better if I had continued it. With continuous piping perfectly air-tight, pre- venting the possibility of the entrance of injurious gases from underground. I am strongly of the opinion that sub-ventilation is a good thing. One trouble in deciding as to any one point in wintering is that the whole prob- lem is a complicated one, and you can not separate that one point from the others. Mr. Doolittle winters as well since ventila- tion is given up; but does that prove that ventilation is of no value ? May not a change of other factors account for success, not on account of, but in spite of, the lack of ventilation? and might not the success be still greater with ventilation? Because there has been good wintering in spite of the fact that at one time the air in his cel- lar would not support the combustion of a lamp, it would hardly do to argue that his bees would winter equally well if confined the entire winter in an atmosphere of such quality. Mr. Doolittle speaks of his ventilation that would change all the air of a cellar in less than five minutes. A blast of air through a 6x8 aperture sufficiently strong to clear the cellar in less than five minutes might be rather too windy a situation for best wintering. If bees should winter well with a quiet and constant change of air, it does not follow that somewhere between that and a cyclone the danger-point might not be reached. The idea that, when the admission of fresh air quiets noisy bees, it is because of the admission of moisture, has, I think, the merit of novelty; at least I do not remember having seen it advanced before. Some cir- cumstances connected with the matter in- cline me to accept it, if I accept it at all, somewhat warily. I have been sitting, try- ing to recall some of the times when I have opened the cellar on nights when the bees were noisy. Sometimes the outdoor air was warmer than that in the cellar, sometimes it was colder — the result of opening doors and windows was always the same, quiet- ness the next morning. Usually the air in the cellar felt more damp than outdoors, and, to my regret, there was sometimes a good deal more dampness in the hives than I believed best. Certainly not always, if ever, did the admission of outside air bring in moisture, yet it always brought quiet. I never tried giving the bees water in the cellar for the express purpose of quieting them; but I have tried it without any such purpose, and I never succeeded in getting any water taken. I don't know why, for I know others have succeeded. Just now the cellar is in an unusually dry condition, possibly because of the unusually dry con- dition of the soil after the terrible drouth of last summer. It is possible the bees may take water now. If you will excuse me a few minutes I'll go down cellar and see. Yes. I took a rag dripping wet and put it in a cluster of bees at the entrance, and, while a number of bees ran aimlessly over the rag as bees do when disturbed, I could distinctly see three or four bees standing with their tongues protruded as if licking up the moisture. As this is the first time I ever saw any thing of the kind, it is prob- able that the cellar is drier than when I tried it before. But if unusually dry, that dryness does not seem to make the bees un- easy, for at this date, March 6th, they are very quiet. The time of greatest uneasiness in the cellar comes late in winter or early in spring, when the outside air is as warm as the air in the cellar. No matter if the walls of the cellar be dripping wet, and drops of water be easily seen in the hives at the back end of the deep bottom-board, the bees are uneasy when the cellar is closed, and it seems to me the plain explanation is that, when the outer air is no colder than that in the cellar, it will not force its way in, and the foul air makes the bees uneasy. I do not undervalue the importance of a correct and equable temperature; but along with it I believe a pure atmosphere is of great importance. In the pure atmosphere of the outdoor air, bees can endure great changes of temperature and a severe degree of cold; and they do endure it, as thousands oj bee-keepers can testify. Mj' experience does not confirm the posi- tion Mr. Holtermann takes as to setting bees out early, p. 186. He seems to reason well that bees ought to do better for an early flight, and I have given way to that reasoning a number of times; but whenever I have taken bees out before the blooming of soft maples I have regretted it. Neither is it wise to take them out when soft maples bloom in years when weather is unfavor- able. Repeatedly I have regretted taking bees out too early: I do not remember ever to have regretted taking them out too late. Notwithstanding the number of times I have taken them out too early, and the number of times I have regretted it. I again took them out early last year — March 18, eigh- teen days before the blooming of soft ma- ples— and again I regretted it. It is possi- ble that I will experiment no more in that direction. Neither do I believe it wise to set out a few colonies at a time. If convenient — per- haps I ought to say if possible — I always set all of mine out the same da3', and I have never seen any harm come of it. If I should take the plan proposed, and out of every 100 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 375 take out 7 or 8 each day, taking them out on favorable days, the 13 favorable dnj's required for the purpose would make the last of them stay in the cellar, I am afraid, lat- er than would be for their welfare. I am wondering- whether friend Holtermann has different weather from mine, or whether, commencing March 15, he takes four to six weeks to get his bees out. Toward the last of p. 186 it seems to me there is a flight into the realm of fancy. A considerable distance in that realm seems the idea that, shut up in a cellar, bees will smell pollen and nectar half a mile or even a sixteenth of a mile away. Still, I can not prove he is wrong, and Mr. Holtermann has as good a right to guess as I. He says: "Activity means exhaustion of vitality'; and when vitality is exhausted, instinct causes the bees to rear brood to replace the exhausted vitality." It has long been taught that breeding causes exhausted vi- tality; but that exhausted vitality causes breeding is new doctrine. If bees in May " rear brood to replace exhausted vitalits'. " then when that vitality is replaced by young bees ought there not to be a let-up in brood- rearintr? Instead of that, does not brood- rearing increase with vitalit}'? and is not ihe season of greatest brood-rearing pre- cisely the season when there is the least proportion of exhausted vitality? Instead of saj'ing activity causes exhausted vitality and exhausted vitality causes brood-rear- ing, would it not be better to say that activ- ity causes brood-rearing and exhausted vi- tality? From the italics in your footnote, p. 187, Mr. Editor, some might think it desirable to keep bees in the cellar till after May 1. Would not that crowd the bees a little to get ready for white clover if the season should prove to be unusually early? Marengo, 111. [The main portion of this article is an- swered in one of my footnotes to Straws, and in an editorial elsewhere, in this issue. With regard to the matter of fresh air, we must consider that bees are animals. The temperature of their bodies is about the same as ours or any warm-blooded animal. They require air; and while the}^ do not breathe with the mouth, as we do, they have breathing-mouths or breathing-pores, and take in supplies of oxygen, the purpose of which is to enrich the blood, just as it does with us. I can not, therefore, see why bees should not have fresh air in cellars, and why they should not have fresh water — every thing fresh. If we can keep the temperature down below 55, and give them air every night when it is not too cold, it seems rational to suppose that, other things being equal, the conditions will be ideal. I have been in our machine-shop cellar, where there were 300 colonies and nuclei, with the sunlight streaming through the doorwa}'; yet so contented were the bees that light caused them no disturbance. I have gone in at other times, and turned on an electric light, with the same result. Sometimes one bee would fly out, but the great mass of them would remain quiet. The number of dead bees on the cellar floor was very small in comparison with the number on the floor of our out-yard cel- lar that did not have the same amount of ventilation. There was much more dysen- tery at the out-cellar, notwithstanding the temperature was more uniform. Even dur- ing warm weather, when it was 70 outside, it would be down to 50 inside. The bees at our out-yard had all the favorable condi- tions for wintering except daily doses of ffi'sh air. An examination of this cellar showed the bees were quite uneasy, and thousands of them came out, and died on the cellar bottom. While the colonies win- tered all but two, there was a general de- pletion in the aggregate number of bees. Oil the other hand, the colonies and little nuclei at the home cellar, with their daily supply of fresh air, retained their strength, and those that had a mid-winter flight, and i^-^ot started to brood-rearing, actually came out stronger. These experiments will be conducted, if any thing, on a larger scale next winter. We shall probably have one or two more cellars constructed, and in one of them, at least, we will confine the bees a la Doo- little, and leave them to see what becomes of them. — Ed.1 CLIPPING QUEENS. Stimulative Feeding in the Fail ; Adopting the Langstroth Frame. BV F. GREINER. Different bee-keepers practice different methods in clipping queens' wings. Hon. R. L. Taylor said at an institute he would catch a queen by her wings with his right hand, and place her upon his knee. She would then immediately catch hold of the fabric covering his knee. With thumb and fore finger of his left hand he would grab her thorax sidewise. With a pair of scis- sors he would then clip the wings without there being any danger of cutting off legs. Many beekeepers have of late claimed that clipped queens come up missing more frequently than those not clipped. Some think the reason might be that, when a queen is held by the thorax, as in Mr. Taj'- lor's case, her scent is slightly changed by this contact with inan's fingers, when after- ward the bees will regard her as a stran- ger. There ma3' be some truth in this. Still, it does not explain why queens (clip- ped) come up missing months after the oper- ation. I do not think it best any more to handle queens by the thorax, when it can be avoid- ed. It is not at all necessarj' to take hold of a queen by the thorax when we wish to clip her. I simply pick up a queen bj' her wings with my left hand, hold her a few inches above the frame-tops, and draw the 376 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 1 knife over the wings where they touch the end of my thumb, cutting off all the winirs as closely as I wish. No part of her body has thus been touched except those remain- ing between my thumb and fore fingei'. She drops right baclsi among her bees on the exposed frame-top, and is never molest- e 1. It is a very simple operation, and verj' ([uickly performed. The only thing to be watched is to get a good hold of her wings at the first grab. I am not sure but a queen may be injured holding her by one wing only. When caught in this way she has a notion of twisting or spinning around, which probably causes her intense pain. I thought I had lost a queen in this way last summer, for she seemed dead for live or ten minutes after I had released her. How- ever, she was but paralyzed, and came to again later, and she may be in her hive now. Others to whom I related the inci- dent thought the queen was simply fright- ened, which would not prove an injur}' to her. I have never before seen a queen show the effect of a scare in this manner when she was picked up properly. When I fail to catch a queen properly I let her go again and make a second attempt later. The knife is the tool to use in clip- jung, for we always have one with us. The closer the wings are cut, the easier the queen may be found at any future time. The peculiarity of her appearance is a marked distinction between her and the oth- er bees in the hive. We are often advised by our best author- ities to so manage our colonies as not to pro- duce any bees that can become only con- sumers. Then, again, we are advised to stimulate our bees in the fall after the hon- ey season by daily feeding in small doses, so that our colonies will go into winter quarters with plenty of young bees. How can these two apparently opposite recom- mendations be harmonized, for fall feeding means producing bees that will become only consumers? I take it that the first advice is not to be taken in the full sense of the word. The raising of a moderate amount of brood during August can prove only ben- eficial, and in localities that do not fur- nish enough bee-pasture to produce this rearing of brood during August, daily feed- ing for a few weeks will undoubtedly be a good thing. In my own locality we huve sufficient honey. coming in all through Au- gust to keep the bees storing honey, and breeding. Even drones are usually reareti. It is no particular advantage to have our colonies breed much later than Sept. 1, and I would just as soon discourage breeding aft- er that time as to encourage it. Bees, I find, e.xhaust themselves while breeding; and as many bees die as come upon the stage of action during the cooler fall months. Our bees here generally remain quiet during the last half of September and all of October. They do not wear themselves out. Practi- cally the bees hatching during September are as vigorous and well prepared to en- dure the hardships of winter as the October- hatched bees produced by late stimulative feeding. By Oct. 5 our hives are usually free from brood, and any coinbs may be re- moved after this date. Generally speaking our bees come through the winter in good shape, which is the proof of the pudding. We used to hear a great deal about re- ducing the numbers of combs to just what the bees can cover in the fall. Of late not so much has been said on this point. Has the bee-keeping fraternity come to the con- clusion that it is not necessary or best? Whatever others may thinlc of the matter, my own experience is this: A cluster of bees is admirably fitted to retain the warmth they produce. The}' are not cover- ed with fur like some animals, yet very lit- tle warmth is lost. We can often see ice and frost within the closest proximity of the cluster of bees during cold weather. Even the best-packed chaff hive shows a low temperature inside after a protracted cold spell. A few more or less unoccupied combs do not change this result to any ex- tent. I have a few exceptionally roomy chaff hives that take a number of combs more than the regular (ten-frame). I used to contract to six or seven combs; but for some 3'ears I have not done so; and, sur- prising as it may seem, they always have wintered a little better than the other ten- frame hives. In wintering single-walled hives on the summer stand I have not been very success- ful, and have not practiced it much during the last 15 years; but I can say that I al- ways had better success when three combs had been removed and chaff-packed dum- mies had been inserted instead. My prac- tice is to winter colonies in single-walled hives in the cellar; and I am inclined to be- lieve that for me it is best if part of the combs are taken out before the bees are taken to the winter repository. This is not so much on account or for the benefit of the bees, but more for the good of the combs. In one of my cellars the unoccupied combs become moldv'. It is a rather damp place. We know from experience that honey does not keep very well in a damp place. Even in my comparatively dry house-cellar honey becomes thin after being stored there a short time. It- is the same with the honey in the unoccupied combs of the hives in the cellar. < )ne might say that such a winter reposito- ry is not a fit place for bees. Perhaps it isn't; but after many years of using these cellars I find they answer pretty well their purpose, and I shall probably continue using them. More combs shall be removed in the future from the hives that go into the damp cellar. Not long ago a bee-keeping friend from Canada asked my advice as to what size of frame to adopt. It seems to me this subject of "what frame is best" has been worn threadbare; but then, as there are always new comers it is, perhaps, best to say a word now and then about it for the benefit of beginners. This friend in Canada has ten hives now, but thinks of increasing to 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 100 colonies. He had been advised by ex- perienced friends in his vicinity to use a frame the Langstroth size, but about half an inch deeper, as this depth would give better results. Well, this made me think of the bitter battles they fought in Germanj' before the standard frame was adopted, some twenty years ago. The hives in use there ranged between nine and ten inches in width. Those defending the nine-inch hive claimed great superiority over the ten- inch hive. The nine-inch hive was better adapted to the nature of the bee; all colo- nies found in hollow trees were said to have chosen a nine -inch cavity. Many other claims were made. The defenders of the ten-inch hive brought forth equally weightj^ reasons that ten-inch was the proper and most profitable width. The casual observ- er thought they were splitting hairs, fight- ing over an unimportant matter. It is so, with such a slight difference in the depth of a Langstroth frame of standard width. So far as practical results are concerned there is no difference whether the frame is 9 inches deep or 9>3 inches. In by far the most cases it will be found an advantage to use a standard frame, and that frame in America is the Langstroth as made by the different manufacturers in our land. Even our friend Doolittle, who so long defended the Gallup frame as the best, has come out late years and says the Langstroth is just as good for practical results. By all means adopt the standard frame. We who went into bees before we knew what was going on in our country, and made our own hives of an odd pattern, and now have hundreds of them, can see the size of our mistake, and would give a great deal to have a change made, if it were not connected with so much work, etc. Naples, N. Y., Jan. 31. THE BEE IN LAW. Keeping of Bees ; Damages — When and When Not Recoverable. — Article 6. BY R. D. FISHER. 1. Definition. — ^Damages are the indemni- ty, recoverable by a person who has sus- tained an injury, either in his person, prop- erty, or relative rights, through the act or default of another. 2. General Principles. — Whenever an in- jury is done to a right, actual perceptible damage is not indispensable as the founda- tion of an action; but it is sufficient to show the violation of the right, and the law will presume some damage. But no damages are recoverable for a mere inconvenience attending the existence of a public benefit; or for any lawful act lawfully done, which, if causing damage, is darnnuin absque injuria; or for any act causing no legal injury, which is injuria sine damno; or for an injury caused whollj- or in part by the complaining party's own wrongful act, default, or negligence. 3. Nominal Damages. — Proof of the vio- lation of any legal right entitles the injur- ed party to some damages. If no actual damages appear, nominal damages are given for the technical injury. 4. Substantial Damages.— -WhevG actual injurj' and the violation of a right are proved, substantial damages may be award- ed as compensation to the injured party, and in certain cases as punishment to the wrong-doer. In arriving at the proper amount of damages the courts follow de- fined rules. 5. Remoteness. — Immediate or consequen- tial damages may be considered. No one is held responsible for all the consequences of his acts or defaults, but only for those which the law considers the natural conse- quences. These are either the direct con- sequences or they are indirect. For all di- rect consequences, whether they are such as inevitably ensue, or such as have natu- rally ensued in the particular case, the person guilty of the cause is held absolute- ly liable. Such damages as the cause pro- duced naturally but indirectly are called consequential. In case of tort not involving malice, dam- ages ma}' be recovered, not merely for the direct consequences, but for such indirect results as might reasonably' be expected to ensue by a person of ordinary intelligence, or for all the natural consequences of the wrongful act. 6. Personal Property; Trespass. — For as- liortation or destruction of his personal property, so that the owner is wholly de- prived of it, he is entitled to recover its value at the time of the trespass. This is the measure of damages for the entire loss of the property. For an injury to it there is a right to a proportionate recovery. The measure of damages for the conver- sion of property is the value of the property at the time and place of conversion. The element of damage to be considered in case of injury to the person is, the plaintiit's time of loss from business or employment; his loss of capacity to perform the kind of labor for which he' is fitted; expenses for medical services, nursing, and mental and physical pain. The same rule will apply to injuries to animals. We have set out the above principles of damagesforthepurposeof discovering, if pos- sible, under what branch or branches dam- ages may be recovered for injury or losses in consequence of keeping bees. In a previ- ous article we reviewed the causes of dam- ages growing out of the nuisances commit- ted by bees. In this article we desire to review the rules regarding the bee as a trespasser. One who feels aggrieved by reason of trespassing bees may bring an action against the owner for damages, and may recover upon proper proof and identifi- cation of the trespassers for their original act of destruction; and successive actions may be brought to recover for damages for the continuation of their wrongful trespass- ing; but in all these cases damages are es- 378 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 1 timated only to the date of the bringing of each suit [loi N. V., 9S). CAPACITY TO TRESPASS. Courts judicially know that bees can not be stabled as other animals are ; that to do so would destroy their value as property. If the owners of houses, grocers, and fruit- dealers and fruit-raisers were not careless in leaving attractions for them, bees would commit no trespass. They would go to pas- ture among forests, fields, and amid flow- ers. But the grocers, fruit dealers, and fruit-raisers say they are not required to screen against bees if domesticated and re- garded as property, that the law should protect them from the ravages of trespass- ing bees the same as from any other tres- passing animals. This is true only in so far as identification can be made positive. The instinct of bees is well understood, but their identification is difficult. The rela- tion between fruit-growers and bee-keepers is said to be somewhat strained. The for- mer claim it to be fair to compel the bee- keeper to feed his bees at home in seasons when they would otherwise prove a nui- sance and damaging trespassers to his neighboringfruit-grower. Whether it would or would not be possible to keep bees at home by feeding them heavily is an open question. But this plan would entail a heavy tax upon the bee-keeper. Would it be just to make the beekeeper pay this when, quite likely, the cracked and rotting fruit which the bee would take from the neighbor's orchard has been produced, at least has set, because of the labors in pol- lination of these same bees? W^hen bees find a fair supply of nectar in the flowers within reach of the hive they prefer that to fruit, and few bees then attack fruit. But it is not at all sure that liberal feeding will keep all of the bees at home, or nearly all of them, from trying to get fruit sugar or juices. The next suggestion is that of moving awaj' if the cost would be less than feeding. But can the bee-keeper get away from the fruit-grower? If the extensive fruit-grower can sue and collect damages for injuries to the fruit on his 1000 trees, the owner of one tree, and 1000 owners of trees within flying distance of an apiarj' can also collect. If an abundant bee-pasture happens to exist a few miles away, the solution is easy and moving is practical. But this is usually of short duration ; civilization and improve- ments, farms and fruit-gardens, soon fol- low, and the cry is again, " Move on! " On the other hand, it is claimed that the dam- ages to fruit alleged to be due to bees is too remote and uncertain ; and, as already stated, the benefits from pollination are equal to the damages. Few if any cases have reached the higher courts, and the judgments in the lower courts are largely based upon actual damages proved, and identification of the trespassing bees. INJURY TO PERSON OR PROPERTY. A small son of an Indiana farmer left the team he was driving, near some bee-hives, while he chased a squirrel. The horses backed the wagon into the hives, and the animals were so badly stung that they died. The boy was also stung so badly that he lost the sight of one eye. It was held that the boy's contributing negligence occasioned the injury and resulting dam- ages, and no recovery could he had. An Iowa farmer maintained a hitching- rack at the roadside in front of his resi- dence. Near by, but within his inclose, he kept a number of stands of bees. A neigh- bor voluntarily hitched his horses to the rack. A swarm of bees settled upon the animals, causing them to break the tethers and run away. In their flight they collid- ed with a team and vehicle going in an op- posite direction, and both teams and vehi- cles were damaged. It was held that the hitching of the horses near the bees was a voluntary act, and the attack by the bees was too remote to justify a recovery from the bee-keeper for the joint damages suffer- ed by the owners of the wrecked outfits. In the case of Earl vs. Van Alstine (A\ORO RAMBLE 201. Honey Yield of Cuba ; Cuban Honeypackages ; Extracting ; Hive=bottoms ; Blacks Preferred in Cuba Help, Price of. BY RAMBLER. So far as I can learn, no one has kept a record of the colony yield for one or more seasons in Cuba. I think it is not nearly as much as in California. For instance, Mr. Wilder, of California, secured an aver- ag-e of 240 lbs. per colony from an apiary of 100 colonies during- the past year; and in the last Gleanings Mr. Raze reports a yield of 380 lbs. averag-e from 50 colonies. I know of one bee-keeper here who has had an exceptionally good jdeld (so considered by his neighboring- bee-keepers). Though the season is not quite closed he can rea- sonably' forecast the result, and his averag^e yield will not go above 160 lbs. per colony, 600 in two apiaries. Cuban honey is all put into barrels and tierces, mostly in the latter, holding 100 gallons, and called boco3'es. The barrel, or tierce, is gauged bj' the dealer, and it goes by the gallon, the dealer paying for the tierce. Price of 50-gallon barrel, $3.00; bocoy, $6.00, or at the rate of 6 cts. per gal- SOMERFORDS 800-GALLON TANK. Ion. This helps the bee-keeper out a little better than the practice in the States, where the price of the package is lost to the pre - ducer. It is a rank injustice, and the Cu- ban plan should be adopted. Mr. Somerford uses the ten-frame L. hive, and works exclusively for extracted honey. I find the majority of bee-keepers here run their honey directly from the extractor to the barrel, not taking much care about bits of; comb and bees that may get in. This plan is adopted at Mr. S.'s home apiary. When I first entered his extract- ing - cabin his men were at work slinging honey. The extractor is securely anchored to a stone and cement foundation. There is drop enough for a futile strainer (futile means one that will take out the largest bits of comb, etc.), and below this the bar- rel. I told Mr. S. that his house looked like a cider-mill. You see that big barrel was suggestive. It smelled like a cider- mill, and, to all intents and purposes, was no better than one. But I can make a better re- port about an out-apiary a few kilometers further along on the calzada. Here he had gotten down to business, and made an 800-gallon galvanized-irontank,. held to shape by a wooden frame; another, of about the same size, is doing duty in an- other out-apiary. One novel feature of these large tanks is the absence of a gate or faucet for drawing off the honey. Gates sometimes have a way of getting open and losing a large amount of honey. Mr. S. places the barrel or bocoy next the tank, and uses an ordinary pump for transferring the hon- ey. The honey can be left a long time in the tank, for, like California sage honey, it does not granulate. Or if any Cu- ban honey does granulate it has a mushy consistency. 380 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 1 I noted another peculiarity about this honey. In my experience in extracting' in the States, while using- the honey-knife its edge will soon gum with honey. I have al- ways used two knives, alternating them from a water-bath; and many bee-keepers use a hot-water bath to dissolve that g-um- my edge. But here one knife can be used all day and no g-umming. There is an acidity, or perhaps it is so limpid, that the knife always cuts freely. The uncapping--tank is just like all of Mr. S.'s ideas — immense — 6 feet one way, 5 the other, and one foot deep. He says the next one will be several feet deep. He does not want his lightning- operators to stop to bother with the cappings during- the ex- tracting- of a whole apiary. The accompanying photos show two views of the same apiary. The honey-house is built against the ruins of an old stone house, and these ruins are frequent all over the country, as a result of the war. Beside the house are the barrels, the big tank, and the cart for the transfer of a large number of combs from hive to extractor. In the other view, and near Mr. S., is one of those cement hive-bottoms described in Gleanings some time ago. Mr. S. found these too fragile, and has discarded them. His hives are now provided with a continu- ous bottom. A bed of small stones is put down where he wants the hives to stand; the surface is then made smooth with ce- ment. Before the hives are placed it looks like a long sidewalk. In every apiary I have visited in Cuba the hives are placed close together, or from four to six inches apart — just barely room to step between. I strongly doubt if Mr. Somerford can get his big feet between some of his hives. I note here the absence of the sun wax- extractor. In the summer months, when there is sun and heat enough, there is not much wax to render. In the winter, when the honey is taken, and there is wax to ren- der, there is not heat of sun enough to have much effect, and so the old kettle and boil- ing method is resorted to. Home-made foundation is used, and bee- men are liberal in the use of it; but after all of this liberal use there is an immense amount of wax shipped from Cuba. Mr. Somerford does not take time to ren- der his cappings as fast as taken; but aft- er allowing- them to drain thoroughly he packs them in barrels which have been sawn asunder. Cappings from the work of many days can be stamped by foot pres- sure into small space, and Mr. S. avers that the polka step is the most efifective. The reader can gather from the illustra- tion just how he does it. Bro. Somerford reallj^ believes that the black bee is better than the Italian, for Cu- ba. It is not on account of lack of energy on the part of the Italian, but from too much of that quality. The extra energy of the Italian leads to the filling of the brood-chamber with honey, and crowding the queen down to a little patch of brood. In due time the colonj^ becomes so reduced in working force as to become a non-pro- ducer. On the other hand, the black bee does not so energetically fill the brood- chamber, and the strength of the colony is continued through the entire honev season. SOMKR ford's cement HIVE-BOTTOMS. 1902 (CLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 381 The only remed_y is to extract often from the brood-chamber, which bee-inen general- THE POLKA. STEP. ly do here, and from both blacks and Ital- ians. From my limited observation I think close attention is not given to thorough re-queen- ing; and I am sure that a less number of colonies could be managed with more profit than so many. In the managing of a large number of apiaries the question of help plays an im- portant part. I don't believe the native Cuban, on the average, is so efficient as the average American. But as they can be hired for about $15 per month they will prob- ably be preferred to the higher-priced bee- men from the States. But very few of these Cubans can read or write. Three-fourths of the people of Cuba are illiterate. To al- low you to judge of the illiteracj^ of the ru- ral population, I would say that I received my mail for a few weeks at a town of some 1500 population. When I would call for m^' mail the postmaster would take down a common cigar-box and pick out my letters and papers. All the mail for said town was in that box! While there are a great many bright young Cubans, the rule is the other way. It will be hard to make me believe that the3' can so intelligently manage an apiary as a bright young man from the States, with up- to-date information, and all the time ab- sorbing more from our abundant litera- ture. All the same, if they come to Cuba they must come in competition with the cheap labor. BEES AND PEACHES. Mrs. Axtell tells us some of their Experience Last Season. BY MRS. L. C. AXTELL. Mr. Root: — Our bees have done us no good for several years, and do not promise to be worth caring for for the coming year, as the white clover was so dried out, and all other honey-bearing plants last year; and it is dry this winter and spring, and bees injure peaches so badly I would about as soon they would die out. I observed very carefully last fall the peach-orchard, and decided that, although the bees did not make the first incisions, they soon followed and ate up the peach, which, if they had left alone, would have been marketable in our home market. The first puncturing came from birds — sometimes only a bite or two in the finest peaches, and then they would go to another peach and take a bite, and so on until they had bitten a dozen or more on a tree; and if those peaches could have been picked right away, this would not hurt their sale very much in our home market; but if left a few hours the bees sucked out great holes in them, so they would not sell. The peach juice is also bad for bees. I suppose the birds picked into the ripe peaches because green ones could not be so easily punctured. We could see the birds pick them. Roseville, 111., Apr. 7. [Mrs. A., I thank you for this testimony, and I think it is correct. Bees are certain- ly in one sense a nuisance many times to the peach-grower. But where peaches are to be shipped away, in modern peach- growing, the pickers are on hand and gath- er these peaches you mention before they get so soft that the birds are inclined to puncture them. Of course, the birds, un- less frightened away, will get their work in to some extent; but these peaches can, with proper care, be utilized for the home markets, or by canning or drying. I watch- ed this whole thing pretty well last season in the great peach-orchards in Northern Michigan. Friend Hilbert does quite a can- ning business in connection with shipping peaches. The peaches are canned in half- gallon jars, and put up by the hundreds if not by the thousands, and they have no trouble in selling all they can put up, in Traverse City. I believe the jars are some- times returned; but, even if they are not, good jars are as good as cash. Mrs. Root dried a few of those overripe peaches. For my part, I like the dried peaches best. 382 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 1 They agree with my dig^estion better than the canned peaches. Now, the great moral here is: To take care of the peaches and all other kinds of fruit before the birds and bees can get a going; and I think it will pay well to do it, even in seasons when the bees do not go near the peaches at all; and I suppose all will admit we have many such seasons. — A. I. R.] Here is something further from one who has had ample experience with both bees and peaches. Rewrites: I have recently bought a whole apiary for the purpose of being certain that all of my peach-trees would get properly pollen- ized, as I have about 4500. Amity, N. Y., Mar. 31. Harry Vail. JV. C. R., Ohio. — We would not advise 3'ou to set a bucket of syrup out in the open air, as it would result in fearful robbing, and many of the bees would be drowred. To feed syrup, it should be put inside of the hive. J. H. G., Mich. — It is possible to feed bees in the cellar, but it is usually not ad- visable, as it stirs the bees up to too great activity. You may, however, feed cakes of hard candy made of pure granulated sugar without any coloring or flavor. W. M. //., Wis.—T\\&r& is no practical way of preserving queens for any length of time ex- cept in little nuclei. A dozen queens, or even more, can be kept in mailing-cages under a quilt of a strong- colony for two or three weeks, and possibly a month; but the Good candy should be re- newed at least every ten days, all dead bees shaken out. and fresh ones put in their places. /. S., N. F.— There is no ob- jection to leaving- the two extra frames of honey in the brood -nest if you have them; but if the other six combs were well filled with honey, and the bees could be ac- commodated on the six, I would take out the two combs not need- ed, even if they were filled with honey, set them aside, and then in the spring- g-ive them to the colony that might be running short of stores, whether it be the one under consideration or some other one. In any case, when the frame contains brood it should be left in the hive till the brood hatches. B. K. \V., Neb. — It is not advisable"" to use old sections that are soiled from the season before. While honey can be stored in them, yet, no matter how good the filling- and how nice the honej', they are pretty sure to go at second-quality grading. This would make a difference of anywhere from two to three cents a pound; and to use brand-new sections in place of old ones, would entail a cost of less than a third of a cent. E. H. A'., ///. — Replying to j'our ques- tion of March 26, I would state that j'ou need have no fears that any one who is a neighbor of yours can, by any means known, induce his bees to go and rob yours. If j'our colonies are weak with larg-e en- trances, and his are strong, there is a pos- sibility that his bees might rob yours; but if you will reduce the entrances down to the size that the bees can properly defend, 3'ou need have no fear of your neighbors' bees. F. W. C, La. — Galvanized iron is suita- ble for honej'^-utensils where the capacity is a barrel or more; but I would not advise its use in smaller cans. In California this metal is used entirely for storage-tanks; but they hold a good many tons, and there is comparatively verj' little of the tank that comes in contact with the honey. Small galvanized utensils would do for a short time, but we would not advise keeping the honey in them for any great length of time. The galvanized metal is perfecth^ safe for extractors in anj^ case, because the honey remains in them so short a time. Its use in this country for this purpose is now uni- versal. A PARTIAL VIEW OF ONE END BEE-CELLAR. SEE OE OUR EDITORI MACHINE SHOP ALS. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 383 NOISE IN BEE-CELLARS; DOES IT DISTURB BEES? Mr. Root: — I have read with much inter- est this past winter the g-ood reports you have put in Gleanings about those bees which were wintering under the machine- shop. I have also kept track of the reports of the Bing-ham cellar with its mighty ven- tilator. Now comes to hand the April 1st number of Gleanings, and states that noise does not disturb bees, and that ventilation, and lots of it, keeps the bees quiet. I can swallow quite a big piece, but the above is quite unreasonable. M3' thought was that Mr. Root had made a slight mistake, or was placing too much confidence in his new hobby of wintering bees under a machine- shop. In looking up the meaning of "noise" I found the definition to be, "a loud sound; outcry." I went into my bee- cellar, which has over 70 colonies in it, the hives standing on benches with neither bench nor hive touching wall or ceiling, and the bees in that peaceful mood which de- notes successful wintering. I stepped two paces into the cellar, and shouted "Hello!" The bees answered with a "buzz, buzz." I could hardly believe myself; and, thinking that Mr. Root and Gleanings might still be right, I shouted again. This time the bees went "buzz, buzz, buzz" again, and there was a general stir among them. So I went out and shut the door, proving to my own satisfaction, as Mr. Root says, that noise does disturb bees. Mr. Root might say the foregoing was not a right test, so here is another: Over my bee-cellar is a work-shop, and on stormy days during winter I was nail- ing frames, fastening the end-bars with \Vz- inch nails. The shop was empty; and by nailing the frames it made quite a noise. The thought came to me one day while nail- ing, "Does this noise disturb the bees?" The next morning, before I started to work, I put my ear to the cellar-door. Every thing was quiet, so I went to work. After nailing for about half an hour I went to the door and listened again, and found that the bees were on a general rumble. If noise does not disturb bees, what was it that caused them to roar as they did, and then quiet down as soon as I quit pounding? As for ventilation, I have found out the past winter that bees can be wintered sat- isfactorily without it. F. O. R. Simpson. Newmarket, Ont., Apr, 14. [I judge from what you say you have not read all I said on this subject of noise in bee-cellars. I am quite ready to concede all you say so far as your own experiments with your own bees are concerned, yet if you were to come here to Medina I could convince you that what I said was literally true. Going into- the cellar and shouting, as you did, when quiet had reigned su- preme for weeks before, was a sudden shock, and it would disturb any bees; but if you were to go into that cellar every day in the week, and shout for ten hours, you would find the bees would get used to it. Our machine-shop is run from ten to eleven hours a day, six days in the week, and the noise is constant with the rumble of machines and occasional droppings of heavy castings. Bees get used to such noises that are inces- sant, just as we get accustomed to trains going by our windows every hour in the night without waking us from sleep. The first night or so it is distracting; but it does not take long to get used to it, just as the bees get used to the noise above in the machine-shop or living-rooms over ordinary house cellars. — Ed.] hiving swarms. Which is the best method of hiving a swarm of bees — by trapping the drones and queen in a drone and queen trap, when the swarm goes out, or letting the queen go with the swarm and trying to get the bees into a hive afterward? J. C. White. Solon, Mich., Apr. 7. [For the average beginner it would be better to use a drone-trap. I would not ad- vise letting the queen go with the swarm, because it entails a risk of losing the bees, and at the same time causes a great deal of inconvenience and a waste of time. It is a common practice of our best honey-produc- ers to clip one wing of all queens. When a swarm issues, the clipped queen can be picked up at the entrance, as a rule, put into a cage, and held up on a swarming- pole, where the bees will very soon cluster, or put into a hive of combs on the old stand. Wing-clipping has the advantage over per- forated zinc in that it saves some expense, and does not obstruct the entrance as does the metal.' — Ed.] PLANTING FOREST - TREES, ESPECIALLY BLACKWALNUT. About twelve years ago I bought a farm in Isle of Wight Co., Va., on which there was a field of about 15 acres of rather poor worn-out soil. Ten years ago I had black- walnuts planted on it in rows 24 feet apart each way. The field held 1200 hills. The next spring they came up in a nearlj' per- fect stand. I gave a man the use of the land to take care of and replant, where the trees did not come up. He, in common with all his neighbors, thought I was "loon3'," and for several years he paid no attention to replanting, and very little to taking care of what he did not plow up or otherwise kill. So for the last two years I have re- planted and trimmed them myself, and that was what I was doing last week. There are now between 500 and 600 good trees. In 1900 the first tree bore nuts, and last year about 24 of them had nuts on. This 384 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mav 1 year, if all goes well, full3^ 200 should bear. A very few of those trees are 25 feet hig-h and 8 inches throug-h at the butt, while 200 or more of them are over 20 feet hig-h and 5 inches or more in diameter six inches above the ground; and since the nuts are worth $2.25 per barrel, and blackwalnut lumber is worth $100 per 1000 feet, the man who failed to care properly for the trees, and his neighbors also, admit that there is some method in mj^ lunacy after all, al- though my tenant does not see whj' I should "fault" him for being careless about the trees, "Kase them trees is g-wine to be wuth a heap course o' ten or fifteen j^ears;" and he "lowed ef they'd a been on his Ian' he'd a plowed every dratted one on em up the fust ear;" and he really thinks I should be well pleased at what he has done, in spite of the fact that, had he lived up to his agreement, I should now have had twice as many trees well on the way to a bearing size and age. This year I planted 400 pa- per-shell pecans and 190 Japan walnuts. J. W. Stebbins. Broadcreek, Va., Feb. 5. |T have g^iven the above mainl}' to show how easy it is to grow a grove of walnuts, especially since the lumber is g-eting- to be away up in price; and with the nut-bear- ing trees we can, as you notice in the above, be getting some revenue while the trees are g-etting to be of suitable size for lumber. Our baswood-orchard has many trees now over a foot through; and the yield of the hon- ey from the grove is on the increase year by year.— A. I. R.] THE NATURE AND GENERAL CHARACTER OF PICKLED BROOD. 1. Has pickled brood absolutely no per- ceptible odor? 2. Will there be absolutely no ropy mat- ter adhere to a toothpick when withdrawn from a dead larva having- had the disease known as pickled brood? 3. Will a comb that has been rotten with foul brood during June become filled with healthy larvje afterward? Or, will a foul- brood cell produce healthy larva? at times and diseased ones at other times? R. C. HUGKNTOBLER. Miami, O., Apr. 12. [ 1. Pickled brood has no odor like foul brood, nor has it a foul smell — in fact, no smell at all, as a g-eneral thing-. If any odor is present at all it is slightlj' acid, or sour, and heuce the name, pickled brood. In the advanced stages there will be a white mold over the surface of the comb; and this, in fact, is the best evidence that it is pick- led brood. 2. Pickled brood is slig-htly ropy at times, but it never draws or ropes out more than an eighth of an inch, and, unlike foul brood, does not have a stringy character. 3. Cells that have contained foul brood may be cleaned out by the bees, and after- ward healthy brood be reared in them; but the probabilities are that those same cells containing the spores of the disease will again give the disease to other healthy lar- vae. Yes, cells that have been foul-broodj' at one time may be apparently healthy at another. — Ed.] GUESSING AT THE AMOUNT OF STORES IN HIVES. Will you kindly explain in your next is- sue one or more methods by means of which the amount of honey in a hive can be deter- mined without weighing each comb? John C. McCormick. Detroit, Mich., Apr. 12. [The best way is to hang the hive on a spring balance, and thus get at the actual weight. If you know what similar hives with empty combs will weigh, and then add about 3 lbs. for the bees, 3'ou can determine pretty accurately the amount ol honey in the hive. After weighing 50 or 100 hives you will then be able thus to determine near enough for all practical purposes by "hefting" or lifting the hives. Practice makes perfect, or nearly so. — Ed.] candied comb HONEV — WHAT TO DO WITH IT. I had a case of fine-looking honej' of my last year's crop turn to sugar. Can you tell me the cause of it? and can you give me a way to prevent it? If you can, I will consider it a great favor. H. R. Long. Columbus, O., Mar. 29. [You can give it to the bees or sell it to some of your local customers at a low price. I say local customers, because j'ou can then explain that it is pure comb hon- ey, granulated in the combs. Some take such honey and put it into a solar wax-ex- tractor. The honey will melt with the wax, and rundown into the pan. The wax will be on top and the hone}' beneath; but the color of the latter, when so treated, is affected for the worse, and is usually fit only to be fed to the bees. The cause of the granulation of the hone}' ma}' be due to the fact that you kept it in a cool place over winter. But some honeys, especially some seasons, will candy, even when the condi- tions are favorable for keeping it liquid. — Ed.] the california honey crop. Friend Root: — On page 227, Mar. 15, I notice an editorial and quotations from let- ters concerning the honey crop in Califor- nia. It makes me laugh — or it would if it were not so provoking. What fools some of our California bee-keepers are! Eastern honey-producers need not worry much about the big crop in California this year, for we shall not have it unless we get two or three inches of rain yet, and then the weather will have to be just right for about three months yet. I have been in the bee busi- ness here for 19 years, with more or less success ; and if we have much of a crop 1M02 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 385 this 3'ear there is something' wrong with my judg'ment. There will be some honey in a few favored locations, but no general crop in the southern part of the State. Of course, we can not tell what the bees will do in the central part of the State on the alfalfa. We seldom get a crop of hon- ey here with less than 14 to 18 inches of rain. Last year was an exception. We don't often get exceptions two years in suc- cession, but we often get two failures, and sometimes three, in succession. This year we have had nearly as much rain as we did last year — about 12 inches; but nearly a third of it came early last fall, when it did the bee business more harm than good, as it started the sages and al- fileria to growing- nicely, and then the long dry spell, which lasted until February, dwarfed or stunted the alfileria so that it is not a fourth as good as it was last year; and the sage will not bloom as it did last year, or as it would if all our rains had come after the holidays. L. E. Mercer. Ventura, Cal., Mar. 29. BEES IN A DEEP MOUNTAIN CANYON. I should like to ask if bees will do as well down in a canyon where they do not get the sun until about 7 a.m., and where it leaves them about 5 p. m., as they would up where they would get more sunshine. Mesa, Col., Apr. 9. W. C. Dobbins. [You probably could not produce as nice an article of comb honey down deep in a canyon as you could where the sun strikes earlier and later in the day; but I ran across fine large apiaries in California in several of the canyons, and the honey I tasted at all of them was of a heavy body and of fine flavor, notwithstanding the nights in those same canyons were quite cool. Indeed, it was very comfortable to wrap in a good heavy banket at night in a warm house. If I knew of a good location in a canyon I certainly would locate the bees there. — Ed.] FIGWORT, OR SIMPSON HONEY-PLANT. If it hadn't been for the Simpson honey- plant our bees would have gone to begging into winter; but the late bloom of this plant just put them in fine condition after the dry season. This plant grows plentifully in old fence-rows, brush-piles, gulleys, and waste places. It likes a good rich sandy leaf mold, but it seems to use almost any kind, so it gets a start, and it is easy to grow from seed plants this fall or early spring. A great many will bloom the first season. J. C. Deem. Knightstown, Ind. CHINESE bees THE FORERUNNERS OF GOOD LUCK. In a recent number of Gleanings I saw the statement that the bee has never been tamed; but if left to itself will always seek a home in the woods. This is emphatical- ly nof true of Chinese bees. T/iey seem always to seek a home with man, somewhere in some sort of structure reared by his hand; and the only case that I have yet met with in all my tours of a swarm of bees in a hollow tree was in the edge of a village, in the butt of a large camphor-tree, about six feet from the ground. For ages and ages the Chinese have believed that bees bring good luck; and so for ages and ages the safest place for bees has been the human habitation, till now they cleave to man instinctively. Even superstition some- times shows a brighter side. But may not a few generations of scientific bee culture accomplish the same results in America? J. E. Walker. Shaowu, Foochow, China, Feb. 11. sweet clover — its habit of growing on soils so poor that no other PT.ANT known would take root amj flourish. Several years ago the B. & O. R. R. opened a gravel- pit at Belpre, O , for ballasting the track and con- structing fills. Sweet clover first made its appear- ance in this region, so far as my observation goes, on the fill forming the approach to the Parkersburg bridge. This fill was made of gravel taken from the Belpre gravel-pit. Last week as I passed by this pit, now thirty feet deep. I noticed sweet clover growing as thick as it could stand in the bottom. This gravel deposit is of combined glacial and alluvial origin with an occasion- al true boulder, brought down by the river from the glaciated part of the State. Was the seed deposited with the gravel? Dana, in his geology, speaks of plants growing from sand taken from the bottom of a well dug a few miles from the seacoast. There were no plants of the variety growing near the well, but they were found growing on the seashore. No doubt the well had tapped soil which at one time had form- ed the sea-beach. [The above was sent us in the shape of a newspaper clipping, so we can not tell what paper it was taken from. It empha- sizes the fact made by Prof. Thorne, of our experiment station, that sweet clover, as a rule, occupies ground where no other plant would grow; but after the sweet clover has got a start, and has been plowed under, various farm crops may be grown success- fully.—Ed.] GOOD WINTERING ON BLACK HONEY-DEW. I have 40 colonies of bees in the cellar, wintering well so far on the blackest hon- ey-dew you ever saw, and have 400 lbs. of the same, for spring feeding. I got but lit- tle good honey last year— too dry. A. G. MOORHEAD. Dearborn, Mo., Feb. 22. BEES AND SMELTING-FURNACES. My husband's bees are all dead (killed through the smelter smoke), and the same fate befell all bees in this county. Alice M. Bangerter. Granger, Utah, Mar. 8. My wife is much interested in bee culture. One swarm produced 110 lbs. of honey last year — that is, surplus, besides over SO lbs. left in the hive for the bees. Wanatah, Ind. S. P. Howell. 386 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mav 1 AMVTKUR bee-keeping; possible kesults: SLIPSHOD vs. UP-TO-DATE METHODS. I like your manner of writing-, of credit- inhe thinks to be good) has told her of the story of his love; and unlawful or criminal love has much the same effect. A man sometimes excuses himself — we will say a mvisic-teacher— and gives, as an excuse for paying so much attention to a certain pupil, that this particular pupil has rare abil- itv, and is going to make a stir in the world Perhaps her rare ability becomes manifest because he himself has given her more attention, and has put more en- thusiasm into his business of developing her latent talents, than he ever gave any other pupil before in his life. This stimulus and enthusiasm are all right. They are some of God's great gifts. Sometimes where a man of great ability marries a woman whom the world calls " beneath " him. if he truly loves her he may in a little while raise her up to his own level — yes, even though she lack education in her youth, and refine- ment; and even though she had no taste for mu.sic and the sciences, this man may, by his love and devo- tion, lift her up and develop her, and cultivate in her a taste for thii gs she would never have thought of nor cared for at all under other circumstances, and this thing is all right. It is one of God's most precious and greatest gifts. But Satan gets hold of it, just as he gets hold of every thing that is pure and good (if he can), and simply uses it to bring about ruin, shame, and crime. ing her music, and music only, as he had agreed to do with her father, he was teach- ing her "infatuation." He deliberately made her crazy after him. How could she do otherwise than "chase" after him, es- pecially when the time came when he want- ed to avoid her, for they stood together in the relation of man and wife, even though he was a married man with a family al- ready? This thing could not continue. He urged her to go to an asylum and be cared for. I suppose there are "asylums" for just such unfortunates. She knew what this meant, and knew the ruined life that stood before her. She refused to go, but at every opportunitj'^ plead with him to desert his wife and children and run away with her, away off where nobody would ever find out that they two were not legally man and wife. Why didn't he do this? He had told her perhaps a thousand times that he loved her more than he did his wife and children or any thing else in the world, and she be- lieved him. He reasoned that, if she could be put out of the way, he could hold up his head in the world as he had been doing, and keep on with his profession. The prince of darkness that first started them on this downward career kept following them up. He urged this girl to get the married man to run away with her; then he put it into the head of the music-teacher to put her out of the way. He yielded to Satan's suggestions, and brutally murder- ed the girl he had professed to love — the girl he had deliberately led astray, for he was much the older of the two. Murdered her — how? ]l'ith a hatchet! This he confesses. Now, this professor of music and this pu- pil of his were both honest and upright, I take it — people in good standing. They were honest in their deal. They did not think in the outset of being untruthful, nor of stealing any thing from anybody; but, oh my God! what an end this little harm- less transaction had! I have given the above as a warning; and I have given it, too, to illustrate how people who are honest in dollars and cents maj' commit a still greater wrong than robbing their neighbor of hundreds or even thou- sands of dollars. Men are not all tempted alike; they are not all "built" after the same model. Before my conversion to Christ Jesus I loved truth and honesty in money matters; but it was a negative virtue. But when reading that account of the music- teacher and his pupil, it burst on me that, had it not been for the saving power of Christ Jesus, my Savior, my record might have been like thiitof that poor unfortunate man who is now on his way to prison for life; and were it not (even now) for the constant presence of the spirit of this dear Lord and Savior in my heart I might not be much better than the music-teacher. While I would not for a moment discourage people from signing the pledge, and doing every thing they can in every way to " res- cue the perishing," yet I feel again and again that the only safe and perfect remedy 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 391 for all these dangers is in accepting Christ Jesus as the redeemer of mankind, and putting your hand in his, and letting him lead — in uniting with Christian people, and in making the Bible your daily study — in asking him daily, in the language of David, to "create in me a clean heart, and renew a right spirit within me." Since the above was written we learn by the papers that Prof. Miller has been sen- tenced to the penitentiary for life, and that sentence was passed within 72 hours from the time the murder was committed. May God be praised for the fact that the law does sometimes nowadays meet out a swift punishment as well as a sure one! Now, then, may all the world understand that there is no need of lynching, especially when it is possible by laiv to try a man and sentence him within three days from the time the crime was committed. PURCHASING REAL ESTATE WITHOUT SEE' ING IT, IN ANSWER TO "SPREAD EA- GLE" ADVERTISEMENTS ; ANOTHER " FLORA " HOME. Dear Brother Root : — How I would enjoy grasping your hand and having a good talk ! 1 have taken Glkan ngs nearly all of the time since you began its publication. Your Home talks have been of great in- terest and help to Mrs. S. and myself in times past ; and now when we are in trouMe we come to you for such help as you may give us, and to caution others who may be on the point of making the same disas- trous move we have done. First, we wish you to notice the principal reasons why we came to make our mistake ; namely, having confidence in publishers and advertisements inserted in our great and trusted religious papers, the Chris- tian Herald, Christian Endeavor ?r'o> /of. and others. I firmly believe it the duty of every editor and publisher of a religious paper to be positively certain that every thing contained in their papers, from beginning to end, be clean and reliable, and to refuse all unclean, doubtful, and fraudulent advertising, regardless of the money loss to them, and I believe that they will have to answer in the future for all the loss, injury, and suffering caused by accepting fraudulent advertise- ments. We are now in the widely advertised Maywood Colo- nies, Corning, Tehama Co., Cal., under the manage- ment of Foster & Woodson. I inclose, under another wrapper, a copy of a booklet such as have been ^ind are now being sent all over the world by the tens of thousands ; also a copy of a regular paper published by Foster & Woodson, and sent in like numbers, tell- ing of the fine chances here to live and make money by fruits and vegetables, etc. Please read them care- fully, and then you can realize the situation, and the fraud and injury being done to people in all parts of our land. It is a fraud to conceal a fraud ; and before God I can not keep quiet and let matters move along as they are doing, and not let our good people know something about this place. I shall tell only the strict truth, and might add a great deal more with a clear conscience. Doubtless I shall have to suffer se- verely for doing my duty thus far. Foster & Woodson are selling land right along to outside people every- where, and people are coming in continuallj-, who have bought land in the past, most of them having had it planted out to trees for .some time. Upon arriv- al they find things in bad shape — trees extremely small and poor, many dead, land in bad shape, and much of it very poor, and the outlook discouraging for any profit in the future. Disappointment and trouble are the rule. When they try to .sell out at al- most any price, they find no one to buj', as there is a general dissatisfaction and desire on the part of al- most every one here to get away if possible ; but they can not sell their property. On our way out here we became acquainted with a fine gentleman and wife from New York, who owned an orchard here, planted two years before for them. They stayed some two or three months, lost nearly $2000, and returned home. There is good reason to be- lieve that there are very many similar cases happen- ing right along. Vegetables will not grow here to any extent without water, and trees do not do much better. There is vo way to get water except by power pump*- ing, as wind power is nothing but a plaything. To put in power pumps costs too much, for each one has to look out for himself, and most of the people here have already spent about all they have on land, trees, and buildings. Those who had most have lost most. I would say to all. don:t spend your money on proper- ty until you have seen the place yourself, and then not in a hurry, as there are many things that are wrong, and to be found out only by waiting. Above all, do not believe what is told by a lot here who wish to sell out. Two years ago, after reading a great deal about this place in books and papers similar to those sent you, and seeing advertisements and notices in the papers named, and others, we bought five acres of land here at $oO per acre. La.st September we .sold our nice little fai m and stock in Mas,sachusetts, stored our furniture to be shipped later, and came to this colony — myself, wife, and a large family of boys and girls. We found the place very drear. There were three saloons, an open bar in the Liersch Hotel, and one also in Hotel Maywood, owned by Foster & Woodson. There was practically no fruit to be seen, as there was none grown last year to speak of, on account of a freeze in April. We began to look for work at once, but could fi d none far or near until into November^ and, when obtained, it was of the very hardest and most disagreeable kind. Up to date all' the work pos- sible to obtain has amounted to just $()6 85, and yet we have all been anxious to work. All the money we had left upon arrival was spent by Nov. 1 ; since then we have .simply existed in a destitute and nearly starving condition, as we were bound not togo in debt, even if it had been possible. The above amount has been all we have had to live on for five months — eight of us. What we have suffered, God alone knows. Our land is unsalable at any price We have lost our all, and are left in a strange land among strangers, destitute, discouraged, nearly starving and homesick beyond de- scription When east we had plenty of everj' thing : here, nothing ; and no ray of hopie tor the future. All our hopes for our children are blighted unless we can get away. If it were possible for me to return to Massachusetts early this spring I could, by working at ray profession, eani enough to keep us through the summer and pay the passage of my family back east in the fall. But how can I obtain the means to return ? I can not bor- row it, for I have no security to give any one, except my word, a good character, clean industrious habits, a good profession, and good references. We trust God will open a way out in some form. Yours in brotherly love. Corning, Cal ,Mar. 2-1. . I have given the above entire because it tellsthe story better than any thing else can. The accompanying booklets and periodicals picture the locality as a veritable garden of Eden; the finest illustration of Califor- nia groves and fruit had been gathered the State could furnish, and these were suppos- ed to represent the locality in question. While the above letter is doubtless a truth- ful statement, I am inclined to think it gives rather the dark side. In almost all sucli places I have found men who are experts, and who have probably an abundance of means, who have made very pretty places in spite of the discouraging surroundings; but I found whole towns of people, both in Florida and in California, who were very greatly disappointed in just about the way our brother has pictured it out to us. Now. dear friends, take warning before you are ''''beguiled'''' by these enticing pictures seen in the advertisements of real-estate dealers. I am pained almost every day to see whole pages occupied in Christian home papers by such advertisements; and I really fear it is a fact that religious papers open their columns to such swindles when the average 392 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 1 purely agricultural periodical would not sell the space for such a purpose at afiy price. I hope our religious papers will read the above letter. The writer has asked us to withhold his name in print, but we can furnish it whenever it is wanted. FARMING WITH GREEN MANURES. More and more attention is being paid to this matter, especially since farm labor is so high, and it is so difficult to get skillful help at any thing like a moderate price. Green manures are right on the land where you want them. All that is necessary is to plow them under. Then comes the problem of getting as much humus as possible to plow under the soil at once. The book I have so often spoken of, " Farming with Green Manures," gives several plans for getting two or more crops to plow under with only one plowing. From the Country Gmtlcman for March 27 I clip the follow- ing: Before July I cut a piece of hay land, then plow down the sod or stubble ; then sow two bushels of cow peas to the acre right on the furrows ; then put on a disk harrow or a Clark's oitaway until I have a good seed-bed for buckwheat ; then sow one bushel of buck- wheat per acre ; harrow and roll ; then wait. The buckwheat will make headway above the cow peas, and, when in bloom, make one wonder where the cow- peas are. Buckwheat ripens and comparatively disap- pears. Now the cow peas a.sscrt thsmselves, and one soon wonders where the buckwheat is. About the middle of .September I sow right over the to/y of the cow peas two bushels of rj-e per acre. . The shade and retained moisture of the cow peas cause the rve to soon germinate, and with the first frost the cow peas are killed. Now comes the time for the rye to assert itself, which it does so well that, before winter comes, there is a fine stand of rj'e, which is again pro- ttcled during winter by the dead cow-pea vines. By corn-planting time next May I have a fine growtli of rye, waist high. I now attach a heavy chain to the beam of the plow and outer whifBetree and wrap un- der the whole mass of vegetation completely out of sight. If j'ou thinkit is easy fun, trj- it. It sometimes gets to be such tough fun that I have to put on the cut- away harrow and cut all up before plowing under It has not interfered with capillary attraction. I now plant my corn. With the above arrangement we get three crops to plow under with only one plowing, and would thus lose the use of the land onl}'^ from, say, July 1 till corn-planting time next season. I have not tried the ex- periment, but I have grown cow peas, buck- wheat, and rye all separatelj', to be plowed under. I know from experience that the buckwheat will outstrip the cow peas; and I am pretty sure the cow peas will finally out- strip the btickwheat; and I think I know, too, that rye would come up and do grandly if sown right in among cow peas and buck- wheat ; but instead of planting corn the next May I would plant potatoes. A good growth of rj^e is the nicest preparation for a crop of potatoes I know of. The only thing that troubles me is that the buck- wheat seed might come up among the pota- toes, and that would make as mtich work as to cut out weeds. A faithful use of the weeder might kill the buckwheat and not injure the potatoes. I can tell best about that by trying. I have seen buckwheat come up in potato-hills so it had to be pull- ed out by hand; btit I think it was because the spring was so late we could not use the weeder as we should have done otherwise. The above arrangement would be the one for the bee-keeper, becatise he would get a full crop of honey from the buckwheat; and, with a favorable season, quite a little from the cow peas also. The best way to get this tremendous growth of rye under is to have a plow with a sharp revolving-disk coulter to slice right through the rye so it can not clog around the beam of the plow. We used such a one last season. NITRATE OF SODA; CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS, ETC. Mr. A. I. Root : — I have been reading 3'our book on tomato-growing, and I see on p. 97 that your experi- ence with nitrate of soda about coincides with mine. How is it that men like T Greiner, Harris, and other shining lights, recommend it ? In fact. I have not been able to detect any diffei ence with any commercial fer- tilizer as j-et, but have never tried guano. Now, Mr. Root, please recommend to me some brand that you know will be the best for extra early cabbage and early- tomatoes ; also other very early truck. My soil is sandy loam and clay loam'; also some black loam with mostl3' clay sub-soil. I use a small greenhouse to start my early plants. As for potash, I can get all the wood ashes gratis ; but the little lot I have just pur- chased is not very rich ; but I want to do the best I can with earl J' truck this coming season ; and if I only kncTF just what kind of fertilizer to use I would try some. Any information you will impart will be thank- fully received and duly appreciated. What book on gardening would you recommend f ir me — one that is the most up-to-date? I have Hender- son's Gardening for Profit, and Greiner's How to Make the Garden Paj'. Of course, I know good stable manure is the best thing ; but I will not be able to obtain enough for this .season's crop at present, and will have to resort to the next best fertilizer. A. S. Kittredge. Hamilton, Ind. Friend K., I have never been able as yet to find any chemical fertilizer that did enough good to warrant the expense — in fact, I have hardly found any thing that did any good at all. Stable manure is all right, and pays every time. Guano is like stable manure, only it is very much more concentrated. It always produces a result, btit it is too expensive to be even thought of. I have used up a 200-lb. bag of nitrate of soda, and have never jet been able to see that it did any good anywhere — that is, on my own ground. Poultry manure is all right, and my neighbor Hilbert has bought a 200-egg incubator, and is planning to fer- tilize his peach-trees with poultry manure. Of course, he expects the poultrj' to pay ex- penses aside from the manure they furnish. Hard-wood ashes have also, as a rule, prov- ed beneficial on all kinds of crops. Where we burn up a big stump or a log-heap, there is always a marked improvement with any crop on that spot of ground. In conclusion, I believe our best authorities in almost all of our agricultural papers tell all questioners that one can not tell what will succeed in a certain soil without mak- 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 393 ing a test. Try some of the various fertil- izers advertised, on little plots of ground, and do not invest in any thing until you find by actual test that it gives good results on your ground. In regard to books on gardening, after the two you mention I think I would have Ter- ry's books on potato and strawberry cul- ture; Gregory's little books on cabbages, squashes, and onions are all right. "Talks on Manures " was written a good while ago, but it is still a valuable book. Can you not bu)^ stable manure by the carload in some large city not far away? DIFFERENT VARIETIES IN THE MATTER OF GARDEN SEEDS; HOW MANY KINDS DO WE REALLY NEED? A bulletin from the United States De- partment of Agriculture is just at hand, entitled, " A List of American Varieties of Peppers." How many do you suppose there are ? Well, they have enumerated and named 134 ; and this same bulletin gives us the following piece of information in its preface: In the Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture for 1901 it is stated that American seedsmen cataloged the preceding year"(i8o real or nominal varieties of cabbage, 320 of" table beets, H40 of sweet corn, 560 of bush beans, 255 of pole beans, 320 of cucumber, 530 of lettuce, and an equally large number of varieties of other vegetables." In counting the number of these varieties, names vsrere included which differed from others simply by the addition of a descriptive word, such as "improv- ed," "large," " early," or the names of per-ons, while other varieties, having attached to them unimportant descriptive words, such as "select," "new," and " choice," were not included. I am planning this summer, as you know, to test a good many seeds on my trial- grounds in Northern Michigan; but when it comes to 685 kinds of cabbages I shall have to be excused. I do not know exactly what the Department of Agriculture thinks about it; but if these seedsmen do not get a good many kinds of cabbage seed out of the same bag, I think they ought to do so, and a halt should be called in this business. Our experiment stations, when they have made tests, have proved pretty conclusively that several seedsmen are up to the trick of putting a new name on some old well- known variety, and then booming it up to the skies. I have caught one potato-grower in this very trick. When I furnished proof of it so he could not get around it he did not say any thing, for the simple reason that there was nothing to say. Now, our experiment stations in the different States are the ones to rebuke this sort of swindle. Amateur gardeners and hard-working peo- ple are sending to seedsmen four times the actual worth of certain seeds just because they do not know the sarne thing is well known, and on the market (under its real name) at a reasonable price. IT LOOKED silly" — OUR HAND POTATO- PLANTER. You ask about the potato-planter. I bought one of you last spring, and liked it very much ; but the ground must be well prepared for it to do its best. I could induce no one else to try it; they said it "looked silly," but it wasn't. Mrs. J. Bagley. Serena, Illinoi.s, Jan. 8. Well done, Mrs. B. If those people who thought the little machine looked "silly" could see the people plant acre after acre, even to the extent of two acres in a single day, by one person, I think they would be the ones who would "look silly" with their methods. I think you make a good point, however, where you say the ground should be well prepared to do its best ; in fact, the ground needs to be well prepared, no mat- ter how you plant potatoes, to have them do their best. SOME MORE EVIDENCE OF THE GOOD TIME COMING. WHAT DELTA COUNTY, COLORADO, HAS: No jail. No saloons. A first-class creamery. Fine schools and churches. 10,000 acres of land in orchard. The finest vegetables ever seen. Peach-trees which net $20 each. Cherry-trees which net $15 each. 200,000 acres of land under ditch. The largest and best cattle-ranges. Pear-trees which run up to $35 each. The finest trout-fishing in the State. 25 carloads of honey to sell this year. 60U carloads of fruit to sell this year. 35 bushels of wheat per acre this year. The finest hunting-grounds in the West. Peaches 12 to 14 inches in circumference. Potatoes weighing from 1 to 5 pounds each. Apples which weigh from 20 to 24 ounces each. Four out of six World's Fair medals for fruits. The only canning-factory on the Western slope. 200,000 acres of the finest timber and grazing lands. Coal veins— anthracite and bituminous— 6 to 30 feet thick. Apple-trees which net their owners from $20 to $30 a year. Meadows which average five tons of alfalfa per acre each season. Room for 1000 families who want good health, good schools, good churches, and good homes. The most healthful climate in the world for those who have lung or throat troubles, catarrh, or asthma. Four-fifths of all the first premiums offered on the various fruits at all fairs where she has been a competitor. Write to the Delta County Board of Trade, Delta, Colo., for reduced rates and further particulars. Do you want to know what the above has to do with the "good time coming" ? Just this : These people have put at the very top the fact that they have no jail ; and the next item explains the matter. Yes, thej' tell us about other things — 25 carloads of honey to sell, etc. Yes, we have given a free advertisement, but they ought to have it. When the towns and the counties and all the United States shall get into a rival- ry in regard to the inducements they have to get people to go in and live with them, and shall begin to mention, first and fore- most, "no jails" and "no saloons," then we are on the march for the good time com- ing; and I do not know but I might add, also, that we start on the march toward "thy kingdom come, thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven." MR. T, B. terry's STAND ON THE TOBACCO QUESTION. We take pleasure in giving a place to the folloyring clipping from the Practical Fann- er, of Philadelphia : NOT A TOBACCO MAN. Good friends, you will have to excuse me from writ- ing about tobacco, because I do not know any thing 394 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 1 about it. I never saw a field of it growing. I have never been at an institute and heard its culture dis- cussed during all my work in fifteen States. When a boy I signed a pledge to not raise, handle, nor use it in any form, and this pledge has been kept, except that i have bought some for wife to put around the edges of carpets to keep the moths out. That surely did not violate the spirit of my promise. Further, the institute men, as a rule, do not raise or use tobacco. No, there were seven of us in the Minnesota force before the holidays, and not one of them uses it in any form. So you see I have had no opportunities to learn any thing about tobacco, except that I do not like rooms where the air is made impure by its smoke, or the floor filthy by its spitting. So, kindly allow me another subject. May God be praised that the men who speak and teach at our farmers' institutes are, as a rule, clean men, even to the extent that they neither use nor encourag'e the use of tobacco, nor the raising- of it. Temperance. STANDING BY ONE'S CONVICTIONS. We clip the following' from the Sunday School Times: One boy, Harry Shepler, was in the signal service. Harry was ordered one morning, by a sergeant, to report for duty at the canteen. He refused to do so, and the sergeant threatened to report him to the ofii- cer of the day. "All right," said Shepler, "go ahead. I did not enlist to be a bar-tender, but a soldier, and I will not report at the canteen." He was duly reported to the major, who sent for him. Shepler went with trembling knees but with a steady heart, for he knew he was right. When he came before the major, that officer said to him: " Are you the young man who disobeyed orders this morning? " " Yes, sir; I am." " Why did you do it?" " Simply because I do not believe it is right to do what I was asked to do. I enlisted to be a soldier, and not a bar-tender." The major arose quickly from his stool, and, ex- tending his hand, said: "Shepler, you are the kind of man we want. I am glad to see a man who has the courage of his convic- tions. You are not obliged to report at the canteen. Go back to your tent." In a personal letter to the writer, Shepler, in refer- ring to this incident, gave as the reason for his ability to stand firm, the fact that he would not dishonor his mother, nor the Sunday-school which had taken such an interest in him while he was a soldier. The above illustrates something- that oft- en comes up; and I wish to say that, in all my experience in business matters, I have never known a young- man to be the loser by refusing- to do that which his conscience told him was wrong-. Of course, there needs to be an enlightened conscience, and in some matters it would be very wise in- deed for the young- man to consult his pas- tor or some g-ood Christian man a little old- er than himself. It is not only the boys who make blunders by being ajraid to do rig-ht, but men who hold official positions the world over are afraid to do their dutj'. In almost every town in Ohio the mayors and marshals seem to have an idea that they will lose their influence with the peo- ple if they enforce the law, especially when it happens to hit somebody who stands well in communit}^ But they are making- a mis- take. In fact, things have come to such a pass just now that the world is hungeriiifi and thirsting for men who are not afraid to make the law a "terror to evil-doers," as the Bible saj's it should be. In a town near us, half a dozen liquor-sellers were fined, and given a term in jail. Among- them was the proprietor of the leading ho- tel of the town. A great many people seemed to think the jtidge should either let him off on account of his position or else " let him down easy." And they even sug- gested to the jtidge that thej' hoped he would consider the landlord's standing and his family, and his position in town, etc. But the judge was not of that sort. He gave the landlord of the big hotel the same kind of " medicine " he did all the rest. Of course, the whiskj' men are all down on him; but all good people rejoice to find a man who did not hesitate to rebuke sin, when found even in high places; and this judge has all at once become exceedingly popular with the people of his district, simply because he showed the world he was not a/raid tohe impartial and do right. THE LIQUOR problem; SOME ENCOURAGING WORDS FROM OUR OLD FRIEND L. C. ROOT. I am always pleased with the attitude of Gle.\n- iNGS with reference to the drink cur.se. During all of its hist ry it has taken radical grounds on the right side of the question. That was a large Straw thrown in by Dr. Miller, p. 137 and the editorial comment brings encouragement to those who have to meet the discouragements which must be met by those who are interested in the work. Just at present we are much interested here in Stam- ford, in the organized work which is bt ing done through the local State and National .Mliance work I have been looking for some reference to the work in the Home papers. Truly it is a home topic. Stamford, Conn. l^. C. Root. It gives us encouragement to know that such a good substantial man as the writer above is right in the harness working with us. Friend Root incloses in his letter a little tract about the Prohibition Alliance. This tract gives us a lot of facts in regard to this organization, and can be had by send- ing 5 cts. to Oliver W. Stewart, 1518 Man- hattan Building-, Chicago. 1902 ITALIAN QUEENS. From imported and honie-bred mothers, by up-to-date methods. Tested, f2.00 Untested. $1.00 ; six, $.5.00 ; twelve, 89.00. Full colony. 86.00 ; three-frame, $2.00; two-frame, $1.60; add the price of queen. I 'iscount on large orders. Write for circular. Rufus Christian, rieldriin, Georgia. Pa*>«n fnt- ^alo '« ^^^ Grand Traverse Region. rdrill lUr JtHC i offer for sale my faim of 87 acres - (i5 cleared, 18 in orchard; plenty of water on the place, and a house and barn both close to the water. Will take *1200 cash, or J 1400, half down and the rest on time. Is 7 miles from Traverse City, right on the bay; part is hilh- and part is nice and level. Is within ^'mile of A. 1 Root's " Cabin in the woods." Mrs. Anna Hkimfoorth, Bingham, Mich. EAUTiFUL SHELLS and curios from Florida. Col- lections of 80 varieties, named; postpaid. $1.00. Wm. S. Hanson, Ft. Myers, Florida. B QUEENS AND NUCLEL-Untested queens, either 3 or 5 banded, 75c; 6 for $4.25. Tested, $1.00 and up. Nucleus, inclur'ing untested aueen, 2-fr.. J2.50; ;^fr., $8.--'5; 4 fr., .p.7.5. Chas. H. Thies, Steeleville, 111. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 395 A Warranted Red=clover Queen, 30 cts. An Offer for New Subscribers. We want to add a lot of new readers to our WEEK- L,Y AMERICAN BEE JOURNAI^ list. For that reason we are making those who are not now reading our journal regiilarly. this liberal offer: Send us 81.30 and we will mail you the Bee Journal for a whole year, and also one of our WARRANTED Ikeepers' Supply Mfg. Co., Nicollet Island Power Building, Minneapolis, Minn. 396 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 1 Advai\ced-4^ Bee C\xlt\ire ^ ^ ^ Is a book of nearly loo pages (the size of the Review) that I wrote and published in 1891; and I will tell you how I gathered the information that it contains. For 15 years I was a practical bee-keep- er, producing tons of both comb and ex- tracted honey; rearing- and seUiug- thou- sands of queens, reading- all of the bee books and journals, attending conventions and fairs, visiting- bee-keepers, etc., etc. Then I beg-an publishing- the Review, and, for several years, each issue was devoted to the discussion of some special topic, the best bee-keepers of the country giving- their views and experience. Advanced Bee Culture is really the summing- up of these first few years of special-topic numbers of the Review; that is, from a most careful ex- amination of the views of the most progress- ive men, and a thorough consideration of the same in the light of my experience as a bee-keeper, I have described in plain and simple language what I believe to be the most advanced methods of managing an apiary, for profit, from the beginning of the season through the entire year. A new and revised edition, which in- cludes the improvements of the past ten years, will be out June 1st. It will be as handsome a little book as ever was printed. The paper is heavy extra machine-tinish- ed white book, and there will be several colored plates printed on heavy enameled paper. For instance, the one showing a comb badly affected with foul brood will be printed in almost the exact color of an old comb. The cover will be enameled azure, printed in three colors. Price of the book, 50 cts. The Review for 1902, and the book for only $1.25. You can send in your order now, and the back numbers of the Review for this year will be sent at once, and, as soon as the book is out, a copy will be mailed you. W. Z. Hutchinson, Flint, Michigan. Business Bees! .\re the kind you want for honey. We have them in ovir select five-band strain. J. F. Aitkins, Reno, Nev., has been buying several dozen queens a year — last year 180; have his order for 100 in April. F I,. Crav- craft, Havana, Cuba, bought about 200 in fall of 1900; also 100 last April; has placed his order for 100. These men are large honey-producers. They know what they are about. We are better prepared than ever to handle orders. Prices: Untested queens, |1. 00; dozen, 89.00; after May 1st, fS.OO; tested, %\Jid\ select, 82.00. Send for circular. J. B. Case, Port Orange, Fla. VANDE VORD rears Golden queens from the best honev strains ; untested (from an extra choice Doo- little breeder) 11.00, or S for 52.2.'): tested, $1.25 each. Geo, J, Vande Vord, Daytona, Fla. PACE ^ LYON, New London, Wisconsin, MANUFACTURERS OF AND DEALERS IN . . . BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES. . . . Send for Our Free New Illustrated Catalog and Price List Tar Heel Apiaries. Abbott L. Swinson, Queen-specialist in Charge. Or- ders filled now. For nuclei, 75c per 1,. frame — add price of queen. Bees, $1.00 per lb. Warranted queens, $1.00 each; $10.00 per dozen. Tested, $1.50. Breeders, $5.00. We have 300 colonies of best American albino Italians and Adel bees. These bees have no superiors in the long-tongue or any others. SWINSON & BOARDMAN, Box 358, Macon, Ga. ICHICAN HEADQUARTKRS FOR G. B. Lewis Co.'s Bee-keepers' Supplies, Dadant's Foundation. We have the largest stock of supplies in the State. Can ship on one day's notice. Send for our 48-page illustrated catalog and give us a trial order. L. C. Woodman, Grand Rapids, Mich. HONEY QUEENS FROM TEXAS. I can furnish queens of 6 different races, all bred in their purity in separate yards from 6 to 25 miles apart. Untested queens, 75 cts. to $1.00 each. Tested queens of either race, $1.50 to $;3.00 each. Breeders, $3.50 to $5 each. Bees by the pound, and 1, 2, and 3 franxe nuclei a specialty. Prices cheap Quoted on application. Price list free. Will Atchley, Box 79, Beevlile. Bee Co., Tex. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 397 I ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ YES, SIR! The MUTH'vS SPECIAL Dovetail hive is a CRACKERJACK. COVER BOTTOM are absolutely warp-proof. We know because we are practical, illustrated catalog- explains it all. You can have one by asking-. Not a hive over from last season. We sell the finest supplies at manufacturer's prices. STANDARD BRED QUEENS. None better than our Buckeye Strain of 3=banders Muth's Strain Golden Italians. 75c each; 6 for $4.00. Safe arrival guaranteed. THE FRED W. WIUTH CO., FRONT AND WALNUT. CINCINNATI, OHIO. ^4^^^^^^^ ♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦< Root's Bee -supplies for the South Atlantic States at Root's Prices. Quick Shipments and Low Freight Rates. We call your attention to our one-horse Winner Wagon, Star Forcefeed Wheelbarrow Clover- seeder, Pea-threshers, £ind the BufTalo Pitts Harrows. We also carry a full line of the most approved Farm Imple- ments, etc. Send for catalog H Rawlings Implement Co., 2C9 South Charles Street, Baltimore, - - - Maryland. Sweet=Potato Plants. Jersey Yellow, Big Stem, Jersey Red, Vineland Bush, and other kinds. Write for price list. F. S. Newcomb, Vineland, N. J. I. ■-% r^ w /-T when you buy labels why don't A KC §-< I ^ yoi: get the kind that can be used iVUl-rfl-<0 over and over again? An abso- lute guarantee that these EVER- y I^ASTING METAIy ISABELS are just as rep- ^0 resented, or money refunded. Price, plain labels. 40c per 100; (t2.00 per 1000, including marker. Address W. G YOUNG, 323 Brown St.. Dayton, 0. Marked labels, samples and prices sent on application. Until you see our 42d annual catalog. A full line of hives and fixtures best adapt- ed to our New England Climate. Also best brands of Comb Foundation and Section Boxes. We have also made arrangements to keep a general stock of THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY'S GOODS AT THEIR PRICES ! Parties desiring these goods can get them of us, and save freight charges. Bees, queens, and nucleus colonies from the VERY BEST STRAINS in America. A 40 - page illustrated catalog sent free. W. W. Gary &. Son, LYONSVILLE, MASS. NONE BUT THE BEST QUEENS ARE GOOD ENOUGH FOR ANY ONE. No bee-keeper wants to give hive room to inferior bees. The best queens fill their hives with brood. The best bees fill their supers with honey. Every bee- keeper knows this, but does not know that our strain of Italians are in the lead. Try them. You will not be disappointed. Choice tested queens, $1.00 each. Untested, 75c; S8.00 per doz. Send for price list. J. W. K. SHAW & CO., Loreauville, La. POULTRY PAPER 3 Honths and book, "Plans for Poultry-houses," 10 cts. Paper one year and book, 25 cts, if you mention Gleanings (reg. price, 50 cts). Inland Poultry Journal, Indianapolis, Indiana. 398 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 1 THE SPR/VMOTOR was awarded the Gold Medal at the Pan American Exposition. It has been adopted by the Russian, Canadian, Belgian and Austraillan Governments, and is 1q nse at Experimental Colleges in New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Ohio, Illinois, Iowa, Ontario. Maritoba, Quebec, Nova Scotia. British C<^lumbia, and awarded first place OTcr eleven oth'*r9 in actual trial by the British Gov- ernment An 84pa5ei copyrighted treatise on disea^ea affocting FniitTrpea mailed fte«. SpramotorCo.Buffaio,N.Y.London,Can:^ BETTER THAN SPRAYING. Don t lu;^ barrels of water around when spraying-. Use the poison direct. Our Common SenseDustSprayer nnd Inject Kiterminatnr is a most ingenious device that is rapidly supplanting the old methods. It blows the finely powdered dust into every nook and crevice. Reaches the bot- toms as well aa the tops ofleaves. Destroy 8 insect life on plants, vines, Bhruba and trees. Just aa effective for vermin on poultry and pigs. More rapid than spraying. Descri^itive circulars and testimonials free. HIIJJ8 DLST SPRAYEIt CO., Rni 17, ST. JO^KI'll, MO. USTASHATORAL. aa v\» old hen pooj deal more reliable. Doesn't br.-ak i ts e^^ or make ita chicks iousy. Doesn'tstay ofEthe nestand allow the eggs Tito chill but hatches every egg that can b« hatched. THE PETALUMA INCUBATOR iBabsolately perfect aa to iocnbator essentials — proper appllcatl.n and distrlbuM.Dof heat and meistore, re^ulatiun and ventilati.n, VotUtoSUesgB. WerayFrei-htanjwhrrei»l'. S. Catalogfree. PETALUMA INOUHATOU CO., BeSlSS, Petalama» Calilornia, orB.x 1'25, IndianapoUs, Ind. WE ONLY CLAIM for PAGE FENCE that it is more practical and economical and that it lasts the longest. Page Woven Wire Fence Co., Box S, Adrian, Michigan. Fruit Packages of All Kinds. — ALSO — BEE=KEEPERS' SUPPLIES. . . Order your supplies now before the busy season catches you. Price list free. Address BERLIN FRDIT-BOX COMPANY, Berlin Heights, - - Erie County, Ohio. BELGIAN HARES ! With every hare sold goes a full pedigrei , register number, and score-card, scored ly an official judge. Does will be bred to ont- of our famous high - scoring bucks free. Write for book. Mgr. of The A. I. Koot Co. J. B. IMASON, MECHANIC FALLS, MAINE. Rider Agents wanted Uiie in each town to ride and exhibit a sample 1'ju2 Bicycle. 1902 Models, $9 to $15 '01 & '00 Models, high £rade, $7 to $11 SOO Second-hand Wheels all makes and models, good as new, $3 to $8. Great FacturyClcaring Stile athalf factory cost. We ship to a »'/r>Hf on approval and ten days trial ■svithout a cent in advance. EARN A BIGYCLEdistributiBg 1(K)0 CMtaloKues for us. Urite at once tor bargain list and onr wonderful special offer to aaents. Tires, equip- ment, sundries, all kinds, balf regular pri^-os. MEAD GYGLEGOm S^c^f.'k Special Notice to Bee=keepers ! - Root's Supplies at Catalog Prices. SF.ND FOR CATALOG. F. H. Farmer, Boston, Mass. ^ 182 Friend St., 1st Flight. ^ HONEY QUEENS ! Laws' Long-tongue Leather Queens. Laws' Improved Golden Queens. Laws' Holy Land Queens. Laws' queens are the standard-bred queens of Amer- ica. Tlie largest honey-producers use them and praise them. I,aws' queens go everywhere, and can furnish you a queen every month in the year. Four apiaries. Queens bred in their purity. Prices, October to April: Tested or untested, $1.00 each ; 6 for $5.00. Breeders, none better, $:3.00 each. Address W. H. Laws, Beeville» Texas. 1700 PPPDPT^ All sizes; some trained; first- li,\fV 1 L,IVIVL< 1 O. class stock. New price list free. N. A. KNAPP, Rochester, Lorain Co., Ohio. Angora Goats are handsome, hardy, profitable. Prize stock ; low price ; circular. Ed. W. Cole & Co., Kenton, O. RUBBER STAMPS. Send us 25 ct.'J. for year's sub to our 16-p. monthly journal and we will mail you FKEE as a premium a two-line Rubber Stamp, or two one-line Stamps, to print any wording you want. The Farm and Poultry News, Middlesboro, Ky. Union Combination Saw /^^ For Ripping, Cross- -tsiti^i "^^Mj cutting, Rabbeting, "'V Miteriug, Grooving, \ Gaining, Boring, Scroll- sawing, Kdge - moulding Beading. Full line Foot and Hand Power niachin- erv. Sfnd for cntaloz A. 'li SENECA FALLS MPS. CO., "^^ 44 Water St , Seseca Fs., N.7. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 399 {Split Hickory Veliic/es are made of first grade, second growth hickory. Split — not ^ sawed — and they will outwear any vehicle on the market. We ' "» know this to be a fact and we will send them anywhere Oi\ 30 Days' Free Trial. Take the job from the depot, run it a month and if you are not fully satisfied it is the greatest bargain you < ever heard of, send it back without paying us one cent. Send for free catalogue showing our full line of vehicles and harness. OHIO CARRIAGE MFG. CO.. station 27, Cir\cinnai.ti Ohio. 29 YEARS SELLING DIRECT. No. 3ai Buggy. Price, $59.00, As good as sells for Sas.OO more. We are the largest manufacturers of vehiciis and harness in the world sell- ing to consumers, and we hav6< been do- ing business in this way for 29 years. WE HAVE NO AGENTS but ship anywhere for examination guaranteeintr safedelivery. You are outnothlngif not satisfied. We make 195 styles of vehicles and 65 styles of harness. Our prices represent the cost of material and making, plus one profit. Our large free catalogue shows complete line. Send for it. No. 74U Open Stanhope, inch Kelly rubber tires. $82. As good as sells forS5i Elkhart Carriage A Harness Manufacturing Co., Elkhart, Ind. No matter when, where or how you buy a carriage or harness, our FREE illustrated catalogue will furnish you with the LOWEST FACTORY PRICES, coru- liletc descriptions and accurate illustrations. It will guide you in buying right. It also explains our plan of sclhng direct.— A Plan that Fully Protects Every Buyer Against Loss or Dissatisfaction. I'.icterT and (Ipnrral OHIce, Colunibus, Ohio. Wpstrro Ufflep and Distributing- House, St. Louis, He. The Columbus Carriage & Harness Ca. Write to the f St. Louis. nearest office t. Columbus. Built for Long Service FROM THREE FACTORIES ^V e ^liip dnect to the coiim We make ilie most lellable 1 vehicles, ii.-iniess, etc., t^< li found anywriere and sell a tho lowest wholesale prices We Handle No Low-Grade Werk. strong, rlurablf material and good honest workm^mship m.ike our vehicles and harness outlast two of tlie erdinary kind. Writp at flnPO ^'"' '""" ""•""^'"•''■'l ti-eiL-hi charL-^i toyour ft NIC Ql UllbC st,it:on on anv vehicle. Crts troui «ll.UOto $38.7.'.; Road Wagons from $.'S 90 to»10o 00; Buggi.s from $36 to $82 45; Surreys from $52.20 to ^120. 12; Spring Wagons from $37.50 to $112 .50; Farm Wagons from ?31 55 to »B5 (15; Single Harness frr.m $4 ^n to t20.20; Farm harness from |il2.X0 to $3',l 00 WF ^PUn PRPF "" '"'■S'"'' illn.lralert Vrhicl. and Har- flLOLllU rnCC n»,, oalaloir erfr issnfd. Send for it. CASH BUrEKS' UMON, Dept. £-845, OUICAUO. !! WHITE LEGHORNS! ! single comb ; stock lar^^ and fine ; Satisfaction guar- anteed. Pekin ducks Kggs, $1.50 per 13. Address W. H. GiFFORD, loi Franklin St., Auburn. N. Y. Wagon World Awheel. Half a million of these steel wheels have been sent out on our own wagons and to fit other wagons. It is the wheel that determines the life of any wagon, and this is the longest Uved wheel made. Do you want ' a low down Handy Wagon to use about the place? We will fit out your old wagon with Elec- tric Wheels of any size and any shape tire, 8traif;ht or sta^ gered gpokee. No cracked hubs, no loose spokes, no rotten felloes, no resattlng:. Write for the biK new catalogue. Itlsfree. Elsctrlo Wheel Co.| Box OSfQulncy, Ills. ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ X White VVyandottes ! | J Bred from Duston's best. Stock and eggs J ^ for sale in season. Satisfaction guar.nnt ed. ▼ X J- F. IVtOORE, TIFFIN, OHIO. 2 ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 400 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 1 cpFCIAb^NOT.iCES BY w A NEW WIRE-IMBEDDING OUTFIT. We have just gotten out a new wire-imbedding out- fit that makes use of six dry cells. It is connected up with a multiple-point switch in such a way that a power of 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 cells can be utilized according to the strength of the battery as a whole. This outfit is in every way superior to the one we have been send- ing ovit It makes use of no liquids; there are no acids to corrode the fingers, and the whole thing is so sim- ply arranged that any one can make it work. The price of the new outfit is $;100 instead of $2.50 for the old one. COMB FOUNDATION ADVANCED The continued high price of beeswax makes it nec- e!^sary to advance the price of comb foundation. An advance of 3 cents a pound was made April 22. This advance is concurred in by Chas Dadant & Son, Gus Dittmer, G. B. I^ewis Co., \V. T. Falconer Mfg. Co., and the principal dealers and agents. We are paying, and have been for some time. 3 cents per pound more for wax than we paid last fall when the present list price was established. We had hoped that, with the open- ing of spring, supplies would be more plentiful apd prices be easier. From present indications we do not think prices will advance any further, yet the demand for wax is such that the price holds up to its present high level. The advance, which should have been made a month ago, is imperative. The revised list price is as follows, and the wholesale prices are also advanced 3 cents per pound. _ Size, and sheets , In lots of- Name of Grade. pg^ pound. 1 lb 5 10 25 Medium brood 7>ixl6% 7 to 8 Light brood 17^x16% 9 to 10 Thin super 3%xl5^ 28 Extra thin 3%xl5J4 32 BUSINESS BOOMING. The demand for supplies this year in many direc- tiot:s is quite phenomenal, and indicates a prosperous condition with bright prospects. The demand for goods in all lines is very heavy, and prices of mate- rials of alni' St every kind are advancing. Food sup- plies of nearU- every kind are well up in price, and labor is better paid than tver before. In fact, money, the medium of exchange and the measure of values, is becoming cheaper when measured by the general average of commodities. During the past \y^ months we have made 85 carload shipments, and are still fif- teen oars behind ; and if we were in shape to take care of it there are other cars which we could ship which are now being turned away because we are not pre- pared to ship promptly. A number of our dealers are sold out of many items for some da5\s and sometimes weeks before their next car reaches them. The fore- handed people buy their supplies in the fall and win- ter, get them ready for the bees at their leisure, and aie ready for business when the season arrives. An experience like the present should teach a much larg- er number the wisdom of this polic\', and find them among these forehanded people in the years to come. .Several of onr dealers, especially the managers of our branch houses, are u.sually able to handle their business with very little help, and, in a busy .season like the present one. find it difficult to take care of the orders received, and their correspondence too; and. having no trained help, in many cases they are considerably burdened by additional correspondence in the nature of inquiries as to when goods will be shipned, etc. We trust, therefore, our friends will avoid writing regarding orders any more than neces- sarj', provided you have received an acknowledgment of the order, if you must write about it, kindly .state briefly what datethe order was sent and the amount of money, if any, sent, and give the order number, provided you have received no'.ice stating what it is. Mr. Salisbury, of our Syracuse branch, .states that he is about a week or ten days behind on some of his or- ders, although others are going out with almost no de- lay, and the same situation prevai's in other places, though we hope very soon to be fully up with our or- ders at Medina and our branches with the exception of carload lots. BEES .\ND QUEENS. In connection with and directly adjoining our large manufacturing plant we have an apiary of GOO colonies; and this is further supplemented by an out-yard of 150 more. Nearly all of these 750 are devoted to the rear- ing of high-class honey queens or queens for business. In charge of this department we have a queen-breeder of some :'>0 years' experience, careful and competent, and one who uses the latest and best methods for pro- ducing vigorous healthy stock. None but honey queens are used for breeders (usually imported) — queens whose progeny have excelled every thing else in the yard. Some of them are from our celebrated import- ed red-clover mother, the bees of which will excel any thing else in the yard during the time that red clover is in bloom. Then we have a breeder whose bees stor- ed 100 lbs. of surplus from clover and basswood, in a yard where there are already 650 colonies. A colony that can store as much honey as that in a locality so greatly overstocked is .something remarkable, and hence the queen has been set apart as a breeder. On account of the intrinsic merit of breeding stock and the paits we take in rearing our queens, we are compelled (to prevent being swamped with orders) to charge a slight advance over ruling prices. "" ?""" j$ I PRICES OF RED - CLOVER~AND HONEY^UEENS REAR- ED IN THE ROOT CO.'S APIARIES, AT MEDINA, O. Untested queen |1 00 Select untested queen 1 25 Tested queen 2 00 Select tested queen 3 00 Breeding queen 5 00 Select breeding queens 7 50 Extra select breeding queens, 1 year old.. 10 00 Be sure to specifj' whether you desire a " red-clover " or a " honej' '' queen. The first - mentioned stock is bred for red clover ; the last-named, or honey queens, show up well during an ordinary honey flow from clo- ver and basswood. We can not furnish these queens before May 15 (untested before June 1st) nor later than Nov. 15th. We are booking orders, and they will be filled in their season in rotation. COMMON ITALIAN QUEENS. For those who desire to get pure Italian stock at a moderate price we are prepared to furnish queens di- rect from our breeders in the South, or from our own yards, i hese queens may be just as good as our high- er-priced stock. Some of our Southern breeders use our breeding-queens, and others use some of their own choice breeders. Untested queens | 75 Select untested queens 1 00 Tested queens 1 50 Select tested queens 2 50 If untested queens are ordered before May 15th the price will be 25 cents extra. PRICES OF NUCLEI. One-frame nucleus, without queen $2 00 Two-frame nucleus, without queen 3 fO Three-frame nucleus, without queen 3 50 One colony of bees in 8 frame Dovetail- ed hive, without queen 7 50 We can supply with the nuclei anj' of the queens mentioned in the table of prices of queens. When one bu^s an extra select queen or any high-priced queen he would do well to have her come in a nucleus. This will insure safe arrival, and do away with the hazard of introducing. Kind Words from our Customers. what seeds we have had of you have been extra fine and very large packets for five cents. I never made a success of getting ripe tomatoes until we tried some of your Ignotum .seed. Quality of fruit the best I ever saw. H. E. Campbell. Derby, Vt., Feb. 11. I like Gleanings very much. It is the right kind of a journal for a Christian family table, it being op- posed to the filthy tobacco habit, and is anti-saloon; and it advocates good Christian principles and inor- als. It is also a great help in the bee business. God bless the editors and contributors to Gleanings. Monroe, Wis. Herman I,. Gloege. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 401 SOMETHING MORE ABOUT THE MUSKOKA REGION OF Mr. A'ool';— Speaking of the outing in the back- woods, we think it might interest you to know what we have been doing since you were with us in Musko- ka. You will perhaps remember the little farmhouse away back from our camp, where you got the bread, and will recollect the lake straight out from the hou.se, where you found the children alone. Well, in that lake we discovered, after you left us, a group of beau- tiful islands, four in all, about \'l or 15 acres We made inquiries and found out that they were still govern- ment property. As soon as we returned to Toronto we investigated, and made a purchase of the lot from the government, for $0.00 per acre. We talked it up, and others became interested, mostly relatives, and members of our church here. .Six families united, and tarly last spring we had the lumber hauled in and quite a nice hou"-;e built. It cost us about $60 apiece, land and all. Our building is about 80x16 feet, two- story, built of dressed siding, painted yellow, trimmed with red, and with shingles stained green. It makes a very pretty appearance from the water, surrounded as it is by beautiful woods. .Some of the trees that have been cut off the island are large enough to be made into lumber, and we e.xpect to get several thou- ,sand feet of boards from them during the winter, and next year we purpose building a large veranda around the house. The situation is very beautiful. We get berries in abundance, and the fishing is also good. We get beautiful black bass, .some as large as three or four pounds. There is also good lunge fishing in the lake. Our lake is connected by small streams with a whole chain of other lakes to which we made very pleasant little excursions. In some cases the streams are just filled with thousands upon thousands of sweet scented water lilies, while the ever-changing scenery is very beautiful. Generally the land is rough and rocky, similar to what you saw on your trip. The water, as you know, is very soft, and suitable for bathing, but father too warm for drinking. We were fortunate, however, in discovering on the mainland, just across from our islands, a beautiful spring where we get splendid water, soft and cold. We dug a hole and sank a barrel into the sand. I thought of you when I was helping to fix it, knowing how much you are in- terested in .'•uch things We found there were quite a few settlers on the lake from whom we could get, at very reasonable prices, beautiful potatoes, and all oth- er garden vegetables, milk, butter, eggs, etc. My wife and children were there about eight weeks. I took them in over the same course we traveled when von were with us ; but we have another .^ ay of getting in from the railway station, by a very good roid. The settlers, for a reasonable amount, bring us and our luggage in to the shore of the lake. We have found it a great benefit to us, the children especially. It was a sight not soon to be forgotten, to see them all playing in the nice clean sand, and bathing in the warm soft water. It was worth all it cost us to see the way they enjoyed themselves, and they are much bet- ter in health. It made us think of the poor little children who are shut up in the large cities, who never have such pleasure, and we often wished we could share it with them. By a number uniting in this way we were able to have all the advantages and benefits of a summer out- ing, at a very small cost. After reckoning every thing up we found that it was cheaper living there than it would have been had we spent the summer at home in Toronto. Probably no one family connected with the club ( which, by the way, we call the " Otiosus Club " ) would have been able to go to the expense alone ; but by uniting in this way we all had the benefit and ad- vantages of the company, which made it more pleas- ant. At one time we had about 25 on the island. Of course, .some of them slept in tents. You have been writing lately on the subject of 'paths.'' I may say that one of our gre-itest pleasures while in Muskoka was making paths from one point to another on our islands. Sometimes we were able to get all the young people, children and all, interested in it, and, oh my ! how they would work ! and how they would eat after- ward ! What other pleasures are there which can compare with the pleasures we get from nature? ■We hope some time we may have the plea.sure of showing you the advantages and beauties of our sum- mer home. I suppose you know that " Otiosus" is ta- ken from a I^atin word " otiutn," which means rest, recreation, leisure, etc., and our experience last sum- mer proves that it has been rightly named. Toronto, Can , Nov. 21. E. Grainger. CONVENTION NOTICE. The Ha.stern part of the Northern Illinois Bee-keep- ers' As.sociation will hold their spring meeting at the residence of C. J. Cummings, i% miles northeast of Rockford, 111., on Tuesday, May 20, 1902. All interest- ed in bees are invited to attend. R. Kennedy, Sec. Rockford, 111., Rural Route No. 5. Fertilizing-boxes on Trial. Last season we reared and sold a large number of queens, all of which were mated from Swarthmore fertilizing-bo.xes attached to 2 and 8 frame nucleus hives of standard size, thus securing (J to 10 fertile queens each from cololonies that would otherwise have given but one to the mating. We will gladly .send a .set of boxes to ten reliable bee-keepers for trial and approval; to be paid for when satisfied of success, or returned if found wanting — full directions given in circular. The Swarthmore Ap'aries, Swarthmore, Pa. Headquarters for the Albino Bee. The Best in the World. If you are looking for the bees that gather the most honey, and are the gentlest of all bees to handle, buy the Albino. I can also furnish Italians, but orders stand fifty to one in favor of the Albino. ,Select tested Albino queen before June, for breeding, $1.00; tested, $2.50; untested, $1.00; Italians;, Sl.OO. I have located an apiary near Rocky Ridge, Md., and most of my queens will be shipped from there Other supplies will be furnished from Hagerstown, Maryland. Address me at Rocky Ridge, Md., for queens. S. Valentine. Look Here! Buy your bee-supplies where you can do the best. We handle the well-kncwn Lewis Goods, and every thing else necessary for the bee-Jieepers. the Very Best Goods, The Very Best Service, The Very Best Shipping Facilities, Plenty of Room, Large Stock, Manufacturer's Prices. Write to us before buying- elsewhere. Cat- alog free if you say where you saw this ad. C. M. Scott & Co., I004 E. Washington St., Indianapolis, Ind. Don't forget us when you want a queen. We guarantee ours. TEXAS QUEENS From the lyone .Star Apiaries. G. F. Davidson & Son, prop's, have made great prep- arations for the com- ing season to accom- modate their many customers with either L,ong-tongue, Import- ed St ck. or Golden giueens They have ought out the queen- rearing business of O. P. Hyde & Son, Hutto, Texas, and by buying and increasing their number of nuclei, they are better prepared than ever to cater to the trade of the bee-keeping public. One of Root's IvOng-tongue Breeders; Imported Stock direct from Italy; Goldens from leading queen-breeders. Fine breeders of each of the above have been added to their yards. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaran- teed. Send for queen circular and price list We are now prepared to fill orders for Cyprian and Carnio- lan queens, (iood strains. Address 0. F. Davidson & Son, Box 190, Floresville, Texas. T T 402 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 1 QUEENS, QUEENS Old Standbys.— The A. I. Root Co., to whom we have sold queens for many years, wrote us last May, tnus : "Are you running low on queens? We hope not, as you seem to be our standbys. Send us 24 pei week instead of 12, till further orders." Beat Any Thing He ever Saw.— The Cyprian queens you sent me last year beat any thing I ever saw rear- ing brood and filling their hives with honey. — J. Niel- sen, Huntington, Utah, Sept. 4, 1901. Is Great. — The nucleus you sent me last fall is great — the finest queen that ever crossed the plains. Please duplicate her this time. Mr. Jordan says the nucleus vou sent him cast two fine swarms. — G. R. Warren, Fruitvale, Cal., May 12, 1901. $50 Queens,— My nice queen that you sent me, and I put in a hive with a handful of bees on the 6th day ot last June, has now nearly filled her 30-lb. super fot the third time. No man's $50.00 bill could take her. Please send me another one like her as soon as possi- ble, and keep a dozen ready for me like her for the 20th of April next, and I will make jou a nice present. - M. Brown, Station A, I^ittle Rock, Ark. "We breed Italians, Cyprians, Holylands, Carniolans, and Albinos, in separate yards, 5 to 20 miles apart. Prompt service. Safe arrival guaranteed. Bees by the pount, nucleus, full colony, or by the carload. Prices : Tested, |1..50 each ; $8.00 for six ; $15.00 pei dozen. Untested, February, March, April, May, $1.0(! each; $5.00 for six ; $9.00 per dozen. Fine breeders, ^.00 each. Send for our catalog, free by mail; telb how to rear queens and how to keep bees for profit. Agents for Dadant's Foundation and Gleanings. Premiums given. Don't fail to get our printed matter. It's Alyl, free. Bee-supplies of all kinds. ►♦♦♦^ The Jennie Atchley Co., Beeville, Tex. Now ^ f^ S' Ready ! Sixty-four Page Catalog of every thing bee-keepers need. Illustrated and fully described. Especially valuable to begin- ners for the information it con- tains. Send your address on a postal and get it now. Estab- lished 1884. J* M* Jenkins^ Wctumpka^ Elmore Co., Ala, ♦♦♦♦♦♦»»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»»»< ----*— BEE-SUPPLIES. I ,KretclimerMfg.co.,Box60,Re(IOak,la. . , , Best-equipped factory in the West ; car- ry a large stock and greatest v^iriety of every thing needed in the apiary, assur- ing BEST goods at the LOWEST prices, and prompt shipment. We want every bee-keeper to have our FREE ILLUS- TRATED CATALOG, and read descrip- tion of Alternating Hives, Ferguson Su- pers, etc. Write at once for a catalog. AGENCIES Trester Supplv Companv, Lincoln, Neb. Shugart & Ouren, Council Bluffs, la. Chas. Spangler, Kentland, Ind. BINGHAM SMOKER. Deal Sir:— Inclosed find J1.75. Please Bend one brass smoke-engiui.-. I have one already. It is the best smoker I eTerused. Tralvynur><, Henkt Schmidt, Hutto, Tei. MADE TO ORDER Bingham Brass Smokers, Made of sheet brass, which does not rust or burn out; should last a lifetime. You need one, but they ccst 25 cts. more th.in tin of the same size. The little open cut shows our brass hinge put on the three larger sizes. No wonder Bingham's four-inch smoke-engine goes witl.out puffing, and docs not drop inkv drops. The pet forat- ed steel fire-grate has SSI holes to air the fuel and support the fire. Heavy tin smoke-engine, 4-inch stove, per mail, $150; 3'^-iiich, $1.10; 3-inch, $1.00; 2^-inch, 90c; 2-inch, (i5c. Bingham smokers are the originals, and have all the improvements, and have been the standard of excellence for 23 years. Only three larger ones brass. T. F. Bingham, Farwell, Michigan. i9o: GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 407 Contents of this Number. Adulteration Punished in Switzerland 411 Alfalfa in Kansas. Honey from 435 Apiary of M. H. Mendleson 425 Basswood for Top-bars 41!) nee Stories in Magazines 416 ISees Preferring New Comb 411 Bees, Importing 419 Bees, Stingless 423 Bee-keeper's Hope, The 4.36 Bee-range, Controlling 429 Combs, One-sided 411 Death from Stings 414 Denver Convention 416 Editor's Notes 425 Florida Letter, Mrs. Harrison's 436 Kxtracting Green Honey in Cuba 435 I'ormalin and Foul Brood 411 F'oul Brood, Strange Cure 433 Frames, Wiring 412 Glucose Defined 434 Government Apicultural Work 418 Hive, Swinson Jutnbo 432 Hives, Arabian 411 Hiving Swarms, Frames to Use 414 Hives, Opening 429 Honey, Kellogg's 416 Honey, Labeling 434, 435 Honey, Spanish 423 Los Angeles and Pasadena 425 Money, Post Check 412 Nuclei Management 421 Oil from Basswood 414 Pear blight 435 Pear-blight Trouble 417 Queen-rearing, Pridgen on 431 Queens, Temper Changing 411 Rambler at Somerford's 423 Spraying Trees in Bloom 422 Stahl and his Circulars 417 Stings Preventing Disease 414 Stores, Amount Consumed 412 Swarthmore System Criticised 421 Sweet-clover Bill Killed 416 Tiering Up 413 Wasps with Foul Brood 414 Wintering in Cellar 413 Wintering in Large Cellar 433 Wintering with Dead Bees in Hive 434 Honey Column. GRADING-RDLES. Fancy.— All sections to be well filled, combs straight, firm- ly attached to all four sides, the combs unsoiltd by travel- stain or otherwise ; all the cells sealed except an occasional cell, the outside surface of the wood well scraped of propolis. A No. 1. — All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs straight ; one-eighth part of comb surface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soiled ; the out- side of the wood well scraped of propolis. No. ].— All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs comparatively even ; one-eighth part of comb surface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soiled. No. 2.— Three-fourths of the total surface must be filled and sealed. No. 3.— Must weigh at least half as much as a full-weight section. In addition to this the honey is to be classified according to color, using the terras white, amber, and dark ; that is, there will be " Fancy White," " No. 1 Dark," etc. CITY MARKETS. Buffalo.— Demand for honey is very slow. Fancy white comb, \m\iV?.\ A No. 1, \%y.(m\\ ; No. 1, 12^(^13; No. 2, 11®,12; No. 3, 10(5)11; No. 1 dark, ll(5jl2; No. 2, 10(0)11. Extracted white, 6@6i^ ; dark, 5(g5i^. Bees- wax, 28-330. W C. TowNSEND, ^ May 10. 84, 86 West Market St., Buffalo, N. Y. Chicago.— The trade in honey of all kinds is light; especially is this true of comb ; the little trade that exists is for the best grades. Basswood ranges from 11(0)15; that having more or less basswood, willow, or other white nectar. 13; off grades of white, 10®.I2; amber, S(fl9, Extracted white. 5^4fS6; amber, 5(5)5^. Some lots of new extracted offered, but no sales have been made. Beeswax is very scarce, and can be sold upon arrival at 32. R.A. Burnett & Co., May 8. 199 South Water St., Chicago, 111. S.A.N F'rancisco. Comb honey, 10312. P^xtracted, water-white, 5J^% ; dark, 4(a)5. Beeswax. 27J4(g30. E. H. Schaeffle, April 27. Murphys, Calif. Albany.— Honey receipts light with little demand; season about over; old stock about all cleaned out and will be in good sliape for new crop. We quote while comb, H(w.\b; mixed comb. 13(all. Extracted while, ()@6y2\ mixed, 5;^(a0. Beesvv:ix7 30(a32. MacDougal & Co.. May 6. 375 Broadway, Albany, N. Y. Toronto. — A No. 1 comb, $l.75(ai2 00 ; No. 1 comb, 81.50; dark, $1.00. Bulk honey," extracted, 8J^(r 9. There is very little honey moving, and, although hav- ing been a very light yield, there is still a good deal in the hands of dealers who will not be able to hold their own. Honey seems to be used only up to a certain price, and when it gets bej'ond that it won't sell. This has been the case this year. Good prospects for a big crop this year are almost certain. The bees have win- tered well, and the clover not injured by frost. In view of this, those who have honey are anxious to get rid of it even at a loss. M. Mayer & Son, Toronto, Ont., May 3. Philadelphia.— The present honey season is about over with us in a retail way, and so little call that there are not enough sales to fix a price. Car lots of western honey on track, 5J^; and in a retail way from 6(a8, according to quality. Beeswax, 30c. I am a pro- ducer of honey, and do not handle on commission. Wm. a. Selser, May 9. 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa. Boston. — Our honey market continues about the same as our last report, with a light demand and am- ple stock. Last quotations were as follows : Fancy, 15(§16; A No. 1, 14(0(15; No. 1, 13@14; honey in glass- front cases about Ic less. California light amber, ex- tracted, 7(g7}4; Florida honey in barrels, 6(016^. Blake, Scott & Lee, May 8. 31, 33 Commercial St., Boston, Mass. Cincinnati.— As the warm weather sets in, the de- mand for comb honey is as good as over. There are no settled prices; for whatever is left, prices are made to force sales. Extracted honey is in fair demand, and finds steady sales. Amber is sold in barrel lots for 5(8)6'/^; water-white alfalfa sells at 0(36;^; white clover, 6^(®7. Beeswax scarce, and brings 30(a-31. C. H. W. Weber, May 8. 2146 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. Wanted— Comb and extracted honey. State price kind, and quantity. R. A. Burnett & Co., 199 South Water St., Chicago, 111. Wanted.— Extracted honey, either large or small lots; parties having same to offer, send samples, and best prices delivered, Cincinnati, O. We pay cash on delivery. The Fred W. Muth Co., Front and Walnut Sts., Cincinnati, O. Wanted.— Comb honey in Danzenbaker sections. We can use both white and amber. The a. I. Root Co., Medina, Ohio. For Sale.— Extracted honey, from alfalfa, at 7c per pound. vSend for sample. D. S. Jenkins, Las Animas, Col. For Sale. —Whitest alfalfa honey, $9.00; tinted, $7.80, per case of two 60-lb. cans, net. Arkansas Valley Apiaries, Las Animas, Col. For Sale.— Clover and sweet-clover extracted hone5' at 7c, in kegs and cans. Dr. C. L. Parker Sta. A, R. F. D., Syracuse, N. Y. We will be in the market for honey the coming sea- son in carloads and less than carloads and would be glad to hear from producers everywhere what they will have to offer. Seavey & Flarsheim, 1318-1324 Union Avenue, Kansas City, Mo. 408 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE. Mav 15 Victor's Strain of Italian Bees Awarded the Diploma as Being tlie Best Bees at the Pan=American. BUREA U OF A WARDS. PAN-AMERICAN EXPO.SITION, "l BrFFALO, New York. U. S. A. v Febriiaiy 12, 1902. j My. H^ O. Victor, IVharion, Texas. Dea) Sir: — I have the honor to advise you that a Diploma of Honorable Mention has been awarded to you for your exhibit of Italian bees at this Exposition. Very respectfully, Wm. I. Buchanan, Director-General. Orel L. Hershiser Bought of Me an Untested Queen. This is what He Says of Her Colony ; "They are verj- industrious, characteristical- ly marked, and extremely gentle. It vras a daily experience, and repeated many times daily, to go into the inclosure with interested visitors, at the Exposition, open the hive, full to overflowing with beautiful bees, the prog- eny of the queen you sent me, and handle them in the various manipulations of hunting out the queen ; shaking the bees from the comb, as is done in extracting, showing the brood in all stages, etc., all without the use of a smoker or any thing else to quiet the bees, and I do not recollect that any one ever got a sting from any of them." Of the bees I exhibited at the Pan-American, he says : " The nucleus you sent for exhibition and award was certainly very fine-looking bees, and, in my opinion, they deserve the award given them by the judges." \ But Who is Mr. Hershisen? See Gleanings of date of Feb'y 1, 1902, page 97. Send in your orders for queens, and iu a short time, as Mr. Hershiser and hundreds of others are now doing, you, too, will be singing the praises of "Victor's Bees." Price lists on application. I Am Filling Orders by Return Mail from This Superior Stock at Following Prices : Untested queens: 1, $1.00; 6, fo.OO. Select un- tested queens: 1, Sl-25; G, $6.00. Tested queens: 1, $1.50; 6, $8.00. Select tested queens: 1, $2.00; 6, $11.00. Breeders, $3.00 to $7 00. See circular for specifications. W. 0. VICTOR, Wharton, Tex. ^ Queen Specialist. Built for Long Service FROM THREE FACTORIES We t-hip direct to the consumer We make tlie most reliable line of vehicles, harness, etc., t'i tie found anywhere and sell «t the lowest wholesale prices We Handle No Low-Grade Werk. strong, durable material «nd good honest workm.inship make our vehicles and harness outlast two of the ordinary kind. WritO at HnPO f""" •""'■ g'"»r»nleed freight «harges to your If I lie Hi UlluC station on any vehicle. Carts from $11. 00 to $38.7.5; Road Wagons from $28.90 to 110.5 00; Buggies from $30 to $82 45; Surreys from $52.20 to $120.12; Spring Wagons from $37.50 to $112 50; Farm Wagons from S3I..55 to $t)5 65; Single Harness from %i SO to $20.20; Farm harness from $12.80 to $39 00 WP ^PKin PRPF ^'"' ^"^"^^ illQslraled TehieU and Har- iTCOLIIU rnCL nesa eatslof ever issned. Send for it. CASH BUTEKS' UMON, Uept. £-845, OJIIOAdO. Wants and Exchange. \\7ANTED. — Comb honey in Danzenbaker sections in ' ' exchange for supplies, or will pay cash. We pre- fer large lots of white honey, but can use .some amber in this size. The A. I. Root Co., Medina, Ohio. y^ANTED.— To sell Rocky Ford cantaloupe seed. ' ' Seed of these famous melons postpaid, 40 cts. per pound. Choice selected stock. H. F. Hagen, Rocky Ford, Colorado. U/'ANTED.— To know who has 200 colonies of bees to ' ' sell cheap ; also what young man would like to serve an apprenticeship with Ouirin the queen-breed- er. H. G. QuiRiN, Parkertown, O. WANTED.— One dollar for 15 W. P. Rock eggs; S3. 00 for 50, or 85.00 for 100; from 98 to 95 scoring birds; cockerels and pullets, $1.00 each; 75 cts. for one Golden Italian queen, or $8.(X) per dozen — after August 1st, 50c each or $5.00 per dozen. Geo. W. Cook, Spring Hill, Kansas. 11/ ANTED. — Bee keepers to study our advertisement ' ' and testimonial of queens in April 1st Gleanings. R. F. HOLTERMANN, Manager Bee Department. Bow Park Co., Limited, Brantfoid, Canada. WANTED.— Second-hand or knocked -down hives. Describe them, with price. Also want a man who knows how to handle bees a little. W. I,. COGGSHALL, West Grotou, N. Y. \VANTED. — To exchange saiLs. spars, and rigging of '" 20-ft. boat, for small printing-press, foot circular .saw, wheel hoe and seeder, bee fi.xtures, or any thing useful. J. H. Chase, 1364 N. Ave.. Bridgeport, Ct. WANTED. — To sell bees and queens. Also putty- knife with iron handle and strong steel blade — just the thing for prying and scraping about hives, etc., 15c postpaid. O. H. Hy.att, Shenandoah, la. WANTED. — An offer for 150 good heavy-top brood- combs; Root size. W. W. KuLP, Pottstown, Pa. WANTED. — To .sell 70 hives of bees, some nuclei, stands, and frames: good condition; many fix- tures. Write quick. Chas. G. Miller, Cuero, Te.x. ANTED.— To sell from 40 to 50 Italian and hybrid colonies. August Nigabo'wer, 19 Center Street, Ilion, New York. ANTED.— Prices on comb and extracted honey, and sorghum. I,. R. Bidwell, Watonga, O. T. w w WANTED. — A printing press, or best cash offer for the following: 125 eight-frame dovetailed extract- ing supers, 534 deep; 1000 cljsed-end frames for same; 175 eight-frame comb-honey supers, 17^ long inside by 438 deep, with flat tins. All the supers are 19inches long, outside measure, and are new goods in the flat; 25 covers for the above nailed and painted; 10 wood- zinc queen-excluders; 8 lbs. section foundation; 5 lbs. brood foundation ; 1 Bingham uncapping-knife ; 2 queen-traps; 1 queen-clipping device; 1 smoker. E. W. Brown, Morton Park, Cook Co., 111. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 409 Gleanings in Bee Culture [Established in 1873.] Devoted to Bees, Honey, and Home Interests. Published Semi-monthly by The A. I. Root Co., - - Medina, Ohio. A. I. ROOT, Editor of Home and Gardening Dep'ts. E. R. ROOT, Editor of Apicultural Dept. J. T. CAI^VERT, Bus. Mgr. A. 1,. BOYDEN, Sec. TERMS. $1.00 per annum ; two years, $1.50; three years, 12.00; five years. $:^.00, in advance; or two copies to one address, $1.50 ; three copies, $2.00 ; five copies, $3.75. The terms apply to the United States, Canada, and Mexico. To all other countries 48 cents per year extra for postage. DISCONTINUANCES. The journal is sent until orders are received for its discontinuance. We give notice just before the subscription expires, and fur- ther notice if the first is not heeded. Any subscriber whose subscription has expired, wishing his journal discontinued, will please drop us a card at once; other- wise we shall assume that he wishes his journal con- tinued, and will pay for it soon. Any one who does not like this plan may have his journal stopped after the time paid for by making this request when ordering. RATES OF ADVERTISING. These will be fur- nished on application. Mr. A. I. Root's Writings of Grand Traverse territory and I,eelanau Co. are descriptive of Michigan's most beautiful section reached most conveniently via the Pere Marquette R. R. For pamphlets of Michigan farm lands and the fruit helt, address J. E. Merritt, Manistee, Michigan. I DITTMER'S FOUNDATION. Retail — Wholesale — ^Jobbing. Having increased my shop -room, put in power and a new set of ma- chines, I am now producing a better article than ever, with unlimited ca- pacity to meet orders. I use a proce.ss that produces every essential neces- sary to make it the best and most de- sirable in all respects. My process and automatic mactiines are my own inventions, which enable me to sell foundation, and WORK WAX INTO FOUNDATION FOR CASH, at prices that are the lowest. I make a specialty of working up Wholesale and Jobbing I C. M. Scott & Co., . . . 1004 East Washington St., Indianapolis, Ind. ( ^ y*^ ( ^ ^ I,. C. Woodman Grand Rapids, Michigan, i '^ ♦^ S /^ ^ C The Fred W. Muth Co., S. W. cor. Walnut & Front, Cincinnati, Ohio. < ^ ^^ S AJh^ S ^'•'^^ ^- Foulger & Sons Ogden, Utah. < 'I* ^^ > ^SSk \ Colorado Honey Producers' Association, 1440 Market St.. Denver, Colo. S i^ ^^ } MfV^ \ Colorado Honey Producers' Assoc'n, R. C. Aiken, Mgr., I,oveland, Colo. S 'f^ 'jiA, \ At X^L. S Grand Junction Fruit-growers' Association, . . Grand Junction, Colo. S .Xji ^^ / W .^0^ S Robert Halle Montrose, Colo. S >?^ Xfe, S ^ 4h^B^ S Pierce Seed & Produce Co Pueblo, Colo. } XK >?^ S ^^ ^m i E. T. Abbott St. Joseph, Mo. > >?^ Xji S ^r V < Chas. Dadant & Son, Hamilton, Ills. J .Sti >l^ J y ^ i F- C. Erkel 515 First Ave., N. E., Minneapolis, Minn. ) ■*♦*- .aji. > > Wily. Bogardus & Co Seattle, Wash. > ^ ^^ C Send for our f Klauber, Mangenheini & Co., San Diego, Calif. ? *♦*■ iti / <-at!jlr.cr Tt 5 Fallbrook Co-operative Association Fallbrook, Calif. ( ^^ y^ > fs free ? J. K. Hill & Co. • Uvalde, Texas. \ ^ ^ J U:::. — L_ L ^ ^ All of the Above Agencies can Fill Your Orders Promptly. J BEE -SUPPLIES! ROOT'S GOODS AT ROOT'S PRICES. C. H. W. Weber, Cincinnati, Oliio. 2146-2148 Central Ave. A NEW AND COMPLETE stock for 1902 now on hand. I am The Root Com- pany's representative for Cincinnati and sur- rounding territories. . . You save TIME and FREIGHT CHARGES by having goods shipped from here. Convenience of railroad facilities here enables me to do so. Before buying elsewhere, write for my prices and catalog, which will be mailed you free of charge. l^^^^^^^^^v^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^A^A^^v»^v ' • delvoteld'' •andHoNEY - •MD home:- ^ •INTERESTS Vol. XXX. MAY 15, 1902. No. 10 If I LIVE till next winter I think I'll try a few colonies, taking' them out every day warm enough for them to fly and then re- turning after the flig-ht. [Yes, do. — Ed.] March 27, three days after the blooming' of soft maple, my bees were taken out of cellar. The next three or four weeks were pretty bad; and if bees will stay contented after returning', it mig'ht have been better to have returned and left them in the cellar till April 21, when dandelions were in bloom. [Yes, I think so. — Ed.] Arabian hives are long, and it is almost impossible to drum bees out of them. M. Bourgeois, at Tunis, says in Pyogres Api- cole that he gets them to swarm out in the following manner : He catches the young queens of a second swarm (in one case 53 in one swarm), cages them, and puts the cages in colonies he wishes to swarm. In two or three days the swarms issue. Adrian Getaz figures in Americari Bee Joiu'nal that a colony of normal size uses for its own support at least 200 pounds of honey in a year. If that be so, it makes it easier to understand how it is that, while one colony stores a surplus of 40 pounds, another beside it stores twice as much; for, as he explains, the better colony will not need to gather twice as much, but only a sixth more, one gathering 240 pounds and the other 280. Adulterators are having a bad time elsewhere as well as here. One Breiten- stein at Stein, Switzerland, was selling Chilian honey as Swiss honey.- The Bee- keepers' Association prosecuted him, and he was glad to get off b}^ pa3'ing costs and making a signed paper for publication con- fessing the fraud, and promising not to do so again. [The adulterators in this coun- try are not having nearly as bad a time as they ought to have. If bee-keepers will look to their State legislatures we can make it much hotter for the mixers than we are able to do now. — Ed.] Editor Doolittle says in Progressive that queens giving peaceable bees in the South are quite the opposite with him and further north. A queen returned to him from Wisconsin because her bees were in- sufferably cross was sent by him to the ex- treme South, and the report upon her work- ers was, ."They are the most peaceable bees I ever saw." Now, is it possible that all queens sent from the South produce such vixens in the North ? For the first time I find a reason giv- en why queens prefer new to old comb. Le Progres Apicole says it is because new combs are more easily warmed. But so are they more easily cooled; and the im- portant thing is to have combs that will not allow the brood to become chilled on cool nights. Moreover, whatever may be true in France, in this locality old black combs are always preferred by the bees, either for brood or honey. Formalin should have a fair trial for foul brood this 3'ear. If it kills spores in larv^, sealed cells, and honey, it's a boon. [Can't you tell us, doctor, just how the Eu- ropean bee-keepers administer formalin to a colony of bees — the quantity of drug, etc. ? It can be easily obtained in this countr3'; but I should doubt very much whether it would kill the spores of foul brood. If they can resist a temperature of boiling water for an hour or two, the drug must be ex- ceedingly powerful. — Ed.] It's possible, Mr. Editor, that "one-sid- ed board combs," mentioned p. 387, maybe better than you think. The cells do not need to be any deeper than usual. Don't bees do nearlj^ as well with separators in supers as without? and would not the pro- posed plan nearly double the number of separators? At any rate, it could be easily tried. [You just try putting a separator down between your extracting-combs, and see how well the bees will do in storing honey. Don't j^ou recall how disinclined the bees are to go outside of the division- board and store honey in a comb that may 412 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Mav 15 be left on the outside? In the case of a comb-honey super the separators are com- paratively narrow. They are slotted at the top and bottom so as to reduce the width, in many instances; and now that the fence is so rapidly pushing- its way forward, the separator or fence has transverse slots that allow the whole cluster to mingle tog-ether. Say — perhaps you can tell us with what success the one-sided combs are used in Germany. They were talked about at one time; but, if I am correct, there was noth- ing- but talk outside of a few isolated ex- periments. — Ed. ] Adrian Getaz says in Ajner. Bee Joiir- nal, "a colony of bees of normal size con- sumes something like 200 pounds of honey every 3'ear, at least, and probablj' more. " So if a colony g-athers 240 pounds there's 40 surplus, and gathering- 280 makes 80 sur- ])lus. So he says increase the gathering ]b and you double the surplus. That makes it easier to understand how there can be so much difference in the surplus of two colo- nies of like appearance. [There is proba- bly a great deal in what Mr. Getaz sa3's; but is he not figuring pretty high on the amount of honey actually consumed for the whole year? D. A. Jones once had an api- ary on a barren island in Georgian Bay, for rearing Holy Land bees. He had an- other for the rearing of Cyprians on anoth- er island. The only food these bees had was syrup that he gave them, as there was nothing on either island that they could get, except a little pollen, perhaps. I can not now remember the amount of syrup requir- ed per colony, but the figures were nothing like 200 pounds. He kept them at brood- rearing to their fullest capacity; and an}^ one who is familiar with those Eastern races knows they rear brood to excess. It would be interesting to know whether this 200 pounds of honey per year is an es- timated figure or one obtained by taking account of syrup actually fed in a locality reasonably barren of natural flora. — Ed.] Thanks for that editorial about Post check money, p. 370. I never fully under- stood it before. Why, it's immense. With- out troubling to go to a bank, express office, or postoffice, you can at any time take a bill out of your pocket and write two names on it, and then it's ready to mail. In spite of the risk, hundreds of dollars in bank bills are sent through the mail now. That would take away the risk. [I hope, if 5^ou (and, in fact, all the readers of Glean- ings) have not already done so, you will immediately write to your Senators and Representatives in Congress. It is not suf- ficient to wish devoutly to have Congress act on a certain desirable measure. It is our privilege and duty to sit down and write to our members of Congress to give this or that measure their support. Some- times I think our people do not realize that this is a representative government, and that every one should have something to say about the laws that shall be made. Out- side of abolishing the canteen at our army posts, I do not know of any national mea- sure that interests me more than this Post check money. It would prevent the con- tracting of disease in perhaps thousands of cases ; it will save life and property, V^e- cause it will absolutely remove the tempta- tion to rob the mail, either on the part of desperadoes that hold up a whole train, or postal clerks who are not strong enough to withstand temptation, because thej' knou- that many letters contain money that they f ancj' they can abstract and escape detec - tion. Besides being a great convenience to the people and a saving of life, this is a moral measure that may be the means of saving some poor mother's son's soul. — Ed.] Changing from frames 18X9 to the regu- lar size I've had hundreds of frames and combs to transfer, and after trying strings and wires for fastening combs in frames I much prefer the wires. Cut the wire in proper lengths, lay three of them under a frame, one at the middle and one near each end ; put your comb in the frame, then fas- ten the two ends of each wire together by twisting at a corner of the top-bar. The fine wires are easily broken at any time after the bees have fastened the comb in place, althovigh they may do no harm if never removed. Of course that will work onl}' when combs are in pretty large pieces. If pieces are quite small I'm not sure but it might pay to use the plan given on p. 364. The nails would make no trouble when un- capping, for they are left "projecting ^g inch " so as to be drawn when the comb is fastened. [While a wire might, perhaps, be more convenient than a string, in the manner in which you use it, yet just think of the labor of driving little nails along the edges of the brood-frame, stringing wires up over them, pulling them off again, then afterward pulling out the nails! Your plan of using the wires is vastly better; but I can not help feeling that a string is better still, for I have used both. One summer I transferred 75 colonies, and as a general thing I used neither string nor wire. I just crowded in pieces of combs around the edges to wedge the comb into place. When that was not practicable I used one strand of string, going around the frame two or three times, and tying in a bow-knot. If I did not happen to think to go around and pull out the string the bees would save me that trouble and carry it out of the hive bit by bit. If I did think, all I had to do was to pull out the bow-knot and slowly draw out the string without removing a single frame. — Ed.] The Rocky Mountain Bee Journal says, " The wide-awake, reading specialist puts on the second super as soon as work has well begun in the first; a third is soon add- ed, and then four and sometimes five." Replying in Lone Star Apiarist, Li. E. Kerr says, speaking of tiering up supers, "In other than expert hands it is a most dangerous procedure, where honey is the 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 413 object," and "Usually it is not practica- ble to tier up more than three high. " Per- haps each one is right for his own locality. While it might be dangerous for a begin- ner in this locality to tier up, it would very often be more dangerous not to tier up; and if I should be limited to three supers in a good season I'd lose honey. [A plan of tiering up that would be perfectly practica- ble in Colorado might not be so in other lo- calities. When one tiers up to any great extent he must figure pretty closely on the duration of the honey-flow. If one has, sa3% three or four supers in various stages of completion, some half filled and some nearl}' filled, and the honey-flow suddenly stops, he is in a rather bad way. Obvious- ly' it would have been better for him to give the bees fewer supers, and made them com- plete what combs they had, rather than to start on a fresh batch, thus dividing their time and labor. But, very fortunately, in Colorado the bee-keeper, especially in alfal- fa localities, can determine almost to a day when his honey-flow will be shut off. When alfalfa gets into bloom he knows when the mower will begin work, and he knows al- most exactly when every head of alfalfa in his locality will be cut. He can, therefore, plan ahead and tier up as long as there are several days ahead of a good strong honey- flow. If he knows, for instance, there are just ten days more, he will probably put on no more supers, but compel the bees to fin- ish up the work begun; and that finishing- vip will take place just about as the honey stops. Nowhere in the world but in the al- falfa regions can one so exactly gauge the length of the honey-flow. As alfalfa is grown in Arizona, California, Utah, Idaho, and Colorado, as well as some other of the Western States, the bee-keeper in any of those localities can tier up much more ex- cessively than we who are of the East or South.— Ed.] I'm afraid, just a little, Mr. Editor, that you may swing too far on the side of cellar wintering. Notwithstanding my failure at outdoor wintering, I have a suspicion that, if I knew enough, I might succeed even in this windy region; and I also have a sus- picion that bees wintered out are hardier. Why they should be hardier I don't know, unless it be on account of purer air and the chance to fly whenever it is warm enough. Yet if you can manage to have a constant supply of pure air in the cellar, and if it will do to take them out on a warm day and then return them, it is possible they may be as hardy as those wintered out. For I sus- pect that severe cold weakens rather than strengthens. [I am satisfied that our home- apiary locality has been almost ideal for outdoor wintering. Those closely inter- twined evergreens that outskirt the yard have been giving a greater protection than one would suppose, and the results have been better than that secured on the aver- age for outdoor bees. At our out-yard there were no windbreaks, and the north wind had a clean sweep. Here we tried our reg- ular chaff hives and strong colonies. Al- though the bees did not die outright at this yard, the colonies were so depleted that it seemed best to bring them home and winter them in the evergreen inclosure. So I doubt very much whether, without the evergreens, a high board fence, or windbreak of some sort, we would have been able to secure such results as we have obtained from year to year. I am now satisfied of one thing: That outdoor-wintered bees should have a good windbreak around the bee-yard. It may be a barn, a high board fence, or a row of out-buildings. But it should be something. But in spite of the ideal conditions at our home yard, Mr. Wardell says our cellar- wintered bees are in the lead; and this, too, in additon to the fact that the indoor bees consumed very much less stores. But I shall not go so far as to advocate indoor wintering for every one. The lati- tude, the general climate, the kind of cellar that one can aft'ord or has — all these are determining factors, and should be careful- ly considered. In a mild locality, or where one has naturally good windbreaks, has no bee-cellar, or at least a very poor one, I would recommend the outdoor plan; and in almost any locality a poor bee-cellar — one that is too small — would be much worse than good outdoor wintering on summer stands. — Ed.] y.: KJ-A'> '^OMOU/l NEIGHBORS FIELDS. Mourn for the score of thousands, burned Beneath old Vulcan's blast ; Saint Pierre is sunk in one dread heap, In one cremation vast. "The Dissected Bee" is the title of anew book that has just been published in Milan, Italy, and written by Mr. Allesandro Be- nussi-Bossi. As an illustrated volume on the anatomy of the bee it is quite unique. There are 89 pictures in it, each showing the field of view as seen in a large micro- scope. Let the reader imagine that he is looking at a bright disk four inches in di- ameter, and that on this surface there is seen the compound eye of a bee, or a foot or a wing, or some other part. This view is then photographed and reproduced in half tone, giving the reader a very good repre- sentation of a bee as viewed by the micro- scopist. The pictures are described in Italian, French, and English. It is a great pity that the wording of the latter language was not the work of Dr. Miller, Mr. Da- dant, or Prof. Cook; for as it is, it is cer- tainly the strangest attempt in that line I have ever seen; and when we add to the wording the further attack of the Italian printers on what ought to be good English typography our regret is the deeper. But laying all that aside the author has given 414 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 15 to the world something- of great value in the scientific line. The book has 373 pages, the size of this, and is printed on the best paper I ever saw in a book. The press- work is No. 1. The price is marked as 12 francs, or about $2.25. I do not believe there is a bee-keeper in the world wlio will not feel that he has a treasure if he gets this work. In one place the author says the sting of a bee is used to inject a small quantity of bee-poison into a cell of honey just before it is sealed over. Can or do bees secrete that much of so concentrated a liq- uid as that? Dr. Miller may answer if he can. The same author has also just published "The Art of Cultivating the Bee." It is entirely in Italian, and contains 336 pages the size of this. It seems to be quite abreast with the times, but has practically no cuts. BEES AND FRUITS. A French writer saj^s: " The seeds of the basswood contain an oil the excellence of which was known more than a century ago, but which has been but little used. The seeds can be gathered in abundance under the trees. They fall in autumn, and con- tain 58 per cent of an oil noticeable for its clear color and delicate taste, with no trace of bitterness, and having no special smell. It ma}^ be compared to the best olive oil, and possesses the valuable quality of nev- er becoming rancid. It is good as an arti- cle of food and for mechanical purposes, as it keeps perfectl}^ Two of the principal journals of Paris having made a great ado under the title of "Killed by the bee," a French bee-keepers' society investigated the matter and makes the following report, the substance of which I translate: Oil the (ith of March, about 10 in the morning, Mr. Boiveau proceeded to secure the contents of a straw hive. Not being furnished with a veil he received dur- ing that operation not to exceed three strings, two on the neck and one on the hand. He did not suffer enough to create any fear, and he took his dinner with his family. A little later, fe ling uneasy, he retired, while his family resumed their work in the field. About two hours later his sickness increased. Mr. Boiveau arose, called his neighbors to his help, and al- most immediately breathed his last. He had been ill for some time, not being able to follow any hard work, and was, besides, very fleshy, his blood being in a bad condition. It is the opinion of his famihas well as of his neighbors that he did not die from the effect of the stings, but that the few stings he received simply has- tened on what was very near ; or, as they put it, it was the last drop of water that caused the vase to run over. The editor well adds: Thus falls to naught this terrible accusation. But how many have read it who have not read the ex- planation? BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. Concerning the effect of bee-stings as a preventive of contagious diseases, a cor- respondent has the following to say: In reply to your correspondent " Formalin," Do bee- slings protect one from infection? I should say this opens up a most interesting subject, and I shr uld be pleased to see replies from bee-keepers generally. I can sincerely say that, since I have been " inoculated " by bee-.<=tings, I have neither been attacked with influ- enza nor suffered from any contagious disease, though influenza has twice been through the house, excepting my boy, five years old, and he has been stung many times almost ever since he could first toddle. He has also been entirely free from all children's complaints. I have not been revacciuated myself, but my little bov was when over four years old, and the four inoculated places •' took " well, with not much inflammation, and he suffered but little from the result. I have asked several neighboring bee-keepers their opinion on the subject, and they join unitedly in .saying thej- have never had any infectious disease, nor been in any vva\' inconvenienced when revacciuated. Until suggested bjr ■' F->rmalin " I did not attribute this exemption to inoculation by bee stings, though previously I suffered a good deal from rheumatism. It is stated by what seems to be good au- thority that wasps are subject to foul brood, bacillus alvei having been found in their nests. It is feared this will be a new agency for scattering that disease. \ii AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL. The following gives us reason to expect something interesting concerning honey adulteration before many days : " Mr. Wm. A. Selser, wife, and daughter, stopped off in Chicago, for a few hours, while passing through on their way East recently. They had been away from home for nearly three months, having been in Texas, California, Colorado, etc. Mr. Selser was represent- ing the Government in its investigation of honey anal- 3-.ses, he going out to secure samples of various kinds of honey in different parts of the country. His report will likely be made in about a month to Prof. H. W. Wiley, at Washington." PART EMPTY FRAMES, AND PART FRAMES WITH COMBS OF BROOD AND HONEY WHEN HIVING SWARMS. "Mr. Doolittle, I think my bees are go- ing to swarm soon, and I wish to know how I can best manage in hiving them." "What do 3'ou mean — the modus operandi of hiving swarms? " "No, not that. How would it work, by way of contracting the brood-chamber, so to speak, to take two or three frames con- taining pollen, sealed brood, and honey, from the colonies not strong enough to swarm, and put these in the hive, near the sides, in hiving a swarm, instead of using division- boards, the center of the hive being filled with empty frames or frames with start- ers? " "What would be gained by so doing ? " " This would save the trouble of looking over the hive and taking out the division- boards later on, and giving the bees a start at housekeeping also." " I thinlv I have seen some such plan as this recommended in some paper of the past, but I am opposed to such a method of pro- cedure." "Why?" "As I consider it, there are three things against it; the first of which is, that the 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 415 bees would be likely to fill these combs with honey as soon as the brood emerg'ed from them, thus giving- the three combs solid with honey instead of having that much honey in the sections, thus thwarting the onl}' purpose of contraction, which is, to secure the first and best quality of honey in the sections, and also to entice the bees to work in the sections before they com- mence to store hone}^ in the brood-chamber to any extent." "Then you do not think these combs would take the place of dummies? " "No. How could they? The bees, in this case, could and would store honey in those cells as fast as the brood emerged, while with the dummies none could be stored, for the^' simply take up space. Then, again, this would be rather a meth- od of expansion, for the bees would have to spread out over these combs to keep the brood warm, so few could get into the sec- tions while the dummies simply take up space, the bees not having any desire to hang around the outside of them." "I think I see that part. But what is the second thing against it? '• " If the combs had any amount of sealed brood in them, so that the emerging of this brood materially' strengthened the swarm, it would be very likely to result in swarm- ing, or the issuing of ' virgin swarms,' as they are called, where a swarm of the pres- ent season casts a swarm." " Could not these swarms be returned? " " The returning of them does little good, for, as a rule, they ai'e much more persist- ent in continued swarming to the end of the honej'-fiow than is an old colony; and this persistency always destroys the prospect of a good yield of section honey. I have often had swiirms go to work with a will in a large number of sections, working till they were about two-thirds completed, and then, just as I was priding- m3'self on having a large lot of beautiful honey from such new swarm, thej' would swarm, and be so per- sistent in swarming that none of said sec- tions would be fully completed, while the nice looks of the work they had begun would be spoiled through the long failure of its completion." "Well, that does not look encouraging, surel3^ I had not thought that this brood would cause them to swarm. My idea was to help boom the section honej' by adding bees to the swarm by way of the emerging brood. But while we are talking, give us the third reason j'ou have against my plan." " The third is what will be the greatest trouble of all." " What! something worse than you have been speaking about?" "Yes. The main trouble with such a plan of working lies in the persistency' of new swarms in building drone comb in the remaining part of the hive, where any part of it is supplied with any thing in the shape of frames filled with comb." " Why do they do this? " "The w/iv ot this is something I could never fully understand; but an experience of more than thirty years along this line has proven to me that bees can not be de- pended on to build worker comb during the first week after being hived, if there is any completed comb in the hive at the time of hiving a prime swarm, more than what lit- tle is necessary to use as starters along the top-bars to the frames, where starters of comb are used in preference to comb foun- dation, as some think better." " Why do j'ou say prijiie swarms? " "With second or third swarms the case is different, as bees are more apt to build worker comb with a young queen when she first commences to lay, and only unfertile queens accompany these latter swarms ; and in this case the queen does not com- mence to lay till the bees are fully accus- tomed to their surroundings, and they build but very little comb, where any combs are put in the hive, till their queen commences to lay. And when she does begin to lay she crowds the comb with eg-gs as fast as built, thus helping also the matter of build- ing worker comb. Then the prime swarm has a much larger force of bees; and, while she is hanging about the frames of comb and brood given, depositing her first few eggs there, the bees are building comb rap- idly; and as they see no necessity for build- ing worker combs to be occupied with hon- ey, they go to building combs for the stor- ing of honey, which generally are of the drone size of cells." " Is this kept up till the hive is filled? " " No, not unless the queen is very old or very poor. After the bees have built what would amount to two or three frames of drone comb, and the queen recovers her normal egg-laying powers which she had before the swarm issued, then the bees go on and build worker comb ; but we have worker and drone comb all mixed through the frames, which is a condition an enter- prising apiarist does not like, one which should never be tolerated by any would-be bee-keeper, even, and one which, if allowed to remain, results in a diminished crop of honey each year as long as the combs are allowed to remain in this shape." " What would be your advice then? " "My advice to all is, and has been ever since comb foundation came into use, to use only starters in the frames in hiving swarms, or else fill all frames with foundation, or give all frames filled with comb. And I believe this is good advice too." " Why not use part frames of comb and part frames of foundation? " "Frames filled with foundation, mixed with those containing combs, do much bet- ter than frames having only starters when used with combs; but even this is objec- tionable on account of the bees lengthening the cells on the combs given while they are working out the foundation, so that the combs along the top-bars to the frames will be very thick when completed, while those with foundation p.rc c^rrc'^y-iondingly thin. But I have some work- I must ■■() at n »vv." 416 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 15 In a late issue I gave the text of the new anti-adulteration law that is now in force throughout New York. From recent clip- pings that have been sent, it is apparent that the glucose-mixers are hunting their holes, and that the retailers are trying to get rid of their so-called "pure" honey. Good! Ohio, Illinois, and New York, each of which has big cities, have laws that will stop the adulteration of honey. Let the good work go on. The iniquitous sweet-clover bill that was introduced in the Ohio Legislature has been killed, and killed so dead that I hope no succeeding legislature will try to pass another measure like it. This only illus- trates that bee-keepers, when they are unit- ed, and write to the members of their leg- islature, can exert a powerful influence. If it had not been for the bee-keepers of New York the new anti-adulteration honey law would not have been passed. NATIONAL HONEY STATISTICS. Here is a resolution that, as will be seen by the date, was sent in some time ago, but which I overlooked. I will now place it be- fore our readers, and suggest th.it the Board of Directors of the National Bee-keepers' Association take this matter under consid- eration. RESOLUTION PASSED AT THE ONTARIO CO., N. Y., BEE- KEEPERS' MEETING AND INSTITUTE, CANANDAI- GUA, N. Y , DEC. J3, lyOl. Resolved, That it is the sense of this convention that tlie officers of the National Bee-keepers' Association should establish a system for gathering and reporting monthly, during the honey harvest, the comparative yield of honey up to date of said report, and that we request them to do so ; also. Resolved, That copies of this resolution be sent to, etc. W. F. Marks, E. H. Perry, H. C. ROAT. Com. on Resolutions. THE BIG NATIONAL CONVENTION AT DEN- VER. From various newspaper clippings that have been sent to us, it is apparent to me, at least, that the bee-keepers of Denver are making preparations to entertain the mem- bers of the National Bee-keepers' Associa- tion in a way that was never attempted be- fore by any other body of bee-keepers in the United States. I verily believe that our •next convention, at Denver, during the first week in September, will be the greatest •ever known in the history of the Associa- tion. Denver is central, even if it is so far west to us Easterners. It is also right in the heart of one of the best honey localities in the world; and that locality, good as it is, is right in the heart of the great West, where in the future at least three pounds out of five of the honey of the United States will be produced. " KELLOGG'S *PURE HONEY." The people who are putting out "Kel- logg's Pure Honey," purporting to come from Medina, are beginning to send these goods out again. As I have before told our readers, no such honey bearing that brand is put up anywhere in Medina, and all the samples of these goods we have had an- alj'zed were the vilest of glucose. Of all the bad decoctions masquerading under an honest name purporting to come from an honest town this is by far the worst I ever saw. Medina is a village of only about 2000 inhabitants. We know every business concern in town; and if Kellogg honey were put up here we should certainly know it. The fact is, it is put out by a Kansas City firm who are trying to trade on our good name. They know that any thing that comes from Medina in the bee line is sup- posed to come from the Roots. They know that we are fighting adulteration; they know, also, that the general public knows it; therefore any thing hailing from Medi- na they suppose will be considered as pure goods, and that is true. We warned the concern putting out this stuff, and they desisted for a time. We are now gathering fresh evidence to put in the hands of our attorney; as we intend to bring suit we solicit the aid of our readers. If you can, learn from your grocer who it is that puts out these goods. Obtain, if }'ou possibly can, a certified cop3^ of a bill — or, better still, obtain the original bill itself of this Medina \1) honey. Later. — Since the foregoing was in tj'pe I learn that the State Food Inspector of Idaho, where this stuff has been sent, is looking after thisKellogg honey; and he says if he finds it adulterated, every bottle of it will be condemned and ordered out of the State. If the goods are like what we have seen and tested they will be barred from the State, sure. BEE STORIES IN MAGAZINES. ; HOW TO GET SOME GOOD ADVERTISING FREE. Bee stories and facts about bees are get- ting to be quite a fad in the illustrated pa- pers and magazines of late. The Youths'' Companion recently had a very nice picture on its first page, showing a modern apiary of 8-frame Laugstroth hives, and a beauti- ful girl in the foreground on whom a swarm of bees was clustering. The story is quite tragic. It relates how the girl almost swooned, but kept still without flinching until her uncle, a bee-keeper, hived the bees off from her. Too bad it wasn't her sweet- heart! What was almost a tragedy would have ended in a beautiful romance. Another interesting bee story appears in Ainslee's Illustrated Magazine. All these stories and write-ups are very helpful, because the general public are now beginning to get a glimpse of how honey can be produced in such immense quanti- ties. When consumers generally under- 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 417 stand just how comb honey is "manufac- tured" by bees in the hives, and that the beautiful little combs they see in the boxes on the market are real bee honey, we shall bei^^in to see an advance in the price of our product. Now, brother bee-keeper, every time you can g-et hold of a reporter invite him to your bee-3'ard and show him how you handle bees. Mayhap he will g-ive j'ou a nice little advertisement; for to be known in any lo- calitj^ as "the bee-man who produces real bee honey" is worth something. Then when you are around selling- your product 3'our prospective customer will say, "Oh, yes! this is Mr. Jones whom I read about. Yes, I'll take some of that nice bee honey." STAHL AND HIS SPRAYING CIRCULARS. It will be remembered that Mr. Wm. Stahl, of Quincy, HI., manufacturer of sprajdng--outfits, is sending out circulars broadcast all over the country, advising- the spraying- of fruit-trees while in bloom. These circulars have a string of testimoni- als without date, saying- that spraying- in bloom is beneficial. Notwithstanding- some of the agricultural papers (no way inter- ested in bee-keeping) have told Stahl that his teaching was contrary to the advice of all of our experiment stations, he persists in his course in sending out those same cir- culars all the more. Some two or three years ag-o the experi- ment stations at Ithaca and Geneva, N. Y., made quite an elaborate series of experi- ments in spraying one set of trees while in bloom and another set before and after bloom. The result of all these experiments showed conclusively that the latter plan was much the more preferable. More and better fruit matured; and it was shown, also, that many of the spraying-liquids had a decidedly injurious effect on the delicate organs of the blossoms. Very recently, N. O. Booth, assistant in horticultui-e at the Missouri State Univer- sity, has prepared a bulletin giving general directions what, when, and how to spraj^ He says very emphatically that the spray- ing should be administered before and after blooming, and this is the advice that all the experts give. We have just come in possession of a let- ter sent to one of Mr. Stahl's customers, who, having followed his advice to spray while in bloom, found that, so far from giv- ing beneficial results, it was decidedly in- jurious. This is what Mr. J. M. Fay, the party referred to, wrote to Mr. Stahl him- self, and is right in line with the experi- ment stations all over the United States: IVm Stahl, Esq., Quincy. III., Dear Sir: — About one year ago I purchased a spraying-outiit from you; also received your private instructions on spraying, which instructed me to spray fruit-trees when in full bloom. Some of my early varieties had mostly got through liloomin^ when the spraying-outfit arrived ; but the later varieties were in full bloonl, and this spraying was done according to instructions, except a few trees which were not sprayed at this time, because the mix- ture I had on hand ran out and I did not have enough to complete the work, which was done later, but not before the blossoms had all fallen off. Now, what I wish to say is, the advice you gave me in the instruc- tions you sent me, to spray in full bloom, is all wrong, and was very unsatisfactory to me; for on the trees I sprayed in full bloom, the application at this time killed ^wA destroyed all the best fruit by its falling off, and the trees ne.Kt to the ones spraved in full bloom' that were sprayed later, after all blossoms had fallen off, gave a third more fruit and a fourth larger in size. So you see that recommending to spray in full bloom must injure your business as well as do a great damage to the innocent by following your advice. I write you this .^o you may" not injure "others in this way. "Verv respectfully, J. M. Fay. Detroit, Mich., April 26. Of course, Mr. Stahl will never give l/iis letter publicity in his circulars, for it is not to his way of thinking; and I venture to say he has received a good many like it; but this is the only copy that has so far been placed in my hands. There are plen- ty of careless observers who, having never made any comparative experiments, would conclude that spraying during blooming would be beneficial; and I do not suppose there is any doubt that spraying, even dur- ing blooming, would result in a better crop than without spraying. While it would cer- tainly cut down the quantity of fruit, injure some of it, and kill bees, it would probably destroy some of the enemies that would in- jure even more than the spraying. A string of testimonials sajnng that spraying dur- ing bloom is beneficial, such as Mr. Stahl is sending out, does not prove any thing. The advice that this man is sending out broadcast over the country is doing a fear- ful damage to the bee-keeping industry. Every spring after the spraying season we get reports showing that quantities of young brood are poisoned, and this comes just at a time when it can be least afforded. And not only is brood killed but bees are de- stroyed by the thousands. The effect of this is to cut down the honey crop by one- half. If there is any law that can stop a man from using the United States mails for the purpose of propag-ating heresy that is damaging to a large industi-y, the Na- tional Bee-keepers' Association will see to it that it is enforced. The A. I. Root Co. will help raise a fund, if the $1000 to the credit of the Association is not large enough to prosecute. Another manufacturer of spraying-out- fits who had been advising to spray during blooming time, as soon as he had been in- formed of his error immediately recalled his advice, and now sends out directions in accordance with the experiment stations. THE LATEST FROM THE PEAR-BLIGHT FIELD IN CALIFORNIA. N. W. MOTHERAL, of Hanford, Cal., has been one of the principal persons in that district to stir up feeling against the bee- keepers. When I came on 1;he scene there as an officer of the National Bee-keepers' Association he thought I was going to bluff and bluster, and immediately began to in- form me, before I had a chance to say any thing, what they, the pear-men, were going to do; and among other things he intimated that, if we didn't get the bees out, they 418 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE, May 15 would poison them. And there were two or three others who were disposed to g-et into a hot arg-ument. But arg-ument, under such circumstances, never accomplishes much. I listened to what they had to say; then after talking with them a little I left them fairly g-ood-natured — so much so that Mr. Mother- al came out in one of the papers with a statement to the effect that I was quite a decent sort of chap, even if I was one of those bee-men. In the mean time it appears that Mr. Motheral has become sour again, and is in for a fight, judging- from what I can hear from the local bee-keepers. (Say, can't you bee-men sweeten him up ag-ain?) It will be remembered that an agreement was made between the bee-keepers and the fruit-men that a certain district about two miles square should be cleared of bees. This was done, and in the mean time cer- tain experiments are being- conducted by which whole limbs and whole trees are covered with mosquito-netting. In the Han- ford Journal of April 19th Mr. Motheral comes out with the statement that all the Bartlett trees in his orchard that were not protected by mosquito-netting- were affected by blight; that those trees that were cover- ed were not affected; that, further, in Mr. Charles Downing's orchard, he under- stands, where these experiments were con- ducted on a larger scale, the same results were seen. Mr. F. E. Brown, Secretary of the Cen- tral California Bee-keepers' Association, immediately made an investigation, and re- ported his findings in the Hanford Senlinel. He visited, he says, the Downing- orchards and several others in that vicinity. True enough, several of the large trees were pro- tected by the netting so that no bees could get at the blossoms; " but contrary," he says, " to the report of Mr. Motheral, there was plenty of blight; however, not so much as on the trees uncovered; yet the difter- erence is not so great, and there is no more fruit upon these trees than on the trees not protected. The reason is, the fruit was not pollenized, and the blossom with the stem attached dropped off." Prof. M. B. Waite, of the Department of Agriculture, who read a paper before the joint session of the National Bee-keepers' Association and the American Pomological Society, at Buffalo, admitted that, while bees might scatter pear-blight, other in- sects besides bees could carry the infection; but that, as most of our pears are sterile to their own pollen, and that this was espe- cially true of the Bartlett pear, insects were necessary for mingling the pollen. ' ' In Cal- ifornia," he said, " they have had such outbreaks of pear-blight that many thoug-ht they can dispense with the services of the bees in this way, that the Bartlett pears would set all their fruit, if necessary, with- out the visits of the insects. " But he seemed to be doubtful whether, even if the bees did scatter the virus, the pear-growers could afford to dispense with the bees. If what Prof. Waite says is true, then it appears that Mr. Motheral, one who seems to be the chief accuser of the bees, is mis- taken; and if covering- up the trees so that not a single bee can get to them does not prevent pear-blight infection, it would look as if the removal of the bees would in no way affect the result any more than, per- haps, it would diminish slightly the amount of the blight. But the decrease in the blight would be more than offset in the less- er quantity of fruit set, as the bees, na- ture's pollinators, would, if the pear-men could have their way, be absent. GOVERNMENT APICULTURAL WORK. Dr. Miller's Attitude toward it; the Introduction of New Stock. BY DR. C. C. MILLER. Prof. Benton, page 372, seems to think I justly deserve "the severest criticism which due courtesy will permit." After reading- his article through, it hardly seems to me he has taken much account of courtesy, due or undue. In his report, Mr. Greiner made the statement quoted by Prof. Benton, " It was believed," etc., and it is a common thing- to understand that as meaning "It was believed by the convention." I so un- derstood it, and had no idea that I was mis- quoting. I am sorry that I did not quote literally, so there could be no possible mis- understanding-, and for not doing so I ask pardon of Secretary Greiner and the Onta- rio Co. Association. It maj' be a question, however, whether my understanding of the matter does not come nearer the truth than does Prof. Benton's. I understood that the general view at the convention was that it was better for government to spend money to advance control of mating than to spend it on importing foreign queens. Prof. Ben- ton intimates that this was the view of "some member or two or three members. " Mr. Greiner says: " While the Association did not take action on this proposition, still, the matter was brought up again by another member, showing that it had gotten a hold. Undoubtedly it will be pushed on at some future time." Is it likely Mr. Greiner would take the trouble to say, "it had got- ten a hold," if at most it had gotten hold of only three members? Would he say, "Un- doubtedly it will be pushed on at some fu- ture time" unless he thought the majority of the Association would favor it? Prof. Benton saj's I seem ready to throw cold water on any work in the bee line that the government mig-ht sanction. In that he surely is mistaken. I do not know of a sin- gle instance in which I threw cold water on any work in the bee line that gfovernment 1902 GLKANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 419 sanctioned. As Prof. Benton says I seem so ready to throw cold water on such work, he probably imagines that there have been a number of such instances. When making- such a charge in so public a manner, is it not "due courtesy" to be specific enough to name the instances, or at least one of them? Will Prof. Benton please do so? I am glad to be able to say that I think there is a little excuse for Prof. Benton's mistaken idea. In the Stray Straw in question, when I spoke of the convention now talking as I had talked, I had in mind the matter of the introduction of apis dor- sata, a matter, so far as I know, that had not the sanction of government. I imagine that Prof. Benton thought that I had in mind the work actually done by government lately in introducing queens from new re- gions of Italy, etc. Moreover, I now think that the convention had in mind this actual work of the government, and had no thought of apis dorsata. The question may be asked why I did not think of the work that Prof. Benton had done in introducing the queens mentioned. For the simple reason that not until four weeks after that Straw was in print did I learn that such work had been done, and then I learned it through a private source. Due courtesy forbids that I should criticise Prof. Benton in this regard; but I hardly think it will be discourteous to say that bee- keepers would be grateful if he would keep them informed through the bee journals as to what he is doing; and that if he had ta- ken a page of Gleanings to tell all about the importations he had lately been making it would have been, at least for some, more interesting reading than to have had the same space occupied in berating me. And in this case it might have saved some mis- understanding on both sides. Prof. Benton says I have done nothing toward securing appropriations from gov- ernment. Is that such a capital offense as to need three lines of italics in the telling? If so, why am I signaled out to be gibbeted, when in the same sentence he practically says that the entire bee-keeping fraternity, with a slight exception, are equally guilty? for he saj's that what has been done has been done " almost single-handed." But if I have been negligent in that respect, I seem to have done my full dut}' in another respect, for he credits me with "a bushel or two of propositions" as to what I might think best should be done. Possibly he may not be entirely correct in either regard. At any rate I do not de- sire undue credit in the "proposition" line, and I am a little curious to know what I have proposed. I am sorrj- that Prof. Benton wrote the paragraph referring to the Albany conven- tion in such a way that it may be under- stood as referring to me. I was not at that convention, and had nothing to do with the matter he mentions. Some of the new members of the Glean- ings family may ask the question, "What is all this about, anyhow?" It is only fair that I should reply in a few words. There is a big bee in India, apis dorsata, that some of the bee-keepers wanted brought to this country. Along with some others lop- posed its introduction until it was learned whether it could be controlled, for there were reports that it was migratory and would not be confined to a hive, and it was feared it might be a case somewhat like the introduction of the English sparrow. Among those in favor of the introduction were some of the Ontario Co. bee-keepers, if I am not mistaken; and when I understood that such introduction was opposed at the late con- vention I thought the joke was on them, and that they would take my reference to it as good-naturedly as I intended it, for I con- sider the bee-keepers of Ontario Co. good- natured as well as intelligent. Knowing nothing about the late introduction of queens by the government (which I may say, by the way, could meet only my hearty ap- proval), it can easily be seen why I sup- posed the reference was to apis dorsata. The probability is that Prof. Benton thought I was speaking against the work he has done, hence his article. When he understands the matter fully I am sure that he will have the courtesy to absolve me from all blame. There is enough fighting to do against enemies to the pur- suit without having any quarreling within our own ranks. Prof. Benton has my thanks, and should have the thanks of all, for making an effort, and a successful ef- fort, to have increased recognition from gov- ernment; and he should also have thanks for all that he has done in the interest of the pursuit. He may always count on my hearty co-operation in any good that may be done. Marengo, 111. IMPORTATION OF HONEY=BEES. Basswood Timber for Top=bars; Comb=honey Canard. BY F. GREINER. Mr. Editor: — In order to understand fully what was meant when saying, "What money our government expends importing bees might better be used otherwise" (see Dr. Miller's Straw, page 275), allow me to define m}' position. For more than 30 years we have been im- porting bees quite largelj' from Italy. There existed a good reason for doing so, and paying many thousands of dollars to the queen-breeders of Italy. After testing the Italian bee for these many years here, the American bee-keepers have come to the conclusion that this bee is well adapted to our widely varying climates. The majori- ty of honey-producers have it in their yards, and propagate it. The American people in general have the name of being the most practical business men, and deservedly so. We may, there- 420 gleani:ngs in bee culture. May 15 fore, infer that they will use their business faculties in breeding' bees as well as in oth- er lines of business. I have as much faith in our ozun queen-breeders as in those of foreign lands — nay, even more; and I do believe they will produce bees superior to those in Italy. It may be that Italy has a slight advantage as to pure mating; but it is also true that, in many localities here, the Italian bee is sufficiently in the major- ity, so that but few queens are even mis- mated. It seems to me the time has now come when we can with profit to ourselves stop further importation of this bee. If we would spend what money we send to Italy in improving- the bee we now have, we should make advances faster, and be ahead in the end. We have also imported quite a few Car- niolan bees during the past two decades, and in a few selected localities the breed- ing may be carried on quite successfully. We might, therefore, dispense with further importations of this bee, and put money into our own breeders' pockets. As to other races of bees, the matter is different unless we are all agreed that there were no others worth3'^ of our attention. This, however, is not to be expected in the near future. What Dr. Miller has previ- ously said relative to importing- bees and discouraging it, had reference to apis dor- sata only, or I am mistaken. I don't think he included either Italian or Carniolan bees. If he did, then I indorse that part of it. It may not bring us any gain to bother with the big Indian bee. I don't think it will myself ; but there are many others who think it may, and for this reason I am not opposed to making some effort to investi- gate the matter. Before I close my communication I wish to say a few words on the lately brought-up question, basswood versus pine for top-bars. Mr. Root, when I hear a man recommend a thing whiA I have found utterly wanting, or make statements of so-called facts which are not facts at all, it naturally weakens my confidence in that man. This reminds me of the statement a visitor at our bee- keepers' meeting made last winter. He said his colonies came out of the winter with 16 or 18 lbs. of bees to the hive. It is true, I have not weig-hed bees at that time of the year; but I have at other times, and I should say any colony having- 5 lbs of bees April 15, in mj' locality, is a verj^ good one and worth the mone}'. No, I did not believe that statement. Our good visitor surely made a big mistake. To recom- mend basswood for top-bars is a case simi- lar to the above. I have tried basswood only once, and have been s,ovvy for it ever since. Wax-moth larva; may bore into pine and not into basswood. I confess I have not observed it. But what of it? How many top-bars are injured in this fashion? Not one in a hundred, except, perhaps, where quilts are used the j^ear round. Then why use basswood, that will warp and twist all out of shape? I am not pre- pared to say basswood top-bars will warp out of the hive, as some one has said; but I am sure you will wish it did if you ever use it. To create greater confidence in our prod- uct, both extracted and comb hone}', I want- ed to sa}' a good while ago that stamping each section and labeling- every pjickage of extracted honey, giving name and place of the producer, will have a beneficial efi'ect, as I know from experience. Bee-keepers who have some influence with the newspa- pers of the large cities could do a great deal of g-ood by writing suitable articles for these papers. What appears in apicul- tural and agricultural papers I am afraid will not reach that class of men we need to reach most. Mr. Stahl, the originator of the last comb- honey canard, has not made any retraction so far as I know. He probably has not j-et fully recovered from his Rip Van Winkle sleep, has not yet realized that the honey of the present day is not like that of his forefathers stored in old black comb, with bee-bread interspersed, and having- a per- ceptible odor of brimstone. He may have acquired a liking for such stuff, which would explain that our virgin comb, snowy white, and melting in the month, aromatic, and beautiful to behold, does not find favor with him. Naples, N. Y., April 10. [Dr. Miller has an article in this issue which explains just what he did think — that he had in mind apis dorsata and not other races of bees. It appears that jou understood him correctly while Prof. Ben- ton seems to have read him wronglj'. With regard to the use of basswood inside of hives, much depends on the locality; but I should say, g-enerally, that a basswood top-bar would not be as good as one of pine. Indeed, the Root Co., so far as I know or recall, has never used basswood for top-bars to brood frames. There is hardly any thing better for hives, inside or outside, than ordinary white pine. But, unfortunately, this wood is g-etting- to be very scarce; and the time may come when bee-keepers in this locality will, on the grounds of economy, have to use some other timber — possibly whitewood, Cottonwood, or poplar. All of these woods are nearly alike, varj'ing somewhat according- to the locality. Basswood will probably be as scarce as pine, and I should not be sur- prised if, twenty years hence, we had to get our lumber from California; and if the rail- road companies charg-e exorbitant freight rates, as they do now, we might be very g-lad to have all parts of our hives made of hard wood; but no hard wood will stand the weather as well as g-ood white pine. As it is, a very large portion — probably the most — of our white pine we use now comes from Canada. The Michigan pine is prac- tically gone. — Ed.] Since the foregoing was in t3'pe the fol- lowing: has come to hand : 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 421 Dear iMr. Root: — I iiud that our Ontario County, N. Y., bee-keepers are very much displeased with the version Dr. Miller reads into my report g-iven in American Bee Journal oi March 6, 1902. In addition to what I wrote in a previous letter I wish to say that I did not intend to convey the idea that what I had said at the convention reg'arding the importation of foreign bees was to represent the sentiment of the Asso- ciation, but simply that of the speaker. As I re-read my report in the American Bee Journal it does look as though I meant it otherwise. However, it seems Mr. Benton understood it. Friedemann Greiner. Naples, N. Y., May 6. [Dr. Miller's reply to Prof. Benton will make his position clear. — Ed] NUCLEI MANAGEMENT, The Swarthmore System any thing but a Success ; an Experience. BY OUEEN-BREEDEK. Continued from April j^lli issue. To insure the safe return of the queens I secured a number of wooden paint-tags, each of different color, and fastened one under each flight-hole for an alig-hting- board. This was contrary to Swarthmore, who claims, I think, that a queen pays no attention to color or shape, but is guided solely by the little cluster of bees awaiting- her return; but it was in accord with E. R. Root, who claims that both color and shape are essential in guiding the queen. Cer- tainly the latter plan can do no harm, and so I use it. I have now 40 frames on stakes set 4 feet apart in rectangular form, each containing 8 queens, or 320 in all. The next day after opening the flight-holes, drones were flying freeljs and I was on the lookout for queens. Standing inside, and at one end of the rect- angular space, I was able to get a good view, and I shortly saw a queen emerge from a box only a few feet from me, and, after a short turn or two, she was lost to view. While awaiting her return, three others came out from the same frame and took their flight. In about ten minutes, what I supposed to be the first queen out returned, but without any evidence of hav- ing met the drone. This queen hovered around the entrances of several boxes, and attempted to enter, but was repulsed by the bees, frequently dropping into the grass, and then renewing the attempt with the same result. Finally I picked her up, and, placing her at the proper entrance, she ran in at once. Other queens were now issuing from dif- ferent parts of the apiary. Of course, I found it impossible to wiitch all of these at once, so I confined my observations to the frame first noted. All around this frame queens were circling, and some were trying to enter, and this I found to be true of the other frames generally. Soon a queen that had evidently met the drone returned to the frame in question, and, after attempting several entrances, entered what was prob- ably the right one. This I marked for fu- ture reference, together with several others later on. I was surprised at the difficulty shown by returning queens in finding the proper entrances, and I am convinced that many queens are lost in this way. The next step is a search for eggs, which one might reasonably expect to find in a day or two, or within a week if the queen is all right. Now, right here is another one of those perplexing points of practice — not explained by Swarthmore — which makes one feel like giving up the whole thing in disgust. Swarthmore says, " Examination for eggs may be made through the backmost holes," etc. It must be borne in mind that each one of these little nucleus-boxes has been already filled with eggs, honey, etc.; and when the backmost holes are opened, near- ly every available cell (not containing bee- bread or honey) will be occupied by this time with quite a fair-sized larva. Now you see what a predicament one is in. What shall — what can — be done? I might wait for the bees to remove the larva; and thus make room for the new eggs ; but would they do it? Probably not, and the experiment is too hazardous. I might re- move the cover of each nucleus, and with a pin remove the larva; but this would re- quire time and fussing, and disturb the queens, and result in loss, no doubt. I finally take 320 empty section boxes and fit a piece of drawn-out comb inside each one, and on one side I place a cover taken from a nucleus-box on the side opposite the flight-hole, and these section boxes are then fitted by a clamp to each nucleus-box, on the side opposite the flight-hole, so that I then had two combs instead of one in each nucleus. This arrangement solved the dif- ficulty, and gave room for laying eggs. In due time I found, by examination, eggs deposited in about 200 boxes, which I marked for convenience. The remaining boxes were, many of them, queenless, and others with queens evidently not fertilized. I gave virgins to the former, and awaited developments with the latter. Of the 200 boxes containing eggs, I sup- plied 100 with queen-cards, to be kept un- til the brood hatched for warranted queens, etc. I had some orders for untested queens to be filled in a short time, and congratu- lated myself on having the other 100 queens to apply; but, alas! The best-laid plans of mice and men gang aft agley, And leave us naught but fear and pain for promised joy. Well, I went to these little colonies, ex- pecting, of course, to find in each a fine healthy queen. Out of the 100 I took 27 queens, all that could be found. The re- maining 73 were queenless, and many with queen-cells in various stages of construc- tion. Here was a direct loss of 73 queens. 422 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May )5 This experience made me fearful of results, and led me to make some careful observa- tions. I found that the bees that collected around one flight-hole had a habit of run- ning' over to a neighboring flight-hole, and, to my surprise, they were, as a rule, well received, and went in and out, and seemed in a way to make themselves at home. I tried to prevent this by surrounding the flight- holes with section boxes, but without effect. I believe this visiting habit was one cause of the loss of queens. Further inspection showed that, in some cases, even fertile queens left the colon}', and, after circling, returned in some instances to the proper colony, but oftener to the wrong one. I now very carefully examined the 100 nu- clei designed for warranted and tested queens, etc., and found evidences of queen- lessness in a large number, which, upon examination, proved that at least 60 per cent were queenless. These queenless col- onies I supplied with virgins. The re- maining 40 per cent were left until the brood had hatched, and, on inspection, 24 . For Ripping, Cross- «s.__^~_^i"^a£: cutting, Rabbeting, Miteriiig, (injov.n^?. Gaining, Eor.ng, Scroll- sawing, I'ldg'' - mouldii'e Beading. Full line Fcot and Hand Po-ver machri- erv. .\end /"i- rntiiop' A S3NECA FAI-Lf! MFQ. CO., '»^' . 7 44 Water St , Ceneca Fs., N.r. "' -"^ 1902 GLEANNGIS IN BEE CULTURE. 441 SPLIT HICKORY VEfflCLES We put our honor ag:amst yours. If you want a Dew buggy or carriage this season, and would like not only to see it set up. but to use it and satisfy yourself that it isa bargain, we will ship you oneon Thirty Days" Free Trial. We believe our Split Hickory Vehicles are the best on the mar- ket at any price, and we believe you will give them a fair trial. If after thirty days you are not satisfied, return them to us. There will be nothing to pay. All this is fully explained in our new illustrated catalogue, which is free. Besides vehicles it shows a full line of harness. OHIO CARRIAGE MFG. CO.. Station 27, Clncloiutl, Oliio. 29 YEARS SELLING DIRECT. We are the largest manufacturers of rehiclf s and harness in the world sell- ing to consumers, and we have been do- ing business in this way for 29 years, WE HAVE NO AGENTS but ship anywhere for examination guaranteeing; safe delivery. You are ' out notliing if not satisfied. We make 195 styles of vehicles and 65 styles of harne.'is. Our prices represent the »,„ 7i,.o„.»c.- t, „» vrn, 7/ cost of material and making:, plua . No. 7tw Open Stanhope. Hns 'i oneproflt. Our large free catalogue iSS a ^ JI' "„"J"i-r. ' shows complete line. Sendforit. 882. As good as sells for SoO more. Elkhart Carriage A Harness Manufacturing Co., Elkhart, Ind. No. 391 Buggy. Price, 859.00, As good assails for S25.00 more. Handy Farm Wagons maKe the woiK easier for both the man and team. The tires being vide they do notcut into the ground; the labor of loading is reduced many times.because of the short lift. They are equipped with our fam- ous Electric Steel Wheals, eitherstraightorstag- ger spokes. Wheels any height from 2i to 60 inches. White hickory axles, steel hounds. Guaranteed to carry 40'.iO Ids. Why not get started right by putting in one of those wagons. We nial;e o\ir steel wheels to fit any wagon. Write for the catalog. Itisfrea. ELECTRIC WHEEL CO., BOX 95. QUINCY, tLL.* "A Gold Mine On Your Farm*' is the title of the most complete and compre- hensive illustrated Treatise, on the subject of spraying, with tables of costs and formulae. The result of actual use at the leading Agricultural Experiment Stations, tells of the SPRAMOTOR, the "Gold Medal" machine at the Pan-American. 84 copyrighted pages. We mail it free. Ask for it. SPRAMOTOR CO., Bviffa^Io. N. Y. London. CaLti. rns Barns of pl.ink save timber and cash. Neatest, cheap- tr.st. strongest, most desir- able. •')(IOO 111 IL' .S atrs. tested lor 20 years Indorsed by agricultural colleges and scientific men. Hook for stamp. Shawver Brothers. Beilefontaine, Ohio. CEA=SHELLS from the Gulf of Me-xico. .Send 15c to *^ G. .S. Warner, Palma Sola, Manatee River, Florida, and receive a .sample package of 12 sea -shells. TEN DAYS FREE TRIAL allowed on every bicycle purchased of us. We ship oil approval toanyoneia ■'.S. or Canada, irilliotit a end deposit. 1902 Models, $9 to $15 1900 & '01 Models, best makes. $7 lo $11 SOO Second-hand Wheels all makes and models, good as new, $3 to »8. Hi cat Fucli'i-y Vliaring Sale at hair factory co'it. Tires, ciiuipmcnt, & sundries, all kinds, y, regular price. RIDER AGENTS WANTED in every town to ridectexhibitsampla I'.i02 ni'ilel. At'eiits make money fast A BlCr CLE FREE distributing , cataloguesiiiyonrtown. Write at once for agents' net prices and our special r*;- •- MEAD GYGLE £?d. c'S^ag'o!^ BETTER THAN SPRAYING. Don't lug barrels of water around wlien spraying. Use the poison direct. Uur Common Sense Dust Sprayer nnd Innect ExtermtnRtor is a most ingenious device that is rapidly supplanting the old methods. It blows the finely powdered dust into every nook and crevice. Reaches the bet* toma as well ai the tops of leaver. Deetro; a insect life od plants, vines, ahruba and treea. Just aa effectWe for rerniinen poultry and pigs. More rapid than spraying. Dcscripdve circulars and testimonials ^e«. IHLLIS DUST SPRAYER CO., itox 17, ST. JOSKFH, BO. Fruit Packages of All Kinds. — ALSO — BEE=KEEPERS' SUPPLIES. . . Order your supplies now before the busy season catches yoii. Price list free. Address BERLIN FRUIT-BOX COMPANY, Berlin Heights, - - Erie County, Ohio. 442 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May is Advanced-^ Bee Cvilt\ire >^ ^ ^ Is a book of nearly lOO pages (the size of the Review) that I wrote and published in 1891; and I will tell you how I gathered the information that it contains. For 15 years I was a practical bee-keep- er, producing tons of both comb and ex- tracted honey; rearini,'' and seUing' thou- sands of queens, reading all of the bee books and journals, attending conventions and fairs, visiting bee-keepers, etc., etc. Then I began publishing the Review, and, for several years, each issue was devoted to the discussion of some special topic, the best bee-keepers of the country giving their views and experience. Advanced Bee Culture is really the summing up of these first few years of special-topic numbers of the Review; that is, from a most careful ex- amination of the views of the most progress- ive men, and a thorough consideration of the same in the light of my experience as a bee-keeper, I have described in plain and simple language what I believe to be the most advanced methods of managing an apiary, for profit, from the beginning of the season through the entire year. A new and revised edition, which in- cludes the improvements of the past ten years, will be out June 1st. It will be as handsome a little book as ever was printed. The paper is heavy extra machine-finish- ed white book, and there will be several colored plates printed on heavy enameled paper. For instance, the one showing a comb badly affected with foul brood will be printed in almost the exact color of an old comb. The cover will be enameled azure, printed in three colors. Price of the book, 50 cts. The Review for 1902, and the book for only $1.25. You can send in your order now, and the back numbers of the Review for this year will be sent at once, and, as soon as the book is out, a copy will be mailed 3'ou. W. Z. Hutchinson, Flint, Michigan. Business Bees! Are the kind you want for honey. We have them in our select five-band strain. J. F. Aitkins, Reno, Nev., has been buying several dozen queens a year — last year 180; have his order for 100 in April. F. 1,. Crav- craft, Havana, Cuba, bought about 200 in fall of 1900; also 100 last April; has placed his order for 100. These men are large honey-producers. They know what they are about. We are better prepared than ever to handle orders. Prices: Untested queens, $1.00; dozen, 89.00; after May 1st, $8.00; tested, |1.50; select, S2.00. Send for circular. J. B. Case, Port Orange, Fla. VANDE VORD rears Golden queens from the best honey strains ; untested (from an extra choice Doo- littlebreeder) $1.00, or :^ for $2.2.'>: tested, $1.25 each. Geo. J. Vande Vord, Daytona, Pla. PAGE ^ LYON J New London, Wisconsin, MANUFACTURERS OF AND DEALERS IN . . . BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES. . . Send for Our Free New Illustrated Catalog and Price List Tar Heel Apiaries. Abbott \^. Swin.son, Queen-specialist in Charge. Or- ders filled now. For nuclei, 75c per I,, frame — add price of queen. Bees, $1.00 per lb. Warranted queens, Sl.no each; $10.00 per dozen. Tested, $1.50. Breeders, $5.00. We have 300 colouies of best A:nerican albino Italians and Adel bees. These bees have no superiors in the long-tongue or any others. SWINSON & BOARDMAN, Box 358. Macon, Ga. ICHICAN HE.4DQUARTERS FOR C. B. Lewis Co.'s Bee-keepers' Supplies, Dadant's Foundation. We have the largest stock of supplies in the State. Can ship on one day's notice. Send for our 48-page illustrated catalog and give us a trial order. LC. Woodman, Grand Rapids, Micli. HONEY QUEENS FROM TEXAS. I can furnish queens of ti different races, all bred iu their purity in separate yards from 6 to 25 miles apart. Untested queens, 75 cts. to $1.00 each. Tested queens of either race, S1.50 to $:5.00 each. Breeders, $3.50 to $5 each. Bees by the pound, and 1, 2, and 3 frame nuclei a specialty. Prices cheap. Quoted on application. Price list free. Will Alchley, Box 79, Beevllle, Bee Co., Tex. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 443 >♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ YES, SIR! The MUTH'S SPECIAL Dovetail hive is a CRACKERJACK. COVER and BOTTOM are absolutely warp-proof. We know because we are practical. Our illustrated catalog- explains it all. You can have one by aslting. Not a hive left over from last season. We sell the finest supplies at manufacturer's prices. STANDARD BRED QUEENS. None better than Muth's Strain Golden Italians. 75c each; 6 for $4.00. THE FRED W. IV FRONT AND WALNUT. our Buckeye Strain of 3-banders and Safe arrival g-uaranteed. UTH CO., Cincinnati, Ohio. ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦»♦♦ 4 Root's Bee -supplies for the South Atlantic States at Root's Prices. Quick Shipments and Low Freight Rates. We call your attention to our one-horse Winner Wagon, Star Forcefeed Wheelbarrow Clover- seeder, Pea-threshers, and the Buffalo Pitts Harrows. We also carry a full line of the most approved Farm Imple- ments, etc. Send for catalog' H Rawlings Implement Co., 209 South Charles Street, Baltimore, - - - Maryland. NONE BUT THE BEST QUEENS ARE GOOD ENOUGH FOR ANY ONE. No bee-keeper wants to give hive room to inferior bees. The best queens fill their hives vi^ith brood. The best bees fill their supers with honey. Kvery bee- keeper knows this, but does not know that our strain of Italians are in the lead. Try them. Yon will not be disappointed. Choice tested qtieens, 81.00 each. Untested, 75c; 88.00 per doz. Send for price list. J. W. K. SHAW & CO., Loreauville, La. POULTRY PAPER 3 Honths and hook. "Plans for Poultr.v-houses," 10 cts. Paper one year and book, 'Jx> cts, if ,\ ou mention Gleanings 'reg. price, 50 cts). Inland Poultry Journal, Indianapolis, Indiana. N svjf»pi.ie:s! Until you see our 42d annual catalog-. A full line of hives and fixtures best adapt- ed to our New England Climate. Also best brands of Comb Foundation and Section Boxes. We have also made arrangements to keep a general stock of THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY'S GOODS AT THEIR PRICES ! Parties desiring- these goods can get them of us, and save freight charges. Bees, queens, and nucleus colonies from the VERY BEST strains in America. A 40 - page illustrated catalog sent free. W. W. Gary & Son, LYONSVILLE, MASS. ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ I White Wyandottes ! | X X Bred from Du.ston's best. .Stock and eggs for sale in season. Satisfaction guaranteed. J. F. MOORE, TIFFIN, OHIO. ^♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦^ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 4 BELGIAN HARES ! With every hare sold goes a full pedigre. , register number, and score-card, scored by an official judge. Does will be bred to oub of our famous high -scoring bucks fr.,-. Write for book. Mer. of The .\. I. Koot ("o. J. B. MASON. MECHANIC FALLS. MAINE. 444 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 15 SPECIAb^NOT^icEs BY Ut E-wi» BUSINESS MANAGER ^ HOiVEY. Those in need of extracted honey will do well to send for samples and prices. We have choice Califor- nia and Jamaica to offer in tiO-lb. cans. SECOND-HAND FOUNDATION MILLS. We have in stock qnite a large lot of second-hand foundstion-mills in all sizes and at various prices. If any of our readers aie interested we shall be pleased to submit samples, with prices and descriptions of the machines we have to offer If you have any choice as to size or grade of foundation you wish to make, let us know it when you write. COMB FOUNDATION ADVANCED. We call attention again to the advance of :> cts. per pound in price of comb foundation, which was made April 22, and announced in last issue of Gleanings. All manufacturers and dealers have made the advance, so far as we have been informed, and the reason for it is the increased cost of beeswax We are receiving wax in good volume, and have a fair supply on hand. We are paying 29 cts. cash, 31 cts. trade, delivered here for average wax. BUSINESS BOOMING. We have not as many unfilled carload orders as we have had ; but those still unfilled are more urgently needed than at any time yet this season, judging from the reports we get from the dealers who are waiting to receive the goods which will enable them to fill their orders. All orders now in hand we expect to have filled by or before the end of this month. We have been obliged to decline orders for several car- loads because we could not ship them promptly and we would not put them ahead of other orders already enteied. We hope the supplies for which there is at present such a brisk demand will be needed and used up this season. Indication-^ generally are favorable, although in this section the weather continues cool. MACHINISTS WANTED. We are in need of seveial men of some experience in the use of iron-working tools. We have, during the past year, ii'Stallt d in our machine department over $3000 worth of new tools in charge of a new foreman ■well posted in the latest methods of tool-making and machine construction, and he could use to advantage .several additional men of experience on new work yphich we have laid out to do. We require men famil- iar with the use of lathes drill-pre.'=s. sharer, planer, milling machine, and bench tools If any of our read- ers know of such men d- siring a change, and who would like to work in an institution like ours, in a small town the equal of any in the country to live in, we should like to hear from thtm with references as to character and experience; the length of time engag- ed in such work, and somewhat of the nature of the work done, etc. S.\CK FOR HOLDING SEED POTATOES, TO GO WITH THE HAND PLANTER. We have just received from L,. L,. Olds. Clinton, Wis., a seed-sack for carrying cut seed-potatoes, that is a great improvement over the sack in common use. A steel hoop holds the sack open enough to get the hand in easily, and three rather ornamental bands support it easily so as to rest on both shoulders. After having it tested in the field, I think such a .sack might save almost the price of it in planting one day. Price 40c ; by mail 23c extra. We have them in stock leady to ship. BEES AND QUEENS. In connection with and directly adjoining our large manufacturing plant we have an'apiary of <>00 colonies; and this is further supplemetited by an out-yard of 150 more. Nearly all of the.se 750 are clevoted to the rear- ing of high-class honey queens or queens for business. In charge of this department we have a queen-breeder of some 30 years' experience, careful and competent, and one who uses the latest and best methods for pro- ducing vigorous healthy stock. None hut honey queens are used for breeders (usually imported) — queens whose progeny have excelled every thing else in the yard. Some of them are from our celebrated import- ed red-clover mother, the bees of which will excel any thing else in the yard during the time that red clover is in bloom. Then we have a breeder whose bees stor- ed 160 lbs. of surplus from clover and basswood in a yard where there are already 650 colonies. A colony that can store as much honey as that in a locality so greatly over.stocked is something remarkable, and hence the queen has been set apart as a breeder. On account of the intrinsic merit of breeding stock and the pains we take in rearing our queens, we are compelled ( to prevent being swamped with orders) to charge a slight advance over ruling prices. PRICES OF RED -CLOVER AND HONEV QUEENS REAR- ED IN THE ROOT CO.'S APIARIES, AT MEDINA, O. Untested queen |1 00 Select untested queen , 1 25 Tested queen 2 00 Select tested queen 3 00 Breeding queen 5 00 Select breeding queens 7 50 Extra select breeding queens, 1 year old.. 10 00 Be sure to specify whether you desire a " red-clover " or a '■ honey " queen. The first - mentioned stock is bred for red" clover ; the last-named, or honey queens, show up well during an ordinary honey-flow from clo- ver and basswood. We can not furni.sh these queens before May 15 (untested before June 1st) nor later than Nov. 15th. We are booking orders, and they will be filled in their season in rotation. COMMON ITALIAN QUEENS. For those who desire to get pure Italian stock at a moderate price we are prepared to furnish queens di- rect from our breeders in the vSouth, or from our own yards. These queens may be just as good as our high- er-priced stock. Some of our Southern breeders u.se our breeding-queens, and others u.se some of their own choice breeders. Untested queens $ 75 Select untested queens 1 00 Tested queens 1 50 Select tested queens 2 50 PRICES OF NUCLEI. One-frame nucleus, without queen $2 00 Two frame nucleus, without queen 3 (0 Three-frame nucleus, without queen 3 50 One colony of bees in 8 frame Dovetail- ed hive, without queen 7 50 We can supply with the nuclei any of the queens mentioned in the table of prices of queens. When one buys an extra select queen or any high-priced queen he would do well to have her come in a nucleus. This will insure safe arrival, and do away with the hazard of introducing. Convention Notices. CENTRALVEREIN FUER BIENENZUCHT IN OESTER- REICH. An International Exhibition in Bee-keeping will be held at Vienna, on the festival of Easter, 1903, arrang- ed \fy the Central Association of Bee-keepers. It is intended to exhibit bees, hives, instruments, products, books, etc. Information can be received from the Centralverein fuer Bienenzucht in Osterreich, at Vien- na, Austria, I. Schauflergasse, No. 6. Kind Words from our Customers. Gleanings will be the last paper I .shall ever stop taking. God will bless you, Mr. Root, as long as you write such good Home talks. C. G. Turner. Mechanic Falls, Me. A DANGEROUS COMBINATION. In reading the Tobacco Column in Gleanings I was surprised to learn that you employ a boy who uses ci- garettes. I consider them a dangerous combination ; but I think you manage j'our business all right with- out my advice. .S. H. Hough. Saybrook, O., Apr. 7. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 445 Please find inclosed .fl.OO, for which give me credit. I don't know that I have any excuse for not sending the money at the proper time, only neglect. A. I. can go for me if he wants to ; in fact. 1 rather enjoy hear- ing him go for delinquents of various kinds. I have taken Gleanings ever since Huber and Blue Eyes were kids, as they call them now. I expect to take it as long as I live or am able to read. I devour it irom beginning to end, advertisements and all. some of it two or three times. Wii,i-iam Cox. Viroqua, Wis., Apr. 7. Bro. A. I. Root : — I feel it a duty and a pleasure to tell you how much I appreciate j'our Home Talks. The lyord only knows the good they will accomplish. The article on the serpent's beguiling was timely and well presented. A young pastor who was preaching grand sermons was floundering in his toils, leaving a devoted wife at home, and spending his time in an- other's company. I handed him your article, gave him a plain talk, for which he thanked me. I hope he will profit by it. Your faithful stand for rigJiteous- ness in these days of deception is worthy of high com- mendation. I am vours in Christ. . Dear Brother in Christ : — Since walking with you in Home talks I have been strangely drawn to j'ou, per- haps by the Sacred tie that binds In swf et communion kindred minds, so that, on receipt of Cleanings, the first article we look for is Our Homes. .Some ten years ago I had the grip, which left me with bronchial asthma, which compels me to reside up here in the mouiilains (eleva- tion 2700 feet). In our seclusion we often tlnnk of you in your cabin in the woods. We are 27 miles from any church, so your Talks are read first. I can't say tlicy are strictly bee-j uriipl literature, but they do tend to extract the stings of conscience (for instance as related by you on page G51); for who of the best of us but has felt the twinges that inward monitor has given us when we have said or done something tend- ing to grieve the tender, loving heart of Him who died that we might live? So, dear friend, keep on in the good old line you have taken up, and verily you shall have your reward, for those who turn many to right- eousness shall shine as stars, etc. Alpine. Cal., Mar. 16. E. P. St. John. ONE WHOLE YEAR OF FREEDOM FROM BONDAGE. Mr. A. I. Root : —I feel it a dutj-, on this the first an- niversary' of my emancipation, to write you and thank yon for the part you have taken in freeing me from to- iaacco slavery. For twenty-five years I was a slave to the weed ; and no despot ever wielded a more tyran- nical influence over menial than it did over me. It had crept inch by inch, into my very nature until it seemed a part of my life. At the time of my emanci- pation I was using }4 lb. of the blackest and strongest I could buy, each week ; no other kind satisfied me. I was to be found at all times, if not eating, sleeping, or at church, with either a chew or the pipe in my mouth. It had impared my nerves to a frightful ex- tent, and had partly destroyed my powers of diges- tion. I had been for a long time able to digest but lit- tle fat of any kind at a time ; and what fat I did eat I had to eat at the very first part of my meal ; for if eat- en later I had to spit it up in a short time. I had not in many years been able to eat pota'oesof either kind, thoughl am very fond of them, only at the fir.st of a meal, and only a small quantity then ; otherwise I had the heart-burn so badly that I could not rest till next meal I knew it was destroying my health, wasting my bodv and robbing me of my strength. But that was not" the worst of it ; for I had for a long time felt sure that it was a sin and so, of course, was ruining my verj' soul. I had been for some time thinking of stopping the use of it, but could never muster up the courage to make the attempt until I read your article in Ole.4N- INGS for April 1, 1901, when I resolved to do just what my con.science told me was right in the case, God help- ing me I asked the great Creator of the universe, who said, " Let us make man in our own image," to help me to rid myself of this curse, for .such it was, and he hasso abundantly helped me that to-day I can stand up before the world, and, in the sight of God, a clean man, with no desire whatever for alcohol, to- bacco, or any thing of the kind. My health has im- proved immensely, and I have gained 20 lbs. in weight and a great deal in strength. I can now eat many things that I could not eat before. I can eat as many potatoes as I want, and just whenever I like, without any after-trouble. I can eat butter, gravy, and even pork, and digest them all right. Now, you can see that I have much to be thankful for, and' I thank you again for the help you have given me ; but I feel sure that you will feel well compensat- ed when you learn that you have been instrumental, with God's help, in delivering another soul from the thraldom of the tobacco curse. Still, I shall always feel grateful toward you, and shall pray that God may continue you many years yet in your good work ; and I hereby pledge myself a worker in the same cause while I live, or until all men cease to pollute the tem- ple that was created for the indwelling of the Holy .Spirit, by the use of such vile stuff" as alcohol and to- bacco. J. R. PiNKHAM. Washington. N. C, Apr. 15. Why Not Buj' your supplies of us and get entire satisfaction, as hundreds of bee-keepers are doing ? It is a pro- found pleasure to us to have sat'sfied customers We have car loads of goods and more cars coming. We occupy 3250 square feet of floor space, we have long experience, we are in the best shipping point, we handle Q. B. Lewis Co.'s Quods and Oadant's Comb Foundation, and the best of all kinds of bee supplies. We are doing an extensive business in queens this year. We guarantee pure mating and safe arrival. They are all from pure stock, and from mothers who are known to V>e some of the greatest "hustlers" in the countvv. Catalog free. cm.. Scott & Co., 1004 E. Washington St., Endianapolis, Ind. QUEENS AND NUCLEI. -Untested queens, either 3 or 6 banded, 75c; 6 for $4.25. Tested, $1.00 and up. Nucleus, including untested queen, 2-fr., $2. -50; 8-fr., $3.25; 4-fr., $;?.75. Chas. H. Thies, Steeleville, 111. RUBBER ST A WPS. Send us 2.5 cts. for year's sub to our 16-p. monthly journal and we will mail you FKEE as a premium a two-line Rubber Stamp, or two one-line Stamps, to print any wording you want. The Farm and Poultry News, Middlesboro, Ky. f.'WH/TB LEGHORNS/ / single comb ; stock larg;e and fine ; Satisfaction guar- anteed. Pekin ducks Eggs, $1.50 per 13. Addre.ss W. H. GiFFORD, 151 Franklin St., Auburn, N. Y. JUST AS NATURAL ofdS:: and a good deal more reliable. Doesn t break i ts eg^ or make its chicks louay, Doesn'tstay offithe nestand allow the egg» >tochillbut hatches every egg that can ba hatched. THE ^ PETALUMA INCUBATOR IfiabBolatelyperfect as to iocnbator essentials — proper application and dlgtrtbatlonof heat and molstare, re^ulatloBaDdTentiUtion. For61to321e££S. We Pay Frelghtanywhere l« U. 8. Catalog free. PETALUMA INOUKATOU CO., BoxlSSt Potalama, CaUlornis, or Box 125, Indianapolis, Inda BARNES' Hand and Foot Power Machinery. This cut represents our combined circular saw, which is made for bee- kccijer's use in the con- struction of their hives, sections, boxes, etc , etc. Machines on Trial. .Send for illustrated cata- log and prices. Address W. F. & Jno. Barnes Co., 545 Ruby St., Rockford. : Illinois, 446 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. May 15 QUEENS, QUEENS Old Standbys.— The A. I. Root Co., to whom we have sold queens for many years, wrote us last May, Lrtus : "Are you running low on queens? We hope not, as you seem to be our standbvs. Send us 24 pet week instead of 12, till further orders." Beat Any Thing He ever 5aw.— The Cyprian queens you sent me last year beat any thing I ever saw rear- ing brood and filling their hives with honey. — J. Niel- son, Huntington, Utah, Sept. 4, 1901. Is Great.— The nucleus you sent me last fall is great — the finest queen that ever crossed the plains. Please duplicate her this time. Mr. Jordan says the nucleus vou sent him cast two fine swarms.— G. R. Warren, Fruitvale, Cal., May 12, 1901. $50 Queens.— My nice queen that j'ou sent me, and I put in a hive with a handful of bees on the Cth day of last June, has now nearly filled her 30-lb. super foi the third time. No man's $50.00 bill could take her. Please send me another one like her as soon as possi- ble, and keep a dozen ready for me like her for the 20th of April next, and I will make you a nice present. -M. Brown, Station A, I^ittle Rock, Ark. We breed Italians, Cyprians, Holylands, Carniolans, and Albinos, in separate yards, 5 to 20 miles apart. Prompt service. Safe arrival guaranteed. Bees bj the pount, nucleus, full colony, or by the carload. Prices : Tested, Jl.oO each ; $8 00 for six ; $1.") 00 pet dozen. Untested, February, March, April, Mav, Jl.OC each; |5.00 for six ; |9.00 per dozen. Fine breeder.^!, p.OO each. Send for our catalog, free liy mail; tells bow to rear queens and how to keep bees for profit. Agents for Dadant's Foundation and Gleanings. Premiums giveti. Don't fail to get our printed matter. It's AI<1, free. Bee-supplies of all kinds. The Jennie Atchley Co., Beeville, Tex ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»»»»»»»»»»^^ ♦ \ ♦ \ INow S' S'\ ♦ Ready ! Sixty-four Page Catalog of every thing- bee-keepers need. Illustrated and fully described. Especially valuable to begin- ners for the information it con- tains. Send your address on a postal and get it novp^. Estab- lished 1884. J* M* Jenkins^ Wctumpka^ Elmore Co., Ala, »♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦»♦»♦♦ BEE-SUPPLIES. Best-equipped factory in the West ; car- ry a large stock and greatest variety of every thing needed in the apiarv, assur- ing BEST goods at the LOWEST prices, and prompt shipment. We want every bee-keeper to have our FREE ILLUS- TRATED CATALOG, and read descrip- tion of Alternating Hives, Ferguson Su- pers, etc. Write at once for a catalog. AGENCIES ,-,, __, -^ „ «,«Pii<%ii Trester Supply Company, Lincoln, Neb. Kretchmer Mfg. Co., Box 60, Red Oak, la. ^^e %^^^ir?^t^^- _ BINGHAM SMOKER. Dear Sir^— Inclosed find $1.75. Please Bend one brass smoke-engint'. I hare one already. It is the best smoker I ereru^ed. Truly yours, HE>rRY Schmidt, Hutto, Tei. MADE TO ORDER Bingham Brass Smokers. Made of sheet brass, which does not rust or burn out; should last a lifetime. You need one, but they cost 25 cts. more than tin of the same size. The little open cut shows our brass hinge put on the three larger sizes. No wonder Bingham's four-inch smoke-engine goes without puffing, and does not drop inky drops. The perforat- ed steel fire-grate has 3,S1 holes to air the fuel and support the fire. Hea\-y tin" smoke-engine, 4-inch stove, per mail, $1.50; 3^-inch, |1.10; 8-inch. Jl.OO; 2i^-iiich, 90c; 2-inch, tioc. Bingham smokers are the originals, and have all the improvements, and have been the standard of excellence for 23 years. Only three larger ones brass. T. F. Bingham, Farwell, Michigan. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 4S1 Contents of this Number. Apiary of E. Bonfoey 473 Apiary of Julius Gentz 473 Balling at Entrance 479 Bees Poisoned by Spraying 473 Bees, Stingless 4tifi Bottom board. Miller Reversible 477 Brood, Poisoned 479 California, Southern, Off Year in 437 Census Report of Bees 478 Chickens, Hilbert's 481 Clipping Wings, New Device for 469 Doolittles Weather Report 478 Double-deckers, Value of 440 Editor's California Notes 470 Entrance-guards During Swarming Season 478 Flights, Mid-winter 475 Greenhouse of E Davis 480 Honey, Annual Consumption per Colony 476 Honey, Extracted. Producing 461 Honey, Great Yields of, in California 472 I/Cttuce-house of Eugene Davis 474 Orange-growing in California 472 Pear-blight Situation 437 Queens by Cell-cup plan 457 Queen, Death of fiOO 440 Queen-rearing, Pridgen's Plan 463 Queetions, Seasonable 478 Rambler in Cuba 467 Smoker, Knapsack 456 Stores, Winter Consumption of 475 Super v. Sooper 455 Tongues, Measvaring 457 Walker's Fall over the Precipice 473 Honey Column. GRADING-BDLE8. Fancy.— All sections to be well filled, combs straight, firm- ly attached to all four sides, the combs unsoiled by travel- stain or otherwise ; all the cells sealed except an occasional cell, the outside surface of the wood well scraped of propolis. A No. 1.— All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs straight ; one-eighth part of comb surface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soiled ; the out- side of the wood well scraped of propolis. No. 1. — All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs comparatively even ; one-eighth part of comb surface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soiled. No. 2.— Three-fourths of the total surface must be filled and sealed. No. 3. — Must weigh at least half as much as a full-weight section. In addition to this the honey is to be classified according to color, using the terms white, amber, and dark ; that is, there will be " Fancy White," " No. 1 Dark," etc. CITY MARKETS. Denver. — No change in the price of comb honey; strictly No. 1 white comb, $2.50(ajS2.75 per case; off grades and partly candied, $1.75@82 25. Extracted No. 1 white, 7@7^. Beeswax, 24@27, and scarce. Colorado Honey-Producers' Ass'n, Mav 14. 1440 Market St., Denver, Col. Philadelphia. — The present honey season is about over with us in a retail way, and so little call that; theie are not enough sales to fix a price. Car lots of western honey on track, 5^; and in a retail way from 6(aJ8. according to quality. Beeswax, 30c. I am a pro- ducer of honey, and do not handle on commission. Wm. a. Selser, May 19. 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa. Milwaukee. — The honey trade is almost at a stand- still— especially extracted, it seems, will not move; large buyers overstocked, and small dealers have enough for present demands Comb does not sell much better during the last month's time. The sup- ply is fair. For fancy 1-lb. sections we can quote 14(a> 15; A No. 1 13(3)14; old or dark, nominal, llCotl3c. Ex- tracted in barrels, kegs, and pails, white, 7@8; dark, 5@6. Beeswax, 28@30 A. V. Bishop & Co., May 15. 119 Buffalo St., Milwaukee, Wis. Buffalo. — Honey is selling very slow now. Fancy white comb, 14rai4J4; A No. 1, 13^(0)14 ; No. 1, 12J4@13; No. 2, 11012; No. 3, 10@11; No. 1 dark, lira>12; No. 2, 11(5)12. Extracted white, 6(g6J4 ; dark, 5@5^^. Bees- wax, 28(5)30. W C. Townsend, May 26. 167 Scott St., Buffalo, N. Y. Chicago. — The market is without special change from that prevailing early in the month with perhaps less doing than was noticed at that time. White comb honey sells in a small way at 14(5)15 for fancy white clover and basswood; other kinds, 12f3)13; ambers of all grades and flavors dull at 8(5)10. Extracted unu.su- ally quiet, with white ranging from 5J4(3)654; ambers, 5(aj'5^; dark, 4(g5. Beeswax still in active demand at 32. R. A. Burnett & Co., May 19. 199 South Water St., Chicago, 111. Cincinnati. — As the warm weather sets in, the de- mand for comb honey is as good as over. There are no settled prices; for whatever is left, prices are made to force sales. Extracted honey is in fair demand, and finds steady sales. Amber is sold in barrel lots for 5(5)5^; water-white alfalfa sells at 6(5!6i^; white clover, 6J^(^7. Beeswax scarce, and brings 30(a31. C. H. W. Weber, May 19. 2146 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. San Francisco.— Comb honey, 10(^12. Extracted, water-white, 5'^(36^ ; light amber, 4@5^ ; dark, 4(S>5. Receipts are light, and prices well sustained. Bees- wax, 27 ^(§30. E. H. Schaeffle, May 17. Murphys, Calif. Wanted.— Honey and beeswax. Mail sample, and state price delivered at here. C. H. W. Weber, 2146, 2148 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. Wanted— Comb and extracted honey. State price kind, and quantity. R. A. Burnett & Co., 199 South Water St., Chicago, 111. Wanted. — Extracted honey, either large or small lots; parties having same to offer, send samples, and be.st prices delivered, Cincinnati, O. We pay cash on delivery. The Fred W. Muth Co., Front and Walnut Sts., Cincinnati, O. Wanted.— Comb honey in Danzenbaker sections. We can use both white and amber. The a. I. Root Co., Medina, Ohio. For Sale.— Extracted honey, from alfalfa, at 7c per pound. Send for sample. D. S. Jenkins, I,as Animas, Col. For Sale. —Whitest alfalfa honey, f9.00 ; tinted, $7.80, per case of two 60-lb. cans, net. Arkansas Valley Apiaries, L,as Animas, Col. We will be in the market for honey the coming sea- son in carloads and less than carloads and would be glad to hear from producers everywhere what they will have to offer. .Seavey & Flarsheim, 1318-1324 Union Avenue, Kansas City, Mo. Why Not Buy your supplies of us and get entire satisfaction, as hundreds of bee-keepers are doing? It is a pro- found pleasure to us to have satisfied customers. We have car loads of goods and more cars coining. We occupy 3250 square feet of floor space, we have long experience, we are in the best shipping point, we handle Q. B. Lewis Co.'s Goods and Dadant's Comb Foundation, and the best of all kinds of bee supplies. We are doing an extensive business in queens this year. We guarantee pure mating and safe arrival. They are all from pure stock, and from mothers who are known to be .some of the greatest "hustlers" in the country. Catalog free. C. M. Scott & Co., 1004 E. Washington St., Indianapolis, Ind. A VOIOE FROM ITALY ! Pure Italian Queens can be supplied at 10 shillings each. Write in Engli.sh, French, or Italian, and ad- dress Malan Bros. (Waldensian Valleys), I^userna San Giovanni, Italy. Our motto: "Do unto others what you would like to be done to you." 45; GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. JUXK 1 Victor's Strain of Italian Bees Awarded the Diploma as Being the Best Bees at the Pan=American. SURE A U OF A WARDS. PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION," Buffalo, New York, U. S. A. Februaiv 12, 1902. Mr. M' O. Victor, IVharton. Texas. Deal Sir: — I have the honor to advise you that a Diploma of Honorable Mention has been awarded to you for your exhibit of Italian bees at this Exposition. Very respectfully, Wm. I. Buchanan, Director-General. Orel L. liershiser Bought of Me an Untested Queen. This is what He Says of Her Colony : "They are very industrious, characteristical- ly marked, ' and extremely gentle. It was a daily experience, and repeated many times daily, to go into the inclosure with interested visitors, at the Exposition, open the hive, full to overflowing with beautiful bees, the prog- eny of the queen you sent me, and handle them in the various manipulations of hunting out the queen ; shaking the bees from the comb, as is done in extracting, showing the brood in all stages, etc., all without the use of a smoker or any thing else to quiet the bees, and I do not recollect that any one ever got a sting from any of them." Of the bees I exhibited at the Pan-American, he says : " The nucleus you sent for exhibition and award was certainly very fine-looking bees, and, in my opinion, they deserve the award given them by the judges." Wants and Exchange. VLTANTED.— To sell 50 colonies bees, at $2.75 per col- '^' ony; 5 or more, S2.50 ench; in home-made hives; I mostly Hoffman frames; bees in good condition; a bargain Gardiner I,. Ellis, MiHsboro, Del. Y^A^NTED. — To sell Rocky Ford cantaloupe seed. I * ' Seed of these famous melons postpaid, 40 cts. per I pound. Choice selected stock. H E. HAtiEN, Rocky Ford, Colorado. WANTED.- One dollar for 15 W. P. Rock eggs; 83.00 I for 50. or S5.00 for lOO: from 93 to 95 scoring birds; cockerels raid pullets, $1 00 each; 75 cts. for one Golden \ Italian queen, or $S 00 per dozen — after August 1st, 50c I each or $5.00 per KANiNGs IN bp:k culture. 463 M}' method of checking swarms when running- for bees by the bushel, especially at out-yards, where we have no one to watch them, has been to put on an upper story ; but before doing so I take out half the brood- combs from the brood-nest, and put them in the upper story. Then I put in one frame of foundation, then one frame of brood, alternating all through the upper and lower story. In our locality I never knew such procedure to fail to keep off the swarming impulse, even during the height of the honey- flow; but I have observed that, when I put all the foundation in the brood- nest or upper story, and combs and brood in the other compartment, swarming would result. So far our experience is the same as yours. My theory is that the bees realize the necessitj^ of bridging the two brood-combs with another comb of brood. The natural economy of the hive seems to abhor a space between two combs of brood. A frame of foundation that stands in be- tween is speedily drawn out; the queen finds it and deposits eggs. The eft'ect of this is to get a large amount of brood and bees. The honey, when it did come in, was converted into brood, and that was what we wanted when we were selling bees by the colony and nucleus. When I want honey, a month before the swarming season I spread the brood as I have suggested, and, just be- fore the honey-flow comes on, crowd all the brood as far as possible into one brood-nest and then put on a super of empty extract- ing-combs. After the bees have got nicel}' started to storing, I replace this with a su- per or two of sections containing full sheets of foundation. Such procedure with wide entrances and plentj^ of room has enabled us to keep swarming down to a minimum. —Ed.] One of the essentials in the production of first-class queens is the prompt acceptance of the larvce. If it is ever neglected to the extc?it that it is not floating in liquid food during the early stages of development, it fiever recovers from the check i?i growth thus caused, and almost invariably results in a dwarf or otherwise defective queen. THE OUEKNLESS AND BROODLESS METHOD OF ACCEPTING CELL-CUPS IN A CON- FINED BROOD-CHAMBER. Realizing this fact, it is the practice of many to make a colony queenless, and, a day or two later, take from them all the brood, and immediatelj^ prepare the cups and give them to the queenless bees. This insures the prompt acceptance of cells however crudely prepared by beginners; but it is slower and less certain than when the bees are deprived of their queen and all unsealed brood at one and the same op- eration. When this is done, intense excitement runs high in a very short time, because the loss of the queen is at once realized by all; and those preparing food for thousands of larvas no longer have them to feed. They at once find themselves hopelessly queenless, and become almost frantic in mourning their loss. When placed in this condition they will desert their hive and unite with other colo- nies, if there are any near them, unless they be confined, which can be done with equally good results, if not better. The illustrations herewith show a conven- ient hive-cover and ventilator; and it should be remembered that it will not do to confine them without ample ventilation, as their restlessness increases the temperature of the cluster, and soon leads to suffocation without it. QUEEN-REARING. Preparing Bees to Accept Cups ; Two Methods ; the Importance of the Prompt Acceptance of Prepared Cups. BY W. H. PRIDGEN. One of the most difficult tasks for the average beginner is the grafting of cups, preparing Alley strips, or making transiers of larvae in a manner that is acceptable to the bees, regardless of the method employ- ed, unless a more intense desire for a queen is brought to bear than exists under the swarming impulse, or any of the arrange- ments usually employed for the best results in cell-building. While some become sufficientl3^ expert in imitating natural queen-cups, to be reason- bly successful in having them accepted un- der such conditions, a large majority con- sider themselves amply repaid for the ex- tra trouble or labor, in both quantity and quality of the resulting cells, to adopt some plan for overcoming the reluctance on the part of the bees in receiving promptly the larvae given. THE HIVE-VENTILATOR. The hive-ventilator is a square frame with the end-boards wider than the sides, so when placed on the ground or a flat sur- face the air can pass under it. On this frame is tacked wire cloth with ;js-in. strips above to form a bee-space between the bot- tom-bars of the brood-frames and the wire 464 GLEAN^GS IN BEE CULTURE. June 1 screen. By removing- one of the end strips we should have a hive-bottom with the bot- tom made of wire cloth instead of a board, with the entrance at one end as usual; but as it is designed for confining- bees for the purpose of accepting cups or to carry them from one location to another, and at the same time afford ample ventilation, the pic- ture very plainly shows how it should be constructed. As will be made plain further on, the hive of queenless bees is placed on this ventila- tor from above; a queen-excluder, with a laying queen, below; or a hive is provided with combs containing honey, a little water and pollen, or pollen and sugar syrup, when no combs containing honey are at hand. THE HIVE-COVER AS MADE FOR THE READY OF PREPARED CELLS. and the bees brushed or shaken into it from combs containing brood in all stages; and the hive-cover, especially arranged for this purpose, is at once adjusted, so that not a bee can escape. By getting light and ventilation from the bottom, their efforts to escape are in that direction, and there is not the immediate rush outward by the bees when an opening is made at the top of the hive that there would be if the hive were ventilated at the top instead of at the bottom. The cover is made with slots or spaces through which to insert the cell-frame, and they should be arranged the right distance apart for the slats or bars dividing them to cover exactly one or two brood-frames ac- cording to the wishes of the operator. In arranging the combs in the hive, enough are left out to form the number of spaces immediately under the openings in the cov- er for the insertion of the desired number of batches of cups. Each space is provid- ed with a cover or stopper. These stoppers are removed one at a time to insert the cell- frame, and are immediately readjusted so as to prevent the escape of a great many bees. As a stopper is raised, a few gentle puffs of smoke will turn the bees downward, and the number that escape will do no harm so far as the work of accepting the cups is concerned, or the commotion caused by the return of the few that do escape to the hive whence they came. There is a cell-frame shown under the cover, to give an idea of its adjustment be- tween the combs. A shade-board or an ad- ditional cover should be placed over the whole, to protect it from sun or rain, and make it more comfortable for the bees. Since making the fact known that con- fined bees on combs were used here to in- sure the prompt ac- ceptance of cups, by at first simply using an oilcloth and ordi- nary cover over the frames, the idea has grown in popularity until a number have devised plans for ad- justing the cell-bars over the slots in the cover, and withdraw- ing the slides to ad- mit the bees to the cups, and thus over- come the escape of any bees whatever. Mr. H. E. Hill, edit- or of the American INSERTION OF FRAMES Bee-Kecpcr, was the first to accomplish this freak by the use of a U-shaped tin slide resting in the slot over which the cell-bar is placed, and then the tin slide withdrawn endwise, which is verj' nice and convenient ; but changes, im- provements, and short cuts are following- each other in rapid succession, and a bet- ter arrangement for accomplishing the same results b}^ more simple manipulations will soon follow. As stated above, a hive provided with combs containing honey, pollen, and a little water (enough being omitted to leave spaces for the number of frames of prepared cups to be given, as the latter should be alter- nated between the combs) placed on the ven- tilating-hive bottom is ready for bees from any normal colony. After finding the queen and setting the frame she is on to one side, so as to be sure of not taking her with the bees, simply shake the bees from 1902 GLEANIA'GS IN BEE fULTUKE. 465 four or five combs into the ventilated hive; put on the cover, and in four to six hours these confined bees will accept and prop- erly shape one to three batches of cups, the number accepted depending' on the force of bees. After they begin to reconcile themselves to their queenless condition the less inclin- ed they are to accept a large number, or abundantly nurse those accepted, and hence we need to give the prepared cups while the excitement is at its height. Another consideration is, that more will be accepted and sufficiently nursed for a few hours than will receive attention later on. Therefore the bees, to accept them, should be prepared about nine or ten o'clock in the morning ; the prepared cups, give abovit one or two o'clock, and then transfer to the cell-building colonies late in the aft- ernoon of the same day. As above described, it will be noticed that this hive-cover is especially prepared for this purpose, the spaces between the combs for the reception of the frames in which are the prepared cups, being arranged directly under the openings or slots covered by the narrow strips or stoppers. One of these is removed at a time, the bees gently smoked down, and the frame containing the prepared cups inserted, the operation to be repeated until the desired number be given, and thus prevent the escape of a great many bees. Of course, this work should be done as rapidly as possible consistent with de- liberation and gentleness, and each open- ing covered as soon as the cups are inserted. In this way one, two, or three batches of cups may be given to the same bees, and, late in the evening, be transferred, with ad- hering bees, to the colonies prepared for cell-building, and then remove the hive from the wire-screen hive-bottom, or ventilator, and place it over the hive whence the bees came. Such a swarm as described may be drawn from a number of colonies, provided care is exercised in not getting a queen with them, or thej' imiy be shaken from combs above excluders with laying queens below, and especially if said combs contain brood. When this is done, the bees, after the work of accepting the cups is over, Can be disposed of by placing them over any hive desirable, with safety to the reigning queen. UPPER STORIES FOR THE ACCEPTING AND REARING OF PREPARED CELL- CUPS. The foregoing is for use in cases of haste or emergency; but a much less laborious plan to accomplish the same end is in pre- paring a hive as is the case when cells are built above an excluder with a laying queen below; for, by the use of queen-excluding zinc, nearly all the operations in queen- rearing can be accomplished without hav- ing to find a queen. To get a colony in readiness to accept cups, simply shake the bees from enough combs of brood to fill a hive, and place it over a populous colony with only a queen-excluder between, with a laying queen below, as has been so often described for cell-building. These combs of brood are drawn from any colony or col- onies in the apiary, and replaced by frames filled with foundation or empty combs. The bees are simply shaken and brushed from them without having to find the queen or queens. The bees in the bottom story over which they are placed will at once take possession, and, as soon as the brood is all sealed in this top story, it can be placed on the ven- tilator and the combs thoroughly examined for queen-cells. Better shake the bees from them, to be sure none are overlooked; and, besides, this shaking process and rough handling tends to hasten matters, as a search for the queen immediately follows. Remove all cells, and place the slotted cov- er on, enough combs having been removed to leave spaces for the reception of the cups. While it is not essential that bees be brood- less to accept cups, provided there be no unsealed brood present, it may be necessa- ry for them to be prepared a few hours longer before giving the cups, and the prep- aration of the bees can be done the evening before, or earlier in the day than recom- mended in the first case, with the other ma- nipulations to follow at the time given. As soon as the accepted cups are given to the cell-builders the hive of queenless bees used over the ventilator can again be placed over the same colony as before, with the ex- cluder between, and the operation repeated as often as desirable. To keep this colony in a condition for con- tinuous work as cup-accepters, it is neces- sary to fill another body with combs of brood as before, and place it on the exclud- er with the first one above it, until the brood is all sealed in the second lot of combs. After this is done, and before the brood in the second lot is sealed, the bees should be shaken from two or three of the second lot of combs into the one placed on the ventila- tor, to start the necessary excitement in it, when the latter is set off to make ready for the acceptance of cups. By the time the brood in the second set is sealed, the bees will have emerged from the first set, and the latter can be disposed of, the queen-cells removed from the second set as recommend- ed, with the fi.rst, the second used over the ventilator, and another set placed under it for the brood to become sealed. Thus man- aged, the same hive can be used the season through, and the combs and adhering bees, whenever a set is removed as above describ- ed, can be used in forming nuclei. The idea is to use bees for accepting cups that were only a few hours previously de- prived of unsealed brood and queen, either by taking them from the queen and brood or the brood and queen from them and thus have them in a condition to accept larvae at once, in a hole in a block, or wherever found, regardless of the crudeness of the transfer or preparation. Creek, N. C. [See Editorials.— Ed.] 466 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. June 1 THE STINGLESS BEES OF CENTRAL AMERICA. An Interesting Description ; their Habits, their Hon= ey, and their Combs ; Sealed Brood Eaten by the Natives as a Delicacy. BY H. N. CROSS, M. D. It is some years since I was in Central America, but I suppose the bees there have not changed their habits to any great ex- tent. My first experience with them was while spending- a vacation on the " Finca Playa Grande," in Guatemala, where I was annoyed almost beyond endurance by the smallest variety alighting on my hands, neck, and face, drinking up the moisture of perspiration. The temperature there near the coast in December is about 105 to 110, often going away up, even in the shade of the forests, and perspiration is quite ac- tive. These bees are smaller than house-flies, and continually buzzed about us in clouds. They have no stings, have a greenish ap- pearance, but, when closely examined, they showed spots of reddish brown on the abdo- men, with greenish down on the thorax. Their tongues. I remember distinctly, were very long in proportion to the insect — some- what similar to the bumble-bee. They make their nests in crevices in dead wood, rocks, bark, or dirt, but never rear large colonies, being content with an un- limited amount of swarming. In some lo- calities these little colonies are exceeding- ly numerous, the little bits of comb in the clefts of trees being plainly seen if looked for, the bees being in countless millions. Their comb is in little thin sheets, leaf- shaped, probably i\ inch in thickness, very delicate, and beautiful to look upon. Hon- ey is stored in this in quantities only suffi- cient for their immediate needs, as they seem to think the continuous summer a guarantee that no surplus is necessary. The so-called "wild bee" of Central America is somewhat larger than a com- mon house-fly, perhaps half the size of our honey-bees. They are brownish, with gold- en markings in stripes across the abdomen; have no stings, and enjoy a peculiar squat- ty look as if their legs were too short for them. When chopping at a bee-tree they go almost frantic, flying into the chopper's mouth, ears, e3'es, and nose, into all open- ings of his clothing (which is exceedingly scanty), making it almost impossible to work. And, by the way, these " bee-trees" are almost always down already, as in the clearings for cultivation it takes two or three years to get rid of the wood. In the forests, if there are any nests they are in- variably so high up that nobody ever finds them. These nests are always divided into two apartments— one for brood and one for sur- plus. The brood is in comb perhaps '^ in. thick, and is built from the sides of the hol- low, springing out, layer after layer, till the cavity is filled from the middle to the bottom. These cavities are never larger than would hold a quart, and are general- ly spindle-shaped, as though the bees had done a great deal of the work themselves, and had made it of a standard design. The upper half of the cavity is filled with surplus, and here is where the most pecul- iar part of their habits occurs. Instead of being stored in comb, the honej^ is put in large wax globules or capsules, of a size equal to the average pecan-nut, and about the same shape. The walls of these cap- sules are about as thick as ordinary card- board. If the tree is opened nicely, these globules look about like a heap of nuts or marbles, some of creamy, others of brownish color, and all shades between. The bees do not seem to fill the interstices between the globules with honey, using them for passageways when putting in and taking out the hone}'. I never saw any honey lighter in color than molasses (New Orleans type), and it has a rank taste as if a good deal of pollen had been mixed in with it. The natives do not seem to care much for the honey, but cut out combs of brood and bite into them as a small boy would into a slice of bread and jam. To see them with the mashed-brood juices running down from the corners of their mouths is not a pleas- ant sight. There are several other sizes of honey- gathering insects in our tropical countries, but the above were the only ones I had the pleasure of examining closely. Probably the last described could be "domesticat- ed," and encouraged to build their nests in boxes; but it is very doubtful whether they would store their surplus in comb as our bees do. I am sorry I could not send you photo- graphs of the above; but at the time I was there I had no camera, so the description will have to do. However, the black and gold bumble-bees here do verj' curious work in old wood, and I can photograph some of it if you wish. Livermore, Cal., Apr. 14. [Some years ago we obtained a colony of stingless bees from the South. Thej' pro- duced globules of honey such as are here described, that were verj^ beautiful. If it were possible to bring these bees under do- mestication in the North to such an extent that the}' would pile up a lot of these glob- ules of beautiful honey, I imagine we might sell such globules for a cent apiece, thus getting an enormous price per pound for the honey. Perhaps our friends in Texas and other parts of the South, where honey is light-colored and of good quality, could manage to bring these bees under cultiva- tion; then if they can get some of these beautiful mouthfuls of honey I will see that they get a good market price for them. If we advertise them as stingless-bee honey, and show them up as so many beautiful chunks of confectionery, I will guarantee that they will sell.— Ed.] 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 467 The Ravages of War. RAMBLE 203 In a Native Cuban Apiary. BV KAMBLKR. From my observations on the west end of the island of Cuba I would say that bee- keeping' according to the native plan is dis- appearing. While there are several such apiaries we hear that this one or that one is being transferred to up-to-date hives, and will be managed according to up-to- date methods. Near the seaport town of Mariel is a larg-e apiary worked according to the old Cuban plan, and in this Ramble I propose to take you through it and show you how they man- age. This apiary is nicely located in the shade of a variety of tropical trees, and numbers nearly 400 colonies. It was im- possible to g'et a general view of the api- ary; but I photoed enough of it to give 3'ou an idea of the style of hives in use. These hives are about 40 inches in length, and eight or ten inches square. With the advent of saw-mills and cheap lumber it seems that the natives now prefer the board hive. But the hive shown in the foreground is the original Cuban hive, and is in exclu- sive use in some Cuban apiaries. This log hive is made by sawing the royal palm into sections and cutting out the center, which is a tough pith. You will observe the man- ner of mounting these hives horizontally upon the rude supports. A board is tacked over one end, making that the rear, while the other is left wide open. The bees are allowed to have their own way about filling' the hive; and, having' fill- ed it to the rear and front in a workman- like manner, the stronger colonies overflow as shown in the annexed view. At the time of my visit the proprietor had commenced tak- ing the honey, and all of the upper rows of hives had been robbed. It is a very simple operation to rob a hive. The owner ap- proaches a hive much as we do with smok- er in hand; and if not a modern smoker it is something like a stew-pan arrangement ; or (as Cubans all smoke) the ever-present cigar may be used. After the bees are driven back, a thin knife with a hooked point is inserted, and a comb cut out and dropped into a broad shallow copper — well, I will call it a kettle. Two or more of these are used; and when one is filled it is taken to the palm honey- house for further treatment, while the man with the knife fills the other kettles. The board on the rear end of the hive is taken oft" and the honey is cut from both ends of the hive, or until the work- er brood is exposed. Although I was not a witness to it, I am in- formed that drone brood is also cut out and dropped into the dish with the honey. In the honey-cabin the honey- comb in the round-bottomed kettle is thoroughly pulverized with a large wooden pestle or pounder. From the kettle the mashed honey is emptied into willow baskets of much the same shape as the kettles — broad and shallow. Upon one side of the palm cabin is a huge trough ten or twelve feet long. This, too, is made from the royal palm, and some- times is of such size as to hold several bar- rels of honey. The baskets with mashed honey-combs are placed over the trough and left to drain. I supposed these baskets would have to drain for a long time, but was informed that the combs, being so thor- oughly pulverized and warm, the honey would drain out in half an hour, and the refuse then dumped into an open barrel or into another palm-tree trough, where it could be solidly packed against the day of rendering into beeswax, which operation is performed in larger kettles, according to the boiling process, and under some adjoin- ing tree. When the trough is filled with honey it is drawn off into the large bocoy outside the building. As the reader will note, the wax is of equal importance with the honey; and some- times these Cuban bee-keepers with their crude methods receive quite as much profit from their bees as will an adjoining bee- keeper using all up-to-date appliances. I am informed that the comparative yield of honey and wax with the native method is in the proportion of 1 lb. of wax to 12 of honey. According to present prices, 30 cts. for wax, 34 per gallon for honey, there is not much choice. I have been informed that, at a time not so very remote, the honey was thrown away as a waste product, and it is safe to say that in some remote por- tions of the island to-day it would hardly pay to transport the honey through the jun- gles to market; while the beeswax, being more valuable and compact, could be trans- ported with profit. When we compare up-to-date beekeeping with the native method we find the latter simplicity itself. The methods are so crude and appliances so few that there is not much to describe. In our up-to-date management there are numerous appliances; and, besides, every up-to-date bee-keeper has a hobby which is extolled upon all occasions. I am inclined to the belief that the native Cuban bee-keeper has no bee-hobbies. If he has any it is in climbing the tall palm 468 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. JrNE 1 for material to build his palm house, for there is usually one of these huts near the apiarj'. In the~ illustration we have a very good sample of a bee-keeper's hut; and, what about the bee-keeper? According- to a recent census of Cuba, 75 per cent of the popula- tion are illiterate. While in many instances the Cuban bee- keeper can i-ead, there are many who can not; or perhaps the api- ary is owned by an educated Cu- ban, and is cared for by one who is illiterate. The reader can readilj^ sur- mise that, under such conditions, there is not much progress either in bee-keeping or any thing else where the native is concerned. Not a scrap of literature in his cabin, and how barren a home and the minds of the occupants, without books and papers I how narrow their little circle of thought, scarcely beyond the "tinea" (farm) upon which they live. Except what has happen- ed to themselves and under their own observation, they are igno- rant of the great events that have happenetl upon the island of Cuba. And, my dear reader, if you have senti- ments of benevolence toward your fellow - beings, there would arise many sad reflec- tions while traveling over the western por- tions of Cuba. During a wheelride of about 56 miles I counted the ruins of what were once substantial stone houses to the number of 65; but this was on only a portion of a single road ; now multiply this by 20, and you can have some idea of the wreck and ruin caused by the Cuban war for independ- ence. Not only isolated farmhouses but whole villages were wiped out. The wip- ing-out of these homes, villages, sugar- mills, etc., has left many portions of the country desolate. It is in these waste places that the honey flora abounds, and the best portions are being occupied by the bee-keeper. But this soil is also fertile, and the enterprising agriculturist from the States is buying lands here, and it is only a question of time when they will be re- tm k ^ 1 iSoHH n ^IJI^UiKUmlljIIMll: A BICIC-KKICPKK vS PALM HUT. claimetl ; and I have an idea that, when these acres are reclaimed and brought un- der a high state of cultivation, as they sure- ly will be, the honey flora in many places will be curtailed if not wholly destroyed. In Southern California the bee-keeper has been driven back into the mountains by the agriculturist. I fear it may be the same with the Cuban bee-keeper, except that we have not so many mountains to go to. With the uncertainties of this matter before me I should dislike to give up a fairl^^ good loca- tion in the States for one in Cuba ; so I am hanging on to iny interests in California while I am studying up the possibilities of this island. I want to test the rainy season, the sand-flies, the mosquitoes, the heat, and the health. But I fear that some of my friends here in Cuba are a little worried over the fact that Cuban bee-keeping is be- ing written up (of course I can not write it down) ; but I certainly hope that these Ram- bles will not induce any of the breed of an- imals mentioned by the editor as settling in an overstocked location in Idaho to ever settle in Cuba. There are two ways in which to find a location for an apiary. One is to sneak around into the neighborhood of a bee-keeper who is doing well, and sneak in an apiary where it will interfere with his chosen field. That is what I call the wrong way — the mean and un- principled way — the way of the — "hog." It would seem that a hog would consult his own inter- est, and get into a wider field; but hogs never reason. Another way to find a location is to consult the bee-keepers al- 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 469 ready in the field. Go to them in a fair- minded, manly way, and, ten chances to one, you will be met in the same spirit; and if there is a location you will get it, and there will be no conflict of interests. I grant that an occasional hog may be met on this side too; but I hope they are scarce upon both sides. The natives here have a peculiar way of treating undesirable animals. See that na- tive with his machete at his side. Let hogs beware. When reason fails, there is al- ways a resort to that wicked-looking instru- ment. ' ICrr YlyiAcii.- ix^rv -^ ex fU^^ U.<:tA: JlUtln 'Ao-^x.QA^ . ^ufuyi^ cun^ jilJlAX-yi c(jM Oyi^d ^sm m. CLIPPING QUEENS' WINGS. An Ingenious Device for the Purpose. BY K. ]). WILLIS. I inclose one of my inventions to hold queens while clipping their wings. When the queen is found, just press this rubber baud down on her back. Hold her fast, and you can trim her wings as you wish, with a pair of scissors. I used one of these instruments on 300 (jueens last year, and did not lose one. Montrose, Col., April 12. [This I regard as an exceedingly simple and practical device. It consists of a piece of broken section cut in the shape of a fork, as shown. A small rubber band is stretched moderately across the two prongs, being se- cured at either end in the manner illustrat- ed. Some care should be exercised in get- ting a rubber band light enough, and then drawing said band to such a point of ten- sion that it will hold the queen down nicely on the comb. To de- termine whether that point is reached, try the device after it is made, on a few of the worker-bees. If you can succeed in hold- ing any one of these down, then you can with reasonable safe- ty trjf it on a queen. While she is standing still on a comb, re- ceiving the attention of her admirers, clap it down across her back. She will wig- gle and squirm ; but if the rubber band is adjusted to the right point it will hold her firmly without doing i, .. any damage. Now, 'jjj then, deliberately pick out one of the large wings, pass it between the points of the scissors, and clip. Lift the little tool, and all is over. I have tested personally this little device, and I consider it all right. While, per- haps, the veterans would not use it, as they have become accustomed to the old way of picking the queen up, yet I am not sure but they might do so to advantage, for it is pretty sure in its action. Some enterprising supply-manufacturer might make them; but any bee-keeper can whittle one out in three minutes. I wish some of our subscribers would try it so that I may determine whether it is of sufficient value to put in our ABC book; for, be it said, a new edition is now under way. — Ed.] WILLIS' QI"EEN-CLIPVIN(; DEVICK — HOW USED. 470 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. June 1 NOTES OF TRAVEL. A Visit to the Home and Apiary of J. F. Mclntyre, Fillmore, Cai. ; the Most Celebrated Apiary in the World ; a few more Remarkable Honey= yields ; some of the Secrets of Mc!n= tyre's Success. BY E. R. ROOT. After leaving Los Ang-eles, as explained in our last issue, I made my way to P^ill- more, near which place is located the most celebrated apiary in the world. Pictures of it have appeared in all the bee journals; and photos showing- the mountains tower- ing thousands of feet above the bee-yard are very striking to say the least. In Gleanings for Oct. 1, 1891, are given two of the views of this remarkable j'ard, a yard which contains on an average 500 col- onies, and which has maintained that num- ber for the last twenty or thirty j'ears. It was formerly owned by Mr. R. Wilkin, Mr. Mclntyre's father-in-law; but Mr. W. died just a year ago now. But during the last fifteen or twenty years, perhaps, it has been the property and under the manage- ment of its present owner. While the loca- tion is an exceptional one, the men who worked the bees in it have been exception- al bee keepers — successful, because the}^ have been able to adapt themselves to con- ditions. Mr. W^ilkin acquired quite a prop- erty; and Mr. Mclntyre, I should judge from his general surroundings, is well sup- plied with the things needful to make one happy and prosperous. All of this has come from the bees. Mr. Mclntyre has never yet had to borrow a dollar, for he told me he had never paid any interest money. But our friend is not successful only in that which goes to make up material prosperitj'; for with all his wealth-getting he and his family are pictures of health. When I visited him, a little less than a year ago, he seemed to take considerable pride in the fact that he had never employed a physician or lawyer, and the members of the famil}' look as if they had never expe- rienced sickness, got into or borrowed trou- ble. While I thought, perhaps, the apiary of Mr. Mendleson, located down deep in the canyon, was more beautiful for its sur- roundings, yet others, when they come to look at Mr. Mclntyre's apiary, might con- clude otherwise. I leave the reader to judge as best he may from the photos, which come very far short of showing up the immensity of the scenery roundabout. Fig. 1 is taken off from a high bluff looking eastward, and it is very similar to the one we showed in Gleanings on page 772, for 1891, now seen in the ABC book, with the exception that the orange-trees have now grown to be of considerable size — so much so that it takes FIG. 1. — SESPE APIARY, NEAR FILLMORE, CAL. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 471 a good-sized ladder to reach up into those same trees. Besides the quantities of beau- tiful fruit they produce, they afford line shade for the hives. Fig-. 2 shows a near view, giving one a more exact idea of the general arrange- ment of the apiary. If one will look at No. 1 he will see on the right below the apiarj' the Big Sespe River — not big in size, but in name; and as the beautiful clear sparkling mountain water gurgles b}', one can take in the magnificent scenery and listen to the music of nature to his fill. A glance at Fig. 1 shows a natural slant of the ground toward the extracting-house, shown over to the right, so that heavily loaded combs can run down to the extract- or. As I have before pointed out, this is a common characteristic of the best Califor- nia apiaries. As is the case with many bee-keepers" families, Mr. Mclntyre's girls seem to be perfectly' at home among the bees. Indeed, the little ones would run out among the hives barefooted, utterly oblivious to the fact that the bees were cross that day, and would sting whenever they had a chance. While Mr. Mclntj're and I were in the yard with veils on, these little rudd}' youngsters would run out among the hives as free and careless as though such a thing as a sting was never known. One of the secrets of Mr. Mclntyre's suc- cess is due to the fact that he adapts him- self to the season, whatever that may be. If there is insufficient rainfall, and heknows by that that there will be little or no honey, he takes away a large part of the stores from each colon}', and compels the bees to economize in brood-rearing and scrimp on their meager food supply. When the hon- ey-flow is past, and the bees know there is no more honej^ to be had (or apparently know it), he gives them back their combs of stores, and bj^ so doing avoids feeding and the rearing of a lot of useless consumers when they would be utterly of no use. He is not given to any new schemes, such as trying pastures new when his own lo- cality fails. If he has secured a good crop of honey, in a good year, and prices rule low, he holds it in storage, and sells it the next season, which possibly (and even prob- ably) will be poor if the previous season was good. Sage honej' is not likely to can- dy, and is just as good when one year old as when a month old. He manages busi- ness so successfull}^ he can afford to hold over the crop, if prices are too low, and then sell when thej' are right. B}' inquiry I learned that Mr. Mclntyre has the reputation of somehow making his bees get honey when other bees in the same locality will gather none, notwithstanding he has 500 colonies in the one location. While, perhaps, his average per colony might be larger with fewer colonies, j'et considering the expense of going to and FIG. 2. — SESPE A.PIARV (NEAR VIEW) 472 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. June 1 from out-yards, and the convenience of hav- ing' all the bees together, he concludes he makes more money b}' massing' the bees to- gether. At the time of my visit he had 610 colo- nies. He starts in the spring- with about 400, and increases to 600 during- the height of the flow, then reduces back to 400. SOME REMARKABLE YIELDS PER COLONY IN CALIFORNIA. In asking Mr. Mclntyre something about the amount of honey California could pro- duce in a good year, he told me of one in- stance where a Mr. MofFatt actually secur- ed an average of 400 lbs. per colony from 400 colonies, or an aggregate of 160,000 lbs. or 80 tons. If this honey sold at 4 cts. per lb., that would make a gross total of $6400. Mr. Mclntyre's average has varied all the way from 15 lbs. per colony, during poor years, up to 275. In 1878 his average was 275 lbs.; in 1880, 175 lbs.; 1884, 100 lbs.; 1886, 175 lbs. From that time on till 1891 the average ran all the way from 10 lbs. up to 60 — quite a dropping oft". But even tak- ing the low averages, and multiplying them by 500, you will see that Mr. Mclntyre is able to get more than enough to pay the in- terest on his investment. nThe largest amount of honej^ that was ever shipped from California was 9,000,000 lbs., or what would be an aggregate of about 300 carloads. It has been estimated that California is capable of producing in a good year 500 carloads. Perhaps that is possible; but the year must be exceptional in many ways. If during the year when the 9,000,000 lbs. or 300 carloads were pro- duced, there might have been 200 carloads consumed in the State, an amount that hard- ly seems probable. If so, then the aggre- gate would reach 500 cars. Somehow when I hear about such an amount of honey I can't credit it, and, if I mistake not, the most extensive and conservative bee-keepers of California are likewise skeptical. But even supposing that only 200 carloads were dumped here in the East — why, the mar- kets would go all to pieces. The fact is, California honey does not greatly affect the market even in a good year. Now, while I have given some big figures of the possibilities in California, I wish to emphasize what I have said before — that the average bee-keeper in California, I do not suppose, in a period of ten years, se- cures any more honey for the number of colonies invested than his brother will in some of our more Eastern States — Minne- sota, Illinois, New York, and Pennsylva- nia, for example. As I have intimated be- fore, I would not urge anj'^ one to go to Cal- ifornia to keep bees expecting to increase his average per colony very materially. Even if the average should be higher, the price on the product will be lower; so there is just as good a chance for a man to make money in the East as there is in California — the State where gold nuggets glitter on the mountain-side, and honey runs like wa- ter; but the man who goes to find this ex- pectation realized is almost sure to be dis- appointed. THE ORANGE-GROWING BUSINESS. In Fig. 3 we have a very characteristic view of some of the immense orange-groves in California. This one picture was taken while out driving with Mr. Mclntyre, a mile or so from the railway station of Fill- more, and while we were on a bluff over- looking the grove; and as it looks exactly like hundreds of other groves seen in South- ern California, I g-ive it here as a fair spec- imen. One might think that these groves com- prise little trees about as high as currant- FIG. 3. — ORANGE-GROVE, NEAR FILLMORE, CA L. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 473 bushes in the East, but this is not the fact. Those trees, as shown, are from fifteen to twenty feet high, and are in full bearing-. If I could show 3'ou in natural colors the deep green of the leaves, and the beautiful oranges peeking through, pulling the limbs down almost to the breaking - point, you would see a very characteristic orange-tree in full bearing. Irrigating -ditches run in between the rows, and the ground is thoroughly culti- vated, just as is a nice field of corn here in the East. I suppose there is no better property in all the United States than a few acres of orange-trees of bearing age, unless it be some oil - yielding territory or some real gold-mine. In our next issue I will show you life- sized pictures of the celebrated mountain sages of California that produce the beau- tiful mountain-sage honey; and I will also tell j'ou something about how Mr. Mclntyre extracts by water power. A NEAT RESIDENCE AND APIARY. BY JULIUS GENTZ. I send a picture of mj^ 130 colonies of bees, and residence. I keep my hives in straight rows and pairs, so I can use a lawn-mower, and save some room. The yard is located in the city, on the third block from the main street, in the background, where those sheds are. I winter my bees in the cellar under the house. I haven't lost a colony in eight years. The hives I use are ten-frame Hoffman, and are hand-made. The build- ing on the right-hand side is my work-shop. In the picture are myself and my family. Shawano, Wis. A CLOSE CALL UP IN THE MOUNTAINS. BY E. BONFOEY. Mr. Geo. Walker (my partner) and my- self started out one dark night some seven miles away to the mountains. We had RESIDENCE AND APIARY OF JULIUS GENTZ. APIARY OF E. BONFOEY. hauled three loads, and had come back for the fourth. It was about two o'clock in the morning. We were both tired out, and I saw a sight that I hope I shall never have to witness again. The place where the bees were is known as Hackadorn Canyon, or a big gulch coming out of the mountains. By this gulch my bees were located. We had put on the last load. I stored the bees in the wagon and said to my partner: " There is a hive of bees behind a bush." He started off toward this particular bank. Some of the bees were set about ten feet from the bank. He had the lantern in his left hand. I stood in the wagon watch- ing him go toward the bank. As the bees were a little to the right of where he was going I could see where the bank was. He got within two yards of the brink, when I called out to stop; but as he was in a hur- ry he did not heed my warning, and walk- ed off the edge. My heart stood still. I never expected to see him again alive. The precipice is 200 feet deep, and 50 feet right straight up and down. Luckil3' for him, when he walked off he threw up his hands and saved himself from going heiid first. He landed on his feet in the top of a lot of thick bushes which caught him. It didn't hurt him a bit. I went to the brink and looked over; then I listened, and 3'elled to him, saying, " Are you killed? " "No," he answered. Then I called out, " Are you hurt? " " No," he said. INTEKIOR AND EXTERIOR VIEW OF EUGENE DAVIS' GRAND RAPIDS I.ETTUCE-HOUSE. SP:E P. 481. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 475 I couldn't believe it. I yelled, " Shall I come down and help you? " " No," he said. " I will come up pretty soon." Rambler was on this very g-round some nine or ten years ago, and took some pic- tures of the apiary, and I will send you one. Corona, Cal. BINGHAM'S WINTER CONSUMPTION OF STORES. A Few Figures. BY T. F. BINGHAM. The question of cellar ventilation has in- cidentally brought out statements relating to the consumption of honey by bees in cel- lars. Like many other opinions relating to bees it is safe to infer that it is not in- frequent for theories to be evolved based on slight or uncertain data. To avoid, as far as possible, the repeti- tion of such supposition I have decided to report what has been done in my own apia- ry. Every October all my bees are weigh- ed for the purpose of arranging the bee and honey supply for each hive put in the cellar, or winter-packed, as the case may be. I do not wish to combat any long-cher- ished opinions. I know too well how sa- cred they are to each individual. It is also well known that, even if subsequent facts militate against them, said opinions remain unchanged. Opinions change slowly. It may be well to say, to begin with, that my hives are all alike. The bottom-board, which is loose, and the two half-hives, weigh from 21 to 23 lbs. Every additional half-hive, 4,52 lbs. This weight includes perfectly empty old combs, such as every colony is supposed to have. After all are weighed, and the loose hon- ey of the third or lower part is carried up (if the hive is composed of so many parts), full combs of honey are added to or taken from the two upper parts until, as the case may be, the net honey contents of the two half-hives are from 30 to 35 lbs. I have not, until taking my bees out this spring, weighed them; but as the consump- tion of honey had incidentally come up I had, on the first day after the one on which they were set on their summer stands, weighed all of them early in the morning before their second day's flight. Every hive had a shingle set up before it, showing its weight. There were 101 colonies, the same number put in the cellar nearly five months before. No other examination of them has been made since, except to see if the lightest of them had honey for their im- mediate use. They have now been out, when the weather was suitable, one month and four days. Six of them failed, and two more of them will just pull through. It is well to say that no honey but of their own make was used to winter on, and that hon- ej' was buckwheat and fall flowers entire- ly — not a pound of clover or basswood, probably, in any one hive. Some colonies are extra fine; many are medium, and a few will report later. If no queens break down they will all survive. Now comes the important and ([uestioned part: How much honey did they eat while in the cellar ? They probably averaged from 32 to 35 lbs. to each hive when put in the cellar (whole gross weight being from 50 to 55 lbs. per colony). The morning aft- er their first day's flight their average gross weight was just 35 lbs. The hives were as dry as any unkiln-dried lumber, and showed no evidence of dampness. If the average, when put in the cellar, was as I suppose it to have been, the net consump- tion of honey was 20 lbs. per colony, prob- ably a little more. Incidentally I will say that this spring weighing has saved me very much exami- nation work, and has been very satisfacto- ry. I shall continue both fall and spring weighing as a matter of economy in man- agement, to say nothing of its certainty. To date I have fed one frame each (about 3)^ lbs. ) to four colonies. All the others have a little, and ample for the present. Farwell, Mich., May 22. [Is it not possible that those hives were heavier in the spring than they were last fall, having just come from outdoors where the sun had been shining on them all sum- mer? Twenty pounds of stores for indoor wintering is a large amount. Some care- ful weighings of indoor-wintered bees at the Ontario Experiment Station, where the winters are longer, showed the average consumption of stores much less, and the result of these experiments is in line with private work. You have an ideal reposito- ry, and I should expect it to show a small- er average consumption per colony. — Ed.] S^o'S^mMm THE ADVANTAGE IN GIVING CELLARED BEES MID-WINTER FLIGHTS. I see in Gleanings of May 1 that your setting 3'our bees out for a flight and put- ting them back seems to be an unusual oc- currence among bee-keepers. I was not aware that such was the case. I have made it a custom to set my bees out of the cellar in Februar}^ every year in the morning when the day seems to be suitable, and put them back in the evening. I have done so for, I think, every year for the last ten years, and perhaps longer. It makes no dift'erence in what condition they are, whether ever so quiet or uneasy. I watch for a warm day to set them out and then I set them out in front of the cellar-door on planks that I lay down. If the day is warm enough I remove the top covers and let the sun shine in as 476 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. June 1 long- as I dare. Now in reg^ard to the ben- efit the bees derive from it: I find if there are any colonies that are uneasy, after their flight they are quiet; and should I have to leave them in until very late in the spring- I feel sure that I shall not have any trouble. But this spring- I failed for the first time to set them out, for the reason there was only one day that I could do so; but I was called away from home on business that day, which, if I mis- take not, was about February 10 ; and I watched closely for a day suitable during- the rest of the month, but not any came. On the 12th of March I set them out on their summer stands and i)acked them thor- oughly in forest leaves, which I had saved for that purpose, and do so every 5^ear. I alwaj's pack them; even if set out in April they are packed as well as the colonies that remain out. I always winter about half of the colo- nies in the cellar and leave the other half out, thoroughly packed in forest leaves. I had fifty colonies in the cellar this winter. The only detriment I find to this practice is that, when the bees are set out on their summer stands after they have had a flight near the cellar-door, a g-reat number of them return to where they were set out first; and as it is too far to take them to their summer stands (abovit 300 feet from the cel- lar) and return them at nig-ht, I have to put up with the loss. But I am satisfied that, in the long run, it is my gain on account of the better win- tering afterward. I was not aware, as I said before, that this was something unusu- al among bee-keepers who winter in con- finement. Chauncey Reynolds. Fremont, O., May 12. [I believe that, as a rule, some of the vet- erans, at least, have declared that it did not pay to set the bees out in mid-winter, give them a flight, and return them. But prac- tices that were once regarded as orthodox have again and again been set aside, and what was once heresy may be now recog- nized as the thing. Our own experience last winter shows so conclusively, to us at least, that a mid-winter flight is beneficial, I think we shall practice it hereafter. It may do no good with some colonies. It cer- tainly does no harm if bees are put back on their regular summer stands ; and with many colonies there is a strong probability that much good will be accomplished. Our hives are all numbered, and set out to correspond with numbered stakes that were driven just where the colonies are to stand for the entire summer. Of course, the bees have to be carried a little further ; but the extra time of walking would not consume more than one and possibly two hours. At 20 cents an hour, this would be only 40 cents. You do not say whether your cellared bees fared any worse for not having a mid- winter flight than formerly when they did have it; but I judge, because you set them out earlier, you packed them in leaves. — Ed.] AVERAGE ANNUAL CONSUMPTION OK HONEY PER COLONY. Mr. Root: — You ask in Gleanings, May 15, where I base my figures for an annual consumption of at least 200 lbs. of honey per colony. These 200 lbs. cover the amount needed to sustain the life of the bees, to raise the brood, to produce the wax, and to keep up the temperature inside the hive. Hon. R. L. Taylor estimates that the brood requires twice its weight of honey during the time of its growth ; the production of wax not less than twice and a half its weight of honey, and, very likely, consider- ably more. Then a certain quantity of honey, sometimes quite large, is consumed, merely to keep up the warmth of the interi- or of the hive. The actual figure of 1>2 lbs. daily for all these purposes was computed from the ex- periments of R. L. Taylor, Demaree, and others, made and published some years ago in several of our bee papers, chiefly the Reviciv. Taking into account the honey in the brood-nest, the partially filled section given, the honey fed, the honey taken off and left in the brood-nest, and also the number of days during which the experi- ments lasted, it is found that the bees have made away with about 1^2 lbs. of honey per day for the above-named purposes dur- ing the feeding-back period. Evidently the same amount must be used during the whole period of brood-rearing, and more or less nectar-gathering — that is, from the beginning of fruit-blossom to the end of the flow. During the remainder of the season, I estimated only Yz lb. per day. If you take into consideration that, even then, some brood is raised, some wax secreted, that the temperature of the colony must be main- tained, and that, after all, Yz lb. constitutes a very small daily ration for each of the 20,000 or 30,000 bees which constitute a col- ony, you will readily conceive that these figures are not very high. You can figure the winter consumption yourself. I think the 1,52 lbs. consumed by the bees experimented on can be considered as a minimum. In the first place the colonies were rather small, at least most of them. Those of R. L. Taylor were sometimes two and sometimes only one Heddon case. The amounts calculated do not include whatever honey may have been brought from the field. This was necessarily consumed also, and therefore increased the daily consumption of that much above the figures given. I might add right here that Vz lb. of honey for 20,000 or 30,000 bees would be just about enough to fill their honey-sacs once. Adrian Getaz. Knoxville, Tenn., May 19. [As you have figured this matter over very carefully, possibly you are right; but somehow from cursory estimates that run in my own mind I can not quite reconcile the figures yet. Cellar-wintered bees, we will say, will consume on an average about 12 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 477 lbs. of stores. This would be from the first of November to the middle of April, in our locality, or five mouths and a half. There are then six months and a half left. In our locality, IS lbs. of stores would take care of the bees and the necessary brood-rearing- up to the beginniiagf of the honey-flow, or June IS. This would be two months. Dur- ing this time the bees might gather a very little nectar and only a very little. Dur- ing the honey-flow they might consume pos- sibly a little more for a given number of days. If before the honey-flow we allow the bees 10 lbs. per month (counting the little they would gather), and during the honey-flow we allow them 15 lbs., that would be only 35 lbs. Now, if we add the amount consumed during five months and a half, or 12 lbs., we have for the eight months and a half 47 lbs. of stores. In our locality, after the honey-flow the Italians, at least, do very little brood-rearing from July 15 till about the first of September; and the consumption of stores would be correspondingly lighter. I should say the amount consumed per month could not ex- ceed 8 lbs. per colony. Let us give them, though, 10 lbs., to be liberal. That would make, up to Sept. 1, 15 lbs. more, or 67 lbs. all told up to Sept. 1. We have two months left; and even if .we allowed them 10 lbs. per month for the rest of the month, which would be very large, we should have only 87 lbs. But let us go still further, and give the bees the benefit of another .13 lbs., to allow for the wasting activity of the honey-flow when the fielders might be heavy feeders, and call it 100 lbs. I believe I have figured liberally, for our locality at least; and yet we have only //a//" the amount that you allow. In Tennessee and other Southern States, as well as some of the Western, where the bees can gather some nectar from six to seven mouths in a year, the bees certainly would consume more stores, because brood- rearing would continue on much of the time; and it is a fact, too, that, during the winter months in the warm States, where the weather is mild, and bees can fly al- most every day, the consumption of stores is very much greater than in the North, where the bees go into a quiescent sleep. It is possible, therefore, that 150 or 200 lbs. inight be the correct figure for the amount of honey actually consumed by a colony of bees in a year for the warm or Southern States. I believe I am safe in saying that the consumption will be much greater south than north, so this question that is before us is largely one of locality. I should be glad to have my figures re- viewed by any one else in any locality in the belt lines of the North and South, any- where from Minnesota to New York. In the buckwheat State of New York we must, of course, allow for a large consumption of stores; for buckwheat follows clover and basswood, and the activity of the bees is kept up to a much higher point. This is an important question, and it may be well for the experiment stations to take hold of it. It is important and prac- tical, because, as Mr. Getaz has pointed out in a former article, if a colony of bees can increase its aggregate gatherings by a very small percentage, it means a much larger percentage of gain in the actual amount of surplus taken off for market. — Ed.] the miller reversible bottom-board ; large entrances. If Dr. Miller would be so kind as to ans- wer the following questions he would con- fer a great favor on the writer: 1. Do you still make and use the Miller bottom-board — i. e., two inches on one side and one inch on the other? 2. If so, would not the two-inch entrance for summer be as good as if not better than the Root %-inch entrance? 3. Do you think the ^-inch (Root) en- tranceyo;- winter just as good as your two- inch? I am making some bottoms, hence would like to know if, in your opinion, the two- inch entrance for winter is necessary, or if the %-iuch entrance is just as good. I use the Miller bottom-board, and like it much for ivintering. A. McGregor. Inglewood, Ont., May 8. [Dr. Miller replies:] 1. I never made the bottom-board with one side one inch deep. It was two inches deep on one side and yi or ^A on the other. I still make one side two inches deep, but have no depth on the other. That is for the purpose of avoiding the time and labor of reversing. When it comes time in the spring for a space less than two inches un- der the bottom-bars, instead of reversing, the space is partly filled up by shoving in a false bottom made of thin stuff much like the bottom-board, onl}' on a smaller scale. In a pinch, one or more dummies or pieces of board may be shoved in to fill up the space. 2. Yes, I like the two-inch entrance for summer, if you can call it a two-inch en- trance; for when the false bottom is shoved in, a good part of the entrance is closed. When, however, the hive is raised on four blocks during hot weather, that increases the size of the entrance. 3. Very far from it. With a two-inch space under the bottom-bars the cluster of bees of a strong colony often comes down upon the floor in winter, and of course a shallower space would not allow so free ac- cess of air, and I suspect the veilue of that is not yet fully appreciated. I am just a little afraid that you are thinking of allowing the two-inch space un- der the frames during the summer. That wouldn't do at all. The bees will be sure to build down within a bee-space of the floor when the two-inch space is left, and what they build will be mainly drone comb. This year some of my colonies that had the two-inch space left during fruit- 478 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. June 1 bloom filled the space with comb, and had a fine lot of drone brood. You mig-ht think that, when a hive is raised on blocks, mak- ing a space of an inch or more, comb will be built under; but I never had that hap- pen. The bees seem to think it is not worth while to begin building in so shallow a space. HOW BEES ARE POISONED WHEN SPRAYING IS ADMINISTERED DURING A HONEY-FLOW. 3Ir. Root: — I am having a little trouble about my bees, and will ask you a few questions. Last December I put 21 colo- nies of bees in the cellar under my house. This spring, about the 10th of April, I took out 20 nice lively colonies. All came out dry, bright, and healthy. One died in the cellar; and now within two weeks I have lost eight colonies by their losing their queens. I noticed some of my bees acted queerly. I looked them over and found plenty of worker brood, but no young larvje or eggs, and no queen. Sometimes I have found the dead queen near the entrance of the hive. Now, what I wish to know is, if bees get poison will the queen be the first or one of the first to die? The bees all had plenty of natural stores. Please tell me if there is any way I can have my dead bees or honey analyzed; and if so, where had I better send it? S. E. SCOFIELD. Enosburg Falls, Vt., May 6. [This is a very clear case of poison, for the symptoms tally almost exactly with the cases of bees poisoned by spraying-liquids. In such cases the queens are almost sure to be the first to succumb. Young brood dis- appears or fails to mature. There is nothing you can do if there is no anti-spraying law in your State (and I think there is none) but to give your neigh- bors such spraying literature as we are prepared to send out free, and urge them to spray before and after bloom. But you should see to it that concerted action on the part of bee-keepers is made, looking toward an anti-spraying law. Such men as A. E. Manum, Bristol, and J. E. Crane, Middlebury, your State, will be able to give you substantial assistance, I have no doubt. Last year, I think, we had hundreds of reports almost exactly like yours; but not till the latter end of the season did I really " get on " to the cause of the trouble. It is the same old story every time. With regard to having your dead bees analyzed, you might submit them to your State chemist if you have one. But they should be sent on at once, together with samples of the poisoned brood. — Ed.] A BUNCH OF SEASONABLE QUESTIONS. 1. Please tell me how to prevent bees from spending all their time "swarming," instead of storing honey ? 2. How can I transfer them from old dirty hives to new clean ones ? 3. I shaded my hives and packed straw around them. When opened, all hives had live bees; but hives and combs were moldy. What caused it ? How can I clean hives ? 4. Will bees do best in a house, or in scattered hives in a field ? 5. Last year I had several swarms leave the hives after having been in from two to six days. Some had built combs, and then deserted. What caused it? Others in this vicinity had same experience. 6. How do bees get foul brood first? Berwick, N. S. D. C. Crosby. [To answer this question fully would re- quire a little volume; but I might give a few pointers. If possible, there should be only young laying queens in the apiary. Be careful not to let the bees get crowded for room at any time. Keep ahead of them. Give a good large-sized entrance, % by the width of the hive. If you have one of the old-fashioned narrow entrances, lift the hive ofi" the bottom-boards and set under four %-in. blocks during the hottest of the weather. If hives stand in the hot sun, put on shade-boards, or, better still, arrange to have the hives located in the first place under some trees that will leaf out just in time to cut ofl^ the hot rays of the sun. As a matter of convenience, keep the wings of all queens clipped. 2. That is easy. Just take them out of the old hive and put them in a new one. But perhaps you inquire as to the modus operandi. My method is to lift the combs out, grabbing three at a time. This can be done very readily if the frames are the Hoffman self-spacing. Set them down in a clean hive; pick up three more and set them down, and so on, until all the frames are in. Move the old hive off its stand, and put the new one in its place. Dump the old hive in front of the new one. Clean it out inside with a scraper. If you wish to make a good job, use a kettleful of boiling water, scalding around the in- side. This will clean it as well as disin- fect it to a great extent. The hive may now be used for the next colony. 3. Combs from colonies that winter out- doors are apt to show in the spring a thin coating of blue mold. It does no harm; and the very fact that it appears on the combs of all strong colonies that are in a normal condition is an evidence of good wintering. As to how to clean the hives, see answer to No. 2. 4. I suppose you mean whether the bees will do better in a house-apiary or out- doors, each hive having a separate stand of its own. As a rule it is more convenient to handle bees outdoors; and on the ground of economy the field plan is very much cheaper than the other. 5. Newly hived swarms are quite apt to behave in this way at times, especially if the hive is all new, and nothing but empty frames or frames of foundation are given. A new swarm should always be given a frame of unsealed brood and put into a hive IU(|] GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 479 well shaded; and it is our practice to g'ive them twice as much room as they require at the start, sometimes leaving' the cover tilted in such a way that there will be a free circulation of air through the entrance and at the top. After they get "calmed down" the cover is adjusted to position, and the bees are then watched for a day or two to see whether they will begin work or sulk. If they act uneasy, and seem dis- posed to "light out," put an entrance- guard over the entrance to hold the queen if not clipped. If they swarm out, hive somewhere else in a good shady place, giv- ing them a frame of young larvae as before directed. 6. Yes. The disease originates from a bacillus, or microbe, which possibly may float in the air, but which is probably trans- mitted through honey, combs, or hives re- ceived from another apiary. — Ed.] THE UNITED STATES CENSUS REPORT OF BEES AND HONEY. When the United States Census Bureau gave out its first report it was doubted whether Texas had exceeded California. Now that the report is published in full, there is no longer any mystery about it ; for, according to the report, in 1900 there were, in the United States, 4,109,626 colo- nies of bees that in that year gave an aver- age of 15 lbs. of honey to the stand, and were valued at $2.50 each. Of these, there were in Texas 392,622 North Carolina 244,539 Tennessee 225,788 Alabama 205,369 Missouri 205,110 Kentucky 203,820 Georgia 187,919 New York 187,208 Illinois 179,953 Pennsylvania 161,670 Ohio 151,391 Virginia 139,064 Iowa 138,811 California 125,444 Indiana 117,148 West Virginia 111,417 Arkansas 111,138 Missouri 106,090 Michigan 100,397 Mississippi 95,143 This table will afford interesting read- ing, as it shows that sections that have re- ceived no notice have in them more bees than others with an international reputa- tion for honey. E. H. Sch.effle. Murphys, Cal., May 5. [The enumeration of colonies for the vari- ous States only goes to show there is some- thing wrong with the report. Alabama, for instance, is credited with more colonies than Pennsylvania ; and California has a much smaller number than some States that have never distinguished themselves in honey production- The facts are, there are a good many bee- keepers in California who own nothing but their bees. They are away back in the mountain fastnesses, and the tax assessor never finds them. Nor do we find in this list Colorado, Nevada, and some others of our Western States that can outstrip some of the East- ern sisters several times over. While pos- sibly no State is credited with more colo- nies than it has, it seems, judging from our books, and from the general correspon- dence from various States, that the figures above given are far from correct. North Carolina, for example, can not, and cer- tainly does not, have twice as many colo- nies as California; but it is possible in the Southern States that the assessor gets track of all the colonies in the State, while in California he finds only a small portion of them. — Ed.] use of entrance-guards during the SWARMING season. Please tell me whether entrance-guards can be used to prevent queens from going out with the swarms; and, if they can be used, what would be the results if left on during the whole swarming season? W. W. Brockunier. Sewickley, Pa., Dec. 9. [Yes, entrance-guards are very frequent- ly used in lieu of clipping the queen's wings. We use them during swarming when we can not aiJord to take time to hunt up the queen that may have just begun to lay. We clap on an entrance-guard, and that queen, although not yet found, is as good as clipped. No harm will result if the guard is kept on during the whole season; but it should be removed after the swarming time, as it obstructs, to a certain extent, the flight of the bees. As a rule we prefer to clip the queen's wings on the ground of economy, and because that plan g'ives a free unobstructed entrance during the height of the honey-flow. — Ed.] THE WORST SPRING IN YEARS. This has been the worst spring for bees that I remember during the ?>2, years I have kept bees. We have had but one warm day, when the mercury went to 80 at 3 p. m. ; but before the next morning it had dropped to 28°. This was May 2. The 8th it com- menced to snow, snowing more or less dur- ing the forenoon. In the afternoon it clear- ed, with a gale blowing from the north, and the mercury standing at 34 at sunset. We hoped that, if the wind kept up, our peaches, plums, and pears, which were in bloom, would be spared. The wind did keep up, but it continued to grow cold till nearly 7 o'clock the next morning, when the mercury stood at 22°, or ten degrees below freezing, and every thing which was " kill- able " by frost was ruined. Ice formed fully an inch thick; and at the cottages along the shores of our lakes, where the high wind blew the spray against the docks 480 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. June 1 and buildings, icicles formed an inch in di- ameter and a foot or more in length. This was Friday night and morning, and it kept so cold that those icicles still hung there up to Sunday noon, May 11, it freezing nearly as hard Saturday' night as it did the night before. Monday morning there was a white frost, but Monday night it did not freeze, but rained a little. It turned cold on Tues- day, the 13th, and on Wednesday morning we had ice three-eighths of an inch thick; and this morning, Thursday, May 15, the ice was three-sixteenths thick. The bees have not gotten any nectar so far this year, and, as nearly as I can ascertain, the em- brj'o basswood-blossoms are all killed, for the5^ seem of a brown color at the base of the incipient leaves. Therefore it does not look as if this locality would overstock the honey market the coming fall. G. M. DOOLITTLE. Borodino, N. Y., May 15, 1902. Later, May 28. — After our freezing weath- er from May 8th to 16th it began to warm up so that we had fairly comfortable spring weather till the middle of the week begin- ning May 18th, when we had a light frost. This was followed by warmer weather, when it turned hot, Friday and Saturday, May 23 and 24, the mercury reaching 80 and 87 degrees respectiveljs followed by fine rains. This set me to hoping that we had seen an end to the cold weather, and I started nuclei for queen-rearing. But with the afternoon of May 26th it turned colder, with clouds and winds, till the night of the 27th, when it coinmenced snowing, with the mercury at only four above the freezing- point; and it is still snowing as I write this, at 10 A.M., having now snowed nearly 18 hours, and the mercury stands at this minute at only two degrees above the freez- ing-point. The bees in the formed- nuclei have been obliged to draw compactly to- gether to keep warm, which means the sboiling of all the brood given them. As I diagnosed on the 16th, the flower-buds on the basswood were all killed before that time; and it now proves that the larger portion of the new growth of twigs was also killed, so that the trees have the appear- ance of a fire having passed lightly through them, the injury of which will last for sev- eral 3^ears. Unless we get honey from clo- ver again, there will be no white honey this year in this localit}^ G. M. D. IS IT A CASE OF POISONING? I take the liberty of asking you a ques- tion : Yesterday something ailed one of my hives. All the bees clustered out, and then fell, a good many of them being dead. What is the reason ? As to the Spanish names in Gleanings for April 15, I will say that here in Mexico they do not speak the Spanish of Spain, but something like it. The right name for Spanish is Castilian (Castillano, pro- nounced Cahs-teel-j(/«/i-no). The names you give to the shrubs are right, as pronounced hei-e. Emilie Astie. Tlalpan, Mexico, April 29. [Not being familiar with the conditions in Mexico it would be impossible for me to suggest why the swarm of bees should sud- denly fall after having clustered, and the bees died. It may be that they had been poisoned. We are glad to know that the pronunciation of the plants referred to is properly given. — En.] OUR HOMES, BY a; I. ROOT. April ig, igo2. — Just as I am about tak- ing my trip to Northern Michigan I have instructed the folks at home to use the fol- lowing kind letter for a Home paper in case any of my communications should be de- tained or delayed, using the text: Husbands, love your wives, even as Christ loved the church, and gave himself for it. Mr. A. I. Root: — Dec. 1st issue of Gle.^nings has come I have read Our Homes in it, and feel so much benefited hy it that I should be letting a golden oppor- tunity pass if I did not indicate to you the intrinsic merit 3'our article contains. It corues to me as the cooling waters trickling down the side of the great mountain, into the arid plain, laughing, spark- ling, and singing of the great store of the fountain of life which the l,ord has stored up there away from the fouling of carnality, and which he sends in his own good way and time to slake the thirst, not only of the parched earth, but the hungry and thirstj- souls of his creatures. The peru.sal of your article has taken me up far above the sordid things of earth into a purer atm s- phere until I feel like shouting from the top of the mountains, " Husbands, love your wives, even as Christ loved the church and gave himself for it," so that all the world might hear. I'm not in any danger from the thing you name ; but being a public man, and go- ing into homes all over this land, mj- ears are pained and my eyes are wearied to hear and see so much of this hated evil until I want to '' cry aloud " against it ; but the conventionalities of the pulpit forbid it, or seem to. On tlie evening of the day of Mr. McKinley's first election I stood on Higli Street, in Columbus, readii'g the bulletins as they were displayed on the screen ; and when it was learned that he had enough electoral votes to as-ure his election, they threw on his picture with his wife beside him. I stood there and cried ; and all through his administration the one thing above all others that made him noble was his sincere devotion to her whom God had given him. He was not asham- ed that the world should know how he loved her ; he loved her and eared for her, petted her, and to-day this great nation is better, purer, and safer for the grand exhibition that he gave of the text, " Husbands, love your wives, even as Christ loved the church, and gave himself for it " All the glories of conquest by war, the (hollow) hon- ors of politics, fade awaj' before this one grand trait in him. She was frail and weak, and so needed him the more. Here's a text : " We that are strong ought to bear the infirmities of the weak, and not to please ourselves." This he did. Now pardon me while I speak personallj'. My wife lost her hearing when she was 15 j'ears old, and became entirelv deaf — does not hear a sound. She took up the " lip language" herself, and goes alto- gether by the motion of the lips. She can talk well, but must see the motion of the lips of the speaker to 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 481 understand in detail what he is saying. I am never happier than when talking to her when I come home. She is the one I tell all the news to. I tell her first ; it gives me great experience along the lines you men- tioned. Sometimes the light doesn't shine just right, or I am tired, and do not move my lips enough, or have my face turned so she can not see my mouth right; and a dozen other little things go wrong to try us both ; but so far I am happiest when with her. Sometimes I am afraid of myself that it will not hold out. I want it to, and trust it will. She is all the world to me. She is reading all you write, goes with you down to the factory, talks to you as you go about the building, goes back to the house with you to see if you get in Mrs. Root's way. She went with you both up to Michigan, and helped you clear off that farm and build that house. But she's puzzled about that trapdoor. But an3'how, every time she comes back she says, "I tell you, hubby, Bro. Root's a pretty fine fellow." But enough of this. I know a family where for years the husband has never spoken a word at the table in praise of a thing on it ; but don't think he doesn't say any thing. There is scarcely a meal when he does not criticise some- thing. Whenever he speaks about the food it is to find fault with it. When he can't find fault with it he doesn't say any thing. It is very trying to a woman to work hard over a hot stove to prepare a meal, know- ing it will not be appreciated by the men. But how cheerily she can go about it when she knows there ■will be words of praise for it. Those little "pet" words at the table from him for whom she has done it all do her a great deal more real good than paying off the mortgage on the farm. Many a poor wife is starv- ing to death in the middle of acres over which she can't see, starving for a kind word from hira who promised to love and cherish her. One thing more. 1 was asked once what I thought the unpardonable sin was. I replied I did not know unless it was that which a man commits by not coming to his meals promptly when they are ready. I do think of all the mean, contemptible things a man can be guilty of. this exceeds them all. It is done much, and about ninety per cent of it is contrariness, the rest unavoidable, perhaps. How often have I heard the man say, when the bell would ring the second or third time, " Oh ! well, I'll come when I get ready." If I were the court I would make this offense a cause for divorce with all the alimony she desired, and no questions asked. Two things in your article I wish to notice as being of especial interest to me. One is where you say. " The memory' of this thing I am telling about has made me afraid." You never said a thing in all your life that got as close to me as that. The other is that you are tili years old — only 62 — and here I've been fret- ting, thinking you were away up near a hundred, and would soon be gone, and we would have no more Home papers. But you're young yet, and will live a long time, to write and talk as only A. I. Root can. I am minded to write to the Rural New-Yorker, American Agriculturist, and Ohio Farmer, and urge them to copy your letter ; and I suggest that Krnest print it in pamphlet just as it is. I'll help put it in every home in the land, for it is true. God is good ; his great love is grand. There will come one blessed morning — It will shine for you and me ; For brighter are the heavenly glories, And we'll be there to see. Wagram, O., Dec. Frank M'Glade. Many thanks, dear brother, for your ex- ceedingly kind words, and for your bright, breezy, inspiring letter. Give my kindest regards to that good wife, and tell her the " trapdoor " she mentions was described in a former number. We stored our drj' wood under the cabin, not having any better place to put it. One stormy evening Mrs. Root suggested that, if I could make a trap- door through the floor, right in front of the stove-door, we could get our dry wood with- out going out in the storm at all. With a few carpenter's tools which we always keep in the house I made a trapdoor that evening; and now we can raise this trapdoor and lift the wood from the pile under the floor right into the stov'e — no litter or dropping of dust on the floor. When I was keeping bachelor's hall a few weeks ago, whenever I wanted to sweep up dust and ashes from under the stove I just raised the trapdoor and swept every thing down into the " cel- lar." Of course, I am' not recommending this plan for homes in general, but it does very well for a summer cottage or a cabin in the woods. Once more accept my thanks for suggest- ing to me your beautiful text. When I wrote my Home paper to husbands about loving their wives I overlooked or had en- tirely forgotten the fact that the Bible con- tains any thing that so perfectly covers the ground and emphasizes the very important thing I was talking about. Dear brother, I rejoice that I have been able, through Christ Jesus, to bring happiness into your home; and I assure you once more that your bright letter has brought courage, hope, and inspiration to my life. What a beau- tiful world to live in this is if we only find it out and grasp the great privileges that the loving Father has placed all round about us within easy reach! CORRUGATED TRANSLUCENT GLASS FOR GREENHOUSES. Monday ?iight, April _'/.— Mrs. Root and I were in Grand Rapids over night on our way to that cabin in the woods. As our train did not leave until 7:55 a.m., by get- ting up at daylight I had a chance to visit Eugene Davis, about four miles from the hotel. I got lost in that big city, as usual, but found friend D. 'sgreenhouse between five and six o'clock. At first, as I got a glimpse of the immense structure I thought some "syndicate" had started an opposition lettuce-plant, and so I asked a passer-by: "Who owns those great greenhouses, please, over there at the foot of the hill? " "Why, that establishment belongs to Eugene Davis. He has been located there for years. ' ' " Why, I didn't know he had built on so large a scale when he took down his old houses last fall." " Oh! he is well fixed, and he makes lots of money, I tell you; and he ought to, for he is a ' worker. ' " They all urged me to sit down to break- fast; but of late, when I take a wheelride "before breakfast" I always have break- fast y?r.y/'/ and in a great city I can get a meal any time, even just at daylight, with- out any grumbling. There are three houses, 30 feet wide and 480 feet long, and a fourth house nearly as long. There are no division walls, so he has a glass-covered field almost 100 by 500 482 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. June 1 feet; in fact, he uses a horse to work up his gf round, and sometimes a span of horses at work under this g-lass structure. At one time last winter he had ten tons of Grand Rapids lettuce ready for market almost at once. One of the three houses is covered entirely with roug-h corrug-ated glass; and, I am glad to say, so far it gives as good re- sults, on the average, as the more expen- sive clear glass. He says a crop of radish- es grown during the shortest days of the winter were just as good as those in the other houses. The only objection he has noticed is that the snow does not thaw off quite as soon as with the other houses; but the advantage of glass partly shaded during the time when the sun is too hot more than overbalances this. This glass usually costs a third less than clear glass. At this time of the year he is letting cu- cumbers take the place of lettuce; and his cucumber-plants are certainly, in point of tropical luxuriance, ahead of any thing outdoors, or anywhere else, for that mat- ter. Why, I found leaf after leaf more than a foot across, and there wasn't a spot or blemish on these great leaves either. No insect, either under ground or above ground, can spoil his crop of "cucumbers under glass." Of course, he has a hive of bees in each house, and the bees were busy on the blossoms at the time of my visit. Some of the cucumbers were gathered ready for market, and a new cucumber is soon to be offered, of Mr. Davis' own originating — a cross between our best White Spine and the long English cucumbers. They are beauties, I tell you, as grown by Mr. Da- vis. See cuts of these greenhouses, page 474. OUR HOME IN THE WOODS, ETC. It is just four weeks to-day since Mrs. Root and I were dropped once more at the door of our little cabin ; and these four weeks have been busy ones and (for the most part) happy ones. The deer mice I told you about were our first disturbance. On the night of our arrival, just after we got to sleep, they opened up for a "grand carni- val." They were evidently determined to investigate in regard to the contents of every package brought from Ohio. Now, this rat- tling and rustling of paper packages would not have hindered wjv sleep; but Mrs. Root's loud pounding, to drive them away, did. We talked about poisons, but I declared we must have a cat. Mrs. Root said a cat would get homesick — only a kitten could be made to stay, and a kitten could never handle the "drove" that had evidently "occupied" while we were absent. At a neighbor's, \y2 miles away, a young lady brought me a "kitten" in a bag. When I asked how old the kitten was she said she guessed "about a year." I carried pussy home on my wheel, up hill and down, and through the woods along my bicycle-path; and when we let her out she was just about "frighten- ed to death." We let her down through that trapdoor into the "woodshed" under the house, and there she stayed for a week or more, until one of the boys left the out- side door open; but there have been no more mice since her first night under our roof. After we had mourned her loss for several days, and given her up, she came back one day and seemed very glad indeed of her usual rations, and now she calls occasion- ally, looks after the mice, and gets " a good square meal" for old acquaintance' sake. These mice are usually gray instead of "mouse color," and I caught one that was mottled with white and gray. They are the quickest animal I ever saw; for, with any sort of chance, they are off like a flash of light. hilbert's chickens. Our neighbor Hilbert is the man who has on his letter-heads, "Maple Syrup, Honey, and Strawberries;" and he might add quite a few other things and tell the truth too, for he is a man of new speculations, every little while, and he, by some hook or crook, usually makes a success of them. Two or three times in his life he has had a craze for peach-growing on the hills of this region, so specially adapted to it. Every little while last season he would have spells of talking about a 30 or 40 acre peach or- chard; but I aways discouraged him, tell- ing him he had already more "irons in the fire" than he could look after ; and his good wife rather sided in with me. By the way, I have often told him if it were not for "that wife of his" a lot of his specula- tions would never have been the "success" they were. One day, as we were going over the back part of one of his farms, he showed me some scattering peach-trees well laden with beau- tiful fruit, standing away off by themselves, on land apparently neglected. Said he: "Mr. Root, those trees have never had any cultivation or care whatever since the year they were put out, and just look at that crop of fine fruit. Can anybody say this isn't peach land naturally?" You see a lot of the trees were killed by the climbing cut- worm, and he got discour- aged and let the whole plantation go; in fact, he hardly went near it. Now that he had had more experience, and knew how to manage, he reasoned that, if these hills had produced such peaches by entire neglect, what might 30 acres do, if properly cared for according to the latest and most scien- tific methods? Does somebody feel like sa3'ing, " Look here, Bro. Root; this isn't a chicken story at all; what do you mean by such a head- ing, and then go to talking peaches in the Traverse region, and nothing else?" Well, now, don't worry, friends. I'm run- ning the story just now, and my head is level too (like Mr. Hilbert's). Of course, I couldn't answer his argument, especially while I was breaking and eating those beautiful and luscious Early St. John peaches by the dozen ; and in spite of all his wife and I could say he sent in the or- der for 3000 peach-trees. When I got around 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 483 this spring I found he had been studj'ing- up poultry-books during' the winter and had actually bought and got running a 200 (or over) egg incubator, and was planning to send for fzvo tnore incubators same size. Said I: "Why, old friend, aren't you getting crazy, to go into this, right while you are rushed all the time with maple syrup, straw- berries by the acre, a big apiary at home, and several out-apiaries started? how about the 3000 peach-trees?" "Oh! that is all right; this is a part of the peach-tree speculation. You see those trees will be all right for a few years, with- out any added fertility; but to keep them up "High Pressure," we shall need some manure; and the very cheapest way in the world to get the very best manure, and have it right on the land, already spread, is to keep a big lot of chickens, sell them for broilers at a profit, and get the manure free of charge or expense in hauling and spread- ing. See?" But I didnH see. I said first they would not hatch for a green hand at the business; then they would get the gapes and cholera, and they would prove such a care and re- sponsibility if none of these things happen- ed, his poor sorrowing wife would have to take him over to that big State Asylum on the hill — the very institution that has all these years been such a heavy purchaser of all his maple syrup, fruit, and other stuff. What did he say? Why, he just lighted his pipe and said, with his characteristic quiet indifference, " Well, you just wait and see." When Mrs. Root and I reached "our cab- in" this spring it was during that sultry dirt-storm about the last of April. I soon got over to Hilbert's and asked anxiously about the chickens. There had been a good hatch, and not a chick was lost until the night of the dust-storm, when it turned so suddenly cold. They neglected to light the lamps in the brooders, and the chicks hud- dled up so close to get warm, seven were smothered. This is all of his losses, al- though the Cyphers incubator has brought out three excellent hatches. And now I come to the real pith of my story. In fact, the foregoing is only a sort of introductory to it ; the foundation, so to speak. One morning I was over there on some other business, and had started to go home when he said: "O Mr. Root! I think perhaps you'd bet- ter take a look at the chickens before you go." When he got inside the inclosure I was astonished to see nearly 200 of the finest chicks I ever saw rush up to him, and get around his feet so he could hardly take a step forward. In fact, they acted as if they would almost eat him up. Said I: "Why, Mr. H., you are surely not feed- ing these chickens enough. I can't believe it is good for them to get as hungry as this. ' ' He replied briefly, while he reached for a spade: "Got all kinds of grain right before them all the while." "Then they want water or something?" "Yes, they do want something, and I will show you what it is." He turned over a shovelful of dirt, and the "circus" commenced. Their yard was right over some exceedingly rich soil where he had formerly had a hot-bed or something of the sort, and it was full of great big an- gleworms. A big stout healthy chick grab- bed one, and then "legged it" about the yard from one corner to the other, with a dozen or two at his heels. When he played out, a chick with fresh "wind" got the worm, and ran in a like manner. Pretty soon there were in the yard about a dozen "gangs" going through with the same per- formance. So eager were they in spite of all he could do, every little while some chick would be covered up, and we had to dig them out. As soon as released they were off on the "war-path" with the rest. Why, Stod- dard's complicated machinery described in the Egg Farm book to give chickens exer- cise is noivhere compared with Hilbert's invention. You may smile at my calling it an "invention;" but if it is not new, why don't the poultry-books and papers say something about it? Now, before I end this long "chicken story" (I insist it is a chicken story) there are two important things I want to mention. The first is, Mr. H. said that, just as soon as those chicks were a few days old, he felt satisfied by their actions there was some- thing lacking (a kind of "long-felt want" I suppose); and just as soon as he began digging "worms" for them the aching void was filled, and they could "hop, skip, and jump" equal to any chicks in the world. Let me see. What was that other impor- tant thing? Oh, yes! I know. While the men were so very busy planting those 3000 peach-trees, Mrs. Hilbert had to spade up the soft black soil "regular," or the several hundred chicks would "holler" just awful. Well, Mrs. H. told Mrs. Root (confidential- ly, you know) that those great fat earth- worms made her so nervous she could see 'em "wriggle" all night, even after she got to sleep. Let's see. I promised to stop right here, didn't I? but there is just one more thing I must tell. They have about 150 chicks in a j^ard. I thought it was almost too many, and predicted trouble. It didn't come, how- ever, until they get large enough so some of them found out they were (or going to be) roosters, and these roosters one day (yes, all in one day) learned to yi"_;^7;/. Mrs. Root happened to see them just about that time, and she said, "Why, it is just cruel, the way those little rascals pull each other's hair." Now I really must add just one little sen- tence more to make my chicken story com- plete. It is this: In a couple of days more they forgot (or got over it) all about being roosters, and didn't fight any more at all. "Good by." 484 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. June 1 I ;_ ,— -, ^^e are the large.-t manufacturers of fii CE]!3 |V^ :j) vehicifS and harness in the world sell- _ij — _-T --= _ jjjg to consumers, and we have b en do- ing business in this way for 29 years. WE HAVE NO AGEHiTS but ship anywhere for examination guaranteeing safedejivery. Youare out notliing if not satisfied. Wt moke 195 styles of vehicles and 65stylesof i^ harness. Our prices represent the cost of material and makintr, plus e, 4<0. As one profit. Our large free catalogue shows complete line. Sendforit. No. 212'4 Jump. ':eat Trap, fine as sells lor $lu to $i,0 more. _ No. 15-J Top Biifrgy has % inch Kelly rubber tires and rubber cov- erei steps. Prue, Ji;i 00. Asguod a-, sells for *4-'. 10 mi re. Elkhart Carreage A Harness ManufactMriiiig Ccs., E Iktort , E nd. SEWS ANYTHING. *l>5« 14 I from silk to coars-' I est fabrics. 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Our proposition will [irf)VH more en- tertaining than any you hdve had. Catalog and Jul! infurninl ii»> fn-e on application. THE FACK.VKl) <'OMP.\NV P. O. Itox F Fort Wuyii.-, Iii'!:••' illnstrated Tahiti* aa4 Bar- • It OLHII rriLI. neu eaUla^ erer Ista.d. Send for it. CASH BUYCBB' ITNION, Uept. £-84», OfllOAeO. 10 CEf^TS That's all it costs to get acquainted with the Rocky Mountain Bee Journal. We want to send it on trial to every reader of Gleanings Three Months for 10 cts. This vigorous young month- ly has just entered its second year on a paying basis, and has become the recognized mouthpiece of the bee- keepers of the great Rocky Mountain alfalfa regions. Address The Rocky Mountain Bee Journal, Box 611. Boulder. Colorado. Minnesota Bee-keepers' Supply Mfg. Co., Manufacturers of Bee-hives, Sections. Shipping-cases, and Everything Used by Bee-keepers. Orders filled promptly We have the best shipping facilities in the world You will save money by send- ing for our price list. Address Minnesota Bee=keepers' Supply Mfg. Co., Nicollet Island Power Building, Minneapolis, Minn. CELECT Warranted Oueen, very choice, $1 00 each; 6 *^ for $1.00. .See ad. in this issue. J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Florida. POR SALE.— Italian bees: full colonies, $4.00; three- *^ frame, with queen, $2.25; two-frame, with queen, |2.00; one-frame, with queen, $1.50; queens. SI 00. IMrs. .K. a Simpson. Swarts, Pa. Fni* ^JiIp Kill", carefully reared, Italian queens, FUl oalC« froui choice honey-gathering strains. Tested queens. »1 2.5; Select tested, |2; untested queens, after June 10, 75 cts. each. Safe arrival guaranteed. EARL, Y. S.\FFORD. Salem, N. Y. QUEENS AND NUCLEI.- Untested queens, either 3 or 5 banded, 7.5c; 0 for S4.25. Te.sted, $1.00 and up. Nucleus, including untested queen. 2-fr., $2. .50; 3-fr., $3.25; 4 fr., f>.75. Cha.s. H. Thies, Steeleville, 111. RUBBER STAMPS. Send us 25 cts. for year's sub to our 16-p. monthly journal and we will mail .vou FREE as a premium a two-liiie Rubber Stamp, or two one-line Stamps, to print an.v wording .vou want. The Farm anu Pocltky News, Middlesboro. Ky. !! WHITE LEGHORNS! ! Single comb ; stock larsfe and fine ; Satisfaction guar- anteed. Pekin ducks Kggs. $1.50 per 13. Address W. H. GiFFORD, 151 Franklin St., Auburn. N. Y. 490 GLEANINGS INBEE CULTURE. JUNL 1 Now S' ^ I ^ Ready ! 1 Sixty-four Page Catalog of every thing' bee-keepers need. Illustrated and fully described. Especially valuable to begin- ners for the information it con- tains. Send your address on a postal and get it now. Estab- lished 1884. ]. M* Jenkins^ Wctumpkat Elmore Co., Ala, ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»»»»4 QUEENS, QUEENS Old St«ndbys.— The A. I. Root Co., to whom w« hare sold queens for many years, wrote us last May, tnus : "Are you running low on queens? We hope not, as you seem to be our standbys. Send us 24 pel week instead of 12, till further orders." Beat Any Thing He ever 5aw.— The Cyprian queens you sent me last year beat any thing I ever saw rear- ing brood and filling their hives with honey.— J. Niel- son, Huntington, Utah, Sept. 4, 1901. Is Great. — The nucleus you sent me last fall is great — the finest queen that ever crossed the plains. Please duplicate her this time. Mr. Jordan says the nucleus you sent him cast two fine swarms.— G. R. Warren, Fruitvale, Cal., May 12, 1901. $50 Queens.— My nice queen that you sent me, and I put in a hive with a handful of bees on the 6th day of last June, has now nearly filled her 30-lb. super foi the third time. No man's $50.00 bill could take her. Please send me another one like her as soon as possi- ble, and keep a dozen ready for me like her for the 20th of April next, and I will make you a nice present. — M. Brown, Station A, I^ittle Rock, Ark. We breed Italians, Cyprians, Holylands, Carniolans, and Albinos, in separate yards, 5 to 20 miles apart. Prompt service. Safe arrival guaranteed. Bees Isy the pount, nucleus, full colony, or by the carload. Prices : Tested, $1.50 each ; $8.00 for six ; $15.00 pel dozen. Untested, February, March, April, May, $1.0< each; $5.00 for six ; $9.00 per dozen. Fine breeders, S5.00 each. Send for our catalog, free by mail; telli how to rear queens and how to keep beeS for profit. Agents for Dadant's Foundation and Gleanings. Premiums given. Don't fail to get our printed matter. It's A.l^l^ free. Bee-supplies of all kinds. The Jennie Atchley Co., Beeville, Tex, BEE-SUPPLIES. Best-equipped factory in the West ; car- ry a large stock and greatest variety of every thing needed in the apiary, assur- ing BEST goods at the LOWEST prices, and prompt shipment. We want every bee-keeper to have our FREE ILLUS- TRATED CATALOG, and read descrip- tion of Alternating Hives, Ferguson Su- pers, etc. Write at once for a catalog. AGENCIES •»•• ■■> A n AAninil Trester Supplv Company, Lincoln, Neb. _ Kretchmer Mfg. Co., Box 60, Red Oak, la. ^-sv ip°ss,'i?s'^„?:",s." BINGHAM SMOKER. Dear Sir^-Inclosed find $1.75. Please send one brass smoke-engine. I hare 0na already. It is the best smoker I •Terused. Truly youra, Henbt Schmidt, Hutto, T«x. MADE TO ORDER Bingham Brass Smokers, Made of sheet brass, which does not rust or burn out; should last a lifetime. You need one, but they cost 25 cts. more than tin of the same size. The little open cut shows our brass hinge put on the three larger sizes. No wonder Bingham's four-inch smoke-engine goes without puffing, and does not drop inky drops. The perforat- ed steel fire-grate has 381 holes to air the fuel and support the fire. Heavy tin smoke-engine, 4-inch stove, per mail, $1.50; 3^-inch, $1.10; 3-inch, $1.00; 2i4-inch, 90c; 2-inch, 65c. Bingham smokers are the originals, and have all the improvements, and have been the standard of excellence for 23 years. Only three larger ones brass. T. F- Bingham, Farwell, Michigan. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 495 Contents of this Number. Balling at Entrance 522 Bees Attacking Horses 522 Bees, Mixing... 504 Bleaching-house, Crane's 516 Brood, Poisoned 523 Bntton for Bee-keepers 508 Canards Comb-honey 528 Clipping. Doolittleon 501 Competition from Tropical Countries 501 Convention, Denver 508 Cuba, Rambler on 514 Doilittle's Queen- rearing Translated 500 Editor and that Cigar 509 Explosives, Carele.ss Handling of 520 Giraud-Pabou, Death of 501 Glucose, Facts about 510 Grocers, Their Ignorance of Honey 500 Honey Prospects 508 Honey Reports, Getting 507 Honey, Bleaching, Crane on 518 Honey. Labeling 523 Irrigation in the Great West 509 Mavwood Colony Defended 526 Miller and York, Twin Brothers 511 Officers. To Elect 507 Overstocking in Colorado 523 Queens Preserved out of Nuclei 523 Queen. Finding Old 506 Queens, Frequent Replacing of 500 Requeening and Swarming 504 Requeening, Time of 504 Sages ot California 512 Sandwich Islands .501 Secor Still Manager of Association .509 Stock, To Select 520 Sugar and British Colonial Office 500 Tobacco and l,ife insurance 509 Tomato Crop, Reduction of 508 Honey Column. GRAmNG-RULES. Fancy.— All sections to be well tilled, combs straight, firm- ly attached to all four sides, the combs unsoiU-d b.v travel- etain or otherwise ; all the cells sealed except an occasional cell, the outside surface of the wood well scraped of propolis. A No. 1.— All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs straight ; one-eighth part of comb surface soiled, or the entire surface slightl.v soiled ; the out- side of the wood well scraped of propolis. No. 1 —All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs comparatively even ; one-eighth part of comb surface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soiled. No. 2.— Three-fourths of the total surface must be filled and sealed. No. 3.— Must weigh at least half as much as a full-weight section. In addition to this the honey is to be classified according to color, using the terms white, amber, and dark ; that is, there will be " Fancy White," " No. 1 Dark," etc. CITY MARKETS. San Francisco.— Comb honey, ]0®/12. Extracted, water-white, 5^fa6^ ; light amber, 4@5J^ ; dark, 4@5. Beeswax, 27 ^(§.30. E. H. Schaefflb, May 21. Murphys, Calif. Cincinnati. — There is hardly any change in the honey market. Comb is not moving much, and what- ever is left can be bought at cut rates. Water white is selling at 14(g)15. Extracted is in fair demand, and finds steady sales in barrels at 5(5)5%; water-white alfalfa, 6(5)6'/^; white clover, (y]4(qi7. Beeswax is com- ing in more freely, and sells for 28. C. H. W. Weber, June 7. 2146 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. Chicago. — The honey market is in a waiting atti- tude, and there is more comb on sale than for .several Junes of recent years, although most of it is out of condition from one cause and another, chiefly by hav- ing grained ; therefore a very light yield this year would not help the crop now on hand of last. Prices are without special change in either comb or extract- ed honey from those given in j'our last issue. Con- sumers are not in the market for other than small quantities. Beeswax is very scarce, and brings 32c upon arrival. R. A. Burnett & Co., June 7. 199 South Water St., Chicago, 111. Philadelphia. — The season is about over for the sale of comb honey, and not enough in the market to quote any price. Not any new arrivals as yet. Ex- tracted honey in small demand, and prices a little easier. California, in carlots, 5%; in a small way. 7c; fancy white selling about the same price. Beeswax in good demand at 29. We are producers of honey, and do not handle on commission. Wm. A. Selser, June 9. 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa. New York. — White comb honey is in fairly good demand, and strictly fancy is selling at 14; No. 1, 13; amber, ll(Si\2 Some new crop is arriving now from the .South, mostly in limited quantities. There is no change in the condition of the market on extracted honey. The supplies are heavy, while demand is very light. We quote white 5%@5>i; light amber, 5@5}<; dark, 4%; Southern, 48fi)53. Beeswax, firm at 31@32. HiLDRETH & ,SEGELKEN, June 9. 265-7 Greenwich St., New York City. Boston.— .Stocks are rapidly being depleted, and prices are nominal, but will range about the same as per our last quotation. Blake, Scott & L,ee. June 10. 31. 33 Commercial St.. Boston, Mass. For Sale. —Extracted honey. Finest grades for ta- ble use. Prices quoted on application. .Sample by mail, 10 cts. to pay for package and postage. Orel l^. Hershiser, ;301 Huntington Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. For Sale. — I,ot of fancy white-clover honey, also some basswood, new, 300 lb. barrels at (i^c; 60-lb. cans at 7;'2C. E. R. Pahl & Co., Broadway & Detroit Sts., Milwaukee, Wis. For Sale — 50,000 lbs extracted honey white, 5%c; light amber, 5c; amber, 4%c; in barrels of about 360 lbs. net. Parties wanting large amounts write for samples. R. L,. Tucker, Blountstown, Fla. Wanted. Honey and beeswax. Mail sample, and state price delivered at here. C. H. W. Weber, 2146, 2148 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. Wanted— Comb and extracted honey. State price, kind, and quantity. R. A. Burnett & Co., 199 South Water St., Chicago, 111. Wanted.— Comb honey in Danzenbaker sections. We can use both white and amber. The a. I. Root Co., Medina, Ohio. For Sale.- Extracted honey, from alfalfa, at 7c per pound. .Send for sample. D. S. Jenkins, I,as Animas, Col. For Sale. —Whitest alfalfa honey, f9.00 ; tinted, $7.80, per case of two 60-lb. cans, net. Arkansas Valley Apiaries, X,as Animas, Col. We will be in the market for honey the coming sea- son in carloads and less than carloads and would be glad to hear from producers everywhere what they will have to offer. Seavey & Flarsheim, 1318-1324 Union Avenue, Kansas City, Mo. Why Not Buy your supplies of us and get entire satisfaction, as hundreds of bee-keepers are doing? It is a pro- found pleasure to us to have satisfied customers. We have carloads of gfoods and more cars coming. We occupy 3250 square feet of floor space, we have long experience, we are in the best shipping point, we handle 0. B. Lewis Co.'s Goods and Dadant's Comb Foundation, and the best of all kinds of bee supplies. We are doing an extensive business in queens this year. We guarantee pure mating and safe arrival. They are all from pure stock, and from mothers who are known to be some of the greatest "hustlers" in the country. Catalog free. C. M. Scott 6l Co., I004 E. Washington St., Indianapolis, Ind. 496 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. June 15 Victor^ Superior Italians.. W. 0. Victor, Queen Specialist. Wharton, Texas. I have told you from time to time what Messrs. E. R. Root, W. Z. Hutch- inson, O. L. Hershiser, and a great many others, prominent in apiculture, have had to say in reg^ard to my bees, and I have many similar testimonials that I v?ould be g"lad to use, but space forbids. I will have to quote, however, from so prominent a person as G. M. Doolittle. as follows : " I kept one of the queens I bought of 3'ou last season, and she approached the nearest to tnine of any thing I have had for a long time.''^ I am filling- Mr. Doolittle's order for 40 queens this season, 36 of which have gone forward. Mr. O. P. Hyde paid me a visit a few days ago, and I invited him to inspect my apiaries with a critical eye. I was often pleased at the high compliments paid my bees by him. He said that lie had never seen any thing like it before (yard No. 1); that the absolute uniform marking (3 band) and gentleness ivere simply wonderful. He made frequent mention of the superior size and beauty of the queens ; and in conclusion stated that I had the largest and best equipped queen-yard that he had ever seen, which would include many. Heretofore I have been very modest in my expressions in regard to my bees, leaving their praises for others to sing. I can be quiet no longer, and will have to say that / knozv that yard No. i is composed of the best bees for honey gather- ing, uniform mari:xcccccco: Root's Goods at Root's Factory Prices, cccccccccc C. H. W. Weber, 2146, 2148 Central Av., Cincinnati, Ohio. Successor to Chas. F. Muth and A. Muth. ' • DELVoTE ••fo'BEELS: •andHoNEY •AMD home: •INTE-f^EST^ 'ublishedbyTHE-AI^QoYCo. ". Vol. XXX. JUNE 15, 1902. No. 12 White clover bloomed earlier, I think, than I ever knew it to bloom before. I saw a few blossoms fully out May 20. Bee journals are so thick nowadays in Texas that they can't keep track of one an- other. The Lo7ie Star Apiarist is not so lone as it was. The wholesome honey. — Little Gret- chen to the grocer. — "A tumbler of honey, please, for the cough." "Is it for yourself, my child?" "The honey? Certainly. Grandma has the cough." — Bienen-Vater. Phacelia is a honey-plant much exploit- ed in European journals. As it was ob- tained from this country it seems a little strange that so little is said about it here. How much is it worth? Does it flourish in the North? C. Davenport, in his closing paragraph, p. 462, gives a plan that prevented swarm- ing, but the bees built much drone comb. Would not the plan work just as well with full sheets of foundation below? [I do not know. — Ed.] Glad to see G. M. Doolittle, p. 457, so emphatic that good queens can not be rear- ed in spring before colonies are strong in young bees. Beginners are likely to split on that rock. [Doolittle is orthodox, from our point of view. — Ed. J "A breeder," in the National Bee-keep- er, shortens the time of the development of the queen beyond anj^ thing I have pre- viously seen. He says the larva is fed four days, and from the laying of the e.^^ to the emerging of the queen is fourteen days. I read aloud what Bro. McGlade says, p. 481, about the home where there is scarce- ly a meal when the husband does not criti- cise something. My wife said, "Oh dear! that would break me up, wouldn't it?" I don't know, for every thing is always so good I've no chance to criticise. My good friend Adrian Getaz corrects a stvipid blunder of mine on p. 411. In- stead of saying there were 53 queens in one swarm, I should have said that M. Bour- geois with one caged virgin queen forced 53 colonies to swarm by introducing that caged queen in the colonies, one after another. Discussing the question of the purity of Italian queens, G. M. Doolittle said in Anier. Bee Journal, 1871, p. 10, "I am for calling them pure. ' ' I suspect he was near- er the truth then than when he now saj's there are no pure Italians. [The word "pure" is a relative term. When applied to any stock it means only a certain stan- dard.— Ed.] Seeing copied in the latest British Bee Journal Bro. Doolittle's article on p. 277, reminds me that he has not yet answered the question that I asked seven years ago, and repeated in Gleanings for April 15. Bro. Doolittle, please say why it is errone- ous to call a prime swarm a first swarm, or at least absolve me from the charge of failing to comprehend the meaning of the word "prime." I'm surprised at what is said at p. 462. Years ago G. W. Demaree — I think he was the man — gave as a sure prevention of swarming to put all brood in upper stor; , leaving queen under excluder without brood; and this is the first time I remember seeing any one say the plan was not a success. If it is common for the plan to fail, why h?s no one said so in all these j^ears? [I did not know that there was any plan that was a sure preventive of swarming. Now. really, are you joking at the statement of Demaree or not? Please label some of your jokes so some of us thick-heads will know. — Ed.] Self-smokrr "Vulcan," described in ///. Monatshlaeiter. is the latest novelty in the smoker line. The lower and larger part contains a clock-work that runs 20 minutes with one winding-up, and drives a windmill that sends a blast of air through the smok- er. A lever controls the action to make it run slower, or to stop it altogether. [Say ! I am interested. Now, doctor, if you know 500 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. June 15 where this smoker can be obtained, have two of them sent to The A. I. Root Co. at once, at our expense. One of them we will forward to you, and the other we will test ■ourselves. While from my present stand- point an automatic or mechanical smoker of this kind is not really demanded or needed, yet I am anxious to test the idea. — Ed.] I ENDORSE what G. M. Doolittle says, p. 588, about replacing- queens every two years. If a queen is bad, replace her any time, even if less than a year .old, but don't re- place an old queen simph^ because she is old. I have a queen five years old that is to-day doing- just about as good work as any other queen I have. A sufficient rea- son ag-ainst replacing- all two -year -old queens, if there was no other, is that you can hardly decide the character of a queen until she is two years old; and if she has a g-ood record when two years old, every year of good record after that increases her val- ue as a queen to breed from. Doolittle's " Queen - rearing " (au- thorized translation) has been published in German, edited by A. Straeuli. Those Germans know a good thing when they see it. [It is my own private opinion that Doo- little's queen-rearing has done more to put the rearing of queens on an advanced basis than any other book or plan hitherto put out. We all owe Doolittle a vote of thanks for putting so much emphasis on good queens, and using nature's ways to secure that vigor of stock that can not be obtained in any other way. While I am satisfied there will be some substantial improve- ments made on the Doolittle plan, yet he has done the bee-keeping world a good turn by starting the ball rolling in the right direction. — Ed. ] My brother-in-law has just returned from spending the winter in Phoenix, Ari- zona. He went to a grocery and asked for extracted alfalfa honey. "Extracted hon- ey? what's that?" After a little explana- tion the grocer said, "Oh! you mean strain- ed honey." Then he started to get some, but returned in a short time saying, "I can't draw it, it's froze." Mr. Stull laugh- ed. "Oh! you needn't laugh; it always freezes when it gets cold enough, and then it must be thawed out." Mr. Stull was quite pleased with a visit to the boy bee- keeper, Mr. Chambers, of whom he formed a very favorable opinion. [It seems strange that, in a locality that probably has as many bees to the square mile as any place in the world, a retailer of honey can be found who does not know what extracted honey is, and who should then be so igno- rant as to say that honey "freezes." I am satisfied that this retailer was not very well acquainted with our boy friend Mr. Chambers. — Ed.] A GOOD THING is the plan Doolittle offers, p. 457, to graft cells in a colony with a queen that the bees are trying to supersede. As beginners are not likely to have many such queens, but are likely to have plenty of colonies preparing for swarming, why not graft swarming-cells? They could be cut out two or three days before time for the queens to emerge, and quite a batch might be secured. [The best time in the world for the honey-producer to rear queens, and a very choice lot of them too, is during the swarming season. He can well afford to take the time to graft some of his swarming- cells with larvas or eggs from a choice breed- er; then when those cells are capped, cut them out and put them in nuclei. This is a very simple and easy way to raise queens, and is, in fact, if I mistake not, the one practiced by some of our most successful honey-producers who have become convinced that such queens are remarkably strong and vigorous. The next best colony, ac- cording to our experience, is the one that is trying to supersede queens. Indeed, we consider such a colony a prize, and set it apart and keep it breeding and filling out cells. — Ed.] Now Boer and Britain ground their arms And cease the carnage red ; While Edward VII. mounts the throne The peace-dove flies o'erhead. Many reports from various sources have shown lately that the replacing of queens every year or every two years is not best nor even desirable, some queens improving up to four years of age, and some doing well at five. This, however, does not ap- ply to W. Z. Hutchinson's reasons for his early replacing of queens. AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL. Concerning the tenacity with which the British press maintains that cane sugar has a higher sweetening value than sugar from beets, Mr. E. E. Hasty ventures to make the following suggestion, which has, by the way, been lingering in the mind of more than one person: Sad to relate, governments sometimes go into sj'S- tematic lying for a purpose. Without suflScient eVi- dence I rather " smell " that the cane-sugar versus beet-sugar question is kept from being settled mainly by the British Colonial Office, and that they engaged in that sort of thing for the benefit of British colonies which produce cane sugar. But certainly there may be one real difference. The two kinds of svigar quite likely go through different processes in contact zvith different chemicals. If so, they can be exactly alike only in the improbable case of getting all the chemi- cals out of the finished sugar. But does this amount to a practical distinction, or is it infinitesimal and non- practical? It seems to be granted by all that there is a wide divergence between unrefined cane sugar and unrefined beet sugar; but after refining, the difl^erence between the two sugars has not yet been detected. The British are great on raising cane. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 50 r The beneficent operation of a general g-overnment is nowhere more apparent than in the establishing of experiment farms in various portions of the country. At these places the ditt'erent kinds of seeds are test- ed very carefully under the most favorable conditions of soil and climate, so that the individual producer may know just what to do without making many costly experiments and provoking failures himself. All know to -what a wonderful degree of excellence the wealthy class of England have brought the sheep, the cow, and the horse, by a line of experiments through many years at their own expense, thus greatly blessing every nation on the earth, especially this. On the first page of Mr. York's journal for June 5 is shown the apiary at the Central Ex- perimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Some of the hives are on scales to show the daily gain in honey. About 50 colonies is the average capacity of this apiary. REVUE INTERNATIONALE. "Practical Treatise on the Rearing of Queens" is the title of a new book written by Giraud-Pabou and sons. In speaking of it Mr. Crepieux-Jamin says: Mr. Pabou and his sons are not unknown to the world. For a long time their apicultural establish- ment has been reckoned as among the first in France ; but they have just shown themselves in a new aspect in publishing this in many respects remarkable little book. Those who have any taste for this subject, or who are prompted by curiosity alone, should read it, and they will not regret it. With a simplicity and modesty that imparts full confidence the authors cite the sources from which they draw their information. It is the celebrated American bee-keeper G. M Doo- little who has inspired them the most. It may be proper to state, however, that the transposition of bee larvae from worker-cells to emptj' queen-cells, by the bee-keeper himself, was originally done by Mr. Meh- ring, the inventor of comb foundation. A picture of the Pabou family was given in this journal for 1901, p. 11, in an article written by C. P. Dadant. I am sorry to add the following translation, which is too often a necessary task when our friends seem to be the most needed : As we write these lines we learn of the death of Mr. Giraud-Pabou. He departed just at the moment when all the apicultural press was rendering him homage for his brilliant achievements. We extend to his sons, Stanislaus and Stephen, co-authors of the work we have just examined, and who will continue the rearing of queens in the establishment of their late father, our sincere sympathy. From what I have gleaned in the French journals, Mr. Pabou was a man much re- spected for his personal qualities. yd AMERICAN BEE-KEEPER. In the June issue Mr. H. H. Smj'th con- tributes a readable article on bee-keeping in the Sandwich Islands. He says: l,ast year I took over two tons from 36 hives. Now I have 88, and swarming is not over yet. I expect to in- crease to 100 this j'ear. The trouble here is our inabil- ity to get supplies. There is no agent here for F'alcon- er or Root, and only one man in Honolulu who im- ports, and he just keeps frames and extractors, and charges enormous prices. I think if one of the large firms would have an agency here it would pay well, as the Japs are progressive ; and if they see it is money in pocket they will buy. CLIPPING QUEENS' WINGS. "Good morning, Doolittle. Last year I vowed that I would never allow my queens to have their wings during another swarm- ing season, for I lost nearly one-fourth of my swarms by their running away, and others went so high to alight or cluster that it was almost more than they were worth to climb for them; therefore I came over this morning to have a little talk with you, hop- ing that you would tell me how to proceed in this matter. When is the best time to clip the queens?" "I do not blame you, Jones, for deciding to clip all queens; for doing this simplifies the work in the apiary very much, as well as to save swarms which would otherwise go to the woods, and also the apiarist from endangering his life by climbing high trees for swarms. But before we go further, you know that it will not answer to clip the wings of queens which have not commenced to lay." "Well, I had not thought of that. I had calculated to clip every queen I found. Don't you do this way?" "At this time of the year you would not be very likely to find many (if any) queens which were not laying; still, you might; and the rule always is, not to clip any queen unless you are sure she is a layer. The clipping of the wings of unfertile queens ruins them for life, as it incapaci- tates them from flying out to meet the drones; consequently, queens clipped before they are fertile always prove to be drone-layers, or never lay at all. Such queens are worse than nothing, as they are hard to find, and are in the way of our introducing good queens to the colonies having- such." "I see that point. Now about when to clip." "When fruit-trees and dandelions are in bloom is the best time that I know of to clip the wings of queens, as at that time of the year there are not nearly so many bees in the way, this making it easier to find the queen, and when it has also become warm enough so that there is little danger of chill- ing the brood if the combs are out of the hive some time, as is often the case, especial- ly with the beginner, in finding the queen in a hybrid or black colony of bees. Also, at this time, the bees are usually procuring enough nectar and pollen so they are not in- clined to try to rob the combs of honey while we are looking for the queen." "Does it make any difference as to time of day for doing this?" " Not so far as the bees and queens are concerned; but if done between the hours of nine in the morning and three in the aft- ernoon there will be fewer bees in the hive, so the queen is found easier, and the strong 502 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. June 15 light at this time of the day enables us to see the queen more readily, and also en- ables us to see to do the work better. But "having- once decided to clip all queens, the time to do this is at any time when we see any queen not clipped which we are sure is a laying one. Thus I am alwa3^s prepared to clip any queen I may find which is lay- ing, and has whole wings; and, besides this, I go over the apiarj^ during fruit-bloom to make sure that all are clipped in advance of the swarming season. Another thing ver}' favorable at this time is that the queen is apt to be laying up to her greatest capac- ity, which makes her more slow of motion, and hinders her from hiding quickljs as they often do, I find, at other times of the year." "Can you tell me in brief how you find a queen?" " I have several boxes built out of '4 -inch lumber (each having- bottoms so thej' can be set down anywhere), the same size inside as the hive I am using, as they are verj' handy for many purposes about the bee- yard. This thin lumber makes them very light to handle. One of these is set down by the hive; and in taking out the frames from the hive, each is carefully looked over, when, if the queen is not found, it is set in this box. Take out the first frame on the side of the hive next to you, and, when looked over, set it in the further side of the box. As soon as you lift the second frame you will have room enough to glance down into the hive, looking on the face side of the next comb, when, should the queen be there, she is readily seen as she prepares to go around the comb to the dark side. If you do not see her immediately, turn the comb in your hand so as to look on the opposite side of it, or the side which was the dark side when it was in the hive, for a queen does not stay on the side of the comb where the light strikes for any length of time. Not having found her, set this second comb next the other in the box, when the next frame is taken in the same way, look- ing at the face side of the comb in the hive first every time, and next looking at the far side of the comb j'ou are holding in your hands. Keep on in this way, and you will very likely find the queen before you go half through the hive. If you go clear through the hive without having found her, you will begin to set the frames back again. If you see that you put them in the box as I have told, you will note that, as you take each one from the box to set it back in the hive, you have the same chance of seeing the queen, and in the same way that you did when taking the combs from the hive. And you always want to sit or stand with your back to the sun, as much as possible, at all times when hunting for a queen, as you can see so much better. In doing as above I do not fail once in fiftj' times in finding the queen, and will find her thirty- nine times out of forty while setting the combs out of the hive into the box." "I think I understand this part now; and next, if you will tell me how you clip, I will not bother you longer." "Having found the queen I steady the frame by placing one corner on my right knee, or on some part of the hive, while I hold the opposite corner by the top-bar with my right hand, when I take a firm hold of the wings of the queen with the thumb and fore finger of the left hand, when the frame is lifted, allowing the corner which rested on the knee to go down into the hive till the top-bar rests on top of the hive, when the frame is lowered till the bottom-bar rests on the top of the opposite side of the hive. I now lean the top-bar over till the opposite corner of the bottom-bar strikes the side of the hive, and, if I have calculated the dis- tance rightly, the frame will lie so that the flat surface of the comb (brood and bees) will be little less than level. Before going to the work of clipping queens I whet the small blade to my pocket-knife as sharp as possible, and, before opening the hive, place this open sharpened knife where it will be handy to pick up just when I wish it. Hav- ing the queen and frame as above, I place the sharp blade on the wing, wings, or the amount I wish to cut off; lower both hands to within an inch or so of the flat surface of the comb, when I draw the knife a little till the queen falls down among the bees, and the job is done. No danger of cutting 3'ourself if you stop drawing the knife as soon as the queen falls. In this way I have not touched the queen, so there is no foreign scent on her; and nine out of ten queens so clipped go about on the comb and among the bees with no more appearance of being disturbed than they had before being caught." "That looks quite simple, but I fear it will be quite trying to me before I get used to it." " Possibly your hands may shake some; but if you will begin on some old poor queen which you care little for, your confidence will be greater, and yoM will be less likely to get excited." "Do not some use scissors in clipping?" "Yes, and good work can be done with scissors. The main difliculty here is, that j'ou must make a specialty of having the scissors with you, while the pocket-knife goes with you wherever you go; and because of this latter fact you are always ready to clip any queen at any time when you may chance to find a laying one which has wings. To clip with scissors, catch the queen with the right hand; lower her till she takes hold of the long finger of the left hand, at the end, with her feet. Now bring up the thumb and fore finger so as to take her gently by the thorax, when she can be held in any position you like so that you can take your time and cut oft" just the por- tion of any part of the wings you desire. Cutting off a certain portion of each wing each year, so as to mark the age of the queen, as some do, as well as to clip, is the better waj', as you can take all the time you wish, and be as particular as you like. " 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 503 ^^'..iic^ ^\ TROPICAL COMPETITION. Not to be Feared in America ; why West Indian Honey will Go to Europe instead of the United States ; the American Tariff on Honey Amonnts to Nothing ; Competition from South America; Interest^ ing and Valuable Information. BY W. K. MORRISON. Considerable apprehension has been felt (or, rather, is felt) by some bee-keepers that the tropical countries now looming' up as honey-producers will crowd the Northern bee-keepers too closely. As one who has taken a part in the work of exploiting the modern system of bee-keeping in the tropics, a word or two from me may not be amiss. Cuba bulks largely in the mind's eye of some Northern bee-men just now. They forget that the land is comparatively small. Texas is ten times as big, and a good deal of Cuba will be rendered unfit for bee- keeping by the advance of the sugar indus- try. But even if it produces all the honey that its most sang-uine admirers think it will, it is certain very little of it will be consumed in the United States. Honey sells for more money in Europe than it does in America, hence for a long- time Cuban hon- ey will gravitate toward Europe as is the case at present. I do not think the present tariff of a cent or so a pound on honey sent to the United States avails very much. It only tends to discourage trade. If honey were on the free list the dealers in New York would buy the whole Cuban and West Indian crop and re-export it to Europe. The American bee- keepers would lose nothing- by the opera- tion; on the contrary, a market would be created which, in times of plenty, would be a valuable asset to the United States. Adulteration and the comb-honey lie do far more to depress the price of honey than all outside competitors combined. I know it is a tremendous undertaking- to fight these enemies; but if the bee-keepers and their farmer friends were to unite to fight, it seems certain the price of honey would soon go up several cents a pound. At present Jamaican honey gravitates to- ward England, and more of it would go there if more attention were paid to quali- ty. Here is where the tropical bee-master comes to grief. Even as I write, Jamaican honey (best quality) is selling- in England at 5 to 6 dollars per 100 lbs., while best Cal- ifornia is bring-ing- $10 for the same quan- tity. And I may add, without offense, that California depends very kirgely on foreig-n markets; and if Great Britain were to adopt a protective tariff the former would be hard hit. Hence it is that, so long- as honey is cheaper in New York or San Francisco than it is in Europe, a tariff for protection is practically useless. If the United States government were to devote its attention to putting adulterators in jail I think it would do the bee-keepers more g-ood than any thing- that within reason can be suggested. If your readers could only see the coun- tries they have to compete with they would lose their fears. Even in the British West Indies, where English is spoken, the people are wofully behind in utilizing the resources of our modern civilization. They are far in the rear in nearly all that pertains to scientific agriculture. Here and there, like an oasis in the desert, the traveler meets a man who understands the principles of modern agriculture and then he does not understand the practice. But the great mass of the people are only a little removed from savagery. Such people are not likely to be serious competitors in anything what- ever, and, least of all, bee-keeping. At- tempts made to lead them in the right way meet with but little success, for, like all ig- norant people, they think they are well in- formed. Even the white man who is native born is dragged down by the terrible incu- bus of his environment, and is much inclin- ed to descend in the intellectual scale. In the case of San Domingo and Haiti, civili- zation is dead; and, so far as my opinion is worth an3^ thing, Cuba will share the same fate unless the United States lends it a helping hand. Usually the sugar-men are antagonistic to bee-keeping, and in some countries, nota- bly Barbadoes, Trinidad, and British Gui- ana, this influence is strong. Somehow or other the sugar-producers think they are the salt of the tropics; and it may be said that sugar-cane cultivation is about the only culture that is done reasonably well. This is due to the fact that crude ignorant labor is nearly all that is required in this busi- ness. The chemists and managers are Eu- ropeans, and they furnish the "brains." It is different with other cultures, where a high kind of intelligence is required. Take orange-growing for example. The West Indies are beautifully adapted to it; but, in spite of this, buyers are disgusted with their attempts to create a trade. Bananas are at home around the Caribbean Sea, and every black man thinks he knows all about banana-growing; but the United Fruit Co., which controls this business, can tell quite a different story. And bee-keeping is much more difficult than banana-growing. If the tropical bee-keepers had some one to lead them in the right way, and keep them there, great things might be done; and if the trop- ics were inhabited by people similar to those of Europe and North America, they would swamp the world with honey and wax; in fact, there is no limit to the possi- bilities of the honey business in these lati- tudes; but they will never do it in our day or generation. All over the West Indies and South America, bee-keeping has start- ed ; but it will be evident to experienced 504 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. June 15 bee-men that the task of creating a bee-in- dustry in the tropics calls for a large amount of knowledge and practical experience; but in the tropics as well as elsewhere we have a large number of persons who, with only a few months' experience, set themselves up as first-class apiarists, and proceed to in- vent a new hive and prepare to furnish fine queens by the hundreds. I know the vete- rans will smile at this — it's the old, old sto- ry in bee-keeping. I used to think that it was only the Yan- kee beginner who invented hives; but, un- fortunately, I was much mistaken. Some amusing instances could be related in this connection; but, like Kipling, "that's an- other story." Then there are the people who know "all about it." They seem to flourish here as well as elewhere. If we put all these factors together, and add to them the fact that tropical bee-keeping calls for a totally different system of manage- ment from that in vogue in the North, where nearly all bee literature is made, it follows that, not for a long time, will tropical bee- keeping be a disturbing influence in the market. It is different when we come to ex- tra-tropical countries like Chili and Argen- tina. Admirably adapted to bee-keeping, and inhabited by people similar to North Americans, it follows that they are danger- ous antagonists — more especially as large areas of both are in alfalfa, and more an- nually planted, it follows that they are ideal places for practical bee-masters. Sooner or later we shall hear from both, and probably Brazil. What makes them dangerous is their habit of trying for the best, particularly the best men. This is a feature not much thought of in the tropical regions, particularly around the Carribean Sea, where merit is not much appreciated. Cheap labor is the main reliance, and, like all things else, cheap labor is bad labor. Some one will suggest that Americans will come into these regions and establish huge apiaries, thereby flooding the market. In my opinion there are very few Americans who would care to live in the tropics, no matter how enticing the apicultural pros- pects. To leave good social, church, edu- cational, and other advantages for practical- ly none at all, is repugnant to a feeling man, and the average American lays a great deal of stress on these things. If not, his wife does. It would be far better, I imagine, for the bee-man in search of a location and a mild- er climate to try the South, more particu- larly the Gulf States, even if he had to grow alfalfa; and it is my decided opinion that alfalfa will pay in the South as well as or even better than it does in the West. At any rate, there are very few inhabi- tants of the United States who would care to live in the tropics, for this reason. The rise of tropical bee-keeping will be slow; mostly depending on the European element, who are not numerous in any case, and likely to decrease. The same problem is before them that disturbs South Carolina and Mississippi, and many prefer to emi- grate than try to solve it. [This is a valuable article, and should be read by at least those who fear the pos- sible effect of Cuban honey on the Ameri- can markets. What Mr. Morrison says respecting the effect of the comb-honey lies and adultera- tion, and how they affect prices, is true, very true. If we would spend more of our thought on legislating adulteration out of existence, instead of worrying about Cuban competition, we would accomplish more in the end. It looks surely as if American enterprise could start an awakening in these islands as it has in Cuba. — Ed.] REQUEENING AND SWARMING. BY ADRIAN GETAZ. This is intended for the comb-honey pro- ducer and not for the queen-breeder, not even for the extracted-honey producer. TIME OF REOUEENING. After years of experience I am more and more persuaded that requeening every year is the best, all things considered. At any rate, it has given me the best results, strong- er colonies, fewer drones, and less swarm- ing. As to the time of the year, I should say after the honey-flow, for the following rea- sons : 1. It does not interfere with the early brood-rearing or with the nectar-gathering. 2. The apiarist has plenty of time to at- tend to it. 3. As the drones are generally destroyed, the apiarist can raise and use drones in a colony of his own choice, and thus get, to a certain extent, at least, the control of the drone progeny. BUYING QUEENS. At the present prices of queens I would advise every honej'-producer to keep more bees, give all his time to the production of honey, and buy his queens from some relia- ble breeder, but for one thing. That one thing is that queens are often injured in the mails. Sometimes the queens from a certain breeder will all, or about all, be all right. Those from another breeder ( and in one case, at least, it is one of the leading breeders of the United States) will all, or nearly all, be more or less injured, and therefore poor layers. This shows that at some points, or on some line, the mail is more roughly handled than at others. Per- haps on some line the mail-pouches are pil- ed up more, and the bees suffer from heat. Sometimes the queens coming from a cer- tain direction are all right for a year or so, and then turn out bad, owing to a change in the routing or handling of the mail. MIXING OF BEES. While on the subject of buying queens I wish to say that the bees of an apiary will 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. SOS mix from one colony to another, or, rather, to the others, more than is generally sup- posed. In my early years of bee-keeping- 1 bought some queens of all kinds to try. Their bees got mixed throughout the apiary, and after a while I had blacks, hybrids, albinos, Italians, leather-colored, maroons (?), etc., in every hive. Often an apiarist may think that the queen he has bought is mismated when the blacks or hybrids he sees in her colony have come there from the other hives. RAISING OXJEENS. When raising queens for one's personal use it is not necessary to use artificial cells. Dequeen one or more colonies, strong in young bees ; furnish them with combs of eggs, and very young larva; from your best queens, and let them make their cells. Cut- ting holes in the combs at the proper places will help. The queen-cells started on their own combs should be destroyed in due time if not good enough to use. If they do not start enough cells, another batch of combs may be given a few days later, and even a third or more, provided care is taken to add brood enough to keep up the number of nurse-bees. As soon as the cells are seal- ed they should be placed in the West cages. A queen-trap should be on all the time in case an "unknown" cell should happen to hatch and induce swarming. When a queen hatches (or, rather, emerges), go to the hive to which she is to be introduced, and remove the old queen. Five or six days later destroy all the queen-cells started. Introduce the new queen in her cage, and release her by opening the cage 24 hours later. Remove the trap so she can mate. She might have been brought in (and left in the cage, of course) when the old queen was removed, or at any time after, if more con- venient. But don't release the queen until the cells are destroyed and the brood is too old to make others — that is, in full colonies. In nuclei the case is different. After the queen is released, have a queen-trap attached to the hive. A hole should be made in the piece that supports the cones, so that the virgin queen can go back to the brood-nest in case she gets caught. I will explain why further on. This is a precaution in case a queen-cell is overlooked. During the two following days, if the weather is fair, the queen-cells that might be there will be destroyed, or swarming will take place. If the weath- er is bad, the swarming may be postponed. SWARMING. In my locality, and with mj' method of man- agement, only from 5 to 15 per cent of the colonies will swarm. Under such condi- tions, whenever a colony swarms I destroy the old queen and let it requeen with one of its cells. In swarming time, all my hives are pro- vided with queen-traps. All the traps have a hole permitting the queens to go back into the brood-nest. That hole is usually closed. But when the swarm has returned, and the old queen is destroyed, I open it so when the second swarm comes out the virgin queen can go back. Now, there are two ways open. One is, to let the young queens settle among them- selves who shall be ruler. Somebody call- ed that the Getaz method. It was severely criticised when I first published it. The objection, briefly stated, was that, so long as there is young brood in the hive, the bees are apt to start queen-cells; and as it takes a queen about 16 days tocomplete its growth, there would be daily swarmiug with virgins during that length of time, or nearly so. But it is not so. It seldom takes the vir- gin queens more than four days to "settle" which one shall be queen, and destroy the remaining queen-cells. The first day a swarm issues from a hive with a trap attached, it rarely clusters, and generally returns in fifteen minutes. The second day it will remain out longer, and often cluster. The third day it will cluster and stay out several hours, and sometimes cluster successively at two or three different places. The fourth day still worse; they may be out nearly all the day, and even remain out over the night, and come back by 9 or 10 o'clock next morning. Now, while the swarm is out the queen- cells are not well guarded and defended by the bees. There are too few of them left. The result is, that the young queens al- ready matured emerge, fight among them- selves until only one is left, and she de- stroys the unhatched cells. All that will take only three or four days instead of six- teen, as claimed by the critics. I claimed at the time, that the method was fairly good, and would answer the pur- pose well, when the apiarist has but little time at his disposition. The second method is well known. Five or six days after the old queen is removed, destroy all the queen-cells but one. Well, I did do it for a few years, but soon came to the conclusion that one cell only was too uncertain. Since then I cage (in West cages) all the sealed cells and destroy the others then, and also later on. I have then the choice, and in due time release the best queen, • What is the best queen? Well, I am somewhat partial to color and size. I note especially a long, well-shaped abdomen, taking for granted that such contains the best reproducing organs. It is soon enough to release the queen when she is old enough to mate. If, during that time, other colo- nies show queen-cells, or actually swarm, I give them the other caged queens rather than wait till their own cells are fully de- veloped. In doing this I aim to leave the colonies without a laying queen only the shortest possible time. In my locality the swarming occurs in May; the honey-flow does not end until the latter part of July, therefore the bees reared in May are need- ed to gather the last part of the flow. 506 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. June 15 QUEEN-CAGES AND CAGED QUEENS. I spoke of West cages. They cost too much. I use, instead, a cage made of wire cloth. The lower end can be closed simply by pressing and slightly twisting the wire cloth. The upper end is closed by a wood- en stopper. The queen-cells are cut with a piece of comb attached, and of a triangu- lar shape, a sort of tail. The cell is push- ed into the cage, and the aforesaid "tail" is pressed against the wire cloth with the finger. That will hold it secure. Oueenless bees will always feed the cag- ed queens provided they are in the cluster. If outside of the cluster they may be neg- lected. CAUTIONS. In using queen-traps, two peculiarities must be taken into account. The first is that, very often after a queen has been some time in a trap, she succeeds in getting back to the brood-nest through the cones. The apiarist can not, therefore, depend exclu- si\ely on finding a queen in the trap, to know which colonies have swarmed during his absence. The second is that a virgin queen may starve if left over night in the trap. The escort bees always remain with a laying queen, even if out of the hive. But, ac- cording to nature, a virgin is supposed to be able to help herself from the honey-cells, and therefore the bees will not care partic- ularly for her. In day time enough bees pass through the trap to take care of her; but when the night comes, or a shower of rain, she stands the best kind of chance to be left by herself and found dead the next morning. FINDING THE OLD QUEEN. I am always trying to improve my meth- ods and ways of doing; and if you find me advocating one way of finding queens this 3-ear and another next, don't be astonished or surprised. I now proceed as follows: Smoke a little at the entrance to keep the sentinels from getting "sassy." Then re- move the cover (and super if any) and smoke over the top enough to quiet the bees, but not enough to drive the queen out of the hive and hide in the queen-trap, which should have been placed first. Smoke down the frames at the ends, not in the center, and also between the walls of the hive and the end combs; then again at the entrance, so as to drive the queen up the combs if she happens to be on the bottom of the hive. This is rather long to read, but takes but little time to do. The object is, to have the queen in the center of the brood-nest, or thereabouts. Now take out one or two combs at one end and put them in the comb-basket. Then begin at the other end and take the remainder out, putting them also in the basket. Do this as rapidly as possible, so as not to give the queen any chance to leave the combs while you are taking them out. Very few bees will be left in the hive; and should the queen be there, she could easily be seen. But she will not be there if the smoking and taking out of the combs have been properl}- done. The above applies to either laying or virgin queens. Now, if the queen to be found is a laying queen, all you have to do is to shake the bees from the combs in front of the queen- trap, and replace the combs in the hive. Look over each comb after the bees are shaken off, and before putting it in the hive. Sometimes the queen does not fall, but re- mains on the comb. If not, she will be found before the trap, trying to get in. If the queen is a virgin, a difterent process is to be used. Before shaking the combs, cov- er the hive. As you shake the combs, place them back in another basket. Do not un- cover the hive and return the combs until the queen is found, either on the combs or in front of the trap. The reason for this is that a virgin queen will often take wing and come back ten or fifteen minutes later without being seen by the apiarist. In such cases she might get back into the hive unbeknown to him. Knoxville, Tenn. [If one is not going to practice modern methods of queen-rearing, and expects to rear his queens in the old-fashioned way, after the honej'-flow, he will rear inferior queens as a rule. If this has been your practice I am not surprised that you find it advisable to requeen every season. I agree with you that purchased queens are subject to injury through the mails, and in our A B C of Bee Culture I advise every one to rear his own queens as far as possible, notwithstanding we are extensive breeders of queens for the market ; and as to the method, it takes reallj' no more time to do the work right than to do it wrong. Na- ture, under normal conditions, designs that queens should be reared either during the swarming season or during the time that the old queen is being superseded; and by your plan of using West queen -cell cages or wire-cloth cell-cages, the average honey- producer could rear nearly all his queens, and the very best of them, during the swarming season. As you go through the apiary select out the best of the swarming- cells. Cut these all out and put them into cell-cages; then if you requeen every two jrears or every j'ear put one of these select- ed swarming-cells ( always from some choice queen ) on to the combs of the colony made queenless, fastening the cage in about the center of the cluster. So far 3^ou would be following Nature's way, and at the same time be in accordance with the teachings of modern practice. But if the queen-rear- ing 7fi!(st be done after the swarming sea- son, then the colony raising new cells should be stimulated up to the swarming-pitch by feeding; but obviously the average honey- producer could not afford to go to this trou- ble; and I would, therefore, urge him to re- queen and raise his new blood just at the very time Nature will smile on his efforts; viz., the swarming season. You say that you requeen every year. It 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 507 may be that modem practice in the future will show that to be the best plan, all things considered. It certainly would result in a reduction of swarms, because the two and three jear old queens are more inclined to swarm than those that are only one year old. A. E. Manum once said that he found it profitable, on the average, to requeen every two years; and as the years go by I find that that is getting to be more and more a practice among honey-producers. Of course, there are exceptional queens that should be preserved. As to the matter of letting- young queens fight it out, and having second swarms, I am not surprised that the practice was criticised. It might work with you, prob- ably, but not with others. The greatest objection is that the continuous after-swarm- ing has a tendency to demoralize the other bees in the apiary, even if it lasted only four days per colony. Notwithstanding you have traps, you would not always be able to determine whether some virgin did not get through the zinc and so go with the lit- tle swarm to parts unknown; or, perhaps, worse still, go into some colony where you have a valuable queen, and kill her. — Ed.] feDlTpRIAC ^ C.R HOoT A NEW edition, not a new revision, as I understand it, of " Advanced Bee Culture,'' by W. Z. Hutchinson, is out. The regular price is SO cents, and we can now supply it from this office. This edition is tastily printed, and in the general printing and binding it is neat. Mr. Hutchinson has the true printer's taste for the artistic and beautiful. Mr. W. K. Morrison, an employee of the British government, now located in the West Indies, in the leading article in this issue contributes some valuable facts. I believe myself that bee-keepers have been holding up before their eyes a scarecrow that never existed except in their imagina- tion. Other writers who have been in po- sition to know the facts, and who are not influenced by trade interests, have practi- cally taken the same position as that given by Mr. Morrison. HELP FROM SUBSCRIBERS IN GATHERING REPORTS OF HONEY PROSPECTS. I SHALL be obliged if our subscribers from all portions of the United States will send us postal cards telling us briefly about the season. Do not write long letters, as it is almost impossible to summarize all such; but we can handle very satisfactorily hundreds of short ones or postals. You will confer a favor on yourself and fellow bee- keepers if you will keep us posted in regard to the honey-flow and the market. Keep the cards flying in all the time throughout the entire season. A proper knowledge of the honey-flow and of the market is worth thousands of dollars to the bee-keepers of the country. ELECTING OFFICERS FOR THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION. In the Bee-keepers'' Review, Editor W. Z. Hutchinson has this to offer on the matter of how oflicers for the National Association shall be elected. As the suggestions are all so good we copy the editorial entire: The National Association of Bee-keepers has been prospering of late in a way that it has never before prospered. It has been increasing in numbers and wealth. It is to be hoped that the end is not j^et ; that it will go on and on, and not only increase in numbers and wealth, but do more and more for the good of bee- keepers. Naturally, as its numbers and responsibili- ties increase, new features come up. Methods that answered every purpose when the members were few, are now lacking in some particular. Several changes were made l-^.st year at Buffalo, or, rather, suggested there, and afterward carried at the annual election. One thing that received much discussion, but upon which no vote was taken, was that of making nomi- nations in advance of election. Since the organization of the Association, I believe everj' officer has succeed- ed himself. So far as I know, no harm has yet result- ed from such a practice. Some have said, if no harm has resulted from this course, why not allow it to go on in this same way ? Of course, there is good sense in the old .saying of " letting well enough alone ; " but nearly all of these old saws have their counterpart ; for instance, there is one that says, " In time of peace prepare for war." Because we have never seen the ne- cessity of electing a successor to a director or general manager, that is no sign we never shall. It may be- come very apparent that some man is not fit for the position ihat he occupies, or circumstances may exhib- it some other man's qualities in such a light as to show decidedly that he is the best possible man for a di- rector or a manager. With our present system it would be simply impossible to vote the undesirable man out of office, and vote in the better man. We can not come out publicly and say that Mr. Blank is be- hind the times, or too slow, or lacking in business methods, or neglects his business, or has this or that fault. It would be too cruel, and could not be thought of for an instant ; but if we were in the habit, each year, of nominating, say, two candidates for each of- fice, there would then be an opportunity of voting this man out of office and electing his successor. When tvyo men are nominated for the same office, it is not considered a reflection upon the one not elected, as it is simply imp .ssible to elect them both. The weak point, or. at least, one of the weak points, in the man- agement of the National As.sociation, is that no nomi- nations are made in advance of election. I believe that the ballot, the actual power of electing these of- ficers, should remain right where it is —in the hands of all the members ; but so long as no one knows how or for whom his neighbor will vote, each officer will simply succeed himself. It has been suggested that nominations be made through the bee journals ; but what is everybody's business is nobody's business, and it would not, or might not, be done The most feasible plan, to my mind, that has yet been suggested, is that candidates be nominated at the annual convention. Against this plan it has been urged that a nomination by the con- vention would virtually be an e ection. If only one candidate were named, it would ; but let us nominate two candidates. Usually there would be no objection to the nomination of the man whose office was about to expire, and then nominate another man, and let the votes at the annual election decide between the two. It is true that a large local element is usually in at- tendance at each annual convention ; but the leaders are also always present, and the likelihood of an un- desirable man being nominated is not very great. I think that this plan is at least worthy of a trial. If it does not prove desirable it can be modified or dropped. A trial of some plan is more desirable than to go on as we are doing with this sort of endless-chain method. This question is bound to oome up at the Denver meet- ing, and let up discu.ss it in advance of the meeting. What objections do you see to this plan? Let's have them fir.st. 508 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. June IS WANTED — AN ESPOSA. Otjr friend J. H. Martin (Rambler), in writing to a friend in Cuba, expressed a long- felt want. As that friend is of a sym- pathetic nature he sent that portion of the letter to us, saying, "It is needless to say how badly his bachelor's (juarters must have looked when his friends were forced to remark to him that he needed an espo- sa." Well, this is what Rambler writes: My Cuban neighbors here seem to think I need an esposa. From the way they express themselves I think an esposa is some sort of culinary utensil or a sort of washing-machine, perhaps. Any way, I will not expose my ignorance to these people by asking them about it. Of course, you know what an esposa is ; and if they are plentiful in Havana I should like to know the price of an esposa. If they do not come too high I might buy one. Another thing, are they liable to get out of repair ? and does it cost much to have them fixed ? I always buy new if possible, and could not think of having an old worn-cut second- hand esposa. Keep your eye open, and let me know when you find what you think would suit me. Taco Taco, Cuba, May 27. J. H. Martin. p. s. — Do you know if the Roots handle esposas? If they are scarce in Havana we might fall back on the A. I. R. Co. If any one can supply him with the nec- essary article in a wholesale or retail way he will confer a favor by addressing Ram- bler at Taco Taco. Got 'em at Rootville? Yes, we have 'em, but ours are priceless. Stenog, who reads Spanish, says an espo- sa means the best washing-machine in the world. HONEY PROSPECTS — STIFFENING OF PRICES. Reports so far, covering the north mid- dle and eastern portions of the United States, are not so encouraging. The sea- son has been very backward, especially in Michigan, Ohio, and New York. Very warm weather has been followed by the other extreme — cold, cool, and frosts. The bees no more than get nicely started when there comes on a chilling north wind. Clo- ver is just beginning to open up; and even if it should yield fairly well, the bees are not in the best possible condition to take care of the flow. Further reports from California show that, in spite of the rains early in the season, there will be almost an entire failure in the southern counties. Some honey will be secured along the or- ange belts and near the coast; but this, I am told, will probably not amount to more than ten carloads. Later. — There have been some warm co- pious rains, followed by ideal honey weath- er, in the east-central States. THE REDUCTION OF THE TOMATO CROP. The following letter from Mr. F. J. Root, of the American Grocer, New York, will explain itself: Dear Mr. Root :—\ have been talking with a packer of tomatoes from down " Jersey ward," and we have also had letters from Delaware packers about the de- cadence of tomato-growing. To-day Mr. J. Stout was in the office, and tells me that the growth of tomatoes on given acres will not average more than from a third to a half what it formerly was. Continuing, he said that a decade ago I.ong Island was a great sec- tion for pickles. Now, he says, no one can grow pickle stock there, and many factories have moved up-State. Farmers, being unable to raise good crops of tomatoes —even with the same seed, same soil, same every thing to all appearances — are raising other stuff — potatoes and truck. Seeking a cause, this packer says it is owing to the changing season ; that packing, which a few years ago might begin in August, can not commence until well into September. What think j'ou about this matter? Do you believe that the climate has changed? Or may it not be owing to the absence of bees? As these sec- tions have become more thickly settled, bee-keeping- has become practically nil, and possibly the non fer- tilization of tomato-blossoms may have ensued. It is certainly hard to believe that so great climatic changes have come abont. May be you might get some inter- esting letters about this for Gleanings. New York. F. J. Root. I know little about the changing of the climate; but the removal of the bees might and probably would make some difference in the amount of the fruit that would be ac- tually grown. If some one in the vicinity, a tomato-grower, would bring in a few colonies of bees he could very soon deter- mine whether they would be the means of increasing the crop. One season's experi- ments would hardly be sufficient to prove any thing. It should cover a period of at least five years. A BEE-KEEPERS' BUTTON. Every year the National Bee-keepers' Association has paid anywhere from $5 to $25 for badges to use by the members who attend the National convention. In some cases the cost of badges is paid by a local association or by two or three bee-keepers. I know that on one occasion I myself was out of pocket some $12. President W. Z. Hutchinson proposes, in the Review, that the Association secure once and for all a neat and tasty button that shall be em- blematic of the industry, and at the same time give the name of the Association; that when a member joins he be sent by mail one of these buttons, and that he be re- quested, whenever he goes to a bee conven- tion, no matter whether National or other- wise, to wear that button so that other bee- keepers who may be in the car may be able to recognize their fellow-craftsmen. I have traveled miles and miles close to some bee-keeper in the car, whom I had known for years by corrrespondence; but because I had never seen him, nor he me, we did not recognize each other, and my experience has been largely the same as Mr. Hutchinson's. Of course, if any local society entertain- ing the National wishes to put a neat pret- ty silk badge under the button, well and good. But the suggestion of the button as a whole is a good thing, and I have no doubt it will come up before the convention for recommendation at Denver. THE DENVER CONVENTION. Don't forget the big National convention at Denver, beginning the first week of Sep- tember. The very low rate of $25 for the round trip from Chicago has been secured. A sleeping-berth for two nights and one day will cost $6; but where two bee-keepers go together the two can occupy one berth, thus dividing the expense. Whether there will be any low rates to 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 509 Chicag'o to those who are located east, I can not now say. There are quite a few bee-keepers who are planning' to attend; and those who think of going', not only to study some of the peculiar conditions in the West, but to learn about our bright and hustling- bee-friends in the irrig^ated lands, should let us know whether they intend to go, so that we can, if possible, make up a party and leave Chicago all in one day. I expect to g-o, and it is possible and even probable that another Root will attend. Mr. York, Dr. Miller, Geo. E. Hilton, and W. Z. Hutchinson so far have announced their intention of being present. Shall we make up a party? If you think you can not afford to g^o for what you learn at the convention, perhaps you can afford the expense of learning- something' about the great West. EUGENK SECOR STILL GENERAL MANAGER OF THE NATIONAL BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. Some little time ago it was announced that Mr. Eugene Secor, General Manager of the National Bee-keepers' Association, had sent in his resignation, and that the Board of Directors had selected E. T. Ab- bot, of St. Joseph, Mo., to fill out his unex- pired term. But the Board, in reviewing its work, after a great deal of writing back and forth, during which valuable time has been lost, finally discovered that Mr. Se- cor's resignation was never formally ac- cepted ; that the procedure was irregular and out of order by which Mr. Abbott was supposed to be elected. Some complica- tions having arisen, it was decided by the Board not to accept Mr. Secor's resigna- tion, and to request him to fill out the un- expired time, or till the next general elec- tion. To this, Mr. Secor has agreed. All dues and membership fees, hereafter, should be sent, as before, to Mr. Eugene Secor, Forest City, la., who is still the General Manager, and will continue to be such till his successor is elected and qualified. E. R. Root, Acting Chairman of Board of Directors. the editor and that cigar ; tobacco and life insurance. Two or three of our correspondents have suggested that I had better take that cigar out of my mouth where I am shown in my regulation California bee-suit on page 427, up in the canyon of the mountains, as smoking does not comport with A. I. R.'s teaching. A careful scrutiny of the pic- ture reveals to me for the first time that there is something in my mouth that looks a little like a cigarette. Whether it is a defect in the negative, or some conspicuous object in the background that happened to come in direct alignment with my mouth, I can not say. But, say: I have about as much use for cigars and cigarettes as I have for whisky and beer. I have made a pledge with my boy that, if he ever sees me smoking a cigar or cigarette, he has my full permission to do likewise. " All right, papa; we will agree to that." I have never used tobacco — don't care for it, and don't know why I should assume a great expense for nothing. When I was twenty-five I resolved to invest my tobacco money in life insurance; for I figured out • what tobacco costs some users of it per year. Well, I have, as a net result, $5000 of old-line life insurance all paid up, and am now on another policy of $8500 of the same kind of insurance. In twenty years' time -these policies will be worth their face value, even if I live; and they are worth that any time if I die. When I see a friend enjoying "solid comfort" out of his cigar I don't begrudge his pleasure one bit, for I get "solid comfort" out of my "tobacco money " because I know it is 7iot all going up into smoke. I have many friends (and they are good men too) who use tobacco; and there are many worse things in this world than tobacco; but there are many better things. THE POSSIBILITIES OF IRRIGATION IN THE GREAT west; A FEW INTERESTING FIGURES. Mr. Frederick Haynes Newell, Chief of the Division of Hydrography of the Unit- ed States Geological Survey, expert on ir- rigation for the eleventh and twelfth cen- sus, etc., in the New York Indepetident for May 22 contributes a very interesting arti- cle on the reclamation of the arid public lands of the United States. As irrigation has so much to do with the growing of al- falfa, I take it that this will be of great in- terest to our readers. Mr. Newell says it is now no longer possible for more settlers to go out on the public domain and make homes, for the reason that private enter- prise has gone about as far as it can with irrigation, and all irrigated lands thus far are taken up. He saj^s that something like 40 per cent of the entire area of the United States, not including outside territory, or from 60,000,000 to 100,000,000 acres, re- quires irrigation to produce plants useful for the supply of man and animals. In the year 1890 only about three and a half million of acres were cropped by irrigation; and yet if the government will do what pri- vate enterprise can not do, there is a possi- bility of all this vast area being brought under irrigation, and therefore made avail- able for farms and ranches. In 1890 there were only three and a half million acres under irrigation. How much more there might be now he does not say. But I judge there has not been a very great increase, at least since 1895; and yet if the government will ^ke hold of the matter, and utilize the waters of the great floods and rivers that now goto waste, constructing lakes, canals, and flumes, from which private enterprise could take off small ditches, it might be possible to increase the little area now un- der irrigation to twenty or thirty times its present extent. Some portions of our coun- 510 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. June 15 try are getting to be greatly overcrowded in population. Lands subject to cultivation in the East are getting to be scarce; and farms are too small to compete with ranch- es in Kansas and Nebraska, of 250 to 500 acres; and if this vast area could be open- ed up, thousands and millions of people would be able to acquire homes where now they are able to eke out only a bare living. " The labor organizations, . . . manu- facturing, jobbing, and transporting inter- ests of the country appreciate," says Mr. Newell, "the overwhelming importance of this great potential home market now but sparsely inhabited. Private enterprise," he concludes, " has already gone to its full limit. State action has been confined al- most wholly to attempted improvements in legislation and the control of the distribu- tion of the water among the irrigators. National works are being urged by those who have most thoroughly studied the sub- ject, upon the ground that the nation alone is in a position to conserve the water sup- ply, since it controls the land and the sources of most of the important streams." There can be no question about this. The only trouble now is that a few partisans in the East imagine that the opeuing-up of these arid lands by irrigation will ruin the farming interests on this side of the Missis- sippi. There could be no greater mistake. " They do not appreciate," says Mr. New- ell, "the fact that wheat, corn, and other staple products of the East, are not raised by irrigation, save for the most limited lo- cal consumption, and never will be, be- cause the cost of cultivation under irriga- tion is such that only the higher-priced products can be raised. The citrus fruits and the green and dried fruits of the arid regions differ from those of the humid re- gion, and have in no respect reduced the price or limited the product of peaches, ap- ples, or any other fruit of the East." I hope our subscribers will write to their Representatives in Congress, urging them in the interests of humanity to support any measure looking toward the development of the arid lands of the great West, and thus scatter our population where all will have a more equal chance in life. A FEW PLAIN FACTS ABOUT GLUCOSE, BY A CHEMIST. In the. American Bee Journal th&ve have appeared two articles by Prof. E. N. Ea- ton on the subject of honey and beeswax, considered by the Illinois Food Commission. Regarding glucose he writes: Glucose is produced by the action of dilute sulphu- ric, oxalic, or hydrochloric acid upon starch, in an open or closed vei^sel, with or without pressure The conditions of manufacture govern the quali y of the syrup. If the boiling be conducted in an open^'essel, only a part of the starch will be converted into dex trose. the remaining portion forming dextrin. This forms the so-called glucose syrup of trade. If the boiling is conducted in a closed vessel under pressure, almost all the starch is converted into dextrose. This product, after treatment and evaporation in vacua, forms the article of commerce known as grape sugar. The liquid product is alone used as an adulterant of honey. In Germany, potatoes furnish the starch for the manufacture of glucose, but in the United Statts corn alone is used. After the starch is converted into " glucose," the acid is destroyed. In case sulphuric or oxalic acid is used, lime is added, forming calcium sulphate (gyp- sum) or calcium oxalate and these products being in- solvent in the syrup may be separated by filtration. In this country, of late'years, hjdrochloric acid is generally used in manufacturing glucose, the acid be- ing destroyed by soda-lye, which forms .sodium chlo- ride, or common salt, which, while it can not be re- moved on account of its solubility, is perfef^tly harm- less, and is not in sufificient quantity to affect the taste of the syrup. Hydrochloric acid is also superior to sulphuric acid, as it is less likely to be contaminated with arsenic. The recent wholesale poisoning in Eng- land was attributed to arsenic in glucose used in the manufacture of beer. In the manufacture of glucose, English manufacturers use sulphuric acid produced from pjrites. the original source of the arsetuc. Several grades of glucose are marketed, graded by degree of concentration and color. Confectioners' glucose is the best, and almost white in color. Recently a grape sugar has been placed upon the market consisting of almost pure dextrose, white in color. The product in a granulated form is being somewhat extensively used as a substitute for cane su- gar in baking and lo mix (I am not aware of its being done fraudulently) with cane sugar. It is a possible adulterant of honey. Glucose is only one-half as sweet as cane sugar, pos- sesses a characteristic metallic tas-te, and is miscible in all proportions in water and solutions of other su- gars. It does not readily crystallize. It tractably ac- quires the flavor of the substance with which it is mix- ed. Its cheapness and general properties make it an excellent adulterant for other sugars. Probably nine- tenths of all adulteration in honey and syrups con- sists of glucose. Glucose occurs in nature in combination with other sugars in many fruits and vegetables. An investiga- tion performed at the instance of the United States Department of Internal Revenue resulted in finding gli cose as made in this country not in the least detri- mental to health ; in brief, a proper food. It may be mentioned that the glucose of to-day is superior to the product investigated by this Commis- sion. Some grades of glucose, especially that intend- ed for Southern trade, are decolorized and preserved by sodium sulphite, a substance not improving the healthfulness of any food into which it enteis. The amount of violent active poisons, sul- phuric and hydrochloric acid, lime, ar.sen- ic, and other awful drugs that are used in the manufacture of glucose, is such that no consumer, if he knew how it is made or what he is eating, would even taste it. Chemically speaking, a wholly refined glu- cose is not unwholesome; but the ordinary article, such as is used for adulterating honey, is the very cheapest stufi" the glu- cose-factories can put out. The acid used in its manufacture appears to be not en- tirely neutralized, or it is over-neutralized by the use of strychnine. If it were not for the beer business and the general adulter- ation business throughout the world there would be no trade or traffic in glucose; and regarding the manufacture of beer I note that Prof. Eaton refers to the recent " wholesale poisoning in England " " at- tributed to arsenic in glucose used in the manufacture of beer; " and a large part of the American beer, as I happen to know (not the hop beer) is a decoction of rank poisons. Any one who can eat some of these so-called decoctions of honey, almost entirely of glucose, must have a stomach of brass or iron. But there is another point that is quite interesting, for Prof. Eaton says, "Glu- cose is only half as sweet as cane sugar. It possesses a characteristic metallic taste. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Sll and is miscible in all proportions in water and solutions of other sugars." As I have often said, one who desires to get a certain amount of sweet can afford to pay a good price, and really get the same quantity of sweet for less money than by paying a low price and yet paying dear for what he does get. Years ago, A. I. Root determined that grape sugar, a whole- some article which he used to feed bees for brood-rearing, even at the very low price it then brought, was more expensive for its sweetening power than ordinarj^ cane su- gar. I suppose it is true that honey has slightly less sweetening, for the money, than ordinary cane sugar; but honey con- tains the delicate aromas or flavors of the flowers ; and, besides, it has a quality about it that renders it more easily assimi- ers in the bee business, and in every wa}' work hand in hand. It is true, there is some disparity between their ages, but not in hearts, for Dr. Miller has a young heart, and takes care that the youngsters don't leave him behind in the matter of modern thought and progressive ideas. The picture shows that the " senior twin" has advanced in years since our readers last saw his kindly face. He has already passed the threescore-and-ten mark, and is to-day, June 10, 71 years old, or young, as he insists on putting it. There is hardly a man in all beedom who is as prolific a writer as he. His communications appear in several of the bee journals, especially the American Bee Journal and our own; and he reads nearly all the European as well as the American bee papers. DR. C. C. MILLER AND EDITOR G. W. YORK. lated in the stomach. Honey, therefore, has a place in the world of sweet peculiar- ly its own, and always will have. It is the first sweet that civilization ever knew, and it is bound to hold its place in spite of the glucosers' decoctions and the cane sugars, which are of a comparatively recent intro- duction. THE TWIN BROTHERS. I HARDLY need to introduce Dr. C. C. Miller, and Editor George W. York, of the American Bee Journal. Some little time ago I received a photo of these twin broth- ers. I say twin brothers. They are broth- ers in politics, brothers in religion, broth- As to Mr. York, I well remember when he took up the helm of the old A)nerican Bee Journal, and how cautiously he assum- ed the responsibility; but the long j'ears he spent with Mr. T. G. Newman were not for naught. The " Old Reliable " has contin- ued to grow under his leadership until, if I mistake not, it has reached a condition of prosperity that it never knew before in its history. Gleanings is never jealous of a rival; but, " allee samee, " if the rival bee-papers in the field were half as good as they are, and our journal were twice as good as it is — well, we might have twice the number of subscribers. 512 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. June IS NOTES OF TRAVEL. The Mountain Sages of California ; where they Grow and How they Look. BY E. K. ROOT. Californiii white-sage honey has obtained a reputation that is world-wide. It has been sent from the Pacific Coast around the Horn, to England, almost by the boat- load. It is sent overland across the conti- nent to the Eastern markets to the extent, it is said, of hundreds of cars, depending- on the season. The best quality of this honey is stj'led " water- white, " and it is, in fact, lighter colored than any honey we have except willow-herb, of Michigan, and the catclaw, of Texas. But white-sage hon- ey is not water- white, strictly speaking; but it is really lighter-colored than our bass- wood or white clover. Another remarkable quality of sage is its heaviness of body, and its tendency to re- main liquid. It was once thought it never candied ; but a more correct statement is that it does do so but only under the most favorable circumstances. The only objection to the honey is that it does not have enoug^h flavor to suit many who have been brought up on basswood and clover; and even the rich thick alfalfa that has that beautiful minty taste does not have flavor enough for some. Although sage honey is abundant in quantity, pleasing in flavor, and heavy in body, the plants themselves that produce it are very insignificant, and quite ordinary- looking. The flowers are small, and the plants themselves of a pale green or gray- ish color, and weed-like in appearance. One would never suppose, by looking at any of the sages, that they would be so fruitful of nectar; but, as it often happens, the most insignificant flowers give the richest and finest honey; for, indeed, nature has so pro- vided that what the plant lacks in display of color and in size of flower it makes up in honey in order that the bee, nature's greatest pollinator, may come in and per- form its share in scattering the fertilizing dust from flower to flower. FIG. 1. — STEMS AND BLOSSOMS OF CALIFORNIA WHITE SAGE. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 513 Contrary to what many might expect, the bulk of white-saj^e honey does not necessa- rily come from the California white-sage plant. Indeed, if I am correct, it furnishes only a very small part of the honey bearing- that name. The black and button sages that are quite different in appearance fur- nish the most of it. When I visited Mr. Mclntyre I had great difficulty in discriminating between the black and the button sage, and I frequent- ly^ confused one for the other as he pointed them out. Even now, after the engravings are made I am at a loss to say which is which. The white sage, however, differs very materially in general appearance from the black or button sage. The first men- tioned runs up in large square stalks, and has beautiful little flowers that are quite attractive. I made an efl'ort to photograph life size the white-sage blossom and stalk, and the same are shown in Fig. 1. The peculiarity of the flower is that the bee alights on the large corolla lip so that its own weight can pull the lip down, then it can run its head down into the blossom, and with its pencil-like brush sweep the tiny drop of nectar found in the very base of the flower. The engraving that appears in the ABC book represents the manner in which the bee has to struggle to get the honey; and I reproduce it here — see Fig. 2; but this picture of the flower itself is not correct. The one I show in Fig. 1 is taken from nature, and is very nearly life size. You will observe how insignificant the fo- liage; and if you can imagine a pale gray or whitish green you will get some idea of its appearance. The seed-pods are shown lower down on the stalk. In Fig. 3 I have shown a stalk of what I f/ihiJt is button sage. The little white flow- ers standing out from the buttons, you will notice, have long corolla-tubes; and it was doubted by Mr. Mclntyre and myself wheth- er the average Italian bee could reach the bottom of all these tubes. It is, therefore, very important, if we can get them, to have long-tongued bees for California as well as for the Eastern States, where red clover is grown so abundantly. But there are dozens of other insignificant plants with deep co- rolla-tubes throughout the United States as I discovered on my trip. But the black or button sage is perhaps the most impor- tant and prominent in all the West. In Fig. 4 is shown a large bush of button sage, I think. The flower-clusters stand gut from the "buttons;" but in the plaut shown, the blossoms have given way to seed pods, forming the clusters or "buttons." In this cut are seen patches all over the side of the mountain. But the dark spots are not sage, but probably low trees or shrub- bery. The white or lighter spots are prob- ably the button sage. The view over be- yond the large plant shown in the fore- ground of the mountain-side may be any- where from five to ten miles distant. The atmosphere is so clear that one has no idea how far he is looking; and a tenderfoot is all at sea that distance. At the time I visited Mr. Mclntyre the black and button sages were going out of bloom, and the white sages were coming in, although I believe they sometimes come in almost together. In our next issue I will try to give you a view of the black sage, and at the same time tell something about an automatic reversi- ble extractor that reverses at full speed. FIG. 3, A STKM O!' CALII'-Or^NIA BUTTON S .GE WITH BLOSSOMS. 514 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. June IS gambles in Cuba ■^^w^. ■r - Dtilrf^ToborcoBarn fp Howe 6^ Beavers f/ome. RAMBLE 204. Spanish Money; Foul Brood; Overstocking in Cu= ba ; Selling Cuban Honey ; Somerford as a Talker. BY RAMBLER. As the old adage goes, "If you touch a man in the pocket you touch him all over;" so it comes to pass, soon after landing in Cuba, there is a sort of all-overish feeling in the region of your purse. If said purse has any money in it there are three valua- tions to it. First, it is American and stand- ard ; next, it is the Spanish centen ($5.30); it can be bought with $4.82 American mon- ey; and next in value is Spanish silver. A peso, or dollar, is worth 60 cts. American. It looks like a rapid way to make money to step up to a "casa de cambio (house of ex- change) and put down $5 American and get $7, but every thing you buy is gauged ac- cording to the money in which you pa3'-. The $7 will buy no more than your stand- ard $5. In the case of honey it is paid for in Spanish gold. A few months ago, when I arrived in Cuba, honey was worth from 34 to 37 cts. per gallon. At the present writing it is only 30 to 32 cts. ; or, the bee- keeper taking out his local freights, etc., is getting less than 2% cts. per lb., American money. The dealers say that this reduc- tion in price is all owing to the unsettled condition of the sugar market in Europe. It is to be hoped that said market will get settled. Outside of Havana, Spanish mon- ey is in general use; and, arming m3'self with the necessary pesos and pesetas, I FIG. 4. — A BUSH OF CALIFORNIA BUTTON SAGE. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 515 leisurely wheeled out to Bro. Somerford's, aud, according- to a prearranged plan, we were to make a descent upon Harry Howe and Harry Beaver, the noted lightningoperatorswholive near Artemisa. Mr. S. proposed to take me upon a long" and arduous ram- ble this time, and he aroused me at the unseasonable hour of tive o'clock. We were soon off on our wheels, and made the 25 kilometers to Artemisa in about an hour and a half. It was a December inorning, and still early at 7 o'clock. When we ar- rived we found the Beaver still in bed, and with him another lightning- operator, Fred Mun- son, who has charg-e of an api- ary on the eastern coast of Cuba. Mr. Somerford rousted them out in great style. I think Mr. Howe and lady were up, for he promptly ap- peared and challenged me to a duel, and we fought it with snap-shot cameras. Then a lit- tle later we secured better pho- tos, which I present. Headquarters is one of those old stone building's — cool in the summer and comfortable in winter, with no glass in the windows. Heavy shutters close them at night. Then there is another building that will be a curiosity to your readers. It looks like an immense haystack, but is a veritable palm tobacco-barn, and at^'fpresent writing- it is full of the weed, hung upon poles, and curing. In the rear of the house I found a small apiary. I have termed it the hospital api- arvs for it is the remnants of an apiary A Queer. Harry Howe. Somerford. Harrv Beaver. that was used up with foul brood. These colonies are under treatment according to the shake-oft" starvation plan. Foul brood is quite a factor to contend with in Cuba. I have heard of some heavy losses, not only in native hives, but in mod- ern hives as well. There is no law, no in- spectors ; every man is a law unto himself. When Cuba gets settled into self-govern- ment there may be laws enacted; but the inspector's job is not to be envied ' where HOWE'S HOSi'XTAL Ari.\KV. 516 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. June 15 there are so many bees in native hives. If a law is made for inspection there should be another to compel all owners of bees to use movable-frame hives. It is well known that the two Harrys and the one Fred came to Cuba at the instance of Mr. Cogg'shall ; and while the Beaver and Fred M. are managing Coggshall's bees, Mr. Howe has taken in a Cuban for a partner. I expected to meet Mr. Coggshall in Cuba, but was informed that, owing- to poor health, he had given up the journej', and that is where he missed it; for if he had arrived I am sure we could have sent him back to the States a well man; and while the Rambler's plans for him were of the broadest benevo- lence, he was thinking evil of the Rambler. Harry Beaver said (and Harry has a way of lengthening some of his words), "Say, Rambler, Mr. Coggshall writes that if the Rambler gets into Cuba we must get a whole bagful of f-1-e-a-s and put you into the bag of f-1-e-a-s, and then get another bag of f-1 e-a-s, and so continue until you flee from Cuba." "He wants to do me up with fleas, hey? Well, we will see about that. I am sure to disappoint him; and, pray, why should he have fleas on his mind like that? Sickly, I suppose." "Whj'," replied Harry, "you have come over to Cuba to write it up as a great hon- ey country, and we'll soon be overrun with bee-men from the States." "Yes," said Harry Howe, "we all feel in sympathy with Coggshall, and I have a pushing-in place for the Rambler. Who- ever is pushed in never comes out." ' ' And, ' ' said the Beaver, ' ' I have a push- ing-off place, and a machete hereto enforce the push." Fred Munson sort o' took my part, and said, "You needn't worry, boys; for if you can keep the Rambler with Somerford any length of time, he will be used up." And Somerford kept right along talking. "Well, gentlemen," said I, "seeing that 3'ou have started the subject let us consider this matter of writing up a country. Where- in will it harm any one?" "Here we are," said Harry Howe, "set- tled fairly upon our locations, and we shall seriously object to having anybody from the States crowding in here." "Yes," said the Beaver, "and there'll be such a production of honey as to still re- duce the price." And Somerford talked. "Gentlemen," said I, "your fears are groundless. Like many other people I h.ive met, you are crossing bridges before you J. E. crane's comb-hone/ bleaching-house. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 517 come to them. I am not sure that manj'^ people want to come to this island; and if they do they would be intellig'ent enoug-h to seek a place that is not already stocked with bees. I am sure there is plenty of room in other portions of the island, and perhaps better pasturage than you have. Then there is another fact. If this island is a great honey-producer the world will know it soon enough. The light can not be hidden." "But 3'ou must agree," said the Beaver, "that there is a chance for overstocking the field." "Remember, Mr. Rambler," said Bro. Howe, "that Cuba is only about as large as Pennsylvania. It won't stand much crowding." And Somerford kept right along talking. "Well, gentlemen," said I, "if it should come to an overcrowding point you will have to organize a board of arbitration to settle all such matters; and as to overpro- duction of hone}% that is an impossibility'." "Impossible? " said Howe. "Impossible?" said Beaver. Somerford talked. "Impossible," said I. "To prove it, let me give you some figures. We have 75,000.- 000 people in the United States, and onl}' 150,000,000 lbs. of honey for them, or only 2 lbs. per capita. You must readily ob- serve that, with proper distribution, it would take several Cubas to produce honey enough to go around." "Well, but how are you going to distrib- ute it?" said Beaver. "Why," said Howe, "don't you see that is where the Rambler's great international honey company comes in to help us out?" And Somerford kept right along talking. "Certainly," said I; "there is a chance for the work of a honey company ; but a company works for a limited number. Let me show you something better. Upon a rough estimate there are some 300,000 bee- keepers in the States and Cuba. Now sup- pose 100,000 of these put up $1.00 each and Ijecome members of the National Bee-keep- ers' Association. I think it is agreed that we need a strong central organization as never before, and you can readily imagine what great results could be accomplished with the above sum. "But just witness the fact," said Beaver, "that it is hard work to get even 1000 mem- bers for the Association. "Yes," said Howe, "I sometimes think that bee-keepers are the least progressive of any of the rural workers." gjfyagi»«KgWi^2 irom center to center. When so spaced there will be but very little bridging pro- viding, of course, the combs are reasonably flat, without any bulged place in them. If combs are built crosswise or crooked in "the frames there will be more or less of bridging in them, and in that case combs should be cut out, and the frames filled with sheets of foundation. Crooked combs might be put back after being straightened •out ; but a better way is to melt them up and use the foundation as suggested. SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF FOUL BROOD. C. J. JV., Cal. — Foul brood proper has the •odor of a common glue-pot; but when the disease is sufficiently advanced the larvse will die, turning first to a yellow, then a brown, and then a very dark brown like coffee. In the last stage the larvae will as- sume a mucilaginous condition; and if a toothpick be introduced in it, and drawn back a little, the diseased matter will ad- here like so much stringy glue. In the ear- ly stages of the disease the form of the lar- va will be perfect, but it will have a slight- ly yellow color. In that case you will no- tice exactly what you describe. If you have real foul brood, about this time (if you make a further examination) you ought to find a pronounced ropy condition as well as a pronounced odor from the matter in the combs. It is evident, from what you write, that you have either foul brood or black brood. The last named is a disease that is fully as serious as foul brood. To enable you to determine which you have, it will be necessary for you, perhaps, to have a mi- croscopic examination made. Dr. W. R. Howard, of Fort Worth, Texas, a professor in the University there, makes these exam- inations for $2.00; and we therefore suggest that you send him a sample of the diseased brood, inclosing the money, when he will tell you definitely just what you have. But on the assumption that you have either black or foul brood, we would advise you to treat the hive just as if you had foul brood; and we are, therefore, sending our pamphlet on foul brood. The method rec- ommended will be applicable alike to either foul brood or black brood; and if you have not already taken the proper steps to erad- icate the trouble you would do well to do so at once. If you do not wish to go to the ex- pense of destroying the combs, and the combs are not very badly diseased, move all the diseased colonies to an out location, at least two or three miles from any other bees if you can. This would be a wise pro- cedure, no matter what you do; for in treat- ing any contagious disease among bees it is always advisable, as with the human family, to establish a quarantine, and put all affected colonies in that quarantine. You will realize the importance of washing the hands thoroughly after handling the diseased colonies. It might be advisable to put on a pair of overalls and a wamus, and remove these at the time of leaving the api- ary under quarantine. We have cleared a piece of ground right in the depth of the forest, down near the "big spring;" and in place of the rank luxuriant growth of wild flowers, ferns, and other plants that thrive in dark wet soil, we have already celery, onions, and pota- toes, right beside the "babbling brook." Almost all my life I have had a fancy for a garden with a never failing stream of wa- ter running through the middle of it, and now I have it. The slope is steep enough so there is a succession of little waterfalls; and the sight of this water, hustling over its bed of white pebbles and white sand, with the growing plants close to the edge of the water, is to me a "thing of beauty" and a joy such as I can hardly describe. About as soon as the celery had got hold of the rich dark soil, a woodchuck evident- ly "took in" the advantages of the spot, and "moved in," and the boys are now greatly engrossed with their attempts to get a steel trap that he can not pull out of. If daily ' ' clipping back ' ' is good for celerj', some of ours in the middle of the patch ought to do well. Last season I offered the boys half a dol- lar if they would find a growing plant of ginseng in our woods. This spring they found so many I had to stop offering a re- ward for them, and now there are half a dozen or more in or near our celery-garden. A few days ago, while I was giving my potates some loving touches, right on the summit of one of the highest hills I stooped to pull a weed, and was just grabbing for another that had sprung up quickly in a potato-hill, when I stopped with a shout of 526 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. June 15 "happy surprise." It was a g-inseng-- plant a foot high, with buds for thirty or forty berries on it. It is rig-ht in the sun, except during' a part of the afternoon, and seems during- this damp rainy weather very well suited with its exposed situation. A few days ago Mrs. Root and I went to dine with a neig^hbor after Sunday-school. In their home they have a stuffed specimen of a hug-e wildcat killed in or near our woods. Well, one day I was rushing- through the dense thicket in that narrow bicycle-path that leads to the celery-gar- den, when there came a rushing sound, and it seemed as if three or four wild cats were right on to me. My hair stood on end, and I fairly shrieked in my fright, " Get out! " After I had backed down and collected my senses I found the rumpus was all caused by just one mother partridge. Even if I was frightened, I could not but admire her beaut3^ Her exqusitely penciled feathers were very becoming to her when they were all bristled up like a sitting hen; and she was so determined to get my attention she kept fluttering about me, ahiiost within arm's length. I soon turned my eyes from the handsome mother to her large brood of chicken partridges; but this she was deter- mined I should not do. Why, it was worth half a dollar to get such a " short range " view of the beautiful birds. No, no, my friend; you could not induce me to swap my "cabin in the woods," with its environments, for any city home in this broad land of ours. SOMETHING MORE ABOUT THE " MAYWOOD COLONY." THE OTHER SIDE OF THE QUESTION. Mr. Root-: — My attention has been called by one of your subscribers here to your issue of May 1 (p. o!)l), in which you publish a very doleful letter from one of your correspondents in which he tells how he has been victimized in buviug land on Maywood Colony, of his inability to make his land pay, the terrible troubles he has had to make a living, etc. Now, Mr. Editor, as an old resident of this said Maywood Colony I protest against such statements be- ing published by you without your doitig as you advise prospective purchasers lo do — that is, find out the truth of the charges made ; find out if this is a fraud and a fake before scattering such harmful reports throughout the length and breadth of ynir subscrip- tion area. It would have been an easy matter even for you to show this party to be in the wrong ; for in the very printed matter he sent you, you will find that Foster & Woodson distinctly advise no one to come here " busted," but to figure on having at \e:a.si fifteen hundred dollars to start on. This man came here with practicallv nothing, and told, when he came that he had nothing, and must depend on his labor entirely to make a living and paj^ his expenses. He states in his letter that he sold " his nice little farm " in Mas- sachusetts and came here. It must indeed have been a very little farm if the proceeds landed him here a pauper. As a matter of fact, the man must be either lazy or an utter incompetent. If he and his family were unable to obtain any more work than he states, and unable to earn but S5t).85, the chances are that the parties who paid him that amount overpaid him. There is work for every competent and industrious man we can get here, and at good wages. Possibly I speak a little strongly in this matter, but I have been hunting for three weeks— no'' for a job but for a man who knew enough to spade a garden and dig some post-holes, and have not been able to get one. ■Why ? Because every good man has work ahead, and I won't have the dolts. This man bought a piece of five acres of land for which he paid $50 per acre ; and, permit me to say, he got a good piece, for I know just what and where it is^ He had no money to plant with, no money to build with, no money to buy tools with, no money to support his family on. We don't want paupers here, either re- ligious or secular, and especially do we not want pau- pers who can not do a full day's work. He claims to be a gardener. If he is, he certainly need not have been out of work a daj', except when it rained, if he was a good workman. Right here I want to say that the Christian papers of which your correspondent speaks — the Christian Her- ald, Sunday School Times, and other papers did send their representatives here, and looked this Maywood Colony up thoroughly. As a lesult they wrote Foster & Woodson that their columns were always open to. them for any matter they wished to publish. Brad- street sent a man here for the .-ame purpose ; and if you will consult their reports you will find the result of their investigation. One of their men bought land here after the eport went in. Now, Mr. Editor, I will tell you what I'll do with you : It would do you lots of good to take a trip to California, especially if it did not cost you too much, and I will agrer to pay your fare here and back pro- vided you find Maywood Colony lo be a " fake ' and a " fraud " such as you and our dear bi other claim it to be. It would do me good to prove to you that he has. totally misstated conditions here If you find, how- ever, that this place is what we claim lor it, you will pay your own fare, and I will leave the decision en- tirely with you. I claim th t we have a magnificent valley here, a fine climate, an abundance of pure wate , and as fine a lot of orchar s in bearing as there is in the S.ate or the United States ; that we have a soil that will grow practically any thing in reason in the way of semi- tropical products, provided some brains are used in the work. I claim that it is as hard work here to do- hard work as it is anywhere. I claim that it takes, money here as elsewhere to buy land, buy trees, buy stock, and support a family, and that the man who- comes i.ere expecting to do these things without mon- ey and hard work will surely get left. I claim that we have here a good market for every thing produced, and at fair prices ; but one must wear out the soles of his shoes ratlier than the seat of his pants to produce the stuff. I also claim that our trees are fairly break- ing down under iheir load ol fruit, and that we shall need at least 500 workers in our cannerj' to handle it, and -500 m .re more to gather it from the orchards ; and I think I am safe in claiming, aiso, that our broth- er will still be unable to find work that is not " hard and disagreeable." I also claim that every picture shown in the printed matter of Foster & Woodson is a true picture of the scenes here, as I have helped to make most of them ; and I will agree, moreover, to show you each particular .scene, and within four miles of our depot here. Theie is not one idle cirpenter or mason on the colony, and there are not three houses in the place to rent. Come out and see us ; and if you do not buy a piece of land in ^Maywood Colony I think that you'll want to before you leave, and that you will write an apology for publishing the letter in j-our May 1st issue. On the theory that you want to be fair, I suggest that you publish this letter, or as much of it as will contra- dict the letter you gave. Bear in mind, we do not want paupers, cranks, incompetents, or " busted " peo- ple to come here. v\ e want people with some money, some mu.scle, and some brains. If they will come with these requisites they will find here a fruitful val- ley for which God has done more than for nine tenths of the earth, and he expects only that man will do his small share to make of it an abiding-place that will hold him safe from want and care. Come and see us— I make nij- offer in good faith, feeling that I can leave the decision to you with perfect .safety. Very truly, Corning, Cal., May 23. C M. Woodland. We have now given a statement from both sides, and hope the matter may be dropped. I do apologize for not having given a more careful examination of the printed matter sent me, and for not noticing that such a careful periodical as the Sunday School Times had indorsed the colony. Some of our firm may visit the colony before very long. I am sure both of these letters will prove of value to those thinking about seek- ing new homes in far-away lands. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 527 0^^^^ 29 YEARS SELLING DIRECT. i r ip Seat Trap. Price. *iO. fine as sells lor $iO to $50 mure. We are the largest manufacturers of vehicles and harness In the world sell- ing to consumers, and we have b en do- ing business in this way for 2'J years. WE HAVE NO AGENTS but ship anywhere for examination guaranteeintr safedelivery. Youare outnotliingif not satisfied. We moke 195 styles of vehicles and 65 styles ol: harne.'is. Our prices represent the cost of material and maldngr, plus one profit. Our large free eatalotjue shows complete liin- Send \(iv U. No. 153 Top Buffgy has ]4 inch Kelly rubber tires and rubber cov- erel steps. Price, $7.i 00. As^ciod as sells for *40. ID nv re. ^ Elkhart Carriage & Harness Manufacturing Co., Elkhart, I nd. f//e Ideal PiQno Built anticipating the demand of those satisfied with nothing but the best and looking for a piauo of the Highest Artistic Creation Are you consiiierinc the purchase of a piano? Our proposition will i>rnve more en- tertaining than any you huve had. Catalog and Jull infnrmiitinv fri'e Ofi application. THE I>.VtKAKI> CO.MPANY P. O. Ro.t F Fort Wiiyiw. Indiana |;| COTDIO FOR STRENGTH CLtlj I IHU You are through with ^^^^ ■ ■■■*» wagonworry forever when you buy one of our HANDY WAGONS. They carry 40OO lbs. and do >^_,^ it easily, and don't cost a fortune either. Write for the free catalogue. It tells all about this wagon and the famous Electric Wheels. ELECTRIC WHEEL CO., BOX 95, QUINCV, ILLINOIS. BARNES' Hand and Foot Power Machinery. This cut represents our combined circular saxr, which is made for bee- keeper's use in the con- struction of their hives, sections, boxes, etc., etc Machines on Trial. Send for illustrated cata- log and prices. Address W. F. & Jno. Barnes Co., 545 Ruby St., Rockford. : Illinois. SEWS ANYTHING from silk to coars-^^^^5 est fabrics. Theceieura BALL-BEARING ARLINGTON (etiual of any .?40 to $G5 Machin ifuin BALL 0i3tlfS = 260,000 sold BEARI.Vli, hence easT Ouaiantecd for 20 y. Testimonials from ever Write for Free I'atalo^ showing all fltylea and Bampli Arlington puarantee.1 machines from 111.95 up. Onr Aiilomiitie Paliinet at $17.75 Is s wonder. * TASII lit YERS- I MON. Dept. A-345, CHIt'AnO, ILL. — 1 ~ — - - .. _. . .. -~ -. 1 .^ 1 PACE 3 = — - = = £sB Q Umi'ii 1 ' ^^WbitjWj ^t^ »4 p. THE HIRED MAN can do more work on a farm fenced with PAGE. Don't have to repair fence or chase stock. Page Woven Wire Fence Co., Box S, Adrian, Michigan. ^ Special Notice to Bee=keepers I - Root's Supplies at Catalog Prices. SEND FOR CATALOG, F. H. Farmer, Boston, Mass. ^ 182 Friend St., 1st Flight. ^ Fruit Packages of AH Kinds. — ALSO — BEE=KEEPERS' SUPPLIES. . . Order your supplies now before the busy sea.son catches yon. Price list free. Address BERLIN FRUIT-BOX COMPANY, Berlin Heights, - - Erie County, Ohio. 528 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. June 15 Queens! Buy them of H. G. Quirin, the largest queen- breeder in the North. The A. I. Root Co. tells us our stock is extra fine. Editor York, of the Ameri- can Bee Journal, says he has good reports from our stock from time to time, while J. ly. Gandy, of Humboldt, Neb., has secured over 400 lbs. of honey (mostly comb) from single colonies containing our queens. We have files of testimonials similar to the above. Our breeders originated from the highest- priced long - tongued red - clover queens in the United States. Fine queens, promptness, and square dealing have built up our present business, which was es- tablished in 1888. Price of Golden and Leather-colored Queens Before July First. 1 6 12 $1 00 1 50 2 00 4 00 $5 00 8 00 10 50 $ 9 50 15 00 Tested Extra Selected Tested— the best We guarantee safe arrival to any State, conti- nental island, or any European country. Can fill all orders promptly, as we expect to keep three to five hundred queens on hand ahead of orders. Special price on 50 or 100. Circular free. Send all orders to Quirin the Queen=breeder, Post and Money-order Office, Parkertown, Ohio. ■^iX — V.A.I' TEXAS QUEENS!! Fxom the Lone Star Apiaries. G. F. Davidson & Son, prop's, have :nade great prep- arations for the com- ing season to accom- modate their many customers with either lyong-tongue. Import- ed Stock, or Golden Queens. They have bought out the queen- rearing business of O. P. Hyde & Son, Hutto, Texas, and by buying and increasing their number of nuclei, they are better prepared than ever to cater to the trade of the bee-keeping public. One of Root's Long-tongue Breeders; Imported Stock direct from Italy; Goldens from leading queen-breeders. Fine breeders of each of the above have been added to their yards. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaran- teed. .Send for queen circular and price list. We are now prepared to fill orders for Cyprian and Carnio- lan queens. Good strains. Address a. F. Davidson & Son, Box 190, Floresville, Texas. Did You Know That the Long-tongue Red clover Queens are in the lead? Orders are ten to one in their favor. Untested queens after May 1st, 75c; 6 for $4.50; 12 for $8.00; 3-frame nu- cleus and untested queen, $2.75. We are now ready to fill all orders by return mail. Send us your orders and see what fine bees and queens you will get. Or- der from this advertisement and save correspondence. PRESTON STORE & BEE CO., Dority, Preston Co., "W. Va. pOR SALE. — 100 Langstroth winter hives, supers, ' zinc honey-boards, bee-escapes, and feeders. Karl Keim, 149 York .St., Buffalo, N. Y. A Warranted Red=clover Queen, 30 cts. An Offer for New Subscribers. We want to add a lot of new readers to our WEEK- LY AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL list. For that reason we are making those who are not now reading our journal regularly, this liberal offer: Send us SI. 30 and we will mail you the Bee Journal for a whole year, and also one of our WARRANTED LONG-TONGUED- RED-CLOVER QUEENS— untested Italian. We have arranged with one of the oldest and best queen-breeders (having many years' experience) to rear queens for us this season. His bees average quite a good deal the longest tongues of any j-et measured. The breeder he will use is direct from Italy, having imported her himself. Her worker-bees are large, somewhat leather-colored, very gentle, and scarcely requiring veil or smoke. They stored red-clover honey last season. All queens guaranteed to arrive in good condition, and all will be clipped unless other- wise ordered. They will be mailed in rotation, begin- ning about June 1st, so " first come, first served." Headquarters in Chicago for Root's Bee-supplies at Root's Prices. . . . A free catalog and a sample of the American Bee Journal on request. George W. Yorl^ & Co., Chicago, 111, 144-146 Erie Street. HONEY QUEENS I Laws' Long°tongue Leather Queens. Laws' Improved Golden Queens. Laws' Holy Land Queens. Laws' queens are the standard-bred queens of Amer- ica. The largest honey-producers use them and praise them. Laws' queens go everywhere, and can furnish you a queen every month in the year. Four apiaries. Queens bred in their purity. Prices, October to April: Tested or untested, $1.00 each ; 6 for $5.00. Breeders, none better, $:i.00 each. Address W. H. Laws, Beeville, Texas. Imp't'd Queens Direct from Italy Please send us your address on a postal card, and we will send you our price list of queens, written in Eng- lish. Our motto: "Whatsoever ye would that men should do to vou, do ye even so to them." Address Malan Brothers. - . . . Queen-breeders, " Apiario," Luserna, San Giovanni, Italy. Queens for June and July, 60c. Abbott L. Swinson, queen specialist, will mail war- ranted American Albino Italians (best bees known) to introduce the stock, at 60 cts. each; $6.00 per dozen. Everybody try them, and get the bee you need. SWINSON & BOARDMAN, Box 358, Macon, Ga. WOKTHERN-BRED Red-clover Italian Queens, bred for business by the best methods and from the best red- clover strains; honey-gathering and wintering qualities the prime object. Queens by return mail. Untested $1.00 to July 1st; after then, 75c. Tested, $'2.00 and $L50. Send for descriptive circular and price list. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 529 I in? WING ORGANS. We make the Wing- Organs and sell them ourselves. They go direct from FACTORY TO HOME. We do not employ agents or sales- men. When you buy a Wing Organ, you pay the actual cost of making it and our small wholesale profit. This profit that we charge is very small be- cause of the large number of org-ans we sell. A single agent or dealer sells very few organs in a year and has to charge a large profit. You Save from $50 to $150 buying- an organ direct from factory. Sent on Trial. We Pay Freight. No Money in Advance. WE will send a Wing Organ to any part of the United States on trial. We pay all freight charges in advance. We deliver the organ to your railroad depot free of expense to you. We do not ask for any advance payment or deposit. You can try the organ right in your home for 20 days, and if not sat- isfactory to you we will take it back entirely at our expense. You pay us noth- ing unless you keep the organ. There is absolutely no risk or expense to you. EASY - MONTHLY - PAYMENTS. Thirty- four years' experience enables us to guarantee every Wing Organ for twelve years against any defect in tone, action, workmanship, or material. Wing Organs need absolutely no tuning. They have a sweet tone, easy action, very handsome case. CATALOG. — A beautiful catalog of Wing Organs, con- taining half-tone pictures, will be sent free if you write. 1868- -Thirty=fourth Year- -1902. Wing & Son, New York City, 164=166 East Twelfth Street. Wing r)5^ j__^ are sold direct from the factory at a saving of from $100 r IdllUo to $200. They are sold on easy monthly payments. Sent on trial without any advance payment or deposit. Over 33,000 have been sold in the last 34 years. A book of information, contain- ing 116 pages, sent free, if you will write to WiNG & Son, at the above address. 530 Advanced-^ Bee C\ilt\ire ^ ^ ^ The new edition is now out. It contains loo pages ; is well illus- trated— some of the pictures being colored plates on enameled paper — and describes some of the most advanced methods of management from one end of the year to the other; 31 chapters being devoted to as many prominent features of bee-keeping. Price 50 cts.; or the Bee-Keepers' Review and the book one year for only $1.25. W. Z. Hutchinson, Flint, Michigan. Strong Testimony in Favor of Moore's Strain of Italians Prot. Frank Benton, of Washington, D. C, whose name is familiar to all progressive apiarists, says : " I have several times, in the course of correspon- dence, and in conversing with beekeepers, had occa- sion to answer the question : ' Where can the best Ital- ians be got? ' It is, perhaps, not an easy thing to say, with certain' y. but at least I have felt I might be able to tell where GOOD ones could be obtained. A num- ber have been referred to you, for, although I have not tested your stock personally, I thought I knew pretty well, from general reputation, its character. A bee keeper near here— Mr. Geo. A. I^anphear, of Vien- na, Va. — who got some queens of you on my recom- mendation is so well pleased with them— in fact, gives your bees such a good recommendation to me For gentleness and working qualities, particularly their working on red clover, that I thought I would like to try some myself." I was not aware that Prof Benton was recommend- ing my stock until I received the above letter. Such testimony as this certainly has great weight, and shows why my business hasgrown so fast. Prices for daughters of mv 2;i-100 breeder, the prize- winner, and other choice "breeders : Untested, |1.00 each ; six. $.5.00 : dozen, Jit.OO. Select uutested, $1.25 each: six. Sti 00; dozen, $11 00. Safe arrival and satis- faction guaranteed. Send for descriptive circular. My 23-100 breeder was awarded a $25.00 prize by The A. I. Root Co. for producing bees showing the longest tongue-reach on record. Competition wa^ open to the whole world. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. June 15 J. P. Moore, L Box I, Morgan, Kentucky. Pendleton County. NOT PRETTY BUT GOOD.... That's what my strain of Italians are; gentle prolific, and great honey gatherers and breeders. One colony gathered 521 lbs. extracted last season. Drones from Moore's strain, untested, 75c; select untested, $1.00. Send money bv money order or registered letter to T. H. Trice, Box 53, New Providence, Montgomery Co., Tenn. PACE ^ LYON, New London, Wisconsin, MANUFACTURERS OF AND DEALERS IN . . . BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES. . . Send for Our Free New Illustrated Catalog and Price List ICHIGAN HEADQUARTERS FOR C. B. Lewis Co.'s Bee-keepers' Supplies, Dadant's Foundation. We have the largest stock of supplies io the State. Can ship on one day's notice. Send for our 48-pag-e illustrated catalog' and give us a trial order. L.C. Woodman, Grand Rapids, Micti. HONEY QUEENS FROM TEXAS. I can furnish queens of 6 different races, all bred in their purity in separate yards from 0 to 25 miles apart. Untested queens, 7o cts. to $1.00 each. Tested queens- of either race. 81.50 to $;5.00 each. Breeders, $3..50 to $5 each. Bees bj' the pound, and 1, 2, and 3 frame nuclei a specialty. Prices cheap. Quoted on application. Price list free. Will Atchley, Box79,Beeville, Bee Co.,Tex. Italian Queens in the State of Washington Untested, 75c.; tested, $1.25. I raise all my queens by the swarming method. Had many j'ears' experience. You can't get better queens. Produce good workers. Robert Mirring, Dryad, Lewis County, Washington. HONEY-QUEENS bred from the I,aws strain. Un- tested, 7oc; tested, $1.00; selected tested, $1.50; extra selected tested, $2.00; breeders, $2.50 to 5.00. None better. H. C. Triesch, Jr., Dyer, Ark. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 531 A ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ Famous Italian Queens. Buckeye Strain of Three-banded Long--tong'ues are wonderful honey- g-atherers. One customer boug-ht 10 dozen. Just think of it. He boug-ht a few last season as a trial. Muth's Strain of Golden Italians. As tine as mone}' can bu3^ Either of the above by return mail, 75c each, six forS4.00; selected tested — best money can buy — $1.50. Full line of finest Dovetailed Hives and Supplies. Send for catalog-. The Fred W. Muth Co., Front and Walnut Streets, Cincinnati, 0. ♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦ Until you see our 42d annual catalog^. A full line of hives and fixtures best adapt- ed to our New England Climate. Also best brands of Comb Foundation and Section Boxes. We have also made arrangements to keep a general stock of THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY'S GOODS AT THEIR PRICES ! Parties desiring these goods can get them of us, and save freight charges. Bees, queens, and nucleus colonies from the VERY BEST STRAINS in America. A 40 - page illustrated catalog sent free. W. W. Gary & Son, LYONSVILLE, MASS. NONE BUT THE BEST QUEENS ARE GOOD ENOUGH FOR ANY ONE. No bee-keeper wants to give hive room to inferior bees. The best queens fill their hives w^ith brood. The best bees fill their supers with honey. Every bee- keeper knows this, but does not know that our strain of Italians are in the lead. Try them. You will not be disappointed. Choice tested queens, 81.00 each. Untested, 75c; S8.00 per doz. Send for price list. J. W. K. SHAW & CO., Loreauville, La. POULTRY PAPER 3 Honths and book, "Plans for Poultry-houses," 10 cts. Paper one .vear and book,'^ cts, if you mention Gleanings (reg. price. 50 cts). Inland Poultry Journal, Indianapolis, Indiana. Root's Bee -supplies for the South Atlantic States at Root's Prices. Quick Shipments and Low Freiglit Rates. We call your attention to our one-horse Winner Wagon, Star Forcefeed Wheelbarrow Clover- seeder, Pea-threshers, and the Buffalo Pitts Harrows. We also carry a full line of the most approved Fami Imple- ments, etc. Send for calEilog H Rawlings Implement Co., 209 South Charles Street, Baltimore, • - • Maryland. ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ I White Wyandottes ! } J Bred from Duston's best. Stock and eggs ♦ . for sale in sea.son. Satisfaction guar uitred. J J* J. F. MOORE, : TIFFIN, OHIO. I ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ BELGIAN HARES \ With every hare sold goes a full pedigree. register number, and score-card, scored by an official judge. Does will be bred to one of our famous high - scoring bucks free. Write for book. Mgr. of The A. I. Hoot Co, J. B. MASON, MECHANIC FALLS, MAINE. 532 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. June 15 10 CENTS That's all it costs to get acquainted with the Rocky Mountain Bee Journal. We want to send it on trial to every reader of Gleanings Three Months for 10 cts. This vigorous young month- ly has just entered its second year on a paying basis, and has become the recognized mouthpiece of the bee- keepers of the great Rocky Mountain alfalfa regions. Address The Rocky Mountain Bee Journal, Box 611. Boulder. Colorado. Why not Give Your Bees a Chance ? Get rid of those queens whose colonies do nothing, and get good ones. My customers think my queens are good ones. F. L. Craycraft, Havana, Cuba, has tested 300, and this season has bought 300 more. I am breeding to Golden strain of Italians. Mailed promptly at these prices: One choice select warranted, $1.00; six for $5.00. Warranted, 7.5c; si.x for $1.00. Send for cir- cular. J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Florida. TERRACE QUEENS. Bred from selected stock; best of workers; very gentle, and fine color. Warranted, $1; six for $5.00; tested, $1.25; before July first. Harold Horner, Terrace Apiary, Mt. Holly, N. J. New Self-sealing Honey-pails six sizes; sample by mail, 10 cts. Send for price list. R. H. SMITH, St. Thomas, - Canada. Minnesota Bee-keepers' Supply Mfg. Co., Manufacturers of Bee-hives, Sections, Shipping-cases, and Everything Used by Bee-keepers. Orders filled promptly. We have the best shipping facilities in the world. You will save money by send- ing for our price list. Address Minnesota Bee=lceepers* Supply JVlfg. Co., Nicollet Island Power Building, Minneapolis, Minn. VANDE VORD rears Golden queens from the best honey strains ; untested (from an extra choice Doo- little breeder) 75c, or 3 for $2.00; tested, $1.25 each. Geo. J. Vande Vord, Daytona, Fla. POR SALE.— Italian bees; full colonies, $4.00; three- ' frame, with queen, $2.25; two-frame, with queen, $2.00; one-frame, with queen, $1.50; queens, $1.00. Mrs. a. A. Simpson, Swarts, Pa. T^fxf Q«]|a Fine, carefully reared, Italian queens, * ^'^ OtllC. from choice honey-gathering strains. Tested queens, 81.25; Select tested, $2; untested queens, after June 10, 75 cts. each. Safe arrival guaranteed. EARl, Y. SAFFORD, Salem, N. Y. QUEENS AND NUCLEI.— Untested queens, either 3 or 5 banded, 75c; 6 for S4.25. Tested, $1.00 and up. Nucleus, including untested queen, 2-fr., $2.50; 3-fr., $3.25; 4 fr., 8:175. Chas. H. Thies, Steeleville, 111. The Best Stock. I have had 18 years' experience in the production of honey, and during that time I have always tried to improve my stock by buying queens from breeders who breed for honey-gathering instead of color; then, by crossing these different strains, and selecting the best, and breeding from them, I have secured a strain of stock that is the equal of any for honey-gathering. I have a queen from the stock of J. F. Mclntj^re that filled supers when other stocks were starving. This year I am breeding from a daughter of Root's famous $200 queen, and from the stock of J. P Moore. War- ranted queens, in any quantity, will be sold at 55 cts. each, and satisfaction will be guaranteed in every case, or money will be refunded. L. H. Rotaey, Worthington, W. Va. the fatherland of Columbus, is the same of the best honey-bee. Best select long-tongued young tested Italian Queens, $2; extra select breeding queens (one vear old, worth $10), $:100; by return mail. Address with mention of Gleanings, BIAGGI ANTHONY, Pedevilla, near Bellinzona, Italian Switzerland. RED-CLOVER QUEENS. See my Advertisemeut in Gleanings June 1st. lyook it up. It will pay you big. G. ROUTZAHN. MEN ALLEN. PA. RUBBER STAMPS. Send us 25 ctR. for rear's sub to our 16-p. monthly journal and we will mail you FREE as a premium a two-line Rubber Stamp, or two one-line Stamps, to print any wording you want. The Farm and Poultry News, Mlddlesboro, Ky. /yiACHlNERY FOR SALE,— Comprising one power ^'*- screw and gear cutting lathe having 6-foot bed, and swinging lOJ^ inches, with wood and steel turning attachments aud tools; one blacksmith's drill-press, drilling IJ^-inch hole 8 inches from post, with numer- ous drills, taps, and dies; one combination power saw- table and saws; pulleys, shafting, etc. All for $120.00 cash, or offers, f. o. b. Two solar wax-extractors at $1.00 each. Bee-books cheap. W. J. FINCH, Jr., Carlinville, 111. B^^ ^mt^0^ _ Barns of plank save timber CSl B^ 11 ^3 and cash. Neatest, cheap- —————^^^^-^-^^— est, strongest, most desir- able. .5000 in 42 Slates. Tested for 20 years. Indorsed by agricultural colleges and scientific'men. Book for stamp. Shawver Brothers, Bellefontaine, Ohio. pOR SALE.— 50 colonies hybrid bees in fair home- *^ made hives; Hoffman frames; $2.75 each; $2.50 for ten or more. G. I,. Ellis, Millsboro, Del. jiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiink i ROOT'S: iGOODS! IN CENTRAL, MICHIGAN. Best = goods; best shipping-point; cheap- z est place to buy in state. Try me. S i,ist. "7!. S. Soper, Rt. 3, Jackson, Uich. = niiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiir |{ You Want Root's Goods we have them at Root's prices. Also A B C in Bee Culture — one of the best books printed on bees. Catalog free. Address as below. D. Cooley & Son, Kendall, Mich. Do You Read the Modern Farmer? If not, why not ? Perhaps you have never seen a copy. If not, send for one now — it's free. Send us lo cents and the names and addresses of five farmers and we will send you the paper one year. Clubbed with this paper. Write for price. Address MODERN FARMER, - St. Joseph, Missouri. ^EA=SHELLS.— Gilbert -Warner, Palma Sola, Fla., ^ sends 12 nice shells postpaid for 15 cts. Extra shell if you mention Gleanings. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 533 NO. 2 SECTIONS. We are oversold on most sizes of No. 2 sections ex- cept four openings in 2 inch and 1},';, which we can re- duce to narrower width. We also have a surplus of 4^x11^ plain; 35^x5x1^ plain, and Danz. 4x6.xl?8 plain. If you can use any of these we can ship them prompt- ly- BEESWAX LO'WER. Until further notice we will pay 28 cts. cash, or 30 in trade, for average wax delivered here. As we antici- pated, wax has been coming our way more freely as the season advances. We have about enough on hand and on the way to finish this season's trade in foundation. Price will likely be marked still lower next month. BUSINESS STILL BOOMING. We started last week running our section machinery up till midnight to increase the output of sections to keep pace with the orders. We are making some gains on the orders, and hear from some of our agents and dealers that they are nearly caught up. We still have ten days' to two weeks' work ahead of us, and orders are coming in quite freely yet. We are doing our utmost to get caught up by July ist. Kind Words from our Customers. I do not wish Gleanings to stop, as I can not do without it. It is, to the very last word in it, brimful of good reading. It has saved me many times its cost in the information I have always found in it. Pentz, Pa., May 23. J. B. Hollopeter. There are two things I am feeling especially happy about. One is my new secretary made of poli.shed oak. The other is that fountain pen you .sent me. I wonder you don't get more " Kind Words " in regard to them. It is worth a "big lot " to me to escape the thralldoni of the ink-bottle. Since the pen and I have got "acquainted" with each other we agree to a "dot " without any "blots " anywhere around. Bingham, Mich., May 29. A. I. Root. Convention Notices. JOINT bee-keepers' CONVENTION. The National Bee-keepers' Association and the Colorado State Bee-keepers' Association will hold a big joint convention in the Colorado State capitol, at Denver, on Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday Sep- tember 3, 4. and 5, 1902 There will be an exhibition of bee-products and bee-appliances, with liberal pre- miums. All bee-keepers are urged to prepare to make attractive exhibits. For particulars write to Fred L,. Stone, R. D., l,ongmont, Col. CENTRALVEREIN FUER BIENENZUCHT IN OESTER- REICH. • An International Exhibition in Bee-keeping will be held at Vienna, on the festival of Easter, 1903, arrang- ed by the Central Association of Bee-keepers. It is intended to exhibit bees, hives, instruments, products, books, etc. Information can be received from the Centralverein fuer Bienenzucht in Osterreich, at Vien- na, Austria, I. Schauflergasse, No. 6. Union Combination Saw For Ripping, Cross- cutting, Rabbeting, Mitering, Grooving, Gaining, Boring, Scroll- sawing, Edge - moulding. Beading. Full line Foot \'| I,"- and Hand Power machin- ,„_^fcS:^Ll erv. Sfnd for raialoz A. '^^^^1^''^^ SENECA FALLS MFC. CO., 11 Water St , Seneca Fa., N,7 Built for Long Service FROM THREE FACTORIES We ship direct to tl>e consumer We make the most reliable line of vehicles, harness, etc., to he ^.r-rlB" found anywhere and sell a'X^V^te^ the lowest wholexaic prices fS^f^jj^^ We Handle No Wl^^^ Low-Grade Work. V}Q^A> strong, durable material and good honest workm.inship m»ke our vehicles and harness outlast two of the ordinary kind. WritP J>t flnPO f'"" ""■■ ^"•"■'•n'ecd freiL-ht ehart-fs to your ff 1 lie a I UIIUC station on any vehicle. C.irts from $11. UO to $38.7fj; Koad Wagons from $J8. 90 to »J0.5 00; .Buggios f rom $36 to$S2 45; Surreys from $52.20 to $120.12; Spring Wagons from $37.r,n to $112 ;,(); Farm Wagons from S31..W to $tl5 65; Single Harness from $1 mi to $20.20; Farm harness from $12.80 to $39.00 WP ^PNn FRPF '■*'* '"'^^""t illmtrated Vehicle and Har. fiC OLIlU rriLL ne»» eatalop erer Isiaed. Send for it. «A8H BUTEKS' UHION, Uept. £-846, OUICAOO. To make cows pay, use Sharpies Cream Separators, book " Business Dairying " & cat. 288 free. W. Chester, Pa. Wants and Exchange. Notices will be inserted under this head at 10 cts. per line. You must SAT you want your adv't in this department, or we will not be responsible for any error. You can have the no- tice as many lines as you please ; but all over ten lines will cost you according to our regular rates. We can not be re- sponsible for dissatisfaction arising from these " swaps." w w ANTED. — To sell four hundred worker-combs in Simplicity frames, at 10 cts. each. I,. D. Gale, Stedtnan, N. Y. WANTED.— One dollar for 15 W. P. Rock eggs; S3.00 for 50, or 85.00 for 100; from 93 to 95 scoring birds; cockerels and pullets, $1.00 each; 75 cts. for one Golden Italian queen, or $8.00 per dozen — after August 1st, 50c each or $5.00 per dozen. Geo. W. Cook, Spring Hill, Kansas. ANTED. — Bee-keepers to study our advertisement and testimonial of queens in April 1st Gleanings. R. F. HoLTERMANN, Manager Bee Department, Bow Park Co., I,imited, Brantfoid, Canada. YI^ANTED.— To sell bees and queens. Also putty- '" knife with iron handle and strong steel blade — just the thing for prying and scraping about hives, etc., 1.5c postpaid. O. H. Hyatt, Shenandoah, la. \V ANTED. — To sell for cash, 5gal. square tin cans, ""^ used for honey, at about half price of new cans. Also elegant exhibition 12-lb. nodnp honey-cases for plain Danz. and -i^X^]^ sections; made for Pan-Amer- ican. For prices, etc., address Orel I,. Hershiser, 301 Huntington Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. \VANTED. — To exchange Atnerican Eclipse evaporat- '" or— contains 78 reversible trays, 7 square feet each — for bees or offers, or will sell cheap for cash. Also want location for bee-yard in the buckwheat di.s- trict, either West Virginia, Pennsylvania, or Maryland. Reinhard Stehle, Marietta, Ohio. VVANTED. — A buyer for a quantity of honey-cans ' ' that have been used once. Write for particulars to I,. C. Woodman, Grand Rapids. Mich. \V ANTED. — To sell a number of hives and frames, ' ' full of comb, on wire, built on foundation, all in L,ang.stroth size, and in good order, ahso Barnes foot- power saw, etc. Reason for selling, have quit the bee- business. Address for information, Jake Everman, North Middletown, Ky. WANTED.— To sell June and July eggs from pure B. P. Rocks at two sittings for $1.00. Order direct. G. M. Ranum, Perry. Wis. WANTED.— $5.00 each for Spaniel puppies; brown with white nia kings; hand.somest and most af- fectionate house and children's dog; sire and dam highbred, very gentle, and intelligent. Choice O. T. C. pigs same price at (i weeks. Myron C. S.^kford, Mt. SafFord F'arm, Salem, N, Y. 534 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. June IS Now ^ ^ t^ Ready ! Sixty-four Page Catalog of every thing- bee-keepers need. ♦ Illustrated and fully described. ^ Especially valuable to beg-in- ^ ners for the information it con- tains. Send your address on a postal and get it now. Estab- lished 1884. J* M. Jenkins^ Wctumpka^ Elmore Co., Ala, >♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ QUEENS, QUEENS Old Standbys.— The A. I. Root Co., to whom we have sold queens for many years, wrote us last May, inus : "Are you running low on queens? We hop« not, as you seem to be our standbys. Send us 24 pel week instead of 12, till further orders." Beat Any Thing He ever Saw.— The Cyprian queens you sent me last year beat any thing I ever saw rear- ing brood and filling their hives with honey.— T Niel- son, Huntington, Utah, Sept. 4, 1901. Is Great.— The nucleus you sent me last fall is great —the finest queen that ever crossed the plains Please duplicate her this time. Mr. Jordan says the nucleus you sent him cast two fine swarms.— G R. Warren, Fruitvale, Cal., May 12, 1901. $50 Queens.— My nice queen that you sent me and I put in a hive with a handful of bees on the 6th day of last June, has now nearly filled her 30-lb. super foi the third time. No man's $50.00 bill could take her. Please send me another one like her as soon as possi- ble, and keep a dozen ready for nie like her for the 20th of April next, and I will make you a nice present — M. Brown, Station A, Uttle Rock, Ark. We breed Italians, Cyprians, Holylands, Carniolans, and Albinos, in separate yards, 5 to 20 miles apart. Prompt service. Safe arrival guaranteed. Bees by the pount, nucleus, full colony, or by the carload. Prices : Tested, $1.50 each ; $8.00 for six ; $15.00 pel dozen. Untested, February, March, April, May «1 0« sach; $5.00 for six ; $9.00 per dozen. Fine breeders f5.00 each. Send for our catalog, free by mail; tells how to rear queens and how to keep bees for profit. Agents for Dadant's Foundation and Gleanings. Premiums given. Don't fail to get our printed matter. It's AI,!, free. Bee-supplies of all kinds. The Jennie Atchley Co., Beeville, Tex- BEE-SUPPLIES. ir-iiifM.- KretGhmer Mfs:. Co., Box 60, Red Oak, la. Best-equipped factory in the West ; car- ry a large stock and greatest variety of every thing needed in the apiarv, assur- ing BEST goods at the LOWEST prices, and prompt shipment. We want every bee-keeper to have our FREE ILLUS- TRATED CATALOG, and read descrip- tion of Alternating Hives, Ferguson Su- pers, etc. Write at once for a catalog. AGENCIES Trester Supply Company, Lincoln, Neb. vShugart & Ouren, Council Bluffs, la. Chas. Spangler, Kentland, Ind. BINGHAM SMOKER. Dear Sir:— Inclosed find $1.75. Please ■end ene brass smoke-engine. I hare en* already. It is the be.st smoker I eTernsed. Truly yours, Henbt Schmidt, Hutto, Tex. MADE TO ORDER Bingham Brass Smokers, Made of sheet brass, which does not rust or burn out; should last a lifetime. You need one, but they cost 25 cts. more than tin of the same size. The little open cut shows our brass hinge put on the three larger sizes. No wonder Bingham's four-inch smoke-engine goes without puffing, and does not drop inky drops. The perforat- ed steel fire-grate has 381 holes to air the fuel and support the fire. Heavy tin smoke-engine, 4-inch stove, per mail, $1.50; 3^-inch, $1.10; 3-inch, $1.00; 2i4-inch, 90c; 2-inch, tioc. Bingham smokers are the originals, and have all the improvements, and have been the standard of excellence for 23 years. Only three larger ones brass. T. F. Bingham, Farwell, Michigan. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 539 Contents of this Number. Advanced Bee Culture 551 Asphalt King 501 Apis Mellifica 567 Apium Virum 567 Bee in Sarcophagus 5-lo Bees at World's Fair 551 Bees Shipped with Horses iu Car 566 Bees, l,ong-tongued, Gerstung ou 5-15 Bee-growers 551 Bee-keeper, Millionaire 561 Bee-keepers' Associations, Benefits of 546 Bee-smoker, Knapsack 567 Bee-spaces 550 Bisulphide of Carbon 568 Bleaching, Value of 544 Blood win Tell 56S Cell-dipping 564 Clover, Sweet, as Restorative of Soils.... 544 Cockroaches 56S Danzenbaker, Mrs., Death of 551 Dialogue, Daily 560 Doctoring without Medicine 569 Drones, Markings of .566 Extractor, Mclntj're's .555 Formalin for Foul Brood 544 Frames, Closed-end .5.50 General Manager, Who is? .553 Hives, Shallow, Morrison on 563 Honey, Prospects of 553 Honey-house, Palm .559 Jouncer, Rambler's 553 Manual, Cook's .551 Queens whose Bees Winter 567 Queens, Rearing, to Italianize Apiary .546 Queen-rearing ,564 Rambler and Two Harrys 5.5S Sage, Black .555 Sladen's Visit to Medina 546 Spraying to Thin Fruit 544 Swarming, Sure Preventive of .545 Swarthmore's Reply to Queen Breeder 548 Texas as a Bee-state .562 Tobacco Question .568 Wax in Cell-bottoms .543 Honey Column. GKADING-RULES. Fancy.— All sections to be well tilled, combs straight, firm- ly attached to all four sides, the combs unsoiled by travel- stain or otherwise ; all the cells sealed except an occasional cell, the outside surface of the wood well scraped of propolis. A No. 1. — All sections well filled except the row ol cells next to the wood ; combs straight ; one-eighth part of comb surface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soiled ; the out- side of the wood well scraped of propolis. No. 1.— All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs comparatively even ; one-eighth part of comb surface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soiled. No. 2.— Three-fourths of the total surface must be filled and sealed. No. 3.— Must weigh at least half as much as a full-weight section. In addition to this the honey is to be classified according to color, using the terms white, amber, and dark ; that is, there will be " Fancy White," " No. 1 Dark," etc. CITY MARKETS. Denver. — There is very little demand for last sea- son's comb honey now, and prices have to be shaded in order to effect sales. No. 1 comb, J2.40(r(S2.65 per case of 24 sections; off grades and partlv candied, $1.75 @%t 00. Extracted No. 1 white, 7(&>7}^. ' Beeswax, 24@ 27, and .scarce. Colorado Honey-Prodvcers' Ass'n, June 21. 1440 Market St., Denver, Col, Philadelphia. — No comb honey in this market at present. While producers are offering some new crop extracted honey, there has been none shipped as yet. We quote California in carload lots at 5^^^; in small way, 7; white clover, 7(3j8. We are producers of hon- ey, and do not handle on commission. Wm. A. Selser, June 19. 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa. San Francisco.— Comb honey, 10@12. Extracted, water-white, 5K@6^ ; light amber, 4@5^ ; dark, 4@5. Beeswax, 27J^@30. E. H. Schaeffle, June 13. Murphys, Calif. Cincinnati.— There is hardly any change in the honey market. Comb is not moving "much, and what- ever is left can be bought at cut rates. Water white is selling at \\ -t m z •D o O > 09 H n > n r 1 o o C9 •a « -^ (/) (Ji s o ■o n V) $lQaeenfor25c To a New Subscriber. We will send a Warranted Purely Mated Italian Queen with the Weekly American Bee Journal one year to a new subscriber — both for only ."SI. '^5. This is a great combination, when you can get $2.00 worth for .?1.2o. The Queen will be sent promptly, almost by return mail. Our Queens are fine. Price of one Queen alone, $1.00; 3 for $2, 35; or 6 for $4.00. But you'd better have the American Bee Journal for a year with one queen at $1.25 for the two. Address as below. Address all Orders to GEORGE W. YORK & CO., 144 & 146 Erie Street, CHICAGO ILL. y& -'<^ 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 541 Gleanings in Bee Culture [Established in 1873.] Devoted to Bees, Honey, and Home Interests. Published Semi-monthly by The A. I. Root Co., - - Medina, Ohio. A. I. ROOT, Editor of Home and Gardening Dep'ts. E. R. ROOT, Editor of Apicultural Dept. J. T. CALVERT, Bus. Mgr. A. X,. BOYDEN, Sec. TERMS. Sl.OO per annum ; two years, $1.50; three years, $2.00; five years, $3.00, in advance; or two copies to one address, $1.50 ; three copies. $2.00 ; five copies, $3.75. The terms apply to the United States, Canada, and Mexico. To all other countries 48 cents per year extra for postage. DISCONTINUANCES. The journal is sent until orders are received for its discontinuance. We give notice just before the subscription expires, and fur- ther notice if the first is not heeded. Any subscribe whose subscription has expired, wishing "his journal discontinued, will please drop us a card at once; other- wise we shall assume that he wishes his journal con- tinued, and will pay for it soon. Any one who does not like this plan may have his journal stopped after the time paid for by making this request when ordering. RATES OF ADVERTISING. These will be fur- nished on application. Mr. A. I. Root's Writings of Grand Traverse territory and Leelanau Co. are descriptive of Michigan's most beautiful section reached most conveniently via the Pere Marquette R. R. For pamphlets of Michigan farm lands and the fruit belt, address J. E. Merritt, Manistee, Michigan, DITTIVIER'S FOUNDATION. Retail — Wholesale — Jobbing. Having increased my shop -room, put in power and a new set of ma- chines, I am now producing a better article than ever, with unlimited ca- pacity to meet orders. I use a proce.ss that produces every essential neces- sary to make it the best and most de- sirable in all respects. My process and automatic machines are my own inventions, which enable me to sell foundation, and WORK WAX INTO FOUNDATION FOR CASH, at prices that are the lowest. I make a specialty of working up Wholesale and Jobbing Lots of was into foundation, for cash. If you have wax by the 100 lbs. or ton, let me hear from you. Catalog giving Full Line of Supplies with prices and samples, :?ree upon application. BEESWAX WANTED. ^ Gus. Dittmer, i Augusta, - Wisconsin. 1200 FERRETS. Angora Goats All sizes; some trained; first- class stock. New price list N. A. KNAPP, Rochester, Lorain Co., Ohio. are handsome, hardy, profitable. Prize stock ; low price ; circular. Ed. W. Cole & Co., Kenton, O. »♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ I Marshfield Manufacturing Company, i Our specialty is making SECTIONS, and they are the best in the market. ♦ Wisconsin b'asswood is the right kind for them. We have a full line of # BEE - SUPPIvIES. Write for FREE illustrated catalog and price list. ^ Marshfield Manufacturing Company, Marshfield, Wisconsin. »♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦» ijniiniiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiMMniiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniii^ 1 1. J.Stringhatn, New York City | I 105 Park Place. | E We keep in stock two or three carloads of Apiarian = = Supplies, and fill orders promptly. For regular goods = = orders are filled within one or two days. 5 E Stock is made up of a large variety of Hives, Sections, = E etc. Silk-faced veil, 35c. Tested Italian Qaeens, $1.25 ; = E untested, 85c. Catalog free. Apiaries, Glen Cove, L. I. | ^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ 542 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. July 1 gHNiHwmmmiHiMiimimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimimiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNin I The A. I. Root Co., Philadelphia, Pa. | I 10 Vine Street. | I Full line of all supplies manufactured by us. | i Low freight and steamship rates to all points on | = Atlantic Coast. Order early, be ready for spring. I I I iitiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim^ $ Orders Shipped Promptly. I ^ We are runnin.a- our larire factory and shipping'- ^ ^ department DAY and NIGHT, aad are therefore m^ ■ in position to mike prompt shipment of orders. X * ^ * * ^ Lewis White Polished Sections are Perfect. Last winter's cut of Wis- ^ consin basswood is the whitest we have ever seen. When you order vj^ No. 1 Sections from us you wiU get a strictly No. 1 grade in both ^^ •^- workmanship and color. ■^ ^^ Our Bee=hives are made of a fine grade of lumber and are perfect in work- ^^ A^ mauship. A full line of every thing needed in the apiary ready for A^ "y^ prompt shipment. Catalog mailed on application. yj^ •^- A Suggestion. Do not put your money into new-fafigled bee-hives, but y^ vhr bu}' a simple, serviceable, and well-made hive such as the regular ^>r^ 'I* Dovetailed Hive, arranged for beeway sections. Honey-producers 'K ■^ in Colorado, one of the largest honey-producing sections in the -^ j,•><»<•»• > ■ RAMBLE 205. The Two Harrys; Learning Spanish ; Coggshail's Honeyhouse ; the Honey=flow in Cuba ; Hunting Alligators. BY RAMBLER. I knew I should have a real g-ood time with the two Harrys (Harry Howe and Harry Beaver), for you know they are from New York, and all New Yorkers are jolly good fellows. As before published, Harry Howe has ta- ken to his home one of the fair daughters of Cuba, and proposes to make his residence and his fortune in Cuba; and it is a fact that his residence has a very homelike ap- pearance— much more so than the homes of those bee-men who are baching or are allow- ing their culinary matters to be conducted by^Cuban or colored help. Harry Beaver has this happy example alwaj's before him for he boards and lodges under the same roof; and there is no telling when another of Cuba's fair daughters will be keeping house for another "Americano." Although the two Harrys have separate interests they "exchange work" a good share of the time, and that is a very agree- able feature, especially where one or both are not familiar with the Spanish lan- guage. Harry Howe is quite proficient, however, in the language; and all new comers who are bachelors are advised to do as did Harry Howe — get married; for, by so doing, the learning of the language would be hastened. Any way, we will al- low Harry Beaver to work out his own des- tiny with the fair sex while we proceed to show one of the Coggshall apiaries over which he presides. It is nicely located within a stone's throw of the calzada, a few kilometers west of Artamisa. There is nothing' unsual about it except those noble palm-trees in the background, and the palm honej'-house. The door to this house had a large hole in it, and it was hung on one hinge, or, rather, tied with a string at the bottom. I had to prop it to make it stay put for the photo. I saw the lightning op- erators at work here, and they considered the door of such little use that it was left wide open, and hanging by one hinge — string. Afterward I passed the apiary when the Harrys were not there, and took a photo of the interior. The extractor and wheelbar- row were tipped up sidewise to allow the bees free access for cleaning up things. Those barrels, or bocoys, are ever present in a honey-house in Cuba, and are filled rapidl}'. I would call attention, also, to the open work at the other end of the house. Now, you must not think that Harr}' Bea- ver is at all remiss in his duties. He is not. He follows the instructions of Mr. Coggshall, and he alone is to blame for such an open-work honey-house. Another apiary, further along on the calzada, is supplied with the same sort of honey-house, or more so, if any thing. Now that I feel myself evened up with Coggshall and his sack of fleas I will proceed to say that the Coggshall extractor is used, and this was COGGSHALL'S LOS MANGUS APIARY. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 559 my first experience with it. It certainly has some good features about it. It re- volves very easily, and allows the accumu- THE HARRYS AND THE COCOANUTS. lation of 200 or 300 lbs. of honey below the comb-basket. The honey, if not drawn off too rapidly, is quite free from particles of comb, etc. ; and as there is no use of being- very particular about it the honey can go directly into the bocoy. As a rule, honej' here is more limpid than in California; and the particles of comb, etc., that are in the hone}' come to the sur- face quickly; and where the thick honey would need careful straining, this honey will pass without it. As I stated while with Mr. Somerford, the honey-flow is rapid during the winter months, and the bees accumulate it with no desire to swarm. The queen is crowded down to a mere hand- breadth of brood, and to a de- cided detriment to the further production of honey. There is not the working force necessa- ry, and one of the problems of Cuban bee-keeping is a manip- ulation that will keep the hive well filled with a workingforce. In April, after the main hon- ey-flow, there is another phase and problem. Honey still comes in, but now the queen keeps ahead of the bees ; and as the days lengthen, the swarming strengthens. The bees seem to know of the great honey re- sources around them ; and while in the States they delay swarm- ing until their super is nearlyor quite filled, here they swarm'^with but lit- tle honey in the hive; and, after being hiv- ed, they are loath to stay put, and even re- fuse the blandishments of a comb of larva?. It is safe to say that hundreds of colonies abscond from the apiaries on the west end of the island. The two Harrys are trying to solve this problem; and, to keep the bees down to work, Harry H. is after wax, and Harry B. after both wax and honey. When a colony gets so strong as to show an inclination to swarm, the bees are shak- en into an empty hive. In about four days Harry Beaver puts on a super of sections ; and at the present writing. May 8, the bees are filling them with honey. I certainly know of several apiaries where, if this shake-out plan had been adopted, the re- sult would have been several thousand dol- lars' worth of comb honey, where now it is only a waste of swarming. As will be readily noted by the bee-keep- er, a sure increase can be made, and at the same time all objectionable combs can be cut out and rendered into wax. I predict that this shook-swarm plan will be tried more extensively in Cuba in the future. According to the old adage, "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy," so the two Harrys find a sort of safety-valve in fishing, and hunting alligators. There are scores of lagoons here that stretch away to the south coast, only about fifteen miles away; and during the rainy season lagoon joins lagoon until they are continuous to the ocean. The Harrys have constructed a lit- tle boat; and with a contrary, dilapidated, dejected-looking mule and ditto wagon thej' haul the boat to the scene of operations. I would also say that the same mule hauls supplies to and from the various apiaries; also cocoauuts. It seems that, every time I called upon the Harrys, their barrels of cocoanuts were as inexhaustible as the widow's cruse of oil. With cocoanuts, ba- INSIDE OK PALM HONEY-HOUSE. 560 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. July 1 nanas, and various other fruits, the Ram- bler was surfeited. The two Harrys kindly showed me how the}' g'athered cocoanuts. While one Harry climbed the tree the other tried to hold that mule in position for a photo. The reader will observe that the remarks I made about said mule are no slander. ir^ /Ray I5"L ^0(7 BeeM^ayr- -rvucd -frarrc R.I.RoaTCoT 20^X _ ??ly 100 rujLcJLe< in 5o k>UrtJi— noTLO c/n fOO, Toiiii //6. Taco Toco 6-ee^ cOroMJxn^We&Q When in the tree the cocoanuts came down with lightning-like rapidity. Light- ning operators in the honey business is a very nice reputation to have, and I grant that Harry Howe carries out the reputation not only with the bees but with the gun, the fish-pole, the wheel, and many other things; but when a person seeks to monopolize the lightning feature in all lines he is liable to accidents. Let me tell you about a certain species of alligator that Harry Hunt hunted. The or- dinary alligator as found in these lagoons is not a very ditngerous reptile; but this other species is not only a lightning opera- tor himself, but he is chain lightning. But, alas I Harr3^ did not realize it. Whj'I this species, by his quick movements, can make a lagoon foam and boil like soapsuds; and those enormous jaws — well, chain lightning just expresses it. But, alas I Harry did not realize it. Sufifice it to say, I have not words to de- scribe the sad scene, and will leave the matter in the hands of our artist. But, kind and sympathetic reader, shed no tears until we point a moral and adorn a tale in our next. A DAILY DIALOGUE. BY DAVID GRIMES. Whatcher ^ — r— I :, . . ", fill If. , , . ^/, \m^y ''^ ,-.-,- A LIGHTNING OPERATOR. "Mornin', friend Grimes." "Mornin', Bro. Kleinmacher. doin' with that long knife?" "Don't cher know?" "Navv; whatcher doin'?" "Wal, my best jedgment, after an expe- rience of nigh outer thirty-four months, has taught me that the 'settin' bees ain't suffi- cient to themselves, so I'm just a caponizing the drones; and, duru 'em, they've got to take care of the brood." "Wal, I snum! I ain't never heard of no sech thing afore. I guess I'll try it." "'Taint no use onless you've had lots of experience. You see the secret of my suc- cess is that I soak up experience day times and then lie awake o'nights so as not to sweat it out — see?" "But, say; how can you write about so many things as you do?" "That's easy. You see I just take a lot of the papers; and when I run acrost some- what that seems good I use it." "But don't yer say who writ it?" "Naw; takes too much time." "But sposen 'taint so." "Wal, there's another secret of my suc- cess. You see you don't want to be too all- fired specific. It's a sight easier to state things in a general sort of way, and then if any smart Aleck wants to try to pin 3'ou down he can't." "That is a great scheme, sure enough. 'Fore I forget it I want to ask what you think of the scientific stuff some of these new chaps is writin' ?" "Oh! that ain't of much account. You see bees are different from animals. Those chaps think that, just 'cause they know a little science and have got a few bees in their back yard, they can give us fellows points; they can't do it, though." "But why do you quote from them? " "Oh! well, that sort of stuff takes just now, so I use it." "I must be a movin'. 'Bliged to you for your information. I'll try that caponizing trick. Where can I get one of their long knives?" 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 561 "I'll sell you this one. I've got another that'll do 'bout as well." "Thank you. Mornin', Kleinmacher. " "Mornin', Grimes." A MILLIONAIRE BEE=KEEPER. An Interesting Sketch of Conrad F. Stollmeyer; the Asphalt King of Trinidad. BY SOJOURNER. The old gentleman represented in the pic- ture, with a favorite dog by his knee, is one of the latest devotees of apiculture. I say old advisedly, since Mr. Stollmeyer is far past the allotted threescore and ten, and is now nearly fourscore and ten. Neverthe- less, he is full of energy and vim — so much so as to put to shame many men less than a third of his years. Last year, in the 88th year of his age, our subject took a fancy to bee-keeping; and, being a man of means, proceeded at once to procure the very best appliances and bees tliat money could buy. It is needless to say the result was satis- factory, for he has already, after the lapse of a few months, put some comb honey on the local market that put to rout the com- mon honey that had hitherto appeared ; and, old as he is, he has no intention of let- ting any one beat him when quality alone is sought for by buyers. This enterprising spirit is quite characteristic of Stollmeyer, since he was the founder of the great as- phalt industry of Trinidad, and the fur- nisher of the raw material from which all the beautiful asphalt streets of American cities are made. For this reason he is sometimes known as the " Asphalt King; " and, were he a few years younger, I have no doubt he would make a bold bid for the place of " Honey King." As it often happens, Mr. Stollmeyer was laughed at for attempting to create a busi- ness in asphalt, and no doubt the sugar- planters of a day gone by thought him a crazy German dreamer, for he was born in Germany, and carries with him the char- acteristic traits of his race. But now his asphalt paves the streets of all up-to-date American cities. He was also a pioneer in other enterprises calculated to promote the welfare of his adopted country, such as street cars, telephones, and ice-machines, so that Trinidad has in him no mean citizen. Some of his friends tried to dissuade him from trying bee-keeping; but being a man who has faith in himself he went ahead. Probably they thought he ought to sit down and rest, waiting for the call; but he has been too long in the harness to adopt such A MILLIONAIRE BKE-KEEPEJi NEARLY NINETY YEARS OLD, OR THE "ASPHALT KING" AS HE IS BETTER KNOWN. 562 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. July 1 a course, and he prefers to keep himself busy with an innocent hobby which affords him interest and keeps him from rusting- out. And his example might well be emu- lated by other wealth}' men who eng-ag-e in race-horse breeding- and other verj? expen- sive hobbies that in themselves have very little to commend them. I believe one of the Vanderbilt family is following a similar course on his estate in North Carolina; also the Duke of Bedford, in Eng-land. If more of our wealthy men were to follow in their steps we should hear very little about an- archism. The world owes much to such men; hence I feel sure the bee-keepers of America will very readily extend to Mr. Stollmeyer the right hand of fellowship, hoping- he will live a good while yet to en- joy the comforts his bees bring him. TEXAS AS A BEE STATE. Beautiful Climate and Bee-ranges ; Possibilities of Bee-keeping in the Lone Star State ; Chunk Comb Honey. BY H. H. HYDE. Since the census report placing Texas in the lead as a honey-producing State, I have noticed the various comments on the matter; and while I too am of the opinion that the census report was unreliable in some re- spects, I do not think it was far from right in placing Texas in the lead. Texas is a large country, and there is hardly a local- ity in the State where bees can not be kept with profit. Nearly every progressive farm- er will have a few colonies of bees, even if, as is the case in a great many instances, they are in box hives, logs, barrels, etc. Then, too, the number of large bee-keepers, having all the way from 75 to 500 or more colonies, who make bee-keeping their main dependence, must be taken into account. Again, Texas is a country where bees are almost certain to make a crop of honey, complete failures being entirely unknown, while the average may be all the way up from 25 lbs. in some localities, for poor sea- sons, to 150 to 200 lbs. in good localities for good seasons. Another very important factor to be taken into consideration in looking the matter over is the fact that very little of the Texas product finds its way out to the Northern States. We have a good demand in Texas and in the Territories, which now consume practically all the honey produced here. A very important factor in this home consvmip- tion is the fact that the bee-keepers of Tex- as have learned to give the consumers a staple product without the slightest suspi- cion of adulteration in our product, bulk comb honey. This product can be produced more cheaply, and in larger quantities, than can section honey, and is cased and shipped cheaper than is section honey; be- sides, there are no losses from breakage or dishonest commission men. The Texas man of [moderate means can easily afford for his family comb honey, when he can get it in full weig-hts at a cheaper price than section honey sells for, and hence the satisfactory market the Texas bee-keepers have, you might say, at their very doors. All in all, Texas is a desirable place to keep bees, and the best part of Texas is what is known as the Southwest, or that part of the State l3'ing between Mexico and the Gulf. Texas bee-keeping is booming by reason of good average crops and good markets, besides a warm and equable climate in which to live. I expect to see the day when all this vast country will be filled up, and when Texas will produce as much honey as any other three or four States together. Our honey-producing flora is partly plant growth, but more largely shrub growth. Agriculture is encroaching on the honey- plants very slowly; and as we do not have to depend on irrigation, neither do we need much rain. I believe Texas holds out in- ducements ahead of all other States to the man who expects to make bee-keeping his lifetime pursuit. For the Texas honey-producer, strains of bees that have great prolificness are very desirable, and, in fact, essential to the best success. Our flows come all along from April 20 to July 15, with an occasional fall flow coming in the latter part of August. It is easy to see that, for four months of the year, beginning Feb. 1, the bee-keeper desires bees that will keep their hive full of bees and brood; and any weakening on the part of the bees or brood will material- ly curtail his honey crop. For this reason Holy Land, Cyprian, and Carniolan bees are coming more and more into favor, with the chances of the Cyprians coming out ahead, as they seem to have all the vigor and vitality of the Italians, with greater prolificness added. I am personally intro- ducing all three strains into our apiaries largely. While I admire the Carniolans for their gentleness and prolificness, yet I fear their swarming propensities will i-nake against them. Italieins, and especially the goldens, are fast being superseded by the more prolific strains. This matter of stock seems to be entirely' a matter of locality, for I can readil}' understand that the North- ern bee-keeper, having one main flow, would find these prolific strains of bees exceed- ingly unsatisfactory. Floresville, Texas, June 10. [I believe that all Mr. Hj'de says is true, from the cursory examination I made while going through his State. It is a fact that there is not a suspicion of adulteration there, or I did not hear of it; and for that reason Texas is largely a consumer of its own product. There is little or no foul brood; and while it is pretty warm in some of the southern counties, yet, if I am cor- rect, delightful breezes from the Gulf make it very endurable, even to a Northerner. I remember that, while in S^in Antonio and El Paso, it was very warm, for it was 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 563 about the first of June; but the ever present Gulf breeze was decidedly refreshing' to- ward night. There is hardly a State in the whole Union for which there is a greater future for bees than Texas. I say this after hav- ing visited nearly every State in the Union, and studied the conditions as they existed. But no one should go to Texas, or any State, without first making careful inquiry, then going' and making' a personal visit, and looking' the ground over; and no bee-keeper, I hope, will ever locate on or within range of another. But I am sorry to say there are bee-keepers who, because there is no law to protect the old resident, have gone in, in some localities in the West, and sim- y>\y divided the profits in the field discover- ed by another, and v.hich w^s ri^^'hty I'e field of tiie first uccuprint. — Ed. J SHALLOW HIVES And Divis bte Brood^chambers. BV W. K. :\rORKISON. Reference has been made in Gleanings to the use of shallow-chambered hives, and several writers seem disposed to condemn them. A <^nr,r\ many seem to labor under the impression that, if shallow hives Jire used, they must be manatred on the Heddon plan, and herein lies the difficulty that has confronted not a few who have been dispos- ed to try these things. I have tried the Heddon plan, and my experience leads me to sa}' that a brood-chamber in one compart- ment is infinitely preferable to one combin- ed in two chambers. In the latter case the work of handling the brood-chamber is con- siderably increased, with no compensating advantages. The case, however, is far dif- ferent if the brood-chamber is large enough to contain an ordinary colony of bees, sav the equivalent of seven or eis^'^ht Langstroth frames. To arrive at a fair understanding of what the proper size is, we must do some calculating, prefacing- this with the obser- vation that the ordinary thick-top-bar L. frame contains eight inches depth of comb. 8 frames 8 in. deep=64. 10 " 6 in. " =60. The above calculation seems to indicate that the shallow hive is -^^r; smaller than the ordinary eight-frame hive. In actual prac- tice, however, there is really no difference in capacity. There is always a considera- ble amount of honey in the deeper brood- chamber, and little or none in the shallow- er— I mean in the working season; and in practical experience there are as many bees in one hive as the other. And when it comes to getting the surplus honey in sections the shallow hive leaves its riviil hopelessly be- hind, and this without the use of baits or any other of the devices usually practiced. In most places the bees will start work in the shallow hive two weeks sooner; and in the tropics, bees are not inclined at all to work in section* above a deep frame. Rambler remarks that this is due to the cool evenings of the tropics. Rather it is due to the long-, steady, easy honey-liow which inclines the bees to store the honey just in the cells where the brood hatches, leaving the super untouched. Shallow hives— 6 inches and under — re- quire different management altogether from the deeper sorts. For example, it is better to use drawn combs than starters in hiving a swarm. There is no trouble in getting the bees into the sections when combs are used, and it insures no pollen in the sections. Such a colony makes very rapid progress. There is no dwindling, as in the case of a swarm hived on starters. The section-super in the case of an older colony should be placed on the hive earlier .1 ibe >eaa.>n th.m is ihe case with ordina- ry hives. If rightl}' handled, three Ideal supers make a verv good hive, hard to beat, at least in the hotter regi'jns of the earth. Durini;' the off' season the colony is kept in a sh'HllOM- extract ing-super fitted with shal- low frames, which, for convenience' sake, I term the Ideal. When the honey season ap- proaches, another Ideal super with combs is added, and the queen is allowed to lay therein if .'■o disposeil, which is g'enerally the case. As the s.eason adviinces, the bees will store honey in the upper chamber. When it is nearl}' full it is raised, and a super of sections placed under it. The col- ony being large, and their brood-chamber so shallow, the sections are worked out and finished with celerity, and ever}' comb-hon- ey man knows that this means nice full sec- tions. For the tropics this is an exceller.t plan, and, so far as I can see, would suit northern countries almost equally well, par- ticularl}' in poor honey districts. Another point that must be observed when shallow hives are used, no matter wh.'it kind, is this: Full sheets of foundation must be used in the sections, otherwise there is trouble. The best hive of all, in my opin- ion, is one of 12 shallow frames, with six- inch Combs — body 6?'S inches. Such a hive presents great opportunities to the comb- honej' specialist. With such a hive, 48 or 50 sections can be placed on the hive at once, which is a good deal easier than put- ting on two of 24 sections each. The frames are the same as used in shallow extractin;r- supers, but one inch deepc'-- Two fence separators are used in the brood-chamber to facilitate work on the outside combs, in which case the sections are all worked out. This makes a cheap hive, and, for the be- ginner, easy to understand. The special- ist will see that it suits him just as well. For Rambler in Cuba I think it will be just the thing. He, as well as the rest of us, will vote for handhole cleats on supers as well as brood -chambers, in which case this hive will be hard to beat. This hive can also be made up of 6X6-in. sections, and will be found to be useful to queen-breeders, those who move their bees much, and those who wish to ship bees long 564 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. July 1 distances. The sections should be an inch in width, and arranged within a T super. The bees thrive as readily in this sort of hive as they do in others. Of course, it gives great control over the bees. In this short letter there is no room to elaborate on management. I leave this to the future. [Your ideas, and those of Mr. Francis Danzenbaker, so far as depth of a brood- chamber is concerned, are very close to- gether ; and the experience of many is showing that a moderately shallow hive in one brood-chamber is better for comb honey than some of the hives of stanSard Lang- stroth depth. — Ed.] QUEEN-REARING. Celhdipping;. BY W. H. PRIDGEN. While just as good queens can be reared by allowing the bees to construct their own cells from Alley strips as when artificial cups are used, many advantages present themselves in the use of dipped cups over strips of comb or any form of receptacle otherwise constructed to which the larva is transferred. Besides, the dipping of the cups is no longer an objectionable feature, as one properly equipped, w'hich can be done at a small cost, can dip enough in a few hours to last a whole season. If only a few cups are needed the}' may be dipped bj' using a single dipping-stick and dipping a single cup at a time; but this is too slow for a busy man when there are many to be dipped, and we will turn our attention to more advanced methods. The illustrations given make plain a set of reversible sticks that are made fast by inserting plugs, B B, which enables one to make the cups with a natural base for the transfer of larvse only, or those with pointed base to receive a cocoon when transferring larva, cradle, and all, with the same set. The natural base, however, has no advan- tage whatever over the pointed base, regard- less of the manner of transferring, as the larva is floated out of the small sink long before it is large enough to fill it, and there- fore the sticks can be as securely fixed as the teeth in a rake, and make all on point- ed sticks. The dipping -sticks should be about y\ inch in diameter. Mr. Doolittle says, rather more than less. At anj' rate, /g is not far from the correct size. The ta- pering part should be y^g inch long, reduced rapidlj' for the first >s of an inch, forming the shoulder, and until reduced to nearly the size of a worker cell, and then slightlj' tapered to the end. It should slip into a worker cell >s inch before filling or enlarg- ing it, and then slightlj^ stretch it by the time the bulging part is reached. Thus formed, a sink is made in the wax cup that will bear sufficient pressure, when the cqcoon is inserted, to make it fit smooth- ly without touching the bottom of the sink, and, consequent!}', destrojnng the natural shape of the cocoon. The sticks can be fix- ed in the bar any desired distance apart for the convenient remov- al of the cups, about f4 of an inch from center to center being about right. With this description and the illustration any suc- cessful queen-raiser can make them, and we will now consider the con- struction of the wax (or dipping) tank. This tank, B, should be 2 in. deep and wide, and 18 or 20 long, with flanges, D, to be nailed to the table, leavingthetank suspend- ed by the flanges, which also serve the purpose of holding the heat to the sidesof the tank, and let- ting it out at the ends, thus making the heat more uniform. In the bottom of the tank is fit- ted a strip of perforated tin, C, with the ends turned up immediately under the gauges. Any tinker caq make it in a few minutes. The table should be about 12 inches wide, the top being made of two boards, with the tank suspended between them, by placing thin strips of wood on the edges of the tin flanges and nailing them down, while the height should be according to the wishes of the operator, conveniently seated, say 18 or 20 inches. The gauges are made fast to 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 565 the posts bj' thumb-screws, A A, and can be slid up and down, or the points of the g-aug-es over the tank can be tipped up and down to reg-ulate the depth of the dip to the quantity of wax in the tank. The lamps should be in the position shown while one is dipping- cups, and then add lumps of wax over them as the melted wax is used out between the g^aug^es and perfo- rated tin, the object of the tin being- to hold the lumps of wax out of the way while dip- ping-, and thus enable one to keep the sup- ply the same all the time, and obviate the necessity of changing- the position of the g-auges from time to time by the adding- of wax as often as it is necessary'. POINTS ON DIPPING. The bottom of the wax-tank should be covered with water to prevent burning the wax, which also serves as a regulator, as bubbling indicates too much heat, and the flames of the lamps should be regulated ac- cordingly. In fact, for best results the tem- perature of the wax should be kept but lit- tle above the melting-point, the pieces of wax to be added over the lamps as the liq- uid is used out without its interfering with the progress of the work, and thus causing it to melt without raising the temperature elsewhere, and serves the purpose of keep- ing the depth of dip regulated without hav- ing to adjust continually the gauges as has In starting up, the lamps should be ad- justed near the center of the tank until the wax at that point is melted. This completes the description of a queen- cup dipping-outfit except that we want a water-tank or some convenient arrangement for wetting the dipping or forming sticks for about one inch from the points up, after each batch of cups is removed, as well as in which to soak them thoroughly before be- ginning; also a wet board placed on the ta- ble next to the operator, on which to place the cups to give them a desired large flat base or goblet shape. before been explained. The bevels atlboth ends of the stick-holder incline the same waj', which admits of varj'ing the depth of each alternate dip bj' an endwise movement, and still use the gauges as a rest, so as to dip the pegs from end to end alike. Make two dips in rapid succession, the full depth, which should be nearly )s inch; touch the points to the melted wax, to re- move the adhering drops, and immediately place them on the wet board, to remain un- til the wax sets. This board should be thoroughl3' soaked before using-, and then kept quite wet by either occasionally plung- 566 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. July 1 ing- it into water or else touching^ the dip- ping^-sticks to it e\evy time they are taken from the water; then dip them about half waj' up and set them on the board as be- fore, to be repeated until the base is nearly as heavy as desired, and the goblet shape formed. At this stage the cups should be dipped full depth again and set on the board, first shaking- the drops of wax off if the bases are larg-e enoug-h, or failing to shake them off if the size of base is to be increased, and repeat until the cups are as heavy as desired. The main bod}' of the cups should be made heavj' enough at first to prevent the water that can not be shaken from the sticks from bursting through and causing water-bubbles, or knots, on them, by the contraction of the wax in cooling; then increase the weight of the base, as that part has to remain longer in the wax, and is inclined to melt off, although the dipping should be done quickl}', while the last dip or dips should be nearly full depth to make the cups smooth outside, and also to warm the cups up so that they will slip off the pegs easil}\ The cooling of the main body, while the base is being formed, stretches the cups somewhat ; and then when again warmed up the expansion makes them fit more loosely than if kept warm continually. When completed, touch the bases to the water used to wet the dip- ping-sticks, but not deeper than the necks. This is done to harden the bases so as to be able to remove the cups from the sticks while the main body is j^et warm. If al- lowed to contract much they fit the pegs too tightly for eas}' removal, and for this rea- son the dipping should be done during warm weather, or in a warm room. A little hone}' or syrup added to the wa- ter in which the forming sticks or pegs are dipped after the removal of each batch of cups assists very much in their easy re- moval. After the sticks are used until thej' be- come somewhat glazed, and the water is in- clined to stand on them in drops, the points should be dipped for a few minutes into boiling water, or cleaned with potash. Ce- dar is the best wood to make the sticks of, as it is less inclined to swell when wet, and, consequentl}', forms the cups of a uni- form size. SHIPPING BEES WITH HORSES AND HOUSE- HOLD GOODS IN A CAR. As I have got to move about 100 colonies of bees 300 miles by rail, and never had any experience in moving bees in a car, I should like to have you give what information j'ou can. I wish to put household goods and horses in the car. Can it be made safe if one is very careful and keeps watch of them all the time? How much room should the bees have, to move with the least loss? How high may the hives be tiered up, and ride safely? When would it be best to move them — in the fall or spring? How should the hives be fastened in place? If the bees are partitioned off in one end of the car, will the end door give ventilation enough? Will the Van Deusen hive-clamp hold the bottom-boards securely? How much stores are they likely to use up? A. T. DOCKHAM. Bricelyn, Minn., June 2. [I should say it would be a little riskj' moving bees in the same car with horses. However, it can be done safely enough if there are not too many colonies, and rea- sonable intelligent care is used. The hives should be loaded upon four or five inches of straw, and straw should be packed down between for the purpose of forming a cush- ion to break the shock when the cars bump together. The frames should all be made fast, of course. If the}' are the Langstroth un- spaced frames, strips of wood about half an inch thick should be shoved between them, and the last frames (or those next to the hive side) should be wedged firmly against the others. If the frames are the Hoffman self-spacing, no such fastening will be nec- essary. The whole top of the hive should be cov- ered with wire cloth, which should be rais- ed about two inches above the frames by means of a rim of the same width and length as the hive. I would not depend on the Van Deusen hive-fasteners. I would use wire nails. As an additional precaution I would nail strips of wood from the rim that supports the wire cloth down to the bottom-board, four such strips should be nailed at each corner, and the whole should be put togeth- er so it will be impossible for the bees to escape. It may be advisable to put sponges of wa- ter on the wire-cloth covers to give the bees a drink. — Ed.] MARKINGS OF DRONES NOT A CRITERION ON WHICH TO BASE PURITY OF STOCK. Why is it that half the drones of an Italian queen (from The Root Co.) are black, while 1 have some other queens, not pure Italians, as many if not more of whose drones are yellow. Is the first-named queen not pure? She was untested. Mrs. E. Priestin. Davisville, Cal. [The drones from pure Italian queens vary greatly in their markings ; and espe- cially is this true of those from leather- colored or imported stock. Some drones from some of our very best imported queens, having perfectly marked bees, would be almost jet black ; and yet I have seen drones from dark hybrids, a cross between blacks and Italians, very bright-colored, with beautiful yellow bands. It should be 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 567 understood, then, that the markings of the drones are not to be considered in any sense as indicative of the purity of the mother from which they came. Even pure Italian queens vary all the way from a bright yel- low to a jet black. One of the best import- ed queens we ever had, and one that pro- duced gentle three-banded Italians, was as black as any black queen I ever saw. The only markings on which we can base an estimate of purity are those on the worker- bees themselves. — Ed.] QUEENS WHOSE BEES WILL WINTER. Let me give j^ou a little circumstance in last year's wintering. I had two colonies side by side. We will call them A and B. I bought a queen of a breeder who deals in yellow stock, and gave it to A. It was a little stronger than B, but both were good colonies. The premium queen from Victor 3'ou gave me I gave to B. Side by side they wintered, same treatment, and to-day B is working in super, while A is a mere hand- ful of bees, I purchased a queen of Mr. Victor, and introduced her to a small nu- cleus. They were light bees in the fall, but wintered well. Any bees will make some honey in summer ; but there are no bees which will make honey if they don't winter. Why don't some one select queens that winter well, instead of for color and tongues? G. A. Bostwick. Verbank Village, N. Y., June 6. [To get good wintering qualities is one of the points that all queen-breeders should take into consideration in their breeding- stock. The bees of that valuable queen that we lost, which was four years old, and going on five, were not only good hone}'- gatherers but excellent for wintering. They invariably came out strong and vig- orous. Indeed, the bees could hardly be good workers without being also good win- terers.—Ed. ] apis MELLIFICA and APIITBI VIRUM AND THEIR USE. Gleanings for May 1 contains an article treating on the poison of bee-sting, Apis DFellifica, as a specific for rheumatism. Much has been said during the past twenty 3-ears, in which I have been interested in bee-keeping, about this remedy for rheu- matism; and the article referred to above says "Gleanings says that the poison of Apis iiiellifica is used largely in homeopa- thic practice.' It is used entirely by the homeopathic profession, not to cure rheu- matism alone, but many are the sufferings which it relieves when given after thorough preparation, and according to the law pro- mulgated by Hahnneman — Similia simili- hus curantur. Apis mellifica is made from the honey-bee, and this preparation is the one most used by the. homeopathic physi- cian. Apium virus is simply the clear poison of the honey-bee triturated. There is no foun- tain of youth, neither is there a " balm in Gilead" — a cure-all or a specific which cures every ill or the same disorder or dis- ease in everj'^ person. Apis mellifica cures rheumatism when the particular case is homeopathic or as indicated. Quinine cures the "shakes" when, and only when, that particular case presents symptoms produc- ed by quinine when given repeatedly to the healthy individual. The heroic adminis- tration of apis virum by the business end of a honey-bee may be pleasing enough to some people to induce them to place a quart or so of bees in their trousers, but surely their faith must be "screwed to the stick- ing-point." V. E. Freeman, M. D. Chicago, 111. KNAPSACK BEE-SMOKER, OR COMPRESSED- AIR BEE-SMOKERS. Friend Ernest : — In Stray Straws the doctor and you were talking about that knapsack smoker. Now, if you two were to talk abovit an automatic smoker it prob- ably would be in order. These spraying- machines are filled with compressed air, wliich forces the spray. Why not set a smoker on top of one, with hose leading from nozzle, with tap? The machine could stand on the ground beside the hive, and could be filled ; then the blast could be reg- ulated the same as the fiow of spray, at the will of the operator. These spraying- machines appear to hold sufficient pressure to last quite a while. The tank could be smaller than those on spraj^ers, as they would need storage for compressed air only. It appears to me that one filling would do for the operation of a hive at least. J. P. Blunk. Moorland, la., June 9. [I once thought that a compressed-air receiver in connection with a bee-smoker might be used to advantage under some circumstances. But a receiver sufficiently large to hold air under pressure would be rather heavy and bulky — not less than a foot in diameter, and two feet long. This would have to be strapped across the back in order to be used, and the smoker would have to be carried constantly, as it could not be set down when not in use. While, as you say, one pumping-up might last a considerable length of time, yet it is no eas3^ task to do the pumping. Just imag- ine, for instance, pumping air into a receiv- er that had about ten times the capacity of a bicycle-tire! I think you will conclude, as I have done, that the slight advantage to be gained would hardly be compensated by the amount of labor, extra expense, and extra weight to be lugged around. In the case of spraying-outfits it is necessar3' to have a constant stream ,in order to direct the liquids to the point desired ; but a steady stream in the case of a smoker is not necessary, and usually a little puff or two at the utmost, for the average colonj', is sufficient to accomplish nine-tenths of the work in the apiar}'. A common bellows adds but very slightlj' to the weight of a smoker, and will respond instantlj'. — Ed.] 568 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. July 1 CARBON BISULPHIDE AND ITS USES IN KILL- ING BEE-MOTH. To what extent is carbon bisulphide be- ing' used for wax-worms in comb honey? Is it preferable to sulphur? In a box made as nearly air-tight as possible, and to hold 100 lbs. of honey, give length of time and directions for treatment. Are not the fumes of carbon bisulphide, when inhaled, poison- ous to people? and is there not considerable danger from this source? Clarence T. Cole. Solsville, N. Y., June 14. [The use of carbon bisulphide is compar- atively new in bee culture, for it is only during the last two or three years that it has received any attention whatever in the bee journals. At the last National conven- tion in Buffalo it was up for extended dis- cussion, during which several leading bee- keepers, including Prof. Frank Benton, of the Department of Agriculture; Sec. A. B. Mason, and several others testified to the effectiveness of the drug for killing the moth-worm, and even moth-eggs, in combs. Experience has shown that a good sulphur-" ing will not always kill the moth-worms — the big hearty fat ones that wiggle around so disgustingly — nor the eg-gs. But it was shown at Buffalo that the bisulphide, when properly applied, is much more effective, and is far less trouble. Perhaps the best way of using it is to put the wormy combs, spaced about an inch apart, in a series of live or six hive-bodies. These should be stacked up one above the other, on a tight bottom-board. On top of the upper set of combs (never under) should be placed a saucerful of the bisulphide, and, over all, a super or cover that fits tight. As the fumes of the drug are con- siderably heavier than air, they will grad- ually descend all through and among the combs, killing every worm and even the eggs, so it is said. We have had no wormy combs in our api- ary for so many years that we have had no opportunity to test this new agent ; but when good reliable men testify to its effec- tiveness as compared with brimstoning, I think we may safely conclude that it is all right. Of course, the combs can be " bi- sulphided " in a room if the door is shut tight ; but a much larger quantit3' of the drug would have to be used in that case. But the most serious objection to using it inside of a building is its awful explosive- ness. I have taken a teaspoonful of it and poured it into a little dish, and lighted a match and threw it into the dish at a dis- tance of six feet. While there was no dis- tinct bang, like the'crack of a gun, it gives an awful puff; and from the way it " went off " I should conclude that a saucerful of it evaporat«ed in a closed room 8X10 would wreck it completely. It is, therefore, very necessary that it be used outdoors or in some inclosure where no great damage will be done in case of an explosion. I once used bisulphide of carbon myself inside of an inclosed room of a church to kill wasps and hornets that had come in over the window and established their head- quarters. At that time, for the purpose of experiment, I inhaled the fumes of it ; and, while it made me feel slightly dizzy, I should not be at all afraid of handling it under ordinary circumstances — not even in- doors — that is, providing I could feel sure that no fire were present. It is well, however, to avoid inhaling the gas, as I am told it is liable to cause head- ache as well as dizziness. Bisulphide of carbon can be obtained at drugstores in self-sealing tin cans retailing anywhere from 25 to 50 cents. The 25-cent package will take care of several hundred combs. — Ed.] THAT TOBACCO QUESTION. Friejid Ernest Root: — As much as I value what your father has written on the tobac- co question from time to time, I think what you have said on page 509 is the best thing I ever saw on the subject; that is, it is the most practical argument against the use of tobacco, which is expensive and unnecessa- ry. My sentiments in regard to the use of it are exactly in line with yours, and I am happy to say that my only son, who is now 21 years of age, is firmly established on the right road — the road of clean habits and thrift. I know full well that the dan- ger period in reference to these bad and ex- pensive habits is in early boyhood. M}' boy has passed the danger period unscathed, and I have no fears for your boy after read- ing what you said. I think sometimes that a boy is the most cruel of all masters. He will thoughtlessly and ruthlessly bind heavy burdens on his future manhood that must be borne to the grave. The aches, the pains, the sad resrets, The heavy chains of habit borne, Are but thedebt that must be paid To selfish childhood's youthful scorn. June 23. Harry Lathrop. COCKROACHES — HOW TO GET RID OF THEM. What do you do when hives are troubled with cockroaches? They will run down among the bees and hide, and it is almost impossible to destroy them. If many, they eat the honey as fast as the bees bring it in. W. W. CozART. Dutchville, N. C, May 31. [I have never heard that cockroaches did any serious damage, although I supposed they were qtiite annoying at times. Per- haps some of our friends who are located in the South will be able to tell how these bee-enemies can be disposed of. — Ed.] BLOOD WILL TELL. I have a queen from J. P. Moore that I got in June, 1901, and put her on four frames of hatching brood when she arrived. She built up a strong colony, and it gave the best yield of extracted honey from the 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 569 fall flow of any of my eleven colonies. Her bees g-ave me 40 lbs. of extracted honey, and I did not touch the brood-nest, but left it full of honey. Mr. Moore said she was a daughter of a red-clover queen he got from you. I shall requeen with her daughters this year. D. E. Andrews. Bloomington, Ind., May 31. [The mother of this stock was the red- clover queen that was killed by spraj'ing poison. — Ed.] DARK VERSUS BRIGHT YELLOW. My leather-colored bees have made me over 100 lbs. of section honey. My golden Italians are doing good work, but can't stay with the other strain of bees. My leather-colored bees cap their honey white and that makes it look nice. H. C. Triesch, Jr. Dyer, Ark., June 3. DOCTORING WITHOUT MEDICINE. ALSO SOMETHING INCIDENTALLY IN RE- GARD TO POTATO-GROWING IN NORTHERN MICHIGAN. There! it just occurs to me that I should have put the potato business first and the "doctoring" last, but I i'nsist, however, that the latter is the more important, even if it does occupy only a few lines at the end of my story; so, "here goes." I came here and am here to grow potatoes and to get strong and well. There I am, once more, with the cart before the horse; but I think we will drive on, any way, for we must " get a going. " That is just what I said to the boys when the middle of June came along and our biggest field was not 3'et ready to plant. Oh, yes! we have had potatoes up and looking beautiful ever since along in April, and I have been fitting new ground and planting almost every day. In fact, we have beautiful new Early Michi- gans, as big as hen's eggs, 7iow this 24th day of June; and the thrifty luxuriant hills all round our "cabin" are now pushing the soft mellow ground up because of their luscious treasures underneath. Yes, "lus- cious " is the word; for the potatoes grown here, as Mrs. Root cooks them, prompt me to thank God for them as often as I do the strawberries, or oftener, for we have the former the year round. Well, I told the boys that big field must be ptished. We don't own any horses up here, but depend on hiring, and everybody this spring seems "rushed" like ourselves. Who wouldn't be, with the prices thej' have been getting for a year past? Well, our ground was finall}' ready to drag as soon as the stones were picked off. I was al- most tempted to let the stones lie until after planting, but they would very much interfere with dragging and planting both; and, besides, I had a chance to get one horse, but couldn't get two, that day. We had, the day before, been over the field and pitched the stones in small heaps a rod or two apart. I objected to this, because it made twice handling; but my boys said it was the way the best farmers up here did. I don't like to borrow tools, even a stoneboat; so I had the carpenter who built our barn — haven't I told you before we have a nice little barn? Well, we have, and it is a Shawver "plank-frame." Shawver named it " Our barn in the woods," com- panion to the "cabin in the woods " — see? The barn cost ever so much more monej' than the cabin; but it is neat, handy, and pretty. I am going to give you a photo of it soon; but we were talking about stone- boats. Now, this carpenter made me a very pretty light stoneboat; and he made the place to fasten the chain at the back end. I thought at first this was so we could "back up;" but who ever heard of backing up a stoneboat? He explained: "Mr. Root, you thought this stoneboat prett}' light, and so it is, if you should try to hitch the chain on the front end; but the better way is to hitch to the last board on the back end, pass your chain up under the boat, and then up through the front board, and your boat won't be pulling to pieces, even if it is light." Isn't that a bright idea? Make one on that plan, and see if j'ou don't consider the idea worth what Gleanings costs a whole year. You can inake it so light, and do it safelj'^, that it can be used to pull your plow and harrow in out of the wet, move barrels of potatoes, or any thing else, all over the farm, and yet it caiPt pull to pieces, for the chain takes all the strain. Well, we got our horse on the light stone- boat; but as we could have the horse onl3' one day, I went along to see if I couldn't invent some short cuts. First, the boys would stop the boat so far from the stone- pile it took unnecessary time to load. Thej' gave, as an excuse, that the stones were scattering, being pitched together; and if they went too close, some would be covered by the boat. I went ahead and cleared the scattering stones from one side ; then we drove up quite close, and three of us moved the stones just over the side of the boat very quickly. Next I found that the boy who drove the horse generally threw on the last few stones. I stopped this bj^ telling him to pick up his lines and start his horse while myself and the other boy put the last stones on the boat, sometimes when it had even commenced to move. This made a big difference, but it didn't give the boj's any time to "tell stories." It wasn't hard on the horse, because he stood still all the time we were loading and unloading, any way; but I will own up the bo3's did get pretty tired, all three (?) of them. Then I dis- covered that this light boat could be turned 570 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. July 1 over by all three of us. When it held a prett3' g-ood lot of stones I directed we should throw off half of them, and then dump the rest on the stone pile. As it is slow work picking up stones the size of hen's eggs, or a little larger, I directed these should all be left to dump, taking off only the larg-er ones, until we could lift the boat to turn it over. Well, in this way we finished by noon what would have perhaps taken all day with a common heavy stoneboat, and one horse did the work of two.* I worked until dinner time without any nap, and really didn't feel the need of any. I thought it prudent, however, to take a half-hour rest after dinner, in order that I might not "play out" before supper time. For some years I have carefully avoided any thing like heavy lifting', because I sup- posed my days of heavy work were about over; but since I have been out here in the woods I have been " happily surprised " to learn not only that my strength is increas- ing- day by day, but that I rather like the fun oi lifting and carrying heavy weights — something- I have dreaded and avoided al- most all my life. Around here the main planting- of pota- toes is from the 15th to the 20th of June. In order to keep them in good order so late they must be removed from the cellars or pits, and spread out on the barn floor, to stop sprouting. My barn was built for shelter for our farming-tools, and also that I might have a suitable place thus to spread out my 75 bushels of various kinds of choice potatoes I expected to plant. I haven't as yet learned to be an expert with the little hand planter I have said so much about; but vay bo3^s have learned the art, and I decided the best thing I could do to push the work along was to cut the potatoes and wheel them with the Daisy wheelbarrow from the barn to the field. It is downhill all the way, and I found I could take a pretty fair load in the hard-beaten road; but when I got into the soft mellow ground of the field it wasn't so eas}\ Many would say we should have a horse for such work ; but we haven't one, and I don't want the potatoes out in the field any faster than the boys plant them. I want to boss the whole job, too, to be sure there is no mixing of va- rieties by mistake or otherwise. Ingrowing- choice potatoes for seed for the past twenty 3'ears or more I have had some experiences I don't mean to have again. If I cut the potatoes, and wheeled them to the planters, * Perhaps I should add that one can hardly expect this " high-pressure" way of working will keep up with the average hired man unless the boss is en hand, and " right in it." I explained to the boys the advan- tage of all the short cuts I have mentioned, and they seemed to agree with me in regard to saving time and labor ; but if I didn't watch close the boat would stop away off ; the driver would pick up the last stone, and all hands stand idle until the big horse " got a moz'e on him." Then when it came to unloading they would begin by picking up the s:nall stones first. I suppose they did it without thinking, and perhaps they think I am fu.ssy about such small matters ; but when they have farms of their own I hope they will remember how I taught them to do a day's work in half a day, and not work any harder either. I could be sure every thing was done just right. Whenever we change from one vari- ety to another we put in a row of Red Tri- umphs. Anybody can tell these at a glance in digging. After all this preface, dear friends, I am now ready to tell you of one of my most val- ued " happy surprises. " When I first be- gan wheeling potatoes, a wheelbarrowful would throw me over unless I was very careful. I did not seem to have weight (about 120 lbs.) to keep the equilibrium. I supposed this could not well be helped, and that I would have to take lighter loads. I soon found, however, that a wheelbarrow is a good deal like a horse or colt, if you choose. One has to get acquainted with it, and know its ways. I kept taking a little larger loads, and then a little larger still. It was pretty hard and tiresome work at first; but as I had time to rest while cut- ting them, I got on prettj' well. Of course, I might ask one of the stout boys to wheel it for me; but that would stop the work. I thought I would try to stand it until this job was done, and then let some one young- er do the heavy lifting. Well, before I knew it I actually began to enjoy wheeling these heavy loads. In fact, I would rather do it than sit down and cut potatoes. Of course, it gave me an appetite. Why, to- night after supper I felt as if I would rath- er wheel more big loads of potatoes than to sit down and read the papers; and, just for the fun of it, I picked up the heavy spring- tooth harrow (half at a time), and carried it into the barn, because the barometer in- dicated rain. ' You say I will hurt myself bj^ overlifting. Not a bit of it. My back that used to be alwaj's ailing is now as sound and tough as a pine knot. There isn't any "crick" nor any thing iveak about it. I read somewhere a few days ago that, unless exercise be taken in some- thing the person is interested in, it does little or no good. This may be true; but I think one can, if he tries, get interested in some work round about him. The special point in the foregoing is this: One may, by taking it gradual — that is, increasing the load little by little — learn to enjoy developing the muscles that are used in heavy lifting. Perhaps I had better add that I am now out of doors all d.Ky long, and sometimes looking after and petting my plants until al- most dark. When I am tired my naps are taken in a little grove on the hill overlook- ing Traverse Bay. I have learned to con- sider the hammock one of my greatest en- joyments when wearied by heavy work; and the lake breezes are so cool here that I almost always need a blanket. Even our cabin is so well ventilated that we two are almost leading an outdoor life. Mrs. Root thought I might not feel so much like work after my heavy loads of yesterday; but when I opened my eyes this morning I could have honestly shouted, "Bring on your heavy loads! " for I really rejoiced at the thought of getting hold of them. i9o: GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 571 Victor^ Superior Italians.. W. 0. Victor, Queen Specialist. Wharton, Texas. I have told you from time to time what Messrs. E. R. Root, W. Z. Hutch- inson, O. L. Hershiser, and a great manj' others, prominent in apiculture, have had to say in regard to my bees, and I have many similar testimonials that I would be glad to use, but space forbids. I will have to quote, however, from so prominent a person as G. M. Doolittle, as follows : ' ' I kept one of the queens I bought of you last season, and she approached the nearest to mine of any thing I have had for a long time.'''' I am filling Mr. Doolittle's order for 40 queens this season, 36 of which have gone forward. Mr. O. P. Hyde paid me a visit a few days ago, and I invited him to inspect my apiaries with a critical eye. I was oftc7i pleased at the high compliments paid my bees by him. He said that lie had 7ievcr seen ajiy thing like it before (yard No. 1 ); that the absolute ntiiform markitig (3 band) and gentleness were simply wonderful. He made frequent mention of the superior size and beauty of the queens ; and in conclusion stated that I had the largest and best equipped queefi-yard that he had ever seen, which would include many. Heretofore I have been very modest in mj' expressions in regard to my bees, leaving their praises for others to sing. I can be quiet no longer, and will have to say that / knoiv that yai'd A^o. i is composed of the best bees for honey gather- ing, uniform mafking, and gentleness, I have ever seen, and believe they are as good as there are in the world, regardless of the price asked or the reputation of the party offering them for sale. There is not a queen in any of my full colonies that is not worthy of being classed as a breeder, therefore all my mating drones are of the highest grade. The stock is a combination of the Root Red-clover, J. P. Moore, Hutchinson Superior Stock, and selections from i)iy stock that I have used for years, and which furnished the bees that were awarded the diploma at the Pan-American. I am using as breeders noticing but the very best that can be selected from over 100 colonies, all of which have been tested in every re- spect. One of them headed a colonj^ that gathered right about 400 lbs. of honey last season, and is still keeping up the lick. The increasing demand for queens from this yard since the first of June forces me to advance the price to that asked before June l,viz. : Untested, $1 ; 6, S5; 12, S9. Select untested. Si. 25 ; 6, S6 ; 12, $11. I am out of tested and select tested at present. Breeders, $5 to !?10, according to superiority, tongue-reach, etc. Queens from Yards 2 and 3 -aX. catalog prices. 572 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. July 1 Advanced-^ Bee Ciilt\ire vJ^ ^ ^ The new edition is now out. It contains loo pages ; is well illus- trated— some of the pictures being colored plates on enameled paper — and describes some of the most advanced methods of management from one end of the year to the other; 31 chapters being devoted to as many prominent features of bee-keeping. Price 50 cts.; or the Bee-Keepers' Review and the book one year for only $1.25. W. Z. Hutchinson, Flint, Michigan. Strong Testimony in Favor of Moore's Strain of Italians Prof. Frank Benton, of Washington, D. C, whose name is familiar to all progressive apiarists, says : "I have several times, in the course of correspon- dence, and in conversing with bee-keepers, had occa- sion to answer the question : ' Where can the best Ital- ians be got? ' It is, perhaps, not an easy thing to say, with certainty, but at least I have felt I might be able to tell where GOOD ones could be obtained. A num- ber have been referred to you, for, although I have not tested your stock personally, I thought I knew pretty well, from general reputation, its character. A beekeeper near here — Mr. Geo. A. Lanphear, of Vien- na, Va. — who got some queens of j-ou on my recom- mendation is so well pleased with them — in fact, f:ives your bees such a good recommendation to me or gentleness and working qualities, particularly their working on red clover, that I thought I would like to try some myself." I was not aware that Prof Benton was recommend- ing my stock until I received the above letter. Such testimony as this certainly has great weight, and shows why my business has grown so fast. Prices for daughters of my 23-100 breeder, the prize- winner, and other choice breeders: Untested, 75 cts.; each; six. $4.00: dozen, S7..50. Select untested, $1.00 each; six, Jo.OO ; dozen. S9 OU. I am now filling orders by return mail. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaran- teed. Send for descriptive circular. My 23-100 breeder was awarded a $2-5.00 prize by The A. I. Root Co. for producing bees showing the longest tongue-reach on record. Competition was open to the whole world. J. P. Moore, L. Box I, Morgan, Kentucky. Pendleton County. A/or PRETTY BUT GOOD.... That's what my strain of Italians are; gentle prolific, and great honey gatherers and breeders. One colony gathered 521 lbs. extracted last season. Drones from Moore's strain, untested. 75c; select untested, $1.00. Send monev by money order or registered letter to T. H. Trice, Box 53, New Providence, Montgomery Co., Tenn. ^wwMV^yww^wyvwtfvwywvwtfyw^vwtfywyvwtf^Wk'V^i^ PACE $c LYON New London, Wisconsin, MANUFACTURERS OF AND DEALERS IN . . . BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES. . . ^ Send for Our Free New Illustrated ^ Catalog and Price List ICHICAN HE.^DQUARTERS FOR C. B. Lewis Co.'s Bee-keepers' Supplies, Dadant's Foundation. We have the largest stock of supplies in the State. Can ship on one day's notice. Send for our 48-pag-e illustrated catalog and give us a trial order. LG.Woodman.Grand Rapids, Mich. HONEY QUEENS FROM TEXAS. I can furnish queens of ti different races, all bred in their purity in separate yards from G to 25 miles apart. Untested queens, 75 cts. to $1.00 each. Tested queens of either race, 81-50 to $;^.00 each. Breeders, $3.50 to $5 each. Bees by the pound, and 1, 2, and 3 frame nuclei a specialtv. Prices cheap Quoted on application. Price list free. Will Atchley. Box79,Beeville. Bee Co.,Tex. Italian Queens in the State of Washington Untested, 75c.; tested, $1.25. I raise all my queens by the swarming method. Had many years' experience. You can't get better queens. Produce good workers. Robert Mirring, Dryad, Lewis County, 'Washington. QUEENS AND NUCLEI. -Untested queens, either 3 or 5 banded. 75c; 6 for S4.25. Tested, $1.00 and up. Nucleus, including untested queen, 2-fr., $2.50; 3-fr., $8.25; 4-fr., $3.75. Chas. H. Thies, Steeleville, 111. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 573 Famous Italian Queens. ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ I ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ Bucke3'e Strain -of Three-banded Long--toug-ues are wonderful hone}'- g-atherers. One customer bought 10 dozen. Just think of it. He boug-ht a few^last season as a trial. Muth's Strain of Golden Italians. As fine as money can buy. Either of the above by return mail, 75c each, six for $4.00; selected tested — best money can buy — $1.50. Full line of finest Dovetailed Hives and Supplies. Send for catalog. I The Fred W. Muth Co., Front and Walnut Streets, Cincinnati, 0. | ♦ t ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ QUEENS! BY RETURN MAIL. We are now breeding from three dis- tinct strains ; viz. < Imported or leather color. Root's long-tongued or red-clo- ver strain, and our old strain of white banded yellow Italians, or albinos. PRICES: Tested, each $1.25 Select tested, each 1.50 Warranted purely mated, each 75 Same, per half dozen 4.00 Same, per dozen 7.50 Untested, each 65 Same, per half dozen 3.50 Same, per dozen 7.00 We have also a full line of bee-keep- ers' supplies including THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY'S GOODS. Send for our 32-page illustrated catalog. W. m . Cary & Son, Lyonsville, Mass. TERRACE QUEENS. Bred from selected stock; best of workers; very gentle, and fine color. Warranted, 75 cts.; six for 5^.50; dozen, $8.00; tested, $1.00. Harold Hornor, Terrace Apiary, Mt. Holly, N. J. Mfk+ir*** f -^fter July 1st I will sell fine Italians as I'^IUClt'C. follows: Untested, 55c; tested, |1.00 ; breeders, $2.00. My bees are hardy, gentle, and pro- lific, and work well on red clover I also have choice stock of Doolittle's, Root's red-clover, and other strains, and will do the best I can to please. Safe ar- rival guaranteed. Earl V. Safford, Salem, N. Y. COR SALE. — 100 Langstroth winter hives, supers, ' zinc honey-boards, bee-escapes, and feeders. Karl Keim, 149 York St., Buffalo, N. Y. T T WC^k. — V.A.4' TEXAS QUEENS From the I,one Star Apiaries. G. F. Davidson & Son, prop's, have made great prep- arations for the coin- ing season to accom- modate their many customers with either L,ong-tongue, Import- ed Stock, or Golden Queens. They have bought out the queen- rearing business of O. P. Hyde & Son, Hutto, Texas, and by buying and increasing their number of nuclei, they are better prepared than ever to cater to the trade of the bee-keeping public. One of Root's Long-tongue Breeders; Imported Stock direct from Italy; Goldens from leading queen-breeders. Fine breeders of each of the above have been added to their yards. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaran- teed. ,Send for queen circular and price list. We are now prepared to fill orders for Cyprian and Carnio- lan queens. Good strains. Address O. F. Davidson & Son, Box 190, FloresvIHe, Texas. Special Notice to Bee=keepers * Root's Supplies at Catalog Prices. t' send FOR CATALOG. ^ F. H. Farmer, Boston, Mass. J 182 Friend St., 1st Flight. ^ Try a Few of My Queens. For the first time this season I have a few queens ahead of orders. These orders came from all custo- mers who had tried a few queens— some of them doz- ens or hundreds — and liked them. A few from new ones. But as I was pushed with orders I advertised very moderately. Now I have a big lot of nuclei and queens, and can send queens promMly as follows : Warranted queens, 7oc; six for 84.00; one choice select warranted, ^1.00; six for S5.00. Send for free folder. J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Florida. 574 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. July 1 The Idea! Piano Built anticip'iti thedeinanrl of those satisfieil with nothiiit,- but the best and looliinij; for <1 piauo of the Highest Artistic Creation Are you consicieriiia the purchase of a piano? Our proposition will i>rove more en- tertaining than any you have had. Catolufj and Jull iulitrmtilion t'rfe on a)iplicatiuH. TlIK PAt'KARl* COMPANY P. O. Box F Fort Wayne, Indiana Handy Farm Wagons mal;e the work easier for both the man and team. The tires beinjjwide they do not cut into the ground; the labor of loadine is reduced many times, because of the short lift. They are equipped withourfam- ous Electric Steel Wheels, either straight or stag- ger spokes. Wheels any lieight from 24 to 60 inches. Wlaite hickory axles, steel hounds. Guaranteed to carry 401)0 lbs. Why not get started rightby putting in one of these wagons. We make our steel wheels to fit any wagon. Write for the catalog. Itisfrea. ELECTRIC WHEEL CO., BOX 95, QUINCY, ILL.^ Union ComMnation Saw For Ripping, Cross- cutting, Rabbeting, Mitering, Grooving, Gaining, Boring, Scroll sawing, Edge - mouldin Beading. Full line Foot and Hand Power machin erv. Send for catalog A SENECA FALLS MPG. CO., 44 Water St., Seneca Fs., N.Y. Fruit Packages of All Kinds. — AI,SO — BEE=KEEPERS' SUPPLIES. . . Order your supplies now before the busy season catches you. Price list free. Address BERLIN FRUIT-BOX COMPANY, Berlin Heights, - - Erie County, Ohio. SEWS ANYTHING from silk to coars-' I est fabrics. The cu BALL-BEARINC jARLINGTON I (equal of any $40 to $(;r> ttarhin ICombioes hi^rheat Traje michauical . ciency wilh beaulifular.pear; an J most complete attachmi I BE.4RING, heuce easy runnl :ed for 2(1 years. 250,000 add." I Testiriionialafrom every State. _ Write for Free t'atalo? showing all styles and samples of work. I Arlington cuaranteed muchines from 111.95 up. Our AntnniHtie Pshinet at $17.75 is a wonder. * TA.SH uriFRS- INION. I)ept. A-34.i, rilU'AfiO. ILL. B.\LL A GOOD WAY to begin fall fencing is to write for our catalog. Page Woven Wire Fence Co., Box S, Adrian, Miciilgan. ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦ I White Wyandottes ! J Bred from Dustou's best. Stock and eggs for sale in season. Satisfaction guaranteed. J. F. MOORE, TIFFIN, OHIO. ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ BELGIAN HARES \ With every hare sold goes a full pedigree, register number, and score-card, scored by an official judge. Doe.% will be bred to one of our famous high - scoring bucks free Write for book. Mgr. of The A. I. Root Co, J. B. MASON, MECHANIC FALLS, MAINE. fr^ Barns of plank save timber and cash. Neatest, cheap- •^-^^^^— ^^— ^— ^-^^^— est. strongest, most desir- able. .5000 in 42 States. Tested for 20 years. Indorsed by agricultural colleges and scientific "men. Book for stamp. Shawver Brothers. Bellefontaine, Ohio. BEES & SUPPLIES SOLD AT A SACRIFECE. Removal will cause me to sell my entire lot of bees and supplies, consisting of 125 colonies three-banded bees, straight stock from imported queens in ten- frame, two-story, full-depth super. Root hives, mostly new, well painted, 19 straight combs to hives; bees in good condition; will take $2.2.5 per colony. Also 50 cases 1%-inch-screw-cap honey-cans, two to a case, and 14 cases 8-inch new cans; will take 65c per case for the IJ^-inch and 85c per case for the 8-inch, at Hutto, Tex. Also other supplies such as ten-frame hives. Dovetail- ed and Ideal supers, and foundation; will sell below cost; get prices. This stock will be sold before Aug. 1, 1902. Will sell any or all of the lot to suit buj-ers. Henry Schmidt, Box 98, Hutto, Texas. DE.^LER IX BEES AND HONEY. New Self-sealing oney- pails six sizes; sample by mail, 10 cts. .Send for price list. R. H. SMITH, St. Thomas, - Canada. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 575 III? WING ORGAN We make the Wing- Organs and sell them ourselves. They go direct from FACTORY TO HOME. We do not employ agents or sales- men. When you buy a Wing Organ, you pay the actual cost of making it and our small wholesale profit. This profit that we charge is very small be- cause of the large number of organs we sell. A single agent or dealer sells ver3'^ few organs in a j^ear and has to charge a large profit. You Save from $50 to $150 buying an organ direct from factory. Sent on Trial. We Pay Freight. No Money in Advance. WE will send a Wing Organ to any part of the United States on trial. We pay all freight charges in advance. We deliver the organ to your railroad depot free of expense to you. We do not ask for any advance payment or deposit. You can try the organ right in your home for 20 days, and if not sat- isfactory to you we will take it back entirely at our expense. You pay us noth- ing unless 3'ou keep the organ. There is absolutely no risk or expense to you. EASY - MONTHLY - RAYMENTS. Thirty-four years' experience enables us to guarantee every Wing Organ for twelve years against any defect in tone, action, workmanship, or material. Wing Organs need absolutely no tuning. They have a sweet tone, easy action, very handsome case. CATALOG. — A beautiful' catalog of Wing Organs, con- taining half-tone pictures, will be sent free if you write. 1868- -Thirty=fourth Year- -1902. Wing & Son, New York City, 164=166 East Twelfth Street. [)|OnrkC ^^^ &o\A direct from the factory at a saving of from $100 r IdllUo to $200. They are sold on easy monthly payments. Sent on trial without any advance payment or deposit. Over 33,000 have been sold in the last 34 years. A book of information, contain- ing 116 pages, sent free, if you will write to Wing & Son, at the above address. Wing 576 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. July 1 10 CENTS That's all it costs to get acquainted with the Rocky Mountain Bee Journal. We want to send it on trial to every reader of Gleanings Three Months for 10 cts. This vigorous young month- ly has just entered its second year on a' paying basis, and has become the recognized mouthpiece of the bee- keepers of the great Rocky Mountain alfalfa regions. Address The Rocky Mountain Bee Journal, Box 611. Boulder. Colorado. I Make Red=cIover Workers "/^l^^^ and I can work in flowers and get J ,1 v^ honey where others can't. I am guar- / i/-\ \ anteed to work in red clover. Will feir*tl~'T^^^ forfeit 8100 to any one coming here, cw Wmiar 'SC^ and proving that they can't work clover. Twenty years" experience in bees and queens. All queens are rear- ed from best mothers and best methods. In 1900 many of mj' colonies stored 200 lbs. and over of red-clover honey. Our bees commenced swarming in April this year. It takes only good .stock to swarm so earlv. One untested, 75c; dozen, S7.00. Tested, .$1.00; dozen, $10.00. Breeders, $5.00. Golden queens as well as Red-clover. Four-frame nucleus, four-frame hive nicely painted, and nice queen. $3.00 each. Queens by return mail. Fifty to 100 queens at special prices. Money-order office, Guernsey. Q. Routzahn. rienallen, Pa. NONE BUT THE BEST QUEENS ARE GOOD ENOUGH FOR ANY ONE. No bee-keeper wants to give hive room to inferior bees. The best queens fill their hives with brood. The best bees fill their supers with honey. Everj^ bee- keeper knows this, but does not know that o«r strain of Italians are in the lead. Try them. You will not be disappointed. Choice tested queens, 61.00 each. Untested, 75c; $S.0O per doz. Send for price list. J. W. K. SHAW & CO., Loreauville, La. the fatherland of Columbus, is the same of the best honey-bee. Best select long-tongued young tested Italian Queens, $l\ extra select breeding queens (one j-ear old, worth 810), SlOO; bv return mail. Address with mention of Gleanings, BIAGGI ANTHONY, Pedevilla, near Bellinzona, Italian Switzerland. Imp't'd Queens Direct from Italy Please send us your address on a postal card, and we will send you our price list of queens, written in Eng- lish. Our motto: "Whatsoever ye would that men should do to vou, do ye even so to them." Address Malan Brothers. .... Queen-breeders, " Apiario." Luserna, San Giovanni, Italy. Minnesota Bee-keepers' Supply Mfg. Co., Manufacturers of Bee-hives, Sections, Shipping-cases, and Everything Used by Bee-keepers. Orders filled promptly. We have the best shipping facilities in the world. You will save money by send- ing for our price list. Address Minnesota Bee=keepers' Supply Mfg. Co., Nicollet Island Power Building, Minneapolis, Minn. Queens! Buy them of H. G. Quirin, the largest queen- breeder in the North. The A. I. Root Co. tells us our stock is extra fine. Editor York, of the Ameri- can Bee Journal, says he has good reports from our stock from time to time, while J. I,. Gandj', of Humboldt, Neb., has secured over 400 lbs. of honey (mosth-comb) from single colonies containing our queens. We have files of testimonials similar to the above. Our breeders originated from the highest-priced long - tongued red - clover queens in the United States. Fine queens, promptness, and square dealing have built up our present business, which was es- tablished in 1S8S. Price of Queens After July First. 1 6 12 Selected % 75 1 00 1 50 3 00 $4 00 5 00 800 $ 7 00 9 00 Tested Selected Tested Extra Selected Tested— the best that monev can buy We guarantee safe arrival to any State, conti- nental island, or any European country. Can fill all orders promptly.as we expect to keep three to five hundred queens on hand ahead of orders. Special price on 50 or 100. Circular free. Send all orders to Quirin the Queen=breeder, I Post and Money-order Office, Parkertown, Ohio. HONEY QUEENS! Laws' Leather=colored Queens. Laws' Improved Golden Queens. Laws' Holy Land Queens. A prominent queen-breeder writes : " I have reared and sold over .5000 queens in the past few years, and I am using your stock exclusively, as it is the best I can get." Another writes : "The queen mother I got of you is the best queen I ever saw." -A. prominent writer for the Refiew states the L,aws queen is making a fine showing. Many nice letters indicative of the superi- orit\- of Laws' queens on file. Prices : Tested or un- tested, $1.00 each; six for $5.00 Discount on large lots. Write for circular. W. H. Laws, Beeville, Texas. Built for Long Service FROM THREE FACTORIES We ship direct to the consumer We make the most reliable line of vehicle.-,, liarness, etc., t<> Ije found anywhere and sell at the lowcMt wholesale prices/ We Handle No Low-Grade Work. _ _ strong, durable material and good honest workmanship make oa» vehicles and harness outlast two of the ordinary- kind. WritP at DnPO '<"■"•"■ guaranteed freicht eharees to your IIIIIC 01 UlluC station on any vehicle. Carts from 1 11. 00 to $38.75; Road Wagons from $28.90 to » 105 00; Buggies from $36 to $S2.45; Surreys from $52.20 to $120.12; Spring Wagonsfrom $37.50 to $112.50; Farm Wagons from $31,55 to $ti5 65; Single Harness from $4 SO to $20.20; Farm harness from $12.80 to $39 00 WF ^PMR PRPF t'>*>>"°?«>t illustrated TehleU and Har. »'l- OLIIUI ntt nesi catalog erer Issned. Send for it. CASH BUTESS' UNION, Uept. £.84», 0HICA60. 434 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. July 1 jr l-^i#i«- BUSINESS, MANAGER Y/, NEW COMB HONEY. We have received our first shipment of new comb honey, consisting of three crates of nice white honey in Danz. sections from Florida. We have customer's waiting for it, so that it goes off promptly at good prices. BEESWAX DECLINED. We mark down the price which we pay for beeswax to 27 cents cash, 29 in trade, delivered here. Wax is be- ing offered more freely, and at declining prices. As we have reached the close of the season when we use large quantities, and have a good stock, we can not well pay now more than the price likely to be reached in the fall. HONEY- PACKAGES. With the warm dry weather that is sure to come we may still expect a crop of honey, and yoit will be in need of honey-packages in which to market it. We are well supplied with square cans of 5, 1, 54, and y^ gallon capacity ; also with square jars and No. 25 jars and Mason jars. We have another carload of the two latter styles engaged to come before the present stock is exhausted. If in need of any of these honey-pack- ages, let us hear from you. ORDERS FILLED PROMPTLY. Within a few days after the last number of Glean- ings was mailed we caught up on orders, and for the last ten days we have been shipping the same day the order was received, or next day, with the exception of two or three items, material for which has been de- layed in reaching us. The cold wet weather has cut the demand for goods down to almost nothing. Most of our dealers and agents report a similar condition. I believe all are now supplied with goods, and are fill- ing orders promptly. Convention Notices. JOINT BEE-KEEPERS' CONVENTION. The National Bee-keepers' Association and the Colorado .State Bee-keepers' Association will hold a big joint convention in the Colorado State capitol, at Denver, on Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday. Sep- tember 3, 4. and 5, 1902' There will be an exhibition of bee-products and bee-appliances, with liberal pre- miums. All bee-keepers are urged to prepare to make attractive exhibits. For particulars write to Fred I<. Stone, R. D.. Longmont, Col. . CENTRALVEREIN FUER BIENENZUCHT IN OESTER- REICH. IT An International Exhibition in Bee-keeping will be held at Vienna, on the festival of Easter, 1903, arrang- ed by the Central Association of Bee-keepers. It is intended to exhibit bees, hives, instruments, products, books, etc. Information can be received from the Centralverein fuer Bienenzucht in Osterreich, at Vien- na, Austria, I. Schauflergasse,-No. ti. POULTRY PAPER 3 Honths and book, "Plans for Poultry-houses," 10 cts. Paper one .vear and book, 25 cts, if .vou mention Gleanings (reg. price. 50 cts). Inland Poultry Journal, Indianapolis, Indiana. RUBBER STAMPS. Send us 25 cts. for year's sub to our 16-p. monthly journal and we will mail you FREE as a premium a two-line Rubber Stamp, or two one-line Stamps, to print any wording you want. The Farm and Poultry News, Middlesboro, Ky. To make cows pay, use Sharpies Cream Separators, book " Business Dairying " & cat. 288 free. W. Chester. Pa. Bee-supplies Quick L,et us show you how quick we can fill your orders. Be.st of goods and the best place in country to ship from. Get our Prices on Dovetailed Hives and Sections. Write to us if you have any Honey or Beeswax to sell. C. M. SCOTT & CO.. INDIANAPOLIS. INDIANA. 1004 East Washington Street. Queens for June and July, 60c. Abbott I<. Swinson, queen specialist, will mail war- ranted American Albino Italians (best bees known) to introduce the stock, at 60 cts. each; !f6.00 per dozen. Everj'body try them, and get the bee you need. SWINSON & BOARDMAN, Box 358, Macon, Ga. VANDE VORD rears Golden queens from the best honey strains ; untested (from an extra choice Doo- little'breeder) 75c, or 3 for $2.00; tested, $1.2.5 each. Qeo. J. Vande Vord, Daytona, Fla. POR SALE.— Italian bees; full colonies, $4.00; three- *^ frame, with queen, $2.2.5; two-frame, with queen, $2.00; one-frame, with queen, $1.50; queens, $1.00. Mrs. a. a. Simpson, Swarts, Pa. WORTHERN-BRED Red-clover Italian Queens, bred for business by the best methods and from the best red- clover strains; honey-gathering and wintering qualities the prime object. Queens by return mail. Untested $1.00 to July 1st; after then, 75c. Tested, $2.U0 and $1.50. Send for descriptive circular and price list. X. F. nXillex-, K.xic>3Kc3.£i.le7 Pfi. Wants and Exchange. Notices will be inserted under this head at 10 cts. per line. You must SAY you want your adv't in this department, or we will not be responsible for any error. You can have the no- tice as many lines as you please ; but all over ten lines will cost you according to our regular rates. We can not be re- sponsible for dissatisfaction arising from these " swaps," WANTED.— One dollar for 15 W. P. Rock eggs; 83.00 for 50, or 85.00 for 100; from 93 to 95 scoring birds; cockerels and pullets, $1.00 each; 75 cts. for one Golden Italian queen, or $8.00 per dozen — after August 1st, 50c each or $5.00 per dozen. Geo. W. Cook, Spring Hill, Kansas. WANTED. — Bee-keepers to study our advertisement and testimonial of queens in April 1st Gleanings. R. F. Holtermann, Manager Bee Department, Bow Park Co., L,imited, Brantford. Canada. WANTED.— To sell bees and queens. Also putty- knife with iron handle and strong steel blade — just the thing for prj'ing and scraping about hives, etc., 15c postpaid. O. H. Hyatt, Shenandoah, la. \VANTED.— To sell for cash, 5 gal. square tin cans, ^^ used for honey, at about half price of new cans. Also elegant exhibition 12-lb. no drip honey-cases fT plain Danz. and i%X4''4 sections; made for Pan-Amer- ican. For prices, etc., address Orel t,. Hershiser, 301 Pluntington Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. WANTED.— To exchange American Eclipse evaporat- or—contains 78 reversible trays, 7 square feet each— for bees or offers, or will sell cheap for ca.sh. Also want location for bee-yard in the buckwheat di.s- trict, either West Virginia, Pennsylvania, or Maryland. Reinhard Stehle, Marietta, Ohio. WANTED.— A buyer for a quantity of honey-cans that have been used once. Write for particulars to I,. C. Woodman, Grand Rapids. Mich. w ANTED.— Partners for a patent on a bee-hive. For particulars address with stamp, J. VOLKERT, Port Walthall, Va. WANTED.— To exchange carefully reared queens for wax, honey, or hive bodies K. D. Address Swarthmore, Swarthmore, Pa. 578 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. July 1 I iNow «^ «^i 1^ Ready!! Sixty-four Page Catalog of every thing bee-keepers need. Illustrated and fully described. Especially valuable to begin- ners for the information it con- tains. Send your address on a postal and get it now. Estab- lished 1884. J* M^ Jenkins^ Wctumpka^ Elmore Co., Ala, »♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»»♦♦ QUEENS, QUEENS Old Standby*.— The A. I. Root Co., to whom w« haye sold queens for many years, wrote us last May, tnus : "Are you running low on queens? We hope not, as you seem to be our standbvs. Send us 24 pel week instead of 12, till further orders." Beat Any Thing He ever 5aw.— The Cvprian queens you sent me last year beat any thing I ever saw rear- ing brood and filling their hives with honey.— J. Niel- son, Huntington, Utah, Sept. 4, 1901. Is Great.— The nucleus you sent me last fall is great —the finest queen that ever crossed the plains. Please duplicate her this time. Mr. Jordan says the nucleus you sent him cast two fine swarms.— G. R. Warren, Fruitvale, Cal., May 12, 1901. $50 Queens.— My nice queen that you sent me, and I put in a hive with a handful of bees on the 6th day of last June, has now nearly filled her 30-lb. super foi the third time. No man's $60.00 bill could take her. Please send me another one like her as soon as possi- ble, and keep a dozen ready for me like her for the 20th of April next, and I vinll make vou a nice present — M. Brown, Station A, I^ittle Rock," Ark. We breed Italians, Cyprians, Holvlands, Carniolans, and Albinos, in separate yards, 5 'to 20 miles apart. Prompt service. Safe arrival guaranteed. Bees by ihe pount, nucleus, full colony, or by the carload. Prices : Tested, {l.M each ; $S.OO for six ; $1.5.00 pei dozen. Untested, Februar>', March, April, May, |1.0aar Sir:— Inclosed find $1.75. Please tend cne brass gmoke-engiue. I hare osa already. It is the best smoker I •Tar need. Truly yours, Hbkbt Schmidt, Hutto, Tax. MADE TO ORDER Bingham Brass Smokers. Made of sheet brass, which does not rust or burn out; should last a lifetime. You need one, but they cost 25 cts. more than tin of the same size. The little open cut .shows our brass hinge put on the three larger sizes. No wonder Bingham's four-inch smoke-engine goes without puffing, and does not drop inky drops. The perforat- ed steel fire-grate has 381 holes to air the fuel and support the fire. Heavy tin smoke-engine, 4-inch stove, per mail, $1.50; 3^-inch, $1.10; 3-inch. $1.00; 2U-inch, 90c; 2-inch, ()5c. Bingham smokers are the originals, and have all the improvements, and have been the standard of excellence for 23 years. Only three larger ones brass. T. F. Bingham, Farwell, Michigan. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 583 Contents of this Number. ABC, New Edition 59S Ants, Camphor for 61'2 Bee in I,aw 59:5 Bee-keepers, Aiding, in Ireland 590 Bee-poisonins, Peculiar Case 014 California Notes of Travel 599 Calling Notes of Queens Iil2 Cuba, vSonierford on 592 Dogs to Watch Swarms 613 Editor Defied 598 Eggs, Several in one Cell till Encroaching on Bee-keepers , 589 Eucalyptus tiOi Foods, Effects of 589 Forks for Uncapping 589 Foul Brood in Wales 590 Fumigatingbox 611 Gandy, J. 1, 605 Holley, R. A 599 Honey, Prospects and Prices 597 Honey of West Indies in United States 591 Joke on The Root Co., a Correction 597 June of I902,The Wet and Cold 597 I,aboratory, Nature's 611 Mac's Bees 609 McCubbin Children and Uncle John 600 Oxen Plowing in Cuba 602 Poisoning from Spraying 611 Queens, Replacing 590 Rambler and Wheel 599 Rambler at Hochstein Yard 602 Sulphur for Bee-paralysis 589 Tautology, What is it 589 Water, Proportion of in Honey 588 Wax-presses-. 595 York for Manager 61o Honey Column. GBAmNG-Bt)l.E8. Fancy.— All sections to be well filled, combs straight, firm- ly attached to all four sides, the combs unsoiled by travel- stain or otherwise ; all the cells sealed except an occasional cell, the outside surface of the wood well scraped of propolis. A No. 1.— All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs straight ; one-eighth part of comb surface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soiled ; the out- side of the wood well scraped of propolis. No. ].— All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs comparatively even ; one-eighth part of comb surface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soiled. No. '2.— Three-fourths of the total surface must be filled and sealed. . No. 3.— Must weigh at least half as much as a full-weight section. In addition to this the honey is to be classified according to color, using the terms white, amber, and dark ; that is, there will be " Fancy White," " No. 1 Dark," etc. C/TV MAR/sr£TS. Boston.— Our honey-market is wholly normal, the demand being extremely light. Fancy 1-lb. white in cartons bringing 15c and from that down to 13c, ac- cording to quality. Blake, Scott & Lee. ^ July 8. 31, 33 Commercial St., Boston, Mass. Chicago. — The honey market may be said to be on a vacation so far as actual business is concerned. Should the harvest of 1902 be practically a failure there will be no dearth of extracted honey, as there is more of it in storage than we have ever known at this .season of the year. If the consumers are not too greatly impressed with the idea that the honey harvest is a failure this season it may be worked off at an ad- vance in price. Beeswax is lower, yet sells well at 30c per pound. R. A. Burnett & Co., July 7. 199 South Water St., Chicago, 111. Milwaukee. — The usual summer dullness is on in the honey trade, the aciduous in the shape of fruits attracting the eye and taste more than the sweets. The demand for honey, either comb or extracted, is con- fined to small lots as needed by the retail trade. The supply is small, especially of choice or fancy comb and dome.stic extracted. The receipts are very small. We continue to quote: Fancj', 1-lb. sections, 14® 15; A No. 1, 13fffil4; dark or inferior, nominal, 10'S)12. Extracted, in bbls., kegs, or cans, white, 6(3)7; dark. 5(3)6. A. V. Bishop & Co.. July 11. 119 Buffalo St., Milwaukee, Wis. Philadelphia. — Some new comb honey has been arriving, and prices are not settled yet. We are a.sk- ing 14 to 16c, as to quality, for white comb. California extracted honey, 6c in carlots, and from one to two cents advance in less quantities. Beeswax 28c. We are producers of honey, and do not handle on com- mission. Wm. a. Selser, July 7. 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa. Buffalo.— Fancy white comb, 14(^15; A No. 1, 13® 14 ; No. 1, 12^@13; No. 2, 11(S).12; No. 3, 10@11; No. 1 dark, 10(a>ll; No. 2, 9(a),W. Extracted white, (i@6]4 : dark, 5@^^. Beeswax, 28@32. Hardly any demand for honey. W C. Townsend, July 7. 167 Scott St., Buffalo, N. Y. San Francisco.— Comb honey, \0(cb,l2. Extracted, water-white, 5^f3;6i^ ; light amber, 4@5^ ; dark, 4@5. Beeswax, 27^@30. E. H. Schaeffle, June 27. Murphys, Calif. Cincinnati.— The shipments and offers on new comb honey are so little, besides the predictions for the j-ield of honey so uncertain that I can give no figures for prices. Extracted is selling for the same price— amber in barrels, 5@5Hc; alfalfa, 6@6'/^c; white clover, 6J4c. I am paying for beeswax 28c cash. C. H. W. Weber, July 7. 2146 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. Kansas City. — >Since our la-st quotations some new comb honey has arrived in this market. We quote: New comb honey, per lb., 14@15c; old comb honey, per lb , 12@13c ; extracted, white, 6@Gi^c ; amber, 5@6c. Beeswax, 25@30c. C. C. Clemons & Co., July 5. 306 Grand Ave., Kansas City, Mo. New York. — There is some fair demand for comb honev at 14c for strictly fancy white; I2(ai,13c for No. 1, and 10@llc for amber. Extracted quiet at unchanging prices. Beeswax dull and declining at 29c. Hildreth & Segelken, July 9. 265-7 Greenwich St., New York City. Denver. — We are now entirely out of old stock of comb honey: a few cases of the new crop have com- menced to come in. We are holding same at 83.00 per case of 24 sections for No. 1 grade. Extracted honey, 7(aJ%c per pound. Beeswax, 2i@27c. Colorado Honey-Producers' Ass'n, July 8. 1440 Market St., Denver, Col. Albany.— Honev market dull, with no stock on hand and no receipts yet. Too early— is between sea- sons; but will be some call beginning next month. The crop near here is very light owing to wet weather, and we look for good prices to prevail this season. MacDougal & Co., July 12. 375 Broadway, Albany, N. Y. We can place a few cars of comb and extracted hon- ey; will be glad to correppond with parties having some to offer. We also solicit local consignments. C. C. Clemons & Co., 306 Grand Ave., Kansas City, Mo. We will be in the market for honey the coming sea- son in carloads and less than carloads, and would be glad to hear from producers everywhere what they will have to offer. Seavey & Klarsheim, 1318-1324 Union Avenue, Kansas City, Mo. Wanted.— Honey and beeswax. Mail sample, and state price delivered at here. C. H. W. Weber, 2146, 2148 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. Wanted— Comb and extracted honey. State price, kind, and quantity. R. A. Burnett & Co., 199 South Water St., Chicago, 111. WANTED.— Comb honey, white or amber, for cash or on commission, clover preferred. Reference— The A. I. Root Co. C. G. Turner, Mechanic Falls, Me. WANTED. — Offers of car lots of honey, especially comb honey. Cash paid on delivery at your ware- house or station. Thos. C. Stanley & Son. Apiarists and Honey Buyers, Manzanola, Col., or Fairfie'ld, 111. For Sale.— I,ot of fancv white-clover honey, also some basswood, new, ."iOO-lb. barrels at O^^c; 60-lb. cans at 7^c. E. R. Pahl & Co., Broadway & Detroit Sts., Milwaukee, Wis. 584 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. July IS THE AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL is the only bee-paper pub- lished Aveekly on the Amer- ican continent. It was es- tablished in 1861, has 16 pages about 8x13 inches in size, and is full of good things for bee-keepers everj' weelc. Here are its depart- ments: "Contributed Articles" by the best bee-keepers; "Ques- tions and Answers," con- ducted by Dr. C. C. Miller; "Afterthought," by E. E. Hasty; "Editorial Com- ments;" "Convention Pro- ceedings;" "General Items," giving reports of honey crop, condition of bees, etc. ; and Honey and Beeswax Market Quotations. Sample FREE. Price, $1.00 a year. 9E SB 70 1— ^ 09 I « ^->^' $ll|neenfor25c To a New Subscriber. We will send a Warranted Purely Mated Italian Queen with the Weekly American Bee Journal one year to a new subscriber — both for only $1.25. This is a great combination, when you can get $2.00 worth for $1.25. The Queen will be sent promptly, almost by return mail. Our Queens are fine. Price of one Queen alone, $1.00; 3 for $2. 25; or 6 for $4.00. But you'd better have the American Bee Journal for a year with one queen at $1.25 for the two. Address as below. <3 Address all Orders to GEORGE W. YORK & CO., 144 & 146 Erie Street, CHICAGO ILL. This is a $1.20 book, bound in cioth, with 544 pages and 295 illus- trations. It has just been fully revised and brought down to date. Every bee-keeper should have it in his library. We mail it to any one for $1.20, or with the American Bee Journal every week for a year — both for $1.75. Address as above. ::2^-*t^g=!>i!ys^^ 49 S \ ^ fc- i » a. V 1 V n ^ 0 I I _l 9i < V H aa < 0 (A 0^ -4-^ 0 0 u. 0 (~l fiS z UJ <~ VI 0 u— (/i Urn 09 r CO B cr ■o CO 0 B DOOLITTLE'S ** Scientific Queen-Rearing" This book tells all about rearing the best of queen- bees. Mr. Doolittle is the great American authority on this subject. The book is bound in cloth, and is mailed for $1 ; or bound in leather- ette, for 60c. Or, the cloth- bound book and the Ameri- can Bee Journal weekly for a whole year — both for $1. 60 ; and the leatherette-bound book and the American Bee Journal a year — both for $1.30. Address as above. '^ k[ 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 585 Gleanings in Bee Culture [Established in 1873.] Devoted to Bees, Honey, and Home interests. Published Semi-monthly by The A. I. Root Co., - - Medina, Ohio. A. I. ROOT, Editor of Home and Gardening Dep'ts. E. R. ROOT, Editor of Apicultural Dept. J. T. CALVERT, Bus. Mgr. A. X,. BOYDEN, Sec. TERMS. $1.00 per annum ; two years, $1.50; three years, $2.00; five years, $3.00, tn advance,- or two copies to one address, $1.50 ; three copies, $2.00 ; five copies, $3.75. The terms apply to the United States, Canada, and Mexico. To all other countries 48 cents per year extra for postage. DISCONTINUANCES. The journal is sent until orders are received for its discontinuance. We give notice just before the subscription expires, and fur- ther notice if the first is not heeded. Any subscriber whose subscription has expired, wishing his journal discontinued, will please drop us a card at once; other- wise we shall assume that he wishes his journal con- tinued, and will pay for it soon. Any one who does not like this plan may have his journal stopped after the time paid for by making this request when ordering. RATES OF ADVERTISING. These will be fur- nished on application. of Grand Traverse territory and I,eelanau Co. are descriptive of Michigan's most beautiful section reached most conveniently via the Pere Marquette R. R. For pamphlets of Miohigan farm lands and the fruit helt, address 1. E. Merritt, Manistee, Michigan. DITTMER'S FOUNDATION. Retail — Wholesale — ^Jobbing. Having increased my shop -room, put in power and a new set of ma- chines, I am now producing a better article than ever, with unlimited ca- pacity to meet orders. I use a process that produces every essential neces- sary to make it the best and most de- sirable in all respects. My process and automatic macliines are my own inventions, which enable me to sell foundation, and WORK WAX INTO FOUNDATION FOR CASH, at prices that are the lowest. I make a specialty of working upWholesale and Jobbing Lots of wax into foundation, for cash. If you have w^ax by the 100 lbs. or ton, let me hear from you. Catalog giving Full Line of Supplies with prices and samples, tree upon application. BEESWAX WANTED. Gus. Dittmer, Augusta, Wisconsin. \?(\(\ PFPPPT^ All sizes; some trained; first- liVV 1 LiIVIVLrlO. (-lags stock. New price list free. N. A. KNAPP, Rochester, Lorain Co., Ohio. Angora Goats are handsome, hardy, profitable. Prize stock ; low price ; circular. Ed. W. Cole & Co., Kenton, O. ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ I Marshfield Manufacturing Company. Our specialty is making SECTIONS, and they are the best in the market. Wisconsin basswood is the right kind for them. We have a full line of BEE - SUPPIvIES. Write for FREiB illustrated catalog and price list. Marshfield Manufacturing Company, Marshfield, Wisconsin, ^♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦i dJlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilMlllinillMIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIilllllll^ 1 1. J.Stringham, New York City \ I 105 Park Place. | = We keep in stock two or three carloads of Apiarian = E Supplies, and fill orders promptly. For regular goods E = orders are filled within one or two days. E E Stock is made up of a large variety of Hives. Sections, = E etc. Silk-faced veil, 35c. Tested Italian Qiaeens, $1.25 ; E E untested, 85c. Catalog free. Apiaries, Glen Cove, L. I. = ^iiiiiiiniiiiifiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ 5S6 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. July IS dJIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIM I Fancy Glassed Comb Honey Wanted! | I We are in the market now for some fancy | I glassed (glassed on both sides of each sec- | i tion) comb honey. Will pay a fancy price | I for a fancy article. Advise us at once of how | I much you have, and what gathered from. | I A. L. Boyden, care of The A. I. Root Co., Medina, Ohio. | ^iiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin M< i^. ?^ >$*. >l^ J^, Hi ^K ii< Hk ^. ^I^ yt< ."st^ isK isli^. ?ik yK JSh >l?t i^ ■gjS VK ^ 5j^ world, use this style. xjy ^ ™— ™ % % Q. B. Lewis Company, Watertown, Wis. ^ / ^ Queens Now Ready to Supply by Return Mail. finldpn Ifjlli^n^ have no superiors and few equals; untested, 75c; 6 for $4.00. Ppd-rloVf»r OllPPfl^ which left all records behind in gathering honey; untested, |1; 6 for |5. CfiriliftljlIK '^^^ ^° highly recommended, being more gentle than others; untested, $1.00. ccccccccc; Root's Goods at Root's Factory Prices, cccccccccc C. H. W. Weber, 2146, 2148 Central Av., Cincinnati, Ohio. Successor to Chas. P. Muth and A. Muth. • delvote: •ANdHoNEY *MD home: v^ ™v^ ^^^^ubiishedyTHE^l^oo"f Co. ^^^Si^perYear'^'Xq'Medina-Ohio- Vol. XXX. JULY 15, 1902. No. 14 Extensive preparations are being- made for the International Bee Exposition to be held at Vienna, April 4—26, 1903. J. Winkler says in Bienen- Vatei' that the best and cheapest way to send swarms is by mail! Talk about this being a fast country! To the plans given, p. 547, for pure fer- tilization, might be added the one that Dzier- zon thinks best of all, feeding- to get the de- sired drones and queens to fly before 8 A. M. It certainly seems one of the easiest, if feed- ing will make them fly. White clover unusual this year. First bloom unusually early — May 20; full bloom unusuallj^ late — hardly before July 4, with a fair crop on that date. As only two daj's yet have been warm, it remains to be seen whether there is any nectar to be had from it. DoOLiTTLE says queen-cells should be rather more than five-sixteenths in diame- ter. Call it five and a half sixteenths — that's just a third of an inch. Then we have: worker-cells five to the inch, drone- cells four to the inch, and queen-cells three to the inch. F. A. Hanneman, the inventor of the queen-excluder, now living in Brazil, al- though in his 82d year, contributes an in- teresting article of more than two pages to Bienen- 1 'ater. [If you have a copy of that paper, doctor, send it to us and we will make some extracts. — Ed.] It's WELL ENOUGH to give the minutia? of cell-cup making, as given p. 564, and it's well enough to give the minutiae of founda- tion-making; but, all the same, it's better to buy than to make in either case. I don't believe I can make cell-cups as cheap as I have bought them of Mr. Pridgen; and if they are to be regularly used I don't see why they should not be on the price list of supplies. [We have thought several times of making cell cups, but so far have divert- ed all orders that we have had for these to our friend W. H. Pridgen. I still think, however, it is well for us all to know how to make these things, even in a wholesale way. — Ed.] C. Meyer, in Centralblatt, quotes from Cowan's Guide Book ( although I do not find it in my English edition) the following plan to prevent swarming : Having two strong colonies, take from the first all brood, re- placing with empty combs or foundation, and put the combs of brood in a second story over the second colony. This seems based upon the paradox that a sufficient in- crease of unsealed brood will prevent swarming. Mr. Editor, you are "fully convinced" that no drug, unless awfully corrosive, will kill foul-brood spores. But intelligent pro- fessors in Canada say they liave killed spores with formalin without injuring the combs. [It is not ordinarily wise to contra- dict scientific men. If competent professors say that formalin will kill the spores I will not deny the statement, although I should hate to rely on the efficacy of the drug in an apiary of mine. — Ed.] You've had ideal honey weather, even if not for long, at Medina. Different here. Up to July 2 I wore exactly the same coat, pants, and vest I wore all winter, discard- ing under-clothes. I've fed nearly a thou- sand pounds of sugar to keep the bees from starving, and breeding has been nearlj' at a standstill. July 2 came a sudden change; thermometer ran up to 86°; next day 94°; and this morning, July 4, it bids fair for a scorcher. [See editorials. — Ed.] In fastening bottom-board and screen to hive for shipping, the editor advises that four strips be nailed at each corner. Isn't that unnecessarily strong? Wouldn't one strip at each corner be enough? [Yes, for you, perhaps; but just the other day we were moving a load of bees to one of our out-yards, and used only two fastenings at the two opposite diagonal corners, and we had more or less trouble. Our j-ard-men conclude they would prefer four fastenings. 588 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. July IS or at least one in the rear and two in front; and for shipping-, at least, I would strongly urge four fastenings. The advice we give in a general way to the public should err, if at all, on the safe side. — Ed.] W. GuENTHER says in Centralblatt that, in spite of the mild climate and plants blooming the entire year, bee-keeping in Brazil is not remunerative. Pollen is al- ways to be had, honey not always, and the constant flight of bees throughout the year makes an enormous amount necessary for the support of a colony. Overstocking, abundance of bee-enemies, and low prices make too heavy a combination for success in the business. [This is probably a con- dition that exists in other portions of the world. — Ed.] "But why should bees put wax in the bottom of the cells? "We are certain that they remove the shed skins whenever they become too thick." So ye editor, p. 243. Are you sure they remove any thing from the bottom of the cell? If so, how is it that an old septum may be yi in. thick? [While it is true that the old septum may be y% inch thick, yet when a comb gets to be ten years old, and has had five or six broods in it in a season, the cast-off larval skins would accumulate to such a thickness dur- ing that time that, if the bees did not thin the septum, or at least remove some of the surplus from the bottoms of the cells, the cells would be nearly half full. While we have contended that the diameter of the cell does not grow less through age, we may say, also, that the depth of them does not decrease materially during a corresponding period. Bees will allow a certain accumu- lation in the bottom, but little or none around the sides. — Ed.] The idea seems to prevail that there is an advantage in very shallow brood-frames, because in them there will be brood to the top-bar, with no honey at the upper part to prevent bees going directly from brood to sections. I wonder if there is a difference in localities. With me Langstroth frames have brood to the top-bars, so that there would hardly be an advantage in shallower combs. [AVhy, certainly, doctor, you do not mean that the majority of your Lang- stroth frames have brood clear up to the top- bars. When I visited you and looked over your frames, my recollection is they were not so filled. It is only occasionally that we find a full frame of brood of Langstroth depth, and that is generally with the Cyprian or yellow stock ; and the most of the yellow stock, from its appearance and nervous ac- tions, I believe had its origin in Eastern blood. I will bet a cookey there is no differ- ence between your locality and mine. If you have lately discovered a method by which you c^n force your queens to fill their brood-frames /■«// of brood without the use of the Eastern or yellow stock, I wish 3'ou would tell me how you do it. Somehow I had come to believe that it was an axiom that the average Langstroth frame would be filled about two-thirds full of brood in actual service; the other third, during or after the honey-flow, would have an inch or more of honey under the top-bars. I have just been looking over hundreds of frames in our own apiaries; and I am sure the con- dition you ascribe to your yard does not exist in ours. — Ed.] The per cent of water in honey has been given as varying greatly, from 13 all the way up to 32 per cent or more. Prof. Frank T. Shutt, chemist of the Ottawa Ex- perimental Farms, after spending much la- bor on the problem, says, according to are- port in Canadian Bee Journal, that he doesn't know the answer. The trouble is that, at the temperature at which analyses have been made, levulose decomposes, and the loss thus resulting has been counted as so much water. He says: "From the first weighings we calculated the percentage of water, and got numbers in the neighbor- hood of 14, 15, 16; after 12 hours more we obtained to 18, and then another twelve hours gave us 20 and 25 per cent; and then continuing, the per cent of loss went up to 28, 30, and 32. Evidently there was no stopping-place, and what we were calculat- ing as water was really in large part due to the decomposition of honey." So he thinks the great discrepancy does not re- sult from the difference in the honey itself, but from the difference in time used by the diff'erent analysts. He thinks the per cent of water in honey will be found nearer 15 than 30. R. C. AiKiN, in Review, arraigns the en- tire fraternity of manufacturers because ten-frame hives are too narrow to admit properly a dummy, and eight-frame hives are so wide as to require two dummies. I don't know about the ten-framers, but I stand up for the eight-framers being all right. Formerly they were too narrow, but now they are 12>s in. inside measure. With spacing l^s from center to center, there will be a space of 1^'s to \f^ left at one side. Put in the center of that space a y'V dummy, and the space each side of the dummy will be 1% when every thing is new, becoming less as propolis accumulates and combs be- come old. Whether new or old, I have never known comb to be built back of the dummy, as Mr. Aikin says happens. [If we had had it to do over again, we as sup- ply-manufacturers would have left the eight- frame hive as we originally got it out — im inches — so that it would have the same amount of room relatively as the ten-frame hive. I find in actual practice that, in the manipulation of Hoffman frames, at least in ten-frame hives, I do not find any need of a dumm3^; and in handling the eight- frame hive with a dummy in, I find it is easier to remove the Hoffman frame direct than to take out the dummj^; and usually I can ascertain all I need to know about a colony by removing one frame. We had contemplated making the ten-frame hive wider; but my advice was to leave it just 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 589 as it is. I believe j'our sister once said that, in actual practice, she thought it was easier to remove a frame than a dumm)', and I agree w^ith her. — Ed.] The editor, p. 563 and elsewhere, pro- tests against encroachment upon fields al- ready occupied, and at least one pathetic appeal has been made that the rights of bee-keepers should be respected; and now the danger is that some freak-brain will rise and inquire whj^ there should not be laws to protect bee-keepers in their rights. [While there are cases in which the rights of other bee-keepers are not respected by a too close encroachment on their territory, }'et I was surprised, in my six-thousand- mile trip among the bee-keepers last year, to note that there is a certain unwritten law, fairly well respected, that two yards must not be located within a quarter of a mile of each other. While, ordinarily, there should be at least a mile and a half between the apiaries, the distance has been gradually reduced to about a mile. In some localities this distance is practically as good as two or three miles. I think I saw places in Arizona, if I am not mistaken, where there were four apiaries located on the four corners of a section. A "section" in the West is a square mile. But there are only a few places in Arizona that will admit of such grouping; because there is nothing but alfalfa that would support such a number of bees. — Ed.] "Bee-grower." — Um — er — well, I don't know. Why is "bee-grower" any better than "bee-keeper"? Doesn't it make for clearness to have just one word for each idea and one idea for each word? "Tau- tology" ? There's no tautology in the case, and Stenog must have been asleep to allow such a thing to go in. [Why, doctor! not tautology? Is it possible you have not con- sulted your Standard Dictionary? If you will look in that authority you will see I used that word exactly right. I have in my lap the Century Dictionary, acknowl- edged to be authority the world over, and it defines one of the meanings of tautology thus: "A repetition of the same word." In- deed, the original Greek from which the word is derived means exactly that. Both the Standard and the Century say we used the word correctly. The flexibility and wealth of any language depend on its syn- onymous words to a great extent. Because the English language has borrowed from so many languages, it is more capable of expressing fine shades of meaning than any other language in the world. I have some- times thought that the glossary of special terms in bee-keeping was not quite extend- ed enough, hence my suggestion to adopt a word already adopted and synonymous with bee-keeper. — Ed. J H. Margiol, in ///. Monatsblaetter, says that uncapping by heat is the most rapid way, but it gives the taste of wax to the honey. That settles it that the knife or fork must be used, and across the water they say the uncapping-fork works more' rapidly' than the knife. [My, oh my! we must test that uncapping-fork. If the bee- keepers of Europe have determined that it works more rapidly than a knife, we are big — well, fools, for not trying it. How oft- en inertia of conservatism stands in the way of progress, preventing us from get- ting out of the rut on to a good smooth road! When I think of some of the old farmers who make much ado about the increase of taxes whenever the authorities proceed to make good roads, I think the fools are not all dead }'et. Those same farmers are stu- pid, or, rather, so blind they will not see that every mile of good roads would in the end reduce taxes, and save them hours of time and dollars in money. If I had the power I would make good roads all over the country, and let the farmers howl; because I know that, in the end, they would rise up and call me blessed. There, I did not mean to talk about good roads; but let us not, as bee-keepers, be penny economical and pound extravagant. Let us be wise enough to try any thing pronounced good by any consid- erable number of people, even if they do speak a different language. I have consid- erable respect for the opinions of some of those Dutch — no, Germans. — Ed.] 'i/ffOM, OUR NE/GHB0R5 FIELDS. Fast o'er the fields, from flower to flower, Beneath the sun's bright blaze, The bees at last secure the prize And hum aloud their praise. \b Just as the forms for this issue were go- ing to press, the following telegram was handed me by Mr. Calvert. There being no other page available, I have made room for it here. Mr. Root: — Father died this morning at 11:30, after a verv short illness. C. P. Dadant. Hamilton, 111., July 16. AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL. In speaking of sulphur as a cure for bee- paralysis, Mrs. E. B. Hawkins says: Sulphur will cure it. I have had it in my apiary for three years. I have tried salt, but it did not do any good, and in rainy weather it makes the hives too damp. This spring I tried sulphur ; it cures every time. I take a flour-dredger and dust it over the combs. You will see an improvement in less than two weeks, and it is seldom that I have to give more than one dose. If it makes its appearance again, give them another dose. The sulphur has the merit of being harmless. Certainly worth trying. \lu As to the effect of different foods on ani- mals and plants, Mr. L. Stachelhausen says: If corn is raised in a fluid containing hyposulphide of magnesia the voung plant will bear blos.sonis quite different from that oTf corn. Frog-eggs develop into quite other frogs in water containing salt, from sweet water. In the animal kingdom we have another ex- 590 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. July IS ample in our bees. An impregnated egg can develop into a queen or into a worker-bee, and which one will develop is decided by the nourishment of the larva. We know a worker-bee is not simply an undevelojjed or crippled queen, as in the worker-bee the digestive organs are fullv developed, which are missing or not fully developed in the queen ; the same is true with other organs. L. L. Andrews says the honey season in Southern California has been greatly over- estimated, and thinks it will not be a fifth of a crop, and in some of the best localities there will be none. That agrees with other correspondents in that region. J. W. George, same county as Mr. Andrews, gives a report with a still deeper tinge of indigo in the background. BRITISH BEE JOURNAL. In our preceding issue attention was called to the case of a bee-keeper in Wales who sent some suspicious-looking brood to the editor of the BrJi. Bee Journal, Mr, Carr, who pronounced it a very severe case of foul brood, and said there was enough of it to contaminate the whole of "Wales in a season or two. As to what kind of proph- et Mr. Carr is, the following extract from Mr. John Morgan, of Wales, will bear tes- timony, as also to the value of bee-keepers' associations. He says: I, too, am another bee-keeper in Wales, and badly hit by fovil brood. Of fifty stocks put vip for winter only two were found in the spring unaffected by the scourge. It had made its appearance in some of the hives a year ago, and after then treating the affected cases in a drastic manner and, as I thought, cured them, the discovery made this spring that the disease had spread throughout the apiary was disconcerting in the extreme. The number of my stocks is now re- duced by deaths and uniting to thirteen, and of those not more than three are of effective, surplus-storing strength. All old combs are destroyed, and hives cleaned, and I am hopeful that with care the disease will be kept under. . . . My present experience has convinced me of the urgent need of a British foul- brood act, for, so long as half or more of our counties are without bee-associations, the means for keeping foul brood under control are practically^ non-existent. Even were every county provided with its association, the non inclusion of a large proportion of bee-keepers would go far to nullify the efforts of the associations in their attempts at repression. It seems to me that nothing short of compulsory powers will avail. IRISH BEE JOURNAL. This new journal not only holds its own in point of interest, under the direction of Mr. Digges, but is improving. As to wheth- er apiculture should receive public encour- agement or not in Ireland, the following is a suggestive pointer: At a meeting of the Iveitrim County Council, on May Kith, when a grant of $150 in aid of bee-keeping in the South Riding came up for confirmation, it was op- posed by one of the councillors, Mr. Moran, who gave expression to the following opinion, which we recom- mend our readers to take as patiently as they can. Mj. Moran. Bee-keeping is meant only for lazy, in- dolent people, who are too lazy to work. I wonder they don't start to rear frogs [laughter]. It is all bosh; giving monej' to lazy people to rear bees, and we poor hard-working people must pay for it all." Another councillor, Mr. Wallace, who knows a good thing when he sees it, spoke very warmly in support of the grant, ard said: " I will send Mr. Moran a copy of the Irish See Journal, and then I know he will be convert- ed to bee-keeping," which turned the laugh upon Mr. Moran, and, or course, the grant was confirmed. REPLACING QUEENS, ETC. "Say, Doolittle, I came this afternoon to ask you a question." "Well, what is bothering you now, Mr. Smith?" "I have several old h3''brid queens that are past their usefulness, and I have tol- erated them thus far only as I thought it would be better to let them go through the honey harvest rather than to run the risk of less honey in replacing them while the harvest was on. These I wish to replace with young Italian queens. How and when shall I proceed to do it?" "Perhaps we better take up the when matter first." "Very good. How about the ivhenf'' " This can be done at any time; but I find that the bees supersede more queens just after the main honey harvest for the season is over, in this locality, than at any other time of the year; consequently, where I wish to supersede queens for any reason I do it just after the basswood-honey season is over, as basswood gives our main honey- flow." "But I live where white clover gives the main yield." "Very well. Then your best time would be just after clover has failed, which would naturally be from July 1st to 15th." "I comprehend now. The superseding is to be done after any honey- flow has ceas- ed where the person resides who wishes to do the superseding." "Exactly." "Then I am ready for the how.'''' "Unless a change in variety of bees is desired, I would advise the beginner to leave this matter of supersedure of queens to the bees, as they will make fewer mis- takes, if this matter is left to them, than the smartest bee-keeper in the land — espe- cially where there is anj^ Italian blood in the bees." "But I told you I wished to change to Italians." "Yes, I know you did; but I thought it might be well to give yoti this hint, so that, after your bees became thoroughly Italian- ized, you need not think you must be super- seding their queens all the while." "That was all right; but go ahead." "Where a change of the breed of bees is desired, then, of course, the apiarist must do it. The plan I use most, and like the best, is to start queen-cells just before the basswood-honej^ yield closes, when the bees are in the best possible shape to raise ex- tra-good queens; then two days before these cells are ripe, or two days before the queens will emerge from them, I go to the colonies having queens which I wish to supersede, and hunt out the queens and kill them. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 591 Two days later the nearly mature cells are placed in queen-cell protectors and placed in these colonies." "What are queen-cell protectors?" "They are a sort of cone-shaped affair made of wire cloth or wire wound in a coil just a little larger than the cell, and hav- ing a hole about the size of a leadpencil in the small end for the queen to come out through when she bites the covering from the point of the cell. The A. I. Root Co. keeps them for sale, and will send you a sample, if you so request, with five cents for the same. They are used to keep the bees from destroying the cell before they fully realize they are queenless, or for any other reasons. " "I am glad to hear of these; but does this insure a certain success in every case?" "Not absolutely so; but my experience has been that, in nineteen cases out of twen- ty, young, thrifty, vigorous queens will be found laying in colonies thus treated, fifteen days later." "But suppose I had rather buy my queens than to raise them." "If you do not wish to raise the queens, that is your privilege; but the apiarist who raises his own queens is independent, and no one is a full-grown bee-keeper till he or she learns to do this. But you can send away for the queens if you so think. But I would advise you to raise a few queens, in any event. It is something you will enjoy after you once try it, and will be time prof- itably spent besides, as there is little or no worry over the introducing part with the cells." "I am glad you touched this introduction part, for I am not used to introducing queens. Is there much trouble and loss connected therewith?" "With the old veteran there is little loss, and with the directions on the cages con- taining the queens there is little trouble. In this we are ahead of what they were a quarter of a century ago. As a few days without a lajang queen is of little conse- quence at this time of the year I would ad- vise, to insure against loss in introduction, that the old queen be killed from nine to ten days before we try to introduce a new queen to the colony." "What do you do this for?" "This is to prepare them so they will want a queen so badly that they will sure- ly accept the new queen when given. Dur- ing these nine to ten days they will con- struct queen-cells from which to furnish themselves with another queen, and also perfect and seal all larval brood, so that they can not construct more queen-cells should all of these cells be taken off. Know- ing this we proceed on either of these days to open the hive, shake the bees off the combs, so we can readily see all the queen- cells which may have been started, cutting or breaking everj' one off. This makes the colony ' hopelessly queenless, ' as it is called, so that they are glad to take any queen that is offered them, so that the existence of the colony may be preserved. Now follow the directions sent with every queen, letting the bees eat the candy away till the queen is liberated, according to the instructions ac- companying the queen." "Have you any other plan?" " If you do not wish to go to this trouble, there is another way, which is usually suc- cessful. It is, to remove the old queen in the forenoon of a pleasant day ; and at night, after the bees have all returned home, give them a little smoke; and when they are filled with honey allow the new queen to run in at the entrance, blowing in a puff or two after her. Do not open the hive in four or five days, in either case, and you will rarely fail." EFFECT OF THE WEST INDIA HONEY ON THE MARKETS OF THE UNITED STATES. A Corroboration of the Statement Made by Mr. Morrison, by one of the Most Experienced Commission Men. BY R. A. BURNETT. Mr. Root: — We have been much interest- ed in the article written for your June 15th issue by Mr. W. K. Morrison. It is a most intelligent setting-forth of the actual condi- tions that exist in the West Indies. The natives of those islands are practically in- corrigible, and very few Americans are so constituted as to be able to bear with them as associates or even as laborers. The sentence in which he speaks of environment as dragging down the native-born white is a most intelligent conception of the fact therein set forth. No man with a wife and children can afford to run the risk that he must take for their welfare. While it is probably true that some man without fami- ly ties can go there and live a few years and gather money faster than he can else- where, he simply sacrifices all social inter- change for the time being. Mr. Morrison is very modest when he says, " I do not think that the present tar- iff" of a cent or so per pound on honey sent to the United States avails very much: it only tends to discourage trade." That has been our opinion for ([uite a long time. We dealt in Cuban honey only long enough to satisfy some customers who were prejudiced in favor of the Cuban honey (on the suppo- sition that it had much more of the honey properties than any other honey known), that is to say, that it would stand the oven test, and carry its aroma into the product over any other honey in the market. It is now some years since we had any call for Cuban honey in preference to that produced in the States. To a large user of Cuban honey we would offer other honey which, in our opinion, would give equally satisfacto- ry results to the manufacturer, on the con- dition that, if our directions were followed, we would be responsible to them for any damage that might ensue from the use of 592 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. July 15 American honey versus Cuban or any other of the so called strong- honeys. The result was that we invariably won them over to using- that produced in the States; but if the tariff did not exist our Eastern mer- chants could sell the West India honey to Europe from New York city, or any other Eastern seaports that have ships trading reg-ularly between the United States and the islands, and to that extent should be benefited. We fully commend your opinion of the ar- ticle, and hope that those who are thinking of going to the islands in the Atlantic will first have the opportunity to read Mr. Mor- rison's communication. Chicago, 111., June 20. [I do not think the bee-keepers of the United States need to worry a particle over any possible effect that Cuban honey may have on American markets. The time may come when manufacturers — that is, bakers — will require more honey than America can produce. In that case they will proba- bly draw on Cuba for an additional supply. But from what Rambler writes elsewhere, it is evident that Cuban honey is put up too thin, and contains too much impurity to en- ter as a competitor against our honey. The time may come, however, when Ameri- can methods will prevail in Cuba, as they undoubtedly will, when a better grade of honey, better ripened, and cleaner, will be put up. — Ed.] CUBA. The Tariff ; Reduction on Sugar ; Stingless Bees. BY F. N. SOMERFORD. According to Mr. Havemyer's testimony before the Senate committee, a reduction of import duties into the United States on Cu- ban sugar would not lower the price in the United States. But would tend to raise the price in Cuba to the full extent of the re- duction. Then Rambler was correct in his statement, page 236, in stating that Ameri- can producers need not fear that lower prices of honey in American market would result from a reduction on imports of honey, for the rule applied to sugar would apply to honey. Rambler is correct in that state- ment; but we Cuban bee-keepers joirutly ask the editor to reserve space in Gleanings eight months hence, when the Rambler, aft- er a year's experience in Cuba, will prob- ably be prepared to retract some other statements that he has made. Mr. Harry Lathrop makes beedom jingle with poetry. His advice of not thinking of to-morrow is not needed by the majority here. They never think about to-morrow. But to-day — to-day alone ; They don't grieve o'er future sorrow, But are with the breezes blown. I have a colony of those little stingless Cuban bees, mentioned by Rambler in his visit to the postmaster, page 423. My con- victions are that they are very worthless little creatures ; for, while the other bees were giving 100 lbs. per colony, this colony gave four or five ounces — just enough to taste twice. The remainder I gave to a Cuban to put in his eye, as something had gone wrong with one of them, and the Gua- jiras county people claim wonderful medic- inal properties exist in both the honey and wax of the stingless bee. I asked a drug- gist, and he stated that it was used for many purposes by the country people, but in reality was not worth much for any thing. Still they keep it in stock to accommodate the trade. I therefore presume that its re- deeming qualities are that it is harmless. It is milder in flavor than other bee honey, while the wax differs considerably, being, after rendering, gummy like propolis when warm. This wax has its peculiar odor, and never gets hard and brittle. The little bee has no sting, but can bite real hard — so hard that they can easily, by a few quick bites, sever the head of an or- dinary bee from its body if it comes nosing around to rob. When I took their honey I saw one of them dispatch three ordinary bees in short order. When they would come and start into their entrance, a hole the size of the base of an ordinary queen-cell cup, the sentinels would dart on to them, alight on their back, gather them by the neck, give two or three quick short bites, and off drops the robber's head, he not having an opportunity to use his sting in his defense. The little bee, too, is harder than an ordi- nary bee, while the queen seems much soft- er, being shorter than a common queen, and thicker through the abdomen, making her very clumsy and ugly. I have never found a drone among them, and don't believe they have drones. The comb is built with cells on one side only; and instead of being built vertically it is horizontal, the little bees' brood standing straight up. These pieces are circular, one ring of comb just a bee- space above the other, each layer smaller than the one below it, till the last, which is as large as a fifty-cent piece. The brood seems to require about sixty days or more to develop from the egg to the hatching bee. Another peculiarity about these little creatures is that they never put brood in the same comb twice, but tear the comb to pieces after each batch of brood hatches, and use the material to build new combs of. They have no white comb — all is the same color (light chocolate). The above-mentioned comb is for brood only. They store their honey in a separate and distinct manner ; i. e., in little balls the size of a walnut, all piled in any old way around the brood-nest, each being par- titioned off from the other. They gather pollen, also mix it into a sour mushy paste, storing in cells the same as are used for . their honey. They seem to increase very slowly, and there are two colors of them as of our other bees — black and yellow. There are two swarms near me in a ledge 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 593 of rocks that I invite the Rambler over to help me get out, and he may take one of them home with him if we succeed. I have mine in a little box with a movable cover; and it makes me feel master of the situa- tion, when I wish to examine them, to walk up boldlj' without smoker, lift the cover, and do to them as I please. San Antonio de los Banos, Cuba, May 29. THE BEE IN LAW. Statutory Enactments. — Article 7. BY R. D. FISHER. 1. Preface. 2. Offense against Private Property; Un- lawful Enticement of Bees. 3. Bees, Property in. 4. Bees, ivith Hives and Honey, Exempt from AtfacJimcnt and Execution. 5. Poison — Exposing with Intent to De- stroy Bees — Penalties. 6. Bees, Entering Premises to Disturb or Caj'ry away— Penalty. 7. Prevention of Foul Brood amo7ig Bees — Michiga?i. 8. Same, Nebraska. 9. Same, Colorado. 10. Same, California. 11. Same, Utah. 12. Same, Wisconsin. 1. PREFACE. It is the purpose of this article to supply in convenient form a digest of the whole body of stautory law concerning bees and bee-keepers. The code of laws for each State is supplied only by large libraries, and the wealth of material on most subjects is somewhat confusing. It has been said, "The difficulty is not so much to know the law as to know where to find it." Our investigations during the prepara- tion of previous chapters of this series of articles have led to the belief that it will be practicable to make a useful and satisfac- tory digest of the law providing for the propagation, preservation, and protection of bees and bee-keepers. The concluding chapter is divided into such titles as seem capable of separate treatment. In so far as our investigations could discover, none of the statutory law referred to herein has been repealed. A feature of the concluding chapter which seems worthy of particular mention is the collection of statutes providing for inspec- tion of apiaries, and penalties. However, in this and other respects the work must speak for itself. 2. OFFENSE AGAINST PRIVATE PROPERTY; UNLAWFUL ENTICEMENT OF BEES — PENALTIES. Laws of Connecticut, 1882, Chap. 67, Cen- tral Stat. 1888, Sec. 1466, provide that every person who shall place upon the premises of another any tub, box, or other contrivance for the purpose of enticing swarms of bees from the premises of their lawful owner shall be fined not more than seven dollars or imprisoned not more than thirty days. 3. BEES, PROPERTY IN; DEPOSITS ON LAND. Laws of Georgia, 1883, Chap. 2, Sec. 3074, Stat. 1895, provide that any deposit made by wild animals on realty belongs to the owner; thus honey deposited by bees in a tree belongs to the owner of the tree, though the bees may be hived by another; so the eggs and young of birds, or the in- crease of animals (bees), so long as they remain unable to leave the land, belong to the owner. 4. BEES, WITH HIVES AND HONEY, EXEMPT FROM EXECUTION. Statute of Vermont, 1894, Sec. 1805, pro- vides that, among the goods or chattels of a debtor which are exempt from attachment and execution to satisfy a judgment debt, are three swarms of bees and their hives, with their produce in honey, provided the suit brought is not to recover payment for the purchase price thereof, or for material or labor expended on the same. 5. POISON, EXPOSING WITH INTENT TO DE- STROY BEES — PENALTIES. Section 1247, Rev. Stat. Kentucky (Car- roll), provides that if any person on land or premises not in his possession or under his control shall lay or expose any poison- ous substance with intent to destroy honey- bees he shall be fined not less than five nor more than fifty dollars. Same, Code and Stat. Washington, Sec. 7161 (Laws '97, p. 11), provides that it shall be unlawful for any person within the State of Washington to willfully or mali- ciously kill or poison any honey-bees. It shall further be unlawful for any person within said State to willfully or malicious- ly place any poisonous or sweetened sub- stance for the purpose of injuring honey- bees in any place where such poisoned or sweetened substance is accessible to honey- bees within this State. Any person or per- sons violating said law shall, upon convic- tion thereof, be punished by fine of not less than ten dollars nor more than one hundred dollars. 6. BEES, ENTERING PREMISES TO DISTURB, STEAL, OR CARRY AWAY — PENALTY. Laws of Ohio (Rev. Stat. 1890 (S & B), Sec. 6840) provide that whoever unlawfully enters the premises of another for the pur- pose of disturbing or carrying away any box, gum, or vessel containing bees or hon- ey, or injuring or carrying away any such property, shall be fined not more than five hundred dollars or imprisoned not more than sixty days or both (60 A. 5, Sec. 1, S. & S.,279). Same, Laws of Nebraska, 1879, Sec. 81, provide that, if any person shall steal any hive, box, bee-palace, or other contrivance containing honey or honey-bees, the proper- ty of another, of less value than thirty-five dollars; or if any person shall steal honey from any such receptacle or other contriv- ance, or shall willfully and maliciously dis- 594 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. July 15 turb, injure, or destroy any of the afore- said receptacles or other contrivances con- taining honey or honey-bees, or if any per- son shall steal, or by art, device, or con- trivance, or in any manner whatever, decoy from any such hive, box, bee-palace, or con- trivance any such honey-bees, with intent to convert the same to his own use, or with intent to damage or defraud the owner there- of, or by any art or device injure, damage, or destroy any such honey-bees by means of poison and otherwise, such offender shall be fined not exceeding one hundred dollars, and confined in the county jail not less than ten nor more than thirty days, and shall be liable to the party injured in double the value of the property stolen, injured, or de- stroyed. 7. PREVENTION OF FOUL BROOD AMONG BEES. (a) Laws of Michigan (Howell's Ann'd Stat., 1882, Chap. 62), 1881, p. 125, makes it unlawful for any person to keep in his apiary any colony of bees affected with con- tagious malady known as foul brood, and makes it the duty of every bee-keeper, as soon as he becomes aware of the existence of said disease among his bees, to forth- with destroy or cause to be destroyed by burning or interment all colonies thus af- fected. (/;) Wherever foul brood exists, or where there are good reasons to believe it exists, it shall be lawful for any five or more actu- al bee-keepers of any county of the State, to set forth such facts, belief, or apprehen- sion in a petition addressed to the judge of probate, whose duty it is to appoint a com- petent bee-keeper of said county, as a com- missioner, to prevent the spread of said dis- ease and to eradicate the same; said com- missioner to hold his office during the plea- sure of the court ; records of appointment and revocation shall be filed with the peti- tion as a part of the records of the court. (c) Upon complaint of any three bee- keepers in writing and on oath, to said commissioner, setting forth that said dis- ease exists, or that they have good reason to believe it exists within said county, des- ignating the apiary or apiaries, it is the duty of the commissioner to proceed at once to examine the bees so designated ; and when satisfied that any colony or colonies of said bees are diseased with foul brood, he shall place a distinguishing mark upon each hive wherein exists said foul brood, and immediately notify the person to whom said bees belong, personally or by written notice, to remove or destroy said hives, to- gether with their entire contents, by bury- ing them or by fire within five days. In case no foul brood is found to exist in said apiary, the persons so petitioning, or either of them, becomes liable to said commission- er for the amount of his fees for such ser- vices. [d) Any person neglecting to destroy or cause to be destroyed said hives and con- tents, after notice and time limited, shall be fined not more than twenty-five dollars or by imprisonment not more than fifteen days or both. For the second offense the fine may not exceed one hundred dollars, or imprisonment more than 60 days or both. {e) The commissioner is allowed two dol- lars per day for his services, and is paid by the county. But no fees are allowed un- less foul brood is found. {/) In all suits and prosecutions under this law, it is necessary to prove that said bees were actually diseased, or infected with foul brood. 8. SAME, FOUL BROOD, DISEASED BEES. (a) Laws of Nebraska (Chap. 3, Act 1885, Chap. 8a, Ann'd Stat. Neb., 1901), makes it unlawful for any one to keep or have in possession in this State, any honey-bees, brood-comb, or honey known to possess or to be infected with the disease known as "foul brood," or with any other infectious or contagious disease peculiar to bees or honey, or to keep or have in possession any bee-hive or other receptacle in which any foul brood, diseased bees, or infected honey is known to have been kept. (b) Destruction, Penalty. — Any honey- bees, brood-comb, or hone}' owned or kept or found in this State, known to be affected or infected; and any bee-hive or other re- ceptacle in which anj' bees, brood-comb, or honey shall have been kept, known to be, or have been infected as set out in section («), shall be destroyed immediately and completely by burning. Any person who shall be the owner, possessor, or care-taker thereof, who refuses or neglects to immedi- ately cause the same to be destroyed, as provided herein, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction there- of shall pay a fine of not less than ten nor more than one hundred dollars, or be im- prisoned in jail not more than 30 days for each offense. (^) Inspection. — Every person owning or keeping honey-bees in this State shall cause the same to be inspected at his own expense, at least once a year in infected districts. This includes each and every brood or col- ony of bees, brood-comb, and honey in his possession or under his control, and the procuring of a certificate of such inspection showing the true condition of each and every one of the above-named articles in his possession as to the existence of foul brood or other infectious or contagious dis- ease, in duplicate, one of which duplicates shall be left with such person, and the oth- er filed in the county clerk's office, where such bees or honey or brood-comb is kept. (fif) Treatment. — If, upon inspection, the disease of foul brood or other infection or contagion shall be found to exist, and the inspector shall be of the opinion that, by proper treatment, such disease, contagion, or infection may be removed, he shall so certify officially in his certificate of inspec- tion, and the owner or keeper of such bees shall be entitled to keep such bees for the 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 595 period of six months for treatment; and if not eradicated at the expiration of such time, such bees shall be destroyed as here- inbefore described; and any person havingf in possession any brood-comb, bee-hive, honey, or apparatus used in connection with bee culture, found in like manner to be in- fected, such person shall be allowed 30 days in which to disinfect the same; and if said disinfection shall not have been complete at the expiration of 30 days, such brood-comb, bee-hive, honey, or apparatus shall be burn- ed as hereinbefore provided. (e) Penalty. — Every person neg^lecting- or refusing' to cause all such bees to be duly inspected as provided herein, shall be deem- ed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall pay a fine of not less than ten nor more than one hundred dollars for each offense upon con- viction thereof. (_/) Inspector, Pay. — Upon the applica- tion of the Nebraska Bee-keepers' Associa- tion, or other person or persons interested in bee culture residing in any county of the State, the Governor may appoint a suitable resident inspector of bees and honey of said county, whose sworn duty it is to inspect all bees, brood-comb, and honey, within said county, when requested, and shall re- ceive two dollars per day for his services, to be paid by the owner, agent, or lessee in whose possession such bees, brood-comb, or honey may be when inspected. Such in- spector shall make certificates in duplicate as provided in section (^). WAX=PRESSES. Some Interesting Experiments ; an Open Letter to R. C. Aikin. BY A. R. BOSTOCK. I do not know whether the subject of ar- tificial evaporation has died a natural death or not. If not, the "revolving solar" ought to be useful for that purpose. I believe a machine built on these lines would do as much work as one twice the size built the ordinary way. LEVER WAX-PRESS. Mr. Aikin advocates the use of a screw press to work the stuff over again that has iaeen through the solar. I agree with him as to the need of a press, but I differ with him as regards the screw. Several years ago I had a lot of wax to melt for my neigh- bors. I built a screw press from the de- scription given in the A B C of Bee Culture. It was the exact reproduction of Hatch's improvement on the Cary wax-press, except that I made my tray six inches deep, and had the spout right on the bottom, and in one corner. I found the screw most unsat- isfactory. The wax would often press down on one side of the pan and not on the other. Then the side rods would bend, and the screw press sidewise, and strain the whole concern. Had the screw been built into a solid frame instead of a swinging bar it would have been much more rigid, and better. As it was, I became disgusted with the whole concern. I slung the press to one side, placed the dish on a strong bench and fixed a strong lever over it. This was a sapling, giving one foot of pur- chase and ten feet of leverage. I then plac- ed the hot wax in position, as described in the ABC book, and placed some large flat blocks of wood on top of the frames, and, last of all, a bit of 4X3 to receive the pres- sure. The results of this plan were high- ly gratifying. As I was working single- handed I used to fill only two cloths with the melted wax — at the most three, as I did not wish the stuff to get cold. The lever was suspended by a cord just above its working position. As soon as the wax was ready I lowered the lever and the work started at once. At first, when the wax is sloppy and full of water, the weight of the lever is suffi- cient. If I put on much weight at the start, when the cloths are full of water, I should only burst them. The hot wax rushes out of the spout very rapidly at first. In about half a minute I start to hang weights on the end of the lever — a little at first and more and more as the stuff gets firmer; and, last of all, I hang on a drum filled with old iron, or a bag of sand — a total weight of, say, 200 lbs. This on the end of a ten-foot leverage, with one foot of purchase, means a Jweight or pressure of about a ton. It would then be left until the wax ceased to drip. The pumice that is left comes out pressed almost as hard as a block of wood. I have tried breaking up the cakes and boiling them over again to see if there is any wax left in them. I always found that there was none. It had all been extracted the first time. I attribute this to being satisfied with two good cloths full, applying the pressure at once while the stuff was hot, and getting all the wax out before it was too cool to run. As the pressure forced out the water and wax, the blocks were always sinking, and the lever had to be raised once or twice to put other blocks under. I had several weights standing in a row, and each time the lever was moved I put on a heavier weight than the one I had taken off, and, best of all, I piled on the whole lot and left 596 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. July IS them there. The pressure from a lever is steady; it never relaxes, while with a screw one must be always standings over it and turning-, or else it soon gets slack. You can go away and leave a lever, but a screw can not be left; besides, I consider that I got as much strength out of that lever as I could have realized from several screws. If I were building another press I should use four light handy little levers instead of one. Even with the lever, I found that the wax would sometimes sink on one side and not on the other, and give a lot of trouble. With four levers, one pressing down on each corner, the cheeses would have to keep level; and the levers, being light, could be raised one at a time for slipping blocks under, and no weights need to be removed; also while one is being raised the other three are all the time exerting pressure. Mr. Aikin wants a press to be entirely submerged. I see no occasion for it at all. There is no need of releasing a screw from time to time to let the water through the pumice again; for if the wax is hot enough (I put mine in boiling), and sufficient pressure is applied, it will all come out the first time. If the tray is set a little on a slope, and the spout at the lowest corner, the wax will all run clear off out of the way. With a submerged machine I should think it would be a great job to get all the melted wax oft" the top of the water; and if it were not all taken off some would be wasted by sticking to the cloths as the pumice was withdrawn. However, if one still desired a submerged press he could have a framework of iron around the outside of the boiler, and have iron levers hinged on to a bar round the top, and an iron leg from each lever, reaching down through the water, and resting on the press below. There would then be only the iron legs for wax to stick to and a fire could be built below the whole concern; but, as I have said before, I see no occasion for a sub- merged press. And now, best of all, I wish to say that I do not desire to belittle Mr. Aikin in any way. He is a practical apiarist, and knows what he is talking about, while my writing has been mostly theory. Still, he plainly states that he desires more information on the subject of wax-presses, and apparently so do many others who attended the conven- tion at Buffalo. Therefore my suggestion of levers to replace a screw may not be al- together lost. As I wrote the last sentence the thought occurred to me that if the dish or tray were made with high sides, say 12 or IS inches high, and a plug placed in the spout, boil- ing water could then be poured in as the cloths of wax were placed in position, and a lot of laj'ers could be got in as the water would keep all hot; so that twice as much could be done at one pressing. As soon as the lever pressure is applied the cork could be withdrawn and the whole of the hot water would rush straight out into a tub placed to receive it. This, being hot, would not need mvich more heating to be ready again for the next lot, and there would not be much wax in this lot; and what little there was would not be wasted. A little wax would stick to the wooden blocks, but that would be no loss; for what stuck one time would melt off the next, and all would be got at the finish. Yes, if ever I build another press for myself I will build it this way, and so keep the wax hot; so it may be, that, after all, I have sup- plied Mr. Aikin with just the design he has been looking for for a long time. Fernhill, Napier, New Zealand, Apr. 22. [After reading this article in manuscript I had our artist make some engravings, so that the reader might more clearly under- stand. My brother and I have been testing various forms of wax-presses, but are not ready to announce the results; but we have gone far enough to show that there is a great deal of truth in what Mr. Bostock has to say. I am not sure but a lever has one advantage that a screw does not have, be- cause, when a weight is put on the long end, a continiions pressure is applied ; and as fast as the wax runs out of the slumgum, more squeeze is put on automatically. This is not true in the case of a screw. But there are objections to a lever; and in an article which I will give later on I will state what these are. But for the present we have determined that our wax-press is nearly right, although we see room for some minor changes in the way of increasing its convenience as well as its power to squeeze the slumgum. — Ed.] 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 597 A CORRECTION. An unfortunate mistake occurred in A. I. Root's article "Bee-spaces, etc.," on page 550 of our last issue. In referring- to the Danzenbaker hive he is made to say this: "The only thing that worries me about this hive is the fact that they are not all as per- fect as this, and interchangeable." The sentence should read, " The only thing that worries me about the new hive is the fear that they are not all as perfect," etc. The word "fear" was mistaken by the printers for ' ' fact. ' ' HONEY PROSPECTS. Up to the first week in July the reports over the clover belt were very unfavorable. The weather continued rainy and cold, and that left the hives without any honey. It looked as if the weather would continue so, clear past clover and basswood. But a sud- den change took place along about the sec- ond week of this month. It turned warm, the rain stopped, and in some localities the basswood honey poured in. In others, white clover yielded well. While the reports up to July 1, and even for a week after, were very discouraging from all sections of the country, there has been a decided change for the better. It is too early yet to say whether there will be a general honey crop throughout the clover and basswood belt. My belief is, after reading hundreds of let- ters, that some sections will yield honey while others will have a bare crop. From a private letter received from Ari- zona, from one who is in position to know, we learn that the weather, even for Arizona, is exceptionally warm ; and unless some- thing unusual happens the honey crop will not exceed ten to twenty per cent of an or- dinary year. The probabilities are that there was not enough snow in the mountains to give sufficient water for irrigation dur- ing the growing time of the year. Two or three letters from Colorado indi- cate that the season in that State will not be as good as usual. Some estimate half a crop. Southern California, from the very latest advices, is not going to make very much of a showing. It appears that there will be a scarcity of Western honey, no mat- ter what the clover belt may develop. DR. candy's article IN THIS ISSUE. Since the receipt of Dr. Gandy's article, published elsewhere, I have talked with quite a number of bee-keepers regarding it. Most of them show by their faces that they doubt some of the statements. Still, nearly all of them have said that a large acreage of sweet clover and catnip would produce some wonderful results. If we stop and think a minute we shall not think it any thing strange if a colony in three weeks, on clover, will store 100 lbs. of honey. Sup- pose that that same colony, twice or three times as strong, could have three months of honey weather. Would it be any thing strange if it produced on an average 400 lbs.? Would it not be remarkable if it did not do it? Perhaps we bee-keepers of later days have not exploited the value of artifi- cial pasturage and strong colonies as much as we might. And that reminds me that Dr. Gandy, in a letter lately received, says: The hive I use is the plain I,angstroth, or plain hive with I,, frames, or X,. size. I use both Dovetailed and home-made hives. I dislike to parade before the public, especially in a bee journal, my wealth ; but this is done to show that one with means can afford to handle bees. I have no sweet-clover nor catnip seed for sale, as I usually .sow all I can gather. I intend to sow 100 acres this fall to catnip. Last season, on account of the drouth, the seed did not mature well, and I gathered only a few bushels. It will pay for sowing for a honey crop on JlOO-acre land, as an acre will produce fully $30 worth of honev, and perhaps more. J. L,. Gandy. \ iHumb'oldt, Neb., May 17. I can only suggest to our readers that they read and ponder his article; and, in- stead of saying "impossible," "absurd," "ridiculous," wait. Time will shed fur- ther light. I don't understand, myself, how the doctor can maintain a price of 15 cents on comb, chunk, and extracted; i. e., I don't understand why the bee-keepers within a few hundred miles of him would not pour their extracted on him in such train-loads that he would be ready to say "enough." THE wet and cold JUNE OF 1902. When we were having such cold wet weather, and when the rains and cold weather continued beyond what the oldest inhabitant ever "hearn tell of, " we began to think it was something remarkable — re- markable also because it was killing the honey business. In the Cleveland Leader for June 30 appears an item that I am glad to place before our readers. Evidently the writer, Mr. Hyde, knows what he is talking about. " The week ended Saturday was the coldest week for this season there has been in Cleveland for forty-seven years," said Chief Engineer G. A. Hyde, of the" Cleve- land Gas Light and Coke Company, who is an enthu- siastic meteorological amateur. " I have been keeping daily records of the weather for 47 years, and my rec- ords go back further than any others in Northern Ohio. The United States weather-service records go back only about 30 j-ears. "According to my records I find the interesting fact that there has not iaeen a period of seven days ending with the 28th of any month of June during the past -17 years that was as cold as the week just ended. The average temperature for this last week has been about 59 degrees, and that is about two degrees colder than for any like preceding period in June. The month has also been a remarkable one for rainfall. My records cover rainfall for -17 years, too, and they show that only twice in that time has there been a June in which there was so much rain as during the present month. Up to to-night there has been an aggregate rainfall of 'd-ufa inches for the month, and that has never been ex- ceeded during any month in the 47 years, with the ex- ception of one July, when lOfVa inches fell, and in June, 1857, when lOiVo inches of rain fell during the month. This June is not over yet. though, and there is a possibility that the rainfall for this month may exceed all records for Cleveland, or at least all the rec- ords for years for which records have been kept." 598 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. July 15 OUR 1000 HIVES OF BEES AND FOUR YARDS. It may surprise some of our readers to know that the publishers of this journal now own and operate 1000 hives of bees. I do not mean to say that all of them are what we call comb-honey colonies. About 600 of them are on four, six, and eight frames, for queen-rearing' — not strong enough to store comb honey. The rest of them are in twelve-frame Langstroth, ten-frame Jumbos, ten-frame Danzenbaker, and two-story eight- frame Dovetailed hives. We have three out- yards, and we expect to make another soon. All four of our yards are on the line of the electric railwajs so that our men, by pay- ing five or ten cents, can reach any yard in- side of about fifteen minutes from the home yard. With the work of revising the ABC book, getting out eight extra pages of our journal, and handling my general correspondence, and spending two hours or so a day among the bees, you can imagine that, just at pres- ent at least, "yours trul}^" is having his hands full. But I am gathering a great deal of valuable experience, as well as test- ing some new ideas that have been recently advanced. Our readers will be given the benefit of them in these columns during the next six months. in the new revision, so that I hope the A B C for 1903 will be better adapted than ever before to all parts of the United States. Our friends who are thinking of getting a copy will do well to wait till the new edi- tion is out, which, we hope, will be some time in December. NEW EDITION OF THE A B C OF BEE CUL- TURE UNDER WAY. We are hard at work on a new edition of the A B C of Bee Culture. It seemed after the last edition was out, about a year ago, that we would not run out again for three or four years, for we printed 8000; and even if we did get out we thought we should only have to make a reprint; but so rapid has been the advancement in bee culture, and so many new kinks have come up, that the ABC book is again receiving an overhaul- ing as before. This does not imply that the previous edition was carelessly or hasti- ly compiled, but simply that, within twelve or fifteen months, any publisher of a bee journal will run across a great many valu- able ideas. For example, during this time there has been an extended series of arti- cles on bottling honey, and many new and valuable ideas have been given. Obvious- ly, we could not very well afford to get out a new edition of a book like the ABC and skip this important subject that had never been thoroughly exploited in any work be- fore. Take another example. During the last year and a half we have learned much about methods of rendering wax under pressure. The Root Co. has been making some extended experiments. The result of all this is that much of value has been learned, and will be given to the public, not only through these columns, but through our ABC book. Still again, my extended travels through our western country among the bee-keepers has shown me how much locality has to do with conditions, and how it must necessarily modify all bee-work. I have taken this factor under consideration THE EDITOR DEFIED. Yes, last night, July 9, he was defied, and for a while he began to fear he was knocked out — not by man, not by b-b-b-e-a- s-t, but by bees. It was just after a heavy thunderstorm. It had been very warm all day, and the bees had been having a gala time on the basswoods. I had driven out to the south yard and lighted my smoker and put on my veil. I was putting supers on such hives as were crowded for room. With my usual caution after such a storm I blew smoke into the entrance of one hive, removed the cover, and was about to pull out a frame from the brood-nest. It was toward dusk or I should, perhaps, have no- ticed that a lot of bees were standing high up on their legs, nervously twisting this way and that, ready for an onslaught. At all events, the onslaught came. It being very warm, as before stated, I had nothing on but one thickness of clothing, and linen trousers at that — a fact those bees were not slow to discover. Unfortunately I had hung the smoker on one side of the hive, and that was the only smoker in the yard. I reached for the weapon. Oh, no! they had possession. I retreated a few paces, and waited for them to calm down. The min- ute I showed myself again, out thej' came like hot shot, up my sleeves, and wherever my thin clothing touched me they were sure to find the spot. I retreated again, and waited for them to "cool off." Again I showed myself, with the same result. "Well, now," said I, "I have never been conquered by a colony yet. If I can get hold of that smoker I will see who is boss. " But the minute I got anywhere near the hive to get my weapon, that moment they would rush out. I finally got behind a big apple-tree which was conveniently near, and with a long screwdriver I reached the point of it into the nozzle of the smoker, and quietl}^ lifted it oft" the hive. Didn't I work up a big smudge? and didn't I give 'em fits? I smoked them at the entrance, I smoked them at the top, I made them fairly howl for mercy, and then / was boss. It is a little humiliating that one who is preparing a ten-thousand edition of a five- hundred-page bee-book, and is supposed to direct the destinies of the readers of a bee journal, should be cowed down and con- quered in such an inglorious style by a few bees! ! ! ! It was fortunate for me there was no Rambler around to take in the situation with the camera. Say — I was rubbing stings out of my arms all night. I was stung so much I did not really know where I had been hit until an itchy spot would remind me there was, may be, a sting located thereon. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 599 NOTES OF TRAVEL. R. A. Holley and John H. Martin ; the Editor and Rambler in California. BY E. R. ROOT. After visiting- Mr. J. F. Mclnt3're in his Sespe apiary home I visited Mr. R. A. Hol- ley, a former student of Mr. James Hed- don's, and who is now located some four or five miles from the Mclntj're bees. I found Mr. Holley pleasantly situated in the val- le3', with mountains on either side of him. In the evening' Mr. Mclntyre came over, and we had a little unconventional convention, the main topic of our discussion being long-- tongued bees. I will not attempt to g^o through the details of the discussion, but simply record that we arrived at the con- clusion that such bees would be very desir- able in California with the flora as it now exists. Mr. Holley owns and operates some 450 colonies, in two yards. He was doing the work alone with the help of his sister. Before leaving- I asked Mr. Holley to step out in the front yard, as I desired to take a picture of him with those magnificent moun- tains for a background; and here he is as taken with my little pocket kodak. He seemed to be a thoroug-hly competent bee-keeper — one whom it is a pleasure to meet. While he does not have wheels in his head exactly, he has in his head an extract- or on the reversible automatic principle that will extract of the other. KAMBL1',K AS HK GREliTED THE EDITOR. R. A. HOLLEY. two sets of combs, one in front In other words, his extractor would have double pockets on the Coggshall plan, with a sheet of tin between, but v\ath this difference, that the machine would be re- versible. He hopes in time to develop the idea into a working model. But of this we shall possibly hear lat- er. After leaving this beauti- ful valley, far famed for its honey resources, I went di- rectly northward into Cen- tral California, and called on Mr. Madary, at Fresno, who seemed to be the lead- ing supply - manufacturer for that portion of the coun- ;ry. Mr. Madary is very favorably located for lum- ber, and his hives are made of sugar pine — a grade of lumber that is very much like the ordinary white pine of this part of the country. After leaving Fresno I took a short run up to Keedley. I had not notified Mr. Martin just when I would call on him ; but, sure enough, he was at the station waiting for me. It had vbeeu just ten years since"! had seen him; and instead of .the sprightly 600 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jui.Y 15 down-east Yankee, as I had last seen him, he was then a typical Californian in his 62d year, well preserved, and very much of a Rambler still. As soon as we exchanged g-lances, for it was a little difficult for ei- ther of us to make sure we were making- no mistake, I walked up to our old friend and asked him if he could direct me to John H. Martin, and a smile of recognition greeted me as he peered through several shades of tan. The cut at the bottom of the previous page shows how he appeared. A good many have asked if it were real- ly a fact that the Rambler was a real flesh- and-blood chap from down East — if it were true that he had striped pants and went around on a bicyle carrying an umbrella and camera. My kodak shows him just as he was, standing before his bicycle, dress- ed up to meet "distinguished (?) company." Ordinarily he would be accompanied with that everlasting umbrella, I suppose. I kept my camera ever loaded to snap it at him; but, no, sir; he didn't propose to be "shot at" promiscuously; but I hit him just the same. I will explain that Mr. Martin owns a bee-yard near Los Angeles; but poor sea- sous for several years had induced him, through the earnest solicitation of Mr. J. C. McCubbin, of Reedley, to go up into Northern California where there is a honey- flow every j'ear, and manage Mr. McCub- bin's bees. A bargain was struck, the re- sult of which was that the Rambler had been working his own bees on shares, and managing- the bees of another man. Mr. McCubbin is a bee-keeper a good deal after the style of Mr. Coggshall, in that any kind of old hive, so long as it will hold bees, will answer his purpose almost as well as something better. In spite of the fact that the McCubbin hives would pull apart, Mr. Martin has managed the bees successfully, occasionally making a ramble among the bee-keepers of that section of the country; and Mr. McCubbin, too, when he had time to devote, made 220 colonies in those old hives give him 2^,000 lbs. of comb /loncy in 07ic season. Our friend had the misfortune to lose his wife a few years ago. At the time of my visit he was keeping bachelor's hall, having the occasional company of Mr. Mar- tin. Two little children were left to Mr. McCubbin, and these had become greatly attached to "Uncle John." It was Uncle John this and Uncle John that. In the next picture will be seen Uncle John, his little nephew, his little niece, and the ever present bicycle. It was with much diffi- culty that I could get my friend to stand for RAMBLER AND THE M'CUBBIN CHILDREN. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 601 a picture, but he finally consented ]'for the children's sake. I shall never forget the enjoyable time spent at the home of Mr. McCubbin, and how I ate apricots to my full. While I en- joyed being at the McCubbin home, I want- ed to see just how Rambler "bached it." Two or three times I hinted that I should like to see his quarters; but he turned the subject until finally I told him I was going to see his bachelor quarters, eat Rambler flapjacks, and that he might just as well submit to the inevitable. To make a long story short, we did visit his ranch at one of the McCubbin out-yards, a glimpse of which we showed last 3"ear, and which I now re- produce. The tree in front of which Mr. McCubbin and his two children sit I saw, and know that the statement made under the picture is not far from correct. The little cabin, in close proximity to a delight- ful overspreading fig--tree, on which were black figs, was the home of the Rambler, EUCALVl'TUS-TKEE PLANTED 12 YEARS AGO, FEET HIGH AND 3 FEET IN DIAMETK where he was baching it alone, wrote his articles, and took care of the bees. I hung around the kitchen while Rambler was going through the sleight-of-hand act, lifting the batter of dough after it had been nicely browned on one side, and giving it a twist and a whirl so it would come down kerslap precisely on the same spot from which it had been so deftly elevated, but the other side up. But there was a big family of us that day — Mr. McCubbin and his two children, the Rambler, and myself, and well do I remember how the sweat roll- ed down the Rambler's face as he slapped down those cakes, one after another, and finally asked if we did not suppose we had had enough. Out under the before-men- tioned fig-tree Rambler put his spread, to which we all sat down and ate with a relish. Really I do not see what he needs of an "esposa," for I assume he can cook as well in Cuba as in California. Just over his bed, in the little cabin be- fore mentioned, was a picture of his father and mother, and of the wife of his younger days. To me there was something sad and al- most pathetic in Rambler's face when I asked him if that was a picture of Mrs. Martin. For all we have joked him these years about his being an old bachelor, and all that, the picture of the sweet face on the wall revealed that there was a dear one who won his heart years ago, and she was still dear to him, notwith- standing she had been dead these many years. Possibly I ought not to mention a matter so sacred to the one now living; but I be- lieve our readers should know that our friend who has shown so much lig-ht-hearted jollity in these columns has his serious side as well as a not-to-be-for- gotten sorrow. No wonder we see in all his writings, tinctured with so much of the pleasant side of life, evidence every now and then of "the tie that binds" him to the last home from which he will wander no more. Often I have thought since then of the Rambler in his lonely home; but have always been comforted by the feeling that his hope in the beyond gives him peace and hap- jjiness, notwithstanding earth's best friend is temporarily absent from him. I omitted to state that the euca- lyptus is an important honey-bear- ing tree. It is a rapid grower, and furnishes delightful shade. It is almost indispensable in some lo- calities in California. vSome spe- cies of eucalyptus, known as gum- tree, grow to the height of over NOW 85 400 feet. 602 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. July IS RAMBLE 206. A Visit to tlie Hoclisteio Bee=yard. BY RAMBLER. Johi\Bunyan and his allegories have been up- on my mind of late, and I have been 'especiall}' impressed with the alle- g-ory of people who see so many fierce lions in their paths, but, getting- close to them, they are chained and harmless. It is about the same with the alligators. They are very fierce to terrorize, and sometimes people allow the alliga- tor of hatred, malice, and envy to take posses- sion of them. But I had no such motive when I created that alligator in the last Ramble. I merely wished to show Bro. Howe that there are other lightningoperators in Cuba, and to get even with him for reflecting upon my wheel - riding. See Gleanings, page 110. And now that he has been suspended by that alligator for a couple of weeks we will turn our atten- tion to another trip with out joU}' friends. When out with Mr. Somerford I mention- ed meeting Mr. Hochstein; but since that brief call he has moved back further into the wilds of Cuba, and it was to his new location that the Harr3's proposed to con- duct me. We started with some doubts of finding Mr. Hochstein; for to reach him we were to ride over innumerable cow-paths and by-roads. For several miles it was mighty rough but plain traveling; but ere long the cow-paths became more numerous and diverging. Then if the two Harrys agreed upon which road to take there was scarcely a halt. It was jolt, jolt along. But if they disagreed they had a brief and novel way of deciding the matter. Dis- mount. Hands into pockets. A coin. A flip. Heads or tails. You win — go ahead. Why, I never in my life saw such a quick and easy way to travel — lightning opera- tors, you know; and, remarkable to say, it was no blind guide, for we went straight to Mr. Hochstein's. TILLING THE SOIL IN CUBA. AMERICAN TRAMP AND THE KAMBLEK; hochstein's apiary. When a mile or more away we saw Mr. Hochstein's tents close up against the moun- tains and surrounded with a setting of no- ble palms. Mr. Hochstein is a bee-keeper of much ex- perience; and before coming to Cuba he had bees and oranges in Florida. A freeze kill- ed his trees, and led him to emigrate to Cuba with his family and bees. Mr. Hoch- stein is quite an enthusiast upon the bee subject, and has occasionally written over tlie noDi de plume of "The American Tramp." Mr. Hochstein's new home is located upon a little plateau overlooking the valley, and to the rear is quite a pretentious mountain. A nice stream of water flows near his tents, and there is enough volume and force to be Converted into power to run machinery if thv re is ever need of it. The two Harrys and [ thovight Mr. Hochstein had an ideal loc.ition; and with his experience we pre- dict that his yields of honey will be large. Mr. H. seemed to think so too, for he had purchased a caballe- ria (33':; acres) of land, and or- ange-trees were already being planted. The natives termed the country about him as cielo (heaven), and the lowlands uial pais (bad coun- try). Mr. H. was quite delig^ht- ed to find himself between the two, or in purgator3', as he ex- pressed it. In order to get to his fittca (farm) oxen are used, and one of those immense two-wheel- ed carretas. Some of these car- retons weigh a ton, and nothing can draw them better than the patient ox ; but it seems a spe- cies of cruelty to tie their heads firmly into those yokes. All of Mr. H. 's moving of bees, house- hold goods, and honev, is done 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 603 with an outfit much like the one represent- ed in the photo. They are in universal use in all of this back country. Mr. H. brought his bees from Florida, in Heddon hives; and thoug-h he likes the hive and system of management, he finds that the humidity of this climate causes the frames and thumb-screws to swell and hold the frames practically immovable, and for this reason he was using the regular L. hive for his increase, and proposed to change the Heddon into L. We discussed the possibilities of improve- ment, and caine to the conclusion that quite a change was necessary in order to adapt the hive to Cuba. I predict that such changes will be made. At the time of our visit the bees had just been moved ; the binding-strips were not tak- en from the hives, but the bees were roar- ing, and working on the bellflower. In ad- dition to that the range has romerea, cat- claw, palm, and much other flora. Mr. H. is one of those bee-men who do not believe in wiring combs, and showed us several sound new combs that had been jolted and banged in the carreton in mov- ing, and they were not broken. I have not- ed this matter before among bee-keepers, and am inclined to think there is much use- less wiring in a majority of cases. Mr. H. thinks his apiary is in good work- ing order when he can take a bocoy (100 gallons) of honey from 280 combs, or 1000 gallons from 200 colonies at each extract- ing. At the time of our visit the apiary contained the above number; and as there is nothing small about Mr. H. I have no doubt he will double that number during the coming season, and I have no doubt he will have the prevailing Cuban-American idea of an increase to thousands. And here is a point we discussed: While so many are getting their thousands of colonies, the bee journals are conducted for the man with a dozen or a hundred or two hundred hives. A person visiting these large bee-keepers necessarily feels the spirit of a larger bee- keeping, and nowhere is this more mani- fest than in Cuba. Another matter that struck me as pecul- iar was the cheerfulness and contentment of the lady of the house; for Mr. H. has a helpmeet, and two children grown to the dignity of young people. When at Mr. Somerford's I thought the "Mrs." there a very contented woman; but Mrs. Hochsteui s still more isolated, and seems to be wili- ng to leave all of the refinements of town and the pleasure of meeting friends often n social intercourse, and to live contentedly in this secluded place. I noted, however, that the family kept in touch with the outside world through a number of our popular magazines and pa- pers. There was ample evidence of Mr. Hoch- stein's prosperity; for while we were there the oxen and carreton broug-ht in a load of lumber for a new house, and at this writ- ing the family are occupying it. I have also since learned that the yield of honey from the 200 colonies was very satisfactory to the owner. The "American Tramp" and the Ram- bler posed for a photo near the apiary; and Harry Beaver, who was the only one that day who carried a camera, made the expos- CAKRETON AND OXEN READY TO MOVE BEES. 604 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Jui.Y 15 lire. The apiary is nicely shaded by young- palm-trees. There are several other apia- ries within a few miles of Mr. Hochstein, and the pasturage seems to be well occupied. Upon our return to Artamisa we came by a new route. The chief feature on the way was some extensive fields of sugar-cane. There is either a written or unwritten law that calls it trespass for an}^ one to cut even one stalk from a field before the harvest commences; but when the hands are in the field cutting, anyone can take and eat, and some of the people chew a great amount. This is indeed a land of sweetness. c/^y to daX^ , llTRcoU-uu/rrihrZ ^n. one 2.^ h (TLurs ( 5" /a-, ^c/ie^^ f ' to/ ^'o cj re^ /! arncL uror-k l/^ Mvu a.h^ O/ry 'tnAA^d^ /r\"r J ' p : ^ ■ /^,/" tcgri of Lme drxu' ^ ^^ ' ■'^ yVnother attractive feature on our route was the native method of tilling the soil with the patient ox and Cuban plow. This photo of Rafael and his oxen and his goad was taken near the Howe residence. All of the land for buneatas (sweet potatoes) is prepared in this way, and the bee-keep- er is directly interested; but I have a strong suspicion that Rafael was preparing that land for tobacco. Upon the whole we had a very interesting journey that day, and I noticed that the Harrys attacked their supper as only well- worked young men can. May 26. — I note what Bro. Hochstein says on page 439 in reference to green honey. I merely stated what I had seen in the honey line up to that date. It seemed to me that, for table use, there was not care enough taken to cleanse the honey properly. I also learned from Bridet & Montros, honey-deal- ers, that they received much thin honey. I am not prepared to say where it came from; but as all the Cuban liquid honey goes to Germany to be used for manufacturing pur- poses it might as well be sour, and have some specks of comb and a few bees in it as any way. I could refer Mr. H. to a bo- coy or two of honey that was sent to the States to be sold for table use; but even such an expert salesman as Niver could not dispose of it. Was it in the flavor? or was it too green? The Rambler can not say. As to Mr. Brown, of Tulipan, and his yield, the honey season was not ended, and how could I be explicit? Bro. Brown, please tell us all about that colony. I fear the "American Tramp" is allowing the alli- gator Envy to sway him a little. But let me tell you I learned the other day how many bocoys of honey Mr. Hoch- stein has taken from his 200 colonies. It was away up, and shows Bro. H. to be an expert bee-man. I suppose I should be pre- cise to state the number; but if he was touchy on April 21, before the birth of the new republic, what is he now after the 20th of May? I ara clearly in a quandary. Guess I will let the American Tramp make his own statement. Adios. THE MOST WONDERFUL BEE-KEEPER IN THE UNITED STATES. So.Tie Remarkable Yields ; what can be Done with Artificial Pasturage; Double-decker Strong Colonies. BY J. L. GANDV. [Some time ago I promised to place before our read- ers some inlormaliou regarding one of the most ex- tensive bee keepers in the United Slates, .'nd ptrhaps in the world. He is comparative!)' unknown to the readers of bee-papers, and yet he has made more money with bees than perhaps any other man living. I am glad to introduce to you Mr. J L,. Gandy. ot Hum- boldt, Neb., one who has made as much asJJo.OOO from bees in two years This seems like a fairy tale, but there is a great deal more that seems almost as won- derful, so much so that what he has done seems almost incredible. Seeing some accounts in the papers regarding the remarkable achievements of this man, I finally wrote to some resident bee-keepers and found the accounts were reasonably correct. After some correspondence with Mr. G mcly himself, a person who, I find, rather shiinks from publicity, I finally secured a promise from him of an article relating his experience wilh bees, and how he managed to secure such wonderful results ; and that is largely accomplished by artificial pasturage. The first installment, together with a por- trait of Mr. Gandy, is herewith given. J. L,. Gandy, son of Dr. O. Gandy, was born Novem- ber :^, 18-14, in Preston Co , W. Va. With his father he removed to Allen Co., Ind., in 1^5J, and lived on a far n until l.St)2, when he enlisted in Co. A, 80th Ind. Vol., Captain (afterward General) I.,awton's company, who was killed in the Philippines. After seiving thrte years he returned home and finished his medical edu- cation at University of Michigan and Rush Medical College, Chicago, where he graduated. He then locat- ed in Mills Co , Iowa, remaining a j'ear, and then re- moved to Nebraska, where he has resided ever since. He is a practicing physician, merchant, and is engaged in man^ other eiitei prises ; but the most important in a financial way is bee culture. He has kept bees for thirty yeais, and intends to continue in the bu.siness. He is the man who brought catnip prominently befoie the public as a bee-plant. He also advocates the large hives. Some things he sa's seem to be too wonderful to be tine. Well, here is his story: — Ed ] I give herewith some ideas obtained dur- ing my thirty years' experience as a bee- keeper, the last seventeen of which I have 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 60S handled them as a commercial pursuit, keeping during- this time from 500 to 3000 colonies, 100 of them being in my home api- ary, of which I will more particularlj^ write. During the thirty years I have ex- perimented with about all kinds and sizes of hives, and will give my observations more on the line of hives and some points of management wherein I differ radically from the average bee-keeper. At the outset I wish it understood that I have no hives for sale, and am writing simply as a bee-keep- er. I claim by my method of handling, of which I can describe only some of the prin- cipal features, bees may be made to pro- duce double the ordinary surplus and per- haps more. I assume that the reader is a bee-keeper who has plenty of nectar-secret- ing plants in his neighborhood — as any sec- tion can be made a good place for bees at an expense of $60 for catnip and sweet-clo- ver seed, and this sum is less than the prof- it I derived from a single colony last year. Much of this increase is attributable to the plants; but I am confident that my partic- ular methods helped largely to bring about the greater yield. These methods I advocate are for the use of the up-to-date bee-keeper; the lazy, care- less operator will be in no way benefited by changing. Usually a man successful in other pursuits will be a successful bee- keeper, while he who fails in other pursuits will be as likely to fail with bees. Knowl- edge and industry are absolutely necessary in apiculture, and one should not attempt the handling of even a few colonies without studying a good text-book on bees, and sub- scribing for and reading at least one relia- ble bee journal. One reason for this is that the bee industry is in its infancy, and many important discoveries are being made from time to time. The importance of this ad- vice can not be overestimated. J. L. GANDY. Many will doubtless wish to know what I consider constitutes an up-to-date bee- keeper, and I will, therefore, give a pen ONK OK THIC GANDY ()UT-YAK1)S. 606 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. July 15 picture which I hope will reveal some of the characteristics of this only too rare in- dividual. You make your visit in June, and long- before you reach his residence you will find all roads thickly set to sweet clo- ver and catnip, the fragrance of which has attracted the bees who are flitting indus- triously about among the sweet-scented blossoms. Upon arriving at his home you will find him busily engaged in putting on supers and hiving swarms; but he will find time to greet you warmly, and will evince great delight in showing- you through his apiary. You will find his family enthusi- astic on the subject of bees, and at the din- ner-table you hear much of the blessings of apiculture, which enables the family to pur- chase all household necessities from the sale of honey. The host will tell of having twenty-five acres of sweet clover, which he cuts for ha3% and the same acreage of cat- nip, which will enable him to keep 300 col- onies instead of the usual 100. From the product of these colonies he hopes to be able to purchase the next season an adjoining SlO.OOO farm. It is not necessary to describe the lazy, careless bee-keeper, as he is well known. If he would devote the time he now spends in writing to the bee journals of his fail- ures, to the sowing of sweet clover and cat- nip seed he would be much more useful to the community. He will tell j'ou that he does not take a bee journal, for the reason that his bees do not pay, and he can not af- ford to, not realizing that one of the main reasons why they do not pay is his own lack of knowledge in handling-. When I started bee-keeping on a large scale my neighbor bee-keepers did not aver- age a surplus yield of over 50 pounds per year to the colony. I immediately set about improving the bee pasture, and my average yield of surplus for eleven 3'ears was 150 pounds to the colonj', and for the last six years it has been 300 pounds. My increase has always paid all ex- penses, including 10 per cent interest on the investment. I produce chunk, extracted, and section honey, and sell all at 15 cents per lb. in this and neighboring- towns. My net profit for eleven years was a little over 400 per cent, and for the last six j'ears it was a little over 800 per cent. Last year my home apiary, of which I am now writ- ing, 75 colonies (spring count), gave me 407 lbs. to the colon}'. Some may wish to know how I came to go into the bee business. For their enlighten- ment I will state that, about seventeen years GANDY IN HIS HOME APIAKY. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 607 ago, by financial reverses I became indebt- ed $25,000; and as misfortunes never come singly, my health also failed until I thought I could not follov^r my professional pursuits longer. With a view^ of regaining my health and paying these debts I re-embark- ed in the bee business, in which I had had enough previous experience to be certain of good results. So in 1884 I began by the purchase of all the bees I could get, paj'ing therefor from $1 to $10 per colony. By in- crease and other purchases, by 1890 I had 500 colonies, and 2000 in 1895, keeping on until 1898, when the colonies numbered about 3000, nearly the number I now have. By 1892 I had every dollar of my indebted- ness paid out of the profits from my bee in- dustry, and since that time I have invested the profits of this branch in farms, averag- ing in price from $5000 to $12,000, as the profits for each year. Last j'ear I purchas- ed $40,000 worth of land, and $15,000 of this amount came from the sale of honey and bees. All the land I purchased prior to 1898 has more than doubled in value, while that bought since has advanced fully 30 per cent, and has paid in -rent, since I owned it, fully 8 per cent. I now own 20,000 acres of fine farm and fruit lands, which, at a fair valuation, is worth $60 per acre, besides large tracts of wild lands in Dakota, Texas, and Kansas, and considerable city property. None of it is for sale, as most of it pays a fair interest on a much larger price. Now it may be seen why I am in the bee business. I have regained my health, and will continue handling bees right along. But, to return to the real subject. The first eleven years I used small hives of va- rious patterns; but for six years I have used nothing smaller than a ten - frame plain hive. For surplus I use one hive above another with empty combs, for ex- tracted honey. For chunk honey I use the thin brood foundations wired. I use no honey-board, queen-excluders, nor separa- tors, but. allow the queen to breed wher- ever she desires, and in that way get fully four times as many bees as you get in the eight-frame hive where a queen-excluder is used. Bees, even in an eight-frame hive, generally use the two outside frames on each side of the hive for honey and pollen, and this leaves but four frames for brood- rearing. This, I claim, will not produce one-sixth as many bees as the colony should contain. I went through a colony having on six ten-frame hives last summer, and it had brood in 32 frames. That hive produc- ed over 500 lbs. of surplus, while the same colony in an eight-frame, with a queen-ex- cluder used, would not have produced to ex- ceed 100 lbs. of surplus. A queen-excluder will exclude the queen, and will also to some extent bar or greatly hinder a well- filled bee. By using drawn combs we have very little use for separators. I don't use them; and when I occasionally run out of drawn combs I resort to foundation; with drawn combs bees will make about twice as much honey as with foundation. I was induced to use large hives by some circum- stances which I will relate. I helped a man cut two bee-trees seven years ago, where the bees had been occu- pying the trees for four years. He was cer- tain when they went into the trees, for both stood in his yard. Both had the space in the trees full of honey, giving us 517 and 73 lbs. respectively; and the same j'ear I had a man (who was managing an out-apiary for me while running a store) put up 50 boxes in trees to catch absconding swarms. Among them he put up several sugar-bar- rels, some cracker-boxes, and some nail- kegs. We noticed that the barrels and large boxes were first occupied. One colo- ny in a barrel we left on the ground in the woods until the close of the season, and it gave us 300 lbs. of fine honey. Eight years ago I had 56 swarms come out in one day; and although I had four assistants helping hive them, seven or eight swarms clustered together and resisted all efforts to separate them, so I had two ten-frame hives and two supers made, and placed them one above the other, leaving the two openings. Now, this colony finished up 365 sections of hon- ey after filling the two hives, while none of the other colonies hived that day gave a sin- gle pound of surplus. If I put half a dozen hives on a colony I leave an opening for each hive so that the bees will usually work from each hive, and I sel'i'om have a swarm from colonies thus treated. With those I want to swarm I use the common su- per on with sections for surplus honey. I had a colony last summer that had five twelve - frame hives on full of honey. It commenced to swarm, and I immediately set two of them ofl^ and put on another hive with empty combs, also taking out a few^ frames of honey from one of the hives. I had set off and put in frames of foundation, and they immediately quit coming out, and those that were out came back and went to work as though nothing had happened. For section honey I use the wide frame hold- ing eight frames. In a heavy flow a ten or twelve frame hive will be filled in a re- markably short time; and then if another is not added they will swarm, no diff^erence how many hives of honey they have on. In a heavy flow I have known them to bring in 20 to 30 pounds in a single day, while those in an eight-frame hive were bringing in 7 to 10 lbs. per daj'. I have eight-frame hives continually in my apiary for experimental purposes to show the great difference to other bee-keepers. I had two last year, one with a queen-ex- cluder and the other without in the same yard. Where others made 400 lbs., this one with an excluder gave me 60 lbs. of chunk honey; and the one without, produc- ed 110 lbs. I had another that did not give a single pound of surplus, although they had a fine queen; but the_v were weak in the spring, and had very poor combs in the brood-nest, which I did not discover until the heavy flow was over. 608 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. July 15 Now, of course you will ask about the disadvantag-es of my system, and I will tell you. In breeding queens their full capaci- tj^ they sometimes fail the second j^ear, and are usually not good after two years, al- though I have had some very good at three years of age. I always change them by inserting anew queen whenever they begin to fail, without regard to age. In conclusion I will say a few words about selling honejs as that is about as im- portant as its production. Of course, I could sell my honey at 5 cts. per lb., and make plenty of money out of it; but I think it is really worth 15 cts., and is cheaper at that price than any thing else of its kind we buy to eat; and if I sold at that price mj'^ neighbors who keep bees, and manj^ of them very poor, would have to go out of the business, and that would create a monopo- ly. I aim to buy all the honey produced I can hear of for miles around, and pay 15 cts. cash per lb. for it — just what I sell it at — and this prevents farmers running it in and glutting the market. Storekeepers will try to buy honey, especially of small producers, just as cheap as they can. Now, I make a uniform price for each kind, and furnish a good article, and never have any complaints. I have my 60-lb. cans made to hold 64 lbs. ; and when a person takes 20 of them I give them an extra can — they pay for only 60 lbs. in a can. I "usu- ally sell comb honey by the case, and guar- antee 20 lbs., but I never fail to get in at least 22 lbs. I always give liberal weight and have every kind of honey in my office, and invite all who come in to inspect it and eat all they want, especially women and children. This will create a taste for hon- ey, and children will insist on their parents buying it. We make cakes out of honey, and can much fruit with it, and this sets an example which others will follow. In selling honey we can afford to be liberal, as it comes to us as a gift, just like finding it, and why not distribute it? I have found nothing is lost by liberal methods, and it will greatl}' help to counteract the false- hoods about honey adulterations. I always furnish ministers honey free, and editors the same, and then I oftentimes have the latter copy articles in their papers from the A B C of Bee Culture. Of course, a mer- chant who buys honey of a commission firm usually has to sell on a close margin, and he can not afford to be very liberal; but the producer can give away large quantities without any loss. I have alwa3's thought that every dollar's worth I gave away brought me two in return. Apiculture is a pleasant, easy, honora- ble, and healthy business, and is conducive to long life and happiness, not only to j'our- self but to the human race. I look upon the apiarist as a benefactor of the human race, as his teachings to the people warning them of the dangers of us- ing refined sugars certainly entitle him to the respect and esteem of the humanitarian. I have practiced medicine nearly forty 3^ears, and have closely observed, and I never knew a consumer of honey or bee- keeper to die from that dreaded malad}', Bright's disease of the kidneys. There can be no doubt that the use of honey instead of sugars tends to prolong life; and I have known many invalids, affected with suppos- ed incurable disease, to recuperate and get well under a diet composed largely of hon- e3^ With knowledge and industry the road to success for the bee-keeper is an easy one o tread, and will lead to health, wealth, and happiness. [I have no doubt that this will seem like a fairy-tale rather than a sober narration of what has been accomplished, and I con- fess to being myself somewhat stumbled. When a man says he has averaged 400 lbs. per colony, spring count; has made $25,000 from bees in two seasons; sells his honey — extracted, comb, and chunk — all at 15 cents — well, it does seem hard to believe; and were it not for the fact that I have obtained some corroborative evidence from residents in that vicinity, and were it not for the further fact' that Mr. Gandy writes of ex- periences that corroborate my own observa- tions, I should feel that the whole thing was a hoax. Some time ago a bee-keeper, whose name I have mislaid, wrote me that I ought to go out to Nebraska and visit a bee-keeper whom he knew, who was more extensively engag- ed in apiculture than any other man in the world, and who was more than a million- aire. I have not visited him 3'et, but this is the man to whom my friend referred. Dr. Gandy tells about making 300 and 400 lbs. average. Let us now stop and con- sider how he does it. W. L. Coggshall puts locality first; man next, hive last. In the first place. Dr. Gandy undoubtedly has a remarkable locality: He has doubled and almost trebled its value by putting out, as I should judge from what he writes, man3'' acres of sweet clover and catnip. Both are remarkable honey-plants. M3^ father once put out a quarter of an acre; but when he had 300 colonies in the neighborhood he could scarcel3' tell what that amount of cat- nip would do. But suppose he had set out 25 acres of sweet clover, and an equal area of catnip — then what? I am rather of the opinion we should have had some results; added to these acreages of clover and cat- nip, we have a man who is considerabl3'^ above the ordinar3' as a bee-keeper. He has proved what I have long been tr3'- ing to teach, following after the Dadants, that large hives — or two or more L. hives one on top of the other — are more profitable than single L. brood-nests. He practicall3' says he does away with swarming ; and that these big colonies will treble and quad- ruple the amount of honey over the amount obtained from smaller ones. I am having, at this writing, at our south 3'ard — a 3'ard I have been taking care of myself largely — a few twelve-frame Lang- stroth hives; a few Jumbo or Quinby size; 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 609 quite a number of ten-frame Langstroth, and 60 or 70 eig-ht-frame L. hives. Now let me tell 3'ou the big- hives are booming- with bees and honey. Some of them are two and three stories hig-h. Some have one storj', and combs and two supers being- fill- ed with comb honey ; and, such colonies I This mornings, July 14, I could not help noting- how the bees of these big- colonies poured into the entrances in perfect streams — pouring in and pouring- out. Swarm? They are just keeping- still and sawing- wood. I confess to being- somewhat enthusiastic about sweet clover and catnip ; and you may rest assured I shall, at the earliest op- portunity, visit our friend, so that I may be able to confirm all the wonderful things he has told us. About his getting 15 cents for his honey — he evidently has capital enough to "corner the market;" but whether he can do it aft- er this season is a question. — Ed. J MAC'S BEES. BY LOTTA MILI.ER. Mac had read somewhere that there was an immense profit in keeping bees; so when Mr. Willow oftered him a five-dollar "swarm," box in- cluded, in return for help rendered during last sum- mer's harvest he enthusiasti- cally accepted it; and visions of unlimited wealth and a ta- ble flowing with milk and honey (Mac's father owns a dairy farm) kept constantly appearing before his mind's eye. That is until lately. I think now he is beginning to think it folly to put such unlimited con- fidence in these small exam- ples of industry, notwith- ing their proverbial reputa- tions for steadiness of char- acter. A swarm of bees in May Is worth a load of hay. Along in April last, Mac was continually quoting this old couplet to his family and friends. He wanted his bees to swarm ; and he was sure his bees were going to do just as he wanted. But as it got along to- ward the last of June, and the bees, with that unexplainable contrariness sometimes noticed by careful observers of the model insects, still hadn't "swarmed," he be- came a trifle anxious. The weather, the lack of some particular flower for which bees are popularly supposed to have a sweet tooth — if one may use that noun in connec- tion with bees — perhaps one ought to say tongue — every thing and the bees them- selves were blamed in turn by Mac for being the cause of their disregard for his wishes. Eacli da.y, each hour, Mac grew to look for the event of swarming; and his sister Do- ra, whohad promised towatch them any time Mac was ab- sent, was duly enjoined to "keep an eye" on their move- ments whenever he went ten rods from the house. In the morning, when he went to the " lower field " or elsewhere on the farm, his parting injunc- tion was, " Now keep an eye on the bees, Dora, whatever you do" ("or don't do," murmured Dora, sometimes, sarcastically). " They will be sure to come out to-day, I feel very certain, as it is so hot." Or if it was cloudy, " Now, Dora, don't forget to watch the weather " ( " as if watching the bees wasn't enough," Dora would complain) ; "and if it clears, keep an eye on the bees." Or if he went to town with his father, "Now don't forget the bees, Dora; and if they should swarm, get Mr. Willow to come over and hive them." And so on. But Dora was usually very good-natured about it. Only when she and Mac had to take turns at staying at home from church to " keep an eye " on them for fear they should lose track of time, and break the Sabbath by swarming, she re- belled. " They're far more bother than they're worth," she said to Mac on one of these oc- casions. Max bent a reproachful glance upon her. " You'll enjoy eating the honey next win- ter," he said. "It'll be winter before they swarm," scoffed Dora. Whereupon Mac was offended, and would not let her stay at home, though it was her Sunday to do so. One day, nearly the last of June, Mac went to town with his father. The morn- ing was cool, but gave every promise of de- veloping into an exceedingly warm day. The mother was in bed with a sick head- ache, and Dora was ironing, and "strain- ing every nerve" to finish before the heat of the day. "Now, Dora," said Mac, "do try and remember to keep an eye on the bees. You know what to do if they should swarm? " " I should hope so, indeed." Dora was warm and tired, and a little cross in consequence. " They can just watch themselves," said she to herself. " They'll not swarm, any way." But with the usual perverseness of the minor portion of creation not supposed to know any thing about human wishes, Mac had scarcely got out of sight when those bees, to a last one, by the look of the cloud, came out of the hive. Such an "every which way"! If each individual insect 610 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE July 15 had had a " bee in his bonnet " the com- motion could not have been greater. " Oh dear!" sighed Dora, somewhat impatiently. "And a swarm this morning", of all times!" But she turned out the fire, took the baby to a neighbor's that her mother might not be disturbed; the children were at school, the "subscription term " common in many ru- ral places, and started on the run for Mr. Willow's, just as the bees began to hang themselves in a cone-shaped cluster on a small apple-tree in the orchard. Mr. Willow was not at home; but his daughter Lallie at once donned her "bee regimentals," as she termed them, and they started back, arriving just in time to see the provoking insects scatter, and, after ten minutes' fuss and buzz, enter the hive again and go to work as calmly and unconcern- edly as if they hadn't put anybody out in the least. Dora was mad, and said so. Lallie laughed. She was used to all sorts of bee behavior, and went back home carrying her "regimentals," while Dora shook out the unironed clothes to prevent mildew, and left them over to be dampened and ironed " in th.e cool " of the next morn- ing. Time passed. Every daj^ or two the bees would rush out, and, after a tremendous amount of fuss, go back into the hive. "There must be something wrong with the queen," said Mac, who was reading up on bee culture. " There must be something considerably wrong with themselves." said Dora. "If they belonged to me I'd smother them, eat what honey they have, and be done with it." " Talk about feminine patience!" scoffed Mac. "Patience!" repeated Dora, then paus- ed. Words failed to express her indigna- tion. The verj' next Saturday the bees " came out" again and "settled." This time Mac was at home. " Thank goodness!" Dora heaved a big sigh of relief. " Now I do hope this will end it so we can have a little peace." " A piece with honey on?" inquired Mac facetiously, shrouding his now smiling countenance in a monstrous combination of screening and curtain stuff that, by way of courtesy, he called a bee-bonnet. After he had donned a rubber coat and a pair of thick gloves, and tied his coat and trousers about the wrists and ankles with stout twine (not because he was afraid — oh no! mere- ly as a necessary precau- tion) he was so eft'ectually disguised that his own moth- er would not have recognized him had she happened to meet him unwittingly else- where. Such a ridiculous figure as he cut! Do- ra laughed till she cried, and all the other children danced about and shouted with merriment. Mac said the noise they made frightened the bees back into the hive. Then Dora related how "grandpa" made all the noise possible, even setting her to drumming on an old tin pan when his bees swarmed. For once Max was wroth with his bees. " Drat them, any way!" said he savage- ly, pulling oft' his toggery. " Are you going to church this morning, Mac? " asked Dora the following morning. Mac looked at her reproachfully, without answering. But sometimes silence is more eloquent than speech. Dora suppressed the dimples that had begun to play about her mouth, but she didn't offer to stay at hoiue too; and probably because Mac was ready and waiting, the bees observed that Sab- bath in a proper fashion. Monday, as the iamily sat peacefully at dinner, something lit in the middle of the dining-room floor with a loud resounding whack. It was a large dark object, and it came through the open door with as much velocity as if it had been hurled from a catapult. Mac's mother screamed ; the baby shrieked. Mac and Dora looked at the object aghast; the other children sat with open mouths; the cat, that had been sunning itself on a window- sill, arched its back, hissed, and made a bee-line for the door. Mac's father stared in astonishment for a second, then said: "Horatio, that's a funny way to come into your uncle's house." " Jehoshaphat! " exclaimed the object, which, after it had straightened itself out, proved to be nothing more than a cousin of Mac, a young law student, home from col- lege for vacation. He stood awkwardly rubbing the end of his nose, that was rap- idlj' assuming the polish and proportions of a door-knob. " O uncle! Shut the door, Mac! How d'ye do, aunt? " He then limply subsided into a chair. Mac burst out laughing. " What's the matter with your nose, Ho- ratio? " he asked. " What's the matter with your old bees?" retorted Horatio, blowing on his handker- chief, and dabbing the end of his nose with the cooled portion. Dora ran for the ammonia, and Mac to see about his bees. "There are about five thousand, redhot upon the war-path out there," growled Ho- ratio. "One stung me — I guess it was only one — " somewhat doubtfully. " I hope Mac'U get a dose of 'em — serve him right for laughing," he added, spitefullj^ "They're swarming," explained Dora; " and I hope they'll either finish it up or go off to the woods." Horatio's wicked wish was fulfilled, for 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 611 Mac, though he got his swarm safely hived at last, was unmercifully stung- in several places. In his haste he had not adjusted his armor properly, and he was not yet " seasoned to stings." As Horatio gazed on his swollen and distorted features as Dora hovered about his chair with the ammonia-bot- tle, he didn't find his heart hard enough to say one of the smart things he had ready for the occasion. But yet he couldn't resist giving him one parting "dig." " Laughing's catching, old fellow," he said. "That's all right," uttered Mac. His lips were thick and stiff. He also tried to wink at his cousin, essaying to turn the whole thing into a joke; but the wink was as poor a thing of its kind as the joke. Mac's enthusiasm waned, and his ardor cooled with the bee-stings; but he is too plucky to think of relinquishing his bees. "Live and learn," quotes he. "I'll know more about bees next season." POISONING FROM SPRAYING. Mr. Root: — Since you have had some ex- perience with poison from spraying fruit- bloom I write to ask you something con- cerning it. The condition of our bees has become quite alarming. Up until the last two or three weeks they have been in a most excellent condition, when we noticed a few ragged-looking bees. Last week we notic- ed large numbers of those bees, and they seem to weaken down to an alarming con- dition. It seems that the sick bees have flown away. There are no bees crawling around the yard as they do in bee-paraly- sis. Could it be possible that the brood reared during fruit bloom could have been poisoned from the sprayed pollen? Does the spraying affect the working force or brood, or both? We have lost a good many queens from some cause. The brood hatch- ing now seems to be all right. Subscriber. Richland Co., Wis., June 24. [From what you write it is our opinion that your bees have been suffering from poi- son administered during spraying time. As a rule the poison does not affect the adult bees, but sometimes it does when the mixture is given too strong. But it kills the young brood and the queens. These latter are fed very lavishly by the incoming bees just from the fields, and the average queen gets a larger dose of the poison than any ordinary worker-bee. During spray- ing time we are apt to lose a great many of our queens and considerable brood, and all together the troubles we experience are just about the same as those you describe. I should presume that the trouble from your old bees disappearing was not because they were poisoned, but because they died of old age or were worked out. The young brood having been poisoned a month or so ago, does not give the hive the full quota of bees which would now be coming on from the brood that would have been hatched, but was killed. — Ed.] A FUMIGATING-BOX. I wish to make a box to fumigate my brood-frames in, and I want to use bisul- phide of carbon. You will oblige me by giving me directions how to make such a box, and how to arrange the carbon — whether it should be above or below the frames, and how much to use, and how long it should be in the box to kill moths, eggs, etc. Would the carbon be of any use after it has been used once? W. A. Cordell. Ashland, Ore., June 7. [The answer to C. T. Cole, on page 568, July 1, will give j^ou the information you desire. You can use a box, and it will be, perhaps, in some respects, better than four or five hives stacked up, providing it is made almost air-tight. It should be so ar- ranged that combs can be stored in tiers, one above the other, and so that a pint of bisulphide of carbon can be placed in a vessel above the combs. Never put it be- low.— Ed.] WHAT IS THE MATTER WITH NATURE'S LABORATORY? We have been having very showery weath- er for some time, and vegetation is on the boom. White clover is blooming quite abun- dantly ; white sweet clover has just com- menced to bloom, while the yellow variety was showing the golden a month ago. During fruit-bloom the bees built comb under the devices, and now the comb is empty, and they have not as much honey as they had a month ago. When we go among the hives at night and ask them how they have done to-day they slowly murmur, "Barely made a living." Kansas farmers are praying for help to secure their immense wheat crop ; but the bees have plenty of workers, and no harvest to gather. In the good old days of white-clover honey, bees had to be very economical of their wax in order to be able to save the honey. The comb was built so thin as to be scarcely perceptible. It's a long time since I have seen such honey. What is the matter with Nature's labora- tory? Has the soil lost its sweetness? I live all I can in the open air; sew, and pre- pare vegetables for cooking, in the shade of a large tree. Yesterday, while working there with a sunbonnet on, a bee flew in- side my bonnet and kissed my cheek. An- 6i: GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. July 15 other punctured near one eye; a third my nose, and in a few minutes I received five sting-s upon my face. I bathed in cool vi^a- ter, and to-day there is no soreness or swelling-. I suppose those bees thoug^ht I was to blame for the scarcity of nectar. In a recent trip throug^h the country, in cars and carriage, I looked constantly for bee- pasturage. All I saw was a little white clover lay the roadside. Farmers do their work more thoroughly than formerly. In looking over the large fields of oats and corn I could not see a weed. The sloughs, where flowers bloomed year by year, are now tiled, and the plow and the reaper have destroyed them, and corn and meadows have taken their place. The Illinois River has overflowed her banks, and when the waters recede, bees may gather nectar from the button bush; and, later, the lowlands yield from Spanish needle, polygonum, and other wild flowers. Mrs. L. Harrison. Peoria, 111., June 25. [I believe you have partly answered j^our own question yourself. Intensive agricul- ture has so monopolized lands that were once used for pasture, and where white clo- ver grew and blossomed, that our former source of nectar supply has been largely cut off. But these very rains that have been killing the goose that laid the golden egg this year, are feeding the goose that will lay the eggs next year, because there are thousands of acres of white clover which are growing luxuriantly in every available spot where, before, drouth for a series of years had made their growth impossible. — Ed.] the calling-notes of young queens. I once took a frame in my hand, on which I expected a queen to hatch. Presently I saw her cut her way out, and she walked a few steps and put her head into a cell of honey and commenced drinking, and almost immediately began "piping." The piping and drinking seemed in noway to interfere with each other. Recently I had a swarm from which I was expecting a second swarm. Piping was nearly constant, but only the younger queens were heard until the full time for the swarm to issue. Then I began to dis- tinguish the high and querulous tone of the first to hatch. Still no swarm appeared. Next day I opened the hive and looked a long time for the queen. Her tone, still continuing, directed me to a certain frame, yet no queen was visible. Then I found a cell near the middle of the frame, which I tore oft", and out walked a perfect queen. From some cause, however, she failed to be- come a layer. J. A. Barber. Chuluota, Fla. contains. I have a question for you to in- vestigate. Has a dog ever been trained to watch for bees swarming? If so, what breed will do it? My shepherd thinks the bee-yard is the place for him to stay away from. I think a bee-dog would be a valua- ble addition to an apiar3% especially in swarming time. J. D. Craig. New Germantown, N. J., June 23. [I was thinking about this very matter the other day, but more particularly in con- nection with an apiar}^ located out in the woods away from any house. I wondered if we could not have a watch-dog that would stand as a sentinel over bees to keep off thieves. But a dog is a companionable an- imal, and it is doubtful whether he would be content away from his master unless held by a chain, and then he would be use- less in case of the approach of thieves, if they knew he was chained. I doubt if a dog could be trained, unless he be an ex- ceptionally smart one, so as to bark when swarms come forth. About the first train- ing a dog gets around hives is that bees can sting, and they soon learn to keep entirely away from the premises. — Ed.] DOGS TO watch SWARMS. Your paper has saved me several dollars on the sale of my honey alone, in addition to the valuable information every number THE USE OF ENTRANCE-GUARDS DURING THE SWARMING season; A CORRECTION. It occurs to me that your advice to W. "W. Brockunier, page 479, is misleading. Per- haps you did not understand the question as I see it. In my experience, where a swarm is thwarted in its desire by having the queen detained, after the second or third attempt to swarm they are almost sure to kill the queen; therefore, should the queen be confined by an entrance-guard she would be killed; and if the guard is not removed it would prevent the young queen, which would be due to mate ten or twelve days later, from taking her wed- ding-flight, and the consequence would be a hopelessly queenless colony, or else a drone-laying queen. Study over this, and see if I am not correct. Possibly this may not be the experience of others, but I al- ways expect a queen to be killed if repeat- edly prevented from accompanying the swarm. You say no harm will result if the guard is kept on during the whole season. That advice would not do for me to follow. Bluffton, Mo. S. E. Miller. [On reading your letter I said, " I agree with you exactly." While there is no di- rect conflict between my footnote and what you write, I see that my answer is not quite complete if a swarm should attempt to- come out and a queen pass the guard. In that event even the guard, without doubt, should be removed after the swarm returns, or, better, while the swarm is in the air a hive with empty combs should be placed on the old stand, the queen caged, and put therein. The parent hive should be remov- ed to one side, and the super put on the new hive. When the swarm returns, which it will do, release the queen. — Ed.] 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 613 CARBON BISULPHIDE. In reply to an article by C. T. Cole, pag-e 568, I would say I have used carbon bisul- phide for seven or eight years to kill chick- en lice. I find it is the only sure cure. I hang- it in an open bottle under the roosts. In all that time I have never had an acci- dent. I have poured it from the can into bottles in a room where there was a fire. I have inhaled the fumes many a time, and even spilled it on my hands. To me it has a very sickening- odor. It is sure death to any thing- without lungs. But I had one sad experience with it. My coops are very old, and it takes eternal vigilance to keep the lice down. One year they did not both- er during the winter, and I neglected to get any of the drug in the spring. It was not long before every thing was overrun with lice. I had over 100 turkey eggs under hens, besides hens' eggs. I thought it would be a good idea to put a few drops in the nest, as that would kill the lice on the sitting hens. It did, and also the eggs. Very few of the eggs hatched, and some were near through incubation; so I know by experience that it will kill eggs. I used it several years before I knew it was at all dangerous. I will use nothing else in my hen-house. But I use insect-powder in the nests now. I have no fear in using it, and I would advise all who wish to get rid of hen lice, ants (pour it into the hole and cover it up; if in a crack, lay a heavy cloth over), and all little pests without lungs, to use it without fear; but that doesn't mean be careless. Mrs. Ida M. Pike. Cedar Run, Mich. IN LIEU OF THE HILL DEVICE. On page 524 is an article, "Burlap and the Hill Device," by W. S. Pouder. I in- dorse every word he says on this point. Years ago I discarded both as a nuisance. I use the eight-frame Dovetailed hive. I have empty supers, and prepare them thus : I take ^-inch boards, cut them to fit snug inside of super, to rest on the tins ; then an- other to fit on top in the rabbet. They will be an inch longer than the lower boards. Thus prepared your super is ready for winter use. You can, if you like, fill in chaft" or what you like ; clean ofi" the top- bars with a scraper nicely, and set on your super and cover. Do this a little early in the fall, so the bees can glue up all sides tight. I believe this is as good as any way to prepare bees for winter. It has been a success so far with me. You can prepare j'our boards, and keep them from year to year ; and I suggest to the Root Co. that these boards be cut, and furnished as a part of the hive outfit — at least to those who ask for them. J. W. C. Gray. Atwood, 111., June 23. [Your arrangement would work; but it seems to me it involves considerable labor and expense. We simply use a super-cover that sits squarely on top of the hive. Be- tween this and the thick-top brood-frames below, there will be a >4^-inch bee-space, so that the bees can pass back and forth. On top of this super-cover, made of a pine board f^ inch thick, and bound at the ends with tins to prevent warping, we put a chafi^ cushion or a tray having a burlap bot- tom filled with chafl^, planer-shavings, or any porous material. The telescope cover sits down over the whole. We have discarded the Hill device in wintering, and now pre- fer the sealed cover rather than a burlap cover that lets the moisture or " sweat," as some call it, ascend into the packing mate- rial, and make it damp for the bees. — Ed.] HOW TO GET THE LITTLE WOOD ANTS OUT OF HIVES AND SUPERS. I have read some good recipes in Glean- ings concerning the little wood ants caus- ing a lot of trouble at times by getting into the supers, and trying to hold possession of the colony of bees. I had much trouble from the little pests till I tried this remedy. Take a piece of gum camphor, about the size of a common bean, and tie it up in a thin piece of brown cotton or calico rag. Open the hive to where the ants are. Lay the rag with camphor in right in their nest, then close the hive, and in two hours open it and see where the ants are. If they have moved to another hive, give them an- other lump of camphor. Let the first one sta}- where you put it. They will not stay where camphor is. I have run them out from between the sections by laying the rag of camphor on top of the sections over the ants. The camphor will not hinder the bees in their labor, or at least it never has for me; but it makes the ants " get a move on 'em." J. D. Howard. Dunkinsville, O., June 23. [Your suggestion is a valuable one; and those of our readers who are troubled with little ants will do well to carry into effect your "cure." — Ed.] GEORGE W. YORK FOR GENERAL MANAGER. I consider Mr. George W. York, editor and owner of the Amer. Bee Journal, as the logical candidate for General Manager of the National Bee-keepers' Association at the election to be held in December, 1902. It is common knowledge that Mr. York stands in the foremost rank of bee-men in America, and that he has always had the interest of the National and of bee-keepers in general at heart. Mr. York is an ex- president of the National, and right in the line for promotion. It is probably not generally known that Mr. York received the next highest number of votes for General Manager after Mr. Secor at the last election. Mr. York has declared repeatedly that he is not a candi- date for any office, but I believe he would obey a unanimous call, and sacrifice his personal feelings to the good of the greatest 614 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. July 15 number. He is in position to do great g-ood in the way of publicity and promotion, and his journal has always been ready to for- ward the interests of the National. Herman F. Moore. [It is true that Mr. York has repeatedly declared he is not a candidate for the office of General Manager. I once broached the subject to him, and he ver^' positively declin- ed to be considered a candidate. He based this refusal on the ground that no bee-edi- tor should take the office. But if he were to get the unanimous support he might re- consider. Personally I know he would make a good General Manager; and I do not see why the fact of his being an editoi^ of a bee-paper should stand in the way of his considering the office. Mr. Secor has said he wished to be relieved. Just what his future action will be I do not know. There are a dozen good men whom I could support as candidates, and Mr. York, Mr. Hutchinson, Mr. France, and Mr. Secor are some of them. Now, when I say I do not believe that the position of editor bars one from being Gener- al Manager, I wish to say emphatically there are other reasons wh}' I, as one of them, can not and will not be considered as a can- didate; but I can give my support most cor- dially to any of the other bee- editors. I suspect the publication of this letter from Mr. Moore will raise a breeze with Bro. York. Veil, let him raise the wind, Mr. Moore, and I can stand a good deal — these hot daj^s. The Association needs some men who can cool things off a little. — Ed.] A PLURALITY OF EGGS IN ONE CELL. I have a colony in a ten-frame L. hive that swarmed twice and superseded its queen. This young queen at this time has every cell filled with from three to seven eggs. This room consists of about seven combs. Those eggs hatch out perfect work- ers. As this is contrary to custom I should like an explanation. G. B. Crum. Pearson, Ga., July 5. [The circumstance you relate is quite un- usual — that is, if the queen fills the whole seven combs, which we can hardly think possible, in the way you describe. Very often a queen, when she is young, and just beginning to lay, will deposit four or five eggs in a cell; but she will soon get down to regulation work and put only one &^^ in a cell. Drone-laying queens and fertile workers, or "laying workers," as some call them, will very often lay several eggs in a cell. — Ed.] A PECULIAR CASE OF BEE-POISONING. Mr. A. I. Root: — I shall be compelled to sell my bees. Two years ago last fall I got stung four or five times on the face, and it poisoned me for the first time; and in about two weeks I came down with typhoid fever. I was not able to handle them any more that fall. I commenced the next spring, and I have inhaled something from them that affects me the same as a cold in my head and lungs, only worse. It affects me just as soon as I go among them. I have been wearing a sponge over my mouth, but it makes no difterence. Some thought it was pollen. I have had to feed my bees this winter. I inhale it every time I go into the cellar. You will notice I commenced this letter some time ago. It is now June 11, and I will try to finish it. I have sold my bees. I got stung both nights they came after them. The first night I was very bad ; but the last night it went to my head and lungs, and I did not know whether I should live or die for about an hour. I have had several such spells before, most of them caused by inhaling the poison. Mrs. J. H. Gray. Cedar Run, Mich., June 11. [It would be interesting to know whether any of our subscribers have had an}^ simi- lar experience. Years ago Mr. Langstroth told how the bee-poisoning affected him as soon as he went into the bee-yard. Even the very aroma of the bees would give him a very unpleasant sensation. This was during the latter end of his life, especially in the spring, when he first went out to work with his favorite pets. — Ed.] /r. R.., Oliio. — There is danger of using too much sulphur in fumigating comb hon- ey. The larger the room, of course the more sulphur is needed. One pound in a room about 10X10, 10 feet high, will not be too much. The plan now recommended is to use bisulphide of carbon. About a pint of it should be put into a pan just over the pile of honey. Honey should be stored in some empty hives outdoors. Then the drug should be placed in the pan above referred to, on top of the whole. The fumes and gas that rise from the bisulphide are heavier than air, and will settle all around through the honey. The bisulphide will not discol- or, while the sulphur is likely to do so. W. H. //., Pa. — If you clipped the queen's wings before she took her flight she would prove utterly worthless, and should, there- fore, be removed from the hive and killed. The bees should be given unsealed brood to rear another one, or, better still, a cell. A glass slide could be used in the top of an Alley drone-trap, in place of the zinc slide very readily; but the ordinary manufacturer could not ship glass in a small article of this kind. There is anoth- er objection to it in that the bees would be apt to fly against it, bumping their heads 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 615 and strugfg-ling- to get out! Our opinion is that a black wire cloth would be far better than glass if zinc is not to be used. OUR HOMES, BY A.I. ROOT. l,et your light so shine before men that they may see your good works, and glorify your Father which is in heaven. — Matt. .5: 16. The sermon had commenced when I reach- ed our little church, so I did not get the text; but as nearly as I could make out it was the one I have given above, or some- thing very nearly like it. Toward the close of the sermon the pastor took up a side of the text I had never thought of, or at least had never thought very much about. He said, in substance, a professing Christian might shed darkness instead of " light " on those about him by dishonoring his Savior and his profession by his conduct. He said a very profane man had recently been con- verted ; and, from the way he spoke, I judged it was some one not very far remov- ed from our locality. This man had a kicking cow, and he admitted to his pastor that his greatest trial would come should this cow again get on one of her kicking- spells, and kick over the milk. His pastor told him to make this very matter a subject of special prayer. This newly converted man did so; in fact, if I heard correctly, he spent a great part of one night in praying that God would help him to overcome this one grievous sin. I can easily imagine this to be true, for I have passed through simi- lar experiences. If I am correct, Satan kept putting the idea into his thoughts that he had made a great blunder in ever thijik- hig of becoming a Christian. Satan kept sa3ang, "If that cow kicks the pail over again, and gets on one of her 'tantrums,' as she is almost sure to do, you know you will swear, and no power on earth or in heai'en can keep you from it with that tem- per of yoiirs.'''' I can imagine the poor man trying again and again to get the matter out of his mind until he was worked up into a fever. Sa- tan held up before him how the neighbors and the whole town would laugh and com- ment on the fact that Mr. Blank, who had just "got religion," and united with the church, got mad and swore at his cow so they could hear him all over town. There was no brave or manly way to get rid of the trial or ordeal, however. The cow }>iust be milked, and he must do it. He got along very well until nearly through. Then she became restless, and began to switch her tail in the old way. Our friend began to pray for grace, for control; but the cow be- gan to kick, notwithstanding his prayers. She kicked the pail over, but he, by a mighty effort of self-control, shut his teeth and did not let an ugly word come out. Finally she kicked with both feet, and struck our newly converted man so as nearly to knock him off his feet, but not quite. He managed, by a strong effort, not only to keep Yi\s feet, but, in a like manner, to keep his religion and his hold on the Lamb of God who taketh away the sin of the world, and gained the victory. The pastor didn't tell us any more about the man; but we all knew it without his telling us. He continued to let his light shine for Christ Jesus — of course, he did. Very likely his whole future Christian lite hinged on this one trifling incident. From that moment his mind began to enlarge and expand, and he began to see the awful fol- ly— nay, absurdity — of letting such a tri- fling thing as a " kicking cow " induce a man to take his Maker''s name in vain. For the first time in years or in his life, perhaps, he was " clothed and in his right mind," sitting at the Savior's feet, and learning of him. Instead of sending dark- ness and curses out in every direction, he was sending out beams of light and beams of joy and hope to a suffering and sinful world. Does soine one ask about the cow? Well, the pastor didn't tell us about her either, after the incident I have mentioned; but our up-to-date stock-breeders will tell you that the probabilities are that, in process of time, she was a changed cow. O my dear friends! the gospel of Christ Jesus gets hold (indirectly) of even the domestic ani- mals. The swearing and blows. were the very things that fanned and kept at fever heat the satanic behavior that had been trained into her. Let me go back a little. This young minister did not know how many in that Sunday-evening meeting need- ed just that sermon; but I know some who did. Some weeks ago one of my boys (the boys who work for me) was obliged for a little time to put up with something from another person that was not very pleasant, and, lie thought, entirely uncalled for. I did what I thought best under the circum- stances, and exhorted him to be patient and let it pass. He said he could bear about so much; but when his temper got up he could not control it. I tried to tell him that, when the great Father above made the world, he made provision for just such cases as this, and provided a helper, even his only Son, who was always ready to re- spond to our call. He seemed to think, however, that nothing of the kind would avail much with his temper. Another yoimg friend who is trj'ing to lead a Christian life says he gets along very well until he is " real mad," and then he doesn't care for any thing. At such times, in his rage he calls the person he is mad at "every mean name he can think of." It just now occurs to me that children (or, if you choose, young people) are not the (?«/>' ones who at times give certain peo- ple " a piece of their mind," and perhaps pride themselves on their "plain speak- ing." Men sometimes term it "giving him 616 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. July 15 a blowing--up." All these different ex- pressions mean, if I am correct, calling folks names when you are mad. It is true, you can apolog-ize and ask to be forgiven when your anger has passed by, and per- haps your friend (it often is a friend who gets the blowing-up) may try to forget the unkind words uttered in a passion; but, oh how much unhappiness and pain would have been spared if the harsh words had never been spoken! These two I have spoken of were present and heard the sermon; and as there was a lot of other young people there, who can say but that every one of them needed that sim- ple little story? Just a word more about corvs, in closing. Another of my boys who has worked with cows, and has done considerable milking, said he had been kicked over by cows a good many times, but that he never swore at them nor pounded them. Said I: " But what do you do with kicking cows? Does whipping never do them any good? " " I think not. So far as I know it al- ways makes them worse." Now, friends, it is probably true that there are kicking horses and kicking cows that you might whip to death without con- quering or driving out in the least the ugly spirit. You vcva.y torture them; but as long as there is a spark of life left it is plainly evident they haven't given up, and prefer to die unconquered. I think expert horse- trainers will bear me out in this. Well, in view of this is it not sheer folly and a relic of barbarism to think of bettering things by the swearing and pounding method? Finally, isn't it true that we have some boys (yes, and perhaps sometimes even girls too) who are almost as stubborn as the dumb brutes? I would by no means advo- cate doing away with punishment; but let the punishment come from a Christian man or woman, and let it be done in a Chris- tianlike way. The "blowing-up" process is not at all what is wanted, for all pun- ishment should be administered in the spir- it of kindness and love. Temperance. WHAT THE ANTI-SALOON LEAGUE IS DOING. Some years ago I visited a relative at Xenia, Ohio, and in looking over the city our conversation turned on temperance. Saloons there were wide open ; the mayor and other officers seemed rather in sympa- thy with the "wets;" Christian people ei- ther didn't know or didn't care, and the outlook did indeed seem hopeless. I sug- gested that the citj^ needed a brisk stirring- up by the Anti-saloon League; but my com- panion said they had just been trying to have some meetings; but as nobody gave them any attention, he "guessed" they gave the town up as a bad job. Bribes and steals, among the city officers, seemed to be a common thing; and as the saloon element ruled, there was nobody to make a fuss about it. I saw some boys stealing peaches from the crates at the railroad station, and asked why this was permitted in broad day- light. My companion said it was because the agent's oww (^cjk was one of the "gang," and he said this was a fair sample of the way things were allowed to go on in a "whisky-ruled" town. Of course, there was wrangling all the time; but everj" ef- fort to punish the guilty parties seemed only to end in long and expensive litigation, with almost one result — the rascals came out ahead. And this state of affairs was go- ing on in one of the finest and most produc- tive portions of the whole State of Ohio. You may be sure that I have watched with interest the temperance movement that start- ed a year or more ago. Now please read the following from the State Superintend- ent of our League, who, I take pride in say- ing, is a very dear friend of mine: My dear Friend: — I am in receipt of your card in reply to mine concerning the proposed Anti-saloon Congress. We have decided to have it. It will be held December 2, 3, 4, in Columbus, and we shall expect you to be present. We are having hot times now all over the State. Up until to-day 59 towns have voted ; 38 have gone drj', and 21 have voted to continue the saloons. This is a prett3' good record in view of the fact that our friends, in many places, run in and forced the vote without due preparation. They are learning better now. I think it is a safe estimate that, before the next Legislature meets, fully two hundred towns w^ill have rid themselves of the saloons. Surely ttis pays for all the cost and sacrifice of the past. Xenia voted day be- fore 3'esterdaj-, and won by 199 majority dry. This is the most terrific fight we have had yet. It has been dry under the ordinance; but the law was being violat- ed by a large number of the saloonists, and the mayor refused to enforce it absolutely; and, being an ordi- nance, we could not take it to the county courts, so we were helpless. We have it upon good authority that the saloon and brewery interests spent §13,000 in their effort to make it go wet, but failed. When the returns came in, and it was found that the town had gone dry, the good people gathered on the streets and sang hymns, and laughed and cried and congratulated each other, and used up all the explosives that had been laid in for the Fourth of Jul}- — went to the churches and had prayer-meetings, and a general season of re- joicing. They have had a long hard fight. The next largest town which is to vote is Ironton, a place of 15,000 or 18,000 people. I am doubtful about results, but they put up a hard fight. They vote July 17. There is scarcely a day now that some town is not voting, and some days three or four. I hope you are enjoying good health and your new home. When you are at leisure, let me hear from you. P. A. Baker, State Supt. Columbus, Ohio, June 26, 1902. Well, friends, what do you think of that? I have not been very much in the " fireworks business" for some time past; but when it comes to emancipating such a town as Xenia from "rum rule" I believe I could with a good conscience waste money on firecrack- ers, and help make a noise equal to any youngster. During the 4th of July just past, Mrs. Root was alone all day in "the cabin in the woods," and she says she not only did not hear a firecracker nor smell gunpowder, but did not get sight of a liv- ing soul during that independence day (I was off in Ohio); but if the time is at hand when fireworks are to be used to celebrate emancipation from rum, I am sure she too will join me in. burning powder and making a racket. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 617 HONEY QUEENS! Laws' Leather=colored Queens. Laws' Improved Golden Queens. Laws' Holy Land Queens. A prominent queen-breeder writes : " I have reared and sold over 500U queens in the past few years, and I am using your stock exclusively, as it is the best I can gety Another writes ; "The queen mother I got of you is the best queen I ever saw." A prominent writer for the Review states the I^aws queen is making a fine showing. Many nice letters indicative of the superi- ority of Laws' queens on file. Prices : Tested or un- tested, $1.00 each; six for $5.00 Discount ou large lots. Write for circular. .. .^ ; . st W. H. Laws, Beeville, Texas. ^sEwnByTHm res* atway^*^ v&li from silk to coars-^— ^i" I est fabrics. Theceicuratcu BALL-BEARINC ARLINGTON' equal of any $40 to $65 MaohiDf.) ^ omliiiies hi--best craao m.ch lency witb beautiful aripear.ir mi moit complete attachm.nta. BALL j 1 tiEARINO, hence easy runnjn oeci for 20 years. 250,000 Bold." I XeaticDonialsfrom every State. _ Write for Free I'atalo? flhowin? all styles and eamplej Arlington cuaranteed machines from $11.95 up. Our .4ii(oraiitlc Paliinet at $17.75 Is s wonder. * PASH nrVERS- TNION. Dept. A-34.^, THK AGO, ILL. i RF.FKKLNCh:. Fl R-^T N A I li'N AL- EANk. CHICAU If This Weather makes your wire fence sag, it isn't the PAGE. Page Woven Wire Fence Co., Box S, Adrian, Michigan. BELGIAN HARES ! With every hare sold goes a full pedigree, register number, and score-card, scored by an official judge. Does will be bred to one of our famous high - scoring bucks free. Write for book. Mgr. of The A. I. Root Oo, J. B. MASON, MECHANIC FALLS, MAINE. Barns of plank save timber and cash. Neatest, cheap- est, strongest, most desir- able. 5000 in 42 States. Tested for 20 years. Indorsed b}- agricultural colleges and scientific men. Book for stamp. Siiawver Brotiiers, Bellefontaine, Oliio. New Self-sealing Honey-pails six sizes; sample by mail, 10 cts. Send for price list. rris R. H. SMITH, St. Thomas, - Canada. Union Combination For Ripping, Cross- cutting, Rabbeting, Mitering, Grooving, Gaining, Boring, Scro sawing. Edge - mouldhi Beading. Full line and Hand Power machin erv. Send for catalog A. SENECA FALLS MFG. CO., 41 Water St., Seneca Fs., ^.7. The Meat Pmno Built anticipating the demand of those satisfied with nothing but tlie best and looking for a piano of the Highest Artistic Creation Are you considering tlie purchase of a piano? Our proposition will prove more en- tertaining than any you have had. Catalog and Jull information free on application. THE PACKARD C<»MPANY P. O. Ito.v F Fort WiiyiM-. Indiana Wagon World Awheel. Half a million of these steel wheels have been sent out oa our own wagons and to fit other wagons. It is the wheel that determines the life of any I wagon, and this is the longest hved wheel made. Do you want a low down Handy \Vaj;»n to use ahout the place? We will fit out your old wagon with Elec- tric Wheel* of any size and any shape tire, itraight or stac- gered epokes. No cracked hnbs, n* Isese spokes, no rotten felloes, no reMttlng. Write for «fae bi K ne w catalog:ue. It is free. Elsctrlo Wheel Co.. Box OStQulncyt Ills* BARNES' Hand and Foot Power Machinery. This cut represents our combined circular saw, which is made for bee- keeper's use in the con- struction of their hives, sections, boxes, etc., etc Machines on Trial. Send for illustrated cata- log and prices. Address W. F. & Jno. Barnes Co., 545 Ruby St., Rockford. : lUinois. Fruit Packages of All Kinds. — ALSO — BEE=KEEPERS' SUPPLIES. . . I irder your supplies now before the busy season catches you. Price list free. Address BERLIN FRUIT-BOX COMPANY, Berlin Heights, - - Erie County, Ohio. 618 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. July IS Advanced-^ Bee C\ilt\ire ^ ^ ^ The new edition is now out. It contains lOO pages ; is well illus- trated— some of the pictures being colored plates on enameled paper — and describes some of the most advanced methods of management from one end of the year to the other; 31 chapters being devoted to as many prominent features of bee-keeping. Price 50 cts.; or the Bee-Keepers' Review and the book one year for only $1.25. W. Z. Hutchinson, Flint, Michigan. Long Tongues Valuable South as well as North. How Moore's strain of Italians roll in the honey down in Texas. Hutto, Texas, Nov. 19, 1902. J. P. Moore. — Dear sir: — I wish to write you in re- gard to queens purchased of you. I cotild have writ- ten sooner, but I wanted to test them thoroughly and see if they had those remarkable qualities of a three- banded Italian bee. I must confess to you I am more surprised every day as I watch them. They simply " roll the honey in " It seems that they get honey where others are idle or trying to rob; and for gentle- ness of handling. I have never seen the like. Friend E. R. Root was right when he said your bees have the longest tongues; for they get honey where others fail. I -rtfill express my thanks for such queens. I am more than pleased. I will stock my yut-apiaries next spring with your queens. Yours truly, Henry Schmidt. The above is pretty strong evidence that red clover is not the only plant which requires long-tongue bees to secure the greatest quantity of nectar. Daughters of mj' 23-100 breeder, the prize-winner, and other choice breeders : Untested, 75 cts. each ; six, $4.00: dozen, $7.50. vSelect untested, $1.00 each; six, $5.00 ; dozen, $9.00. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Circular free. I am filling all orders by return :nail, and shall probably be able to do so till the close of the season. J. P, Moore, L Box I, Morgan, Kentucky. Pendleton County. NONE BUT THE BEST QUEENS ARE GOOD ENOUGH FOR ANY ONE. No bee-keeper wants to give hive room to inferior bees. The best queens fill their hives with brood. The best bees fill their supers with honey. Every bee- keeper knows this, but does not know that our strain of Italians are in the lead. Try them. You will not be disappointed. Choice tested queens, 81.00 each. Untested, 75c; S8.00 per doz. Send for price list. J. W. K. SHAW & CO., Loreauville, La. Queens! Buy them of H. G. Quirin, the largest queen- breeder in the North. The A. I. Root Co. tells us our stock is extra fine. Editor York, of the Ameri- can Bee Journal, says he has good reports from our stock from time to time, while J. I,. Gandy, of Humboldt, Neb., has secured over 400 lbs. of honey (mostly comb) from. single colonies containing our queens. We have files of testimonials similar to the above. Our breeders originated from the highest-priced long - tongued red - clover queens in the United States. Fine queens, promptness, and square dealing have built up our present business, which was es- tablished in 1888. Price of Queens After July First. 1 6 12 $ 75 1 00 1 50 3 00 $4 00 5 00 8 00 $ 7 00 9 00 Selected Tested Extra Selected Tested— the best We guarantee safe arrival to any State, conti- nental island, or any European country. Can fill all orders promptly, as we expect to keep three to five hundred queens on hand ahead of orders. Special price on 50 or 100. Circular free. Send all orders to Quirin the Queen=breeder, Post and Money-order Office, Parkertown, Ohio. ICHICAN HEADQUARTERS FOR G. B. Lewis Co.'s Bee-keepers' Supplies, Dadant's Foundation. We have the largest stock of supplies in the State. Can ship on one day's notice. Send for our 48-pag-e illustrated catalog and sfive us a trial order. LCWoodman, Grand Rapids, Mich. A/or PRETTY BUT GOOD.... breeders. That's what my strain of Italians are; gentle prolific, and great honey gatherers and One colony gathered 521 lbs. extracted last season. Drones from Moore's strain. Untested, 75c; select untested, |1.00. Send money by money order or registered letter to T. H. Trice, Box 53, New Providence, Montgomery Co., Tenn. HONEY QUEENS FROM TEXAS. I can furnish queetis of ti different races, all bred in their purity in separate j'ards from 6 to 25 miles apart. Untested queens, 75 cts. to $1.00 each. Tested queens of either race, 11.50 to |:3.00 each. Breeders, J3..50 to |5 each. Bees by the pound, and 1, 2, and 3 frame nuclei a specialty. Prices cheap. Quoted on application. Price list free. Will Atchley,Box79,Beeville, Bee Co.,Tex. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 619 ►♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦< Famous Italian Queens. { Buckeye Strain of Three-banded Long-tong-ues are wonderful honey- i g-atherers. One customer bought 10 dozen. Just think of it. He ^ bought a few last season as a trial. | Muth's Strain of Golden Italians. < As fine as money can buy. Either of the above by return mail, 75c ^ each, six for $4.00; selected tested — best money can buy — Si. 50. Full \ line of finest Dovetailed Hives and Supplies. Send for catalog. i The Fred W. Muth Co., ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦< Front and Walnut Streets, Cincinnati, 0. ►♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦»»♦♦♦♦ < QUEENS! BY RETURN MAIL. We are now breeding from three dis- tinct strains ; viz. ^ Imported or leather color. Root's long-tongued or red-clo- ver strain, and our old strain of white banded yellow Italians, or albinos. PRICES: Tested, each $1.25 Select tested, each 1.50 Warranted purely mated, each 75 Same, per half dozen 4.00 Same, per dozen 7.50 Untested, each 65 Same, per half dozen 3.50 Same, per dozen 7.00 We have also a full line of bee-keep- ers' supplies including THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY'S GOODS. Send for our 32-page illustrated catalog. W. V^.Cary & Son, Lyonsville, Mass. TERRACE QUEENS. Bred from selected stock; best of workers; very gentle, and fine color. Warranted, 75 cts.; six for $1.00; dozen, $7.50; tested, $1.00. Harold Hornor, Terrace Apiary, Mt. Holly, N. J. Mn't'lr'f f After July 1st I will sell fine Italians as I'^UUIV^C. follows: Untested, 55c; tested, Sl.OO ; breeders, $ii 00. My bees are hardy, gentle, and pro- lific and work well on red clover I also have choice stock of Doolittle's, Root's red-clover, and other strains, and will do the best I can to please. .Safe ar- rival guaranteed. Earl Y. Safford, Salem, N. Y. pOR SALE. — 100 Langstroth winter hives, supers, * zinc honev-boards, bee-escapes, and feeders. K.\RL Keim, 149 York St., Buffalo, N. Y. T T ^d-!'^ TEXAS QUEENS From the I,one .Star Apiaries. Davidson & Son, prop's, have made great prep- arations for the com- ing season to accom- modate their many customers with either lyong-tongue, Import- ed Stock, or Golden Queens. They have bought out the queen- rearing business of O. P. Hyde & Son, Hutto, Texas, and by buying and increasing their number of nuclei, they are better prepared than ever to cater to the trade of the bee-keeping public. One of Root's lyOng-tongue Breeders; Imported Stock direct from Italy; Goldens from leading queen-breeders. Fine breeders of each of the above have been added to their yards. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaran- teed. .Send for queen circular and price list. We are now prepared to fill orders for Cyprian and Carnio- lan queens. Good strains. Address Q. F. Davidson & Son, Box 190, Floresville, Texas. Special Notice to Bee=keepers * Roofs Supplies at Catalog Prices. SEND FOR CATALOG. F. H. Farmer, Boston, Mass. ^ 182 Friend St., 1st Flight. ^ Try a Few of My Queens. For the first time this season I have a few queens ahead of orders. These orders came from all custo- mers who had tried a few queens — some of them doz- ens or hundreds — and liked them. A few from new ones. But as I was pushed with orders I advertised very moderately. Now I have a big lot of nuclei and queens, and can send queens promptly as follows : Warranted queens, 75c; six for 84. (XI; one choice select warranted, $1.00; six for $5.00. -Send for free folder. J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Florida. 620 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. July 15 Built for Long Service FROM THREE FACTORIES We ship direct to the consumer We make the most reliable line of Tehioles, harness, etc., to be found anywhere and sell atX^^SjTr^^ the lowest wholesale pricesf^/, f^^llfJfSS We Handle No iLow-Grade Work. strong, durable material and good honest workmanship make our vehicles and harness outlast two of the ordinary kind. U/rita at DnPO '">■ .mr guaranteed freight eharges toyour If IMC 01 UIIUC station on any vehicle. Carts from $11.00to $38.75; Road Wagons from $28.90 to$105 00; Buggies from $36 to $S2,-t.5; Surreys from $52.20 to $120.12; Spring Wagons from $37.50 to $112.50; Farm Wagons from $31.55 to $65.65; Single Harness from $t SO to $20.20; Farm harness from $12.80 to $39 00 U/r CCUn cope tbe largest illnitrated Tehlel* and Har. TTL OLnlJ rriLL neii catalog erer iisnedo Send for it. CASH BCTEKS' UNION, Uept. £-846, OHICAeO. 10 CENTS That's all it costs to get acquainted with the Rocky Mountain Bee Journal. We want to send it on trial to every reader of Gleanings Three Months for 1 0 cts. This vigorous young month- ly has just entered its second year on a paying basis, and has become the recognized mouthpiece of the bee- keepers of the great Rocky Mountain alfalfa regions. Address The Rocky Mountain Bee Journal, Box 611, Boulder, Colorado. I Make Red=clover Worlcers and I can work in flowers and get honey where others can't. I am guar- anteed to work in red clover. Will forfeit 8100 to any one coming here, and proving that they can't work clover. Twenty years' experience in bees and queens. All queens are rear- ed from best mothers and best methods. In 1900 many of my colonies stored 200 lbs. and over of red-clover honey. Our bees commenced swarming in April this year. It takes only good stock to swarm so early. One untested, 75c; dozen, $7.00. Tested, .^1.00; dozen, $10.00. Breeders, 85.00. Golden queens as well as Red-clover. Queens by return mail. 50 to 100 queens at special prices. Money-order office, Guernsey. Q. Routzahn, rienallen, Pa. Imp't'd Queens Direct from Italy Please send us your address on a postal card, and we will Sf nd 3-ou our price list of queens, written in Kng- lish. Our motto: " V\ hatsoever ye would that men should do to Tou, do ye even so to them." .\ddress Malan Brothors. .... Queen-breeders, " Apiario," Luserna, San Giovanni, Italy. Minnesota Bee-keepers' Supply Mfg. Co., iVianufacturers of Bee-hives. Sections. Shipping-cases, and Everything Used by Bee-keepers. Orders filled promptly We have the best shipping facilities in the world You will save money by send- ing for our price list. Address Minnesota Bee=keepers' Supply Mfg. Co., Nicollet Island Power Building, Minneapolis, Minn. Bee-supplies Quick Let us show you how quick we can fill your orders. Best of goods and the best place in country to ship from. Get our Prices on Dovetailed Hives and Sections. Write to us If you have any Honey or Beeswax to sell. C. M. SCOTT & CO.. INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA. 1004 East Washington Street. The Best Stock. I have had 18 years' experience in the production of honey, and during that time I have always tried to improve my stock by buj'ing queens from breeders who breed for honey-gatherin.g instead of color; then, by crossing the.se different strains, and selecting the best, and breeding from them, I have secured a strain of stock that is the equal of any for honey-gathering. This year I am breeding from a daughter of Root's fa- mous $200 queen, and from the stock of J. P Moore. Warranted queens, in any quantity, will be sold at 55 cts. each, and satisfaction will be guaranteed in every case, or money will be refunded. L. H. Robey, Worthington, W. Va. Queens! Queens! We have five different yards, 5 to 20 miles apart, where Italians, Cyprians, Holylands, Carniolans, and Alljinos are bred for business. You can send in your orders at following prices the rest of this year: Test- ed, $1 50 each; S8.00 for six: $15.00 per doz.' Untested, 75c each; $4.25 for six, or JS.OO per doz. Fine breeders, $5.00 each. Safe arrival guaranteed Write for free catalog. Tells how to raise queens and keep bees for profit. The Jennie Atchley Co., Beeville. Bee Co., Tex. JIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIItllllllllllllllllllllKIIIIIIIIII'lllllllk 'in central MICHIGAN. Best = goods; best shipping-point; cheap- : = fy f\ f\T\^^ est place to buy in state. Try me. S E vJ U U U o $ i^ist. W. r. Soper, Et. 3, Jackson, Mich. = ROOT'S: llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllillllllllllllllll iiiiiiiiiiiiiir If You Want Root's Goods we have them at Root's prices. Also A B C in Bee Culture — oiie of the best books printed on bees. Catalog free. Address as below. D. Cooley & Sop, Kendall, Mich. Do You Read the Modern Farmer? If not, why not ? Perhaps you have never seen a copy. If not, send for one now — it's free. Send us lo cents and the names and addresses of five farmers and we will send you the paper one year. Cltibbed with this paper. Write for price. Address MODERN FARMER, = St. Joseph, Missouri. POULTRY PAPER 3 Honths and hook, "Plans for Poultry-houses," 10 cts. Paper one year and book, 25 cts, if you mention Gleanings (reg. price, 50 cts). Inland Poultry Journal, Indianapolis, Indiana. RUBBER STA^1PS. Send us 25 cts. for year's sub to our 16-p. monthly journal and we will mail you FREE as a premium a two-line Rubber Stamp, or two one-line Stamps, to print any wording you want. The Farm and Poulthy News, Middlesboro, Ky. To make cows pay, use Sharpies Cream Separators, biok " Business Dairying " & cat. 288 free. W. Chester. Pa. FOR SALE.— 100 colonies in home-made 8-frame hives on Hoffman frames. J. J. Ch.-^mbers, Atkinson, Wayne Co., Ga. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 621 5PEClAb^N0T^'CEs BY PROPOLIS WANTED. H. F. Schultz, 86 Court St., Bcston, Mass., desires to purchase about 5 lbs. of propolis, as free from beeswax as possible. As we have none for sale we refer this to our readers. But do not send any without writing first, stating how much you have, and the price want- ed; for he might get many times the amount he need- ed to supply his requirements, and would refuse to accept or pay for it. BUSINESS BOOMING. Orders continue to arrive in goodly volume, so that we are still kept busy making and shipping, with little opportunity yet for making up much reserve stock. In carload shipments we are 12 to 15 ahead of any previous year at the present date. The indications are that, as soon as the temperature moderated, and there were days without rain, the flow of honey was very heavy, so that it bids tair to be a good season, as nearlv as can be judged at this writing There are very few orders which we do not ship within 21 to 48 hours from the time received. SPECIAL OFFER ON HONEY-CANS. As a special inducement to reduce stock, we offer at the following prices, for shipment from Medina only, some ^. 14. and 1 gallon square cans. Some have 1}{- inch cap, some 1^-inch, some l4:J-inch, and some 2ii(- inch. Packed 100 in a crate, we will sell J^'-gallon at 56.50, ^-gallon at J7.50, and 1-gallon at SlO.OO per 100. This is new and perfect stock, and our only reason for making these prices is to reduce stock on hand. There- fore this offer is limited, and will be withdrawn when present stock is disposed of. We have also in stock several hundred various sizes of seal-cover pails, formerly listed in our catalog, which we offer to close out at former prices : No. 1, §6.50 per 100; No. 2, $7.50 ; No. 3, $9.50 ; No. 5, $10.50. NEW HONEY WANTED. There is an old adage which runs, "The early bird catches the worm." We should like to get in touch with some of the " early birds "who have honey ready for market. We have a demand now for new honey, both comb and e.'^itracted, which we can not supply. I know bee-keepers are bu.sy making room for the bees to store what they gather, as well as in haying and harvest ; but there ought to be some who are enter- prising enough to get the early honey off to market and catch this waiting trade. L,et us hear from you with sample of extracted clover, and description of comb honey which you have to offer. The indications at present point to a larger crop than usual in many places, and late in the fall, at the convenient time for preparing and shipping, there is more likely to be a surplus. Who is readj^ to supply this early trade? SEVEN- TOP TURNIP FOR HONEY OR TO PLOW UNDER. The seven-top turnip is perhaps the best one to plow under for fertilizing the soil. It will also give a good crop of honey before it is turned under in the spring. If sown any time in August or the fore part of Sep- tember it will get rooted so as to stand any winter. In fact, I never knew it to be thrown out by the frost here in Ohio when it gets a good start. It comes into bloom between apple-blo.ssom and white clover. It may be plowed under for potatoes or any other crop. Price, ounce, 5 cts.; 1 lb., 20 cts.; 10 lbs. or more at 15 cts. If wanted by mail, add 10 cts. per lb. extra. WINTER OR EGYPTIAN ONION-SETS. We are just now gathering a fine crop of these. Quart, 10 cts.; peck, 50 ; bushel, §1.50. If wanted by mail, add 10 cts. per quart for postage and packing. As we are getting a good many orders, if you want them at the above price you had better get in your or- der at once. Now is the time to plant them, and the sooner the better. They never fail to grow, and they will stay in the ground for years unless you dig them out. It takes a very smart weed to crowd the winter Egyptian at any season of the year ; but, of course, they do very much better where the weeds are kept out, and clean cultivation given. Perhaps I might add, in conclusion, that, if the weather is not too hot and dry, almost all kinds of peas will give a nice crop for table use if put in during the fore part of August. Wants and Exchange. Notices will be Inserted under this head at 10 cts. per line. You must SAT you want your adv't in this department, or we will not be responsible for any error. You can have the no- tice as many lines as you please ; but all over ten lines will cost you according to our regular rates. We can not be re- sponsible for dissatisfaction arising from these " swaps." WANTED.— One dollar for 15 W. P. Rock eggs; 9S.O0 for 50, or $5.00 for 100; from 93 to 95 scoring birds; cockerels and pullets, $1.00 each; 75 cts. for one Golden Italian queen, or $8.00 per dozen— after August 1st, 50c each or $5.00 per dozen. Geo. W. Cook, Spring Hill, Kansas. yVANTED. — To sell bees and queens. Also putty- '' knife with iron handle and strong steel blade — just the thing for prying and scraping about hives, etc., 15c postpaid. O. H. Hyatt, Shenandoah, la. VVANTED.— To sell for cash, 5-gal. square tin cans, ' ' used for honey, at about half price of new cans. Also elegant exhibition 12-lb. no drip honev-cases for plain Danz. and iy^Xi}^ sections; made for Pan-Amer- ican. For prices, etc., address Orel I,. Hershiser, 301 Huntington Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. VVANTED. — To exchange American Eclipse evaporat- '' or— contains 78 reversible trays, 7 square feet each— for bees or offers, or will sell cheap for cash. Also want location for bee-yard in the buckwheat dis- trict, either West Virginia, Pennsylvania, or Maryland. ■^ ".Reinhard Stehle, Marietta, Ohio. Y^ANTED. — A buyer for a quantity of honey-cans ' ' that have been used once. Write for particulars to I,. C. Woodman, Grand Rapids. Mich. Y^ANTED.— To exchange carefully reared queens ' "^ for wax, honey, or hive bodies K. D. Address Swarthmore, Swarthmore, Pa. Y^ANTED. — One or more copies of Vol. II. Cheshire's '^' Bees and Bee-keeping. I,et us know in what condition your book is, and price wanted. The a. I. Root Co., Medina, Ohio. WANTED. — To exchange warranted and tested Ital- ian queens for good typewriter and foot-power saw. John M. Davis, Spring Hill, Tenn. Al^ANTED. — To exchange motor-cjxles, gasoline-en- "'^ gines — 1J4 to 4"/^ h. p. Wanted — machinery of all kinds. Robert B. Gedye, LaSalle, 111. Wanted Immediately, Comb Honey in Danzenbaker Sections. We have a market for large quantities of fancy comb honey in Danzenbaker sections, and shall be pleased to hear from parties who have any to offer. In writing, please state: 1. From what source gathered. 2. Color (white or amber), and grade (Fancy or No. 1.) 3. In what size cases. 4. Price at which you will sell f. o. b. at \our sta- tion, or delivered at Medina (preferably the latter). We can use, also, moderate quantities at once in Ideal (35'8X5) and 4i^x4^ sections ; al.so extracted. Send sample of extracted, putting your name on the same, and giving particulars as to amount, source, size of package, and price. Extracted honey is pre- ferred in 5-gallon square cans. The a. I. Root Co., Medina, Ohio. For Sale. —Extracted honey. Finest grades for ta- ble use. Prices quoted on application. Sample by mail, 10 cts. to pay for package and postage. Orel I,. Hershiser, ;301 Huntington Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. For Sale.— Extracted honey, from alfalfa, at 7c per pound. Send for sample. D. S. Jenkins, I,9. Extracted white, 6 ^7 dark, 4>4@5. Beeswax, 28® 30. W C. Town^send, July 22. 167 Scott St., Buffalo, N. Y. New York.— There is .some fair demand for comb honev at 14c for strictly fancy white; 12(a)13c for No 1, and lOotllc for amber. Extracted quiet at unchanging prices. Beeswax dull and declining at 29c. Hildreth & Segelken, July 9. 265-7 Greenwich St., New York City. San Francisco.— Comb honey, 10'a)12. Extracted, water-white, 5%rS65^ ; light amber, 4@5% ; dark. A(n^. Beeswax, '21%(a'?,Q. Honey is steady, with trade of moderate volume. E. H. Schaeffle, July 12. Murphys, Calif. For Sale.- Several thousand pounds comb honey in Danzenbaker 4x5 sections. Shall commence filling orders in August. Wm. Morris, L,as Animas, Col. For Sale —Four tons of choice extracted clover honey, put up in 160-lb. kegs at 7c per lb. E. W. & F. C. Alexander, Delanson, N. Y. For S.^le. — About 5000 lbs. comb honey in Danz. sections and 5000 lbs in A'% plain sections at 12c. f. o b. at Macon; also 1000 lbs. extracted at 7c, in 5-gal. cans. T'tc above was made from sweet clover, and is very nice. Geo A. Hummer, Brazelia, Miss. For S.ale.— Four cases, of two five-gallon cans each, at 5-!. 75 per case, f o. b. at San Marcial. Cause of sell- ing cheap : It is willow honey and is slightly bitter. It is good for feeding back or confectionery purposes. H. E. Jaynes, San Marcial, N. M. AVe can place a few cars of comb and extracted hon- ey; will be glad to corre-pond with parties having some to offer. We also solicit local consignments C. C. Clemons & Co., 306 Grand .\ve., Kansas City, Mo. We will be in the market for honey the coming sea- son in carloads and less than carloads and would be glad to hear from producers evervwhere what they will have to offer. Seavey & Flarsheim, 1318-1324 Union Avenue, Kansas City, Mo. Wanted. —Honey and beeswax. Mail sample, and state price delivered at here. C. H. W. Weber, 2146, 2148 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. Wanted— Comb and extracted honey. State price, kind, and quantity. R. A. Burnett & Co., 199 .South Water St., Chicago, 111. WANTED.— Comb honey, white or amber, for cash or on commission, clover preferred. Reference— The A. I. Root Co. C. G. Turner, Mechanic Falls, Me. WANTED.- Offers of car lots of honey, especially comb honey. Cash paid on delivery at your ware- house or station. Thos. C Stanley & Son. Apiarists and Honey Buyers, JIanzanola, Col., or Fairfield, 111. For Sale.— Extracted honey, from alfalfa, at 7c per pound. Send for sample. D. S. Jenkins. Las Animas, Col. W.-VNTF.D. — Extracted white-clover honey. Will pay highest price for the right article. H. B. Phillips. Auburn. Me. f 28 CLEAXTXr-S IN BEE CULTURE Arc. 1 C/' tandard-Bred For 25 cents To a New Subscriber for the Weekly American Bee Journal. We have arranged with several of the best queen-breeders to supply us with 1 he Very Best Untested Italian Queens that they can possibly rear — well worth SI. 00 each. We want everv reader of Gleanings to have at least one of these Queens. As the supply of these splendid Queens is limited, we prefer to use all of them in this way — for g-etting new subscribers. But if any one wishes to purchase them aside from the Bee Journal subscription, the prices are as follows : One Queen, 75 cents ; 3 Queens, S2.10 ; 6 Queens for $4.00. We expect to be able to fill orders by return mail, or almost as promptly as that, so there will be no great delay, at any rate. Remember, the Weekly American Bee Jour- nal one year and the Queen — both for only $1.25— to a NEW subscriber. Now for your name and $1.25 — and then the Queen that we will send you. Address, GECGEW.YORR&ti, 144 & 146 Erie Street, CHICAGO, ILL. ;KS" Sample cnpy cf the Artinrican Bee Journal and Catalog- of Root's Bee-Keepers' Supplies FREE. .f-i-^rl m M ^ 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 629 Seasonable Suggestions. Use TKe Porter Spring £scape. When taking off surplus this is the greatest sav- ing device. It does away with the shaking of the heavy supers, the cruelty of excessive smoking which causes the bees to uncap their honey and start robbing. Just tip the super to the angle of 4b° and insert the board. In a few hours it is free of bees; then take off your super. No need smok- ing. You can as well afford to be without a smok- er as without the Porter Bee-escape. Order to-day. PRICE : 20c each ; dozen, |2.25 ; postpaid. With board, 35c each; $3.20 per 10; by express or freight. Use Porter Honey-House £scape over the doors and windows in the extracting- house, or any place you wish to clear of bees. The most persistent robber can not return. Some bee- keepers make a practice of taking off the filled supers and stacking seven or eight in a pile. The Porter Honej'-house mounted on a board makes the best kind" of escape. Don't wait till to morrow before you get a supply. You can't afford to be without them longer. PRICK : 2.5c each ; $2.75 per dozen ; postpaid. Board without escape, 15c each ; |1.00 per 10. FOR SALE BY THE A. I. ROOT CO.. Medina. Ohio. U. S. A. And all Branches and Agencies. . A- 1. iMt's Writings of Grand Traverse territory and I.,eelanau Co. are descriptive of Michigan's most beautiful section reached most conveniently via the Pere Marquette R. R„ For pamphlets of Miohigan faim lands and the fruit belt, address J. E. Merritt, Manistee, Michigan. DITTMER'S FOUNDATION. Retail — Wholesale— Jobbing. Having increased my shop -room, put in power and a new set of ma- chines, I am now producing a better article than ever, with unlimited ca- pacity to meet orders. I use a process that produces every essential neces- sary to make it the best and most de- sirable in all respects. My process and automatic machines are my own inventions, which enable me to sell foundation, and WORK WAX INTO FOUNDATION FOR CASH, at prices that are the lowest. I make a specialtj^ of working up Wholesale and Jobbing Is, ^s, 1, y&, -h^ ¥i^ 0, \%. That makes the aver- age distance between brood and top-bar .585, or a little more than !2 inch. Of course, I measured at the point where brood came nearest the top-bar. My assistant protested that I ought not to have taken a colon}' that was not verj' strong, but one of the strong ones with more of the frames having brood touching the top-bar. It is only fair to saj' that it seems to me that, years ago, the combs were not so crammed with brood, and you have not been here in summer for several j'cars. [After having read over 3'our footnote very carefullj' to see there was no "joke" about it, I went to in- terview our Mr. Wardell, who has been a bee-keeper for over thirty years, and I be- lieve he is one of the best queen- breeders in the United States. Said I, "Mr. Wardell, how full are the average Langstroth frames filled with brood, in our apiaries?" "That depends on the time of year," he answered. "Before the honey-flow, when the bees are breeding strongl}', the brood 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 633 will be much closer to the top-bar than dur- inc;' the honey-tlow. Durintf the swarming" season there will be on .lu average about two inches or more of hone}' circling- over the brood." Now, Dr. Miller, it was the sivanning season I was talking abuut; but I had for- g-otten that there might be more brood be- fore that time; and therefore I do not see how you, during- the heig-ht of the honey- llow or swarming- season, which j'ou ought to be having-, should have brood clear up to the top-bar; or is it possible you have been having- no hone_v-fiow, or a verj^ light one, and that the brood is higher than it would be if your bees were heavily at work? and that reminds me that, perhaps, you agree with Mr. Warden. Is it possible that your bees at the time 3'ou had been making j'our observations were not in the height of the honey-flow? Remember, the point I was trying to make was that a Langstroth frame was just deep enough to allow the bees dur- ing the hone3--flow to put two inches of hon- ey above the brood in each frame; that this amount of honey in six frames of the brood- nest, and a full frame of honey on each out- side, would make the bees \evy loath to go up into the supers. I argued that, if a frame were made shallow enough to cut off this two inches, then the bees would go into the supers sooner, or more readily; so j'ou can see I was referring to the honey- flow or swarming season. I can not believe j'et that j'our locality is different from ours, or that your bees do differently from ours. It may be I shall have to i-nake a special trip to Marengo to be convinced by my own eyes; or, better still, perhaps 3-ou and that sister of 3'ours had better come to Medina and we w-ill "convince" you. — Ed.] Gathered at last is the ripened sheaf Into the storehouse of the l,ord ; Done is the work of fourscore years, Nobly earned is his great reward. Gone is he now from the human hive, Labors all ended and cares laid aside ; Fold on his breast his benevolent hands — They pass away, but their actions abide. \b REVUE INTERNATIONALE. I am glad to find the following concern- ing the late Dr. Dubini, whose death, so far as I know, has not been noticed by Ameri- can bee journals. He was one of the great men of our times — a cedar among fir-trees, like the late Mr. Dadant. Perhaps more than an,v other two men these have estab- lished the principles of rational bee-keep- ing in Europe — the former in Italy and the latter in France. Mr. Ed. Bertrand says: We havi to deplore the departure from this world of still one more of the veterans of movable apiculture. The venerable Dr. Angelo Dubini of Milan, is dead, at the age of 8i), in consequence of a fall in his house. He had been for about 38 years attached to the Grard Hospital of Milan ; and after a brilliant and useful medical career, in the course of which he published .several important works which established his reputa- tion, he retired at the age of 6-j years. But he had too much activity of spirit "to remain idle. An amateur experimenter with b es, he devoted his robust old age to the advancement of apiculture. He became in lS(i8, one of the founders of L' Api- coUoie, and worked for that journal assiduously till his death. Understmding several languages he kept abreast with apicultural literature, and published nioTitbly. under the name of Spigolatme ApisUche a:i analytical review of foreign journals, which was greatly appreciated, as were all the rest of his contri- butions to the journal. He left a very complete trea- tise, " The Bee and its Management," which has gone through two editions. The loss ot this gifted man and untiring worker, one of vast erudition which he devoted to the service of others, will be keenly felt in Italy and by all outside of Italy, who, like ourselves, have had the privilege of knowing personally the man, or who have been able to appreciate his works. \\l AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL. E. E. Hasty's review of the apicultural world is alwaj's readable because interest- ing. As a critic he is "the good-natured man " of whom Goldsmith wrote. No stings about Hasty. Some ftmny literature con- sists of nothing else. In regard to selling honey, C. P. Dadant has the following spicy paragraph. The remarks were made at the recent Chicago convention : To sell honey, as these gentlemen say, you have to be known. Make yourself known to people ; j-ou have to hang on, keep hammering at it ; don't get dis- couraged ; keep fighting and disputin.g. Don't be afraid when people say your honey is adulterated. Don't be afraid to fight. I do some hard fig hting when they say my honey is not pure, and generally I con- vince them that it is pure. I had a gentleman say to me once that my honey was not pure. I told him he didn't know what he was talking about, and I knew that he didn't know, and he certainly must know him- self that he didn't know. I convinced him that my honey was absolutely pure and he never doubted my word after that, and was very nice to me, although I called him a fool. iiisi be in a condition to add fresli food im- mediately around the larva in either case. If the jelly used in priming- the cups is very stale it is removed before fresh is added, and no doubt proves to be a disadvantage. As before stated, an intended queen larva does not consume any but the fresh food sup- plied immediately around it, when suffi- ciently fed to result in a perfect queen, and none of the food in the cell is suited to its wants except that, in its immediate touch, any more than sour milk or clabber is suit- ed to the wants of young of any kind. It may be argued that drone and worker larva; leave none unconsumed. which is true; but it can also be remembered that the same treatment will not develop a queen, and, besides, the supply is never so far in advance of the demand in their case as to sour to the extent that that does which is receded from in a queen-cell. Now, this arg-ument should not be con- strued as condemning the use of royal jelly in priming queen-cups, or as claiming that good queens can not be reared when it is used; but all depends on the use of larva; that have been lavishlj^ fed from the start, and the immediate attention given the same by the bees, which is the secret of perfect success, regardless of the mode of transfer or the construction of the receptacle used. Larva; of a much more advanced age can be successfully used if they are transferred from a comb given to bees minus unsealed brood, when it contains eggs only, even if a virgin queen be present, as such larva; are usually lavishly fed ; but the limit then should be under rather than over two days old; whereas, if it is to be selected promis- cuously from the combs of a full colony from appearance onl^^ the limit should be lower- ed still more. In the hands of those who have become proficient in the use of such tools, quite young larva; can be successfully transfer- red with toothpicks, tiny metal ladles, cam- el-hair brushes, etc., with the advantage of not having to mutilate the combs from which they are taken. But we now propose to describe a plan ■whereby any thing from an egg just laid to a larva of the oldest limit can be transfer- red, and it obviates the necessity of any priming whatever, as the food is transfer- red with it. Like the Alley plan of cutting the combs into strips and allowing the bees to construct the cells over the eggs or very young larva;, by which we can secure queens second to none reared by any of the forced methods, and equal to those reared naturally under the most favorable condi- tions, if the bees be properly prepared for cell-building it requires the mutilation of the combs, but, fortunately, old ones, and only a very few of them in a season, as the same set can be used repeatedly, as will b^ explained further on. This plan combines all of the good points in every plan 3 et giv- en to the public, and of all of them combin- ed; it carries with it only the one mention- ed above. The same objection — that is, the cutting- out of a piece of comb to be shaven down, was considered necessary j^ears ago, when milking transfers a la Doolittle; but now many who still use the toothpick, and trans- fer a larva only, simply lift it from the bot- tom of the cell, and thus overcome the ne- cessity of mutilating the combs; but the plau is attended with the objection of hav- ing to handle a whole comb, which is liable to attract robbers, besides g-etting things besmeared with honey while making the transfers. THE BEE IN LAW. Statutory Enactments. — Article 7. Continued from Last Issue. BY R. D. FISHER. 9. SAME, COUNTY INSPECTOR OF BEFS. {a) Laws of Colorado, approved April 16, 1891 (Laws 1891, p. 41), provide for the ap- pointment by the county court, upon appli- cation of the Colorado Bee-keepers* Asso- ciation, or of any five actual bee-keepers resident in any county, of a competent, act- ual bee-keeper, resident of said county, to be county inspector of bees. Application shall be based upon information and belief that the disease known as foul brood, or any other contagious or infectious disease, exists, and must name the actual bee-keep- ers of the county, so far as known to the applicants. {b) Oath of office. — The person so ap- pointed shall, within five daj's, file with the clerk of the court his acceptance of the office, and the usual oath of office. The in- spector shall hold office during the pleasure of the court, and until his successor is ap- pointed and qualified. {c) Bee-keepers Give Notice of Foul Brood — Penalty. — A bee-keeper or other per- son aware of the existence of foul brood, either in his own apiary or elsewhere, shall immediately notify the county inspector, if there be one; if not, the Secretary of the Colorado Bee-keepers' Association, of the existence of such disease, and in default of so doing he shall, on summary conviction before a justice, be liable to a fine of 65.00 and cost. (rf) Duty of Inspector ; Oivners ; Tveat- 7iient. — On receiving notice from any source of the existence of the aforesaid disease the inspector shall forthwith inspect each col- ony of bees and all hives, implements, and apparatus, honey, and supplies used in con- nection with such apiary, and mark those he believes to be infected, and notify the owner or agent thereof; and the latter shall, within five days, faithfully apply and carry out such treatment of the diseased colonies as may have been prescribed by the State Bee-keepers' Association for such cases, and thoroughly disinfect, to the satisfaction 638 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Aug. 1 of the inspector, all hives, houses, combs, honey, and apparatus used in connection with any such diseased colonies; or the owner or agent may elect, within the same time, to destroj' said bees, hives, comb, comb-houses, and apparatus, by fire or burial. It is the duty of the inspector and his as- sistants, after inspecting hives or fixtures, or handling diseased bees, before leaving the premises and proceeding to another api- ary, to thoroughly disinfect their person and clothing. (e) Box Hives — Transfer. — The inspector may, in his discretion, order any owner or possessor of bees dwelling in box hives in apiaries where the disease exists (being mere boxes without frames), to transfer such bees to movable-frame hives within a specified time, and, in default of such trans- fer, the inspector may destroy or order the destruction of such hives and the bees there- in. (/) Penalty for Selling Diseased Bees or Infected Appliances. — Any one who know- ingly sells, barters, or gives away, moves, or allows to be moved, a diseased colony or colonies of bees, be they queen or workers, or infected appliances, he shall, on convic- tion before any justice, be liable to a fine not less than $50 nor more than $100, or to county-jail imprisonment for a term not ex- ceeding two months. (^) Selling Infected Property : Exposing Infected Things — Penalty. — Any person whose bees have been destroj'ed or treated for foul brood, who sells or offers for sale an}' bees, hives, or appurtenances after such destruction or treatment, before being au- thorized by the inspector to do so, or exposes in his bee-yard or elsewhere any infected comb honey or other infected thing, or con- ceals the fact that said disease exists among his bees shall, on conviction, be lia- ble to a fine of not less than $20 nor more than $50, or imprisonment in the county jail not less than one nor more than two months. {^h^ Disobedience, and Resistance to In- spector— Seizure. — "When an owner or pos- sessor of bees disobej's the directions of the inspector, or oflfers resistance, or obstructs said inspector in his duty, the latter maj' apply to a justice for special constable, to proceed with him to the premises of such owner, and assist the inspector to seize all the diseased colonies and infected appurte- nances, and burn them forthwith, and, if necessary, cause the arrest of the said own- er or possessor, and have him dealt with according to the provisions of section (g). (i) Inspector must read or Deliver Copy of Act. — The inspector shall read over to such person the provisions of this act, or shall cause a copy thereof to be delivered to him, before proceeding against him for its violation. (7) Annual Report. — The said inspector shall include in his annual report to the president of the Colorado State Bee-keepers' Association a statement of his work during the preceding j-ear, the number of colonies inspected, the number diseased, the number destro3'ed by fire or otherwise; the names of the owners, and the localities where found, and the amount paid to him for his services and expenses for the 3'ear. {k) Compensation — Payment by County. — The county inspector of bees receives four dollars per day, and two dollars for each half-day necessarily and actually employ- ed, together with his necessary and actual expenses while so emploj^ed, paj^able by the county as other claims against the coun- ty are audited and paid. 10. SAME. (rt) County Inspection of Apiaries. — Laws of California (Laws of 1901, Chap. XXIV., Stat. 1901), provide that, upon petition of ten or more resident property-holders and possessors of an apiary or place where bees are kept, to the board of supervisors of any count}', stating that certain or all apiaries within the county are infected with the dis- ease known as "foul brood," or any other disease infectious or contagious, and inju- rious to bees, their eggs, or larva;, that an inspector be appointed by them to supervise the treatment of said bees and apiaries, the said board shall, within 20 days, appoint a suitable person, who shall be a skilled bee- keeper, inspector of apiaries. Upon peti- tion of a like number of resident property- holders, and possessor of an apiary, the board may remove said inspector for cause, after a hearing. {b) Duties of Inspector. — It shall be the duty of the inspector in each county to cause an inspection to be made when he deems it necessary; and if any foul brood, infectious or contagious disease injurious to bees or their eggs or larva; be found, he shall noti- fy the owner or person in charge of said apiaries, or place where bees are kept, and he shall require such persons to eradicate and remove such disease or cause of conta- gion within a certain time to be specified. Notice may be served by an inspector, or by deputy, or after the manner of a summons in a civil action. Any and all apiaries or places where bees are kept, etc., found in- fected with disease are declared to be a nuisance; and neglect or refusal of the own- er or agent to abate the nuisance within the time specified, it shall be the duty of the inspector to abate the same by treatment or destroying the infected hives, bees, and comb. The expense thereof shall be allow- ed by the board of supervisors, and paid out of the general fund of the county. {c) Salary. — The salary of the county in- spector of apiaries shall be three dollars a day when actually engaged in the perform- ance of his duties. {d) The act of 1883, approved March 30, providing for inspection of apiaries, etc., is hereby repealed. 11. SAME. («) Bee Inspection : Inspector. — Laws of Utah (Rev. Stat. 1898, Sec. 139 to 143 iuclu- i9o: i;L TAXINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 639 sive) provide for the appointment by the county commissioners of one or more quali- ified persons inspectors of bees for their re- spective counties. Such inspectors shall hold office for two years, qualify and give bond. No appointment is made except on petition of a majority of the bee-keepers of said county. ( b ) Pay of Inspectors ; Tax on Bees. — In- spectors shall be paid out of the county treasury for services Jictually rendered, at such rate per daj' as the board of county commissioners may fix. Ejich colony of bees is assessed, and taxed in the same manner as other property is assessed and taxed, and collected by the county. {c) Duties and Powers of Inspector. — All hives of bees in each county shall be care- fulU' inspected at least once each year b}' a county or district inspector, where such in- spector has been appointed ; and, at any time upon complaint that disease exists among the bees of any person, the inspect- or to whom complaint is made shall imine- diately inspect the bees said to be affected. He shall have authority to take charge and control of diseased bees and their hives, and the tools and implements used in connection therewith for treatment; or to destroy such bees, broods, or hives and their contents, or implements, as may be infected. The own- er may question a decision of the inspector concerning the presence of disease, and may appeal to three arbitrators selected from among bee-keepers of the county, one each by the owner and inspector, and the third by the two chosen, whose decision, concur- red in by two of the number, shall be con- clusive as to the condition of the bees at the time of such examination. ( d ) Obstructing Inspector — Peyialty. — Any person who obstructs or hinders an inspector in the performance of his dutj' shall, on conviction thereof, be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and fined for the first offense not less than five nor more than twenty-five dollars; and for additional offense, any sum not exceeding fift}' dollars. 12. SAME. Inspection of Apiaries; Inspector; Ap- pointment., Duties, and Compensation. — Laws of Wisconsin (Wis. Stat. 1898, Sec. 1494/) provide for the appointment, by the Governor, for a term of two years, a State inspector of apiaries. He shall, when no- tified of the existence of the disease known as foul brood among apiaries, examine all such as are reported, and all others in the same locality, and ascertain whether or not such disease exists; and, if satisfied ©f its existence, shall give the owner or person in charge of such apiaries full instructions as to the manner of treating them. Within a reasonable time after making such exami- nation the inspector shall make another ex- amination thereof; and if the condition of any of them is such as, in his judgment, renders it necessary, he may burn all the colonies of bees and all the comb necessary to prevent the spread of the disease. Such inspector shall, before such burning, give the notice provided for, and otherwise pro- ceed pursuant to the provisions of section 1492(6 (covering the slaughter of diseased animals). The inspector shall make ajear- ly report to the Governor, stating the num- ber of apiaries visited, the number of those diseased and treated, and the number of colonies of bees destroj'ed, and of the ex- penses incurred in the performance of his duties. Said inspector shall receive fuur dollars for each day actually and necessa- rily spent in the performance of his duties, and be reimbursed in any sum not to exceed five hundred dollars per year. Wk regret to learn that our old friend and correspondent, Mr. Thaddeus Smith, of Pelee Island, Ontario, Canada, died on the 11th of June, after a short illness, ikr. Smith was a good writer, and never wrote till he had something to say. His articles that appeared frequently for the last few years will speak for themselves. In speaking of the method of harvesting wheat in California and in other western States, I omitted to mention that wheat in Central California does not have to be bun- dled or shocked up. These harvesters cut only the top of the grain. The straw is left standing in the field, and is plowed under. Another fact that is somewhat in- teresting is that the grain can be cut any time after it is ripe, without danger of its shelling out. I NOTICE that, as bees start out in the morning, they will crawl up on the hive- front, then drop off backward, and fly for the fields. I think this habit is due large- ly to the fact that sometimes they start out so early in the morning they can not see till they get above surrounding objects like weeds and grasses. They will crawl up four or five inches, and then fl}% and the habit continues with them, even though old Sol has got pretty well up. In our July 15th issue, in calling atten- tion to the article of Mr. W. K. Morrison, we stated he was an employee of the Brit- his government. Mr. Morrison was former- ly connected with the Agricultural Depart- ment of the West Indies, making a tour of some of the islands for the purpose of de- \ eloping bee-keeping, but retired from that position something over a year ago. In a late letter he states that he is planning a (40 GLEANINGS IX BEE CULTURE. AiG. 1 trip into some of the South American coun- tries in the near future. DR. GANDV AND HIS ASSERTIONS. There have been some doubting Thomas- es among' our subscribers regarding the statements made b}' Dr. J. L. Gandy in our last issue. I expected that; but having heard from another party that there was an extensive bee-keeper in the vicinity of Hum- boldt, and having difficulty about getting Dr. Gandy to write at all, I felt inclined to publish the article. While I said I was stumbled and stag-gered by some of his statements, yet I thought if he had 25 acres of catnip and as much of sweet clover with- in range of each of. his apiaries, he might be able to get the results he claimed. At all events. I thought by publishing- the ar- ticle we should soon know the facts. Sure enough, another fellow-townsman of Dr. G. writes under date of July 28th that he was "completely upset" when he read what his " celebrated townsm tn " had done as related in last issue of Gleanings. If what this correspondent says is true, some of the statements made by our previous corre- spondent and by Dr. Gandj' himself were somewhat exaggerated, to saj' the least. Perhaps I should have withheld the article and made further investigation. It is not denied, so far as I can see, that Dr. Gandj' is wealthy, owning a great deal of land, and that he keeps a good many bees; but those big yields per colony, our correspon- dent discredits as out of proportion for the locality. I am writing Dr. Gandy and oth- ers, and will report in our next. brushed or "shook" swarms. Brushed swarms have been tested by our friend and neighbor, Mr. Vernon Burt, of Mallet Creek, Ohio. He tried the plan on a small scale last year and on a larg-er scale this year, and both seasons the ex- periment was attended with satisfactor}- re- sults. According- to his experience, brush- ed swarms, as described by Mr. Stachel- hausen, not only gather more honey, but will not cast a natural swarm subsequent- ly. Indeed, the best colonies he had for comb honey were the "shook" bees. In ;i word, the modus operaridi is this: The par- ent hive is removed from its stand. Another hive with frames of starters, and the supers of the parent colony, are put back on the old stand. The combs are brushed or shak- en in front of the entrance, causing the j^oung bees as well as the i-ld ones to go into the hive. The parent colony minus every bee is then set off on another stand. No harm results, saj^s Mr. B. , because tl.e hatching bees in warm weather will take care of the other bees. Our friend thinks the success of the plan lies in the fact that the young bees as well as the old ones go to make up the "swarm;" and the reason why it is ahead of the nat- ural swarm is because these young bees — in fact, all the bees of the old colony — are in a new hive on the old stand, ready for work. He also believes the brushing or shaking, causing the bees to rush into the entrance has the same effect in stimulating their energy as when they come out natural- ly and are hived. Another feature is that the "swarming" can be timed to suit the convenience of the apiarist. Natural swarms will come out. on Sundays, and often when the apiarist is away or when he has other important work. When Mr. Stachelhausen told me in per- son regarding his experiments with brush- ed or "shook" swarms, and how satisfac- torily it worked, and when, later on, I met Mr. Louis Scholl, and he likewise gave me a favorable report of it, I was determined in my own mind that I would give the mat- ter a thorough test in our own yard the fol- lowing summer; but I had entirely forgot- ten it in the rush of our bee work until Mr. Burt told of his success with the plan. From what Mr. B. says of it (and he is a bee-keeper whose opinion I value highly) I am inclined to think the brushed or shook- swarm method of producing comb honey and controlling swarming is a real acqui- sition. If we could, by so doing, control 95 or even 90 per cent of all our swarming, and crowd a big powerful colony down into a single story of a brood-nest — my! what big crops of comb honey we could produce in a season I and think how much this would be worth at outyards where we can not really afford to have an attendant! M. A. Gill, in the Reviezu, one who oper- ates 512 colonies, has the following to say: I must confess that the longer I practice the shak- ing-off plan, when colonies are going to swarm any 7vay. the better I like it. Much has been said aboui a colony of bees being a unit, and that we can not sort them with proper regard to age, but I find that is more in theorj- than in practice. I find little if any difference between natural or shaken swarms that are now two weeks old, and it's certairily a great ad- vantage in out-apiaries. Not over ten per cent of my bees, that are in eight-frame hives, are going to offer to swarm this season. THE DENVER CONVENTION. I WOULD call attention to the excellent program (in another column) prepared for the next session of the National Bee- keepers' Association, Sept. 3 — 5, Wednes- day, Thursday, Friday. Never before were more elaborate preparations made for a big convention than at this time. I happen to know something about the hospitality of our Western friends, and I think I am safe in saj'ing they will outdo every other locality or city that has hitherto entertained the National. There will be a banquet, a trol- ley ride, and. of course, a feast of good things at the regular sessions of the con- vention. Bee-keepers of the East should make a special attempt to go to this great meeting. There will be two Roots there — Huber and I — and the editors of the Bet.'- kecpers' Review and American Bee Journal will be in attendance. Dr. Mason and Dr. Miller will be there also. If 3'ou can't af- ford to go so far for bees alone, don't forget that some of the grandest mou7itai?t scenery i7i the world is right in sight of Denver, and 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 641 that Pike's Peak is within a few hours' ride. For a first-class outing- I can not im- ag-ine any thing- better than a trip to and into the Rockies. A FEW POINTERS ABOUT SELLING HONEV ON COMMISSION. Don't send a larg-e shipment of honey to a new commission house — that is, new to yourself — even if they are in a prominent position in the "Honey Column" of some bee journal. Sometimes a larg-e shipment of one g^rade of hone.v, all to one place, will swamp that particular market. In order to g-et rid of it and move it off quick the commission man will sell it at any price, irrespective of quotations in the papers. It is usually advisable to send a small lot lirst, unless j'ou know the house and have San Diego, scarcely any, San Bernardino, somt- thing over one; and a great many that have reported arc feeding back. If all of the hone}- produced in Southern California thi^ season were held hy the bee-keepers, every pound of it could be marketed here at home. Three years ago we secured just about the same amount, and before the next season opened honey was imported to Southern Calilornia from other sections. Our bee-keepers are very lax in work- ing up their home market. As nearly as I can ascertain, Central California will have a fair crop as usual; but I think most of the honey from that por- tion of the State will be marketed in that State, although a little of it may go east. N. B. — Be sure to send in reports as }'ou have been doing, dear friends, all along the line. You have done splendidly so far. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 643 NOTES OF TRAVEL More Snap Shots at the Rambler ; J. H. Martin at Home ; Something about the Possibilities of Rais° ing Wheat in California ; the Enormous Fertility of the Soil for Growing Alfalfa ; Wheat-raising of the East Compared with that of the West ; a few Figures. BY E. K. ROOT. In our last issue I omitted to give you a view of that beautiful tig--tree under which was placed Rambler's diuing--table, and where we ate the Rambler flapjacks. A neig-hbor's boy happened to come along-, and at my request he pressed the button on my little camera while we sat eating. J. C. McCubbin appears in the rear with a tin cup which he is putting to his mouth. The redoubtable Rambler sits on a hive-su- per having perforated zinc tacked on the ture of himself. It was all right for him to go around and snap his camera at other people; but when another "kodak fiend" put in an appearance to shoot him, it was another matter. The next three views show him as I was able to catch him. The large figure repre- sents him just as he was coming out of his extracting- house, for I stood off at one side with my "gun," and waited to see him come out in order that I might shoot before he could stop me. The next view shows him just as I came up to him from behind; and, knowing that the "fiend" was close on his track, he quickly whirled and put his hands up to his face, remarking, "Oh! no, you don't." But I did. The last shot shows him in his character- istic attitude humped over his bicycle. Mr. McCubbin, myself, and the two boys were following after with the family horse. I rambler's dining-room and work-shop. bottom. Your humble servant was given the seat of honor in the form of a rocking- chair with a cushion. Just beyond my right sit the two little McCubbin boys. It was a gloriously hot day, and the friendly shade of the magnificent tree was most grateful; and I did not at all wonder that the Rambler found it agreeable to put his dining-table under its benign protection. Then back of us stands an ordinary work-bench. On it are edged tools of va- rious kinds. During this time of the year it is never necessary to put such things un- der cover, as it does not rain; so the Ram- bler could eat his meals and make up many a little fixing or convenience for the apiary right outdoors, but under the shade of this beautiful tree. I have already stated that the Rambler made some protest about my taking a pic- quietly suggested to Mr. McCubbin that he " whip up " and let me g^et along in range so that I could snap the kodak on the Ram- bler on one of his genuine rambles, and the result is before you. Like all instantaneous pictures these views are not sharp and clear ; but they will give an idea of how our Rambler lives and goes about the country, for he is indeed a veritable rambler. He comes by the name honestly. But little did he dream, when he first began to write under the «t';« dc plume of "Rambler" that that series of articles was to continue for over a dozen years, and that he would cover during that time fifteen or twenty thousand miles in order that the readers of Gleanings might see the world, and understand bee-keeping as it exists in this great and beautiful country of ours. But not content to keep himself within the 644 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Aug. 1 confines of the United States he has taken a hop, skip, and jump, and is now in Cuba. Where will he wander next? On the occasion when I photographed the Rambler on the fly, as he was humped over on the bicycle, our little company was g-o- ing out half a mile or so from Reedley to see a combined reaper, harvester, and thrasher at work in one of the enormous wheat-fields in the vicinit3'; for it should be understood that the fields in California and other portions of the great West are not measured by the five and ten acres, but by quarter - sections, half - sections, and whole sections. A whole section represents a square mile, or 640 acres, so that you can get an idea of the size of some of these enor- mous wheat-fields. But if j^ou can imagine four or five of such fields put together you can form some idea of the immense acreage of wheat that is grown. Obviously the sickle, the cradle, or even the combined mowers and reapers of the East, would be too small to handle such vast areas of gold- en grain. New conditions demand larger and more elaborate machinery. When our little company reached the field we saw a procession of thirty mules. This was followed by the combined reaper, harvester, and thrasher, all in one ; and (would you believe it?) it was cutting a swath about 20 feet wide, and it would cut, thrash, and sack 40 acres in one day, or what would be the equivalent of 1500 bush- els of sacked wheat. Four men handle the whole outfit, and as this machine goes up "oh! no, you don't. >^ "v^^i^Hft ^^^^^^^^^^^^1 ^ ' ^^. ^^W, l^^BB 1 ^^m W W ^^1 p ^ "now you think you have done it." and down the field the great sacks of wheat are tumbled oft' in the rear. As there is no liability of rain, the grain is allowed to lie in the field until it is all cut, and then it is gathered up in wagons. It would take four or five hours for the machine to go around the field and come back to the starting- point, and therefore we had to plan our vis- it so as to catch it near the roadway where we were located. As it came nearer and nearer with its whirr of complicated ma- chinery the Rambler and I stationed our- selves in position to get snap shots. It be- ing a little late in the day I did not succeed in getting such a picture as I wished; but the reader will get some idea of the enor- mous size of the outfit from the picture I am able to present from one of mj' photos. In some cases a traction engine is used for pulling the outfit; but mules are prefer- red in some places to the engine, because the soil is too soft to support the great weight of it. It was possibly so in this case. Now, dear reader, please stop and think a minute. A field of wheat in the East is usually not larger than ten acres; many of them are only five acres in size, and even less. How in the world farmers on this side of the Mississippi can compete with such extensive agriculture as this (and I am told it was a fair sample of what can be done in many places in the West) is be- yond my comprehension. Were it not for 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. (.45 the fact that the railroad companies charge high rates for carrying the grain across the country I do not believe there would be a THE RAMBLER RAMBLING ON HIS BICYCLE. blade of wheat raised in the East; so there is some comfort, at least, in high freight charges. But to show you what this soil will do, let me give j'ou a few figures of how alfalfa will grow in this central portion of Califor- nia. From eight to ten tons of it, I was told, could be cut in a season to the acre; and cattle will thrive better on a ton of al- falfa hay than they will on an equal weight of timothy. If it were not for high freight rates, just imagine the farmers of the East trying to raise beef in competition with the West! and were it not for freight rates, and the fact that Eastern consumers prefer Eastern honey, how would our Eastern bee- keepers compete with their Western breth- ren? But suppose the day should come — and I think it will — when freight rates will be lower — would it stop wheat-raising in the East? Possibly. But no great calamity, I imagine, would follow from this. The great West can not raise many of our East- ern crops. Timothy will grow only in places in the West, and for the growing of fine horses timothy hay is preferred, be- cause alfalfa "pods " the animals too much. For this reason there will always be a strong demand for timothy. There are certain fruits in the rain belt, certain grains, and certain vegetables, that will not thrive westward; and the time will come, I verily believe, when the West will grow one kind of crops and the East an- other. In those elysian days which we hope for, when freights will be reduced down to the point where perhaps they ought to be, there will be an interchange of commodities; and the farmer of the East and the ranch- man of the West will both thrive, and this country will grow richer, and the people happier and more contented. RAMBLE 207. A Visit at Qlen E. Aloe's Bee-yard. BY RAMBLER. Thirty kilometers further on the calzada we find another progressive bee-keeper in the person of Glen E. Moe. This gentle- man and his wife came to Cuba in the win- ter of 1900, and for a greater portion of the time have lived in army tents. Mrs. Moe is living a sort of heroic life, like Mrs. Som- erford and Mrs. Hochstein — quite thorough- ly isolated from the 'society of American ladies. Mr. Moe and the other bee-men often have Americans of the masculine gen- der call upon them; but it rarely happens that an American lady finds her wa3'^ into FOUR MEN HARVESTING AND THRASHING 1500 BUSHELS OF WHEAT IN A DAY; HOW 'TIS DONE IN CALIFORNIA. 646 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Aug. 1 this portion of Cuba. The lady portion of the household should have the more sympa- thy, for their isolation is more complete. But living- near a Cuban town of some size, she has the benefit of such society as the town affords; and I am assured that there are some excellent people, even in these ru- ral towns. Mr. and Mrs. Moe are both ex-school- teachers, and, later, ex-butter-makers, and from the Coggshall country, West Groton, N. Y. Like so many Americans, Mr. Moe, aided and abetted, I presume, by Mrs. Moe, desired to branch out into something new, or where they could get on better than in old New York. Cuba was very prominently in the public eye then, and to this island they came. Mr. Moe did not come here with the remotest idea of going into the bee-business. He had other irons in the fire; and as the other irons were of a disappointing nature he began to cast around for others. Harry Howe had been in Cuba and in the bee bus- iness, and, withal, was an old acquaint- ance of Mr. Moe, in West Groton. It was no wonder that, after stopping with his old but while there was loss in one way there was gain in another. Much of his leisure time was spent with Harry Howe, and he was all the time gaining experience. His experience as a butter-maker probably was a help to his taking readily to the bee bus- iness; for the butter- maker must attend to small details, and use due vigilance in ma- nipulation. Bee-books and periodicals were purchas- ed and carefully studied, and Mrs. Moe be- came as much interested in the bees as her husband; and when they moved out to their apiary she was quite as inuch of a worker in it. Like all Americans fresh from the States they had to contend with foreigners and a strange tongue. It seems to a Cuban that his first duty is to bleed the "Ameri- cano'" who may fall into his hands. Prices go up to fabulous figures. If you wish a load hauled, the price is double or treble what it would be to a Cuban. At the store the provisions you buy are a few cents high- er than to Cubans. The average — yes, be- low the average — American grocer will fa- vor a new customer by selling to him at MR. AND MRS. MOE IN THEIR HOME APIARY. friend for a while, he caught the bee-fever, bought eleven colonies from a Cuban, and in those Cuban hives. Soon after he bought a few more, making a total of 33 colonies. He found a location for these three miles from Candelaria, in a splendid grove of mango-trees and other shrubber3^ Here he pitched his tents and commenced to grow. At first the growth was slow and under many difficulties. His new hives and sup- plies were long in'arriving from the States. His bees in'native'hives swarmed, and were hived in'all manner of nondescript boxes; very reasonable rates. He looks forward to future trade and a chance to beat him after- ward. The Cuban grocer takes no such look ahead, but skins you the first chance. The reason is probably found in their ver- sion of the old proverb, "A bird in the hand is worth f7vo in the bush." Their version is, " One bird in the hand is worth cien (100) flying." Being ex-schoolteachers it was not many months ere they were picking up the Span- ish language;*and now after two years' so- journ, they are_both quite proficiev\1; \a its 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 647 use, and have gotten on to the tricks of the storekeepers and others, and submit no more to exorbitant prices. MR. AND MRS. MOE IN THE TENT. In spite of the delay in the arrival of his supplies, Mr. Moe increased his 33 colonies up to almost 170; and through the winter honey-flow he secured 2500 gallons of honey (30,000 lbs. ), and quite an amount of wax. This may be considered a success for a nov- ice during his first year, and in the face of several disappointments. It was a better yield per colony than was secured by some of his more experienced neighbors, and said neighbors attributed a good share of his luck to a very peculiar circumstance. About the time Mr. Moe came to Cuba, Mr. Coggshall came also with several hun- dred colonies of bees. It is not often that a novice can rub against such an extensive and successful bee-keeper as Mr. Coggshall. The most of us have to go to a convention and content ourselves with a mere glimpse of the great men, or listen to a few words entirely foreign to what we want. But here was the chance of a life- time, and Mr. Moe improved it by frequent visit, and jotted down many a valuable point; but somehow upon one of his visits he came into possession of a pair of Coggshall's old shoes. They were well worn, of course, and during that first year he came far from filling the great bee-man's zapatos (that is shoes in Spanish), but faithfully did the very best he could; and, though the fit was rather loose, the result has been magical. The artist shows you how the shoes fitted the first year; but this is an excellent climate for growth, and I will show you something of a difi'erent nature later. Although Mr. Moe did not get rich the first year of his bee-keeping, his little success gave him great encouragement; and as he and his wife worked together with the bees their en- thusiasm kindled; and, like all Cuban bee-keepers, they began to have visions of many apia- ries and thousands of colonies. They figured out the summer campaign for increase, made their wax into foundation, and ordered hives. If there is any thing that Mr. Moe delights to do it is to build up; so by dili- gent manipulation during the next six months, from April to October, his 170 (or about that number) were increased to 600 colonies. The home apiary con- tained 400, and an out-apiary 200. I present a photo of the home apiary, shaded by a va- riety of tropical trees. It may be called a model apiary, for every thing in it used for bee management is up-to-date. The tents are quite numerous, and are the living-tent — one for cooking, another for extracting, and one for the help, visitors, etc. I introduce Mr. and Mrs. Moe at the entrance to their living-tent. Their tent is well supplied with books and papers, and tent life a greater portion of the year is quite comfortable. The only positive dis- comfort is during the rainy season. Along with the other periodicals on the tables of Mrs. Moe, Mrs. Somerford, and Mrs. Hochstein I noticed the latest fashion magazine; and should you call upon them you will find their dresses up-to-date, and they are posted on all the frills and tucks that are new. FAGAFONES FOR COOKING. 648 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Aug. 1 It will interest your lady readers, and perhaps a few bachelors, to learn how the cooking is done in Cuba. American stoves are almost unknown in the rural districts. A cast-iron utensil called a "fagafone" is used, with charcoal for fuel. There are va- rious sizes, and used according to the size of the family. As shown in the photo, Mrs. Moe uses two, and this seems sufficient for a large family, or, say, for five or six persons. J'une/;'^., -Tcco. 2.(f^ T(Xc^ TcLco juL' (A/no kcruo ft, * o^r'^-evti. rvfJrif-e/t' /mrt^ . See. rrte. /la- uAe. ^Acrr r^fx/ie/ryi^ - The lady readers will look for an oven; but the Cubans never bake bread. Every little town has its bakery, and bread is not very expensive. Rice and beans are the staple articles of food, with potatoes; then there are sweet potatoes, molongas, and yuccas, all tubers, and palatable. Until oil is cheaper and stoves more com- inon the fagafone will hold its position in the Cuban kitchen. More will be said about Mr. Moe's apiary in the next Ram- ble. THE PECULIAR SEASON. Thin Honey and Artificial Evaporation ; Some Com- ments on American Bee Journal Editorials. BY S. T. PETTIT. Mr. Root : — In compliance with your wish for reports of honey crop to date (page 553), I will say that the weather conditions here appear to be closely related to the condi- tions in all the northern and eastern por- tions of the United States as described by yourself; but there seems to be this differ- ence: The clovers here contain lots of hon- ey; and whenever the bees get a chance at them they rush the nectar at a great rate (I am speaking of my own locality); but the rain and the high humidity of the air cause the nectar to be verj' thin; and, ow- ing to that great humidity of the atmos- phere, the bees can not ripen their honey sufficiently to cap it. The comb-cells, both in extracting-supers and sections, are only partly filled; and thus in many cases the queen is crowded out, and the bees get dis- gusted, and swarm without finishing a sec- tion. Then when given in the brood-cham- ber, either starters or combs and their own unfinished sections. Just as soon as the bi-ood -chamber is filled, and it doesn't take them long, they swarm again, leaving very few eggs or little brood, as the combs are nearly full of thin honey, too thin to finish the sections with, or to cap. I have thought of extracting the thin stuff, and, later on, feed back for comb honey; but I fear the comb honej' thus produced would be ill-fla- vored, and possibly the whole thing might sour before feeding back, so I could not risk that. Of course, if one had combs in abun- dance they could be given the bees as stor- age, awaiting a change in weather condi- tions. It may be that some one will suggest that I use my evaporator, figured in your excel- lent ABC book for many years. This prompts me to say that, for several years after I hit upon that evaporator (the cut in Gleanings is quite imperfect), the air gen- erally was quite dry, and the evaporating went on nicely; but in a damp season or damp spell of weather the honey took up moisture from the air, and became thinner instead of thicker. So for a good many years I have depended upon the bees to do the evaporating; but, poor things I they seem to feel beaten this season. No evaporator here this season, except it be assisted by artificial heat, can be of any use. The safe way is to depend upon the bees and lots of supers filled with drawn combs. The conditions will surely change before winter. We are all interested in finding the queen. In looking for her I first take out a comb near the center; and in the forenoon I work toward the east, and in the afternoon I work toward the west. Working thus I feel prettj' sure of catching her on the first half of combs lifted out, and I don't have to chase her clear across the hive. On page 544 you ask, "But why should bees put wax in the bottoms of the cells?" First, to polish them; and, second, to store it as they do other things of value. Many old queen -cells are cut down and thus stored. On page 435, Amer. Bee Jotirnal, under the caption " Do not leave the sections on too long," the editor tells us how to get the sec- tions all finished; but if I had to follow the directions I should never take comb honey. This pulling the supers to pieces during the honey-flow is just awful. I pity the poor bees and their good owner. Now, if the colonies are strong my best wishes would say, "Just try my system; VIS^ tli§ 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 649 wedg'es or their equivalents and my divid- ers." Last year my son and I took thou- sands of sections. Mine in Aylmer averag-- ed over 100 sections to the colony, and, with but very few exceptions, the outside sections were beautifullj^ finished. In many cases the choicest sections were right next the dividers. Brother York's editorials are generally of the very best — well chosen, well written, and right up to date; but this one is sadly astray. I quite agree that the sections should come off soon after the white- honey flow ceases. Here where the honey- flow is short and sharp generally, I leave all the sections on until the close of white honey. I almost forgot to mention the dan- g'er of candying as one of the objections to extracting- thin honey, and then feeding it back to produce comb honey. Aylmer W., Ont., Can., July 10. [Your peculiar season was not essential- ly diff"erent from ours, and we are still hav- ing to a great extent that same "freaky weather." There is this difterence, how- ever, that our honey ripens readily, as we have very warm days in between those of rain. With regard to our method of producing comb honey and getting all the sections in the super filled, I would state that I have been trying that plan, or a modification of it, rather, and I believe your ideas are all right. A perforated divider or a fence, which in principle is the same thing, plac- ed on each outside row, makes a wall of bees, or, we might say, a double wall of bees, so that the heat on the outside of the sections is often as great as in the center of the super. Bees do not do very good comb- building and storing in sections unless the supers are filled ///// of bees. They must be there to preserve the animal heat, even if they do not build combs. If there are fielders in proportion to the young bees that build comb and keep up the animal heat, there is bound to be comb honey, if there is a plentiful supply of nectar. — Ed.] A UNIQUE APIARY. BY C. A. HARTLEY. Probably the most unique apiary in this country is that of Seldon E. Bailey, who resides about a mile and a half back of Pomeroy, O., in a very fertile valley. He is a successful truck-farmer, but keeps a few colonies of bees, principally to furnish his own table with honey. Just in the rear ^ ■ THE OVERHANGING-ROCK APIARY. 6S0 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Aug. 1 of his home is a hig-h cliflF of sandstone, facing the morning sun, with honeycombed cavities at the base. In the shelter of these cavities Mr. Bailey has twelve stands of bees, and it makes them an ideal home. It is comparatively warm in winter, and just cool enough in summer, and is always dry. The accompanying illustration shows Mr. Bailey in the foreground. Pomeroy, O. THE BEST=KNOWN BEE=KEEPER OF TWO HEMI- SPHERES. In Memoriam of Charles Dadant. BY DR. C. C. MILLER. As briefly mentioned in Gleanings for July 15, the death of Mr. Charles Dadant occurred July 16. A brief illness of 36 hours preceded his death, fulfilling a wish often expressed by him that he might never become childish, nor linger a burden to him- self and others. Few men have lived to pass the 85th milestone of life's journey re- taining such vigor of mind and body. He was born May 22, 1817, in the village of Vaux-Sous-Aubigny, in the golden hills which separate Champagne from Burgun- dy. He was educated in the city of Lan- by the use of a dictionary; and so great was his ability to learn, that, although then 46 years of age, within three years he knew English well enough to write articles for the Anier. Bee Jotirnal, then published in Washington. His articles on "How I became an Apiculturist, " published in Vol. 3 and 4 of the paper for 1867-'8, were eager- ly read. In 1869 he undertook the task of fighting the routine of European bee cul- ture by writing for the French, Italian, and Swiss bee-keepers. In 1874 he published a small book, "Petit Cours d' Apiculture Pra- tique," in the French language. In 1886 he revised Langstroth's work, which was shortly after translated by him into French, and retranslated by others into Russian. He became so well known that there are very few countries where his name is not familiar to practical bee-keepers. Notwithstanding the clear and forceful manner of Mr. Dadant in writing English ( although it never became easy for him to converse in that language), yet he wielded a pen of still greater power when writing in his native language; and the fact that the movable hive is to-day so much in use among French-speaking people is not a lit- tle due" to the vigorous writings of Charles Dadant, the Dadant and the Dadant-Blatt hive being among the most common in France of movable-frame hives. In this connection it is not out of place to say that his son, Camille P., bids fair to become, like his father, a power at long range, for he has lately begun to furnish monthly articles of ability and interest to that standard French bee journal the Re- vue Iniernatiotiale. In 1874 Mr. Dadant took into partnership with him his son, C. P. Dadant, and to- gether they increased their apiaries till Ihey reached the number of 500 or more col- onies. They harvested at different times crops of 40,000 to 45,000 lbs. of honey. La- ter they went into the manufacture of comb foundation. In 1873 Mr. D. went to Italy for Italian bees, and became a most suc- cessful importer, having been the first to ascertain what was necessary to keep bees alive on such long journeys. It is pleasant to know that the familiar firm name, Dadant & Son, is to be contin- ued, the son becoming the senior, and the son's son, Louis C, the junior member. CHARLES DADANT. gres, and, later, went into the mercantile business. In 1863 he moved to America, and, prompted by the reports of the crops harvested by the noted M. Ouinby, he be- gan bee-keeping and soon found himself quite successful. When he reached Ameri- ca he knew not a word of the English lan- guage. He established himself on a small farm near Hamilton, and subscribed to Horace Greeley's paper, the New -York Tribttne, denying himself any French books or paper. In this way he found himself compelled to follow the events of the day, [Charles Dadant, almost the last repre- sentative of the Langstroth and Quinby generation, was probably the best- known bee-keeper of any man in the world, for his writings have been read in both hemi- spheres. Langstroth wielded a great influ- ence in America; but perhaps there is no bee-keeper in all Europe whose hive and system were more fully adopted than those of our late departed friend. He was a vig- orous writer in English; but, as Dr. Miller says, his pen wielded a still greater power when writing French. I met him some ten years ago, and well do I remember the cordial welcome he ex- 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 6il tended, and how, as I g'ot into the carri.iy^e to drive to town, the old gentleman, v\iih that warmth of feeling so characteristic of the man toward those he loved, leane'l for- ward and grasped my hand and hung to it. 1 had not at th^t time written much on bees, and he knew me only through m}- father; but from his manner I took it he loved m.e because I was a son of A. I. Root, for in- deed he and my father were very warm friends. Years ago Mr. Dadant imported queens from Ital}'. Like all imported queens these were leather-colored and rather inferior- looking comi>ared with the ordinary yellow tjueens of the same race in this country. It was not long before Mr. Dadant was ac- cused of sending out hybrids for imported. At that time my father came to the rescue t)3^ saying that, if Mr. Dadant wanted to send out hybrids, he would mail mismated Italian queens of a bright color rather than to send the dark-colored genuine imported of Italy which he did. This little act pleas- ed Mr. Dadant, and I think he never for- got it. Our business connection with the Da- (lants has always been of the pleasantest. Indeed, there are no better or more suc- cessful business men in our ranks than those same Frenchmen; and when they first advertised that every inch of their founda- tion would be equal to the samples, they lived up to the very letter of their guaran- tee. I am not so sure but the death of Mr. Dadant will mean more to the bee-keepers of Europe than to those of America. In- deed, it is wonderful that he could wield such a mighty influence in modern apicul- ture at such "long range," and in a foreign countr}', even if it was his old fatherland. It is gratifying to know that his son, Ca- mille, is also able to influence, as did his much respected father, at "long range." — Ed.] IV/icreas, we have this day received no- tice of the death of the venerable Charles Dadant, of Hamilton, Illinois, at the ripe old age of eighty-five years; and Whereas, the services of Mr. Dadant to the science and art of bee-keeping have been of the first order, and his life has been a benediction to all who have been as- sociated with him in business and social waj's, therefore be it Resolved, that we, the members of the H.xecutive Committee of the Colorado State Bee-keepers' Association, hereb}' express our appreciation i>f his character and worth as a man and a friend, and that we unite with his friends and admirers everywhere in testifying to his worth. k'esolved, that the Secretarj' of this Com- mittee be directed to transmit a copy of these resolutions to Mr. C. P. Dadant with the condolences of the Committee. Jamks U. Harris. Frank Rauchfuss. D. VV. Working. NATURE'S WAY. Best T me to Rear Queens ; ImporLncc of Locality. BY ADRIAN GETAZ. yl/r. Rool: — Have you not been a litt'e bit hasty in saj'ing that queens raised in Au- gust ma3' possibly be not very good because it is nature's way to have queens raised during the swarming season? Take the hives, for instance. It is nature's way to have the bees lodged in a hollow tree, away up from the ground. Why so? So far as I can see, for three reasons: Protection from their four-footed or two-footed enemies; pro- tection from the cold by the thickness of the wood; protection from the hot sun by the foliage of the trees. W^e now keep bees in square boxes close to the ground. That, certainly, is not na- ture's way; but if we can fulfill the three conditions named above — protect our bees against kicking calves or other accidents by a fence; protect them against the cold by an outer cising-, or putting them into a cel- lar; protecting them against a too hot sun by some kind of shade, have we not ful- filled the conditions required by nature? And, after all, it is these conditions that are to be met, no difl'erence in what way it is done. Take the artificial queen-cells. If they are made of the proper material, of the proper size and shape, and placed at the proper place in the hive, why should they not answer the purpose as well ? And they do. You say it is nature's way to raise queens during the swarming season, That's true. But why? Because at that time the neces- sary conditions for raising good queens are present. Warm weather, plenty of food and abundance of bees, especially nurses. These are the conditions. Now, if we can bring about these conditions in August, why should the queens raised at that time be inferior to those raised in June? And, in fact, they are as good. Our queen- breeders raise queens throughout the en- tire season, and there is no dift'ereuce be- tween them as long as the conditions are favorable. But, on the other hand, an or- dinary bee-keeper might not be as able to secure the necessary conditions as would an experienced and well-equipped queen- breeder. After the above had shaped itself in vay mind, the thought occurred to me that the " locality " must necessarilj' be considered. Here the honey-flow ends, practically, be- tween the middle and last of July. I said "honey-flow," but honey 5i?a^ow would be a better word, for it is a succession of small, very irregular, and very variable flows from a number of difi'erent sources. After that there is a period of dry and very warm weather, lasting until the middle or end of September, and, occasionall.y, later in October. That means two months dur- ing which the apiarist can raise queens, make artificial increase, etc., with full 652 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Aug. 1 success, if he manag-es it properly. The main point is to feed plenty. But it is evident that, in northern coun- tries, the case may be altogether different. There, when the honej'-flow ceases, the weather may be already too cool, or the end of the season too near, to permit any such operations. Knoxville, Tenn. [In your first sentence j^ou have evident- ly read into my footnote, page 536, more than I put in it. I did not say that "queens raised in Aug-ust may possibh' be not ver}' good because it is not nature's way," but I did sny this: " If one is not going- to prac- tice modern methods of queen-rearing, and expects to rear queens in the old-fashioned way, after the honey-flow, he will rear in- ferior queens as a rule." You will see there is quite a difference in the two state- ments. If one uses modern methods he can raise practically as good queens before or after the honey-iiow as during the swarm- ing season. I have read over your article above verj' carefully, and I think that, in the main, I agree with you all through; and if 3'ou will read again my footnote on page 536, taking into consideration \.\\& qualifying clauses, I think you will see there is no real conflict. Understand me, I do not advocate following nature blindly and literally; but I do ad- vocate having our modern methods incorpo- rate some of the essential features of na- ture's waj's. For example, the best queen- cells are, as a rule, built in strong colonies when the bees are well fed — that is, when stores are coming in. Obviously, we can not in practice have all the cells built dur- ing the swarming season. In our artificial methods we must imitate nature to a cer- tain extent by feeding — get the bees up to a high pitch of prosperity. Again, when we make outdoDr-wintering hives we must fol- low nature's plan, not to put our bees in an inaccessible hollow log fifty feet from the ground to get thick walls, but put them into a hive that will meet the requirements of man, and which will have the essential features of protection — such protection as we find in a hollow log, more or less por- ous, with rotten woody fiber between the bees and the outer air. When h6ns' eggs are hatched in an incubator, notwithstand- ing the whole plan is artificial the essen- tial features of nature's way must be fol- lowed implicitly. The eggs must be turn- ed just so often; they must be kept at a certain temperature; in fact, the incubator must do with those eggs just what the old hen does in a state of nature when she is left to herself. When, therefore, we talk about following nature's ways, it should be understood that we do not follow her literally, but we adopt the essential features that she points out, and adapt them to our convenience. A box hive will get perhaps as much honey in soine form, asthe most modern single walledh hive of the same capacity, but is not convenient for man. — Ed.] THE HUMMING OF THE I5LES. BY FREDKRICK WEBLEY, M. D. .Sweet are the day-dreams of childhood And the hopes of early years ; Then life is fair and beautiful And the heart knows naught of fears. At times, as I work and listen, With a mind and heart at ease. My childhood's days come back to me With the humming of the bees. Whenever I hear their murmur I think of a garden fair With lilies and pinks and roses Lending fragrance to the air: The birds built nests ; gay butterflies Came sailing over the trees, And children's voices mingled With the humming of the bees. Oh ! what would I give if only I could hear those voices now, And see the dear home faces lit With affection's tender glow? Sometimes but a slight suggestion Will revive those memories. And the past comes up before me With the humming of the bees. I can see the old surroundings Of the house with ample lawn, The rainbow spraj' of fountain. The quaint sun-dial, the pet fawn ; Bej'ond the hedge stood the bee-hives, And oft on the summer breeze Was borne the scent of the lindens And the humming of the bees. A world so fair and beautiful Could be made by L,ove alone ; And who can dou'it our destiny When the ways of I,ove are known? For all life's blessings shall we not Render thanks on bended knees If songs of thankfulness arise With the humming of the bees? Sweet are the day-dreams of childhood, And fair the ideals of youth ; But fairer is the character Where the ideal forms in truth. Our best hopes live in the future ; But dreams tint will ever please Come back to me as I listen To the humming of the bees. Santa Rosa, California. BEE=KEEPERS' SONG. BY H.^RRY LATHROP. When apple-blossoms come in May, And clover comes in June; When bees can work from day to day. In "soft and pleasing tune:" When fiasswood comes in hot July, And heartsease in the fall ; Then may we on the bees relj-. For food and raiment all. But when the spring is cold and drear, The apple-blossoms killed. When clover fails to reappear. With shining blossoms filled. When basswood-flowers are scarce and dry. And heartsease none at all. We feel like sitting down to cry. We're driven to the wall ! 'Tis well for us we see most clear The b'tter with the sweet Is mingled nearly every year. To "make our' lives "coinplete. When clover tails her shining yield, Then basswood comes along, And autumn flowers in every field Oft tune our thankful song. Calamine, Wis., JuU- 8. 1\JVZ GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 653 PHACELIA AS A HONFA'-PLANT. Friend Miller: — In looking- over your Straws for June 15, pag^e 499, you ask con- cerning- phacelia. More than 25 3'ears ago, while I was gardener to Hon. W. Cothren, one season I filled a round seven-foot bed with phacelia to have the blue flowers to cut, it being one of Mr. Cothren's favorite color flowers; and, ver_v much to my amuse- ment, also to that of Mr. Cothren, the pha- celia was very seldom cut, from fear of the bees that fairly swarmed upon it at all times. The bed was well manured from the cow-3-ard, the soil being partly of de- composed trap rock. The plants were rank, and clusters of flowers were fine. I saved and sent to A. I. Root, some time in the '70's, about a gill of clean seed, but I never heard from it. But, so far as I know, it is one of the most frequently visited of culti- vated flowers. It is one of the few plants that can be used for a whole border by a walk — that is to say, a path 50, 75, or 100 feet froin house to street, a border of 18 in. of sod next to the walk, then a 24-inch bor- der of phacelia the whole length, is a beau- ty; but a solitary plant is a lonesome af- fair to deal with. On pag-e 500 I see your Straw on queens more than two j'ears old being more valua- ble with more age. I have one in her fifth season that, three times this 3'ear, I have refused S50 for, and she is keeping up her 7 L. combs solid with brood — one four years old and three of them three years old. Neither of them is for sale or trade One of the three-year-olds is working in 60 A% X A% 7-to-foot, with 9 L. frames with solid brood below. I really wish she would hold up on laying-, as I think I should like her just as well in 1904 as 1902. H. L. Jeffrey. Woodbury, Ct., June 22. [Dr. Miller comments as follows:] Mr. Jeffrey evidently thinks that the pha- celia that has been lauded by the European journals is the same as the phacelia of the florists in this country. I have all the time supposed it a ditterent plant, but I should be glad to believe that he is right and I am wrong. I have had the phacelia of which he speaks, a beautiful flower, and a field of it would be worth a considerable journey to see. But is it the same as the forage plant of Europe? I have never heard of it as a forage plant in this country. Is it possible that so beautiful a flower has a forage value? Of its value as a honey- plant, there is no doubt. You know that, as a rule, bees do not pay much attention to honey-plants if there be only a few spec- imens; but if 3'ou have only one or two pha- celia-plants you will find them busily visit- ed by the bees. The flower is so beautiful that at one time I kept it as a house-plant in winter. I can hardly believe that this beautiful flower and rich honey-plant is valuable for forage or we should have heard of it before this. As I think the Europeans got it from California, it ought not to be a hard matter to learn about it from Califor- nians. [Regarding the new colossal white clover. Dr. Miller says:] There is no sort of question that the new white clover, "colossal Ladino, " is any thing- but a humbug. I have seven plants now coming into bloom that I raised from the same seed as that I sent you. One of the plants is nothing but the common white clover. Five of them have leaves like red clover, and the seventh has leaves that look like alsike, only they are. as large as red- clover leaves. I inclose a leaf of each of the three kinds. You will see that the two larger kinds are fully as large as red-clo- ver leaves. But the habit of growth is ut- terly unlike that of alsike and red clover, and is exactly that of white clover, for the stalk runs along the ground, and roots at intervals. The plant from which I plucked the red-clover leaf has one of its blossoms out nearly full, and it is a regular white- clover blossom of large size, but hardly so large in proportion as the leaf. The stem of the blossom measures eleven inches. The question is, whether colossal Ladino has special value as a forage plant. Al- though as large as red clover it is recum- bent, the stalk all the time hugging the ground closely, so I can hardly imagine that the crop would at any time stand more than ten or twelve inches high. Would that be high enough to mow? C. C. Miller. [W^hen father came home from Michigan for a few days he called my attention to this big (?) clover growing in one of the beds. He said the garden boys declared they could see no difterence between it and ordinary white clover. The blossoms seem- ed to be just about the same in character- istics and size, but the foliage of some of it seems to be much larger than that of white. I say sojue of it, for it seems to vary greatly. W^e scarcel}' knew what es- timate to put on it. But if I had bought lOv) lbs. of it, paying a big- price for it, I am not sure but that I should have pro- nounced it a humbug. — Ed.] phacelia as A HONEV-PLANT. Mr. Root: — I have your ABC book, but in it I fail to find what I should like to know — does phacelia yield honey? In the spring of 1901 my wife received a package of mixed flower-seeds. She sowed these seeds just in front of the kitchen door. When they came up I began to make fun of her " ragweed " as I called it; but it soon 634 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Arc. 1 beg'an to bloom, and then we noticed the bees seemed to be crazy over it the first thing- in the morning- and last at night. I sowed a plat this spring- of about six square rods. It began to bloom about a month ag-o. Now there is a swarm on it all the time. I could find nothing like it in the catalogs, so I sent a sample to our agricul- tural college at Pullman. They gave it the name "Phacelia." Now, what I want to know is, does it yield honey enough to war- rant me in plowing up my Ij^-acre lot and sowing it to phacelia? I have it in alfalfa, but it doesn't seem to do well. I think it is too cold. I am on a creek bottom. I have 27 colonies now, and more to come. A. S. Thompson. Garfield, Wash., July 17. MORE ABOUT PHACELIA. [The following, from Mr. J. F. Sempers, will, perhaps, answer a good many points in doubt or in controversy referred to in the preceding. — Ed.] To Dr. Miller's query on p. 499, I would say phacelia represents a large genus of plants widely distributed. There are fig- ured in Britton & Brown's "Flora of the Northern States and Canada " nine species whose combined ranges extend from Texas, Alabama, Virginia, and Pennsj'lvania, to Minnesota, Dakota, and Idaho, besides some fifty other species in the western part t'f North America. Probabl}' several or all of the species are useful for bee-pasturage in their respective ranges. Our one plant here, Phacelia diibia, I have never seen visited bj' bees, though it is quite abundant. Coming into bloom in May, when the main flow is in progress, it is probabl}' ignored by the bees because of ihe presence of greater nectar-yielders — tu- lip-tree, raspberry, and white clover. J. Ford Sempers. Aikin, Md., July 22. SWARMING WITHOUT OUEEN-CELLS; DO 1'RIME SWARMS COME OFF WITH VIR- GINS? THIC DIFFERENCE IN STOCK, AND HOW THIS DIFFERENCE EN- TERS INTO THE SWARM- ING PROBLEM. We should like to ask Dr. Miller if he is sure bees do not swarm without leaving queen- cells started; also, is it a fact that the young queens begin hatching out about a week after the swarm issues? Our ex- perience is rather different. The present season we had 484 swarms led out by clip- ped queens, and in 25 per cent of those swarms there were from one to half a dozen virgin queens and more left in the hives. Working with clipped queens under such conditions was not a flattering success. With over four hundred colonies in one yard, and swarms coming out at the rate of twenty or more a day, what course would have been best to pursue under the condi- tions given? M. W. Shepherd. Hollister, Fla. [We submitted the above lo Dr. :\liller for reply. — Ed.] No, I am not sure that bees never swarm without first starting queen-cells; for since the introduction of Italians it has been pret- ty generally taug-ht that there may be such a thing as bees swarming without the start- ing of queen-cells. Cheshire says bees very rarely, and that in the case of yellow bees, swarm before queen-cells have been started. I think the rule is that the bees start queen- cells some seven to ten days before the issu- ing of a prime swarm, and I think the teachings of all the text-books agree with this idea. In my own experience I may say that I have known queen-cells to be started without any swarming resulting, but never in a single case have I known a prime swarm to issue without the previous start- ing of queen-cells. But I have no right to say that the experience of others must ex- actly coincide with my own, and others say there are exceptions to the rule. " Is it a fact that the young queens begin hatching out about a week after the swarm issues?" I think all the authorities agree that such is the rule, with the exceptions, of course, as previously mentioned. Having swarms led out by a clipped queen accompanied by one or more virgins is certainly a remarkable experience, the like of which, I think, has never before been reported — that is, if it is meant that this was the first issuing of the old queen. Such a thing might happen if bad weather delayed the issuing of the prime swarm for a week or so, but it hardly seems that such could have been the case with Mr. Shep- herd's bees. As to what I would do if I had twenty or more swarms issuing dailjs a fourth of them having, besides the clipped queen, one or more virgins, I must say I really don't know. I suppose I should very likely do just about the same as you did, friend Shepherd. But I think I should tr}' very hard not to be placed in such a predica- ment the second year. If I were working for extracted honey I would take the Dema- ree plan, put all the brood in an upper sto- ry, leaving the queen on foundation below, an excluder between. But if I were living in California I might not succeed with that, for Delos Wood says it is a failure wiih him every time. I might try another plan that is recom- mended by Cowan and others. Before the colony reaches the swarming- point, take away all brood, leaving the bees on founda- tion, and putting the brood over another full colony. It is claimed that neither of the two colonies will then swarm. I sincerely hope, however, that I may never be so situated as to be obliged to skirmish around after some plan to head ufl: such outlandish proceedings. C. C. Miller. [From my experience during the last few days while I have been out in the apiary among the bees I am convinced that this 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE, 655 swarming- problem hinges somewhat if not largely on stock. During the early part of the season we were short of queens, and had to order from the South. The first queens that arrived were of the yellow stock, and a large number of them were put in the apiary. It was a remarkable fact that nearly all these queens were either super- seded right in the height of the honey-flow, and the young virgins subsequently led off a swarm, or else the old queen would try to swarm out. As our queens were all clipped the queen would be disposed of, and subsequently a virgin and the bees would "light out." There is scarcely one of the colonies of this particular yellow strain that has any thing more than a one-story hive. But our imported leather stock not only are not disposed to swarm if it has any kind of fair show, but it will keep on storing honey, and the colonies having that blood are, as a rule, three and four stories high. On some of the hives there are two supers of full-depth extracting-frames and one of comb honey. It may be that abun- dance of room or large hives prevented the swarming; but this same leather-colored stock in single story eight-frame hives will store honey without swarming to a great extent. I do not mean in one breath to con- demn yellow stock and to praise the leather- colored; but we have for years been trying to develop the non-swarming honey strains; and there is any amount of evidence to show that this selected stock is far superior in every way to some j-ellow blood. The trouble with many strains of yellow bees is, they are selected because of their color, and color is all they have. But when I say this I wish to say we have some yellow blood that are home stayers and good work- ers. But where we have one such yellow strain we have ten others of the leather bees that have been bred, not for color, but for business. Now, then, to answer the query raised by Mr. Shepherd, my own opinion is, he has a stock that ought to be superseded by some- thing better. If I mistake not, Mr. Shep- herd is working for Mr. Marchant, who is a producer of extracted honey largely. If Mr. Marchant has bees that swarm at the rate Mr. Shepherd speaks of, when run- ning for extracted honey, the queens ought to have their heads pinched and some other ones put in their places. It does not seem to me that modern methods should tolerate such swarming for extracted honey, al- though it may not be possible to curtail it when running for comb. But we all know there is a great difference in bees. Dr. Miller, when I visited his apiary, showed me here and there a colony that would far outstrip any thing else in the yard. They would not swarm, but keep on storing in sections; and I think nearly every apiarist has samples of these bees. I do not mean that our readers should send to the Root Co. for their stock; but let them select bees for business out of their own yards, and breed from them. — Ed.] CAN WE PREVENT BEES FROM CROWDING THE BROOD-CH.\MBER ? We are having very dry weather here now, and the bees are doing but little work. I am using your Ideal super with all of my 25 colonies, and like them very much. I think the bees seal the honey in thin sec- tions much quicker than where they build it thicker. Can you suggest some plan b}^ which I can keep the bees from crowding the queen in the brood-chamber? Here we have a good flow of honey in April, then a moderate flow until July 15, and by that time the colonies are diminished in strength, some so they can not work to the best ad- vantage. Do 3^ou think it would help to in- troduce young queens, say about May 1? I nearly always rear a few queens from my best colonies when they swarm, so as to re- place any that do not suit me. Hazlehurst, Miss J. S. Wise. [This is a question that hinges a great deal on locality, and I do not Know that I am competent to answer it, for conditions under which you are placed; but it strikes me I would test on a limited scale the large brood-nest with a large frame. The Jumbo or Ouinby size of frame might aflord relief. But whatever frame or hive I adopted I would make it a rule to see that the bees never found it necessary to crowd in on the brood-chamber. If we were using eight- frame hives I would make the brood-cham- bers of two stories each, with some brood in each storj'^ ; and I would run the hives three and four stories high, making sure the bees always had empty combs or foun- dation. I should judge from what you write 3^ou allow the bees to crowd the brood-nest. If you run for comb honey it is not always possible to avoid such crowd- ing ; but when you run for extracted the matter can be handled in the manner I have explained. — Ed.] BLEACHING COMB HONEY WITH SULPHUR; AN OPEN LETTER TO J. E. CRANE. I see in Gleanings of June 15 an article from J. E. Crane, giving his experience in bleaching honey, and the difficulties he found in using sulphur. He says the writ- ers of the articles on bleaching honey, which appeared in Gleanings two years ago, recommended the use of sulphur fumes cold— that is, to be burned outside, and con- ducted through a pipe. As I wrote the first article that appeared in Gleanings on bleaching honey I wish to give a statement of the way I then recommended and still practice in sulphuring honey'. I use a box resembling a watering-trough, bottom side up. Holes are bored, over which I place a tier of seven or eight supers of honey-. I place a teacupful of sulphur in a metal dish, and touch a lighted match to the sul- phur, and place it directly under the supers on the box. In two or three hours the sul- phur will have burned, the fumes will have gone up through the supers, and escaped through between the supers and under the 656 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Aug. 1 cover. I do not find any discoloration of the combs, and have no trouble in bleaching- the honey. However, my success may be owing, to some extent, to our dry climate. I cover the top and sides of my bleaching-- house with cloth, as I can not get too much sunlight. I find here that honey is safe from the heat until it gets above 90 degrees. We shall have little honey here. Pala, Cal., July 2. A. E. White. OUR HOMES, BY A. I. R O OT. HOW TO CIRCUMVENT A COLONY OF BAD ROBBERS. Please tell me what I shall do with a colony that is robbing the other hives. The robber hive is heavy with honey, and is a strong colony. It robbed me of four hives. On the 25th of May it tried to rob the fifth, and I raised the hive off from the bottom- board. That did not help, so I opened the top and that did no good. It was still rob- bing away, so the best thing I knew was to take the hive that was being robbed into the cellar. This colony I examined first, and the queen is all right. She is a year old. H. B. Stumpe. Bailey ville, 111., May 28. [My advice would be for j^ou to swap places with the robbed colony and the one that is doing the robbing. Then see what will happen. We tried that some years ago in a case almost identically the same as yours, and the effect on the robbers was fairly magical— at least for the time being. —Ed.] old coffee-sacks for smoker fuel ; a NEW USE FOR THE GERMAN WAX-PRESS. I find old coffee-sacks in pieces just big enough to fill a smoker the very best mate- rial I have tried in 30 years in the use of smokers. I find my German wax-press par excellence in cooking beans and corn in cans to preserve for future use, and am sat- isfied it will be the very thing for canning tomatoes and other fruit. It holds 24 quart tin cans at one time. J. B. Rapp. Owensville, O., July 18. [Some one has before suggested the value of old coftee-sacks for smoker fuel. There is nothing better for good strong pungent smoke, unless it is propolized cloths or quilts that have outlived or outworn their usefulness. But your idea of using the German wax-press for cooking beans and corn in cans is unique. I never thought of it before. Such a machine would be very useful in most households. I will have my wife try it. — Ed.] a report FROM DR. J. L. GANDY. Rain continues, and honey prospects un- changed. This means a poor crop in Ne- braska. I also have reports from Colorado, saying it was an off year there, but did not give the reason. Were it not for catnip and sweet clover I should now have to feed. J. L. Gandy. Humboldt, Neb., July 18. And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils tne breath of life; and man became a living soul. — Gen. 2: 7. The text above has just attracted my at- tention because of 1he part of the sentence that reads, "and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life." God gave life, and God is now giving life to humanity with ever}' breath. We each and all depend on God for the next breath of air we take. After one has had his breath cut oft' so that it seems doubtful if he shall draw another one, he can then realize as he never did be- fore what a gift is the air we breathe, and being permitted to breathe it. We gather from the text that man was not yet a "living soul" until God himself breathed into his nostrils the breath of life. Dear reader, I am afraid there are many of us who can hardly be called "living souls," just because we are not getting this breath of life in the fullness God intended we should have it; and with this preface I want to talk about purer air or better air than most of us have every day of our lives. T. B. Terry, in his recent health talks in the Practical Farmer, has had much to say about pure air. He has discovered, like myself, that it is a pretty hard matter to ventilate any room so it will be, in point of ventilation, equal to being right outdoors. He comes pretty near it, however, by hav- ing his study a good-sized room, with plen- ty of windows, and then taking the win- dows clear out, both upper and lower sash, and putting a frame covered with wire screen in place of the sash. Mr. T. has passed through some experience with fail- ing health, like myself, that has, perhaps, made him more sensitive to the effects of bad air than people usually are. I have sometimes thought we might almost thank God for these struggles against disease when they lead us to study his laws, and drive us to him in praj'er for wisdom and understanding in such matters. Mr. T. tried taking his writing material out under the shade of the trees in the yard; but in- sects bothered him so that he fovind it ad- visable to make his room in the house as near like outdoors as possible. It will re- pay anyone interested in the matter to read all he has to say about the way he has ac- complished it, or come very near it. I have told you that my life here in the woods is mostly outdoors, and that our cab- in is like Terry's study and sleeping-rooms — almost the same as outdoors. Our floor is still so that we can have the air come right up through it, when desired, and Ter- ry has had his home made over, to some ex- tent, so he can have a draft from the lower rooms clear up to the attic. I am still hav- ing days, or parts of days, when my strength (or something) gives out, and the remedy is 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 657 right along- this Hue of pure air, and uioi-e of it. Mrs. Root ( lilie Mrs. Terry) is right with me in the matter. It isn't rest we need, for, in fact, it is often exercise that is wanted; but with either rest or exercise, pure air is alwa3's wanted, and wanted in abundance. Our cabin is on a hill, or, rather, in a notch between two hills, and I at first claimed it commanded all the breeze that could ever be needed. Mrs. Root did not agree. At her request a high point just back of the cottage was cleared off except a few shade trees, and under these small maples a hammock was hung. This point commands a beautiful view of Grand Trav- erse Bay (Lake Michigan beyond), and dur- ing the middle of every hot summer day there is almost sure to be a breeze from the great northern lakes. There have been only a very few days this summer when I could take my nap there, without blanket or overcoat, or both of them. \\'ell, this point is our "Sanitarium."' When I have my "used-up" spells the ham- mock always cures. A sleep is better; but lying still twenty or thirty minutes, with m}' face toward the breeze, often does almost as well. The air of this locality is, no doubt, equal to almost any in the world;* but the summit of the ///// is a wonderful factor. Mrs. Root insists that our perma- nent dwelling shall be up there when we build one. I urge it will be much labor to go up and down with everj'^ thing, and that the "breeze" in winter and early spring will be called by another name; but she de- clares, every time, there is where she wants to live. My friend, if there is a hill or even an elevation on your premises, thank God for it and try Mrs. Root's "tonic." Insanity is on the increase, the doctors tell us, and one form of it is becomings alarming. They call it "narco" insanity. It is caused by the craze for patent medicines; and these meilicines sell because the}' contain narcot- ics. Just contrast the idea — taking drugs (at a dollar a bottle) when pure air costs nothing, and is a thoitsa7id times better every way! If you haven't an elevation of land on j-our premises, fix a summer-house on the roof of your home, or a place to swing a hammock in hot weather. Come to think of it. ih s would be onl}' going back to Bible tin es — going up on the roof to escape the heat and to get a breeze of pure air. In many locations it will pay, I am sure, to go away up. The makers of windmills, in their circulars, are very emphatic about the importance of having the mill clear above surroundings. Push it several feet above trees and every thing else. Well, * Mrs. Root had a pretty piece of plated ware she said she should discard because it was so much work to keep it bright. No matter how well it was scoured, in a lew days dark spots came on it. 'I his was in Ohio. Last spring she brought it up here, and it has kept bright and clean all summer long. Here in the wo ds there are no locomotives or coal smoke from anj' .source to load the air with sulphurous fumes, and, as a consequence, silver keeps bright and untarnished. what is good for windmills is good for peo- ple. Get aw^ly from the impure lower world, up into God's pure and moving breezes. Terr}' tells us how he has been troubled in traveling to get the windows open wide in his sleeping-rooms in hotels. Why, I have had them try to give me a bed in rooms without any window at all; but I never ac- cepted such a room except once. I to d you about being so sick in Florida I feared I should die; well, it was the nig^ht after I was obliged to sleep in a small room with three others who wouldn't have a window open. As a compromise they agreed to let me open the one door, and this let in air from the room below where a crowd were smoking, swearing, and playing cards, nearly all night. Contrast this with our hammock under the little maple-trees on the hill. But I want to emphasize a point that I can not remember even Terry has made; and it is, to move your bed away from the wall, wherever you are. Give the bad air that goes out of your nostrils every facility to get so far away there is little chance of any part of it being taken back again into the lungs. Most of us know the result of being in a crowded audience with the win- dows and doors closed. For years it has been very hard for me to endure this. It gives me the nightmare in broad daylight. This has been talked about, so I won't take it up; but we who are getting old or feeble, or both, should study to avoid breathing the same air over. One g-reat reason why rid- ing in a buggy (or riding a wheel, if you choose) is sj health-giving is, I think, be- cause the bad air is gone "to the winds" the instant it leaves our bodies. The won- derful "second wind," so much has been said about in riding a wheel, is, in my opinion, caused (at least largely) by taking such unusual quantities of fresh pure air into the lungs. It makes me feel like a "living soul," as in our text, just to think of it. It is God's breath that gives this wonderful thrill of new life, strength, and vigor. Now let us go back to the bedroom. Get all the windows and doors open. Never mind burglars. They are nothing to be compared to consumption and kindred dis- eases. When I made a flying trip to Ohio the 4th of July, Mrs. Root slept alone in our cabin in the woods, with the door wide open. It was about the warmest night of the season, and this is a healthy locality in morals as well as in good air. As yet there are no trainps in this region, and such ter- rible crimes as are chronicled in Ohio are unknown here. But let us go back to that bed in the average bedroom. Get all the doors and windows open wide (of course, I am talking about, say, July and August weather). Get the head of the bed near the window where the air is com- ing in, then arrange your pillow so you can lie in such a manner as to send the air from your lungs over the side of the bed down to 658 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Aug. 1 the floor. Do this in order that you may not draw back any of the air you have just expelled. I learned this almost from neces- sity. Thousands of times during' my busy life I have found myself confronted with im- jjortant work that had to be done by a cer- tain time, and my strength exhausted. One of my brief naps was almost as much a ne- cessity as to breathe. How could I get to sleep quickest? B}^ getting a breeze right in m3^ face, and lying in such a position as 1 have described, so the bad air could drop (ut of the way and let the pure air in. In growing peaches and other crops we have liad to study "air drainage." By paying proper attention to the matter of air drain- age we avoid frost. If your peach-trees or other crops are in a hollow where the air settles stagnant, as it were, the frost will Kill every thing. Well, people often sleep in a stagnant pool of bad air. Their pil- lows and feather beds get in such shape the air forms a pool around the sleeper; and the air that goes out of the lungs comes I ight back in again, or at least a large part of it. Some big stout men may stand this, but / can not. Even when lying in the hammock on a hot day, in order to get to sleep quick I put my face over the side, s ) there is absolutely no obstruction to the air going out. I hardly need to say one must clothe himself so as to be comfortable with all this "draught" of air. Consump- tives are now being cured by keeping them outdoors all winter long. There is one such institution in bleak New England, and one in Colorado. Lots of woolens, and a big campfire outdoors, keep the patient warm. Yesterday the potato-bugs were getting bad, and there was no one besides myself to use the sprayer. I had nearly finished the field when I began to "play out." I thought I would have to go to the hammock for a nap before I could finish; but just then a breeze came up from across the lakes. I opened my mouth wide and "pulled in" great breaths of it, filling my lungs to their lullest extent, and pretty soon I had "second wind" without riding the wheel, and fin- ished my task easily. Lots of good air fur- nished oxygen for the blood; and instead of a lack of power I had a surplus. It is like fuel to the locomotive when on an up grade. The great Eather, who, in his infinite \\ isdom and love formed us of the dust of the ground, and breathed into us the breath of life, gave us also of his Holy Spirit that we might have a spiritual as well as phys- ical life, and he will surely guide us in both lines if we look to him. "Shall not the Judge of all the earth do right? " Mr. Root: — Please say to your readers that if any of them have any questions they would like to have answered at the Denver convention, and will send them tome, I will see that they are presented. A. B. Mason, Sec. Toledo, O. GETTING "acquainted" WITH TOOL.S AND GETTING ACQUAINTED WITH BOYS. Seest thou a man diligent in his business? he shall stand before kings ; he shall not stand before mean men. — Prov. ^2 :29 I told 3'ou about getting acquainted with my wheelbarrow. I had handled wheel- barrows more or less ever since I was big enough to make a boy's wheelbarrow, and yet I did not know, till I was 62 years old, how to handle a heavy load on a wheelbar- row. I may have known how pretty well theoretically, but I had no practical experi- ence in making a wheelbarrow take loads that generally require a horse; and what pleased me most of all was to find / had the muscle and skill to make it do this work. A man worked for me a few da\s ago who had wonderful skill in handling logs by hand, without any horse. He ex- plained that he acquired that skill by be- ing obliged once, in an emergency, to clear up a piece of woods when no horse was available; and he said this skill had been of much value to him ever since.' Well, it has in like manner done us good to work here in the woods, without a horse. One of the boys in our employ has an- noyed us somewhat because he is so curious in wanting to know how every thing is done, and all about every thing that is go- ing on. When the big team was tugging hard at a big stump it was difficult to get him to stick to his job of getting the brush out of the way, because he wanted to see all about the way the chain was adjusted, etc. I reall}' felt obliged to sa5% "John, you keep right on with your work, and nev- er mind what the men and team are doing. The brush you are working at is in our way every little while." John seemed for a time to feel hurt at my reproof; but in a little while, when they were doing something different, he stopped his work again to look. Finally John and I didn't get on very well together. As I look back I think now it was somewhat my fault. It was like the wheelbarrow. I didn't know what it was good for at first, and I didn't know what John was good for, because I was not sufficiently acquainted with him. Last winter, while in Ohio, I received a circular of the " Cj'clone grub-puller," and finally sent for a machine costing seven or eight dollars. I had it shipped up here to save the time of a big team in clearing up wild land. When my neighbor Hilbert saw it he laughed at me and said I had wasted my money. I tried to work it, but it tired me out, and I did not accomplish any thing. I tried to have one of our stout men use it. He pronounced it "no good " — said he had seen similar things before, and tried them, but they were ' ' no account. ' ' I felt sore 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 6i9 about my foolish investment, and actuall}' let it lie out In the bushes the greater part of one summer, and toward fall it was pushed back under the house, out of sig"ht, and I would have sold it for a very small part of the original cost. Well, this bov g-ot his eyes on it one day, and beg-an to ask questions about it. I told him it was "no good," and that we could not afford to waste time with it. If I remember, he finally asked if he might try it, on his own time. Of course, I could not object. Do you know what happened? He looked it over, g'ot the " hang " of the tool, and then pulled up stumps of small trees that had been cut off for the big- team, and did it at a pretty good jog-. The tool is a fine thing; but three grown men (myself one of them) had not the genius and patience to get " ac- quainted" with it. A boy of sixteen, and a slender one at that, made it work right away, and I had been scolding that same boy because he was so "curious" about all kinds of work and machinery. AVhen we were ready to plant our early potatoes, John and a companion of about his own age planted them so rapidly with the little hand planter I have been telling you about I felt sure the}' couldn't be doing the work well enough. It seemed to me they were just walking through the field " rattlety bang, " and wanted a 'good nice job of my planting. They assured me they were all right, and that there was a piece in every place that would come up. I final- ly let them go on, but felt a good deal wor- ried until my potatoes were all up in good shape. They now cover the ground right before the window where I write, and their white blossoms make the hillside almost like a bed of roses, only they are potato blossoms instead of roses. We got behind in planting our late pota- toes, and I borrowed a planter and essayed to help the boys. You know how fully I have published the directions for using these cheap hand planters. I supposed I could, of course, very soon go right along with it as the boys did. Well, friends, I soon found not only that I was not " ac- quainted " with the tool, but it seemed as if I couldn't get acquainted with the little "animal." The boys would plant four hills to my one. They stopped and showed me how; but I would get the " wrong foot forward;" then I dropped my piece of pota- to, or it stuck in the planter,* and I tired myself out and did almost nothing. They had used the wonderful little tool almost from childhood up, and would swing it about either right or left handed, and make it "click" at every hill, until I couldn't help thinking of a bright pretty girl with her typewriting machine. Yes, it is much like learning to use a typewriter, in becom- ing expert with modern farm machinery. I took a rest, and then " tackled " the plant- * The boys showed me that, if the potatoes were cut and spread out an hour or two liefore planting they would not hinder by the wet surface sticking to the smooth bright steel of the planter. er again, and learned to plant tolerably fast, but couldn't keep up with the boys. To succeed you must train both feet, both hands, and both eyes, to do their work au- toniatically, or. perhaps I should say, to do the work without any exercise of the will. When 3'ou see people about here walk over acre after acre, and see the potatoes come up looking as well as or perhaps bet- ter than if planted by an expensive ma- chine, with a perhaps more expensive team of horses, you will not wonder that it takes a big factory at Traverse City to supply the world with these "stick planters" as they have been called. This morning (July 11) our potatoes need- ed cultivating badly; but every horse in the neighborhood was busy, and could not be spared. Finally I got one that the owner thought might cultivate some if one of us led her and the other held the cultivator. I led her over nearly an acre of the worst hilly ground, and studied her disposition. Finally I took oft' the lines and hung them on a tree; and while I write she and John are doing fine work. Nobody is "yank- ing " the lines, for there are none. Nobody is scolding her, for she minds "gee" and " haw " beautifully, and she is happy and contented, for she can swing her head and look about just as freely as she does in the pasture. Of course, John deserves a good deal of the credit. By the way, he just gave me a point on potato-growing I never knew before. He remarked, as we took an- other row: " There is your Freeman and here is your Lee's Favorite." " Why, how do j'ou know? Can you see a difference in the foliage? " "No; but here is your one row of Tri- umphs between the two kinds." " But how do you know that row is Tri- umphs? The leaves are not dift'erent, are they? " "No; but the stems close to the ground are red. See? " All at once I noticed the blood-red stems or stalk of the potato, and it was plainly visible as far as yoti could see in that row. I thought it (luite an invention of mine, putting a row of red potatoes between all the diff'erent varieties; but it did not occur to me one could find the " red row " with- out digging out a potato or two. Now I shall be able to distinguish the dift'erent varieties any time, when passing along, by watching for the red stems. I am just getting " acquainted " with John. He is getting acquainted with red potatoes, and getting ahead of me, even if I am a potato-specialist. We have both been getting acquainted with Maude (the horse whose owner gave her a bad reputation); and the result is, we are all pushing the work and having a pleasant time all round. Dear reader, are you in like manner get- ting acquainted with j'our tools, your horse, your hired men or boys, and j-our neigh- bors all around you? 660 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Aug. 1 hilbert's strawberries. A year ago last spring- I told you how Mr. Hilbert and his children planted a piece of four acres to strawberries. Pota- toes were on the ground the year before. It was made very fine, and smoothed off with a float, and then marked with the chain marker 2x4 feet. The weather was not particularly favorable, but the plants made a pretty full stand and looked fairly well during the summer. Thej' were planted just about the first of May, and the first picking began the last of June, a year lat- er, and continued nearly four weeks. They were shipped to Chicago; and as the crop seemed a partial failure further south, and the berries were remarkably large and firm, the first carload brought 15 cts. Mr. H. said he was never more surprised in his life when he got the returns, although he had worked hard to send a choice lot of berries. The last carload got in just as the big strike of the teamsters and produce- handlers started. This cost him about half of the value of this last shipment. Now hold your breath. His checks added up, that he received for strawberries, amount- ed to over seventeen hundred dollars. A part of these berries came from his old patch, for he makes a new plantation every year; but this four acres alone gave over a IhoHsand dollars. Fitting the land was done with ordinary farm tools, and I should say cost but little more than to fit a piece well for either corn or potatoes. The culti- vation was almost all done with horse- power— verj' little hoeing or weeding. It took from 2U to 30 pickers nearly a month to gather them. Two girls together re- ceived S45 for picking. My j-oung friend Alice made over S30, and picked 136 quarts in one day. As the 4th of July came in just the height of the season, and was also pret- t_v close to Sunday, it threatened to make a loss; but all who worked on the 4th were given double pay, and this kept them at work, a great part of them. This splendid result is due somewhat to this favorable locality and a good deal to the very favor- able spring, with its cool weather and abundant rains. Just as the berries were ready to color up we had warmer weather and enough sunshine, A year ago the crop was nearly ruined by hot drj' weather at the critical time. Now, dear reader, as I have said so much about Hubert's successful moves perhaps I better tell you a little on the other side. Over ten j'ears ago, or perhaps more, he got the plum-fever and planted an orchard of 100 wild-goose plums. If I am correct he has never yet had any plums worth mentioning from this whole orchard. I re- member well what a lot of talk there was about this plum when it first came out — that it was "curculio proof," etc., and I should like to inquire if it has proved "no good" in other localities. The trees are now fine-looking and thrift}', but I could find a plum only here and there when I went through the orchard a few days ago. Convention Notices. PROGRAM OF THE THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL CONVEN- TION OF THE NATIONAL BEE-KEEPERS' ASSO- CIATION, TO BE HELD IN DENVER, COL- ORADO, SEPTEMBER 3, 4, 5, 1902. FIRST DAY, WEDNESDAY, EVENING SESSION. 7 30. — Invocation; music; address of welcome by Pres- ident Harris, llaj'or Wright, and Governor Or- nian; responses by President Hutchinson, Secre- tary Mason, and Director Sliller. 8:30. — "Bee-keeping from the Atlantic to the Pacific, as Seen Through the Camera and Stereopticon," by E. R. Root, Medina, Ohio. SECOND DAY, THURSDAY, MORNING SESSION. 9:00 — Music; president's address, " The Future of Bee- keeping ; " discussion. 10:00.—" Which is the Mo.st Hopeful Field for the Na- tional Association?" by Ur. C. C. Miller, Maren- go, 111.; response by Rev. E. T. Abbott, St. Joseph, Missouri; discussion. 11:00. — Question-box. AFTERNOON SESSION. -Music; "Reporting of the Honey Crop — When atid How it .Should be Done,'' by C. A. Hatch, Richland Center, Wisconsin; response by Frank Rauchfuss, Denver, Colorado; discussion. -"Bee-keeping I,essons that May be Learned from the Word Locality," by H. C. Morehouse, Boulder, Colorado; response by E. R. Root, Me- dina, Ohio; discussion. — Question-box. EVENING SESSION. — Music; "The Outside and Inside of a Honey- bee." illustrated bv the stereopticon, by Prof. C. P. Gillette, Ft. Collins, Colorado. IHIRD DAY^ FRIDAY", MORNING SESSION. -Music; "Selling Extracted Honey at Wholesale — How to Get the Best Prices," by J. F. Mcln- tyre, .Sespe, California; response by T. Lytle, Manzanola, Colorado; discussion — " Putting up Extracted Honey for the Retail Trade," by R. C. Aikin, Loveland, Colorado; re- sponse by G. W. Yoik, Chicago, Ills.; discussion. — Question box. AFTERNOO.N SESSION. -Music ; " Managing Out-apiaries for Comb Hon- ey," by W. L- Porter, Denver, Colorado; response by M. A. Gill, Longmont, Colorado; discussion. -Question-box. -Trolley-ride, " .Seeing Denver." EVENING SESSION. Banquet. A. B. Mason. Sec. 1:30, 2:30. 3:30. 7:30. 9.00.- 10:00 11:00. 1:30. 2:30- 3:30.- 9:00.— PROGRAM OF TWENTY''-THIRD ANNUAL CONVENTION OF COLORADO STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIA- TION IN JOINT MEETING WITH NATION- , AL BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 11:00 1:00. 1:30. 2:r^0. 3:00.- WEDNESDAY', SEPT. 3. — FORENOON SESSION. — Invocation ; reading minutes ; president's ad- dress. After the president's address ten min- utes will be given for members to offer sugges- tions or give notice of any business or discussion that they wish to bring before the convention. Come prepared. — A four-cornered di.scussion by four prominent apiarists, speakers limited to ten minutes each : 1st subject, "Association Work, and Influence- it Good or Bad, and Why ;" 2d, "Comb Honey — Best Hive and System, and Wh}' ; " 3d, " Ex- tracted-Honej' Production — Best Hive and Sy.s- tem. and Why;" 4th, ' The Most Pressing Need of Our Pursuit." General debate on the fore- going subjects; speakers limited to three min- utes except by consent of the convention. Ap- pointment of temporary committees; dincer. AFTERNOON SESSION. -Ouestion-hox. -X'nfinished business ; reports of committees ; new business. -Election of officers. -Paper, " The Bee in Literature," by F. L. Thomp- son; miscellaneous business. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 661 SPEClAbiNSTJCEs BY BUSINElSS, MANAGER CARLOAD SHIPMENTS. Up to the same date last year we had shipped 2-1 less carloads than we have this year up to August first. •Orders are 'holding out much longer this year than last ; and. judging from reports, the prospects are good for next j-ear. S^VEET-CLOVER SEED WAXTED. AVe should like to hear from any one having sweet- clover seed for sale, with sample of the seed you have to offer, and the amount and price per pound. If you have no seed from last year, the time is at hand for gathering new seed, and man\- might gather it if they could find an outlet. We are also in the market for catnip .seed. Send sample, with price and quantity vou have to offer. ADVANCED PRICES ON BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES. We are preparing new prices on hives, frames, sec- tions, fences, section-holders, separators, shipping- cases, etc. These we hope to have ready to publi.sh in our next issue, or at least by ,Sept 1. Both lumber and labor have advanced to such an extent that we can not continue selling supplies at the old price ex- cept at a loss. Old prices are, therefore, withdrawn : and while we may not change the prices on current orders till the new prices are published, we reserve the right to do so. We are making still further ad- vances in hive construction. All hives as now made have the edges jointed smooth. Half the bodies and supers are nailed ready for the in.side fixtures when you receive them With our new nailing machine we are able to do this at slight expense and in the best manner possible. HONEY-PACKAGES. Of these seal-cover pails we have in stock several hundred of various sizes which we offer while they last, at the following prices: No. 1, holding 1% lbs. honev, at :? 6 50 per 100. " 2, " 3 " ■' 7 .tO " " " 3, " 4% " " S 50 " •■ " 5, " -^ " " 10 .50 " " Of square cans we have a large stock of various ■sizes, which we offer, to reduce stock, at the following special prices : V-gallon square or oblong at $ (i .50 per 100. i^ " " '• - . 7 50 " " 1 '■ " " 10 00 " •' Put up in boxes of 24 M^-gal. or 12 ^-gal. or 10 1-gal., add 30 cents per box in lots of 10 boxes or more, mak- ing the price $1.8(5, $1.20. and 51,3(1 per box with cans. "We can also supply promptly at best prices the 5-gal- lon cans, 1 or 2 in a case. SECONDHAND CANS. We have on hand quite a few good second-hand 60- Ib. cans, two in a case. These are bright cans, having been used only once, in most cases, and practically as good as new. Price S-")00 for ten boxes : 25-box lots at 45c a box while they la.st. New cans at 25 cts. per box more. MASON JARS. We have a good stock of these jars, and another carload expected soon, so that we are prepared to sup- pU'your needs promptly at the following prices : Pint 1 doz. .5.5; 6 doz., $3 15; 12 doz., $6 25. Quart " .58; " 3 30; " 6 50. 54-gallon.. " .75; " 4 35; " 8 50. NO. 25 JARS. Price 60c per 10 ; $5.75 per crate ; $1.20 per box of two dozen ; six boxes, $6 75. 100 Pounds per Colony is the record of our bees thus far this sea.son. We are now prepared to furnish queens from our choice bees at the following prices : Un- tested, 7.5c each ; six, $4 ; tested, $1 ; six, 85. Leininger Bros., Fort Jennings, Ohio. KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS BIENNIAL MEETING For this gathering in San Francisco in August next, excursion tickets will be sold via the Chicago, Milwau- kee & St. Paul Rv. from Chicago to ,San Franci.sco or Los Angeles for $.50 for the round trip with final return li:nit September 30 The Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway is the short line between Chicago and Omaha. Two through trains daily in each direction with the be.st sleeping- car and dining-car service, and all regular travelers know and appreciate the merits of the Chicago, Mil- waukee & St. Paul Railway short line between the East and the West. Time tables, maps, and information furnished on application to F. A. Miller, General P.sssenger Agent, Chicago. Wants and Exchange. Notices will be inserted under this head at 10 cts. per line. Vou must SAT you want your adv't in this department, or we will not be responsible for any error. You can have the no- tice as many lines as you please ; but all over ten lines will cost you according to our regular rates. We can not be re- sponsible for dissatisfaction arising from these " swaps." WANTED.— To sell in December 160 acres of im- proved land for $.500, and 200 hives of yellow bees, and extracting tools. Hive facto- y ver\- cheap for cash. Come for health where there is but little rain and no snow. Land is rich, and crops grow well. This State has all kinds of climate and soil. S. W. Conrad, Poplar, Tulare Co.. Cal. w w ANTED —To sell 225 swarms of Italian bees. Don't write unless j-ou mean business. Elias Fox, Hillsboro, Wis. WANTED.— To exchange my new price list of 2000 ferrets, now ready to ship, for your address on a postal card. N. A. Knapp. Rochester, Ohio. ANTED. — Beeswax ; highest market price paid. Write for price list. B\CH, Becker & Co., Chicago, 111. WANTED. — To exchange 100 extracting-combs — L. size, .50 hives, and 15 colonies of bees for amber or buckwheat comb honey, W. V. Binkerd, Box 51. \\'est IMonterey, Pa. WANTED.— A buyer for my 120 colonies of fine Ital- ian bees and fixtures, and if bought soon honey goes with it. L. Werner, Edwardsville, 111. WANTED.— One dollar for 15 W. P. Rock eggs; 83.00 for .50, or 15.00 for 100; from 93 to 95 scoring birds; cockerels and pullets, $1.00 each; 75 cts. for one Golden Italian queen, or $8.00 per dozen— after August 1st, 50c each or $.5.00 per dozen. Geo. W. Cook, Spring Hill, Kansas. ^\NTED — To sell bees and queens. Also putty- knife with iron handle and strong steel blade- just the thing for prvi'-g and scraping about hives, etc., 1.5c postpaid. O. H. Hyatt, Shenandoah, la. WANTED.— To .'^ell for cash, 5 gal. square tin cans, used for honey, at about half price of new cans. Also elegant exhibition 12-lb. no-drip honey-cases f->r plain Danz. and i%Xi]4 sections; made for Pan-Amer- ican. For prices, etc., addre.ss Orel L. Hershiskr, 301 Huntington Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. WANTED.— To exchange American Eclipse evaporat- or-contains 78 reversible trays, 7 sqxiare feet each -for bees or offers, or will sell cheap for cash. Also want location for bee-yard in the buckwheat dis- trict, either West Virginia, Pennsylvania, or Maryland. Reinhard Stehle. Marietta, Ohio. f ANTED.— One or more copies of Vol. II. Cheshire's Bees and Bee-keeping Let us know in what condition your book is, and price wanted. The A. I. Root Co., Medina, Ohio. WANTED.— To exchange warranted and tested Ital- ian queens for good typewriter and foot-power .saw. John M Davis, Spring Hill, Tenn. W^ w w^ WANTED.— To exchange motor-cycles, gasoline-en. gines— 1^ to 4^ h. p" Wanted— machinery of all kinds. Robert B. Gedye, LaSalle, 111. 662 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Aug. 1 California has had a light honey crop this year, but here is an en- couraging letter from a resident of that State, in regard to the do- ings of a colony having a queen of the Superior Stock. Dos Mesas. Calif., June 26, 1902. W. Z. Hutchinson, Flint, Mich. Dear bir: — I enclose you the photo, of a hive taken at b:00 A. M . being the only time of the day that the sun shone directly upon it. The colony in this hive is the development of a three-frame nucleus, in which was placed the queen that you sent me last summer. You may remember that she was sent quite late in the season, as California .seasons go. However, she raised enough bees so that they filled ten frames full of hon- ey for winter. On account of the good showing of this queen last fall. I used her to breed from this season, taking larvte from the combs, per the Alley method, every five days. In spite of the loss in comb and bees, and the interruption lo the labors of the hive. I have taken off 60 well-finished sections. Please bear in mind that this is a poor year, and most of my 146 big hives have given me nothing. These bees are the nicest bees to handle of anv I have ever seen. While I do not suppose that yovi intended to send me a select- ed breeder, I am satisfied that this queen will compare favorably with any queen owned by anybody. If this will be of any aid to you in advertising Superior Stock, jou are welcome to print it. Yours sincerely, H. N. Cross, M. D. My friend, for 81.50 I can send you a queen reared from the same strain as the queen possessed by Mr. Cross. She w^ill come from the same breeder.'and be reared in exactly the same manner. I will g^iarantee safe arrival, safe introduction, purity of mating, and entire satisfaction to the extent that the queen may be returned any time within two years and the money will be refunded, together with 50 cts. extra to pay for trouble. Special Offer. — For $2.00 I will send one queen, and the Bee-Keepers' Review for one year. W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Jlich. $l=="for The Pacific Bee Journal and Gleanings===$l Here in California we need only one g'ood year to make a stake. 2()0 colonies in the fall can be boug'ht for >500, and often return S1500 in hone^^ with \\\o months' work. Off seasons we have, liut where else in this wide world will an apiary produce 400 lbs. honey to the colony? A Terra of Good Years Must Come Again." Pacific Bee Journal with Gleaning-s, new or renewal, Si a year. Address 237 East Fourth St., ^i^ ^L^ ^L^ ^t^ Los Angeles, Calif. 1^ IS'^l^l^lf^ Queens! Buv them of H. G. Quirin, the largest queen- breeder in the North. The A. I. Root Co. tells us our stock is extra fine. Editor York, of the Ameri- can Ree Journal, says he has good reports from our stock from time to time, while J. L. Gandy, of Humboldt, Neb., has secured over 400 lbs. of honey (mostly comb) from single colonies containing our queens. We have files of testimonials similar to the above. Our breeders originated from the highest-priced long - tongued red - clover queens in the United States. Fine queens, promptness, and square dealing have built up our present business, which was es- tablished in 1888. Price of Queens After J uly First. 1 6 12 $ 75 1 00 1 50 3 00 $4 00 5 00 8 00 $ 7 00 9 00 Selected Tested Extra Selected Tested— the best We guarantee safe arrival to any .State, conti- nental island, or any European country. Can fill all orders promptly, as we expect to keep three to five hundred queens on hand ahead of orders. Special price on 50 or 100. Circular free. Send all orders to Quirin the Queen=breeder, Post and Money order Office, Parkertown, Ohio. ICHICAN HE.ADQUARTERS FOR C. B. Lewis Co.'s Bee-keepers' Supplies, Dadant's Foundation. We have the larg-est stock of supplies in the State. Can ship on one day's notice. Send for our 48-pag-e illustrated catalog and give us a trial order. LCWoodman, Grand Rapids, Mich. Oarniolains. The gentlest bees in the world ; are very hardy, prolific, and the best of workers. We are the largest breeders of this race of bees in America. Choice breeding and im- ported queens always on hand. Untested, 65c; tested. Si. 25; select tested, $2.25; best imported, !?4.00. Send for descriptive list. F. A. Lockhart & Co., Caldwell, N. Y. WARREN COUNTY. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BKE CULrUKW. 663 4 ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦ Seasonable Offerings. The Fred W. Muth Co. t Q"^^""' ^^^ ^^^^ ^"""^y ^«" ^"y- Front & Walnut Streets Cincinnati, Ohio. Muth's Pound Square Flint-glass Honeyjars ■with patent air tijjht glass stoppers, at ^~) 'tO per gros-. far superior to old style with corks. Try a gross. Just the thing for home market. Crates of. Two 60°pound Cans. Been used once, but in good condition, lots of five crates. 40c each; ten or more, This lot is limited; order at once. In 35c. ckr\e Sti aiii three- banded are the genuine red clover znoikers. Alitlh's strain of golden Italians can not be surpassed. Either of above 75c each; six for S4 00. Select tested, $1.50 each. A trial will convince you. Send for our catalog of bee supplies. « ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦» QUEENS! BY RETURN MAIL. We are now breeding from three dis- tinct strains; viz. ^ Imported or leather color, Root's long-tongued or red-clo- ver strain, and our old strain of white banded yellow Italians, or albinos. PRICES: Tested, each $1.25 Select tested, each 1.50 Warranted purely mated, each 75 Same, per half dozen 4.00 Same, per dozen 7.50 Untested, each 65 Same, per half dozen 3.50 Same, per dozen 7.00 We have also a full line of bee-keep- ers' supplies including THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY'S GOODS. Send for our 32-page illustrated catalog. W. W. Gary <& Son, Lyonsville, Mass. Try a Few of My Queens. For the first time this season I have a few queens ahead of orders. These orders came from all custo- mers who had tried a few queens - some of them doz- ens or hundreds — and liked them. A few from new ones. But as I was pushed with orders I advertised very moderately. Now I have a big lot of nuclei and queens, and can send queens promptly as follows : Warranted queens, 75c; six for Si.OO; one choice select warranted, '51.00; six for $5.00 .Send for free folder. J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Florida. 10 CENTS That's all it costs to get acquainted with the Rocky Mountain Bee Journal. We want to send it on trial to every reader of Gleanings Three Months for 10 els. This vigorous young month- ly has just entered its second year on a paying basis, and has become the recognized mouthpiece of the bee- keepers of the great Rocky Mountain alfalfa regions. Address The Rocky Mountain Bee Journal, Box 611. Boulder. Colorado. Special Notice to Bee=keepers I The Best Stock. ^Root's Supplies I have had 18 years' experience in the production of hone}', and during that time I have always tried to improve my stock by buying queens from breeders who breed for honey-gathering instead of color; then, by cros.sing these different strains, and selecting the best, and breeding from them, I have secured a strain of stock that is the equal of any for honey-gathering. This year I am breeding from a daughter of Root's fa- mous f200 queen, and from the stock of J. 1' Moore. Warranted queens, in any quantity, will be sold at ."w cts. each, and satisfaction will be guaranteed iu every case, or money will be refunded. L. H. Robey, Worthington, W. Va. at Catalog Prices. SKND FOR CATALOG. F. H. Farmer, Boston, Mass. 182 Friend St., 1st Flight. 664 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Aug. 1 HONEY QUEENS! Laws' Leather=colored Queens. Laws' Improved Golden Queens. Laws' Holy Land Queens. A prominent queen-breeder writes : " I have reared and sold over 5000 queens in the past few years, and I am using your stock exchis vely, as it is the best I can get." Another vprites : "The queen moiher I got of you is the best queen I ever saw." A prominent writer for the Review states the I,aws queen is making a fine showing. Many nice letters indicative of the superi- ority of Laws' queens on file. Prices ; Tested or vm- tested, $1.00 each; six for So 00 Discount on large lots. Write for circular. W. H. Laws, Bei^viile, Texas Bee-supplses Quick I,et us show you how quick we can fill your orders. Best of goods and the best place in country to ship from. Get our Prices on Dovetailed Hives and Sections. Write to us if you have any Honey or Beeswax to sell. C. M. SCOTT & CO.. INDIANAPOLIS. INDIANA. 1004 East Washington Street. Queens! Queens! We have five different j-ards, 5 to 20 miles apart, where Italians, Cvprians, HoUiands. Carniolans, and Albinos are bred for business. You can send in 3'our orders at following prices the rest of this year: Test- ed, $1 50 each; SS.OO for .^ix; $15.00 per doz' Untested, 75c each; $^.25 for six, or fS.OO per doz. Fine breeders. 55.00 each. Safe arrival guaranteed Write for free catalog. Tells how to raise queens and keep bees for profit. The Jennie Atchley Co , Beeville, Bee Co., Tex. NONE BUT THE BEST QUEENS ARE GOOD ENOUGH FOR ANY ONE. No bee-keeper wants to give hive room to inferior bees. The best queens fill their hives with brood. The best bees fill their supers with honey. Every bee- keeper knows this, but does not know that our strain of Italians are in the lead. Trj' them. You will not be disappointed. Choice tested queens, SI. 00 each. Untested, 75c; S8.00 per doz. Send for price list. J. W. K. SHAW & CO., Loreauville, La. Imp't'd Queens Direct from Italy Please send us your address on a postal card, and we will send you our price list of queens, written in Eng- lish. Our motto: "Whatsoever ye would that men should do to vou, do ye even so to them." .*Vddress Malan Brothers. - . . . Queen-breeders, " Apiario," Luserna, San Giovanni, Italy. POULTRY PAPER 3 Honths and book, "Plans for Poultry-houses," 10 cts. Paper one year and book, ',!5 cts, if you mention Gleanings (reg. price. 50 cts). Inland Poultry Journal, Indianapolis, Indiana. Minnesota Bee-keepers' Supply Mfg. Co., WJanufacturers of Bee-hives. Sections, Shipping-cases, and Everything Used by Bee-keepers. Orders filled promptlj' We have the best shipping f icilities in the world You will save money by send- ing for our price list Address Minnesota Bee-keepers' Supply Mfg. Co., Nicollet Island Power Building, Minneapolis, Minn. To make cows pay, use Sharpies Cream Separators b jok " Business Dairying " & cat. 288 free. W. Chester. Pa Long Tdiiguss Valuable South as well as North. How Moore's strain of Italians roll in the honev down in Texas Hutto, Texas, Nov. 19, 1902, ./. P. Moore. — Dear sir: — I wish to write you in re- gard to queens purchased of you. I could have writ- ten sooner, but I wanted to test them thoroughlj- and see if they had those remarkable qualities of a three- banded Italian bee. I must confess to you I am more surprised every day as I watch them." They simply ■' roll the honey in " It seems that they get honey where others are idle or trying to rob: aii'l tor gentle- ness of handling. I have never seen the like. P'riend )•',. R. R -ot was right when he said your bees have the longest tongues ; for they get honey where others fail. I will express my thanks for such queens. I am more than pleased. I'will stock my yut-apiaries next tpring with your queens Yours truly, Henry Schmidt. The above is pretty strong evidence that red clover is not the only plant which requires long-tongue bees to secure the greatest quantity of nectar. Daughters of my 28-l(Xi breeder, the prize-winner, and otier choice "breeders : Cntested. 75 cts. each ; six, |t00- dozen. S7.50. Select untested. $1.(X) each; six, So.OO ; dozen, $9 0(1. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Circular free. I am filling all orders bv return mail, and shall probably be able to do vo till the close of the -ea.son. J. P. Moore, L. Box I, Morgan, Kentucky. Pendleton County. HOI^EY QUEENS FROItfJ TEXAS. 1 can furnish queens of (i dilTerent races, all bred in their purity in separate yards from ti to 25 miles apart. Untested queens, 7-5 cts to $1.00 each. Tested queens of either race. «i..50 to 5:^.00 each. Breeders, |3.50 to $5 each. Bees by the potmd, and 1, 2. and 3 frame nuclei a specialty. Prices cheap Quoted on application. Price list free. Will Atchley, Box /y, Beeville, Bee Co., Tex. Queens for Aug. and Sept., 60 cts. Abbott L. Swinson queen-specialist, will mail war- ranted American Albino Italians (best bees known) to introduce the stock, at 60 cts. each; S''00 per dozen. Everybody try them, and get the bee you need. Swinson & Boardman, Box 358, Macon, Ga. QUIRIN, THE QUEEN=BREEDER. of Parkertown, Ohio, has a fine lot of \oinig red-clover queens on hand, which can be sent promptly by return mail. Western reports indicate that Ouirin's • ers are " hus- tlers. See his advt onpa'e(()J. Wanted Immediately, Comb Honey in Danzenbaker Sections. We have a market for l^rge quantities of fancj' comb honey in Danzenbaker sections, and shall be ple.ts^d to hear from parties who have any to offer. Ill writing, please state; 1. PYom what source gathered. 2 Color (white or amber), and grade (Far.cy or No 1.) 3 In what size cases. 4. Price at which you will sell f. o. b. at ' our sta- tion or delivered at Sledina (preferably the latter). We can use, also, moderate quantities at once in Ideal {354x5') and -IJ^x-l'^ sections: also extracted. Send satnple of e.xtracted. putting your name on the same, and giving particulars as to amount, source, size of package, and price. Extracted honey is pre- ferred in 5-gallon square cans. The A. I. Root Co., Medina, Ohio For .Sale. —Extracted honey. Finest grade's for ta- ble use. Prices quoted on application. Sample by mail, 10 cts. to paj- for package and postage. Orel 1,. Hershiser, 301 Huntington Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 66S iinilt anticipating the demand of those satisticl wi'h nothinir but the be^t and looking for a piaao of the Highest Artistic Creation Are you considering tlie piirchase of a piano? Our proposition will jirove more en- tertaining than any you liive had. Cataliig and Jiill informiitinn free on application. TllK PA1KAK1» CO'\!-F»ANY P. O. Box F I'ort '.Vn.vn< . Iiidlnnn (equal of any $40 to $65 Ha( CombJDes hi^-heat craoe mechanic olency with beautiful ar'pfarance. 5 »U»chtnent3. BALL I BEARING, hence ca«T runninc. n. teed f»r 20 years. 250,000 BolJ.' TeatimonialB from every State. _ fer Free Catalog showing all Btyles and Bamplo Arlington guaranteed machines from 111.95 up. Oar Antoniatie fahinet at $17.73 Is s wonder. * CASH RFYERS- FNION. Dept. A.345, rHICAGO, ILL. I REFtSEN efflc Fruit Packages of All Kinds. — Al,SO — BEE=KEEPERS' SUPPLIES. . . Order your supplies now before the btisy season catches you. Price list free. Address BERLIN FRUIT-BOX COMPANY, Berlin Heights, - - Erie County, Ohio. Union Combination Saw For Ripping, Cross- -=j~ cutting, Rabbetin Mitering, Grooving, Gaining, Boring, Scroll sawing, Udge - mouldin Beading. Full line Fool and Hand Power machin- erv. Semi fo7- catalog A. SENECA FALLS MFG. CO., 14 Water St.. Seneca Fs., N.Y, PAPTTR, illtistM, 20 p&iiHB, . „ .^ .. . 20 cenis per yuar. 4 months' trial 10 cents. Sample tree, fi-l-paprc practicat poultry book free to yearly snlisenbers. Book alone 10 cents. tJatalojrne of P'>n!tiy books free, eoultry Advocate, Syracaae. «.¥. Handy Farm Wagons make the worli easier for both the man and team. Tiie tires beingwide they do not cut into the pround; the labor of loadinc: is reduced many times, because ot the short lift. They are equipped with our fam- ous Electric Steel Wheels, eitherstraitjhtorstag- per spokes. Wheels any height from 24 to 60 inches. White hickory axles, steel hounds. Guaranteed to carry 40110 lbs. VVliy not get started rightby putting in one of these wagons. We make our steel wheels to fit any wagon. Write for the catalog. Itisfrea. ELECTRIC WHEEL CO., BOX 95, QUINCY, ILL.^ Fruit & Ornamental, Shrubs, Roses, Bulbs and Plants. Correspondence solic- ted. Valuable Oatalogae free. 49th year. 44 greenhouses. KHJO acres. THE STORRS & HARRISON CO., Painesville, Ohio. friends PAGE FENCE has. are the people have used it longest and tested its merits Page Woven Wire Fence Co., Box S, Adrian. Michigan. BETTER PRICES can be secured for your honejs and you can save money bj^ usingf car- tons and shipping--cases purchased of C. B. Howard, Romulus, New York. The weight of the cartous more than piys for them. Order early so as to save delay. 200 TESTED REH CLOVER QUEENS on hand, to go by return mail at i;1.00 each; untested. T.jc each; fli.lX) per doz.; 50 to luO, special prices. We have col- onies this year that gathered S^-^o of clover honey. This beats two years ago. We breed from one of Root's red- clover queetis, too. .She's a hustler, and fine. Now is your time to get readj- for next sea.soti. We guarantee all our queens to reach your P. O. in good condition, and please vou. Money-order office, (iiernsev. Pa. G. ROUTZAHN, MenaMen, Pa. B_ ^^ iM^ _ Barns of plank save timber ^3u Ik If V ^"^ and cash. Neatest, cheap- ^^^^^— ^^^^^^^^— — ^ est. strongest, most desir- able. .51)00 in 12 .States. Tested for '20 years. Indorsed by agricultural colleges and scientific men. Book for stamp. Shawver Brothers, Bellefontaine, Ohio. Mrk+ir-^a ? After July 1st I will sell fine Hal! IXULICv;. follows: Untested, 0.5c: tfsted ilians as SlOO; breeders, $2 00. My bees are hardy, gentle, and pro- lific, and work well on red clover. I also have choice stock of Doolittle's, Root's red-clover, and other strains, and will do the best I can to please. Safe ar- rival guaranteed. Earl Y. Safford, 3alem, N. Y. FOR SALE.— 100 Ivangstroth winter hives, supers, zinc honey-boards, bee-escapes, and feeders. Karl Keim, 149 York .St., Buffalo, N. Y. 666 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Aug. 1 vwwvwtfvwtfywyvwvywy^^wwwvyuwtf^vwwwMM; Ready ! New London, Wisconsin. MANUFACTURERS OF AND DEALERS IN . . . BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES. . . . Send for Our Free New Illustrated 5 Catalog and Price List ^ Sixty-four Page Catalog of every thing- bee-keepers need. Illustrated and fully described. Especially valuable to begin- ners for the information it con- tains. Send your address on a postal and get it now. Estab- lished 1884. J* M* Jenkins^ Wctumpka^ Elmore Co., Ala, »♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»»♦♦ BEE-SUPPLIES. Best-equipped factory in the West ; car- ry a large stock and greatest variety of every thing needed in the apiarv, assur- ing BEST goods at the LOWEST prices, and prompt shipment. We want every bee-keeper to have our FREE ILLUS- TRATED CATALOG, and read descrip- tion of Alternating Hives, Ferguson Su- pers, etc. IVrite at once for a catalog. AGENCIES Trester Supply Company, Lincoln, Neb. Shugart & Ouren, Council Bluffs, la. Chas. Spangler, Kentland, Ind. Kretchmer Mfg. Co., Box 60, Red Oak, la. mmmmmmmmmmmm BINGHAM SMOKER. Dear Sir:— Inclosed find $1.75. Please ■end one brass amoke-engina. I hare one Already. It is the bust Bmoktr I •TernBed. Truly y4. Beeswax, 22@25. C. C. Clemons & Co., Aug. 2. 306 Grand Ave., Kansas City, Mo. Cincinnati.— Some small lots of new comb honey have been coming in. but as the weather is so warm there is very little demand. That sold in .stores brought 15c for fancy. The market for extracted was more lively, bringing as follows: Amber, 5(g5i-4; alfal- fa water white, 6^ A StaoM-Bred QUEEFBEE For 25 cents To a New Subscriber for the Weekly American Bee Journal. We have arranged with several of the best queen-breeders to supply us with The Very Best Untested Italian Queens that they can possibly rear. — well worth $1.00 each. We want evers' reader of Gleanings to have at least one of these Queens. As the supply of these splendid Queens is limited, we prefer to use all of them in this way — for getting new subscribers. But if any one wishes to purchase them aside from the Bee Journal subscription, the prices are as follows : One Queen, 75 cents ; 3 Queens, $2.10 ; 6 Queens for $4.00. We expect to be able to fill orders by return mail, or almost as promptly as that, so there will be no great delay, at any rate. Remember, the Weekly American Bee Jour- nal one year and the Queen — both for only $1.25 — to a NEW subscriber. Now for your name and $1.25 — and then the Queen that we will send you. Address, GEORGE W. YORK & CO., 144 & 146 Epie Street, CHICAGO, ILL. J9®°" Sample cf^py of the Amprican Bee Journal and Catalog- of Root's Bee-Keepers' Supplies FREE. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 673 Qieanings in Bee Culture [Established in 1S73.] Devoted to Bees, Honey, and Home Interests. Published Semi-monthly by The A. 1. Root Co., - - Medina, Ohio. A. 1. ROOT, Editor of Home and Gardening Dep ts. E. R. ROOT. Editor of Apicultural Dept. J. T. CALVERT. Bus. Mgr. A. 1,. BOYDEN, Sec. TERMS $1.00 per annum ; two years, $1.50; three years, $2.00; five years, $3.00, in advance; or two copies to one address, $1.50 ; three copies, $2.00 ; five copies, $3.75. The terms apply to the United States, Canada, and Mexico. To all other countries \% cents per year extra for postage. DISqpNTINUANCES. The journal is sent until orders are received for its discontinuance. We give notice just before the subscription expires, and fur- ther notice if the fir.st is not heeded. Any subscriber whose subscription has expired, wishing his journal discontinued, will please drop us a card at once; other- wise we shall assume that he wishes his journal con- tinued, and will pay for it .soon. Any one who does not like this plan :nay have his journal stopped after the time paid for by making this request when ordering. RATES OF ADVERTISING. These will be fur- nished on application. s of Grand Traverse territory and L,eelanau Co. are descriptive of Michigan's most beautiful section reached most conveniently via the Pere Marquette R. R. For pamphlets cf Michigan farm lands and the fruit belt, address J. E. Merritt, Manistee, Michigan. DITTMER'S FOUNDATION. Retail — Wholesale — Jobbing. Having increased my shop -room, put in power and a new set of ma- chines, I am now producing a better article than ever, with unlimited ca- pacity to meet orders. I use a process that produces every essential neces- sary to make it the best and most de- sirable in all respects. My process and automatio machines are my own inventions, which enable me to seil foundation, and WORK WAX INTO FOUNDATION FOR CASH, at prices that are the lowest. I make a specialty of working up_ Wholesale and Jobbing I,ots of wax into foundation, for cash. If you have •wax by the 100 lbs. or ton, let me hear from you. Catalog giving Full Line of Supplies with prices and samples, ?ree upon application. BEESWAX WANTED. Gus. Dittmer, Augusta, Wisconsin. 17ftn PFPPPTQ All sizes; some tr.iined: first- \L\J\J I L,I\1V1-.10. j-iass stock New price list free N. A. KNAPP, Roctiester, Lorain Co., Ohio. Angora Goats are handsome, hardy, profitable Prize stock ; low price ; circular Ed. W. Cole & Co.. Kenton, O. ^♦♦^♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦^ ♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦< ^ Marshfield Manufacturing Company. Our specialty is making S^ECTIONS, and they are the best in the market. Wisconsin basswood is the right kind for them. We have a full line of BEE - SUPPI,IES. Write for FREE illustrated catalog and price list. Marshfield Manufacturing Company, Marshfield, Wisconsin. »#♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦* sjiHiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiniMgnnniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiininnniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMniiiiiiiiiiib 1 1. J.Stringham, New York City j 105 Park Place. I -lb. square jars, $5.00 per gross ; No. 25 jar, porcelain top, $5.75 per gross; nickel cap, fancy, $5.50 per gross. All clear flint glass. We ship from N. Y. City. Cartons, shipping-cases, every thing a bee- I Honey=jarsI keeper uses. Tested Italian Queens, $1.00; untested, 70c. | i Catalog free. Apiaries are located at Glen Cove, Long Island. | TiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiinnii 674 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. . Aug. IS iJiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiininiiiiiuiMMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiin I Fancy Glassed Comb Honey Wanted! | I We are in the market now for some fancy = I glassed (glassed on both sides of each sec- = I tion) comb honey. Will pay a fancy price S I for a fancy article. Advise ns at once of how | I much you have, and what gathered from. = I A. L. Boyden, care of The A. I. Root Co., Medina, Ohio. | TJiniiiniiiiiMiiiiiiiiiMiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ I Orders Shipped Promptly. I ^ We are runnin"- our lar^e factory and shipping- -^ >v department DAY and NIGHT, and are therefore ^ ^ in position to make prompt shipment of orders. ^ ^ ^ ^ Lewis White Polished Sections are Perfect Last winter's cut of Wis- ^ vijr consin basswood is the whitest we have ever seen. When you order vjg;, '^ No. 1 Sections from us you wiU get a strictly No. 1 grade in both ^ ^- workmanship and color. ■^ ik. Our Bee^hives are made of a fine grade of lumber and are perfect in work- ^^ ^ manship. A full line of every thing needed in the apiary ready for A^ ■^ prompt shipment. Catalog mailed on application. y^ ■^ A Suggestion. Do not put your money into new-fangled bee-hives, but y^ vt^ bu3' a simple, serviceable, and well-made hive such as the regular vj^ 'V^ Dovetailed Hive, arranged for beeway sections. Honey-producers '^ ■^ in Colorado, one of the largest honey-producing sections in the •^■ ^d world, use this style. ^jg. ^ ^ % Q. B. Lewis Company, Watertown, Wis. % Queens Now Ready to Supply by Return Mail. rinldpn If^lifiri^ have no superiors and few equals; untested, 7oc; 6 for |4. 00. l?pd=rlftVfr OllPftl^ which left all records behind in gathering honey; untested, $1; 6 for |5. Cflrniolfltm ^^^ ^° highly recommended, being wzorg gentle than others: untested, $1.00. ;ccccccccc; Root's Goods at Root's Factory Prices, cccccccccc C. H. W. Weber, 2146, 2148 Central Av., Cincinnati, Ohio. Successor to Chas. F. Muth and A. Muth. ^ iHoNE.Y fiOMEL' 'ubhshedy THE~A I'RooY Co. ii£ p[RVtAR'^'\@^ Hedina- Ohio • Vol. XXX. AUG. 15, 1902. No. 16 BlC.C.Miller. In the wax-press the lever g^ives contin- uous pressure, but not the screw. But the screw can be made continuous too. Instead of a sing-le head-plate have two, with a spring- or springs between them. [S. T. Pet- tit made this same suggestion. But the com- bination of a screw and spring- would make ihe apparatus expensive, I fear. — Ed.] Phacelia talk in last Gleanings leaves still untouched the main question, "What is the phacelia that Europeans got from California, and is so valued in Europe for forage and nectar?" Do you California fellows know any thing- about it? Some of you please say yes or no. [Will our Cali- ifornia friends respond with what informa- tion they have? — Ed.] W. L. CoGGSHALL, the same man who gave us the valuable hint about the little cleats on smokers, is the man who told us about coffee or gunny sacks for smoker fuel. He said, "Roll up your sack in a roll, tie a string around it once in about six inches, then take an ax and chop 'er up." [Yes, that is so. He is the man, although I had forgotten the fact. — Ed.] Bisulphide of carbon, C. Davenport sa3^s in Anier. Bee Journal, he has proven does not injure honey for winter stores. Moreover, comb honey subjected to the fumes for ZYz hours or longer showed no trace of g-ranulation the following spring, and he wants to know whether that was the effect of the bisulphide. [I should say that it was only an incident, or, rather, a coinci- dence. I do not quite see how the fumes of the bisulphide could sufficiently penetrate the capping to such a degree that the honey would not granulate. It may be well for us all to watch the matter, for Davenport is not aguesser at things. — Ed.] Adrian Getaz quotes the editor as say- ing "it is nature's way to raise queens during- the swarming season," and adds, "Thafs true." I arise to remark that it is also nature's way to raise queens after the swarming season is all over. Remem- ber that every queen is superseded at the close of her life. In an apiary left to na- ture, if there is no swarming, all queens are supersedure queens, and the supersed- ing- nearly always takes place at or near the close of the harvest. I suspect that, if a census of all queens were taken, it would be found that half as many, possibly quite as many of them, were born in August as earlier. [I think you are right. — Ed.] G. M. DooLiTTLE says, p. 634, "It is now the 30th of June, and clover is on the wane." Clover is usually on the wane here about that time; but I never knew a year like this before, and never expect another like it. The cold wet weather seemed to keep clover back, and it was waxing in- stead of waning June 30, and Aug. 5 finds more clover in bloom than any previous date. Whether the bees will store any thing from it I don't know yet. [You have not yet told us definitely, doctor, just what the season has been with j'ou. Lately I have been scanning- your writings closely to get an idea as to whether there was any honey in sight. Of course, you could not determine exactly; but you could tell wheth- er you had any honey at the moment of writing, and whether the season had been good, bad, or indifferent. — Ed.] For THE BENEFIT of Nivcr and ye editor I'll label this Straw "Not loaded." Not the least suspicion of a joke about it. Years ago I got a lot of loose-hanging frames that were made of basswood. Although end- bars and bottom-bars were ;U wide, leav- ing a }% space between, it was a painfully common thing for them to be glued togeth- er at one end, no matter how carefully top- bars were spaced; and when a hive was raised, the bottom-bars presented a rather zig-zag appearance. But this was just com- mon basswood, and I don't insist Groton basswood would act so. [I have seen frames of Michigan and Ohio basswood 676 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Aug. 15 that were not much better than those you describe; but Mr. Morton, Niver's brother- in-law, the one who made the basswood frames Niver describes, was a very fine workman, and I have not a doubt he could select a grade of basswood that would be the equal of any averag^e pine. From what I saw of Mr. Morton's workmanship, he never used any stuff unless it was thoroug-h- ly seasoned; and for any thing so important as a brood-frame he would use nothing- but the most select stock. — Ed.] I LOOK UP to W. H. Pridgen as authority on queen-rearing- matters ; but isn't he pressing the argument just a bit too far when he says one can prove to his own sat- isfaction that larvas fed from the start as royal larvas are superior by comparing the amount of food fed to royal and worker lar- vds of same age? Are you sure, friend Pridgen, that the extra amount of pap that the royal larva doesn'f use is of any real benefit? What good comes from the dried jelly left in a cell after the queen emerges? Don't you think more difference is made by the kind than the quantity of food in the last two days of feeding? But while doubt- ing the validity of 3'our argument, don't understand me for a minute to advocate the use of larva; three days old. I always use the youngest I can. I don't know zvhy a younger larva should be better than one three days old, but I believe it is better from the simple fact that when queenless bees .are left to their own devices they choose the younger larva. |I take it that, while you may differ with Mr. Pridgen in theor3^ you agree with him in practice; and if the bees select the younger larvae, why shouldn't we? and if it is a fact that the3' do make such selection, is it not based on the theory Mr. Pridgen has jiropounded? What harm is it if the queen larva does have an over- plus of food? Is it not the practice of na- ture to give a lavish supply? and if lavish, is there not a reason for it? I don't know; but surmise that nature is not wasteful. — Ed.] I SUSPECT there are some things about that filling of brood to top-bars not fully understood — at least by me. Certainly there will be more honey in my frames later on, else the bees would starve in winter. Replying to your question, Mr. Editor, when mj' bees have not been busy at starv- ing they have been storing very sloivly. I think that years ago there was more honey in the tops of the frames. It may be the difference in seasons, but I more suspect the difference in bees. You may be right — I think you are — in believing that there will be more honey under top-bar after flow is on. But will not the brood be at its utmost at the beginning of storing? and then if there's nothing to hinder their starting in the sections there would be nothing that "would make the bees very loath I0 go up into the supers" afterward, for after they are well started you know they will not only cross two inches of honey, but six or ten inches, to store in an upper story. Let us make careful observations to try to find out more about the matter. [From what j'ou have said elsewhere, I take it no honey has been coming in to speak of, and t'here- fore the brood in j'our frames would be much higher than it was with us during the corresponding period. But there will generally be some honey, according to our experience, with the average bees above the brood, even if the frame be shallow. But the deeper the frame the larger amount of honej' there will be; and the less inclined will the bees be to go up into the supers. Perhaps the truth is somewhere between us. — Ed.J Dr. Gandy, p. 605, says that b3' his meth- od bees ma3' be made to produce double the ordinar3' surplus and perhaps more. But as I read further on I find that conditions with him are so utterly different from mine that it is hardl3' worth while for me to con- sider his plans. He says, "Bees, even in an eight-frame hive, generally use the two outside frames on each side of the hive for honey and pollen, and this leaves but four frames for brood-rearing. " In this locali- ty, unless a colony is very weak, there will be at least six frames of brood, seven is CDmmon, and many have brood in eight frames. If there is another spot in the world where a strong colony will keep onl3' four frames filled with brood in an eight- frame hive, where is it? Another thing wouldn't work here at all, and I don't be- lieve it would in any other place aside from Dr. Gand3''s. After a swarm started to come out he gave additional surplus room, and the swarm stopped coming out, the bees already out returning. If a colony of mine started to swarm, you might take off' all supers, and pile on empty supers clear up to the clouds, and the swarm would keep right on just the same. [I do not believe Dr. Gandy, although the words might war- rant the construction, meant just what you imply. He certainly could not mean that, when a swarm is actually coming out, it would stop at the very tnoutent the bees could have more room. I have traveled over the country about as extensiveU^ as any one among bee-keepers, I believe. But I never heard of a condition that was any thing like this; therefore I do not think Dr. Gan- dy meant what the words imply. But there is a great deal else that he sa3's in the way of strong colonies and artificial pasturage that deserves more than passing notice. See editorials. — Ed.] Reading "how to burn a bad case of foul brood," p. 641, raises the question whether it would not be less loss to disinfect bees, hive and all, with formalin, //it is thorough- ly established that formalin will destroy all spores. Of course, the disinfected bees would be dead. [But is it settled that for- malin will destro3' the spores, even if it does kill the bees? and would you, doctor, if you had only one or two cases of foul brood in a yard, wish to take your chances? 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 677 We know what fire will do; and my own notion is that a bonfire would be cheaper to apply than any concoction of drug^s we could get up. But a drug- is useful when it will kill the bacilli, even if it will not kill the spores; and we make it a practice to al- ways put naphthol beta in the sj'rup to be fed to bees. It costs little or nothing-, and prevents foul brood from getting- into such an active state as to be positively dang-er- ous in the vicinity. P^ormaliu ma}' accom- plish the same thing; but I am still of the opinion I would not rely on an 3' drug- to kill the spores, even if it did kill the bees. But I am almost ]>osifi\e it would have almost no eflFect on snores. Coiling- temperature is about 212. The heat of an ordinary wood flame is about 975 degrees. When that is applied to the inside of a hive to such an extent that the wood is blackened in every crack and crevice, I think we may be rea- sonably sure the spores are destroyed. But if you take the view of Mr. McEvoy it is not necessary to disinfect hives. Recently at one of our o\it_vards we took two old hives that we 1houi,rht h^d contained foul brood and had not been disinfected. Healthy col- onies were put in them, partly for experi- ment, partly because we did not wish to g-o to the trouble to disinfect double- walled hives, and partly because McEvoy said it was not necessary. Both of those hives subsequently developed foul brood. I can not help feeling that it is best to err on the safe side. About two minutes of time will enable one to disinfect any hive, inside and out, if held oyer a flame. If there were 200 1 lives, to make liberal allowance it might take half a day; but what is half a daj^'s time compared with running chances of having foul brood? There, I am running off from my question; but having seen the results of foul brood, I am getting to be quite a crank on it; and I believe it is my duty, occupying as I do this position in this journal, to keep on preaching disinfec- tion when it costs little or nothing, and we positively know of a simple and sure way that will remove all sources of disinfection; for we never know whether, in shaking or removing the frames, we have caused honey to drop from diseased combs on to the in- side of the hive. — Ed.] y. //. , A/ass. — Unless honey is coming in pretty briskly and unless, too, the colony itself is very strong, the bees would not go into the comb-honey super, even though they might apparently be working, flying in and out of the entrance, and even though there might be acres of white clover and other flowering plants. The honey-flow must be strong, and the hive must be boil- ing over with bees of the right age. The cover must be tight, and the super warm. In localities subject to cool nights it may be advisable to put a protecting case over and around the super. You will find full par- ticulars regarding these conditions under " Comb Honey," in our ABC book. iNeighbonsJieldj ii'^l_2^ ^mocf. ?? Summer days cut .short their course, Seeming scarce betun ; Chilly nights, autumnal sounds, Follow south-bound sun. xHi Mr. F. J. Root, of New York, in writing to the Progressive Farmer, of Raleigh, N. C, speaks of the great benefit that would accrue to the health of the nation by a more liberal use of rice. Of the rice lands of the United States, only a third is now used for that purpose. In speaking of honey in this connection he says, "Honey, too, is not found on the table half as often as it ought to be. It has been regarded as a high- priced luxury, while it ought to be a regu- lar staple article. We are too much given over to pork and potatoes." By the way, if there is a culinary Damon and Pythias it is honey on rice. It is one of the finest combinations that can be had. Of What bee-men are suffering in Australia will be apparent from the following extract from a private letter sent to a friend of mine, who forwards it to me : what pastoralists and stock^owners are going to do should the drouth continue, God only knows. Throughout the western districts, places where dams and waterholes have retained their moisture year in and year out for twenty years are now dry and dusty wastes, and for hundreds of miles the entire face of the country is completely bare of every vestige of veg- etation, save, perhaps, a few trees of stunted growth, and even upon these the leaves and branches hang dull and limp. Queensland is almost as bad. Our flocks and herds are little more than bags of bones, panting and trembling for food and water. The ubiquitous hare and rabbit, as well as the kangaroo, have fallen victims to the ever-present famine. \»/ The Chicago and Northwestern Railway has the following to say to "the boys" in its employ : Cleanliness and neatness are important factors in the railroading of to-day, and these considerations alone are sufficient warrant for a prohibition of the use of tobacco by employees when on duty. We desire that our employees shall not make our property dis- gusting to travelers by the use of tobacco, and them- selves steeped by tobacco-poison while on duty. I believe, however, that the use of tobacco by railroad men is fast decreasing, and the time will come when a tobacco-iiser will be as unwelcome in the transporta- tion departments of the railroads as a drunkard is now. Corncerniug this matter the Ram's Horn saj's : Young men who are contracting the tobacco habit in any form, or who take liquor as a beverage, or associate with those w ho do, may as well give up all hope of entering business life. They are not wanted. The door of success is shut before they approach its thieshold. And yet nearly everj' man and bo}^ in the United States and Europe uses the weed. ^7)78 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Aug. 15 AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL. E. E. Hasty's writings are conspicuous for their absence in the Old Reliable. Mr. R. A. Burnett, the well-known com- mission merchant of Chicago, will be at the Denver meeting. \b A Canadian writer says good vinegar will afford almost instant relief from bee- stings. Mr. York suggests that honey vin- egar be used. In speaking of selling honey on commis- sion, Mr. H. R. Wright says, "I have sold honey extensively for the past 30 years on commission. From my knowledge of the business, and observation of the marketing of honey, if I were a bee-keeper I would place my product in the hands of a commis- sion merchant in preference to trying to sell to the bargain-hunters." \\i Mr. S. A. Niver protests against market quotations of honey for July 24 under date of March 6. Mr. York explains it by say- ing that the quotations are good as quoted, and that no change in price has been made since the date given. Very often those who quote for Gleanings simply say, "No change," in which case we date the quota- tion as near the day of publication as pos- sible. Regardless of the date, I think the quotations are about right in either case. PARALYSIS AMONG THE BEES. "Good afternoon, Mr. Doolittle. How is the honey crop this year?" "Very light indeed, so far. We have really had only three days when nectar was brought into the hives more than about what was needed to support the bees. July 2, 4, and 6, it did not rain, and the atmosphere was just right for the secretion of nectar in the clover-blossoms, and the bees worked with a will. In fact, those days seemed like a flow from basswood, and the bees went into the sections, drew out the founda- tion very rapidly, and I had hopes of quite a yield of section honey, even though it had rained 28 out of the 30 days of June. But it came on rainy again, so the bees could not get out of the hives till the 11th, when a north and east wind sprang up, which is always unfavorable to nectar secretion, es- pecially with clover, and that was the last of our white honey." "Do you think you will have any sections completed?" "From the little I have examined I think the most of the bait sections are nearly cap- ped over, so that there will probably be from six to eight sections to the hive. But it has been so slow in capping that there will be little that will class as even No. 1 honey." "Sorry you did not have a better crop. But that was not the real reason for my coming (by letter) to see you. I fear my bees have paralysis. At some of the hives many bees seem to be swollen up, and seem to shake as if they had the ague, some of them being smooth and shiny. There is lots of brood in these hives, but in some of them the bees are apparentlj^ dying faster than they are replaced with the emerging brood. In front of two hives the bees lie dead in heaps. Do you think the trouble is paralysis?" "From your description I think there is little doubt that your bees have paraly- sis." "How long has this disease been known? " "I do not remember hearing anything about it previous to the earlier eighties; and when it was first heard of it was under the name of 'the nameless bee-disease,' if that can be called a name. For a time it made very rapid strides, till there were very few apiarists who were not familiar with it, ei- ther in their own apiary or in that of some neighbor, during the nineties. But since the ushering in of the twentieth century, the disease seems to be on the wane, or, at least, very little is said about it now." "What is the cause of this trouble?" "That was the }^reat question in the minds of all those who had it in their api- aries; for where the cause can be fully un- derstood, a remed}' is always soon found; but, unless I have been remiss in my read- ing, no one seems to be sure that he knows what the cause is. Many guesses have been made; but as the j^ears have rolled by they have proved to be only guesses, and I doubt our having any thing reliable as to the cause of this plague to the bees." "But can you not tell me what I can do to help these colonies?" "Such telling would belittle more than guesswork. When the disease first made its appearance some of the knowing ones told us the whole trouble came from not let- ting the bees have access to all of the salt they wanted, and from this it was said that, if a strong brine was made and sprinkled over the bees and combs, it was a certain cure." " Did you try it? " "Yes, I tried it, and it was tried by bee- keepers quite generally ; but it was soon apparent that it was of no use as a general remedy. Then salicylic and carbolic acid were recommended, not only as a cure for the disease, but as a preventive as well; but when the general public came to use them, and apiarists, whose knowledge was the practical side of bee culture, the ver- dict was, 'had little or no effect.' There- fore, so far as I know, ' what can I do to 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 679 help them?' still remains an unanswered problem." "I have been told that the trouble comes from the queen. What do you think of this?" "In reply to this I must say, as I did to the other remedies, that there were those, some years ago, who told us the whole trou- ble came through the queen, and that, if the queen was killed and another given in her place, then, as soon as the bees emerg- ed from the new queen, the disease would begin to grow less and less; and when all the bees from the original queen had died, the colony would be free from the disease. This was tried more largely than any other remedy; but after a thorough trial of the same by hundreds, if not by thousands, it was found that, in the majority of cases, such change had no effect whatever." "What was your experience with this remedy?" "The first time I tried it the colony kept along about the same till fall come on, when it got better, and I thought I saw a ray of hope in the matter, although I had noticed that diseased colonies which lived through till then generally got better in the fall. But the next year I had another colony come down with it, the worst of any thing I had ever had; and to fully test the matter I took their queen away and gave her to a healthy colony, at the same time giving the diseased colony a young laying queen. The result this time was that the colony to which I gave the diseased (?) queen went right on in a prosperous condition, with no signs of the disease, while the diseased colony show- ed no abatement of the disease, they becom- ing so weakened in August that they were likely not to repel robbers, when they were united with another colony." "Did you have any further experience with this matter?" "Yes. For a time every colony that was put on a certain stand, when set from the cellar, had the disease during the summer, so I concluded that location had something to do with it, or that the trouble came from some infection which arose out of the ground at certain places. But after a few years the colonies set on this stand were all right, and one on the opposite side of the apiary contracted the disease; so that again I came to the conclusion I knew nothing definite about this trouble." "You speak as though the disease was on the wane, and this gives me courage. How long since you have seen any symptoms of the disease?" "I have seen very little of it since 1897. One colony showed some few bees diseased, with swollen, shiny abdomens, and shak- ing motions, in 1900, and that is the last I have seen any thing of it. There was a time when bee-keepers quite generally be- lieved that this disease would ruin our pur- suit; but you are the only one who has ask- ed me about the matter in over a year; and I have seen very little in print on the mat- ter during that time. I do not think you need to worry over the matter if only a few of your colonies have the disease. But I am glad you called our attention to this, for it is well for all to know that there is such a disease as bee-paralysis, and I hope that whenever and wherever any thing new is discovered in the matter it will be told of in the bee-papers. Perhaps when the edi- tor of Gleanings sees this he will tell us what he has heard in the matter of late." [So far as I can see, friend Doolittle is orthodox in his teachings, as he usually is, regarding bee-paralysis. Scientifically we know little or nothing about it ; and as to a cure, we know no more. I have heard little myself lately about bee-paralysis ; but four or five years ago it reached a virulent stage in the case of one of our Southern subscrib- ers — so virulent, indeed, that his whole apiary was destroyed, and along about that time I heard of its killing out many colonies in California ; but of late I have seen little or nothing regarding it. My own conclusion was that we knew of no cure — that it was practically harmless in the North, but very destructive in some lo- calities in the South. Our friend O. O. Poppleton, of Stuart, Fla., has had an ex- perience with this disease, that is not alto- gether pleasant. — Ed.] QUEEN-REARING. Do we Rear Queens by the Best Methods ? the Proof of the Pudding is in the Eating. BY HENRY ALLEY. It seems to me that the methods now used by many who rear queens are not the best, nor do they come very near the most natu- ral ways — that is, the ways the bees do it if not meddled with after being made queen- less. It is not my purpose to criticise any method used, yet I do not think good queens can be reared by some of the methods now being practiced; in fact, I know from actu- al experience that first-class queens can not be reared while there is a fertile queen present in the hive. Now, why is this so? Perhaps I can best explain the reasons why in this way: What are the conditions under which bees rear queens? I know of onlythree reasons why bees will rear queens: 1. W^hen preparing to cast a swarm. 2. When about to supersede an old queen. 3. When deprived of their queen by acci- dent or otherwise. Pretty good queens can be reared by al- most any method while there is a good flow 680 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Aug. 15 of nectar in the fields. But the honey-flow season is very short, and the queen-dealer must commence to rear queens before there is much natural forage, and continue to rear them long- after the time the bees can collect honey from flowers. I will not discuss the question under the first condition, only to say that not so good queens can be reared, even under the swarm- ing impulse, as can be reared at other times, even when feeding has to be resorted to to keep up proper stimulation. I am aware that the old well-read bee-keeper will make some remarks here. Well, let me explain what I mean, and I believe that a good many bee-keepers will agree with me. I am on the point that as good queens can not be reared by bees having a laying queen as can be done by queenless bees. Now for the reasons why: Except at swarming time bees do not feel the need of more than one queen in the col- ony. Now, if cell cups are given a colony over the brood-nest, does any one believe the bees feel that more queens are needed? If the presiding queen had a chance to de- stroy those cell cups she would surely do so, and the bees would not oppose her in her work. This is not so in natural swarm- ing unless the notion of swarming had been given up; nor is this so when cells are be- ing constructed to supersede an old queen. Queenless bees can alwa3's be depended on for rearing queens of the best qualit}-. Of course, all understand that I do not mean bees that have been queenless for a long time. Only bees just made queenless will produce first-class queens, and they will rear only one batch of good queens: so, don't work them too hard. I do not believe the best queens can be reared by using artificial cell cups. I think eggs furnished to bees from which they can select the egg will produce much better queens. It is all very nice and very scientific, preparing and fixing up the ar- tificial cell cups ; but I can get bees to build more cell cups than I need; and as they can do it so much quicker and better than I can, they are allowed to do it. I am rearing queens by an entirely new method. I now have in my yard some of the largest and finest-developed queens that can be found in the country. No queens are being reared over the brood-nest, nor by any plan that permits a laying queen to be present while cell-building is going on. I am using only nature's ways. Isn't it just as natural for bees to rear queens when deprived of their queen as it is at swarming time or when superseding our old queen? I am using nature's ways only in accordance with common sense, and as long experience dictates. Some one has said that more poor queens are reported now than twenty years ago. Well, that statement ought not to surprise any one. Where one queen was reared and sold twenty years ago, there are now over one hundred sold. Just look at the number of queen-dealers rearing them by the thou- sands! It will make no difference by what method queens are reared, more or less poor queens will be sent out, and more or less poor queens will be reported. By the way, some one has said in these columns that queens are worthless unless fertilized within 21 days from the time they are born. This year I had 9 queens that were 30 days old before they were given a chance to mate. Six of them mated all right. One of them was sent to Arthur C. Miller, of Providence, R. I., to see how she turned out. Right here let me also say that these queens were confined in nursery- cages the entire thirty days. They were not in the least injured by the long confine- ment. The above statement, like many others that get into the bee papers, can easily be shown to be incorrect. Why not have more discussion on queen-rearing? It is a subject that can not be worn out very easily. Better queens can be reared than are now being sent out by a large number of "queen-dealers." In the production of queen-bees, man can outdo nature. I can show that man can beat some of nature's ways in many respects, and yet 'tis only nature's ways used in a practical common- sense way. When bees rear queens while they have a fertile queen in the hive they do not act as though they had any interest in their work. 'Tis kind o' do as you please. But when bees have no queen the conditions are quite different. 'Tis a case of compulsion — do it or go out of existence. Bees in such a condition work with a will, and the result is good queens. Wenham, Mass., Julj' 24. [We have tested all the dift'erent methods of rearing queens ; and the one that we get the best queens from, the longest-lived, is the one having its foundation in Doolittle's book ; and I dare not saj^ or publish in these columns just what is said of them, for it might be construed as a big flaming ad- vertisement for the Root Company. But the Doolittle method does not depend on upper stories, and when it does use them it is only under certain conditions. Those conditions are explained in his book. Sometimes we use the drone-cup plan and sometimes the artificial cup ; but with either we graft the cells. By so doing we can, if we choose, rear thousands of queens from the best breeder in the yard. But if we give a frame of eggs from that best queen, and let the bees do their own selecting, as you tell about, only a few of those eggs will be utilized for the queens, while the rest will be used for common bees. By the graft- ing plan we are enabled to use a very large percentage of all the eggs a choice queen may lay for the purpose of rearing queens and not bees. Our own experience, and it covers 25 years, would not be altogether in line with what you write, although we would agree with you in some of j'our propositions. While we have cells built in upper stories, 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 681 under certain conditions, a g-reat majority are built out in supersedure colocies or those actually queeuless. I do not believe that there is any method known — and we have great respect for our veteran queen- breeder Mr. xVlley — that will produce better queens than we are now rearing. — Ed.] QUEEN-REARING. The Comb ; How to Prepare it ; How to Remove the Cocoons with the Young Larvs. BY W. H. PRIDGEN. The comb from which the transfer is made should be such as has been in use until several generations of brood have emerged from it, and is, consequently, quite dark when held up to the light. While some that is quite old and thick works well it is not necessary to use the very oldest that may be found. It should be thick enough for the bottoms of the cells to lose their hexag- onal shape and look glossy. When such is shaven down to within \i inch of the bot- tom of the cells on both sides, with a keen- edged slightly heated thin table-knife, and bent back and forth, the gun-cap-shaped cocoons or cell-bottoms formed by the skins or silken tissues left by each generation of hatching brood will drop from it or can be lifted out with and transferred to the wax cup with the stick herewith illustrated. All combs do not work alike. The glossy cocoons will almost drop from some after they are shaved down, while others seem to be glued in, and have to be loosened up with the pointed end of the stick; and any of them seem to be more easily removed from a piece cut some distance from the edge of the comb or near the center. When one is found that works unusually well it can be used to patch the holes cut in other combs by cutting a piece the size and shape of the piece containing larvae to be cut out. Place it over the spot select- ed, and use it as a pattern to cut the comb to be used in transfer- ring by, and simply slip it in the opening made. Four or five days later this patch may be found containing larvas of the desired age, and the operation can be repeated continually during the season. As a rule, if the hole made in a comb is not patched the bee will fill it with drone comb, which less- ens the chances of always finding a very small spot containing larvae all of the right age. This is often the case when, from any cause, brood-rearing has subsided, as the queen is more inclined to deposit eggs scatteringly at such times. But, one does have to cut out a very large piece to get the number wanted, as a piece one inch square will supply enough to graft two or three batches when all are of the right age. WORKING THE BROODER FOR EGGS. Many avoid taxing valuable breeding queens to the extent of keeping them in full colonies, claiming that they are not so soon exhausted; but when kept on only three or four combs, all available comb is soon filled with eggs, followed by a check in laying unless combs of brood are removed and empty combs given, which, in reality, taxes the queen nearly as heavily as when on a full complement of combs. If only a few larvas are wanted at inter- vals, empty comb can be given a few days in advance, and, when filled with eggs, re- moved, to be cared for by bees having vir- gin queens, queenless bees, or in stories above queen -excluders, by cell-builders, etc., the transfers to be made from it so long as the larva; are the right age; but where there is almost a daily demand, the management must be such as to keep the queen laying continuously, which gives no trouble during the main breeding season, as patches of hatching eggs and young lar- vae can always be found at such times. Some doubt the advisability of restrain- ing breeding queens in egg-laying, believ- ing that it affects the prolificness of their offspring; but we notice that a check in lay- ing takes place as soon as the swarming- fever strikes a colony, and that but few eggs are deposited while preparations aie being made to swarm, compared to the num- ber preceding such preparations; but this may be due to several reasons, one being that the bees do not want to be taxed with the feeding of a great many larva; whi;e nursing the larval queens, the secret being the importance of a large force of nurse bees with their energies bent on supplying the queens to be with ample nourishment rather than the condition of the mother, as to her prolificness, or, rather, the quantity of eggs being deposited daily, just at the time those are laid that produce the queens. The preservation of the breeding-queens being the only factor of consideration (as to whether they are kept laying at full ca- pacity or not), the lives of which can not be prolonged sufficiently to justify any great inconvenience in the matter of rearing daughters of the highest type from them at will, besides wishing to change from time to time to those in which we note more de- sirable traits, the object should be a man- agement that aftords the greatest conven- ience to the owner, and enable him to secure larvae when needed, as far as possible. One point is, to remove the breeder's hive to a new location and throw the working force into some other colony as soon as suffi- cient honey is being stored to check brood- rearing by the filling of the combs as fast as the young bees emerge. Hy so doing the colony is deprived of its field force without destro3'ing the usefulness of these old bees, and is left in an excellent condition to re- sume brood-rearing in a short time, which 682 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Aug. 15 will be continued until the field force in- creases to the extent of ag-ain clog-ging the brood-nest with honey, in case of a continu- ance of the flow, or until the flow ceases, as the case may be. Under the first-named condition remove the colony as before; but if the flow ceases, uncap some of the honey in the combs, or mutilate the cappings, or else feed a little syrup every evening; and as soon as the eggs hatch, give the combs to other colonies for the brood to be sealed and then returned, thus increasing the force of young bees without their having to feed the larvas to any great extent, and thereby, by keeping the same set of combs with breeders all this time, but few are mutilat- ed. In this way a queen may be kept lay- ing when there is no nectar to gather, and the small amount of larvas in the hive will be well fed; but it should be remembered that, as a rule, if a colony has held up in brood-rearing, either from the efl'ect of a heavy flow or no flow at all, eggs given to them will almost invariably be destroyed, and hence the advisability of allowing them to remain at such times where laid until they hatch, unless they can be given to queenless bees or to those having virgin queens. The average honey-producer will have but little trouble in securing an abundance of larva; of the proper age when wanted, as, of course, this class will not attempt to raise their queens when, from any cause, the bees are not actively engaged in brood-rear- ing, as they will want to do the work at a time when they can raise perfect queens, and that with the least trouble and expense. Having secured a small bit of comb, as previously described, containing larva; just hatched, surrounded by a clear or very slightly milky speck of chyle, the larva be- ing accepted all right when it can not be seen on account of its smallness, we are ready to make THE TRANSFER OF "BABY, CRADLE, AND ALL." This idea was conceived by Mr. Willie Atchley, a noted queen-breeder of Beeville, Texas, who ingeniously transferred the co- coons with tweezers, and met with such uni- form success that he gave the plan to the public, which led to the discovery of a much more efficient tool for the purpose, and thus brings to light the best, quickest, and sim- plest method of transferring known to the fraternity. As can be seen by the illustration, the transfer end of the stick is slightly round- ing, and should be a fraction larger than a worker-cell, while the funnel-shaped cavity in the end affords protection to the larva or egg in the bottom of the cell or cocoon when taken up on the stick. The bulging part slightly stretches the mouth of the cocoon, and makes it fit sufficiently tight for it to adhere to the stick as a cap does on a gun- tube, and at the same time preserves its smoothness, even when sufficient pressure is exerted to make it fit smoothly in the queen-cup, and adhere to that. When a tis- sue too thin to preserve its form is taken up, instead of the whole cocoon, which is some- times the case, even when the most of them work well, it need not be transferred, as such are seldom accepted, while, on the other hand, there is sometimes a loose thin tissue on the outside that can be rubbed off with the fingers before inserting the cocoon in the wax cup. Sometimes when several thick laj'ers are taken up the3' separate, and one adheres to the stick and the other to the cup. The one on the stick is left ready for the next cup while the empty one must be removed from the cup into which it is left before another will stick. We seldom have the first trou- ble except with comb not exactly old enough, and the last when it is very old, and nei- ther is a very serious matter. With a piece of comb that works well the transferring can be done as fast as the stick can be inserted into the cocoon and then into the cup, while with other pieces in which the cocoons do not readily loosen up when bent back and forth it is necessary to move the stick slightly back and forth as though attempting to shove the cocoon out sidewise before it lets go and adheres to the stick. As before explained, the sink in the cup for the reception of the cocoon is smaller than the transfer-stick, which admits of sufficient pressure when the transfer is made to make the cocoon fit snugly against the sides without its reaching the laottom and thereby becoming disfigured. The cups should be warm enough to mash up without cracking, so as to admit of slightly stretching, for the best results. Simply press the cocoon down into the cup, give a little twist, and the work is done. Eggs can be transferred in this way as well as larva;, but are no better than larvse /usi hatched, besides not being as readily accepted. Another consideration is, we can not judge of their age, and hence do not get a batch of queens as uniformly good as when all are of the same age, for the rea- son that the first to hatch receive better at- tention than the others, as is often the case with queens from natural cells. This can be overcome in a measure by selecting eggs lying on their sides on the bottom of the cells, instead of those stand- ing on end as the queen deposits them, as the former are about ready to hatch. Whether we use eggs or larvse we want them of uniform age, for the reason given above; and to be of uniform size and qual- ity all must be accepted at one and the same time, and especially in case larvje are used instead of eggs. The first queens to emerge from a batch of cells are almost invariably the best, but not, as some might conclude, because the larvae from which they are rear- ed were older, for the fact has been verified that there is not always as much difference in the emerging of the queens as there is in the age of the larva; used; and the sooner the queen emerges or is ready to emerge after the egg is laid, the better. Although 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 683 a whole batch may be eventually accepted, but not all promptly nursed, when larvas of as near]}' all the same age as one is able to select be used, still if, on examination a few hours after it is given to the bees, some cups are found shaped up, and the inmates more lavishly fed than others, those at all neglected can have pins stuck over them as being slower in emerging, and inferior in quality. HONEV is not being offered very freely. That may indicate a scarcity of crop, even in the East. HONKY MAHKET AND PRICES; A GF.NERAL FAILURE IN THE WEST. As intimated in our last issue, Western honey will not be much of a factor in the Eastern markets this year. The season has been nearly a failure in Colorado. Our Mr. Calvert, who has just left Colorado for California, writes us that the honey crop in Colorado is practically a failure; but in the region of Rockj' Ford there will be a fair crop, and there may be some honey about Denver; and he adds, "It looks very much as if the West this year would consume all the honej' she will produce." Further ad- vices show that Southern California has had another light rain ; but it will not greatly affect the honey situation. Arizona will not be able to harvest more than one- fourth of a crop. With regard to the territory east of the Mississippi, the conditions are but little if any different from those reported in our last issue. Reports vary much in their character. One letter, for instance, in one State will show the best honey crop ever known. Another letter coming from the same State, only a few miles from where the first-mentioned letter came, will show an absolute failure. With scarcely an ex- ception the season shows up well in Ohio; but it varies all the way from good to bad in Wisconsin, New York, Pennsylvania, and the New England States generally. In Illinois and Michigan, except the northern part, the season has been generally poor. Taking every thing into consideration, the white-clover crop will be heavier, I think, than last season; but when all the returns are in it may show up diflerently. There w^ill be less basswood honey. The general shortage of honey in the West should cause prices in the East to ad- vance slightly, if anything, over last year. If our commission men in the large cities •will malie a note of this fact they can help themselves as well as the general bee-keep- ing fraternity by holding out for better prices than prevailed a year ago at this time. DR. GANDY AND HIS ASSERTIONS ; CATNI}' FOR ARTIFICIAL PASTURAGE. I HOLD in mj'^ hand quite a mass of corres- pondence, most of it decidedly favorable to the doctor, and some of it otherwise. One man. Dr. O. E. Vermilye, writes that, after having seen Dr. Gaudy's article, he left his home in New York State and went to Humboldt, Neb., to look over the ground, because he could not believe such results could be secured. He writes from Hum- boldt that he has had a most delightful time with the doctor, and has been shown over his farm, and seen his large catnip- fields, and he is convinced of the value of catnip as a honey-plant. He closes by saying he is learning modern bee-keeping, and expects to keep bees on the Gandy plan. There are several who write they bought the doctor's honey at 15 cts. a pound. One hotel-keeper (the proprietor of the Park House) says he purchases a ton and a half of honey of Dr. Gandy each year, paying 15 cents a pound for it. Under date of Aug. 5 Mr. J. W. Bryant, of Humboldt, writes that last fall he sowed 14 acres of catnip and quite a little of sweet clover, and that he is expecting to sow 25 acres more this fall; that on the old plan of bee-keeping his crops have been light, but that, if he kept bees on the Gandy plan, with plenty of catnip pasturage, he thinks from what he has seeia he could equal Gau- dy's yield. He further says he sold two wagonloads of extracted honey for Dr. Gan- dy last fall, and that he has sown catnip seed for the doctor for four years along the roadside. Capt. A. M. Enoch, of Humboldt, writes that he has been a neighbor of Dr. Gaudy's for over 30 years, and that his large crops of honey are mostly from catnip and sweet clover. He is a member of the citj' coun- cil, he says; has served as police judge and justice of the peace, and is familiar with Dr. Gaudy's work and methods. Another writer, Mr. Z. A. Hobbs, also of Humboldt, says he has sown bushels of catnip and sweet clover, and lives on one of Dr. Gaudy's farms of 200 acres; that it is in his contract for the farm for another year that he shall sow 30 acres of catnip and sweet clover. Another writer, whose name I can not quite make out, at Elk Creek, Neb., says he has about four acres of catnip and an abundance of basswood near by, but that the bees will not leave the catnip to work on basswood; that he has been gathering seed for Dr. Gandy for seven or eight years, and has delivered the same to the doctor. All the waste ground around Humboldt, and the roads leading into Humboldt, he says are thickly sown with catnip, and estimates that the amount ^11 told in the vicinity is 684 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Aug. 15 between 25 and 30 acres; that he has looked into Dr. Gandy's hives, and says he knows '"the statement of the vleld of houej' to be absolutely correct." Dr. Gandy, in writing- for himself, says the substance of his letter in Gi.iiANiNGS was published in the Anierican Bee Journal some time last September, and that the same was extensively copied at the time, and no one appeared to question the state- ments. He has no catnip seed for sale, but did sell one man a little as an accommoda- tion. He says he sowed last year nearly 50 acres of catnip, but that, on account of the drouth, it was largely killed out; that, moreover, he has devoted sixteen 3'ears to working on artificial pasturage, and that time he has planted 80 acres of buckbush, 100 acres of hoarhound, has tried horse- mint, mustard, and numerous other plants, and as a result has found nothing to equal catnip and sweet clover. He says that two or three bee-keepers following his method have been able to equal his yield. He ad- mits that his figures look a little strange to Eastern bee-keepers, but that he is pre- pared to prove all he says, and courts the fullest investigation. His honey is sold mostly in the local towns, and is delivered in wagons. Being a physician he preaches the food value of honey, and as a result has induced many families to use honey in pref- erence to any other sweet. Over against these statements are some doubting Thomases— some who live right in the vicinity. One man in particulsr says he does not know how such results could be secured and he not know it. The evidence in hand is very conflicting, and if I had the space I would publish the whole of it, barring some portions that are not intended for the public. As it is, I have endeavored to give a brief synopsis of each letter and the names of some of the writers. I hold in my hand all the corres- pondence, and am prepared to show it to any one who may visit our office, who de- sires further information. But I wish to enter a general caution to the general reader against getting excited over artificial pasturage. The editor of Gleanings and of the Bee-Peepers' Revieiv are planning a trip to Humboldt, and I therefore suggest that you do not ivaste any time or money, bid wait till ive tivo can go into the field and see xvith our own eyes. There is no immediate hurry; and along about the middle of September Mr. Hutch- inson and I expect to be on the field. There, you have the facts before you as nearly as I can give them without going to Humboldt; but I will say this: No one denies that Dr. Gandy is a very wealthy resident of Humboldt, and that he keeps a good many bees. Besides owning a large number of farms he owns several hotels. The only disputed points are whether he is able to produce the results he has stated from bees, and whether he has the acreage of artificial pasturage he claims. THE CONVENTION AT DENVER, SEPT. 3, 4, 5, WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY, FRIDAY, BE- GINNING WEDNESDAY EVENING. Rates from Chicago to Denver and re- turn will be S25; from St. Louis, $21; from St. Joseph, Kansas City, and Omaha, $15. If j'ou desire to stop off at any point you will probably have to make special ar- rangements. Whether the railroad com- panies will allow a stop-off I can not sas'. A party of bee-keepers will start from Chicago via the Northwestern, on Monday evening, Sept. 1. For further particulars write Geo. W. York, 144 Erie St., Chicago. Such men as W. L. Coggshall and W. F. Marks, of New York; George E. Hilton, of Michigan; Dr. C. C. Miller; Mr. W. Z. Hutchinson; Dr. A. B. Mason ; E. T. Ab- bott; G. W. York ; H. H. Hyde and Louis Scholl, of Texas; F. E. Brown, of Califor- nia; Huber Root, E. R. Root, and quite a number of others whose names I do not now recall, will go to Denver. Those who ex- pect to go had better go to their agents and inquire for rates at once. Mr. W. Z. Hutchinson, Flint, Mich., will go by the A. T. & S. F. route, and any who desire to go with his party would do well to write him earlj^. Just which route Huber and I will take is a little uncertain at this time. I wish to make my plans so I can stop at Humboldt, Neb., on my return. The low rates to Denver and return are secured through the Letter Carriers' Asso- ciation, and apply to everyone. The rates apply pretty much through the United States. Those who are coming from Cali- fornia will be glad to know that there will be provision made for them. President Hutchinson writes: Friend RooL— I have just received notice from the Santa Fe Railroad that they will sell round-trip tickets from California to Denver and return for 555 to ac- credited delegates to the National Bee-keepers' Con- vention. Date of sale, Aug. 28. Final limit, 00 days W. Z. Hutchinson. Those from the far West need to get their credentials from their local society. MR. DANZENBAKER AND BRUSHED SWARMS. We have just had a brief visit from Mr. Danzenbaker, who is on his way to Cali- fornia on special business. In talking over the matter of the brushed-swdrm plan he mentioned the fact that he had practiced for years that method of controlling swarms; and by it he is enabled to get a powerful colony in one of his shallow brood-nests for comb honey; and if there i^ any honey at all to be had, he is going to get it. and th;it with a small probability of swarming. I have been looking up this matter of brushed or "shook" swarms; and in the face of the favorable testimony concerning it I am suryrised that bee-keepers have mt made more of it. Wh}-, just think of it! //' swarms can be controlled in small brood - nests when running for comb honey, it will be one of the greatest boons that ever struck modern apiculture. If any one else has had experience with brushed swarms I wish he would tell us about it. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 685 A TALE OF THE BEES, OF THE BOY, OF THE DOG, OF THF MAN, AND OF THE HORSE; HOW TO TKKAT HOKSKS FOR BFK- STINGS. I WOULD say for the benefit of our read- ers, that, owing- to the heavy traffic on the railroad close to our factor}', acccmpanied with smoke and noise, Mrs. Koot, myself, and Master Leland, our eleven-year-old boy, moved out about two miles and a half from town on to a farm owned by an uncle known familiarly in yecirs g^one by Jis "Neighbor H.," and who during- these years has reared for us hundretis of queens. The house is one of the old-fashioned kind, built 52 years ago, and which had been abandoned for some time. But it suited Mrs. Root, who said that any place remote from the smoke of our factory and the loco- motives, and fiom the shriek of whistles iind the clang of bells, would be more tolerable and "livable" than our modern dvvelling near by the aforesaid nerve destro3-er, and for the summer, at least so far, we have been away from the maelstrom of busy life. I have been going- to and fro on the bicycle to the factory each day, and driving- during- bad weather. Near the old house referred to we located an apiary of something- over a hundred col- onies; and during- the spare evening hours I have been working- out among- the bees. \^'ell, Neighbor H. had been running- the farm, driving out from town everj^ day. On this particular day of which I speak he was cutting timothy, and the mower and reaper were going- up and dwwn the field. He left his horse browsing:, hitched to the buggy in the field loose, while he went to the further end of the field to see to the men. In the mean time the horse had got over into the uncut hay, and was having- a "regular feast." Leland, seeing- this, con- cluded that Uncle Hen would not like it, and therefore, with the best of intentions, proceeded to back old Brownie (that is the horse's name) out of the timothy. But Brownie was obstrepert.us, and paid but little heed to the boyish voice; whereupon the boy grabbed the whip, and then the old horse concluded to move, and that on a dou- ble-quick. She started in a bee-line for the bee-yard, without any fence around it, the bo3' after her on foot. Very fortunately for the boy a stray bee stung- him, and started him off in another direction. Mr. Harring- ton saw what was coming, aad made rap- idly for the horse. In she went among the bees under the low-spreading- apple-trees, while the boy was making for parts un- known. Pretty soon the horse began to kick, and then a regular stampede ensued. The more the bees stung her, the madder she became. She kicked two hives over, and, as if out of revenge, she would walk 1 ight up to a hive in front of her, and stamp one of her front hoofs right throug-h it. She actually ran one foot right through one su- per of comb hone}', down into the brood- nest, and — such a racket! Mr. Harrington arrived on the scene just in time to find the horse covered with bees and kicking every thing in sight into smithereens. He man- aged to get her free, and started her for the open barn. He himself was literally cov- ered with stings. He raked the bees out of his hair by the handfuls; and when he emerged from the yard there was scarcely a spot on his face or body that you could place a finger on without putting it on a sting; and the "old mare"— well, she shar- ed about the same fate. About this stage of the proceedings a family dog-, very much prized by the chil- dren and by all the members of the family in particular, hearing the horse kick, and seeing- the unusual fracas among the bees, rushed out into the yard and barked at the kicking horse, thinking that the thing for her to do was to to get out from among the bees. But, poor dog! his intentions were good, the same as was the boy's. The bees rushed after him, and the vvay he started for the timothy! Nothing was heard of him till the man with the mower heard the yelp of a dog, and it came from poor "Trixie," who had hidden to get away from the bees; and when the mower came up he was struck by the knife in one of his hind legs, giving it a bad wound. The high keynote of the mad bees, the kicking of the horse, the cry- ing of the boy, all of these and more made things lively for a while. Mrs. Root was on the point of getting on her wheel, to go to town and get me to come home, and thus help out "poor Uncle Hen." She thought of sending the boy on his bike; but for a time at least she knew it would be almost fatal for either to leave the house, as the bees had taken possession of every thing within several rods of the premises. Now, Neighbor H., or "Uncle Hen," is an expert horseman as well as bee-keeper; and if there was any man in all the United States who was capable of righting the sit- uation of a horse so badly stung it would die in a few minutes, and pulling together five powerful colonies that had been kicked all into smithereens, it was Uncle Hen. Without a veil or smoker, and notwithstand- ing the hundreds of stings that were being stuck into Jiim, he righted all the hives, put the supers and covers on, and then made a rush for the barn, covered with mad sting- ing bees. He clawed them out of his hair, and smashed them while they were cling- ing to his clothing, which they stung- clear through, they were so mad. He called for a pound of salt, and in the mean time pro- ceeded to rake the bees oif the horse. He wrapped the salt in a pajier, and pushed paper and all down the horse's throat. She was beginning to swell, and it was evident she would die in a few minutes unless the salt would act, and something i/id act. Very so n the swelling began to ease up; the horse seemed easier, and in the course of an hour, when g-iven g-rain, she ate as if nothing- had happened; and in two or three hours mure she was driven home by Mr. Harrington, two miles and a half, in the very buggy in which she had been hitched, 686 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Aug. 15 and from which she kicked herself clear. With some binding--wire the thills were made to hold together, and man, horse, and buggy went to town as usual. I had a Bell telephone in the house; but, unfortunately, it had not been connected, and so I could not be reached. When I ar- rived home about half past five I heard a high key in the apiary, and, to my conster- nation, I saw something had happened. There was the buggy, out of which a horse had evidently kicked itself free; there were the hives, in pieces and splinters; parts of covers, chunks of honey, and robbing ga- lore. I rushed to the house to inquire, but found it locked. I went to the back door, and found numerous blood-spots on the back porch. Something surely had happened. I then began to think about my only boy, and wondered whether or not my wife had taken him to town, for the boy was fond of driving said horse, as it is very gentle. I managed to get in at the back door, and there found the dog with his leg bandaged up, and then it was all clear so far as the blood was concerned. Pretty soon Mrs. Root came in from picking berries, and made some "remarks" about my not hav- ing the telephone connected; and a while after the boy came in to tell his story. But how ajiy horse or any man could have received the stings that the two did, and live, is beyond my comprehension. Mr. Harrington did not take any salt nor any thing else; but he said nothing would kill him — much less bees. He had an ulcerated tooth a few days afterward, and for real severe pain he averred he would rather have ten times the stings he had that day. Did the stings hurt him? "Naw! After the first few had been received the rest did not hurt." That was a new fact to me, and I wonder if any of our readers have had a similar experience as to the hurting part of it. Mr. Harrington, when questioned fur- ther, says he remembers the Jirst stings did hurt him ; but notwithstanding he was stung dozens and perhaps hundreds of times aft< rward he insists that the last stings did not hurt him at all; but he does remember feeling slightly sick, and he knows the horse felt so by the wAy she act- ed; "but," said Mr. Harrington, "a horse can not vomit as a human being can; and if it were sick at the stomach, and there is a formation of gas, there is bound to be trouble." The giving of a pound of salt was for two reasons: First, to neutralize the poison in the system; second to physic the animal. As to whether it neutralized the poison or not — that is, whether it could get at it in the blood — I can not say; but it served the other purpose. In talking with a veterinary physician about this experience, he said that Mr. Harrington could have done nothing better under the circumstances, although if he had been present he would have put on cloths wrung in ammonia water. When I spoke about hot water he admitted that would be excellent if applied soon enough. For the benefit of some of our readers who may have a similar experience, it may be well to know how to put the pound of salt down the horse's throat, for Mr. Har- rington says he has known other horses dy- ing from poison from eating some weed, that might just as well have been saved as not. Animals that have been given up to die he has saved, and the manner of admin- istering the salt is as follows: He first forces the horse's mouth open just as one does in inserting bits. With one hand he reaches for the tongue, and pulls it out as far as he can. This forces the animal to open its mouth wide. With the salt rolled up loosely in a paper he takes the other hand and pushes it down the throat as far as he can reach, pushing the arm in as far up as tlie elbow if possible. Then he quickly withdraws the arm, and with two hands closes the mouth immediately, and lifts the horse's head clear up in the air and holds it there until he sees that the bag of salt has gone down the gullet. Mr. Har- rington showed me the whole performance except putting in the salt; and I believe that an}' one might be able to do the trick. The veterinary told me that, even if our telephone had been connected, and he could have been found, he could not possibly have arrived in time to do any good; and it is doubtful wliether any veterinary could be summoned in time to save a horse from dy- ing if stung as this animal was. Salt is always available, and the physic is partic- ularly necessary to enable the animal to clear itself in case of an accumulation of gas; for at such times there must be no stop- page in the alimentary canal. I give this fact believing that some of our readers can make use of it. Certainlj' no harm can come from the use of salt; and I would also use, in connection with it, hot water; and, in alternation, cold applica- tions of ammonia water. A blanket dipped in water as hot as it can be borne on the hand, and then wrapped around the horse and tied, would be most excellent, said the veterinary, and ihat should be renewed as often as possible with another blanket, which should be quickly thrown on and tied. But the point may be raised right here: The man did not have any salt, and the horse did, and both lived. Did the salt, therefore, have any effect? Mr. Harrington says that a man can stand more than a horse; and, besides, if he is sick at the stomach he can vomit and relieve himself in that wa}', and the veterinary was of the same opinion. How about the dog? The leg was cut almost through at the hock joint. Notwith- standing Mr. Harrington was covered with stings, and sick and dizzy, he stitched up the wound, wrapped the leg in a bandage, while the poor dog, with eyes almost human, said m}' wife, licked her hand as much as to say, "You are causing me great pain with that needle, but I thank you for your kindness, as I know you are doing the best you can." 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 68? Notes of Travel THE ALKALI LANDS BCTWEEN REEDLEY AND HANFOKD, CAL. ; THE DESEKTED VILLAGE; GKAPE-GROWING INDUSTRY; J. F. FLORY; SOME FIGURES IN REGARD TO GROWING FRUIT IN CENTRAL CALIFORNIA. You will remember we were at Reedley watching the thirty-mule harvester cut, thrash, and sack wheat at the rate of 1500 bushels a day. At the time of my visit to that part of California, matters were some- what "strained" between the pear-men and bee-keepers, particularly at Hanford. I told my hosts, J. C. McCubbin and the Rambler, that my next point would be the pear-blight district, to see what I could do for the bee-keeper, and they very kindly volunteered to drive me across the country. Now, Mr. McCubbin is a real-estate fa for a few years. A considerable amount of money had been invested in preparing- the soil for irrig-ation, and by running- lateral ditches for the purpose of carrying the water. But here was the land, the once garden of Eden, so to speak, now a verit- able desert — and why? One little word covers the trouble — alkali. Here there were thousands of acres of good alfalfa and wheat land, and it had sold at big prices ; but when water was put on the land, and poured over it for four or five years, it forced the allcali of the subsoil up to the surface so that nothing of value to man would grow with the possible excep- tion of pear-trees. I might say, in passing, that where the ground is not too strongly alkaline it will grow sweet clover when nothing else will thrive, and there are some parts of Colorado and Utah that have im- mense acreages oi this plant; and it is ill these localities that the bee-keeper is in a veritable paradise for honey. But, to re- turn. This same land of which I have been speaking, and on which settlers had pour- ed their all, could not be given away. Once in a while we would strike an oasis where the alkali had not sweat out of the ONE OF THE IMMENSE RAISIN VINEYARDS OF CENTRAL CALIFORNIA. agent, and bears a most excellent reputa- tion for dealing- on the square ; and as our ride was to be through a deserted village where the land had once sold at high prices, and where now the same land could hardly be given away, I eagerly accepted the prof- fered offer. We had left Reedley only a short distance when we ran into the alkali-lands that are practically desert, growing nothing- but alkali weeds and sage brush. As we jog- ged along, Mr. McCubbin pointed out to me various tracts of land that had formerly sold for large sums of money, and which had actually yielded immense crops of alfal- ground. All around was a parched drj^ desert with a thin alkali crust that looked much like brine ; but on the oasis there were alfalfa, wheat, and other crops, show- ing a thrifty growth ; but I understand that the men who live in these sjwts do not know from one year to another when the land will turn to alkali, or whether it will continue to be immune to its influ- ence. We passed through a village that once had two or three thousand inhabitants. The Southern Pacific had put up a fine station, and there were signs of once pros- perous times; but the dread alkali had GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Aug. is come to the surface; lands had become val- ueless, the owners sunk their all, and were compelled to go to some other place or starve. Here and there were foundations that had supported g-ood buildings. Over yonder was the site of a large warehouse where tons and tons of grain had been stored, raised on this very land that had turned to brine. Mr. McCubbin told me that the whole village had taken itself to wheels. The houses were raised up and put on moving-trucks, all to be moved to some locality remote from the dread de- stroyer of vegetable growth. This sight of former glory and prosperity of old Mother Earth, now all gone to ruia, was something I shall never forget. I said, "Mr. McCubbin, how is one go- ing to know whether apparently good land he is thinking of buying may not some day become worthless? " "He can not tell positively," he said; "but there are certain indications now known to practical men by which we can determine with a fair degree of certainty whether the land will continue to be fertile, and free from subsoil alkali." "But," said I, "how about the land round about Reedley? Is any one practic ally sure that t/iaf land, so productive as to grow wheat and alfalfa in perfection, will not in time sweat out the brine be- neath, like that which almost borders on it?" " While we can not be positive," said he, " yet it has remained fertile and productive for a good many years, and will probably' continue to be so." On our long pleasant drive we passed many and many irrigating-ditches — one might almost call them fair-sized rivers. Along their banks would be the beautiful trees, so that one could see the line of the ditches miles and miles away over that level country. These water-ways go right through some of these alkali tracts. I ask- ed Mr. McCubbin whether it would not be possible to reclaim some of that land. He had a theory that certain kinds of| trees might be grown in it, and in time i bring J. K. KLOKY'S AFIAKY UNUKK TKKES ABOUT TEN YEARS OLD. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 689 the land back to fertilitj^; and he believed that iu time, when the country became more populous, some sort of plant life would be found that would grow, and redeem the land. He mentioned in this connection the fact that pear-trees would {^row on some alkaline lands where nothing- else but the salt-weed and sage would live. About this time we wei-e nearing Han- ford, and coming to the region of the im- mense pear-orchards — orchards having as much as 120 acres of trees. It was a sight I shall not soon forget — those thousands and thousands of trees blighted almost to death; and then to think the bees were accused of bringing on all this fearful mischief! But I have spoken about the pear-blight situa- tion, and I will not take any space this time to go into the details. We will here dismiss the redoubtable Rambler and our friend J. C. McCubbin. J. F. flory's .section-case. We will now jump clear past the pear- blight regions, and visit our friend J. F. Flory — one whose name is reasonably familiar to our older readers. Mr. Priory was one of the old pioneer bee-keepers who came to California years ago. He made his start with his bees; but now he is more of a fruit-grower than bee-keeper, although he still retains some interest in the bees. At the time of my visit he had 50 acres of fruit ; and the year before, he sold $4500 worth from those orchards. He took 13 tons of dried apricots, 14 tons of dried peaches, 18 tons of raisins, and one ton of prunes, or 46 tons all told. When I saw the quan- tities of beautiful fruit on the trees yet to be harvested I could not wonder, consider- ing the uncertainty of bee-keeping in Cali- fornia, that Mr. Flor}' had taken up fruit- growing. A "tenderfoot" from the East can scarce- ly conceive the immense business of grow- ing and putting up dried fruits. Dried apricots are delicious ; but the fresh ones right from the trees in the cool of the morn- ing are far better. In driving out to Mr. Flory's home we passed some immense vine- yards. Some of them were a mile square. I attempted to photograph one of those vine- yards, and I reproduce the picture here- with ; but — my, oh my I one can get no con- ception of the immensity of the field from a miserable little photo. The vines are not trained in trellises as with us in the East; and the culture of the raisin grape is quite different from the growing of ordinary grapes with us. They are cultivated and handled just about as we would cultivate fields of potatoes. The grapes, when ripe, like other fruit in this portion of California, are set out in wooden trays, and exposed to the direct rays of the sun. So dry is the atmosphere that the fruit is soon dry enough for pack- ing. As to the possibilities of growing raisin grapes, I may mention one or two extraor- dinary cases that must not be taken as an average. Mr. Flory drove me by one raisin vineyard of three acres, that, without 07ie stroke of work put on it, yielded its owner that year $1000 in clear money. Another vineyard, with vines only one year old, made a net return of $50.00 per acre. But these figures are far above the average; but they illustrate the possibilities of this land only a few miles, comparatively, from the alkali land of which I have been speaking. I have said that Mr. Flory was a bee- keeper. I show you his small apiary under some little (?) ten-j'ear-old trees that were anywhere from twenty to thirty inches in diameter. These, I think, were the cotton- wood, but they looked very much like a species of willow. These trees will give one a fair idea of how immensely produc- tive this land is. But let me give you a "pointer" right here. Do not imagine that you can pick out land like this everywhere in California; and do not be deluded by statements of or- dinary real-estate sharks. If I were going to California to "invest" I would make some plan whereby I could stay a year or two and study the conditions, without tr3'- ing to make a "big scoop" in real estate the moment of arriving, with the probabil- ity of being "scooped" myself. Referring to Mr. Flory's bees, he has only a few colonies, as you will see; cmd while he is one of the pioneers, if not t/ie pio- neer bee-keeper of this locality, he has sons and sons-in-law who are very extensively engaged in the industry. I will also show in this connection one of Mr. Flory's sec- tion-cases, something like our D case for the production of comb honey. Its manner of use will be apparent from the illustra- tion. RAMBLE 208. An Interesting Visit at Mr, Moe's ; his Large Crop. BV RAMBLER. Soon after my arrival in Cuba, in Novem- ber, I made an accumulative call upon Mr. Moe. I went out from Havana to Mr. Som- erford's 30 kilometers, and accumulated him. Then we wheeled 25 kilometers, and at Artamisa accumulated the two Harrj^s and Fred Munson; and five of us swept down the calzada 30 kilometers more, and 690 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Aug. is g-ave Mr. and Mrs. Moe a sort of surprise party. Mr. Moe had just commenced extracting- honej', and had a few bocoys filled, and several more waiting- to be filled. I pre- sent you a jihoto of a few of the unfilled bocoys at the entrance to the extracting- tent. Mr. Moe stands between the bocoys, Somerford to the right, Beaver to the left, and Munson in the rear. I believe Howe was off somewhere reading- a mag-azine, ac- cording- to a habit of his. You will note that these bocoys are well calked between the hoops, which shows that they need much coopering- before they are ready for honey; and even after the honey is in, there is sometimes quite a leakage. All of this happened at the commencement it will relieve him of any anxiety about his food and clothing for the coming season. Mr. and Mrs. Moe both firmly believe in more bees, and now he is planting new api- aries; and by the time this reaches the reader he will have his 1000 colonies. Another thing that Mr. Moe aims at is to cover completely his field. He has pur- chased half of a caballeria of land (a ca- balleria is SS'j acres), where he will be in- dependent, and have a permanent headquar- ters. He is led to this from the action of some of the Cuban laud-owners. Perhaps they will rent a parcel of land for an api- ary for $20 or $25 per year. The next j'ear they reason that the bees are there, and a further squeeze is practicable, and the rent increased. It was increased in this man- HOW BARRELS OF HONEY ARE LOADED ON TRUCKS IN CUBA. of the honey season. At the writing of this, in May, "the season is passed and the har- vest is ended," and from his 600 colonies Mr. Moe has secured 73 bocoys (7300 gal- lons), or 87,600 lbs. During the height of the honey-flow Mr. Moe was short of help, and at one time nearly every hive was full and the combs sealed to the bottom. Mr. Moe believes in aiming well up on the mark, and early in the season he had aimed to secure 83 bocoys and a few pounds over, or 100,000 lbs. ; and but for this lack of help there is no doubt he would have hit his mark, or been very close to it. As it stands, he has no cause for complaint, and has an excellent show- ing for his two years' labor — a brand-new apiary of 600 colonies; and, though the net price of honey v\'as close to ly-z cts. per lb., ner on Mr. Moe to the tune of $100, and he disappointed the rentee by moving his api- ary. Mr. Moe, in common with the rest of the bee-men on this end of the island, is trou- bled with too much honey in the brood-nest, and this to such an extent as to reduce the colony to a non-producer. I mentioned this matter when writing up Mr. Somerford. Mr. Moe does not indorse the idea that Mr. S. advanced about the black bee, but points with evident pride to several colonies where the strain is the best Italians from best breeders. He has his red - clover strain from the Home of the Hone3'-bees, and a Hutchinson queen, which, by the way, Mrs. Moe secured by writing an article for the Review. I have tried to prevail upon her to 4o so some more; but Mr. Moe seems tg 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 691 think the most of his strain from Mr. J. B. Case, of Florida. The Italian clearly has the preference in the Moe apiaries, and I think Mr. Somerford has a strong' liking- the same waj'. What he told me about the blacks when I first came here was just his talking-. Another very good feature about this apiary is its brand- new bees and no foul brood. I examined them quite thor- oughly with the owners, and found only a tincture of pickled brood, which, in my California experience, disappears in the midst of a honey-harvest, and Mr. Moe assures me that it disappears after requeening- with a vigorous Italian strain. The ten -frame Langstroth hive is used. In one apiary the Coggsh all extractor is used; in theother, the Cowan. Both have their excellent points ; and if all these could be combined into one it would be near per- fection. The Coggshall is the lighter-running, while the Cow- an does not break combs. Mrs. Moe combines the rearing of poultry and bee culture, and had nearl}' 100 fowls. They had a free run in the apiary, and some of them had developed into bee-catch- ers. Said hen will steal up to a hive and grab laden bees as they are returning. If the bees show fight the hen runs quickly along the row to a new location, and comes the grab game again. Or they approach the hive from the rear, and carefully reach around in front and pick off the bees. Such self-educated hens were singled out for the pot, and I am assured they were in- variably fat and savory. It is something of a job, as I witnessed, to handle those big- bocoys of honey. Mr. Moe extracts until he gets a carload, or 20 \ vi'€- "the only AMERICANO IN TOWN." BOCOYS, 100 GALLONS, FOR HONEY. bocoys; then the oxen and carreta are call- ed upon to transport the sweetness to the railroad. I herewith present a photo of the method of loading. This operation, in this case, is on level ground. Trenches are dug to allow the big wheels to drop a foot or more. A rope is put around the bocojs and the head yoke of oxen attached to it, and it is rolled upon the carreta without much fuss. Four bocoys can be carried upon one carre- ta, and it makes quite a spectacular ap- pearance on the highway, or, rather, it would if seen in Ohio or New York. Another photo shows Mr. Moe hiving a swarm of bees out of one of those mango-trees. He uses a light bamboo pole (the bamboo grows here), and a common live-gallon tin can at the end of it; and it is a real hand^^ af- fair, for I have learned to use it. Mrs. Moe is also an adept in the use of it, and hives many d. swarm. But she would hard- ly try to get the swarms from one of those tall mango-trees. In the interests of a larger bee-keeping, and with a view to establishing- more apiaries, Mr. Moe and myself made a little trip to Consolation del Sur, some 30 miles along the railroad. Our observations from the car win- dow as we sped along- were good, bad, and indifi'erent, ac- cording to the show of honey flo- ra. Around Consolation del Sur we came to the conclusion that bees might possibly starve. If we had gone 25 miles further 692 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Aug. 15 along- we would have reached the end of the railroad at Pinar del Rio. I gather from Mr. Brown, of Tulipan, who has been there, that there is but very little induce- ment for bee-keepers in that quarter, or in the center of this end. All agree, however, that there is plenty of good pasturage all along the coast. All of these towns in this portion of the island are centers for tobac- co culture. The best tobacco in the world is grown here, and under the general term of the Vuelta Abajo district. Leaf tobac- co of suitable texture and firmness for ci- gar wrappers commands $10 per pound. The blossom on the tobacco-plant is yellow, and with a long tube no bee can enter here. Having made up my mind to try bee-keep- ing- in Cuba, Mr. Moe and I consulted to- gether harmoniously, with the result that I selected Taco Taco, nine miles from Mr. Moe's nearest apiary, as a good point in which to commence operations, and these lines are written in said town; and a little strange, is it not? I am the only "Ameri- cano" in town. I will tell you about my fix in a strange country and with a foreign tongue a little later. The day's outini,'- gave Mr. Moe a let-up from his duties. In fact, the bees were not gathering much hon- ey at that time. I find that bee-men are not extracting in Cuba all the time. Cold waves in the States are felt here, and affect the honey- flow. DOGS TO WATCH SWARMS. 2u\x/2^cftrvitfi^rntrt, c^/f***^ w.-^ ^CTiM-e, , varin. I'hey succeeded in ob- taining those on'the outside, and, discoveTing that oth- ers were in the building, took off the plastering and cut through the boarding, where they discovered what at the time seemed to be millions il), and which, with those on the outside, would make three large colonies. A colony would more than fill a peck measure. When they removed the boarding they evidently disturbed thehive, for a stream of honej- began running through the cracks, and dropped to the window-si jI in the schoolroom. Pails were quicklj- obtained in which the valuable sweetness was gathered, amounting, with that which was taken from between the walls, to moi e than what would fill two good-sized wash-tubs. These bees are known to have first made their abode in this building about six years ago, and Principal Powers has watched them each year in their move- ments, but had no idea they were of such large num- bers. Two colonies have been secured and taken to Mr. Powers' house, where he will give them his atten- tion. (2) Another colony is still in the building, which Mr. Royal is trying to obtain, and wh ch he probably will during the day. The entire prize collection would amount to a monej' value of about $l5. Swarms are not valued so highly at this season of the year as they would be in May or June. Principal Powers was so much interested in the work of "securing the bees, and then to investigating their mode of living and working, that he received a number of gentle reminders from the bees to let them alone. AMERICAN BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION BADGE. Allow me to suggest that, instead of a button with a queen-bee, and the initials of the Association, as has been suggested, the badge have the portrait of father Lang- stroth, with the words over it: Si monumen- tiDn qticcris, circunispice (if you seek his monument, look around), and below the por- trait the initials of the Association. Have the badge made so it can be buttoned into the lapel of the coat. As the badge is not apt to be worn at any other time than at Association meetings, it should be cheap. The photographers now furnish photo-but- tons very cheap, and they are both neat and serviceable. E. H. Schaeffle. Murphys, Cal. [Your idea is a good one; but the average person is not able to read Latin. Why not put it in plain English? While I have spent six years in studying Latin, in school and college, my own experience teaches me that any good sentiment ought to be put in English or the common vernacular of the people. The Board of Directors will prob- ably consider several forms of badges in the shape of btittons. and yours may be includ- ed in the list. — Ed.] how the old bees "had TO WALK THE floor." I read the ABC and Gleanings; but there is one thing that you have not put in that ought to be there. Put it in at once or you will have lots of enemies in the cucum- ber district. My bees are very gentle. I go out ever3' morning and pull the roof off their house, and watch them poke the hon- ey into the comb. But this morning I went out as usual, and about a dozen fell on my hand point first, and stuck. I was trou- bled, but at last my wife explained it to me. The bees had, the day before, carried a lot of pollen from the cucumbers, and fed it to the baby bees. Of course, this gave them the colic, and the old bees had to walk the bottom-board all night. No wonder they were cross. Moral. — Alwaj's raise catnip with cucumbers. Jay Smith. Vincennes, Ind., June 20. [Dr. Gandy has already spoken of the value of catnip as a honey -plant, in last is- sue; but I do not suppose it occurred to him, even if he is a physician, that it might relieve them of the colic. — Ed.] bee-poison; its peculiar effect on an- other INDIVIDUAL. I notice on page 614 of Gleanings that mention is made of bee-poisoning by Mr. J. H. Gray. I have been affected in a very similar manner myself a great man^' times. Almost alwaj's after working with the bees I have what one would think to be a bad cold in the head, but with no other sj'mp- toms except a dull headache, or, rather, a dull feeling in the head amounting almost to a headache at times. I think it also af- fects m}' eyes, but can not say whether it is the poison alone or that and the smoke from the smoker. I think it is the poison principally, as smoke alone on other occa- sions does not so affect my eyes. I have for several years observed this, and think it is surely caused by bee-poisoning and 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 697 not by something else and mistaken for that. It also affects mj' head in a similar manner when at work scrapincf sections, only more so by considerable. I had thoug-ht it was the powdered propolis in- haletl while scraping- sections which affect- ed me. Surd}' it can not be from the same as that by which on-; is affected when work- ing- over the open hive. Earlier in my bee-keeping- experience it was all blamed on the smoker. I was evi- dently mistaken, as smoke alone at other times does not so affect me. So seriously has it affected me, my eyes in particular, that I have contemplated engaging- in other bus- iness. I guess that black brood will help me out all right without an3' necessity of my quitting the business. I have also noticed that bee-stings affect me. I have a great many times felt a prick- ly sensation in various parts of my body after being severely stung, or after having been stung for several days in succession. I do not mention these things thinking that my health has been injured, but sim- ply to call attention to the way in which it aft'ects some people. It is probable that it affects but few people thus. Although these things are not injurious to one's health they are disagreeable while they last. Annincreek, Pa., July 24. THE WILLIS QUEEN-CLIPPING DEVICE. In June 1st Gleanings you ask for ex- perience with the Willis queen-clipping de- vice. I made and used one as soon as I saw the illustration, and consider it the best thing ever invented for the purpose. There is absolutely no danger of hurting the queen, and I think I can clip one quick- er than any one can in any other waJ^ It does not scare the queen, and when the rub- ber is removed they walk away as if noth- ing had happened to them. E. E. Lawrence. Stanbury, Mo., July 10. HOW TO get honey OUT OF A CAP. We had a swarm of bees and put them into a hive without the super on, and they went into the cap and nearly filled it in 21 days. Can you tell me how to get them out into the lower box? Would it be better to change them now or wait until spring-? It is one of Dadant's hives that they are in. John J. Buren. Cullom, 111., Aug. 7. [The only way to get the cap off the hive is to pry it up a little and blow in around the edges between hive and cap a plentiful supply of smoke, then with a long knife sever the comb attachments by running knife around the cap, and lift it off. If the cap is then turned upside down, and an- other cap put over it, by drumming on the lower cap you will drive most of the bees upward, leaving the combs almost entirelj' free of bees. The honey could then be used for chunk honey. — Ed. J SECTIONS BY THE PIECE OR BY THE POl'XD, When selling comb honey is it customarv to weigh it up or sell a section for a pound? J. J. KiRKMAN. Delta, Ohio, Aug. 5, 1902. [A good deal depends on the location. In many places in the East, sections are sold by the section or b}' the piece or b3' the box; but when sold thus it is usuall}' customary to have the boxes average the same in weight. In the majority of localities in the United States, comb honey is sold by the pound. — Ed.] DOOLITTLE CELL CUPS IN UPPER STORIES; FERTILE WORKERS. I have had some trouble in getting the bees to accept Doolittle cell cups in upper stories above excluders, and have made a colony queenless, calculating to cut out the cells started just before they seal them, and use the jelly in artificial cups. Should they be given at once after removing all natural cells, or would it be better to wait a day or so? Is it a common thing for fer- tile workers to develop in upper stories of strong colonies, with a good queen below? North Kingsville, O., July 30. H. E. Cro-wther. [It is sometimes difficult to get the bees to accept cell cups in the upper stories of strong colonies. If they fail to take hold of them, feed them about half a pint of sugar syrup daily. We usually consider it ad- visable, if we do not have what we call col- onies with queens which the bees are trj'- ing to supersede, to place the cell cups in cell cups that are queenless. In the case you mention, it would be best to give the new cell cups to the colony at once, after destroying those built naturally by the bees. It is very unusual — indeed, we never knew of a case of fertile workers developing in an upper story of a strong colony where there was a good queen below. — Ed.] BEE-STINGS AND RHEUMATISM. Mr. Root: — A remarkable cure of rheu- matism was effected in this neighborhood, as you will see by the inclosed clipping. It would probably be interesting to some of your readers. F. M. Maybekry. Obelisk, Pa., Aug. 12. ■William Snively. an aged resident of Shady Grove, Pa., has been a sufferer from rheumatism for a lon,er time, and lost the n.'-e of his arms. When in the gar- den men were hivlnga swarm of bees, and they settled on the old man and stung him .sorely. When the swelling from the stings disappeared the rheumatic pains and the stiffness left, and the old man can no^v do as much work as before he was afflicted. [We have had similar reports, and I think it is probable that there are certain kinds of rheumatism and certain individu- als that a large nuinber of stings would af- fect and almost instantl}' cure; but ii good many think the cure worse than the dis- ease. The majority of rheumatic people say and have said that stings never give them anj- relief. — Ed.] 698 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Aug. 15 CROP REPORTS BASED ON UNCERTAINTY. 3Ir. Root: — I think your sug-g-estion in reg^ard to having' bee-keepers write you con- cerning' prospects of honey crop is good, but it is in so crude a state yet I don't see how you are going- to form much of an idea after all. I hope it can be managed so as to be of some benefit to us all; but I might write you to-day that bees are doing splendidly (which they are), and by to-morrow the weather may be altogether different, and bees doing nothing. I will help the matter along if it can be gotten in proper shape, and I would sanction all other ideas toward better conditions as to handling each year's honey crop. I had 100 hive-bodies of Salisbury this season that provoked me many times. When I wanted to change almost any of the old- style (six or eight years ago) brood-frames to these new hives I had to cut the end of the top-bar off before they would go in. You know how it makes one feel to be both- ered so when he is in a great hurry, as all up-to-date bee-keepers are, and the same old frames are some of your make too. Aaron Snyder. Kingston, N. Y., July 20. [In reference to crop reports, I appreciate the fact that it is not possible for one to tell exactly what the conditions will be with him so far as honey is concerned. If one will only tell what the present outlook is, or the outlook at the time he zvrites, I can formulate an answer based on even uncer- tainty. You will note that my crop reports are not positive, but they give the indica- tions just as they are at the hour of going to press, and indications based on uncer- tainty are more or less valuable. With regard to the hives and the brood- frames, I am aware th it the new-style frames won't go in the old-style hives; but we very rarely have any complaint or trou- ble from that source, because it is now nearly fifteen years since we made those long hives. We shortened up the hives be- cause the bees built comb back of the end- bars. The space used to be -)'% inch, but now it is >4 ; and since that time we do not remember that we have received any com- plaint about bees building burr comb be- hind the end-bars. We think we did a wise thing in shortening the hive to avoid the trouble referred to, because we are thereby benefiting all future generations, and all who have begun to keep bees since fifteen years ago. But old hives can be made to take new frames very readily by nailing a piece of separator stuff about % inch thick, one inch wide, on a level with the rabbet. We are using a lot of our old chaff hives, and have no trouble from the use of the new frames. As to the old frames going in the new hives, we remedy that by cutting off the top-bars a little at each end. Of course, this means a lot of work; but one day's time through the apiary will fix that whole trouble. I know it is rather annoying; but when we come to consider the greatest good to the greatest number we sometimes have to make inconvenience for the few. — Ed.I WHY THE BEES BALLED THE OUEEN. Will you please tell me why the bees balled the queen? I sold a swarm of bees to a neighbor. It being an after-swarm, the queen was not clipped. They went to work in fine shape, had about filled one su- per, and I went around to put on the second super. While I was there I took the queen out and clipped her. Upon returning her to the bees they immediately balled her. I took her away from the ball; but while she was still in my hand an angry bee manag- ed to get to her and sting her. I was very sorry, for she was a fine queen, and her bees were very yellow, and fine workers. I was doubly sorry, because I had sold them to a near neighbor who was taking a great deal of pride in them. I have prac- ticed clipping my queens for two years, and never lost one that way before. Wakenda, Mo., July 26. W. T. Gary. Is it a good plan to clip the wings of the queens? The last one the bees objected to, and balled her. I rescued her, and in put- ting her in the cage she flew off and stay- ed over an hour. When she came back I captured her and began again, with suc- cess, as she is laying nicely. Would it be safe to use supers that have been on hives in which there has been foul brood ? You say the hives are safe, so I thought the supers might be, as there is no honey in them — only foundation. Is it not a good plan to feed? Several old bee-keepers say it is wrong; but as there is foul brood in the vicinitj' it seems to me it would prevent robbing, and lessen the lia- bility of catching the same. Franklin R. Davis. Stanford ville, N. Y., July 25. [I have placed these two letters together to show that sometimes bees will ball a queen that has just been clipped. Just why they will do this I can not explain, except tliat there are times when they feel a little ugly or "out of sorts." The handling of the queen during the act of clipping may give her a dift'erent scent; and if one, two, or three bees happen to feel displeased and show hostility toward her, there is quite a strong- probability that other bees will join in the attack. When they attempt to ball her they will keep it up. In such case I would cage the queen in a cage having a hole filled with candy, and let the bees release her themselves, after she has reac- quired the scent of the hive and of the col- ony. Sometimes closing up the hive with a balled queen will result in the bees letting her alone, but it is risky to do it. In answer to the second question of Mr. Davis, I would say for my part at least I would not use supers that have been used over foul-broody hives. The probabilities are they will do no harm, but one will be 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 699 taking- great risks. There have been too many reports of disease starting- up after colonies have been put into hives that have not been disinfected to warrant the general practice of using- either hives or supers that have been in contact with a colony that has had foul brood. While I think that, in the majority of cases, no foul brood will be transmitted to the new colony from such hives or supers, yet one is always taking- a risk — a risk that he can not afford to take when means of disinfection are so simple. The question as to whether it is a g-ood plan to feed or not depends on conditions. If there is foul brood in the apiary, and bees are inclined to rob, I certainly would not feed unless the bees are starving-, and then only nights ; for feeding- is apt to stim- ulate a robbing propensity. — Ed. J DR. candy's big HIVK. I was much interested in Dr. Gandy's account of his big- hives and methods, but I can't see how there is so much advantage in that five-storj' hive, for he got only about 500 lbs. of hone3% and would he not have had more if the five hives were separate, with supers on top, each having a queen? As it was he got only about 100 lbs. per hive, and probably not in as good condition. Do you think it advisable to put extra brood-chambers on this time of year? or would the bees now raised from eggs laid at this time eat their heads off ? I do not seem able to find much in the ABC book bearing- on the subject of big swarms, and should be glad of a few suggestions. I hope you will visit Dr. Gandy, as sug- gested, and write up for Gleanings fully his methods. I fail to see the advantage in big hives un'ess you have big pasture holding on till late in the season. Is that not the whole secret of Gandy's success, together, per- haps, with plenty of bees to gather the honey? H. V. Miller. Worthington, Minn., July 21. [According to my experience the large colonies gather more hone}' in proportion to their size than the small ones ; that is to say, if we break up a big colony the sever- al parts thereof will not gather an amount equal to what they would have done if they had been all together. Of course, there is a possibility of carrying these matters to extremes. I have never advised every one to use double-decker colonies, for I have always said that much wou d depend on the locality and the man. I certainly would not have put on an extra set of brood-frames to increase the size of the colony unless there was a probability of at least two or three weeks' honey-flow some time ahead. The giving of an upper story just before the honey-flow will do no particular good. If given at all it should be given when the bees are crowded for room, and early enoug-h so that the brood reared in it will be hatched out into bees of the right age to gather honej' at the begin- ning or the middle of the honey-flow. The time to make big colonies is at least a month before the swarming season. It has been my practice just on the verge of the swarm- ing season to contract when running for comb honey, in order to g-et a large force of bees in the supers. When running for ex- tracted I let them have all their room. — Ed.] I got an average of 30 lbs. to the colony ; but most of it they gathered with overcoats and gloves on, all in fine condition now. Season is over. I am 14 miles east of Co- lumbus, on National Pike. Frank McGlape. Wagram, O., July 24. A BURLESQUE ON THE COMB=HONEY MACHINE. BY D. L. SCOTT. A new machine's invented now that works as slick as grease ; 'Twill make the little honey-bee his busy buzzing cease. With paraffine and glucose and this machine, they say. They're making nice comb honey for market every day. It seems to me this can not be an easy thing to do; But th' paper tells about it, and I guess it must be true. They jest bile down the paraffine and run it in a mold. And .'hake it down and fill it up, as much as it will hold, And cool it off — jest like my wife makes waffles here at home; And when they take it out the molds — why, it is honey-comb ! I'd think the stuff would be so soft that it would break in two; But I saw it in the paper, so I reckon it is true! They mix a mess of glucose up and cook it on the stove. And stir vanilla flavor in, or cinnamon or clove. This glucose mixture then they take and fill the combs up full, And cap it over neat and slick, just like the whitest wool. Thej' stick it fast to .sections jest as the bees would do. At least the paper says so, and it's more than likely true. I've noticed one peculiar thing about this new ma- chine ; That no two combs are just alike of all that I have seen; And even, too. the cappings are unlike in shape and size. And that's not like machine-made goods to my un- learned eyes. The thing somehow looks mighty queer to ine the whole way through ; .And, though the paper tells it, I don't tlink it is true. I bought some of this honey once, and took it with me home. And got nif e fragrant beeswax when I rendered out the comb. It's funny, too, that those who write these "items" for the press Are apt to talk of " king bees " and of " bee-bread " more or less; And since I'm sure the yarn's a lie, I know just what to do: I'll write and ti-ll the editor the story isn't true. Tarrs, Penn. 700 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Aug. 15 OUR HOMES, BY A.I. ROOT. The Lord is my shepherd ; I shall not want. — Psalm 23:1. He who claims the implied promise in the first verse of this justly celebrated psalm, at the time he does so takes upon himself a responsibility. He declares himself one of the flock; and David's faith that he will have no "lack," or shall not suffer for want of any thing, is based on the assump- tion that his '" wants " are going- to be simple and reasonable. Nowadays it is said there are people who " want the whole earth." Such people will never be enrolled among the flock of the good Shepherd, and, of course, do not expect to be comforted by any of these precious promises. My im- pression is, David wrote these beautiful words before he had been dazzled by a king's palace, and most certainly before he had gone so far in sin as to " want " an- other man's wife when he had one of his own. We all know that people who have most of what this world can furnish are by no means the happiest ones. Solomon with all his wealth and wisdom (and wives)^^% far from being a happy man; and history has repeated itself all the way down to the present day. The one who makes this lit- tle prayer (I like to call the 23d Psalm a prayer) his own, and who is satisfied be- cause his wants are all supplied, must be in an attitude to be happy and satisfied with what God sees fit to give him. The next verse speaks of "green pas- tures " and " still waters." How many at the present day would be content with such a life, more than perhaps a day or two in summer time, for a change? It is not only millions the restless throng clamor for, but more millions. People make slaves of them- selves,gocrazy, and die. They barter health, reputation, and life itself, and yet the mil- lions do not bring happiness to the few who get them — certainly not such happiness as is expressed in this brief little psalm of only six verses. I am almost ashamed to tell of it, it was such a simple thing that brought this text to my mind. I shall have to confess, first, that even this "cabin in the woods" has not given me, all the time, such perfect health as I may have led you to suppose — at least I began to think it didn't; but per- haps it was my own fault, and not that of the " cabin." Along in July my digestion got bad again ; and had I been in Ohio I fear I should have said those old malarial chills were hanging about me again. I told Mrs. Root I feared I should have to go back to "pills," although I had taken no physic for almost a year. She advised trying" a change of diet first, for we are both trying to find a way of " doctoring without medi- cine," and before night I found some "med- icine" furnished by God's own hand, and coming direct from his hand. Owing to our excessive rains the wild red raspber- ries are all through the woods, and more plentiful than they have been for years. In fact, you can not go in any direction from our cabin without running into them. Eve- rybody is so busy with the abundant har- vests that Mrs. Root and I seem to be the only people who can take time to "go ber- rying." I had tried them at meal time, with sugar ard cream, but thej^ didn't seem to "agree with me." I decided to try them "out of hand," right from the bushes, just as I did when a boy. They just seemed to "hit the spot," and no bad efi^ects followed at all. Then I began to eat them at all hours of the day, and I ate so many I hardly wanted any thing else when meal time came. I am happy and well, just on the " raspberry cure." Every day I am having a big " playspell " ram- bling through our " woods," and gathering berries. Well, it was this experience that brought to my mind the text, "The Lord is my shepherd; I shall not want." You know how much I have prayed over this matter of remedies, etc. The Lord will and does supply not only daily food, but food that will correct our ill health is spread, like the manna of olden time, all about us if we but reach forth and take it. There are several varieties of red rasp- berries about here, and many of them are but little inferior to the cultivated ones. I have some very choice tame ones in our ra- vine garden, so as to compare them. The bushes in the woods are so full, and they are now so dead ripe, that you can hardly touch a bush without hearing the luscious fruit drop oft" and rattle on the leafy carpet below. The wild ones have an advantage we can hardly give our tame ones, how- ever. One evening Mrs. Root had her sew- ing and easy- chair out on the lawn. I stra3'ed away perhaps three or four rods, and, standing on the log fence, I reached for some of my favorite berries. Over the fence was a steep ravine full of dead trees and brush, but I did not suppose the ground was very far below. The rotten log crum- bled, and I went down headlong into the brush and debris. Although we are hav- ing quite a dry spell now, when my hands got to the ground ten or twelve feet below. I found it damp and almost swampy. The berry-canes had grown clear up through to the sunlight, and no wonder the fruit was large and luscious. I presume tame ber- ries could be started in such a place: if so, we needn't fear dry weather. It is right on T. B. Terry's plan of growing all bush berries under a heavj' covering or mulching of straw.* * There h.is been an impression, quite general, that seeds of berries have something to do with the cause of appendicitis, so prevalent of late. I have just talked with an able ph^-sician in regard to it, and he says the best authority at the present time thinks this a mis- take, and that, on the contrary, these berries with ^-o many seeds are just what humanity needs about the 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 701 Rasperries are not the only delicious and healthful food that the " g-ood Shepherd" provides, almost without any care on our part. I told you about our two hives of bees. It took me twenty minutes to make the new colony and put them into the new hive. It does not seem to me I have g'iven them any time at all since then, except to take off the honey. We have taken oft" over twenty full sections, and there are more than as many almost ready to come oft". The honey is raspberry and white clover. After basswood blossomed (almost a month, later than it does in Ohio) it g-ave the honey what I called a cinnamon flavor; and even if I have several times called certain sam- ples the " finest I ever tasted," I say now that from our own hives, close by " the cabin in the woods," is ahead of all. I may chang^e my mind again; but my last verdict is that not even Hilbert's maple mo- lasses can "take the cake" from the clo- ver-raspberry-linden honey. This one hive has already g^iven us honey that would sell for three or four dollars, and that, too, as readily as butter and egg's. Now, I might go on and tell of our pota- toes, peas, sweet corn, beans, and things without number, that cost so very little to grow on this fertile soil (and I presume there are thousands of localities just as g-ood), and all these chances the Lord has g-iven to all his children. If one's wants are simple, and not many, we need not work so very hard to have them all sup- plied. A young couple belonging to my Sunday- school class called at our cabin a few days ago. The young man said, just before he left, that he would just like to have a small piece of land and fix it up as I have done, right here in the dense woods. And, by the way, he helped me make m3' first clear- ing here. On each side of the walk to the front door we have a bed of sweet peas and one of pansies. The former were sent by Burpee to test. The latter were presented by our neighbor Cole, the man who grows peaches so successfully. Well, it has ta- ken only a very little work to get these beautiful flowers, and yet they have given us just bushels of the loveliest flowers I ever saw anyivhere. In spite of all these wonderful opportuni- ties there are people around here, as well as everj'where else, I suppose, who complain thej' " can't make a living," and who have no word of thanksgiving and praise on their tongues or in their hearts, to the great Father above for all these gifts, and for the possibilities that lie before us all. "No time of year they begin to ripen. Of course, one should take any change of food a little at a time at first; but when one finds no bad results follow I feel sure there is benefit in using the new fruit quite freely. To be sure I am on safe ground I have twice tried the effect of what might be called eating the-e berries to excess; biU I slept better than usual after it, and no bad result followed at all. If you are ailing, try my " raspberry cure ;" and if you can't find the " medi- cine " where you live, " without money and without price," come over to our woods and help yourself. good thing will he withhold from them that love him. " Humbugs and Swindles. THE GOOD TIME COMING — ANOTHER EVI- DENCE OF IT. We cop3' the following from the Cleveland News and Herald of July 16: QUIT BUSINESS OR LEAVE CITY ; POLICE SEND THIS OR- DER TO CLAIRVOYANTS AND FORTUNE-TELLERS. A mysterious rustling and bustling may be noticed in different quarters of the city. Wigs, skulls, and cross-bones, incense, fantastic robes, and mystical books can now be had at a discount, and manyot them have been relegated to ashpiles. An exodus of " pro- fessors " and " madames " of clairvoyancy has begun. The reason for all this is that Captain of Detectives Kohler has given notice that all clairvoyants and for- tune-tellers must either quit the business in which they are engaged or leave the city. He has warned them that, unltss they have ceased the practice or have left the city within twenty-four hours, they will be liable to arrest. As a result three noted " professors " have left the city already. "Can't I stay here for three days until I make up my expenses?" asked one indignant "professor" when served with the notice. " I just came here, and haven't made a cent yet." " You will be served just like the others," said Cap- tain Kohler. The " professor " decided to move. For seme time it has been thought that there was no law to prevent clairvoyants and fortune-tellers from doing business. Many complaints which have been made to the police recently have caused Captain Kohl- er to investigate. After consulting will! a number of lawyers it was found that section 7017, subsection 4, of the Revised St itutes of Ohio, covers the point. The law is as follows: ' Whoever shall represent himself to be a clairvos'ant, palmi-it, astrologer, or for- tune-teller shall be guilty of a mi.sdemeanor. and, on convict on thereof, shall for each and every offense be fined not more than $100 and not less than $25, or im- prisoned in the county jail for .a period not longer than three months, and not shorter than thirty days." For a number of years peisons calling themselves " professors " have appeared in this city and have ad- vertised e.Ktensiveh'. Ihey have claimed to be the greatest clairvoyants on earth, and many persons have put faith in them. Notices were sent yesterday to eighteen " profess- ors " and " madames " who are doing business in the city. They were told to cease business or leave Cleve- land. Many of them preferred to leave the city. May the Lord be praised for such a law, even if it did take a "number of law3'ers" some time to find it. Now if the3' will add the " weather prophets," or all such as claim to be able to foretell the weather a year ahead, we shall be able to protect by law still nioreoi that class whose "money" is "soon parted" with. Chief Moore, of the Weather Bureati, will, I am sure, ap- prove my suggestion. For years past it has grieved my heart to see in the large cities signs of clairvoyants, fortune-tellers, etc., right otit in broad day- light. It is not only a burning shame but a disgrace to the present age. Where are our schools and colleges with their great endowments? Of course, the News and Herald (and we hope other daily papers as well) will refuse to insert the advertise- ments of these charlatans and impostors. POULTRY PAPER 3 Honths and hook, "Plans for Poultr.v-houses," 10 cts. Paper ono .vear and book, 'S> els, if .vou mi'ntion Glean inc Tfc. price. 50 cts). Inland Poultry Journal, Indianapolis, Indiana. 702 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Aug. 15 Books for Bee=keepers and Others. 10 Any of these books on which postage is not given will be forwarded by mail postpaid, on receipt of price In buying books, as every thing else, we are liable to disappointment if we make a purchase without see- ing the article. Admitting that the book-seller could read all the books he offers, as he has them for sale, it w^ere hardly to be expected he would be the one to mention all the faults, as well as good things about a book. We very much desire that tho.se who favor us with their patronage shall not be disappointed, and therefore we are g^ing to try to prevent it by mention- ing all the faults, so far as we can, that the purchaser may know what he is getting. In the following li.st, books that we approve we have marked with a * ; those we especially approve, ** ; those that are not up to times, 1 1 books that contain but little matter for the price, large type, and much space between the lines, I ; foreign, g. The bee-books are all good. As many of the bee-books are sent with other goods by freight or express, incurring no postage, we give prices separately. You will notice that you can judge of the size of the books very well by the amount re- quired for postage on each. BIBLES, HYMN-BOOKS, AND OTHER GOOD BOOKS. Postage.] [Price without postage. Bible, good print, neatly bound 20 Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress** 40 Christian's Secret of a Happy L,ife,** 50c; cloth 1 00 John Ploughman's Talks and Pictures, by Rev. C. H. Spurgeon* 10 1 I Gospel Hymns, consolidated, Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4, words only; cloth, 10c; paper 5 Same, board covers 20 Same, words and music, small type, board cov. 45 Same, words and music, board covers 75 3 I New Testament in pretty flexible covers 05 One-third off o>i all Gospel Hymns mentioned above. 5 I New Testament, new version, paper covers 10 15 I Story of the Bible** 1 00 Years ago, when Huber was a little boy, he got hold of this book and read it clear through, asking his mother questions without number all along through the book. When he got to the end he turned over to the fore part and commenced to read it through again. We laughed at him .somewhat, but let him go on But when he started the third time I remonstrat- ed. Now, this illustrates what sort of a book this is. We sold hundreds of them; but finally, when the book got to be old, it was taken out of our book list. I do not know just why; but nevertheless orders have kept coining for that wonderful book by Charles Foster — the Story of the Bible. Almost any child will read it if he gets a chance; and who can tell the effect it may have in fixing his young mind upon things that are good and pure and" true ? By buying them in consid- erable quantities we are enabled to furnish such a large book (notice the postage is 15 cts.) for only $1.00. 4 I Stepping Heavenward** 18 5 I Tobacco Manual** 45 This is a nice book that will be sure to be read, if left around where the boys get hold of it, and any boy who reads it will be pretty safe from the tobacco habit. 10 BOOKS ESPECIALLY FOR BEE-KEEPERS. I A B C of Bee Culture, cloth 1 00 I Amateur Bee-keeper, by J. W. Rouse 22 I Bees and Bee-keeping, by Frank Cheshire, England, Vol. I., § 2 36 I Bees and Honev, by T. G. Newman 65 I Bienen-Kultur, by Thos. G. Newman 25 This is a German translation of the principal por- tion of the book called " Bees and Honey." 100 pages. I Bienenzucht und Honiggewinnung 50 Or "Bee Culture and the Securing of Honey," a Ger- man bee-book by J. F. Eggers, of Grand Island, Neb. Postage free. Cook's Manual, cloth 1 15 Doolittle on Queen-rearing 95 Dzierzon Theory 10 Foul Brood; Its Natural History and Rational Treatment 22 lyangstroth Revised, by Chas. Dadant & Son 1 10 Quinby's New Bee-keeping 90 British Bee-keeper's Guide-book, by Thomas William Cowan, England \ 40 The Honey-bee, by Thos. William Cowan 95 Merrybanks and His Neighbor, by A. I. Root... 15 10 I The Honey-makers, by Mi.ss Jlargaret W. Morley 1 15 This is a s-tory of the life of the bee. told in very in- teresting style — how it lives, gathers honey, and all about it. While clothing the general subject with an air of poetry, it seems to be entirely within the limits of known facts while attemp;ing to deal with them. We believe it will give all thoughtful bee-keepers a greater liking for their business to read it. Probably it has more to do with the curious traditions connect- ed with bees than any other book of the kind. 10 I The Ivife of the Bee 1 30 Thos. Wm. Cowan, editor of the British Bee Journal, in his review of Maeterlinck's work, says: " Not since the appearance, in 1876, of Bucher's 'Mind in Animals' have we had a book about bees more charming, or one that we have read with greater pleasure, than Maeter- linck's ' lyife of the Bee.' " MISCELLANEOUS HAND-BOOKS. 5 I A B C of Carp Culture, by Geo. Finley 25 5 I A B C of Strawberry Culture,** by T. B. Terry.. New edition, revised and enlarged; paper, 45c ; cloth, 68c: by mail, 75c. 5 I A B C of Potato Culture, Terry** New edition, revised & enlarged ; paper, 45c; cloth, 68c, mail 75c. This is T. B. Terry's first and most masterly work. 8 I Barn Plans and Out-buildings* 90 Canary birds, paper 50 2 I Celery for Profit, by T. Greiner** 25 The first really full and complete book on celer>' culture, at a moderate price, that we have had. It is^ full of pictures, and the whole thing is made so plain that a schoolboy ought to be able to grow paying crops at once without any assistance except from the book. 15 I Draining for Profit and Health, Warring 85 8 1 Domestic Economy, by I. H. Mayer, M. D.** ... 30 This book ought to save at least the money it costs, each year, in every household. It was written by a doctor, and one who has made the matter of domestic economy a life study. The regular price of the book is 81.00, but by taking a large lot of them we are en- abled to make the price only 30 cents. 10 I Farming for Boys* 1 15 This is one of Joseph Harris' happiest production.s, and it seems to me that it ought to make farm-life fas- cinating to any boy who has any sort of taste for gar- dening. 10 I Fruit Harvesting, Storing, Marketing, etc 75 It has been well said that it is an easier matter to grow stuff than to sell it at a proper price after it is grown; and many men fail, not because they are in- expert in getting a crop, but because they do not know how to sell their crops to the best advantage. This is the fitst book of the kind we have had as an aid in selling. It not only tells all about picking, s-orting, and packing, but gives all the best methods for storing for one or two days or a longer time. It also tells about evaporating and canning when there is a glut in the market. It discusses fruit packages and com- mission dealers, and even takes in cold storage. It is a new book of 250 pages, full of illustrations. Pub- lisher's price, $1.U0. I Farming with Green Manures, postpaid** 90 This book was written several years ago; but since competent labor has got to be so expensive, and hard to get, many farmers are beginning to find they can turn under various green crops cheaper than to buy stable manure, and haul and spread it— cheaper, in fact, than they can buy fertilizers. This book men- tions almost all plants used for plowing under, and gives the value compared with stable manure. Some of the claims seem extravagant, but we are at present getting good crops, and keeping up the fertility, by a similar treatment, on our ten-acre farm. 7 Farm, Gardening, and Seed-growing** 90 10 Fuller's Grape Culturist** 1 15 5 Garden and Farm Topics, Henderson** 60 12 Gardening for Pleasure, Henderson* 1 10 12 Gardening for Profit** 1 10 8 I Gardening for Young and Old, Harris** 90 This is Joseph Harris' best and happiest effort. Al- though it goes over the same ground occupied by Peter Henderson, it particularly emphasizes thorough culti- vation of the soil in preparing your ground ; and this matter of adapting it to young people as well as old is 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. ro3 brought out in a most happy vein. If your children have any sort of fancy for gardening it will pay you to make them a present of this book. It has 187 pages and 46 engravings. 3 I Grasses and Clovers, with Notes on Forage Plants 20 This is by Henry A. Dreer, author of the book, " Vegetables Under Glass" that has had such a large sale of late. This little book tells how six tons of grass has been grown to the acre, and gives much other valuable matter. 10 I Greenhouse construction, by Prof, Taft** 1 15 This book is of recent publication, and is as full and complete in regard to the building of all glass .struc- tures as is the next book in regard to their manage- ment. Any one who builds even a small structure for plant-growing under glass will save the value of the book by reading it carefully. 12 I Greenhouse Management, by Prof. Taft** 1 15 The book is a companion to Greenhouse Construc- tion. It is clear up to the times, contains 400 pages and a great lot of beautiful half-tone engravings. A large part of it is devoted to growing vegetables under glass, especially Grand Rapids lettuce, as well as fruits and flowers. The publisher's price is $1.50; but as we bought quite a lot of them we can make a spe- cial price as above. 5 I Gregory on Cabbages, paper* 20 5 Gregory on Squashes, paper* 20 5 I Gregory on Onions, paper* 20 The above three books, by our friend Gregory, are all valuable. The book on squashes especially is good reading for almost anybody, whether they raise squashes or not. It strikes at the very foundation of success in almost any kind of bu.siness. I Handbook for L,umhernien 05 5 I Home Pork-makini;; li5 pwges, illustrated 40 I think it will pay well for everybody who keeps a pig to have this book. It tells all about the care of the pig, with lots of pictures describinsr cheap pens, appliances, all about butchering, the latest and mo.st approved short cuts; all about making the pickle, barreling the meat, fixing a smoke-house (from the cheapest barrel up to the most approved arrange- ment); all about pig-troughs; how to keep them clean with little labor; tecipes for cooking pork in every imaginable way, etc. Publisher's price is 50 cents, ours as above. 10 I Household Conveniences 90 15 I How to Make the Garden Pay** 1 35 By T. Greiner. Those who are interested in hot- beds, cold-frames, cold green-houses, hot-hovi.ses, or glass structures of any kind for the growth of plants, •can not afford to be without the book. Publisher's price, 32.00. 2 I How we Made the Old Farm Pay— A Fruit- book, Green 15 2 I Injurious Insects, Cook 10 10 I Irrigation for the Farm, Garden, and Orchard* 85 By Stewart. This book, .so far as 1 am informed, is almo.st the only work on this matter that is attracting .so much intere.st, especiallv recently. U.sing water from springs, brooks, or windmills to take the place of rain, during our great drouths, is the great problem before us at the present day. The book has 274 pages and 142 cuts. 3 I Maple Sugar and the Sugar-bush** 25 4 I Peabody's Webster's Dictionary 10 Over 30,000 words and 2.50 illu.strations. 5 I Manures ; How to Make and How to Use Them; in paper covers 30 6 I The same in cloth covers 65 I Nut Culturist, po.stpaid 1 50 3 I Onions for Profit** 40 Fully up to the times, and includes both the old onion culture and the new method. The book is fully illustrated, and written with all the enthusiasm and interest that characterizes its author, T. Greiner. Even if one is not particularly interested in the busi- ness, almost anv person who picks up Greiner's books will like to read them through. I Our Farming, by T. B. Terry** 1 50 In which he tells " how we have made a run-down farm bring both profit and pleasure." If ordered by express or freight with other goods, 10c less. Poultrv for Pleasure and Profit.** 10 Practical Floriculture, Henderson.* 1 10 Profits in Poultry.* 75 Silk and the , Silkworm 10 Small-Fruit Culturist, Fuller 75 2 I Sorghum, Stock Beets, Strawberries, and Ce- ment Floors. By Waldo F. Brown 08 This little book ought to be worth its cost for what is .said on each of the four different subjects; and the chapter on cement floors may be worth many dollars to anybody who has to use cement for floors, walks, or any thing else. In fact, if you follow the exceed- ing plain directions you may snve several dollars on one single job; and not only that, get a better cement floor than-the average mason will make. 2 I .Sweet Potatoes; Fortv Years' Experience with, By Waldo F. Brown *'■* 08 This little book, by a veteran teacher at our farm- ers' institutes, ought to be worth many times the price to everybody who grows even a few sweet potatoes in the garden. It also gives full particulais in r gard to handling and keeping this potato, which is difficult to keep unless yon know just how. 10 I Talks on Manure.s* 135 10 1 The New Agriculture ; or, the Waters Led Cap- tive (a |1.50 book) 40 11 I The New Fgg-Farm, Stoddard** 70 This is an enlarged edition of the 50-cent book pub- lished 25 or 30 years ago by H. II. Stoddard. If 1 could have only one poultry-book it would be the New Egg-farm. This book is of special value to me be- cause it not only discus.ses most emphaticallj' the value oi exercise to poultry, but it touches on the value of exercise to all other animated nature including hu- rnanity. The book has over 300 pages and 150 illustra- tions. It is entirely different from any other poultry- book in the world, inasmuch as it discusses mechanic- al contrivances ^o that all the varied operations of a poultry-farm may be done as much as possiVile with the aid of machinery. The regular price is fl 00, but by buying a quantity we are able to furnish it at price given. 5 I The New Rhubarb Culture** 40 Whenever apples are worth a dollar a bushel or more, winttr-grovvn rhubarb should pay big. It does not require an expensive house nor costly appliances. Any sort of cellar where it will not freeze is all right for it: and the small amount of heat necessary to force the rhubarb costs very li.tle. The book is nicely bound in cloth, full of illustrations. mo.stly photo's from real work, 130 pages. Every market-gardener should have this book, for the lessons taught indirect- ly, in regard to forcing other crops besides rhubarb. Publisher's price 50c. 2 I Treati.se on the Horse and his Diseases 5 5 I Tile Drainage, by W. I. Chamberlain 35 Fully illustrated, containing every thing of impor- tance clear up to the present date. The single chapter on digging ditches, with the il- lustrations given by Prof. Chamberlain, should alone make the book worth what it costs, to every one who has occasion to lay ten rods or more of tile. There is as much science in digging as in doing almo.st any thing el.se ; and bv following the plan directed in the book, one man will often do as much as two men with- out this knowledge. 3 I Tomato Culture 35 In thi ee parts Part first — By J. W. Day, of Crystal Springs, Miss., treats of tomato culture in the South, with some remarks by A. I. Root, adapting it to the North. Part second. — By D. Cummins, of Conneaut., O., trfats of tomato culture especially for canning- factories Part third — By A. I. Root, treats of plant- growing for market, and high-pressure gardening in general. 3 I Vegetables under Glass, by H. A. Dreer** 20 3 I Vegetables in the Open Air* 20 This Is a sort of companion book to the one above. Both books are most fiiUy illu.strated. and are exceed- ingly valuable, especially at the veiy low price at which they are sold. The author, H. A. Dreer, has a greenhouse of his own that covers one solid acre, and he is pretty well conversant with all the arrangements and plans for protecting stuff from the weather, and afterward handling to the be.st advantage when the weather will permit out of doors. 3 I Winter Care of Horses and Cattle 25 This is friend Terry's second book in regard to farm matters ; but it is so intimately connected with his po- tato-book that it reads almo.st like a sequel to it. If you have only a horse or a cow, I think it will pay you to invest in'a book. It has 41 pages and 4 cuts. 3 I Wood's Common Objects of the Micro.scope**. . 47 8 I What to Do and How to be Happv While doing It. bv A. I Root .' fi5 8 I Same in paper covers 40 THE A. I. ROOT CO., Medina. Ohio. 704 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Aug. 15 Convention Notices. PROGRAM OF THE THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL CONVEN- TION OF THK NA I lONAL BEE-KEEPERS' ASSO- CIATION. TO BE HELD IN DENVER, COL- ORADO, SEPTEMBER 3, 4, 5, 1902. •;30. 8:30.- FIRST DAY, WEDNESDAY', EVENING SESSION. -Invocation; music; address of welcome by Pres- ident Harris, Mayor Wright, and Governor Or- man; responses by President Hutchinson, Secre- tary Ma.son. and Director Miller. -"Bee-keeping from the Atlantic to the Pacific, as Seen Through the Camera and Stereopticon," by E. R. Root, Medina, Ohio. SECOND DAY, THURSDAY', MORNING SESSION. 9:00.— Music; president's address, 'The Future of Bee- keeping ; " discu'^s'on. 10:00.— "Which is the Most Hopeful Field for the Na- tional Association?" by Dr. C. C. Miller, Maren- go, 111.; response by Rev. K. T. Abbott, St. Joseph, Missouri; discussion. 11 :00. — Question-box. AFTERNOON SESSION. 1:30.— Music; " Reporting of the Honey Crop — When and How it Should be Done," by C. A. Hatch, Richland Center, Wisconsin; response by Frank Rauchfnss. Denver, Colorado; discussion. 2:30. — " Bee-keeping I,essons that May be Learned from the Word Locality," by H. C. Morehouse, Boulder, Colorado; response by K. R- Root, Me- dina, Ohio; discussion. 3:30.— Question-box EVENING SESSION. 7:30. — Music; "The Outside and Inside of a Honey- bee," illustrated bv the stereopticon, by Prof. C. P. Gillette, Ft. Collins, Colorado. THIRD DAY', FRID \Y, MORNING SESSION. 9:00. — Music; "Selling Extracted Honey at Wholesale — How to Get the Best Prices, " by J. F. Mcln- tyre, Sespe, California: response by T. Lytle, Manzanola, Colorado; discussion — "Putting up Extracted Honey for the Retail Trade," by R. C. Aikin, Loveland, Colorado; re- spon'-e by G. W. York, Chicago, Ills ; discussion. — Question box. AFTERNOON SESSION. 10:00. 11:00. 1:30.- 2:30. 3:30.- 9:00.- -Music; " Managing Out-apiaries for Comb Hon- ey," by W L- Porter. Denver, Colorado; response by M. A. Gill, Longmont, Colorado; discussion. -Question-box. -Trolley-ride, " Seeing Denver." EVENING SESSION. -Banquet. A. B. Mason, Sec. PROGRAM OF TWENTY'-THIRD ANNU.^L CONVENTION OF COLORADO ST.\TE BEE KEEPERS' ASSOCIA- TION IN JOINT MEETING WITH N.^TION- AL BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. WEDNESDAY', SEPT. 3.— FORENOON SESSION. 10:00. — Invocation ; reading minutes ; president's ad- dress, .^fter the president's address ten min- utes will be given for members to offer sugges- tions or give notice of any business or discussion that they wish to bring before the convention. Come prepared. 11:00. — A four-cornered discussion by four prominent apiarists, speakers limited to ten minutes each : 1st subject, " Association Work, and Influence — it Good or Bad, and Why ;" 2d, "Comb Honey — Best Hive and Svstem. and Why;" 3d, " Ex- tracted-Honey Production — Best Hive and Sys- tem, and Why;" 4th, • The Most Pressing Need of Our Pursuit." General debate on the fore- going subjects; speakers limited to three min- utes except by consent of the convention. Ap- pointment of temporary committees; dinner. AFTERNOON SESSION. 1:00. — Question-box. 1:30. — Unfinished business; reports of committees; new business. 2:S0. — Election of officers. 3:00.— Paper, " The Bee in Literature," by F. L. Thomp- son; miscellaneous business. The annual picnic of the Cayuga and Seneca Counties Bee-keepers' Societies will be held at At- water Glen, on the east shore of Cayuga Lake, Wed., Sept. 3, 1902. An interesting program is being ar- ranged, and any interested in bee,-, are invited to be present Atwater can be reached by the regular line of Cayuga Lake steamers at the special rate for the day of one fare for round trip. C B. Howard, Romulus, N. Y.. J. W. PiERSON, Union Springs, N. Y., Secretaries. Kind Words from our Customers. Allow me to extend my thanks for the courteous and attentive waj' in which you have treated me. I must say the goods, so far as I have been able to see, aie as tine as I ever saw, and I am getting words of praise from others. One man says he has put on .some of the sections, and that thej' are " dandies." Judge Fo-dick, in speaking of his 18-inch lawn-mower, says, " Oh! it's a bird. It cut* fine -just shaves the grass." Rocky Ford, Colo., June 12. Geo. O. Gould. OUR PREMIUM queen GATHERED TWICE THE HONEY'. Last August I sent you $1 for Gleanings and your premium queen, and I wish to say that I am indeed pleased with your journal. I don't think I want it ever stopped. I can't do without it. Well, the premi- um queen is a beautiful golden, and her bees the same. They must be the long tongued sort, for her bees gath- er twice the honey that the others do. They work early and late; in fact, I want 60 like her. McLennan Co., Tex., June '27. C. S. Phillips. "homes;'' potato-growing, etc. yi/r. Root. — I have looked every leaf over and over r even on the outside of the cover, but I can't find " Our Homes." Is it possible that my old friend and brother in Christ is so taken up with the planting of those 75 bushels of potatoes, and making those boys work, that he forgot that I was waiting to read Our Homes as soon as Gleanings came? Tell him I am verv glad to hear that he is so strcng and happy, and that I should like to run in on him as he did on me a number of years ago, and that I can beat him on potatoes. We were eating them larger than goose eggs by the 24th of June, and I finished planting June 25. They say here it is too late. Two years ago. in June or July Gleanings, I read in "High-pressure Gardening" ■w e could get good potatoes if planted in July. Well, July 11 I planted some and got a good crop. Last year I planted July Sth, and had the best crop in this part. Tell him I do not live where he found me in years gone by, in the village of Orion, but on a hun- dred-acre firm nearer to Mu=coda than at that time, and that I will send him a picture of my bee-yard and home some time. F. L- Snyder. Muscoda, Wis. [Dear friend S . there was a Home Paper prepared for Gle-^vnings, but it never reached Medina. As we are over two miles from the postofifice we send our mail to the office by various people, and I fear that letter is now resting in s niebody's unused pocket. I am daily expecting it to turn up. as it is of no value to anybody else. Perhaps I should explain to the pres- ent readers of Gle.\nings who it is that is so con- cerned because an issue of Gleanings came out with- out " Homes." Years ago Mr. F. L- Snyder was neither a bee-keeper nor a professing Christian. He knew almost as little about one as the other. One day he was employed by a bee-keeper, being a carpenter, and, after eating his dinner at noon, he picked up a bee journal that his employer had dropped on his ■« orkbench among the shavings. As he turned over its pages in a careless way he struck on the Home Papers. He became interested in my poor but ve- hement way of calling the attention of all mankind to the Lamb of God who taketh away the sin of the world. He borrowed the liack numbers of his emploj'- er, and read them through. The Holy Spirit came in- to his heart and home, and he became not only a suc- cessful bee-keeper but an enthusiastic working Chris- tian. He finally wrote me a letter, telling me all about it, and I paid him the visit he alludes to. Oh what a visit that was! The big arm-chair was pulled out in the center of the room, the famil}- Bible was placed in my hands ; and as the father, mother, and quite a flock of children gathered round, I gave them 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE "05 a "Home talk." To he sin e the lyOrd has prospered him with bees, potatot s, and everylhing else, for he read and believes in the promise in that Bible that was handed to me, where it says, "And every one that hath forsaken brethren, or sister . or father, or mother or wife, or children, or lands, for my name's sake, shall receive a hundred fold, and shall inherit everlasting life.''— A I. K ] Wagon World Awheel. Half a million of these steel wheels have been sent out on our o-wn wagons and to fit other wagons. It is the wheel that determines the life of any wagon, and this is the longest I Uved wheel made. Do you want a low down Handy Wagon to use about the place? We will fit out your old wagon with Elec~ trie Wheels of any size and any shape tire, gtrajght or Btac> gered gpokes. No cracked hubs. n» Ivese spekes, no rotten felloes, no resetting. 'Write lor the big new cataloirue. Itls free. EI«etrlo Wheel Co.f Box 95tQulncy, Ills. HONEY QUEENS! Laws' Leather=colored Queens. Laws' Improved Golden Queens. Laws' Holy Land Queens. A prominent queen-breeder writes : " I have reared and sold over 500U queens in the past few years, and I a:n using your stock exclusively, as it zs the best I can _get.'^ Another writes : "The queen mo'.her I got of you is the best queen I ever saw." A prominent writer for the Reviezv states the I,aws queen is making a fine showing. Many nice Utters indicative of the superi- ority of Laws' queens on file. Prices : Tested or un- tested, $1.00 each; six for |5.00. Discount on large lots. Write for circular. W. H. Laws, Beeville, Texas Bee-supplies Quick I,et us show you how quick we can fill your orders. Best of goods and the "best place in country to ship from. Get our Prices on Dovetailed Hives and Sections. Write to us If you have any Honey or Beeswax to sell. C. M. SCOTT & CO.. INDMNAPOLIS. INDIANA. 1004 East Washington Street. Imp't'd Queens Direct from Italy Please send us your address on a postal card, and we will send you our price list of queens, written in Eng- lish. Our' motto : "Whatsoever ye would that men should do to -sou, do ye even so to them." Address Malan Brothers. .... Queen-breeders, " Apiario," Luserna, San Giovanni, Italy. QUIRIN, THE OUEEN=BREEDER, of Parkertown, Ohio, has a fine lot of young red-clover queens on hand, which can be sent promptly by return mail. Western reports indicate that Quirin's bees are "hus- tlers. See his advt on page 0(32. FOR SALE— .5000 lbs. extracted honey in 60-lb. cans, two cans in a case. This honey is of good flavor, very thick and ripe, and suitable for table use. It was gathered from raspberrv. cl ver, milkweed, and bas.s- wood, and is mixed. Will sell in one or more case lots f. o. b. cars or boat at T^c per lb. Address Ira D. Bartlett, Box 156, East Jordan, Mich. For Sale.— White clover honey in 60 lb. tin cans at 7}4 cts, per lb. C. J. Baldridge. Kendaia, Seneca Co , N. Y. NONE BUT THE BEST QUEENS ARE GOOD ENOUGH FOR ANY ONE. No bee-keeper wants to give hive room to inferior bees. The best queens fill their hives with brood. The best bees fill their supers with honey. Every bee- keeper knows this, but does not kno'v that our straui of Italians are in the lead. Try them. You will not be disappointed Choice tested (jueens, 51.00 each. Untested, 7oc; fS.OO per doz Send for price list. J. W. K. SHAW & CO., Loreauville, La. Minnesota Bee-keepers' Supply Mfg. Co., Manufacturers of Bee-hives, Sections. Shipping-cases, and Everything Used by Bee-keepers. Orders filled promptly We have the best shippina facilities in the world You will save money by send ing for our price list Address Minnesota Bee-keepers' Supply Mfg. Co., Nicollet Island Power Building, Minneapolis, Minn. FOR SALE!— 50 good strong colonies of bees at from S2 to J5 per colony. Write for particulars. Geo. Reif, Pray, Wis. Seasonable Suggestions. Use TKe Porter Spring' Escape. When taking off surplus this is the greatestsav- ing device. It does awav w th the shaking of the heavy supers, the cruelty of excessive smoking which causes the bees to uncap their honey and start robbing. Just tip the super to the angle of -15° and insert the board. In a few hours it is free of bees: then take off your super. No need smok- ing. You can as well afford to be without a smok- er as without the Porter Bee-escape. Order to-day. PRICE : 20c each : dozen. $2.25; po.stpaid. With board, 35c each; «;S.20 per 10; bv express or freight. Use Porter Honey-Ho«se E^scape over the doors and windows in the extractin?- house, or any place vou wi^h to clear of bees. The most persistent robber can Pot return. Some bee- keepers make a practice of taking off the filled supers and stacking seven or eight in a pile. The Porter Honev-house mo\inted on a board makes the best kind" of escape. Dont wait till to morrow before you get a supply. You can't afford to be without them longer. PRICE : 2oc each ; $'2.75 per dozen ; postpaid. Board without escape, 15c each ; 81.00 per 10. I'OR SAl.lC BY THE A. I. ROOT CO.. Medina. Ohio. U. S. A. And ail Branches and Agencies. 706 GLEANINGS IN-BEE CULTURE. Aug. 15 California has had a light honey crop this 3'ear, bnt here is an en- couraging letter from a resident of that State, in regard to the do- ings of a colony having a queen of the Superior Stock. Dos Mesas, Calif., June 26, 1902. W. Z. Hutchinson, Flint, Mich. Dear Sir: — I enclose you the photo, of a hive taken at tiiOO A. M . being the only time of the day that the sun shone directly upon it'. The colony in this hive is the development of a three-frame nucleus, in which was placed the queen that )Ou sent me last -••ritr.er. You may remember that she was sent quite late m lUe season, as California seasons go. However, she raised enough bees so that they filled ten frames full of hon- ey for winter. On account of the good showing of this queen last fall, I used her to breed from this season, taking larvte from the combs, per the Alley method, every five days. In spite of the loss in comb and bees, and the interruption to the labors of the hive, I have taken off 6(1 well-finished sections. Please bear in mind that this is a poor year, and most of my 145 big hives have given me nothing. These bees are the nicest bees to handle of any I have ever seen. While I do not suppose that you intended to send me a select- ed breeder, I am satisfied that this queen will compare favorably with any queen owned by anybody. If this will be of any aid to you in advertising Superior Stock, you are welcome to print it. Yours sincerely, H. N. CROSS, M. D. My friend, for 81.50 I can send you a queen reared from the same strain as the queen possessed by Mr. Cross. She will come from the same breeder, and be reared in exactly the same manner. I will guarantee safe arrival, safe introduction, purity of mating, and entire satisfaction to the extent that the queen may be returned any time within two years and the money will be refunded, together with 50 cts. extra to pay for trouble. Special Offer. — For $2.00 I will send one queen, and the Bee-Keepers' Review for one year. W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich. flC »|C flC fi^^ flC flK »|K »|K »1W $l==-for The Pacific Bee Journal and Gleanings="$l Here in California we need only one good year to make a stake. 200 colonies in tlie fall can be boug-lit for $500, and often return $1500 in honey with two months' work. Off seasons we have, but where else in this wide world will an apiary produce 400 lbs. honey to the colony? A Terra of Good Years Must Come Again.' Pacific Bee Journal with Gleaning-s, new or renewal, $1 a year. Address 237 East Fourth St., J'* Ai* ji« jii« Los Angeles, Calif. yt yt y* yt y* 1^ '7^1^1^1^ Queens! Buv them of H. G. Quirin, the largest queen- breeder in the North. The A. I. Root Co. tells us our stock is extra fine. Editor York, of the Ameri- can Ree Journal, says he has good reports from our stock from time to time, while J. L,. Gandy, of Humboldt, Neb., has secured over 400 lbs. of honey (mostly comb) from single colonies containing our queens". We have files of testimonials similar to the above. Our breeders originated from the highest-priced long - tongued red - clover queens in the United States. Fine queens, promptness, and square dealing have built up our present business, which was es- tablished in 1888. Price of Queens After J uly First. 1 6 12 $ 75 1 00 1 50 3 00 $4 00 5 00 8 00 $7 00 Tested 9 00 Extra Selected Tested— the best We guarantee safe arrival to any State, conti- nental island, or any European country. Can fill all orders promptly, 'as we expect to keep three to five hundred queens on hand ahead of orders. Special price on 50 or 100. Circular free. Send all orders to Quirin the Queen=breeder, Post and Money-order Office, Pariiertown, Ohio. To Sell Outright==U. S. Patent Apiary Means are provided for supporting the hives so they will be practically inaccessible to the various classes of insects and small' animals that, under ordinary condi- tions, gain access to the interior of the hives, and de- spoil the contents, and de- troy the inhabitants. An- other advantage is that the hives are so spaced in rela- tion to each other that they are exposed to view on all sides, and therefore freely accessible in all directions to the bees. At the same time the hives are protected from the sun and rain, and a neat warm housing is provided in which the hives may be inclosed during cold weather, thus securely protecting the bees. Will sell State, county, or farm 'rights upon application. Charles 0. Lett, Eclectic, Alabama. x^r\ i^l a n The gentlest bees in the world ; are very hardy, prolific, and the best of workers. We are the largest breeders of this race of bees in America. Choice breeding- and im- ported queens always on hand. Untested, 65c; tested, $1.25; select tested, $2.25; best imported, $4.00. Send for descriptive list. F. A. Lockhart & Co., Caldwell, N. Y. WARREN COUNTY. TERRACE QUEENS. Bred from selected stock ; best of workers ; verv gentle, and fine color. Warranted, 75 cts.': .six for 51.00; dozen, J7.5> tested, $1.00. Harold Hornor, Terrace Apiary, Mt. Holly, N. J. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 707 »♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ Seasonable Offerings. : The Fred W. Muth Co. Front & Walnut Streets Cincinnati, Ohio. Muth's Pound Square Flint-glass Honey-jars with patent air tight glass stoppers, at $5.50 per gros'i. Far superior to old style with corks. Try a gross. Just the thing for home market. Crates of Two 60-pound Cans. Been used once, but in good condition. In lots of five crates, 40c each; ten or more, IVJc. This lot is limited; order at once. Queens; the Best Money Can Buy. Buckeye strain three-handed are the genuine red clover workers. Muth's strain of golden Italians can not be surpassed. Either of above 75c each; six for |4 00. Select tested. $1.50 each. A trial will convince you. Send for our catalog of bee-supplies. ^♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦^ Try a Few of My Queens. For the first time this season I have a few queens ahead of orders. These orders came from all custo- mers who had tried a few queens sonie of them doz- ens or hundreds — and liktd them. A few from new ones. But as I was pushed with orders I advertised very moderately. Now I have a big lot of nuclei and queens, and can send queens promptly as follows : Warranted queens, 75c; six for S4.00; cue choice select warranted, $1.00; .'ix for $.5.00 Send for free folder. J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Florida. 10 CENTS That's all it costs to get acquainted with the Rocky Mountain Bee Journal. We want to send it on trial to every reader of Gleanings Three Months for 10 cts. This vigorous young month- ly has just entered its second year on a paying basis, and has become the recognized mouthpiece of the bee- keepers of the great Rocky Mountain alfalfa regions. Address The Rocky Mountain Bee Journal, Box 611, Boulder. Colorado. - Special Notice to Bee=keepers ! QUEENS! BY RETURN MAIL. We are now breeding from three dis- tinct strains; viz. ^ Imported or leather color, Root's long-tong-ued or red-clo- ver strain, and our old strain of white banded yellow Italians, or albinos. PRICES: Tested, each.. $1.25 Select tested, each 1.50 Warranted purely mated, each 75 Same, per half dozen 4.00 Same, per dozen 7.50 Untested, each 65 Same, per half dozen 3.50 Same, per dozen 7.00 We have also a full line of bee-keep- ers' supplies including THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY'S GOODS. Send for our 32-pag"e illustrated catalog. W. W. Gary & Son, Lyonsville, Mass. Roofs Supplies \ The Best Stock. at Catalog Prices. SRND FOK CATALOG F. H. Farmer, Boston, Mass. . 182 Friend St., 1st Flight. ^ I have had 18 years' experience in the production of honev, and during that time I h..ve always tried to improve my stock by buying queens from breeders who breed for honey-sathering inste d of color; then, bv crossing these different strains, and selecting the best, and breeding from them, I have secured a strain of stock that is the equal of any for honey-gathering. This year I am breeding from a daughter of Root's fa- mous $20() queen, and from the stock of J. P Moore^ Warranted queens, in any quantity, will be sold at .55 cts. each, and satisfaction will be guaranteed in every case, or money will be refunded. L. H. Robey, Worthington, W. Va. "08 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. The Meat Piano Built anticipating the demand of those patistied with nothing Ijut the best and looking for a piano of the Highest Artistic Creation Are you considering the purchase of a piano? Our proposition will jirove more en- tertaining than any S'on hive had. Catalog and Jitll infarmiit inv fi-fe on application. THE PACKAKl* COMPANY P. «. Box F Fort Wn.vii.-. Indianii (eqi ICombiuM h]-h»tr'uj6 m chaDicul •ffi iicDcjw.'^b be mtiful .Tppannce Fin< a DALL I BEARIVG, beocceasT riiiin;n-. iioUile?= anreed for |Te3timon.slsfr(ii _ Writ-? for Free i'atalo<; ahowin? all Styles aod 8ampleB Arlin-ton ciiaraitee.i miehinea from 111,95 up. Onr .4iitoiii»tic raliinpc at $i;.;a is a wonder TASH BrYFHS- ! MON. Ilont. A-!45, rmcAfiO, 11, Ai r-' Fruit Packages of All Kinds. — AI,SO — BEE=KEEPERS' SUPPLIES. . . Order your supplies now before the busy season catches you. Price list free. Addre.ss BERLIM FRUIT-BOX COMPANY, Berlin Heights, - - Erie County, OhlOo Union Combination Saw /&^-^^ For Ripping-, Cross- h— sl^-^iiit:— ■-^ — ^^^^rr-a cutting, Rabbeting, IMitering, Grooving, Gaining, Boring, Scroll- sawing, Edge - mouldiuE Beading. Full line Foot and Hand Power machin- ery. Send for catalog A. SENECA FALLS MFG. CO., il Water St , Seneca Fs., N.Y, ' Dnill TDV PAPER, illnst'd, 20 paeeB, ilrllUL I n I 25 cents per year. 4 months' trial 10 cents. Sample Free. 64-page practical goultry book free to yearly Bubscribera. ook alone 10 cents. C'atalogne of ponltri ibooks free. i'ouUrt/ Aclvocate, Syracuse^ S.Y. Arc. ]5 A Birthmonth Ring. A genuine 14-k. Gold Ring, set with fine Sardonyx, sent to any address for $3. With 10-k. ring, hard to tell from the real, .'ii. 00. Sardonyx i^ the stone for August. Tt sienilii'S Conjugal Happiness. The Ring is a beautiful gift for an August birthday. The cut shows our White Diamond ring. Solid gold ring, fine artificial stone, price $2. .5'!. Jmo. EI. XVliite Co. 150 Broadway, New York. Fruit & Ornamental, Shrubs, Roses, Bulbs and Plants. Correspondence solic- ited. Valuable Catalogue free. 49th year 44 greenhouses. 1000 acres. THE STORRS & HARRISON CO., Painesville, Ohio. E COULD SAVE S500 a day if we could make P.\GE FENCE of cominon fence wire, but it won't hold the coil. Pag« Woven Wire Fence Co.. Box S, Adrian, Michigan. BARNES' Hand and Foot Power Machinery. This cut represents our combined circular saw, which is made for bee- keeper's use in the con- struction of their hives, sections, boxes, etc., etc. Machines on Trial. Send for illustrated cata- log and prices. Address W. F. & Jno. Barnes Co., 545 Ruby St., Rockford. : lUlnolSc 200 TESTED REO-CLOVER QUEENS. on hand, to go by return mail at $1.00 each; untested, 75c each; S6.00 per doz.; 50 to 100, special prices. We have col- onies this year that gathered $2.25 of clover honey. This beats two years ago. We breed frotn one of Root's red- clover queens, too. .She's a hustler, and fine. Now is your time to get ready for next season. We guarantee all our queens to reach your P. O. in good condition, and please you. Money-order ofifice, Gutrnsev, Pa. a. ROUTZAHN, Menallen, Pa. HONEY QUEENS FROM TEXAS. I can furnish queens of (i differ-nt r:ic s, aP I. red in their purity in separate yards from (i to 25 miles apart. Untested queens, 75 cts to $1.(0 each. Tested queens of either race, f 1.50 to $:^.00 each. Breeders. $3.50 to $'> each. Bees by the pound, and I, 2 an 1 8 frame nuclei a specialty. Prices cheap Ouoied or, ap;)!'cation. Price list free. Will Atchley. Bo,v~79,Beeville. Bee Co.. Tex. Queens for Aug. and Sept., 60 cts. Abbott I.. >^winson <)ueeii-specialist, will mail wai- ranted American Albino Italians ibest bees known) to introduce the stock, at (50 cts. each; $ii.00 per dozen. Everybody try them, and gi.t the bee you need. Swinson & Boardman, Box 358, Macon, Ga. ^_^ _ Barns of plank save timber tU ^S and cash. Neatest, cheap- est. strongest, most desir- able. 5(X)0 in 42 .States. Tested tor 20 j-ears. Indorsed by agricultural colleges and scientific men. Book for stamp. Shawver Brothers, Beliefontaine. Ohio. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. ro9 LoBig Toi^gues Valuable South as well as North. How Moore's strain of Italians roll in the honey down in Texas Hutto, Texas, Nov. 19, 1902. J. P. Moore. — Dcaysir:—\W\%\\ to write you in re- gard to qneens purchased of you. I could have writ- ten sooner, but I wanted to test them thoroughly and see if they had those remarkable qualities of a three- banded Italian bee. I must confess to you I am more surprised every day as I watch them. They simply " roll the honey in " It seems that they get honey where others are idle or trying to rob; and for gentle- ness of handling, I have never seen the like. Friend E. R. Root was right when he said your bees have the longest tongues; for they get honey where others fail. I will express my tlianks for such queens. I am more than pleased. I will stock my yut-apiaries next spring with your queens. Yours truly, Henry Schmidt. The above is pretty strong evidence that red clover is not the only plant which requires long-tongue bees to secure the greatest quantity of nectar. Daughters of my 2S-I(I0 breeder, the iirize-winner, and otlier choice breeders : Untested, 7.5 cls. each ; six, $1.01): dozen, $7.-50. .Select \intested, $1.(X) each; si.K, jjo 00 ; dozen. $9 On. .Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Circular free. I am filling all orders by return mail, and shall probably be able to do so till the close of the .reason. J. P. Moore, L. Box I, Morgan, Kentucky. Pendleton County. Queens! Queens! We have five different yards, 5 to 20 miles apart, where Italians, Cyprians, Holylands, Carniolans, and Albinos are bred for business. You can send in your orders at following prices the rest of this year; Test- ed, |1 50 each; |8.00 for six; $15.00 per doz. Untested, 75c each; $4,25 for six, or $8.00 per doz. Fine breeders, $5.00 each. Safe arrival guaranteed Write for free catalog. Tells how to raise queens and keep bees for profit. The Jennie Atchley Co , Beeville, Bee Co., Tex. Wants and Exchange. Notices will be inserted under this head at 10 cts. per line. You must SAY you want your adv't in this department, or we will not be responsible for any error. You can have the no- tice as many lines as you please ; but all over ten lines will cost you according to our regular rates. We can not be re- sponsible for dissatisfaction arising from these " swaps." WANTED— To exchange— Three lots with five-room house, in suburbs Price $2750 A rooming house in center of city, full of roomers and good for World's Fair, 1904 i2"^ years' lease); and S'SIOO interest inmanu- facturing busine.ss now paying, and more work in sight than we can do. Each or all for fine farm on fine lake— good location for bees— boating and sum- mer res rt— farther north or west than Missouri. Or, make offer of what von have to trade for some or all of above. A. W. Dudley, 1211 Pine St., St. I,ouis Mo. W^ RANTED.— To sella F'lorida home, 15 acres with 5-room hou.se Postoffice and only grocery busi- ness in village goes with the place. Fine location for bees. For full particulars address G. S. Warner, Palraa Sola, Fla. W^ /•ANTED.— To sell in December 160 acres of im- proved land for $.500, and 200 hives of yellow bees, and extracting tools. Hive facto- y very cheap for cash. Come for health where there is but little rain and no snow. I^and is rich, and crops grow well. This State has all kinds of climate and .soil. S. W. Conrad, Poplar, Tulare Co.. Cal. \VANTED.— To exchange my new price list of 2000 ' ' ferrets, now ready to ship, for your address on a postal card. N. A. Knapp, Rochester, Ohio. W^ yVANTED.— Good man to .sell honey at wholesale; '' write me at once. Aaron Snyder. Kingston, N. Y. VVANTED —To sell 200 .swarms of Italian bees. ALso '' 7(X)0 lbs. white extracted honey in (iO-lb. cans; 5 acres choice improved land, and house and two lots; or will trade for merchantile business. Don't write unless you mean business. Elias Fox, Hillsboro, Wis. \VANTED.— Beeswax ; highest market price paid. '' Write for price list. B.^CH, Becker & Co., Chicago, 111. ^ANTF:d.— One dollar for 15 W. P. Rock eggs; $3.00 for 50. or S5.00 for 100; from 98 to 95 scoring birds; cockerels and pullets, $l.tK) each; 75 cts. for one Golden Italian queen, or $8.(X) per dozen — after August 1st, 50c each or $5.00 per dozen. Geo. W. Cook, .Spring Hill, Kansas. VVANTED. — To sell bees and queens. Also putty- ' ' knife with iron handle and strong steel blade — just the thing for pryirg and scraping about hives, etc.. l.")C postpaid. "O. H. Hyatt, Shenandoah. la. Y^ANTED. — To 'ell fo: cash, 5 gal. square tin cans, '" u.sed for honey, at about half price of new cans. Al-io elegant exhibition 12-lb. no drip honey-cases for plain Danz. and -i^^XAl^ sections; made for Pan-Amer- ican. For prices, etc., address Orel I.,. Hershiser, 301 Huntington Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. V^ANTED. — To exchange American Eclipse evaporat- '" or -contains 78 reversible trays, 7 square feet each -for bees or offers, or will sell cheap for cash. This evaporator will be a great bargain to any one having fruit to dry. It takes 20 to 25 bushels of apples or peaches at one filling, is nearly as good as new, and will go cheap as I have no more use for it. Reinhard Stehle. Marietta. Ohio. 'IVTANTED.— One or more copies of Vol. II. Cheshire's '' Bees and Bee-keeping L,et us know in what condition your book is, and price wanted. The a. I. Root Co., Medina, Ohio. \V ANTED. —To exchange warranted and tested Ital- '' ian que ens for good tvpewriter and foot-power saw. John M' Davis, Spring Hill, Tenn. WANTED.— To exchange for honey or maple sugar (or would sell for one-third price), one extra- large cloth-covered carrying-case filed with 72 perfect records for graphophone or phonograph. A grand assortment of songs, music, recitations, etc. Records fit all ordinary instruments. A great bargain. A. T. Cook, Seedsman, Hyde Park, N. Y. WANTED.— To exchange for honey or maple sugar (or will sell for one-half price) 27^ lbs. Roman type— 554 point (agate) with spaces and quads-brand new, never used, extra qualitv; list price, P20.75. A. T. Cook, Seedsman, Hyde Park, N. Y. WANTED.— My queen-customers to know my ad- dress is changed from Gray.son to Modesto. De- livery by creanierv-wagon; residence unchanged. "W. A. H. GiLSTRAP. Modesto, Cal. ANTED.— To sell Premo B camera, 3 plate-holders, and tripod. Write A. H. Fretter, Medina, O. ANTED.— To sell black qiieens for req^ief-ning out- apiaries, at 25c each; (i for $1 25; 10 f r $2 HO. J. M Jenkins, Wctumpka, Ala. RANTED.— Some one to buy mv farm of MV^ acres; good buildings, fruit, etc., .30 stands of bees in Simplicitv- hives; good market for hnn y; wo niiles from railroad; good cash market; good reasons for .selling. R N. Randall, Sweetwater, Tenn. w w w^ WANTED. To sell bv Sept 15. four full colonies ot Italian bees at $3.00 each; al.so entire tlock of S. C. Brown Leghorns at $1.00 each W. E. Dean, Pioneer, Williams Co , Ohio. RANTED. -To exchange a Doolittle wax-extractor, about fiOO -J'^xM^xl"^ beewav .sections, and 400 3-^8x5x1 % Ideal sections, for beeswax or ofTer.s— $2.00 for extractor and 25c per 100 for .sections. A. H. Kanagy, Milroy, Pa. W^ w^ 710 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Aug. 15 PACE ^ LYON, I New London, Wisconsin, | MANUFACTURERS OF AND DEALERS IN . . . BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES. . . . Send for Our Free New Illustrated J^ Catalog and Price List 5 >♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦< Now «^ ^ S' Ready! Sixty-four Page Catalog of every thing bee-keepers need. Illustrated and fully described. Especially Taluable to begin- ners for the information it con- tains. Send your address on a postal and get it now. Estab- lished 1884. J* M* Jenkins^ Wctumpka^ Elmore Co., Ala, ♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦» ♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦»♦♦ BEE-SUPPLIES. •'*^ •§«»•■ ^jiX- 5t-S KretchmerMfg.Go.,Box60,Re(IOak,la. ^^iWMMWWWMWftWVW.W^MWAW^ Best-equipped factory in the West ; car- ry a large stock and greatest variety of every thing needed in the apiary, assur- ing BEST goods at the LOWEST prices, and prompt shipment. We want every bee-keeper to have our FREE ILLUS- TRATED CATALOG, and read descrip- tion of Alternating Hives, Ferguson Su- pers, etc. IVrzie at once /or a catalog. AGENCIES Trester Supply Company, Liucoln, Neb. Shugart & Ouren, Council Bluffs, la. Chas. Spangler, Kentland, Ind. BINGHAM SMOKER. Dear Sir:— Inclosed find $1.75. Please ■end dne brass gmoke-enginw. I have one already. It is the best smoker I •TCrnsed. Truly yours, Hknkt Schmidt, Hutto, Tex. MADE TO ORDER Bingham Brass Smokers, Made of sheet brass, which does not rust or burn out; should last a lifetime. You need one, but they cost 25 cts. more than tin of the same size. The little open cut shows our brass hinge put on the three larger sizes. No wonder Bingham's four-inch smoke-engine goes without puffing, and docs not drop inky drops. The perforat- ed steel fire-grate has 3S1 holes to air the fuel and support the fire. Heavy tin smoke-engine, 4-inch stove, per mail, $1.50; 3J^-inch, $1.10; 3-inch. $1.00; 2i^-inch, 90c; 2-inch, ()5c. Bingham smokers are the originals, and have all the improvements, and have been the standard of excellence for 23 years. Only three larger ones brass. T. F. Bingham, Farwell, Michigan. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 715 Contents of this Number. Alfalfa, Cutting in Bloom 721 Ahnond-growing in California 732 Asthma from Bee Odor 739 Bees on Shares 73S Bee, Big Hum 730 Bees, Getting out of Supers 72S Brood, Measuring 719 Clover, White, Strange Behavior of 720 Drones, Virilitj' of 737 Formalin for Foul Brood 720 Foundation, Using Full Sheets of 721 Gandy, More About 723 Government Aid to Bee-keepers 727 Honey Market 723 Honey, Extracted, for Children 736 Mail Service, Quick 742 Nucleus-boxes. Swarthmore 726 Paralysis, Cause of 720 Ptar-blight Remedy' 720 Pear-blight Situation 731 Propolis in .Smokers, Danger from 739 Propolis to Attract Swarms 720 Queens Injured in Mail 742 Queens, Markings of 742 Queens, To Keep a Surplus of 739 Queen-rearing 725 Rambler's Trip 733 Swarms, Shook, Boardman on 724 Swarms, Removing 73S West, Impressions Concerning 723 Honey Column. GBADING-RDLES. Fancy.— All sections to be well filled, combs straight, firm- ly attached to all four sides, the combs unsoiled by travel- stain or otherwise ; all the cells sealed except an occasional cell, the outside surface of the wood well scraped of propolis. A No. 1.— All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs straight : one-eighth part of comb surface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soiled ; the out- side of the wood well scraped of propolis. No. ].— All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood : combs comparatively even ; one-eighth part of comb surface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soiled. No. 2.— Three-fourths of the total surface must be filled and sealed. No. 3.— Must weigh at least half as much as a full-weight section. In addition to this the honey is to be classified according to color, using the terms white, amber, and dark ; that is, there will be " Fancy White," " No. 1 Dark," etc. CITY MARKETS. New York. — New crop comb honey from Pennsyl- vania and New York is beginning to arrive in limited quantities. There is a good demand for fancy white at 14, and No. 1 at 13, and exceptionally fine lots will possibly bring a little more; lower grades quiet at 10@. 12. As to extracted honey, fancy grades are in good demand at from 6(a/ti^ for white, and 5(ft.)54 for light pmber; southern, in barrels and half-barrels, quiet at 47'/^@60 per gallon, according to quality. Beeswax, dull at 27@28. Hildreth & Segelken, Aug. 18. 265-7 Greenwich St., New York City. Albany.— We are receiving some light-colored comb honey which sells at 15c, which is about all that can be counted on for any amount. Extracted is in mod- erate demand yet. We quote light color '(auVz; mixed, 6^(5;7; dark, (j@G^. Beeswax, 28(0)30. MAcboUGAL & Co., Aug. 20. 375 Broadway, Albany, N. Y. San Francisco.— Comb honey, white, 11J4@'12; am- ber, 10@11. Extracted, water-white, (i@6^ ; light am- ber, 4^(a>5}^ ; dark, 4@5. Producers are posted this season on the output, and are asking 54 to Ic over market prices. Speculators are not buj'ing in conse- quence, but consumers are stocking up. E. II. SCHAEKFLE, Aug 13. Murphys, Calif. Kansas City. — Receipts of comb honey increasing, so is the demand. We quote new fancv white comb H: No. 1, 13; No. 2 and amber, 12^@13c. Extracted white, 6; amber, 5@554. Beeswax, 22(0.25. C. C. Clemons & Co., Aug. 16. . 306 Grand Ave., Kansas City, Mo. .Schenectady. — The weather conditions are so favorable that there is an unusual demand for new comb honey We can not recall a season when our sales were as large in August, and the quality is good. We quote fancy clover 1.5(ajl6; No. 1, \\(a 15; No. 2, Yl% 13; no new buckwheat on the market yet. Chas McCuli.och, Aug. 19. 523 State St , Schnectady, N. Y. Cincinnati.— New comb honey is not coming in so plentiful so far; but whatever has come in, and is fancy water white, has sold to stores from 15(a<16. Fancj' honey kept over from List year sells for 14. The market for extracted is more lively, bringing as follows: Amber. 5(a5;4 ; alfalfa water white, 6@(i^ ; white clover. 7(a7'4. Beeswax, 30. C. H. W. Weber, Aug. 19. 2146 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. Philadelphia. — Honey has been coming in quite freely the last ten days. The East has produced as large a crop of honey as we have had in many years, but the short crop in the West has not reduced the price. We quote fancy comb 15(ai(>; No. 1, 14(3)15. FIx- tracted fancy white, 8. We are producers of honey, and do not handle on commission. Wm. a. Selser, Aug. 21. 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa. New York. — There is now a good demand for honey of all kinds. Fancy comb is selling at 15; No. 1, 12(a''14; amber, 11(3112. Beeswax, 28. Francis H. L,eggett & Co., Aug 26. Franklin and Varick Sts., New York. ALBANY'. — More demand for honey. New white comb receipts mostly sell at 15c. We quote fancy, 16; No. 1, 15; A No. 1, 14. Extracted, white, 7(5(7^; light, 7; mixed, ^SdbSSYi. Beeswax, 28(5'30. Commission (5 per cent) with advances. ^IacDougal & Co. Albany, N. Y., Aug. 28. For Sale. — Fine quality of extracted honey, both clover and sweet clover, in 60-lb. cans, at 8c; ahso bees in L,. frames. Do not send local checks. Dr. C. 1,. Parker, Sta. A., r: F. D., Syracuse, N. Y. For Sale.— 100 cases (two cans each) of fancy white clover extracted honey, at 8 cts. per pound. No better gathered by any bees anywhere. Will shade J^c in 25case lots. ' Wm. A. Selser, Jenkintown, Pa. For Sale. — Extracted honey — clover, amber, or buckwheat— in 170-lb kegs. Write for prices before buying elsewhere. Sample, Sc. C. B. Howard, Romulus, N. Y. For Sale. — Light extracted honey; cans and kegs, 7@8c per lb. Sample, 8c. I. J. Stringham, 105 Park PI., New York City. FOR SAI^E— 5000 lbs. extracted honey in (iO-lb. cans,' two cans in a case. This honey is of good flavor, very thick and ripe, and suitable for table use. It was gathered from raspberrv. clover, milkweed, and bass- wood, and is mixed. Will sell in one or more case lots f. o. b. cars or boat at 754c per lb. Address Ira D. B.^rtlett, Box 1.56, East Jordan, Mich. For Sale.— Extracted honey, from alfalfa, at 7c p( r pound. Send for sample. D. S. Jenkins, l,as Animas, Col. For Sale. — Several thousand pounds comb honey in Danzenbaker 4x5 sections. Shall commence filling orders in August. Wm. Morris Las Animas, Col. For Sale. —Extracted honey. Finest grades for ta- ble use. Prices quoted on application. Sample by mail, 10 cts. to pay for package and postage. Orel L. Hershiser, 301 Huntington Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. We can place a few cars of comb and extracted hon- ey; will be glad to correspond with parties having .some to offer. We also solicit local consignments. C. C. Clemons & Co., 30(i Grand Ave., Kansas City, JIo. We will be in the market for honey the coming sea- son in carloads and less than carloads, and would be glad to hear from producers everywhere what they will have to offer. Seavey & Flarsheim, 1318-1324 Union Avenue, Kansas City, Mo. 716 GLEANTNOS IN BEE CULTURE. Skpt. 1 sV)/' 4 A StanM-Bred QUEEI-BEE or 25 cents To a New Subscriber for the Weekly American Bee Journal. We have arrangfed with several of the best queen-breeders to supply us with The Very Best Untested Italian Queens that they can possibly rear — well worth $1.00 each. We want every reader of Gleanings to have at least one of these Queens. As the supply of these splendid Queens is limited, we prefer to use all of them in this way — for getting' new subscribers. But if any one wishes to purchase them aside from the Bee Journal subscription, the prices are as follows : One Queen, 75 cents ; 3 Queens, S2.10 ; 6 Queens for $4.00. We expect to be able to fill orders by return mail, or alm.ost as promptly as that, so there will be no great delay, at any rate. Remember, the Weekly American Bee Jour- nal one year and the Queen — both for only $1.25 — to a NEW subscriber. Now for your name and $1.25 — and then the Queen that we will send you. Address, •9 144 & 146 Erie Street, CHICAGO, ILL. J8®° Sample c^py of the Ani<»ricati Bee Journal and Catalog of Root's Bce-Keepcrs' Supplies FKEE. \.Ol 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 717 Gleanings in Bee Culture [Established in 1873.] Devoted to Bees, Honey, and Home Interests. Published Semi-monthly by The A. I. Root Co., - - Medina, Ohio. A. I. ROOT, Editor of Home and Gardening Dep'ts. E. R. ROOT, Editor of Apicultural Dept. J. T. CALVERT, Bus. Mgr, A. t,. BOYDEN, Sec. TERMS. $1.00 per annum ; two years, $1.50; three years, $2.00; five years, $;3.00, in advance; or two copies to one address, $1..50 ; three copies, $2.00 ; five copies, $3.75. The terms apply to the United States, Canada, and Mexico. To all other countries 48 cents per year extra for postage. DISCONTINUANCES. The journal is sent until orders are received for its discontinuance. We give notice just before the subscription expires, and fur- ther notice if the first is not heeded. Any subscriber whose subscription has expired, wishing his journal discontinued, will please drop us a card at once; other- wise we shall assume that he wishes his journal con- tinued, and will pay for it soon. Any one who does not like this plan may have his journal stopped after the time paid for by making this request when ordering. RATES OF ADVERTISING. These will be fur- nished on application. Mr. A. I. Root's Writings of Grand Traverse territory and L,eelanau Co. are descriptive of Michigan's most beautiful section reached most conveniently via the Pere Marquette R. R. For pamphlets of Michigan farm lands and the fruit belt, address J. E. Merritt, Manistee, Michigan. DITTMER'S FOUNDATION. Retail — Wholesale — Jobbing. Having increased my shop -room, put in power and a new set of ma- chines, I am now producing a better article than ever, with unlimited ca- pacity to meet orders. I use a process that produces every essential neces- sary to make it the best and most de- sirable in all respects. My process and automatic machines are my own inventions, which enable me to sell foundation, and WORK WAX INTO FOUNDATION FOR CASH, at prices that are the lowest. I make a specialty of working up Wholesale and Jobbing I,ots of wax into foundation, for cash. If you have wax by the 10(1 lbs. or ton, let me hear from you. Catalog giving Full Line of Supplies with prices and sample.s, ?ree upon application. BEESWAX WANTED. Cus. Dittmer, Augusta, - Wisconsin^ 1200 FERRETS. All sizes; some trained; first class stock. New price lisi free. N. A. KNAPP, Rochester, Lorain Co., Ohio. Angora Goats are handsome, hardy, profitablt. Prize stock : low price ; circular Ed. W. Cole & Co., Kenton, O. »♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦< ^ Marshfield Manufacturing Company. Our specialty is making SECTIONS, and they are the best in the market. Wisconsin basswood is the right kind for them. We have a full line of BEE - SUPPIvIES. Write for FREE illustrated catalog and price list. Marshfield Manufacturing; Company, Marshfield, Wisconsin. ^ ^♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦^ diiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiii^ 1 1. J.Stringham, New York City I I 105 Park Place. I I Honey = jars! i-lb. square jars, $5.00 per gross; No. 25 jar, porcelain top, $5.75 per gross; nickel 50 per gross. .\11 clear flint glass. We ship Cartons, shipping-cases, every thing a bee- I cap, fancy, I from N. Y. C5ity. = keeper uses. Tested Italian Queens, $1.00; untested, 70c. I Catalog free. Apiaries are located at Glen Cove, Long Island. | ^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin 718 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Sept. 1 diiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin I Fancy Glassed Comb Honey Wanted! | I We are in the market now for some fancy | I glassed (glassed on both sides of each sec- = I tion) comb honey. Will pay a fancy price = I for a fancy article. Advise us at once of how = I much you have, and what gathered from. = I A. L. Boyden, care of The A. I. Root Co., Medina, Ohio. I ^iinniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiMiiiiiiniiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiM ■^ ^ >K i^ iS^i iSii^ ^K iSl?i iSi?i iSi?i ^K ^^ ^li^ ^1?'. >l< ^h iSK >h >h iSK iSK >K iSK Mft f^, fi^. ii^ yjy. >K HH M^ iSli< Orders Shipped Promptly ■^ ^ ^ We are ruunino- our large factory and shipping- ^ ^ department DAY and NIGHT, and are therefore ^ ^ in position to make prompt shipment of orders. ^ ^ ^ ^ •^ Lewis White Polished Sections are Perfect. Last winter's cut of Wis- -^ yjy consin bassvvood is the whitest we have ever seen. When you order vix_ ^^ No. 1 Sections from us you will get a strictly No. 1 grade in both ^ ■^- workmanship and color. ■^■ ^^ Our Bee=hives are made of a fine grade of lumber and are perfect in work- ^&. ^ manship. A full line of every thing needed in the apiary ready for • y^ prompt shipment. Catalog mailed on application. •^ A Suggestion. Do not put j'our money into new-fangled bee-hives, but xjy buy a simple, serviceable, and well-made hive such as the regular '^^ Dovetailed Hive, arranged for beeway sections. Honey-producers •^ in Colorado, one of the largest honey-producing sections in the ^^ yiy world, use this style. x»g ^ Q. B. Lewis Company, Watertown, Wis. ^ / \ Queens Now Ready to Supply by Return Mail. rifblflpn Ifflli^inQ have no superiors and few equals; untested, 7oc; 6 for |4. 00. Rp(1=rloVfr OllPPn? which left all records behind in gathering honey: untested, |1; 6 for |5. CflrniolflnS '^'^^ ^° highly recommended, being »zo;'if gentle than others; untested, $1.00. occoccccc; Root's Goods at Root's Factory Prices, cccccccccc :. H. W. Weber, 2146, 2148 Central Av., Cincinnati, Ohio. Successor to Chas. F. Muth and A. Muth. JourHri^ • delvoted: •ANdHoNEY •MD home:- •INTERESTS ?ubii5hedy theA l"Roo"f Co. ptRVtwi'^'Xg) "Medina-Ohio • Vol. XXX. SEPT. I, 1902. No. 17 Ye EDITOR advises in certain cases "to place the cell cups in cell cups that are queenless."' Wouldn't that split the cell cups? [I was aware that I was crowded in work a little; but I did not know that I had allowed myself to let pass my eyes any thing- so absolutely meaning-less as this. Why didn't you tell us where it was? — Ed.] Accepting the belief that it is the young- bees that start the swarming- fever, Le Ru- cher Beige advises taking- away frames of sealed brood and replacing- with frames of foundation, or, still better, with combs fill- ed with egg-s and very young brood. [Is this one reason why the brvished swarm works so satisfactorily? for you will remem- ber the sealed brood is taken away. — Ed.] A. I. Root tells a g-ood strawberry story, p. 660. Here's a better one. On this clay hill of mine, my brother-in-law, G. Stull, g-ot $638 as the proceeds of 1'2 acres, at 10 cts. per qt., Si. 50 to S2.00 for 24-qt. case. That was the first year. This year he g-ot S650 from 2 acres, at 10 cts. per qt. ; S2.00 to S2.40 for 24-qt. case, and part of the 2 acres was an old bed picked the fifth year. You MISUNDERSTAND Mr. Alley, p. 680, Mr. Editor. The Alley plan doesn't "g-ive a frame of eggs from that best queen," but just a strip with a very few eggs, and he can "rear thousands of queens from the best breeder in the yard " just as well as you can with anj' other method. | But Mr. Alley's plan uses more eg-gs; and in the case of a breeder that is almost priceless her owner is very anxious to convert all the eggs possible into queens. — Ed.] I WONDER if Henrjr Alley means what he saj^s when he says, page 679, "first-class queens can not be reared while there is a fertile queen present in the hive." That would bar out all the queens reared from creation until about fifty years ago, except in the very few cases where the queen was accidentally killed. I suspect he means queens reared artificially with a fertile queen present. [I suspect that is what he meant; but I do not agree with him, even then.— Ed.] You don't seem to get my idea, Mr. Ed- itor. After bees get to storing in supers a circle of honey in brood-frames doesn't hin- der storing above. They may be loath to cross that circle to begin storing; but at the time of beginning storing, my bees have no margin to speak of to cross, so what more do I want? [If I did not get your idea, doctor, j'Our observation as here related is exactly the same as my own; viz., bees are loath to cross the circle of honey when they begin storing. — Ed.] Seldom have I found any thing so inter- esting as the report of M. Leon Dufour upon the laying of the queen. Think of keeping tally for three years of all the brood reared in tv^o different colonies by measuring it once every 21 daj^s! I confess it never oc- curred to me before that by counting the amount of brood and eggs at the end of each 21 days you would count all the brood reared. [Would that more of our estimates were based on such careful observation as those of M. Dufour! — Ed.] You WANT TO know definitely, Mr. Edi- tor, just what the season has been here. Well, it has been definitely bad to worse. Not a finished super Aug. 21, and up to Aug. 15 nuclei and weak colonies had to be watched to keep from starving. The sea- son has been remarkably cold and wet. If we could have hot weather it is yet possible that some marketable honey could be had in sections (while there's life, etc.), for of late the seasons seem to have changed, and some honej^ of fair qualit}^ is stored from fall flowers. Otherwise sugar \)y the ton will be needed for wintering. Ingenious is the plan used b}' M. Dufour for measuring the amount of brood in a comb. Take a frame the size of 5'our brood- frames; stretch upon it wires running ver- 720 GLEAXII\'GS IN BEE CULTURE. Sept. 1 fically and horizontally at equal distances trom each other; lay this frame upon your comb, and count the number of squares oc- cupied with brood. His wires are a centi- meter (.4 of an inch) apart, and everj^ fifth wire is colored, so as to keep track easily. We mig^ht have the wires half an inch apart, and then each little square would contain seven cells (six if the comb is built from foundation), and each large square 25 times as many. White clover keeps up its reputation for exceptional behavior this year. Up to the middle of Aug^ust it has been continually on the grain, and fields are now white with bloom where scarcely a blossom was to be seen in June. But the bees seem to get nothing from it. [What j'ou describe is ex- actly true in our locality. The fields are DOW bright with the bloom of white, red, and alsike clover. On my rides back and forth between the factory and our farm I have taken pains to see whether there are anj^ bees on the clover; but there is never a one, and we have had the right kind of honey weather too. What is the matter? Can't clover }'ield out of season? But this large amount of white clover certainly must mean something for next 5'ear, for the plants are developing strong roots. — Ed.] You THINK, Mr. Editor, that Dr. Gandy "certainly could not mean that when a swarm is actually coming out, it would stop at the very moment the bees could have more room." Look at what he says, p. 607: "It commenced to swarm, and I immediate- ly set two of them off and put on another hive with empty combs, also taking out a few frames of honey from one of the hives I set off and put in frames of foundation, and they immediately quit coming out." Now, if he didn't mean what he said, suppose you ask Dr. Gandy what he did mean. [Yes, I admit that Dr. Gaudy's assertion is pretty strong; but I have sometimes un- wittingly myself made strong statements when I did not believe in the practice that the word conveys. That is what I meant when I said I did not believe Dr. Gandy meant just what his words made him say. —Ed.] Replying to your question, Mr. Editor, although it may knock my argument, if I "had only one or two cases of foul brood in a j'ard," I wouldn't take the chances of killing the spores with formalin, yet I've no right to dispute Prof. Harrison's word that he did kill the spores with formalin; and ij formalin kills spores, then your no- tion that "a bonfire would be cheaper to apply than any concoction of drugs" is an erroneous notion, for the bonfire would de- stroy the combs and the concoction would save them. But is there no way of testing whether formalin does kill spores? [I did not mean to question Prof. Harrison's word. But here is the point: He might be able to make formalin kill the spores; and, on the other hand, owing to a lack of skill or scientific knowledge / might utterly fail. What I tried to imply was that, under the circumstances, I could afford to take no chances. I knew what fire would do, and knew how to apply it. — Ed.] DooLiTTLE thinks we don't know the cause of bee paralysis, p. 678, and I think others have said the same in Gleanings. The cause of foul brood is Bacilhis alvei, so named by Cheshire, and the same authority gave the name Bacillus Gaytonl to the mis- creant that causes paralysis. See Che-, shire's "Bees and Bee-keeping," Vol. II., p. 570! [Yes, I remember reading that Cheshire described a disease that bore some resemblance to what we call here bee paralysis; but he had only one sample for examination, from a Miss Gayton, and he therefore named the bacillus after her. Are you sure that the Bacillus Gayioni has a bacillus or microbe that stands for bee par- alj'sis? When I agreed with Mr. Doolittle that we did not know the cause, I meant we did not know the conditions that are fa- vorable to its development, and I do not think we do. So far I believe there is no cure that has ever been named for it. — Ed.] ^JVeighbor^Jieldj ?? Short'ning days and colder nights — One more season's passed ; Happy they who've gathered stores Ere comes winter's blast. lib The trouble between the pear-men and bee-keepers in California seems to be in a fair way of easy solution, according to the Tulare Register, which says: Thomas Thompson, who has a Utile place in the out- skirts ot Tulare, had a pear orchard of tliirty-five trees or more that was early attacked with the dread- ed blight. Mr. Thompson did not know what to do to defend his trees, but, unlike many others, he thought that he must do something and not surrender without striking a blow, so he went into the orchard and cut out the infected limbs as soon as he detected the infec- tion, cutting away below the blight and squirting a bit of coal oil from a common oiler on the freshly cut stub of limb. The result is that he has the best prom- ise of a crop in the neighborhood, and not a sign of the blight at this time is to be seen anywhere in the orchard. vii A writer in a late French paper says one of the best ways to induce a swarm to stay in a new hive is to smear the inside of the hive with propolis in a very thin condition — much thinner than varnish. It is claimed the odor of the bee-glue will do more to hold the bees in a hive so treated than any thing else unless it be young brood. This may account for the savage way the bees acted as described by Mrs. Harrison, they seem- ing to resent the destruction of this sub- stance. At all events, they seem to have a 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 721 great liking- for the odor of propolis in and around their premises. I believe the pro- polis was reduced with alcohol. AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL. In reply to a correspondent, Dr. Miller indulires in the following piece of logic, and it setins to be correct: If Dr. r, ilhip is right in Faying that queens leared by the D )oliitlf plan or by any other plan than by swarminof or Miperseding are necessarily inferior, then Mr DooHU'e is either ignorant or di-honest. It is easier lor r-.e t" b^ lieve that Dr. Gallup is utterly wrong than to btlive 'hat Mr Doolitlle is either a fool or a fraud. N.-iiher does Mr. Doolittle stand alone, for r latpe number of others that I believe are intelligent and honest stand with him. BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. I guess we'll have to call them twin cou- sins. Gran'pa W. Z. says each of his twin daughters — well, I can't exactly state it ; but Nora's is a little girl and Cora's is a bo}^ Set 'em up in smalt, caps, W. Z., and give us a half-tone of them in due time. \»/ Mr. Hutchinson brings out a splendid issue for August. The article from Mr. M. A. Gill, on alfalfa, is of unusual impor- tance to the bee-keeper and the farmer as well. I make the following copious quota- tions from it: I say again that it is >iot a fact that alfalfa cut before it conies into bloom makes the best hay; and I know of many careful, thoughtful farmers who were once led into that practice who are now letting their alfalfa stand until it reaches that certain stage when it con- tains, and will retain, the most food value. Who can not remember when this same fallacy was taught by some, and imitated by others, in regard to cutting wheat and corn, and even the digging of pota- toes, while in a immature state? Some years ago the Experiment Station of New Mexico carried on a series of experiments to find out at what stage of development the alfalfa plant would make the most pounds of the best hay. As I under- stand it, they made four cuttings of the first crop. First, when about half grown ; again just before it came into bloom; then while in full bloom; and again after it had gone so seed. They then took four bunches of steers and fed them the same number of pounds from the four different cuttings, and weighed each bunch of steers every five (lays during the experiment, which lasted some (10 days. The re-ult was that five steers rf/V'rf during the experiment from the first cutting, while the best results were from the cutting made in J'li/l bloom; and that cutting made 500 lbs. more hay per acre than any other. Much good could be done by the hundreds of bee- keepers in the West who buy hay if they would bring this matter before the farmers, not arbitrarily, but candidly, and insist that the hay they buy shall have been cut when in full bloom, and offer to pay a dollar per ton more for it. They can afford to do this, because it is ?vo> th it for feeding purposes. Much good, too, would come if bee-keepers and writers and editors would cease talking this "tommy rot," which, in fact, is only another "Wiley '_' canard. Again, we read, occasionally, that the delicious al- falfa honey will soon be a thing of the past. Let me say that, if any one " unter der linden " in Wisconsin, among the clover and buckwheat fields further East, among the mangrove and orange fields in I-'lorida, or even in the great forests of Cuba, is laboring under this delusion, let him be at once undeceived. Alfalfa has been the "sheet anchor" of the great arid West, and is her hope for the future. Comparison with other vegetables shows that exceedingly immature fruit is not so good as when ripeness has just been reach- ed ; and it certainly seems as if alfalfa cut four or even six times a year could not have the nutritious qualities that might be ex- , pected of it when the blooming period has just past. "1^ (o)®Minrii5ii=^ USING FULL SHEETS OF FOUNDATION. "Did you see that flash of lightning, Mrs. D.? Crash! bang! How the thunder rends the air. That on-coming cloud is awfully black. Looks like another cloud- burst, and to-day is August first. Rained 28 out of 30 days in June, and the account shows only seven days out of the 31 in July on which it did not rain more or less — gen- erally more. Hay is rotting in the fields by the hundreds of tons; wheat in the shock is soaked and ready to grow; potatoes struck with the rot, bligbt so the vines make a hor- rid stench, equaled only by four- fifths of the potatoes in each hill which are already decayed so they will not hold together in digging. Why, Brown ! where did you come from? Got here just in time. My! how it rains! " "I hurried till I am out of breath. I'm glad I got here in time. How's this for bees?" "It makes little diff"erence with the bees for the next two weeks whether it rains or shines, as the clover has gone in the wet, and buckwheat will not open before August 12 to 15 — bang! I believe the house was struck." "I guess not. But it was a close call. See how it pours. Every thing is all afloat already." "The ground was already full of water, so it takes little to make things standing in water. But it begins to look a little lighter, which shows that the worst is past. What brought you over here such a day as this?" "It was so wet I could do nothing else, so I thought I would come over and talk over the matter of using comb foundation. What I wish to know is which pays better — to put full sheets of foundation in the brood-frames, or put in only starters and let the bees fill the frames with natural comb." " That depends a good deal on the wants of the apiarist. If he is working for ex- tracted honey, and wishes his frames filled with worker comb, so that he can use these combs in any place in the apiarj-, then it is almost a necessity to use foundation." "Why?" "Otherwise only drone comb will be built in the upper stories, over the brood- combs, especially where a queen-excluder is used, as it is best to do when working for extracted honey." "Why would drone comb be built under GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Sept. 1 such circumstances more than under the most favorable?" "Because extracted honey is best produc-« ed with very strong' colonies; and such col- onies will, as a rule, build mostly drone comb when the honey-flow is on, while such comb is a disadvantage to any apiarist only as it is kept for special use over queen-ex- cluders." "Does not drone comb work equally well with worker comb when working' for ex- tracted honey where queen-excluders are used ? ' ' "Yes. But unless the averag"e apiarist is very different from Doolittle there will come a time in his life when he will say he would g'ive almost anj' thing if those combs were only worker combs so he could use them just when and where he pleased. Where half-depth combs are used for ex- tracting-, as the custom of some is, it does not make so verj^ much difference whether they are of the worker or drone size of cells; and in this case I would allow the bees to build their own combs in the frames." "But suppose the apiarist is working- for comb honey, then which is best?" "That will depend on whether he is go- ing" to allow swarming, or whether he is going to keep his bees from swarming. If the latter (I very much doubt about his suc- cess in this matter, however), then he will have as much need of foundation when combs are being built as he would were he working for extracted honey, as strong col- onies building combs under an3' system of non-swarming will give a drone size of cell more often than otherwise." "But I work i-ny bees on the swarming plan. How -would it be with me?" "If you use full sheets of foundation in the sections, and such use of full sheets is considered right by the larger part of our practical comb - honey producers, then I would say that it would pay to allow the bees to fill the brood-frames with natural comb. Each new swarm seems to go pre- pared for a start at comb-building in its new home, and such building seems to give them a greater activitj' than they show if the hive is supplied with emptj'^ combs or foundation; and I have often thought that, where the hive is contracted so as to hold only about two-thirds of the nvimber of frames needed to fill the whole hive, and the sections put on at the time of hiving, this number of combs will be built by the bees without the loss of a single pound of honey to the apiarist, while the cells will be nearly' or entirely of the worker size, un- less an old or failing queen is used, in which case little besides drone comb will result under the most favorable circum- stances." "Do j'ou have the most off your comb built in this way?" "Well, no; although I have had very many perfect combs built in this way, and know it to be a good plan." "How do you have them built?" "Really the nicest way, where we decide to have our combs built by the bees, is to set apart each j'ear all the colonies we may happen to have when the honey-flow com- mences, that are not strong enough to do good work in the sections, or upper stories of hives for extracted honey; and as soon as the honey-flow commences, take away all their combs, except perhaps one having a little brood and some honey in it, giving the brood to other stronger colonies to make them still stronger, when just the number of frames these little colonies can work on to the best advantage are given to them, each having a starter of worker comb or comb foundation in it, say from half an inch to an inch in depth. In this way I succeed in getting the nicest of combs built; and by taking them out in such a way as to keep the bees desiring only worker brood, I am quite sure a worth of combs can be obtained greater than the value of honey which it would be possible for them to pro- duce were thej' allowed to have their own way. At least, this is the waj' I think I have proven the matter in my case." "Do you think I could do as well? " " I do not know why 3'ou should not; but if 5'ou fear otherwise, it will be easy for you to test the matter for j'ourself; and if this does not prove in your hands as it does with me, then 3'ou can change to what seems best for 3'ou, or use foundation. There is no great loss in tr3'ing a few of the little colonies that wa}% should ycu have them, as the combs of brood given the stronger colonies help there fully as much as could be possible anywhere else. But it has en- tirely stopped raining now, and I am oblig- ed to go to town on business." Say, dear reader, if j'ou know an3' thing about brushed or " shook " swarms I wish 3'OU would tell us what you know. By the time this journal is finding its wa3' to our readers I shall be on the way to Denver, together with my brother Huber. As mentioned in a footnote to a. Straw in this issue, there is a large amount of white clover in bloom everywhere; but I have yet to hear of its 3'ielding hone3% even where the fields are white with the bloom. Sweet clover did not do well this year, in the East at least. It needs a season of drouth to make it do its best. The great amount of rain early in the season made 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 723 the plants grow up good and strong; but the bloom went out almost as soon as it came in. The following note, received from E. T. Flanagan, tells of the death of one of our old contributors. Seven or eight j'ears ago his name appeared in our columns very irequeutly. Ill the sudden and unexpected death of :\Ir. Geo. F. Robbins, formerly ot INIechanicsburg, 111., who has been in charge of my bees in Uvalde County Texas, for the last five years, the bee-keeping fraternity have lost a valued member, and I have lost a true and val- ued friend and a faithful employee whom it will be hard to replace. He was a true Christian gentleman and an honest man. His name will be remembered by the older subscribers to Gleanings, especially in Illi- nois. K. T. FL.A.N.A.GAN. Belleville, Ills., Aug. 24. MORE ABOUT DR. GANDY. I HOLD in rc\y hand several letters, doc- imients, and legal papers, from prominent men, editors, the mayor of Humboldt, and others certifj'ing to the correctness of Dr. Gandy's statement. I also hold in my hand ;l copy of a lease from one of Dr. Gaudj^'s tenants, who agrees, among other consid- erations, to grow ten acres of catnip and an equal area of sweet clover within the range of Dr. Gandy's bees. I have seen i:)ne or two other leases of a similar charac- ter. I would still ask our readers not to go wild over artificial pasturage. Catnip may not grow in other localities; and even if it did, it might fail to yield nectar. We know that in the East generally, for example al- falfa fails to yield any honey, although it can be grown successfully. I hope to see Dr. Gandy within the next few days, and look over his bees, his catnip-fields, and inquire more fully into his methods. From what I hear, I am inclined to think the soil and climate in and about Humboldt are pe- culiarly adapted to the growing of catnip. THE HONEY MARKET. The facts are beginning to develop that there is really less of Eastern honey this year than last — at least we are not getting the offerings of a year ago at this time. Good lots of honey appear to be few and far between. There are a few choice lots in Western Colorado, but only a few. There is a little honey in Arizona. I understand that some buyers are going through the West, particularly Colorado, circulating the report that there has been a big crop of honey secured in Southern Cal- ifornia, and that there is also a big crop in the East. They report to you that so and so, a neighbor, has sold all his honey at a low figure (a very low price, of course), and that if you want to sell you had better sell right quick at what your neighbor clos- ed out at, because there is going to be a slump in the market. I hope our sensible readers will not be deluded by such barefaced lies as these. Conditions may change slightly later. IMPRESSIONS — THE TRUTH ABOUT THE WEST. I HAVE wondered if, in my travels, I have been able to give a more correct view of conditions as they actually exist in the far West than some impressions that I have been able to gather from railroad folders and magazine articles. When, for exam- ple, I started for California I imagined it was a land of foliage, of luxuriant vegeta- tion and tropical fruits — of mountain ranges and towering peaks; of verdant valleys and shady canyons. I did not dream, though, that it was also a land of deserts, of sand, of wastes, of uninviting solitudes where nothing can live but the jack-rabbit. Yet I suppose I am not far from the truth when I say that a large portion of the State is not subject to cultivation. Besides the moun- tainous portions there are vast areas of deserts, of unendurable heat, land so bar- ren and dry that nothing but sage brush will grow on it. And yet there are beautiful localities there, and the stories told in or- dinary magazine articles and in railroad folders are all true. But they do not tell all the truth. A friend of mine once said that, when he was going to Florida, he im- agined we would see beautiful and luxuri- ant tropical vegetation — lakes and rivers, fine fishing, a balmy atmosphere; "but," said he, "when I got down there the im- pression that was uppermost in my mind was the g-reat sand heaps, for the greater portion of the State is but little more than a mass of sand." Now, dear reader, if I have given you the impression that the localities I visited are all lands of luxuriance and fertility, let me disabuse that impression at once. When I tell you that, in going from one locality to another, the railway often runs through hundreds of miles of desert, I am only tell- ing you the literal truth. Then perhaps I should say, also, that the hot winds off from these same hot deserts, so necessary to the growth of the tropical vegetation of which I have been speaking, are very depressing to those who are not used to them. I said to some of my friends, " I do not see how you stand it where it is so insufferably hot during a part of the year." I was met by the response, " We get used to it, and like it. We do not see how you stand it to be frozen up six months in the 3'ear, to have chills and colds. We do not see how yo\x can live in a locality where for six months in the year j'ou must live main- ly indoors." Referring to deserts, about the first in- troduction one gets in California, if he goes by the Southern Pacific, is an all-daj' ride through the desert. He suflers keenly from the heat. The hot blast through the car- windows is £iny thing but refreshing. The sand and grit are most distressing; and yet that is one's first impression of beauti- ful— beautiful California. As the day clos- es he begins to see wheat-fields; and it finally winds up with fast-fleeting orange- 724 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Sept. 1 groves on either side. If, the next day or two, he takes the train northward, he will leave these beautiful fields, and again into the desert he plunges — more hot winds, more sand and dust and grit. Ever and anon he will see a mirage, ever fleeting; now clear and distinct, now a haze. Do you wonder that the best localities in the West have been " gobbled up " long ere this, and why it is that the settlers are crovvded on comparatively small areas of ground? If, for example, some of the bee- keepers in the vicinity of Hanford were to move north and south to get away from their pear-blighted neighbors, they proba- bly would have to squat right down in the open desert. There's the pinch. If one de- sires to go to pastures new he may have to jump hundreds of miles ere he gets to an- other arable portion of land. BRUSHED OR "SHOOK" SWARMS, BOARDMAN ON. When the August issue of the Bee-keep- ers'' Review came to hand I eagerly scanned its pages, as I always do. My eyes stopped when I came across the heading, " Shook Swarms," or, as Dr. Miller prefers to call it, "brushed" swarms; and when I saw the writer was H. R. Boardman I thought " here is a man who certainly is conserva- tive and careful. I never knew him to rec- ommend a thing unless it had real merit; " and as I read it over I noted that he said, " // is the only reliable method that we have found that ivould keep tlie sivarming impulse U7ider control, and also give satisfactory re- sults in surplus.'' ' The italics in this case are mine. There are some other interesting things, but I have concluded I can do no better than to copy the article entire, with postscript: when I had several out-apiaries to care for, and swarming beca:ne somewhat of a problem. I found it expedient to force the swarms by shaking the bees out into an empty hive on the old stand, with only starters in the frames, at a time when the honey-flow was good, and, after the queen had commenced laying, fol- low the swarm with the partly filled secdous. Swarms treated in this manner can be t?-usied, ior a time, at least, and it is the only reliable method I have ever found that would keep the swarming impulse un- der control, and also give satisfactory results in sur- plus. At the close of the season, if I do not wish for the increase, I unite the swarms thus divided, which I leave near together for that very purpose, by placing one hive over or upon the other, reserving the young- est or most desirable queen. I use a deep frame which has a cross-bar in the mid- dle, and this gives two places from which to build comb, instead of one, which is a decided advantage in starting. I have used wired frames for this purpose, with good results, the wires running perpendicular. The combs will be built upon the wires in this manner with sur- prising nicety, many of them comparing favorably with those built upon foundation. From the samples of combs thus produced, I select the best for future use, and render the objectionable ones into wax. In this way 1 make wax production a source of profit. For several years, in August, I moved about 100 col- onies each year, about 12 miles, to the buckwheat fields on the prairie, and returned them later in the .season. These colonies I treated in the same way, and thus saved hauling the stores back and forth, as well as keeping the buckwheat and late honey by itself. We are having poor seasons for several years past, and there is much less swarming, hence these different conditions have to be met by different methods ; and I am not practicing this "shake-out " method as much as formerly. I know no reason why it is not adapted to any local- ity or season in which the honey flow is reasonably good. P. S. — In the last issue of Gleanings is an article on the " shake-out plan ;" and I notice that the in- struction is to shake out every bee from the old colony. I don't advise this ; on the contrary. I advise, bv ad means, to leave bees enough to protect the hive until the brood has time to hatch ; and especially take this precaution in out-j'ards when there will be no one to look after the bees. I had one very lively case of rob- bing, in an out-yard, bj' neglecting this precaution. I also close down the entrance very clo.se. Sometimes I have closed it entirely with what I call a robber-guard until the bees get a little house-cleaning done, and have recovered from their panic and confusion. H. R. B. I presume Mr. Boardman certainly errs on the safe side when he counsels against shaking all the bees out; and yet I know my friend Vernon Burt has done this with- out any bad results; but what he may be able to do, others may not, without consid- erable loss in brood. Dr. Miller strenuously objects to the use of the word " shook " when applied to swarms, as being ungrammatical and in- elegant ; but " shook " swarms are one thing and "brushed" swarms are anoth- er; and to my mind the word "shook," even though it be ungrammatical, implies a more violent jar of the frames than the word "shaken," which we both admit is grammatical and correct. No easy-going shaking will remove the bees from the frame, but a frame that has been " shook " in the manner that Stachelhausen refers to has been so severely jarred or Jounced that every bee has lost its foothold before it knew what was up. In the case of these forced swarms it is sometimes best to brush only; but at other times one had better shake. If there is a lot of new honey in the combs, the brush must, of course, be used. I asked Dr. Miller why it was that so good a thing should not have more recogni- tion among the bee-keeping fraternity. He writes: I think that the reason more has not been said about brushed swarms in this country is because it's nobody's baby, but a foundling, ann I think its father was the late C. J. H. Gravenhorst, who called such a swarm a " fegling," which means a brushed thing, or, as you called it, a brushed swarm. It is only courtesy to him to give it the name he gave it (brushed swarm) rather than " shook " swarm. Well, now, say: If the brushed or "shook" swarm (beg pardon. Dr. Miller) is what some good men claim it to be, it is the big- gest thing, in my estimation, that has been brought before the bee-keeping public in the last year or two. If it does not receive greater meads of praise than it has, it will not be the fault of Gleanings. I should like to hear froin every one of our subscribers or readers who has had any experience with it. To be able to control swarming with small brood-chambers — force the swarms artificially at our con- venience— and to force them into the supers, and to increase our surplus, and to be able to dispense with an attendant at outyards during swarming time — why, it is almost too good to believe. Let us know all about it. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 725 QUEEN=REARING. The Cell=bar and Frame. BY W. H. PRIDGEN. There is no advantage whatever in hav- ing comb in the frame with the queen-cells, while, on the other hand, the practice is at- tended with many disadvantages, the great- est being the attraction of robbers while it is being handled about the apiary, and the inconvenience of handling the frame gener- ally. The illustration makes a convenient and substantial frame so plain that no descrip- tion is necessary, the slots in the end-bars of the frame, Yz inch below the board in the frame, are to admit of the easy removal of the cell-bar without mashing bees when the frame is covered with them. The bar is ^-^y~.ji inch, and is hung in the slots in the frame by a round nail at ^ each end, which is driven into the center of the upper edge so it will hang^ with the brads to which the cups are attached down, and not be liable to turn to one side and cause the cells to be built crooked, or to be mutilated while being inserted between the combs. By this arrangement the frame can be placed on its side, the cups attached, and the transfer of larvse made without remov- ing the bar from the frame, though this work can be more conveniently done by re- moving the bar. Nevertheless, it is better to have the bar pivoted for the purpose of making examinations, etc., rather than have it arranged so it can not be turned in the frame. The brads are driven in one of the 1^6-inch sides of the bar in pairs, equal distance from the edges, and }% inch from pair to pair, for the convenient adjustment of a nursery that will be explained later. The little staples driven one inch from the end pairs of the brads being for the attach- ment of the nursery. The queen-cups are attached to the bar by using a forming or dipping stick like. the end marked X in the illustration. By inserting the stick into the cup, grasping the base of the cup with the thumb and index finger of the left hand, and pressing it down on the brads with the stick and left hand at the same time, to be held in place with the fingers while the stick is be- ing removed, and they are ready for the transfer of the larvse to be made. With this arrangement the queen-cups can be kept from the dust in bulk, and are not injured by age, besides admitting of the easy and convenient removal of the ripe cells or the adjustment of the nursery, re- moval of cups not accepted, and adding those of the same age from other batches, etc. The end of this illustration, marked V, gives a better idea of the correct shape of the transfer-stick. fl6.2. BAK KUK ALLEY STKIPS. This bar is constructed for the use of Al- ley strips instead of dipped cups, and re- moves the objection of having to have melted wax to attach the strips to the bar. When the two pieces are clamped together they fit at the top and form a V-shaped groove cX the bottom, which clamps the upper edpe of the strip of comb tightly, and leaves the bottom of the cells the natural shape. In- stead of clamping the comb by sliding the clamp in from the top as per the illustra- tion, it is better to use a thin metal button screwed to the main bar, and have the ends of the short piece square. Then the strips of comb can be adjusted on the bar, the clamp or short piece pressed down on them, and the buttons adjusted at each end to hold all in place. We can not get strips of comb long enough, containing larvas of the proper age, from end to end, to make a whole batch; but it can be cut as recommended by Mr. Allej', and the ends placed together. By paying attention to the number of cells to each strip, and making the joints come between the points at which cells are wanted, and destroying two larvse, and leaving one in- stead of each alternate one, as does Mr. Alley, the cells will be nearer the correct distance apart, and will admit of the use of the same nursery used with queen-cups placed ?s inch apart, besides being more easily separated, when given to nuclei. The use of these strips is attended with the difiliculty of getting strips of any great length with the eggs or larva^ of the same age, unless the breeding-queen is kept in a nucleus of small combs, or kept crowded for laying room and emptj' clean combs be given at the right time to have the eggs or brood ready when wanted. And, besides, 726 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Sept. 1 much larger pieces of comb have to be used in preparing- a batch than is the case when the cocoons are transferred. WOODEN CUPS. A, cell-bar; B, B, cell-blocks; D, D, saw- kerfs, or slots; C, flat-headed tacks. These cups should be made of hard wood, and polished inside; and by dipping them in melted wax until the inside is coated they can be used for the transfer of larva; without cocoons, and will be accepted and the cells completed. It is claimed that the ripe cells built out from blocks are more readily accepted when given to bees unprotected, which, no doubt, is due to the fact that they can be separated and inserted between the combs without any disfiguration of any of the work done by the bees, rather than aftording protection to the portion of the cells on which the at- tack is usually made. By having the holes in the blocks large enough, plugs of wax can be used, and the cups formed by pressing forming-sticks into them while the wax is soft, and make sinks or contracted bases for the transfer of the cocoon ; but they do not equal the dipped cups for this purpose, as there is little or no elasticit}' about them. Every thing con- sidered, there is nothing yet devised that equals the dipped cups for the reception of larvse; and this illustration is given to meet a possible demand for an arrangement for the use of blocks that are conveniently at- tachable and detachable, besides being ad- justable to the whole system here given. The clamp here shown for the adjustment of a nursery, when one so desires, has been superseded by the hook and-staple-arrange- ment shown in the other pictures. TESTING THE SWARTHMORE NUCLEUS=BOXES. A Later Form of the Swarthmore Queen=mating Boxes. BY FR. GREINER. Mr. Editor: — In an article I wrote last winter for your journal I made the state- ment that the costly part of queen-rearing was the maintaining of nucleus colonies; that I had tried some different methods to cheapen the cost, also the Swarthmore method, but that I had not found any thing more satisfactory than the regular nucleus plan, using the ordinary brood-frame as used in the apiary. A description of the Swarthmore method may be found in this journal for 1901 and in the Ainericufi Bee Journal, same 3'ear. Myself and others followed the instructions given, but it seems we failed in making it work to our satisfac- tion. It seems even Swarthmore has come to the conclusion that the plan he then ad- vocated was not a success. However, in a private letter Mr. Pratt wrote me early in the spring he said that he still thought it practical to use a handful of bees for our purpose rather than be to the expense of keeping strong nucluei, and he induced me to give his improved plan an impartial tri- al. I have done so. His improved method differs in several ways from the one de- scribed last year. He now uses two 4 '4 X \)i frames for his miniature nuclei. For- merly' he used but one. Then the little hives are set up separately, and with am- ple space between them to prevent the bees from running together and to make it prac- tical to feed the colonies when necessary. Mr. Pratt has also devised some means to stock up his nuclei with bees. This is a success, and is very handy. He will un- doubtedly speak about this himself. The season during June was very unfa- vorable here for queen-rearing on account of continuous rain, and I did not deem it best to do any thing in that line till Jul}'. When my queen-cells were ready, behold, the honey season was already at an end. I anticipated trouble in the line of robbing when setting up the little nuclei, but every thing went lovely. Ten of the twelve nu- clei pulled through in good order. The other two might have been made a success with a little more watchfulness and stock- ing up again with bees. These things have to be learned. Next time I shall know more about it. From the ten success- ful little hives I took eight queens. Two lost theirs on the mating-trip or otherwise, and were again supplied with cells or young virgins. For an experiment I am al- lowing one of the nuclei to rear a queen from the brood of their removed mother, to see what such a queen will amount to, and I may speak of this at some future time. In justice to Mr. Pratt I feel that I should report my trial to the readers of this jour- nal. I am of the opinion that the Swarth- more method is practical during the warm- er part of the season at least. It may in- volve a little more trouble, require more watchfulness, and some feeding and re- stocking of the nuclei if they should run low in bees at any time. But when it is possible, by breaking up one colony to form fifty nuclei instead of the usual five, there occurs quite a saving which is well worth looking after. It is evident that all queen-cells must be built and kept in strong colonies till the queens have emerged, or about that time. I have noticed that when queen-cells at the critical time have been allowed to become chilled they may hatch; but the resulting queens will usually have crippled or de- formed wings. This is obvious when we consider that the wings of the insect are developed at the last end of the pupa stage, and when a cell at this period becomes cold the development is interrupted, and seems to result in deformed wings. In stocking up Swarthmore nucleus-box- 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 727 es I have used bees from an outyard as well as bees from queenless colonies of the same 3'ard. I have had g-ood success with both. Theoretically, bees from outyards would be preferable. Swarthmore's device for stock- ing- up nuclei answers nicely for bringing- bees from an outyard as well as for the purpose they are intended. Whether queens mated while in these miniature nucleus hives are as good in ever}' respect, as pro- lific and long-lived, as are others kept in full colonies from beginning to end, we shall have to find out. two full-sized frames, in a compartment over a strong colony, with wire cloth be- tween the upper and lower stories. Three such compartments are used in each upper story with entrances pointing in three dif- ferent directions. — Ed.] SWARTHMORE OUEKN-MATING BOXES. Mr. Pratt instructs us to paint the little boxes so as to withstand the weather; but they are hardly suited for exposure in this way. Mj' drawing illustrates how I have set up four nuclei on top of an old discard- ed box hive by the board fence at one side of my home yard, covering and protecting them with a water-proof shade-board. In an exposed locality the board must be well weighted down. Four nuclei may be placed inside of an empty hive-body. Each little colony may thus fly from a different side. When a hive-body is thus used the boxes need not be painted, the cover giving perfect protec- tion. Inside of the hive, feeding is safe and handy. A piece of drone comb maj^ be made to answer for a feeder. I place it on the top of each box, filled with syrup, and remove the stopper from the hole in the cen- ter of the top. This hole is not onlj' in- tended to place the feeder thereon, but principally for the reception of a queen-cell. The introduction of virgin queens or cells is much safer with those miniature colo- nies than with full-sized ones, and maj^ be practiced almost immediately after removal of a fertile queen, without risk. Naples, N. Y., Aug. 11. [I sincerelj' hope that the plan may be made a success. Swarthmore's latest plan will certainly give better results than his first one; but even such a one as you de- scribe, I am rather of the opinion, would require an expert to make it work. Our own experience and the reports we have had of these little one. two, and three sec- tion-comb mating-boxes has not been very reassuring. We get the best results with GOVERNMENT AID TO BEE-KEEPERS. A Little Interesting History; Some Good Sugges- tions from a Man who has been Connected with Government Work for Some Years. BY W. K. MORRISON. Prof. Benton deserves a vote of thanks for calling attention to the work the govern- ment of the United States is doing for bee- keeping. The impression is general that the Department of Agriculture has faileu to assist apiculture to a degree worth con- sideration, hence it has come about that verj' few look for light or help in that quar- ter. In one respect Prof. Benton's experi- ence is different from mine — that is, with reference to the voting of money for the work of the Division of Apiculture. I found no difficulty whatever in inducing the gov- ernment to make an appropriation, and there was not the slightest objection to the money being voted — rather, it seemed t© me, that twice the sum first voted would have been allowed had there been any need for it; and I believe if good reasons were ad- vanced for it Congress would vote a pret- ty large sum to assist the bee-keeping in- dustry of the country. I well recollect the remarks of the Congressmen when the first appropriation was slated by Secretarj' Rusk. They were unanimous in demand- ing that the money be spent in practical ex- periments only. They did not want the money spent in going around the countr}' collecting wild bees and then determining their species. Prof. Rilej^ took umbrage at this; but Secretarj' Rusk promised the lead- ing "agricultural" Senators that the mon- ey would be spent only on practical work. It may interest Colorado and Kansas bee- keepers to learn that Senator Teller and the late Senator Plumb were the sponsors for the first appropriation; and had thej' been bee-keepers these gentlemen could hardly have been more enthusiastic in the matter. Of course. Secretary Rusk was very willing to assist us, and it was his in- tention to increase the annual appropria- tion as the situation might warrant it. He was then spending a large sum of monej' on silk culture, and it was no trouble for me to show him that bee-keeping, a far more important industrj', was not allowed a penny. I hope the apiculturists of Wis- consin dulj' revere the great Secretary's memory. In vny conversations with Sena- tors and Representatives I gathered the im- pression that they would alwaj's be liberal with the bee-keepers ; and, though some of them are now dead and others have retired to private life, I believe this sentiment '28 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Sept. 1 sJli larg-ely prevails at the national capi- tol. The great trouble is, to get men capable of conducting experiments sufficiently im- portant and far-reaching to command na- tional attention. It is not easy to find men like Reaumur, Huber, Langstroth, or Dzier- zon ; and it's the same in every industry. Some few heaven-born geniuses tower over all the rest of the plodding workers. Such men are not made to order, and in many cases they meet with obstacles erected by the very men they have labored to benefit. Nor is it always convenient for men of gen- ius to work under government surveillance. They would feel "curbed, cabined, and confined." The United States abounds with agricultural experiment stations; but I do no injustice to any of them when I say they possess no such original geniuses as Burbank, of California, and Messrs. Mun- son and Stringfellow, of Texas — men who have had no government aid whatever to help them on. It is practically the same in most industries. There is one nation, however, that has made a great success of giving government .lid to original investigators. That country is Germany, and her success has stimulat- ed others to emulation. But I am not aware they have succeeded very well. The Ger- mans have been singularly successful in se- lecting the right man for the work; and, having found the right man, leaving him to work out every problem in his own peculiar way, not hampering him with "instruc- tions." Most of this (not all) original work has been done in connection with the great German universities where an eminent- ly broad and free system of pursuing knowl- edge prevails. The result has been to place the whole world of science a debtor to Ger- many. Frequently we see requests for the State experiment stations to take up bee-keeping problems. It does not seem to me this is a \ery desirable thing to do; for unless the investigations were conducted by thoroug-h bee-masters the experiments would hardly prove any thing, except that the experiment- ors did not understand their business. We must be careful about encouraging this sort of thing. I well recollect the chastisement dealt out by Mr. E. O. Rossele, the well-known poul- tiyman, to some experiment stations who had attempted to deal with poultry prob- lems without first securing the services of an expert poultry genius. He simply "rid- tiled" the experiments as published. And it is very easy to do a great deal of damage lo an industry by giving out false reports, especially if covered with the official seal of the government. The reason why the "comb-honey lie " took so well with the public was that it emanated from the De- jiirtment of Agriculture at Washington. That gave it respectability, and it has gone en its perfidious mission for a quarter of a century, doing great damage to honey-pro- ducers. Quite recently Nature., the great English scientific journal, devoted a para- graph to "the comb-honey lie," and so also the very reliable Chambers'' Joiirfial, all in the interests of science, no doubt. The reader can readily perceive that govern- ment aid to bee-keeping might easily prove a positive detriment to the honey-producers who try to make a living from their api- aries. Truljs there is no lack of work for a really clever experimenter; in point of fact, the work before us to be solved is so vast that it requires great courage to start work on much raw material. To give an idea of what I regard as a truly rational subject for research I offer two problems as sam- ples: 1. What can be done to render the Cali- fornia crop more certain? 2. How provide a substitute for alfalfa in Colorado, should this crop become unrelia- ble? It would take a long time and much mon- ej-, perhaps, to conduct such researches; but both the time and the money would be well spent if success attended the efforts. One of the things that has operated against the advance of government apicul- tural experiments is what I may term the Apis dorsata fad. It seems tome that some bee-keepers thought if they had this giant bee they would be all right for this life at least. In my opinion there are other prob- lems much more important lying right around us — not that I do not believe in do- mesticating new bees, but there are other fine bees besides Apis dorsata. Had the proposition been to tame some of the sting- less bees I could have understood their en- thusiasm. I need nt)t enumerate or even at- tempt to begin to mention the problems up for solution, because, if a man is capable of experimental research, he will discover plenty of problems awaiting his attention. We want a Faraday in bee-keeping. If we can find such a one, by all means let the government of some State support him, and let bee-keepers help all they can. There is plenty of work for him to do. GETTING BEES OUT OF SUPERS. The Bee-escape Plan ; the Shook, Brushed, and Smoke Plan, and a More Rational Way. BY S. T. PETTIT. Mr. Root: — I notice on page 136, last edi- tion of A B C book, that you still adhere to the old way of taking combs from the bees lor extracting; that is, by smoke, shake, and iniuiediate brushing. But you give preference to the bee-escape, which, may be, is all right for removing supers at the close of the season ; but for the following reasons I would not use them during the honey-flow: First, in a honey-flow the bees work in the hive all night at evaporating and curing the honey; but just as soon as the bee-es- 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 729 cape is in place, at once all work in the su- per stops; and instead of the curing- pro- cess g-oing- on, the honey, from the breath of the bees in that closed-up super, g-rows thinner. Second. The consequent congested condi- tion of the brood-chamber for 12 hours or more has, I believe, a strong- tendency to create a swarming- fever. Third. In many places the honey would be too cold for the best work. You have to smoke to put on the escapes, and you have to smoke to take them off. I take out the combs and replace with empty ones g-ener- ally, with but one smoking-, and never an- gler nor worry the bees at all. More of this later on. Your method as figured on said page, to put it candidly and courteously, is barbarous. Let's consider it for a moment, bearing in mind all the while that the bee is a frail, sensitive, and nervous little creature, capa- ble of suffering intense mental and ph3'si- cal pain, whose rage under continued prov- ocation is terrible, and it is endowed with an indomitable determination, to the death, against all odds, to defend its mother and home. Their apparent ill nature and cross- ness are always in self-defense; they never pick a quarrel for the sake of it. Bad treatment is largely responsible. Well, you smoke the bees, then pull out one comb, give it a rapid shaking motion in front of the entrance, then on top of the frames you brush off the remaining bees. Then the next comb is pulled out; but in- stead of being shaken in front of the hive you shake it in the hive. The remaining bees are then dislodged with the brush in the hive and on top of the combs, and so on to the last comb. Now, what has come to pass during this process? Some of these same bees have been pulled up, shaken, and brushed off again and again, and nearly suffocated with smoke repeatedly; and all the time their combs and stores are disappearing. The process is surely most exasperating. When I used the same practice their suffer- ings used to pain my heart, and their stings pained me elsewhere; but what could I do? i knew of no better way. I could not be- lieve that God ever meant that that sort of fight and enmity should exist between man and his dumb friends; and I am glad to say that some thinking and reasoning to de- vise a better way was rewarded by a short, simple, humane plan which I have practic- ed for years with entire satisfaction. Here is the plan: On a wheelbarrow is placed a comb-box filled with empty combs and covered with a wet cloth if robbers are bad. In a good flow no cloth is needed. First, I blow a little smoke into the entrance, but not enough to cause the bees to run up. Then I smoke and flap the cloth rapidly and al- ternateljs continue to flap and smoke suffi- ciently to cause most of the bees to run down out of the super. Now work rapidly, and remove the combs quickly; don't be afraid of disturbing the bees. Shake each comb at the entrance except the last one, which may be shaken inside. Lean the combs against the back of the hive or any convenient thing. Now that the super is empty, grab the empty combs, several at a time, and drop them quickly into the super and close the hive at once before the bees return to the super. Next brush the bees from the combs and drop them into the comb-box. While brushing the bees from the combs I common- ly rest them on top of the hive-cover and brush most of the bees right on top of the hive. Brush quickly and lightly. Don't hurt them with the brush — just a light sweeping and they roll ofl", and not a bee will show resentment. I And a great improvement in the temper and general behavior of my bees through the use of the above plan. I am persuaded that they neither fear nor hate me, as they seemingly did under the common practice. Any way, they treat me well, and I know I love them more. The whole secret is in the fright and sur- prise played upon them, coupled with the quickness with which the work is done, without arousing their anger by immediate brushing and bruising. If the bees left on the combs after shak- ing have not been hurt, 15 seconds out of the hive, provided there be neither queen nor brood present, takes all the fight out of them. If there are no other bees to interfere I can. without hat or veil, perform the opera- tion in so incredibly a short space of time that perhaps I'd better not give it. There is exhilaration in that kind of work. It is a revolution in that department of labor. It has converted a painful necessit}' into a pleasant piece of work. NOTES. 1. I gave this plan to the Ontario Ox- ford Bee-keepers' Association several years ago. 2. For taking off comb honey, and some- times for taking combs for extracting, I place on the hive an inverted box about 2 inches deep, and of the size of the hive, which has a hole in each side for inserting the nose of the smoker. Buttons are placed so as to drop over the hole not in use. The invention is not mine. 3. If the super contains more than eight combs you may find it advantageous to drop in some empty combs when half or more filled ones are out. 4. To prevent crushing bees, and for con- venience, it is a good plan to have a few light pieces of boards with two cross-pieces nailed on each, in dift'erent parts of the j-ard. On these the combs can be set when taken out of the hive. 5. Bruised and angered bees dropping back into the hive arouse the rage and re- sentment of the whole colony. Aylmer W., Ont., Can. 730 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Sept. 1 [Why, friend Pettit, your method of get- ting- bees out of supers is just the same as that used successfully by Mr. W. L. Cogg- shall, of West Groton, N. Y.. for many years; but I first got track of it when I vis- ited him in 1897; but it was not until March of the following year that I described this method of snuffing smoke down into the hive by means of flipping and flopping of quilts — see page 173 of this journal for 1898. The fact was, I intended to describe this exact method in our A B C of Bee Culture, and now discover I left out the important part of it— that of flipping or flopping a cloth to drive the bees downward into the box below or into the brood-nest. But the bee-escape can be employed to good advantage, even during the height of the honey-flow, and yet in noway interfere with work in the supers. If there are two or three supers on the hive already, and the combs are sealed in the upper one, there will be no interruption in the process of ripening, for the bees will go down into the super next below. Of course, if only one super be put on the hive at a time, it might cause a slight interruption, as you suggest; but even then the interruption would be less than when the smoke in connection with the flopping of the cloth is used. There are methods that are barbarous for getting bees out of the supers ; and while the description I gave may possibly seem barbarous, yet I never thought that I was treating the bees cruelly when I prac- ticed the plan, for I do not believe in tor- turing the bees with smoke. Smoke prop- erly used will drive; but improperly used it will suffocate, and only cause the bees to cling to the combs the tighter, and at times to uncap sections that are perfect. I will not pretend to say whether Mr. Coggshall was prior to you in this method of getting bees out of supers or not; but he had used it many years when he showed to me the plan right in his own apiaries, in 1897. I suspect that bee-keepers have not made enough use of it. When the bee-es- cape can not be used, the plan can be adopt- ed with very good results. — Ed.] BIG HUM BEE. BY ALBERT D. WARNER. Now, personally. Big Hum was the larg- est bee in the grove. In flight he was pow- erful, and in voice great. He was, like- wise, superb in the estimation of the queens, and loved their company. Big Hum medi- tated on the diversified conditions of life, and was particularly hostile to the bipeds who so often pestered him and his compan- ions. News of the writings of these high- legged beasts, as he called them, came to his ears; and so, procuring some of the bee-papers, he perused the same. Big Hum was much disgusted at what the bipeds claimed to know concerning the ways of his tribe; but what he knew they did not know, and uttered the following line of hums, which, striking the drums of a passer-b\', were productive of the following: " I am a big full-grown bee, and shouM, under ordinary circumstances, know the ways of bees and their modes of life; there- fore be it known to man, the biped, and bee, 1 henceforth say that, if I have the true knowledge of bees and the secrets of their living, then the contradictory, misleadintr, unsatisfactory, pig-headed, boiled-brained, fandangled set of supposed facts are not according to the trutli, though, giving the pesty and troublesome men their due, I say they have conscientiously tried to get at the facts; but through the temptations of those who think they have no limit, and those who acknowledge bounds, the faults in their doctrine have come. If they are right, then I'm a liar. I, Big Hum Bee, am a liar, a clear-cut side-tracker. " Let me tell you, friend biped, who walk near, you may think that those animals of 3'our kind know all that is known, but you err. Ped No. 1 says a small hive of such and such shape fits us best, while ped No. 2 says one of another size and shape is proper for the honey-bee. You fight, you scramble, you tell friendly lies, and you multiply many things from nothing. But you know something concerning us, after all, and you honestly try to know more; but you have a long way to travel to learn the full mystery of the hive. " You wag your tongue to a great degree over the traits and want of traits of the queen. She comes in for numerous hu- manized statements, lies, and close-cut truths. I, the pa of the honey-gatherers, do not receive full notice of my value. Big Hum Bees are not much studied in your work and word. Nevertheless, it is he who is of much more importance than you think. It is true, he does not sting you, though he would if he could. " Let me inform 3'ou that, for man}' eggs,, for many bees, for much honey, and for lit- tle swarming, you must have big hives. Big houses, I say, hold many goods; and those bipeds who expect to get a ton of honey from a thimble will fail to realize on the theory. Queens lay their eggs in cells. Many cells are necessary for many bees. The biped who expects to get 75,000 bees- from 20,000 cells is miscalculating condi- tions. Where there is no place for the rear- ing of many bees, there will not be many bees, regardless of the theoretical manufac- tory notions of many bee-experts. The se- cret, Mr. Biped, of much honey is — ■ many bees. The condition for many bees is—cels. The conditions necessary for many cells are — large hives. Unless they are to be glued on the outside, which would be vei*}'^ doubtful doings, get the large hives. A few years and the eight-frame common - depth hive will be relegated to th& gone it to the apiaries of biped owners whose b' s are expected to appear spiritualistical'y, and not from the common every-day method of eggs and brood-chamber. Good b}', '^li'. Biped. Shall I hum again? " 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 731 Notes of Travel THR SI="RIOI'S SITUATION IN THE REGION OF THK BI.IGHri'.D PEAK-ORC FTAKDS. Something- over a year ag^o I wrote up the situation reg-arding the pear-blight, and the possible relation of the bees to it. While it was not shown perhaps that the bees were entirely innocent, there were many circumstances that seemed to indi- cate that the spread of the blight was due to conditions beyond the control of any bee- keeper or any living man in the vicinit}-. The most that the bee-keepers were pre- pared to admit was that the bees might help in spreading the virus of the pear- blight, and even the conservative pear-men themselves appeared inclined to the view that their removal would do little more than mitigate the trouble. The more rabid of the fruit-men seemed to be of the opinion that all the bees should be banished from the county, and talked "poison," "law," and "the courts." Such rabid sentiments I am pleased to say did not emanate from the extensive pear-growers but from the little small-minded dozen-tree growers. There are bee-keepers who have consid- erable holdings in bees; and if they are compelled to move to another locality there will be the expense of moving as well as the more serious problem of finding other good bee localities remote from other bee- keepers. I doubt very much whether any one in the vicinity of the pear-orchards could move his bees to any unoccupied ter- ritory within a radius of two or three hun- dred miles in which he could make a fair living. As I have before explained, the good bee locations are so thoroughly taken up throughout almost the entire State of California — a State that has an area equal to two and half times that of the wliole of New England — that if one has to move out he will have to give up the business and sacrifice hundreds and perhaps thousands of dollars invested in bees, hives, extractors, buildings, and general equipment. This is the situation that confronts some well-to- do bee-men within a few miles of the pear- orchards. So far as I have talked with the bee-men, they are willing to move their bees or quit the business, providing it can be proven that the bee business is of less importance than the growing of pears, and providing it is further proven that the re- moval of the bees under domestication and under the control of man would afYord the J. F. Flory. F- K. Brown. Fred M. Hart. FIG. 1.— THE COMMITTEE APPOINTED BY THE BEE-MEN TO MEET WITH A SIMILAR COMMITTEE FROM THE PE.\R-MEN. 732 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Sept. 1 expected relief. If I am not mistaken, the bee-men were in the locality before the pear-men, and they have just as good a F. E. BROWN, PRES. OF THE CENTRAL CAL- IFORNIA BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. right to make a living there as their neigh- bors engaged in a different occupation. If the question does come before the courts, there will be some fine points involved. I was assured, while on the ground, that the pear-blight is something that comes and goes in spite of the bees. This admis- sion was made by some of the fair-minded pear-men. If that be the case, the terrible blight that has devastated the vicinity of some of the best-bearing trees will disap- pear of its own accord, and in the course of a few 3^ears these conflicting relations be- tween the two industries will be forgotten. I am glad to introduce to you to-day some of the representative bee-men around Han- ford. I was not able to see all of them by considerable. Those that I did have a con- ference with constituted a committee ap- pointed by the Central California State Bee- keepers' Association to meet a committee ap- pointed by the fruit-men to devise ways and means whereby the conflicting interests could be harmonized. First I will intro- duce to 3'ou Mr. F. E. Brown, son-in-law of the pioneer bee-keeper J. F. Flory, and President of the Central California Bee- keepers' Association. He has been en- gaged in bee-keeping for many years, and has been identified during that time with various business interests. He is disposed to be fair, and willing to consider any rea- sonable proposition that may be made; and yet he is one of those chaps who will "fight to the last ditch" when he feels that the bees have been maligned and condemned in a wholesale way. In Fig. 1 I show Mr. F. E. Brown and the part of the committee that was appoint- ed to meet a similar committee from the pear-growers. Mr. J. F. Flory I referred to in our last issue. Mr. Fred M. Hart is a bee-keeper who is perhaps as extensively engaged in the business as any one in the vicinity of the pear- orchards. He has a beautiful home and a delightful family, and I had the pleasure of staying over night with him. The next morning, after breakfast, I got the family out in the yard and suggested that they group together, rough and ready, that I might get their pictui-e. This they kindly consented to do, from the youngest to the oldest. See cut below. The other gentleman shown in the larg- est group. Fig. 1, is one whose name I do not seem to have on my note-book or else I should be glad to introduce him also. BEES AND almond-growing; STICKING TO THE BEES. Let us now leave Hanford and take a jump northward through the deserts into the region of Newman, Cal., where resides a son of Mr. J. F. Flory, Isaac D. Flory. The senior Flory 's sons were all trained to the bee business. Two of them are quite ex- tensively engaged in the industry, particu- F. M. HART AND FAMILY. larly Mr. J. H. Flory, of Dos Palos, who has 1200 colonies. I stopped at Newman, as I had had some correspondence with Mr. I. D. Flory, and desired to finish up_ the 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 733 business then in hand. He left home, as he said, barefooted, and, without anything-, struck out northward for himself in search of g-ood bee localities, and he found them. He beg-an with a hundred colonies of bees. i;iacT:j-'?R:jjssu I. D. FLORY AND FAMILY. and with these he has been able to accom- plish some quite remarkable results. At first thing-s began to look discouraging, and his wife advised him to work out by the day, as she did not see how he could make a living from his bees. But Mr. Flor3% fol- lowing the advice of his old father, stuck to the bees, and, as a result, the first year he made $800 clear of all expenses; the next year, between $1000 and $1200. Each fol- lowing year he did better; and his big sea- son was when he filled two cars with hon- eys or the equivalent of $2500 worth. Now, then, what have his bees done for him? They have enabled him to buy and pay for 50 acres of fine land worth $100 an acre. Twentj' acres of this he has devoted to the growing of almonds ; and, by the way, he thinks almond-growing very well adapted to go in connection with bees. In the growings of fruit one has to stop and pick it and dry it and pack it, and this all comes just when the bees require the most attention. There is a good market for al- monds, and the harvesting of that crop comes when work is slack with bees. In connection with almond-growing and bee-keeping he has 15 cows and 25 head of young cattle. He was once a devotee of the Belgian-hare fad, and he showed me some quite extensive hutches he constructed; and now, as with nearly everyone else who has been in the business, he has only a few blooded animals on hand. Asked why the growing of Belgian hares was unprofitable, and had been so generally abandoned, he said that the business had been fearfully overdone, and that too much attention has been given to the growing of blooded stock. Like every thing else, he thought the busi- ness would seek its level, and the growing of Belgian hares would again be a fairly profitable industry. Just before leaving, and I stopped be- tween trains, I requested the privilege of taking a snap shot of the family, and here it is as reproduced from the pocket kodak. We had just come from the bee-yard, and the senior Flory had not removed his veil. The little bo3\ perhaps eight or nine 3'ears old, seemed to be absolutely fearless in the presence of the bees. RAMBLE 209. A Trip to Catalina. BY RAMBLER. On the 21st of December, W. W. Somer- ford cordially invited me to take a little wheel journey with him to Catalina, 50 miles to the south, to see the country ard visit his brother Fred. I accepted the in- vitation with alacrity, and we were off. Mr. Somerford had his eyes open for api- aries on the wa}', and Juan Remillo, a Cu- ban, ten kilometers from Havana, had 400 colonies, and had taken 800 gallons of hon- ey, and complained that the season was not a good one. After we got under way ag-ain I told Mr. S. that it was a g-ood plan not to complain until the close of the season, and even then it was better to take the season as it was given, for complaint would never add a pound of honey to the bocoy. At the little pueblo of San Jose, Mr. S. had such a strong desire for dinner that we sought a fonda for the same. A fonda is where they feed people and sometimes sleep them. A fonda has a broad veranda in front of it, with a stone fioor, and usuall}'^ several saddle horses are tied here. In the interior, one end of the large room is used for the sale of groceries. In the other end, perhaps, there is a billiard-table. In the vacant spaces are several round tables. You seat j'ourself, and order either drinks or eatables. If you want either wine or beer or aguardente, it is supplied. Mr. S. and I being- both temperately inclined, or- dered the eatables. The outside doors to these fondas are large and numerous, and dogs sit expectantly around waiting for stray crumbs. While eating our dinner two men brushed past us, carrying a half- GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTtlRE. Sept. 1 grown pig' between them with its feet tied to a pole, and squealing- for dear life. Aft- er the swinette band liad passed we finish- ed our dinner in peace. This calzada from Havana to Guines is even better than the one west from Havana. PALM-SHEDS AND HONEY-HOUSK OUT-APIARV There is not so much heavy travel upon it, and we were happy in having- a stiff breeze at our backs; and, just to see what we could do, now and then we made a kilometer in two minutes. This calzada is also shaded by avenues of large trees. The laurel pre- vails, and now and then a cebia, the larg- est tree I have seen on this end of the is- land. Every thing- went happily until we reach- ed Guines and the end of the calzada. Here we found nine miles of road, and the contrast was almost great enough to break your heart. We found Senior Frederico. ns he is called here, living- in the suburbs of the little town of Catalina. Its chief features are palin houses, tliatched roofs, and a railroad. Senior Fred lives in single blessed- ness, and has a Cuban lad of about 15 for a cook, and he served our meals in g-ood style — considering. Senior l^'red owns a caballeria of land, and leases several hundred acres for cattle and hog pasturage. At the time of our visit he had 700 colonies of bees in three apiaries. He practically con- trols all of the honey pastur- age round about Catalina. He thought he would increase his c "lonies up to 1000 and then stop. A g-reater num- ber, with the attendant in- crease of apiaries, would be too much to attend to, and he would have to depend too much upon hired help. I found there was a brotherly disag-ree- ment upon this point as well as upon sever- al others. While W. W. wishes to increase to as grand a deg-ree as the heavens and earth would allow. Senior Fred set himself to a limit. While W. W. prefers the ten- frame hive. Senior Fred prefers and uses the eight-fraine. He reasons that the honey comes during the winter, during- the coldest weather and shortest days. An eight-frame hive holds the heat, and the bees fill their hives and ripen their honey better. He has no place for Jumbo hives; has one in his home ajiiary on trial, and that is one too manj^ When Senior Fred starts an apiary, the first consideratio i is a good palm shed for shade and shelter. Such sheds as are shown in the photos cost about $1.00 a yard. Corrugated iron costs one-third more, and not so cool. During the rainy season they protect the operator if he desires to examine colonies. They are a further benefit to operator and bees during- the heated term. These sheds are so thoroug-hly construct- ed that no light enters except under the eaves; and it is so shady behind the hives that a veil is dispensed with in the manip- ulation. W. W^. advocates and uses the Cowan four-frame extractor. Senior Fred uses the two-frame in all of his apiaries. He has used the four and six frame extractor thor- oughly during the past twelve years, and has settled, to his own satisfaction, thattlie PALM SHED, INTERIOR. 190^ GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 73=; two-frame machine is easier to work and just as rapid. Two of his Cuban boys will easily take 150 gallons in a day with it. While W. W. makes a pretense of strain- ing his honey before it enters the barrel, THE HOME APIARY. Senior Fred has a very efficient close-mesh wire-cloth strainer in the bottom of a large tub. The honey must all go through that tub and strainer, and I admire that way of doing business. His idea of a honey j'ield in a good seasoa is 23 bocoys to the 100 colonies. According to that his 700 colonies should produce 161 bocoys ; or Mr. Moe's 600 should have produc- ed 148 instead of 73. The bee- keeper who wishes to attain to great things must put his mark high. Even 148 b .coys to 600 colonies is not greater than has been done in California; and with every thing favorable it ought to be done in Cuba. See- ing that I am now a Cuban bee-keeper I will take Senior Fred's figures for a guide, and get there with him if I can. There is nocalzada here, but the rudest of roads. Such a one we followed to Senior Fred's out-apiary. On the way we visited a cave of good propor- tions, for we were in a lime- stone region. Some of these caves are rich in bat manure, and the American gardener is not slow to utilize it. All teaming is done on these roads with oxen, and mules are used under the saddle. The wheel is of little use, and can not be used at all in the rainy season. When you see ruts two feet deep in a road in dry weather, it is some indication of what pre- vails in the wet season. But the Cuban with his oxen and carreta will get over them. When hauling honey from these out- apiaries, three yoke of oxen are used — two near the carreta and the third at the end of a rope 40 feet ahead of the others. The phi- losophy of this arrangement is theit, if the rear teams are deep in the mud, the yoke, 40 feet ahead, will be on firm ground, or can be guided out one side or the other to solid ground, and their pull materially helps the rear teams; or in going uphill the head team at the top exerts a greater pull than both teams further down. Senior Fred said these Cu- ban ox-drivers could give some pointers to any ox-manngers in the world. He indorsed the head yoke as better than the shoulder yoke; but for all that, scientific tests have demon- strated that the shoulder yoke is many per cent the better method. W. W. believed in producing comb honey in April and May, and Senior Fred in January and Febru- ary. W. W. believed in feeding his bees sugar, and Senior Fred believed in feeding diluted honej'. W. W. thought it a good 'fi> \M'^mx4t^ Oh, y€>^ Ut^'ra^ g-rcrtArvno! — 736 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Sept. 1 plan to start a bee-hive factory in Cuba, and Icnocli out all foreigners. Senior Fred did not hanker after any such job— mig-ht go in at the larger and come out at the smaller end of the horn. W. W. thought it would be a good plan for Senior Fred and the Rambler to get married, and he had sever- al Cuban ladies in view as eligible. Senior Fred and I were unanimous in the opinion that we'd get married when we got ready, and not before; and with this steadfast opinion, and at a late hour, we retired. EXTRACTED HONEY IN HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY. Honey as an Article of Food for Children. BY PROF. C. F. HODGE. I am interested in the discussions of ex- tracted honey, bottling, etc., that are begin- ning in Gleanings. I have no fear that they will drive me to "extraction," for I have already reached that stage by a pro- cess of experience and necessity. For fan- cy use and now and then we want a nice comb of honey on the table; and however much extracted we use, about as regularly as butter, it can not take the place of the beautiful comb honey. But the staple use " THE PROOF OF THE PUDDING (hONEY) IS IN THE EATING of honey, I find (and here is where my "ex- perience" comes in), is as a spread on bread and butter or rolls. Here the comb is in the way, especially with young children, and it is here that extracted honey should find its daily use. We have two babies, two and four, pictures of health and vigor; and, while I do not say it is due to the hon- ey, they have had honey from the time they began to eat solid food, with almost no oth- er sweetening, and they simply adore it, and have shown no signs of tiring of it. As I have before said, I have never seen ab- solute proof that honey is a more wholesome food for children than cane sugar or pure syrups; but I am strongly inclined to the view that it is. It seems to me that it may be a more ph3'siological mixture of sugars, and that it may contain, besides, traces of digestive ferments and flavoring substances that may be not only appetizing, which is no small matter, but wholesome as well. To say the least, honey is pre-digested su- gar ; i. e., the nectar of flowers is very largely cane sugar. This has been almost all changed into grape sugar by ferment action in the bee's stomach; and since all cane sugar must be changed to grape sugar before it is absorbed, honej^ presents a par- tially digested and thus easily absorbed form of sugar. It is analogous to malted milk and pre-digested cereal foods in this respect. But besides the sugars, all honey analy- ses show a small percentage (.03 — 2.02) of nitrogenous matters which are quite suffi- cient in amount to be of considerable nutri- tive value, and more than enough to exert impoi'tant physiological influences. Honey is recognized in medical works to have a soothing healing influence on inflamed sur- faces, and to act as a mild aperient. This seems to me a field well worth investigat- ing; and results, accurately stated, might explain theproverbialgood- ness and wholesomeness of honey, and have some ef- ect to reinstate it as a sta- ple household food, even in an age of cheap sugar. Mrs. Hodge says that I have not stated the case strongly enough as regards the wholesomeness of honey for little folks, and she has had the "experience" at first hand. Besides being a delicious food, honey is often taken for coughs and sore throats, but we have not had so much as a toucli of cough or sore throat in all the four years, and that, too, with whooping-cough all about us most of the time, and even here in the house with us. Dr. Miller may say "pooh-bah" at this; but I am not claiming that it proves any thing ex- cept that honey is good to bring up babies on after they outgrow milk sugar, and it is suggestive to say the least. I am just ordering two more gallons of extracted honey to feed to the family (es- pecially the babies) between now and spring. I hope it may prove as good as formerl}^ Apropos of the candied-honey question I have another note to add in this connection. The last two -quart can I brought down was candied. I explained how it could be melted back to its former consistency. Imagine mj' surprise when I was told that it was better as it was. "It 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 737 is not so sticky, and can be spread like so much butter." That was a new idea to me. But what I started out to say is that bread and cream, with a generous layer of honej' on it, and a glass of milk, make a supper fit for a juvenile czar. Worcester, Mass., Jan. 6. VIRILITY OF DRONES. Are the Drones from Fertile Workers and Virgin Queens of Any Value ? BY A. J. WRIGHT. Which parent bears the greater respon- sibility for the healthfulness and general utility of the progeny is a question which has not, so far as I know, been settled ; s o i t may not be un- fair to assume that both con- tribute equally. With this idea in mind, we then may safe- ly say that a virgin queen, however strong and healthy Fig. 1. she maybe, will not produce as large, strong, and healthy worker bees, if fertilized by a drone inferior in any way, as she would if fertilized by a perfect drone; in short, perfect progeny require perfect fertiliza- tion of the moth- er. The question, then, whether all Fig. 3. drones are equal- ly virile is very important. With a view of getting some light on the subject I have made micro- scopic examina- tion of the sper- matic fluid of the drones with the following result : Fig. 1 shows a ^^^' "^^ tiny portion of the fluid of a drone that has been flying about four weeks, from a strong colony con- taining a fertile queen, as it appears under the microscope. The appearance shown at a I judge to be little cells or germs from which the spermatozoa hatch, if I may use the term in this connection, apparently a partly developed spermatozone. B, Fig. 1, shows the fully developed spermatozoa float- ing in the space between the cells. The spermatozoa are black, and ap- pear to be about 1^ inch in length, and as small as a single thread of spider silk. They are continually in motion, moving in vast shoals, and one caneasily sup- pose that the flu- Fig. 5. id of a single drone might contain mil- lions of them and the cells. Fig. 3 shows the appearance of the fluid from drones from a fertile worker. Of sev- eral examinations made, all failed to show any trace of spermatozoa, and only an oc- casional germ or cell. Fig. 4 shows the fluid from drones from a virgin queen reared the previous season, but not fertilized. While the fluid from these drones contains scattered patches of cells, no spermatozoa were found. Fig. 5 shows the fluid from drones win- tered over — no cells or spermatozoa were present. From the foregoing it would seem that, to get the best drones, we should have them reared in a full colony having a fertile queen; that they should not be drones of a previous season, and not drones from a fer- tile worker. As no spermatozoa were found in either the fluid of drones from fertile workers or virgins it might be supposed that no danger could come from these sources; but it should be remembered that, while no spermatozoa were found, cells were found in limited number, from which I believe the spermatozoa are developed. All drones examined had been flying four weeks or more. Bradford, N. Y. [You have certainly given us something of value on this vexed question; and if your conclusions shall be confirmed by others with the microscope we shall have come to the point where we can say positively that the drones of any thing except laying queens are practically valueless. But then, why does nature apparently make a mis- take and allow male bees (that have not the power of procreation of their kind) to be developed from an imperfect female ? I should be glad to hear from Prof. Cook, Dr. Howard, and Prof. Gillette. Possibly they have made some observations. If not, they could doubtless, with very little trouble, with the apparatus at their disposal, prove how far right our friend is really "Wright." It has been supposed that the drortes of fertile workers and of virgin queens serve the purpose for which they were created; but perhaps it is a mistake. — Ed.] 738 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Skpt. 1 KKEPING BEES ON SHARES; A DIFFERENT PLAN. I am planning- to go into the bee business on a large scale. I propose establishing small apiaries in a dozen or more sections in this county, among farmers who will take enough interest in bees to watch over them in my absence. As soon as the in- crease justifies my devoting all my time to this business I expect to visit my scattered apiaries throughout the j'car, and give them the attention required. My plan is to furnish all the capital and colonies, and give the persons on whose premises the bees are kept a share of the honey produced. My wish is to ascertain what share of the honey and wax product would be a fair compensation to the farmer on whose premises the bees are kept, it be- ing understood that I keep the increase of colonies. If j^ou can and will answer this query I shall be indebted to j'ou. This has been a poor season for bees. Cold and rain have predominated all spring and summer; and now while hundreds of acres of buckwheat are in bloom it is so cold as to keep the bees in their hives much of the time. Notwithstanding the unfavor- able season, I have succeeded in doubling the number of colonies, and all seem to be making a little surplus honey. Clarion, Pa., Aug. 18. A. J. Davis. [Such a plan can be made possible under some circumstances. It is a little difficult, however, to suggest what would be a fair adjustment of the proceeds when you your- self do a good part of the work. When one party furnishes all the labor and the other the bees and hives and a location, it is cus- tomary to divide on equal shares, that is, each party takes half the wax, half of the honey; but all the increase in the way of swarms, artificial or natural, is to be the property of the party who furnishes bees and hives. I can only suggest that, inasmuch as you are to perform all the work during the swarming- season, the farmers, or parties who look after the bees, be given one-fifth of the honey and wax, you taking the rest, retaining all the increase; but each partj' is to furnish the necessary honey-packages to hold his share of the crop. — Ed.] HOW TO GET a SWARM OFF FROM A TREE WITHOUT CUTTING A LIMB. I inclose some pictures showing my way of hiving a swarm when it settled on a tree that I was not allowed to cut. While they were settling I put the stick resting on the ladder so that a part of the cluster would settle on it. Then I moved it and smoked the part of the swarm oft" the tree, and 3'ou will see all of the swarm on the stick in Ihe '^4-^ *^3mp< ' '^^^^^m^SrT^, rn^^B^B^* r rTHli PREPARING TO GET THE SWARM FROM THE TREE TO THE STICK. second picture. I think it was a large swarm, probably weighing ten or twelve pounds. Joe S Wisic. SWARM transferred FROM THE TREE TO THE STICK. P. S. — Since the picture was taken, three weeks ago, they have filled two supers. Hazlehurst, Miss., May 13. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 739 THE DANGER FROM THE USE OF PROPOLIZ- ED CLOTHS IN SMOKERS; GRANULATED HONEY VS. GRANULATED SUGAR. On page 656, August 1, I find the follow- ing: "Some one has suggested the value of old coffee-sacks for smoker fuel. There is nothing better for good strong pungent smoke, unless it is propolized cloths or quilts, that have outlived or outworn their usefulness." I wish to sound a note of warning with reference to putting propoliz- ed cloth into a smoker. A bee-keeper living in this city put propolized cloth into a smok- er, lighted it, and opened a colony of bees. In a short time bees from every colony in his yard came in great numbers and com- menced to rob the colony, and sting every person near. The whole apiary was de- moralized. The owner's stepson was stung so badly that he was so sick for several days he could not go to his work. As a re- sult, the owner had to move his bees away off to a gardener's, and finally went out of the business. The infuriated bees stung the neighbor's chickens and dogs, and were too dangerous to be tolerated. Our bees wintered very well, and built up quite strong during fruit-bloom. Very few swarms have issued, and no surplus has been removed. Now and then there is a pretty good day. I'm of the opinion that a quarter-section in the city furnishes more bloom than the same amount of land in prairie farms. There is scarcely a lot but has flowers of some kind — beds of portulac- ca, sunflowers, madeira vines, etc. Sweet clover and catnip are quite plentiful, and bloom freely; but frequent rains wash out their sweetness. I've not been very well during the past year, and I came to the con- clusion that sugar was injuring me. Chem- icals used in bleaching and manufacturing it disagreed with me, and it took much of it to sweeten cofi^ee or tea. Of late I've been using granulated honey to sweeten my coffee, and I'm well pleased with the change. Who among the fraternity will realize enough money from his bees to pay his ex- penses to Denver? Don't all speak at once. Peoria, 111. Mrs. L. Harrison. [It was J. E. Crane, a bee-keeper con- servative and careful, who suggested or recommended propolized cloth. Perhaps he would tell us of his experience. — Ed.] an asthmatic attack induced from OPENING A BEE- hive; WAS IT BEE- POISON OR POLLEN? I write to ask information about a pecul- iar thing that happened to me last Sunday. I have never read any thing like it. To commence with I would say that at times I have attacks of asthma, but not very severe, and have had no attack for nearly a year. Last Sundaj^ morning, about 9:30, I thought I would open the top of a super on one of m}^ Italian hives, and see if thej' were making any honey. The bees were bringing in pollen very fast, and I put my head clear down to the hive to see the con- dition of it without lifting out any of the frames, thereby getting the full benefit cf all the odors in the hive. I commenced to have an attack of asthma. I started for the house; but before I reached it I fell un- conscious on the ground. The neighboi s came running in, and a doctor was called. It was over thirty minutes before I came t <. and mean while I had been struggling f>.r breath. My wife said my face and hands were just as black as they could be, an. I the doctor said he could hardly feel my pulse. They injected morphine into niV arms, which finally brought me around. I never want such an experience again; and if this is what bees are going to do to me I shall have to give them up. What I want to know is, what pollen pro- duced it? and do all asthmatic people ha\e trouble among bees? I was stung on tlie hand when I was looking in, but I don't think that had any thing to do with it. Newton A. Knapp. Winchester, Mass., Aug. 12. [Perhaps some physician in our ranks could give us some light on this case. — Ed. J HOW TO keep a SURPLUS OF QUEENS. A subscriber, a while ago, asked how to keep his extra queens. I will tell you hou- I do. When the honey harvest begins, if [ do not want swarms I cage the queens with four or five attendants, in a cage something like the Miller introducing-cage, and pur the cage in the surplus box. I think it bol- ter than the brood-chamber, as it calls the bees into the sections. No food is needeil, as the bees will care for them, neither doi s it matter about caging them in their o\\ ii hive, and several can be kept in one hi»e the whole season if you wish, by replacing attendants once in a while. What kind of cloth is used in your wax- press, described in July 15th issue? Stark, Mich., Aug. 4. B. Passage. [Cheese cloth is what we use. Burlap answers a very excellent purpose. — Ed.] 450 lbs. of comb HONEY FROM ONE COL( - NY IN NEBRASKA. Contrary to most reports from diflerent parts of the country we are having a fine season here. We have had just enough ram to make crops grow finely. Our honoy source is mainly alfalfa. From one colony we have already taken 450 lbs. of fine comb honey in 1-lb. sections, and it is still com- ing in at about 5 lbs. per day by sca.e weight. From 30 colonies we have no v about 3000 lbs. of comb honey. Theseasi'ii will not be over for a month here. When I came here this spring all bees had foul brood, and I have successfully eradicated it. I will report the most successful methods later when it proves sure. Roy a. Wilson. Kearney, Neb., Aug. 18. ■40 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Sept. 1 KEEPING UP WITH THE TIMES; THE STINGY BEE-KEEPER WHO CAN'T AFFORD A BEE-PAPER. This subject has been sug-g-ested to me by reading- some mirth-provoking' letters in the "Apiarian" columns of some farm papers which come to me. One correspondent launches forth upon the sea of discussion as to the best method in working- for in- crease and improving- the stock. In mak- ing- first division he says, "Set parent hive to one side and remove two frames of brood to new hive located on old stand, allowing- old queen to remain in old hive and put a new queen in new hive with bees at time of dividing." Now, don't you know that those bees would immediately kill that new queen? In fact, his advice a little further on shows it when he says, "Eight days later make second division as at first, then g-o to first division and cut out a queen-cell, g-iving- it to the second division." How in the name of sense would you expect to get queen-cells built in a nucleus with a g-ood queen ? And, ag-ain, just what a slim chance a queen-cell would stand of not being- torn down by the bees of a newly made nucleus taken from a hive with a queen, unless a cell-protector is used, which he does not mention! He says this divid- ing- can be kept up every eight days as long- as honey lasts. It seems to me, thoug-h, they would be g-etting rather weak about the third division after losing- their field bees and two frames of brood three times in two weeks. In the same paper another correspondent says that "queens should be raised from selected workers." If this is true we have been — but, say — if queens can br raised from workers, workers can too, and why bother with queens? Oh how funny! But underneath this rippling- surface lies the question, broad and deep, which we are driving- at — i. e., whatever be your business, take a paper making a specialty of that bus- iness, and the information gleaned from it will generally do to depend upon — bee pa- pers especially. Do you know a politician who does not take political papers? or a tradesman who does not read publications devoted to his calling? If you do, you sure- ly know him to be unsuccessful too. Then how easy to see the folly of attempting to succeed in bee-keeping when you depend upon the "bee page" of a paper devoted mostly to something else. The editor is, in one sense, not to blame, for he seldom knows any thing about bees, and has to chuck in his correspondence "bodily," just as he re- ceives it. But couldn't he beat this by get- ting some good authority on bees to ap- prove his bee articles? or, better still, take charge of this department? How is an ag- ricultural editor to know who is good au- thority on bees? Well, all the editors of bee-papers I know are good authority, and do not let bad stuff get into their publica- tions, so most of their contributors are all right. It is no wonder so many fail with bees. and, getting disgusted, quit the business and boldly denounce the careful painstak- ing bee-keeper who has paid out his money for the best information and best supplies the market affords, and say he can not pro- duce honest honey in quantities. While he may injure the demand a little he can't very much, and in one way he is our safeguard by his failure deterring many who might be successful from entering the field and overdoing the business. While the true art of bee management may be transmitted, a heritage from father to son, one must also be on the lookout for the farmer bee-keeper who has hived a swarm of bees in an old "gum," and hastens to tell his farm paper about the great secret which the unknowing editor thinks is a fact, accepts it, and sends the paper a whole year in return. Odin, Mo., Aug. 8. D. B. Thomas. IS the wiring of frames a NECESSITY? Can GLUCOSE be fed for comb honey? Some time ago I read in Gleanings that much useless wiring of frames is done. I have used foundation-starters, full sheets without wire, and also with wire. Now, I can not understand how anybody can suc- ceed in keeping full sheets in the center of the frames without having them wired. I used to keep the sheets in the unwired frames in place by tacks; but this seems a poor contrivance, and I much prefer wiring. Will you kindly explain how others succeed without wiring? I noticed some of your articles on comb- honey adulteration. You are, no doubt, quite correct that comb honey can not be manufactured; but can not comb honey (as my neighbor stated to me) be adulterated by feeding bees glucose? When I was con- fronted with this question I could not ans- wer it, and I am looking to you for infor- mation. Do you know whether that world-famous bee-keeper (Dr. Gandy), of Nebraska, win- tered his bees in a cellar? and did he also practice spring feeding? If he did the for- mer, he must have had a tremendous cellar for his three thousand colonies or a large number of such. Will j'ou give me the address of some standard periodical or journal on garden- ing? Is the narrow entrance on the Danzenba- ker bottom-board not too large, so that mice can enter in winter? Will it be necessary for me to reduce to % inch? H. A. Burling. Cleveland, O., Aug. 23. [I don't know how our friends get along without wiring their frames. While I ac- knowledge they can do it, and while I be- lieve I could manage to do it, I would not. I would no more think of getting along without wiring than I would of going back to the old tallow candle. The expense of wiring is but trifling, the labor involved is small. The annoyance that I have experi- 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 741 enced in the handling- of unwired combs, either for extracting- or for hauling- bees, is such that I could not think of g-etting- along- without wiring-. Those who do so, if they would once try wiring- a few hundred frames, would not think of trying- to get along- without it. I suppose g-lucose, diluted with water, cart be fed to bees for the purpose of filling- out comb honey. I believe that some unscrupu- lous parties have been g-uilty of the prac- tice; but from experimental tests that I have made I don't see how it can pay very long-. I find that bees do not like the "nasty stuff." I can get them to take it, but from the limited trials I have made I do not see how it can pay; but there are men who will work harder to get a living dishonestly than they would by any fair honest means. American Gardening bears an excellent reputation. It is published in New York. Box 1697 is the address. The entrance to the Danzenbaker hive or bottom-board is not too wide for summer use, nor is it too wide other times of the year, providing the colony is strong, except during cold winter weather if the bees are left outdoors. It should then be contracted by an entrance-stop so the entrance shall not be wider than fsx6 inches. If the colo- ny is not strong, ^sx3 inches would be enough. — Ed.] RUNNING AN EXTRACTOR BY GASOLINE. I would like your advice in regard to run- ning an extractor by a gasoline-engine. I want to fasten it on a wagon, and keep it there. Do you think it a good plan to put it on a low-down wagon? I can get a 1^- horse- power engine for $85 that takes up a space of 2x4 feet. Now, what size of ex- tractor would you recommend, and what size engine to run it? We are working a churn with a 1>^ -horse- power engine weighing 400 pounds, and it works finely. Do you think it best to have an extract- ing-house on the wagon, or should I get a shaft, poke it through the honey-house, drive to the side of it, and buckle on? I could get a tight and loose pulley to work the extractor with. Please advise me if convenient. Gleanings is getting better every issue. The "Travels" are interest- ing and instructive. A. H. Knolle. Shavana, Tex., Aug. 19. [The gasoline-engine can be used for the purpose of running an extractor, and it is by all odds the cheapest power ; but the speed can not be controlled very easily ex- cept by reducing gear, cone pulleys, or a slack belt. If a gasoline - engine is used, arrange the size of the pulleys from engine to extractor so that, when the belt is tightened, the extractor will run no faster than good wired combs will stand. There will be times, of course, when softer combs should be run at a less speed. In that case arrange for tightener with an idler so that the speed can be slacked at the right point to secure the speed desired. Your idea of having the engine on a wag- on is excellent. In that case I would ar- range to have the shaft that runs the ex- tractor projected through the side of the extracting-house. By having the engine lo- cated on a wagon one could run to the sev- eral out-yards and be under the expense of having only one engine. — Ed.] QUESTIONS concerning BRUSHED SWARMS. Will you please answer a few questions, and oblige? We usually have about 25 colonies of bees to commence the season with; increase to 40 or 45 during swarming, and then double up the following fall and spring to the usual number again. Now, if I wished to practice the "brushed-swarm" plan — 1. Do you wire the frames in your new hive containing or.ly starters? 2. Do you ever give the new or brushed swarm one or more frames of brood or hon- ey at the time of brushing? 3. Under this plan, are the queens any more apt to put brood above in the sections while the combs below are being built? 4. Leaving the bees to build all their combs from starters, will they not build considerable drone comb? 5. If you had all the bees and old combs you required for your apiary, what would you do with your surplus combs each sea- son with the above plan? Kendallville, Ind. S. Farrington. [I can give you no answers based on prac- tical experience. I only know what others have said. If I do not give the right ans- wers I hope those who are in position to know will give us the correct practice. 1. I don't know whether it is the practice or not, but I would advise having the frames stayed up with horizontal wires. They will do no harm, and greatly stiffen the combs for extracting as well as for moving to outyards. 2. As I understand it, no frames of brood are given with a brushed swarm. Bees are made to start from the ground up. 3. The natural assumption would be that the queen would be inclined to go into the sections. My own advice would be to put perforated zinc between super and lower hive. 4. There are certain conditions under which bees will build store comb, and when the}^ will build only worker. During the swarming season bees are inclined to build the former. I should naturally expect that some store or drone comb would then be built, but this might be cut out a la Board - man. 5. I do not know. I am getting into deep water. It is not my rule to attempt making answers or footnotes unless that answer or footnote is based on personal observation. Our friend H. K. Boardman, of East Townsend, O., is competent to give correct answers along these lines, and I hereby re- quest him to come over and help us. — Ed.] 742 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Sept. 1 QUICK BUSINESS TRANSACTION; QUEENS IN- JURED IN THE mail; mail SERVICE, ETC. ; THE A. I. ROOT CO. AND UNCLE SAM. In dealing with friends at a distance, where changes and transfers of mail, ex- press goods, and freight have to be resorted to, to reach destination, it sometimes hap- pens that we are annoyed by what we con- sider, perhaps erroneously, unnecessary de- lay. On the other hand, we are pleased when matters turn out not only satisfacto- rily but even better than we could reason- ably expect. One Monday morning, a short time ago, after the morning mail had gone out, I or- dered of The A. I. Root Co., among other apiarian supplies, some queens, providing they could be mailed at once. On Wednes- day following, early in the morning, while I was busy among my bees, the little boy came up to me, as he frequently does, and, after looking on a few minutes, said: " Grandpa, do you want any more queen- bees? " I was somewhat surprised at his ques- tion, and imagined that the little fellow was trying to have a little fun with the old man; so, in Yankee fashion, I answered with the question: " Why so? Do you have any to sell ? " " No," he said; " but we have just had a telephone message. There are some at the postoffice for you." This surprised me still more. I expected no others; and in figuring up the time, I could hardly see how the mail could have had time to make the circuit from New York to Ohio and return, and leave any time for the Root Co. to fill the order. But as the boy assured me of the fact, I at once began to make my necessary arrangements for their introduction, intending to go after the queens as soon as every thing was ready. Just then a friend, an inmate of the house, who was coming from the postoffice, handed me the ([ueens. I use my own introducing- cages, and it took some minutes to make the transfers; but I believe I can safely say that in less than fifteen minutes after the queens reached mj^ hands they were in their respective hives. Take it all in all, from the time the order left our postoffice, which could not have been before half-past eleven in the morning, it took less than 44 hours to send the order, reach its destination, put up and mail the queens, reach home again, and place them in the hives, and this at a distance of not less, perhaps, than 250 miles with its vari- ous changes from one railroad to another. To complete the report, I will add that these queens were liberated Friday morn- ing, and Sunday morning they had already some of their combs well stocked up with eggs. They have been quite prolific ever since, and have now, besides furnishing several combs for other colonies, their hives full of brood. The question, "Are queens injured in the mail ? " depends very much on circum- stances. The time of confinement, and be- ing deprived of the opportunity to comply with nature's desire, may have something to do with it; but I will mention only one feature that strikes the observer very forci- bly. If we should witness the modus oper- andi of changing the mail at some of our by- way stations we should consider it almost a miracle that any living being confined in the mail-pouch could survive the operation. We can take an excursion trip of one or two daj's, and, if nothing unforeseen happens, return uninjured, and enjoj' it. But if we are compelled to make a long, tiresome journey, be confined in a boat or car for weeks, with an occasional head-on collision for a change, we should not feel so well at the end of our route. The chances are that we should arrive more or less injured. This is very much the way in shipping queens. A comparatively short journey, with short confinement and reasonably care- ful handling, is not very apt to produce se- rious injury to a queen, as the foregoing case seems to prove. But imagine a poor queen, the unfortunate passenger, in one of those mail-pouches suspended in mid-air, when the flj^er comes along at fifty or sixty miles an hour. The swung-out iron arm of the mail-car strikes the pouch a terrible blow, tears it from its fastenings, and lands it inside of the car — a veritable collision. Is it any wonder that queens are sometimes ruined by such treatment? We are accustomed to find the Root Co. very prompt in dealing with customers; but it seems hardlj' fair to give them all the credit for the quick service reported above. I think Uncle Sam is entitled to a portion of it. Our mail service is certainly in good hands, although our mail officials are not as precise in every particular as some of the European governments require it of their employees; but for practical purposes our mail service is one of the best on our p-lobe. G. C. Greiner. THE MARKINGS OF ITALIAN QUEENS, AND WHAT IS THE TEST OF PURITY? In your ABC book you fully describe Italian bees (workers), but I can not find any description of Italian queens — that is. whether they should be all j'ellow, without a particle of black on the body, or whether black is sometimes present. I bought sev- eral queens from a breeder in this section, who claims to have nothing but first-class Italians, and I noticed a disparity in this respect, the queens showing more or less black. For instance, one of them has little or no black on the tip of the tail, or last segment, while this tip is decidedly black on others, while the second segment on these last has some black, and a little on third. I look upon these queens as an inferior grade, and little if any better than hybrids. 1 wrote the parties, asking them to explain this disparity in color, but they paid no at- tention. Would you kindly advise me if a pure Italian queen should be entirely yel- low, without a semblance of black, or is a touch of black on the last segment permis- 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 743 sible? and can the impurity of the queen be judged by the amount of black shown? For my part I should think the more black the less Italian. M. L. Morrison. New Orleans, La., Aug. 19. [It is possibly true that our A B C of Bee Culture does not fully cover this point; but in one of our circulars we have for years published this paragraph: ITALIAN QUEKNS ; WHAT IS THE TEST OF PURITY ? Sometimes when we send out a tested queen, cus- tomers complain, just as soon as she arrives, that she is a hybrid ; and this opinion is based wholly upon her markings, irrespective of the markings o'f the bees that accompany her. It is a well-known fact, that pure Italian queens— those whose progeny are gentle three-banded bees, vary in color all the way from jet black to a bright orange color. The fact that the queen is black herself is no evidence at all that she is a hj'brid. One of the blackest queens we ever had — daughter of an imported— produced as finely marked and gentle Italians as we have ever seen. As a gener- al rule, though, Italian queens are striped with yellow and black. Our select tested queens (and they cost more) have the abdomen almost all yellow except at its very tip. Our tested queens, as a general rule, are striped with black and yellow on the abdomen ; and our imported queens are the same. I have not already hatched, they will hatcli in a day or two Unless this parent colony is properly taken care of it is liable to send oft' after-swarms, to the extent of three or four, each with a virgin queen that goes oft' on her wedding - trip. It may, in fact, swarm itself out of existence. It is a prac- tice, in some cases, to remove the parent colon}' to a new location after it has cast a swarm and hive the swarm in a new hive containing frames of foundation on the old stand. — Ed.] PECULIAR CONDITIONS IN NEW JERSEY. Is the experience of M. W. Shepherd, Hollister, Fla., as given in Gleanings for Aug. 1, really so remarkable? Any up-to- date bee-keeper may look for at least one such experience, and may consider himself lucky if he does not have several. Bees holding oft" swarming until the new queen hatches is no new experience, at least with me. Normally it is an indication that the bees are "tired of mother" and want anew one; but it seems they hate to kill her (or something else), and hold the young queens two or three days in the cells. At the last minute the colony swarms, and the young queens push the caps off quick enough to join the "gang." I am not sure but the best way to handle such colonies is. when that condition is discovered, to kill the old queen, and, after the first young one hatches, remove all the other cells. Colonies treated in this way seem entirely satisfied, and are 744 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. vSept. 1 "crack" workers the rest of the season. Many, however, of Shepherd's virgin queens probably came from hives which had cast at least one after-swarm, and which re- sponded with a handful of queens in re- sponse to the first sw arming-note of a close neighbor. I have had colonies swarm with- out a trace of queen-cells, but not this year. First swarms with virgin queens are no rarity with me this summer, and the past week I have had two swarms led by queens raised in June — a new experience with me. The season, so far, has been a very pecul- iar one — tremendous bloom and honey, and no weather for the bees to get it into the hives, they getting enough to keep up the swarming impulse — not 'fenough to kill it. Every colony wintered cast a swarm, and the end is not yet. With me clipped queens would have only made a bad matter worse, a la Shepherd (I discontinued clipping ten years ago), as it would have resulted in too many swarms uniting. The only way to handle such con- ditions is to use common sense, and turn the surplus energy of swarming into honey. So far the season here has been disap- pointing, the best colonies to date having tilled but little over 100 sections each, and October weather during the present buck- wheat bloom. W. W. Case. Baptisttown, N. J., Aug. 25. [There are times and seasons when bees will apparently violate all established rules. If the honey-flow be light and con- tinuous, swarming will be much worse than if it be heavy. A peculiar season will develop peculiar swarming, often; and the past season has been one of peculiar con- ditions all over the United States. — Ed.] BEKS DYING off; WHAT IS THE MATTER? My bees are dying, and have been all spring. It has been wet all that time; but after a heavy rain they die more than at other times. Some dead bees are brought out of the hives, and some die on the ground, as they are all over the yard on the ground. Several queens have died. I have lost six colonies. They crawl all over the ground, and I can hear them at night. I can find nothing like it in the bee journals. Strong colonies die as well as weak ones. But very little honey has been made here this year. They seem to be working for the last two weeks, as it has not been quite so wet. Please inform me how much ventilation I ought to give when I use a sealed cover. I think I did not give enough ventilation last winter. I left them on the summer stands covered with boxes. How much lower should the front of a hive be than the back end for winter? Hamburg, Iowa. W. R. Belcher. [Without seeing the bees it is a little dif- ficult to decide just what is the matter. It is possible they are gathering something that poisons them. Once in a great while a disgruntled neighbor will sometimes set out poison; and if that is true in your case^ the bees will die off just as you describe. It might be well to make a little inquiry. If you are satisfied that there is no poison in the vicinity, I would suggest that yoa consult the symptoms as given in the text- books, for bee paralysis. Bees will very often die in considerable numbers immediately after a heavy honey- flow. They will be found on the grass and sidewalks. They are nothing more nor less than the bees that have served out their best days, and the product of their toil will be given over to others. When sealed covers are used, a wider en- trance should be used than when absorbents, are put over the cluster. An entrance for the former ^^x8 inches would be about right. Bottom-boards should be slanted no more than enough to let the water run out at the entrance rather than hi. — Ed.] PUTTING IN EXTRACTING-COMBS, ETC. 1. Is it sound practice, when putting on supers, to raise two or three frames of brood up into the super, replacing them in the brood-chamber with combs or founda- tion? 2. In dividing is it better to leave the queen on the old stand or move her to the new one? J. H. Walterhouse. Toronto, Canada, July 28. [1. If the colony is not too strong it is ad- visable to put one or two frames of brood in the upper story along with frames of foundation or empty comb in order to get bees started above at work. If the colony is very strong the better way would be to put on perforated zinc, then put on the su- per above. 2. This depends upon circumstances. If an equal division is made we usually put the queen with the nucleus that is moved away from the old stand, as so many of the bees return, and the nucleus that is put in the new location needs the help of the queen, while the one that is on the old stand, having more bees, will be able to get along without a laying queen for a few days. — Ed.] THE eucalyptus OF CALIFORNIA. I should be obliged for information re- garding the eucalyptus-tree, a native of California. Would it grow and thrive in the western part of Colorado ? Is it a good tree for the production of honey ? Where could trees or seeds be obtained ? Groton, N. Y. M. P. Weeks. [The eucalyptus-tree yi^tds considerable honey at certain seasons of the year in Southern California. I do not know wheth- er it would grow in Western Colorado or not. Perhaps some of our readers in the vicinity would be willing to give the infor- mation.— Ed.] 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 745 C. P. B., Ore. — The condition you find in front of your hives (dead bees) shows that these are simply superannuated bees that have died of old age. We usually find them in front of entrances of all hives in spring-, about the time the bees are cleaning house, preparatory to the work of the season. W. 31. J., Ky. — It would be impossible to say just when the bees will supersede their old queen. That will take place when she begins to be too old to perform her regular duties. If, however, through disease or weakness she begins to fail when she is a comparatively young queen they will super- sede her under those circumstances. A queen that can not lay the full quota of eggs at the proper season of the year, whether old or young, will be superseded as a rule. Bees will sometimes attempt to replace a good queen because one leg is crippled. Such a queen is sometimes very valuable if the bees will accept cells and build them out to large ones. We would make an effort to save the queen; and pos- sibly by introducing her to other bees she will be allowed to go in peace. Some of the best queens we ever had, had a crippled leg, and would wabble over the combs. G. F. //., Wis. — If you have combs in sec- tions that are discolored, I suggest that j'ou place them in front of a window. Pile one on top the other; and if the sunlight strikes them good and fair, hang a white sheet in front of the window. Allow the combs to stand that way for a few days or even a week. If the side of the comb next to the window is not whiter after the treatment than the side away from the window, then it would be impracticable to bleach by or- dinary sunlight. It would be advisable, also, to try putting some of the sections into a small box and burning a little sulphur in the box with the sections. Try it in a small way; and then if the experiment works sat- isfactorily you will be justified in trying both plans of bleaching on a larger scale. Referring to your method of grading, the plan that we advocate and carry out in practicft is given at the head of our Honey Column in every issue. By turning to those rules you will see how we grade our honey, and how, in fact, all the hone}^ in the Unit- ed States east of the Mississippi River is graded. The grading that you refer to in your letter must be very antiquated, and the sooner it is discarded the better, as it will lead to endless confusion. If you were to sell honey by that grading you would lose very heavily; for it is, in fact, if I un- derstand it, the standard system of grad- ing turned wrong end to. We can hardly advise you at what price the various grades of honey should be held at now. I suggest that you consult our Honey Column from time to time. But be sure to remember the prices quoted in that column are ivholesale, not retail. If you de- sire to sell in a retail way j'ou will ha\e to add from 3 to 5 cts. per lb. to your honey. OUR HOMES, BY A.I. R OOT. And they said tinto me, The remnant thi. The walk home was just as beautiful, although not so wild. It was a surprise, after we had come into the boundary of our own woods, to be walking along in a deep forest and suddenly come upon a potato-patch in a little clearing. You immediately forgot that yon were a wild Indian, and became a civilized being, until the potato-patch was passed and the dense woods closed around you again. We hope that you will come up here soon, and see for yourself all the things that we have been telling you, and learn to walk in the Traverse air. Your loving sister, Bingham, Mich., Aug. 11. Carrik Belli:. Perhaps some allowance should be made for the above, on the ground that she inher- its more or less her father's disposition and tastes — a "chip of the old block," 3^oti know. A NEW APPLE, ETC. To-day I sent to you a small basket of Day apples. I hope you will get them in good shape. I want to sur- prise you as to what we can do down here. The trees are eleven years old, and have borne eight good full crops, and there has never been a worm found in one. and I never sprayed. Remember, there are hut few varieties of apples that do well here. J. W. Day. Crystal Springs, Miss., Aug. 4. The apple mentioned in the above is fair size, very handsome, yellow, streaked with red ; flatfish shape ; deep cut around the blossom end, and quite peculiar- looking; quality excellent, but rather sweet for most people; but this may be owing to the fact they were overripe. I can hardlj' imder- stand wh}' it is never wormj-, if other ap- ples are wormy unless sprayed. The finest apple around the "cabin in the woods" at this date (Aug. 23) is the Yellow Transpar- ent. In fact, I am very much inclined just now to call it the finest apple I ever got hold of. I certainly never enjo3'ed eating apples, at any time in my life, as I do now. This apple is a beautiful waxy white and yellow, and they keep several days after they are as mellow as a peach. In this State you can peel off the skin as you would a verj' ripe peach or plum. They are not nearly as sour as the Red Astrachan, which is also fine here. This cool region seems particularly adapted to apples, especially early ones. THE WILD-GOOSE PLUM. Mr. A. I. Root :—\ notice in last Gleanings your mention of Mr. Hilberfs wild-goose plums. With us there are trees from different nurseries. .Some bear and some do not. We have big trees here that .scarce- ly ever have a plum on, while other trees are loaded clown with fruit. I have always budded or grafted from heavy-bearing trees. Now. if Mr. Hilbrrt will write me iii the spring I will .send him .some grafts if he will pay postage on them; and if they will not bear it must be" his locality Thev are no more curculio- proofthan the coininou wild plum to which family It belongs. S. H. Blosser. Dayton, Va., .\ug. 11. 748 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Sept. 1 HONEY QUEENS! Laws' Leather-colored Queens. Laws' Improved Golden Queens. Laws' Holy Land Queens. A prominent queen-breeder writes : " I have reared and sold over 5000 queens in the past few years, and I am using your stock exclusively, as it is the best I can get.^' Another writes : "The queen mother I got of you is the best queen I ever saw." A prominent writer for the Review states the L,aws queen is making a fine showing. Many nicelttters indicative of the superi- ority of Laws' queens on file. Prices : Tested or un- tested, $1.00 each; six for $5.00. Discount on large lots. Wiite for circular. W. H. Laws, BeeviUe, Texas Queens! Queens! We have five different yards, 5 to 20 miles apart, where Italians, Cyprians, Holylands. Carniolans, and Albinos are bred for business. You can send in your orders at following prices the rest of this vear: Test- ed, $1 50 each; S8.00 for six; $15.00 per doz." Untested, 75c each; $4.25 for six, or $8.00 per doz. Fine breeders, $5.00 each. Safe arrival guaranteed Write for free catalog. Tells how to raise queens and keep bees for profit. The Jennie Atchley Co . Beeville. Bee Co., Tex. Wanted Immediately, Comb Honey in Danzenbaker Sections. We have a market for large quantities of fancy comb honey in Danzenbaker sections, and shall be pleased to hear from parties who have any to offer. In writing, please state: 1. From what source gathered. 2. Color (white or amber), and grade (Fancy or No 1.) 3 In what size cases. 4. Price at which you will sell f. o. b. at t our sta- tion or delivered at Medina (preferably the latter). We can use, also, moderate quantities at once in Ideal (3S4x5) and 45.^x45^ sections ; also extracted. Send sample of extracted, putting your name on the same, and giving particulars as to amount, source, size of package, and price. Extracted honey is pre- ferred in 5-gallon square cans. The a. I. Root Co., Medina. Ohio. Wanted. — Fancy and No. 1 white comb honey; also gilt-edged extracted clover in 60-lh. cans. B. Walker, 28 33d Place, Chicago, 111. Wanted.— Honey and beeswax. Mail sample, and state price delivered at here. C. H. W. Weber, 2146, 2148 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio Wanted— Comb and extracted honey. State price kind, and quantity. R. A. Burnett & Co., 199 South Water St., Chicago, 111 WANTED. — Comb honey, white or amber, for cash or on commission, clover preferred. Reference — The A. I. Root Co. C. G. Turner, Mechanic Falls, Me. W.\NTED.— Offers of car lots of honey, especially comb honey. Cash paid on delivery at your ware- house or station. Thos. C Stanley & Son, Apiarists and Honey Buyers. Manzanola, Col., or Fairfield, 111 Wanted. — Beeswax; bright vellow preferred. I. J. Stringham, 105'Park PI., New York City. To make cows pav, use Sharpies Cream Separators, book " Business Dairying " & cat. 288 free. W. Chester. Pa. In a private note from Mr. O. F. Davidson, of Fair- view, Texas, we are informed that the Lone Star Api- arist will not be published any more. We regret this turn in affairs, as the Apiarist was a welcome visitor at our table. Minnesota Bee-keepers' Supply Mfg. Co.,. Manufacturers ^i Bee-hives, Sections, Shipping-cases, and Everything Used by Bee-keepers. Orders filled promptly We have the best shipping, facilities in the world. You will save money by send- ing for our price list. Address Minnesota Bee-keepers' Supply Mfg:. Co., Nicollet island Power Building, Minneapolis, Minn. Imp't'd Queens Direct from Italy Please send us your address on a postal card, and we will send you our price list of queens, written in Eng- lish. Correspondence not sufficiently post-stamped w\\\ be refused. Our motto: " Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them." Write Malan Brothers. - . . . Queen-breeders, " Apiario," Luserna, San Giovanni, Italy. BEES FOR SALE.— 100 colonies of leather-colored and golden Italians in nine-frame hives on L,ang- stroth-Hoffman standard frames. My leather colors took first premium at the Minnesota State Fair last year. Delivery at any time before winter. Ample stores guaranteed. Singly, §5 00; in lots of 20, $4.50 each, on car. W. R. Ansell, Mille Lacs Apiaries, Milaca, Minn. Seasonable Suggestions. Use THe Porter Spring Escape. When taking off surplus this is the greatest sav- ing device. It does away with the shaking of the heavy supers, the cruelty of excessive snioking which causes the bees to uncap their honey and start robbing. Just tip the super to the angle of 4.5° and insert the board. In a few hours it is free of bees; then take off your super. No need smok- ing. You can as well afford to be without a smok- er as without the Porter Bee-escape. Order to-day. PRICE : 20c each : dozen, $2.25 ; postpaid. With board, 35c each; $3.20 per 10; by express or freight. Use Porter Honey-Kotise Escape over the doors and windows in the extracting- house, or any place you wish to clear of bees. The most persistent robber can not return. Some bee- keepers make a practice of taking off the filled supers and stacking seven or eight in a pile. The Porter Honey-hou.se mounted on a board makes the best kind of escape. Don't wait till tomorrow before you get a supply. You can't afford to be without them longer. PRICE : 25c each ; $2.75 per dozen ; postpaid. Board without e.scape, 15c each ; fl.OO per 10. FOR SALE BY THE A. I. ROOT CO.. Medina, Ohio. U. S. A. And all Branches and Agencies. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE. 74^ 4 ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ i ♦ ♦ J ♦ Seasonable Offerings. The Fred W. Muth Co. Front & Walnut Streets I Cincinnati, Ohio. Muth's Pound Square Flint-glass Honey-jars with patent air-tight glass stoppers, at .$5.50 per gross. Far superior to old style with corks. Try a gross. Just the thing for home market. Crates of Two 60-pound Cans. Been used once, but in good condition. In lots of five crates, 40c each; ten or more, Ii5c. This lot is limited; order at once. Queens; the Best Money Can Buy. Buckeye Strain three-banded are the genuine red clover workers. Muth's strain of golden Italians can not be surpassed. Either of above 75c each; six for S4 00. Select tested, $1.50 each. A trial will convince you. Send for our catalog of bee-supplies. ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ QUEENS! BY RETURN MAIL. We are now breeding from three dis- tinct strains ; viz. ^ Imported or leather color, Root's long-tongued or red-clo- ver strain, and our old strain of white banded yellow Italians, or albinos. PRICES: Tested, each.. $1.25 Select tested, each 1.50 Warranted purely mated, each 75 Same, per half dozen 4.00 Same, per dozen 7.50 Untested, each 65 Same, per half dozen 3.50 Same, per dozen 7.00 We have also a full line of bee-keep- ers' supplies including THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY'S GOODS. Send for our 32-page illustrated catalog. W. W. Cary & Son, Lyonsville, Mass. The Best Stock. I have had 18 years' experience in the production of "honey, and during that time I have always tried to improve my stock bv buying queens from breeders who breed for honev-gathering inste d of color; then, by crossing these different strains, and selecting the best, and breeding from them, I have secured a .strain ■of stock that is the equal of any for honey-gathering. This vear I am breeding from a daughter of Root's fa- mous'J200 queen, and from the stock of J. P Moore. ■Warranted queens, in any quantity, will be sold at .55 -cts. each, and satisfaction'wiU be guarantei-d in every •case, or money will be refunded. L. H. Rotaey, Worthington, W. Va. 10 CENTS That's all it costs to get acquainted with the Rocky mountain Bee Journal. We want to send it on trial to every reader of Gleanings "Ww^G Months for 10 cts. This vigorous young month- ly has just entered its second year on a paying basis, and has become the recognized mouthpiece of the bee- keepers of the great Rocky Mountain alfalfa regions. Address The Rocky Mountain Bee Journal, Box 611. Boulder. Colorado. - Special Notice to Bee=keepers 1 Root's Supplies at Catalog Prices. SEND FOR CATALOG. F. H. Farmer, Boston, Mass. . 182 Friend St., 1st Flight. ^ Bee-supplies Quick I,et us show you how quick we can fill your orders. Best of goods and the best place in country to ship from. Get our Prices on Dovetailed Hives and Sections. Write to us if you have any Honey or Beeswax to sell. C. M. SCOTT & CO.. INDIANAPOLIS. INDIANA. 1004 East Washington Street. 750 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Sept. 1 California has had a light honey crop this year, but here is an en- couraging letter from a resident of that State, in regard to the do- ings of a colony having a queen of the Superior Stock. Dos Mesas, Calif., June 26, 1902. W. Z. Hutchinson, Flint, Mich. Dear 6ir: — I enclose you the photo, of a hive taken at tj:UO A. M being the only time of the day that the sun shone directly upon it. The colony in this hive is the development of a three-frame nucleus, in which was placed the queen that you sent me last — -niner. You maj' remember that slie was sent quite late m tne season, as California seasons go. However, she raised enough bees so that they filled ten frames full of hon- ey for winter. On account of the good showing of this queen last fall, I used her to breed from this season, taking larvae from the combs, per the Alley method, every five days. In spite of the loss in comb and bees, and the interruption to the labors of the hive, I have taken off 6t) well-finished sections. Please bear in mind that this is a poor year, and most of my 145 big hives have given me nothing. These bees are the nicest bees to handle of anv I have ever seen. "While I do not suppose that you intended to send me a select- ed breeder, I am satisfied that this queen will compare favorabU' with any queen owned by anybody. If this will be of any aid to you in advertising .Superior Stock, you are welcome to print it. Yours sincerely, H. N. Cross, M. D. My friend, for SI. 50 I can send you a queen reared from the same strain as the queen possessed by Mr. Cross. She will come from the same breeder, and be reared in exactly the same manner. I will guarantee safe arrival, safe introduction, purity of mating, and entire satisfaction to the extent that the queen may be returned any time within two years and the money will be refunded, together with 50 cts. extra to pay for trouble. Special Offer. — For $2.00 I will .send one queen, and the Bee-Keepers' Review for one year. W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich. f\\. »|V t\ flK f|». fiK »|C fiC fie $I==-for The Pacific Bee Journal and QleaningS"=$l Here in California we need only one g'ood year to make a stake. 200 colonies in tlie fall can be bought for $500, and often return S1500 in honey with two months' work. Off seasons we have, but where else in this wide world will an apiary produce 400 lbs. honey to the colony? " A Term of Good Years Must Come Again." Pacific Bee Journal with Gleanings, new or renewal, $1 a year. Address 237 East Fourth St., ^L. ^'L. ^t^ >t^ Los Angeles, Calif. 1^ 7i|^7fs7li^7li^ Queens! Buy them of H. G. Quirin, the largest queen- breeder in the North. The A. I. Root Co. tells us our stock is extra fine. Editor York, of the Ameri- can Ree Journal, says he has good reports from our stock from time to time, while J. I,. Gandy, of Humboldt, Neb., has secured over -100 lbs. of honey (mostlj-comb) from single colonies containing our queens. We have files of testimonials similar to the above. Our breeders originated from the highest-priced long - tongued red - clover queens in the United States. Fine queens, promptness, and square dealing have built up our present business, which was es- tablished in 1888. Price of Queens After July First. 1 6 12 Selected $ 75 1 00 1 50 3 00 $4 00 5 00 8 00 $ 7 00 9 00 Tested Selected Tested Extra Selected Tested— the best that monev can buy We guarantee safe arrival to any .State, conti- nental island, or any European countrj-. Can fill all orders promptly, as we expect to keep three to five hundred queens on hand ahead of orders. Special price on 50 or 100. Circular free. Send all orders to Quirin the Queen=breeder, Post and Money-order Office, Parkertown, Ohio. GOOD FOR CUBA! The letter below, entirely unsolicited, proves that the "Case" queens are Good for Cuba. Mr. Frierson bought 100 or more, last fall. Friend Case: — The queens all came in good order. My bees, especially those I got from you, have supei- seded very few queens. Only two swarmed, and thev were very much exposed to the sun Notwithstandinij the lo.ss i had last fall, which caused me to divide up so late. I got a great deal more honey than my neigh- bors, and extracted later in the season. And now comes the pretty part : I have not fed a pound of sugar this summer, while all my neighbors have been feed- ing for .some time. I have many hives now with 40 lbs. of honey, while the dark (Italians) have none, and I have to take frames of honey from your Italians and give to the dark ones — Italians, the parties who sold them called them. Call them what j'ou will, it is very strange to me that they will starve while others in the same j-ard have such an amount of surplus. I want to get them strong early this season, then, if they bring in the honey as they did last season. Ceiba Mocha, Cuba, Aug. 15. C. B. Frierson. The above queens were reared from same mother and .same method I am now using. Except for num- ber of queens tested it is a fair sample of a big lot of testimonials. Prices of queens from my golden strain: One select warranted, $1.00; six, 55.(J0. Fair average queen, 76c; six, S4.00. Send for folder. J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Florida. Clover Queens==Two for $1.00, or 65 cts. each; tested, SI. 00 to close down soon. Queens fine as silk. M. O. Office, Guernsey. Q. Routzahn, Menallen, Pa. 1902 glp:anixgs in bp:e cultukk. 751 liHEEl^ Giant Pansy Collection. Over SO Lovely Varieties ; a Superb Mixture ; Almost Given Away to Introduce. I also send with above seeds a " Treatise on Growing Pansies," telling every one just how to succeed: and a p'-actical up-to-date Book on Window Gardening; all sent postpaid for ONE DIME (well worth ')() cts.). This offer is unequaled in the whole history of the seed business. I make it solely to secure your order, friendship, and future trade. Do not disappoint me. ilCc;"Now is the time to plant these V)eauties. All the Odd, Curious, and Unique. Huge Jewels of Velvet & Gold. Every Imaginable Color. 25 Years of Practical Experience. Beautiful Beyond Description. Lots of Money in Selling Pansy Plants. Pansies sold in the fall produce incomparably the finest and largest flowers of the brightest colors They endure the hardest winters without injury ,'and will produce a perfect cloud of brilliant blossoms the whole season through. No flower will bloom as long— none will give as much pleasure. Pansies are the most popular and fashionable of all flowers, and every one should grow a liberal supply. TO INTRODUCE my Giant Pansies to p:vERY reader I \vill send the entire collection, as above- including seed of fifty varieties, essay, and book, all securely boxed and prepaid, for ONE DIME, or 12 cts. in stamps: Three collections for 25 cts.: fifteen for $1.00. Please order at once. ie®=Every customer will receive free my Illustrated Catalog of Bargains. SPECIAL.— If you order above PROMPTI^Y I will add a nice present that retails for 15 cts. Do not miss it. It will be a pleasant surprise. CLUB RAISERS WANTED.— I give fancy engraved watches, stem-wind— perfect time-keepers. Can 1)6 earned in a few hours. Full particulars and outfit included in the above collection. READ THE FOLLOWING AND SEE IF YOU WOULD MISS THESE WONDROUS BEAU- TIES. THIS OFFER WILL NOT APPEAR AQAIN. From Mr. H. A. McQuiston, Pansy Specialist, of Preble County, Ohio. Mr. A. T. Cook. Dear Sir:— "Por many years I have made a specialty of growing choice pansy plants — have tried many best varieties of leading seedsmen, and can truly say yours far surpasses them all in vigor of the plants, size and number of lilos.soms, and great diversity of colors. I recently took a ba.sket- ful to our Ministers' Jubilee, and you certainly would ask more thaii 20 cts. per packet if you could have heard the words of praise and exclamations of wonder and delight from those present— such as "Oh how lovely !" " The prettiest pansies I ever saw :" " I did not know they ever grew so large ;" " Where do you get the seed?" etc.. etc. It is no trouble to sell plants from your seeds- they sell themselves. I have been your customer for over twenty years and have always been pleased with your seeds and the many '" extras." Address at once A. T. COOK, SEEDSMAN, CAMPION, NEW YORK. "52 GLEANINGS IN I'.F.P: CULTURE. Sept. 1 The kfea! P/ano Built anticipating the demand of those satisfied with nothing but the best iind looking for a piano of the Highest Artistic Creation Are you considerint; the purchase of a piano? Our proposition will ijrove more en- tertaining than any you have had. Catalog and Jiitl hifi>riiiiilif}it trfe on application. TIIK PACKAKI* t'OMI'ANY P. O. Bux F Fori Wmjuc. Indiana SEWS ANYTHING. I from s:ik to coars-^^feg I est fabrics. Tliecuii^'Ji'it' BALL-BEARING ARLINGTOr^' I (equal of any ?40 to $05 Martiine 14' iies* w^gy-^-^ slency wi:b heautiful n'^. I BEARIXG, hence casv r , tan teed for 20 yea T.ts. BALL I 250,000 Bold. 5 3 Writefor Free "'afalog showing all stylea and samples of worlt. | Arlington puaranteed machineg from $11 ,95 up. Our AntAmatie rahinet at $17.75 Is a wnnder. TASK nrYFRS- TMON. I'ept. A-'U.i, THtf AGO. ILL. I RLFL ' SI -, nr.-l NArii'NAl. P^NK. Clil^ Union Combination Saw For Ripping, Cross- cutting, Rabbeting, Mitering, Grooving, Gaining, Boring, Scroll- sawing, Edge - moulding, Beading. Full line Foot and Hand Power machin- ery. Sfyid f^y rrita'osr A. SENECA FALLS MFG. CO., M Water St . Seneca Fa., N.7, I Nothing equals g-reen cLit bone for hens. Any one can cut it with .Mann's ^'oll\ Bone Cutter. Open hopper. Automatic feed. !<► Days' J Free Trial. Nopayuntilyou'resatisfied. I I fyou don't like it, return atoureipense. Isn't this I better foryeu than to pay for a machine you never ^tried?Catl'gfree. p. W. MANN CO., Box 37 , milford, Mass. Onill TBV PAPKR, illnst'cl, 20 psgeB, rUUL I n I 25 cents per year. 4 months* trial 10 cents. Sample tVee. 64-page practical poultry book free to yearly subscnbera. Book alone 10 cents. Catalo^rae of ponltrj books free. i'ouUry Advocate, SyztLouao- jultrj txiiiw^vif^f'yiwtfywkwwyvwwwwvwkvwtf^vwwwywyv sow SEED NOW ik 5 Pansies sown in the fall produce 5 incomparably the finest and largfest 5 flowers of the brig-htest colors. Let 5 no reader miss A. T. Cook's remark- ^ able ofter on page 751. Send to-day. 5 The offer will not appear again. Wagon World Awheel. Half a million of these steel wheels have been sent out on our own wagons and to fit other wagons. It is the wheel that determines the life of any , wagon, and this is the longert hved wheel made. Do you wank • a low down Handy Wagon Uc use about the place? We will fll out your old wagon with Blec> trie Wheels of any size and any shape tire, straight or staf^ gered spokes. No cracked hubs, am 1*086 spokes, no rotten felloes, no resetting. Write fw the big new catalogue. Itisfree. EI«otrlo Wheel Co.f Box 95tQulncyt lllso Fruit & Ornamental, Shrubs, Roses, Bulbs and Plants. Correspondence boHc- ited. Valuable Oatalogue free. 49th year. 44 greenhouses. lOOO acres. THE STORRS & HARRISON CO., Pain^sville, Ohio. WHY BUY ANY other fence if you believe THE PAGE is best? Page Woven Wire Fence Co., Box S, Adrian, Michigan. HONEY QUEENS FROM TEXAS. I can furnish queens of fi different rac^s. all bred in their purity in .separate yards from ti to 25 miles apart. Untested queens, 75 cts. to 51.(0 each. Tested queens of either race, 81. .50 to $;^.00 each. Breeders, $3. .50 to $5 each. Bees by the pound, and 1, 2 and 3 frame nuclei a specialtv. Prices cheap Quoted on application. Price li.st free. Will Alchley, Box 79, Beeviile, Bee Co., Tex. Queens for Aug. and Sept., 60 cts. Abbott ly. Swin.son queen-specialist, will mail war- ranted American Albino Italians ibest bees known) to introduce the stock, at 60 cts. each; $5.00 per dozen. Everybody trj' thetn. and gtt the bee you need. Swinson & Boardman, Box 358, Macon, Oa. ^ ^^ ^^^ _i 1^ Barns of plank save timber ^S 1^ IH ^Sih and cash. Neatest, cheap- —^——^^^^^.^—^—^^ est, strongest, most desir- able. .5000 in 42 States. Tested for 20 years. Indorsed by agricultural colleges and scientific men. Book for stamp. Shawver Brothers, Bellefontaine, Ohio. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 753 Long Tongues Vabable South as well as North. How Moore's strain of Italians roll in the honey down in Texas Hutto, Texas, Nov. 19, 1901. J. P. Moore. — Dear sir: — I wish to write you in re- gard to queens purchased of you. I could have writ- ten sooner, but I wanted to test them thoroughly and see if they had those remarkable qualities of a three- banded Italian bee. I must confess to you I am more surprised every day as I watch them. They simply " roll the honey in " It seems that they get honey where others are idle or trying to rob; and lor gentle- ness of handling, I have never seen the like. Friend E. R. Root was right when he said your bees have the longest tongues ; for they get honey where others fail. I will express my thanks for such queens. I am more than pleased. I will stock my out-apiaries next spring with your queens. Yours truly, Henry Schmidt. The above is prettj' strong evidence that red clover is not the only plant which requires long-tongue bees to secure the greatest quantity of nectar. Daughters of my 2?)-100 breeder, the prize-winner, and other choice breeders : Untested, 75 cts. each ; six, $4.00 : dozen, ^^..^O. Select untested, $1.00 each; six. $5.00 ; dozen, $9 00. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Circular free. I am filling all orders by return mail, and shall probably be able to do so till the close of the season. J. P. Moore, L. Box I, Morgan, Kentucky. Pendleton County. SO or More Full "^''^ Sood laying queen in ship- ping-box: no hive or combs; hive Swarms of Bees extra, $1.00. These bees are for 4:1 ^0 9 ^warm feeding-up for winter, to make 4>I.oU d oWdrm. colonies, or to strengthen weak colonies, or va&y be used for requeening. Full direc- tions given Orders filled as received. Address me. F. H. McParland, = = Hyde Park, Vermont. POULTRY PAPER 3 Honths and book, "Plans for Poultr.v-houses," 10 cts. Paper one year and book, 25 cts, if you mention Gleanings (reg. price. 50 cts). i^.^,^ ..Inland Poultry Journal, Indianapolis, Indiana. Thirty nice black and hybrid queens at 25 cts. each. F. H. McFarland, Hyde Park, Vt. Wants and Exchange. Notices will he inserted under this head at 10 cts. per line. You must SAY you want your adv't in this department, or we will not be responsible for any error. You can have the no- tice as many lines as you please ; but all over ten lines will cost you according to our regular rates. We can not be re- sponsible for dissatisfaction arising from these " swaps." WANTED.— To exchange one 400-egg Reliable incu- bator, used very little, and one egg cabinet for 400 eggs, for bees, bee fixtures, or any thing I can use in the bee business. Noah Monroe, Perkins, Oklahoma Territory. WANTED.— Maine comb honey. State quality and price. Maurice W. Royal. Manager of The Royal Apiary. Gardiner. Me. WANTED.— To sell black queens for requeening out- apiaries, at 25c each; 6 for $1.25; 10 for $2.00. J. M. Jenkins, Wetumpka, Ala. WANTED.— To exchange my new price list of 2000 ferrets, now ready to ship, for your address on a postal card. N. A. Knapp, Rochester, Ohio. yVANTRD.- To sell 2ii0 swarm= of Italian bees. Also '' "0(iO 11)-^ white extracted honey in ijO-lb. cans; 5 acres choice improved land, and house and two lots; or will trade for merchantile business. Don't write unless you mean business. Elias Fox, Hillsboro, Wis. VVANTED. — Beeswax ; highest market price paid. ' "^ Write for price list. Bach, Becker & Co., Chicago, 111. W^ WANTED. — To sell for cash, 5 gal. square tin cans, used for honey, at about half price of new cans. Al.so elegant exhibition 12-lb. no-drip honey-cases f'>r plain Danz. and 45^X4^ sections; made for Pan-Amer- ican. For prices, etc., address Orel L,. Hershisf.r, 301 Huntington Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. Y^ANTED. — To exchange 1500 pansy plants for one '"^ (iO-lb. can of white clover or bas.swood honey, or will sell for cash at $:>.00 per 1000, or 100 plants, post- paid for50c. My strains of pansies are pronounced the finest on the Buffalo market. Fresh seeds of same, per oz., $3.00; ^ oz., 81.00. J. G. I^ehde, Forks, Erie Co., N. Y. \VANTED. — One or moie copies of Vol. II. Cheshire's '' Bees and Bee-keeping. I,et us know in what condition your book is, and price wanted. The A. I. Root Co., Medina, Ohio. Y^ANTED. — To sell bees and queens. Also putty- ' ' knife with iron handle and strong steel blade — just the thing for prying and scraping about hives, etc., 15c postpaid. O. H. Hyatt, Shenandoah, la. WANTED.— To sell in December. 160 acres of im- '" proved land for $500 and 200 hives of yellow bees, and extracting tools; hive factory very cheap for cash. I was the founder of the apiary with which J. C. McCubbin, of Central California, earned his fame. So come for health where there is but little rain and no snow. L,and is rich, and crops grow. This State has all kinds of climate and soil. S. W. Conrad, Poplar, Tulare Co., Cal. WANTED. — To exchange bees, supplies, books, and a long list of articles (write for list), for typewrit- er, combined hoe and drill, and beeswax. F. H. McFarland, Hyde Park, Vt. WANTED. — To exchange an American fruit-evapo- rator mearlj' new, capacity S to 12 bus., cost $.35). for honey or supplies. Will sell evaporator for $15. Dean Ferris. 1510 Maple Ave., Peekskill. N. Y. WANTED.— To buy I^. combs for extracting. State whether new or old, wired or not, worker or part drone, and quote prices f. o. b. C. B. Thwing, .Syracuse, N. Y. ANTED — To sell 75 colonies bees cheap; also some aster comb honev. Bid quick. R. S. Becktell, Sadlersville, Tenn. WANTED.— To sell 600 .stands of Italian bees in Sim- plicity hives in lots to suit buyer. Will deliver the same to any point in the West if desired. Corres- pondence solicited. Tyler Bros , Nicolaus, Cal. WANTED.— To sell S500 lbs. of white clover and sweet clover mixed; also 50 hives of bees and fix- tures at a bargain. Wm. H. McKinley, 59 Chandler St., Buffalo, N. Y. WANTED.— During the month of September. 35 lay- ing Italian queens; must be of good stock. Ad- dress, stating lowest price, E. P. GiBBS, Hardesty, Maryland. WANTED.— To sell. Having received a government position, I am compelled to sacrifice my apiary, poultry, and fruit busiiwe.ss located on 15 acres of fer- tile land on navigable tide-water river, about 25 miles from Richmond ; six-room dwelling kitchen, hen- house, about (iO colonies of bees, implements, etc. No malaria; verv healthy. Price, real estate, $7,50; bees, etc., about SfcO. R. F. Ritchie, Richmond, Va. WANTED.— To exchange second-hand 60-lb. cans, boxed, practically as good as new, at 35 to 40 cts. per case, f. o. b. at Chicago, for extracted clover honey at its market value. B. Walker, 2S 33d Plare, Chicago. HI. w 754 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Srpt. 1 PACE ^ LYON, I New London, Wisconsin, MANUFACTURERS OF AND DEALERS IN . . . BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES. . . . Send for Our Free New Illustrated Catalog and Price List ^MftWWWWM^,WWMWWWMMWAWMWWWWW^ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦^ Now d^ ^ ^ Ready ! Sixty-four Page Catalog of every thing- bee-keepers need. Illustrated and fully described. Especially valuable to begin- ners for the information it con- tains. Send your address on a postal and get it now. Estab- lished 1884. J* M^ Jenkins^ Wettimpka^ Elmore Co., Ala, ►♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦»♦< BEE-SUPPLIES '%^^- SJa&S^' .^r,^^ KretcliiiierMfg.Go.,Box60,Re(IOak,la. Best-equipped factory in the West ; car- ry a large stock and greatest variety of f verv' thing needed in the apiarv, assur- ing i3EST goods at the LOWEST prices, and prompt shipment. We want every bee-keeper to have our FREE ILLUS- TRATED CATALOG, and read descrip- tion of Alternating Hives, Ferguson Su- pers, etc. IVrite at once for a catalog. AGENCIES Trester Supply Company, Lincoln, Neb. Shugart & Ouren, Council Bluffs, la. Chas. Spangler, Kentland, Ind, MADE TO ORDER Bingham Brass Smokers, BINGHAM SMOKER. Dear Sir:— Inclosed find $1.75. Pleane send one brass 8moke-en(;ini'. I have one already. It is the best smokur I eTerneed. Truly yoiir'^, Henry Schmidt, Hutto, Tci. Made of sheet brass, which does not rust or burn out; should last a lifetime. You need one, but they cost 25 cts. more than tin of the same size. The little open cut shows our brass hinge put on the three larger sizes. No wonder Bingham's four-inch smoke-engine goes without puffing, and docs not drop inky drops. The perforat- ed steel fire-grate has 381 holes to air the fuel and support the fire. Hea\^ tin smoke-engine, 4-inch stove, per mail, |1.50 ; 3^-inch, $1.10; 3-inch. $1.00; 2;4-inch, 90c; 2-inch, (i5c. Bingham smokers are the originals, and hare all the improvements, and have been the standard of excellence for 23 years. Only three larger ones brass. T. F. Bingham, Farwell, Michigan. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. ";o Contents of this Number. Bees and Fruit 7(U Bees Cleaning Extracting Frames 77S Bees, Plan to Get into Supers 777 Betting on Honey 778 Clover, Sweet, in the South 777 Drouth in Texas 767, 776 Editor in California 7 9 Hive, Ortou 777 Hives, Danz., Criticised 775 Honey, Bitter 776 Rambler at Guines 772 San Francisco 769 Sting-trowel Controversy 779 Toepperwein's Visit 767 Wax, Getting under Pressure 767 Wintering in Danz. Hives 778 Worker Comb, To Secure 7ti5 Honey Column. GRADING-RDLES. Fancy.— All sections to be well filled, combs straight, firm- ly attached to all four sides, the combs unsoiled by travel- stain or otherwise ; all the cells sealed except an occasional cell, the outside surface of the wood well scraped of propolis. A No. 1.— All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs straight ; one-eighth part of comb Burface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soiled ; the out- side of the wood well scraped of propolis. No. 1.— All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs comparatively even ; one-eighth part of comb surface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soiled. No. 2.— Three-fourths of the total surface must be filled and sealed. No. 3.— Must weigh at least half as much as a full-weight section. In addition to this the honey is to be classified according to color, using the terms white, amber, and dark ; that is, there will be Fancy White," " No. 1 Dark," etc. CITY MARKETS. Columbus. — Fancy white comb, 17; No. 1, 16. Sept. 9. Evans & Turner, Columbus, O. Chicago.— Comb honey is beginning to come for- ward, and is meeting with fair demand, the prices at present being 15(3)16 for the best lines of Noi 1 to fancy white; other grades wanted at 2'o 5c less per pound, but they are scarce. Extracted sells at (>(a8 for white, according to kind and quality; 5^(&7 for the amber grades. Dealers are seeking what they term a honey flavor more than ever before, as they say their custom- ers demand more than a pleasant sweet taste in honey. Beeswax is scarce, and brings :Wc. R. A. Burnett & Co., Sept. 9. 199 South Water St., Chicago, 111. Cincinnati. — New comb honey is not coming in so plentiful so far; but whatever has come in, and is fancy water-white, has sold to stores from 16fgtl6. Fancy honey kept over from last year sells for 14 The market for extracted is more lively, bringing as follows: Amber, 5^5;2; alfalfa water-white, 6(0)6^; white clover, 7@7J4. Beeswax, 2S. C. H. W. Weber, Aug. 29. 21-t6 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. San Francisco.— Comb honey, 10r3ll2. Extracted water-white, 6@6^ ; light amber, H^fd^ii ; dark am- ber, 4@5. Beeswax, 27 54@ 30. Honey is firm at prices quoted. E. H. Schaeffle, Aug. 22. Murphys, Calif. Kansas City. — The demand for comb honey is good. Receipts are not large. We quote to-dav fancv white comb 14; No. 1, 13@18i^; No. 2 light aniber, 12 WlSc. Extracted white, 6; amber, 5(5.5^. Beeswax, 22(0125. C. C. Clemons & Co., Aug. .'10. 306 Grand Ave., Kansas City, Mo. Buffalo. — New honey is coming in very slowly. The demand is very light owing to the warm weather and lots of fruit in the market. New fancy white comb, 15fai6; A No. 1, 14J^(al5; No. 1, 18i4(ail4 ; No. 2, 12(^13; No. 3, 11®12 ; amber, ll(ail2>^; dark, 10(g;ll. Extracted white, 6@i)%; dark, 5(^5^. Beeswax, 28^30. W C. Tovi'nsend, Sept. 9. 167 Scott St., Buffalo, N. Y. Schenectady.— Mv have received one lot of buck- wheat couil) lioiiey, and troui present indications it will be as .scarce again this season as last. We quote No. 1 clover 14(nl5. No 2. l.S'aU; buckwheat, IKg^l'lYi. Extracted, in kegs, light, 0(5*7; ilark. 5'd-6. Chas. McCulloch, Sept. 9. 523 State St., Schenectady, N. Y. New York.— Comb honey is now beginning to ai rive freely and finds ready sale at following prices: Fancy white, 15; No. 1, i:l*14; No. 2 and amber, ll(gl2. No arrivals of any buckwheat as yet. Good demand for extracted at unchanged prices. Beeswax quiet at 27@ 28. HiLDRETH & SEGELKEN, Sept. 8. 265-7 Greenwich St., New York City. Toronto.— Fancv comb, S1.60(^f2.C0; A No. 1, $1A0® |1.50; No 1, $1.25(g:fl.:?0. Extracted honey, white clo- ver, good body. 8c per lb Some was bought at 9, and even at 10, but the crop turned out better than was anticipated, and bee-keepers are willing to take less. It seems a mistake that bee-keepers are all crowding their produce in the market at the same time, and what they can not sell they consign to commission- houses, who will alwavs break the price. Sept. 10. M. Mayer & Son, Toronto, Can. Albany — Honey market improving in demand, and weather colder. Receipts light as yet We quote fan- cy white comb 16; A No. 1, 15; No. 1, 14(al5; mixed, 1:5 (ttl4; buckwheat. 1:5. t;xtracted, mixed, 6J^(^7; buck- wheat, 5%(o6. Beeswax, 28(0180. MacDougal & Co., Sept. 11. 375 Broadway, Albany, N. Y. New York. — There is now a good demand for comb honey. Fancy comb is .selling at 16: No. 1, 13(3)' 15: amber, 11(^13. Southern extracted in barrels, 414 (a5J^. Beeswax, 27(®,28. Francis H. L,eggett & Co., Sept. 9. Franklin and Varick Sts., New York. For Sale. — Fine quality of extracted honey, both clover and sweet clover, in 60-lb. cans, at 8c; also bees in I,, frames. Do not send local checks. Dr. C. Iv. Parker, Sta. A., R. F. D., Syracuse, N. Y. For Sale.— 100 cases (two cans each) of fancy white clover extracted honey, at 8 cts. per pound. No better .gathered by any bees anywhere. Will shade I4c in 2-5case lots. Wm. A. Selser, Jenkintown, Pa. For Sale.— Extracted honey — clover, amber, or buckwheat— in 170-lb kegs. Write for prices before buying elsewhere. .Sample. 8c. C. B. Howard, Romulus, N. Y. For Sale.— I^ight extracted honey; cans and kegs, 7(g8c per lb. Sample, 8c. I. J. Stringham, 105 Park PI., New York City. For Sale. -Extracted honey. Finest grades for ta- ble use. Prices quoted on application. Sample by mail, 10 cts. to pay for package and postage. Orel L,. Hershiser, 301 Huntington Ave., Buffalo, N. Y, Wanted. — 10,000 lbs. choice basswood extracted honey and 2000 lbs. well-ripened light amber at once. Will pay 7^c for basswood, f. o. b. West Bend. H. C. Ahlers, West Bend, Wis. For Sale.— White extracted honey from alfalfa in (>0-lb cans, at $4.50 each; light amber honey mixed with Rocky Mountain bee-plant, fine flavor, S4-20 each. Prices on small cans and pails on application. M. P. Rhoads, Box 216, l,as Animas, Colo. Wanted— Comb and extracted honey. State price, kind, and quantity. R. A. Burnett & Co., 199 South Water St., Chicago, 111. WANTED.— Comb honey, white or amber, for cash or on commission, clover preferred. Reference— The A. I. Root Co. C. G. Turner, Mechanic Falls, Me. WANTED.— Offers of car lots of honey, especially comb honey. Cash paid on delivery at your ware- house or station. Thos. C Stanley & Son, Apiaris's and Honey Buyers, Manzanola, Col., or Fairfield, 111. "60 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Sept. 15 A Standard-Bred QUEEMEE For 25 cents To a New Subscriber for the Weekly American Bee Journal. We have arranged with several of the best queen-breeders to supply us with The Very Best Untested Italian Queens that they can possibly rear — well worth $1.00 each. We want every reader of Gleanings to have at least one of these Queens. As the supply of these splendid Queens is limited, we prefer to use all of them in this way — for getting- new subscribers. But if any one wishes to purchase them aside from the Bee Journal subscription, the prices are as follows : One Queen, 75 cents ; 3 Queens, S2.10 ; 6 Queens for $4.00. We expect to be able to fill orders by return mail, or almost as promptly as that, so there will be no great delay, at any rate. Remember, the Weekly American Bee Jour- nal one year and the Queen — both for only $1.25 — to a NEW subscriber. Now for your name and $1.25 — and then the Queen that we will send you. Address, GEORGE W. YORK & CO., 144 & 146 Erie Street, CHICAGO, ILL. «®" Sample copy of the American Bee Journal and Catalog of Root's Bee-Keepers' Supplies FREE. 1902 GLEANl^'GS IX BEE CULTURE 761 Do You Read the Modern Farmer ? If not, why not ? Perhaps you have never seen a copy. If not, send for one now — it's free. Send us lo cents and the 7ianies and addresses of five ianners atid we will send you the paper 07ie year. Clubbed with this paper. Write for price. Address MODERN FARMER, St. Joseph, Missouri. BEES FOR SALE.— 100 colonies of leather-colored and golden Italians in nine-frame hives on Lang- stroth-HofTnian standard frames. My leather colors have again taken first premium at the Minnesota State "ilair this year, s;ime as they did last. Delivery at any time before winter. Ample stores guaranteed. Singly, ^.00; lots of 20, 54.50 each, on car. W. R. Ansell. Mille I,acs Apiaries, Milaca, Minn. For Sale.- Extracted honey, from alfalfa, at 754c for No. 1 select, 7c for No. 1, 0^4 for No. 2; discount on 1000-lb. lots. Send for sample. D. S. Jenkins, I,as Animas, Col. For Sale.— Several thousand pounds comb honey iu Danzenbaker 4X5 sections. Shall commence filling orders in August. Wm. Morris, L,as Animas, Col. We can place a few cars of comb and extracted hon- ey; will be glad to correspond with parties having some to offer. We also solicit local consignments C. C. Clemons & Co., 30H Grand Ave., Kansas City, Mo. We will be in the market for honey the coming sea son in carloads and less than carloads and would be glad to hear from producers everywhere what the3 will have to offer. .Seavey & Flarsheim, 1318-1324 Union Avenue, Kansas City. Mo. Wanted. — Fancy and No. 1 white comb honey; also gilt-edged extracted clover in (iO-lb. cans. B. Walker, 28 33d Place, Chicago, 111. Wanted.— Honey and beeswax. Mail sample, and state price delivered at here. C. H. W. Weber, 2146, 2148 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. Mismated Italian queens for sale at 25 cts., and hy- brids at 15 cts. C. G. Fenn, Washington, Ct. Mismated Italian queens, good workers, 25 cts each. W. F. SruART, Ottawa, Kan. DITTMER'S FOUNDATION. Retail — Wholesale— Jobbing. Having increased my shop -room, put in power and a new set of ma- chines, I am now producing^ a better article than ever, with unlimited ca- pacity to meet orders. I use a process that produces every essential neces- sary to make it the best and most de- sirable in all respects. My process and automatic macliines are my own inventions, which enable me to sell foundation, and WORK WAX INTO FOUNDATION FOR CASH, at prices that are the lowest. I make a specialty of working up Wholesale and Jobbing I^ots of wax into foundation, for cash. If you have wax by the 100 lbs. or ton, let me hear from you. Catalog giving Full Line of Supplies with prices and samples, rree upon application. BEESWAX WANTED. Cus. Dittmer, Augusta, Wisconsin I7nn PFDDPT^ All sizes; some trained; first- \L\S\J rL,lVl\L(10. class stock. New price list free. N. A. KNAPP, Rochester, Lorain Co., Ohio. Angora Goats are handsome, hardy, profitable. Prize stock ; low price ; circular. Ed. W. Cole &Co , Kenton, O. f ♦♦»»♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦€ Marshfield Manufacturing Company. Our specialty is making SECTIONS, and they are the best in the market. Wisconsin basswood is the right kind for them. We have a full line of BEE - SUPPWES. Write for FREE illustrated catalog and price list. Marshfield Manufacturing Company, Marshfield, Wisconsin. '^»»»»»»» ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦K Dovetailed Hive, arranged for beeway sections. Honey-producers 'y- ■^ in Colorado, one of the largest honey-producing sections in the y^ xt^ world, use this style. ,^. ^ ^ ^ Q. B. Lewis Company, Watertown, Wis. % r 1 Queens Now Ready to Supply by Return Mail. finldfll If^llJIflC have no superiors and few equals; untested, 75c; 6 for $4.00. Rpd=rloVPr OllPPim which left all records behind in gathering honey: untested, $1; 6 for $5. Cfirnioljirm "^^ ^° highly recommended, being more gentle than others: untested, $1.00. ccccccccc: Root's Goods at Root's Factory Prices, ccccccccc C. H W. W eber, 2146, 2148 Central Av., Cincinnati, Ohio. Successor to Chas. F. Muth and A. Muth. ^l It*"' :Aw..,#w«,^- HEP- ^-^-j^. -.'.ndHoNEY- '^*^,v JL T.v •7\riD MOMEL- - ^ ^ fubhshed^ Ti-;7 iT^oo'f Co. i£PtRYEAR'"'\9 Medina-Ohio- Vol. XXX. SEPT. 15 1902. No. 18 ^^^^Dr C C.Miller. Thk failure of the crop of white honey has one redeeming feature: it makes one wonderfully thankful for a fall flow. [Then you are getting- that fall flow, and therefore are thankful. We are now getting a strong flow from goldenrod. We are thankful too. —Ed.] GuKNTHER says in Imket'schule that in an experience of 50 years with hundreds of colonies he has never known drones to be wintered over with a laying queen, and he. is doubtful about it with queenless colonies. He thinks drones found in spring are rear- ed in spring, an occasional drone being reared in the middle of the brood-nest. Mrs. Harrison uses granulated honey to sweeten tea and coftee, p. 739. Why granu- lated? I've used a good deal of it liquid for the same purpose; and every morning as soon as the tea-kettle boils I have a bowl of hot water sweetened with extracted al- falfa honey. But it has just occurred to me that possibly granulated might be better than liquid if the thin part were drained off and only the dry granules used. Guess I must try it. In making a forced swarm, is it best to leave part of the bees on the combs or to make a clean sweep of it? Depends entire- ly on what is to be done with the combs aft- er the bees are shaken off. If the combs are to be set on a stand by themselves, leav- ing them without any bees would result in chilled brood often if not always in this lo- cality (it might be different in a hotter cli- mate), to say nothing about robbing. If the brood is to be placed over other strong colonies (and this practice is highly com- mended across the water), then every bee should be brushed off. [Locality certainly should have a bearing in this case. — Ed.] Bko. Doolittlk thinks a nucleus can do trood work building coinb, p. 722. Let me indorse that by telling what a one-frame nucleus has done for me this summer. I gave it an empty frame with a starter of foundation of perhaps 20 square inches. In a week the frame was filled nearly full of beautiful comb, every cell worker. I took it away and gave another empty frame, and this has been the weekly program throughout the whole summer. [We have had a like experience. — Ed.] In view of A. J. Wright's article, p. 737, Mr. Editor, you think it may be a mistake to believe the drones of laying workers vir- ile. There is nothing in the article to prove the impossibility of their being virile. Al- though he found no spermatazoa, yet he saj's, "cells were found in limited number, from which I believe the spermatazoa are developed." So if a queen were fertilized by such a drone we might expect her to play out in a little while. [You are possi- bly right. I'd like to see this question gone into more deeply. — Ed.] Speaking of shook, shaken, shooken, or shooked swarms, some of the talk about them sounds as if it made a difference whether they were shaken or brushed. I don't see how it could make a particle of difference how the bees are got off the combs, only so they are got off. I should shake in all cases to get most of the bees off, using the brush for the last few bees if the combs are to be left clean of bees. Nei- ther should I refrain from shaking if there was a lot of thin honey in the combs; it doesn't hurt the bees a bit to get a bath of that kind. W. K. Morrison gives us an interesting article, page 727, but is rather pessimistic when he discourages undertaking bee prob- lems at State experiment stations because the right men for the work are not to be found. Hon. K. L. Taylor did some excel- lent work of that kind, his work being en- hanced in value by the fact that he kept bee-keepers constantly informed through the bee journals as to what he was doing. J. M. Rankin may be doing good work in 7o4 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Sept. 15 the same State, but he never tells us any thing' about it. I suspect some mig'ht be surprised to know how much Prof. Benton is doing, and I wish he would get in sight a little more in the bee journals. We've got the men all right enough, just as much as they have across the big pond. Prof. Hodge, p. 736, says I may " pooh- bah " at his preachment upon honey for children. Never a "pooh-bah," professor. I indorse all you sajs and wish you would give us a like preachment on the value of honey for old people. More is made of this in Europe than in this country. The heav- iest consumer of honey in my family is my wife's mother, a blessed old Scotch lady in her 84th year, with an intellect as clear as a bell and a memory to beat any of us youngsters. She takes her cup of hot wa- ter and honey before breakfast regularly, and uses a generous supply of honey at the table at least once a day (she never uses it in her tea or coffee, for the only tea or coffee she uses is a glass of milk), and she has a temper as sweet as the honey she eats. ^ yrom OuY ^y^eiejiborsjieldj By Slowly fades to red and browu Summer's vernal hue ; Angry storm-clouds, dark and chill, Take the place of blue. Vkf The proceedings of the 27th session of the American Pomological Societj', held in Buffalo, a year ago, in conjunction with the bee-keepers, is now before the public in printed form. At that time, it will be remembered, there was much said relative to bees attacking sound fruit. From some remarks made bj' Dr. James Fletcher, Do- minion Entomologist, Ottawa, Canada, I make a few extracts which ought to be enough to settle the question for all time. He said : At the last meeting of the Ontario Bee-keepers' Association I had the pleasure of delivering an ad- dress on the "Value of Bees in Fruit Orchards," in •which, among other subjects, I discu.ssed the burning question of whether bees did or could injure the fruit- grower by attacking sound fruit on the trees. The position I took at that time was that, unless fruit was first broken or injured, honej'-bees could not gain access to the juices of the fruits. It appears to me now, however, that the ability of bees to puncture ripe fruit need not take up so much discussion at bee- keepers' meetings as has on some occasions been given to it. If it is so very doubtful whether they can or can not cause injury it seems prima-facie evidence that even if this is possible, which I do not believe the injury occurs so seldom that it need not be considered. If it were a frequently occurring or important injury, some of those who have watched bees either as friends or enemies would have been able to settle the matter long before this Another subject taken up by me at the lime referred to, was " Bees as Fe;" ilizers of Flow- ers;"' and at the request of President Root, of the Na- tional Beekeeper's Association, I have prepared a short paper for this evening's meeting on that subject, in which I shall direct your attention to the striking interrelation of plants and in ects, and in which I trust that I maj' be able to lay before you facts which may be new to some of your members, must be of interest to all, and can not but call forth admiration for the marvelous provisions which are to be seen everywhere in nature for the bringing about of good and useful results and preventing waste. It will be found that not onlj' are flowers absolutely necessary to bees, as the source of their food— nectar and pollen — but that bees and other insects are no less necessary to most flowers, so that their perpetuation may be secured. This fact .should be recognized hy the fruit- grower above all others, for, were it not for insects, and particularly for the honey-bee. his crops of fruit would be far less than they are every year, and even in some cases he would get no crop at all. Failure in the fruit crop is more often due, I think, to dull or damp weather at the time of blossoming, which pre- vents insects from working actively in the flowers, than to any other cause. The entire essay is very interesting, as it gives a vivid description of the means em- ployed by nature to induce fertilization of flowers ; but as the entire tract can be had free, I suppose, by applying to the printers, The Robert Smith Printing Co., Lansing, Mich., I would refer the reader to that. The above was followed by an essay equall}^ good by Prof. M. B. Waite, of the United States Department of Agriculture. Speaking of the agency of bees in attacking cracked fruit he says : ■Wasps and puncturing insects are the ones which usually make the openings, especially in peifectly sound fruit However, bees rapidly follow in the punctures by other insects. In June and July hun- dreds and thousands of bees may be seen swarming over the early-ripening peaches and Japanese plums, and in going over the rotten fruit the}' carry the spores into the wounds made by the wasps and soldier bugs, and into weather cracks. The peaches cracked open badly by the wet weather this year. Oldmixon was the worst in Maryland, but even varieties like Elberta showed a gr. at inanv weather cracks. Into these cracks the bees penetrated. They even ate large holes in the fruit. I have seen a hole large enough to hold three bees inside of it, and on gather- ing the fruit they were so busily engaged that they were still at work inside the hole. Mr. Waite also shows that bees have been instrumental, in his opinion, in carry- ing the germs of pear-blight ; but the dan- ger or damage from this source is rare and slight at best, and Mr. Waite places the following to the credit of the begs : The pear-blo=som is a very open one, and is very extensively visited hy a whole list of insects. I started out to get a list of insects which visit pear-blos.soms; hut when I reached the number of forty I gave it up. Nearly all the flying insects, the bee being most active of all, but even beetles and wasps, and occasionally even a humming-bird (the latter, of course, not being an insect) visited the pear-blossoms, and carried the disease along. The blossom of the pear is not of the type of wind- fertilized blossoms, but is distinctly of the insect- fertilized type. Now, this matter is so complicated that it will be impossible, in the short time at my dis- posal, to go into the details of fertilization. To make the story short, we may say that, from the biological standpoint, the bees are doing their normal, natural work in visiting the pear and apple blossoms. The blossoms are for the bees to pollinate, are developed by insects, and the insects have been developed in correlation to them. It is a normal, biological process, this visiting of orchard fruit-blossoms by bees. The bees are there performing their proper function. In regard to the time of spraying trees, Prof. S. A. Beech says, after explaining the mechanical process of the fertilization of an apple- blossom : 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 765 Since the essential organs are composed of very ten- der tissues it is not surprising that injury may follow when they are hit by the si)ray mixtures. Neither is it strange that Bordeaux mixture should prevent the germination of the pollen. The Bordeaux mixture holds its position as a leading fungicide because it prevents the growth of fungous spores. The germina- tion of pollen is more nearly analoeous to the germi- nation of fungous spores than to the germination of grain. Since the Bordeaux mixture is deadly to the one it may be expected to have a similar effect upon the other. Tliat it does not have such an effect is proved by laboratory experiments which formed a part ot the investigations previously mentioned. The ordinary combination of Bordeaux mixture with an arsenical poison prevented the growth of pollen in laboratory cultures, as also did even lime alone, while in corresponding cultures in which these substances were not present the pollen germinated and pollen- tuhes grew. Bordeaux mixture alone, of the one-to- eleven formula, was added to cultures in varying pro- portions and the effect was remarkable. With 200 parts of it in 10,000 parts of the culture media the growth of pollen was practically prohibited, for the pollen did not grow except in rare instances; 100 parts in 10,000 in .some cultures, but not in all, wholly pre- vented the germination of the pollen; sometimes .jO parts in 10,000 gave a similar re-ult, and even the very slight proportion of two parts in 10,000 in some cases showed an unmistakable adverse influence on pollen germination. Since pollen must alight upon the stig- matic surface and there germinate before fertilization can take place these results are highly significant to the fruit-grower. From the facts which have been presemed it is clear that applying the spray mixtures on the open blossoms, instead of assisting directly to set the fruit, it may wholly prevent it. Every bee-keeper should get a copy of this interesting' document for his own use, and a dozen more for his neighbors. It is the most elaborate treatise on the relation of bees to fruit ever printed. -^(^ HOW MAY WE SECURE WORKER COMB WHEN BUILT BY THE BEES ? "Good morning, Doolittle. Too cold for the bees to work this morning, and here it is nine o'clock the 16th day of August." " Yes, it is very cold for the time of year, Mr. Brown. The mercury stood at only 10 degrees above freezing this morning, and the same on the morning of the 13th. I fear we are not going to get much buckwheat honej', on account of the cold, as it is now nearly in full bloom; and the hives do not have at present one-fourth enough honey in them for winter; and unless we have a yield from buckwheat it means feeding for winter stores — something I have not had to do for twelve or fifteen years past. But we will not dwell on this part of the matter. What can I do for you this morning? " "Having no surplus honey this year, with a prospect of buying sugar for winter stores, owing to our wet cold summer, I thought to economize a little by having the bees build their own coml) in the frames next season instead of buying foundation. as I have g-enerally done. I read some- where that you had the most of your combs built in the frames without the use of foun- dation, only as starters, so I came to talk the matter over with you." "Yes, I have allowed the bees to build many combs in the frames, and mainly did this when I first began bee-keeping. But what part of this comb-building- has both- ered you? " "In taking out the combs and inserting frames having only a starter, I find the bees almost inv£iriably build drone comb." " Yes, that is as I have found it all along my bee-keeping life, for the same has shown that it is folly to insert a frame, having only a starter in it, in a full colony previ- ous to the swarming of that colony, with the hope of getting much if any worker comb; and if frames must be inserted in such colonies at such times, it will pay the apiarist to purchase comb foundation for such frames, even though he has no surplus honey, rather than try to get them filled by the bees." " But suppose we have worker combs on hand for such times." " That would be all right; in fact, I con- sider built-out combs even better for such places than frames filled with foundation; for where only one or two frames of founda- tion are placed in a hive between combs, when honey is coming in from the fields, the cells from the comb along the top-bars to the frames are extended so they jut out into the space that belongs to the frame having the foundation in, before the founda- tion is drawn fully out, so that we have " fat " combs in some frames and " lean " ones in others, in a way that causes much trouble in exchanging them, especially in hives having frames at fixed distances." " But these extra combs cause us to pre- suppose that they have been built some time, so we come to the main idea how to secure extra frames of worker comb with- out using full sheets of foundation." " I find that there are three conditions of the hive or colony under which, if rightly managed, the bees will almost invariably build worker comb." " Now you are talking about just what I wished to know. Tell me about the condi- tion you consider best." " The surest of the three ways is when a colony is quite weak, or what we term a nucleus. If such a colony is deprived of all of its combs save one of honey and one of brood, and a frame having a starter in it is inserted between the two combs left in the hive, the bees will, ninety-nine times out of a hundred, fill that frame with worker comb, and said comb will be as perfect as one built from foundation under the most favorable circumstances. Taking advan- tage of this fact, I take frames of brood from the weaker colonies I have at the be- ginning of the honey-flow, those too weak to work in sections to advantage, and give this brood to the weaker of the stronger colonies, and set the weak colonies to build- GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Skpt. ]5 iuj,"- comb, as I have explained. You will note here that I really make a gain in this way as to surplus honey, for this brood, where placed, gives better results in sec- tion honey than it would have done had it been left where it was with the weak colo- ny, as it almost immediately puts the bees of the colony where g-iven (into the sec- tions) at work, while, had the brood re- mained in its own hive, these colonies would have been somewhat slow in starting in the sections." "Well, that is quite a scheme, surely; for we can really kill two birds with one stone in this way. I wish I had known of this matter last year, as I had several col- onies that I could have worked that way. But what of the second-best plan? " " The second is, at the time of hiving new swarms, which are treated in this way when I wish them to build worker comb. The swarm is hived on the full number of frames the hive contains, and left for 36 to 48 hours, a super of sections being put on when the swarm is hived. The hive is now opened, and five of the frames are allowed to remain— the five that have perfect worker comb being built in them, and dummies are used to take the place of the frames taken out. This throws the force of bees, not needed below, into the sections, so that the bees do not need to build any store comb in the brood-nest, which store comb, when built for that pur- pose, is generally of the drone size of cells. By this time the queen is readj^ to keep up with the bees in their comb-building, with her eggs; and in this way, nine times out of ten, I get these five frames filled with worker comb, and, besides, secure a good yield of section honey." " Whj' do you wait from 36 to 48 hours about arranging the hive? Why not give only the five frames at the time of hiving?" "Glad 3'ou asked that question, as I should have forgotten to speak of something that would have bothered you had I not told you. In the first place, ,a swarm given only five frames when hived, is liable to think the place of abode too small, and leave, or swarm out, and such a pn cedure is a nuisance. In the next place, when any colony having an old or laying queen is first hived, the bees are likely to build comb too fast for her, hence some of the combs first started are liable to be of the drone size on account of the queen not being in condition to lay many eggs at first, as all queens cease almost entirely to lay for 24 hours previous to swarming, so that they may be reduced in weight that they may fly and accompany the swarm; and full prolificness does not return under 48 hours after the swarm has commenced keeping house in its new home. And as these combs having the drone size of cells are just right for store combs, the bees generally, when once started, keep right on with that size of cells till the bottom of the hive is reach- ed." "I see now why I have had so much drone comb built when hiving swarms with- out giving frames of foundation, and I am glad to know of this matter. But I must soon be going; but I should like to hear of the third plan before I go." " The third condition under which work- er comb will be built is just after the young queen gets to laying in any colony having cast a swarm. If, after she has been lay- ing two or three days, we take away two or three combs and put frames with start- ers in their places, we shall find that these frames will be mainly filled with worker comb. As the bees are now over the swarm- ing fever, and desire worker bees to pro- mote the welfare of the colony, no drones are needed, and the young queens are not likel}' to lay in drone comb. However, we are not quite as certain of all worker conib in this case as we are in either of the other two. as there are plenty of built combs in the hive for the young queen to use, and it sometimes happens that the bees will pre- fer to leave off storing in the sections and build store comb in the frames, thus de- feating what we are striving to attain." " Well, thanks until you are better paid. I will try all the plans next year, and then I can tell more about how the matter works with me. Good day." In our last issue I spoke of the fact that there were large quantities of white clover, red clover, and alsike, in bloom. This is quite unusual; and Mr. Wardell, our api- arist, who has had many years' experience as a farmer and bee-keeper, says he has never known a second crop of white clover to yield honey. The great National convention at Den- ver was a success. The attendance was large, and the number of delegates from the various States was greater, I think, than at any previous meeting of the Associ- ation. In the matter of hospitality and warm-hearted welcome, the Colorado bee- keepers have set a pace that it will be hard for any State or city that may entertain the National in the future to beat. Further particulars will be given in our next. " Irrigation Farming " is the title of a 500-page book by Lucius M. Wilcox, editor of Field and Farm. It is published by the Orange Judd Co., of New York, and is just from the press. From a hasty glance at the work, and from what I know from per- sonal observation of irrigation in the West, the author evidently understands the sub- 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 767 ject of which he treats. I know that many of our subscribers in the East as well as in the West are interested in this subject; and they can do no better than to send to the O. Judd Co., as above. The price of the book is not mentioned. THE DROUTH IN TEXAS. While we bee-keepers of the North-Cen- tral States have been suffering- from an ex- cessive amount of rain and cool weather, the bee-keepers of Texas have been " en- joying-"the very opposite condition — drouth, parched ground and veg-etation, and a long-, long waiting for rain that came too late. It has been many a year since bee-keeping came so near being a failure in the Lone Star State; for it is one of the few States where the bees make a good living for them- selves and their owners nearly every year. There are thousands of acres of unoccu- pied territory remote from centers of popula- tion, that will support bees. Those who de- sire more information would do well to write to Mr. Udo Toepperwein, 438 West Houston St., San Antonio, Texas. He will take pleasure in steering you into locali- ties where you will not be encroaching on some other person's territory. But do not go anywhere without making a thorough in- vestigation, writing to everybody you can get hold of. So far as possible we shall be willing to furnish names of parties in such localities. MR. toepperwein AND HIS BRIDE. During the first of September we were honored with a call from Mr. Udo Toepper- wein and wife, who were then on their wed- ding-trip. Mr. T. has charge of the Root Co. 's branch at San Antonio, Texas. He is a stalwart six-footer of fine appearance and pleasing address. Mrs. T. seems to be a full complement of her " other half. " It will be remembered that, some time ago, I took a picture of Mr. T. at his home in Texas. I asked him to look his very prettiest and imagine that his " best girl" was looking at him. He complied with my instructions, and I put the result, picture and all, in Gleanings. At the time I stated that our friend had no best girl; that he was of marriageable age, good-looking, honest, and good ; and that the girl who was lucky enough to get him would get a prize, and (would you believe it?) ourfriend received four letters from some nice young ladies. To all of these he turned a deaf ear, as it was not his style to court at "long range." Well, to make a long story short, he grew tired of single blessedness and of boarding out, and has now taken unto him- self a helpmeet from his own city, and pro- poses to live henceforth in good orthodox fashion. Gleanings extends its congratulations, and wishes the well- matched couple a life of happiness and prosperity. Perhaps a little later on I may be able to introduce to you the better half, having shown some time ago — well, perhaps the "poorer" half. EXPERIMENTS MADE AT MEDINA ON THE VARIOUS METHODS OF RENDERING WAX UNDER PRESSURE. After having tried various plans sent to us for rendering wax out of old comb, we think we have devised a method whereby a home-made machine can be built that will do very good work, although, of course, not so rapidly nor so convenientlj^ as our German wax-extractor. The accompany- ing engraving was made before the experi- ment was performed, hence a few changes will be apparent, as all theories are more or less changed in actual practice. The tub can be made of an ordinary wa- ter-tight barrel, sawed off to make it about one foot in depth. The sides and bottom should be ribbed with sticks to allow the wax to flow off more easily. The plunger is simply a heavy round board with cross- pieces to strengthen, and also ribbed under- neath. To begin operations, wrap up securely about 5 lbs. of old comb or slumgum in cheese-cloth, and place the package in the tub. The best results can not be obtained if, after pressing, the "cheese" is more than an inch and a half thick. By experi- ence only can one tell how much slumgum to take, for the amount of wax differs. Next, pour over the package of slumgum one good-sized pailful of boiling water, and, after letting it stand a moment, until the wax begins to come to the surface, apply the pressure. We do not think it practica- ble to try to get the wax off the top of the hot water, either by dipping or by a spout, as is shown in the engraving. The layer of wax is so comparatively thin that it is better, after pressing, to pour off water and wax together. After standing awhile the wax will harden and be in good shape for melting up for market, etc. From the small amount of hot water that is needed, it is less trouble to change it each time; for if three or four pails are kept going it will be an easy matter. After the pressure is applied once thor- oughly, turn the water and wax off; double the cheese over, and again squeeze it. By actual weight, 15 oz. was obtained the first time from 4 lbs. of old comb, dirt, etc., and 5 oz. the second. A third pressing does not pay. There are a great many inquiries as to which is most convenient, rapid, and thor- ough — pressure under hot water, pressure in steam, or pressure on wax that has been heated in another vessel. With hot water one can get the same amount of wax as with steam, other things being equal; but it takes longer, and is more complicated. It has been suggested that the hot water will do better work than steam because of the fact that, since wax floats on water, the minute that a particle of wax is pressed out from the cheese-cloth it will rise to the surface out of the way — acting on the prin- ciple of "taking in the slack." Those who suggested this, however, had not tried both plans, and admitted that the idea was 6.8 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Sept. ]5 simply a theory. If they would try they would find, as we have done, that the wax will drop down from the slumgum when steam is used, just as readily as it will float up in the hot water. We have not had success with the third method, althoug-h some may have had. It is very difficult to keep the wax from burn- ing when heated in another place unless it is heated in hot water. If this is done, part of the wax will melt out and come to the surface, just enough of it to cause trou- ble, and yet too much to throw away en- tirely. After burning one's fingers in get- ting the hot wax transferred from the heat- ing-pan to the press, a great deal of heat will be lost; and when the wax comes in contact with the cold press it is so chilled that not all of it can come out; and what does come, often sticks to the cheese-cloth, and refuses to run. twelve-foot oak lever. So a lever for a large machine is out of the question; but for this home-made press, where smaller amounts of refuse are worked with, it is another matter. We will discuss both the lever and the screw, and let the reader try both if he desires. The lever is much quicker to operate, and does, on the average, as good work, be- cause it has the power to press the small amount of old comb or slumgum down to a thin layer. But the screw will do the same work with very little eft'ort, only it takes a little longer ; also, the lever must have a very strong support, such as a good stout post and floor, and it makes one man work very hard to operate it. Very likely some, after trying both, would prefer the lever and some the screw. The engraving sliows clearly how the lever is operated. The screw is an ordinary carpenter's bench-vise screw, which can be obtained at any hard- ware store. Two hard-wood cross-arms are needed — one below the tub and one above, which has, of course, the nut for the screw. Two cross-sticks should be placed, one on each side of the tub and between the cross-arms, and the whole clamped firmly A, lever, 12 fe''t long , B, hd f a re! , C, s andard , D, cleat- ed pressure-iHsk ; 1 , block. ^ olted to hous ; F. spout I or wax as on top of hot water. Ditted line shows hot-water and wax line H, loose pece ot wool to prevent 'he bottom from being pressed out. G, under ».de of D, showing cleats. Some one may say that continued press- ing will heat the press sufficiently to keep the wax from chilling. This is true in part; but some time must elapse before the next pressing, and this enables the press to become almost completely cold. So we con- fine our experiments now to steam or hot water; and, although we much prefer steam, we do not advocate its use in our home-made press, because of the difficulty most bee- keepers would have in getting it. And now comes the question of the meth- od of applying the pressure; viz., whether to use a lever or a screw. Actual figures show that a boy can exert more force with such a screw as is used on our German ex- tractor than a man could with a four-inch together with half-inch bolts having heavy washers. These bolts should be outside the cross-sticks, and should be long enough to extend a little above the upper cross-arm. The cross-sticks should be about an inch longer than the depth of the tub, so that the latter may be slid out from the frame to leave it free for pouring out water, taking out slumgum, etc. We do not claim that this method is the only one, by any means; but from our experiments it seems very sat- isfactory for one, the material for which can easily be obtained by almost any bee- keeper. In A. R. Bostock's article in this journal (July 15) he objects to the use of the screw because it pressed the wax down on one side of the pan and not on the other. Well, if he was careful to have his slumgum about level before he applied the pressure, and if his screw was as nearly perpendicular to the bottom of the pan as possible, he would not be bothered in this way. He also speaks of the pressure of the lever as being contin- ual, and that of a screw requiring one to stand over turning it, which, he says, would hinder him from going away. If he used a screw by the method just described, the wax would all be squeezed out in a very few moments, and he would soon be ready to fix up a new batch so that he would have no desire to go away. He "consid- ers " that he gets more strength from one lever than from several screws. If he would figure he would find that, with one screw, the same amount of force exerted, he would probably get the pressure of several levers. The subject of wax-presses is one that needs very careful attention. One would 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 769 probably be astonished if he could know the actual amount of wax and money wast- ed in throwing old comb away, or even in depending- entirely upon solar extractors. The subject is also a treacherous one. Plans that in theory seem perfect are very apt to have some serious defect in actual practice. On the other hand, some people may scoff at a method in theory, which, when the experiment is made, may prove very satisfactory. Therefore if there are those who feel inclined to answer this edi- torial we would ask that they give our method a most careful test along with their own or some other method before they con- demn it. SAN FRANCISCO ; BEE-KERPING IN SUTTER CO., CAL. ; CARPET GRASS; PLACER MIN- ING, AND ITS EFFECTS ON AGRICULTURE; HOW THOUSANDS OF ACRES OF LAND HAVE BEEN RUINED TO SATISFY THE GREED FOR GOLD. Bidding our friend I. D. Flory good by I took the train for San Francisco, the far- famed city of the Golden Gate, situated on the beautiful Bay of San Francisco. I had heard of the wickedness of that great city, but I was not prepared to see such a" wide- open town." Prostitutes, I was told, ply their vocation on some of the principal streets ; gambling goes right on in plain sight, apparently without let or hindrance. Saloons — why, they are thicker on the prin- cipal business streets than I ever saw else- where, and I have been in all the large cities of the United States. Suicides, I un- derstand, are more frequent there than in any other city in the world except Paris. But not all is bad in San Francisco, by any means. Some of the finest churches anywhere can be seen within a short dis- tance from these gilded places of iniquity. Good people there are in large numbers, and the time will come — is sure to come — when they will be in the majority, and the political forces that now rule and make the town "wide open" will be put down, and the city, with its commercial advantages, will indeed become the gateway of the world. The climate, while it is a little cool, is delightful and bracing ; and one feels a thrill of invigoration after leaving the hot desert lands of the interior of the State. I met two or three bee-keepers, and just missed seeing T. G. Newman, formerly ed- itor of the American Bee Journal, and General Manager of the National Bee-keep- ers' Association. I had a number of little chats with G. G. Wickson, of G. G. Wick- son 8l Co., the supply dealers of San Fran- cisco. Mr. Wickson has an extensive house- apiary a few miles from the city. This I did not see. I next went northward to Sacramento, and met Mr. A. S. Hopkins, the local sup- ply dealer, stopping for a few hours only. Then I went a little further north to Nico- laus, where are located the Wessing Broth- THE CARPI'yr GRASS THAT VIKLDS SO MUCH FINE HONFV IX XOKIH-CFNTRAL C ALT'^-Oi'NIA. 770 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Sept. IS ers, around whom seem to cluster the bee- keeping- interests of Sutter Co. This county, as a bee-keeping center, de- serves more than a passing reference. At the time of my visit the United States gov- ernment had sent a committee of Senators and Representatives to the little town to in- vestigate the effect of placer, or, rather, hydraulic mining, on the fertile valleys. The greed for gold is so great that power- ful streams of water (in the hands of rich syndicates) are turned against the sides of the mountains, practically undermining and washing' them away so that the debris and silt wash down the rivers, overflowing their banks into the fertile valleys below, carr3'- j. H. brick's elevated bee-vard, end view ing ruin and desolation in its wake. Among the chief sufi'erers from this destructive method of gold-washing were the people round about Nicolaus. So extensive had been the washings for gold that the old bed of the river had been filled up, and had overflowed its banks repeatedly, carrying silt and all sorts of debris over the land round about. Ranches that were worth large sums of money had become mere wastes, and the owners bankrupt. But bee- keeping, fortunately, was not entirely snuff- ed out. A cry went up (and has been going up ever since) to the State and national govern- ments, from the suffering ranchers, pray- ing for relief. Immense dikes were then put up on each side of the river, to keep the water within its banks; but now and then the embankments would break, and the land would be devastated by a flood, crops ruined, and the people driven from their once fertile lands. In spite of protest, in spite of petitions, in spite of every thing, the gold-miners kept on with their work of ruin. The small amount of gold secured, I was told, would not begifi to compensate for the fearful loss of land. On this occasion of which I speak, the United States Senators and Representa- tives were there to look after the interests of the ranchers, for certain it was the interests of the miner and of the farmer were conflicting. So bitter is the feeling that at times there is bloodshed; and as I looked over those conflicting interests I could not help thinking of the conflict of interests between the pear-men and bee-keepers. But in this case the bee-men were suffering with the farm- ers, for the growing of alfalfa, that was once profitable, had been discontinued on a good many ranches, simply because the land was buried up under the silt from the gold-wash- ings. In the mean time, while Congress is deliberating and doing nothing, the people are suffering, and the feeling be- tween the rancher and the miner was becoming more and more strained. A WONDERFUL HONEY-PLANT, CARPET GRASS. But, very fortunately for the bee-keeper in Sutter Co., th»" demise of the alfalfa was fol- lowed by the beautiful little carpet grass. It thrives on dry land, and yields immensequan- tities of honey. It grows all over the vicinity, gives forth honej' of the finest quality, from the middle of May until frost comes on in the fall. The bees will sometimes gather as much as 8 lbs. of honey a day from it; but 3 lbs. is usually considered a good yield. From three-fourths to four- fifths of all the honey in Sutter Co. comes from this source; and so important has it come to be that the little alfalfa that is grown does not cut much of a figure in the production of honey. The carpet grass makes a very thick and heavy matted growth ; and as one walks over it he imagines he is walking on very rich heavy plush, carpet, for it gives spring and elasticity to the step. Taking out my largest camera I took a full-sized picture of it, and the result, nearly life size, is before 1902 GLEANINGS IN BKE CULTURE. ■■-•:^;"'^.W-1 \*';S : M ■^^ ^B|y kkick's b?;k-vakd (sidk vikw), But perhaps some of our readers will not recognize it under the name of carpet grass. It is known in Minnesota as "shower grass;" in some localities as "sheep clo- ver;" in others as "mahala grass." I saw some of it in the vicinity of Hanford, and was told by Mr. J. F. Flory that it was an excellent honey-plant. Thinking some of our readers who are located in the vicinity of dry lands would like to try it in their lo- calities, I made arrangements with Mr. J. H. Erick, of Nicolaus, Cal., to supply the seed in small lots to all who may apply. I do not mean he will furnish it free, by any means; but he or the Wessing Brothers, of the same place, will, I believe, furnish it at a moderate price. I am not in the habit of giving free ad- ONE OK THK Wi:SSING BK ) I'll I;KS' Bl'.l-: YARDS. 772 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Sept. IS vertisements of this kind in our editorial columns; but I have an idea that carpet grass can be grown in other localities in the United States as a forag-e-plant for bees; for if it can have a hot dry cli- mate it will spread, seeming to prefer lands that are barren and waste, just as sweet clover does in the East. I do not think it is a noxious weed; and those of our friends who wish to try it can, I feel sure, do so without any danger of bringing a pest to their localities. I met several prominent bee- keepers in this vicinity, among them being the Wessing Broth- ers; one man who owns 700 col- onies, but did not want his name given in print; J. H. Er- ick, just referred to; George M. Tyler, and a number of others. On account of the river over- flowing its banks it became nec- essary for bee-keepers on the lower lands to put their hives up high on benches. I took two or three snap shots, one of the Wessing Brothers' yard and two of J. H. Erick's apiaries, which will serve as a fair sam- ple of other yards in that vicinity. You will note that the hives are set up high, clear above ground, above the highest wa- ter-line, and are located in the shade wher- ever possible; for I understand colonies in the shade do better than those out in the sun. He thinks the bee business can never be learned, for every year new and perplexing conditions arise; but in the cattle business all is very simple. All he has to do is to •> <. 1,; ' ' .^'...C-ii t •■ f ,' \ ■„• - iy \m 8f* ^, M ^^% W-"' RAMBLE 210. A Trip to Guines ; Bananas for Shade. BY RAMBLER. Senior Fred Somerford has much more sweetness about him than the average bee- man. Besides the honey from 700 colonies of bees he has tons and tons of sweetness from thirty acres of sugar-cane. He does not believe in carrying all his eggs in one basket, but has interests in cattle and hogs. APIARY OF HEDDON HIVES UNDER THE BANANAS. EXAMINING HEDDON FRAMES. get 300 or more head of cattle, turn them out to pasture, and in a few months sell them for beef. He is not an optimist about the future of the honey business in Cuba, as so much de- pends upon yields, tariffs, and demands. Still, he thinks even at present prices, if a person is willing to leave all social privi- leges, and get back into the remote parts of Cuba, there is money in it. Senior Fred has just such a location him- self. He is the only American in Catalina, and depends upon native help for all his work. He can talk Spanish like a native; and as he was a prominent factor in the in- surrection, and on the Cuban side, these people all look up to him with much admi- ration, and come to him for advice upon all topics. This confidence of the natives is not abused for personal gains, and Senior Fred is really the head man in that portion of Cuba. In our evening talks he in- formed me that I would be in- terested in an apiary out to- ward Guines; and what partic- ularly interested me was the fact that the Heddon hive was used in the apiary. The next morning W. W. and I made an early start, and in two hours we found the farm of Dr. Carlos des Vernine, where he has an apia- ry of about 150 colonies, in Hed- don hives. The doctor has a large medical practice in Ha- vana, and has plenty of money to spend upon farming and bee- keeping, and every thing on the farm and in the apiary is up- 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 773 to-date, and made in the most substantial manner. Bananas g'ave shade to the hives, and I have found that quite a number of bee-men resort to this quick-growing and large-leaved tree for shade. The apiar3' was in charge of an alert young Cuban; and 800 gallons, or 8 bocoys, had already been extracted. The regular eight-frame hive and an occasional ten-frame hive are used; and the queen-excluder is freely used; and I think by keeping the queen down to one shallow super, the bees allowed her to fill it with brood, and put their honey all above. In this matter I saw one advantage of the Heddon hive above others; but Bro. Somerford would have none of it. Perhaps the reader will remember how the Rambler overcame the problem of mak- ing a drop from tank to can in Central Cal- ifornia; but here we find the doctor accom- plishing the same thing in a different way. By referring to the photo you will first no- tice the 100-gallon bocoy. Above this is a 400-gallon tank; above this the four-frame Cowan extractor and a Dadant uncapping- can. We might dignify this elevation as the gallery, fully seven feet from the floor, and having a substantial railing around it, and provided with substantial stairs. The supers to be extracted are piled on the floor, and two hives at a time are ele- vated to the gallery by the rope and pulley. EXTRACTING HOUSE AND OUTFIT. I discovered that the hive was somewhat in disfavor on account of the swelling pro- pensity of the frames and thumbscrews; then the hive must be well made to work smoothly, and it was evident that some mis- takes had been made in the putting-up of these hives. It is quite possible that the inventor of the hive had an idea that he had reached perfection when the hive was plac- ed before the public; but from my own ex- perience with the hive, the supports to the frames and compression by thumbscrews are capable of much improvement, and will be subject to it in the near future. I learned that, from these causes, and not from the system itself, the doctor was about to change to the regular L. hive. The doctor's honey-house was a very sub- stantial stone building. My photo of the interior was necessarily cramped, and I have allowed the artist to touch out the cramped portions to show more clearl}- how the extracting was done. as shown. When extracted, and the frames replaced, a number of supers are let down together. The large window by the young man is covered with wire cloth, and there is a brilliant light for all operations. There is not the least doubt but this drop from extractor to tank, from tank to bocoy, is most agreeable and effective. As to the elevation of all supers to the gallery, I be- lieve I should prefer that as automatic as the other, and would plan with that end in view. In an ante-room I found a box fully 6 ft. square. This could also be elevated by means of weights, cords, and pulleys. Emp- ty combs could be piled up in proper racks; then sulphur was set on fire, and the tight box dropped over the burning brimstone, and there was a most effectual moth-eradi- cation. The young Cuban in attendance tell Mr. S. th.it one day, after the sulphur fumes 774 GLEANl^•Cib 1^ BEE CULTURE. Sept. 15 had been started, the rope broke and down came the box, almost catching- him under it and eradicating him. I was pleased to find all of these novel devices, for it shows the doctor to be much of an inventor, and resourceful. He has another apiary of about 200 colonies within a few miles of Artemisa, and near to Mr. Hochstein. The doctor's helpers were very hospita- ble; and when we left they proffered us milk and coffee, arid we parted from them with " muchas gracias" and the proper number of adios. In Guines valley we found a few Ameri- cans doing a prosperous business at winter gardening. Their tomatoes and egg-plants were shipped to the States. W. W. stopped to interview every one of them. None of these parties was up to bees, and I doubt if the business would have been profitable in their locations; for on this trip we found places where appearances were against honey production. But W. W. had a very hopeful view of matters; and after we struck the smooth calzada we fell to discussing, or W. W. did, or, rather, gave a series of lec- tures upon almost every known topic, from the descent of Darwin to the ascent of Santos Dumont. He had just changed oft' from the planet Mars as a honey country to the prob- able fate of the Sphynx of Egj'pt, when he startled me with the energetic exclamation, '"Why, hello. Rambler I here is an apiar}\ How in time did we miss that when we came south?" "Don't know, Bro. W. W., unless it was when we had that heated discussion about m KOA/rxAJ 'cJ^cmc, yi^r^Tiy^ THE FIERCE CUBAN BEE-KEEPER. a flying-machine. That is a new apiary too; two or three hundred colonies; shall we stop and view it?" "Of course, we will," said W. W. "I believe that apiary belongs to those aduana men in Havana — just what I wanted to find. Let's find out if they are getting much honey? " "Why, yes," said I; "there istheir top buggy under the shed. One or both of them must be here, sure." With happy — yes, almost joy- ful — anticipations we hastened to the cabin. Around it were piles of new bee-hives. W. W. shouted, and rattled a cover on an empty hive, and made noise enough to arouse the seven sleep- ers. We were anticipating the appearance of a person with a smile on his face, the glad hand extended, and a cordial welcome. Our faces were wreathed with our happiest smiles, when sud- denly a stranger, a Cuban, came around the corner of the cabin. Well, you never saw smiles drop quicker. I really thought W. W.'s whole jaw was going to fall. That savage Cuban, with his ever ready machete, ordered us oft' the place. ' 'Noone allowed to look around. Vamos, Americanos ; dogs and every thing." "But can I take a photo? " "Vamos, camera; vamos." We did vamos; but I reflected that the savage Cuban did not own the whole country, and mounted the stone fence across the calzada and took a snap shot; but, owing to the strain on my nerves, the photo was N. G. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 775 Of course, if the aduanas had been there all would have been dififerent. But it is all rig'ht. The only harm done was the spoil- ing- of such beautiful smiles as we had pre- pared. As a friend (and Mr. S. joins me) I would advise Messrs. Aduana to put a less savage man at the head of that apiary. Suffice it to say, we learned nothing- about the apiary and its productions, and we soon after dropped into Havana, sad and tired. AN A B C scholar's APIARY. Inclosed you will find one of my kodak pictures of one of your ABC scholar's api- ary in its third year, numbering- 20 colo- nies. They are all in Danzenbaker hives but two, which are home-made. and for the production of a fine grade of comb honey I have not the least idea that there is another hive in existence that will compare favorably with it, and I am fairly well posted in that line. Last spring one of my colonies (which, at that time, were all in L. hives) had about a third of its combs built, being a late sec- ond swarm of the previous season; and, be- ing short of queens, I removed the queen in order to have some cells started. In re- moving the cells I overlooked two of them, with the result that the colony cast a very weak swarm with a virgin queen. This swarm I hived on three frames of starters in a Danzenbaker hive. There were actu- ally about three pints of bees. This was just at the commencement of the clover flow, which was very poor here. Since that, and before the buckwheat flow, I have taken four full frames of sealed brood from that colony, so you can see that it could not have been strong. I have taken 21 sections of A No. 1 in grade, from that colony, and it is just fin- ishing a full super of 32 sections; in fact, they are all sealed except the outside row of cells. I believe that, if I had not taken any brood from it, it would have finished 100 GILPIN'S APIARY OF DANZENBAKER HIVES. The queen I got of you last year is a dandy. Her bees gathered 128 lbs. of as nice white honey as you ever saw, up till July 15, and they have another super near- ly filled. H. G. Gilpin. Winnebago, Minn. A CRITICISM ON THE DANZENBAKER HIVE. Mr. F. Danzenbaker: — I feel that I should write you a few lines in regard to your bee- hive. I have given it a very thorough trial this season, and have found it to be, for all purposes, the very best hive I have used; sections, as our buckwheat flow was the best we ever had. There is only one thing against the Dan- zenbaker hive in this locality; namely, pro- polis. I am substituting OE for closed-end frames, and they are much better; but they do not give the satisfaction in other ways that the closed frames do, and I find it dif- ficult to maintain an accurate bee-space between the frame and supporting-cleat. There is one other feature which, how- ever, can be easily remedied; that is, the heads of the rivets in the section-holders 776 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Sept. 15 should be countersunk, as they project so as to interfere with the sections. F. X. Spangle. Coalport, Pa., Sept. 7. [Mr. Danzenbaker, who is with us just now, replies:] Your kind report of success, and sugges- tions for the betterment of my hive, are alike encouraging and gratefully appreci- ated. Bees instinctively seal with pitch-like propolis all cracks and corners to retain bee heat and exclude young wax-worms; otherwise they could not exist. Better for all concerned to help them reduce the need of it to the lowest limit. The A. I. Root Co. is now using special machines, cutting both ends of stock at once, securing absolute accuracy in fix- tures that will fit together like minted coins, so that closed-end frames properly nailed and keyed up will have no spaces to be glued, and the inconvenience of handling will be as nothing compared with their es- tablished advantages over open-end or loose frames, which I never use. The rivet-heads are now made thinner, so Ihat they are easily driven even with the surface, clear of the sections, by placing the end-bars on the end of a hard-wood block or heavy piece of iron with a hole for the rivet to pass through. — F. D. article. The frame is made of wood, and joined as above, and then strung with chalk-line. To transfer from a Hoffman to THE EFFECT OF THE DROUTH IN TEXAS; THE AVAILABLE BEE LOCATIONS IN THE STATE. I visited Wharton, Beeville, Floresville, Hnd Uvalde. I found the bees in good con- dition, and the bee-keepers doing well at all these places except at Uvalde. At the latter jilace they are suffering from a very severe drouth — so severe, in fact, that the present year's honey crop was practically A failure. At the present time many of the bees in that locality are dead, with a good chance for many more to die if rains do not come. There is no doubt that, in average seasons, that is a good honey country — the best, perhaps, that can be found in this country. However, there are plenty of other places in this State that are just as good, only they are not yet developed, and therefore are not known to the bee-keepers at large. That reminds me that, in case any one inquires of you regarding the honey resources of this State, with a view to lo- cating here in the bee business, I shall be glad to correspond with them. By doing so I can prevent them from going into lo- calities that are likely to be overstocked, and can, on the other hand, send them to fine localities that are as yet entirely un- occupied. WiLMON Newell, Assistant Entomologist at the Agricultural and Mechanical College. College Station, Texas. A COUPLE OF LITTLE KINKS. To those who have very much transfer- ring to do, the following is a very handy ■^VJ 'iV' 1 ' ! ; — ^ : <3^ : a Danzenbaker frame, place the former with comb on the frame, and then use an empty Danzenbaker frame as a model to cut by. The drip passes down between the cords, which is generally a great nui- sance. BLOCK3 The next affair, which I consider a great improvement over the old way, is merely two blocks of wood a trifle thicker than a bee-escape board, to be placed in front of and between the super and brood-chamber, when the escape-board can be slid in from the rear without raising the super 45°, as is the rule, thereby decreasing the danger from bee-stings, also the uncapping of the honey. Chas. E. Selchow. Port Chester, N. Y. [Your method of inserting the bee-escape board involves considerable work. The lifting-up of one end of the super, inserting the blocks, then lifting up the other end, all takes time. The general plan is to lift the super up at one end, tilting it so it will stand at an angle of 45 degrees to the brood-chamber, when the bee-escape can be set in place, the super let down on the bee- escape, and the whole aligned into position. It is not necessary to lift the whole super, as you will see, by this plan. — Ed.] what to do with BITTER HONEY IN SEC- TIONS. I have twenty supers filled with the Ideal sections, and they are all sealed over full with the bitterweed honej-, which is of no 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 777 use except feeding, and I shall not need that, for all of the colonies have about thir- ty to forty pounds each for winter, which is much more than is necessar3' in this sec- tion. I have an idea of leaving- it on the hives, and just about the time they begin bringing in pollen next spring I intend taking the supers ofi and letting the bees clean out the sections by the slow-robbing plan. Would it not be better to uncap the honey, or, still better, extract it? After they have cleaned up the combs, and new honey is coming in, I will put the supers with the drawn combs back on the hives, and the bees can fill them rapidly with the new honey. Would you leave the supers on the hives, or take them off ? I am sure that I can keep them on the hives; but if 1 take them oft" now I shall have to do some- thing to keep out the wax-worms. Winter- ing here is no problem, as there is never ten days that the bees can not fly. Hazlehurst, Miss. J. S. Wise. [I would take the honey off now. If left on the hives the bees might, later on, take it down in the brood-nest, but during the time they would soil and discolor the sec- tions. If the honey is bitter, and unfit for win- ter food, I would feed it out by the slow- robbing process as directed in the ABC of Bee Culture, next spring. It is not nec- essary to uncap the combs, for the bees can do it cheaper than you can. In your local- ity the bitter honey would do no harm, probably, if fed out by the slow-robbing process at any time. Stack the supers oft" to one side of the yard, and make an entrance so narrow that only one bee can get in at a time — Ed.] THE ORTON TENEMENT HIVE IN THE ABC. You will do me a great favor by answer- ing the following questions: Is Orton's tenement hive double-walled itself, and packed between ? When this hive is used, are bees left in all summer? If they are, why could they not be taken out during summer ? If it is not double-walled and packed, is there any packing material used between the hives? I use your eight-frame Dovetailed hive. Callaway, "Va. B. L. Fisher. [The Orton tenement hive, as described in the A B C, is packed between the walls. The kind of packing is not very material, provided it is loose and porous. Planer shavings, wheat or oat chaft", forest leaves, dry straw, any and all of them will do very well. Yes, the bees are left on the hive all summer, though they may be taken out if preferred. In the case of all tenement hives, there is no packing material used between the several brood-nests. Very often a cluster of one colony will be close up to the separating wall on the tenement side of which there is another cluster, and the combined heat of the two serves mate- rially to keep up the warmth of the cluster. — Ei).] BRUSHED SWARMS ; MORE QUESTIONS CON- CERNING. I am much interested in your article on "Brushed or Shook Swarms " (page 640). Will you kindly answer the following ques- tions? 1. What do you do with the hive the bees come from? 2. Do 3'ou give it a new queen? or, after the bees are all hatched, shake them in front of the other? 3. What month would you do this in Massachusetts? 4. Do you make the Danz. hive with self- spacing frames? There are some of us who would like to try them, but we do not want closed-end frames. I have asked two of your supply men, and they claim that the Danz. hive has only closed-end frames. Ayer, Mass., Aug. 11. F. P. Briggs. [1. The hives from which the bees come can be placed alongside of the new hive if the old stands are put in a new location. 2. The old hive may be given a laying queen, or it may be allowed to raise a queen of its own from a cell. 3. The time to make brushed swarms will all depend on the time when the honey begins to come in. No definite time on the calendar could be assigned, as the seasons vary so from year to year; but when the honey- flow commences, then the swarms should be brushed. 4. We make the Danzenbaker hives with self -spacing frames to accommodate a cer- tain class of customers who do not like the closed-end frames. — Ed.] SWEET CLOVER IN THE SOUTH, AND ITS YIELD PER COLONY. I can report the best crop for several years. My bees averaged a little over 100 pounds per colony, and a good many of them went 150, and some of them nearly 200, all extracted. The bees had practical- ly no attention at all except to clean off the honey-boards in the spring and rob them twice. The crop could easily have been made to average ISO pounds, and I dare say such men as Miller, Doolittle, and Coggshall would Viave got an average of 200 pounds. The principal part of our crop here is from sweet clover. J. M. CUTTS. Montgomery, Ala., Aug. 25. A PLAN TO GET BEES UP INTO THE SIMPERS. As I see some are having the same diffi- culty in getting bees to go up into the su- pers that I had, I will tell you my experi- ence. I put two or three sections of honey in the super, and the lower part of the hive; the combs were not all filled in the bottom GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Sept. 15 with honey and young bees, and the bees took the honey from the super and carried it down and tilled the bottom full; then I took the two outside combs that were full of honey, and put them inside near the center of the hive, and moved the combs with brood outside (do not do it in cool weather), and the bees took the honey out of those combs and carried it up into the super and went to building new comb in the super. C. K. Carter. Eagle Grove, la., Aug. 24. has been robbing in that hive at some pre- vious time, or it maj' show that the broDd has been chilled or overheated at some pre- vious time. — Ed.] TROUBLE FROM LETTING BEES CLEAN OUT EXTR ACTING-FRAMES. Is it best to let the bees clean out the ex- tracting-frames after extracting, before put- ting them back on the hive? When I put them back on the hive the ground will be thickly strewn with dead bees in a short time, and they keep up the fight for two or three days thereafter. Would it be best to let the bees clean out the frames after ex- tracting, before putting them away for the winter? Also would it be best to let the bees take out the honey from the sections or Comb honey that was not capped or sealed before putting it away for winter? Some time in June I noticed the bees bringing out young bees. They were white, but had wings, and I suppose they were almost ready to hatch. What was the matter? Miss M. J. Edwards. Hopeside, Va., Aug. 12. [Letting the bees clean out or lick dry the combs that have just been extracted some- times leads to wholesale robbing. While expert bee-keepers can manage to let the bees do the cleaning without much trouble, a beginner will sometimes start a fearful row among the bees. As a general thing Ihe combs just extracted should be put back into the hive from which they came, or some other hive needing extracting-combs. No robbing will result from such procedure, unless it be after the honey season or unless, too, the entrance was too large and the col- ony weak. With an ordinary entrance a strong colony ought to take care of two or three sets of extracting-combs without an}' robbing at any season of the year. Another plan that has been used with very good results is to pile the extracted combs up on a bottom-board, five or six su- pers one upon another, with a tighter-fitting cover over all. At the bottom of this pile of combs there should be a very small en- trance, large enough to let in only one bee at a time. This permits of a spe- cies of "slow robbing" by which the bees are allowed to clean out the combs without creating much disturbance. Sections partly filled can be cleaned out from supers stacked one above the other from a small entrance. Sometimes the bees will carry the honey below when it is put on an upper story. Where the bees carry out young brood that is white it may indicate the presence of moth-worms. It may indicate that there WINTERING IN DANZENBAKER HIVES. Please inform me how to winter bees in a Danzenbaker hive, the brood-chamber being so shallow it seems as though the bees would not stand the cold weather we are liable to have in winter. Also please state how to get the worms out of a colony of bees, and if there is a way of keeping them out. Chas. H. Wolfe. Pike's Creek, Pa., Aug. 25. [We have special winter cases that can be used over Danzenbaker hives if it is de- sired to winter on summer stands. If you have a good dry cellar that can be darkened, we would advise you to winter indoors in the cellar; but be sure to leave a good wide entrance. Shallow brood -chambers will winter all right providing they are properly protected, either in or out doors. You can get rid of worms easily by intro- ducing an Italian queen into the hive. Where there is an admixture of Italian blood, worms will not make much headway. —Ed.] a correction for the a b c of bee cul- TURE. In your ABC book, page 97, under the subject of feeding back to fill out unfinish- ed sections, you advise diluting honey by adding te7i parts of water to one of honey. Is this correct? It is very thin, and would take a long time to get any in. N. O. Walker. Franklin, Tenn., Aug. 26. [The item to which you refer is a typo- graphical error. It should read "two parts of water to one of honey," and I am sur- prised that no one has noticed the mistake before this. I had not noticed it before, and regret that the item has gone out in the new edition of the ABC now on the press. It is a silly and senseless blunder. — Ed.] BETTING ON A LOSING GAME. Please give me a little information. Sun- day I made a bet that a quart of honey weighs 3 lbs.; but the doctor said it did not; so we took a standard quart measure, and it weighed 2 lbs. and 15 oz. In the ABC book it said 3 lbs. R. Pflueger. St. Louis, Mo., Aug. 10. [I do not believe in the policy of betting. It is a losing game sooner or later, and es- pecially do we discountenance Sunday bet- ting. In answer to your implied ques- tion, I can only say that the specific grav- ity of honey varies considerably. It may run as low as 10 lbs. to the gallon, or as high as 12 or 13; but the general average is about 11 lbs., and this would make a quart run 2 lbs. 12 oz. I would no more think of betting on the weight of honey than on 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 779 which way the wind would blow to-mor- row.— Ed.I A METHOD OF STAVING TRANSFERRED COMBS. I send you a cut of my wire hooks used for holding combs in frames. Last year when transferring' some bees from boxes to frame hives, I used these hooks and found them all right. The wire of which these hooks are made is about the size of a knit- ting-needlcy and came from bales of hay. They can be made very fast wuth a pair of cutting-pliers. In using the hooks, adjust as many as you wish to one side of the frame by first hooking over the bottom-bar and then the top. P^it in your comb, and use as many hooks on the other side as are necessary to hold the comb in place. When whole combs are used, from four to six hooks are suffi- cient, but when pieces and crooked combs are put in, of coiirse more hooks are re- quired. After the bees have fastened the combs, the hooks can easily be removed without taking out the frames, by simply unhook- ing from the top-bar and pushing down till the bottom hook is free from the bar. Trough, S. C. T. Lipscomb. [Your method of staying up the combs is very good; but nowadays we do not consid- er it advisable, since the advent of founda- tion, to try to use up pieces or scraps of comb. In modern practice it is the rule to transfer only such combs as are perfect and nil worker, and will fill the frame without piecing out. The difficulty with small pieces in one frame is that drone-cells will be built along the line of union. — Ed.] planted. Nearly all pear-trees near here on black soil are badly blighted. My pear- orchard is on high clay land; and, although some trees were white with blossoms, I have no blight whatever. I have only such varieties as are not subject to blight — Keiflf- er, Garber, Duchess; and now to have good fruit of any kind we must have bees or some insects to mix pollen. Take away bees and other insects, and we should have practically no good fruit. Major Holsing- er, of Kansas, has Kieffer and Leconte pear- trees, planted 15 years, side by side. Bees have hummed from one tree to the other. Result — Leconte trees are all dead from blight ; Keiflfers are sound, and bearing heavily eve- ry year. Now, if men will plant the right varieties on suit- able land they need not worry about trees or blight. Too rich soil will cause blight to any va- riety ; but some varieties are more proof against it than others. A few years ago, golden or yel- low bees were the craze. It is a wonder some fruit-growers did not accuse them of giving the peach-trees the peach-j'ellows ; and now here comes the July 15th issue of Gleanings. Looking over it I see Dr. Mil- ler has fed 1000 lbs. of sugar, and Dr. Gandy is rolling in honey. Well, all doc- tors are not alike; but I think it is the duty of our editor to investigate. J. E. Johnson. Williamsfield, 111., July .25. THE CAUSE OF PEAR-BLIGHT ; SOME VARIE- TIES IMMUNE TO it; THE OPINION OF AN EXTENSIVE FRUIT-GROWER. I have been thinking of adding my opin- ion on a few points brought up in Glean- ings. In the first place I have an orchard of 1800 fruit-trees, just coming in bearing, of which 900 are pear-trees. I have 13 col- onies of bees, and am on a deal for 16 more. Italians, at S2.50 per colony, in ten-frame L. hives, so you see they are not paying their present owner. Now, we have had a very wet season, and, only for a dry winter and spring, crops could not have been the sting-trowel CONTROVERSY. Dr. Miller tells an apocryphal and ab- surd story as an answer to Stenog's ques- tion about bees injecting poison in a cell of honey just before sealing it over, June 1, 1902. With a wonderful accuracy of mem- ory he quotes what I said years ago, and says that, when he remonstrated with me privately, as if I had been doing something criminal, I said I saw the bees working at the cells, and what else could they be do- ing? If Dr. Miller remembers correctl}', he said, Cheshire says the formic acid gets into the honey through the blood of the bee. Well, Cheshire says nothing so absurd ,as that in the whole two volumes of his books. What he does say, and what I am willing to accept as the opinion of a scientist on the subject, is as follows: Vol. II., page 587: "Herr K. MullenhofF* and the Rev. W. F. Clarke have pointed out that formic acid is provided by the bees by depositing droplets from their stings, which they touch on the face of the honey; Herr K. Mullenhoff add- ing that thus the presence of formic acid, absent in nectar, is accounted for." W, F. Clarke. [This was submitted to Dr. Miller, who replies:] Mr. Clarke is quite right as to what Che- shire says, the trouble being that I did tiot * " Archiv fuer Anatomie Physiologie," LSSli, p. ;?2C. 780 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 8KPr. 15 "remember correctly" my authority, and I can not now recall who it was. Mr. Clarke takes more seriously the word "remon- strate" than its use in this locality will warrant. I did not think of his doing any thing criminal, but foolish and unwarrant- ed. Will Mr. Clarke give us the least proof for his sting-trowel theory? If every cell of honey has a sting applied to its surface before being sealed, surely of the thousands of cells constantly being so treated some one at some time ought to have seen the sting so applied. Mr. Clarke does not say that he ever saw it. No one else has seen it. If the sting is used as a trowel in working wax, it ought not to be a difficult thing to see at least one bee thus using its sting. Bees can be seen working wax with their jaws; but no one has ever reported the sight of a bee working wax with its sting. The sting -trowel theory is a matter of Mr. Clarke's imagination, pure and simple, his silence as the only reply to a challenge for proof made many years ago being the best proof thereof. Still further proof of the un- substantial character of the theory will be afforded by the utter silence that will be the only response to the present challenge for proof that the sting is ever used to work wax or to poison honey. CLOTH BACKING FOR FOUNDATION. In my work this season I have been led to wonder if strips of cheese-cloth or some other very thin fabric given a thin coating of wax, and passed between the rollers, would not be about right for brood founda- tion. It could not sag, and one wire at the bottom would be sufficient to make a vrry strong comb. It could be produced in con- tinuous sheets, trimmed by machinery in process of manufacture, and rolled up on large spools with a long ribbon of paper between, or cut out and packed like ordina- ry foundation. D. B. Thomas. Odin, Mo. . [Such a thing as you describe is very nice in theory, but poor in practice. A. I. Root, many years ago, exploited this mat- ter very thoroughly. He tried paper and cheese-cloth; but any thing of a fibrous na- ture the bees would gnaw sooner or later. They would build it out into beautiful comb, and, apparently, cloth-stayed foun- dation was a great success; but after the honey-flow, and sometimes even before, a bee might get hold of a stray thread or fiber. It would then dig and pull, and then other bees would get hold, and keep on digging and chewing and pulling until the whole comb was ruined. The only sat- isfactory stay for foundation is fine wire unless it be splints, as Dr. Miller describ- ed about a year ago. — En.] doolittle's oueen-rearing methods in- dorsed. I was much pleased to read both your own and Dr. Miller's system of queen- rearing. It is the height of folly for even such men as Dr. Gallup and Mr. Alley to attack a method so long and favorably known, and so thoroughly tested by many men in many localities. C. S. Harris. Holly Hill, Fla., Aug. 25. FROM 6 TO 12, AND $75 WORTH OF HONEY. This spring I had 6 swarms; now I have 12, and about $75 of honey, although no one else around here has anywhere near come up to that. Every one says, " Poor season — too wet;" but I think if they would care for their bees as I do they would complain less. I have sold some honey for 15 and 16 My bees never did better than this 500 lbs. is comb honey. F. W. JUDSON. Syracuse, N. Y., Sept. 8. cents, year; THE DANZENBAKER HIVE IN NEW YORK. I think I can safely say I can produce more and better-appearing box honey with the Danzenbaker hive than with any other I have used. Out of six such hives I have secured over 200 lbs., and supers on four of them still. H. F. Parker. Fishkill, N. Y., Sept. 8. THE OLD GERMAN BEE-KEEPER'S COMPLAINT. BV J O. SHEARMAN. Ve used to haf box hives galore, All standing in a fow Upon a plank or other bench — I haf to told you so. I used to climb up on a tree To get my swarm of bees: But now I cut 'em off der wing So dey comes back to me. But now ve haf new-fangled tings, And don't let dot bees shirk Dere duty ! for ve soon transferred And sot dem bees to vork. And now ve haf so much to do Ve're always on the go; Ve haf to hump to keep it up — I haf to told you so. My leetle gal vas mighty nice Ven she vas very schmall. She vants to vork shust like der bees. And tries to do it all. She put up sections, crated sweets, Vnd many little tings She did, while she's a leetle gal. But now her time takes wings. She has some very prettj' close — Is always on the go; Und vears a feather in her hat, Und plays der pi-an-o. I haf to tinks sometimes for her, She's not so much to do ; But vorks so much like old box hives, I'nd ought to be transfer. Ve used to hear of Katy Grimm; I'nd venders she cold do; Her father too— ve heard of him — He vas a vorker too. But our folks don't care much apout Der humble honey-bee. Nor jobs to do. Dey likes der paj'; Und dot is all dey see. They hardly know imported queens From burly bumble-bees; If they could only kill 'em all They'd wallow to their knees. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 781 For the wages of sin is death ; but the gift of God is •eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord. — Rom. 6:28. At the close of Mr. Reed's work (men- tioned in our last issue) he gave a sermon on the text above. He applied the text principally to spiritual death. He said the world is full of dead people who are still going' about; but they are dead to God's claims. He said there were dead people in that neighborhood, and he feared there might be dead people in that audience who were listening to his voice. \^'ealthy peo- ple especially — our millionaires for instance — are most likely to be spirituallj' dead. It seems sad to think that those who have most to thank God for should not only for- get him but ignore him, and laugh in sar- casm and irony when any thing is said about their responsibility to the God who made them. In order to illustrate this spiritual death, Mr. Reed spoke something as follows: We will take a young man for illustra- tion who starts out in the business world. We will suppose this young man has been brought up here in Bingham by Christian parents. He has gone to the Bingham Sun- day-school here in this little church, and learned to love his Bible. He is going off to some great city — we will say Chicago. As he goes to take the train his father and mother go with him. With tears and praj^- ers the good mother puts the little Bible into his hands, and he gives her his prom- ise to read it every day. This promise is kept for a time. Every thing is new and strange to him. He does not know any- body, and nobody seems to care for him. He spends a great deal of his spare time in his own room, and reads his little Bible every day as he promised, and commences to grow in spiritual life. Finafly he be- comes a little acquainted with the boys in the shop or store, and they begin to notice him. At first he is a victim to their jokes, and he begins to fear them, naturally look- ing up to them as being a little more expe- rienced, and feeling willing to learn of them something of the ways of business, and, if you choose, the ways of the world. By and by some of them invite him to go along with them and see something of the big city. It is not long before he is invited to have something to drink with the rest. He begins to say no; in fact, he does say wo, but it is rather feeble. And here is the first great danger — the turning-point. Bro. Reed said, "Oh I wish /could say no just once for that boy who came from Bingham I An emphatic decisive no would settle the question for all time to come." The boys laugh at him, and begin to banter him. They know from past experience what his "no" means. One of them gets hold of him, then another gets hold of his arm on the other side, and pretty soon he drinks just a little to keep up appearances. But he goes back and keeps his promise to his mother, readinghisBible that night. By and by somebody invites him to go to the thea- ter. Now, mind you, dear reader, Bro. Reed and I are not considering the question of theaters as a whole just now. There may be wide differences of opinion in re- gard to theater-going; but this boy from Bingham has no business going to a thea- ter; he can not afford it; and even if the other boys do promise to pay for his ticket, it makes no difference; in fact, it makes it worse, because he then comes under obliga- tions to them. With his small pay, and the sacrifice the good father and mother at home are making for him, he has no money to spare. Another thing, with his bring- ing-up going to a theater would be a let- ting-down of his principles. His- mother would not approve of it, even if it did not cost money. I need not follow all the de- tails. You know how it is yourself. Pret- ty soon the boy is smoking a cigar. At first he objects and holds back. He has no money for such things. Besides, he does not like the smell or taste of tobacco; but he is in Satan's training-school. It all goes along by steps — little steps, and easy steps. He still continues to read the Bible, for he is a boy of his word — at least he is as yet. But these Bible-promises that used to be so full of meaning, and so precious to him, are beginning to be dead and dull. He reads the words mechanically, but they have no meaning. The life has gone out of those sacred pages. It is getting to be a aead book; and the time finally comes when he shuts it up for good. He remembers his mother, but he throws his head back and says to himself, "OhI mother is all right enough, from her standpoint; but she does not know any thing about this great busy world of ours. She's a back number. As for me, my brain has grown somewhat since I left that little home in Bingham." Poor fellow! it is his stomach that has grown, rather than his brain. As he closes the old book for the last time the last spark of life has departed. He is spiritually dead. The merchants and the manufacturers of the great cities are continually sending out into the country and into the little towns to get boys that are not contaminated by the iniquity of the great cities. These uncon- taminated boys are worth their weight in gold — that is, if they hold on to the princi- ples they received in their humble homes. But when they get to the point that that boy from Bingham reached, they are not only dead to God's appeals, but their employers, sooner or later, discover that, so far as val- uable business ability is concerned, they are like the rest of the great city. They are dead to any prospect of promotion or trust. And now, dear friends, let us go back to that paper I held in my hands. I had a little talk at the close of that last sermon. «^i.i:AA'I]\'GS IN BEE CULTURE. Sept. 15 On that paper were 40 names — to be exact there were just 43; but my two grandchil- dren, Mildred and Howard, were a part of I he 43. Mildred is 7, and Howard is 10; hut they took in all of Mr. Reed's exceed- ingly plain sermon, and without a bit of hesitation they wrote their names in their own childish handwriting. Mr. Reed said it brought back very vividly the time when, almost 30 years ago, Mildred's mother look- ed up into his face and listened to his preaching, and gave her childish heart to the Lord Jesus Christ. Yes, there were several other children, many of them under ten years of age, that signed that paper. Of course, the objection was raised that thej^ were too young; but, dear me! what are the fathers and mothers thinking of when they make objections instead of giv- ing encouragement at a time like this? What can they be thinking of when they suggest that a child who is old enough to hear a minister's sermon, and follow it through from beginning to end, is not old enough to choose between righteousness and iniqui- ty? The Master himself said, "Suffer lit- tle children to come unto me, and forbid them not. " Perhaps not every minister is able to make his sermons so plain and child- like and simple that a child only ten years old is not only able but delights to follow the sermon through. The heading of this paper is, as nearly as I can remember, something like this: "I accept Jesus Christ as my Savior and my guide through life; and 1 promise to do as he would have me do, so far as I am able." You will notice it includes the sentiment of that wonderful book, "In His Steps," " what would Jesus do?" The minister of that church, in look- ing at the list, and reading the heading, said, "Why, that is as good a creed as I would ask for. Anybody who signs that paper can be taken into the church without any other conditions." Now, I did not ex- pect all who signed that paper would unite with the church; but I did expect a consid- erable number to do so. Permit me to ex- plain that this church is made up of people of all denominations; and even when all of these denominations united there has been difficulty in raising the money to pay the minister's $60 a year for preaching once every other Sunday. For a time all of these various denominations seemed to unite very well; but just at present a great many of the older Christians think they must have their old denominations or none. Mr. Reed said I was exactly right in deciding that the only way to keep up the church under the circumstances was to have them all unite — Baptists, Methodists, Congregation- alists, Presbyterians, Episcopalians, Disci- ples, United Brethren, and very likely there may be members of some other churches. The thing to do at this present age under such circumstances is to drop all differ- ences, and band together as followers of Jesus Christ. Somebody, however, seems to have started the idea in that community that there is no particular need of uniting with any church; but I am sure this is a grave and grievous mistake. If that boy from Bingham we have just been talking about had, when he first entered that great city, gone to Sunday-school, and taken a letter to the church, and kept with Chris- tian people, he might have been now a great and good man, instead of being without a character, penniless, and dead to every thing that is good. I have often watched the result of people trying to lead a Christian life without unit- ing with any church. Years ago, on these pages, I told j'ou of a family in Michigan. The father and mother were both earnest workers in the United Brethren Church. They bought a farm in the northern part of Michigan. Within a quarter of a mile of them there was a Methodist church where services were held every Sunday; but they felt as if they could not unite with any de- nomination not their own, and there was no place of worship like their own nearer than about fifteen miles. This was so far they went only a few times. Finally the}' ceas- ed going at all; and their children, as they grew up, did not even go to the Methodist tsunday-school, only a quarter of a mile away. At the time of my visit there was a family of six or seven. Out under the ap- ple-trees was a platform covered with the boughs of trees. My eyes had wandered toward that platform several times, and I felt troubled about it. When I was told they had not been to Suaday-school, and that the family had grown up without any religious teaching, the mother spoke out something like this: "Mr. Root, that platform or pavilion, as they call it, was built to hold dances. I have protested against it ever since it was started. Our children, instead of being brought up in the Sunday-school, are so ta- ken up with dancing-parties that there is no room in their hearts for any thing else; " and she burst into tears as she declared then and there that she for one was going over to the Methodist church and strive to undo the outcome of their living for years without any recognition of the claims that God has upon us all. Yes, men and women may lead Christian lives without being members of a?iy church, but past experience is all against it. United, we stand ; di- vided, we fall. With the allurements that this great world is now offering to lead all mankind astray we should leave no means untried for avoiding its dangers. It is ex- ceedingly desirable that those who have signed that paper I have mentioned should keep the matter in mind. They have com- menced to lead new lives, and every safe- guard should be thrown around them. The fact that people know they have signed the paper will be a safeguard for some little time; but pretty soon the matter will be for- gotten. If it is understood from the start that a man is a member of tlie church, every- body will expect him to be honest in deal and upright in deed. In fact, he will ex- pect it of himself in a way he would not 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 783 were he not a member of the church.* But after uniting- with the church, he should be regular in attendance. If he is not, this bracing-up soon becomes of no avail. And right here comes in the value of communion services. When I first united with the church, I am ashamed to say I could not see any need of it. I thoug-ht it bordered on superstitious rites. May God forgfive me. The communion is a renewal of vows first made to strive to follow Christ Jesus. Being absent from communion when it is possible to go is another indication of the loss of spirituality. The man who is living near to Christ, and desires to be near to him, will be glad of the opportunity of be- ing present at communion. He will rejoice at the chances it gives him of renewing his resolve to seek righteousness and forsake iniquity. I told you that not one of the iort}^ had come forward and united with the little church over there among- the hills; but I did not say, dear friends, I had given up — God forbid. I am hoping-, praying, and believing that these friends, young and old, all will by persistent effort on our part {the Holy Spirit assisting us) become mem- bers of that little church. Nehemiah suc- ceeded in building- the wall, notwithstand- ing the laug-hs and jeers of those who "grieved exceedingly" when they saw the worship of God was to be established again in that land, and notwithstanding their ef- forts to tear down as fast as the Jews build- ed it. Almost alone when he started, and almost unaided, he persevered and held on. and God was pleased to notice his zeal and ans-wer his prayers. Now, if this Home paper shall be the means of stirring- up within you an enthu- siasm to build up God's kingdom in your neighborhood, and induce you to start out to gather in "the lost sheep of the house of Israel," then will my heart rejoice. * In visiting the families in and around Bingham, Mr. Reed and I found a few who claimed that the former members of that little church were not as straight and square in their deal, and did not pay their honest debts any better than, if as well, as those who made no profession at all. Their excuse for not coming to church, and for not accepting Christ Jesus was that Christians are not as fair to deal with, and as unselfish for neighbors, as the professed infidels. Well, if these church-members commenced right away, after they united with the church, staying away from services, and avoiding communion Sunday, I can understand how this thing might be true. The man who has cheated one of his neighbors, especially if he himself is a brother in the church, will not feel much inclination to go to meeting; and especially will he be likely t'l get up some excuse for being absent on communion da)-; and pretty soon he is a dead man, like the boy we talked about, even though he goes around and does busness. But the man who is on hand at all the services held in his church, who de- lights in being at communion, and is ready to assist, such a man will rejoice at the opportunity of showing to his neighbors and to everybody else that he prac- tices what he professes. Oh what a pleasure it is to meet such men, to have deal with them, and see them exhibit not only in every act of life, but in their smil- ing faces, that they from the bottom of their hearts believe and rejoice in that grand little text from the patriarch Abraham, "We be brethren;" and do try every day of their lives to love their neighbors as themselves! To make cows pay, use Sharpies Cream Separators book " Business Dairying " & cat. 288 free. W. Chester. Pa THE BEES NEAR THE " CABIN IN THE WOODS." This is quite a buckwheat region, and just now I enjoy seeing, every morning-, the bees come tumbling in front of their hives so heavily laden they can hardly fl}'. Yes- terday morning, Aug-. 25, they were work- ing- so heavily I called all the inmates of the cabin (Mrs. Calvert and her two chil- dren, Mildred and Howard; Miss Carrie and Mrs. Root), and the bees were so busy the family all stood around the entrance of the hive, on the side, to be out of the way of the stream of flying bees, and enjoyed for quite a time the sight of the rushing workers going in and out. An hour later I was at first puzzled to see heavily laden bees piled over the entrance, and going in like a swarm just being hived, until I no- ticed a dark cloud coming up, indicating rain. It didn't rain, however, for bees oft- en make mistakes just as we do; but one curious thing about the performance was that many bees were pushing out while these were trying to get in. I finally de- cided that all the bees in the field, pretty well loaded up, came to the hive at the prospect of rain, dropped their honey, and then, as the rain hadn't come, they went back to work. You see a heavily laden bee can not take the chance of a wetting as well as one that has no load to carry. Am I right in this? Buckwheat is grown very extensively all around here, but I understand the common variety is generally preferred. It is used a good deal to feed poultrjs as the price is usually below that of other grain. It often sells as low as 40 cts. a bushel, and some- times even as low as SO." In the afternoon I found the bees quite busy on wild buck- wheat, a sort of vine that is quite a pest in cornfields. Our bees are now filling sec- tions quite rapidly with buckwheat honey. We have honey enough all the time, so far, so we have never had a bit of robbing in our apiary of only two hives. Our two hives are in a thicket of under- brush; and at the further side, opposite the bicycle-path, is an old rotten log, just right for a seat, and here I sit and rest, and watch and study the bees with almost as much enjoyment as I did thirty years ago. Close by the path is a maple-tree with a cavity in one side that contains rotten wood. always dry, just right for the smoker, and it will always light instantly with a match; in fact, the smallest spark will catch and spread. Willow-herb, or purple fireweed, is quite plentiful about here, and I suspect they get honey from this that is mixed with with the buckwheat, as the latter is lighter in color and milder in flavor than the buck- wheat honey I have seen heretofore. Aug. 2g. — The bees were slipping so 784 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Sept. 15 much on the painted sloping- bottom-board, that I tacked burlap over it, and now they march in in procession with their loads all rij^ht. This slipping- is mostly when the painted surface is wet with dew. This col- ony that is working so strong is a "shook" or brushed swarm. I shook and brushed off only about half of the combs in the new hive on the old stand, giving them only two combs of brood and a queen; but it made them stronger than the parent hive, and thf J' worked from the first with all the vig- or of a new natural swarm. CATNIP — HOW TO GROW IT FOR BEES. Dr. Gaudy's success with catnip for ar- tificial parturage is attracting much atten- tion. A great many want to know how to get a field of catnip, larger or smaller. Now, catnip is a weed, very hardy, and very easy to grow; but to get it in bloom quickly, and especially on a limited area, 1 would recommend sowing the seed, and transplanting, just as we do lettuce. In this way it can be put in after some other crop, and will furnish bloom very much sooner than if you sow the seed where it is to stand. I would suggest putting the plants about as far apart as corn, and cul- tivating both ways if you want to make them boom. Of course, this means work. Where land is cheap, and it is desirable to put in several acres, I would suggest plow- ing, harrowing, and broadcasting the seed. Ernest will probably be able to tell us something about how they manage in Dr. Gaudy's neighborhood. Growing catnip for honey is not at all new. Years ago a Mr. Nevins, in the southern part of Ohio, grew fields of it so as to put catnip honey on the market. It is said to be light in color, of very fine quality, and that it will command as good a price as any in the market. We should like to hear from those who have had experience in growing catnip for bees. My impression is, however, that it will hardly pay to grow crops of it on good land for honey alone. Just now there is going to be quite a demand for seed; and very likely the seed and honey both, may pay for the expense of cultivation. THE WILD-GOOSE PLUM; MORE ABOUT IT. In the August issue of Gleanings I note your com- ment on your friend Hilbert's plum-orchard as being of no value. No wonder, this being a solid block of but one variety; and that the wild goose, the flowers of which are sterile, and need another variety flower- ing at the same time to fertilize it. For those 100 trees of wild goose, about a dozen trees of Robinson or Wootten will be .sufficient to fertilize all, if planted in such a manner that their pollen can reach or can be carried to all the .surrounding wild-goose trees. Both the varieties mentioned are heavy bearers, especially Robinson, which is very likely to overbear, and must be thinned, otherwise tjie fruit will be small. My wild-goose plums were just as you describe Mr. Hilbert's — "no good,' except one tree, by mistake planted among the varieties mentioned. This puz- zled me, and I inquired into the cause of it, and the result is an unusual heavy crop of fine wild-goo -e plums on those formerly "no-good" trees. I suppose any Northern nursery can furnish Mr. Hilbert the Robnison and Wootten plum-trees, so there will be no netd to send for them down South. J. R. Jasek. Novohrad, Texas, Aug. 11. MORE ABOUT OUR WILD-GOOSE PLUM FROM OUR OHIO' AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Mr. A. I. Root:—\ note what you say in August 1st Gleanings regarding Mr Hilbert's wild-goose plums not bearing. Yo ask if it has proved " no good " in other localities. I will say in reply to this that, while the wild goose is not a first-class variety as to quality, it is a prolific bearer. It is one of those sorts, how- ever, that will not bear fruit when planted alone. Its blossoms are what we call ".'elf-sterile;" that is, the pollen from some other variety is needed to fertilize the blossoms of the wild goose. When some other native sort, which blossoms at about the .same time, is planted near the wild goose, pollination will take place, either by the agency of the wind or by the bees — most likely the latter. Under such conditions the wild goose never fails to produce a crop. If this is the right explanation of Mr Hilbert's trees not fruiting, I am quite sure that all he needs to do is to insert a few grafts here and there in the tops of his trees, of some native variety ; and as soon as the grafts are old enough to blossom he will have plums in abundance. Or he might plant young trees of other varieties near by, but it would take a year or two longer for them to bloom than it would for the grafts. W. T Green, Wooster, Ohio, Aug. 23. 'Horticulturist. Special Notices by A. I. Root. ■Wanted. — Catnip seed. WANTED— SEVEN-TOP TURNIP SEED. I,et us know how much you have, and what you waut for it. WINTER OR EGYPTIAN ONION-SETS. We have several bushels not yet disposed of. Re- member you can plant them at any time in the fall, and get a" crop; but the sooner you get them in the ground the better. For further \ articulars, see page ()21. July 15. Quart, 10 cts.; peck, 50 cts.; bushel. $1.50. If wanted by mail, add 10 cts. per quart for postage. GRAND RAPIDS LETTUCE SEED, ETC. Now is the time to sow your lettuce seed in the open air in order to get good strong hardened off plants to set under glass later. It is quite a saving of time and expense, to be able to get good stocky plants to move to the greenhouse, cold-frames, or hot-beds, to let them remain as long as possible in the open air. The Grand Rapids is still at the head for forcing under glass We have a fine stock of new seed grown espe- cially for our own trade, and do not believe the quality can be excelled by any stock or seed in th- world. Ounce, 5 ct.s., 1 lb. ,".50 cts.; 5 lbs., $2.00. If wanted by mail, add 10 cts. per lb . for packing and postage. It is also time to sow fetsey Wakefield cabbage seed in the open ground to be put under cold-frames later. We have a fine slock of the same seed we have been selling, grown especially for us by H. A. March, of Fidalgo, Wash. Ounce, 20 cts.; 1 lb., .^2..50 If wanted by mail, 10 cts. per lb. extra. jrUV.!/-**- BUSINESS, MANAGER ^ REVISED ADVANCED PRICES. In the August 1st issue, in this department we gave notice of an advance in prices. The cost of material and labor has advanced to such an extent during the past year that this advance in prices is made impera- tive. The revised table of prices, as they will be given in our new catalog, :• re given on the next page. These prices are in effect from Sept. 1st till further notice, and all previous prices not in conformity with these are cancelled The Jumbo and l,ittle Daisy sizes of Corneil smokers are not yet ready, and will not be for some weeks yet; but we are getting ready to furnish these two sizes; and the standard size, as well as the Clark, will be improved. We have a number of other improvements which we will present in due time to our readers. We offer a discount of 6 per cent for cash orders before Oct, 1, which many will do well to take advantage of. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 785 HIVES. 8-frame; dovetah,ed hives. Bottom board, 8-frame (A or B -8) Cover-board, " (E, F, or G -8) Empt\' body, " Body with frames and division-board (5-8) Body with frames, div'n-board, found'n-starters (6-8) Shallow super, empty Shallow super — section-holders and separators (2S-8i Shallow super— section-holders, seps., sections (3S-8) Shallow super— sec -hold., seps., .sees., starters (4S-8) Deep super Deep super— frames, division-board (8-8) Deep super — frames, div'n-board, fdn. -starters (9-8)... Hive-stand Cover, bottom, and body, with frames (BE5-8) Cover, bottom, and body, with frames and starters... l!^-story without sections and starters (BE52P-8) 154-stoiy with sections and starters (I!E5 IS ,")()' 4:! 00 6 13 .50 14 75 13 .50 16 00 17 .50 50 26 75 00 18 75: 100 500 Hoffman Frames 2.50 1100 Thick-top Frames. ..2 25 10 00 All-wood Frames 1 80 8 00 Shallow Frames 1 sO S 00 Danz. Frames 2 25 10 00 Danz. Sec-holders.. 2 00 9 00 Danz. M Fences 1 75 8 00 1 10 Chaff Div-b'ds, nailed.30 2 60 flat 15 1 30 Plain " nailed. 10 90 flat 8 70 .SECTIONS. No. 1. No. 2. Per 100 f 60 $ 50 Per 250 1 15 1 00 Per .500 2 00 1 75 Per 1000 4 00 3 50 Per 2000 8 00 7 00 Per 3000 11 25 9 75 Per 4000 14 60 12 (jO Per .5000 17 50 15 CO 1 10 D Sec. Case complete. 15 1 30 D Sec. Case, flat 6 50 D Sec. Case, 10-fr., flat 7 60 100 500 Slotted Sec-holders..l 70 7 00 Slotted Sec. Slats 85 3 50 Plain Sec-holders....l 40 6 00 I Plain Slats 85 3 50 Iv Plain Slats 60 2 75 Slotted Separators... 90 4 00 Plain Sawed " ... 60 2 75 Slat Separators 1 .50 6 75 Fence Separators....) 60 7 25 M Fence Separatorsl 75 8 00 HONEY-EXTRACTORS. No. 4 and 5 Novice 8 .50 No. 7 and 10 Novice 9 5t) No. 15 Cowan 11 50 No. 17 Cowan 12 50 No. 18 Cowan 13 .50 No. 20 Cowan 16 1 0 No. 25 Cowan .23 00 No 27 Cowan 27 00 No. 30 Cowan 30 00 No. 37 Cowan 35 00 Novice Honey-knife 80 Bingham " 70 Dadant Uncapping-can.... 8 .50 German Wa.x-press 14 00 .Swiss Wax-extractor 3 (X) with gen.. 4 00 Doolittle Wax-extractor... 4 00 SMOKERS. 1 3 Juni. Corneil, 4-in. st..l 25 3 30 Standard " 'i^i-in. 85 2 25 Uttle Daisy 2^-in. 65 1 80 Clark Smoker 55 1 .50 Bee-tent 1 75 ESCAPES. 1 10 Porter Escape board. ...15 140 Escape with board 35 3 20 FEEDERS. 1 10 Simplicity 06 .50 Division-board 25 2 20 flat 18 1 60 Miller, nailed 30 2 70 flat 25 2 30 t SHIPPING-CASES. 12-in. lOin. 12-in. 10-in. 16-in. 8-in. 6'.^-in, 7y8-in 7%-in 9K-in m- In Flat- -3.in gl. 2-in.gl. Nogl. Nailed 1 10 100 10(1 100 4-row.. 30 22 1 SO l(i 00 15 00 13 75 4-row.. 30 22 1 70 15 00 14 00 12 75 2-row.. 20 15 1 20 10 00 9 .50 8 75 2-row.. 20 15 1 10 9 .0 9 00 8 25 2-row.. 25 16 1 30 U OJ 10 50 9 75 3-row.. 20 Hi 1 20 10 .50 9 75 8 75 . 3-row 20 15 1 10 10 00 9 25 8 25 . 4 row 30 20 1 70 15 00 12 75 . 3 row 25 IS 1 30 11 00 9 50 . 4-row 30 20 1 70 14 .50 12 50 . .3-row 20 15 1 20 10 00 8 50 COMB FOUNDATION. ^?n1o?s'ot''" Name of Grade. Size sheet— No. to lb. 15 10 25 Medium Brood 7^X16% 7 to 8 5& 51 49 48 Wght Brood 7Ji Xl6% 9 to 10 55 .53 .51 .50 Thin Super 3%Xl5H 28 60 58 56 55 Extra Thin 3%Xl5H 32 &3 61 .59 .58 * Add 10c per hive for fdn-starters in these two hives. t Covers and bottoms over 7 inches wide to be in two pieces, and may he shiplapped together. This is made necessary by the increasing difficulty of finding wide h ards for making covers and bottoms in one piece. r2-in. 4-row cases have had 2-piece covers and bottoms for years; we are extending this to other sizes as well. 786 GLEANINGvS IN BEE CULTURE. Sept. 15 California has had a light honey crop this year, but here is an en- couraging letter from a resident of that State, in regard to the do- ings of a colony having a queen of the Superior Stock. Dos Mesas, Calif., June 26, 1902. W. Z. Hutchinson, Flint, Mich. Dfar ."^ir: — I eiiclcse you the photo, of a hive taken at 0:00 A. M being the only time of the day that the su I .shone directly upon it. The colony in this hive is the development of a three-frame nucleus, in which was placed the queen that you sent me last — Timer. You may remember that she was sent quite late m tne season, as California seasons go. However, she raised enough bees so that they filled ten frames full of hon. ey for winter. On account of the good showing of this queen last fall, I used her to breed from this season, taking larvae from the combs, per the Alley method, everj' five days. In spite of the loss in comb and bees, and the interruption lo the labors of the hive, I have taken off (itl well-finished sections. Please bear in mind that this is a poor year, and most of my 145 big hives have given me nothing. These bees are the nicest bees to handle of anv I have ever seen. While I do not suppose that you intended to send me a select- ed breeder, I am satisfied that this queen will compare favorably with any queen owned by anybody. If this will be of any aid to you in advertising Superior Stock, you are welcome to print it. Yours sincerely, H, N. Cross, M. D. My friend, for SI. 50 I can send you a queen reared from the same strain as the queen possessed by Mr. Cress. .She will come from the same breeder, and be reared in exactly the same manner. I will guarantee safe arrival, safe introduction, purity of mating, and entire satisfaction to the extent that the queen may be returned any time within two years and the money will be refunded, together with 50 cts. extra to pay for trouble. Special Offer. — For |2.00 I will send one queen, and the Bee-Keeper.'i' Review for one year. W. Z. HUTCHINSON, Flint, Mich, *r p-S-e- frS:S-&S-:&&^S-S-*-T-«-S-S^^S-S-&&S'?«f. 100 per cent Profit from Bees ^^ j^^.^,^ in California shown by V . S. "^:ilt Honey Report of l.S!)9 — a ^ ^ short year. Our li)01 crop flj ^4 of 800 cars of honey shows a -^x \(/ profit of K!0 per cent on the ((* ilii investment. By this same 'f* \|/ report the Eastern States ifl iln show an average profit of (fV vii only .")0 per cent on the in- ff* \JU vestment. UO colonies in a 1^ V|« good year will make a clear j(l,(MK);|l a JJJ <*f share. Its property is man- JJ w ufacturing plant and apia- JJJ ■^ ries. Prospectus on request. ^ «.9 S-g-S-S.-S-S 3^*-3 ♦-•^•i*^ GOOD FOR CUBA! The letter below, entirely unsolicited, proves that the "Case" queens are Good- for Cuba. Mr. Frierson bought 100 or more, last fall. Friend Casf. — The queens all came in good order. My bees, especially those I got from you, have super- seded very few queens. Only two swarmed, and they were very much exposed to the sun Notwithstanding the loss I had last fall, which caused me to divide up so late, I got a great deal more honey than my neigh- bors, and extracted later in the season. And now comes the pretty part : I have not fed a pound of sugar this summer, while all my neighbors have been feed- ing for some time. I have many hives now with 40 lbs. of honey, while the dark (Italians) have none, and 1 have to take frames of honey from your Italians and give to the dark ones — Italians, the parties who sold them called them Call them what you will, it is very strange to me that they will starve while others in the same yard have such an amount of surplus. I want to get them strong early this season, then, if they bring in the honey as they did last season. Ceiba Mocha, Cuba, Aug. IS.^feijiilC. B. Frikrson. The above queens were reared from same mother and .same method I am now using. Except for num- ber of queens tested it is a fair sample of a big lot of testimonials. Prices of queens from my golden strain: One select warranted, $1.00; six. 55.(0. Fair average queen, 75c; six, S-1.00. Send for folder. J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Florida. Queens! This is your last chance for this sea- son to get Red-clover Queens from Qui- rin's famous strain, so hurry in your orders. We have files of testimonials like the following: Mr. J. Roorda, of De Motte, Ind., bought four dozen queens in the spring, and he says the workers are hustlers ; while E. L. Messenger, New Haven, Ct., says the queen bought last season produced bees which beat any- thing in that part of the country. Price of Queens for Balance of Season. 1 6 12 Selected $ 75 1 00 1 50 3 00 |4 09 500 8 00 $ 7 00 Tested 9 00 Extra Selected Tested— the best We guarantee safe arrival to any State, conti- nental island, or any European country. Can fill all orders promptly, as we expect to keep three to five hundred queens on hand ahead of orders. Special price on 50 or 100. Circular free. Send all orders to Quirin the Queen=breeder, Post and Money-order Office, Parkertown, Ohio. POULTRY PAPER 3 Honths and book, "Plans for Poultry-houses," 10 cts. Paper one year and book, 25 cts, if you mention Gleanings (reg. price, 50 cts). Inland Poultry Journal, Indianapolis, Indiana. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 787 4 ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦»♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ Seasonable Offerings. The Fred W. Muth Co. t <^"'^°^' ^^^ ^^^^ '^""^y ^'"' ^"y Front & Walnut Streets Cincinnati, Oiiio. Muth's Pound Square Flint-glass Honey-jars with patent air tight glass stoppers, at $5.50 per gros-i. Far superior to old style with corks. Try a gross. Just the thing for home market. Crates of Two 60-pound Cans. Been used ouce, but in good condition. lu lots of five crates. 40c each; tea or more, :i5c. This lot is limited; order at once. Buckeye Strain three- banded are the genuine red clover workers. Mulh's strain oj' golden Italians can not be surpassed. Either of above 75c each; six for f4 00. Select tested, $1.50 each. A trial will convince you. Send for our catalog of bee supplies. ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦^♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦^ QUEENS! BY RETURN MAIL. We are now breeding from three dis- tinct strains; viz., Imported or leather color, Root's long-tongued or red-clo- ver strain, and our old strain of white banded yellow Italians, or albinos. PRICES: Tested, each $1.25 Select tested, each. ; 1.50 Warranted purely mated, each 75 Same, per half dozen 4.00 Same, per dozen 7.50 Untested, each 65 Same, per half dozen 3.50 Same, per dozen 7.00 We have also a full line of bee-keep- ers' supplies including THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY'S GOODS. Send for our 32-page illustrated catalog. V. Gary & Son, Lyonsvllle, Mass. HONEY QUEENS FROM TEXAS. I can furnish queens of 6 different races, all bred in their purity in separate yards from (i to 25 miles apart. Untested queens, 75 cts. to Jl.OO each. Tested queens of either race, $1.50 to $;5.00 each. Breeders, $3.50 to $5 each. Bees by the pound, and 1, 2. and 3 frame nuclei a specialty. Prices cheap Quoted on application. Price li.st free. Will Atchley, Box /9.Beeville, Bee Co.. Tex. Queens for Aug. and Sept., 60 cts. Abbott L,. .""winson queen-specialist, will mail war- ranted American Albino Italians ibest liees known) to introduce the stock, at 60 cts. each; $ii.00 per dozen. Everybody try them, and get the bee you need. Swinson & Boardman, Box 358, Macon, Ga. 1 0 CENTS That's all it costs to get acquainted with the Rocky Mountain Bee Journal. We want to send it on trial to every reader of Gleanings Three Months for 10 cts. This vigorous young month- ly has just entered its second year on a paying basis, and has become the recognized mouthpiece of the bee- keepers of the great Rocky Mountain alfalfa regions. Address The Rocky Mountain Bee Journal, Box 611, Boulder. Colorado. Special Notice to Bee=keepers ' Root's Supplies at Catalog Prices. SKND FOR CATALOG. F. H. Farmer, Boston, Mass. . 182 Friend St., 1st Flight. ^ Bee-supplies Quick Let us show you how quick we can fill your orders. Best of goods and the best. place in country to ship from. Get our Prices on Dovetailed Hives and Sections. Write to us It you have any Honey or Beeswax to sell. C. M. SCOTT & CO.. INDIANAPOLIS. INDIANA. 1004 East Washington Street. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Sept. 15 The Ideal Piano Built anticipating the demand of those satisfied with nothing but the best and looking for a piauo of the Highest Artistic Creation Are you considering tlie purcliase of a piano? Our proposition will prove more en- tertaining than any sou hive had. Catalog and Jull information free on application. THE PACKARI> COMPANY P.O. Box F Fort Wii.viK-. Iiidlann SEWS ANYTHING I from silk to coars-^^g£ I est fabrics. The Ci BALL-BEARINC ARLINGTON J (equal of any $40 to $r>3 IHarhinr.) ^ |CamblDf3 hiih"St rr I oiency with beiiulifu 1 nnpparance. finest Jj BEARING, hence cai meed for 20 jfars. 250,000 sold." I Testimonials from every State. _ ^ritefor Free I'atalo^ Bhowing all Styles and samples of work. | Arlington puaranteed machines from 111.05 up. Our Automatic raliinet at fll.la Is • wonder. ^ CASH nrVFRS- TNION. Ilept. A-345, PHtf AGO. ILL. I REFE.^l..C:'.. FlRS 1 N A ri>'N AI n\N k. CHlCALand Queens. A prominent queen-breeder writes : " I have reared and sold over 5000 queens in the past few years, and I am using your stock exclus'vely, as it is the best I can gety Another writes : "The queen mother I got of you is the best queen I ever saw." A prominent writer for the Review states the L,aws queen is making a fine showing. Many nice Itrtters indicative of the superi- ority of Eaws' queens on file. Prices : Tested or un- tested, $1.00 each; six for $.5.00. Discount on large lots. Wiite for circular. W. H. Laws. Beeville, Texas. Queens! Queens! We have five different yards, 5 to 20 miles apart, where Italians, Cyprians, Holylands, Carniolans, and Albinos are bred for business. You can send in your orders at following prices the rest of this year: Test- ed, $1 50 each; $8.00 for six; $15.00 per doz. Untested, 75c each; $^.25 for six, or $8.00 per doz. Fine breeders, $5.00 each. Safe arrival guaranteed. Write for free catalog. Tells how to raise queens and keep bees for profit. The Jennie Atchley Co., Beeville, Bee Co., Tex. Minnesota Bee-keepers' Supply Mfg. Co., Manufacturers of Bee-hives, Sections, Shipping-cases, and Everything Used by Bee-keepers. Orders filled promptly. We have the best shipping facilities in the world. You will save money by send- ing for our price list. Address Minnesota Bee-keepers' Supply Mfg. Co., Nicollet Island Power Building, Minneapolis, Minn. Imp'tV Queens Direct from Italy Please send us your address on a postal card, and we will send you our price list of queens, written in Eng- lish. Correspondence not sufficiently po:-t-stamped \v\\\ be refused. Our motto : " w hatsoever ye would that men should do to \ou, do ye even so to them." Write Malan Brothers. .... Queen-breeders, " Aplarlo." Luserna, San Giovanni. Italy. QAIII TOY PAPER, illnstM, 20 P»freB, ll'IIIILIn I 25 cents per year. 4 months' trial 10 cents. Sample Free. 64-page practical •onltry book free to yearly Bubscnbera. iJook alone 10 cents. Catalofcae of po^dtg ibooks free. eouUry Advocate, Syracaae, H.%. ^Kcye^s^ :mqrd Makes healthy fowls. All latest improvements. SENT ON TEN DAYS' FREE TRIAL. No money until you're satistied that it cuts easier and faster than any other. Isn't that better than paying cash in advance for a moohine that you nevtr eaw! Catalogue free. F. W. MANN CO., Box 37, Milford, Mass. ' 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 789 CHas. Israel ^ Brotliers 486-490 Canal St., cor. Watt St.. N. Y. Honey ai^d Bees^ivax Liberal Advances Made on Consignments Wholesale Dealers and Commission Merchants. EstablishLd 1875. Long Tongues Valuable South as well as North. How Moore's strain of Italians roll in the honey down in Texas Hutto, Texas, Nov. 19, 1901. J. P. Moore. — Dear sir: — I wish to write you in re- gard to queens purchased of yovi. I could have writ- ten sooner, bvit I wanted to test them thoroughly and see if they had those remarkable qualities of a three- banded Italian bee. I must confess to you I am more surprised every day as I watch them. They simply " roll the honey in " It seems that they get honey where other.s are idle or trying to rob; and for gentle- ness of handling, I have never seen the like. Friend 13. R. Root was right when he said your bees have the longest tongues ; for they get honey where others fail. I will express my tlianks for such queens. I am more than pleased. I wiU stock my out-apiaries next spring with your queens Yours truly, Henry Schmidt. The above is pretty strong evidence that red clover is not the only plant which requires long-tongue bees to secure the greatest quantity of nectar. Daughters of my 23-100 breeder, the prize-winner, and other choice breeders : Untested, 75 cts. each ; six. $1.00: dozen, 57.50. Select untested, $1.00 each; six, $5.00 ; dozen, $9 00. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Circular free. I am filling all orders by return mail, and shall probably be able to do so till the close of the season. J. P. Moore, L. Box I, Morgan, Kentucky. Pendleton County. Wants and Exchange.* Notices will be inserted under this head at 10 cts. per line. You must SAT you want your adv't in this department, or we will not be responsible for any error. You can have the no- tice as many lines as you please ; but all over ten lines will cost you according to our regular rates. We can not be re- sponsible for dissatisfaction arising from these " swaps." w w ANTED. — Beeswax; bright yellow preferred. I. J. Stringham, 105 Park PI., New York City. ANTED.— To sell R. C. White Leghorn cockerels at each. Chas. Schneider, Mclvor, Mich. V^ANTED. — To sell an apiary of 30 colonies, a lot of '' bee-supplies, 5 lots— with house, barn, and two shops — i^ a small village. Must be sold; a great bar- gain for some one. Address for particulars, H. D. Edwards, Delhi, 111. yj^ANTED. — To sell knitting-machine and Tokology, ' ' and want to buy fall honey. Write • Mrs. a. L. Dupray, Camanche, Iowa. WANTED.— To exchange one 400-egg Reliable incu- '" bator, used very little, and one egg cabinet for 400 eggs, for bees, bee fixtures, or any thing I can use in the bee business. Noah Monroe, Perkins, Oklahoma Teriitory. Y]^.\NTED. — Situation in an apiary for the winter; *' Mexico, .Arizona, or P'torida preferred. Have had some experience. Reference if requested. A. C. Butler, Newcastle, Neb. \V ANTED. — To buy, rent, or on shares, an apiary in '" good location in good agricultural section, for 1903; South preferred; 13 vears' experience. P. W. S r.^HLMAN, West Berne, N. Y. w w ANTED. — To exchange extracted honey for foot- power saw, incubator, and offers. W C. Gathright, Las Cruces, N. M. ANTED. -To sell a four-horse-power gasoline-en- gine; good as new; will sell very low for cash. C. I,. Gould, East Dover, Vermont. w IV .ANTED — To name you astonishing low prices on '^' White Leghorn chicks of the famous VanDresser laying strain; also on Barred Rocks. P. Hostetler, E. Lyiine, Mo. WANTED. — Experienced man who knows how to take care of bees, to establish a large apiary on an extensive orchard property in Kansas, 60 miles from Kansas City. The place contains 40 000 apple- trees, 30,000 peach, cherry, and plum trees, large catal- pa groves, a profuse array of wild blossoms, and sev- eral fields of alfalfa will be planted soon. This is an excellent opportunity for the right man. Address, stating experience and terms, H. L. Nicolet, Star Office, Kansas City, Mo. \\/^ANTED.— To buy bees south of the Ohio River. ^^ State prices and kind of hives. B. Storry-, Marion, Mich. W^ w^ WANTED. — Position in apiary by young man 20 years of age; have had experience; West prefer- red; to begin next March. Carl Wurth, Falmouth, Indiana. YY ANTED.— To sell 200 swarms of Italian bees. Also '" 7000 lbs. white extracted honey in 60-lb. cans; 5 acres choice improved land, and house and two lots; or will trade for merchantile business. Don't write unless you mean business. Elias Fox, Hillsboro, Wis. WANTED. — Beeswax ; highest market price paid. Write for price list. Bach, Becker & Co., Chicago, 111. WANTED.— To sell for ca.sh, 5 gal. square tin cans, used for honey, at about half price of new cans. Also elegant exhibition 12-lb. no drip honey-cases f^r plain Danz. and 4}4Xi% sections; made for Pan-Amer- ican. For prices, etc., address Orel L- Hershiser, 301 Huntington Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. WANTED.— One or more copies of Vol. II. Cheshire's Bees and Bee-keeping. Let us know in what condition your book is, and price wanted. The a. I. Root Co., Medina, Ohio. Y^ANTED. — To sell bees and queens. Also putty- ' ' knife with iron handle and strong steel blade — just the thing for prying and scraping about hives, etc., 15c postpaid. O. H. Hyatt, Shenandoah, la. WANTED.— To sell in December, 160 acres of im- proved land for $500, and 200 hives of yellow bees, and extracting tools; hive factory very cheap for cash. I was the founder of the apiary with which J. C. McCubbin, of Central California, earned his fame. So come for health where there is but little rain and no snow. Land is rich, and crops grow. This State has all kinds of climate and .soil. S. W. Conrad, Poplar, Tulare Co., Cal. WANTED. — To exchange an American fruit-evapo- rator (nearly new, capacity 8 to 12 bus., cost $.35). for honey or supplies. Will sell evaporator for $15. Dean Ferris, 1510 Maple Ave., Peekskill, N. Y. ANTED — To sell 75 colonies bets cheap; also some aster comb honev. Bid quick. R. S. Becktell, vSadlersville, Tenn. W^ w w^ RANTED.— To sell 600 stands of Italian bees in Sim- plicity hives in lots to suit buyer. Will deliver the same to any point in the West if desired. Corres- pondence solicited. Tyler Bros., Nicolaus, Cal. WANTED.— To exchange .second-hand 60-lb. cans, boxed, practically as good as new, at 35 to 40 cts. per case, f . o. b. at Chicago, for extracted clover honey at its market value. B. Walker, 28 33d Place, Chicago, 111. WANTED.— To exchange my new price list of 2000 ferrets, now ready to ship, for your address on a postal card. N. A. Knapp, Rochester, Ohio. 790 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Sept. 15 ^^vw^wyvwwwywwvwuwvvw^wyvyw^wyvwywMv i di Ready ! New London, Wisconsin. MANUFACTURERS OF AND DEALERS IN . . . BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES. . . . ► ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»»»»»»»»»»»4 Sixty-four Page Catalog Send for Our Free New Illustrated 5 Catalog and Price List ^ of every thing- bee-keepers need. Illustrated and fully described. Especially valuable to beg-in- ners for the information it con- tains. Send your address on a postal and get it now. Estab- lished 1884. ]. M* Jenkins^ Wetttmpka^ Elmore Co., Ala, ►♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦4 BEE-SUPPLIES. KretGlimerMig.Go.,Box60,Re(IOak,la. Best-equipped factory in the West ; car- ry a large stock and greatest variety of every thing needed in the apiary, assur- ing BEST goods at the LOWEST prices, and prompt shipment. We want every bee-keeper to have ot:r FREE IlyLUS- TRATED CATALOG, and read descrip- tion of Alternating Hives, Ferguson Su- pers, etc. IVrite at once /or a catalog. ■ AGENCIES Trester Supply Company, Lincoln, Neb. Shugart & Ouren, Council Bluffs, la. Chas. Spangler, Kentland, Ind. BINGHAM SMOKER. Dear Sir:— Inclosed find $1.75. Please send jne brass smoke-engint'. I have one already. It is the best smoker I ever used. Trulv yours, Hknbt Schmidt, Hutto, Tex. MADE TO ORDER Bingham Brass Smokers, Made of sheet brass, which does not rust or burn out; should last a lifetime. You need one, but they cost 25 cts. more than tin of the same size. The little open cut shows our brass hinge put on the three larger sizes. No wonder Bingham's four-inch smoke-engine goes without puffing, and docs not drop inky drops. The perforat- ed steel fire-grate has 3S(1 holes to air the fuel and support the fire. Heavy tin smoke-engine, 4-inch stove, per mail, $1..50 ; 3^-inch, $1.10; 3-inch. $1.00; 2'/^-inch, 90c; 2-inch, ti.5c. Bingham smokers are the originals, and have all the improvements, and have been the standard of excellence for 23 years. Only three larger ones brass. T. F. Bingham, Farwell, Michigan. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 795 Contents of this Number. After-swarms and Nuclei, Uniting S02 Alkali in Soil Sly Alfalfa in North Carolina SIO Apiarj', Farthest South .S15 Bees and Pear-blisjht 818 Bee-book by Dr. Miller 803 Bee-keeper. Chinese 816 Catnip in Wisconsin 819 Catnip. Plantations of 799 Cloth, Propolized, in Smokers 819 Clover, Crimson 790 Drink-bill of United States 800 Kucalvptus 819 Gandy, Dr., Visit to 805 Goldenrod 800 Honey for Burns 80'ii Honey, Fall Flow 803 House-apiary Under Ground 819 Kansas Honey Crop .819 Potato Crop for 1902 825 Queen, Virgin, To Detect 800 Rambler in Isle of Pines 811 Robber-trap 820 Scales, Wax, on Floor-board 799 Smokers. Criticisms on 813 Sunday Question 822 Swarms, Brushed 807 Thistle, Russian 799 Torrid-zone Drops 810 Utter's Yield 819 Wintering on Combs of .Sealed Honey 800 Honey Column. GRADING-EULES. Fancy.— All sect ions to be well tilled, combs straight, tirm- ly attached to all four sides, the combs unsoiled by travel- stain or otherwise ; all the cells sealed except an occasional cell, the outside surface of the wood well scraped of propolis. A No. 1.— All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs straight ; one-eighth part of comb surface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soiled ; the out- side of the wood well scraped of propolis. No. ].— All sections well tilled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs comparatively even ; one-eighth part of comb surface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soiled. No. 2.— Three-fourths of the total surface must be filled and sealed. No. 3.— Must weigh at least half as much as a full-weight section. In addition to this the honey is to be classified according to color, using the terms white, amber, and dark ; that is, there will be " Fancy White," " No. 1 Dark," etc. CITY MARKETS. Chicago. — Comb honey is meeting with good de- mand, and the arrivals are°eas)ly disposed of at 15@lt) per lb. for that which grades No. 1 to fancy. Very littlf of the lower grades are offered, but bring within two to three cents of No. 1. Amber grades of comb are also scarce, with no buckwheat offerings. Ex- tracted is steady, white bringing (5J4(ai8; amber, 6(ai7; Southern and odd lots of dark, 5(a6. Beeswax wanted at 30. R. A. Burnett & Co., Sept. 19. 199 South Water St., Chicago, 111. San Francisco. — Comb honey, ]0@13. Extracted water-white, 0@6^ ; light amber, 5^@55^ ; dark am- ber, 4(S5. Beeswax, 273^(330. Bees, with me, are bringing in a little honey from hartshorn, and I am in hopes they will get in enough to winter nicely. They were almost bare of food before the hartshorn bloom- ed. This hartshorn comes up through the hard-baked ground and blossoms and thrives when the heat is the >;reatest, and requires no moisture. The honey is water-white, delicious in flavor, and candies readily. Comb honey is white as snow. E. H. SCHAEFFLE, Sept. 12. Murphys, Calif. Milwaukee. — This market is now in good condi- tion for shipments of honey of either extracted or comb. The old stock that is salable is all cleared away, and choice new-crop stock will meet the de- mand and bring fair values. We can now quote fancy 1-lb. sections in cases, \^(fv\1\ A No. 1, 14@lo; old and irregular light or amber, nominal. Extracted, in bar- rels, cans, pails, and kegs, white, 7H@8J^; amber, 0@ consin basswood is the wiiitest we have ever seen. When you order vji '♦^ No. 1 Sections from us you will get a strictly No. 1 grade in both '^ ^- workmanship and color. -^ jij Our Bee-hives are made of a line grade of lumber and are perfect in work- ^^ ^ manship. A full line of every thing needed in the apiary ready for ^^ "^^ prompt shipment. Catalog mailed on application. "^ A Suggestion. Do not put j'our money into new-fangled bee-hives, but ■y^ buy a simple, serviceable, and well-made hive such as the regular vj>r^ Dovetailed Hive, arranged for beeway sections. Honey-producers 'y in Colorado, one of the largest honey-producing sections in the •^• vfe world, use this style. xj^ ^ Q. B. Lewis Company, Watertown, Wis. % Queens Now Ready to Supply by Return Mail finlrtpn Ifjlli^tm have no superiors and few equals; untested, 75c; 6 for $4.00. Rpd = rlnVfr OllPfn^ which left an records behind in gathering honey; untested, $1; 6 for |5. Cfirniol^lfm ^'^^ ■'''-* liJghly recommended, being »?o?r gentle than others; untested, $1.00. ccccccccc: Root's Goods at Root's Factory Prices, cccccccccc C. H. W. Weber, 2146, 2148 Central Av., Cincinnati, Ohio. Successor to Chas. F. Muth and A. Muth. 'Tygf ^l Jour HAL DELVOTELD* •■fo'BE.E.=> •.'imdHoMEY •MD HOMIL- ' •1NTE.»^ESTA bii5hedyTKEA'lT\ooYCo. ■ P[RVEAR'^'\@"nEDlNA-OH10 Vol. XXX. OCT. I, 1902. No. 19 Heartseask has never been counted on as one of the honey-plants here, but this re- markably wet season has made it abundant, and the bees are busy on it. [So here. — Ed.] Russian thistle was dreaded as a great scourge in the West not so very long ago. On the way to Denver, stacks of Russian- thistle ha}' were to be seen. It has a mi- nute but really beautiful flower. Mention of foundation with cloth in the septum, p. 780, recalls the fact that years ago samples were sent out with tin foil in the septum. But I think not many ever in- vested in more than a sample of it. Mrs. K. — "So this is really artificial honey. Where does it come from?" Mr. K. — "I understand it is gathered from artificial flowers b}' artificial bees." Mrs. K. — "The idea!" — Philadelphia Press. A SECOND CROP of white clover is report- ed at Medina, p. 766. It has been yielding here in September, but it seems like a be- lated first crop rather than a second crop. Fields that showed very few blossoms in June gradually increased until they were white in September, and the bees have per- haps gathered considerable from it. Crimson clover is described in Amer, Bee Journal, Jan., 1872. Strange it should have received no more attention until lately. [And it is not receiving the attention now it should in any of the bee papers. I should be glad to receive reports from those who have been testing this crimson clover in va- rious portions of the country.- — Ed.] Sometimes I see the statement that, when a swarm issues with a clipped queen, the queen may be found on the ground with a cluster of bees. In the hundreds of cases I have seen, such a thing has not often oc- curred. If the queen is found soon, she is looking out for herself; if left long enough for a cluster to form, she is generally back in the hive. The Denver convention was a success. Rauchfuss, Working, Thompson, and all the rest, wore clothes just like white peo- ple, none of them appearing in blankets. If any of them had hatchets, they were car- ried as "concealed weapons." The con- vention was brightened by the presence of an unusual number of women. Go SLOW o« inaki?ig plantalions of cahiip. I saw a beautiful block of it under cultiva- tion in the lifetime of Jessie Oatman, but I don't believe it paid. It's an excellent hon- ey-plant, however. Its favorite place of growth in this region is along the osage- orange hedges. [I put your "go slow" sentence in italics. See paragraphs else- where in this issue on this subject. — Ed.] It was a pleasure to meet at Denver that veteran, J. L. Peabody, the inventor of one of the first extractors. [He was the in- ventor, I believe, of the first honey-extract- or ever put on the market in America. When I looked the matter up a few years ago, I found that there were several others almost cotemporaneous, but he had a little the lead; and if his machine had been gear- ed as he desired to have it, it would have come very near being a perfect machine. — Ed.] Wax scales, just as they have fallen from the wax-pockets, are to be found in many if not in all cases, among the debris on the floor of the hive upon coming out of winter quarters. That goes a little way toward proof that to some extent the secre- tion is involuntary, and independent of needs. [Are you sure that those scales found on the floor-boards in the spring were real wax scales? or is it possible our Ger- man friends across the water have been making some new discoveries along these lines? — Ed.] GoLDENROD is giving a strong flow of honey at Medina, says ye editor. Abun- 800 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Oct, 1 dance of it here, but not a bee to be seen on it, and I don't know that it ever yields. [Since our last issue the weather has turn- ed much warmer, and the bees are working- on goldenrod as I never saw them before. At the Harrington yard, up on the hill, or the farm where we are temporarily sojourn- ing', there is any quantity' of goldenrod and heartsease in the vicinity; and during the heat of the day the bees are very busy on both.— Ed.] A. I. Root seems to be getting- interested in bees, p. 783. Go kind of easy on it, Bro. A. I., so as to hold out, and help us to solve some of our later problems. [Say, doctor, I believe if you had amplified this thoug-ht you would have said A. I. Root once rode the bee-keeping- hobby so hard that he tired of it. You now wish him to ride easj- and slowly so that he may again contribute as formerly of his knowledge and experience to the bee-keeping- world. But, say; let me tell you he is g-rowing- enthusiastic over some of the new devices that have been adopted by us j'oungsters. — Ed.] Sometimes it is spoken of as the common thing that, when a swarm issues with a clipped queen, the queen will be found on the ground with a cluster of bees. In the hundreds of cases I have seen, such a thing has not often occurred. If the queen is quickly found, she is looking out for her- self; and if left long enough for a cluster to form she is generally back in the hive. [Is it not the common thing that the queen is not found quicklj', and hence the bees find her before the bee-keeper? If that is the case the queen should generally be found with a cluster of bees. — Ed.] After an absence of four days at Sun- day-school conventions I return home, Sept. 19, to find that the supers have been taken off the hives at the home apiary, giving an average of 45 sections per colony. About all of this has been stored since the middle of August, being, I think, the best fall yielc? I ever had. After having to feed up to July, I feel quite thankful for 45 sections per colony. [I saw those crates of honej' stacked up on Dr. Miller's hives. I had been prepared to believe he secured no hon- ey, and he was ready to think so too, I should judge, till he came to lift off the cov- ers from some of the supers. But more of this at another time. — Ed.] Some report entire success in wintering colonies on solid combs of sealed honey; others entire failure. I suspect the diff'er- ence depends on the amount of space under the bottom-bars. If there is only half an inch under the frames, there is no room for the bees to form a cluster, and the3' are bound to freeze. With two inches between bottom-bars and floor, they can cluster and keep warm, even if there isn't an empty cell in the combs. That is, they can in a cellar; outdoors not so well, for the cluster below the frames would be too much expos- ed. [Then you would favor two inches un- der the combs summer and winter. I be- lieve it is your practice to have such space the year round. — Ed.] To decide whether a virgin queen is present, a common way is to give a frame of eggs and young brood, with the under- standing that, if a young queen is present, no queen-cells will be started. It is pretty safe to follow the rule that, if no queen- cells are started, there is a (lueen present; but I have ceased to put faith in the oppo-' site rule, that the presence of cells shows the absence of any queen; for too often cells will be started, even with a good virgin queen present. It's a good thing, all the same, to give the young brood. [You are just right. The presence of cells under some circumstances does not necessarilj'^ in- dicate the absence of a queen; but they may show that the old queen-mother is playing out, or they may show the fact that the hive was queenless at one time, and that a vir- gin present for some reason had not seen fit to destroy the cells and thus put out of the way any possible rival. — Ed.] Here's something for the young man to think about. Speaking in Fortnightly Re- view of the drink bill of France, the United Kingdom, Germany, and the United States, John Holt Schooling, the expert British sta- tistician, says: "The American total per head is less than half the total consump- tion per head in any of the three other coun- tries. The superior sobriety of the Ameri- can workman as compared with the Eng- lishman has often been noticed, and obser- vation in social grades higher than that of the artisan tends to show that American superiority in this respect is a general su- periority not confined to workmen only. The developed alertness and prompt energy of the American may, it is quite likel}', be due in some part to this relative abstinence from alcoholic drink." [This fact is very encouraging, if true, and I believe it is. Possibly it explains why American manu- facturers are invading the European mar- kets with better-made goods, and at less price, in spite of cheaper European labor. The time was, and does even now prevail to some extent in German factories, where emploj'ees are given rations of beer between meals. Some of these manufacturers are beginning to discover that this is a serious mistake. Just imagine a manufacturer in this country, who is looking at the dollars and cents, giving away beer to his men for the purpose of stimulating (?) their ener- gies. Sometimes it is discouraging to think of the number of saloons in the United States; but when we come to think of the healthj' public sentiment that is growing very rapidly, we can not help feeling that God still reigns. — Ed.] Allow me to endorse what A. I. Root says, p. 782, about the unwisdom of trj-ing to live a Christian life outside of any church, or refusing to unite with a church just be- cause your own particular brand of church is not within reach. Even if one can live a Christian life all bj- his lone self, he can 1^02 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 801 be helped b}' being' in a church, and can help the church at the same time. If it's right for each one to stay out of a church, then there's no need to have any churches. Just imag'ine the missionary work going- on withdut an}' churches! The excuse that you don't want to be in a church where there are hypocrites will hardlj' go. If you can't stand it with them for a few 3'ears in this world, how are you going to stand it with them all the time in the other place? [Then you politelj' imply that the non- church member and the hypocrite maj^ go to the same place — the bad place in the next world. But it sort o' seems to ine the hypo- crite, because he professes to be what he is not, because he is a living lie, pretending- to be a follower of Jesus Christ when he is a servant of the evil one — why, it seems to me that such a person deserves to be in a hotter place than the ordinary non-church member who lives just as g^ood a life as the other fellow, but whose life is not a living lie. I believe the great and just God will see that the hypocrite will get his just re- ward. I have no sort of patience with a professed Christian who will not affiliate with some orthodox body of believers, sim- ply because his particular church has a different creed. I believe I would attend the services of any orthodox creed rather than stay away entirely. — Ed.] ^J^eioJhbor^Jieldj "Pa," said little Sammy King, "What makes hard coal so high?" "Because it's down so low, my son," The father did reply. \b The seventeenth edition of the British Bee-keepers' Guide-book, by Thos. Wm. Cowan, is now before the public in better form than ever, and fully abreast with the times. It has 172 pages besides a full in- dex, and is, apparently, the same size of page (4x6) as the previous editions. This celebrated work is too well known to bee- keepers to need any thing more said in its favor. Probably no man among bee-keep- ers is better known for his practical and scientific knowledge of the bee than Mr. Cowan ; and his name alone is sufficient guarantee for the faithfulness with which the work has been done. This book is spe- cially meritorious for the great number of illustrations adorning its pages, every step being made plain through "eye gate." A fine {portrait of Mr. Cowan is seen on the frontispiece. With his usual modesty he says its appearance there is very "dis- tasteful " to him, and he consented to have it appear only at the urgent solicitation of his friends. The size of the book renders it an easy matter to hold it in the hand ei- ther lying down or sitting up. It is a val- uable acquisition to any bee-keeper, and has been translated into French, German, Danish, Swedish, Russian, and Spanish. Its outward appearance is elegant. Concerning the reclaimingof alkali lands, the Oklahoma Farm Journal says, in reply to a correspondent: "This problem has been studied exten- sively in California, where there are large areas of alkali lands, some of them having- been made so by the use of irrigation wa- ter on higher levels. Trials of saltbushes in Oklahoma, in so far as we know, have not been very successful, but doubtless something could be made out of them. Their specialty is growing- on land that is so salty that nothing else will grow. " Where the alkali or salt spots are small, they may be improved by incorporating- large quantities of coarse manure, straw, or any thing that will furnish organic mat- ter, with the soil. This will improve the mechanical condition of the surface soil and make it possible to grow sorghum and other crops that remove considerable of the solu- ble mineral constituents. If drainage can be provided so that heavy rains will leach out the soluble salts and carry them away, it will be an advantage. At best the work is slow, and it will take years to get such spots in satisfactory condition." REVUE INTERNATIONALE. All the German reviews strongly recom- mend the cultivation of phacelia. It does well on all soils, yields a rich green fodder for cattle, and is a honey-plant par excel- lence, as its time of blooming lasts a month. In the August number of the Revue will be found a detailed and interesting sketch of the life of the late Charles Dadant, written by his friend J. Crepieux-Jamin. Few things are better calulated to make us think still better of Mr. Dadant than the following tribute he pays to his wife: Her death has made me ten years older. I do not pass a single day without mourning for her. Her loss is my only grief, as I am with my son and grand- children. Camille's wife is as good to me as if I were her own father. Never, for twenty-five years, has a single word nor the least di.scord disturbed the har- mony existing between those two women. A writer says, "For a long time I have noticed the aversion that bees have for naph- thaline. I prepared, accordingly, a paste formed of two parts of vaseline and one of naphthaline. After having melted the vas- eline in lukewarm water I mixed with it the napathaline finely pulverized. After rubbing the hands with this mixture I was able to overhaul 28 hives without receiving a single sting, while my assistant, in spite of veil and gloves, was obliged several times to save himself by flight from the fu- 802 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Oct. 1 rious attacks of the bees. The next day he also rubbed his hands with the same com- position and was able to finish the exami- nation of 17 other colonies without being stung once." \b PROGRES APICOLE. A contributor gives the following from his experience, which may be of great ser- vice to others: "Honey diluted with water, with the addition of a few drops of tincture of arnica, is excellent for washing wounds. Honey mixed with rye flour, and boiled till it is thick, and applied to burns, produces suppuration, and draws out the heat. If one holds a burned member in honey he will immediately find the pain ceases, and blisters will cease to form. The use of hon- ey for burns is especially advised when they are on the face, and when no better remedy is at hand." m UNITING AFTER-SWARMS AND NUCLEI. "Mr. Doolittle, I came over this afternoon to have a little chat with you about uniting bees." "Very well, Mr. Brown. I have a few minutes' leisure, and would a«; soon talk with you as with any one. Why do you wish to unite your bees?" "I have some light after-swarms and nu- clei that do not seem to have sufficient bees to winter successfully as they are, and I thought if two or more of them could be put together their chances for wintering would be bettered ; hence I wished to know the best way for doubling or uniting these little colonies preparatory to wintering, and the best time to do the same." "My idea has been that the time of year to double up weak swarms or to unite nu- clei is just as soon as the bees cease to gath- er honey, and I have the extra queens dis- posed of, as I wish, these queens being used to fill orders with the queen-breeder, and to supersede any poorer queens that the honey-producer may chance to have." "Can you not tell me about the time of the year that would be best?" "The last half of September and the first half of October is the time when I do the most of my uniting of small colonies, where I have such. The sooner it can be done after September 20 to 25 the better, for then the bees are given more time to fix their stores and hive in the shape they wish them for winter; and the nearer these things are to what they would be in a full colony which has had all summer to prepare for winter in, the more assurance of successful winter- ing we have." "Why are not these united after-swarms in just as good shape for wintering as any colony, providing they have the same amount of bees and honey?" "A hive which has its combs all over- hauled after the 25th of October, and put back promiscuously, is in poor shape for winter, as the nest prepared for winter. . with unsealed honey surrounding it on all sides, is thrown out of shape and made as uncomfortable to the bees as a bed would be to a person were it thrown over a pile of stones instead of resting smoothly on bed- springs. No great disturbing of the win- ter-nest of the bees should be done later than October 25th to 30th, unless it is a pos- itive necessity, north of 40 degrees north latitude." "I think I understand this part. Now, how shall I do the uniting?" "The plan which I have used of late years is the one which I prefer to all others, after having tried them all, and is as fol- lows: When the time comes to unite I select the hive having the queen I wish to retain, as the one to contain the united colony. I now open this hive and take out what combs I think will be necessary, leaving those con- taining the most honey, when those which are left, being sure the queen is on one of them, are placed next one side of the hive, as closely together as I wish them to be left for wintering. The bees which are on the combs to be taken away are now shaken off so they can run back into the hive, which, after closing, is left as it is, ready to receive whatever is to be united with it. I next go to the one or more colonies which are to be united with this one; and if they have a queen she is hunted out and disposed of as I desire, when all the frames are remov- ed but two or three, in accord with the num- ber of bees there are in this colony." "Which combs do you leave this time?" "The combs left each time are usually those having the most honey in them, so that the united colonj'^ may have as much honey as possible, for it would be a rare thing for such colony to have too much hon- ey." "Do you fix these combs as you did those in the first colony?" "No. These two or three combs are now spread apart from 1 to 1?2 inches, and plac- ed in the center of the hive, when the hive is closed and the bees shaken ofl: the combs taken out, so they can run in with those left on the spread-apart combs. I also fix any others that are to be united, in the same way, in some cases putting as high as four or five in with the one having the queen, but not usually more than one, two, or three, according to the number of bees each con- tains." "How long do you leave them thus?" "I now wait till some cool, cloudj', raw, windy day, or some morning when there has been a frost the night before, or nearly so, when I am ready for the uniting, which 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 803 is very simple. The hive containing the queen is uncovered; or, if the cover next the bees is a mat or quilt, this is rolled back till the comb next the vacant side of the hive is exposed, when I go, smoker in hand, to those ready to be united with it, blow a few dense puffs of smoke in at the entrance, quickly uncover the hive, blow in freelj' of smoke over and around the spread- apart combs, when I quickly set down the smoker and place the first finger of each hand between the first two combs next to me; and if three, the big fingers between the next, when the third and little fingers clasp over on the outside of the frame the farthest away, the thumb tightening on the side of the frame next to me at the same time, when the three frames, bees and all, are lifted out all together and carried to the open hive having the queen in, which is to hold the united colonies, and lowered into said hive all at once, in a body, the same being placed close up to the side of the ex- posed comb, and, after the fingers are ta- ken out, the frames are adjusted to the dis- tance I wish them to stand for wintering. The quilt is now rolled over all the frames but the last, when another lot, and still an- other, if necessary, are brought in the same way, till the required number are in, when the hive is closed and the uniting accom- plished, so far as that hive is concerned." "Why did you spread the frames apart as you told about when fixing for uniting-^ so you could put your fingers between the combs easily? " "Partly on that account; but mainly so that, if the day is cool and raw enough, or the night before has been cold enough, the bees which are to be carried will all be compactly clustered on and between the spread-apart combs; and after j'ou get the hang of the thing a little you can carry them whc^e you wish, with scarcely a bee flying in the air or being left in the hive." "That is quite a scheme, surely. But why not leave more than three combs?" "The reason why only three combs are to be left under any circumstances is, that a person can not grasp more than these with the hands at one time; and to sepa- rate the clustered bees in any place is to make a bad job in losing bees and have them fly all over and out into the cold and perish." "Is that all there is to be done in this matter of uniting?" "All that is entirely necessary; but it is better, both in looks and to insure that none of the bees return to the old stands to stay there, that the empty hives and all pertain- ing to them be removed from the old loca- tion. By thus removing the hive and stand, and clearing every thing away that would look in any way home-like, no bees are lost by returning, although some will return and hover over the old spot on the first flight for a little time; but you will soon find them with fanning wings at the entrance of their new home, which they accept ever after- ward." Thk account of my visit to Dr. Gandy, at Humboldt, will take the place of my regu- lar travels in this issue. The western se- ries, taking in the region of Portland, Ore., and returning by Idaho, will be resumed in our next issue. I HAD a delightful visit with Dr. Miller after returning from Humboldt on my way home. At 71 the doctor seems to be hale and hearty, and is as enthusiastic about every thing that pertains to bee-keeping as he ever was in his life. May he live long to bless the bee-keeping fraternity with his helpful advi,ce and bright breezy para- graphs. A 6,'< -POUND girl has recently gladdened the home of Mr. Harry Howe, of Artemisa, Cuba. Mr. Howe, it will be remembered, was one of Coggshall's lightning operators, and he had the reputation at one time of slinging more honey out of the combs than any other man. Indeed, I believe he holds the record yet. I have no doubt that the new arrival will be something on the light- ning order. Congratulations to our friends. The fall flow of honey over the United States will be heavier than for many years past, but not heavy enough in most cases to yield any surplus, but to render the feeding of sugar syrup unnecessary. The heavy and copious rains early in the season have given a wonderful stimulus to the white- clover plants all over the United States; and their effect on goldenrod, heartsease, and many of the other fall bee-pasturage plants, has been such as to make them all abundant and vigorous in growth. It has been many years since either heartsease or goldenrod yielded honey in our locality; but both are well covered with bees during the warm portions of the day. DR. MILLER THE AUTHOR OF ANOTHER BEE- BOOK. I HAVE before me the Pennsylvania Re- port of the Department of Agriculture, Part I. This volume is particularly interesting from the fact that it contains 113 pages of matter on bee culture, written by no less a personage than Dr. C. C. Miller. It seems the State of Pennsylvania decided to place in one of its reports an elaborate treatise on bee culture, and this now appears, as I understand it, for free distribution to the people of Pennsylvania, at least. I have read over a number of pages, and I do not see how any thing could be more orthodox or more ud to date than that which Dr. 804 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Oct. 1 Miller has prepared. Indeed, I do not be- lieve any one could get up a better short treatise on bee culture than this one. It was issued some time ago in the form of a pamphlet by the State of Pennsylvania, styl- ed "Bulletin 77." Those desiring- the bul- letin should apply to the Hon. John Hamil- ton, Secretary of Agriculture, Harrisburg. A SOUVENIR OF THE DENVER MEETING. One of the finest convention souvenirs that was ever issued is a booklet of some SO pages, entitled "Bees in Colorado," and is gotten up in the finest style of the printer's art. It gives pictures of some of the most prominent bee-keepers of Colorado and their apiaries, and at the same time furnishes an array of interesting facts and data, cover- ing the industry as a whole as it is carried on in Colorado. D. W. Working, the au- thor and compiler, shows that he has an eye for the beautiful as well as the useful. Copies of it can be obtained, doubtless, of D. W. Working, Denver, Col., by inclosing 12 cents. ANSWERING QUESTIONS. We are always glad to answer questions; but sometimes a correspondent will go into a great mass of unimportant details, occu- pying eight or twelve pages of note paper, and perhaps at the end of the whole there will be one single question. The reading of such communications takes considerable time; and if we happen to be crowded, the letter may be shoved to one side till we get time to answer it; and the probabilities are that we will never get the time. We will try to answer all questions promptly, providing those questions are succinctly and carefully stated. Para- graph each question, and do not add any more details than are absolutely necessary for the proper understanding of the situa- tion. If you desire to get information, get down to the meat of what you wish to know in as few words as possible. SNAP SHOTS FROM THE DENVER CONVEN- TION OF NATIONAL BEE-KEEPERS' ASSO- CIATION. As announced in our last issue, this meeting was a success — not that it was the largest in attendance, for the failure of the honey crop throughout the major portion of Colorado cut down a local attendance that otherwise would have been large. At pres- ent I believe the last convention of the As- sociation at Chicago holds the palm for the largest attendance of any previous or sub- sequent meeting. But Denver will hold the palm for representative attendance, for roy- al hospitality, for mileage of travel of the members who attended. I said representative. I believe this was the largest representative gathering of the Association ever held in its history. Six- teen States outside of Colorado had dele- gates at the convention, and were appor- tioned something as follows: 6 from Ohio; 5 from New York; 4 from Illinois; 4 from Utah; 3 from Missouri; 3 from Nebraska; 2 from Iowa; 2 from Michigan; 2 from Ari- zona; 2 from South Dakota; 2from Canada; 1 from Texas; 1 from Kansas; 1 from Wash- ington, D. C. ; 1 from California; 1 from Wisconsin. Of course Colorado was rep- resented most largely of any State. As nearly as I can figure it, the mileage traveled by the delegates to this convention from various portions of the United States was greater than that of any other meeting the Association ever held. Bee-keepers came from the extreme East, the extreme South, the extreme West, and the extreme North — from all over. One man from Utah actually rode 120 miles on horseback over the desert to get to a railway station in order that he might get to this meeting. A num- ber of others drove 20, 30, 40, and even 50 miles to get to their railway stations. Another feature was Mr. H. E. Bliss and wife, of New York, who were present. If I am correct they have not missed a conven- tion of the National for a number of j^ears. It makes no difi^erence where the meeting is held, Mr. Bliss is interested enough to come. He is quiet in manner, rarely pushing him- self forward; but any man who will travel hundreds of miles, year after year, to at- tend the National, and who is in no way connected with a bee journal nor with the supply business, ought to have a gold med- al; and at some future time I hope to intro- duce him formally to our readers. Al- though I have been at all the meetings ex- cept the one at St. Joseph and one in Cana- da, for the last ten or twelve years, I failed to get knowledge of the fact that our friend Mr. Bliss, until the Denver meeting, was a regular attendant. But how about the convention? General- ly speaking it was a good one. It was marred a little in some of the sessions by too much parliamentary talk — too much of hair-splitting, but through no fault of the local bee-keepers. It is to be regretted that the time of some of these conventions has had to be taken up with parliamentary or constitutional questions. I do not mean to imply that these can be done away with al- together; but somehow some plan should be contrived in advance by which all questions of that nature could be referred to a com- mittee who can report at some of the ses- sions, and thus save taking up valuable time. At the Denver meeting, for instance, there were those who had traveled hundreds of miles, who came not to hear parliamen- tary talk, but to gather inf Drmation on vital questions connected with the industry. Con- stitutional questions should be worked over by the Board of Directors by correspondence. A formal report could then be submitted by one member, and the adoption or rejection of the report would then take place at the next annual election, by ballot. Somehow or in some way bee-keepers who pay down their hard-earned dollars to attend these 6102 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 805 conventions, and who do not care a rap about parliamentary questions, should have some assurance in advance that they will get what they pay for — the hearing of valu- able discussions and the pleasure of meet- ing friends face to face, whom they have known long through the printed page and throug-h correspondence. In our next issue I will attempt to give very briefly a summing-up of some of the discussions. A VISIT TO HUMBOLDT, NEB., TO SEP: DK. GANDY. As previously announced in these columns, Mr. Hutchinson and myself and Mr. E. Whitcomb, of Friend, Neb., called on Dr. Gandy to learn something about his won- derful yield, his catnip- fields, and, in gen- eral, his artificial pasturage. Mr. Whit- comb and Mr. Hutchinspn had preceded me by two days, having gone to Humboldt on the Monday following the convention. We were driven over the territory for miles around, shown outyards, and the general bee pasturage of the locality. I did not see any large fields of catnip; and the largest patch all in one place was about the size of an ordinary dooryard; but we did find that catnip had been sown all along the road- sides over which we went, leading into town. The plants were of good size, thrif- ty' in growth, and as a general rule were close to and under the osage-orange hedge fences. Dr. Gandy took me personally over one stretch of road leading out from town, and coming back another way, covering a dis- tance of eight miles. There was no doubt about it — catnip had been sown along the roadsides, and in some cases it had been mown down by the township trustees, to- g^ether with sweet clover and every thing else along the way. But the catnip-plants close to the hedge fences were not molested. If one did not look sharp he might fail to see them, so closely interwoven were they with the foliage of the osage-orange hedge. I also found that on two other roads, lead- ing- from and into town, catnip was scatter- ed in a like manner; and Dr. Gandy told me that all the roads were similarly skirt- ed with catnip from seed which he or his men had sown. There were also some small patches a yard or two square of the plant in his home apiarj'; but so far as we could learn there were no large fields an}'- where. Indeed, the doctor called my atten- tion to the fact that he did not cUiim to have such fields. What he did say was that the "ideal bee-keeper" he was describing in July 15th Gleanings would have 25 or 30 acres of catnip, und as much of sweet clo- ver, and that this amount of acreage would be sufficient to take care of 300 colonies. As to whether Dr. Gandy has 3000 colo- nies or not. we had no way of proving or disproving without prolonging the allotted time at our disposal. There were some- thing like 100 colonies at the home yard, and we visited one or two outyards that had about an equal number. As nearly as I could ascertain, the doctor does have a large number of bees. Some of this number he and his son operate personally. Another portion is run on shares by farmers who lease his farms, of which he has a great number. Another portion of the bees is sold outright under a contract subject to certain conditions. If the purchaser is able to fulfill these conditions, the title to the bees will pass from Dr. Gandy to himself. Some of the bees, the doctor says, are lo- cated along the Missouri River, a consider- able distance away. Some are in other counties, so it would be almost impossible to make a count of the entire number with- out taking weeks of time. As to an average of 300 or 400 lbs. of hon- ey per colony, Dr. Gandy asserts that he never claimed that he secured such yields from the entire 3000 colonies; that the 400 lbs. average referred to his home apiary only; that, moreover, some of his tenants who have his bees are indifferent and in- competent, and the amount he secures from such tenants is necessarily small. At the home yard the colonies were two or three stories high, and there was evidently considerable honej^ as nearl}^ as I could as- certain from "hefting" the hives in the rear. How much of this was catnip I could not say; but at the time of our visit bees were working on heartsease, of which there is an abundance in the vicinity; also wild cucumber and other wild pasturage. There had been a very heavy flood earlier in the season which had cut down the yield per colony very materially this season. There was little or nothing from white clover; but, as nearly as I could judge, the amount of honey secured from catnip is not large un- der present conditions. But the doctor gave us some honej' to taste, that had an unmis- takable flavor of catnip. In was beautiful in color, of good body, and excellent in fla- vor. If he shall be able some time in the fu- ture to carry out his idea of getting large fields of catnip (I saw several leases hav- ing as one of the conditions that the tenants shall sow a considerable amount of catnip and sweet clover ) he may be able to demon- strate that the "ideiil bee-keeper" that he described will be able to get, on an average, not only 100 but 300 lbs. per colony. On one of our long drives we found the doctor had done quite a little by wa3' of scattering the seed of buckbush — a very im- portant honey-plant; and there were some fair-sized patches of it on some unimproved land. But buckbush was not considered by 806 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Oct. 1 the doctor as any thing to be compared with catnip and sweet clover; but between the two last, catnip would rank considerably ahead in the amount of honey it would se- crete as well as in the quality of it. Taking it all in all I am inclined to the opinion that Dr. Gandy's large yields, which he limits to his home yard, are due more to the large hives, the general excel- lence of his locality, and to the natural bee pasturage that grows spontaneously, than to any artificial sowing of catnip, though there is no doubt that he gets some honey from it. The soil in and about Humboldt, and, in fact, all through that portion of the State, is very rich and productive; and the wild pasturage, where it is allowed to exist hy the farmers, is very abundant. The catnip that grows around Humboldt attains about twice the size of that found in Ohio, al- though I found plants in and around Ma- rengo, 111., that would compare very favor- ably with those in Nebraska. Asked as to whether catnip would grow in the open fields, Dr. Gandy said he saw no reason why it would not; that it had grown in patches when exposed to the direct raj^s of the sun. Still it seemed to me that the plants sought the shade of some other plant, especially that of the osage orange. In- deed, Dr. Miller, whom I saw later, told me that one of the characteristics of catnip in his vicinity was that it would be found hugging close to the osage-orange fences. Personally I am inclined to doubt, although I may be wrong, whether catnip could be made bo grow in an open field like wheat, alfalfa, and other farm crops. My own judgment is that the only thing we can do is to sow it in waste places on lands other- wise worthless, shaded to a greater or less extent, and remote from the scythe of the township trustees. I am, therefore, not ex- tremely hopeful that the average bee-keeper in average.localities will be able to increase his honey crop very materially by sowing catnip. At the same time, I am going to sow seed in our vicinity and see what it will do. Dr. Gandy is to be commended for the in- dividual effort he is making in testing the value of catnip and other honey-plants. In- deed, I believe he has done more to study up and test this subject of the artificial pasturage of bees than perhaps any other man. His enthusiasm is little short of con- tagious. Possessed of anj^ amount of capi- tal, and having unlimited faith in catnip, he may be able to show some good results. The only wonder to me is that he has not yet succeeded in getting large fields of cat- nip before this; but it is possible he did not realize the importance of the plant till with- in the last year or two. THE STATEMENTS OF SOME OF DR. GANDY'S NEIGHBORS. It is but fair to say that a number of bee- keepers and others in the vicinity of Hum- boldt met us' at different times, and asked how Dr. Gandy could average 300 or 400 lbs. of honey per colonj', spring count, when they could not with their bees, in the same vicinity, get more than 25 or 50 lbs. They also stated that the value of catnip, in their opinion, had been greatly overrated by the doctor; and while they had nothing against him personally they felt that his article in our July 15th issue was misleading. Dr. Gandy had stated that catnip was very dif- ficult to eradicate when once started. This made it all the more valuable as a forage- plant. "But," said the local residents, "if that is true, then there is danger of its being a pest to those who sow catnip indis- criminately, as they may find they are in- troducing a bad weed on the farm." Dr. Gandy feels that some of his neigh- bors are jealous of his success, and that, because they can not produce such results as he does with bees is no reason why he can't. Certain it is he has out-distanced them all in the amassing of property, and his success and wealth have, he says, made him the special object of envy. No one contra- dicts the claim that Dr. Gandy is a success- ful business man; that he owns farms in several counties, and that his total land- holdings might be 20,000 acres. Besides owning several hotels he owns one or two grain-elevators, and he is interested in va- rious kinds of property in different portions of the West. His total wealth would ag- gregate from one million to a million and a half dollars; and that leads me to say that Dr. Gandy does not claim to have made all this money from bees. But he does claim that his bees gave him ^ start ■a.it&r his fail- ure; and with this start he was enabled, through the rise of land and other invest- ments, to get to the point where he is. Dr. Gandy feels that the readers of Gleanings have read more into his article than he put in it. For instance, he does not claim to have made 400 lbs. per colony from each of 3000 colonies. The editor of the Pacific Bee Journal figured up the sum total of all this to be $135,000; and someone else has estimated that Dr. Gandy's claims of honey production, if sold locally, as he says, would amount to about 1000 lbs. to every man, woman, and child in the vicini- ty — an amount, of course, all out of pro- portion to the average consumption of an ordinary person. But these misconceptions doubtless arise from Dr. Gandy's having described his ideal bee-keeper, inadvertent- ly leaving the reader to conclude that he (GandjO had actually fulfilled the condi- tions of such a bee-keeper. If, therefore, he had 3000 colonies, and if he obtained 400 lbs. per colony — well, well! no wonder peo- ple shook their heads. The doctor's arti- cle, as I read it over, is somewhat suscep- tible of misunderstanding ; and, unfortu- nately, the general reading public has con- strued it all through to the point of exag- geration, when, in fact, the doctor dis- claims any intention of so doing. I took a number of photos in and around Humboldt, and at a later time will present them. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 807 BRUSHED SWARMS. Some Unpleasant Features; The Danger of Ab= sconding after Brushing; the Building of Drone Comb ; Pollen in the Sections. BY F. GREINER. It seems that, before a certain thing- is thoroughly understood and fully appreciat- ed by the many, it has to be brought up again and again, in the press and every- where, talked about in the convention, harp- ed on in private conversation, etc. That seems to be the way because one person can seldom so present a thing at one time that everybody will see it in the right light. Therefore we keep on talking about lots of other things as well as "brushed swarms." When Gravenhorst first (to our knowl- edge) made known this method of treating strong colonies, perhaps only few realized the value and the importance of it. It found few followers. G. M. Doolittle hit on the same thing, probably without any knowledge of what the former had written. This must have been in 1877 or '8; at least, it appeared in print about that time, and I practiced it according to his instructions in a limited way for a few years, but without seeing the possibilities the method afforded. Some years later the keeping of out-apia- ries made it desirable to manage our bees in such a way as to prevent their swarming to keep them at work rather than to let them go to the — ivoods. This was the time when we came back to the Gravenhorst or Doolittle practice. One reason, perhaps, whj^ the method of brushing swarms did not come into more universal use sooner was because it has some drawbacks as well as disadvantages. These drawbacks have not been kept from the public. Stachelhausen and others have attempted to show them up. Let us consid- er them again. A brushed swarm is not alwaj^s a suc- cess. About 20 per cent turn out to be fail- ures. Why? Because of absconding. Rob- bing a colony of all its possessions has a tendency to produce a discontented condi- tion among the bees. I have not yet found out to my satisfaction just how this brush- ing should be done to prevent such a state 3 acres) of land, and it was such an ideal place for a home that Mr. Moe wanted to invest there too. I did not know that Mr. Moe was a fisherman until we looked off the bluff into the clear water of the bay, and saw fish a foot or more in length. How his hands itched for a hook, line, and pole! and with these temptations before him every day, and a boat handy, Mr. Folks- dorf had never fished there. Comment is unnecessary. Mr. F. 's bees also looked as though they needed a little more attention. About all of Mr. F. 's energ-ies were being devoted to the improvement of his land and to garden- ing. I wished to get some idea of the hon- ey resources of the island, and plied Mr. Y. with a few questions; but he would invari- ably get oft" on to the gardening subject. I gathered, however, that the season was different from the season in Cuba. While up to the time of our visit the harvest was on in Cuba, the bees had just about made a living in the Isle of Pines. We saw but a trace of bellflower, either in Columbia or Nueva Gerona. Mr. F. said the bees gath- ered honey later from the near-by hills ; but as to the flora gathered from, he could not specify. It appeared that no one had been long enough on the isle to test many of its resources; and this is especially the case in reference to honey production. I herewith present two photos of the small apiaries we found. I would call particu- lar attention to the peculiar shape of the trunk of the palm on Mr. Folksdorf's place. In some locations in Cuba all of the palms have this enlargement. ^il:S ykuncUr y<>'l^er- fed, it is far from that stage, and can be improved very materiallj'. In the first place, in the smokers of Mr. Bingham's manufacture the spring- that holds the bel- lows valve in place is too poorly fastened, being put on with only a small tack. This tack should be of copper, and go clear through the back of the bellows to clinch there, or else the spring should be fasten- ed with a screw. It takes about two weeks of work in a hot California sun to so dry the wood that the tack falls out; and I can assure you it is not a pleasant task to take that bellows to pieces just to fit a little measley tack. Another fault with this smoker is that the barrel is too short. It should extend at least two inches above the top of the bel- lows. In lighting, especially if a squirt of coal oil is used to start the fuel, the blaze whips around on the bellows-top, scorching the leather and the wood also. Two inches more of tin would stop that; and, by the way, the Crane and Cornell smokers could profit by two inches more of tin also, and for the same reason. Most folks set their smokers on the ground when not using them. I find that all smo- kers examined have the leather worn ofT, or nearly so, from the bottom of the bellows. Two large round-headed nails, one on each side of the bottom, would save many a leaky bellows, and render its life much longer. I discovered these things one at a time; and when my last smoker was about gone up I built one, a description of which will be plain by consulting the cuts. I took the Bingham as a general pattern, but made the bellows 9x6. The barrel I made of common stovepipe iron, 4x 10, with the perforated grate riveted in place, one inch from the bottom. The bottom, or ash- cup, is, as the picture shows, cup-shaped, detachable, and telescopes inside the bar- rel. The snout is made like the Crane, but detachable, no hinge, and has a one-inch opening in the top. Now, if the cut is ex amined the blast-pipe from the bellows and the hole in the barrel are seen to be not in the middle, but are placed considerably on one side. The action of the blast is not only to blow plenty of smoke out of the top, but, forming a sort of vortex inside the ash- pan, no ashes ever accumulate there, but are blown out of the blast-hole, and at right angles with the pipe, so none is ever blown back into the bellows, as sometimes THE CROSS SMOKER DISSECTED. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 815 happens with the Bingham. In case of burninff old scraps of wood with nails in them, the nails that fall throusrh the grate are easily removed by taking oft" the bottom. On the bottom of the bellows are two legs, made of heav}' nails, so that the leath- er of the bottom never touches the ground. The sheath of metal attached to the barrel for fastening the bellows to it is made ex- tra heavy, and after months of use it is as firm as when first put on. The top of the bellows has a half-inch strip nailed across both front and back to assist the fingers in carrjdng or using, and no amount of hcney will cause a slip. The height of the smo- ker, with top on, is such that it balances nicely in the hand over the hive. The spring inside the bellows is of just a nice tension, so that one hand can hold and work it for a long time if necessary, and no cramp in wrist or palm will occur. This smoker will burn any kind of fuel, from dry grass or leaves to hard wood, shavings, sawdust, or any old thing that is handy; and it does not go out, even if left standing for hours. Just as long as there is any thing left in it to burn, it will stay going. In case of an attack in force, this smoker will send out such dense clouds of pungent smoke, under " forced draft," that the bees quickly conclude they have busi- ness in some other quarters, and quit. I am so well pleased with its "stay lit" qualities that I want the smoker-making peo- ple to take the hint and put out an instru- ment for the general benefit of bee-keepers who have no time to lose. These pictures also show my tool-box, which somebody may like. It is divided into two compartments, the partition mak- ing the handle. One compartment holds one sharp knife, one dull knife, one putty- knife, one dull long-handled chisel, one small pair pincers, one small pair wing- clii'ping scissors, one small level, all in strap loops attached to the side. This compartment also holds one horse-shoeing hammer, with which you may dig in the ground, split wood for fuel, drive or pull nails, etc. ; one box of tobacco-stems ground up fine; queen-rearing plug-cups, cages, nails, tacks, etc. The other compartment contains fuel only, cut into right size for using. The wheelbarrow is of my own make, the slats across the bottom being for clearance of possible burr-combs under supers when bringing to the honey-house. Dos Mesas, Livermore, Cal. [It is a difficult matter to get out a smo- ker that will suit every one. The condi- tions and notions of individuals vary so greatly that manufacturers have to strike a golden mean. The large smoker that you have made would be too large for the ma- jority of bee-keepers — too heavy and bulky. Such a smoker having a removable rear cad would also have its objections, for the smoke would be inclined to leak out at the back. The tendency now in the construc- tion of smokers is to reduce weight and in- crease the capacity of the fuel-chamber. In doing this it is not necessary to make a great big roomy nozzle such as you have made, for it is not practicable to store fuel in the nozzle. The nozzle should be reduced in size and in length, and yet should be ca- pable of dertecting the smoke at an angle. We invite criticisms, and would say, for the benefit of our friends, that we are not only reducing the weight of our smokers, but are otherwise improving them. — Ed.] " FARTHEST SOUTH " APIARY. An Interesting Account of a Chinese Lady who Owns 400 Colonies; Her Experience with the Danzenbai do with mj' appetite; at any rate I felt at peace with the world after partaking of "breakfast." In this part of the hemi- sphere breakfast is served anywhere between II A. M. and 1 p. M. How terms get changed! Is it the verti- cal sun that does it? or is human nature to be different? After discussing the various types of hives, etc., I bestrode my cycle home- ward, a happier, wiser, and tireder man. [We are glad to introduce this interesting lady to our readers, and hope we may havo the great privilege of hearing from her direct. — Ed.] THE UPS AND DOWNS OF A BEGINNER. Alfalfa in the South a Yielder of Honey; Laying Workers, etc. BY TAR HEEL. I bought me a copy of the A B C of Bee Culture, and subscribed for Gleanings. The next spring I sent to The Root Co. for an eight-frame hive, section boxes, foun- dation, smoker, gloves, bee-veil, etc., and since that time I have been moving slowly upward. I liked the eight-frame hive very well, and made me twelve more. Last year J. decided to try the Danz., and ordered one, 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 817 There were soine features about the hive that I liked and others I did not; so, after considerable thought, I got me up a box after m}' own notion. I send 3'ou some snap shots I helped take recently. They are dif- buckwheat. I have some buckwheat just fixing- to bloom now, purchased from our friend J. M. Jenkins, Wetumpka, Ala. By the way, speaking about alfalfa, I planted about % acre year before last for TAR-HEEL APIAKY. ferent views of my yard, which contains 32 colonies. I live only a quarter of a mile from the center of the citj'; at the left is the city cemeter}'. To the north, about a mile away, is Oakwood Cemetery, and about the the bees. Last year it grew nicely and bloomed well, but the bees paid no atten- tion to it. I decided to let it remain a year longer to test it thoroughly. This spring the bees worked on it well^so much so that . *afe v/ ^^^^^KmoK^^^^^^^SSS^^^^^^^ -^ i ■ ' ' ^^^^^^H H^M ^ ^J^H •^w^^^^l ■ TAR-HEEL APIARY (CLOSE VIEW same distance east is the Federal Grave- yard, and beyond that distance north, south, and east is the open country. I have a very good natural field. Mj' lot is about an acre and a half. Besides my garden I plant crimson clover, white clover, and the man who cut it (it was cut while in bloom) along toward the last threatened to give up the job, as he said it was hard to tell which were in possession — he or the bees. So it is safe to say alfalfa has pro- duced honey as far east as North Carolina, GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Oct. 1 In reg^ard to worker bees laying-, I will tell you of an experience I had of that kind recently. Owing- to an oversight on my part a box was allowed to remain queenless until this state of aflfairs took place: I had introduced a queen, but it seems the bees had not accepted her, and, later on, in looking in the box to see how she was getting on I found this state of affairs. I immediately went to my A B C to find out what to do, but for once got no satisfaction, as your book said a queen introduced at this stage will not be accepted, or words to that effect. Well, what was I to do? I thought over the matter for half a day, and finally struck on a plan that proved a suc- cess; and for the benefit of some brother w ho may happen to have the same bad luck I will give it. The box that stood next to ihis one was a pretty strong one. I took all I lie frames from the queenless box but four. I brushed the bees from the others and put Ihem awaj'. The four remaining ones I transferred to the strong box (bees and all), and lifted four frames from that box and put them in the empty box. I then intro- duced a queen on these frames, which the bees accepted, and when the queen began to lay I began to supplj' the box with the empty combs I had put away, and soon the box was built up, and is now doing all right. What became of the laying worker I am unable to say, as she ceased her ]iranks very shortly after being- transferred to the strong- colony. I see some one wished to know in a recent number of Gleanings how to prevent the bees from crowding the queen in the brood- chamber, in running- for comb honey. I was troubled a great deal in that way at first, but have learned how to stop it. If I find the box is heavj', and little honey go- ing into the super, 1 at once know there is something wrong below. I lift the super off, take out the side frames (sometimes I find two or more on each side pretty well filled), take them to mj' extractor (a home- made machine), extract the honey, and re- turn them to the box, but not to the sides of the box. I lift a frame or two, as the case may be, from the center of the box contain- ing brood, and put these on the outside and the empty frame in the center of the box. The queen at once fills these empty combs with eggs; and as the bees can not store on the side ones, they at once begin "toting" the honey above, where you can take it off at 3'our pleasure. I tell you a fellow has to work his brains (if he has any) as well as his hands, to make a success with bees. I ag-ree with you, brother, in regard to the yellow bees. I have introduced a few such queens, but had to kill them, as their bees did nothing but rob the whole season I had them. I have tried the three-banded and five-banded also, but like the leather- colored strain the best, and breed nothing else. This has not been a good honey 3'ear with us, but I have taken as much as 80 lbs. from some of my colonies, while the average honey-producers around here have taken comparatively nothing. Raleigh, N. C, Aug. 22. ADDITIONAL PROOF THAT BKES HAVE NOTH- ING TO DO WITH PEAK-BLIGHT. It appears strange that an intelligent community of pear-growers should accuse honey-bees of disseminating the blight. That an all-wise Creator should create so useful an insect, and let it be the means of spreading disease and death while pollen- izing the bloom to insure the setting of fruit, is incredible. If bees spread the dis- ease, why do trees die with it that have never bloomed? About 25 years ago every pear-tree in this vicinity blighted, and many died. One morning I was admiring a fine pear-tree. Its leaves were shiny and green. At noon I was surprised to see its branches black and withering. No one knew whence the blight came or whither it went; for, like an Arab, it silently folded its tent and depart- ed, and has not appeared here since. We had a Flemish Beauty pear-tree that was killed to the ground with blight; but a sprout came up above the graft, and bore four bushels of lovely pears this year. About ten years ago, while traveling throug^h Northwest Florida, I greatl3' ad- mired the pear-orchards — row upon row of fine trees, without a break. The blight came and destro3'ed them. A grower told the writer that, whether trees were culti- vated or uncultivated, mulched or irrigated, the3' died all the same. I had in Florida a row of four Leconte pear-trees and one Keifter. The Lecontes were blighted, and killed to the ground. Two sent up ver3' strong shoots. The others were entirel3' dead. I had fertilized these trees abun- dantl3% and they made great growth, and bore heavil3' — that is, the Lecontes; but the Keiffer grew slowly, and bore heavil3'. If the bees carry blight, why didn't they car- ry it from the Lecontes to the Keiffers? In the future I'll not cultivate nor disturb the soil under m3' pear-trees, for I've no- ticed trees growing in 3'ards, that were tramped around, never cultivated or fertil- ized, didn't blight. I may spread under them ashes and lime, or a coating of de- cayed leaves, and turn them over to the care of the Almight3'. I was in one of the cit3''s parks last week, and I never saw such a wealth of bloom, of every color imaginable. I looked them all over carefulU', but never found a hone3'-bee. Yesterday on my way to church I saw bees 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 819 working upon dandelions. In this locality there will be but little surplus honey. Col- onies will have plenty of stores for winter without feeding. Mrs. L. Harrison. Peoria, 111. SUCCESSFUL USE OF PROPOLIZED CLOTH IN smokers; NO DRONE COMB BUILT FROM starters if colony has a young oueen. On page 739 Mrs. L. Harrison sounds a note of warning against using propolized cloth in smokers. I have been using it for over twenty years, when I could get it, and have yet to see the first case of robbing re- sulting from its use. There is, however, danger if the cloth, as is sometimes the case, has considerable wax on it, that, when burning, may promote robbing. S. Farrington's question. No. 4, page 741, may be safely answered in the negative if the starters are given to a swarm with a young queen. I have had numbers of swarms that had only wired frames with starters given them. The frames were built out on the wires so evenly that they could not have been told from combs built from full sheets of foundation, and not more store comb than would be found if full sheets had been given. H. Fitz Hart. Wetumpka, Ala. EUCALYPTUS; AN ANSWER TO M. P. WEEKS' QUESTION, PAGE 744. The Eucalyptus Globulus is a large tree, a native of Australia. In 1860 M. Ramel induced the Prefect of the Seine to cultivate it on a large scale in Paris, and since that time it has been largely introduced into Europe, Algeria, South Africa, and South- ern California. In some of the locations planted, forests are growing and spread- ing. It is stated that it will absorb and evaporate ten times its weight of water in 24 hours, and numerous examples are giv- en in which swamps in Europe and Algeria have been rapidly converted into dry ground. Its growth is about live times as great as that of our ordinary trees. I do not think it possible to grow it in Western Colorado, as the government tried to reclaim the Potomac flats with it; but it would not grow in this latitude, it being too cold. J. R. Hagan. Washington, D. C. GETTING ALKALI OUT OF THE SOIL; CAN IT BE DONE? In your Notes of Travel in California you speak of alkali land. How would it do to lay drain pipes in such soils, flood the ground as in irrigating, and leach out or wash out the alkali? Has this ever been tried? What would this cost per acre? Covina, Cal. C. Wanty. [I do not know whether the plan you pro- pose would work or not, but I feel doubtful. There is so much alkali in the hardpan be- neath the top soil that water serves only to bring it to the surface. I know that alkali- patches in Nebraska, at least in some parts of it, have been redeemed by sowing alfal- fa on them. If it will once take root the roots will bore through the hardpan, and when heavy rains come the holes will allow the excess of tilkali to drain out. But the alkali in Nebraska is quite diflerent from that in Central California, I understand. Perhaps some friend located in the alka- li regions of California will be kind enough to answer our correspondent. — Ed.] A HOUSE-APIARY HALF UNDER GROUND. I contemplate building a home in a sub- urb of Chicago with the view of placing an apiary in the cellar, of brick, 21x24 ft. by 3 ft. above and 3 ft. below ground. I have read your article in the ABC under "House Apiary." Please advise me as to the practicability of my idea, and give me any further suggestion you deem advisable. Chicago, 111. W. G. Rice. [I would not advise putting a house api- ary partly under ground, as it would make the room for bees too cool and damp during the summer. Your better way would be to put the bees in a special building above ground; or, perhaps, better still, put them in the back yard provided you have room for them. If you have neither room for the building nor for a little bee-yard, try the underground or half-underground house- apiary, and let us know how you succeed. —Ed.] condition of HONEY CROP IN KANSAS. With US the crop is, from present indica- tions, only moderate — not so large as last year. My heaviest yield so far is 75 lbs. for a colony, so you see we have nothing to boast of. The last crop of alfalfa is just in bloom, and the fall flowers are coming on, so there may 3'et be some increase. The other crops of alfalfa yielded very little honey because of too much rain. Bees are doing well. The hives are full of brood and bees, and, with good weather, would make a good showing. Chas. L. Simmons. Strong City, Kan., Aug. 29. BEES not working ON CATNIP IN WIS- CONSIN. No season here for honey. My crop is about 1500 lbs. from 100 stands. Since reading Dr. Gaudy's article I have been watching the wild catnip here, and have failed to find any thing but bumble- bees working on it. C. A. Thompson. Downing, Wis.. Sept. 5. J. W. UTTER'S YIELD IN DANZ. SECTIONS. I have taken 3500 boxes of honey in nice white Danzenbaker boxes. I had 100 hives of bees, now 200. The bees Jtre gathering honey now, being mostly from buckwheat, heartsease, wild flower, and goldenrod. J. WiSNER Utter, Amity, N. Y., Aug. 22. 820 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Oct. 1 schaefflk's robber-trap. July came in very cold (most unusual). This stopped the flow of nectar, and before I had thoug-ht of it the bees were robbing- like fury. As a rule robbers attack the weakest hives; but this time they reversed the order of exercises and attacked the big- strong double-decker ten-frame hives. I tried the usual remedies, contracting- the A is a strip of wood filling the whole bee-space, and level with the other sides ot bottom-board, but placed two inches back from entrance; B, an inch strip extending across trap or super, level with bottom A in position to rest on .strip A. C is a strip resting and flush with B, but tacked to each end of super or trap. Wire cloth is to be tacked to B and C, thus excluding bees from the rest of the super. At D the wire cloth is bent forward and frayed out at end: cloth extends to about an inch of top of super (trap); arrows show passage of bees. entrance, placing, not a handful, but an armful of grass in front of the entrance, keeping it wet, etc. Nothing checked them. In desperation I poured coal oil over the grass. This set them to thinking, but they soon got over their aversion to it, and crowd- ed down behind it. As the epidemic was spreading, and the robbers stinging every one who came near, I tried the plan of transposing; but this simply made one hive more of robbers, as they both went at it. Then I sprinkled flour over the robbers, and tracked them home. I sulphured the strongest hives, thinking this would weaken them in numbers and allow the bees being robbed to stand them off ; btit others took their place. I next tried Mclntyre's robber-trap; but rob- bers are suspicious, and I caged only about fifty. I then went at it to devise a trap that the rob- bers would enter, and I think I have it worked out to a success. I took a bottom-board and bored a two-inch hole in the center. This I covered over with screen cloth. The object of the hole was to have an opening where sul- phur fumes could be sent up, should I conclude to execute the robbers. Across the front of the bottom-board, level with the side strips, and about Yz inch back from the entrance, I nailed a cross-piece that came up flush with the side-strips. I then took a half-super and nailed into the front corners a ^-inch strip. Across the bottom I nailed a strip J2XI inch. To the front edge of this strip I tacked a piece of wire screen. This wire extended up to within y^ inch of the top of the super, and was tacked to the strips on the sides. The top of the wire cloth I rav- eled out for an inch. Over this trap I placed a hive with two frames containing honey, and over this a hive with empty combs, and on top of this a frame two inches deep, covered on both sides with screen cloth (to pre- vent the bees passing out the honey as per Mclntyre's instruc- tions). On top of this frame I nailed an inch strip across one end, so that there would be an inch space between the screen and the cover. When the bees got beyond all control it was only necessary to pick up the hive that was being robbed, carry it into the honey- house, and in its place set the trap. As the trap's entrance was the full width of the hive, and at the same place, the bees entered without hesitation, ran up inside on to the combs, and then, attracted by the light, they passed directly up into the upper hive. The bees in the honey-house were allowed to remain there until early the following morning, 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 821 when they were carried back to their old stand, the entrance narrowed down, the bees stirred up well, and they successfully stood off the robbers. And the robbers? Well, I had my choice of brimstoning- the lot or letting the hairless rascals go, and I did let them go at dusk. The next day the weather turned suddenly very hot, and the bees had all the employment they needed in collecting the nectar of the flowers, and the robbing ceased. Once robbers get the mastery, the best thing I find to do is to close the entrance entirely and place the hive in a cool cellar for three days, and then set them back in the evening, giving them an entrance one bee wide. But once robbers have had full possession, give them the hive to clean out; for if they are stopped they will attack the adjoining hives and rob a number of them. Robbing is the most provoking experience in bee-keeping. You feel as though you wanted to destroy the robbers by spraying them with coal oil. E. H. Schaeffle. Murphys, Cal., July 12. THE HONEY MARKET IN GLEANINGS. 1. Are prices on first page of Gleanings supposed to be such as are paid by the dif- ferent buyers to the producers, or are thej' prices the buyers sell at? 2. When is the best time to double up col- onies— fall or spring? What is done with brood in hive to be made vacant? Last, but not least, how are combs to be kept secure from the moth-worms in hives made vacant? Ogdensburg, N. Y. D. H. [1. Prices on the first page of Gleanings are wholesale, or the price the commission man is supposed to sell at, and from which he deducts his five or ten per cent commis- sion. The commission man is the so-called "middle man, " or distributing agent. The producer ships his product to him, and he in turn sells it to the local grocers or local trade, and thej^ sell it at retail. 2. The best time to double up colonies is in the fall. At that season of the year there will be very little brood, and what there is can be put in the hive containing the bees united with some other. Combs can be kept secure from moth- worms by leaving them in the empty hives outdoors where they will freeze. If you were located in the South you might have to put them in a tight box, hive, or room. — Ed.] snuffing smoke down into the super to get bees out. Why, friend Root, you have missed the points of mj"^ article on page 729 entirely, for I had no thought of claiming Mr. Cogg- shall's good method of driving bees down out of the super, and I repeated the pro- cess lest some one might have forgotten it. Some prefer the smoke-box, but neither one is mine. Here is the important point or points that you have entirely overlooked: Removing the combs from the super rapidly while the bees are going down, in such a way as not to arouse their anger in the least, and of closing up the hive while all is peaceful inside and out; for the bees re- maining on the combs outside, and which brush off after the hive is closed, are as peaceful and submissive as lambs. Surely you are mistaken when you say that my method of getting bees out of supers is just the same as that used successfully by Mr. W. L. Coggshall. Here is the great difference : Mr. Coggshall brushes the bees off the combs back into the hive as he lifts them out one by one, and of course many bees are brushed off more than once, which stirs up their rage to the highest pitch. The dela}' caused b}' brushing al- lows the bees to return to the super before the hive is closed; and finding their home violated, and meeting bruised and angry bees, they rush to their defense. Can you wonder, as you express it on page 380 of the same ABC book, that the air may be filled with mad stinging bees? S. T. Pettit. [If you could see Mr. Coggshall or his men get the bees out of the extracting- combs; be right with them in their j^ard, and watch them as I did while they work, I think you would conclude there was no great difference between the plan you de- scribe and the plan they use. I admit there a slight difference, and it is this: Coggshall generally shakes some of his combs back into the super; but the bees thus shaken do not, as you suppose, crawl back on the other combs, to be again shak- en, but stampede with the crowd on through the lower set of combs, which are not disturbed. You shake all of the combs, except the last one, in front of the entrance. Mr. Coggshall follows no invariable rule, as I discovered after having watched his men. Sometimes the flopping of the cloth in connection with the smoker would drive nearly all the bees oft" the combs down into the brood-nest nest below, leaving only a very few on the frames. These are brush- ed off outside of the hive. Then the two plans are preciselj' alike. Blacks or hy- brids will stampede downward — not in an- ger but in confusion. Sometimes the bees would not go down from the smoke; then it became necessary to shake or brush each individual comb. In this case the two plans would dift'er ; but I do not believe there would be more angry bees in one case thiin in the other. But I distinctlj- re- member seeing Coggshall's men drive the bees out of some supers by flopping the cloth and smoking, and not having to shake a single comb, either in the super or in front of the entrance. Taking it all in all, I do not see that j^our plan differs greatly, either in method or results, from that employ- ed by Mr. Coggshall. — Ed.] SHORT BUT TO THE POINT. I have shook (shaken or shooken) about SO swarms, and it was very satisfactorj' in- deed. J. W. Ferree. Los Angeles, Cal. 822 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Oct. 1 OUR HOMES, BY A.I. ROOT. Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy. — Ex. 20:8. And he .said unto them, What man shall there be among you, that .'.hall have one sheep, and if it fall into a pit on the sabbath day, will he not lay hold on it and lift it out?— Matt. 12:11. Mr. A. I. Root: — I was siirpri.sed — yes, dumbfounded — to read in Gleanings of April 15 of your laboring on the sabbath (the Lord's holj- day). Do you believe in and iiphold Sunday work ? and what religious de- nomination are you if you do? Perhaps we Eastern- ers are old-fashioned and out of date in not upholding such things. P. S.— You can answer if you prefer in Gleanings, and not mention my name. I took great interest in the Home talks, but I must confess that that article knocked all faith and interest out of them B. I presume the above letter was called forth because I mentioned last spring that, after having labored hard all the forenoon to start the Sunday-school going, I went over to friend Hilbert's sugar-camp to get my dinner, and after dinner Alice and I took two dippers and dipped sap from the pails that were running over into other pails that were not full. By doing this I saved a lot of hard work for the teams. Our friend who writes this letter comes out pretty square-footed; and in his closing paragraph he says that act "knocked all faith and in- terest out of" Home talks. I should be very sorry to find myself among those defending Sunday work; but, on the other hand, may God help me to avoid spoiling my influence with the great wide world by taking the stand that some good people do in regard to this question about keeping the sabbath, especially where there are so many difi^erences of opinion. The Bible sa3's, "Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy;" but it does not lay down a set of rules as to what shci.ll or shall not be done on that day in order to keep it holy. I am inclined to think that God wishes each and everj^ one of us to strive to keep the day holy, according to the dictates of our own conscience; and of course it is our business to see that we have an enlightened conscience. The Savior re- peatedly reproved the Pharisees for their silly notions in regard to the observance of the sabbath. For instance, at the begin- ning of that 11th chapter of Matthew, from which I have taken my second text, his fol- lowers were severely criticised for plucking ears of corn, as the Bible expresses it, when they were hungry, on the sabbath. The Savior rebukes the critics. He tells us, in the language of our text, that it is right to do certain kinds of work on the sabbath. My understanding of the text is that the sheep was to be taken out of the pit on the sab- bath because it was valuable property. There are people who are not quite willing to agree to this, and say it was because the animal would be suifering; and that it is always right to relieve suffering on the sab- bath, even if it is only a dumb brute that is suffering. There may be differences of opinion in regard to this. The whole ques- tion is one of interest and importance to bee-keepers. It has been discussed many times in this journal during the past thirty years. I believe most bee-keepers think it right to hive a swarm that comes out on Sunday ; and it has been suggested that Sunday seems to be a favorite day with the bees to swarm. If I remember correctly, there are a few who say they would let them be lost rather than to be seen working on that day. I think, however, these few would be considered somewhat cranky- Where one owns only a few hives it is not a matter of so much importance ; but when we get up to forty or fifty, or a hundred or more, good business management would in- dicate that somebody should stay in the apiary during swarming-time, at least through the middle of the da^^ on Sunday. We have for years employed somebody to do this; and I hardly think our friend who writes this letter would say we were wrong. Then the question comes up, "How much work shall this hired man do?" I would tell him to sit still and read some good book or religious paper unless a swarm came out that rendered it necessary for him to do some work. The man who really de- sires to keep the day holy has, of course, every thing provided — hives, stands, etc., so the swarm can be cared for with the least possible work, in the same way that the good Christian housewife would make prep- arations for the Sunday dinner so that just as little work as possible may be done on Sunday. Now, there are nice questions that we might take up in regard to the care of milk, delivering it to customers, managing cheese- factories, and no end of 'things connected with farm work and rural industries; but I hardly think it will be worth while. Years ago there was a big storm during di- vine service. A large tree fell across the road, not only preventing peoplegetting home from church, but it broke down the fences on one side, and let out a lot of cattle, and broke the fences down on the opposite side so as to let the cattle into the cornfield. What would the writer of the letter above have advised in this case? I am sure I do not exactly know. One of the oldest and most strict deacons in our church got a crosscut saw and helped saw out a log so teams could get by. Others got the cattle out of the corn and fixed up the fences. You see there was quite a little work done on Sunday, and hard work too. I suppose some might have taken the ground that it was not really necessary work — the teams could have gone around and gone home by a roundabout way. Come to think of it, this would have been more work, for the horses at least. The cattle would have damaged the corn, and perhaps injured themselves. Well, every farmer knows, even if I do not mention it, that there are cases coming iyu2 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 823 up continually where property is {,''oing- to waste unless the owner turns out and works. Floods and storms injure crops that may be saved by a certain amount of work. Yes, I know, dear friends, that if we grant that it is rig"ht to work on Sunday to save mon- ey we may excuse a man for g^etting- in his ha_v, and even go further. I have seen a man running- his mower on Sunday because it was the first good day they had had to work for some time. I certainly would not think of excusing- him for doing things like that; and I do not believe such a man will be prospered in the end. When I gathered that sap on Sunda}' there was an unusual run. Mr. Hilbert had been up all night before; in fact, he was so used up for want of sleep that he came pi'etty near being cross that afternoon. His helpers did not very much want to work — that is, the most of them — and he was urging them to do what they could to save the sap that was rapidly going to waste from many hun- dreds of trees. He is a man who does not work on Sunday unless something extraor- dinary demands it. In order to avoid things of this kind he has a large cement cistern made to hold the sap. But this cistern was full, and every thing that would hold sap was full. By working hard, however, un- til the middle of the afternoon on Sunday, we got ahead so no more sap went to waste, and all hands went home to take a rest, and I hope many of them in order that they might attend the evening service at the church.* Now, there are ever so many differences of opinion, even among devoted Christians, as to how much work we should do on Sun- day to save property. We must milk the cows, and we must feed the domestic ani- mals. If the weather happens to be very warm where milk is produced in large quantities, it must be cared for to prevent spoiling. Sometimes this can be done at home, and in other cases the milk must be carried to the trains ; and to do this the trains must run on Sunday. I presume the friends are all very well aware that I very emphatically object to Sunday trains and Sunday travel. Electric cars, so far as I know, all run on Sunday. A near rela- tive of ours comes to church Sundays by the electric cars when she could not very * Is it not possible — nay, is it not likely— \.\\sX, with my assistance for a short time with the dippers, I helped them to get things in shape so the Sunday work might stop a little earlier than it would have been stopped otherwise— that is, by going around with teams and emptying all the sap from the pails that were running over as well as those that were not full ? What I had in mind was to turn in and help so that their Sunday work might be stopped sooner, so they would have time to go home, and, as I have said, get ready for church. I had hoped that my presence and infiu'ence might induce some of them to attend the services who would not have done so otherwise. They did not know I was in the neighborhood, for I got in the Saturday night before as you may remember, by some very hard work on my wheel long after dark; and I took this long hard ride after dark with the idea in view of getting where I could remember the sabbath day. to keep it holy; and I still had this idea in mind when I gathered the sap with the tin dippers. If I made a mistake I believe God's Holy Spirit, will point it out to me. well g-et there in any other waj'. Expending a nickel to go and another to return is vei 3'' much less work than to get up a horse and give the horse the necessary care. She has sold her horse since the electric cars began to pass by her home. Now, I am not de- fending even electric cars on Sunday. With the light I have on the matter, if I owned these cars they would stand still from 12 o'clock Saturday night till 12 o'clock Sun- day night; but I do not feel like criticising my cousin, and telling her she had better stay at home when the cars pass right by her door. I really do not know just what I would do under the circumstances. I should prefer to go on foot if only myself were to be considered. If I were pretty sure some of my neighbors would say, "There goes that cranky old fellow on foot to church, when he could ride on the cars for just a nickel — I don't think much of such religion," perhaps I should consider it the lesser of two evils to ride in the car. It might depend on the company I usually meet on that car. If they were mostly Christian people going to church, perhaps I ought to decide it was a new way of less- ening Sunday labor. There are many new questions just now coming up where we can not well decide until we see the outcome. "By their fruits ye shall know them." There is another thing, dear friend (by the way, I wish you had not forbidden me using your name), it is very hard work in- deed for me just now to feel well and have my natural enthusiasm unless I have some brisk muscular exercise every day of my life. For me to sit down and read even good books all day Sunday', or, say, all the time when not at church, would not only be bad for me physically, but I fear it would hurt me spiritually. I must get outdoors and ramble around. I think God wants me to do so, and I meet other people more or less on Sunday. There are some kinds of Sunday visiting that are all right, and there are some which my conscience tells me are prettj^ much all wrong. If I visit a neighbor and have a long talk with him in re- gard to standing out before the world for Christ Jesus, and joining that little church over among the hills, I feel happy and joy- ous— ever so much better than if I had stay- ed at home and read the Sunday Sc/iool Times or my Bible — that is, if I tried to read them all the time. I do read them a great part of every Sunday — oftentimes com- mencing my reading at daylight. If, how- ever, I should visit this same neig-hbor, or some other one, and look over his potatoes and peach-trees, and find out all I could about his methods, my conscience would trouble me. A few days ago a stalwart young man in my Sunday-school class — one whom I have already' learned to love and respect — said to me, as the school was clos- ing, "Mr. Root, I should like to go over to your place this afternoon and have a little talk with you if you would not think it any thing out of the way." I told him I should be glad to see him, and to come along by 824 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Oct. 1 all means. I knew he was just starting- in bee-keeping-, and I thought he might want to talk about bees; but my conscience was clear for all that. We walked around through the woods, and watched the bees at work, and talked on a variety of subjects. He used to live near our place, and knew all about the springs in the vicinity. He told me some things about these I did not know. All togrether we had a very pleas- ant talk or visit, and I felt glad to have started a friendship with such a young- man. Now, dear friends, when I went to a long seat full of young- men with the paper in my hand I mentioned in our last issue, asking them to put down their names among- those who wanted to commence a Christian life, this young- man was the first one to put his name on m}'^ paper, and I think it was largely the outcome of that Sunday talk, and yet I had encourag-ed Sunday visiting against which so much has been said in the pulpit of late. May God help us to use en- lightened common sense in our religion as well as in the other affairs of life. Dear friend B. , you ask me what church I belong to. Here in Medina I am a mem- ber of the Congregational Church ; but when I am awaj^ from home it is a pleasure with me to unite with any orthodox church in doing the Master's work. Were I locat- ed permanently in my Michigan home I would get a letter and unite with that church the very first thing- I did. In fact, when I am working up there, and standing- side by side with the good pastor, I feel as if I were one of them, and I believe God is pleased to see me stand among them. My seat in church is as near the minister as I can get, and I love to be near him. Another thing, in the work of building up the church we are learning by experience that it must be almost all personal work. It must be done by getting in contact with the people, and having personal talks and g-etting ac- quainted. I rejoice at an}^ thing in my home in Michigan that enables me to g-et acquainted with my neighbors and have good friendly talks. I have sometimes felt as if I hardly cared wliat it was that g-ave me an opportunity of making- acquaintance. After that Sunday-school I started last spring, I had an opportunity of meeting quite a number of people out in the sugar- camp that pleasant April day whom I did not meet at Sunday-school. In fact, the shortest waj^ for me to get my dinner was to go over there to the sugar-bush after it; and I had worked hard enough during the forenoon 'SO I needed a g-ood dinner. I should be so^y to have that communitj'^ get the idea that I knew nothing and cared nothing for any thing but prayer-meetings, Sunda}' - schools, and sermons. I thank God from the bottom cff my heart that he has given me a love for potatoes and pota- to-growing, and in a like manner a love for strawberries, peaches, apples, and a thou- sand other things pertaining to rural in- dustries. I can, because of this, go among people almost anywhere, and talk under- standingly about their pursuits and indus- tries. I can almost always give them help of some kind — that is, when they are, like myself, wanting to learn. Last spring a neighbor I did not know very well paid us a visit; and after he had stood arovtnd a little time and talked about several things he said, "Mr. Root, I have a sick cow, and I do not know what to do with her. I was wondering whether you did not know something about cows." I was sorry to tell him that I knew al- most nothing about cows. If it had been potatoes, bees, fruit, or chickens, I might have advised him understandiugly; and for once I felt sorry that I had not at some time in my life had some little experience in the cow bvisiness. Now, when I am among the people, on week days as well as on Sunday, God knows I am hungering for an opportu- nity of pointing suftering humanity to the Lamb of God that taketh away the sin of the world. Paul saj's, "I am made all things to all men, that I might by all means save some." Now, of course, I have no right to speak for others; but I am sure that God calls me to be ready to lend a helping hand wherever I may be, no matter what day of the week it may be; and I re- joice in this opportunity of lending a help- ing hand because it opens to me a way to save souls. In that chapter from which I have chosen my text Jesus says, "For the Son of man is Lord even of the sabbath day." There is a higher command and a more sacred duty laid upon us than to avoid working on Sunday. Dear friend B., can't you and I stand together, or pretty nearly together, on this matter of the observance of the sab- bath? If you can not see your way, through God's love, to get a little nearer to where I stand in the matter, I will try, through God's love, to come a little nearer to where you stand, that we may, through him, be united. United, we stand; divided, we fall. KEEP BUSY. The following little gem came to us on a card sent out by the Anti-saloon League, Washington: CHARLES KINGSLEY SAID : Thank God everj' morning when you get up that you have something to do that day which must be done whether you like it or not. Being forced to work, and forced to do your best, will breed in you temperance, self control, diligence, strength of will, content, and a hundred virtues which the idle will never know. I was just thinking a few days ago that not only my happiness but my health abso- lutely depends on keeping me busy. A va- cation is not good for me unless that vaca- tion includes, every day of my life, hard work; and I am forced to conclude that thousands of people who are now miserable might be well and happy if the}^ were ab- solutely obliged to do some hard muscular work outdoors. If you can not do any bet- ter, wheel potatoes from the top of the hill, where they grow, down to the barn; and iyu2 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 825 just exactly this sort of work has been mak- ing- me happ3' and well, and full of faith in God and love toward my neig^hbors. AMONG THE POTATO-GROWERS. Perhaps I should first say something- about my own potatoes. I began plant- ing on our place in Michigan in March, planting only Early Michigan. These made a wonderful growth, and the vines were dead by July. The yield was good, although I had been warned that early potatoes were mostly a failure in that local- it3^ The next planting was about a fifth of an acre among the peach-trees about the first of Maj'. From this fifth of an acre we dug 45 bushels of beautiful New Queens, handsome in shape, and equal to any thing I ever tasted for table potatoes. There was a great deal of surprise among my neigh- bors at such a yield — nearly 250 bushels per acre of early potatoes. Of course, it was on new ground, but mostly on a steep hillside. We hardly know whether to give the credit to the variety. New Queen, or to the beautiful woods-dirt soil, or to the care- ful tending. We planted Lee's Favorite about the same time, and these I expect to dig in a few days, and I think the yield will be fully equal to the New Queens. We kept planting as fast as we could get the ground ready, until about July 1; but those planted late are not going to do as well. This, I am told, is rather unusual. The season was excessively wet during the fore part, and it was rather too dry through August. We had quite a time with bugs, and blight is showing itself more or less. In passing through Central Michigan I found very few fine-looking potatoes. Most of the potatoes suffered from the extreme wet in the early spring. Many were drowned out to half a stand, and some were spoiled entirely by water. Through Ohio there is also much evidence of dam- age from the excessive rains, and more or less blight shows almost everywhere. Down near our experiment station at Woos- ter things looked a little better, and some of the farmers said their crops of potatoes were good. I have just been out through Summit Co., and I found very few nice fields of potatoes. When I got up into Tallmadge, in the neighborhood of my cousin, Wilbur Fenn, of whom I have written so much in regard to potato-growing, I began to find fields of potatoes with an almost perfect stand, of a bright vivid green; and when I reached the borders of his own farm I was almost as- tounded at seeing acre after acre with a perfect stand, tops bright and green, just as he has had them for years past at this season. Some of the handsomest potatoes I ever saw were not planted till the 10th of July. Of course, they need three or four weeks more of fine weather to make a good crop. But there is a pretty fair yield as it is. I got off my wheel, went over into the potato-field and walked the whole length until I came to the house. Mr. Fenn turns under clover and timothy in preparing his ground for potatoes. He has a rotation that brings the potatoes in once in three years ; but he frequently puts potatoes in the second year, and sometimes two years in succession, and yet he has almost no blight at all, and so little scab you may say he has none. Wherever he has any reason to think there might be scab he plants the New Russet. The Russet and Carman No. 3 are his favorites. Let me mention an object-lesson I found at one of his neighbor's, a Mr. Metlin. He had a field of about two acres of these two kinds. Carman and Russet. Half of the field was bright green, and handsome. The other half was injured by the wet, and a good deal blighted. I asked him which was the bright kind. He replied : "Mr. Root, the bright-green tops are the Russet, but do not be in a hurry to draw conclusions. I covered the ground pretty thoroughly with stable manure where I planted the Russets, but I put none on the ground where the Carmans are." At first I was thoughtless enough to start to inquire why he should give the Russets all the manure and the Carmans none, when he hastened to add : "Why, don't you see the manure would have made the Carmans scabby?" "And it is really true, Mr. Metlin, that you may manure the Russets all you want to, with any kind of manure, without any fear of making them scabby?" " I think it is, Mr. Root; at least, I have applied manure to the Russets for many years — any kind of manure I happened to have; and they always have a bright-green rank growth, such as you see, but it, never makes them scabby; at least, I never saw any on my place." Of course, Mr. Metlin and Mr. Fenn have got to take their chances of a frost. There was a frost just before my visit, that killed pumpkins, sweet potatoes, etc., on low ground: but as my two cousins are located on high ground, where there is good air drainage, the frost never touched their po- tatoes at all. Now, to tell the truth, I do not know why Wilbur Fenn grows such handsome potatoes late in the season year after year when others so often fail. I think his locality has something to do with it. Oh, yes ! here is an important point that I must not omit. Last yeeir he planted late — I believe later than ever before; and although he had a nice crop of potatoes, before he could get around to get them all dug that hard frost came that doubtless some of you remember, and he lost about 400 bushels by their being frozen in the ground. Had he run a shovel-plow through 82.: GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Oct. 1 them, and thrown a g-ood lot of dirt up over the potatoes it would have saved every one of them; and he says that, after this, that is just what he is going to do with late potatoes, even if it should not freeze so as to harm them. Potatoes that g-row so rap- idly as the Carmaus will break open the ground, and the light will get in so as to make them green, injuring the quality for table use, but not hurting them for seed. He says he does not know any way to pre- vent this "greening-" except to give them a g-ood hilling-up about the last thing. If we have lots of rain after this hilling-up they are in just the right shape. If there is a dry spell about the time they are maturing, the severe hilling-up will, without question, injure the yield ; but he said that hereafter he was going to have his potatoes covered enough to be safe ag-ainst being g-reened by sun or air, and safe from frost in case there was a severe freeze just before being- dug-. Potatoes are selling throughout Ohio from 40 to 50 cents — nice ones bringing- the latter price. In the Traverse region dealers were paying, ten days ago, from 20 to 25 cents — 25 for very nice ones. I think they are now a little higher.-^" When you consider, how- ever, that it is worth about 15 cents to move potatoes from Northern Michigan to Ohio, the prices are not so very different after all. A great many have asked me what I thought about the prospect — whether pota- toes were likely to g-o up or down ; but I am about as helpless as the Weather Bureau is in telling- what the weather may be a month or more ahead. We can all guess ; but our guesses are about as likely to be wrong as right. The Crop Reporter, of Washington, D. C, reports the average condition, Sept. 1, of potatoes, was 89, against 94 Aug. 1. So you see the general report over the United States is that the condition generally is less promising than it was a month ago. I presume this is mainly on account of blight, which seems to be very widely spread, and came in very suddenly, many times quite unexpectedl)^ They further state that in every State having 100,000 acres of pota- toes, except Illinois, there was an impair- ment of conditions during August. POTATO TESTS AT THE OHIO EXPERIMENT station; COMPARISON OF VARIETIES. On the 11th of September it was my plea- sure to interview the boys, professors, and the other people at our station at Wooster. Yes, I rode my wheel ; for if I went any other way I should not enjoy my visit, and I am afraid I might not have had a good appetite for testing the apples, peaches, grapes, etc. — that is, if my opinion of their respective merits should be asked. Permit me to say, first, I have been all summer very much interested in P otato Bulletin No. 133, from our Ohio station . It gives reports of the yield, etc., of more than * A week after the above was written they went up o 36 cts., but are now 28 to 30. In Cleveland, Ohio, hey are quoted now 50 to 55 . 50 different varieties of potatoes that are now prominently before the growers of the United States. Not only does it give the yield and behavior for 1901, but it gives the record of most of the kinds for three years past, and on many of them for five j'ears. For instance, Early Trumbull has given the largest average yield for five years of any early potato. Every potato-grower should have this bulletin. It is furnished free to residents of Ohio, and I presume it will be sent to other people, but I do not know the terms. If you want it, write to the Experiment Station, Wooster, Ohio. Of course, I hunted up the potato-fields the first thing. Prof. Green was absent; but his assistant, C. W. Waid, very kindly showed me over the grounds, and showed himself quite familiar with all that has been done, and a good deal that is yet to be done in the way of getting better pota- toes. One of the first pleasant sights that met my eye was a plot of Early Trumbull po- tatoes planted July 22. Now, for the cen- tral part of Ohio I should consider this a rather bold experiment; but they thought they would succeed in getting a fair crop, and I thought so too, judging from the looks- — that is, if the frost holds off well. These late-planted potatoes are quite likely to es- cape blight as well as bugs; and when the usual' fall rains strike them they seem to realize that their chance is short, and so go in on the double-quick. I have had a very fair 3'ield of Early Trumbull in Michigan, but I planted them in May. I think they would have done better if I had planted them later. By the way, I have some small test-plots of potatoes planted at intervals all throug-h Juljs and some even into Au- gust. There are quite a few new early pota- toes that promise big things. Early For- tune and Early Norwood, two new pota- toes, each gave in 1901 at the rate of 286 bushels per acre. This year, however, they were not doing as well. If anybody should ask me what I consider the best all-around potato I do not know but I should say Car- man No. 3. The Wooster station chose this potato for a test of the dift'erent kinds of fertilizers; but the whole plot shows up so well (the plots that had no fertilizer what- ever as well as the others), that it looks as if it were going to be hard to make a com- parison— that is, from the looks of the tops, which were then dying down. Of course, the Carman No. 3 does not give quite as large a yield as some others; but it is one of the most beautiful-looking potatoes the world has ever seen. There are almost no small ones — all large enough for the table. The eyes are almost level, which makes it an easy potato to pare. There are no prongy ones, and rarely a bad-shaped po- tato. It succeeds everywhere. I went over into the patch and pulled one big stalk at random. There were six great handsome potatoes. The only fault that could be found is that some women would call them 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 827 too larg'e for table use. One potato would have done very well for a small family, say Mrs. Root and mj^self. My remedy for po- tatoes that are too large is to plant closer. I do love to see smooth and handsome pota- toes. There is just one other, lately out, that eclipses the Carman in beauty of shape. It is the King- of Michigan, introduced bj'^ E. T. Flansburg, Leslie, Mich. Even on our hard clay soil last year it gave pota- toes so smooth and round that some of them looked as if they had been turned out in a lathe. Even the little ones looked like marbles of various sizes. Among the late potatoes Northern Beauty gave in 1901 the largest yield — 321 bushels to the acre. Some others have eclipsed it, however, this season; and this shows that we can not well decide from a single trial. Reports for the past three and five years indicate this quite plainly. Our readers may remember that I helped to introduce Maule's Early Thoroughbred some years ago. The first season I was wonderfully taken up with it. After that the seasons or my own ground did not seem to be favor- able, and I dropped it, thinking I would be very careful how I boomed another new po- tato from one season's test. In the station's tests of five years, however, Maule's Thor- oughbred is placed pretty high on the av- erage. In 1901 it gave 296 bushels per acre. Manum's Enormous gave the larg- est yield of any in the five-year test. Its shape, however, is not nearly as good as Ihat of the Carman and some others; be- sides, it has troubled us here in Medina with scab a great deal of late. The station has not had much to say about scab lately; in fact, they say they have not been much troubled with it. This seems a little singular, as we have about given up growing potatoes on our land here in Medina because of the attendant scab. Quick Crop, from Vick, gave a remarka- ble'yield in 1901. In fact, it was ahead of any other early potato; and, if I am cor- rect, only one late potato excelled it. Quick Crop gave 300 bushels to the acre, and Northern Beauty gave 321. Only these two went above 300 in the test. Whitton's White Mammoth has made an excellent record of an average of 251 bush- els per acre for three years. It is also one of the best for quality; and for one I should like to see a little more attention paid to quality as well as quantity. Some years ago our Ohio station made a test of quali- ty, putting Snowflake highest — No. 10. Freeman and Lee's Favorite were put No. 9; and, in fact, there are \evy few potatoes that can be classed as No. 9 in quality. The Early Michigan I have frequently spoken of, especially when on Northern Michigan soil, would do very well to put beside Freeman and Lee's Favorite. It also has another important qualit^^ — the shape and smoothness are almost if not .quite equal to those of the Freeman. At our Ohio station there is no question that chemical fertilizers increase the yield of potatoes. But the vital point is, is the increase sufficient to pay for the fertilizer and the expense of putting it on? Where potatoes bring from 75 cents to $1.00 a bush- el, as they did last year, there would be no question about it. Fertilizers would pay big. But in Northern Michigan potatoes frequently sell as low as 25 cents, or even 20. Can a farmer afford to buy fertilizers to grow potatoes to sell for 20 cents a bush- el ? I think most farmers would say very emphatically, tio. Another thing, where I am located the potatoes must be hauled eight or nine miles to market; and I sup- pose if we were to hire a team to do the hauling it would cost 7 or 8 cents a bushel. Our Ohio station found that 160 lbs. of su- perphosphate per acre gave an increase of 14 bushels on an average yield of 172 bush- els. In this case phosphate for the crop cost only 9 cents a bushel, to which must be added the trouble of putting it on the ground. I suppose the low price of pota- toes usually is the principal reason why nobody ever heard of using chemical fertil- izers in this part of Northern Michigan. Notwithstanding, I believe fertilizers can be profitably used on ground that has been cropped for potatoes for many years, espe- cially where one grows potatoes for seed, not specially for table use. I did not have time to look over the sta- tion grounds very much; but I was pleased to see a small area covered with cheese- cloth to test certain plants grown under partial shade. There were two little plots of lettuce and radish— one under the cheese- cloth, and the other right in the open air. Now, there had been plenty of rain, and the weather has not been exceedingly hot during August and September, as you may know. But the lettuce and radishes under the cloth were beautiful pictures of luxuri- ant thrift, while those outside, in the sun and wind, have been an almost entire fail- ure. This cheese-cloth protection as I have mentioned before is a necessity for growing lettuce when the sun gets hot. I am sure it would be a wonderfully nice thing for many tropical plants — the ornamental ba- nanas, for instance. This structure at the station was made of light stakes and very light poles; but this 3^ear thej' had had no trouble from storms and high winds. The cloth is so loosely woven that the rain goes right through it; but it keeps off all boister- ous winds, and the plants are all the time in partial shade. The apple-orchards at the station were worth going miles to see, especiallj^ their old orchards of monstrous trees. These have been carefully spraj-ed for a number of years so they are just pictures of luxuri- ance. No sort of insect nor any kind of fungus is permitted to injure them in the least. One great tree of Northern Spy had the g-round under it covered with canvas so they could study every insect that dropped from its branches or that was shaken off. This tree, I should sa}', contained 25 bush- 828 'gleanings in bee culture. Oct. 1 els of the finest Northern Spies I ever be- held. I think the apples would readily command a dollar a bushel in almost any market. There were other trees in that or- chard I think mig-ht yield five or ten bush- els more than this Northern Spy. The size of the fruit was enormous, and almost every apple was free from blemish, scab, or scar. Of course, this result was obtained onlj' by verj^ careful, thorough, persistent work; but I believe it has paid in dollars and cents. The younarer orchards are also pic- tures of luxuriance. Almost all the fruit tested is in a block of three trees. One is spra3'ed thoroug-hly, according to the best- known methods. The one by its side had no spraying whatever. The third tree is tested in some other way — I do not recall now. Now, here is an object-lesson for any fruit-grower. My impression is, however, that the unsprayed trees have an advantage because the trees all around them, or most of them, have had care and protection. I went in among the grapes, and I was utterly bewildered by the wonderful fruit, larger in size, brighter in color, and more delicious to the taste, than any thing I had ever seen before. For instance, they were picking some of the Salem, and putting the bunches in baskets that would hold, I should say, two quarts. These retailed in the city, they said, for 10 cts., and I should say the price was ridiculously low for such a big heaping basket of great handsome fruit with a most enticing bloom and color, and nothing like disappointment to follow when 3^ou put one of the plum-like berries in your movith. The arrangement of this test-vineyard is, I believe, on a plan start- ed by my old friend W. J. Green. The vines are in long rows as usual, and the}' are supported b}' posts as usual — that is. the usual distance apart. But instead of running wires along on the posts, the wires were stretched on a cross-bar perhaps a yard long, nailed on top of the post. If I remember rightly there were three wires. One ran along right over the top of the post and one horizontally on the cross-bar, say 18 inches from the center wire. The posts are high enough so you can go under from one row of vines to the other. In fact, you can run through the vineyard almost as easiljr as 3'ou can through an apple-orchard, stooping a little to avoid the vines that hang down over 3'our head. I do not suppose it Avould be possible to get a good photo, be- cause of the manj^ leaves and bunches of fruit in the way; but one who loves to grow fruit, and loves the fruit as a matter of course, might consistentlj^ go into a little vein of ecstasy over such fruit and the man- ner of growing it, especially after he had tasted said fruit when it was at its best. Now, friends, who knows but the experi- ment station of your own State has some just as fine object-lessons as we have at our station? Have 3'Ou been to see the men in charge, and talked over matters with them? If not, suppose j'ou set about it. Please do not imagine that everybody can go into such a place and "help himself." There are notices up all around, to the ef- fect that visitors are forbidden to help themselves to any fruit, either on the trees or on the ground ; but if you call for some- body to show you about, I think j'ou will have no reason to complain. It is some- thing this way: There may be single fruits or half a dozen fruits on a certain tree or vine that they would not lose for a ten- dollar bill. Perhaps an apple they have been watching for weeks may have dropped on the ground; and if some thoughtless person picked this apple up, tasted it, and threw it away, it might make them a lot of trouble. And may I suggest that, when you go on to anybody''s premises, you first hunt up the owner? Don't touch a thing unless he gives you permission, and tells you what you may safely appropriate. Special Notices by A. I. Root. GOOD AND VALUABLE BOOKS FOR PREMIUMS. On page 168, Feb. 1.5, we made an offer of the dollar poultry-book free to everybody who sent us $1.00 for Gleanings, and (i cts. for postage on the book. As it is a large handsome book of 3.52 pages, fully illus- trated, with a handsome cover, embellished with pictures of poultry in bright colors, 100 copies were gone in almost no time. Another hundred went off not quite so fast; then as the notice got to be old, the third hundred is, a go d many of them, on our hands. As it is now time to liegin to renew for another year, we would re:nind you of this liook offer. It is about the handsomest and most useful premium I have ever seen offered with any journal. ]i'e think Gleanings is worth the dollar; and when you get the poultry -book I feel sure;)'OM will consider the book worth a dollar. Just one thing more : We have just got a lot of that beautiful book by Sheldon, " In His Steps," that has made such a stir in the world, not only in the United States, but away across the sea, which we can offer you on the same terms as the poultry-book. Of course, if you want either of these books j-ou must not a.sk for ariy other premium. The last one, it is said, has had a larger sale than any other book since T'ucle Tom's Cabin was published. A million of copies were sold in a short time in England alone. Best of all, it is a book that does good wherever it goes. After \ ou read it you will want to lend it to your neighbors; and every one of the books should be kept on the move until it is worn out. PRICES OF SEED POTATOES FOR PLANTING IN 1903. Now, friends, I do not know what seedsmen are go- ing to do about prices; but I will tell you what I will take at the pre.sent writing for my northern-grown seed potatoes. If any reliable grower makes better prices later on I will give you a rebate to make price the same as his. If the prices are advatired. then you will be the gainer, that is all. Those mentioned first are the earliest; the next a little later, and so on, the last mentioned being the latest : Triumph, Early Michigan. Early Ohio, Early Trum- bull, Bovee, New Queen, Freeman, Twentieth Cen- tury, L,ee's Favorite, State of Maine, King of IMichi- gaii, Maule's Commercial, Whitton's White ilammoth, Carman No. 3, Sir Walter, Russet, Craig. All the above will be 8:3.00 per barrel of 11 pecks, except the State of Elaine, Maule's Commercial. AVhite Mammoth. Carman No. 3, Sir Walter, Russet, and Craig. These will be $2. .50 per barrel. And last, but not least, the King of Michigan will be |5.00 per barrel. It is not only the cleanest and handsomest potato I ever grew, but the qualitv is as fine as the looks. Sec- onds of all the above, half price while they last. The seconds will be half price because they're mostly small; but we also reserve the privileg of throwing any thing into the seconds which we deem for any reason not suitable for firsts: and there will, therefore, be among the seconds a few potatoes that are scabby, prongy, bad-shaped, cut in digging, or gnawed by grubs. No 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 829 other grower that I know of puts his seconds at only half the price of firsts; and while the greater part of our customers are usually pleased with their seconds there are a few who complain; and this is why we have particularlj' specified that, if you buy seconds, you must expect to take all that are not strictly first- class, as above. Any time before the first of November, potatoes will be shipped from Traverse City, Mich. About Nov. 1 we expect our whole crop to be moved to Medina, O., where they will be stored in our potato-cellars, ready for shipment in the spring. We will ship this fall, and pack up so as to guarantee safe delivery from freezing, all orders received before Nov. 15. Convention Notices. The annual meeting of the Northern Illinois Bee- keepers' Association will be held in the Court House, at P'reeport, 111., on Tuesday and Wednesday, October 21 and 22, 1902. All interested in bees are invited to attend. B. Kennedy, Sec, Cherry Valley, 111. The first annual meeting of the New Jersey Bee- keepers' Association will be held at 10 a.m., Thursday, October 2, in Club House, on Inter-State Fairgrounds, Trenton, N. J. We extend a most cordial invitation to all bee-keepers, and others interested in bee cul- ture, to be present. Geo. N. Wanser, Sec. B. F. Onderdonk, Pres. Kind Words from our Customers. I have just finished reading the A B C ot Strawberry Culture. I never read a book with more interest. I am a market-gardener, and have obtained my little knowledge by reading, but never found a book so simple and easy to understand as the above named. Thurmont, Md. X,. Sigmund. I like Gleanings because it is a clean paper edited by a clean Christian man who isn't afraid to print his mind about rum, tobacco, profanity, or any other un- clean thing that Christ hates. I praise God that the .'■anie salvation saves us both and any other person who will let it. F. E. Whiting. Plainville, Mass. Homeseekers' Excursions to the Great West and Northwest. Settlers and homeseekers are moving westward in large numbers Special low rates to all points west and northwest this fall via the Chicago & North-West- ern Railway, the only double-track road to the Mis- souri River. Ask any ticket agent for particulars. Maps and interesting printed matter free oa applica- tion to W. B. Knistern, G. P. A.. Chicago, 111. To Sell Outright==U. S. Patent Apiary Means are provided for supporting the hives so they will be practically inaccessible to the various classes of insects and small animals that, under ordinary condi- tions, gain access to the interior of the hives, and de- spoil the contents, and de.'troy the inhabitants. An- other advantage is that the hives are so spaced in rela- tion to each other that they are exposed to view on all sides, and therefore freely accessible in all directions to the bees. At the same time the hives are protected from the sun and rain, and a neat warm housing is provided in which the hives may be inclosed during cold weather, thus securely protecting the bees. Will sell State, county, or farm rights upon application. Charles 0. Lett, Eclectic, Alabama. To make cows pay, use Sharpies Cream Separators, book " Business Dairying " ^i cat. 288 free. W. Chester. Pa The Ideal Piano Built anticipating thedemand of thn-^e patiHtied with nothint^ but the best and looking for a piano of the Highest Artistic Creation Are you consiHerini; the purchase of a piano? Our proposition will prove more en- tertaining than any you have had. CataUig and Jull infnrmntioM frre on applicatiun. THE PACKAKI> COMPANY P.O. Box F Fort Wayiu-. Indiana because it gives them food tliat^ makes them lay. Open hopper an ' ^^^ automatic feed, makes cutting ^ always easy. Sent on TEN CAYS' FREE TBEAL. No pay until you prove that it cuts faster I and easier than any other. Isn't that better | I for you than to pay cash in advance for a macliine you never tried? Catah. gue free. If. W. MAXN CO., Box 37, Jlilford, Jl.-i BUSHELS OF EGGS ,^_ follow the feeding of cut lA^ bone. The Green Bone Cutter njilest. faptest and eaeiest bone cutter >rice J5.00 up. Si>ld on 15 davB trial. I Satisfaotion or no Bale. Send for price boolt I and Special Proposition. 'Jtrntton Mfe. Co.. Hot 5i, Krlc, Pn. DANDY is the i In Olden Days men were broken on the wheel, now they buy Electric Steel Wheels, and save money. They tit any wagon. Made with eit tier stag- gered or straight spokes. Let us tell you how to make a low down wapron with any size wheel, any width tire. Catalog tells. It's free. Electric Wheel Co., 6o\ 95 Quincv. W- Choicest Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Plan* ,, Bulbs, Seeds. 40 Acre* Hardy Roses. 44 Greenhouses of Palms, Everblooming Poses, Fcua, Perns, etc. Correspondence solicited. CataloKiie Free. 49th Year. 1000 Acres. THE STORRS & HARRISON CO., - PAINESVILLE, OHIO. 830 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Oct. 1 IF YOU ARE INTERESTED IN DR. GANDY or his bees, his artificial pastur- age, and his yields of ho^iey; if you wish to see pictures of his home, his apiaries, his patches of catnip, and other plants, the seed of which he has scattered, etc.; if you wish to know all that the edi- tor of the Review learned during a visit of three days ; if you wish to know the Truth of the matter, send ten cents for the October Review, which will be out about the middle of the month. With this number will be sent two other late but different issues, and the ten cents may apply on any sub- scription sent in before the end of the year. A coupon will be sent entitling holder to the Review for only ninety cents. Address W. Z. Hutchinson, Flint, flichigan. SOCENTS^ That's all it costs for a year's reading of the Rocky Mountain Bee Journal. Besides reflecting all the doings and happenings and the lates-t methods and appl ances that pertain to bee-keeping in the great Rocky Jlountain alfalfa regions, we talk up co-operation and organization as no other bee-journal has ever undertaken to do. This journal will give you new ideas, and help you whether you own one colonj' or 50u0. You need it. The 10-cent trial offer is withdrawn. Samples free. H. C. MOREHOUSE, BOULDER, COLO. Postoffice Box 611. POULTRY PAPER 3 Honths and book, "Plans for Poultry-houses," 10 cts. Paper one year and book, 25 cts, if you mention Gleanings (reg. price, 50 cts). Inland Poultry Journal, Indianapolis, Indiana. GOOD FOR CUBA! The letter below, entirely unsolicited, proves that the "Case" queens are Good for Cuba. Mr. Frierson bought 100 or more, last fall. Friend Case: — The queens all came in good order. My bees, especially those I got from you, have sviper- seded very few queens. Only two swarmed, and they were very much exposed to the sun Notwithstanding the loss I had last fall, which caused me to divide up so late, I got a great deal more honey than my neigh- bors, and extracted later in the season. And now comes the pretty part : I have not fed a pound of sugar this summer, while all my neighbors have been feed- ing for some time. I have many hives now with 40' lbs. of honey, while the dark (Italians) have none, and I have to take frames of honey from your Italians and give to the dark ones — Italians, the parties who .sold them called them. Call them what you will, it is- very strange to me that they will starve while others in the same yard have such an amount of surplus. I want to get them strong early this season, then, if they bring in the honey as they did last season. Ceiba Mocha, Cuba, Aug. 15. C. B. Frierson. The above queens were reared from same mother and same method I am now using. Except for num- ber of queens tested it is a fair sample of a big lot of testimonials. Prices of queens from my golden strain: One select warranted, §1.00; six, $5.00. Fair average queen, 76c; six, $1.00. Send for folder. J. B. CASE, Port Orange, Florida. QUEENS! BY RETURN MAIL. We are now breeding from three dis- tinct strains ; viz. : Imported or leather color, Root's long-tongued or red-clo- ver strain, and our old strain of white- banded yellow Italians, or albinos. PRICES: Tested, each.. $1.25 Select tested, each 1.50 Warranted purely mated, each 7.^ Same, per half dozen 4.00 Same, per dozen 7.50 Untested, each 65 Same, per half dozen 3.50 Same, per dozen 7.00 We have also a full line of bee-keep- ers' supplies including THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY'S GOODS. Send for our 32-page illustrated catalog. ary & Son, Lyonsville, Mass. QAIII TDV PAPER, illnetM, 20 psMB, rUUL I H I 25 cenl.s per year. 4 months' trial 10 cents. Sample Free. 64~page practical poultry book free to yearly subscnbera. Book alone 10 cents. Oatalofrne of ponjtri ibooks free, eouUry A.dvocaU, Syraouses «. It- 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURP:. 831 ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦ I Ih£ Fred W. Muth Co. I ♦ ♦ ♦ ■Front & Walnut Streets- CINCINNATI, OHIO. ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ Muth's 1-pound square with patent glass stoppers and steel spring are the best. 4®=- Only $5.50 per gross. Send for catalog "of bee-supplies. JSkg' Special inducements. =S^ft ♦ I ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ Long Tongues Valuable South as well as North. How Moore's strain of Italians roll in the honey down in Texas Hutto, Texas, Nov. 19, 1901. y. p. Afoore. — Dear sir: — I wish to write you in re- gard to queens purchased of you. I could have writ- ten sooner, but I wanted to test them thoroughly and see if they had those remarkable qualities of a three- banded Italian bee. I must confess to you I am more surprised every day as I watch them. They simply " roll the honey in" It seems that they get honey where others are idle or trying to rob; and for gentle- ness of handling, I have never seen the like. Friend E. R. Root was right when he said your bees have the longest tongues; for they get honey where others fail. I will express my thanks for such queens. I am more than pleased. I will stock my out-apiaries next spring with your queens. Yours truly, Henry Schmidt. The above is pretty strong evidence that red clover is not the only plant which requires long-tongue bees to secure the greatest quantity of nectar. Daughters of my 23-100 breeder, the prize-winner, and other choice breeders : Untested, 75 cts. each ; six, $1.00: dozen, $7.50. Select untested, $1.00 each; six, §5.00 ; dozen. $9 00. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Circular free. I am filling all orders by return mail, and shall probably be able to do so till the close of the sea.son. J. P. Moore, L. Box I, Morgan, Kentucky. Pendleton County. HONEY QUEENS I Laws' Leather=colored Queens. Laws' Improved Golden Queens. Laws' Holy Land Queens. A prominent queen-breeder writes : " I have reared and sold over 5000 queens in the past few years, and I am using your stock exclu.sively, as it is the best I can get." Another writes : "The queen mother I got of you is the best queen I ever sa'w." A prominent writer for the Revieiv states the L,aws queen is making a fine showing. Many nice letters indicative of the superi- ority of Laws' queens on file. Prices : Tested or un- tested, $1.00 each; six for $5.00. Discount on large lots. Write for circular. W. H. Laws, BeeviUe, Texas. 1200 FERRETS. All .sizes; .some trained; first- class stock. New price list free. N. A. KNAPP, Rochester, Lorain Co., Ohio. ^ifc ^«-* &&&&&&&&&^S^&&«&&&&^S^^^^ 1 100 per cent Protit from Bees .^»«' ^ii.^J^ in California shown by U. S. ;j,S Honey Report of 1S99 — a ^ \M short year. Our 1901 crop flDi ^ of oOO cars of honey shows a fi y(/ profit of loO per cent on the f^ (if investment. By this same *l* (i« report the Eastern States . 16155, Burlin-ton stay-on stable blanket. %JJ HB/^'iLr Heavy brown duck and 3 4 wool lined. Has two web surciugles, strni.g and well mde, I iftv styles blankets, of all eizea 10 select from. 63 ■. and np. 45 STYLES Pl.rsil AM» FUR R0BK9. DON'T PAY TWO PHICFS f.-ryour blankets, but send for our FREE catalogue, giving the lowest prices on everything for the farm, horse and barn, on 40,000 staple articles needed every day. MARVIN SMITH 00. ss^» J?.-?.-«'?.--5«t'eet, OUICAOO, ILL. • Angora Goats ■ ire handsome, hardv, profitablf . Prize <;tock : low pr'ct- ; circular. Kd. W. CoLii &Co , Kenton, O YOU CAI^S'T GET Page wire, nor our principle of construction, in any wire fence excepting the Page. We make our own wire, and don't sell any. Page Woven Wire Fence Co., Box S, Adrian, Michigan. BARNES' Hand and Foot Power Maciiinery. This cut represents our combined circular saw, which is made for bee- keeper's use in the con- struction of their hives, sections, boxes, etc., etc Machines on Trial. Send for illustrated cata- log and prices. Address W. F. & Jno. Barnes Co., 545 Ruby St., Rockford. : Illinois. Union Combination Saw For Ripping, Cross- cutting, Rabbeting Mitering, Grooving, Gaining, Boring, Scroll- sawing, Edge - moulding, Beading. Full line Foot and Hand Power machin- erj'. Semi for cataloz A. SENECA FALLS MFa. CO., ii Water St.. Seneca Fs., 1T.7. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 833 mfaatMon flWiCiiWMWaWI STRONGEST MADE. Bull Ktrontr, Chicken- Tipht. SoUi to tho Faiinerat Wholesale Prices. Fully Warranted. Cataloi? Free. COILED SPRING FENCE CO. Uox 101, Wiuchester, Indiana, V. 8. A. CKas. Israel (Si Brothers 486-490 Canal St., cor. Watt St., N. Y. Honey and Bees^vax Liberal Advances Made on Consignments Wholesale Dealers and Commission Merchants. Establish* d 1875. Queens! Queens! We have five different yards, 5 to 20 miles apart, where Italians, Cyprians, Holylands. Carniolaus, and Albinos are bred for business. You can .send in your orders at following prices the rest of this year: Test- ed, $1 50 each; $8.00 for six; $15.00 per doz. Untested, 75c each; $4.25 for six, or $8.00 per doz. Fine breeders, $5.00 each. Safe arrival guaranteed. Write for free catalog. Tells how to raise queens and keep bees for profit. The Jennie Atchley Co., Beeville. Bee Co., Tex. Queens for Aug. and Sept., 60 cts. Abbott I,. Swinson, queen-specialist, will mail war- ranted American Albino Italians (best bees known) to introduce the stock, at 60 cts. each; $6.00 per dozen. Everybody try them, and get the bee you need. Swinson & Boardman, Box 35$, Macon, Ga. HONEY QUEENS FROM TEXAS. I can furnish queens of 6 different races, all bred in their purity in separate yards from 6 to 25 miles apart. Untested queens, 75 cts. to $1.00 each. Tested queens of either race, SI. 50 to $iM each. Breeders, $3.50 to $5 each. Bees by the pound, and 1, 2, and 3 frame nuclei a specialty. Prices cheap Quoted on application. Price list free. Will Atchley, Box 79, Beeville, Bee Co., Tex. Wants and Exchange. WANTED. — Beeswax; bright yellow preferred. I. J. Stringham, 105 Park PI., New York City. w w ANTED.— To exchange apples for sweet potatoes. John Anderson, Oriskany Falls, N. Y. ANTED.— To buy bees in Ohio or adjoining States. W. J. Wolfe, Ludlow, Ky. w ANTED. mill. -A location for a custom saw and feed Wm. S. Ammon, Reading, Pa. w w ANTED. — To sell or exchange, a lady's Crescent bi- cj'cle; fine condition. H. Shane^ Medina, O. Y^ANTED. — To exchange bees, supplies, books, and ' ' a long list of articles (write for list), for typewrit- er, combined hoe and drill, and beeswax. F. H. McFarland, Hyde Park, Vt. ANTED. — To exchange sweet - clover seed for queens or cash. The Snyder Bee & Honey Co., Kingston, N. Y. WANTED.— To trade 160 acres of rich, level, black "' land for bees. Write for particulars in first let- ter. D. E. I<'Hommedieu, Colo, Story Co., Iowa. IVANTED — We want to hear from those having ' choice comb honey to sell, stating quantity, qual- ity, size, and style of .sections, and how packed. If not yet packed for shipinent state how soon j-ou can have it ready, and the price asked delivered here or free on board at your place. The a. I. Root Co., Medina, Ohio. \VANTED.— To sell cockerels. Last June I bought ' ' 65 eggs of the famous Wickoff strain of single- comb White Leghorns, and have 5S chicks. The cock- erels are too good to be killed. Will express one for 50c; three for $1.30. They are beauties; none better. See what Reliable Incubator catalog says. Get them while small ; express will be light. No pullets for sale. C. A. Olmstead, East Bloomfield, N. Y. Y^ANTED. — To exchange pups (bird), 7 weeks old, ' ' for incubator or offers. Pups are worth $2.50 each. R J. Cary, Route 42, Norwalk, Conn. ANTED. — To exchange bets for a young cow or heifers; must be good ones. W. D. SOPER, Route 3, Jackson, Mich. w w w w ANTED.— To exchange fine violin for windmill, gasoline-engine, shotgun, grain, or honey. G. E. Wells, Roseland, N. C. ANTED.— To sell a bee, fruit, and poultry ranch. Write for particulars. Geo. C. Hatch, Port Angeles, Wash. ANTED — To send you catnip seed— real nice seed — at 10c per large ounce packet, prepaid. J. E. Johnson, Williamsfield, Knox Co., Ills. yVANTED. — To exchange modern fire-arms for foun- ^' dation-mills and foot-power saw, also wax and honey. Wm. S. Ammon, Reading, Pa. \^ ANTED. — To sell forty strong, healthy colonies of '^ Italian bees in almost new 8 and 10 frame Dove- tailed hives, at $1.00 per colony. Chas. D. Day, Northampton, Pa. WANTED. — A buyer for my stock of merchandise, or will exchange for a small farm in valley of Vir- ginia. Wish to start a fruit and bee farm. W. E. Tribbett, Spottswood, Va. VVANTED. — To correspond with a young man who '' thoroughly understands the care of bees, and who would be open for engagement in the spring of 1903. H. C. Mills, 424 Arabella St., Pittsburgh, Pa. WANTED.— To sell an apiary of 30 colonies, a lot of bee-supplies, 5 lots— with house, barn, and two shops — in a small village. Must be sold; a great bar- gain for some one. Address for particulars, H. D. Edwards, Delhi, 111. WANTED.— To sell a four-horse-power gasoline-en- gine; good as new; will sell very low for cash. C. L. Gould, East Dover, Vermont. WANTED —To sell 200 swarms of Italian bees. Also 7000 lbs. white extracted honej' in 60-lb. cans; 5 acres choice improved land, and house and two lots; or will trade for merchantile business. Don't write unless you mean business. Elias Fox, Hillsboro, Wis. V^ANTED.— Beeswax ; highest market price paid. ' ' Write for price list. Bach, Becker & Co., Chicago, 111. W^ w^ WANTED. — To sell for cash, 5 gal. square tin cans, used for honey, at about half price of new cans. Also elegant exhibition 12-lb. nodrip honey-cases f-^r plain Danz. and 4i^X4i<( sections; made for Pan-Amer- ican. For prices, etc., address OrelL- Hershiser, 301 Huntington Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. WANTED. — To sell bees and queens. ALso putt}'-- knife with iron handle and strong steel blade — just the thing for prying and scraping about hives, etc., 1.5c postpaid. "O. H. Hyatt, Shenandoah, la. WANTED. — To exchange an American fruit-evapo- rator (nearly new, capacity 8 to 12 bus., cost $35). for honey or supplies. Will sell evaporator for $15. Dean Ferris, 1510 Maple Ave., Peekskill, N. Y. WANTED.— To sell 600 stands of Italian bees in Sim- plicity hives in lots to suit buyer. Will deliver the same to any point in the West if desired. Corres- pondence solicited. Tyler Bros., Nicolaus, Cal. 'ANTED. — To exchange my new price list of 2000 ferrets, now ready to ship, for your address on a postal card. N. A. Knapt, Rochester, Ohio. WANTED— To sell in December. 160 acres of im- proved land for $.500 and 200 hives of yellow bees, and extracting tools; hive factory very cheap for cash. I w.ns the founder of the apiary with which J. C. McCubliiii, of Central California, earned his fame. ,So come for health where there i« but little rain and no snow. Land is rich, and crops grow. This State has all kinds of climate and soil. S. W. Conrad, Poplar, Tulare Co., Cal. W^ w^ 834 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Oct. 1 I PACE ^ LYON, t I New London, Wisconsin. I ♦»♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦< MANUFACTURERS OF AND DEALERS IN . . . BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES. . . . Send for Our Free New Illustrated Catalog and Price List mmmmmmfffmfA^fmm^ Now d^ ^ ^ Ready ! Sixty-four Page Catalog of every thing- bee-keepers need. Illustrated and fully described. Especially valuable to begin- ners for the information it con- tains. Send your address on a 4 postal and get it now. Estab- x lished 1884. f J* M* Jenkins^ Wetumpka^ Elmore Co., Ala, ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»»»»»^ BEE-SUPPLIES. Best-equipped factory in the West ; car- ry a large stock and greatest variety of every thing needed in the apiary, assur- ing BEST goods at the LOWEST prices, and prompt shipment. We want every bee-keeper to have our FREE ILI.US- TRATED CATALOG, and read descrip- tion of Alternating Hives, Ferguson Su- pers, etc. Write at once Jor a catalog. AGENCIES > Kretchmer Mtg. Go,, Box 60, Red Oak, la. ""'"slliH^iiS-S;'"'''' BINGHAM SMOKER. Dear Sir:— Inclosed find $1.75. Please ■end jne brasi3 smoke-engine.'. I have •B* already. It is the best smoker I •Ternsed. Truly yours, Hknbt Schmidt, Hutte, Tex. MADE TO ORDER Bingham Brass Smokers, Made of sheet brass, which does not rust or burn out; should last a lifetime. You need one, but they cost 25 cts. more than tin of the .same size. The little open cut shows our brass hinge put on the three larger sizes. No wonder Bingham's four-inch smeke-engine goes without puffing, and does not drop inky drops. The perforat- ed steel fire-grate has 381 holes to air the fuel and support the fire. Hea\Tr tin smoke-engine, 4-inch stove, per mail, J1.50 ; 3^-inch, $1.10; 3-inch. Jl.OO; 2'4-inch, 00c; 2-inch, 0.5c. Bingham smokers are the originals, and hare all the improvements, and have been the standard of excellence for 23 years. Only three larger ones brass. T. F. Bingham, Farweil, Michigan^ 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 839 Contents of this Number. Ants, Camphor for 846 Bees, Moving to Out-apiary 857 Bleaching with Sulphur 8G2 Carbon Bisulphide Necessary for Honey 845 Catnip, Sowing 844 Cocoanut Palm 861 Combs Attached to Separators 84(> Criminals in Good Society 845 Date Palm 861 Death from Cigarettes 816 Denver Convention 853 Editor in Portland 852 Honey, Bottling, in Medina 855 Isle of Pines, Ratnbler at 8'>9 Mountain Peaks 852 Nominations for General Manager 867 Oregon lyUmber 852 Palms 861 Phacelia for Fodder •. 846 Ranching in Nebraska 853 Royal Palm 861 vShook-swarm Symposium 848-851. 863-866 Smokers Discussed 814 Symposium on Shook-swarms 848, 854 Sulphur for Bleaching 862 Warts Cured with Honey 846 Wax Scales in Spring 843 Wire Cloth, Danger from Fine 868 Honey Column. GRADING-RtJLES. Fancy.— All sections to be well tilled, combs straight, firm- ly attached to all four sides, the combs unsoiled by travel- etain or otherwise ; all the cells sealed except an occasional cell, the outside surface of the wood well scraped of propolis. A No. 1. — All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs straight ; one-eighth part of comb surface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soiled ; the out- side of the wood well scraped of propolis. No. 1.— All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs comparatively even ; one-eighth part of comb surface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soiled. No. 2.— Three-fourths of the total surface must be filled and sealed. No. 3.— Must weigh at least half as much as a full-weight section. In addition to this the honey is to be classified according to color, using the terms white, amber, and dark ; that is, there will be " Fancy White," " No. 1 Dark," etc. CITY MARKETS. Milwaukee. — The main features of this market on honey have not met with any decided change .since our list. The supply is not very large of any kind, and the demand is not urgent, yet choice comb or extract- ed will meet favor, and we encourage shipments and feel sure satisfactory results will follow. We quote fancy 1-lb. sections. 16@17; A No. 1, 15@16; old and amber, nominal. Extracted, in barrels, keg.s, or cans, white, 8@8^; amber, 7^@8. Beeswax, 28(a;30. A. V. Bishop & Co., Oct. 8. 119 Buffalo St., Milwaukee, Wis. New York. — Good demand for comb honey. Fancy worth 16; No. 1, 15; other grades, i2@14. Southern, in barrels, 45^@5^ per lb. Beeswax, 27(& 28. Wewillbuy comb honey outright. Francis H. I^eggett & Co., Oct. 9. Franklin and Varick Sts., New York. San Francisco.— Comb honey, 10®13. Extracted water-white, 6@6^ ; light amber, 5l4@^}i '< dark am- ber, 4@5. Beeswax, 27@30. E. H. Schaeffle, Sept. 25. Murphys, Calif. Chicago.— The advance noted in our last quotation has been maintained, and there is a very good demand for honey at the present time. No. 1 to fancy white comb brings 15@16 per lb., with the lower grades sell- ing at from 2 to 3 cts. less. This includes the light amber. Dark grades of amber sell at about lOtoll. and buckwheat OfalO. Extracted is steady, with white bringing 6^fa8, according to color and quality. The ambers bring from 6^*7; dark, h%(aM per lb. Beeswax in good demand at 30c per lb. R. A. Burnett & Co., Oct. 9. 199 South Water St., Chicago, 111. Kansas City.— The demand for both comb and ex- tracted is good, especially comb, at quotations. We quote fancy white comb, H(mU%\ No. 1, 13^(5(14: No. 2 white and amber, 13ra)13i4. Extracted white, 6J4@7 ; amber, 6(a,6)/2. Beeswax, 22@25. C. C. Clemons & Co., Oct 11. 306 Grand Ave., Kansas City, Mo. Buffalo. — New comb honey is selling very well now. Receipts very light for this time of the year. Some call for extracted in 125 to 160 lb. packages. Fancy white comb, 14(a!l5 ; A No. 1, 13^(a.ll; No. 1. ]3@13H ; No. 2, 12(»13; No. 3, 115^@12; dark, l()(ail2. Extracted white, 6%@7; anibet, 55^(a6; dark, 5(0(5^^. Beeswax, 28@30. W C. Townsend, Oct. 7. 167 Scott St., Buffalo, N. Y. Cincinnati.— Comb honey is in good demand, the supply is short, and very little offered. No. 1 fancy sells at 16c; other grades less, according to quality. The demand for extracted is very active, and prices area little better. Amber sells for 5i^((7\5^; alfalfa water-white, 6(^6^; white clover, 754(a,8. Beeswax, 30. C. H. W. Weuer, Oct. 7. 2146 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. New^York. — We are having a good demand for Comb honey, and receipts are quite plentiful. We quote fancy white at 15c, and some exceptionally fine lots wiil bring from 1554Cgil6; No. 1 white, 13(((14; am- ber, 12. Buckwheat is late in arriving and none has been on the market as yet to cut any figure. Expect large receipts next week, and it will sell at from 10@ (al2c, according to qualit}' and style of package. Ex- tracted in fairly good demand, at 7}^ for white, 6'/^ for light amber, and !)%Ca:() for amber. Southern, in bbls., at from 55 to 65c per gallon. Beeswax nominal at 28c. Hildreth & Segelken, Oct. 10. 265-7 Greenwich St., New York City. Albany. — Honey market firm with good demand and moderate receipts. We quote fancv white comb, at 16c: A No 1, 15; No. 1, 14(3)15; No. "2, 13. Fancy buckwheat, 14; No. 1, 13. Extracted, light. 1&7^A; mixed, iOsiiiyi; dark, 55^^ 6. Beeswax, scarce, 28(0)30. MacDougal & Co., Oct. 10. 375 Broadway, Albany, N. Y. Schenectady. — There is a good demand for both clover and buckwheat at following prices Fancy white in paper cartons, 16; No. 1, 14® 15; No. 2, 125^13; buckwheat, IKmri]^. Extracted, light, 6^(gj7'^; dark, 5^(6,6, Chas. McCulloch. Oct. 10. 523 State St., Schenectady, N. Y. Boston. — Our honey market remains firm, with good demand and fair stocks on hand. Honey is not coming forward as fast as usual, and the tendency of prices is steadj'. We quote j'ou our market as follows: Fancy white, 1-lb. sections in cartons, 15c; No. 1, 15; No. 2. very light supply, 14; glass front sections gener- ally Ic less than this, light amber, 8c; amber, 7%. Extracted honey, light supply. Blake, Scott & I,ee. Oct. 11. 31. 33 Commercial St., Boston. Mass. Denver — No. 1 white comb honey, per case of 24 sections, S^.IO to $^ 25, Fancy white comb honey scarce, and brings $3.50 per case. Extracted, 7;4@8c. Beeswax, 22fa'26, The Colorado Honey Producers' Ass'n., Oct. 11. 1440 Market St., Denver, Col. Philadelphia. — Comb honey is in quite active de- mand. Of late years the whole season's jobbing busi- ness is thrown into October and November, so all shippers should market their honey early. We quote fancy white comb, 16(al7; No. 1, 14rail5. Extracted, white, 7to!8; amber, 7. Wm. A. Selser, Oct. 11- 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa. For Sale. — lyight extracted honey; cans and kegs, 7@8c per lb. Sample, 8c. I. J. Stringham, 105 Park PI., New York City. For Sale. —Extracted honey. Finest grades for ta- ble use. Prices quoted on application. Sample by mail, 10 cts. to pay for package and postage. Orel 1,. Hershiser, 301 Huntington Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. FOR SAL,E — 50 cases extracted heartsease honey, two 5-gal. cans in case, 120 lbs., at 7c lb., also 10 to 20 cases dark at 6c lb. John A. Thornton, I,ima, 111. 840 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Oct. 15 yK fiC fie »i. OFFER NO. 6. X ^^ We should like to have you give the AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL a fair j^ "^^ trial, for vs^e believe if you would read it reg"ularly for two or three mouths ^c^T" V you would not do without it after that. So we are going- to offer to send ^ _ ■^^ the Bee Journal to you every week for the rest of this year (1902), if you will ^§^ ' fill out the blank below. Surely that is easy. We will stop sending the j ^!*■ you will read it for the time specified. Shall we not hear from you by re- ''({^ .^^ turn mail? The Denver Convention Report is now being published in the i^ -^» Bee Journal. ?^C" V If this offer is accepted, write your na^me and address plainly below, i^ ^i and cut out this page and mail it to us. ^^T -^^ GEO. W. YORK & CO., ?^ .^^ Dear Sirs: — I accept your " Offer No. 6," as given in the above par- Jjf^ ^» agraph. You can begin to send me the weekly AMERICAN BEE JOUR- ?jjC V NAL at once, on the terms specified. i^ -^i Yours very truly, ^ST "^* Name ^jSi ^* P. o. ns^ A^ County '^ I Datr State ^ '^ A sample copy of the AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL, and catalog '^ ^.^ of Bee-keepers' Supplies, sent free for the asking. Address $%r ^C George W. York & Co., ^^ ^^ 144=146 Erie St., Chicago, III. ^p ■^^ .i?'* ^* ^* ^^* ^* ^'* J'* >* ^* J'* ^* y* ^'* ^* ^'t^ ^'4^ ^'*^ .^'4^ ^HX^ 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 841 Gleanings in Bee Culture [Established in 1873.] Devoted to Bees, Honey, and Home Interests. Published Semi-monthly bj' The A. I. Root Co., - - Medina, Ohio. A. I. ROOT, Editor of Home and Gardening Dep'ts. E. R. ROOT, Editor of Apicultural Dept. J. T. CAIvVERT. Bus. Mgr. A. I,. BOYDEN, Sec. TERMS. 11.00 per annum ; two years, |1.50; three years, $2.00; five years, |3.00, in advance; or two copies to one address, $1.50 ; three copies, $2.00 ; five copies, $3.75. The terms apply to the United States, Canada, and Mexico. To all other countries 48 cents per year extra for postage. DISCONTINUANCES. The journal is sent until orders are received for its discontinuance. "We give notice just before the subscription expires, and fur- ther notice if the first is not heeded. Any subscriber whose subscription has expired, wishing his journal discontinued, will please drop us a card at once; other- wise we shall assume that he wishes his journal con- tinued, and will pay for it soon. Any one who does not like this plan may have his journal'stopped after the time paid for by making this request when ordering. RATES OF ADVERTISING. These will be fur- nished on application. .A.I. of Grand Traverse territory and L,eelanau Co. are descriptive of Michigan's most beautiful section reached most conveniently via the Pere Marquette R. R. For pamphlets of Michigan farm lands and the fruit belt, address J. E. Merritt, Manistee, Michigan. IV6I1W00Q $21.75 to $78.50 Shipped on approval anywhere in U. S. NO MOiNEY IN ADVANCE. Sent on ONE YEAR'S FREE TRIAL Mn^nificent exclusive designs, unexcelled action ; sweetest tone. Ken wood Ma- jestic Urnnd, as illustrated, a master- piece of organ building, ((148.75. Thou- sands in use. Testimonials from every state. Send for our Ijig illustrated Piano and Organ Catalogue FREE The renowned Kenwood Pianos and Organs cost less than half what dealers and agents charge for inferior malies. Cash Bnyers' Union, Dept.O 34S Chicago. Einill TOY PAPKR, illTiBtM, 20 pKeres, rUULIIll 25 cents per year. 4 montha* trial 10 cents. Sample Free. 64-page practical gonltry book free to yearly subscribera, ook alone 10 cents. Cataloirne of ponltrj booksf ree. eouUry Advocate, gyracase^M.ir. i^Trade anTtbing you have for anything you "TKis for That want. Get our gigantic paper which prints thousands of ex- change advertisements. Six months' trial subscription, lOcts. «'TU1S FOR THAT" PUB. CO.. 1S42 Star Bldg., (;UICi.tiO. Farms Wanted. Ifyou have a farm or property of any kind for sale or exchange, send me a full description of it and I will fiiid you a buj'er for it. No charge unless sale is made. Geo. R. Hankins, Massillon, Ohio. Queens that are Satis- factory in Cuba and Canada, Maine and California, are worth trying. I have that kind. See former ads. and free folder. Prices: Warranted, 75 cts. ; six, $4.00; select, $1.00; six, $5.00. J. B. CASE, Port Orange, FlorUbi. ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦^ Marshfield Manufacturing Company, Our specialty is making SECTIONS, and they are the best in the market. Wisconsin ba.sswood is the right kind for them. We have a full line of BEE - SUPPIylES. Write for FREE illustrated catalog and price list. Marshfield Manufacturing Company, Marshfield, Wisconsin. a,»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»**»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»» For Sale. An apiarian-supply business in a leading eastern city. Bstab- lislied ten years, and paying well. Fair honey business during the fall and winter. Good sale for bees and queens. Purchaser would need at least $3500 to buy and carry it on successfully. I. J. Stringham, 105 Park Place, New York. 842 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Oct 15. The Hershiser Honey -jars 5-oz.. 8-oz.. 1-lb.. 2-lb.. square. 8-oz.. 1-lb.. 2-lb.. round. All with cork-lined aluminum caps, will be read}^ about October 30. Write for full description and illustration. The neatest and most at- tractive honey-jar yet devised. For exhibition purposes and fancy trade they are unequaled. The A* L Root Co*^ Medina^ Ohio* ^ ^ f Orders Shipped Promptly. ^ We are running our large factorT and shipping- ^ ^ department DAY and NIGHT, and are therefore ^ ^ in position to make prompt shipment of orders. ^ ^ ^ •^ Lewis White Polished Sections are Perfect. Last winter's cut of Wis- -^ v|x consin basswood is the whitest we have ever seen. When you order yy_ yi^ Xo. 1 Sections from us j-ou wiU get a strictly Xo. 1 grade in both ^ ^& workmanship and color. ■^• .^ Our Bee-hives are made of a fine grade of lumber and are perfect in work- ^^ ^ manship. A full line of every thing needed in the apiarj' readj' for ^^^ y^ prompt shipment. Catalog mailed on application. T^ ^j^ A Suggestion. Do not put 3-our monej' into new-fajigled bee-hives, but -^^ vw bu}- a simple, serviceable, and well-made hive such as the regular xjy *A^ Dovetailed Hive, arranged for beewaj' sections. Honej'-producers '^ ^^ in Colorado, one of the largest honej'-producing sections in the y^ vy world, use this stj-le. ^jg_ k ^ 4 G. B. Lewis Company, Watertown, Wis. ^ W. WEBER, Successor to Chas. F. Muth and A. A\uth. Central and Freeman Avenues. Cincinnati, OhiO. Prompt service, lowest prices, with best shipping facilities. B_^ C,,-_^i;__ f THE BEST MADE. eC wUPpil6S \ ROOT'S GOODS AT THEIR FACTORY PRICES. { 1-lb. sq. Standard, with cork, gr., 54.7.5 1-lb. sq. Standard, spring top. gr.?.5.50 Hr\*/^t^\i^\ry.wr> '^2 '■ H. 7.5 Mb. Keystone, .>-pring top, gross, 5 2.) UnCY I CI 10 "1 -i-oz. " " " " :? 00 1-lh. octagon, spring top, gross, 5 2.5 ■' "' \ |3.i-lb. " 4.75 0<-..,» or more at 30 cts. a box. We would not expect to furnish any that were badly rusted inside. They are left just as emp- tied, and should be thoroughly cleaned just before filling. NEW HONEY-JARS. We are adopting a new style ot honey-jar which we expected to present in this issue, but the illustrations have not reached us in time. We hope to give them in our next. They are the same jar that Geo. W. York & Co. use in their Chicago trade, and have offered in the American Bee Journal. They seal by means of a rubber ring with glass top and steel spring over the top. They are very neat, and are quickly and securely sealed. We have two sizes, put up a gross in a crate. 1 lb. spring-top jar, $.5.00 per gross. % " " " $4..50 " There are various styles and sizes made with this spring-top fastener, and we shall be pleased to hear from those looking for a good cheap tasty jar for put- ting up honey for the retail trade. COMB HONEY WANTED. We are having an excellent demand for honej-, both comb and extracted. We have a good supply of very choice extracted honey, but we have not been getting comb honey as fast as we could use it to supply our or- ders and have been obliged to disappoint prospective customers because we have not the honey on hand to furnish promptly. It is the same experience over again that we have had for the past three years Too many bee-keepers put off the work of casing and pre- paring their honey for market too long. For several years we have had a dearth of honey during Septem- ber and early October. By the latter part of October or November and December it comes in much more plentifully, but by that time the best demand for it is past. Why do not more producers learn to get their honey ready and ship it earlier? Perhaps because it is not perishable, and can waH, while some other things, being perishable, can not wait. But it is too bad to lose the advantage of the best market, and I think more could, if they realized the importance of it, get their honey to market earlier. We are almost daily receiving offers of extracted honey, showing a plentiful supply in this form; but comb honey is not so abundant or else those who have it are in no hurry to dispose of it. Last year some pro- ducers who did not get their honey to market early lost quite heavily in consequence. I hope they may not make the same mistake this year. FRANCIS DANZENBAKER AT THE HOME OF THE HONEY-BEES. For several weeks Mr. Danzenbaker has been with us here in Medina, perfecting his already gool hive — a hive that has worked its way inio the fa!vor of manv of the produc rsof gilt-edgtd comb honey. When our friend first came to Medina in 1S8S he introduced the lock corner, vyhich we subsequently adopted for all our hives and that feature is now used in all up-to- -it he intro luced some improvements which we regard as decidedly ahead of any thing he has brought out before, and which may possibly work a revolution in some of the minor details of hive-con- struction. Abstemious in his habits, using neither tea, coffee, nor tobacco, our friend at 05 has an active mind, and a strong physique. For the production of comb honey, if reports are to be believed, the Danzenbaker hive with closed-end frame is one of the best, if not the best, in the market, and seems now to fully justify some of the claims of its inventor. Mr. Danzenbaker expects to go from here to Cuba, via Washington and Florida, there to demonstrate the value of his hive in the production of fancy comb honey. Convention Notices. Just as we go to press we receive notice from Mr, Udo Toepperwein. announcing that the Texas Bee- keepers' Association will have a meeting in the main building on the fairground, San Antonio. Oct. 23. We learn that every thing has been done to make this- one of the most interesting conventions to bee-keep ers ever held. All the different kinds of nnchinery used in bee-keeping will be exhibited together with 2.1 different kinds of honey from Ihe Home of the Honey-bees. Every bee-keeper in the .State is urged to be present. The premiums offered are very liberal. Our new clubbing list will be ready Nov. 1 or 1.5. Do not be in a hurry to make up your club of newspa- pers and magazines till you see what we have to offer. Dr. a B. Mason. Sec. National Bee-keepers' Associ- ation, Sta. B, Toledo, Ohio. Dear Sir :—\ am directed by the Executive Committee of the Ontario Bee-keepers' Association to extend to the officers and members of your association a very cordial invitation to attend the annual meeting of the Ontaiio Bee-keepers' Association, at Barrie, in early December. The dates not being finally set yet we can not be definite, but hope to know soon, when we will' advise you. We look forward to having a very pleas- ant meeting. Yours truly, W. CouSE, Sec. Streetsville, Sept. 19, 1902. Wanted. — Comb honey, all grades, carload lots or less than carloads, for cash. Correspondence solicited. Jos. M. McCadl, 120 and 122 West Broadway, New York. Wanted. — Fancy and No. 1 white comb honey; alsO' gilt-edged extracted clover in 60-lb. cans. B. Walker, 28 33d Place, Chicago, 111. Wanted.— Honey and beeswax. Mail sample, and state price delivered here. C. H. W. Weber, 2146, 2148 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. Wanted— Comb and extracted honey. State price, kind, and quantity. R. A. Burnett & Co., 199 South Water St., Chicago, 111. We will be in the market for honey the coming sea- son in carloads and less than carloads and would be glad to hear from producers everywhere what they will have to offer. .Seavey & Flarsheim, 1318-1324 Union Avenue, Kansas City, Mo. FOR SAIvE.— 1400 lbs. extracted honey at 8c per lb. J. M. Quick, Syracuse, N. Y. For Sale. — White extracted honey from alfalfa in 60-lb. cans, at $4.50 each; light amber honey mixed with Rocky Mountain bee-plant, fine flavor, $4.20' each. Prices on small cans and pails on application. M. P. Rhoads, Box 216, Las Animas, Colo. For vSale — Fine quality of extracted honey, both clover and sweet clover, in 60-lb. cans, at 8c; also bees- in L,. frclmes Do not send local checks. Dr. C. L Parker, Sta. A., R. F D., Syracuse, N. Y. For Sale. Extracted honev, from alfalfa, at 7^c for No 1 select, 7c for No. 1, 6^ for No. 2; discount on 1000 lb. lots Send for sample. D. S. Jenkins, Las Animas. Col For .'^ale. — Several thousand pounds comb honey in Danzenbaker 4x5 sections. Shall commence filling orders in August. _ Wm. Morris* Las Animas, Col. For .S\LE.-.572 lbs. No. 1 and 272 lbs. fancv clover comb honey in 4x5 plain sections, crated in '20-section' no-drip cases, at 16 " 17 f. o. b. here. K. D. To\\'NSEND, Remus. Mich. For Sm.e. — 3'*0 barrels prime Mexican honey. Sam- pleg and prices cheerfully furnished. State quantity wanted.' .Stromeyer & Metzel. 31 South Water St., Philadelphia. For Sale.— Alfalfa honey; .six hundred. 60-lb. cans, fancy white, and two hundred cans flight amber tint. Freight to principal points east. 7.5c. What will you pav? Mitchell & Hart, 329 Wash. Avenue, Ogden, Utah. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE f f 873 n special Notice to Bee=keepers Root's Supplies at Catalog Prices. Chaff Hives. Winter=cases. For Chaff Division=boards. Winter. Hill Devices, etc. F. H. Farmer, 182 Friend St Boston, Mass. up one flight. ^ BARNES' Hand and Foot Power Machinery. This cut represents our combiued circular saw, which is made for bee- keeper's use in the con- struction of their hives, sections, boxes, etc., etc Machines on Trial. Send for illustrated cata- log and prices. Address W. F. «& Jno. Barnes Co., 545 Ruby St., Rocl(ford. : IllinoiSc Union Combination Saw/^ For Ripping, Cross- cutting, Rabbeting, Mitering, Grooving, Gaining, Boring, Scroll- sawing, Edge - moulding. Beading. Full line Foot and Hand Power machin- ery. Send for catalog A. SENECA FALLS MFG. CO., (i Water St., Seaeca Fs„ IT.7. ONE YEAR'S F^e£E TRIAL Kenwood PIANOS HiKh-grade artistic in- struments of uiis'jrpnss- e i musical merit. Sold, directfrum factory having You from $175 to $375 Jvl N\VO Conc.rt .riilid, as ilhistrnUil, >I75. KENWOOU t siblnet Grant, Erie, Pa. ■ . 1 1 1 1 ii r I II I — Makes healthy fowls. All latest improvements. SENT ON TEN DAYS' FREE TRIAL. No money until you're satisfied that it cuts easier and faster than any other. Isn'ttbat better than paying cash in adrance for a machine that you never «aw! Catalogue free. F. W. MANN CO.» Box 37« Milford, Mass. 874 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Oct. 15 Two Years for $1.00. After a man succeeds in publishing- a good journal, the next step is that of getting it into the hands of the people, of getting them to reading it, and becoming acquaint- ed with its merits. This can be done by advertising, sending out sample copies, circulars, etc. All this costs money. I think I am safe in saying that for every new subscriber I have received, I have paid out $2.00 in advertising; hence I have often said that a publisher of a good journal could afford to send his paper one year free, for the sake of getting it into new hands. It would cost no more than other forms of advertising and would be verj^ effective, but, for obvious reasons, this plan could not be put into practice, but I am going to come as near to it as I can. I have between 200 and 300 complete sets of back nvimbers for the present year, and as long as the supplj' holds out I will send a complete set, and the rest of this year free, to any one who will send me Si. 00 for the Review for 1903. For a few particulars regarding the numbers already published this year, read the following: — There is not room here to say very much about the back numbers for this year, but I will mention one prominent feature of each issue. fjanuary is a Colorado number; six pages being de- voted to a beautifully illustrated ' write-up, " by the editor, of that paradise for bee- keepers This issue also shows how to make a cheap hive-cover that will neither split, warp, nor leak, in any climate. Fehruary contains the beginning of a series of articles by M. A. Gill, who last year managed 700 colonies of bees, and produced nearly two carloads of honey. These articles are written from the fullness of his experience. miarcli has an article by S. D. Chapman, on "What ISIakes Bees Swarm," that I consider the best I have seen on the subject. It gets rtght down to the foundation of the matter. In fact, so thor- oughly does Mr. Chapman understand the matter that he has so made up a colony that one half would swarm, leaving the combs deserted, while the other half would not budge. Ajjril ushers in some typographical changes. The smooth, shiny, glazed paper was laid aside for a soft white paper that gives to printing a clean, tasty, tempting look. The frontispieces are print- ed in colors instead of somber black. The cover is of Court Gray printed in two colors — Umber and Milori blue. Alay contains a five-page review of a book by IJ. A. Morgan, entitled ''Bee-keeping for Profit." It was rightly named, the author getting right down to basic principles, and giving the chit of profit- able honey production, particularly in the North- ern States tJune shows how a man may practically defy foul brood; how he may keep bees in a foul-broody district, all surrounded by diseased colonies, yet keep his apiary so free from it and its effects as to secure a good crop of honey each year. out your old wagon with Ele© trie Wheels of any size anti any shap« tire, straight or stag- gered spokea. No cracked hubs. B» i**Be spokes, no rotten felloes, no reaettlng. Write fcr< ttie big new catalogrue. Itisfre«. El»otrlo Wheel Co«t Bos OSvQulncyi IIICl 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 875 ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦ I The Fred W. Muth Co. I -Front & Walnut Streets- CINCINNATI, OHIO. 1 ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ I ^ Muth's 1-pound square with patent A ^ glass stoppers and steel spring are i ^ the best. 4®=* Only 55.50 per gross. A * Send for catalog of bee-supplies. ^ ^ 4®= Special inducements. °^jft ^ ♦♦»♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ QUEENS! BY RETURN MAIL. We are now breeding from three dis- tinct strains ; viz. : Imported or leather color, Root's long-tongued or red-clo- ver strain, and our old strain of white- banded yellow Italians, or albinos. PRICES: Tested, each $1.25 Select tested, each 1.50 Warranted purely mated, each 75 Same, per half dozen 4.00 Same, per dozen 7.50 Untested, each 65 Same, per half dozen 3.50 Same, per dozen 7.00 We have also a full line of bee-keep- ers' supplies including THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY'S GOODS. Send for our 32-page illustrated catalog. W. W.Cary & Son, Lyonsville, Mass. HONEY QUEENS! Laws' Leather=colored Queens. Laws' Improved Golden Queens. Laws' Holy Land Queens. A prominent queen-breeder writes : " I have reared and sold over 5000 queens in the past few years, and I am using your stock exclusively, as it is the best I can get." Another writes : "The queen mother I got of you is the best queen I ever saw." A prominent writer for the Review states the Laws queen is making a fine showing. Many nice letters inclicative of the superi- ority of Laws' queens on file. Prices : Tested or un- tested, $1.00 each; six for $5.00. Discount on large lots. Write for circular. W. H. Laws, Beeville, Texas. f 100 per cent Profit from Bees | ■*.ii.i-j, in California shown by U. S. r^J^'^ ■■^S Honey Report of 1899 — a ^ ^ short year. Our 1901 crop flj ^ of 800 cars of honey shows a if* \|/ profit of 180 per cent on the ft^ )|« investment. By this same 4* ^/ report the Eastern States (fy V(/ show an average profit of (jV \4ii only 50 per cent on the in- ^ \|/ vestment. 100 colonies in a 'fl \iu good year will make a clear f* \jtt profit of 100 per cent. They »j> ^ are no expense in off years, ^j* «^ »n The Pacific Bee Journal Free ! We club with Gleanings (new or renewal) for $1.00 a year. Send siibscription for both to us at 257 East Fourth Street, Los Angeles, Calif. The Pacific Honey Producers. »♦» Incorporated for $50,000; |1 a JJJ *♦/ share Its property is man- 2! » ufacturing plant and apia- 2, ries. Prospectus on request. ^ ^ 50 CENTS That's all it costs for a year's reading of the Rocky Mountain Bee Journal. Besides reflecting all the doings and happenings and the latest methods and appl ances that pertain to bee-keeping in the great Rocky Mountain alfalfa regions, we talk up co-operation and organization as no other bee-journal has ever undertaken to do. This journal will give you new ideas, and help you whether you own one colony or 50U0. You need it. The 10-cent trial offer is withdrawn. Samples free. H. C. MOREHOUSE, BOULDER, COLO. Postofflce Box 611. POULTRY PAPER 3 flonths and book, "Plans for Poultry-houses," 10 cts. Paper one year and book, 25 cts, if you mention Gleanings (reg. price, 50 cts). Inland Poultry Journal, Indianapolis, Indiana. WO RANGE ADVERTISED EQUALS THIS. Full Weight, Blue Polished Steel Range sent on 30 DAYS' FREE TRIAL Uur "Grand Union," as illustrated, the lii'.est ran^e in existence. Made iif >)est blue jiolished steel, full oize, fiiil vn-iRlit, t'lill lined. Large square ovcTi with s|)ring drop door; 25 inch. iiH t)i)x for coal or wood. Higliiy ornamented, triple nickel 'ilaled. ("oniiilete with porcelain lined «*i-Msi-ivoir and high closet. flC Dealer's price._ Our OO direct price « IT QC •! 1.75, others low as* I I ■*PU I ■' -:. ., iVrfect operation. Guaranteed f'— - for five sears. Saves cost iu one year. IJITKN.'* LK.ss— »'OST8 , ^; i-Kss— LiVKs i,o>'<;i:sT. no "^.^■^^J \ nioney in advance- Send for our S s^£2 Catalogue. OA.*a iSLiJ KS LNIOA, I>upt L. 345 Ohlcajto. 876 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Oct. 15 ^ $3300 Pacific "k From Chicago Via the Chicago & North=Weste^n Railway eVerp dat; during September and October. Pullman Tourist Sleeping Cars Chicago to San Francisco, Los Angeles and Portland daiii;: double berth rate from Chicago only $6.00. Personally Conducted Excursions to the Coast twice per Week. Round trip tickets are also on sale daily at reduced rates Chicaaro to the Coast, with special low rates on certain specified dates. Three trains a day to San Francisco and two per day to Portland. The only double track road to the Missouri River. ALL TICKET AGENTS SFLL TICKFTS VIA THE Chicago 4 Norfh^Wesiern Railway l^^l W. B. KNISKERN, PASSENGER TRAFFIC MANAGER, CHICAGO. ILL. . ^ g g CTC -^ -TO To Sell Outright==U. S. Patent Apiary Means are provided for supporting the hives so they will be practically inaccessible to the various c asses of insects and small animals that, under ordinary condi- tions, gain access to the interior of the hives, and de- spoil the contents, and de- troy the inhabitants. An- other advantage is that the hives are so spaced in rela- tion to each other that they are exposed to view on all sides, and therefore freely accessible in all directions to the bees. At the same time the hives are pr tected from the .sun and rain, and a neat warm housing is provided in which the hives may be inclosed during cold weather, thus securely protecting the bees. Will sell State, county, or farm rights upon application Charles 0. Lett, Eclectic, Alabama. NO MACHINE ADVERTISED EQOALS THIS. 90 DAYS' FREE TRIAL Sewing Machines^T^ito We can furnish you almost ANY KIND Oil STYLE of a machine at a !enses anil dealers' or agents' exorbi- tant profits. Shipped on approval anywhere in the United States. >io money In udviinoe. Established 1885. '250,000 sold. Testimo- nials from every state. Ref- erence: First Nat'l Bank, Chicago. Write for Big illustrated Catalog showing styles and samples of work. CASH BUVKBS' VSIOS, Dept. K845 Oblcago. Angora Goats are hand.some, hardy, profitable. Prize stock ; low price ; circular. Ed. W. Cole &Co , Kenton, O Bee-keepers, We need your orders, and you need our goods, so let's trade. We have the very best of goods, the largest stock in the State, the best place in the U. S. to ship from, and the very lowest prices consistent with first-class.goods. Write to us and tell us your wants. C. M. SCOTT & CO.. INDIANAPOLIS. INDIANA. 1004 East Washington Street. Minnesota Bee-keepers' Supply Mfg. Co., Manufacturers of 8ee-hives. Sections, Siiipping-cases, and Everything Used by Bee-keepers. Orders filled promptly We have the best shipping facilities in the world You will save money by send- ing for our price list. Address Minnesota Bee=keepers' Supply Mfg. Co., INicollet Island Power Building, Minneapolis, Minn. Ciias. Israel (SI BrotHers 486-490 Canal St.. cor. Watt St.. N. Y. Honey and Bees^vax Liberal Advances Marie on Consignments Wholesale Dealeis and Commission Merchants. Establishtd 1876. FEN C E ! 'w^ ^ f^^f"" "— ' - •« ■"•^ ■»" "■ strung, Chicken- Tlght. Sold to the Farmer at Wholesale PriCfS. Fully Warranted. Catalocr Free. COILED SPRING FENCE CO. Box mi, Winchester, Indiana, C. S. A. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 877 Queens! Queens! We have five different yards, 5 to 20 miles apart, where Italians, Cyprians, Holylands, Carniolans, and Albinos are bred for business. You can send in your orders at following prices the rest of this year: Test- ed, |1 50 each; $8.00 for six; $15.00 per doz. Untested, 75c each; $4.25 for six, or $8.00 per doz. Fine breeders, $5.00 each. Safe arrival guaranteed Write for free catalog. Tells how to raise queens and keep bees for profit. The Jennie Atchley Co . Beeville, Bee Co., Tex. QUEENS. Quirin, the Queen-breeder, has 101) red-clover queens which must be sold within the next two weeks. Price, 75c each; tested, $1,00; select tested, $1.50. This is the last time our adv. will appear for this season. Address all orders to QUIRIN-THE-QUEEN- BREEDER, Parkerlown. Ohio. Do You Read the Modern Farmer ? If not, why not ? Perhaps you have never seen a copy. If not, send for one now — it's free. Send us lo cents and the names and addresses of five farmers and zve will send you the paper one year. Clubbed with this paper. Write for price. Address MODERN FARMER, St. Joseph, Missouri. To make cows pay, use Sharpies Cream Separators, book " Business Dairying " & cat. 288 free. W. Chester. Pa All sizes; some trained; first- class stock. New price list N. A. KNAPP, Rochester, Lorain Co., Ohio. 1200 FERRETS. free. WANTED. — Offers of car lots of honey, especially comb honey. Cash paid on delivery at your ware- house or station. Thos. C. Stanley & Son, Apiarists and Honey Buyers, Manzanola, Col., or Fairfield, 111. Thirty nice black and hybrid queens at 25 cts. each. F. H. McFarland, Hyde Park, Vt. Wants and Exchange. Notices will be inserted under this head at 10 cts. per line. You must 8AT you want your adv't in this department, or we will not be responsible for any error. You can have the no- tice as many lines as you please ; but all over ten lines will cost you according to our regular rates. We can not be re- sponsible for dissatisfaction arising from these " swaps." w ANTED. — Beeswax; bright yellow preferred. I. J. Stringham, 105 Park PL, New York City. W^ w w^ RANTED.— Flint-lock muskets dated 1812, 1815, 1816. will exchange modern fire-arms for same, or will buy. Address216 Court St., Reading, Pa. ANTED.— To buy in California 100 to 400 stands bees. Must be cheap. Address F. J. Farr, Pasadena, Cal. RANTED.— To exchange for wood-working machin- ery, wax, or honey, a 12 -tune Swiss music-box with harp, drum, chimes, and castanet attachments. Address 216 Court St., Reading, Pa. Y^/ANTED.— Several positions are open for young "^ men in apiaries in the West Indies. Write at once, stating experience, age, and other particulars. The a. I. Root Co., Medina, Ohio. ANTED.— To hear from some one having Cuban bloodhounds for sale. Kelsey Hart, Candor, N. Y. w w ANTED.— Ten colonies, ten frames, f. o. b. Phila- delphia. >State price. R. B. Chipman, 227 Market St., Philadelphia, Pa. w ANTED. — A location for a custom saw and feed mill. Wm. S. Ammon, Reading, Pa. w ANTED. — To sell or exchange, a lady's Crescent bi- cycle; fine condition. H. Shane, Medina, O. w ANTED.— To exchange apples for sweet potatoes. John Anderson, Oriskany Falls, N. Y. WANTED.— To trade 160 acres of rich, level, black ' ' land for bees. Write full particulars in first let- ter. D. E. lyHOMMEDiEU, Colo, Story Co., Iowa. \V ANTED. — To sell a mill property, water power, '" with considerable land, and houses, as desired. Good location for bees or for milling and feed business. For particulars address I. h- Powell, Millbrook, New York. V^ ANTED. —To send you melilotus (sweet clover) ""^ seed at 10c per 2-oz. package; larger quantities quoted. Address W. P. Smith, Pehn, Hiss. WANTED.— To, sell 8-frame Dovetailed hives, empty, supers com])lete. well painted, part new. or will exchange for similar 10-frame hives; also a four-burn- er wickless oil-stove and Hallock weeder. both nearly new. All at a bargain. A. P. Wilkey, Luzon, Ky. \VANTED.— A good reliable man to take a half-inter- ' • est with me, as soon as possible, in a newly es- tablished apiary which I wish to enlarge. Must have the necessary cash, say $:iOO. and be well acquainted with the bee business. Don't delay. W. ,S. Cooper, 12:1 South Flores St., San Antonio, Tex. WANTED. — To exchange modern fire-arms for foun- dation-mills and foot-power saw, also wax and honey. Wm. S. Ammon, Reading, Pa. WANTED.— To sell an apiary of 30 colonies, a lot of bee-supplies, 5 lots— with house, barn, and two shops — in a small village. Must be sold; a great bar- gain for some one. Address for particulars, H. D. Edwards, Delhi, 111. Also cans; 5 acres choice improved land, and house and two lots; or will trade for mercantile business. Don't write unless you mean business. Elias Fox, Hillsboro, Wis. \1/ ANTED. —To sell 200 swarms of Italian bees. '' 7000 lbs. white extracted honey in 60-lb. WANTED.— Beeswax ; highest market price paid. Write for price list. Bach, Becker & Co., Chicago, 111. WANTED.— To sell for cash, 5 gal. square tin cans, used for honey, at about half price of new cans. Also elegant exhibition 12-lb. no-dnp honey-cases f-r plain Danz. and i%XA% sections; made for Pan-Amer- ican. For prices, etc., address Orel L,. Hershiser, 301 Huntington Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. WANTED.— To sell bees and queens. Also putty- knife with iron handle and strong steel blade- just the thing for prying and scraping about hives, etc., 15c postpaid. O. H. Hyatt, Shenandoah, la. w ANTED.— To sell 600 stands of Italian bees in Sim- plicity hives in lots to suit buyer. Will deliver the same to any point in the West if desired. Corres- pondence solicited. Tyler Bros., Nicolaus, Cal. WANTED.— To exchange my new price list of 2000 ferrets, now ready to ship, for your address on a postal card. N. A. Knapp. Rochester. Ohio. WANTED —We want lo hear from those having choice comb honey to sell, stating quantity, qual- ity, size, and stvle of sections, and how packed. If not yet packed for shipment state how soon you can have it ready, aid the price asked delivered here or free on board at your place. The a. I. Root Co., Medina, Ohio. W^ RANTED— To sell in December. 160 acres of im- proved land for $50U and '200 hives of yellow bees, and extracting tools; hive factory very chenp for cash. I was the founder of the apiary with which J. C. McCubbin. of Central California, earned his fame. So come for health where there i' but little rain and no snow. I,and is rich, and crops grow. This State has all kinds of climate and soil. S. W. Conrad, Poplar, Tulare Co.. Cal. 878 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Oct. is PACE « LYON, i New London, Wisconsin, MANUFACTURERS OF AND DEALERS IN . . . BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES. . . . Send for Our Free New Illustrated Catalog and Price List Now «^ ^ ^ Ready ! Sixty-four Page Catalog of every thing- bee-keepers need. Illustrated and fully described. Especially valuable to begin- ners for the information it con- tains. Send your address on a postal and get it now. Estab- lished 1884. J* M* Jenkins^ i Wetumpka^ Elmore Co., Ala, »»♦♦»♦»♦»»»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦»♦ —--u. BEE-SUPPLIES. •%«r- ^^^ t a f- Kretchmer Mfg. Co., Box 60, Red Oak, la. Best-equipped factorj' in the West ; car- ry a large stock and greatest variety of every thing needed in the apiary, assur- ing BEST goods at the I^OWEST prices, and prompt shipment. We want every bee-keeper to have our FREE ILIvUS- TRATED CATALOG, and read descrip- tion of Alternating Hives, Ferguson Su- pers, etc. IVrite at once for a catalog. AGENCIES Trester Supply Company, l,incoln, Neb. Shugart & Ouren, Council Bluffs, la. Chas. Spangler, Kentland, Ind. BINGHAM SMOKER. Dear Sir:— Inclosed find $1.75. Please (•nd »ne brass Bmoke-engint.'. I hare OB* already. It is the best smoker I •Terused. Truly yours, Hknrt Schmidt, Hutto, Tex. MADE TO ORDER Bingham Brass Smokers, Made of sheet brass, -which does not rust or burn ©ut; should last a lifetime. You need one, but they cost 25 cts. more than tin of the same size. The little open cut shows our brass hinge put on the three larger sizes. No wonder Bingham's four-inch smake-engine goes without puffing, and does not drop inky drops. The perforat- ed steel fire-grate has3Sl holes to air the fuel and support the fire. Heavy tin smoke-engine, 4-inch stove, per mail, $1.50; 354-inch, $1.10; 3-inch. $1.00; 2'/^-inch, 90c; 2-inch, 65c. Bingham smokers are the originals, and hare all the improvements, and have been the standard of excellence for 23 years. Only three larger ones brass. T. F. Bingham, Farwell, Michigan. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 883 Contents of this Number. Alfalfa, Time of Cutting 8!« Bees Going into Supers H'lO Bees, Distance apart to Insure Purity SS!) Bees, Stingless il(M Bees, Working Power of (105 Bee-j'ard in Indiana !)()() Clover, Nectar of SO") Convention, Colorado Sl)7 Cotton tor Honey !•()!! Covers, Sealed, Condemned 907 Drones from Virginsas Good as Any 894 Drones, Virility of S94 Eucalyptus of California itlO Foundation, To Cut 1110 Frames, Closed-end 007 Gandv, Hutchins-on's Visit with SSS General Manager for 1903 S9t) Honey in Glass Jars S97 Honey, Acid, from Oak-trees ^95 Honey, Amount Needed in Brood-nest S90 Honey, Candied, Aikin's Package for SOU Horses, Rendering Immune to .Stings 909 Idaho as a Bee Country H99 Irrigation in Idaho >99 Jugs, Spanish OOS Newman, S. F., Death of 89(5 Ogden Canyon 901 Organization of Bee-keepers SS9 Palm, Royal 902 Phacelia as a Honey-plant 90S Queen Laying Eggs' in Super m90 Queens to Australia 909 Queens Reversed in Cell 908 Salt Lake, Bath in 902 Scare Concerning Cutting Alfalfa 895 Swarms, Brushed or Shook 910 Swarms, Brushed, Stachelhausen on 892 Utah as -a Bee Country 900 Honey Column. GKADING-KDLES. Fancy.— All sections to be well filled, combs straight, firm- ly attached to all four sides, the combs unsoiled by travel- etain or otherwise ; all the cells sealed except an occasional cell, the outside surface of the wood well scraped of propolis. A No. 1.— All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs straight ; one-eighth part of comb surface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soiled ; the out- side of the wood well scraped of propolis. No. ].— All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs comparatively even ; one-eighth part of comb surface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soiled. No. 2.— Three-fourths of the total surface must be filled and sealed. No. 3.— Must weigh at least half as much as a full-weight section. ' In addition to this the honey is to be classified according to color, using the terms white, amber, and dark ; that is, there will be " Fancy White," " No. 1 Dark," etc. CITY MARKETS. Denver — No. 1 white comb honey, per case of 24 sections, f^.lO to $:! 25. Fancy white comb honey scarce, and brings $;?.50 per case. E.xtracted, 7^^fe8c. Beeswax, 22fa;2(5 The Colorado Honev Producers' As.s'n., Oct. 20. 1440 Market St., Denver, Col. Boston. — Our honey market remains firm, with good demand and fair stocks on hand. Honey is not coming forward as fast as usual and the tendency of prices is steady. We quote you our maiketas follows: Fancy white, 1-lh. sections in cartons, 15c; No. 1, 15; No. 2, verv light supply, 14; glass front sections gener- ally Ic less than this", light amber, 8c; amber, 7}^. E-'itracted honey, light supply. Blake, Scott & Lee, Oct. 20. 31. 33 Commercial St., Boston, Ma.ss. Cincinnati. — The demand for comb honey is good, and prices are a little better, as the supply does not meet the wants. Extra water-white fancy is selling as high as 1() and 17 cents; other grades less, according to quality. Extracted is verj' active, and prices are a little better. Amber, 5i<(@5^; alfalfa, «!^fa.7 ; white clover, 7^. Beeswax, 28. C. H. W. Weber, Oct. 27. 2146 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. Alb.\ny. — Honey receip's here are light — not equal to demand at present — and pric - ruling high. Fancy white. Hi; No. 1, 15; mixed, 14; buckwheat scarce at iS%(mU%. Extracted, white, 7C§^^^ ; mixed, t>J^@7 ; buckwheat, 6^@7. Beeswax, 30. MacDougal & Co., Oct. 20. 375 Broadway, Albany, N. Y. Chicago. — The advance noted in our last quotation has been maintained, and there is a very good demand for honey at the present time. No. 1 to fancy white comb brings l-5i®10 per lb., with the lower grades sell- ing at from 2 to 3 cts. less. This includes the light amber. Dark grades of amber sell at about lOCall. and buckwheat OfojlO. Extracted is steady, with white bringing (i54@8, according to color and quality. The ambers bring from (ia"; dark, 5^(g(l per lb. Beeswax in good demand at 30c per lb. R. A. Burnett & Co., Oct. 18. 199 South Water St., Chicago, 111. Kansas City. — The receipt of comb and extracted honey is light, and the demand steady. We quote fancv white comb. U'ACairr, No. 1, 1 4(0)14 54; No. 2 white and amber, 13(3)13'/^. Extracted white, 7(5(75^; amber, 6@fiVz. Beeswax, 'IVw'Hi. C. C. Clemons & Co., Oct 20. 306 Grand Ave., Kansas City, Mo. Detroit.— Comb honey, A No. 1, 17(5)18; No. 1, 15@16. Extracted, white, 6!4(®7!4; amber. 5^/i@,6%. Beeswax. 26'a28. Very liitle honey in market; demand good. Oct. 20. M. H. Hunt & Son, Bell Branch. Mich. San Francisco.— Comb honey, 10®yl3. Extracted water-white, 654^7 ; light amber, G®Q% ; dark amber, 4(^5 Beeswax. 28. Buvers report all the honey bought up in the .southern end of the State, and car- lot orders "declined with thanks." Oct. 22. E. H. SCHAEFFLE, Murphys, Calif. Philadelphia.— Comb honey is getting very firm, as the demand this sea.son is greater than usual at this time of year We quote fancv white comb, 16(gd7; No 1, 15; No. 2, 14. Extracted, fancy white. 8; amber, 7. Beeswax, 28. We are producers of honey, and do not sell on commission. Wm. A. Selser, Oct. 21. 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa. New Vork.— Fancy comb honev is worth 16; strictly No. 1. 15; off grade.s. 13014 ; buckwheat, 12^13. Ex- tracted, .Southern, in barrels, 454®, 5 per lb. Bees- wax 27-^28. Francis H. Leggett & Co.. Oct. 21. Franklin and Varick Sts., New York. For «5ale.— Sixty-five L- frames of clover and gold- enrod honev; well filled; no pollen; suitable for win- ter feeding! Price 10c per lb., including frame. No bee-disease in vicinity so far as known. O. Beckman, Box 14, Portland Mills, Elk Co., Pa. For S\LE.— 1500 lbs clover extracted honey at 8c; in small lots, 85ic . W. D. SoPER. Route 3, Jackson. Mich. For Sale.— 380 barrels prime Mexican honey. Sam- ples and prices cheerfullv furnished. State quantity wanted Stromeyer Si Metzel, 31 South Water St., Philadelphia. For Sale. -.Several thousand pounds comb honey in Danzenbaker 4X5 .sections. Shall commence filling orders in August. Wm. Morris, Las Animas, Col. For Sale.— White extracted honev from alfalfa in 60-lb, cans, at $4.50 each; light amber honey mixed with Rocky Mountain bee-plant, fine flavor, $1.20 each. Prices on small cans and pails on application. M. P. Rhoads, Box 216, Las Animas, Colo. For Sale.— Fine quality of extracted honey, both clover and sweet clover, in (iO-lb. cans, at 8c; also bees in L- frames. Do not send local checks. Dr. C. L Parker, Sta. A., R. F. D., Syracuse, N. Y. For Sale.- Extracted honey, from alfalfa, at 7%c for No. 1 select, 7c for No. 1, 6^ for No. 2; discount on 1000-lb. lots. Send for sample. D. S. Jenkins, Las Animas, Col. We will be in the market for honey the coming sea- son in carloads and less than carloads, and would be glad to hear from producers everywhere what they will have to offer. Seavey & Flarsheim, 1318-13M Union Avenue, Kansas City, Mo. 884 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Nov. 1 ^v fiC »|C^ f[ir »iC fiC fiC xti^ »|C fiC fie x»i^ »,c »iC fiC »|C fiC r\^ r,»r -^"^ f: For Over 40 Years f -^^ The Weekly ^^4. 4 American Bee Journal ^f ^i has been teaching the art of bee-keeping to its readers. ?^ >ji^ To let you see how good its instruction is, we make you jy^ ^ the following proposition, which we term our '^ ^>. OFFER NO. 6. J^ ^^ We should like to have you g-ive the AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL a fair J^ "^^ trial, for we believe if you would read it regularly for two or three months ^^^ V you would not do without it after that. So we are going- to offer to send i -, -^s the Bee Journal to you every week for the rest of this year (1902), if you will >^r ' fill out the blank below. Surely that is easy. We will stop sending- the ^ J^^ Bee Journal to you at the end of this year, unless you order it continued. So «|^ ^i there is no catch scheme in this. We simply want you to g-et acquainted "C^ j^y with the AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL, and take this way of being assured that Jjf^ >!*■ you will read it for the time specified. Shall we not hear from you by re- '^ ,^^ turn mail? The Denver Convention Report is now being published in the i^ -55* Bee Journal. >^C" V If this offer is accepted, write your name and address plainly below, i^ <^i and cut out this page and mail it to us. ^^T -^.i GEO. W. YORK & CO., |^ .^^ Dear Sirs: — I accept your " Offer No. 6," as given in the above par- Jl^ "^^ agraph. You can begin to send me the weekly AMERICAN BEE JOUR- >^C" V NAL at once, on the terms specified. t^ -^« Yours very truly, ^^T jTf- Name . ^^ ^r p- o. • ''^ ^f^ County ^ J^ Date State ^ ^* A sample copy of the AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL, and catalog *^ J^i- of Bee-keepers' Supplies, sent free for the asking. Address >.^' ^^ George W. York & Co., ^p ^f 144=146 Erie St., Chicago, III. "^ -^»/ J'* ^1* yi yt yi yt y* y* y* y* y* y* y* y* y* y* y* y* jt^L. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 885 Gleanings in Bee Culture [Established in 1873.] Devoted to Bees, Honey, and Home Interests. Published Semi-monthly by The A. I. Root Co., - - Medina, Ohio. A. I. ROOT, Editor of Home and Gardening Dep'ts. E. R. ROOT, Editor of Apicultural Dept. J. T. CAIvVERT. Bus. Mgr. A. t,. BOYDEN, Sec. TERMS. $1.00 per annum ; two years, $1.50; three years, $2.00; five j'ears. $8.00, in advance,- or two copies to one address, $1.50; three copies, $2.00 ; five copies, $3.75. The terms apply to the United States, Canada, and Mexico. To all other countries 48 cents per year extra for postage. DISCONTINUANCES. The journal is sent until orders are received for its discontinuance. We give notice just before the subscription expires, and fur- ther notice if the first is not heeded. Any sub.scriber whose subscription has expired, wishing his journal discontinued, will please drop us a card at once; other- wise we shall assume that he wishes his journal con- tinued, and will pay for it soon. Any one who does not like this plan may have his journal stopped after the time paid for by making this request when ordering. CLUBBING OFFERS. We have dealt with Mr. C. M. Goodspeed for many years, and find him prompt and trustworthy. See his special subscription offers in this issue of Gleanings, pages 910 and 917. Mr.A.I.E^ifsWritmgs of Grand Traverse territory and I,eelanau Co. are descriptive of Michigan's most beai.tiful section reached most conveniently via the Pere Marquette R. R. For pamphlets of Miohigan farm lands and the fruit Iselt, address J. £. Uerritt, Manistee, Michigan. NO MACHINE APVERTISED EQT'ALS THIS. BUY WHERE YOU SAVE I'-.vestigate our marhiiies compaie with others befi ptirtliase. We will con you that you can SAVE $10to$45' on the machine you tiny. Wo j^ Khip oil upprovul anv^vlirre 1^ inU.S.SEM»NOMOMiV g 1>AI>VAN< K d prices and ect fro Machines All kinds, all styles, factories, avoidint; salesmen's ex- penses and dealers' or apents' exorbitant profits. Establislicd^g 18^0. 250,000 sold. Testimonials j, > from e\ery state. Reference: ^ fl Fifit National Bank, Chicago, Write for Bij; illustrated Cata- loeoe showing stvles an.l s nn les of work. A.i.lress CASU BLYt-K>'tNIOA, Dcpt K345 rhic-iijjo. Farms Wanted. If you have a farm or property of any kind for sale or exchange, send me a full description of it and I will find you a buyer for it. No charge unless sale is made. Geo. R. Hankins, Massillon, Ohio. ,^10^9 BUYS this 55 enllon Food Cooker complete with cover, elbow, pipe and damper. Kettle is polished andsmo"th. Jacket made o£ heavy Bteel. Burns any kind of fuel. Flue? dis- tribute heat all over. Boils bOeallons in 20 min- utes, cooks anything. Handy for butchering and ahundred other things on the farm. Other sizes, 18 to 75 gals., at reduced prvps. Send for large -» free Catalog giving prices oi. 40,000 anicles. MARVIN SMITH CO. ^^""S^iJl^riil^''^^*' aWttfAOVAl I STRONGEST 1 MADE. Bull Stronyr, Chicken- Tifrht. Sold to the I'armerat Wholesale Prices. Fully Warranted. Catalofr Free. COILED SPRING FENCE CO. Box 101, Winchester, Indiana, V. S. A. Onill TDV PAPETt, illnst'fl, 20 pa^es, rllllLllll 25 cents per year. 4 mooths' trial 10 cents. Sample Free. 64-page practical goultry book free to yearly subscnbera. ook alone 10 cents. Oataloirne of ponltrj books free, eoullry Advocate, Syracose, .N.Y. ^ATNIP SEED. My own gathering, prepaid for 25c ^^ per oz., with account of my experience with it. Former advertisement cancelled. J. E. Johnson, Williamsfield, Knox Co., 111. For S.^le. — Fine grade of fall honey — ten cases of two five-gallon cans each, elandine and buckwheat mixed, and one case elandine honej'; price (3 and 7c, f. o. b. here. Samples 4c each. O. H. TowNSEND, Otsego, Mich. For Sale. -Extracted honey. Finest grades for ta- ble use. Prices quoted on application. .Sample by mail, 10 cts. to pay for package and postage. Orel L,. Her.shiser. 301 Huntington Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. For Sale. — Light extracted honey; cans and kegs, 7@8c per lb. Sample, Sc. I. J. Stringham, 105 Park PI., New York City. W.4NTED. — Comb honey, all grades, carload lots or less than carloads, for cash. Correspondence solicited. Jos. M. McCaul, 120 and r22 West Broadwav, New York. Wanted— Fancy and No. 1 white comb honey; also gilt-edged extracted clover in 60-1 b. cans. B. Walker, 28 33d Place, Chicago, 111. Wanted. -Honey and beeswax. Mail sample, and state price delivered here. C. H. W. Weker, 2146, 2148 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. Wanted — Comb and extracted honey. State price, kind, and quantity. R. A. Burnett & Co., 199 South Water St., Chicago, 111. I IV .irshfield Manufacturing Company. Our specialty is making SECTIONS, and they are the best in the market. Wisconsin basswood is the right kind for them. We have a full line of BEE - SUPPIvIES. Write for FREE illustrated catalog and price list. Marshfield Manufacturing Company, Marshfield, Wisconsin. ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦^^ 886 LEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Nov. 1 diiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiinniiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 1 1. J.Stringham, New York City | I 105 Park Place. | I Honey=iarsI ^"^^- square jars, $5.00 per gross; No. 25 | = — = jar, porcelain top, $5.75 per gross; nickel = i cap, fancy, $5.50 per gross. All clear flint glass. We ship = I from N. Y, City. Cartons, shipping-cases, every thing a bee- = i keeper uses. Tested Italian Queens, $1.00; untested, 70c. 5 I Catalog free. Apiaries are located at Glen Cove, Long Island, = ^iiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiniiiiiiiiiniiiuiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ >t^ >t'^ ^^t ^jj;*. ^Ii< ^, >t^ >h .'Sh ^K >l< ^it^. ^)K ?l< ^h iSK ^K isi;^ '^. ^. .^K iSK iSK ^h jsK .^h ^. iSK tj*, .'St^ t Orders Shipped Promptly. S ^ We are runnino- our large factory and shipping- ^ v^ department DAY and NIGHT, and are therefore ^ X in position to make prompt shipment of orders. ^ ^ ^ ^ Lewis White Polished Sections are Perfect. Last winter's cut of Wis- ^ ^j^ consin basswood is the whitest we have ever seen. When you order No. 1 Sections from us you wiU get a strictly No. 1 grade in both •^ workmanship and color. ■^■ .^ Our Bee=hives are made of a fine grade of lumber and are perfect in work- .^ '^ manship. A full line of every thing needed in the apiary ready for ^L y^ prompt shipment. Catalog mailed on application. y^ -^ A Suggestion. Do not put your money into new-fangled bee-hives, but •^■ vw buy a simple, serviceable, and well-made hive such as the regular vjy 'i* Dovetailed Hive, arranged for beeway sections. Honey-producers '^ ■^ in Colorado, one of the largest honey-producing sections in the y^ w world, use this style. ^|^ ^ ^ ^ Q. B. Lewis Company, Watertown, Wis. ^ W. WEBER, Successor to Chas. F. Muth and A. Muth. Central and Freeman Avenues. Cincinnaitl, OhlO. Prompt service, lowest prices, with best shipping facilities. BCkCk QimrkllAC fr HE BEST MADE. CC «3UPPII6S ( ROOT'S GOODS AT THEIR FACTORY PRICES. f 1-lb. sq. Standard, with cork, gr.,$4.75[l-lb. sq. Standard, spring top, gr.S-5..50 H#\M Atf _l«^ vc« J ^ " " ;^."5|l-lb. Keystone, spring top, gros^s, 5 2.") UllCV ICiro I 5-oz. " " " " S.OOl-lb. octagon, spring top, gross, .5 'J.) ■' •* I IK-lb. 4.7--. G^^^r^ .«.* f 100 lbs. white sweet-scented clover, JIOI 100 lbs. White Dutch, f-'O OCGQS OT I 100 lbs. yellow .1;ir,{l oz. Catnip seed, lOc HrtnOV — rfclcintd '"" 'b.''. Alfalfa clover, $10:1 oz Rockv Mountain Bee-plant, loc nUI IC J |Jiai I 19 ^(j,) ],-,j; Alsike clover, $1.51 oz. Eucalyptus seed, 20c • DELVoTED •■fo'BE.E.S> •.-.NDHoNEY «i\nD HOMEL •1NTE.FIEST.S 'ublishedWTHfAll^OoYCO. ■ , $i°°P[RYtAR.'^'\@"nEDlNA-0HlO- Vol. XXX. NOV. I, 1902. No. 21 Floor-boards have rotted as much dur- ing- the past season as in ten ordinary sea- sons. So much wet. That electric railway for out-apia- ries, p. 857, seems to be a fine thing. Won- der what I could buy one for. October 15 I saw bees working- on red clover. [Red clover is a honey-plant that hang's on pretty late. I too have seen bees working on it up to time of frost. — Ed.] The coming winter must do a lot of killing-out if there is to be no clover next year. At present the ground is beautifully carpeted with a luxuriant growth. [Same here, and, in fact, the same condition is re- ported throughout the rain-belt. — Ed.] Rambler reports, p. 861, that he smoked his first cigar without the least nausea. Now the question is, what was that cigar made of? or else what is Rambler made of? In any case, A. I. Root might offer him a smoker to swear off. [But Rambler says he did swear off. — Ed.] "Honey is capped whiter," is a claim made for forced swarms, p. 864, and it is made in such a way as to be understood as meaning whiter than with natural swarms. It is capped whiter than in a hive with black combs, but no whiter than in a hive with a natural swarm. Rambler's slate, page 860, speaks of "honey, white, thin, tart," and a few words further along about "extracted honey only 27 cts. per gal., 2 cts. per lb." That last makes 13^2 pounds to the gallon ; and if "thin" honey weighs that, what does thick honey weigh in that "locality"? Phacklia, introduced from California into Germany, seems to be constantly grow- ing in favor. Its praises are sung in all the bee journals, as a forage and honey plant, and also for plowing under green. Sown in early September it blooms about Oct. 20, rather late to benefit the bees. It can not endure German winters, but the self-sown seed comes up in the spring. [See what Cowan says of it in this issue. — Ed.] G. M. Doolittle gives, p. 847, the full- est expose, I think, I ever saw of the vari- ous causes of having combs in sections built to separators. As I read it over, it occur- red to me that for years I had had no trou- ble of that kind to speak of, whereas for- merly it was unpleasantly common. I think the secret of it is bottom starters. With a bottom starter present, the bees fasten the two starters together about the first thing, and then there's no chance for the section to be swung over to the separator. Shook swarms are being pretty thor- oughly shaken up just now ; and while the shaking is going on it would be well if the question covild be settled as to whether it is best or not to have a frame of brood given to the swarm. Will the bees often desert without it? I used to give such a frame and then take it away a few days later, as almost invariably the bees started queen-cells on it. It is just possible, how- ever, that if it had been left there would have been no swanning notwithstanding the queen-cells. A BLEND of honey, as favored on p. 855, if kept the same from year to year, is cer- tainly' better than to change abruptly from clover to basswood or something else; but if 3'ou had to change from one kind to another 3'Ou"d have to change the blend as well. No doubt, however, the change in the blend would not be so noticeable as the other. [If one buys honey every 3'ear, and buj's a lit- tle more than he actually produces, as we do, it is quite an easy matter to keep the regulation blend. If you every year buy a little alfalfa and mix it with your white clover and cucumber, even if your clover did fail you, or your cucumber, the alfalfa fla- vor being so pronounced and pleasant will still pass muster with your old customers, especially if they know you. — Ed.] 888 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Nov. 1 A LITTLE misunderstanding' seems on p. 844. I think Geo. Shiber and I are agreed that the queen prefers old black comb for laying- eggs in; the bees prefer it for stor- ing honey in; they prefer it for a winter nest, and in every respect it is preferred by queen and bees to new comb or foundation except for the starting of emergency queen- cells. [Your comment on page 844 reads just as though you disagreed with Mr. Shi- ber; but in reading it over again I now see how you probably intended to ag^ree with him. But I am of the same opinion still — ferninst _vou both. — Ed.] , Four points in favor of forced swarins are given, p. 854, and they're good, all but the third: "that starters are just as good as full sheets of foundation, under some conditions at least." That has no bearing- upon the case whatever, for it applies just as well to natural swarms. [Correct. But I could not forbear giving emphasis to the fact that a bee-keeper might save some mon- ey by using- only starters. A penny saved is a penny earned; and if any class of peo- ple are entitled to all they can earn b}'^ short cuts, it is our friends who are try- ing to get bread and butter by getting- hon- ey and putting it on the bread and butter of other people. — Ed.] In shaking bees off combs when making a forced swarm, there is likely to be more or less honey shaken out upon the bees, and some speak of this as if it were a thing to be regretted. On the other hand, M. A. Gill, p. 850, seems to feel all the jollier about it the more the bees are doused with honey. Certainly it is more like natural swarming to have the bees well loaded with honey, and I suspect such bees are just a little more contented when they find their combs of brood gone. It is a common prac- tice in some parts of the world to feed a swarm for the first day or two, and it is no doubt a profitable thing to do. It ought to be a good thing for a forced swarm as well. Mr. Editor, you misunderstand my po- sition with regard to forced swarms, p. 844, if you think I have the slightest desire that they "be turned down." Bless your heart, I have just as much respect for them as you have — yes, more. You are probably wise in being a little cautious about claiming- too much for them; but after they have been so thoroughly tried by cautious German bee- keepers I have no hesitation in saying about them some things that you precede by an "if." Forced swarms are away ahead of natural swarms ; and the nuisance of the latter may be largely avoided by anticipat- ing them with the forced swarming. But a colony that will stick right to its knitting, without any thought of swai-ming, is ahead of either natural or artificial swarming; and all through my bee-keeping life I've been chasing after the non-swarming will- o'-the-wisp, and so I can't be so very en- thusiastic about any thing that doesn't point straig-ht in that direction. [But you spoke just as though the method had been a failure with you, for you said, referring- to these same brushed swarms, "I was nev- er very enthusiastic about them." In speak- ing so forcibly in favor of them, I endeav- ored to "brush" you into line. But I am very glad to know if you are already and have been in the front rank of the brushers or shakers. You still feel, however, that a colony that will " stick right to its knitting, without any thought of swarming," is ahead of either natural or brushed swarms. But, say, doctor, what is the matter of tin- kering up a colony by brushing-, shaking, or forcing, so it will not have any " thought of swarming-"? Will not such a colony do just as well as a colony not tinkered up that never has thought of swarming? or, in other words, what will be the difference? If both sets of bees are energetic, and keep on working- without thinking of swarming, why shouldn't both, other things being equal, be equal.'' — Ed.] '"' r7 d ■ "I ^ 5) But even if our bright days pass, Bringing winter drear, It's always noon and summertime Somewhere on the sphere. Centralblatt reports a great many cases of robbing of hives, but by two-legged thieves. The bees are first smothered with fumes of sulphur, and then the honey, if any, is taken away. It is proposed to set a premium on the heads of the thieves. \i/ BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW. The issue for October is one of special in- terest to all bee-keepers, as it contains a full account of a visit made by the editor to the home of Dr. J. L. Gandy, Humboldt, Neb., during the fore part of September. We have a view of Dr. Gandy in his apiary near home, already shown in these columns; a picture of the doctor's home; a patch of catnip in the orchard; a view of a field of buckbush; a load of catnip from which the seed is to be thrashed; a view of the finest patch of catnip found b^' Mr. Hutchinson, near the hedges; a view of one of Dr. Gau- dy's out-apiaries; a picture of an orchard on one of the doctor's farms. The descrip- tion accompanying all these views is very readable. Mr. Hutchinson infers that there are no large fields of catnip around Hum- boldt, but that the aggregate of the strag- gling patches must be very considerable. This was the opinion of the editor of this journal, who was at Dr. Gaudy's at the same time Mr. Hutchinson was. As to their reception at the Gandy homestead, Mr. Hutchinson says: 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 889 At Dr. Candy's, Mr. Whitcomb, myself, and Bro. Root were treated right royally. We were taken to his home, every hospitality e.^tended, a team secured, and nearly the entire tir-ie spent in driving about the country visiting his farms and apiaries. Every facility was afforded u-i for learning the truth in regard to his bees and tne artificial pasturage that has attracted so much attention. Mr. F. E. Brown, of Hanford, Cal., makes a strong plea in favor of commercial organ- ization among bee-keepers. Among other advantages to be derived therefrom is the following: One great point of inducement will be the matter of the g: II a ran tee that we shall be able to place upon our honey. As it now stands, a large amount of the ex- tracted product is tampered with before it reaches the consumer, thus spoiling the flavor by adding foreign material, and increasing the output, and greatly lessen- ing the consumption. If our honey is all packed, aft- er being graded, and sealed with a wax seal bearing our brand, put up in packages that will suit the con- s".mer, then all the honey that does not have our brand with the wax seal will be left tor the man with the glucose, and, naturally, wi'l be sold at a smaller price, that will compel all to come into the pool ; it will do away with all adulteration of honey, because there will be no honej' that they can buy to thus adul- terate. Mr. J. M. Rankin, who has been for a long time the foul-brood inspector of Mich- igan, or, rather, inspector of apiaries, has resigned in order to devote all his time to work in a sugar-factory. Mr. Hutchinson has been appointed to fill the vacancy, and there is no doubt he can do it in a very creditable manner. \l/ One of the most prominent lady bee-keep- ers in the country is or was Ada L Pick- ard, of Richland Center, Wis. But the swarming fever struck that homestead, and Mr. and Mrs. Nathan Boggs will hereafter be hived in Chicago. 'roth HOW FAR APART SHOULD BEES BE KEPT TO INSURE PURITY? "Good evening, Mr. Doolittle. The eve- nings are getting to be quite long now." "Yes, they are, Mr. Jones; and the win- ter is drawing on apace. It will soon be time to set the bees in the cellar. Are j'ours all in readiness?" "Not quite. I have a few light colonies which I had calculated to double up; but the weather keeps so cold all the while that I do not have a chance to do this." "Are the bees all in the same kind of hive? " "Yes." "Well, 5'ou need not wait for a warm day, then; for all you have to do at this time of the year is to set one of the hives right on top of the other on any cool day, and the job is done." "But it would not do to leave them like that for winter, would it?" "No. But, having them all together, all you have to do is to separate the hives on any day when the mercury rises to fifty and above, and set the combs you wish the bees to winter on in one hive. If you smoke the bees quite thoroughly, very few will take wing during the handling necessary to do this." "Yes, I underetand that part; but how shall I get the bees off the rest of the combs without losing them, as it will be too cold for those which may fly when I shake them off the combs, and also too cold for those to run in which may fall a little way from the entrance." "You don't need to shake the combs in front of the hive as you do in the summer time." "How shall I get the bees off, then?" "Take an empty hive and set it on top of the one that you have the combs in ready for wintering, and take each comb, as you are abotit to shake the bees off, and lower it down into this empty hive before you shake it, when, during shaking, the bees will fall on top of the frames below, with scarcely a bee taking wing, and all will run down where you wish them, especially if you use a little smoke when all of the bees have been shaken in. The few which do fly above the hive will generally have strength enough to fl}' to the entrance, when all are where you wish them. To be sure, it is better to do this work before cold weath- er arrives; but it is also well to know how you can handle bees on days when they do not readily fly on account of the cold. But you must not attempt this at a time when the mercury is much below 50." " Well, I am glad we touched on this sub- ject; but that was not what I came over for. I find I have a ver}' choice strain of Italian bees in mj' yard this fall, and I am desir- ous of keeping them pure. How far apart from other bees must they be kept in order not to have my queens mate with drones from other apiaries?" "This is a question which confronts every bee-keeper who is desirous of keeping his stock pure, or the one who wishes to im- prove his stock by a careful selection of the best out of his own yard. It is also one upon which the doctors in apiculture dis- agree." "How can any disagree? Is it not a matter of easy finding out?" "It maybe such under certain circum- stances; but in the absence of such there can be little more than guesswork." "But do not all have these?" "If they do they talk very strangely at times. For instance, a man who is consid- ered authorit}' on queen-rearing once wrote: 'There are some who entertain the idea that a race of bees can not be kept pure un- less they are isolated several miles from all other races. I have tested this matter pret- 890 GLEANINGS IN BEE CUI.TUKE. Nov. 1 ty carefully during- the last twenty years, and have found that half a mile is as good as a much greater distance.' " "I don't believe that. Do you? How did he come to any such conclusion?" "He went on to state the length of time the queen was g^one from her hive on her wedding-trip, from which I suppose he reached his conclusions. He gave this time as five minutes, from which I judge that he thought a queen would not fly over one mile in that time, or half a mile and return in the five minutes." "But what about the flight of the drones? Don't they play any part in the matter?" "Regarding the flight of the drones he wrote: ' Drones will sometimes fly a mile or more, but queens will not.' But about the length of time it took the drone to fly that mile he was silent." "But what was to hinder those drones from being- that mile from home when the queen got to the end of her half-mile? No wonder you said such was guesswork." "And there are many more who think that from half a mile to three miles is all right; but I have knowledge that says the distance must be greater than any yet named." "What about that knowledge?" "One fact is always stronger than many theories, or any thing based on supposition; and so I will lay a fact alongside of what we have been talking, and allow you to form your opinion as to which is right. My experience dates back to where there were no Italian bees nearer than five miles, I keeping only black bees. In other words, my original stock was all black bees when I procured it, and so continued until Ital- ians were introduced five miles away. Upon the introduction of these Italians, about one out of ten of my young queens gave hybrid bees, or those which were part yellow and part black. Not long after this a man living four miles from me purchased twenty colonies of Italian bees, increasing them that year to fifty colonies. The year following I found nearly a third of my j'oung queens giving hybrid bees." "Well, those are truly facts that are worth remembering, and show conclusively that, if any race of bees is to be kept pure, said race, must be more than five miles away from any other bees. But suppose there are other bees nearer than this, what can be done then?" "The only thing is to get the owner of such bees to allow you to put queens of your race into each hive of his bees, and then you will be master of the situation, barring some colony that may be in some cave or hollow tree. And many a queen- breeder has done this very thing of Italian- izing all the bees all about him, at a cost of much labor and money, that he might rear pure queens." "I thank you very much for this little talk; but the time has come when I told Mrs. Jones I would return, and I will go. Good evening." AMOUNT OF HONEY NEEDED IN THE BROOD= NEST. The Prolificness of a Queen Dependent on Tent= perature; Bees Going into the Supers; Queen Laying Eggs in the Super, etc. BY J. M. GIBBS. Mr. Root: — I notice on page 588, July 15, also page 676, Aug. 15, that Dr. C. C. Mil- ler is "at sea" as to the proportion of hon- ey and brood-nest area in brood-chamber (in frames of comb) at different seasons and under varying circumstances. After some years' careful study and observation I am convinced that the solution of the prob- lem is almost entirely one of inside hive temperature. We know that in cold or cool weather the brood-nest is small compared with what it is in warm weather. We also know, or should know, that this nest or brood-center must be held at all times at the same temperature, no matter what the outside temperature may be; and to observe their brood-center as the temperature goes up or down, whether advancing to the hon- ey season or warm weather, or retiring aft- er the honey season is over, is to prove the above statement to be correct. It is clearly a matter of temperature when the queen decreases the circle of egg-laying, thus allowing the bees to fill a larger space under the top-bar with honey; whether the temperature is lowered by cool weather or by swarming, and, as is often the case, by careless operators allowing the air to cir- culate through the hive, lowering the tem- perature below the point where the bees can counterbalance by the heat of their bodies. And I have also observed that this nest is decreased in size when work is begun in the supers, simply because the temperature has been lowered in the brood-chamber by a larger number of bees being transferred to work in the supers, it being necessary for a number of bees sufficient to gain and maintain a comb-building temperature at that point. The prolific queen does not lay eggs near- er the top-bar than an unprolific one, as such, but because she is likely to have rear- ed a larger colony, which large colony is capable of heating a larger area of brood- nest than a smaller one. If you will trans- fer a prolific queen from her large colony to a small one she will circumscribe her nest-area to fit the capacity of the small fl colony to heat up and care for brood; or if f you will put a poor or unprolific queen into a large colony she will enlarge upon her former nest-area, as her colony can main- 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 891 tain a brood-rearing temperature; and as a proof of the statement here advanced she will deposit more eggs, under favorable circum- stances, than the better queen will under unfavorable circumstances ; and in either case the top-bar will be approached or re- ceded from as the temperature inside the hive is raised or lowered from any cause. It is a matter of inside hive temperature when bees go into supers containing ex- tracting-combs more readily than they go on to foundation in those frames, and more readily into empty frames with foundation than into sections with foundation. Where the combs are already drawn out, honey can be stored by a few bees at a tempera- ture much below that required to build comb, thereby allowing a smaller colony to care for nest-area, and send up a force to store honey in the super; but when it is necessa- ry that comb should be drawn out, then this same colony must wait until the outside temperature raises the inside temperature, or until the bees have increased in number sufficient to send up a force large enough to maintain a comb-building temperature in this same super, and at the same time care for the hive below. Bees dislike sections for the simple rea- son that it disturbs the temperature of the hive beyond the conditions in extracting frames to furnish enough bees to cover the wooden partitions (which are greatly in their way), in order to get together in suffi- cient cluster to produce and maintain comb- building heat; and in most instances, if not in all, a separate detachment of bees for each section is necessary before they can do much work in them; and, too, the weather must be warm before these little "squads" of bees can produce enough heat to build comb in the sections. It is a matter of inside hive temperature when combs are not built down and fasten- ed to the bottom-bar. The bees can not build down any further than they can pro- duce and maintain a comb-building tem- perature. To prove this, hive two swarms of about the same size, and under nearly the same circumstances, and give one of them an all-round entrance at the bottom, and the other a one-end entrance, and note if the first mentioned will build down to the bottom-bar, and if the other will not build down and fasten combs to the bottom-bar. Why this difference? It is impossible for the bees to produce and maintain in an all-round-entrance hive (with free circulation of air) sufficient heat to enable them to build comb down to, and especially to fasten it to the wooden bar. The temperature can be produced, and held in the other instance, and especially will the comb be filled out, and fastened at the closed end of the hive. It is a matter of temperature when queens do or do not go up into supers to lay eggs. If the inside temperature of the super is high enough to hatch eggs and rear brood she will go up ; otherwise she will not. Temperature is her first consideration. If the temperature necessary to rear brood were no higher than that to store honey or build comb, supers without brood would be the exception instead of the rule. I am aware that bees can lower the tem- perature in their hives by their own exer- tions, and that this is often necessary in the largest colonies and in the hottest weather. "The idea seems to prevail that there is an advantage in shallow top-bars" (page 588, July 15). I beg leave to suggest that there is an advantage in any thing that lessens the distance a cluster of bees must move (in concert) so as to be able to pro- duce the all-important temperature, so often mentioned in this article, that is necessary to build comb. Deep top-bars with air circulating over them, as when the super is on, can not in many instances be brought up to a comb- building temperature, full length of the frame, to say nothing of brood-rearing near it, so the bees, in my observation, store hon- ey down to the point where the queen stops laying, and she stops at the point where the temperature gets too low for her purpose. One queen reigning supreme and alone in a hive is suggestive of but one nest or brood-center; and to compel the bees to pro- duce a second heat-center, and possible brood-center, is to suggest to them another queen; and if you will exclude the reigning one, and give the bees the means, they will rear one for this center or (to them) new hive. I feel sure they will rear just as good a one as the one below. And why they would not do so under normal condi- tions, and produce the best of queens, is more than I can comprehend, Mr. Alley to the contrary notwithstanding. Bees will not hesitate to cross honey and wide top-bars as such, but because of the difficulty they encounter in transferring a heat-center so great a distance. I am fully convinced, both by experience and observation, that a close study of in- side hive temperature will settle many of the questions now awaiting answers among bee-men ; and when this matter of tempera- ture is well in hand the aim of the inventor along these lines will be to conform to the perfectly natural requirements of the bees rather than to the caprice of the operator; and, further, I now predict that, when all is known that may be known of this inside hive temperature, and its bearing on bees and honey, the present hive will change its shape and proportions to that required by the bees. Statesville, N. C. [There is a great deal of sound sense and orthodox teaching in what you say. There is a tendency among bee - keepers, as well as among supply-manufacturers, to make hives warmer. Mr. Danzenbaker has long been an advocate of warm brood-nests, and to a certain extent his hive is double-walled. While this is true, he now proposes to go further and put on an outside protecting- case that will telescope clear over the super 892 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Nov. 1 and brood-nest, to make it still warmer. He also believes in the practice of having a wide entrance so as to have the warmest part of the hive in the super so the bees will be compelled to carry the honey where it will be in marketable shape for the mas- ter. But when you refer to deep top-bars as being an obstruction, have you made exper- iments to prove the statement? A piece of wood % square can be kept just as warm as the same cubic capacity of sealed comb honey. If any thing, it will be less a con- ductor of heat. After having traveled many thousands of miles, and looked into the in- side of hundreds of hives having thick top- bars, it convinces me there is no real differ- ence so far as the inclination of the bees is concerned to go into the supers. While the- oretically there might be a dift'erence, that difference is so slight as hardl3' to be worth taking into the calculation. — Ed.] BRUSHED SWARMS. The SEarly History of Them in Europe; the Advan= tages of Large Hives in Connection with the Method; Qreiner's Objection. BY L. STACHKLHA.USEN. rif In Gleanings of October 1, different bee- keepers write for and against brushed swarms. At first I will say a few words about the history. That we can take from a strong colony all the frames of brood ex- cept probably one or two, and give empty combs or starters in their place, was known long ago, and this is the same thing as a brushed swarm set on the old stand, and the same thing as the driven swarm forced from a straw skep, and known more than 100 years ago. Gravenhorst made a step in advance, advising a way by which the bees brushed or shaken from the combs could be set on a new place and would stay there, at least the greater part of them. This, too, is twenty or more years old. I myself described this method in the Api- culficrisf, 1884, page 97. At present the forming of certain brush- ed or shaken swarms has a certain purpose, and is new in this respect: My idea is to use large hives during the spring for the production of comb honey in sections. In these large hives we gain two advantages: 1. The colonies develop in the spring in a natural way in these large hives better, and get stronger than in small hives, in spite of all the spreading of brood, stimulative feed- ing, and other troublesome work as recom- mended by Doolittle and others. 2. From these large hives we are nearly sure to get no swarms before the main honey- flow. Now we have another consideration : These large hives or brood-chambers are not practical for the production of comb hon- ey in sections, if we give the section-supers simply on top of the old colonies. This is well known, and it is the reason why Doo- little manipulates his frames in the spring. For many years I found that I could get the best and most honey in sections from strong swarms, if they appear just when the main honey- flow commenced. Then I asked my- self, "Why, then, do you not form swarms artificially at just the right time, and still use the advantages of large hives in the spring, In this way I gaine:? another advantage. I was nearly sure to get no swarms at all from the colonies worked for comb honey, during the honey-flow, and just this was one of the main difficulties in producing comb honey. This whole idea was new at that time, and it seems that the advantages, as I saw them years ago, are recognized just now. About the drawbacks of brushed swarms, Fr. Gr-einer is afraid of absconding. He says 20 per cent turn out to be failures. During more than 20 j-ears I formed surely several hundred brushed swarms on the old stand as well as on new ones. Only one of them absconded, and settled like a natural swarm on a limb of a tree near by. It was a very strong colony, and I had given them one brood-comb and a very small space for brood-chamber, separated from the supers by a queen-excluder. I removed the brood- comb, enlarged the brood -chamber, and hived the swarm again, and every thing went all right. Some years I had trouble from absconding of natural swarms ; but with brushed swarms I never had any dif- ficulty. Gravenhorst recommended remov- ing the brood-comb the first day after form- ing the swarm, because .this brood-comb could cause absconding of the swarm. This maj' be true in his locality. Here I do not do it, and have no trouble. Of more im- portance, it seems to me, it is to have the bees filled with honey and to give to the swarm sufficient room. I give them so much room that the bees can form a cluster like a swarm. As soon as the bees commence to build combs, and some eggs (or, still better, some young larvas) are found in the newly built cells, we can contract the brood-nest. For this purpose a divisible brood-chamber is very handy. At first I give two of my stories, and a few days afterward I remove the lower one. " A brushed swarm is also apt to build a large lot of drone comb." So says Mr. Greiner. I could not observe this. I never found any difference in this respect between artificial and natural swarms; but if the queen is old, the swarm will commence to build drone-combs sooner than if the queen were young and prolific. Such old queens will be superseded, probably, the same sea- son. For getting mostly worker combs we need a prolific queen, a good honey-flow, a limited brood-chamber, and the brood-comb given at first must be removed the next day. Nevertheless, I am not sure yet whether it will pay or not to let the bees build natural combs at all. If we use a queen-excluder between lower story and supers, and a con- tracted brood-chamber, we can probably give full sheets of foundation, without any 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 893 loss of the honey crop, and do away with all the drone comb, without further work. Some are of the opinion that a colony should not be brushed or shaken before queen-cells are started. In the small Lang-- stroth hives the starting- of queen-cells will be a sig-n that the size of the hive ( too small for the development of the colony) has caus- ed the swarming- impulse. My large hives give an unlimited space for development, and consequently, in most years, no queen- cells are started at all; but the colonies are strong when the honey-flow commences. If I should wait for starting queen-cells I would not get any brushed swarms nor comb honey. It was recommended to brush all the bees from the combs. I never tried this — was afraid a large part of young brood would be lost, even in our hot climate. I do not think any thing is lost by being on the safe side, and have some few bees remaining on the Combs. The old bees will soon fly to the new swarm, and only the young bees remain on the brood combs. Nine or ten days afterward a large part of these bees can be united with the swarm, and after ten days again the rest of them. In this way all the bees can be utilized for the swarm, and all increase prevented. Of course, the brood-combs can be utilized in other ways for strengthening weak colonies; nuclei can be changed to strong colonies; they can be set over an excluder, and queen- cells raised in this super a la Doolittle, etc. In criticising this method we should not forget that its purpose is the production of as much comb honey as by any other plan, and at the same time do away wilh all swarming, so we do not need even a watch- man in an outyard, and are not forced to be there at a certain day. This was not pos- sible before, and nobody thought that, by the use of the well-known practice of brush- ing swarins, this problem could be practi- call3' solved. If we produce extracted and comb honey in the same yard we do not even depend on these brushed swarms. We can form our swarms for comb-honey pro- duction in other ways; some of them are even preferable. We can make the swanns' as strong as we like them. We can give them a young fertilized or unfertilized queen at will. So we see that the forming of brushed swarms is not the main point of the method recommended by me some years ago. Converse, Tex., Oct. 8. [Mr. Stachelhausen is evidently the pio- neer in the forced, brushed, or shook swarm idea in this country. While he may not have been the first one to advocate it, he was the first one to give it such prominence that it took hold in America. Recently some one wrote me, complaining that he himself was the author of the brushed or shook swarm method, and that I had failed to give him proper credit. But Mr. Stach- elhausen goes so far back of him and all others that I think we may yield to him the palm. While I have not tested forced swarms myself, I have seen the plan tested, and I have seen so much corroborating evi- dence that I think it is safe now to say that some bee-keepers, in some localities at least, can practice forced swarming with profit to such an extent that they can put a large working force of bees into a small brood-nest, keep them from swarming, and keep them at work. That means dollars and dollars. — Ed.] •THE NEW "WILEY LIE" SCARE. Early Cutting of Alfalfa or Before it is in Bloom Not to be Feared by Bee=keepers. BY M. A. GIIL. Mr. Root: — I can not refrain from having a little to say in the matter of cutting alfal- fa before it blooms, to secure the best hay, and on the subject that alfalfa honey will soon be a scarce article on the market. I think the above should be looked upon by the honey-producers of the West very much as they did the ' ' Wiley lie, ' ' of which it smacks very much. First, it is not a fact that alfalfa makes better hay if cut before it is mature; nei- ther is it true of any other hay or fodder, any more than it would be true that an ap- ple would be better if picked when half- grown, or an ear of corn gathered before it is mature. Some years ago experiments were carried on at the New Mexico Agri- cultural Station to determine at what stage of growth alfalfa would make the greatest amount of food value. One cutting was made (as I remember reading the report) when the alfalfa was about ten inches high; another when the plant was budded; an- other when in full bloom (that means that the petals of the first bloom had begun to wither), and still another after it had gone to seed or nearly so. The hay of each cut- ting was weighed per acre. The cutting made when in full bloom weighed over 400 lbs. per acre more than any other cutting. The four different cuttings were fed to four different bunches of steers which were weighed before the feeding commenced, and every five days for one month. The results in pounds gained by the steers while being fed during this test were greatly in favor of the cutting in full bloom (besides the differ- ence in the amount of hay per acre). The next best was from that cut while in the bud with cutting which had nearly gone to seed— very close after in results. The poor- est results were from the first cutting, and three steers died during the test from this early cutting. I have had considerable ex- perience in feeding alfalfa hay to different animals, and I always buy it where it is left standing until in full bloom. Not until the plant is in full bloom has it reached its highest state of perfection, and capable of making the greatest number of pounds of nutritious hay per acre; and this is why the first cutting is so much better in food value than any of the subsequent cuttings. 894 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Nov. 1 Many cut too early, in hopes of making- more hay to sell by so doing-; but they defeat their own purpose, as alfalfa or any other hay cut too soon dries out much more than mature grass, besides making a very washy feed. I see no tendency among hay-raisers (except in the sheep-feeding sections) to cut their alfalfa any sooner than they did years ago. Perhaps it is because they are back numbers; but I think it would be hard to convince them. One reason why I think there will always be a "little" alfalfa honey, at least, on the market, is that humanity is much the same the world over. Every neighborhood has one or two mea who are always behind with their work. Another reason is, that the thousands of acres of alfalfa are not cut in a day nor a week. Another reason, alfalfa is the g\ eat and only source which can be used upon a large scale to redeem or maintain worn lands; and wherever it is plowed up it is put to grain the first year, and it furnishes much bloom for six weeks. I can not see why writers and editors too should talk in an encouraging way about the early cutting of alfalfa when the facts prove that it is better in pounds of hay and quality of food to cut just before the plant starts back. Longmont, Col. [As one of the offending editors, and per- haps the only one, it is proper for me to make an explanation. On two of my west- ern trips the suggestion was made to me at different times that there was a tendency among alfalfa-growers to cut their hay be- fore the plant was in bloom; and there were not a few bee-keepers who were considera- bly alarmed over what might take place in the future. As editor of a bee-paper it seemed to me proper and wise to sound a note of warning. There were many bee- keepers going to the West, and it seemed to me it was only fair that they know what might happen before they "pulled up stakes " and went west, only to find that the much-talked-of alfalfa honey was a will-o'-the-wisp. But I am very glad to be corrected; and from recent evidence that has come to my hands I believe you are correct. The early- cutting scare was only a scare; and it gives me no little pleasure to announce the fact. I think it was at the Denver convention that this same question came up, and the testimony at that time was very much in line with what you say. Indeed, if I re- member correctly you were one of the speak- ers on this topic. When visiting Mr. H. D. Watson, at Kearney, Neb., probably the largest grow- er of alfalfa in the United States, he told me that we need not be alarmed about the ranchers cutting their hay before it bloom- ed. In the first place, for lack of time they were inclined to cut too late rather than too early; and in the second place, experi- ments had shown conclusively that early- cut alfalfa was not so valuable as a feed for animals as that cut a little later when it had matured more. It will be remembered that Mr. Watson is a grower of alfalfa to the extent of about 3000 acres. He is an extensive stock-raiser, and has himself test- ed early-cut and late-cut alfalfa, and it is presumed he knows what he is talking about. — Ed.] THE VIRILITY OF DRONES. Drones from Virgin Queens and Fertile Workers as Good as any; Some Misconceptions Corrected. BY ADRIAN GETAZ. Friend Wright, page 737, has been look- ing at the wrong place for the spermatozoa. The sexual organs of the drone consist of a pair of testes, each communicating with a vesicnla seminalis by a tube, and these two vesiculas discharge their contents by another pair of tubes into the part of the copulating organ that Cheshire calls the "bean." When the drone emerges from the cell the testes are already full of the "cells" represented in Fig. 1 of Mr. Wright's com- munication. He is correct in thinking that the spermatozoa emerge or hatch from these cells, or, rather, the cells develop into sper- matozoa. At that time the testes have the appearance shown in Mr. Wright's Fig. 1. Gradually the spermatozoa descend into the vesicnla seDiinalis. There they receive a mucous secretion from two glands. That secretion holds them together. They grad- ually continue their course down, and final- ly accumulate in the "bean," where they remain until copulation or death of the drone. The cells from which the spermatozoa de- velop are formed in the testes before the drone emerges from the cell — that is, dur- ing the nymph life — at least nearly all. As the spermatozoa leave the testes these assume gradually the appearances repre- sented in Fig. 4, Fig. 3, and finally Fig. 5 of Mr. Wright's article. The drone is not fit for business until the spermatozoa are in the bean, as that is the only place from which they can be trans- ferred to the body of the female. At that time the testes are already nearly emptj', and are completel)^ empty a week or two later. Evidently Mr. Wright has been looking in the testes for the spermatozoa, otherwise he would not have seen the cells. Evidently, also, the differences he describes were due to the difference of age of the drones examined, those of Fig. 1 being the 5'oungest, those of. Fig. 4 about old enough to fertilize a queen, those of Fig. 3 some- what older. As to the proof of my assertions, I have to refer to the text-books. Cheshire, Bees and Bee-keeping, Vol. I., page 198, and following, is probably within reach of most of the readers of Gleanings. Drones from virgin queens and fertile workers have been examined time and 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 895 a^ain by expert microscopists (Cheshire, Leuckart, Siebold, etc.), and found invari- ably as perfect in every respect as those from fecundated queens. The only differ- ence was in their size, and that only when g-rown in worker-cells. Mr. Wright saj's that the color of the spermatozoa is black. That is only an ap- pearance, an optical illusion. Organic bodies of microscopical size are invariably transparent. He is also mistaken as to their size. Their length does not exceed ^ ,\xr of an inch. In the most powerful microscope they ap- pear like a very fine thread, and all that we know about their thickness is that it must be less than ^^Jj, of their length. Mr. Wright's description as their moving in vast shoals is well chosen. Their num- ber in a. single queen has been estimated all the way from four to twelve millions, and a possibility of reaching- perhaps twenty-five millions. Knoxville, Tenn. WHY THERE IS NECTAR FROM CLOVER IN SOME LOCALITIES AND NOT IN OTHERS. Acid Honey from Oak°trees. BY C. A. HATCH. Although I have kept bees in one locality for 25 years, this summer has given me new experiences. Swarming lasted until some time in September, and the honey-flow from the beginning of basswood bloom continued until after buckwheat, although we got no surplus from the latter. Empty hives and starvation was the rule at the opening- of basswood: consequently a half f r more of the 3'ield from this source went into the brood-nest. Most people lay the failure of clover to the excess of rain. If that is the case, why did the northern part of our State have a clover crop? I ex- plain it this way: There the drouth of last year was not so bad, and consequently clo- ver was not killed, and there was plenty of old clover bloom. But here our clover was nearly exterminated; and although we had iin abundance of bloom it was all on new growth; and, if I am correct, such plants never secrete honey. At the end of the basswood flow the bees commenced to carrj' in a dark honey of pe- culiar acid flavor that puzzled me for some time — at least until I hunted it down (or, rather, up, for it came from black-oak trees). Seeing that the bees were roaring on oaks I at first supposed it was only a case of honey-dew; but never having known honey-dew to be found in wet weather, a closer examination revealed the source to be the acorns and not the aphides. There seemed to be a gall insect at work between the acorn and the acorn-cup, which caused a g-all about the size and much the shape of a sunflower-seed to grow there and force itself into the side of the acorn. There seemed to be no opening into this gall, but there was a small worm about the size and appearance of a bee larva four days old. The honey oozed out from between the cup and the acorn, in some instances a drop as large as a grain of wheat. After a time this abnormal growth caused the acorn to drop; and what became of the worm I never found out, nor what was its father and its mother. Where did they come from, to be so abundant this year and none other years? The honey does not much resemble honey- dew, althoug-h dark. The flavor is a delicate acid, reminding one of the candy called "lemon drops." I shipped about 800 lbs. to a city dealer, and he seemed to be quite satisfied with it. It ought to make good honey for bakers; but I am afraid if there were a demand created for it the supply would run short if a crop came only once in 25 years. Richland Center, Wis., Oct. 9. The copy for Our Homes was mailed from the " cabin in the woods " in time for our last issue, but it did not reach Medina until that number had gone to our readers; therefore it appears in this issue. A. I. R. wishes me to say that he does not intend to have any issue of GleanT'NGS appear with- out his Home talks, and that they will ap- pear hereafter regularly unless they get lost or delayed in the mail, as has occurred once or twice before. THK LATEST SCARE IN WESTERN BEE- KEEPING. I WOULD call special attention to the ar- ticle of M. A. (rill, in this issue, showing that the recent talk relative to cutting al- falfa before it comes in bloom, by the ranch- ers, is really nothing but a scare. When the statements were given to me two j^ears ago, that the time might come when alfalfa everywhere would be cut before it was in bloom because it would make a better hay, I felt it my duty to call attention to the fact; but I am glad to believe that there is no real foundation for such fear, and that the bee- keepers of the West need have no serious apprehension. The ranchers will look to their own pocketbooks, j-ou ma3' be sure; and if they do so, the bee-keeping interests will be protected. As I have often said, there is a harmon}' in nature; and bees al- ways work in harmony. They were put on the earth by the great Creator for a pur- pose, and the Creator never makes a mis- take. 896 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Nov. 1 DEATH OF AN OLD BEE-KEEPER ; THAT AR- TIFICIAL-EGG STORY. We are pained to learn of the sudden death of Mr. S. P. Newman, of Norwalk, Ohio. No particulars have come to hand, but we understand he was killed on a rail- road crossing- by a moving- train, on Satur- day, Oct. 11. Our friend was one of the most successful and intelligent bee - keepers of Northern Ohio. While his business was priinarily real estate and insurance, he carried on bee-keeping quite extensively. It was this same Mr. Newman who, years ago, started the story about artificial eggs, and how these eggs would hatch chickens, but that, unfortunately, the chemist had not discovered the ingredients for making feathers. Up to the time the story was pro- mulgated the chickens had to be kept in a hot-house until some ingredient could be put in the artificial eggs to make clothes to cover their naked skins. Mr. Newman, in putting forth this ingen- ious story, did so with the sole intention of offsetting the comb-honey lie by telling an- other so ridiculous and impossible that the dear public would discredit both ; but in this he was mistaken. So credulous was the undiscerning- reader that he actually believed that the skill of the chemist was such that the principle of life could be put into a concoction of chemicals that could be molded into an artificial &^^ that would hatch featherless chickens. It is an actual fact that hundreds and I do not know but thousands of people be- lieved this yarn; and when I tried to argue some of them out of it I found the task al- most hopeless; but I believe the story did some good by making some people turn away in disgust at every suggestion of the "skill of scientists" wherever it relates to the wonderful and sensational. bly would not do in localities subject to considerable moisture. Dry candied honey will draw moisture if there is much of it in the atmosphere, and instead of being dry it will be a sticky, mushy mess. But Bro. Aikin's bags would hold the honey, even then ; but they would not stand very much roug-h usage, of course. aikin's BOLOGNA-SAUSAGE PACKAGE FOR CANDIED HONEY. Elsewhere in this department I refer to the bologna-sausage candied-honey pack- age brought up by R. C. Aikin, of Love- land, Col. I saw these dry packages of candied honey put up in neat paper bags, just like so much brown sugar on the mar- ket. The bags were nicely printed, with directions for liquefying the honey, ex- plaining that honey in that form was the best test of its purity, etc. I tried to en- gage a small quantity in that shape from Mr. Aikin ; but he told me his crop had been so light the past season that he could not furnish any, and how all that he had had been disposed of to his local trade. Bro. Aikin is to be commended for the persistency with which he has hung to the idea that extracted honey can be put up in the candied form, in a package that would cost next to nothing. While such package would be practica- ble in Colorado and other very dry climates, and in localities where the workingman must have a cheap form of sweets, it possi- WHO shall be GENERAL MANAGER FOR 1903? Our readers will remember that some complications arose this year over the selection of General Manag-er, and it has been a question on the part of some as to whether Mr. Secor or Mr. Abbott was ac- tually in office. But the Board of Directors decided ag-ainst Mr. Abbott, and Mr. Secor was requested to fill out his unexpired term. At first Mr. Abbott seemed disposed to contest his claims; but finally, "in view of the good feeling and harmony that pre- vailed at the convention in Denver," and, as he says, "being desirous of doing- all he could to promote the interests of the As- sociation," withdrew, stating that he was perfectly willing- to leave the matter with the membership at the next general elec- tion. He forwarded to the Secretary a list of the names of persons who had sent in their dues, together with his check covering the entire amount. In the mean time, the name of Mr. N. E. France, of Platteville, Wis., a successful bee-keeper, foul-brood inspector of his State, and one who seems to show many of the qualifications for so important an office, has been nominated by Secretary Dr. A. B. Mason. See Gleanings, page 867. On an informal ballot Mr. France was almost the unanimous choice of the Board of Directors, who, after having- canvassed the situation very carefully, seemed to be of the opinion that he would be one perfectly ca- pable of filling that important office. Mr. France is a man of ability. He is a power in his State, and I think I am safe in say- ing he has done more to advance foul-brood legislation that any other man in the coun- try. He knows how to appear before legis- lative bodies, ask for what he wants, and get it. Gleanings wishes to take no sides in this anj' more than to saj' that it would fa- vor some candidate who has been in no way connected with the "recent unpleasant- ness." Mr. France has had absolutely' noth- ing to do with that controversy. He never thought of seeking the office, and consented to make the run only on the urgent request of some of his friends. It is a case of the office seeking the man — not the man the office. Any candidate who may subsequent- ly come into the field, who has been in any way identified with the General-Manager- ship muddle, would have, necessarily, friends and enemies. For the good of the Association it would seem as if the member- ship ought to unite on some one person con- cerning- whom there would be no factional fight. In union there is strength. The old 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 897 fight should be forgotten; and it seems to me as if we should take the course that will be least likely to tear open the old sores of the past. WHY THE COMB-HONEY CANARD BOBS UP EVERY NOW AND THEN. While I was in Denver I fell in with a reporter who very frankly told me that he was after "good stuff" for his paper, and he wished to know if I would be kind enough to give him some facts on which he could base a "good story." Of course, I was willing to accommodate him, and did sup- ply him with plenty of material. But im- agine my consternation when, the next morning, my "good story" was made into another so different that I did not recognize it, and, what was stranger still, I was cred- ited with an interview that I never had with any one. A day or two afterward I saw my erring brother, and called him to account. "Well," said he, "you know a prophet is not without honor save in his own coun- try. You see it was this way: I was talk- ing with several local bee-keepers who went on to tell me something about a bee's* tongue, and it was good stuff; but I knew my paper would never print it unless I stuck the interview on to some one from away off. Thinking you would be a good subject I hitched it on to your name, and, as you see, it passed muster with the eagle- eyed editor." My reporter friend said, in explanation, and he was a royal good fel- low, even if he does know how to serve his masters well, "It would not do to stick too closely to facts. They would be too dry reading. It must be good stuff or the edi- tor would not use it. So we fill in, don't you see, to give it flavor and character." It was this reporter, or perhaps some oth- er one, who, after an interview with Dr. Mason, credited the good doctor with hav- ing tired into a bee-tree when he was try- ing to kill a bear. He missed the beast and bit a tree, and from the hole made b}^ the bullet there poured out barrels and barrels of honey ! I ! I ! It appears that all the reporters are after "good stuff." Some are after the sensa- tional— the kind of material that, when placed together in "readable" form, will startle and interest. So long as the story has little foundation in fact, it is as good as or better than if it were all true word for word. Unfortunately many of the large papers of the countr}' are anxious to get hold of just such "stuff" as this. Can we wonder, then, that the comb-honey yarn should be so eagerly grabbed up and passed from one to the other. It is sensational; it shows the wonderful (?) skill of man. The average person is more willing to believe ill of his fellow-man than good; and when he hears how the "other fellow" is defrauding him he believes the lie, of course, especially when it appears in his newspaper. It is an actual fact that there are many papers right in my own vicinity that I will not read, for so much that they do print is not true, or so fearfully exaggerated that I am not able to pick out truth from fiction. I do not mean to go into a tirade against the average paper; for, be it said, there are a great many of them of high character that will print only the truth; but I only desire to show how and why the comb-hon- ey canard gains currency about every ten years among the yellow journals. the cor,ORADO CONVENTION ; honey in GLASS VS. HONEY IN THE CANDIED FORM. At one of the sessions we listened to quite a spirited discussion between Mr. R. C. Aikin, of Loveland, Colo., and Mr. Geo. W. York, editor of the Amer. Bee Journal, on the subject of putting up extracted hon- ey for the retail trade. It really resolved itself into a debate on the question, "Re- solved, that extracted honey should be put up in the candied form for the retail trade, and that consumers should be educated to purity of honey in that form." Mr. Aikin took the affirmative, and Mr. York the negative. In beginning his talk Mr. Aikin admitted that for large cities containing many people who could afford to pay fancy prices for something pretty in glass, honey in the liquid form in bottles might be all right; but in his locality the average consumer could not afford to pay fifteen cents for a bottle and get only five cents' worth of honey. He had been work- ing on the problem of putting up candied honey in bottles for some time. His idea was to make the honey and the package so cheap that the laboring man could afford to buy such a pure and wholesome sweet in preference to sugar, molasses, and others of like character. He had put up alfalfa honey, which granulates very rapidly, in lard-pails. When candied, it was ready for market; and his trade had learned to buy such honey in five and ten pound lots. At the price he offered it, it would compete with other sweets. He exhibited before the convention a paper bag which had been, so to speak, treated with oil or paratifine in such a way that candied honey could be put in it. It was neatly printed, and when tilled with drj^ candied honey made a very pretty appearance. For such a package the consumer paid for practically nothing but the honejs for the bag could be furnish- ed at an insignificant cost. His customers had learned to liquefy this product so they could have either the candied or the clear extracted article, just as they preferred. He objected to the glass on account of its expense, and because it made honey a deli- cacy. He also objected to the machinery necessary to carrying on the bottling busi- ness— the messing of the wife's stove, etc. Then, too, honey in glass had to be kept liquid in order to sell. Paper bags and lard-pails were the cheapest packages that one could get for retailing hone}'; and he thought we might just as well educate the consumer first as last that honey in the can- 898 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Nov. 1 died form was just as pure as that in the liquid, and in his locality he succeeded in doing it. At the outset of his talk Mr. Aikin refer- red to his opponents in the discussion as Irishmen ; but Mr. York, who responded, retorted that there was not a drop of Irish blood or blarney in his crowd unless it was in Dr. Mason, and he did not have more than two drops. It was evident that his good friend was just Aikin to see a big fire and lots of smoke. If he would wait till he left the world he might see and feel more hotness than he wanted — perhaps enough to liquefy his granulated honey. Mr. York did not believe in feeding all creation with honey, and almost making people a present of it besides. What cost practically nothing would be valued at just about what it cost. Honey, he thought, was different from most other table articles. It was a necessary delicacy not to be eaten like potatoes, soup, and corn-meal mush. A little at a meal, like butter, was all a reasonable person could ask unless he ale with a shovel. Then, of course, granulat- ed honey would have the advantage. When he put up extracted honey he did not want to have to spend valuable time in telling his customers that it was not sugar, lard, nor even "grained goose grease." Everyone knew that all honey is in liquid form when taken from the hive; then why not pass it to the crowd in its original sparkling form? Honey was a tempting thing when it glis- tened through clear flint glass; and what was 18 or 20 cents for a pound of such con- centrated sweetness? There were a good many people who would blow in ten cents for a cigar, and then blow it all out in smoke. How much more pleasure and strength could be derived from the price of two such cigars invested in a pound of hon- ey? In the majority of retail stores, glass jars holding from 12 ounces to 1 lb. each were to be preferred, retailing at 15 to 20 cents. In the country trade, selling from house to house, the pint and quart Mason jars were the best. In closing, Mr. York stated that Mr. Ai- kin's method of retailing honey might do for his locality and in his hands; "but," said he, "don't any of you ever go to a large city and try to put his method into practice. If you do, you will regret it;" and as a parting shot he invited his oppo- nent to make a fire so hot that even his granulated honey would all be liquefied, so that even spooney people could get it down without a big shovel and elbow grease. Quite a long discussion followed, some taking one side and some the other. The gist of it seemed to be that one must be gov- erned by his locality. If one lived in the city, then let him cater to the city trade. If one lived in the country, made up large- ly of working people of limited means, then give them a package that would be cheap or useful after the honey was out of it. Mr. Holley, of Fort Collins, used oj'ster- pails, and favored the paper bags recom- mended by Mr. Aikin. Mr. Abbott, of St. Joseph, Mo., in refer- ring to Mr. Aikin's statement that an ex- pensive apparatus would be needed to bot- tle honey, said that an ordinary cook-stove, and the essentials found around any house, would be sufficient to put one in good trim for bottling honey. He did not approve of Aikin's "bologna-sausage package." This designation raised quite a laugh. There wassuch a thing as having things too cheap, and he pictured out the man who would put a package of bologna honey in his pocket, and how that person might get up against a coil of steam-pipe, with the result that the honey would liquefy and run all through his clothes. Mr. Large had tried the bologna-sausage package, and he had never yet had any com- plaint that it melted down in one's pocket or that it broke. In general he substantiat- ed Bro. Aikin's statements. The cross-fire got so warm that finally Mr. Aikin was drawn in again. He stated that he did not claim in his paper that can- -died honey could be retailed in all locali- ties. He was only trying to call attention to his method of putting up candied honey suitable for the pocket of the poor man. Referring to Mr. Abbott, he stated it must be pretty hot in St. Joseph for candied hon- ey to melt down in one's pocket. He was sorry for Mr. Abbott, and invited him to come and live in a cooler and better coun- try. As to the bologna-sausage package leaking, he wished to remind the Irishmen that honey in bottles had a disagreeable way of pushing out through the corks, run- ning over the sides, and soiling the coun- ters. Then he pictured how a customer of York's might put a bottle of his fancy hon- ey in his coat-tail pocket; how that custom- er might turn on his heel suddenly, swing that coat-tail against a solid object, smash the bottle, and then — oh my! He wished to emphasize the fact that he was catering to the poor people — those who would buy a little sugar, then put water in it to make a syrup, in preference to buying honey in glass that would be out of their reach. He desired to remind the gentlemen on the other side that the world is full of just such people who are trying to make their money go as far as possible. They would figure out that granulated sugar and water were far cheaper than York's honey; but a bag of his candied honey — and can- died honey was always good and pure — would compete with granulated sufrar. Lots of his customers would eat it in the candied form; yes, they would "shovel" it in, and he had no objections to their doing it, so long as they bought more, and that was what he wanted. The workingman will have sweets; and if we bee-keepers could put honey in such a form that it would compete with sugar and water, or some of those nasty stuff's they called molasses, we could have a trade that would be worth ca- tering to. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 8'>9 IDAHO AS A BKK country; AND ITS SOIL. ITS CLIMA'IE Leaving Portland, Oregon, I took the train homeward. My next stop was at Nampa, Idaho. I had previously received a letter from Mr. F. G. Getting ham, from that place, desiring me to stop off on my re- turn; but I did not recognize his name as one that stood for an old schoolmate of years gone by until I met him face to face. Mr. Cottingham was a dealer in supplies, and has kept bees, although his regular business is that of a contractor and build- er. He particularly desired that I should see that country, with its possibilities in the bee-keeping line; and, accordingly', the next day he verj' kindlj' drove me over some- thing like forty miles of as pretty farming country (barring some desert tracts) as I ever saw. While it had to be irrigated, like a great portion of the West, yet I could readily see that the soil was wonderfully productive; and the climate, too, was like that of my own State, without its humidity. Here we could not only find natural farm crops such as are grown in the East, but alfalfa and other plants that are peculiar to the West. This particular portion of Southern Idaho, what little I saw of it, seemed to be one of the finest bee countries in all the United States; and the strange p.irt of it was that, at the time of my visit, there were apparently very few bee-keepers to take care of the alfalfa- fields. But I un- derstand that, since I have mentioned the fact in our journal, some bee-keepers have ^one westward and have located in that vi- cinity. The resident bee-keepers had no objections to others coming into their local- ity provided they did not squat their bees in places already occupied; but when they did this, and one man brought foul brood from the East — well, you can just imagine they were not a little displeased, and right- ly so. The whole area of the United States where bees can be kept is so fully occupied now, that, when there is an unoccupied field where they can be kept, there is apt to be an exodus to it as soon as the fact is known. But strange it is that bee-keepers, after all that has been said, should rush into fields already taken up; for all through Idaho there is unoccupied territory, and room for all. While the climate is very dry, and the dust almost suffocating, yet to me there were many attractions. Wild game? There was plenty of it. One who can live in the North -Central States of the East would have no difficulty in adapting himself to the climate of Idaho. But, to return. Mr. Cottingham and I stopped to visit va- rious bee-keepers on the way to Boise, the chief city of the State, and its capital. At Meridian, about midway, we met Mr. E. F. Atwater, a bee-keeper only twenty years of age— a young man full of enthusiam, who, by reason of ill health, had left the cold Dakotas, and gone further northwest until he had struck the beautiful climate of Ida- ho. At the time I met him he was finding both health and strength. He had 140 col- onies, and considered his locality a para- dise for bees. Although so young, he writes for a number of agricultural papers, and his communications have appeared at vari- ous times in these columns. I had with me that day only a small pocket camera, and A il JL i f /. ^anjB m E. F. ATVVATEK, Jl'.Sr I'KOM HIS BKE-VAKD. with this I took a shot of him which I pre- sent at this time. His hives are put under a gable roof of shade-boards, and was run- ning for both queens and honey. At the time of mj' visit he was experimenting with the Swarthmore method of fertilizing queens, which method he was inclined to regard as a success. A UNIQUE SCHEME OF MAKING WATER RUN UP HILL FOR IRRIGATING PURPOSES. Leaving Mr. Atwater, Mr. Cottingham and I drove on to Boise. There was one thing here that interested me greatly. It was an irrigating-device, many of which we see in the irrigating region, that will lift a small quantity of water up six to ten 900 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Nov. 1 feet into a trough or tank. When once ele- vated, the water will seek its level to a high- er elevation than the regular irrigating- ditch, and it is thus made available for land that can not be irrigated by the ordi- nary method of laterals. Well, just in the rear of the business blocks was one of these irrigating -wheels — what they call them I do not know. It might be consider- ed an old-fashioned undershot water-wheel, consisting of a circular framework mounted on a shaft. Around this framework are troughs or buckets. The current of the stream or irrigating-ditch is just sufficient and no more to cause this wheel to revolve at a slow rate of speed. As the current catches the troughs it causes the wheel to revolve, bringing up buckets of water, which, when they reach a certain elevation, overflow into the above-mentioned trough. The little instantaneous kodak picture A SIMPLE PLAN FOR ELEVATING A SMALL AMOUNT OF WA TER FOR IRRIGATING. mills are not used for elevating water. They are to some extent; but an ordinary windmill will take care of but a very small amount of land, and only at irregular inter- vals; and where the wind is very high, as it is at times, the cost of maintaining the mill is much greater than maintaining a rudely constructed water-wheel like the one shown in the illustration. THE FUTURE OF IDAHO. As I took the train from Nampaon my re- turn I came away fully convinced that Ida- ho, which seems so far away to a tender- foot of the East, is bound to be one of the great productive States of the future. If I desired a climate like that of Northern Ohio, Illinois, New York, or Pennsylvania, without their overplus of moisture, and if I were seeking more room — i. e., more land, and desired to go West, I do not know of any place where I would rather go than Idaho. But do not misun- derstand me. There are thousands and thousands of acres of desert — the home of the sage brush and the ever present jack- rabbit — land which, to the superficial ob- server, appears to be utterly worthless; and it is worth- less until by some means water, the one thing lack- ing, is brought on to it. Land remote from the moun- tains or far from a natural stream will probably be al- waj's worthless. But some of this great desert country that can be reached by wa- ter is bound to be in time some of the richest and most productive in the world. It remains for old father Time and the genius of man to make it blossom into fruit- fulness. shown herewith will illustrate the princi- ple. Just opposite this machine there was a lawn on high ground; and the trough, be- ing high enough, the water was forced through a pipe across the road on to the el- evation on the other side. All through the irrigating regions I found these wheels, and to me they were always objects of interest. One such wheel will take care of a garden-patch of several acres. The amount of water handled, and the height to which it is to be elevated, de- pend entirely on the swiftness of the cur- rent in the ditch. In this case the current was so slow as to be almost imperceptible; and the wheel itself was just barely keep- ing in motion; and yet here it was going on day after day, "working for nothing and boarding itself. " There was no engineer, no coal-pile, no fire, nothing but the ma- chine itself, which, when started, never ceases so long as the water in the ditch keeps up its flow. The question may be asked why wind- UTAH AS A BEE COUNTKY ; OGDEN CANYON A GREAT ELECTRIC-POWER PLANT. While we are occupied with these reflec- tions we are on the way to Utah. Now, al- most before we know it we reach Ogden, one of the great railroad centers of the West. W^e step oft' the train and see in- deed a modern city with all its equipment and paraphernalia. The streets are wide and paved, and every thing in the city be- tokens stir and business. We make our way to the Valley Bee Farm Co., and find it represented by Mr. C. W. Frost, who is not only the local supply-dealer but a bee- keeper who owns and operates two or three bee-yards. Mr. Frost had been associated with Mr. Smalley, and subsequently I had the pleasure of a wonderfully bracing drive with them up the Ogden Canyon. It seemed all along my trip that each time I stopped I was presented with the most beautiful scenery in the world; and each time I felt I had never seen any thing like it before. The Rockies of Colorado, Vj02 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 901 the Sierra Nevadasof California, the moun- tain peaks, the beautiful secenery alon^: the Columbia River, all have their special attractions and beauties ; but one of the THE DRIVE UP OGDEN CANYON, UTAH eral thousand horse power. These in turn operate immense dynamos that furnish power and lifi'ht for Og-den and even Salt Lake Cit}', miles away. After the water has t,'-one through the pow- erful turbines, and lost its great pressure, it is used for irrigating- the land in the valley. This is a remarkable instance of how water may serve the double purpose of driving- street-cars and making light out of dark- ness, and at the same time making land once a desert a perfect garden of ver- dure. I found in the West that a double use of the water is made at several places; but this is the most perfect example I had ever seen. We bid adieu to Mr. Frost and take the train for an hour's ride to Salt Lake Cit^', better known as the home of the Mor- mons and the place where the great Mormon temple is built. Here we meet Mr. J. H. Back. Speaking- about the Mor- mons, whatever we may say about their religious views so far as orthodoxy is concerned, we must ad- most picturesque spots in the United States is a drive of five or ten miles up the Ogden Canyon. I shall have neither time nor space to describe the beauties of this kaleidoscopic scener}'. At every turn of the road new views presented them- selves. I can give only one or two pictures, which are only a fair sample of what the country is like. These were taken bj' Mr. Calvert; and as thej^ are better than those I took I produce them. Aside from the beautiful macadamized road, and the scenery that it makes pos- sible to take in with ease and comfort, man has gone further and put in an im- mense Hume which carries water from a lake thou- sands of feet up in the mountains. This flume carries the water down the canyon and finally de- livers it to an immense power-house in the valley. Here the water is utilized for driving turbines of sev- A CHARACfERISTIC SCENE UP THE OGDEN CANYON. 902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Nov. 1 mit they are a thrifty and energetic people. They believe this region is in a great part like Palestine. In'place of the Dead Sea of the East they have Salt Lake. They have a River Jordan; and there are many points of similarity between the two lands that are indeed quite striking. But how about the country for keeping bees? At the time of my visit the bees had not done well. But I know this: That, of all the States in the Union, Utah is one of the best. Immense amounts of beautiful sweet-clover and alfalfa honey are produc- ed, and bee-keeping is conducted on an ex- tensive scale. A BATH IN SALT LAKE ; HOW IT FEELS TO FLOAT ON THE SURFACE OF ITS WATER. But I shall not soon forget the pleasure and novelty of a good bath in Salt Lake with a son of Mr. Back. I had heard that it was impossible to sink in that water, and it is true. Here I had the pleasure of sit- ting on its surface, bobbing up and down like a cork. Sink? It was impossible; and as to swimming or wading, one could make only a very slight headway, so heavy and dense is the water from its large per- centage of salt. But one must be verj' care- ful and not lose his balance and plunge his head under the water, as he would be apt to strangle very quickly, even if'he^didn't sink, for the brine is remarkabl3' strong. You'd better believe I held my balance for once in my life. As I sat on the surface of that water, with knees and armpits in the air, I felt as if I were being rocked and tossed really and truly on the cradle of the deep; but I could not repress a feeling that I should soon be sinking, and every now and then I found myself paddling to keep above. The water was' cold — a littletoo much so for comfort, and I was glad to get out, in spite of the fact that I had enjoyed the rocking-chair. Once in the bathing- house I noticed, ^asfthe water dried on me, that the briny crystals stood out plain, and it is, therefore, necessary for one, before dressing, to stand under a spray oi fresh water. RAMBLE 213. The Royal Palm ; Ihe Rambler Ceases to Ramble for the time being. BY RAMBLER. In many of the illustrations in these Ram- bles the reader has noted that^[the prevail- ing tree has been the royal palm. Wher- ever we journey on this western end of the island, this noble tree is in evidence, and always to be admired. In natural groves, in long avenues, or in isolation, it has the same characteristics. The palm would be a nice tree in any country, merely as an or- nament to the landscape; but aside from this it is a very useful tree here in Cuba. In fact, I can hardly imagine how the na- tives could live without it. The leading use of the palm is for the construction of dwellings. Many of these dwellings have been shown in these Ram- bles, and these lines are written under a palm roof. As I look up to the under side of it, it looks like an immense basket pro- tecting me from the elements. The sides of the house are made from the outside or rind of the palm split into boards. The center of the palm log is of a pithy nature, and of little use. As I have shown you in the past, the body of the palm is used by the native bee-keeper in many ways. Cut out the pith and it makes a very good bee- hive, and thousands of them are in use to-day. The palm, I am told, blossoms every month in the year. The big green pods that form just under the fronded leaves, at maturity burst with a loud report, and the blossom, composed of many racemes in a bunch, and nearly white, is very ornamen- tal, but a little too much elevated from the ROYAL PALM IN BLOOM. ground to receive much admiration. The bees swarm over it and gather hone}^ or pol- len. I find bee-keepers disagree about what the bees gather. Some say only pol- len; others, pollen and honey. I have not been able yet to verify either assertion, on account of the elevation. When the Ram- bler gets skill enough to climb one of these trees as the natives do, the problem will be solved. If you ask a native, and he thinks you are more interested in the honey than in pollen, his reply will be, "Si, senor; mucho, niucho miel." The blossom soon passes, and the fruit- 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 903 ag'e is clusters of berries, dark brown, and about half an inch in diameter, and half a bushel or thereabout to a blossom. These berries are g^athered by the natives, and are excellent for fattening hogs. SPANISH JUGS. When I visited Fred Somerford a few months ago his men were cutting the berries and storing them for this purpose; and I learned recently that his pork venture has resulted in as much or moie profit than his bees. At present pork production is a prof- itable business on this island. For about four to six feet below those long palm-leaves there is a portion of the tree a bright green. Those long leaves mature and drop to the ground every month. As one leaf falls away it peels oft' a portion of that green envelope. This is a very tough paper-like substance, and is used in many ways by the natives. Many houses are sided up with it instead of the palm plank. It is used for bales on the tons of tobacco shipped from Cuba. A native can deftly fold a piece of this material into a conven- ient dish that will hold water or honey ; put on a handle, and it makes a good basket; cut a hole in the center large enough to put your head through, and it makes a very good waterproof protection on a rainy day. There are several varieties of palms, and all are useful. The date and the^...cocoanut palm furnish that delicious food which we are all pleased to get. The photos presented here- with show the palm in bloom. There are usually three or four of these large clusters on one tree at once, and the fruitage is abundant. Another photo shows an apiary with a palm honey-house. The house in question is not bee-tight, but could be easily made so by lining with cheap sacking or muslin. Almost exactly in the center of this photo a triangular spot appeafs. That is a fine swarm of bees. When the Rambler called, there was no owner present, and had not been for several days. Without smoker or veil the swarm was hived; but I learned from the owner a few days after that a good hive and frames were not according to the notions of the bees, and they absconded. As I have before remark- ed, hundreds of swarms take to the rocks and the woods in this island, and it cannot be helped under present management. Our other photo represents a row of gara- phones. These are really five-gallon wine- bottles covered with willow-work, and they came from Spain. They are used in Cuba quite extensively by the native bee-keeper for storing and marketing their honey. With their strong handles they are quite handy to manage, either in the carreton or packed on mules. The brush-like article in front of the garaphones, and another erect upon the box, are quite generally used in the rural dis- tricts for brooms. These are the product of the royal palm, and are the matured blos- som, or that portion left after the seeds have been beaten off. The other articles on the box are baskets made from the bark of the royal palm. And now, my dear reader, for the past six months your humble servant has been so very busy building up an apiary that he has scarcely left it, and there seems to be no more material on hand for Rambles. I have had maiiy experiences such as I have never had before, and much to learn about bees, bee-keeping, and people in this island. I am now upon the threshold of the honey season, and it seems that the work is be- PALM HOUSR. coming more and more strenuous. Should I get the time, I promise to con- tinue a few articles about building up an apiary, with all of the advantages and dis- advantages, for there are disadvantages in Cuba as well as elsewhere. t>04 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Nov. i STINQLESS AND OTHER BEES. Some Interesting Facts not hitherto Given; Stings of our Bees vs. the "Bites" of the South Amer- ican Stingless Bees; Can these Bees be Domesticated ? BY W. K. MOKRISON. Now and then something- appears in Gleanings bearing- on stingless bees, usu- ally referring to a species common to Cuba, Jamaica, Hayti, Porto Rico, the Leeward and Windward Islands, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean region gener- ally. Possibly a clever biologist would split up this kind into several species; but the practical bee-keeper will probably al- ways recognize the species as one only. It is usually considered as not worth cultivat- ing, though the generations j'et to come may consider it useful, more particularly as its honey is valuable for its medicinal proper- ties. It is also valuable as showing where other species of stingless bees may be read- ily introduced. The moment we leave the Caribbean re- gion and approach the contineatal one of South America, a striking change occurs in the bees; for we no longer have to deal with one species but many, some larger and more prolific than Apis mellifica we know so well. Most of the famous writers on South America mention bees either in a wild or a domestic state. Capt. Hall has left us a graphic account of an apiary of stingless Peruvian bees, while Hum- boldt and other writers men- tion them casually. Bates, while on the Amazon, gathered specimens of SO or 60 species, showing what a wide field ex- ists for further observations. Other writers and explorers mention these bees, particu- larly Azara, Geoffrey St. Hi- laire, Wallace, Stedman, and Waterton. Azara describes very clearly the honey-gathering wasp, for which he was ridi- culed by the easy-chair trav- elers in Paris and London. Naturalists have generally as- sumed this wasp was confined to South Brazil and the River Platte countries; but so far as my own experience goes it may be found all over the continent, probably differentiating into several species. I can not term it a wasp. Stedman. in his book, "Travels in Suri- nam," mentions a kind of bee building its nest under the eaves of houses, in verandas, and in sheds. I used to think the bee referred to was simply Apis inellifica run wild; but the guess was very wide of the truth. It is a jet-black bee, buildingj a nest as large as Apis mellifica, but. like all South- American bees, building a covering around its nest — a very necessary protection — and stingless bees do this even when they occupy a hol- low tree or decaying log. Some use wax, others cements, others a paper substance. Sometimes several colonies occupj' the same hollow, and the nests will almost touch; but the envelope of wax prevents a contre- temps. There is a great difference in the size of nests. Some are the size of the kind in Cuba; some much smaller; others would re- quire a flour-barrel to accommodate their abode. Some of these nests must be the work of j'ears, for nearl}' all the species stick most pertinaciousl}' to their home. No matter if you repeated!}' pull the nest to pieces they at once proceed to reconstruct it. This is a valuable instinct, as it means they can be easily domesticated. The stingless feature is not so valuable as it first appears. All these insects bite with energy and vigor — so much so the aver- age individual dislikes to interfere with them. The rapidity of their attack, their eagerness, and the multitudinous numbers of them, all combine to frighten a gi cat many persons. Even when a veil is used they attack the hands, and bite with fur}'. Of course, thej' leave no bad effects, and the sensation of their bites soon passes away. Smoke sub- dues them to some extent. They have a queen or queens; but whether they have drones or not I can not say. If the}' have, SivwrrnS ^ y H-(/r€cC a.^^ mam^. -ft , ^^ 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 905 they can not differ greatly in size from the workers. I suspect they are very much akin to ants in their internal economy. Usually the combs are horizontal, while the bladders containing- the honey and pol- len are distributed around these — not in confusion but after a regular plan, hence it will not be difficult to construct a hive to suit their habits and inclinations. The honey varies very much in quality. Tn some species it is positively sickening- to the taste and smell. Usualljs however, it is highly aromatic, very clear and thin, and usually acid or sub-acid, and seems to con- tain citrate, probably due to the decompo- sition of the sug-ar. If put on ice it crystal- lizes into beautiful white cr3'stals like refin- ed sug-ar, indicating- that it contains su- crose, whereas the sweetening in honej' is due to glucose. The wax is dark, very plastic, and usually made in liberal quan- tities. In the South-American countries it is used for various purposes, but does not seem suitable for candles, as the priests as- siduously cultivate Apis mellifica for the purpose of g-etting- beeswax. As a matter of fact, it is wrong- to speak of the wax as wax or the honey as honey. Both are radically different from the honey and wax of commerce, and I have thought that we had better not term it honey but inellipona, and so avoid confusion of terms. Possibily cerise would suit the wax prod- uct. In any case, different names are de- sirable. As to the prospects of domestication, no doubt this can be effected; but what species to hold for the purpose, and where to take it, ai e questions not eas3' of settlement. I have my own notions of what species would suit, but there may be better ones, for South America is a large continent, a g-reat part of it unexplored and almost unexplorable. T have mentioned that one species is domes- ticated in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. This is done by cutting- out the log-s with the nest, and carrying- it to the home of the apiarist. To arrive at any thing- definite and trustworthy, more study of these in- sects in their native haunts is required; for what I have been able to glean is very lit- tle, jet at a good deal of personal discom- fort, fo'- traveling in South America is no joke, no matter how well equipped one may be, and to live for years in the native haunts of our subject is no light affair. One would think the natives and Creoles would be able to give some fair knowledge of these bees, but they seldom can. Usually some woods- man, a native Carib, supplies the villages with the honey required, if any, and his stock of knowledge is usually limited; more- over, these people do not like to answer questions. To get any extended knowledge, the stu- dent of stingless apiculture will have to live at a considerable distance from the sea- board. Bogota would be a good point, probably. If the United States were to do as the Germans do, and appoint scientists to represent them in the South American towns, it would simplify things very much. For example, the Germans have Prof. Ernst in Caracas, who is a very famous savant; Prof. Lehmann, in Colombia, who is a well- known botanist; Baron Eggers, in Ecuador, another famous botanist; Fritz Muller, the Darwinian, in Brazil; Kurtz, in Argentina, and so on. The people take it as a great compliment to have distinguished men sent to them. They don't pursue science, but they admire it. Some severely practical men may suggest, " Why bother with sting- less bees when the others answer very well?" In the first place, there can be no standing still. We must progress or go backward. These bees work on flowers but little noticed by the others; they work in wet weather better, and their productions are quite different. To know them they must be well studied in their native home, not by rushing at them and carrying them off and submitting them to conditions they are entirely unsuited to. It may be sup- posed that they are suited only to the heat of the tropics; but there are large areas of temperate lands in South America, doubt- less, containing species suited to the cli- mate. The only question to be considered in this connection is, "Shall we tackle this prob- lem now or leave it to a future generation?" [This is the most interesting and valua- ble article we have ever had on stingless bees. There is a possibility that the right species might be domesticated. If any of our subscribers in South America are in position to give any further facts we should be glad to hear from them. — Ed.] THE WORKI.NQ POWERS OF BEES. Do They Not Depend Upon Their Brains ? Not Long Tongues but Knowing How to Get the Nectar. BY L. O. WESTCO TT. Since our experimenting apiarists and scientific men agree it is neither tongue- reach nor tongue-length that enables the red -clover-hone J' gatherers to obtain the lu- cid nectar from the deep tubes beneath the corolla of the red clover, would it not be well for them to turn their search-lights in other directions, and, if possible, discover the true secret, even if it does not exactly tally with old ideas? For manj' years we have been extolling the wisdom of the honey-bee. In the ABC of Bee Culture Mr. Cowan is qudted as showing the brain of the honcj'-bee to be superior to all other insects. One can hard- ly find a book written on the apiary which has not something to say of the wonderful knowledge possessed by the honej'-bee. Have we not good evidence at hand to prove that thej' are not all endowed with the same amount of wisdom and skill any more than the human family is? P^or instance, we see a vast difterence in their skill and workmanship in comb-building, in their 906 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Nov. 1 manner of constructing queen, drone, and even worker cells. I could relate many in- stances showing- the cunning- of the honey- bee if I had the time and space. These things I have observed in my own apiary, and I doubt not that all old bee-keepers can say the same. This being true, why should we not credit the honey-bee with at least a small amount of progressive knowledge which is being handed down little by little from generation to generation, and not say it is simply instinct, and that the first honey-bee on earth (which perhaps had a nest in a hollow tree in the garden of Eden) knew as much as our best strains of the present day? I think it would be but fair to give them the advantage of a doubt, and investigate in other directions. I hope that those who have time and opportunity will examine and ascertain, if possible, if these red-clover bees may not have some way of pressing the deep delicate flower-tubes close around their tongues, making it air- tight below, then raising the nectar to their honey-sacs by suction, or, by pressing the lower part of the soft pliable tube, force the honey up to the surface so it will be in reach of the shortest tongues. In the Bee-keeper's Guide, Prof. Cook, after describing the physiology of bees' tongues, says, " The bee then can take nec- tar in three different ways: First, rapidly, when sipping from flowers containing much nectar by the large channels formed by ap- proximating its maxilla? and labial palpi; secondly, slowly from deep tubular flowers, when it sips through the central rod; and, thirdly, it may lap from a smeared surface because of the slitted ligula." So does it not seem reasonable, with their extra brain power and their many wonderful appen- dages, they should be able to contrive some way to obtain the coveted sweet from the red-clover blossoms, especially those which have been bred for many generations in a country where red clover is extensively grown? I do not doubt that there are many red-clover bees in the East, where they have had such excellent opportunities to be- come acquainted with the mode of obtain- ing it; but in many parts of the United States red clover does not succeed well, and in such localities I should hardly expect red-clover bees. Swanton. Neb. [I should question very much whether the bees with short tongues, even if they could make an air-tight connection with the flow- er-tube, could suck all the honey out. From a mechanical point of view the feat would be impossible unless there could be a vent at the bottom by which the 15 pounds of air pressure outside of the tube could be exert- ed to force the nectar up to and within reach of the bees' tongues. Perhaps the matter may be better explained if I illustrate it in this way : Suppose we have a bottle half full of water. Through the cork we insert a little pump, the suction of which is above the surface of the water. Now, if we work that pump, the water, of course, will not come up. But suppose we insert the suc- tion of the pump into the water, there will very soon be a partial vacuum. When the air pressure in the bottle is not sufficient to force the water up the suction pump, it will fail to draw water. Of course, it is true that bees have a very large brain compared with that of other in- sects; and we know, too, from experience, that they exhibit wonderful sagacity at times; but I do not know any way by which bees could use their brains in getting honey from red clover unless those same bees in some way puncture or tear away the base of the flower so that they can reach the nec- tar. Experiments and a great amount of testimony so far goes to show that bees do not cut or bite open either the skins of fruit or the delicate tissue composing the base of the flower-tubes. — Ed.'] A BEE-YARD AMONG THE HILLS IN INDIANA. I live in town, and have my bees near the edge of the corporation, between the forks of the White Water River. I started with 11 colonies, which wintered well in a cellar last year; in the spring I bought 10 three- frame nuclei, each with a queen, in the South, shipped to me by express. I also got 7 stands of common bees of a man at a THE WHITE WATER VALLEY APIARY. sale. They were in old shaky stands, and I transferred them to Root's Dovetailed hives. With the 10 three-frame nuclei and the 11 stands I had, I have increased my apiary to 36 colonies. Each colony has a thoroughbred golden Italian queen, and two of them have a leather-colored queen, which 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 907 I g-ot direct from Italy. All my colonies are strong-, and have plenty of brood and stores; and from 25 of these I have taken 1362 lbs. of honey this season, ranging from 15 to 131 lbs. of honey per stand; 16 colonies had not less than 40 lbs. to the stand; 3 went over 100 lbs. each. This picture was taken the first of June, and shows only 27 colonies, to which I have added 9 more. The platforms which the bees are on are made of pine, with a 2-inch fall, and %-inch iron legs resting on cement blocks. My bees are in a chicken-yard at the rear end of the lot. The hives are shad- ed by a pear-tree, a peach-tree, and a big walnut, which does not show in the picture. H. W. Castle. Brookville, Ind., Sept. 11. CLOSED-END FRAMES VS. OPEN-END; THE ADVANTAGE OF THE FORMER FOR GENERAL HANDLING. On page 803 Mr. Doolittle says, "The reason why only three combs [he means frames] are to be left under any circum- stances is, that a person can not grasp more than these with the hands at one time." Bro. D. is giving instructions for doubling up weak colonies, and from the description of his methods one would be led to believe that he uses the loose hanging frames. I know that four frames can be handled at one time in all such operations as he is here describing. Four frames can be handled at one time, provided one has the right kind of frames. Not long ago I sent you a photograph showing the position of the hands in handling four closed-end frames at one time. It is about as easy to handle four at a time as one. Mr. Danzen- baker was at my place in the summer of 1898, and saw me handling the closed-end frames, four at a time. The advantages that closed-end frames possess over the loose hanging frames are so great that one will use them but a short time before he would use no others. The loose or open end frames would no longer be "in it." With the closed ends there is no time lost in spacing the frames. If a hive is to be moved for miles, no time is lost in preparing the frames. They need not be touched. They make the hive, when properly made, completely double-walled. They can be reversed at will, and no combs are ever built between the ends of frames and inside of the hive ends. They save time in handling, etc. In doubling up, if Mr. Doolittle and all others will spread a single thickness of newspaper over the hive-body containing the queen, and then set the queenless hive on the paper, the work of doubling up is accomplished with very little time and la- bor. Try the plan and s6e for yourself. Tophet, W. Va. T. K. Massie. [All that you say in favor of closed-end frames is equally true of the half-closed end or Hoffman. We very frequently take up four such frames at a time in forming nuclei. In fact, it is as easy to pick up four as three. If the propolis connection be not broken between them they can be han- dled as one block, or, as I have often said, the brood-nest can be handled in halves or en masse. No one could ever induce me to go back to unspaced or old-style loose hang- ing L. frames; and I believe if our friend Doolittle were to be compelled to u^e closed- end or half-closed-end frames for two years, and use them side by side with loose hang- ing frames, he would soon feel that he could not afford the style of frame originally giv- en us by father Langstroth. — Ed.] SEALED COVERS CONDEMNED; DO BEES RE- QUIRE MORE FOOD IN A SEVERE WIN- TER THAN IN A MILD ONE? On p. 198, after advising absorbents over a colony of bees in winter you say, " Better still, a sealed cover." Now, do not think me too radical when I say that here in Colo- rado (and we have 20 below zero) that, if I could have protection from the storms ( when there are any) and robber bees, I should prefer nothing over my bees but the canopy of heaven to an absolutely sealed cover dur- ing December, January, and Februar3^ I removed a colony of bees last April from the top of an unused chimney, the opening of which was 8 X 16 inches. We had 25 de- grees below zero, and during'the winter, all told, perhaps 25 inches of snow fell on the bees; and yet when I transferred them I believe they had more bees and brood than any two colonies in Boulder Co. which had been wintered under sealed covers and without absorbents. Again, do not most of our teachers say that it takes more honey to winter bees in a mild climate than in a cold one? and I often hear it remarked here in Colorado, during a mild winter, that the bees will be short of stores on account of it. But my bees (perhaps to be contrary) don't use up as much of their stores in an open mild winter as they do in a long severe cold one; nei- ther does my cow nor do my horses con- sume as much food during the mild winter as they do in a cold one. I myself eat more during the cold January than the hot Jul3'. The argument is brought forward that the activity makes them consume more. While this is true in a measure, the de- mand for food is not nearly so great as the demand for more heat during long-contin- ued cold, and heat is produced only by more food. M. A. Gill. Longmont, Col. [The advice that I gave on p. 198 had ref- erence more particularly to the climate of the Northern and East-Central States, for you will note that it is in answer to a resi- ' dent of Ohio. There is so much moisture in the atmosphere with us that absorbents do not dry out as they would in Colorado, where there is very little moisture; hence the advice to use sealed covers. Condi- tions are so different in Colorado that a plan of wintering that is applicable to the 908 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Nov. 1 East would be unsatisfactory in your State; but, c^enerally speaking-, I would question whether the "canopy of heaven," even if there were no robbers or storms, would not be too much of a fj^ood thing". The statement that mild climates cause a larger consumption of stores in winter is one that also hinges on locality. While it is true j'ou have zero weather, and some- times 20 below, your climate is very dry; and, what is more, if I am correctly in- formed, it may be zero cold at nig-ht and comparatively warm the next day. But bees certainly do consume more stores in winter in the extreme Southern States, where they can Hy almost every day, than they will in the North; and yet it is a fact that in our locality outdoor- wintered bees, during^ extremely cold weather, consume more honey than when the temperature is milder. In the same way, indoor bees, subject to a temperature of about SO de- g-rees, consume about half the stores that the outdoor bees do in a temperature rang- ing from 70 above down to 20 below zero. The statement is one that needs qualifying for different localities and different condi- tions.— Ed.] QUEENS WRONG END TO IN THE CELL. I send you a freak queen-cell, with the queen with her head where her tail ought to be. I found several workers dead in the cells from the same cause yesterday. H. FiTZ Hart. Wetumpka, Ala., Sept. 12. [We have examined the freak queen-cell, and find, as you say, that the queen's head points toward the bottom of the cell. We have had a number of reports of cases like this. In the sample cell you sent, I note it is open. The queen herself, of course, could not have opened it with her head pointing the other way. It is possible, and even probable, that all cases of this kind may be explained by the fact that the queen {origitially in the cell right end to) gnawed her way out, and then, pursued by rivals or bees, went back into the cell to hide. If she was very much frightened she might stay there, and in the meantime be confined by the bees drawing or contracting the opening of the cell. The opening of this cell seems to have been contracted slightly — whether by bees or how, it is impossible now to say. — Ed.] PHACELIA AS A NECTAR- YIELDING PLANT; THE DIFFERENT SPECIES, ETC. I have just returned from British Colum- bia, and in looking through Gleanings I see that j'ou have had some correspondence 'about phacelia. I see there is no reply to Dr. Miller's request for information as to the sort of phacelia obtained from Califor- nia, and grown in Europe as a forage and nectar jdelding plant, nor has any one from California given any information in answer to your appeal on page 675. I know thirteen species of phacelia in Western-Middle California, and there are proJ)ably several more in other parts of the State, as the genus comprises about fifty species of mostly hardy annual and peren- nial herbs. Several species are visited by bees; but the one grown in Europe, Phace- lia tanacetifolia, is literally covered with bees from morn till night. This species was i^jtroduced into Europe from California in 1832, and is called tanacetifolia (tansy- leaved) from the resemblance of its leaves to those of the tansy. It is an annual with bluish-pink flowers; racemes spike-formed, elongated, corymbose; height of plant, two feet. It is grown in Europe as a bee-plant for its nectar, and it is the only one which produces an appreciable quantity of it. It certainly ought to grow in the North if treated as an annual. The phacelia of the florists in this country is quite different if I may judge from plants raised from seeds purchased here. This is known to botanists as Phacelia viscida, and by some florists it is called Eiitoca viscida or Etitoca viscosa. The plant is about one foot high, and the flower is deep-blue with a lighter center. This is also a California plant, but I have never come across it in its wild state. Thos. Wm. Cowan. Pacific Grove, Cal. [I would state, for the benefit of some of our newer readers, that Mr. Cowan is edi- tor of the British Bee Jojirnal, and also the author of " The Bee-keeper's Guide " and of " The Honey-bee." The former has had a sale next to that of the A B C of Bee Cul- ture, and the latter is a beautiful little sci- entific work. Mr. Cowan is one of the best- posted scientific men in all beedom, and therefore his statements above come with the weight of authority. — Ed.] PHACELIA. I see an inquiry in your journal of June 15th respecting phacelia. The plant about which inquiry is made is probably Phacelia bipinnatijjda. It is a biennial, stem much branched, from one to two feet high, corol- la light blue. It flowers in May and June. It is found on shaded banks, in rich soil, in Southern Ohio, Indiana, and southward. ' Sir Joseph Paxton's Botanical Dictionary mentions six other species of the same genus that are native in the warmer parts of our country, all of which are annuals. D. S. Heffron. Washington Heights Sta., Chicago, 111. the two species of phacelia. Since the last communication in Glean- ings concerning the phacelia reported to have been used as a forage-plant, I have been endeavoring to learn which of thegroup it could be. The two species, Phacelia congesta and P. parryi, largely cultivated for their beauty, are each visited by the bees. The flowers of P. congesta are purplish-blue, while those of P. parryi are deep-blue. Proba- 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 909 bly one or both of these plants are the ones referred to b}' your correspondents and Dr. Miller. The enclosed letter from Mr. C. R. Ball, Agristolog-ist, U. S. Dept. of Agricul- ture, leaves little to be said as to the use- fulness of any member of the group for for- age. J. Ford Sempers. Aikin, Md., Sept. 16. [The letter referred to is as follows:] Mr. J. Ford SetHpers: — So far as known there is no species of Phacelia which is known to have any forage value in this country, nor have I found a record of any species of this genus being used in Europe. With regard to the native range of Pliacelia congesta and P. parryi, I will say that Pha- celia congesta is a native of Texas, and P. parryi a native of Southern California. Carleton R. Balt., Assistant Agrostologist. Washington, D. C, Sept, 4. SENDING QUEENS TO AUSTRALIA. Kindly inform the Australian readers the best and safest way to send queens to Aus- tralia. Joseph Kneebone. Mt. Cole, Vic, Aus., August 21. [We use a large Benton cage, and it may contain three, four, or six holes. We have also had good results w-ith the three-hole cage with holes about an inch in diameter and % deep. We have also had good re- sults with a larger cage having six to eight holes, the holes being about )i to =i deep. There should be provision made for ventila- tion, and the candy should be just right. It is impossible to describe just how this should be made; but a few general direc- tions may be helpful. In the first place, a pure pulverized sugar should be used. Be careful not to make the mistake of getting confectioners' sugar, as that has a large percentage of starch mixed with it. Such sugar will be death to the bees. If you can not get pure sugar, take ordinary granu- lated sugar, and powder it up in a mortar. Next select the nicest, thickest, and whitest honey you have. Mix enough of this honey with sugar to make a stiff dough. Let it stand a few days; and if it begins to run — that is, if the dough begins to flatten out like a pancake — knead in more sugar. Let it stand a few days more in a warm place. If the dough flattens out again, put in a little more sugar, but be careful not to over- do it. A candy that is too dry is almost as bad as candy that is too soft. The point to be observed is ventilation, and a candy that is just moist and just soft enough. — Ed.] the value of cotton in MISSISSIPPI AS A HONEY-PRODUCING PLANT; HONEY FROM FOREST-TREES. The season of 1901 was extremely back- ward, owing to the cold spring rains. June and July proved exceedingly dry, and I began to despair of any honey- flow, when I discovered the bees gathering most deli- cious honey in July. From close observa- tion I found that they were working on the bloom of the cotton-plant, and could discov- er them on no other flowers. I heretofore deemed the cotton-bloom of little value as a honey-producer until convinced by this close examination during the drouth. The se- cret is, that the cotton-plant has an exceed- ingly deep tap-root extending down into the moist soil, making the blossoms rich in nectar. The honey is of a light amber color and excellent flavor. In my long observation I have found that two- thirds of the honey here is gathereil from the forest-trees and from vines, as in- stanced in the great overflow of 1897, wheti there was not a flower to be seen on the surface of the earth until the first of Aug- ust. That season the honey-flow began early, and I gathered two-thirds of a crop of excellent flavor. Many years ago, when I gathered from 200 colonies, spring count, 14 gallons to the colony, there were im- mense forests close to the small village of Greenville, and the season was remarkably favorable — a mild winter and early spring with gentle showers throughout the season, with late frost in fall. The fruit and many forest-trees took on second bloom. Now the forests have been cut away, the result be- ing a decrease of the honey crop. Northern bee-keepers soon tire of this country, owing to the miasmatic diseases the}' are liable to in becoming apclimated, especially when locating in a heavily tim- bered place with decaying wood around them. O. M. Blanton. Greenville, Miss., Feb. l. RENDERING HORSES IMMUNE TO STINGS. On page 522, June 15, a subscriber com- plains that some of his bees were greatly disposed to attack his horses "ten or twelve rods from his colonies." If he will make a. weak decoction of anise seed and wash the head, neck, and back of his horses, the bees will not be likely to trouble them. It has an aromatic odor, and a warm pleasant taste. It is sometimes used in domestic cooking. When the writer was a boy an old bee-hunter used to mix a little of a weak extract of anise with his honey, as the bees were extremely fond of it. A decoction freshly applied to the hands and face will prevent bees from stinging when swarming. Chewing the seed also aids. . D. S. Hkffron. Washington Heights Sta., Chicago, 111. [A decoction of anise seed might answer. But if bees are disposed to sting a horse, I do not believe that any thing that can be smeared on the animal will keep the bees off. A weak solution of carbolic acid might be even better than anise seed. If horses are very sweaty, and are compelled to do plowing or other heavy work near a bee- yard, it might be advisable to neutralize the odor of the sweat with a spray of car- bolic acid in weak solution or the anise- seed preparation. But I should iittach no- importance to either except for the purpose of neutralizing the animal smell. — Ed.] 910 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Nov. 1 SHAKING SWARMS, OK DIVIDING. You might call our way of shaking swarms dividing. We look the bees over, and all that are strong enough we mark "to be divided," and we send south for as many queens as we want, to have them get here about May 20. We put 7 frames. of drawn comb into a hive; and after finding the queen we place a frame of unsealed brood in the middle of the new hive. Then we shake most of the bees from the old hive in front of the new one, leaving the old queen on the old stand. The old bees that return give us a good colony that will not swarm, and with 7 frames will give us lots of honey if there is any. We put the new queen into the new hive. This will fill three or four supers, and not swarm. Later in the season, when it is warmer, we often shake two lots together on to combs of foun- dation, giving them one of the queens. We have never had good luck shaking swarms on to starters, as they will fill the bottom with drone comb, and make very lit- tle honey. I think the location must have something to do with this, as other people have good luck using starters with natural swarms. I clip all of the queens in the spring. As Mr. Bacon is a very busy man I have to manage the swarms if there are any. Mrs. J. W. Bacon. Waterloo, N. Y., Sept. 1, [If you read over the symposium in our issue for Oct. 15 on this subject you will find considerable stress laid on the fact that queens must be young or in their prime 1o keep down rearing drone comb. It isn't so much a matter of locality as it is the age of the queen. — Ed.] BRUSHED OR SHOOK SWARMS. Mr. Root: — In Gleanings for Sept. 1 5'ou ask for what we know about "brushed" or " shook " swarms. I have been practicing the method for about twelve 3'ears, and have two very strong reasons for so doing, and more especially since I have establish- ed one and sometimes two out^-apiaries, and work them alone. This is a long story, and I hardly know what part of the practice you would like us to talk about. I clip my queens, and work exclusively for extracted honey, for I should have to go out of the business if I had to depend on comb honey for a living in this county. I now practice brushed swarms to keep down increase and to keep bees from leaving for parts un- known (and storing m}^ profits in a hollow tree) by brushing the bees ofl^ the brood and distributing it in the nucleus rows, for here is where the after-swarm problem has been solved ; for by this method I have no after-swarms. In this way we have a very strong colony or swarm on the old stand; and as I take only the brood, there is often a good start made in honey by leaving it in the brood-chamber or lifting it up into the extracting-super. I use the queen-exclud- ing honey-board. I am preparing 200 colo- nies for winter. These are in two yards, and have been run by the partially de- scribed method, or brushed swarms. You will excuse me for mentioning some of the whys and wherefores that so many people know; but I should like to have you take a snap shot at what I call my common-sense uncapping-can some time when you can stop long enough. W. Harmer. Manistee, Mich. THE miter-box PLAN OF CUTTING FOUN- DATION. I have just been looking over your new catalog, and see there still the old system of cutting foundation with the knife or with a roller steel disk advocated. Now, this might do for a one to five hive apiary; but I have seen a plan mentioned in Gleanings that beats this all hollow. Make a miter- box, such as carpenters use, with cuts across, the size you wish to cut your sheets' into. Now take one of those scalloped pat- ent bread-knives; put your sheets — 10 or 12, or as many as your box will hold — into the box and use the knife, drawing the knife toward you, using some pressure, and with- out using heat or hot water, as the knife will not stick. In this way you can cut 1000 or more pieces in a very short time. Try it. It is astonishing how many good things are published in Gleanings, and how few bee-keepers will ever try them. M. R. Kuehne. Pomona, Cal., Sept. 18. [You are correct. Our catalog ought to be revised in the matter of cutting up foun- dation, and it will be. But we have for several years sent out the Danzenbaker booklet wherein the method of cutting up foundation which you so much admire is fully described, illustrated, and recommend- ed.—Ed.] THE EUCALYPTUS OF CALIFORNIA; A FEW INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT THE DIF- FERENT VARIETIES. Having had several inquiries in regard to the eucalyptus, I will, with your permis- sion, make a general repl3\ There are about 120 different varieties of this tree, over 40 already introduced in this State. The most common in Central Cali- fornia are E. vituinalis, E. robiista, E. ru- dtis, E. glolnilus, and E. rostrata. The il- lustration on p. 601, July 15, shows the E. vi}ninalis, or "manna gum," the popular name having been given by botanists on account of the exudation from the bark at certain times, resembling manna. From close observation and no little study during the past 17 years I find the E. vini- inalis, or " manna gum," the most valuable for general purposes. This variety grows rapidly, splits more easily than other vari- eties (though none splits easily), and its fuel value at the age of ten years is about 85 per cent of that of oak. It should not be used for fuel much younger. It has a fine grain, and takes a high polish without any 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 911 filler; will not be gnawed by stock; is the most hardy variety; will grow on pretty strong alkali soil; never sprouts up from the root, but will sprout up from the stump when cut down; and the bark, which this variety sheds at all seasons of the year, be- ing of a resinous nature, makes excellent kindling, and can be easily broken with the hands. All varieties of this tree are evergreens, but not good dooryard trees, on account of their leaves, which they shed every day of the year. These trees should not have their lower branches trimmed off till they are five or six years old, as they grow out and droop to the ground, thus supporting the trunk, which, when trimmed up, has a tendency to grow any way except erect. I have seen the E. globulus in the Sacra- mento Valley killed by frost when the E. viini?ialis was not touched in the same lo- cality. It is the op!?iio?i of the writer that, in localities where the temperature falls be- low 20 degrees, and remains several hours, the eucalyptus would be in danger of being killed, though some varieties might with- stand such temperatures. It is difficult to get some varieties of eu calyptus from the nurseries true to name, as they closely resemble each other, and the temptation to substitute is very strong. I should want to examine personally before purchasing. They will not grow from cut- tings, but must be propagated from seed. Timber from the eucalyptus rots in a short time if put in the ground, but any- where else it will last as long as .any com- mon wood. It is the belief of the writer that no other variety of forest-tree in Central California will equal the E. viminalis to plant on our farms for profit, and I hope to see more large groves in the near future. The E. robusta, which blossoms in Octo- ber and November, secretes the greatest amount of nectar I ever saw in any one flower, and the bees give it almost their en- tire attention. J. C. McCubbin. Reedley, Cal., Oct. 6. BEES ON shares; STIMULATING BY SPREAD- ING BROOD, ETC. No. 1. Suppose the farmer has bees in box hives, etc., and I find supers, and extract the honey, and help feed them, if necessary, for winter, what share should I receive — I or I or Yz ? 2. Do you practice spring stimulating by reversing and spreading brood, say every week, as Doolittle speaks of in 1893 and 1901? 3. How about the daughters of that S200 red-clover queen? Did you get any eggs from her this spring before she died? How did her daughters do this season? 4. How long before a bee is hatched can it sting or has formic acid in it? R. F. Whiteside. Little Britain, Canada. [1. It is hard to advise in a case of this kind. If you perform all the labor and fur- nish all the supers, extract the honey, and feed them if necessary, your share should be considerably more than a half. Three- fifths would be hardly enough. You ought to have three-fourths of the crop, for it is not an easy matter to adjust supers to box hives. In the first place it would be money in your pocket, iind in that of the owner of the bees, to transfer the bees to modern hives. 2. Sometimes we do and sometimes we do not. A great deal depends on conditions. If we have enough bees, and do not care very much for increase, we let the strong colony stand without much manipulation. But if we are handling weak colonies, and desire to get them up to a swarming-pitch, we practice spreading brood, a great deal as Doolittle recommends. 3. Yes, we have daughters of that red- clover queen, somewhere about 5o, that we are reserving. They showed many traits of their mother, and their bees were excel- lent workers. 4. I do not know. I have been stung- by bees just hatched, but the virus was not very strong, as I could only just feel the sting. I should judge the formic acid or poison is not very active until the bee has begun its active duties as a nurse. It is the field-bees that are well fed that can sting awfully. The same bees along in winter, or in spring when they are short of stores, will sting, but the virus does not seem so painful. The strength of the poi- son seems to depend on the health of the bee. — Ed. J TEXAS DROUTH BROKEN. ]\lr. Root: — During the last two weeks we have had nine inches of rainfall, and this has extended all over the drouth-stricken part of Texas, or at least we believe it has from all the information we can get. This has been the worst drouth and the poorest season for bees in 25 years, so old settlers say. Every thing is preparing to bloom; we are having a second spring, and expect that the bees will go into winter quarters in fine condition, and may give us some surplus, as we expect a slow flow of hone\' for the next 60 days. The rains mean the salvation of the stock business; for unless it had rained, thousands upon thousands of head of cattle must have perished this win- ter. Since the rains commenced, grass has come to life and is growing finely. The Hyde Bee Co. Floresville, Texas, Oct. 1. HOW PHE BEES WORK ON CATNIP. We have considerable catnip growing wild along roadsides, fence-rows, etc. I noticed that from the time it came in bloom until now it was just covered with bees when the weather was fit for bees to gather honey. F. J. Strittmattek. Bradley June, Pa., Sept. 8. 912 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Nov. 1 OUR . HOMES,! BY A.I. ROOT. "^ And the I,ord God said, It is not good that the man should be alone ; I will make him a help meet for him— Gen. 2 : 18. About the first of September Mrs. Root and I went back to our Ohio home, she to sta3^ about four weeks and I about two weeks. She worried somewhat about my plan of staying- alone in our home in the woods for two weeks; but as I got on very well with my own cooking for two weeks last March, I did not apprehend any par- ticular trouble or inconvenience. To mj' sur- prise, however, I began almost at once to feel very lonely and I'ery homesick. It was not really hoDiesickness, however, for I did not want any other home. I only longed for the bright little companion and "help meet ' (as our text has it) who has all m}' life pre- sided over my home. In vain did I tell my- self it was only two weeks, a few days at most, and I told myself again and again that, if I kept busy, the time would soon, pass. To my surprise, however, it was not such an easy matter to keep busy. Ordi- narily I can keep busy without any trouble. Ever since 1 was a boy this wonderful world has always presented to me enough to investigate and explore, so it has always been an easy matt-er to pass the time or oc- cupy' any bit of leisure time that came in my way; but here was almost a new expe- rience. I am going over this in considerable detail for I believe God sent me these few gloomy days just to enable me to speak comforting words to some other poor suffering brother or sister. I do not even now understand it; but this lost and lonely feeling took such possession of me that 1 lost interest and en- thusiasm in every thing. In vain did I wander from one spot to another where I had until then found things without num- ber to make me happy, but they had all lost their interest and charm. At every turn some object or some piece of work reminded me of the dear wife in a wa5' that gave me a twinge of pain — no, that does not describe it. I turned from one thing to another sick at heart; and again and again I found my- self moping iibjut in a despondent way and doing nothing. I would have gladly gone back to Medina, but 1 could give no reason- able excuse for such a piece of folly and foolish waste of money, and I tried again and again to be a sensible Jiian and not be " a baby.'" I presume one reason for this experience is that we two have been all summer long up here almost alone, and al- ways together. We have worked and plan- ned together in the house and out of doors. I have every day shown her my invenlious and short cuts in doing work, and she in like manner has called my attention to some new thing of hers to make this little wild home attractive. If a ^-tjung man of eighteen or twenty had found some nice girl so agreeable that he felt as if he couldn't be happy even one whole day out of her sight, we older ones might smile, and think it nothing very remarkable; but that a man of sixty-two could neither work nor play because the wife he had lived with forty years was away for a zveek — why, it was ridiculous, and I told myself so over and over. Something- tells me right here that there are not a few men and women who would say, " Dear Bro. Root, did it not occur to you at that time that you might be some time called upon to give up this dear wife, nevermore to see her here on this earth? " Yes, it did come to me again and again, and I fell on my knees in my lonely rooin and said, "God have mercy on me a sin- ner. Forg-ive my foolish weakness, and help me to realize how much I have to be thankful for." God did answer my prayer, and helped me to rise above such weakness, to a cer- tain extent; but I felt for days as if the great Father was, through this experience, teaching me a wholesome lesson. I have felt a sympathy for those who have lost loved ones as I never did before. I once vis- ited Pi'of. W. I. Chamberlain, now one of the associate editors of the Ohio Farmer. He was showing me and some other visitors over his farm, and talking in a very ani- mated way. The subject of potato boxes or crates came up, and he called us all to- come into his shop and see his "rig-" for nailing them up. All of a sudden he stop- ped as if he had been struck a blow unex- pectedly. There was a look of pain and suffering- on his face I shall never forget. Without his knowledge some one had put his boy's wheel in the shop, I presume be- cause he did not know where else to put it. The bo3% one of great promise, had recently- died suddenly. He explained, and excused himself by saj'iny something like this: "My God! there is that boy's wheel! If it were not for the hope of meeting him again, in the far-awa}' future, dear friends, I should feel as if I could not live; and, in fact, I believe I should not zvant to live." Well, I never realized, until I had this, experience, just how the sight of that wheel filled my good friend's soul with anguish, nor how a real faith in God and his prom- ises can bring tranquillity and peace when nothing else in this great wide universe can help. The greatest ^gift God ever gave to man was ivoman — at least his greatest gift to me has been m}' companion, my helper, my daily "comrade," as I often call her. I believe God intended man should consider woman as the gift above all other gifts. Do you suggest there are good women and bad women? My reply is that the wife is, at least to a very great extent, what the hus- band makes her. Our text says, "It is not good that the man should be alone." / think this means that every good man should be a -married man. I confess that, when I see a man oc- 1>02 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 913 cupying- important positions in life (that is, when he has much to do with the welfare of the people), who is not a married man, I feel suspicious of him. Many times during' my busy life men have confided to me the story of their troubles. They were good men who tried to do right, but they blun- dered, and had troubles without end, be- cause they could not believe that God kjieiv, when he said away back in the beginning, that every good man should have a wife. Men have committed suicide who would never have dreamed of such a thing had a wife and children been the daily sharers of their joys and sorrows. Of course, I have in mind Christian homes. The love of God sweetcens the home. It brings happiness and joy. Reading the Bible every day, and giving God thanks before every meal, without putting in actual practice Bible teachings, may not bring happiness; but this is an age of practical Christianity. / have been learning some lessons. Mrs. Root and I do not always exactly agree — well, let us say in regard to building " a cabin in the woods." When wedon't agree, after full discussion, what then? Well, during the da3's I have mentioned I pon- dered over the fact that at such times / de- cide the matter and slie, of course, submits. If it transpires she was right and I wrong, she rarely saj's, " There, I told you so." I am going to say something now that will make Mrs. Root scold " awful," I sup- pose, when she sees it in print; but I am sure it will do good, and be helpful in many "homes." When we were first married, and, for that matter, for years after, I con- sidered myself greatly her superior. I am afraid I never realized it until God gave me that recent experience. Dear little woman! She in her foolish but lo3^al regard for her husband thought so too. Now, then, boys (or men), how many of 3'ou are there who are and have been, say all the years of your married life, in the habit of looking down on the dear little wife? Well, little by lit- tle God has been teaching me that the wo- man he gave Die, take it all around, is fully my equal, and of late -he is teaching me that in many things, if not all, I may safe- ly look up to her and not down. If you wish to straighten a steel rod j'ou must spring it considerably past the straight line, so that, when it springs back, it will be right. In a like way, when I advise the rank and file of married men to cultivate a habit of looking up to their wives, rather than down, I expect the result in the end to be that there shall be no " up and down " about it. It is true, God made )nan first; but for all that, woinan, in the moral and spiritual life, has always stood, and I think alwaj's will stand, above him. It is fitting Jind proper that the mothers of the human family should be nearest to God of all mankind. The day after Mrs. Root and I were mar- ried, as I sat by her side in a carriage on our way to the steition, the thought of hav- ing her for a constant companion through life filled me with joy. I presume most men have had a similar experience. It is right and proper. It is what God intended. Old heads often tell us, however, that this is a sort of boyish devotion, and that it can not last. I can not say now, after forty 3'ears have passed, whether or not I thank- ed God that morning for his great gift and for that great happiness; but I fear I did not. Of this, however, I am sure: My boy- ish dream has been more than realized; for at sixty-two I prize the gift more than when God gave it when I was a boy of twenty- two. Now, please do not misunderstand me. I did 7iot prize this gift until I gave my heart and all I have into the keeping of the Lord Jesus Christ. I might have lost it or thrown it away as thousands do (di- vorce or desertion) who neglect or reject God's call. If some one should say that I have said some of these things before, I re- ply that I felt God wanted me to say them again. NOTES or TRAVLI, • BY A. I. ROOT . GOING TO THE COUNTY FAIR; CHAPTER I. I have said every year since spending my summers in Leelanaw Co. that I must at- tend the county fair to see what this region produces besides potatoes, peaches, etc. ; and this fall it was held October 1 and 2, just when I was so homesick because Mrs. Root was away. I told myself it would be just the thing, or, perhaps I should say, just the diversion, I needed. It is held every year in a little town called Maple City, on the other side of Carp Lake; and as no railway runs there I decided to make the 18 miles on my wheel. This would be an easy matter with level roads; but on ac- count of the hills and sand it was thought best to make a part of the trip by rail. At Pouches Station I asked for a ticket to So- lon; and, finding the price was only / ow many they have, and we may be able to use them on urgent orders from those who prefer not to wait for the new edition. The changes in the new edition are quite extensive and important; and many having a copy of some former edition will want one of the new. We are booking orders already. If you order, it may be the best tO' specify the new edition and avoid the possibility of having one of the old mailed to you. THE HERSHISER HONEY-JARS. These jars were designed for use in the honey ex- hibit at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, and are very neat and attractive. They have cork-lined aluminum caps which seal them tight. If for any rea- son you desire to make them doubly sure they may be closed with a cork like an ordinary jar, and then screw on the cap, which gives them a very neat and at- tractive appearance. The fact that the molds are con- structed for making the jars by hand instead of by machine, and the addition of the aluminum caps, makes the jars somewhat more expensive than the or- dinary jars. They are made in four sizes square and three sizes round, as shown in the illustration. We can supply them either from here or from Philadel- phia at the following prices ; 1 lb. square Her. jars, doz., 50c; $ 5 40 per gr. 55c; 6 00 ' 80c; ' 1 00 " round " " " tiOc; 1 10 9 00 10 SO 6 00 8 40 12 00 These prices, although rather high in comparison with other jars, are as low as can be made on hand- made jars, and afford us a smaller margin of profit than other styles. If the demand warrants, we should be justified in having molds made for machine-maile jars, which could be had at a reduced price. TIP TOP HONEY-BOTTLES OR JARS. We believe :nany of our readers, especially those in- terested in bottling honey, will be interested in a hon- ey jar witb spring top fastener which we show here. I believe Mr. York, of the American Bee Journal^ has 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE. 915 •called it the Tip Top jar, and we adopt the name. He has been using it in his bottled-honey trade in and about Chicago for a year or two past with marked suc- cess. The following illustrations show very clearly how the jar is sealed. Tht- rubber ring between the rim of the glass top and the shoulder in the opening of the jar's mouth, with the pressure exerted by the spring on the center of the top, makes a perfect seal with continuous pressure, because of the spring of the metal clasp. With this kind of a fastening the jar is very quickly sealed— more quickly and securely than with a rim. The cover fits down in so neatly that, in •order to remove, you may have to in.seit the end of the spring under the edge to pry it out. ' There is a great variety of bottles and jars of nu- merous sizes made with this kind of fastening. Even the one and two pound square honey jars may be had with this fastening at an additional cost of 7.3 cts. per gross over those with a cork. We show here two styles which seem best adapted for honey The round tapering jar is the one we call Tip Top. We can sup- ply those in two sizes — J4 lb. at $4..")0 per gross, and the 1-lb. jar at $5 00 per gross. Put up in partition cases of 2 dozen each, |1 00 per gross extra. The octagon jar we will not keep in stock, but can ship from the factory in Ohio at f'i.OO per gross for the 1-lb. size. We can supply this to hold ^ lb. or 14 oz. Orders should be for at least 5 gross at a time. The Tip Top is a little scant measure, the 1 lb. size holding 15 oz and the half pound about 7^ oz , actual weight of honey. This price, you notice, is less than the price of No. 2.') jars or square jars either, and we be- lieve it is neater in design. The jars hiay be used for fruit or preserves or pickles after they are emptied of honey, which fact adds to their value as a honey-jar. MANN 5 , BONE CUTTER MAKES ^ HENS ^ PAY> BECAUSE Itprovides the cheapest and most pr'iduct've food. Hens can't help laying when fed green bone. We'll send you a ManirH Latest Model on 10 Days' Free Trial No money until you I satisfied that it cu'.s easier (an'l faster than any other. If not return at ourexpense. Isn'tlhis hetler for you than to pay cash in ailv'ance for a machine you never tried? Cataloi,'iiefree. F.W.MANN CO. Box »; , Mllibrd, Mam. A FRIEND to poultrynien— to chickens. Adam'sS Cutter It runs easily because it lias ball bearings. It cuts clean, quickly and perfecly. Makes a Hne lione shaving such as chickens re- quire. Before you buy send for free catalogue No, Sii W. J. ADAM, JOLEET, ILL. BUSHELS OF EGGS ..»« follow the feedinfr of i/ut tjK bone. The is the simpleet. fastest and easieat bone cutter made. Price ^^.tlO up. Hold on 15 davB trial. I Satiafaution or no sale. Send for price book I and :^'uecial Proposition. lir-r. To . Vnx 64, Frle, Pa. MORE EGGS-LESS FEED Humphrey' nirP*^ Cutter will double your epp yield and cut your feed I. ill in half. Guaranleed to cut easier and faster than any other. Trial offer and catalo^e free. IIVMPIIKEY & SOXS, liox 51, Jollet, 111. ^-^ ^/je New Model ^^^^Bone Gutter cuts finest unil easiest. Seiui for catalo^,- and special trial olfer free. E. C STEABNS & CO , BoxlOTSYRAOUSE, N. Y. wo RANGE ADVERTISED EQUALS THIS, Full Weight, Blue Polished Steel Range sent on 30 DAYS' FREE TRIAL Uur "Grand Union," as illustrated, the fir.Hht ranwei in existence. Made of best bine jtolished steel, full Hize« full weight, full lined. Large square oven with spring drop door; 25 inch tire box for coal or wood. Highij ornamented, triple nickel plated. Complete with porcelain lined rnsfu'voir antl high closet. «CC JJealer's price. Our fUU direct price «j7 QC *:< 1. 75, others low as*l I iJlu l*erfect operation. Guaranteed for live years. Saves cost in ? year. ItUKNl"* I.KSS— <'OST.H ss— LIVKS I.ONQK.ST. No ney in advance- Bend for our OA»U lit\ I US lMO.\,°i>ept L. 345 Ohlcaso- To make cows pay. use Sharpies Cream Separators, book " Business Dairying " & cat. 288 free. W. Chester, Pa. 916 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Nov. 1 GRAND CLUBBING OFFERS IW^I^II^l BY SPECIAL ARRANGEMENTS \yith the publisher of Gleanings and other publishers interested, we are able to offer Gleanings subscribers some very attractive combinations. Subscriptions to any of the periodicals named maj' be either new or renewal, except in a very few cases where new is specified. Subscriptions maj' begin at any time, and are always for a full year. The differ- ent periodicals in the combination may all go to one person or they may go to different persons, to the same address or to different addresses. To help in form- ing clubs, we have arranged the following classes of publications, in each case giving the publisher's regular subscription price. CLASS A Gleanings $ 1 00 Woman's Home Companion 1 00 Household 1 00 National Magazine 1 00 Leslie's Monthly, with calendar 1 00 Era 1 00 CampbelTs Illustrated Journal.. 1 00 Recreation (new) 1 00 Ledger Monthly 1 00 Hints 1 00 Young's Magazine...... 1 00 Youth 1 00 Little Chronicle $ 1 SO Electrical Age 1 00 Farm Poultry 1 00 American Fancier 1 00 OhioFarmer 1 00 Michigan Farmer 1 00 Practical Farmer 1 00 Buffalo Weekly Horse Gazette .... 1 00 Farm Journal (5 years) 1 00 Fern Bulletin 1 00 Vick's Magazine (3 years) 1 00 Ad Writer 1 00 CLASS B Chautauquaa 2 00 Birds and Nature 2 00 Toilettes 2 00 World To-day 3 00 Lippincott's 2 50 Arena 2 00 Popular Science News 2 00 Trained Nurse 2 00 CLASS C Poultry- Keeper Good Health Clinic. Woman's Work Good Literature SO Conkey's Home Journal. 50 Commercial Poultry 50 Vick's Magazine 35 Ladies' World 50 SO 50 40 GLEANINGS WITH One of Class A 1 2S Two of Class A 1 75 Three of Class A 2 25 One of Class B 2 25 Two of Class B One of Class A, one of Class B.. Two of Class A, one of Class B.. One of Class A, one of Class C Two of Class A, one of Class C OTHER ATTRACTIVE OFFERS 2 75 3 25 1 50 2 00 3 75 Gleanings and Country Gentleman | 1 50 Gleanings, Vick's Magazine, Woman's Home Compan., Good Honse-keeping 1 70 Gleanings, Every b dy's Magazine, Cosmo- politan. Youth's Companion (Nov. and Dec., of 1902 and art calendar given to new subscribers in addition to the full year of 1903) 3 50 If the Youth's Companion is not want- ed, deduct $1.75. Gleanings and Century 4 00 Gleanings and St. Nicholas 3 00 Gleanings and Scribner's Magazine 3 30 Gleanings, American Mother, Wotnan's Work, ard McCall's 1 50 Gleanings and McCall's Magazine 90 Gleanings and Great Roitnd World 2 00 Gleanings, Youth, and National Magazine 1 60 Gleanings, Era, Everybody's, and Cosmo- politan 2 25 Catalog containing clubbing rates on over 2000 periodicals, hundreds of combinations similar to these named here, together with liberal cash and periodical prizes, sent on receipt of a postal-card request, after Nov. 20. In ordering, be sure to name Gleanings, and address C. M. Qoodspeed, Lock Box 731, Skaneateles, N. Y. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 917 Gleanings May be Added to Any Combination on Tliis Page by Adding 50 cts. to the Price. The periodicals are all mailed direct to the subscriber by the pub- lisher, and in all respects you get the same service you would if you sent the full regular price to them, and at a saving of nearly half the cost of your reading matter. Success Offers. Success and l,eslie's Popular Monthly $1.25 Success, Everybod}''s Magazine, I„eslie's Popular Monthly 2 00 In place of either L,eslie's or Everybody's Mag- azine in the above offer may be substituted Woman's Home Companion, Biids and Nature, Good Housekeeping, or any magazine in Class A on the opposite page. Success and Review of Reviews 2 50 Success, World's Work*, Review of Reviews 4 00 Success, Public Opinion (new). Current Literature., t 00 In place of either Review ot Reviews, World's Work, Public Opinion, or Current Literature, may be substituted Country Life, New England Magazine, Lippincott's Independent, Art Inter- change, or any periodical in Class B opposite. Success, Leslie's Monthly, Review ot Reviews, and Everybody's 3 •')() This combination also is subject to the same substitution. Everybody's Offers. Everybodj''s and Cosmopolitan 1 25 Everybody's, Cosmopolitan, and Success 2 00 In place of either Cosmopolitan or .Success in Everybody's offers may be substituted Ameri- can Bov, Arena, Mind, Pilgrim, Recreation, Table Talk, Cassino's Little Folks (new), or any periodical in Class "A" on opposite page. Everybody's, Cosmopolitan, and World's Work '^ 00 Everybody's, Public Opinion mew), Leslie's Mag... 3 00 In place of either Public Opinion (new), or World's Work may be substituted either the Independent, Art Interchange, Lippincott's, New England Magazine, Current Literature. Country Life, or any magazine in Class " B " on the opposite page. Everybody's Mag., Cosmopolitan, and Book News. ! 'jO Everybody's Mag., Poultry-Keeper, Recreation 1 oO Cosmopolitan, Woman's Home Companion, and Ladies' World 1 50 Poultry-Keeper, a good first-class poultry paper costing 50 cts., and is never sold for less, we are able to add to any combination on this page for an extra '25 McClure's Magazine may be added to any combi- nation for 1 (0 Saturday Evening Post may be added to any com- bination for 1 00 Ladies' Home Journal may be added to any combi- nation for • 1 00 Youths' Companion may be added to any combina- tion for 1 "5 Jt^^On these four periodicals we offer a very liberal commission to bonafide agents, postmasters, and publishers; also prizes to the value of $^80. Pen-and-ink price quoted on any list of papers you wish either foi eign or domestic. I'iftv-two-page catalog for 1903 will be ready to mail for the asking by November 20th. Be sure to tell us where vou saw this ad. If you do tell us that you saw it' in GLE.'^NINGS we will send you a nice package of flower or vegetable seeds absolutely free, Ijut of our own selection. C. M. Goodspeed, Skaneateles, N. Y. Lock Box 731. 918 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Nov. 1 QUEENS! BY RETURN MAIL. We are now breeding from three dis- tinct strains ; viz. : Imported or leather color, Root's long-tong-ued or red-clo- ver strain, and our old strain of white- banded yellow Italians, or albinos. PRICES: Tested, each.. $1.25 Select tested, each 1.50 Warranted purely mated, each 75 Same, per half dozen 4.00 Same, per dozen 7.50 Untested, each 65 Same, per half dozen 3.50 Same, per dozen 7.00 We have also a full line of bee-keep- ers' supplies including THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY'S GOODS. Send for our 32-page illustrated catalog. W. W.Cary & Son, Lyonsville, Mass. Special Notice to Bee=keepers ! Root's Supplies at Catalog Prices. Chaff Hives. Winter=cases. For Chaff Division=boards. Winter. Hill Devices, etc. F. H. Farmer, 182 Friend St. Boston, Mass. ^ 10^ menu ^ti. Up one flight. ^ Queens! Queens! We have five different yards, 5 to 20 miles apart, where Italians, Cyprians, Holylands, Carniolans, and Albinos are bred for business. You can send in your orders at following prices the rest of this year: Test- ed, $1 50 each; $8.00 for six; $15.00 per doz Untested, 75c each; $4.25 for six, or $8 00 per doz. PMne breeders, $5.00 each. Safe arrival guaranteed Write for free catalog. Tells hovp to raise queens and keep bees for profit. The Jennie Atchley Co , Beeville, Bee Co., Tex. C|-.|. Colfk A bee-hive factory; well equipped •^*-'* OclIC -nrith latest machinery— and a good bee-hive and supply trade ; a bargain. Reason for selling — too much other business to attend to it. The Jennie Atchley Co., Beeville, Tex. Moore's Famous Long-Tongued Italian Bees. Another report showing their superior honey-g'athering qualities : Ruthton, Ky., Oct. 1, 1902. J. P. Moore Dear Sir :— The select'ed breeder you sent me last year was as good as I ever saw. her colo- ny storing 175 lbs extracted honey in a yard where the average for 27 colonies was 85 lbs. per colony. Yours truly, Virgil Weaver, Daughters of my jVs-breeder, the prize- winner, and other famous long- - tongued breeders : Untested, 7Sc each ; six, $4.00 ; dozen, $7.20. Select untested, $1.00 each •,. six, $5.00 ; dozen, 9.00. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Circular free. J. P. Moore, L. Box I, Morgan, Kentucky. Pendleton County. r The "Best of Everything 1 THE through train service of the Chicago & North-Western Rail- way from Chicago to Omaha, Denver and the Pacific Coast on the west, the Black Hills and Dakotas to the northwest and to Milwaukee, jNIadison, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Duluth on the north, is as nearly perfect as modern and skillful management can make it. The Overland Limited, a magnificent electric-lighted train, less than three days Chicago to San Fran- cisco, daily. The Colorado Special, only two nights to Denver from the Atlantic seaboard. Solid train Chicago to Denver. The North=Western Limited, an electric lighted daily train between Chicago, St. Paul and Minneapolis. H. R. MiU«i.uiuiiH, W. B. Kniskern, 3d Vice-President. Passenger Traffic Manager. CHICAGO, 111. CHas. Israel (Si Brothers 486-490 Canal St., cor. Watt St.. N. Y. Honey and Beesvirax Liberal Advances Made on Consignments Wholesale Dealers and Commission Merchants. Establishtd 1875. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 919 SUPERIOR STOCK! A Special Offer on the Review. If the advertising that I have been doing the past three years has not convinced you that the Superior Stock that I have been offering for sale is really supe- rior, then it is the fault of the advertising, for the stock is really all that I claim for it. I have guaran- teed safe arrival, safe introduction, puiity of mating, and satisfaction to the extent that a queen may be returned inside of two years, and the money will be refunded, together with 50 cts. to pay for the trouble. No other breeder makes any such guarantee. I have sold hundreds of queens under it. I do not know of a single dissatisfied customer, while I have dozens of letters from men telling of increased results from the introduction of this stock, and a.sking : " Can I get any more queens of you like one I bought two years ago? Although the price of these queens is $1.50 each, I have never been able to keep up with the orders. Most of my customers wait until spring before send- ing in their orders, and then have to wait from four to eight weeks. A few are far-sighted enough to send in their orders in the fall or winter, and these get their queens in May or June, in time to be of some service to them the .same year. Send S1.50 now and I 11 book your order, and you will get the queen early next spring. The price of a queen alone is jl.50, but I sell one queen and the REVIEW one year for only $2.00. Just at present, as explained in the last issue of Gle.^n- INGS, as long as the supply of back numbers for 1902 holds out. all new subsciibers for 1903 will receive them free. In other words, if you order soon you can get the REVIEW for 1902 and 1903, and a queen of the Superior Stock next spring, for only $2.00. W. Z. Hutchinson, Flint, riichigan. HONEY QUEENS! Laws' Leather=colored Queens. Laws' Improved Golden Queens. Laws' Holy Land Queens. A prominent queen-breeder writes : " I have reared and sold over 5000 queens in the past few years, and I am using your stock exclusively, as it is the besl I can get." Another writes : "The queen mother I got of you is the best queen I ever saw." A prominent writer for the Review states the I,aws queen is making a fine showing. Many nice letters indicative of the superi- ority of Laws' queens on file. Prices : Tested or un- tested, $1.00 each; six for $5.00. Discount on large lots. Write for circular. W. H. Laws, Beeville, Texas. Minnesota Bee-keepers' Supply Mfg. Co., Manufacturers of Bee-hives, Sections, Sliipping-cases, and Everytiiing Used by Bee-keepers. Orders filled promptly We have the best shipping facilities in the world. You will save money by send- ing for our price list. Address Minnesota Bee=keepers' Supply Mfg. Co., NicoUet Island Power Building, Minneapolis, Minn. Bee-keepers, We need your orders, and you need our goods, so let's trade. We have the very best goods, the largest stock in the State, the best place in the U. S. to ship from, and the very lowest prices consistent with first-class goods. Write to us and tell us your wants. C. IW. SCOTT & CO.. INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA. 1004 East Washington Street. LAND TO RENT. For what it will produce over $.)00 per acre in vegetables. Also partner wanted in nursery, orange, and pomelo grove. State your capital when writing. /. M. OE PEW, PALM A SOLA, FUA. 50 CENTS That's all it costs for a year's reading of the Rocky Mountain Bee Journal. Besides reflecting all the doings and happenings and the latest methods and appl ances that pertain to bee-keeping in the great Rocky Mountain alfalfa regions, we talk up co-operation and organization as no other bee-journal has ever undertaken to do. This journal will give you new ideas, and help you whether you own one colony or .50uO. You need it. The 10-cent trial offer is withdrawn. Samples free. H. C. MOREHOUSE, BOULDER, COLO. Postoffice Box 611. POULTRY PAPER 3 Honths and book, "Plans for Poultr.v-houses," 10 cts. Paper one year and book, 25 cts, if you mention Gleanings (reg. price, 50 cts). Inland Poultry Journal, Indianapolis, Indiana. ^♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦< I!l£ Fred W. Muth Co. -Front & Walnut Streets- ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ X t \ ♦ ♦ X ♦ ♦ ►♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦4 ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦ CINCINNATI, OHIO. ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ »♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ onoyj Muth s 1-pound square with patent glass stoppers and steel spring are the best. #*' Only $.'^.'-A) per gross. Send for catalog of bee-supplies. jePtr" Special inducements. ^a 920 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Nov. 1 The Meat Piano Built anticipating the dp man rl of those satisfieil with nothing but the best and looliing for a piano of the Highest Artistic Creation Are you considerina t)ie pnrchase of a piano? Our proiiosition will prove more en- tertaining than any you have had. Catalog aiul Jiill infiirmnlinn 1'\'''e on application. THE PACKAKI* COMPANY P. <►. V.ox F r«r( Wnynf. Iiidinnn SO MANY FARMERS have found PAGE Fences better, it is certpinly worth your trouble to investigate their qualities. Page Woven Wire Fence Co., Box S, Adrian, Michigan. Union Combination Saw For Ripping, Cross- cutting, Rabbeting, Mitering, Grooving, Gaining, Boring, Scroll sawing. Edge - moulding. Beading. Full line Foot and Hand Power machin- erv. Send for cataloec A. SENECA FALLS MFG. CO., 44 Water St , Seneca Fs., N.Y. WiththeOtis Bali Bearing i\!o. 2 Mill. ■ -^ Grinds ear curn and other yrains fine or coarse. i^Griiids f'iistcr than any othertuo-horsemill made. IJurrsareSbJ^ in. diameter of Improved jShape to draw the grain down into them. Pulls easier as it runs on ball bi'arings. IS mnstotl-.ers and 'j more than any otlier -h- null mideof anyconstruction. Larg- ef-, est adi. mill made. Our Prices are low be- cause WE HAVE NO AGENTS. Sstylessweep mills. Pi'ioes$14.50and up. Send for catalog giving prices on the largest line of grinding mills of all de- scriptions in the United States for all kinds of grinding. MARVIN SMITH 00. ^^■^Mcl^:r£l^'' Brings Bir Hatches That's the test of an incubator and that's the record of tlie SUCCESSFUL. jvcm mTHA smssm Don't experirr.ent. Ciet a time tried and proved in- cubator. The Kuccesuful not only hatches perfectly, but it « ill last a lite-time— Idoes not swell norslirink. iGet our big incubator book l(l.'>6 pages) free. Other (Catalogues in i languages. Des Moines Inch. Company, Dcpt. 503, D.s Moines, loiva, or I p|it 303 BiilTalo, NftY. IT yards Fine Ponltry. is a word that stands for the best Incubators and Brooders in the world. Each has special dis- tinguishing features. Send 10c postage for Hook No. 19, just out, giving guaranty of money back if incubator is not satisfactory. Ui>liahle Incobator and Brooder Co., Box B 49 Quiucy, llliuols. $ ^.80 For ■ 200 Egg INCUBATOR Perfect in constru tui ind ration. Hatches CMr\ fertil ugi:. Write fur cat dt, to li\ GEO. H. STAHL, Quincv, III. TRY AM IDEAL. J. W. Miller's inLuhatur-niade by the man who kn.'us. It is 30 DAYS FREE TRIAL We get no money until 3'ou are per- fectly satisfied. Poultry Book Free. J. W. MILLER V «.. Bos 48, Freeport, I'l. {Poultry supplies ami thoroughbred fowls.') NOTHI.ST. AS GOOD ADVERTISED ANYWHERE. SHIPPED ON APPROVAL Anywhere in United States. NO MO.\K Y l.\ A DVA SEWING MACHINES $725to$265o All kinds, all *^ styles, direct from f SAVING $10 to $45 1 avoiding salesmen's oxpen and dealers' or agents' esor tant profits. Established 188;.. 250,OUO sold. Testimonials from every state. Reference: First National Bank, Chicago. \\ rite for Big illustrated Catalog sho.v- ing styles and samples of work. CASH RUrEKS' UMON, I»ept. K.345 • Chlittso. ORS Grand lot of trees, grown on the bank of Lake Erie, more Un stocky and hardy than trees grown in tlie interior; two miles "*" from any peach orchards and free from borers ami all other diseases. Large stock of fruit trees and small fruits of all kinds. Headquarters for ORNAMENTAL TREES, SHRUBS, BULBS. 40 Acres Hardy Rosen. 44 Greenhouses filled with Palms, Ficus, Ferns, Pandanus, Roses, Etc. Correspondence solicited. Catalogue free. THE STORRS & HARRISON CO., Painesviile, Ohlot 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE. 921 Cleanings Clubbing Offers. We have just arranged with Mr. C. M. Goodspeed, of Skaneateles, N. Y., whose advertisements are found on pages SI16 and 'J17, to provide our subscribers with special opportun ties for securing leading magazines and other periodicals at low prices. Send your orders early and secure prompt service by mentioning Glean- ings every time you write. Don't delay. Publishers are crowded with orders later on, and better service is given now than later. OUR ADVERTISERS. In a recent letter from the Page Woven Wire Fence Co., of Adrian, Mich., they sav: " We were never so well equipped as at present to furnish Page Fences. Having our own steel, rod, and wire mills, and having very largely increased our weaving capacity ; with about UOO emplo5'ees on our pay roll, converting the iron into high-carbon steel, the steel into ingots, blooms, billets, rods, and wire, and with double the number of looms that we had January 1, 1900, we feel that we are iu pretty good shape to supply the demand for IttO;'.. "We make a standard style of fencing for every farm, poultry, stock, or railroad requirement ; use double-strength horizontal wires in all the.se styles coil or spiral every one of them from end to end the vyhole length of the fence, thus providing for expan- sion and contraction, and Page Wire will retain this coiled shape even after it has been drawn out straight a thousand times. " No locks, staples, or other devices are used to hold the horizontals and cross-bars together, because Pdge Fence is a real woven-wire fence. Horizontals and cross-bars woven together is all there is to it." Their advertisement appears regularly in our col- umns, and if you have not yet investigated the merits of their fencing, you should write for catalog, descrip- tive matter, and prices now. TREES, V/NES, PLANTS in large supply at lowest prices. Send list of wants for quotations. " Honest trees at honest prices." E. A. BOAL CO.. HINCHMAN. MICH. are handsome, hardy, profitable Prize stock ; low price ; circular. Ed. W. Cole & Co., Kenton, O Angora Goats 1200 FERRETS. All sizes; some trained; first- class stock. New price list free. N. A. KNAPP, Rochester, Lorain Co., Ohio. Wants and Exchange. Notices will be Inserted under this head at 10 cts. per line. You must SAT you want your adv't in this department,, or we will not be responsible for any error. You can have the no- tice as many lines as you please ; but all over ten lines will cost you according to our regular rate.s. We can not be re- sponsible for dissatisfaction arising from these " swaps." w ANTED.— Comb to render into wax; will pay cash. A. P. IvAWRENCE, Hickory Corners, Mich. WANTED.— To sell blackwalnuts and hickory-nuts at |1 00 per bushel. A. P. Lawrence, Hickory Corners, Mich. VVANTED. — To exchange for wood-working machin- ' ' ery, wax, or honey, a 12-tune Swiss music-box with harp, drum, chimes, and Castanet attachments. AdJress 216 Court St., Reading, Pa. VX/ANTED.— To sell 60 colonies of Italian bees, in '' good condition for winter. Cheap if taken before packing for winter. J. Ferris Patton, Newtown, Ohio. Y^ ANTED. — To exchange sweet-clover seed for cash '' or offers. Remember what Dr. Gandy said about sweet clover. We are headquarters for the .seed. The Snyder Bek & Honev Co., Kingston, N. Y. w ANTED.— A location for a cu.stom saw and feed mill. Wm. S. Ammon, Reading, Pa. VVANTED. -Flint-lock muskets dated 1812, 1815, 1816. '*■ Will exchange modern fire-arms for same, or will buy. Address 216 Court St., Reading, Pa. w ANTED.— To buv in California 100 to 400 stands bees. Must be cheap. Address F. J. Farr, Pasadena, Cal. \YANTED.— I will pay $1.00 to any one who will put '•^ me on track of 200 or :?00 frame hives of bees at a bargain, in S. Car., Ga., Ala., Miss., or Western Fla. Will pay after the deal is made. Could use 100 box hives extra. E. R. Crockett, Rt. 2, Groton, N. Y. ,\NTED. — To exchange a grit-mill in good order for a trio of S. C. White L,eghorns or offers. Adolph Segerlin, Box 141, Anita, Pa. Y^ANTED. — To sell. Having received a government '^ position, I am compelled to sacrifice my apiary, poultry, and fruit business, located on 15 acres of fer- tile land on navigable tide-water river, about 25 miles from Richmond ; six-room dwelling, kitchen, hen- house, about 60 colonies of bees, implements, etc. No malaria; very healthy. Price, real estate. $750; bees etc., about 8250. R. F. Ritchie, Richmond, Va. w w w^ ANTED. — To sell a two-horse, double-geared, level- tread power; Heebner & Son's make. S. H. MussELMAN, R. F. D. 4, New Holland, Pa. yVANTED.— To trade 160 acres of rich, level, black '" land for bees. Write full particulars in first let- I ter. D. E. lyHOMMEDiEU, Colo, Story Co., Iowa. WANTED — To sell a mill property, water power, with considerable land, ana houses, as desired. Good location tor bees or for milling and feed business. For particulars address I. ly. Powell, Millbrook, New York. RANTED. — A good reliable man to take a half-inter- est with me, as soon as possible, in a newly es- tablished apiary which I wish to enlarge. Must have the necessary cash, say $:iOO and be well acquainted with the bee business. Dont delay. W. S. Cooper, 1'2'i South Flores St., San Antonio, Tex. WANTED. — To exchange modern fire-arms for foun- dation-mills and foot-power saw, also wax and honey. Wm. S. Ammon, Reading, Pa. WANTED —To sell 200 swarms of Italian bees. Also 7000 lbs. white extracted honey in 60-lb. cans; 5 acres choice improved land, and house and two lots; or will trade for mercantile business. Don't write unless you mean business. Elias Fox, Hillsboro, Wis. WANTED.- Beeswax ; highest market price paid. Write for price list. Bach, Becker & Co., Chicago, 111. \VANTED.— To sell for cash, 5 gal. square tin cans, ' ' used for honey, at about half price of new cans. Also elegant exhibition 1'2-lb. no drip honey-cases f'^r plain Daiiz. and 4J^X4^ sections; made for Pan-Amer- ican. For prices, etc., address Orel L. Hershiser, SOI Huntington Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. WANTED —To -sell bees and queens. ALso putty- knife with iron handle and strong steel blade — ju.st the thing for prying and scraping about hives, etc., 15c postpaid. "O. H. Hyatt, Shenandoah, la. WANTED.— To sell 600 stands of Italian bees in Sim- plicity hives in lots to suit buyer. Will deliver the same to any point in the West if desired. Corres- ly point pondence solicited. Tyler Bros , Nicolaus, Cal. WANTED.— To exchange my new price list of 2000 ferrets, now ready to ship, for your address on a postal card. N. A. Knapp, Rochester. Ohio. \T^ANTED —We want to hear from those having ** choice comb honey to sell, stating quantity, qual- ity, size, and style of sections, and how packed. If not jet packed for shipment state how soon you can have it ready, and the price asked delivered here or free on board at your place. The a. I. Root Co., Medina, Ohio. 922 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Nov. 1 PAGE «t LYOIM, ^ New London, Wisconsin, I MANUFACTURERS OF AND DEALERS IN . . . BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES. . . . Send for Our Free New Illustrated ^ Catalog and Price List ^ Now ^ ^ ^ Ready ! Sixty-four Page Catalog of every thing- bee-keepers need. Illustrated and fully described. Especially raluable to begin- ners for the information it con- tains. Send your address on a postal and get it now. Estab- lished 1884. J* M. Jenkins^ Wetumpka^ Elmore Co., Ala, »♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦< 'i^kkW)hf)^vvwywvywvMUWvv\AAfwyv^^ BEE-SUPPLIES. Best-equipped factory in the West ; car- ry a large stock and greatest variety of everv thing needed in the apiary, assur- ing BEST goods at the LOWEST prices, and prompt shipment. We want every bee-keeper to have our FREE ILLUS- TRATED CATALOG, and read descrip- tion of Alternating Hives, Ferguson Su- pers, etc. Write at once /or a catalog. AGENCIES Trester Supply Company, Lincoln, Neb. Shugart & Ouren, Council Bluffs, la. Chas. Spangler, Kentland, Ind, KrGtchmerMfir.Go.,Box60,RedOak,la. BINGHAM SMOKER. Dear Sir:— Inclosed find $1.75. Please (•nd one brass smoke-engint.'. I have an* already. It is the best smokur I •Tarused. TruW vonr^, Hknbt Schmidt, llutto, Tci. MADE TO ORDER Bingham Brass Smokers, Made of sheet brass, which does not rust or burn out; should last a lifetime. You need one, but they cost 25 cts. more than tin of the same size. The little open cut shows our brass hinge put on the three larger sizes. No wonder Bingham's four-inch smoke-engine goes without puffing, and does not drop inky drops. The pei forat- ed steel fire-grate has 381 holes to air the fuel and support the fire. Heavy tin smoke-engine, 4-inch stove, per mail, $1.50; 3J4-'nch, $1.10; ,S-inch. $1.00; 214-inch, 90c; 2-inch, (i5c. Bingham smokers are the oriijinals, and hare all the improvements, and have been the standard of excellence for 23 years. Only three larger ones brass. T. F. Bingham, Farweli, Michigan. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 927 Contents of this Number. Alfalfa Honey, I'lavor of flSl Bees, Stingle>s 947 Bees, Yellow, Turning Black it 17 Bee-tree, To Get Colony from 91,'5 Clover, Sweet 947 Colorado Convention Report !''?9 Colorado, Editor in 943 Exhibits at Conventions ! 85 Feeding when Introducing 947 Frames, Wiring 946 General Managership 986 Handles on Sides of Hives 947 Honey, Annual Product of 980 Honej', Eiating Boiled 947 Idaho for Young Men 936 Ma.son. Death of Dr. A. B 985 Organization and Co-operation 938 Pear blight. Cook on 987, 942 Phacelia 932 Queens, Why they Fail 946 Salt for Pear-blight 946 Seasons, Changing 931 Shook— the Word Discussed 983 Stings, ElTects of ..933 Sugar, Confectioners' 932 Sugar-beet for Alkali Soil 948 Swarms, Forced 940 Taxes on Bees 948 Temperature of Hive 932 Ventilation of Bee-cell irs 948 Ventilation, Sub-earth i'34 Wintering in Cellar 948 Honey Column. GRADING-RDLES. Fanot.— All Bections to be well filled, combs straight, flrm- ly attached to all four sides, the combs unsoiled by travel- stain or otherwise ; all the cells sealed except an occasional cell, the outside surface of the wood well scraped of propolis. A No. 1.— All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the vood ; combs straight ; one-eighth part of comb surface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soiled ; the out- side of the wood well scraped of propolis. No. ].— All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs comparatively even ; one-eighth part of comb surface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soiled. No. 2.— Three-fourths of the total surface must be filled and sealed. No. 3.— Must weigh at least half as much as a full-weight section. Tn addition to this the honey is to be classified according to color, using the terms white, amber, and dark ; that is, there will be " Fancy White," " No. 1 Dark," etc. CITY MARKETS. MiLW.\UKKE. — This market is very quiet on honey, and the receipts are fair and the offerings more fre- quent, indicating that there is a good supply unsold. The demand is moderate, mainly from the smaller dealers- the larger buyers being very well supplied at present. We continue to quote fancy comb 15'a 17 ; No. 1, 14@15; old and amber, nominal, 12(S'14. Extract- ed, in barrels, kegs, pails, and cans, white, 75^@8^; amber, o}i(aSl4- Beeswax, 28(g),80. A. V. Bishop & Co., Nov. 4. 119 Buffalo .St., Milwaukee, Wis. Chicago. — Prices remain steady but the demand is small. We are not selling the quantity that we have ordinarily done at this season of the year. The ad- vance in' price has checked the trade, in addition to which retailers have got the impression that honeyis going to be verj' scarce and they are not pushing its sale. Fancy white comb brings 15(316, with travel- stained from l(&.2c less ; amber, 12(ail8, according to kind and style of package; amber and buckwheat, very little_ call for. Extracted white, 7fai8; dark and amber, (ifai7 ; Southern slow at about 5^. Beeswax sells upon arrival at 30. R. A. Burnett & Co., Nov. 9. 199 South Water St., Chicago, 111. Philadelphia. — Comb honey in brisk demand. We are now in the height of the season. We quote fancv white comb, 15(a 17 ; No. 1, 14(S)15; culls, 10@12. Ex- tracted, fancy white, 9 ; amber, 7@8. Beeswax, 29. We are producers of honey, and do not sell on com- mission. Wm. a. Selser, Nov. 10. 10 Vine St., I'hiladelphia, Pa. New York. — There is a gond demand for comb honey ; extra fancy is worth 16|,< ; fancy, 15>^ ; buck- wheat, 12 «'l:! Extracted, .Southern, in "barrels, l%(^ b'/i, and supply limited. Beeswax 27. Francis H. L,eg(;ett & Co., Nov. 7. Franklin and Varick Sts., New York. Detroit. — Very little honey in market — mostly in small lots held by retailers. Fancy white. 17; No. 1 dark. 12. 14. with no great s\ipplj- and not much de- mand. Extracted white, 7'a),7J.^. Beeswax, 26@2S. Nov. 9. M. H. Hunt & Son, Bell Branch, Mich. New York. — Demand for comb honey is good, and same finds ready sale at 15rS16 for fancy white; No. 1 white, 14; No. 2 white, 12ral3; buckwheat, 12@,13. Ex- tracted in fair demand at 7^ for white; light amber, (3%; dark, 6; southern, in barrels, 60(5)65 per gal. Bees- wax, quiet, 27@,28. Hildreth & .Segelken, Nov. 8. 265-7 Greenwich St., New York City. Kansas City.— The receipt of comb and extracted honey is light, and the demand good at quotations. We quote fancy white comb, 15(a:16 ; No. 1, ]4^(a:15; No. 2 white and amber, 13^@14. Extracted white, 7}4 @8; amber, 6^@7. Beeswax, 27@30. C. C. Clemons & Co., Nov. 7. 306 Grand Ave., Kansas City, Mo. Buffalo. — Fancy white-clover comb, 15(3)16; A No. 1, 14(ai5; No. 1, 1354(3)14; No. 2; 12(^13; No. 3, 11J^@12; No. 1 dark, 11^@.12; No. 2, 10(5)11. Extracted white, G@7; dark, 5(3)554. Beeswax 30(3)32. Comb honey is in extra good demand. Can sell in large quantities by shading prices about He. W C. Townsend, Nov. 8. 167 Scott St., Buffalo, N. Y. Schenectady. — Both comb and extracted moving freely at the following prices: Fancy clover in cartons, 16; No. 1, 14(^15; buckwheat, r2(gil8,'and quite scarce. Extracted, in 60-lb. tins and 1.50-lb. kegs, white, 7@7%; dark, 6(3)65^. Chas. jMcCulloch, Nov. 7. 528 State St., Schenectady, N. Y. Albany. — Honey market .still firm and in better shape than for many seasons— comb selling for 14(^16. Extracted buckwheat grades most in demand now at (i]4 : light grades, 7@7]4. Beeswax,- 30. We can get our quotations easier now than when market lowers. Commission 5 per cent. MacDougal & Co., Nov 7. 375 Broadway, Albany, N. Y. Fo" Sale. —Extracted honey. Finest grades for ta- ble use. Prices quoted on application. Sample by mail, 10 cts. to pay for package and postage. Orel L,. Hershiser, 301 Huntington Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. For Sale.— lyight extracted honey; cans and kegs, 7(g8c per lb. Sample, 8c. I. J. Stringham, 105 Park PL, New York City. r^OR .Sale.— Several thousand pounds comb honey ill Danzenbaker 4x5 sections. Shall commence filling orders in August. Wm. Morris, L,as Animas, Col. For Sale.— White extracted honey from alfalfa in 60-lb cans, at 14 50 each; light amber honey mixed with Rocky Mountain bee-plant, fine flavor, $4.20 each. Prices on small cans and pails on application. M. P. Rhoads, Box 216, L,as Animas, Colo. For Sale.— Fine quality of extracted honey, both clover and sweet clover, in l)0-lb. cans, at 8c; also bees in L,. frames. Do not send local checks. Dr. C. t,. PARKER, Sta. A., R. F. D., Syracuse, N. Y. For Sale.— Extracted honey, from alfalfa, at 7Hc for No. 1 select, 7c for No. 1, ii]4 for No. 2; discount on 1000-lb. lots. Send for sample. D. S. Jenkins, Las Animas, Col. Wanted —Comb honev, all grades, carload lots or less than carloads, for cash. Correspondence solicited. Jos. M. McCaul, 120 and 122 West Broadway, New York. We will be in the market for honey the coming sea- son in carloads and less than carloads, and would be glad to hear from producers everywhere what they will have to offer. Skavey & Flarsheim, 1318-1324 Union Avenue, Kansas City, Mo. 928 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Nov. 15 x\^ fiC »ic »ie »|C fie fic x\- f\^ t\'C fi^ xti-- fiC fie fiC fie fie fie fie '*^ t For Over 40 Years t ^>l The Weekly 5^4. '^ X American Bee Journal ,. ^i has been teaching the art of bee-keeping to its readers. ^^ ^^ To let you see how good its instruction is, we make you j/^ t the following proposition, which we term our '"^ -fc>^ OFFER NO. 6. Jx ^r '^ ^^ We should like to have you give the AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL a fair J^ "^"^ trial, for we believe if you would read it regularly for two or three months ^e^ V you would not do without it after that. So we are going to offer to send i^ -^^ the Bee Journal to you every week for the rest of this year (1902), if you will ^^T ' fill out the blank below. Surely that is easy. We will stop sending the ] J^* Bee Journal to ycJu at the end of this year, unless you order it continued. So :*|^ ^1 there is no catch scheme in this. We simply want you to get acquainted ^*f^ j^^ with the AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL, and take this way of being assured that J^ y^*" you will read it for the time specified. Shall we not hear from you by re- ^ij^ ^^ turn mail? The Denver Convention Report is now being published in the Jj^ "^i*- Bee Journal. ^^*^ V If this offer is accepted, write your name and address plainly below, t^ •^» and cut out this page and mail it to us. ^^T ^.i GEO. W. YORK & CO., ^^ ■^^ Dear Sirs: — I accept your " Offer No. 6," as given in the above par- Jj^ "^Ij^ agraph. You can begin to send me the weekly AMERICAN BEE JOUR- ^^^ _\ NAL at once, on the terms specified. i^ -^» Yours very truly, ^^ST "^^ Name . r^Z^ xr p. o. ''^ "^ County ^"^ J^" -^^ ' Date State ; ' A sample copy of the AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL, and catalog J J^^ of Bee-keepers' Supplies, sent free for the asking. Address 5^" ^ George W. York &i Co., ^'^ "2^ 144=146 Erie St., Chicago, III. '^ •^>^ >it Jl* S* Jl* J* ^i ^i* >* J* ^i >* ^* yt yt J* Jli >* Jl* J»X^ 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 929 Gleanings in Bee Culture [Established in 1873.] Devoted to Bees, Honey, and Home Interests. Published Semi-inuiithly by The A. I. Root Co., - • Medina, Ohio. A. I. ROOT, Editor of Horae and Gardening D<:pts. E. R. ROOT, Editor of Apicnltural Dept J. T. CALVERT B\i^ Mgr. A. I^. BOYDEN, Sec. TERMS. $1.00 per annum ; two years, $1.50; three years, $2.00; five years, $;^.00, in advance; or two copies to one address, $1..50 ; three copies, $2.00 ; five copies, $3.75. The terms apply to the United States, Canada, and Mexico. To all other countries 48 cents per year extra for postage. DISCONTINUANCES. The journal is sent until orders are received for its discontinuance. We give notice just before the subscription expires, and fur- ther notice if the first is not heeded. Any subscriber whose subscription has f-xpireil, wishing his journal discontinued, will please drop us a card at once; otlier- wise we shall assume that he wishes his journal con- tinued, and will pay for it soon. Any one who does not like this plan may have his journal stopped after the time paid for by making this request when ordering rCLUBBING OFFERS. We have dealt with Mr. C. M. Goodspeed for many years, and find him prompt aud trustworthy. See his special subscription offers in this issue of Gleanings, pages 954 and 9.S5. Mr. A. I. Roofs Writings of Grand Traverse territory' and l,telanau Co. are descriptive of Michigan's most beautiful section reached most conveniently via the Pere Marquette R. R. For pamphlets of Miohigan farm lands and the fruit Iselt, address J. E. Merritt, Manistee, Michigan. BAIII TDV PAPKR, mnst'cl, 20 psEre^ ,rUIILini 25 cents per year. 4 months' triallOcentB. Sample Free. 64-page practical Soultry book free to yearly snbscnbera. ook alone 10 cents. C-atalo^ne of ponltri ibooka f re*, foultry Advocate, Syracose^ H.X. TJOTHTVf. AS Onnn ArVEHTTSKT) A'^JTwriFRE SHIPPED ON APPROVAL , UiiiU-a Stat.is. XO MO.\KV I.\ .\I»VANCF.. SEWING MACHINES All styles, SAVING $10 to $45 i Bvoifiing salesmen's expenses and dealers' or agents' exorlii- tant profits. Kstahlisliert 188."). 250,0U0 s.ild. Testi every state. Reference: First National Bank, Chicago. \\ rite for Big illustrated Catalog show- ing styles and samples of work. CASH BCrEKS' UNION, I>ept.K.d45 ■ Chloaao. WANT EGUS ? The HUMPHREY Open Hopper j GREEN BONE and VEGZTABLF. SUTTER doubles eg'g yield, cuts feed billin half. Guaranteed to cut more bone in less I time, with Ie93 labor than any other. Send for | Ipecial trial offer and bandsume catalogue. HUMPHREY & SONS, Box 61, Joliet, IllinoU. 151 DANDY cirilR will double your egg yield. Thous- ands of poultry raisers say so. It costs less, turns easier, cuts faster andlastslonger than ce$.^.00up. t>>oldon 15 llayo' :ia) propoBitioD. any oth Free Triul. Send for b'ook STRATTON MF'G. CO., Box 64, Erie, Pa Every Chicken Man Needs a green bone cutter. The Adam alone is ball bearing, it cleans itself, it cannot become clogged or choked, it is fed at the pleasure of the oper- ator. You will want to know of it. Send for our Illustrated Catalogue No. 39 before you buy. Sent Free. W. J. ADAM, Joliet, Ills. ^ t^^. See Latest Model U^^i^Bone Cuttefm .^Wi^"— — ' Hall bearings, automatic feed. Money back if not satisfactory Send for freecatalogandsoecial trial offer E. C. STEARNS & CO., Box 10T SYRACUSE, N. 1 HANNS NEVNT Bone: CUTTER MAKES HENS - YDU CAHGET LOTS OF EGGS Mann's Latest Model Bone Gutter and liave healthy if you feed Orocn tut Bone. ►♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦^ I IV^rshfield Manufacturing Company, ^ Our specialty is making SECTIONS, and they are the best in the market. » 'Wisconsin basswood is the right kind for them. 'We have a full line of ♦ BEE- SUPPIyIES. 'Write for FREE illustrated catalog and price list. X Marshfield Manufacturing Company, Marshfield, Wisconsin, $»»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦< , 930 LEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Nov. 15 dJiiiiiiiiiiMiiriiiiiniMiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiM^ 1 1. J.Stringham, New York City i I 105 Park Place. | I Honey=iars! }~^^- square jars, $5.00 per gross; No. 25 | i — — = jar, porcelain top, $5.75 per gross ; nickel = i cap, fancy, $5.50 per gross. All clear flint glass. We ship = I from N. Y. City. Cartons, shipping-cases, every thing a bee- = I keeper uses. Tested Italian Queens, $1.00; untested, 70c. | = Catalog free. Apiaries are located at Glen Cove, Long Island. = TJiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniunniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiMiiiiiinniiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiitHHiiiiiMiinwiiniiiMniiiiiiiiiiiiiitiM >K fif, yk yk >h ?h ^h ^K >y. iJK i^» i^., ?Vi i^. iSK f^* ist*. fir, i^, .'SK .'SK fif, fir, fif, ."SK .'♦'. ^^ iSK iSK fi!', I Discounts for Early Orders! | ^ On all Cash Orders received Toefore ^ X January 1, 1903, we "will allow 2 ^ yovi a discount of 4 per cent ; Toefore ^ ^ ^ ^ April 1, 2 per cent. Send us a list ^ ^ of the goods you want and we will ^ J quote prices Toy return mail, ^ y^{ yk ^ Q. B. Lewis Company, Watertown, Wis. $ ^ Manufacturers of Bee=keepers' Supplies. ^ . W. WEBER, Successor to Chas. P. Muth and A. Muth. Central and Freeman Avenues. Oincinnatl, OhlO. Prompt service, lowest prices, with best shipping' facilities. B4rk,n. CiiM»lo ^* rifK) lbs. white sweet-scented clover, SIO; 100 lbs. White Dutch, $20 d66US Of I 100 lbs. yellow ifloil oz. Catnip seed, 10c LJf>|-| Avvrklsintd 100 lbs. Alfalfa clover, $12|l oz Rocky Mountain Bee-plant, 1.5c n Wl icy IJICII I lO [i(jo lbs. Alsike clover, $15:1 oz Eucalyptus seed, 20c • DE-VoTED • -.NdHoNEY- >^ •AND HOME,- ^ dlyTMEAll^OO'f Co. i2°ptRVtAR'^'\s) Medina-Ohio- Vol. XXX. NOV. 15, 1902. No. 22 Are the seasons changing-? Oct. 24 a number of bees were working- on red clover, and at least one on white clover; Oct. 25 we picked nearly a quart of larg-e ripe straw- berries that were fine; and now in the first of November roses are still in bloom, lilacs have put forth young leaves, and some of the lilac-blossoms are fully out. It seems to be the common belief that the new growth of white clover, although hav- ing abundance of bloom, never secretes honey. Is that correct? Does no seed re- sult from such bloom? Can we have an authoritative answer from our experiment stations or some one else? [I have also seen it stated that the new growth of white clo- ver does not yield nectar. If that is true, then we would naturally expect nectar next season if conditions are favorable. Yes, by all means let us hear from our experiment stations or from any one who can give us authoritative information. — Ed.] T. K. Massie, p. 907, advocates the ad- vantages of closed-end frames over loose hanging frames. A footnote adds, "All that you say of closed-end frames is equally true of the half-closed end or Hoff- man." Let me add, " All that you say of closed-end or half-closed end or Hofi^man is equally true of open-end frames when prop- erly self-spaced." [No, not quite. It is easier to handle closed-end or half-closed- end frames in groups of two, three, or four, or en masse, than it is to handle an equal number of metal-spaced frames like yours. The wood-spaced frames can be set down in a bunch leaning up against the hives, and they will cling- together. You may say that is not what yon want. Very likely. But some do prize it. I grant, however, that many things that we can do with the regular closed-end or Hoffman frames you can also do with your nail-spaced frames. —Ed.] After i had read aloud what A. I. Root wrote in last Gleanings, one of the women asked, " What do they stay in that cabin in the woods for? " I replied, I don't know." [Because they do not know whether North- ern Michigan will be their permanent sum- mer home. If the climate does not " wear out," if the potatoes and other crops turn out as they did the past summer — in short, if they like it, they will probably put up a more pretentious dwelling. But there is one thing about that small cabin — it is so small that my good mother does not have big rooms and large porches to keep clean. She won't have help; and as long as she won't, a small house gives her a chance to rest. — Ed.] I don't know for certain, Mr. Editor, just what your position is. Please tell us just what it is that bees prefer to old black comb, and for what purpose they prefer it. [When it comes to winter-nests, then the old comb has the preference, of course; but in my comment on page 884, and in my later reference to the same thing, page 888, I had in mind not so much the bees as the queen — that is to say, it was my observation that a queen preferred to lay in combs partly drawn out on foundation. In the comments to both, I see that I have not de- fined myself; but in view of what you say, perhaps I shall have to admit that the bees may have a preference for old black comb, even for storing. Mj'^ own mind is not quite clear in the matter. — Ed.] AlI'Alfa llavor is mentioned, p. 887, as being "so pronounced." I have always thought of it as being verj^ mild in fiavor, and on that account keep it for daily use in drinks. I know well what its flavor is, but am probabl}' mistaken in thinking that there are not other honeys much milder. What do you consider mildest, Mr. Editor? [Alfalfa flavor, while not so pronounced as that of basswood, yet to my taste is strong- er than that of ordinary white clover. We know this — that, when alfalfa is used for the bottling trade in some localities, in 932 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Nov. 15 place of white clover or basswood, objection is immediately raised that it is adulterated because it tastes different from honey they have been accustomed to; hence my advice to use a little alfalfa in with basswood or clover, and make a blend so that the trade will not cry "adulteration " when one kind of honey is short and another kind is used more largely in the blend to piece out. — • Ed.] I AM DELIGHTED to know that at last we are likely to be waked up as to phacelia. Mr. Cowan is the only one who mentions Phacelia tanacetifolia in last Gleanings, and I am confident that he is right about that being the forage-plant in question. I think, however, he is wrong in thinking the phacelia of the florists quite different, and producing an unappreciable quality of hon- ey. Years ago I had the phacelia of the florists, and, although only a few plants, they were eagerly visited by the bees. Not- withstanding Prof. Ball has found no rec- ord of it, there is abundant testimony as to the value of phacelia as a forage-plant in Europe. Let us hope for assistance from Washington. It just occurs to me that, years ago, Vick's catalog mentioned pha- celia as a bee-plant. I don't know whether this was tanacetifolia or not. " Be careful not to make the mistake of getting confectioners' sugar " for queen candy, p. 909. Please tell us, Mr. Editor, how we may be sure of getting the right kind. I have been so careful about it as to send to Medina to be sure to have nothing wrong; but how can they be sure at Medi- na? [In general, confectioners' sugar is brought to a finer state of pulverization than ordinary pulverized sugar. If you examine the former with a glass you will see besides the cane-sugar crystals something else, and that something else is starch. Pulverized sugar should show nothing but minute crys- tal cubes when examined with a glass of high magnifying power. But there is another way whereby you can detect the starch, and that is by the taste. If you can sometines get hold of some confection- ers' sugar and a sample of pulverized, taste one and then the other. You will then perceive a difference. There is, still, another dift'erence. Confectioners' sugar has more of a tendency to lump up. While fhe pulverized will do so to some extent, the •other will cling toge'ther in chunks that have a sort of flaky brittle feeling. You do not need to send to Medina for pulverized sugar. — Ed.] YOTJ ASK, Mr. Editor, p. 888, what will be the difference between a colony tinkered by shaking so it will not have any thought of swarming, and one not tinkered up that has never thought of swarming. I don't know precisely the diff'erence, but should say at a guess about 25 per cent. That is, the untinkered colony might store 25 per cent more than the other. Perhaps that estimate is too low — depends on the season. You ask why. I don't know, only I know that has been my experience over and over again. One thing that ought to make a material difference in most cases is that taking away all the brood by shaking takes away just so many future workers. All of that, however, has nothing to do with the fact that shaken swarms are far and away ahead of natural swarms. [But a colony that has not been tinkered with, and won't swarm when run for comb honey, is a rari- ty; so that, even if we did get the 25 per cent, it is so seldom that we do get such a colony that the 25 per cent does not cut very much of a figure. Our hope, then, is in the forced swarm. But you say that taking away all the brood by shaking takes away just so many future workers. It is not true that a great many return all\h& bees hatch- ed from the brood at a second drive to the original colony. If it can be done, then why shouldn't a forced swarm that has had two drives of bees be the equal of the un- tinkered colony that never thinks of swarm- ing?— Ed.] Temperature is a matter of immense importance, summer and winter; but don't you think you are carrying it a little too far, friend Gibbs, in drawing your conclu- sions, page 890? Take one instance. You say the brood-nest " is decreased in size when work is begun in the supers, simply because the temperature has been lowered in the brood-chamber,"' etc. That can hardly mean any thing else than that brood extends no further, because immediately above the circle of brood it is too cold. But heat rises, and it must be that it is warmer immediately over the top than at the bottom of the brood; so if the temperature controls, when the brood-nest shrinks it should shrink away from the lower part and move upward where it is warmer. How do you account for it that the brood-nest is kept near the entrance, in the coldest part of the brood-chamber? Do you really believe that, with the same temperature, an unprolific queen will lay as many eggs as a prolific one? You say, " It is a matter of tempera- ture when queens do or do not go up into supers to lay eggs." Take a case in which brood-chamber and supers are both cram- med full of bees, every thing closed but the entrance, and do you really believe it is colder up in the supers than at the place where the brood is nearest the entrance? And yet you know, and I know, that in ex- actly such cases the queen will have no thought of entering the supers. [Haven't you read more out of your first quotation than the actual words themselves permit? What Mr. Gibbs does mean, I think, is that comb-building in the supers requires comb-building temperature — as high as is required for actual egg-laying, for he lays considerable stress on the necessity of suffi- cient comb-building heat. But in order to get that heat it does not mean that the space above the brood would be cold, as you state. But the second quotation per- haps needs more modification, or, rather, I think Mr. Gibbs did not state exactly what 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 933 he meant; or if he did mean what he said, then his experience is diiTerent from yours and mine. — Ed.] I AM GLAD TO Skf:, Mr. Editor, that you are not entirely satisfied with the term " shook swarms," sug-gesting- in its place " forced swarms," p. 853. But there is the same objection to "forced" as to "artifi- cial " — it has for years been used to apply to other than shaken swarms. Now, why not use the right word, "shaken" ? The only objection is that, "to your mind" it does not suggest so strong an ag'itation as "shook." I sj'mpathize with you in that, for there are some cases in which the wrong- thing sounds better to me than the right thing. But you and I must not be guided in our use of words by what soun !s right to us, but by what we know is riglit. To thousands the use of the word " shook '• for "shaken " if exceedingly offensive, and let me assure you that "shaken" has in it just as many and as hard shakes as "shook," however it may now sound to you. Do you know of any other term that will tell exactly what is meant so well as " sha- ken swarms "? [But the qualifying adjec- tive shaken is too narrow. " Artificial swarming" is an old term, as you say, com- monly used for uniting; but the phrase "forced swarming" has been used to a very limited extent, but not enough, I think, to bar it from the kind of swarms we have been speaking about. I very much question whether the average forced swarms have been shaken. I find from my correspon- dence that a great number prefer brushing. Then there is quite a following who neither brush nor shake, but who cause the bees to rush down from the upper hive by smoking, on the Coggshall plan of flopping a cloth. I still think we must have a general word; and if my brother-editors will help I will do all I can to introduce the term " forced swarming" to cover all kinds of artificial swarming of bees, not covered by the term uniting. — Ed.] Another cedar in God's garden falls Amid the brambles and the weeds ; A life of threescore years and ten Has closed, made up of loving deeds. \«/ The November issue of the Bee-keeper'' s Review is a fine one in every respect. The general subject discussed in it will be seen by referring to the editorials in this issue of Gleanings. One of the very greatest improvements Mr. Hutchinson ever put on his paper is to have the type set by ma- chine, as are our daily papers. GAZETTE APICOLE. A writer in the Gazette Apicole, in speak- ing of immunity from bee-stings, says an inquiry was made in 1898 by Dr. Lange in reference to certain persons being able to become indifferent to them. He gives the following results: Of 170 persons consulted, 144 were immune and 26 could not aci^uire immunity. Among the first, some became immune after 30 stings, others only after 100. Some persons are so naturally. Dr. Lange has been directing his efforts toward rendering beginners immune to stings, as the}', from the nature of the case, suffer most. It is found that pertnanganate of potash will render the poison harmless. The difficulty, however, is in applying it to the poison, which, by the time a remedy can be found, is coursing its way in the blood. A few cases are given showing the effect of stings on persons of different con- stitutions, in France. A man 35 years old, stung by bees, was obliged to take to his bed for a day, his teinperature being 101. There was a loss of appetite; aversion to drink, and sleep- lessness. Another person, 25 years old, immediately after being stung fell into a comatose con- dition, with temporary loss of memory. Another one, 32 years old, had a fever, with a temperature of 105. Another man, 29 years old, after being- stung, suffered a loss of appetite; had nau- sea, diarrhea, with slight delirium. Another person, 27 years old, after being stung had a fever bringing his temperature up to 102, accompanied with vomiting, loss of appetite, extreme excitement, nightmare, and other bad symptoms. The writer quoted says these cases show that the action of bee-poison acts principally on the nerve-centers, owing to a peculiar toxine the existence of which is not doubt- ed, and which acts more or less strongly according to the constitution of the patient. Certain persons are so affected by stings as to shudder at the thought of them, this causing them to avoid hives. He says he saw one peculiar case, that of a man 27 years old. After recovering from the effect of some stings he said he could never again pass in front of a hive, and the thought of doing so caused him to turn pale and trem- ble. He saw this man later, and he admit- ted he had been obliged to get rid of his hives, as he could not get over the fear which came over him whenever he saw a bee. Stings are more serious on children, the effects being more prolonged, abscesses sometimes forming. When the bee leaves its sting, much if not most of the poison is still in the sac, not having been injected into the blood. If the person stung would be careful to pinch the skin tightly, if possi- ble, below the sac, thus forcing the poison out, much trouble would be averted. But when one is stung he is very apt to give the injured part a severe brush or perhaps a blow, thus forcing the poison in deeper and deeper. 934 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Nov. IS SUB-EARTH VENTILATION. "Good morning, Mr. Doolittle. Little frosty this morning'. Makes one think about getting the bees into winter quar- ters." "Yes, it is quite cold this morning; but as it is still October, we shall hardly think of putting the bees in the cellar for three or four weeks yet. You did not think of put- ting yours in the cellar quite yet, did you, Mr. Brown?" "No, I suppose not; but I came over to have a little talk with you about ventila- tion, and especially sub-earth ventilation. I was talking yesterday with an old bee- keeper, and he said that, when he used to winter bees in the cellar, some fifteen or twenty years ago, he used sub-earth venti- lation with success, and advised me to do the same. But I am puzzled to know how I am to secure this in my cellar, which is on a level lot. The cellar in which I wish to winter my bees is very damp, and the building-site is on a very level piece of land. Can I get a current of air to enter the cellar by laying six-inch tile on a down- hill plan, and sink a hole five or six feet square at the outlet of this tiling? " " The only difficulty I see in your pro- posed plan would be from a lack of drain- age. What will there be to hinder water filling this hole whenever we have a wet spell during winter, whenever it rains or when it becomes warm enough to melt the snow? " " I had not thought of this. Do you think it would be apt to interfere materially with the plan? " " I do. Unless some means is provided to do away with this water it will be apt to come into the hole so as to cover the end of the tiling just at a time or the times when your sub-earth ventilation would be of the most necessity, if it were ever such, for the welfare of the bees. Then you w^ould also have to provide some means to keep the snow from filling the hole every time the wind drifted it, as well as when it fell. This could be done with little diffi- culty as compared with keeping the hole free from water during wet spells." " Do you think the plan would work all right, barring the trouble from snow and water? " " No. There is another thing which you probably have not thought about. A sub- earth ventilator will not work unless you have some means for the warm air to es- cape from the top of the cellar or room con- taining the bees. And, even with a ventila- tor at the top to let the warm air out, air will not circulate to any extent during a time when the temperature outside is the same as or warmer than that inside; and such times as these are just when you need fresh air in j'our cellar, if fresh air is real- ly necessary', by special means, in a cellar for bees. ' ' " Is there no way of overcoming this? " " It is possible to do this, I believe, to some extent by so arranging that a pipe can go from near the bottom of your cellar up into the pipe from the stove which you have a fire in every day. In this way you can be sure of a draft which will change the air in your cellar any day during the winter, no matter how warm or how cold." "But would not this ventilate too much at times when it is very cold outside? " " It would be likely to do this; and to overcome this part you should have some means for regulating the amount of air that is to pass through, from the full amount to none at all. This can be done with some- thing along the line of a " damper," simi- lar to those used in stoves and pipes." " How deep should this sub-earth ventila- tor be laid in the ground? " " Deep enough so as to be low where frost will ever touch it. This will depend much on whether the surface of the ground is likely to be protected with leaves or snow. If so protected, two feet will be deep enough; but if in a bleak place where the winter winds have full sweep over the ground, from three to four feet will be nec- essary." " Then how long should it be? " " From 100 to 150 feet, or long enough so that a below-zero air entering at the outer end may be heated to near the temperature of the cellar on entering the same, thus not causing a chill over the cellar when it en- ters." " I think I understand. But why did you hint once or twice along in our talk that this sub-earth ventilation might not be really necessary? The old bee-keeper I talked with was sure no cellar was proper- ly fitted for wintering bees without it." " I have no doubt he thought a sub-earth ventilator was really necessary. But allow me to whisper a word or two. After you have tried this sub-earth ventilator, ar- ranged as you propose, and improved by all of the suggestions we have here talked about, for a winter or two, turning the reg- ulator in the pipe from one to twenty times a day, you will soon find yourself turning it off or shut most of the time; and finally, unless I am greatly mistaken, 3'ou will leave it shut altogether; for all of my ex- perience goes to prove that, where any cel- lar is so arranged that the temperature can be kept between 43 and 48 degrees Fahr., we need have no fears from dampness or bad air." "What! you don't pretend to say that all special ventilation is unnecessary? " "I was fully as enthusiastic over venti- lation of all kinds for bee-cellars as it is possible for any one to be, and spent lots of 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 935 time and money in perfecting- them, and still more time in looking after them, even getting up nights during extreme weather to attend to them, until through force of cir- cumstances during one fearful storm, all were left closed for a week, at the end of which I found the bees in the best condition I had ever known them to be. This caused me to keep the ventilators closed more and more, till finally, when remodeling my bee- cellar some fifteen years ago, all ventilation by special means was disregarded, since which my bees have wintered better than ever before, and all of the harrassing work with ventilators has been turned into more comfortable employment which has paid me in two ways — first, by that accruing from my work at other things, but more largely by the more perfect wintering of the bees, with a less consumption of honey. But I have an appointment to meet at 10 o'clock this morning. It is now 9:45, and so I must be getting ready."' " But I shall not dare try my bees with no provisions for ventilation save that which would naturally come into the cellar.*' " I would say to you as I have to many others, where any person has fears in this matter the proper way is for him to test the thing till he is satisfied." This issue is largely editorial. We will give our contributors more of a show next time. "The flavor and grain of honey are great- ly improved," says the editor of the Review, "by waiting until the honey begins to gran- ulate, then stir it up and draw it ofl^ into retail packages." In this issue we have given considerable space to the subject of organization and co- operation for the purpose of maintaining or getting better prices on honey than now prevail. This is a subject that will bear much thought, and our columns are open for its further consideration. The Chicago convention will be held Dec. 3 and 4. There are indications that this will be a very large meeting. Already some of the most extensive and influential bee-keepers have promised to be in atten- dance, and it is confidently expected that this convention will be as large as some of the conventions of the National — yes, pos- sibly larger than some of them. Chicago is a good meeting-point, and always has the reputation of having good conventions. "It is expected," says Mr. York," that all the railroads centering in Chicago will ofter excursion rates at that time, on account of the National Live-stock Exposition." Those interested should ask their nearest railroad ticket agent somewhere about Nov. 25. The editor of the Review advises against putting exhibits of bee supplies in the same room in which a convention may be held, because it divides the attention, and groups of bee-keepers will be persistently gather- ing about the exhibition talking in an un- dertone, very greatly disturbing the gener- al discussions that may be going on during the sessions of the convention. I agree with Bro. Hutchinson. A hint to those who are getting up conventions will not be amiss. DEATH OF DR. A. B. MASON. On Oct. 30, Dr. A. B. Mason, Secretary of the National Bee-keepers' Association, was severely burned about the face and hands by a natural-gas explosion. His son reported that he was a "very sick man" and "very weak and exhausted from the nervous shock and pain, ' ' and yet at the time his son Ellis wrote (Nov. 4) he was gaining slightly. Since writing the foregoing, and just as we were going to press, we learn that the good doctor is no more. His daughter-in- law writes as follows: Dear Mr. Root:— Yonr letter to father, written the 11th, came to us this morning, but too late for him to know any thing about it. He died this morning, at 7:55, after a long night of suffering The nervous shock of his recent injury proved to be greater than he could bear. He will be buried on Friday afternoon, the services to be held at the home. Thanking you for the messages of regard sent to the family, in father's letter, I remain your friend, Toledo, C, Nov. 12. Mrs. Ellis Mason. The Association, of which the doctor was a most active worker, has lost a valued of- ficer and an active member. Personally I feel that a very dear friend has gone, and I can not quite bring myself to believe that the one whom we have all known so well and favorably will not be with us any more to offer us his wise counsels and gen- ial smiles. Every one who has attended the National conventions will remember that he (with that other doctor (Dr. Miller) was the soul and wit of the meetings. Dr. Mason's biography will be placed before our readers in our next issue. FOUL-BROOD INSPECTOR FOR MICHIGAN. Mk. John M. Rankin, a student at the Michigan Agricultural College, has resign- ed his position as State Inspector of Apia- ries to accept another position at a better salary, and for work the year round, at the sugar-factory at Wyandot, Mich. Mr. Ran- kin is a young man of splendid ability, es- pecially in the line of science. He filled the position of Inspector in a manner emi- nently satisfactorj' to the bee-keepers of Michigan. Though he retires from that position, another man, Mr. W. Z. Hutchin- son, editor of the Bee-keepers^ Review, has 936 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Nov, 15 been appointed to fill his place, and I be- lieve has now already begun the duties of his office. These duties will not necessari- ly interfere with the work of publishing the. Review, and all together the appointment is a most happy one. It is presumed that no one is more interested in bee-keeping in his State than our friend W. Z. ; and, be- ing editor of a bee journal, he will be able to disseminate information regarding foul brood, from a large experience that he will acquire, that will be not only of value to the bee-keepers of his State but the whole United States. IDAHO FOR YOUNG MEN. In the Industrial and Oil Review for Oct. 18 appears an article from Mr. Wm. Allen White, a well-known writer who has trav- eled extensively over the West, and who was a pioneer in the early days of the Crip- ple Creek district of Colorado. At that time he made a prediction regarding that portion of the State, which has been liter- ally fulfilled in later years. The same writer now says, concerning Idaho: " Idaho is to-day the State of greatest opportunity for young men. It has been my misfortune to have been knocking around in the West during the fore part of the present year looking for health, and I have been in every Western State and Territory but Montana and Nevada, and it seems to me that there is no other State in the Union that offers the opportunity for young men that is oifered in Idaho. ■' This State is a young man's State. Horace Gree- ley's advice, • Go West, young man,' is not good advice to-day unless it be amended to read. ' Go to Idaho, young man.' In nearly every other .State in the Union the conditions are settled. The country is developed. Here it is all neve. The mines are not made. The water is not stored. The farms are not opened. The towns have hardly been started that will spring up in this State in the next twenty years. Idaho is to-day where Colorado was twenty j'ears ago, and Kansas was just after the war. The undeveloped resources of this State are amazing to one who is used to seeing things running vip to their limit." Gleanings has no desire to boom any lo- cality, province, or State, for speculative reasons ; but considering the fact that so much of our country is overcrowded and overpopulated I deem it a real favor to our subscribers to point out certain States where they can take beeswithout encroach- ing upon the rights of other bee-keepers, and there are many portions of Idaho unde- veloped. Mr. White has confirmed a great deal that I have said in these columns concern- ing Idaho. But let me urge, as I have al- ready done, that, if any one desires to re- move from his present location, he should make a trip, going himself alone, and look over the various fields. Better stay awhile and hire out for a few months to see wheth- er you like the locality; then when you size things up pretty thoroughly you will be in position to decide whether you can move your family. NOMINATIONS FOR THE OFFICE OF GEN- ERAL MANAGER. In our last issue, in referring to this matter I did not know then that Mr. E, T. Abbott, of St. Joseph, Mo., had been an- nounced as a candidate for General Man- ager or I should have mentioned his name in connection. The fact was, Mr. Herman F. Moore, in the American Bee Journal, some time ago, put in nomination the names of Mr. E. T. Abbott, Mr. C. P. Dadant, and Mr. R. L. Taylor as suitable persons for the office in question. I had learned, throujih private sources, that both Mr. Dadant and Mr. Taylor refused to make the run, but at that time I was not aware that the name of Mr. Abbott had been announced with theirs in the first place. The fact is, my time has been so taken up in the final preparation of the new edition of our ABC book, and getting out our catalog for 1903, that I have had little or no time to look over our ex- changes of late, and consequently overlook- ed the name of Mr. Abbott. I hereby stand corrected and offer him my apologies. Mr. Dadant and Mr. Taylor having withdrawn their names, Mr. A. still remains with Mr. France. While still believing, as stated in our last issue, that some one should be selected for General Manager (whether it be Mr. France or some equally good man, I care not who) who has been in no way connect- ed with the recent Association complica- tions, I will say that, if Mr. Abbott should receive a majority of votes at the coming election. Gleanings will do all it can to make his administration a success. Our readers would, perhaps, like to know whether Mr. Eugene Secor will be a candidate for the office of General Mana- ger. In a letter recently received from him he says, "It has been my intention all along, and still is, to step out at the end of the year. My annual report will so state." THE AMOUNT OF HONEY ANNUALLY PRO- DUCED IN THE UNITED STATES AND IN CUBA. At the Philadelphia convention of the National Bee-keepers' Association a few years ago I gave a set of figures going to show the approximate amount of honey an- nually produced in the United States. This estimate was based on the number of sec- tion boxes made and sold by all the manu- facturers in the United States, for during that year we learned the entire output. Then the amount of goods sold in various parts of the country would also give some- thing of an idea of the amount of extracted honey produced. Well, this estimate, with- out going into details as to how the results were arrived at, show that there was 50,000,000 lbs. of comb honey and 100,000,000 lbs. of extracted, or a total of 150,000,000 lbs. all told. The actual valuation of this, conservatively figured, would be about $10,000,000. In answer to a correspondent in our issue for Feb. 15, page 155, I repeat- ed these figures, and the editor of the Pa- cific Bee Journal compared them with the United States census report of the annual honey crop. He has prepared a new set of figures by putting them in such a shape 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 937 that they will be more easil}' understood. According" to his way of fig-uring:, my esti- mate of 150,000,000 lbs. of honey would make 700u carloads. The United States census report on the same basis would make 6667 carloads, or only 333 less than my estimate. These figures are significant when we come to consider the fact that they were arrived at through totally different and independent sources —significant be- cause they are so close together. But my estimate, as made three years ago, was figured on a very conservative basis; and ihe United States census report of 18^9 probabljr did not take account of all the honey produced. In that, as our readers know, I have questioned the accuracy of the report. But either way we figure it, both estimates are under the actual output of honey in the United States at the present time. I think we should be safe in conclud- ing that we may estimate that the actual product of this country is not far from 10,000 carloads. This seems like an enor- mous amount of hone}'; but if one will go through some of the large supply-manufac- tories of this country, and look over their order-books, he will have no occasion to doubt these figures. The general public is dazed when it tries to take account of them, and therefore con- cludes that so much honey could not be hon- estly produced from the hive, and that, therefore, it is largely glucosed. It is evi- dent that we ought to enter on a campaign of education. As Dr. Miller suggested in his address before the Denver convention, the National Bee-keepers' Association should find means for educating the public to the actual facts of the honey business — how the honey is produced, and the proba- ble annual product. Referring again to Mr. Bennett's recloth- ing of the United States census report, we copy from the Pacific Bee Journal his fig- ures by States. They read as follows: The United States Honey Report of 1899 shows Cal- ifornia p oduces 170 cars of honey; Texas, 220 cars (marketed mostly at home); New York, 160 cars; Mis- souri, HO cars; Iowa 120 cars; Kentucky, 180 cars; Illinois, 135 cars; Ohio, 85 cars; Colorado, 81 cars; Ar- kansas, 65 cars. I have figured out the carlo ids at 22,000 pounds to the car. This makes 26,000-pound cars, leaving 4000 as weight of cases THE HONEY RESOURCES OF CUBA. It will be interesting to know that Cuba is now turning out something like 200 car- loads of honey every year, notwithstanding only a very small portion of its bee locations are utilized, especially by modern bee-keep- ers. We learn from official sources that we consider reliable that the annual product of honey inCuba is asstated above. WhatCuba could do easily if its territory were taken up with modern bee-keeping, with its long seasons of honey-flow, no one can estimate. It is not too much to suppose that it could produce in the neighborhood of 500 car- loads. California has put out in one sea- son an amount equal to this. But proba- bly Cuba has better and more extended honey resources than any other province, state, or island, on this hemisphere; and I should not be at all surprised if her annual product ten years hence — well, I dare not estimate. Some of the local bee-keepers of Cuba might give me a good thrashing if I ever set foot on their fair island, so I will leave the reader to guess. PROF. COOK ON PEAR-BLIGHT ; ITS CAUSE AND CURE. When I visited the bee-keepers in the pear-blight district of Hanford, California. I looked over the situation as a representa- tive and officer of the National Bee-keepers* Association, and I became convinced that the bee-keepers of that section had a grave problem to deal with. Profs. Pierce and Waite had both decided that the bees were responsible for spreading the blight from tree to tree, or at least had a part in it. The pear-growers in and about Hanford were in no good mood toward the bee-keep- ers. They threatened poison, and threat- ened to bring suit for damages, etc. As an officer of the Association I recommended a truce and a suspension of hostilities, dur- ing which the bee-keepers should remove the bees for experiment from a district where the blight was raging the worst. This was done. In the mean time I sug- gested that Profs. Cook and Gillette might possibly be interested in looking into the matter, and give their opinion of the situa- tion. Well, in the Ainerican Bee Journal for Oct. 16 appears an interesting article from our friend, and he gives it as his own opinion that the bees are guilty as charged. He says: Prof. Waite, of the Department of Agriculture — the same who did such admirable work proving that bees were a necessity in the orchard - has now done equal- ly valuable work in showing that our bees a .so are chief agents in spreading pear-blight. Prof. Waite has proved this beyond any question. He shows that the microorganisms which cause pear-blight can live only in a liquid or semi-liquid medium. They there- fore reach only to the outside of the plant when car- ried by some secretion or exudation of the same. The bacteriologist has only to visit the plant with a pin- prick, and then in.sert the same pin into another plant to carry the disease. The tip of the stigma bears the sticky secretion whose natural function is to catch and hold the pollen. This liquid, or semi liquid, also dom- iciles the microbes. The bee in quest of nectar touches the stigma and bears away some of the liquid with the microbes, as it does also the pollen-grains. It then hies away to other blossoms, possibly on other trees. Here it leaves not only the pollen but also some of the bacteria. Thus the inoculation is as cer- tain as in case of the pin prick. Again, the tender buds are protected by the thin film of liquid resin, which also attracts the bee, as it is here that it gets its propolis or bee-glue. Without doubt the microbes are also in this semi-liquid secre- tion; and as the bee flics to other buds for more of the resinous secretion, the inoculation is again performed, and so we understand how pear-blight spreads in the nursery-rows, and how young trees which have never blossomed may die of the blight. This, coming from our own Prof. Cook, who has always been a friend of the bee, and who, it is presumed, would be glad to exonerate them from the serious charge if he could in all honor and honesty, to say the least is unpleasant reading. But if it is the truth, we must not conceal it nor shirk our fair share of responsibility. But Prof. Cook does not believe that the removal 938 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Nov, 1 of the bees from the infected district would also do away with the spread of the blight, for he says: It ouly remains to be said that the moving of bees from any section, while it will work terrible mischief in preventing pollination, will probably avail not at all to lessen the pear-blight. We must rememlaer while it takes thousands of visits of insects to polli- nate the flowers of a single tree properly, less than a score are necessary to inoculate a tree thoroughly with this blight virus. There are always enough insects other than bees, not to speak of the unowned bees in rock, crevice, hollow trees, walls of houses, or even in holes in the ground, to spread the virus of the blight so abundantly that we can never hope to prevent the spread of disease by keeping the insect away. On the other hand, in case of a large orchard, where thou- sands of trees are often gathered in one block, it is utterly impossible to secure thorough pollination ex- cept we have apiaries in the near vicinity. I have known several cases of bees working in holes in the ground the present year. .Such would seem very poor hives. Have others noticed this ? The question naturally arises, then, "If the local bee-keepers of Hanford and other infected districts can not by any procedure abate the nuisance, what is there to be done?" If the pear-blig-ht would come any- how without the bees, if it would spread from tree to tree by the agency of other insects, although not nearly so numerous, what pos- sible good can come from persecuting the bee-keeper? Even if it be admitted that the bees themselves are almost the sole means for the transmission of the disease, then there is the stubborn fact that there are many colonies of bees in the rocks and caves that are what would be called in law fercr naturo', or animals out of the juris- diction of man, and therefore man can not be held responsible for the depredations that they may commit. Prof. Cook, in the first quotation above given, suggests or points out a reason why young nursery stock that has never bloomed should be blighted. The virus found in the semi-liquid resinous secretion, he says, would be visited by the bees, and therefore the bees wotild help spread the disease. Right here, it seems to me, we lack proof. I carefully qtiestioned the bee-keepers and pear-men in the vicinitj'; and so far as I can remember no one was prepared to say that bees were ever found on these young shoots — that they never saw them, in fact, except when the trees were in bloom. It was admitted, however, that ants and other insects would crawl all over them. For that reason I can not think that the bees are proven guilty as charged by Professor Cook. If it be true that other insects spread the blight on young nursery stock, it only goes to prove Prof. Cook's other statement, that the removal of the bees controlled by man would not abate the nuisance. If bees do not visit the small trees, and such young stock is blighted just as badly as the old trees, it goes to show very clearly that the same agency that scatters the disease on young trees (insects, not bees) can and does scatter it on the old trees. Prof. Cook offers several remedies for the cure of pear-blight. He says further: The most potent fungicide, or bacteriacide, yet dis- covered is the Bordeaux mixture, which consists of water holding in solution lime and copper sulphate. The formula I usually give is one easy to remember: 4-4-15. This is easily made as follows: Four pounds of fresh quick-lime are slaked, put in a bag, and hung in enough water to dissolve it. The copper sulphate is dissolved in the same way in oth- er water. When dissolved they are placed together and enough water added to make forty-five gallons. This is a quick cure for manv blights. It does not, however, prove effective against pear-blight. We can easily see why. The germs remain inside, almost en- tireU', and so are not reached by the liquid. The second remedy for blight is the only one, which, so far as we now know, will aid us in combating this terrible disease of the pear and loquat. It is to prune and pull and burn. In ca,se of pear and loquat blight we watch for the withered leaves, which are apt to appear soon after the resinous buds attract the bees or the flowers open their showy petals, and cut them off a generous distance below the blight as toon as they appear— the sooner the better. If we have been so vigilant as to discover the trouble at the first onset, before the microbes are carried far from the bloom, we shall have stopped the blight entirely. It is safe, in case we use our pruning-knife or shears, more than once, to disinfect them before each successive cut, bv dipping in a dilute solution of carbolic acid. I hope and expect to save my pear and loquat trees by care- ful attention to this method. The tomato of Califor- nia suffers severely from a blight. Great watchful- ness and careful pulling of any vine as soon as the blighted leaves make any show, will frequently stop the blight at once, and save nearly all our vines. Another method that is sometimes very successful in treating blight is to change the locality of the plant. The melons in some parts of California are grievously injured by bacteria that work in the crown and upper roots, causing them to rot. If we go but a short distance from where the blight destroyed the previous year and plant our vines we often will es- cape entirely; whereas, if we had planted on the old ground we might have lost all our plants. We know the second remedy is good. In- deed, the largest pear-grower in the region of Hanford told me he did not believe in at- tributing all the mischief to the bees. He was fair enough to say that, in his opinion, the pear-growers themselves were very much to blame. They had allowed the blight to remain on the infected trees with- out taking any care of it. If all the grow- ers had been careful to prune it out at the very start, he believed it might have been held in check. And this reminds me that the large pear- growers are not the fellows who are howl- ing " blood and thunder," "poison," and "suits for damages." It is the little fel- lows who have been making the noise. ORGANIZATION AND CO-OPERATION. Much is being said on this most impor- tant subject, especially in the Atnerican Bee-keeper and the Bee-keeper'' s Review. The editors of those papers, while admit- ting that perfection has nearly been reach- ed in bee-keeping appliances and methods for producing honey, very properly ask, What are all these with a poor market, or, what is still worse, bee-keepers with all their knowledge of how to get the honey competing against each other and slaugh- tering prices? It has been suggested that this is a matter that the National Bee- keepers' Association should take up, locate warehouses, with permanent officers, in va- rious parts of the country, so that the mem- bers could ship their product to such ware- houses with a reasonable assurance that it could be held till sold at the best price ob- tainable. Much has been accomplished by 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 939 org-anization and co-operatiou in some lo- calities, notably in Colorado, where, in- deed, the bee-keepers have been able to corner the market on their product. The bee-keepers of California have been R-rappling- with this problem, but have not been as successful as their Colorado breth- ren. So far no efl'ective plan has ever ma- terialized by which the product of the poor man as well as that of the one better fixed financially, outside of Colorado and Cen- tral New York, can be handled and dis- posed of at the best price obtainable. Under present conditions the poor man must mar- ket his product as soon as he gets it off the hive, and with the natural result that he sells it to the first buyer who comes along-, at a price that is ruinous to the market g-enerally. There is no need of his selling- at such fig-ures, but he has no means of knowing- whether he would g-et a better l)rice by holding-; and even if he had such means at his command it is possible he would have to sell at once at a sacrifice in order to be able to get the ready cash. But the bee-keeper who has hundreds and pos- sibly thousands of colonies, and who has a bank account, can afford to hold his honey until the market rises; but when all the small bee-keepers sell all around him at ruinous prices he may have to wait months and months for the market to seek its prop er level again, with the possibility that it may never rise above the low-water mark. The uncertainty of what the market will be puts our more affluent friend in position where he maj' feel disposed to sell his honey at a sacrifice, even after he has held it for two or three months — possiblj^ longer. These, in fact, are the conditions that prevail at present, and both of my brother- editors show very clearly the urgent neces- sit}% both of organization and co-operatiou. If, in fact, the bee-keepers of Colorado can organize and thus secure better prices for their honey, why should not we, the bee- keepers of the United States, in a larger way carry out the same principle, and thus see that the bee-keeper, whether rich or poor, is protected from the buyer who is anxious to get the lowest price possible, or the commission man, who is not over-zeal- ous to carry out the principles of the golden rule? Whether or not the National Bee-keepers' Association should establish warehouses at various points is a question. The Associa- tion as now organized could not very well undertake a work of this kind; and it is doubtful in my mind whether it should do so; but it might work in harmony with another organization kindred to it. F^or example, the bee-keepers of Colorado have what is called the Colorado State Bee-keep- ers' Association — an organization that has for its object the holding of conventions at certain seasons of the year. Then they have also another allied to the first one, known as the Colorado Honey-producers' Association, which has for its object the receiving of the crop of the members and placing it on the market to be sold when the market reaches its highest notch in the mind of an expert employed by the Associa- tion. I remember it has happened several times that a buyer has gone through Colorado attempting to break down the market es- tablished by the Association. In vain did he try to get honey at less than the ruling prices; for so well were the Colorado bee- keepers organized that he went back home almost empty-handed, and finally had to pay the price simply because the bee-keep- ers of Colorado were so well organized that one central head controlled the price de- manded, and, of course, obtained it — not only for one man's crop, but for all the members who put their honey into the hands of the central organization. It is possible, then, that the National Bee-keepers' Association might be affiliated with and indirectly connected with anoth- er organization which could take care of the commercial interests of bee-keepers, the same to receive their crops, properly grade them, and then dispose of the product after the market has been cornered, at a price that is not exorbitant, but which would give bee-keepers a fair living profit on the investment. While I do not feel extremely hopeful that one central organization, national in its character, will be able to control prices, yet Gleanings is willing to do any thing it can to help along any thing in that direc- tion that promises success; and I join hands with my brother-editors, and wish to assure them that I stand ready to co-operate and help along any feasible and businesslike scheme. colorado convention report, contin- up:d from last issue ; presi- dent's ADDRESS. Pres. Hutchinson showed that modern bee culture had advanced by distinct stages. The Langstroth invention laid bare the secrets of the hive. Next followed the me- chanical stage in which were brought forth hives, smokers, sections, comb foundation, and the extractor, along with minor me- chanical improvements like the bee-escape. Next on the list was the methodical stage, or the development of methods and S3^stems of management. Some of the present meth- ods would certainly be improved upon ; but he thought it was doubtful if bee-keepers would secure their crops with much less labor. But the improved methods had called for greater skill, and greater skill requires specialists. Bee-keeping- had become a dis- tinct branch of agriculture, and was large- ly in the hands of the specialists who own- ed and operated hundreds and perhaps thousands of colonies. The next stage of development he thoug^ht would be org-anization and co-operation. An industr^^ without an organization was practically helpless. Organization had saved the fruit industry of California, and right in Colorado bee-keeping would have 940 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Nov. 15 been robbed of its commercial charm had not organization come to the rescue. In connection with org^anization he would es- tablish depots and gather statistics. While honey might not ever be higher in price it would be produced at less cost. In con- cluding he said, "Let us not rest until ev- ery bee-keeper from ocean to ocean has rallied under its banner, and all can co- operate as the members of one great fam- ily." On the afternoon of the same day two pa- pers were read; and as they were some- thing on the same line of thought I give them here. The first was by Mr. C. A. Hatch, on the subject of "Reporting the Honey Crop; When and How it should be Done." Mr. Hatch began by saying that statistics were used for two purposes: To furnish general information as to a business or call- ing, for the purpose of educating the pub- lic. Second, to give useful information to those connected with the trade for commer- cial purposes only. This last did not need to be as elaborate and as exhaustive as the first named, and could be confined to a much shorter period of time, just at a time when the crop was being harvested. In looking over the field from Maine to Cali- fornia he estimated that most, if not all, the white honey of the country was produced during June and July. He argued, there- fore, if we had a report for two months we should have one for the white-honey crop. There was no one who could furnish these statistical facts so well as the bee-men themselves; and where there was an organ- ization, the information should be transmit- ted through the local society, to one nation- al in its character, the last named through its secretary to give out a summary each month to all the bee-keepers, showing the ton product of the current year and the year before. For example, Colorado might pro- duce 200 tons in June of the current year, while in the year before it might produce only 175 tons; Wisconsin 150 tons in the current year, previous year 200 tons. This kind of report was all that the buyer or sell- er would need, and the prices could be gauged accordingly. To know what the crop was this year was of little importance unless we also knew what the same terri- tory produced the last or preceding season. As to the expense, the one benefited ought in justice to foot the bill; but as that might be hard to adjust, he thought the larger or National Association should assume the cost. This society had most of the large producers as members. They could report for the smaller ones, and through the medi- um of postal cards information could be sent to one central head, where it could be sifted, condensed, and sent to the public. Mr. Frank Rauchfuss, Secretary of the Colorado Honey-producers' Association, re- sponded very briefly. So far, he said, there had been no way of getting informa- tion of the general honey crop of the country except through the bee journals, and even they had not the facilities they ought to have. As a rule, the buyer was better posted as to the actual product in the country than the producer. Buyer could go through a given locality and size up the situation — something that the average pro- ducer could not do. He therefore had him, to a certain extent, at his mercy. He went on to outline how the Association he repre- sented for Colorado had secured statistical reports, and from the information at hand had been able to decide what the market price on their goods should be. If all the important honey States were similarly or- ganized, such States could send in their re- ports to an organization like the National Bee-keepers' Association, and it, in turn, after the reports had been sifted, place the information before the bee-keepers, and buyers of the entire United States. He thought it was possible the government might be prevailed upon to do something in the matter; or it might co-operate with an aggregation of State societies. Their own State organization had sent out 400 blanks to be filled out during the past season. These were returned, and were of immense importance in determining the scarcity of honey for Colorado during the past year, and the price that should be named for the goods. FORCED SWARMS. Have They the Energy of Natural Swarms? the Use and Abuse of Foundation for Forced Swarms ; Drone Comb, when Built; When to "Make" Swarms. BY R, C. AIKIN. I have been reading all I find on the sub- ject of forced swarms, and now will give my opinion. However, let me first say in regard to the name, why say shook or brushed or jounced, or any thing but sim- ply yb;r^^/.^ It matters not by what method the bees are gotten from the parent hive. Besides the above methods, they may be and often are driven, but always are a forced swarm. That forced swarming is practical I fully believe, and this will not be the first and only time I have put myself on record as favoring such practice, though I do not take time to hunt up the times and places I have advocated this doctrine. During all my apicultural life I have practiced trying to prevent swarming; and if over 25 years of eft'ort in that line will not give a man some ideas on the subject he must be dull indeed. I will confess that forced swarming has not been practiced by me as a set rule or method; but that I have made very many such swarms, no one can dispute. I sup- pose there has scarcely been a 3'ear for the past 25 when I have not made some foiced swarms — some years very few, and others quite a good many. My aim has always been to have very strong colonies for surplus work, and such practice gets the colonies into such a condition that they want to 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 941 swarm. To prevent swarming- I have re- sorted to some pretty radical measures, such as taking- away brood and leaving dry or broodless combs; shaking the bees from strong colonies into weak ones; unqueening- and other plans, and sometimes hiving- on starters. I say I have never had a set rule to make forced swarms, for there are rarely any two years alike, and some- times swarming- can be controlled with but littletrouble by some more simple procedure. This year I had planned to make forced swarms of a hundred or more colonies by tak- ing away all their brood and honey, taking- all combs and giving starters. I thought to let them work as long as they would without swarming ; but when they commenced swarming-, make the change. Well, either two or three swarms issued from about 125 colonies. That ended swarming, but I did change the most of them to starters. Usually I have managed most of my stock on movable combs to have fair control of swarming without making- a complete change, but I am constantly getting bees in boxes, or in regular hives with crooked combs, and worse off than if in plain boxes; and these it has been my custom to drive and hive as swarms, often putting two or three of these forced swarms into one when they were small, and thus it comes that I have had quite a little experience along these lines; yet I can not say I have made the practice a regular system. The question has often been raised as to whether these forced swarms work with the same vigor as do natural ones — a question that is perfectly proper. My reply is, that forced swarms made without intelligence, and in a haphazard way, will not work with the same vigor as the natural swarm, yet may be made to come very close to it. Much depends on conditions. A swarm made just at the beginning of a honey- flow, when every bee is fresh and full of vim, will, when they get to the fields and find nectar, get down to business ; and, once started, will put in their best licks. The natural swarm has gone out of its own ac- cord, and clustered, and the hiving does not bring about any unnatural condition, and they proceed to work. Make a forced swai m from a colony in prime or good condition; and, if hived comfortably and in a suitable place to work, there is very little difference from the natural way. Every natural swarm loses time when it swarms, so does the forced one. Admit that the force method will not be attended with quite the same vigor, which is true, yet this fact remains: That the mas- ter controls the situation, and bring-s his business to a system that can not be attain- ed where swarming is allowed. It enables the apiarist to plan his work and work to the plan, and he can care for so much more stock that he will have much more profit in the end. We may just as well advocate let- ting our domestic stock of all kinds follow nature as to say the bee shall. Swarming season with me lasts about two or three weeks; and if I have live yards, that means about ten weeks I must have helpers to watch for swarms. I leave each apiarist to say what that labor will cost; and when it is done they won't have any more honey than can be had when the apiarist puts his bees into proper shape to accomplish what he wants when the time is right to get the desired results. It is not nature to take brood or bees (bees usually give best results) to a very weak colony in the spring- to help them get start- ed, when for any reason the colony is too weak to make a start for itself; nor is it na- ture to give weak colonies brood later on to help to a profitable degree of population, yet these thing-s are practiced with profit. I recall an instance where a man had in the spring 300 colonies when the honey sea- son came, but they were not up to his stan- dard of strength to get good results in hon- ey, so he went through the whole lot and made 200 working colonies out of the 300, putting the brood and most of the bees from each third colony into its two neighbors, and taking- the third one to a new stand. The result was a fair crop of surplus where others all about failed. We must have bees and in the proper numbers and conditions at the right time if we are to obtain results; and if the bees do not come up to require- ments when they ought to, to make the re- sults, we must make conditions ourselves. That natural swarming does not by any means meet conditions to get best results is a fact too commonly known to admit of or need argument to establish; and since it is so we must take the bull by the horns and force conditions. Where but few bees are kept, and it is convenient to watch for swarms and hive them, good results may be had by hiving the swarm on the old stand and giving the super to the swarm; but when we can not, without a sacrifice, watch for and care for swarms, then it is best al- ways to take some other plan. The bees must be controlled, and made to do that which we wish — that is, when there is any thing to do with. We can not make the honey flow, but we can do much toward g-etting strong colonies ; and, having the bees, we can do much toward getting them to do good work. It is a fact that the colonj' that is in swarming strength is likelj^ to swarm just when it ought to bend every energ}^ toward honey- gathering, and ordinarily it will swarm just at such time. The master may and can get as good average results by managing to suit himself, and here is what to do: Give the bees plenty of room, or do that which will keep them from all notion of swarming until the flow is at hand, then remove all brood and combs, and allow them to start from st^lrters in a small brood- chamber. Make them start just as a swarm would have to do if hived on starters. If you take away part of the combs and give starters you can get a fine lot of drone comb. It will also do to hive on dry combs in most locations where the flow is short, or on full 942 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Nov. 15 sheets of foundation if wired suffciently to prevent breakage. Ordinarily I consider it unprofitable to use foundation, perhaps nearly always except with very rapid flows; and if full combs are used instead there oug-ht always to be a very strong- swarm hived on the combs so they will be sure to enter the supers. Observe this rule: Al- ways have strong swarms, and the more comb or foundation in the brood-chamber, the more bees should be piled into the hive. If the swarms are to build from starters, each queen should be either young- or in her prime and vigor; if not, there will be an undue amount of drone-comb built. Swarms, whether natural or forced, will build some drone comb that must be culled out, but usually not much drone brood is reared the first year, and such comb can be removed the next spring before being used. Some advocate making the swarm when the colony is already preparing to swarm, but I must surely say no to that proposi- tion. Do not let the swarming fever come on at all if possible to prevent (and it is possible); and when the season is ripe for the work, do it and produce a condition that is adverse to swarming. If anybody will put down a carload of bees in Love- land just in time for me to make swarms, and hive them just as my flow begins, I will guarantee that 49 out of SO having vig- orous queens will go to work and give a good account of themselves if each has bees of all ages and plenty of fielders. Loveland, Col. ni, [Nearly all the writers so far who have referred to the question of drone comb being built with a forced swarm, emphasize the importance of young queens. The fact that all the testimony seems to be to the same effect goes to show that the excess of drone comb can be largely avoided, and at the same time the foundation bill can be cut down very materially. — Ed.] «t» ■ PEAR=BLIGHT. Additional Pro«f that, by Proper Management, Pear= blight Can be, to a Great Extent, Prevented. BY J. E. JOHNSON. I wish to thank Mr. Gray, who criticised my statements in Gleanings for Oct. 15. It is, no doubt, discouraging for any one to plant and care for an orchard and then have it ruined by blight. Before I planted a commercial orchard I read every thing I could find on pear culture, and asked many questions through different papers, some being answered by professors in horticul- ture. I also visited many orchards, large and small. Some growers said that, if I had never planted a Bartlett, Idaho, or Leconte, I would never have been bothered with the blight, or at least not so soon. I arrived at these conclusions: 1. That pear-blight is a contagious dis- ease, and when once started in an orchard it will spread if not cut out very promptly. 2. That it is a disease of the sap, and that lots of supposed blight is death to the tree only from overbearing and other causes. Pear-trees are rapid growers, and the wood is very sappy. If I cut off a limb from any healthy pear-tree in June or Jul}', and lay it in the sun, it will turn nearly coal-black, so that even experienced pear- growers would say blight when there was no blight. When I said I planted only such varieties as are not subject to blight I did not mean that they were entirely proof against the disease, as you will see if you read further, Sept. 15th issue. I also said Kieffer, Gar- ber, Dutchess, etc; and the "etc." seems to have been left off in printing. I have also Lincoln and some others, but did not wish to confuse a beginner with too many varieties, as I considered these three the best. I found where Kieffers blighted on clay land. They had nearly always been heavily fertilized, and from many other ob- servations which are too long to discuss here I finally decided that, if I planted only such varieties on high clay land as are not so apt to blight, give them no ma- nure, nor cultivate late in the season, and not plant any varieties that are bad blight- ers, I should not get the blight started; or if it did start, I could control it better. So far my orchard proves I am right. This has been the worst year for blight I have ever seen; but I have to-day examined my orchard of 900 trees, and now make this offer if Mr. Gray doubts statements concerning it: I will deposit money in the bank at Williamsfield, sufficient to pay his fare to and from that place, meet him at the station, and show him my orchard; and if he can find one single twig on any of my 900 trees blighted, then I will pay all his expenses; but if he finds them all entirely free from blight, then he pays his own ex- penses. I can also take him to an orchard of several hundred trees only a mile from Williamsfield, on rich black soil, nearly ruined this year by blight. I make this offer in good faith. Many have made the mistake of planting all kinds at high prices — among them a few Lecontes or Bartletts, which started blight and gave it to others. I got nearly all my trees of Stark Brothers, Louisiana, Mo., at from 7 to 15 cents each. I plant only one- year two-foot trees, as they will, I believe, make healthier trees than larger ones. Prof. Cook would, no doubt, consider Mr. Gray and myself both wild, as he says bees spread blight. Possibly they do; but if we had not bees or other insects we could not raise pears successfully. I say, "Why blame the bees? " I did not wrap a single tree last winter, and did not have one hurt by rabbits. I paint with Otwell's tree-paint. Although rabbits are numerous I shall not wrap a single tree this winter. I do not believe in planting large trees except apple. Williamsfield, lU. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 943 iNoTES OF Travel WESTERN COLORADO; IRRIGATION SCHEMES; POSSIBILITY OF RECLAIMING LANDS NOW DESERT, THROUGH STATE AND GOVERN- MENT aid; bee-keeping on the mesas; SWEET CLOVER ON ALKALI LANDS; WEST- ERN COLORADO AS A BEE COUNTRY. Leaving- Salt Lake City we take the train for Grand Junction. I will not stop to say tnuch about the beautiful scenery — scenery that can never be adequately represented with pen or camera. I will only state that the beautiful panoramic changes as one goes throug-h those canyons and gorg^es is enough to lill him with wonderment at the awful upheaval of nature that must have taken place some time, nobody knows when. Arriving at Grand Junction we naturally turn our thoughts toward the Hai-dy Broth- ers, who seem to be the headquarters for bee-keepers' supplies. As this part of the trip was along at the tail end of my jour- ney, I found myself greatly handicapped for want of time. But I stopped long enough to learn that there were thousands and thousands of acres of good land that will be irrigated, and which will grow al- falfa. While the vicinity had all the bee- keepers it could possibly support at the time of my visit, yet the time will doubtless come — yes, is sure to come — when the terri- tory growing alfalfa will be greatly in- creased; then there will be more bee-kee)i- ers to find homes, health, and life itself. But the time has not yet come. But one of the leading bee-keepers of Colorado lives in the vicinity of Grand Junction. He is known there as Mr. J. U. Harris, ex-pre-;- ident of the Colorado State Bee-keeper n' Association. He is not only an expert bee- keeper but a man of affairs, and one con- cerning whom we shall hear more later. Again we take the train, going throuj 'i more mountain scenery — more awful u, ■ heavals of granite — and finally land ;t Delta, another great bee-keeping center, one of the very best I have ever visited; bu;,. like Grand Junction, its territory for avail- able bee-keeping has long since been taken up, and there will not be more until the State and general government has put iu some gigantic irrigation schemes now un- der consideration. At the time of my visit it was reported to me that there were some- thing like 200,000 acres that would be available for cultivation. Out of this num- ber about 135,000 acres was deeded land. ONE OF JOHN A. HARRIS' OUT-APIA KIFS, DELTA, COL. 944 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Nov. 15 Only about 35,000 acres of it is now under cultivation. The general plan of opening- up this coun- try was to put it in the hands of a board of control, of which Mr. F. E. Dodge, at Delta, is the corresponding- secretary and treasurer. At the time of my visit there were something- like 100,000 men at work in tlie ditches. One ditch was 36 miles long and the other 31. These ditches, when completed, would make available for culti- vation something like 50,000 acres, all of which was in Delta Co. There are other portions of Western Colorado that will be opened up in like manner. Any one inter- ested can correspond with Mr. Dodge as above. Let me say right here, as I have said from time to time, I am in no way interest- ed in any land speculation; but I am anx- ious to help our brother bee-keepers who desire to find new territory not occupied already. The region round about Delta and Grand Junction is a fruit country; and so long as one does not encroach on the ter- ritory of another, he has a right to avail himself of land now being opened up for cultivation. I met at Delta Mr. Nelson, of the Delta Fruit and Produce Co., who are also local dealers in supplies in that region; and here I subsequently met Mr. J. A. Harris, the most extensive bee-keeper in that local- ity. He came originally from the eastern part of the State, starting about three years ago with about a hundred colonies, and paying $200 of borrowed money for them, lie located in the vallevs and on the mesns in the region of Delta. From this invest- ment of S200 he secured about S900 the first year; paid back the $200 which he had bor- rowed, for he had not a cent when he came on that side of the Rockies; and with what he could save he bought more bees until he had 350 colonies. From these he took $2300 in clean cash the next year. From the pro- ceeds of this $2300 he purchased bees until he had 950 colonies. At the time of my visit he had several yards, and was carry- ing on bee-keeping on an extensive scale. I was convinced from what I saw of him, that, while he had a good locality, he was also an exceptionally good bee-keeper. The land on the mesas had originally been put into alfalfa; but the alkali due to irrigation had forced its way up through the soil, killing ofi^ the plant to a great extent; but sweet clover had, strangely enough, come in and taken its place. In the vicinity of one of Mr. Harris' yards there were hundreds and hundreds of acres of sweet clover as well as bunches of alfal- fa that had not been killed out by the al- kali in the soil. The land had been aban- doned for purposes of agriculture, and would grow at that time nothing but sweet clover and scattering bunches of alfalfa. When I visited Mr. Harris his comb- honey colonies had four and five supers on, and were still gathering honey from the alfalfa and sweet clover referred to. But the principal feature of this locality was that the alkali, having pushed up through the soil, had rendered it unfit for agricul- tural purposes; and consequently the al- fnlfa. where it mn'd rxist :\t all. would Ji)HX A. HARRIS AND FAMILY, FORMERLY OF DELTA, COL. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 945 bloom the entire season, and likewise sweet clover. This very land that had been sold at high prices was now comparatively worthless except for bees. But the seasons in later years have not, apparently, been as good. Last year, in this very locality, I understand the crop was very poor. In the mean time Mr. Har- ris has sold out and gone for better pas- turage. I have also since learned that the locality is quite thoroughly overstocked, and that bee-keeping now is not the bonan- za it once was. But if the great irrigation schemes now materializing develop, there will be a chance for more bees and more bee-keepers — but, mind you, not in locali- ties now under cultivation. I called at one of the outyards in the ab- sence of the proprietor, Mr. Harris. In the extracting-house I heard a whirring of an extractor, and, going inside, I found a young lady busy at work. tShe was about as much fiustrated as I. After stammering out an apology for my intrusion, and telling who I was, 1 begged the privilege of taking a photo of the bee-yard, which was granted, and which is shown in one of the illustra- tions accompanying. She was not prepared to receive company, much less a kodak fiend, and I did not volunteer to take her picture, as I well knew the request might be refused; but the next day, on visiting Mr. Harris and his family at his home, I secured a picture of the whole family, in- cluding the young lady before mentioned. Mr. and Mrs. Harris stand in the center of the group. The young man at the right was one of the helpers in the yard, and the young lady before mentioned is a sister of Mrs. Harris and of Mr. Harry Crawford, a bee-keeper well known on this side of the Rockies. But I think I will not tell her name, as she might be the recipient of nu- merous letters, as was one other young lady whose picture I gave in Gleanings, and I -will only say this: Neither she nor any of the persons shown in the picture are now in Delta. Some time ago we showed in these columns a picture of Mrs. Harris and one of the yards which she was operating herself, and it is entirely possible that Mr. Harris' success as a bee-keeper is due in large part to his better half. But I must not forget to refer to a dog that interested me greatly — half coyote and half shepherd, and as intelligent as any an- imal I ever saw. He seemed to thinl.- he was the special guardian; and when Mrs. Harris was left at home alone on the mf-.is this dog was the equal of any man. X it- urally suspicious, he showed his coj-wtc qualities by reminding me ili^it I had bt-t- ter not presume too much un his good u.i- lure. I essaj'cd to take a picture of liini; and as I did so he lopped his eats as much as to say, " I do not know what kind of a gun you have there, but you better not try that again," and I didn't. You will read- ily see his ears are lopped, and that I am given fair warning to look out. But one thing interested me greatly in this country, and that was the mesas. These are elevated table-lands anywhere from 200 to 300 feet above the valleys, in the immediate vicinity. On some of the mesas the land is fertile, and fruit-growing is one of the specialties. Indeed, Delta is recog- THE COYOTE SHEPHERD THAT OBJECTED TO HAVING HIS PICTURE TAKEN. nized as one of the great fruit-growing re- gions of Western Colorado, and it is on these mesas th:it the fruit is grown largely. The trees themntaining alkali as are some other farm cro})s. TO GET A COLONY OUT OF A BEE-TREE WITH- OUT CUTTING THE TREE. There is a man here who had a svv^arm of bees alight in one of his big maple-trees, about 60 feet from the ground. There are plenty of limbs on the tree, and he said he would not have it cut down for all the bees ill the count^s as it stands right in his liooryard. He asked me if there was any way by which I could rig up a hive or super in the tree to get some of the surplus honey. I told him I did not know, as the hole where the bees come out is about two inches in di- ameter, and the bees are in the main part of the tree. I do not care how much work there is to it, even if I have to make a special hive. 946 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Nov. IS The man said if I could rig up something to get the honey I could have it, and I should like your idea of it. I should like to get ready to try it next summer. C. Mac Donough, Jr. Shokan, N. Y., Sept. 22. [There is no way of getting the bees that I know of except to cut the tree, or the limb where they are located. You might be able to smoke them out; but the proba- bilities are you would kill the bees before they would leave their quarters. You could trap all the flying bees out with a bee-es- cape; but in that case 3^ou would have to take them to an entirely new location, two miles or so away, or hang a hive with combs near the entrance to catch the returning bees. Taking it all in all, the bees would probably have to be left in their quarters. —Ed.] wiring frames. I am wiring all my frames. This sum- mer I tried a new way by which I could save a good deal of time. Instead of pierc- ing the frames I made four cuts with a fine saw on the side of the end- I ' ' ' 'I bars, sawing as far as the middle, as shown. I tried both ways of passing the wires, and on a set of eight frames I saved three minutes over the way of using pierced frames. Be- sides being able to pass the wire in a much shorter time, there is the further advantage of having no kinks in the wire, which often result in breaking it. Would it not be a good plan to try some of them? To me they seem to be as strong as the pierced ones. The few that I tried had the cuts all filled with propolis at the end of the season. GuSTAVE Gross. Lake Mills, Wis., Sept. 22. [We have tried your method of wiring, but it weakens the ends of the frames to such an extent that you lose a great part of the advantage that you expect to gain by having good strong stiff combs. —Ed.] neglect to feed the queen. Result, exhaus- tion and death of queen. Is this the secret of so many failures? In my travels as ex- pert there are many stocks queenless this year. Our English press is opposed to the new 4x5x1;^ 8, but they are far ahead of the old 4 '4x4 '4 beeway. I use the 4x5 in frames. Result, splendid sections easy to handle. J. Gray. Papcastle, Cockermouth, Cumberland, Eng., Sept. 22. [The English bee-keeper is more conser- vative than the American; but we have pos- itive information that many of them are taking hold of the 4x5 section. — Ed.] A mistake occurs in my article on page 848, top of second column. It is made to read, " I use wine in an eight-frame hive." It should read, "I use nine in an eight- frame hive." H. R. Boardman. East Townsend, O., Oct. 28. In Farm and Ranch several have reported treating pear-blight with salt, and say it is a sure cure. They scatter from one to two quarts on the ground under the limbs. L. C. Rousseau. Waxahachie, Tex., Oct. 27. [I doubt very much whether salt would have any eft'ect on pear-blight. — Ed.] A reason WHY QUEENS SOMETIMES fail; the 4x5 section in ENGLAND. One friend to whom I sent four Doolittle queens (after introduc- tion) found them useless in a week or two. Microscopist's report showed the spermatheca full of spermatozoa, but the ovaries des- titute of eggs. I do not attribute this to the cell-cup method of pro- ducing queens, but to the season. I reason it out this way: The queen has traveled, and is now impatient to use her egg- laying powers; no honey coming in, bees 'Va^it^Axk.e/r -/a/k^e^ ~^ftAA^ ry\ffu^rCr- -t^^r^rrlA, . f(rm> of Ccrv<^r^ . '7)e Ba c^k^ <*-v-v<^ C r^y-'Ty^ ^-^^ci. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 947 EATING BOILED HONEY. People who can not eat honey raw can do so by bring-ing it slowly to a boil, then cooling-. I mention this because I never saw it mentioned in a bee journal, and I am one who has suffered a g-ood deal by exper- imenting- in trying- to eat honey. I accidentallj^ found I could eat boiled honey, and I eat as much as two large ta- blespoonfuls at a meal. I am so glad that I wanted others to know of it. Louis Lamkin. Sioux City, la., Sept. 22. [This fact is interesting and valuable. We should like to hear from others who have had difficulty in eating raw honey, and whether or not bringing it to a boil makes it assimilable to delicate stomachs. — Ed.] yellow bees turning black, and why. I want to requeen a colony whose queen was a nice yellow one, and raised bees that were nearly all yellow, but which have commenced to show considerable black; in fact, some are nearly all black. I have looked into the hive thinking they had prob- ably superseded the old mother, but found her there with her wings clipped as usual, and could not find another, although she might be there for all that. Before I put in the new queen I shall certainly look again to make sure. I hope you can give me some explanation of this. W. H. Amiss. Washington, D. C, Sept. 18. [If the old queen is clipped, and her bees heretofore have been yellow, without any blacks among them, I should conclude that she must have a daughter in the hive mis- mated, which is the mother of those black bees. It is not an uncommon thing, after a queen has done duty for two years, to find a young queen in the hive at the same time, both laying side by side. I think you had better look again, and see if you can not find the second queen. — Ed.] STINGLESS bees; SOME OF THE CRUDE WAYS IN WHICH BEES WERE KEPT IN BRITISH HONDURAS. Bee-keeping here was known as far back as the history of the colony, but, of course, in a very crude way. The bees were not thrown into boxes to build their combs, but were kept in the logs in which they first built, the honey being drawn at intervals by probing into the log with a sharpened stick. The interior of the native hive, or log, consists of rows of galleries, the pillars of these galleries being filled with honey and pollen. They build cells in the center of these galleries, which are used only for breeding purposes. The yield of these hives is hardly half a gallon per log. If the hives are disturbed the bees pour out from these galleries like an army of sol- diers ready to defend their camp. After close study and observation you find that the bees build in this form because it is easy for defensive purposes, as they are stingless. The bees are of various sizes and colors, iind named as follows: 1. The big bees which are of two colors, yellow and gray. 2. A big black bee which is about the size of an Italian drone. The pollen-baskets and honey-sacs of this bee can justly be styled tremendous. The name of this bee is unknown. 3. A little black bee called the cymbra, which is even smaller than a common house- fly. These are hardy workers, and will build in holes in brick walls or old lumber. At the entrance to their hives they build a shute of about three inches long and two inches in circumference. 4. A green bee which is called a "Mex- ican," from its color. This bee builds in a log. There are several other stingless bees, but they are hardly worthy of mention. There is only one bee that stings — a red one called akybra. It builds its combs in trees, the cells being similar to those of the Italian bee in shape. It is a savage when disturbed, and people seldom bother it. Herbert Gahne. Belize, Central America, P^eb. 13. SWEET clover; HANDLES ON THE SIDES OF THE HIVE. 1. Dr. Gandy advises raising sweet clo- ver for bees, and cutting it for hay. Can the blossoms be left to mature the honey crop, and the plant still be tender enough for hay? 2. Since the bees are sometimes crawling all over the front of the hive, especially when they are being divided, why are not the handles placed in the sides of your hives instead of the ends? Carrie E. Stewart. Elkin, Pa,, Sept. 22. [1. Sweet clover, in order to make satis- factory hay, should be cut when it is quite young, or before it is in bloom. If the plant is left until there is no honey in the blossoms, and the blcssoms have gone to seed, it will be too tough and woodj' to make very good hay; but in the absence of any thing else stock would possibly eat it. 2. We furnish one pair of handles with each hive. There is nothing to prevent any one who receives them in the flat from nail- ing the handles on the sides instead of the front and rear if he so prefers. We prefer the front, as it is harder to lift a hive with the handles at the sides than to lift one by the ends. — Ed.J the IMPORTANCE OF FEEDING TO GET THE BEES KINDLY DISPOSED TO AN IN- TRODUCED QUI':*N. Last week I received three queens from Mr. York, which I introduced successfully in the following way: I caught the queens at the hives which I wished to requeen, 948 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. JS'ov. 15 blew a little smoke over the tops of the brood-frames, put on the cover quickly, and then smoked them quite profusely at the entrance. I next opened the queen-cage, smoked it, and killed the escort bees one by one as they came out. After letting the queen walk in at the entrance I sent four or five puffs of smoke after her and closed the entrance to within one inch. Those colonies contained eggs and brood in all stages. They had been fed for sev- eral days previously on warm sugar and honey syrup. This seemed to absorb their entire attention, and hence they were more kindly disposed to the new mother. I believe there is a world of wisdom in feeding a colony a day or two previously, and at the same time when a queen is to be introduced, especially if there is no honey coming in. J. W. Johnson. Davis, 111., Oct. 6. SUGAR-BEET A REMEDY FOR GROUND TOO RICH IN alkali; foul BROOD IN STOCKTON, CAL. I notice in Gleanings for Sept. 1 a few lines about alkali in soils, and how to get it out. I would say that the farmers near and around Oxnard, Ventura Co., think the sugar-beet takes most of the alkali out of the ground in a few years; but sugar- beets are hard on land. This might not do where alkali is very strong or no market for the beets. Bee-keepers near Stockton should look out for foul brood. Out of 100 hives shipped from there in 1901, only 7 never developed it. The foul-brood inspector of Ventura Co. saw one of these diseased colonies. Many bee-keepers know of this and at Stockton. E. Archibald. Los Angeles, Cal., Sept. 8. wintering in CELLAR. How do you put hives in cellar when bot- toms are nailed? F. B. Cavanagh. Gait, Michigan, Nov. 5. [If bottom-boards are nailed fast and can- not readily be separated from the hive proper, of course the hives would have to be put in bottom boards and all. Bees can be wintered in a cellar with the old-fashion- ed narrow entrance, but entrance must be kept clear by cleaning out from time to time with a hooked wire. Much better re- sults may be secured if you arrange your bottom-boards so that they can be loosened from the hive about an inch. A far better arrangement for fasteningthe bottom-boards to hives is a double-pointed tack or staple that is driven in from the side, one point into the bottom edge of the hive, and the other point the side rail of the bottom-board. Four such staples, two on each side, will secure bottom-board strong enough for all practical purposes. Then if it is thought necessary to take the bottom-board off, a screwdriver will easily loosen and remove the staples so that the bottom-board can be free. The principal advantage in winter- ing indoors with a wide entrance or in a hive without any bottom-board at all, is in giving the bees plenty of ventilation and a chance for the dead ones to drop away free from the brood-frames without obstructing that ventilation. — Ed.] taxes; laying in the fall, etc. 1. Could you tell me what the taxes and insurance would be on 22 hives? 2. I notice that the majority of my queens have already ceased laying, in spite of con- tinual feeding. Could I arouse them once more this fall, and how? 3. I see in Gleanings, that you contem- plate improving a good many things soon. What would be the matter with cleated fol- lowers, same size and style as ordinary fol- lowers, only made with cleats like an or- dinary fence. In preparing for a forced swarm the brood-frame which has the queen is hung in the new swarm to keep pollen below. Between this frame and the ones with only starters we must have the slotted or cleated followers to prevent all new combs from bulging. B. Naf. Cleveland, O., Oct. 24. 1. Bees in this State (Ohio) are ordi- narily listed at about $2.00 per colony. If the tax rate in Cleveland is 3 cents on the dollar, the amount you would have to pay per colony would be 6 cents. As to in- surance against fire, that would all depend upon whether the insurance agent would take them. The rate would be somewhere about 2 per cent on the actual valuation of the bees. If the hives were put in at $5.00, the amount you would have to pay would be somewhere about 10 cents on the basis of 2 per cent. It is very seldom that bees are insured. We do not, neither do we advise it. 2. Queens almost invariably in the aver- age normal colony cease laying in the fall. If the weather is getting cool you would not be likely to induce them to begin laying, no matter how much you feed them. Unless bees actually need stores, better not feed. It is desirable not to have brood-rearing at this time of the year in the Northern States. 3. A follower could be made on the style of a general fence; that is, a sort of a slat- ted separator. The only use it would have would be in connection with forced swarms, such as you suggest. For all other pur- poses the solid board follower would be preferable, as it would be warmer. ventilating bee cellars; size and construction of ventilators. I have had some experience in wintering bees in a cold climate, and I thought I would ask your advice on ventilation for a bee-cellar. I wintered about 80 colonies last winter in a new cellar made especially for that purpose. If I am able to take in 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 949 the situation the ventilation was not suffi- cient, thoug-h I had a ventilator 6 inches in diameter connected to the stove-pipe in the bee-room over the cellar. In very cold weather I had to resort to artificial heat in the cellar, and I soon discovered that a coal-oil lamp made the condition of air in cellar worse; as the lamp burned dimmer and dimmer, and the bees became more restless, I kept fire in the room over the cel- lar; and as the conditions became desperate I opened a trapdoor down into the cellar. Althoug-h this was better in every way, thing's are not yet entirely satisfactory. The cellar is 17X13X6. I have 93 colo- nies to winter. I am now considering' the advisability of getting' a blower something- like the thrashers use in blowing' straw on the stack, and pipe it into cellar. As often as necessary, I could force warm air from the room above into the cellar, sufficient to force the bad air up and out through the ventilating-pipe. This would accomplish two objects at once: ventilate, and raise temperature to the desired degree. (I aim to keep it about 45 degrees.) This is to some extent new, but I believe it is practi- cal. If you deem it of sufficient importance let me hear from you. David A. Pidgeon. New Providence, la., Nov. 3. [As you may surmise, a 6-inch ventilator was hardly large enough. T. F. Bingham has a cellar a good deal like yours, and he thinks a ventilator 16 to 17 inches square none too large. Indeed, in a recent article in the Bee-keeper^s Revieiv he says he has put in two such ventilators, the two being used in warm weather when it is difficult to keep the bees quiet. This ventilator should extend up through the roof, down through the ceiling in the cellar, but it should not reach clear down to within a foot or two of the bottom, as some advise. Mr. Bingham finds better results are se- cured by having ventilator stop at the ceil- ing. I certainly would recommend you to put in one such ventilator if you desire to keep bees quiet. In very cold weather you can, if you desire, contract this ventilator down so as to let in just sufficient air to give the requisite temperature and ventilation. Ed.] SUPPLYING NEW QUEENS IN THE FALL. Would you deem it advisable to give new queens now? I have but three colonies, one Italian and two black. My Italians have done well. A two-frame nucleus, Aug. 28, has six good frames now, some hatching the second time. When would you think it safe to feed for spring brood? L. W. Angus. Live Oak, Fla., Oct. 20. [In your locality, now is the best time of the year to supply new queens, for I take it there is no honey-flow now, and you could very readily make the change without any particular interruption to the colony. I would not advise feeding until January or February, or until such time as your bees begin to gather pollen.— Ed. J swarming in an out-apiary. 1. When bees are about to swarm in an out-apiary, and there is danger of losing a swarm, would it be advisable and practic- able to put on entrance-guards to keep the queen from going out? 2. What is the best way to increase? Geo. p. Bkadfokd. Oregon City, Oregon, Oct. 22. [Yes, unless the queen's wings are clip- ped. Indeed, it is the common practice to use entrance-guards; but perhaps a better plan would be to shake or brush the bees, making a forced swarm, thus breaking up all idea of natural increase, if possible. I would recommend forced swarming. Put the parent colony on a new location, and let it develop into a strong working colony as soon as it will, under ordinary conditions. — Ed.] sawed-off top-bars; thin top-bars. We don't want the cut-ofl" top-bar frame. There is nothing to handle them by. Can you handle heavy extracting-frames (shak- ing them hard enough to get off the bees) by the "intersection of top-bar and end- bar"? I can't do it; but with the long top-bar it is easy to handle them by the top-bar projections. In Gleanings for Jan. 15, W. C. Gath- right speaks in favor of the thin top {}% in.) Hoffman frame, saying that they don't sag; but I used them two years, and found them worthless for extracting-combs, as they would sag worse than any other frame that I have used. E. F. Atwater. Meridian, Idaho. [We recognize the fact that there are those who do not like shortened top-bars, but we have thousands of customers who would never think of going back to the long ones, especially used in connection with Hofl^man ends. A good deal depends on what one has become accustomed to. It is not neces- sary to handle frames by the projection. Hoffman frames — in fact, all frames with shortened top-bars — should be handled by that portion of the top-bar just inside the end bar, at which point one can get a secure hold, and for every purpose we consider it more feasible and practicable to handle frames in that way. We know there are those whodifl'er with us in this respect; but after one becomes accustomed to handling frames by the corners rather than projec- tions, he will see no necessity of handling them in the old way; and the shortened top- bars have decided advantages over the long ones in freedom and rapidity of handling while in the hives. I quite agree with you in regard to the use of thin top-bars, and I can not see why any one should favor their use any more than I can understand why you should pre- fer to use the long-eared top-bars. — Ed.] 950 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Nov. 15 OUR HOMES, BY A.I. ROOT. Woe unto him that giveth his neighbor drink, that puttest thy bottle to him, and niaketh him drunken also, that thou mayest look on their nakedness. — Hab. 2;1.5. r Within half a mile of our cabin in the woods they are building a railroad. The laborers are mostly Italians. They work in g-angs, and are quite clannish. Three or four weeks ago, one Saturday night aft- er they had got their pay they went to a saloon in Sutton's Bay, eight miles from our home, and purchased five kegs of beer. When the beer was brought amongthe crowd the men were all on friendly terms; in fact, they are so exceedingly friendly that it is said one of the crowd will never testify against any of the others, no matter what happens. Well, when the sun rose Sunday morning it fell on the corpses of two of the gang, stone dead; and a third one was so nearly dead it was doubtful whether he could live. This was the direct fruit of the live kegs of beer. Friends who had no grudge or spite against each other before the}' got the beer became at once bitter ene- mies. One man killed another in the fight; and a brother of the dead man, after the fashion of heathen nations, proceeded to avenge his brother's death, and was nearlj' killed himself. People saw them carr} iug the kegs down to their camp, in broad day- light. I asked a neighbor of mine if there was no coimty or State law to forbid selling beer to such a class of people in that way. He said he did not think the saloon-keepers had violated any law; and somebody said that, as the Italians were not citizens of the United States, nothing would be done about it. They would bury their dead when they got around to it, and that was all there was of it. I have learned since, however, that the surviving murderer was tried, and sent to the penitentiary for five years. Nothing was said about the saloon- keeper, and no objection was raised or even suggested that he ought not to go right on furnishing more beer to anybody who had the money to pay for it. In fact, just one week later, if I am correctly informed, an- other murder was reported. There are not only Italians in that vicin- ity, but there are quite a few Indians. Un- til within a few years it was against the law to sell intoxicating liquors to Indians; but the saloon-keepers and brewers thought their liberty was curtailed; and by urging that, as the Indians were tax-payers, they ought to have the privilege of making pur- chases like other people, the law against selling to Indians was repealed. Now they buy just the same as anybody else. An Indian came into Sutton's Bay riding a wheel. As the roads were rather bad, or for some other reason, he decided to send the wheel home on a neighbor's wagon. This was done, and the neighbor started off. Several persons were standing around who witnessed the occurrence. Then the Indian went in to get some beer. When he came out, dazed and crazed with the poi.son, he had evidently forgotten about sending his wheel home; and, looking about for it, and not finding it, he accused a bystander of taking it. This young man who was, by the way, a person of education and intelli- gence, and a valuable citizen, informed the Indian in a gentlemanly way that he had not touched his wheel, and reminded him of putting it on the wagon, adding that he saw him do it. The drunken Indian in- stantly called him a liar, drew a revolver, and shot him. It was supposed that he was dead; but it is now thought he will live. The Indian was tried, and sentenced to three years in the penitentiary. The saloon- keeper who robbed him of his reason, and prompted him to that crazy action, did noth- ing out of the way — at least so the laws of Michigan seem to have decided. Last Sunday, Nov. 9, while on our way to the Bingham Sunday-school, ashort little Italian passed us, going with rapid strides toward the town of Bingham. Half an hour later this same fellow passed the Sundaj'- school, sweating and puffing under a keg of beer that he had on his shoulder. At the hour of Sunday-school, between half-past ten and eleven, Sunday morning, he went down to Bingham, in broad daylight, mind you, bought a keg of beer, and carried it up to their camp, a mile or more away. Dur- ing the past month I have had considerable experience in carrying heavy loads; in fact, I have handled one or more times almost every bushel of a thousand bushels of po- tatoes, and know how fatiguing it is to car- ry a bushel of them just a few rods. This man, not as tall as I am, carried a keg of beer, weighing probably more than a bushe 1 of potatoes, a plump mile, during a warm autumn day. Some powerful stimulus to both mind and body must have operated on him to induce him to undertake a task like that. Now, this gang of laborers knew all about how a few kegs of beer killed two of their companions and sent another to the penitentiary; and there they were, going to keep up the same program, probably, Sun- day after Sunday. These fellows have no money to spare. Their camp is made up of a lot of huts formed of rails, and covered with sods. It looks like the old-style Indian wigwams ; but instead of furs thej'^ used only thick sods of June grass. When the storms and frosts of a northern winter come in their localit}% they will certainly sufter in such quarters, and they have no money to spare; and yet the laws of Michigan per- mit them to waste their monej' in the way I have indicated. The saloon-keepers and brewers, j^ou see, are interested parties. They are the ones who do not want any- thing done about it. A few days ago, when the Russian Dukhobors got crazy on religion the officers of the law took them by main stretigth and moved them intoquarters where 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 951 they could be protected from the severity of winter. This was a case where the saloon- men and brewers had nothing' to lose by the enforcement of a humane law. By the way, I want the Anti-saloon League of Michig-an to g'ive ine their opinion in regard to the above. Is there no law to bi ing these rum- sellers to justice? I am reading- the State Issue, published by the Anti-saloon League of Michig-an, with much interest, and I wish they would copj^ the above and give me their opinion in regard to the matter. Ohl Michigan is not the only State in the Union where laws are trampled under foot. The Cleveland Leader has been, for a year back, vehemently protesting- because the saloons of Cleveland were allowed to run day and night, Sundays as well as week days, and finally right through election da3% in open transgression of the plain and explicit laws and ordinances of the State and city. I declare I almost began to think that the whisky element was getting on top and bidding fair to stay on top; but may the Lord be praised for an editorial in the Leader of Nov. 11. Let me give you a part of the heading, which I clip from the first article on the first page: THE OI.DER OFFICERS TO BE THROWN OUT OF THE POLICE DEPARTMENT. DIRECTOR DUNN TELLS FIVE VETERAN CAPTAINS THEY MUST RESIGN OR STAND TRIAL ON CHARGES. The conversation below is supposed to be between one of the Leader reporters and Director Dunn: " What is the reason for this shake-up?" " The department is inefficient at the present time. It has got into a rut. Orders are issued at the City Hall and thev are never heeded. All laws are being disobeyed. The fact that these captains permitted such things to go on only sets a bad example in the department. We want strict discipline." " What laws have been disobeyed?" " The election laws." "You mean the law regulating the closing of saloons on election day?" " Yes." " Why, then, did you wait till after election before taking ihis action, when saloons have been running wide open after midnight daily and on vSunday un- molested?" " The principal charge that will be made will be a violation of the election'^laws. There was evidently no pretense to close the saloons on election day. Most mayors have insisted that thev be closed for 24 hours on election day. Mayor Johnson, though, has been more liberal. He has permitted them to open after the booths were closed." " Do you mean to say that any effort is made to close the saloons on Sundays?" " They are supposed to be closed. .Some of the saloon-keepers keep a man at the door. We won't let a patrolman in citizens' clothes enter a saloon for the purpose of arresting the proprietor on the charge of violating the closing ordinance. The man at the door is not chtmip enough to let a patrolman in uniform enter, you can be sure." The Director, in continuing his explanation as to why the police captains were asked to resign, said, "We want bright, active, hustling young men in those positions. I am not saving a word against the char- acter of any one of these five captains. They have simply outlived their usefulness in the department. Things have changed since they went on the force. They" have not. We want the department conducted in an up-to-date style, even though we have a small force of men." It was rumored at the City Hall yesterday that Mayor Johnson left the city Saturday for the chief purpose of escaping from the storm which is sure to follow the action taken yesterday by the Director of Police. Mayor Johnson was willing to have the Di- rector take the step on Saturday, but Mr. Dunn, for some reason, decided to wait until yesterday, when he could get the captains together at their regular meet- ing If the police captains are retired they will each draw 8()5 a month from the pension fund ot the police de- partment, to which each of them has been contribut- ing monthly for years. Their salary at the present time amounts to about |12o a month. Please notice these police captains have been drawing $12.S a month. Perhaps it would be uncharitable to ask how much more they get from the saloon-keepers for 7wt doing what the city pays them $125 a month to do. Oh! this thing is not new. When it runs about 25 years without much hindrance, as it has in Cleveland, things get to be so bad that there is a revolt, such as they have had in New York — yes, and in Chicago, and, to some extent, in Phila- delphia. And, dear friends, it is the Anti- saloon League that is making protest and stirring up such revolts. Of course, I mean to include all other temperance organiza- tions for the enforcement of law. Now, what are j'ou doing to break up the whisky ring? Our text, no doubt, pronounces woe on one who hands the bottle to his neighbor or holds it up to him and asks him to take drink. But I hardly need remind you that it also means woe to a man who helps in any way to furnish these bottles and con- tents, and places them where some poor neighbor may be tempted. It means, too, the man who stands still and does nothing when the bottles are being passed about. Nay, further: it means the man who is so busy that he can not stop work to go and vote; and I do not know but it means the man who is so busy growing potatoes that he can not stop long enough to look after the enforcement of law in his vicinity. NOTES or TRAVLL I . BY A. I. ROOT . 3i!^^-i CHAPTER II. GOING TO THE COUNTY FAIR; ALSO SOME- THING ABOUT FAIRS IN GENERAL. Before telling you what I found at the Leelanaw Co. fair I want to say that no one on the side of Carp Lake where I am situ- ated seemed to think it worth while to at- tend the fair; and I do not know but manj- of the readers of Gleanings will think I was unwise to urge the j'oung farmers to leave their work to go to the fair for even one day. I believe, however, I am right. There should be a fair, and it should be at- tended by all the good people; and these same good people should have a competent board of managers to keep out ever}' thing that fosters evil. I tokl the boys who worked for me ( and the boys in my neigh- borhood), the}' should go to the county fair to see the improved implements for farming, if for nothing else. They seemed to think they would not find them there. I told 952 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Nov. IS them I never attended a fair in my life where they did not have on exhibition, at least to some extent, the best tools and ma- chinery before the world. I told them I found the Daisy wheelbarrow at a county fair; and, by the way, my Daisy wheel- barrow has been the admiration of all the farmers and everybody else in the neighbor- hood. No such light strong wheelbarrow had ever been seen in that locality until I brought in mine. Again, I had a thousand bushels of potatoes to dig; and as I was situated it seemed best to dig them by hand. I wanted the very best hand diggers made. In that region potatoes are dug with both fork and hook. My boy Earl is an expert in this line. He uses a hook and fork both. When he is tired of one he uses the other. I went over to our country store and paid 75 cents for a hook. Of course, I got the best they had. But the tines, instead of being- sharp and tapering, were blunt. Earl used it perhaps one day, and then brought his own from home. He said my blunt-pointed one would wear down sharp in the course of time. I told him I wanted one that was made sharp and needle-pointed on the tines. He said there was no such thing on the market. I told them if they would come with me to the county fair they would find different patterns of potato-hooks; and I was sure some enterprising manufacturer would have some that were sharp-pointed to start with. Another thing, this blunt- pointed potato-hook, when it strikes a pota- to, mangles it fearfully compared to the damage done by the slender-pointed hook. An old hook that has been used for years be- comes polished like a needle. The daughter of my nearest neighbor, while digging po- tatoes a year ago, plunged the tine of the potato-hook through her little brother's foot. He was picking up potatoes, and had his bare foot under the dirt, where she did not notice it. The keen polished steel went clear through the foot and out on the under side. Of course, she pulled it out at once and then hustled him off eight miles to Traverse City to see a doctor. He said if the steel was clean and bright, no harm would be likely to result, and he was right. Little if any blood was shed, and the boy went right along with his regular work. Now, the damage to a potato is a good deal like the damage to that foot. Of course, the potatoes should not be "jabbed" by the diggers; but some varieties that spread greatly in the hill can not well escape. These boys, neighbors of mine, are all in- terested in the best cultivators, the best plows, the best harrows, whiffletrees, doubletrees, stoneboats, vehicles, and every thing else found on the farm. When half a dozen of them get together and look over a new tool they will point out its defects and good points, oftentimes almost as well as the gray-headed old farmer. I wanted to take the crowd of boys with me to the county fair, but not one would go. They laughed among themselves, and said they guessed I would change my mind after my visit. Let us now go back to where I was the next morning after my cold bath. The girl who promised to have my overcoat cleaned and ironed by breakfast time said she was busy the night before, and did not get it done; and although it was a frosty morning I st.^rted for the county fair without my overcoat. Although the sun was shining bright when I reached the gates of the fair- grovind, there was nobody in sight. As the gates were wide open I walked in. I found the managers of the fair in a little bit of hut filled with tobacco smoke around a hot stove. One of them took my money and gave me the keys to the agricultural hall and ladies' department. Now, I dislike to find fault with things; but the buildings containing these exhibits were hardly fi. for a decent cow-shed ; but the exliihits inside were good. There were, perhaps, fifty different samples of potatoes. These were worth to me all my trip of 18 miles around the lake. The display of fruits was fair; and there was a very good show of every thing that grows in the garden. This was interesting to me because I wanted to know what crops suc- ceed in the Traverse region. When it came to the exhibition of implements, there was nothing, with the exception of a machine for separating cream from milk — not a hoe, spade, shovel, potato-digger, plow, harrow, nor any thing else; and it was the same with places of amusement for the children. There was not a swing nor a merry-go- round nor any thing of the sort. The people were expected to come there and pay 25 cents to get inside the yard (inclosed with poultry-netting), without anj' windmills, farm implements, thrashing-machines, feed- cutters, nor any thing such as we ordinarily see at a county fair here in Ohio. I asked how many were in attendance the day be- fore, and was told there were thirty orfo7-ty. I attended the last day. They said the people would not come out because 25 cents was too much for a fair with no attractions and but little in the way of educating farm- ers. The managers said they could not make a better s,hov7 with the little money they got. Now, this is a bad state of affairs ; but the objection to having things in better shape reminded me of the objections I met in try- ing to build up the membership of that little church in Bingham. The people stayed away from church because they had a min- ister only every other Sunday, and he did not live among the people. They could not pay a minister salary enough so he could live among them and preach every Sunday, because not enough people attended, etc. And this same fashion of doing things has got into the schools more or less. I wish to say a word more about the po- tatoes. The exhibits were mostly made up of very large potatoes. In harvesting a crop it seemed to be the fashion to select the biggest ones to take to the county fair; and, of course, these would be overgrown mon- strosities. There were a few baskets of medium-sized handsome table potatoes; but there was not one of the Freeman nor one of 1902 GLEANIGS IN BEE CULTURE. 953 King of Michig-an, even, on exhibition. There was one jar of extracted honey among the jellies; not a single section of comb hon- ey, and yet Mr. Hilbert has sent us some- thing- like a ton of his handsome honey in the latest and most approved sections I think I ever saw. One case of his honey at that fair would have attracted as much or more attention than any other one exhibit. It would have opened the eyes to the possi- bilities of bee culture in that region; and had he had stated what his crop was it would have been still more valuable. Perhaps some of you say, "Mr. Root, why didn't you take some oi your nice sections. King of Michigan potatoes, big onions, and other things you have grown around the cabin in the v/oods?" Well, I should have done so, but I have had no horse during the past season; and as Maple City is not on a railroad, I can not easily get there with my exhibits. Besides, I do not live in Leela- naw Co. except in the summer time. Before I forget it I wish to mention the factthat I saw the largest and finest ground- cherries (or husk tomatoes) I ever saw in my life, at this fair. They looked like large beautiful plums incased in husks. There was no label to indicate what the new variety was, so I can not tell whether it was because the soil is specially adapted to it, or whether it is one of the new kinds we find mentioned in seed catalogs. A man from that vicinity, who felt sad, as I did, to see such a state of affairs, especially in a county with the wonderful privileges of- fered by Leelanaw, said something like this: " Mr. Root, it is the flourishing saloons and ivhiskv that are at the bottom of all this sort of work. When the Anti-saloon League gets to work in earnest in our county we shall have a different state of affairs, not only with county fairs, but in every man- ner of 'affairs'' pertaining to everyday life." On my way home I had a little time to wait for a train at Solon. I asked the ticket agent how far away it was to the town where the stores and business houses were. "Why, Mr. Root, there isn't any town. It is all right here, right before you." "Why, I think this must be the place. I met a man who is quite a temperance worker at one of our Sunday-school conven- tions. He told me his name was White, and I afterward learned that he owned a hotel and store; and I think they said it was at Solon. I was a little surprised to find a hotel-keeper who was such an earnest ad- vocate of temperance Christianity." "Oh! yes, that is all right. There is the store and the hotel right before your face; and all they said of Mr. White is true. " " Why, do you mean that that neat-looking farmhouse is a hotel and store?" Just then I caught sight of some hives in the dooryard, and I walked over. My good friend White was absent at the county fair; but when his wife found out who I was she said "Jimmy," who was out in the cornfield, would be delighted to see me, and she has- tened to call him in. Jimmy was a boy in short pants, but he had the ABC book, and took Gleanings. He was greatly tak- en up with the chapter on bee-hunting and getting wild bees in the woods. His apiary was largely composed of swarms he had captured in the woods, and transferred into hives. A little crowd soon collected when told that the senior editor of Gleanings was in the neighborhood. Oh, how it re- joiced my heart to meet a young boy like J immy ! It made me think of that other boy in Florida whom I called the youngest sub- scriber to Gleanings. Jimmy can not be more than twelve years old, yet he is not only well posted but he has made a success of capturing wild swarms, and setting them at work in his dooryard. Just think of it, friends. With a little encouragement a boy may be interested in things of this sort, or if he has a little encouragement in another way he may be induced to spend all his small earnings at a saloon up town. Which shall it be? And by the way, friends, since I have met with so many discourage- ments in the way of trying to interest the boys in making the county fair what it ought to be, I wish in j'our letters to me you would give me briefly some hints in regard to such fairs. How are they run in your county? and am I not right in taking the stand that they should be a means of education to the young boys growing up on the farm? May God help us in looking after the fairs held annually, or perhaps that should be held annually, in our respective counties. On my way home I went to Traverse City, and tried to find such a potato-digger as I have described, at one of the leading hard- ware stores. 'I'hey had onlj^ the blunt- pointed ones at 75 cents. They said there were no others in the market. But on an- other street, at a place where they sell noth- ing but farming-implements, I found a very light neat potato-hook, with tapering oval- shape steel tines ending in a sharp point, and the price of this superior tool was only 55 cents. I took it home, and carried it out into the field where the two young men were digging potatoes. They gave a whistle as soon as they tried it, and the implement paid for itself in the next two or three da3^s. Our boy Earl (Mr. Earl Rosga) is an ex- pert in digging potatoes, and he has an in- vention of his own in the shape of a leather strap attached to the digger so as to form a loop for the hand. This loop enables one to give a strong pull at the handle without being obliged to grasp it so tightly to pre- vent the hand from slipping. With the new digger Earl dug and picked up 45 bush- els of Lee's Favorite potatoes in one day, for which he received 5 cents a bushel, or $2.25, while his regular wages is only Si. 25 per day. I have gone into details as above to show you the importance of having the best tools there are in the market. And let me say again in closing that the county fair is exactly the place where the ' best tools made should be exhibited, both for the ben- fit of the manufacturer and dealer as well as for the customer. 954 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Nov. 15 GRAND CLUBBING OFFERS BY SPECIAL ARRANGEMENTS with the publisher of Gleanings and other publishers interested, we are able to offer Gleanings subscribers some very attractive combinations. Subscriptions to any of the periodicals named may be either new or renewal, except in a very few cases where new is specified. Subscriptions may begin at any time, and are always for a full year. The differ- ent periodicals in the combination may all go to one person or they may go to different persons, to the same address or to different addresses. To help in form- ing clubs, we have arranged the following classes of publications, in each case giving the publisher's regular subscription price. CLASS A Gleanings S 1 Woman's Home Companion 1 Household 1 National Magazine 1 Leslie's Monthly, with calendar 1 Era 1 Campbell's Illustrated Journal.. 1 Recreation (new) 1 00 Ledger Monthly 1 00 Hints 1 00 Young's Magazine 1 00 Youth 1 00 Little Chronicle $ 1 50 Electrical Age 1 00 Farm Poultry 1 00 American Fancier 1 00 OhioFarmer 1 00 Michigan P'armer 1 00 Practical Farmer 1 00 Buffalo Weekly Horse Gazette.... 1 00 Farm Journal (5 years) 1 00 Fern Bulletin 1 00 Vick's Magazine (3 years) 1 00 Ad Writer 1 00 CLASS B Chautauquan 2 00 Birds and Nature 2 00 Toilettes 2 00 World To-day 3 00 Lippincott's 2 50 Arena 2 00 Popular Science News 2 00 Trained Nurse 2 00 CLASS C Poultry-Keeper Good Health Clinic. Woman's Work Good Literature 50 Conkey's Home Journal. 50 Commercial Poultry 50 Vick's Magazine 35 Ladies' World 50 50 SO 40 GLEANINGS WITH One of Class A 125 One of Class A, one of Class B.. 2 75 Two of Class A 175 Two of Class A, one of Class B.. 3 25 Three of Class A 2 25 One of Class A, one of Class C. 150 One of Class B 2 25 Two of Class A, one of Class C. 2 00 Two of Class B 3 75 OTHER ATTRACTIVE OFFERS Gleanings and Country Gentleman $ 1 60 Gleanings, Vick's Magazine, Woman's Home Compan., Good House-keeping 1 70 Gleanings, Everybody's Magazine, Cosmo- politan, Youth's Companion (Nov. and Dec, of 1902, and art calendar given to new subscribers in addition to the full year of 1903) 3 50 If the Youth's Companion is not want- ed, deduct $1.75. Gleanings and Century 4 00 Gleanings and St. Nicholas 3 00 Gleanings and Scribner's Magazine 3 30 Gleanings, American Mother, Woman's Work, and McCall's 1 50 Gleanings and McCall's Magazine 90 Gleanings and Great Round World 2 00 Gleanings, Youth, and National Magazine 1 60 Gleanings, Era, Everybody's, and Cosmo- politan 2 25 Catalog containing clubbing rates on over 2000 periodicals, hundreds of combinations similar to tbese named here, together with liberal cash and periodical prizes, sent on receipt of a postal-card request, after Nov. 20. In ordering, be sure to name Gleanings, and address _ C. M. Goodspeed, Lock Box 731, Skaneateles, N. Y. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE 955 Gleanings May be Added to Any Combination on This Page by Adding 50 cts. to the Price. The periodicals are all mailed direct to the subscriber by the pub- lisher, and in all respects you get the same service you would if you sent the full regular price to them, and at a saving of nearly half the cost of your reading matter. Success Offers. Success and I^eslie's Popular Monthly $1.25 Success, Everybody's Magazine, L,eslie's Popular Monthly 2 00 In place of either l,eslie's or Everybody's Mag- azine in the above offer may be substituted Woman's Home Companion, Biids and Nature, Good Housekeeping, or any magazine in Class A on the opposite page. Success and Review of Reviews 2 50 Success, World's Work, Review of Reviews 4 00 Success, Public Opinion (new). Current Uterature.. 4 00 In place of either Review ot Reviews. World's Work, Public Opinion, or Current L,iterature, may be substituted Country I^ife, New England Magazine, I0. Pen-and-ink price quoted on any list of papers you wish either foreign or domestic. Fifty-two-page catalog for 1003 will be ready to mail for the asking by November "JOth. Be sure to tell us where you saw this ad. If yon do tell us that you saw it in (".LEANINGS we will send you a nice package of flower or vegetable seeds absolutely free, but of our own selection. ADDRESS C. M. Qoodspeed, Skaneateles, N. Y. Lock Bo.\ 731. 956 GLEANIN(iS IN BEE CQLTUKE. Nov, 15 There have been several inquiries about eucalyptus seed lately, as to where it could be obtained. We have received notice that it will be furnished by C. H. W. Weber, Cincinnati, O., after November. NO. 25 JARS FOR HONEY. We regret to be obliged to announce that our stock of No. 25 lib. honey-jars is exhausted, and the fac- tory which has been supplying us is having trouble with their help, so they can not tell us when we may expect more. We ordered a carload last May. of which we have recived less than half. We are doing what we can to get them elsewhere. We still have some 20 to 25 gross of No. 143, which is the same style jar hold- ing 14 oz., and can get more of this size promptly, and the price is 25 cents per gross less than our No. 25. We are also prepared to furnish promptly the new jars shown in last is.sue. SECOND-HAND FOUNDATION-MILLS. We have on hand and offer for sale the following second-hand foundation-mills. Any one desiring a sample of the work of any one of these machines, or further particulars, we shall be pleased to accommo- date on request. No. 05, 2x6, hex. cell, extra thin, in fair condition. Price, $8.00 No. 013, 2x6, hex. cell, extra-thin super. Piice, $8.00. No. 014, 2x6, hex. cell, extra-thin super. Price, |8.00. No. 031, 2x6, hex. cell, thin super. Price, |8.00. No. 036, 2x6, hex cell, ex. thin super, good. Price. $10. No. 037. 2x6. hex. cell, ex thin super, good. Price, $10. No. 2132, 2x6, hex. cell, thin super. Price, $10. No. 2227, 2x6, hex. cell, thin super. Price. $10. No. 0i5, 2^x6 hex cell, thin super. Price, $10. No. 2275, 2'4x6, hex. cell, ex. thin super. Price, $10. No. 085, 2.k10, round cell, medium old-style frame, in good condition. Price, $12. No. 038. 2x10, round cell, med. to light, in good con- dition Price, $14. No. 050, 2x10, round cell, medium. Price, $12. No. 044, 2x10 Pelham, nearly new. Price, $6. N -1. OIH, 2x10, Pelham, nearly new. Price, $6. No. 0049, 2^x12, round cell, old style fr. Price, $12. No. 034, 2l4.xl2]4. round cell, very old style, in fair condition. Price, $10. No. 046, 2^x12, round, medium, Dunham. Price, $10. No. 042, 2^x12, round, medium, late pattern, good condition. Price, S15. No. 043, 254x14. round, medium to heavy, good con- dition. Price, $14. Special Notices by A. I. Root. HOME AGAIN. Here I am at my old home in Medina (for the win- ter) answering the accumulated letters as fast as I can. I am strong and well, and ready to help wher- ever I can do most good. BASSWOOD-TREES FOR FALL PLANTING. Now is the time to plant them out, and basswood. trees very seldom fail either fall or spring. We have- a very nice stock of trees that we can furnish as follows: Per 10 Per 1(X) One foot and under, each, 05 .30 $2 00 The same postpaid by mail, .08 .35 2.25 Trees one to five feet, each, .10 .75 5.00 These last should be sent by express, but we can send the small sizes, say one to three feet, bv mail by adding one-half more than the above prices for post- age. Above trees are all growing on our own grounds, and can be sent by return mail or express. r.RAND RAPIDS LEITUCE SICED. Our two bushel bagful of that extra strain of G and Rapids lettuce seed (grown expressly for us), has been on hand for some time, but is now rapidly going off. If yon haven't got your plants going for raising let- luce under glass, do not lose a day in getting some seed in the ground, or started in some way; even boxes in the house will give you plants enough to start on a small scale. See notice on page 784. Sept 1^ Ounce, 5 cents; 1 lb.. .50 cents; 5 lbs.. $2 00 By mail li> cents extra for packing and postage. Graiid Rapids lettuce grown under glass seems to be a staple article ever>- wher- , ani a cr p can be secured in any locality iu forci g-beds in the greenhouses, under liot bed sashes, etc. A good many limes the lettuce grown in a single .season will pay for the entire plant, greenhouse, hot- beds, cold-frames, etc. SEED POTATOES FOR 1903. Our crop of something over 1000 bushels is not only all dug but is here in Medina in our potato-cellar.s, and is being sorted as rapidly as we can get at it. Since digging them all I have changed my mind in re- gard to some of the varieties. With many I have been agreeablj- surprised, and with a very few disappoint- ed. King of Michigan, grown here in our Medina soil, was the cleanest and handsomest potato I ever saw; and I expected on our light Michigan land it would be fully as good if not better. After digging I was disappointed in finding it not as hand -ome as here in Ohio — more irregular potatoes. The j'ield was not as large as I expected, and, lastly, there were a good many small ones They were grown side by side of the Carman. The Carman gave us a larger j^ield than the King of Michigan, fully as handsome in shape, and there was .scarcely a potato in the lot too small for table use. They were all large, and some of them too- large. I planted them clos-e in order to keep the size down but next season I am going; to plant Iheiii i loser still. The Carman, however, is not up in quality with the King of Michigan. Both were killed by a frost when they were growing quite thriftily. On this ac- count I have put the King of Michigan at $3 .50 instead of $5 00 per barrel. Perhaps I should say that on friend Hilberl's place, a mile awa\ , he thought the King of Michigan \ ielded a little better than the Car- man. 1 he shape is rather better than mine, but there were too many small ones. The table below will give prices. TABLE OF PRICES. NAME. Varieties are in order as regards time of ma- turing ; earliest first, next earliest second, and so on. Red Bliss Triumph. . . Six Weeks Early Ohio Early Michigan Early Trumbull Bovee New Queen Freeman Lee's Favorite Twentieth Century. . . State of Maine Maule's Commercial. Carman No. 3 Sir Walter Raleigh... King of Michigan... California Russet.... New Craig ^* f^ u M .o XI XI £i o3 ^ m X $ 18 $ 40 $ .30 IH 40 1H 40 •M IH 40 30 ^>^ 40 30 IH 40 30 IK 40 30 IH 40 30 IH 40 30 l.-i :x5 2(1 ]f, H5 20 15 H5 20 I,") K5 20 !.■> H5 20 2^ 50 a5 IS 35 •m 15 35 20 PQ *1.25 1.25 1.25 1.23 l:-5 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.00 1.00 l.tK) 1.00 1.00 1.50 1.00 1.00 -Seconds, while we have them, will be half price (for description of seconds see page 828), but at the present writing, Nov. 15, we are sold out of seconds of Six Weeks, Early Ohio, Bovee, Carman No. 3, Sir Walter, Russet, and Freenan A barrel can be made up of as many varieties as you choose, and they will be at barrel prices if you have a whole barrel or more. We will ship this fall, where wanted, up to Dec. 15; or we will keep them safely in our potato-cellars until next April if you prefer. Po- tatoes that are w inted in the South we will ship later than the dale given above; and we will guarantee pro- tection from frost by giving them extra care in pack- ing in paper and fine sawdust. But as this extra pack- ing incurs extra Itibor and risk, we shall have to ask a lit le more, which additional charge will depend on where they are to go, and in what season of the year you want them. I^et me know what you want, and when you want to plant them, and we will do the best we can in way of prices. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 95/ POTATOES AND GARDEN SEEDS TO BE OIVEN AWAY. Everybody who sends $1.00 for Gleanings (asking for no other premium), may have 25 cents' worth of potatoes, seeds, etc., providing he mentions it at the time he sends in the nionev; and every subscriber who sends us $1.00 for a new subscriber so that Glean INGS may go into some neighborhood or family where it has not been before, may have 50 cents' worth of po- tatoes, seeds, etc. You can have j'our premium potatoes sent by mail, express, or freight; but if you want them by mail, you must send the money for postage. For 25 cents you can have 5 lbs of potatoes; bvit the postage and packing amounts to ten cents for each pound; and I do not believe you want to pay .50 c nts in postage for 25 cents' worth of potatoes. Asa rule, potatoes sho-ld go only by freight; 25 cents' worth is hardly enough tor a freight shipment; so by far the better way would be to have them shipped by freight with other goods. The express charges on only 25 cents' worth are very often as much as the postage, and sometimes more. MY PLUM STORY— A CORRECTION. Friend Berg tells me I made two mistakes when I wrote up his plum-orchard. The first is that his crop was not produced on trees four years from the nur- sery, as I had it. He .says he told me they commenced bearing in four years, and had given him a crop every year for four years, so the trees were now eight years old from the nursery. Second, I said a fruit-grower should have a wife and a lot of children. He says if a fruit-grower lives near enough to a town of large size, as he does (only three miles from Traverse City), neither wife nor children are ''absolutely" necessary to .success; for when he has fruit to pick— strawberries, plums, or any thing else — boys and girls will come from the city on their wheels, bring their dinner, and do all such work by the quart or bushel. He has no help to board, and nothing to do but to look after them and see that they do it right. THE GIANT GIBRALTAR ONION. Many of you will remember how I boomed this new onion a year ago and last spring. Well, this year we planted several thousand on our place in Michigan where I grew large onions last year; but I am sorry to relate that not one in ten made a big onion. They went to " s-cullions, " or, as they call them in that re- gion, " suckers." That means a great big neck and top, and no bottom. .Some of them are now as thick as my wrist, and almost as long as my arm. I had a few such last year that I left in the ground over win- ter; and this season, by cutting off the seed-tops, they made fair-sized onions; so I am going to let them stand in the ground. Now, I do not know whether this was because the seed was not as good as it was the year before, or whether it was because the season was so wet. We had a hard time in getting seed to fill orders, as you may remember, and I bought every ounce of seed in the "market. I should think it was the fault of the seed, at least to some extent, were it not that friend Greiner, who had seed from the same source as mine, reports an unu.sually good crop. I wish the friends whom we sent seed would report to me on a postal card what their success was. I will now tell you what I did. I gathered all my nice onions and planted them out the right distance apart to grow onion seed next year. The one big onion I spoke about keeping so long on my table last winter was planted, and we now have from it a few seeds. I shall give them a careful test. I want to know how much better is home-grown seed of the Giant Gibral- tar than that which is imported from abroad. We will see if we can not get a strain of American-grown seed that will grow big onions every time, and not scullions. THE OHIO STATE ANTI-SALOON C0NGRK:SS. Every one who loves righteousness and hates in- iquity especially every one who lives in Ohio, should make an effort to be present at the Anti-saloon Con- gress, to be held in Columbus, Dec. 1, 2, ;i. I.,et me give you a little clipping from the program: 1. The Initial Effort.— Bv Hon. J. T. Haskell, author of the Ha.skell Bill. 2. The .Second Attempt.— By Hon. W. .S. Harris, author of the Harris Bill. 3. Almost— but Lost.— By Hon. T. H. Clark, author of the Clark Bill. 4. Victory! — By Hon. J. H. Beal, author of the Beal I,aw. The League Before Congre.ss — By Rev. ]■',. C. Din- widdle, .Supt. of the I^egislative Department of the American Anti-saloon League. The rest of the program for the three days will probably be equally interesting, but we have not space to give it here. I notice a great part of the addresses are to be reports of victories over the .saloon in the cities and towns of Ohio. Here are two for example: How We Won at Xenia.— By Rev. A. C. Turrell, Pastor First M. E. Church, Xenia, Ohio. How We Did Not Win at Ironton.— Rev. Homer J. Smith, Ironton, Ohio. Come and meet with us and learn how. Kind Words from our Customers. THE NEW RUSSET POTATOES. From the 7 pecks of New Russet .seed potatoes pur- chased of you last spring I have harvested 2ti bushels of selects. 2]^ of baking size and sports, and 3 of small ones, besides using from them since they were large enough to eat. Think I shall dispose of most of them for seed, as they are mostly uniform and of even size. I am well satisfied with the investment. Nessen, Mich. Clinton F. Pulsifkr. SOMETHING IN REGARD TO OUR HOMES FOR OCT. 1. Mr. A. I. Root: — Owing to a press of other mntters I did not get an opportunity to skim through Gi.ic.an- INGS until yesterday evening. I was deeply impressed with the letter printed at the head of the department on " Our Homes " in the Oct. 1st issue. It is my opin- ion that you have shown unusual courage in your treat- ment of the same. That Sunday (or the sabbath) was made for man, and not man for the sabbath, is not commonly accepted by our more stright-laced breth- ren. In using this word "straight-laced"' I dn not mean to be in any .sense sarcastic or discourteous, for no one has a greater respect for exactness than my- self ; but I do try to cultivate a broad catholic spirit, and not condemn my brother who uses the sabbath day for purposes that I do not ; neither am I to sit in judgment on him as to whether his way is better than mine or mine better than his. I am, however, to dis- criminate between the pairs of opposites which we speak of as good and evil. If my brother's methods are productive of good it would be sufficient warrant for his continuing them. If mine were also produc- tive of good it would be sufficient warrant for me to continue ; in other words, it would depend upon the stage of evolution obtained by each. The Savior, re- proving the Pharisees for their notions in regard to the observance of the sabbath, ought to be to us a "^ea- con light and I am sure it is to many ; then his rebuk- ing the critic corroborates the position you take. Yes, the cattle should be turned out of the field into which they have broken, even though it is the sabbath day ; therefore the husbandman refraining from all unnecessary work on the sabbath must be watchful that no so called accidents occur. One of the strongest sentences in your article I here quote : " May God help us to use enlightened common sense in our religion as well as in otheraffairs of life." Yes, what we ordinarily understand by common sense is about the most uncommon thing in our every-day life. He who is richly endowed with this is walking a little closer to the unperishing law of the Eternal. Would it not be well if people lived, not for to-day nor to-morrow, liut for the Eternal? Your quotation from Paul \s mo?X apropos ; but men construe it differently. I, however, agree with the construction you now put upon it, for I too am sure " that God means me to be ready to lend a helping hand." Truly there is a higher duty imposed upon us than what is considered to be the orthodox way of ot>- serving Sunday. R. A. BuRNi-;Tr. Chicago, 111., Oct. 18. P. S. — If you wish to use the letter inclosed for Glk.vnings you may. My purpose in writing it was to help. R. A. B. To make cows pay, use Sharpies Cream Separators, book ■ Business DalrTing " & cat. 2K8 free. W. Chester. Pa. 958 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Nov. 1 The "Best of Everything THE through train service of the Chicago & North-Western Rail- way from Chicago to Omaha, Denver and the Pacific Coast on the west, the Black Hills and Dakotas to the northwest and to Milwaukee, Madison, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Duluth on the north, is as nearly perfect as modern and skillful management can make it. The Overland Limited, a magnificent electric-lighted train, less than three days Chicago to San Fran- cisco, daily. The Colorado Special, only two nights to Denver from the Atlantic seaboard. Solid train Chicago to Denver. The North=Western Limited. an electric lighted daily train between Chicago, St. Paul and Minneapolis. W. B. Kniskern, g Passenger Traffic Manager. CHICAGO, III. J Not too Late Yet if you order quick, to get some of Moore's Famous Red-clover Queens this fall. Untested queens, 75c each ; six, $4.00 ; dozen, $7.50. Select un- tested, $1.00 each ; six, $5.00 ; dozen, $9.00. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Queens sent by return mail unless otherwise directed. J. P. Moore, L. Box I, Morgan, Kentucky. Pendleton County. Queens! Queens! We have five different yards, 5 to 20 miles apart, where Italians, Cvprians, Holylands, Carniolans, and Albinos are bred for busines,s. You can send in your orders at following prices the rest of this year: Test- ed, $1 50 each; $8.00 for six; $15.00 per doz. Untested, 75c each; $J.25 for six, or fS.OO per doz. Fine breeders, $5.00 each. Safe arrival guaranteed Write for free catalog. Tells how to raise queens and keep bees for profit. The Jennie Atchley Co , Beeville, Bee Co., Tex. CHas. Israel (Si BrotHers 486-490 Canal St.. cor. Watt St.. N. Y. Horiey and Beesw^ax Liberal Advances Made on Consignments Wholesale Dealers and Commission Merchants. Established 1875. Until you see our -l3d annual catalog. A full line of hives and fixtures best adapt- ed to our New England Climate. Also best brands of Comb Foundation and Section Boxes. We have also made arrangements to keep a general stock of THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY'S GOODS AT THEIR PRICES ! Parties desiring these goods can get them of us, and save freight charges. Bees, queens, and nucleus colonies from the VERY BEST STRAINS in America. A 40 - page illustrated catalog sent free. W. W. Gary & Son, LYONSVILLE, MASS, Special Notice to Bee=keepers ! Root's Supplies at Catalog Prices. Chaff Hives. Winter=cases. For Chaff Division=boards. Winter. Hill Devices, etc. F. H. Farmer, 182 Friend St Boston, Mass. Up one flight. ^ BARNES' Hand and Foot Power Machinery. This cut represents our coinbiued circular saw, which is made for bee- keeper's use in the con- struction of their hives, sections, boxes, etc., etc Machines on Trial. Send for illustrated cata- log and prices. Address W. F. « COMI»AXY P.O.Box F Fori Uny II.-. Indiana CLIMBING a woven wire fence is a pretty good test. You can climb the PAGF without leaving your mark. Page Woven Wire Fence Co., Box S, Adrian, Mioliigan. Union Combination Saw For Ripping, Cross- cutting, Rabbeting, Mitering, Grooving, Gaining, Boring, Scroll sawing, Edge - moulding, Beading. Full line Foot and Hand Power machin- ery. Send for catalog A. SEITECA FALLS MFG. CO., 44 Water St , Seneca Fs., K,7. FENCE! 1^ STROMGEST DE. BuU — ..-■ng, Cliicken- Tipht. Sold to the Farmerat Wholesale Prices. Fully Warranted. Catalofr Free. COILED SPRING FENCE CO. Box li il , Winchester, Indiana, C. S. A. $ I f\.30 For I A 200 Egg INCUBATOR Perfect in con.'^truction and action. Hatches every fertile egg. Write for catalog to-day. GEO. H. STAHL, Quincy, III no RANGE ADVERTISED EQUALS THIS. Full VVeiuht, Blue Polished Steel Range sent on SgjIAYS' FREE TRIAL Uur "Grand Union," as illustrated, the finest range in existence. Made of best blue polished steel, full size, full vFelght, fulllined. Large square oven with spring drop door; 25 inch iire box for coal or wood. Highly ornamented, triple nickel plated. (Complete with porcelain lined •reservoir and high closet. sec Dealer's price. Our "^Otl direct price* 17 BE SSl.JS.others low as*! I i«0 Perfect operation. Guaranteed for five years. Saves cost m one year. UTRNS LK.ss— COSTS LE.^S— LIVES LONGI'.ST. No money in advance- Send for our „ Catalogue. OA8U Bt \ tK'8 ITNIOJi, I>ept L. 345 Cbleago. WITH A smssB You Will Not Fail in the chicken busi- ness if you start right with a Successful Incubator and Brooder. Not experiments but machines with years of successful record. Perfect, regulation- per- fect hatches. Do not swell nor shrink. A variety of styles and sizes. Large in- cubator book ( 1.56 pages) free. Books in five languages. Des Moines Inch. Co., Dcpt fi03 n"S llnines, Towa., , or Dcpt 503. Huir.ilo, N.Y. Y I OU'RE LOOKING for just such a machine as Miller's new Ideal Incubator, tlie perfect hatcher,sent 1 on .HO dajs' trial. Abs lutely automatic. Test yourself. Big poultry and poultry supply book free. J. W. Miller Co., Box 4S,Freeport,IIl. CYPHERS INCUBATOR, World's Standard Hatciier. Used on 26 Go v. Experiment Stations in U. S., Canada, Australia and New Zealand; also by America's leading poultrymen and thousands of others. Gold riiedal and highest award at Pan-American, Oct. 1901. 16-page circular free. Complete catalogue, ISO pages, 8x11 in., mailed for 10c Ask nearest ofBcefor book No. 7t CYPHERS INOCIJATOR COUPANY, Bcltslo, N. If., Ch.caso, III., Doston, Mass., Xew York, N, X INCUBATORS and BROODERS. Satisfaoti.m guaranlff.l or ymir money back. ^eoillDcen a poslace f, r preat |...ul. ■ry book j ust isyued, explaining remark- able guarantee under which we sell. jlO S..s> r tleliahlelnC'iiiator .V BriioderCo., \ards tine Poultry. \^ Box B. 49 (Jalncy, 111. nPA AU Grand lot of trees, grown on the bank of Lake Erie, more i'P' llyBl stocky and hardy than trees grown in the interior; two miles " ^^**rll from any peach orchards and free from borers and all other diseases. Large stock of fruit trees and small fruits of ail kinds. Headquarters for ORNAMENTAL TREES, SHRUBS, BULBS. 40 .\cres Hardy Roses. 44 Greenhouses filled with Palms, Ficus, Ferns, Pandanus, Roses, Etc. Correspoudeuce solicited. Catalogue free. THE STilRRS & HARRISON CO., Painesville, Ohioa 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 961 Bees Wanted on Shares Have You Idle Capital ? We are owners of 1000 colonies of bees, and want lOOO more to run on shares. We have the best location in the best part of Texas, and will give as references H. W. Wiseman & Co , bankers; Paul Neubauer. P. M., or any responsible business firm of Floresville or Hutto, Texas. We have heavy fall rains. Next year will be a big one for honey. We have the best assist- ants we can procure, and have been in the business .•■ince 1893. If you have as many as 250 colonies of bees ship them to us, pay the cost of location, and supply us the necessary equipment for honey production, and we will give them all the necessary attention, and give you one-half th' honey. Bees must be all in either 8 or 10 frame Dovetailed or L,angstroth hives. l,et us explain to you more fully, therefore we solicit your correspondence. The Hyde Bee Company, Floresville, Texas. Do You Read the Modern Farmer ? If not, why not ? Perhaps you have never seen a copy. If not, send for one now — it's free. Send us lo cents and the names and addresses of five fanners and zve will send yon the paper one year. Clubbed with this paper. Write for price. Address! MODERN FARMER, St. Joseph, Mrssouri. All sizes; .>>omc trained; tirst- class stock. New price list free. N. A. KNAPP, Rochester, Lorain Co., Ohio. 1200 FERRETS. TREES, VINES, PLANTS in large supply at lowest prices. Send list of wants for quotations. " Honest trees at honest prices." E. A. BOAL CO., HINCHMAN. MICH. Wanted. — Fancy and No. 1 white comb honey; also gilt-edged extracted clover in 60-1 b. cans. B. Walker, 28 33d Place, Chicago, II. Wanted.— Honey and beeswax. Mail sample, an. state price delivered here. C. H. W. Weber, 2146, 2148 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. Wanted— Comb and extracted honey. State price, kind, and quantity. R. A. Burnett & Co., 199 South Water St., Chicago, 111. Wants and Exchange. Notices will be inserted under this head at 10 cts. per line. You must SAT you want your adv't in this department, or we will not be responsible for any error. You can have the no- tice as many lines as you please ; but all over ten lines will cost you according to our regular rates. We can not be re- sponsible for dissatisfaction arising from these " swaps." WANTED.— To exchange second-hand '60-lb. cans, boxed, good as new, at 40 cts per case, for honey at market price. G. I<. Buchanan, HoUiday's Cove, West Virginia. WANTED. — Every user of envelopes to write me for prices. If it is but a hundred, or if it is ten thou- sand, I can accommodate you. Martin the Printer, Grand Ridge, 111. \17ANTED.— To exchange a Yost typewriter in com- ' ' plete working order, for a Barnes combined foot- power saw — latest model. W. P. HoGARTY, Quindaro, Kansas. WANTED.— Buyers for a limited number of extra good breeding-fowls. Stay White Wyandotte cockrels, $1 00 to 82.00; Pekin drakes from 1st prize stock, St. I^ouis Fair and Poultry Show, $1 00 to $2.(X); M. B. Turkeys, good ones. hens. $1..50, tonis, $2.00. Mrs. H. R. Miller, I'ulton, Mo. VJ^ANTED.— Comb to render into wax; will pavcash. '' A. P. l^AWRENCK, Hickory Corner.s, Mich. VVANTED. — To exchange Angora goats for any thing '' useful. Ed. W. Cole & Co., Kenton, Ohio. WANTED.— To sell blackwalnuts and hickory-nuts at $1 00 per bushel. A. P. Lawrence, Hickory Corners, Mich. Y^ANTED. — To exchange for wood-working machin- '' ery, wax, or honey, a 12-tune Swiss music-box with harp, drum, chimes, and Castanet attachments. Address 216 Court St., Reading, Pa. \]^ANTED.^-To exchange one black minorca cock '' and five cockerels for barred Rock pullets; fine birds and purely mated. J. B. Enos, Charleroi, Pa. VVANTED. — To exchange extracted honey for dove- '" tailed hives in the flat, foot-power saw, 1 h.-p. gasoline engine, or offers W. C. Gathright, I,as Cruces, New Moxico. VVANTED.— To buy 50 or 75 colonies of bees in Flor- ~' ida ; Italians or Carniolans preferred. State what }ou have— kind of bees, hives, and price, with or without top stories. J. Alpaugh, Gait, Ontario, Canada. \VANTED. — Buyer for the remainder of my apiary — "' 15 swarms and supplies. Will sell cheap if .sold soon. Also would like a position in apiary for 1903, by young man '& j-ears of age, 7 years' experience, to begin March or April; North preferred. L,. F. Stacy, Rt. 26, Wilson, Niagara Co., N. Y. il/ANTED. — A good reliable man to take a half-inter- ''^ est with me, as soon as possible, in a newly es- tablished apiary which I wish to enlarge. Mu♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»»♦♦< I PACE $c LYON, i New London, Wisconsin. MANUFACTURERS OF AND DEALERS IN . . . BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES. . . Send for Our Free New Illustrated Catalog and Price List BEE-SUPPLIES. Best-equipped factory in the West ; car- ry a large stock and greatest v.rietj- of every thing needed in the apiary, assur- ing BEST goods at the LOWEST prices, and prompt shipment. We want every bee-keeper to have our FREE ILLUS- TRATED CATALOG, and read descrip- tion of Alternating Hives, Ferguson Su- pers, etc. l-Vf He at once f 07 a catalog. AGENCIES Trester Supplv Company, Lincoln, Neb. Shugart & Ouren, Council Bluffs, la. Chas. Spangler, Kentland, Ind. i Kretchmer Mfg. Co., Box 60, Red Oak, la. BINGHAM SMOKER. D«ar Sirr— Inclosed find $1.75. Please send one brass smoke-enginf. I have one already. It is the best smoker I •v«rused. Truly yours. Henrt Schmidt, Hutto, Tex. MADE TO ORDER Bingham Brass Smokers. Made of sheet brass, vchich does not rust or burn ©ut; should last a lifetime. You need one, but they cost 25 cts. more than tin ©f the same size. The little open cut shows our brass hinge put on the three larger sizes. No wonder Bingham's four-inch smoke-engine goes without pufhng, and docs not drop inky drops. The perforat- ed steel fire-grate has 3.S1 holes to air the fuel and support the fire. Heavy tin smoke-engine, 4-inch stove, per mail, $1.50; S^^-inch, $1.10; 3-inch, Jl.OO; 2i^-inch, 90c; 2-inch, (jSc. Bingham smokers are the originals, and have all the improvements, and have been the standard of excellence for 23 years. Only three larger ones brass. T. F. Bingham, Farweli, Michigan^ 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 967 Contents of this Number. Alfalfa Blossoms 983 Apiary ot Kauchfuss Brothers ^84 Bt-es in a Chimney... 9S7 Beeswax. Substitute for !'87 Cabin in the Woods. Miller on 972 Colorado, Edior in 983 Denver Cunvenlion 975 Fruit-trees, Spraj'ing 982 Honey as a Food 973 Honev, Boiled Not Agreeable 971 Hydromel 973 I^ettuce Grown Under Glass 990 Mason, A B 980 Michigan, Editor's L,ife in 992 Nucleus Method of Increase 9"9 Pears, Kifffer 971 Pop-hole Cells in Comb Honey 987 Queens Being Bal ed 973 Saloon, Is it a Benefit? 989 Shook Swarms Condemned 979 Sho k, Hutchin.son on 971 Squashes, Hnbbard 991 Swarms, Brushed 978 Swaims, Korc d, Crane on 977 Swarms, Forced Nomenclatnre of 975 Swarms, Forced Stachelhausen on 981 Wyoming for Bees 982 Honey Column. GBADING-RULEB. Fancy.— All sections to be well tilled, combs straight, firm- ly attached to all four sides, the corahs unsoiltd by travel- etain or otherwise ; all the cells sealed except an occasional cell, the outside surface of the wood well scraped of propolis. A No. 1.— All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs straight ; one-eiglith part of comb surface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soiled ; the out- side of the wood well scraiied of propol is. No. ].— All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs coraiiaratively e^-en ; one-eighth part of comb surface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soiled. No. 2.— Three-fourths of the total surface must be filled and sealed. No. 3.— Must weigh at least half as much as a full-weight •eotion. In addition to this the honey is to be classified according to color, using the terms white, am'ier, and dark ; that is, there will be " Fancy White," " No. 1 Dark," etc. CITY MARKETS. Buffalo.— Fancy comb, 15'^lfi; A No 1, 14'^®15: No. 1, IVnilli^: No. 2, i3'>13^4- No 3. 120.13; dark, 11(5)12; Extracted white, 7rffc7J^ ; dark, 5'4'a(). Beeswax, 28@ 32. Comb honey is in extra good demand. W C Town-send, ■ Nov. 17. 167 Scott St., Buffalo, N. Y. New York. — Supplies of comb honey have been more liberal Fancy is worth 15fa 16 ; No 1, 14^al5; mixed, 12a 13; buckwheat, 12ig»13. Extracted, South- ern, in barrels, 4^ro 5 I iiiii.'! Francis H. IvEGOett & Co., I Nov. 18. ■ Franklin and Varick Sts., New York. Kansas City.— Our market has changed quotations from p und to case. Fancy white, per case of 24 sec- tions. $3 50: No. 1, |3.40; No. 2 and amber. S^ 25. Ex- tracted white, per lb , 754; amber, (554. Beeswax, 27® 30 C. C. Clkmons & Co., Nov. 22. 306 Grand Ave., Kansas City, Mo. Boston.— The demand for comb honey is good, con- sidering the high prices prevailing this year as cotn- pared with previous years Fancv 1-lb. sections in cartons. 16; No 1. 155^; No. 2, 14. There is practically no No. 2 honey here, with only a fair stock of No. 1. On extracted we quote from 7fa'8, according to quality. Blake, Scott & IvEE, Nov. 14. 31. 33 Commercial St.. Boston, Mass. Philadelphia. — Comb honey quite active, and more demand for extracted. We quote fancv white clover, 17; No 1, 15; No. 2, 14; amber, 13. Extracted, while, 8; amber, 7. Beeswax, 30. We are producers of honey, and do not sell on commission. Wm. A. Shi.ser, Nov. 20. 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa. Denver — Demand for comb honey is not as brisk now as it was earlier in the season. Fancy white comb is scarcer, and brings $:?.50 per case of 24 sec- tions; No. 1 white, $^ lO'a «;?25; No. 2, |2.75. E-ttracted, 7^@8!-^ per lb. Beeswax, 22.«26 The Colorado Honey Producers' Ass'n., Nov. 21. 1440 Market St., Denver, Col. Cincinnati. — The demand for comb honey is good, and prices are a little better, as the .supply does not meet the wants. Extra water-white fancy isse'ling as high as 16 cents; other grades less, according to qual- ity. Extracted is very active, and prices are a little better. Amber, oi/^faSV^; alfalfa, 6^rti.7^ ; white clo- ver, 7'4(?*S. Beeswax, '28. C. H. W. Weber, Nov. 18. 2146 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. .Schenectady. — Honey market continues active ; prices firm. Buckwheat, both comb and extracted, is getting very scarce, and this will have a tendenc}' to strengthen price of other grades We quote fancy clover, 16; No. 1, 15; other grades. 13|^(«il4; buckwheat, 12>4@.13i/4, Extracted, light, 6'/,(a7^; dark, 6^(0(7. ■'I ta: fCHAS. McCULLOCH, ;" Nov. 18. ,_^"..- ; '; 523 State St., Schenectady, N. Y. Chicago. — A slow .steady market may be .said of conditions now prevailing in Chicago, The volume of sales is small, and the receipts are correspondingly so. Fifteen to sixteen cents is obtained for best lots of white comb honey in a jobbing way, while for sel ctions a little more is asked; amber grades lOfojlS, according to flavor, style, etc. Extracted white, 7(a8; amber, 6@7. Beeswax wanted at 30c per lb., upon arrival. R. A. Burnett & Co., Nov. 19. 199 South Water St., Chicago, 111. For Sale. —Extracted honey. Finest grades for ta- ble use. Prices quoted on application. Sample by mail, 10 cts. to pay for package and postage. Orel I,. Hershiser, "301 Huntington Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. For Sale. — Light extracted honey; cans and kegs, 7@8c per lb. Sample, 8c. I. J. Stringham, 105 Park PI., New York City. For Sale. — Several thousand pounds comb honey in Danzenbaker 4x5 sections. .Shall commence filling orders in August. Wm. Morris, Las Animas, Col. For Sale. — White extracted honey from alfalfa in 60-lb cans, at |4 50 each; light amber honey mixed with Rocky Mountain bee-plant, fine flavor, $4. '20 each. Prices on small cans and pails on application. , M. P. Rhoads, Box 216, Las Animas, Colo. For Sale. — Fine quality of extracted honey, both clover and sweet clover, in (iO-lb. cans, at 8c; also bees in L. frames. Do not send local checks. Dr. C. L. Parker, Sta. A., R. F. D., Syracuse, N. Y. For Sale.— Extracted honev, from alfalfa, at TJ^c for No. 1 select, 7c for No. 1, 6^ for No. 2; discount on 10001b. lots. Send for sample. D. S. Jenkins, Las Animas, Col. Wanted.— Comb honev. all grades, carload lots or less than carloads, for ca.sh. Correspondence .solicited. Jos. M. McCaul, 120 and 122 West Broadway, New York. For Sale.— Alfalfa water-white honey, 60-lb. cans, two in a case, at "J^c; fancy basswood in 250 lb. bbls., 8c: .same in 60-lb. cans, two "to a case, 9c. We buy and sell for cash only. E. R. Paul & Co.. 294, 296 Broadway, Milwaukee, Wis. Wanted.— Honev and beeswax. Mail sample, and state price delivered here. C. H. W. Weher, 2146, 2148 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. Wanted— Comb and extracted honey. State price, kind, and quantity. R. A. Burnett & Co., 199 South Water St., Chicago, 111. We will be in the market for honey the coming sea- son in carloads and less than carloads and would be glad to hear from producers everywhere what they will have to offer. Skavey & Flarsheim, 1318-1324 Union Avenue, Kan.sas City, Mo, 968 DR. C. C. MILLER. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Dec. 1 Forty Years By DR. C. C. MILLER. The above is the title, and name of the author, of a new bee-book which will be ready some time in January, 1903, as it is now in the hands of the printers. It is a book that every bee-keeper in the world that can read English will want to own and read. It will contain over 300 pages, be bound in handsome cloth, printed on good book-paper, and illustrated with over 100 beautiful original half-tone pictures, taken by Dr. Miller himself. The book will show in detail how Dr. Miller does things with bees. The first few pages of the new book are de- voted to an interesting biographical sketch of Dr. Miller, which finally tells how he happened to get into bee-keeping. Seventeen years ago he wrote a small book, called, " A Year Among the Bees," but that little work has been out of print for a number of years. While some of the matter used in the former book is found in the new one, it all reads like a good new story of successful bee-keeping by one of the masters. How to Get a copy of Dr. MiHer's " Forty Years Among the Bees." The price of this new book is f 1.00, post- paid ; or, if taken with the wkeki^v American Bee Journal for one year, both will be sent for $1.75. We hope all who desire to accept this combination offer will do so AT ON'CE, so as to have their subscriptions to the American Bee Journal begin with Jan. 1. The Bee Journal will be greater than ever in 1903. Every bee- keeper ought to have it regularly. Better order Dr. Miller's new book and the American Bee Journal NOW Address the publishers, OEORIaE W. YORH 8 CO., 144 & 146 East Erie Street, CHICAGO, ILLi. ^^ Sample copy of the American Bee Journal and CataloE? of Bee-Keepers' Supplies sent free on applica- tion. Address as above. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 969 DITTWIER'S FOUNDATION. Retail— Wholesale— Jobbing. Having increased my shop -room, put in power and a new set of ma- chines, I am now producing a better article than ever, with unhmited ca- pacity to meet orders. I use a process that produces every essential neces- sary to make it the best and most de- sirable in all respects. My process and automatic macliines are my own inventions, which enable me to sell foundation, and WORK WAX INTO FOUNDATION FOR CASH, at prices that are the lowest. I make a specialty of working upWholesale and Jobbing lyOts of wax into foundation, for cash. If you have wax by the lOll lbs. or ton, let me hear from you. Catalog giving Full Line of Supplies with prices and samples, Iree upon application. BEESWAX WANTED, Gus. Dittmer, Augusta, • Wisconsin. To make cows pay, use Sharpies Cream Separators, book " Business Dairying " & cat. 288 free. W. Chester, Pa . V^ANTED. — To sell a 5-acre bee-ranch, 4-room house, '' barn, good well of water, 110 stands of bees, 100 extra hives, 100 comb honey supers; every thing per- taining to a first-class apiary, just outside the city limits of L,os Angeles with 12.5,000 inhabitants; fine place for bees. The hills are covered with sage, and oranges in the valley; a bargain for some one. J. H. Miller, Station A, L,os Angeles, Cal. nXUn TDV PAPKR, mustM, 20 pages, r «JUL I n I 35 cents per year. 4 months' trial 10 cents. Sample t'ree. 64-page practical goaltry book free to yearly snbscribera. ,ook alone 10 cents. (tJataloRue of ponltrj ibooks free, JPouUry Advocate, gyracose.M.Y. CHEAP EGGSTI Feed cut green bone; save half your grain and double^ your e^'^^ yield. The Humphrey 6reen Bone& Vegetable Cutter, the only open hopper machine, is guaranteed to cut more bone, w ith less labor and in less time than any other. Money bark if you are not satisfied. It's the one hand cutter: feed under operator's control at all tii no complicated parts. Send for cata- logue and special offer. Humphrey Sc, Sons Box 51, Jolietjils. A FRIEND to poultry men— to chickens. Adam'sS Cutter It runs easily because it has ball bearings. It cuts clean, quickly and perfecly. Makes a fine bone shaving such as chickens re- quire. Before you buy send for free catalogue No. :j9 W. J. ADAM, JOLtET, ILL. Y. OUR ifiONEY BACIC ^/^ it noi. ^uti-fied wilh ^'meii'" CatakOTefrce. Box 107 SYRACUSE, N. Y. E. C. STE;.R .S CJ msntmaam FENCE! STRONGEST MADE. Bull StioMtr, Cliicken- Tight. Sold to the Kaime rat Wholesale Prices. Fully Warranted. Catalnp Free. COILED SPRING FENCE CO. Box 1(11, VVinchester, Indiana, U. 8. A. \ IT WILL PAY EVERY HEN OWNER to send and get one of M art rt'c I aii^^i \Kni\i» PiW^Arc I' makes hens lay and pay. Open hopper, •! 'Ann & L- Mountain Bee-plant, 1.5c ' [lOO lbs. Alsike clover, |15|l oz. Eucalyptus seed. 'I JourHaiJ • DELVoTL ♦To'BELE.^ •.-.ndHoNEY 'jmn home: ♦JNTE.FIEST^ hedWTHEAll^OoYCO. •, lJ,$.la2p[R\tfcR'^_^@"^EDlNA•OH10• Vol. XXX. DEC. 1902. No. 23 "If the plant [sweet clover] is left un- til there is no honey in the blossoms, and the blossoms have gone to seed, it will be too tough and woody to make very good hay," p. 917. Better cross out that "very." Might leave out the "good" too. [I will accept the correction. — Ed.] KiEFFKR PEARS are praised by some and decried by others. I had a few from some young trees last year, and they were not fit to eat. This year the same trees gave near- ly a bushel. They ripened up into red- cheeked beauties, and we thought we had never eaten finer pears. I don't know what made the difference in the two years. Speaking of boiled honey, page 947, re- minds me that for a week or two I have been using every morning honey that had not been boiled, but had been heated to somewhere near the boiling-point. It is possible that it might agree with some stomachs that could not endure honey never heated, but the taste is so injured that not many would persevere in its use, even if the stomach would stand it. Editor Hdtchin.son says some pretty things about me, and commends me for op- posing the use of the term ' ' shook swarms, ' ' and then says: "'Shook' swarm is terse, expre-isive, and catchy, and I doubt if we can do better than to adopt it." "Ettu, Brute?" [While he commends you for op- posing ungrammatical terms in a general way, he himself is against you to the ex- tent that he favors my idiosj'ncrasy for "shook." See editorials. — Ed.] GuBLER had a queen whose eggs never hatched either into drones or workers. Mentioning this in the Atnerican Bee-keeper, F. Greiner says: "The writer had such a queen some years ago. She filled the combs with eggs, but none ever hatched. Finally the queen disappeared." I think such queens are scarce. I have had just one — that is, a queen whose eggs would not hatch during the usual season of breeding. I've had lots of queens whose eggs did not hatch late in the fall. I suppose every one has them. The right time to take bees into cellar is often asked for. Wait till they take their last flight in fall or early winter. Then take them in the next day. "What date will that be?" I don't know. You'll have to use your best judgment and then it's largely a guess. I knew one winter in this locality when there was no chance for bees to fly after the last of October till the next spring. This year acts as if it might go to the other extreme. This is the 20th of November, and bees are still flj'ing al- most every daj' — at least a few bees, and some days many. Generally you are safe not to cellar bees till the middle of Novem- ber. After reading over three times what you. say, p. 931, Mr. Editor, I think I un- derstand your position to be that combs partly drawn out on foundation will be preferred by a queen to old black combs. Please paste in your hat a memorandum to give the thing a trial next summer, and then tell us what you find. Here's what Editor Hutchinson saj's in last Review: " In examining nuclei to see if queens had begun laying, I found that the place to look for the first-laid eggs was always in old black brood-combs — not new combs." [I have done it. I have pasted it in my hat; and if 3'ou do not hear from me again, well, I'll not tell you unless I am right. — Ed.] The chief argument for being satisfied with forced swarms as against no swarms lies in the advantag'e forced swarms g'ive over foul brood. I confess it's a strong if not an all-sufficient argument, wherever foul brood prevails. But then, we don't all have foul brood. [One in my position has opportunit}' for knowing that foul brood is on the increase at a fearful rate over the 972 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE Dec. 1 United States in localities where there are no foul-brood laws, or, if there are such laws, they are poorly enforced. The forc- inof plan will give us relief in such locali- ities. The Rocky Mountain Bee Journal ought to be credited with the honor of first putting out this idea to the general public. —Ed. J I THINK I understand now where we stand, Mr. Editor. The forced swarm is far and awaj' ahead of natural swarming, and utter non-swarming would be still bet- ter. So far, we go arm-in arm, and then we part company, for 3^ou have given up in despair chasing after the will-o'-the-wisp, non-swafming, while I am still after it, hotfoot. Good-by, old friend. [Yes, we can go arm-in-arm pirt way. While you go one way and I the other, let meassure you that I shall reach the will-o'-the-wisp as soon as j^ou, even if I am not looking for it. "Good-b3s old friend," until — un- til 3'ou get through chasing that phan- tom of a strictly non-swarming race, and then we'll go "arm-in-arm" again. Good- by.— Ed.] Mr. Editor, that you should hold the right use of Englis-h in such light esteem as to favor for a time the use of the past tense for the past participle "shook" my confidence in your taste, if not your judg- ment. I am now " shaken " in the secut ity of my position by the force of 3'our logic, p. 933. and "forced" to admit that it is all right to say " forced swarms." Long live "forced swarms " ! [But I find I have to force myself to cross out the word "shook" and put "forced" in its stead. Somehow the adjective "forced" does not quite fill the bill. But, "allee samee, " I am in- clined to keep on forcing mj'self until "forced swarms" drives out of our col- umns the terms you do not like. — Ed.] Editor Hutchinson has gone into ec- stasies over the advantage of anticipating swarming by shaking, and I don't much wonder. One who has had experience with natural swarms can hardly help crying "Eureka" when he learns how far and away the new-old has the start. But, friends, please don't lose sight of the fact that, just as much ahead as shaking is over letting the bees have their own way, just so far is it ahead of either to have no swarming at all and no depletion of either brood or bees to prevent swarming. Just a few of you, at least, keep company with me in the continued quest for non-swarming, without sitting down half way between that and natural swarming, satisfied with forced swarms. " Why shouldn't a forced swarm that has had two drives of bees be the equal of the untinkered colony that never thinks of swarming?" quoth ye editor, page 932. I don't know, unless it be that the untinkered colony is saved the labor of building an ex- tra set of combs. Then the cost of two tinkerings ought to be charged up some- where. [Yes, it is true the cost of two tinkerings must be charged up somewhere; but will not that charge be less than tin- kering with a swarm in the air, chasing to the top of an elm-tree to get it after it is clustered? I have no faith that you will ever get an untinkered swarm that will not swarm. Of course, you will have isolated cases every season, and a whole yard of 'em some seasons. — Ed.] When i had read, p. 931, that A. I. and wife lived in that cabin in the woods be- cause they didn't know whether it would be their permanent summer home, the an- swer came promptly from that same woman, " But it's not the cabin/ It's the surround- ings. What do they want to stay there for, out in the woods, away from their folks? " I said, "I don't know." [Mrs. A. I. R. does not like to be away from her folks; neither does A. I. himself. But he derives real enjoyment out of his hobby, going back to primitive life in a cabin — see Homes in this issue. For many years of his life he has been mixed up in the maelstrom of business, the grinding and banging of printing-presses, the whir of buzz-saws, the click of typewriters, and the answering of questions from emploj-ees and correspond- ents. Well, to get out into the wild woods of Michigan, with that absolute stillness and the tonic of that pure air, away from the nerve-destroyers of his Ohio factory, away from the shriek of whistles and the rumble of heavy trains is a great relief; and we boys of younger years are glad to give him this needed rest, although he ob- jects somewhat to shoving all the burdens of business on us. — Ed.] [Dear friends at Marengo, let me add to what Ernest has said above, that up in the Traverse region Mrs. Root and I find health and happiness such as we have not known here in Medina for many years. It is true we are away from our friends here at home, but, dear friend M., do you not think it possible if not probable that God wants us there? There is a lot of good people there. Quite a bright little Sunda>^-school needs help and eiicouragement, and a small body of Christian people also; so can you not see it is possible that God has work for us there, even if w^e are away from friends? At a recent Sunday-school convention for Leelanaw County, I met a young man who had just been converted. He was asked to take an important position that he seemed scarcely fitted for. He got up and said, "I want to do whatever Christ Jesus wants me to do;" and his face showed such a kindly spirit while he spoke that all his hearers in that little schoolhouse caught an inspiration from him. I believe that all of our child'-en who have paid us a visit up there have owned up to the tonic effects of that beautiful air in the great northern lakes, as Ernest has it; and, dear friend, if you and that "same woman" will come up and make us a visit I think you "two" will agree with us, especially when j'ou get sick or worn out. Do not forget the in- vitation.— A. I. R.] 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 973 Bright shines the sun this wirni December day ; Dandelions a peeking, the bees at times at play ; The seasons seem reversed in some peculiar way When fierce December smiles on us as sweet as pleas- ant May. \b Even a hasty glance over the bee journals of Europe shows a great increase in activi- t}^ in bee matters. New organizations of bee-keepers are constantly forming; meth- ods are freely and ably discussed; the old is giving place to the new; ruts are being filled up, and new paths are coming into view; new uses for honey are causing an increase in price; new sources of nectar are constantly coming to the front. One French bee paper, V Apiculteur, in addition to its regular 48 pages has an "extra" containing 64 pages, the whole looking more like a book than a magazine. But the journals of this country are in no respect behind in apicultural progress. The lead- ing lines of thought may be stated, broadly, to be in the line of increasing our bee-ranges and find ingmore and better marketsfor honey. (ffw/r^M/a/Apublished in Hannover, Prus- sia, sa5's that the number of bee-keepers' unions in Schleswig-Holstein, in 1872, was 20; now it is 67. In the former year the number of members was only 476; but now the membership is 2921. The district in question is smaller than Illinois, with less population than Chicago alone, and yet it has three times the membership of the Na- tional in this country. Mr. F. J. Root, 90 West Broadway, New York, a brother of the writer, is a corres- pondent of the London Grocer and other journals. He is in a position to reach a large audience, and is working right along to instruct the world in regard to the uses and nature of honey, and to counteract many false impressions that have been scattered in the press of late j-eiirs. He sends the following clipping from the Lon- don Grocer: Honey is a valuable and wholesome article of food, which is not so much seen on our breakfast tables-^ and on our readers' counters— as it ought to be; but it will probably be taken up commercially one of these days. A Colonial Office repoi t on Malta mentions that honey is one of the products of that British island In the northwest portion, overlying the upper coralline limestone, are uncultivated lands suiable for the growth of the wild thyme. A firm at Biichircnra cul- tivate the bee on a rational and commercial basis, and the honey produced is of the first quality. The output could be incrfa.sed were it not for the destruction of the thyme, which is, when dry, collected for fuel. If the readers of this journal will send* similar items to Mr. K., they may reach a class of readers outside of beedom, and thus do more good than to have them come before readers who are already informed. Hydromel cuts a large figure in French bee journals. How this beverage would rank in America as a "temperance drink" is something I should like to know. I have never heard of anybody making it in this country. The Revue Eclectique says, "Hone)' wine, in short, should be preferred to all alcoholic beverages, even to beer, which, owing to the lupuline in it, causes narcotism in the cerebral system." So far, so good; but I have always supposed that hj'dromel had some alcohol in it. If not, and it is an enemy of strong drinks, it may be well to consider it along with soda water, lemonade, etc. Following up the subject of honey as a food, the Revue says, "Everybody knows that the two principal elements which form a perfect food are albuminous substances, such as meat, and hydrated substances, such as sugar. Now, among these last we must place honey, so rich in the principal hydro-carbons. Chemistry shows that its coefficient of nutrition (that is, the quantity of material available for nutrition) is 80; in other words, honey contains 80 per cent of carbo-hydrate. If we admit, with science, that an adult requires 800 grams (about 25 ounces) every day of hydrate ma- terial, it will be understood what a help honey offers as a food." -^ QUEENS BEING "BALLED." "Mr. Doolittle, I came over this evening to have a talk with you about queens. Did you ever have one balled, or the word chis- tered might more nearl)' express it?" "Yes, I have had the bees cluster or ball a queen quite often when I was trying to introduce her. I was often confronted with such things in my early bee-keeping. Have you been having queens balled during the past summer?" "Yes. It was in this way: I had two swarms come out nearly together. The first had a queen with its wing clipped, and the most of the bees had returned when the other issued, this last swarm having a queen with perfect wings. This swarm clustered, and was hived in the usual way. In half an hour or so the bees began leaving their hive and went straggling back to the hive from which they came. After a little I opened the hive and found a ball of bees nearly as large as a hen's &^^ on the bottom board, and in this ball of bees was the queen. Why did these bees act in this way?" "In this question you have touched on a 974 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Dec. 1 matter rarely if ever spoken of by any one; and yet, if my experience is any criterion to go by, this is something- which quite often occurs in natural swarming, for I have had several cases of the kind. I remember two or three cases where I have been kept from leaving home as I intended, by this very thing. A swarm would come out near the time I was to go awa}' to some funeral or to church, and I would hive them, thinking I had done a nice thing in a little time; but by the time I would get the horse hitched up and myself ready to go, the bees would be- gin to show a commotion and cominence to return to the old hives." "Do they always return to the old hive when you have such trouble?" " They always will where the swarm is hived on a new stand; but where the swarm is hived on the returning plan, and the old hive moved away, they will often scatter all over, going into other hives only to be killed, or received according to the condition of the colonies where they went." "What! will the bees of other colonies kill them sometimes?" "Yes. And this is more often the case than otherwise, as it is a rare thing that such bees will be accepted by another colo- ny, unless such colony is queenless. A queenless colony will generally accept strange bees, no matter where they come from; and all colonies having queens will almost as surely kill all bees which try to enter their hives." "That accounts for my having a little swarm which I tried to run in with a weak colony to strengthen it, all killed. But what do you think was the reason the bees balled my queen?" "I have carefully studied into the cause of such procedure, and believe it comes about by a few bees from other swarms or hives entering the new hive with the new swarm; and as these bees are strangers to those composing the swarm, the queen is balled for safe keeping till all get acquaint- ed, or from some other reason best known to beeologj^" " Well, why does the balling of the queen cause the bees to run about and finally straggle off home or enter other hives?" "As soon as a queen is balled for any reason, the result is very nearly the same as would be the removal of the queen, which, -as nearly every bee keeper knows, means a stampede and general search for her." "I did not know that such was the case. I have taken away queens from colonies many times, and I never saw any great commotion, as you and others tell about." "You are talking of removing a queen where there are combs containing honey and brood in the hives. Where there is unseal- ed brood in any hive the bees know that there can be another queen reared by them, so that such conditions are vastly different from what they are where a swarm is hived in an empty hive, when the loss of the queen means the loss of all the bees in the swarm, unless these bees can get back to the brood in the hive which they left. In this case, failing to find their queen, their only alter- native is to go home if they would preserve their existence; for staj'ing where they are, without a queen, means that they go out of existence as a colony, when the bees which make up the present swarm cease to exist, from death by old age or otherwise." "I had not thought of the thing in that light, but I guess you are right. But they have not lest their queen. She is only in a cluster of bees, and she would thus be were she in the midst of the swarm. What is the difference?" "When the queen has her liberty with the swarm she is constantly moving about among the bees, as I have many times seen queens come out on the outside of a clustered swarm, and then crawl in among- the bees again, only to come out a few moments later on the opposite side, or in some different place in or on the cluster; but when she is balled she is not only kept from running around among the bees, but the bees seem to lose scent of her as well. And so the majority of them go on a stampede nearly or quite as bad as they would were she taken from them altogether." "I see; but what can be done — any thing, save allowing them to go back?" "Knowing that the supposed loss of the queen is the cause of the trouble, the only way to remedy the matter is to help them find their queen. This can be done by opening the hive as soon as the bees are seen to become agitated and lly out in the air, and smoking the ball of bees till they re- lease the queen, when a general hum of con- tent will be set up, the bees who have miss- ed 'mother' running about with fanning wings, and those in the air returning- to the hive with general rejoicing." "Is this all that is to be done?" "This once smoking generally restores quietude with the swarm; but in exceptional cases the bees will reball the queen in a few minutes, when another stampede will occur (unless we are on hand promptly with our smoke) , many bees beinglikely togohome to stay, so that, do the best we can, our swarm is so weakened that they will be of little profit to us during that season." "But is there no sure way to keep them?" "To obviate these exceptional cases I made a few large flat wire-cloth cages, large enough so that they would cover quite a large part of the tops to the frames of the hive; and when I had smoked the ball of bees till the queen was liberated she was put in this cage and placed over the frames. As multitudes of bees could now get within touch of the queen, and the whole colony be- came aware of her presence, the same as though she were among them, no more trouble would occur with the bees, and no other to the apiarist except the liberating •of her majesty the next morning. A frame of brood will also hold the bees, as a gen- eral rule; but as they sometimes ball the queen till she is so injured as to be of no further value I prefer the cage." 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 975 Thkre is a greater scarcitj^ of honey this fall than we have ever known before. The "bears" have been telling- of the great quantities in storage. We can't find it at ajiy price. How we shipped 500 colonies of bees in Dovetailed hives, from Medina to Cuba, without the loss of a single colotiy, and with a very light loss in bees comparatively, will be explained in our next issue with illus- trations. Since our last issue Mr. Fred W. Muth, of Cincinnati, son of the late C. F. Muth, has seconded the nomination made by Her- man F. Moore, of Chicago, for E. T. Ab- bott, of St. Joseph, Mo., for General Man- ater. In the meantime Mr. Abbott nomi- nates Mr. G. W. Vangundy, of Utah; Wm. A. Selser, of Pennsylvania; and Wm. Mc- Evoy, of Ontario, Canada, for directors. Mr. Homer Hyde nominates Mr. Udo Toep- perwein of San Antonio, Texas, for the same office. THE NOMENCLATURE OF FORCED SWARMS, AGAIN. I HAVE been standing alone, apparently, in favor of the word " shook " as applied to a swarm, as being expressive and catchy to indicate a certain kind of artificial pro- cedure in making bees swarm at the con- venience of the apiarist. In the Bee-keep- ers^ Review for November, page 337, Editor Hutchinson has this to say: Mr. E. F. Atwater, of Idaho, in writing to Glean- ings .'-ays: "The expression 'shook swarms' is so expressive, so catchy, a .d .^o popular, thnt it is here to stay, in spite of grammatical rules and of Dr. Miller too." If the fraternity has a g ammatical critic it is Dr. Miller. He keeps close watch and ti ies to have us use correct language. This course is commendable. I doubt if there is any one who is sorry that he does this. Once a name or expre.ssion comes into u.se, it is well nigh impossible to change it. For that reason we ought to be caieful how we begin using either. About as soon as anybody said " shook '' swarm, the doctor took up the cudgel. In that he did his duty, but I fear that Mr. Atwater has describid the situation mo t perfectly. A term that is catchy and cxpre.>-sive is bound to come into use, in spile of all protests from grammarians. After all, " shook " swarms is not so bad. We might say " shaken " sw rms, but it h.is an awkward sound, and no one will use the expression. " Shook " swarm is terse, expressive, and catchy, and I doubt if we can do better than to adopt it I did think for awhile that we mi^ht call them "bru-hed" swarms, but it .'-eems that, in the majority of cases, they are not brushed, tl at they are shook, and that there are good reasons fur the shaking. Mr BLardman suggests that we call them artificial swarms Tliis term means too much: it is t ogeiieral; it is lacking in defiiiitet;ess Artificial swarms are made in other v ays than by s!-aking off the bees. To be sure, a "shook"' swarm is artificial, but an artificial swarm may not be a " shook " swarm. Mr. Root suggests the use of tne word " forced " swarm It seems to me that this term is oi)en to the same objections as artificial swarms. All swarming that is not natural i^ forced or artificial, and we wish for some term that will designae a swarm that has beei formed by shaking off the bees. " Shook " cer- tainly expresses it. and it is not so iingrammatical as it might be. We simply take the word "shook " and use it as an adjective; it may not be in the proper tense, but. to me, the short, expressive, euphonious make-up more than offsets the slight lapse of gram- mar If anybody will suggest a better term, I'll be glad to use it ; but at present I am going to say " shook " swarms. THE NATIONAL CONVENTION AT DENVER. On Thursday afternoon we listened to a paper from Mr. H. C. Morehouse, of Boul- der, Col., the editor of the Rocky Mountain Bee Journal, on the subject of Bee-keeping- lessons that may be learned from the word "locality." Locality, in the sense to which we applied it to bee-keeping, meant environ- ment. Webster, he explained, gave it the meaning of geographical position; but in bee-keeping- he would give it a much broad- er meaning. Latitude, longitude, altitude, soil, meteorological conditions, all had to be considered. It was not till recently that locility was recognized as an important factor in bee culture. At first it was greet- ed with derision; but now there was a tend- ency toward the other extreme. All the various puzzles of the bee-3'ard were now broadly charged to locality. The first great lesson to be learned in regard to locality was variation. The speaker then went on to sa}' there was a world-wide difference between New Eng- land and Colorado; between Colorado and Texas ; between Texas and California. Altitude, soil, and climate had their effect. A S3'stem that was suited to Southwest Tex- as would not succeed at all in Southern Cal- ifornia, or perhaps anywhere else outside of Texas; and he ventured to assert that an arrangement that would give the best re- sults on the Western Slope, meaning West- ern Colorado, would not insure the same measure of success we had sometimes on this side of the Rockies. In conclusion he wished to emphasize the importance of every bee-keeper becoming- thoroughly familiar with his own localitj^ To do this was the study and work of a lifetime. It was an axiom that the man who did not understand his locality was not a bee-keeper in the twentieth-centurj' sense of the word. This excellent paper was responded toby your humble servant; but as I have been talking about locality for a year and a half, covering mj' 6000 miles of travel, I will not take space to go over the ground again, even brieily. On Thursdaj' evening we listened to an instructive address by Prof. C. P. Gillette, of the Agricultural College, Fort Collins, Col., on the subject of " The Outside and Inside of the Honej'bee." This was ac- companied b}' the stereopticon, and, like all such lectures, it is practically impossible to reproduce it on paper. The address was exceptionally interesting — particularly' so as the professor invited questions from time 976 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Dec. 1 to time, some of which came from Prof. Frank Benton, also an entomologist. These public servants do much to add to our practi- cal bee-lore, even thoug-h their instruction masquerades under the guise of "science," usually so little understood by the popular mind. On Friday evening we listened to a very interesting paper from Mr. J. F. Mc- Intyre, of Sespe, Cal., on the subject of " Selling Extracted Honey at Wholesale ; how to Get the Best Price." Mr. Mclntyre is a bee-keeper who has made a success of his business. So successful has he been that he is one of the few who can hold a crop for a whole year and then sell it when prices are right. In starting out he said that this was the hardest problem to solve he knew of. The old proverb, that " to him that hath shall be given," still held good ; but he would paraphrase it this way: " To him that hath money shall be given a high price for his product; and from him that hath not money, his produce shall be taken at a very low price." Again, he said that all things come to him who can wait. But there was the rub. How could a man with hungry mouths to fill wait with interest gnawing at his vitals? He did not know one neigh- bor bee-keeper who had his last year's honey crop of any kind. They had all sold out at a low price to speculators. What middlemen had not sold remained on their hands, and they were holding for a higher price, and would get it. What were we going to do about it, and what should we do with the small producer? These ques- tions had never been satisfactorily answer- ed. Was there really any hope for the man who was too poor to hold his crop? He thought there was. For example, the citrus fruit-growers' organization of Southern Cal- ifornia had done much to solve a similar problem for the small fruit-grower who was too weak to get good prices for his crop. Before the citrus fruit-growers' organiza- tion was put in working order, the fruit business was in such a bad shape that the producer actually received expense bills in- stead of returns for carloads of oranges he shipped east. They had to do something or quit the business. They organized an association knowm as the Southern Califor- nia Fruit Exchange. They put agents under bonds in every large city in the Unit- ed States, with headquarters at Los An- geles. They pushed the sale of fruit, and were pushing it to such an extent that $11,000,000 worth of fruit was now consigned to these agents annually, and honest re- turns made to the grower. But the Ex- change had become so successful that they were now willing to help other producers — producers of honey; and there was hope that this organization, already powerful, would be able to take the product of the weak bee-keepers, market their honej' for them at any time of the year, in spite of the speculator or of the bulls and bears, and give them fair returns. On the afternoon of the same day we listened to a very logical and carefully written paper by Mr. W. L. Porter, on "Out-apiaries for Comb Honey." "The out- apiary, " he said, "is the invention of the specialist, the bee-keeper who devotes his whole time to bee culture, and depends on it for his income." But in order to carry on the business successfully, three things must be considered: First, location; second, . the stock of bees ; third, the method of ma- nipulation." In seeking a location it was important that the bee-keeper bear in mind that there must be an abundance of honey- producing plants. It should not be over- stocked, and should be favorable for the lo- cation of the hives. As to the bees, he would have those bred with special refer- ence to hardiness. They should have energy and comb-building qualities. A very important problem in connection with the out-apiary business was the control of swarming. Some made a practice of clip- ping; others to dequeen; but whichever plan was employed, two things had to be con- sidered: First, the colonies should have plenty of storage room, and, if shaded, w^ould be less apt to swarm than those under opposite conditions. Second, that a colony of bees carefully bred was not as much in- clined to swarm as one bred without refer- ence to that quality. Managing out-apia- ries was not easy work, but was continuous work the year round. Much valuable time was lost every da3' in going to and from the out-apiary. But in spite of all that, there was much advantage in having the yards scattered. In one locality bees might dwindle badly, or the flowers might fail. In another locality only a short distance away there might be a good crop. Each bee-keeper would have to adapt himself to his own conditions. In closing he empha- sized the importance of having all the hives full of bees at the time of the honey-flow. BOTTLED H0NP:Y GROWING IN POPULARITY. There is no question that bottled honey is getting to be more and more popular with the consumer class. The number of articles that have been published on methods of bottling have resulted in popularizing the sale of honey in glass to such an extent that tons and carloads of it are now put up in that form that formerly sold in bulk at very low prices — too low for the bee-keeper to make a fair living. If you, dear reader, happen to live in a locality where there is no bottled honey ex- cept that which comes from some packing- house, unknown or of doubtful reputation, just try putting out some neat bottled goods of your own, bearing your own label, and see what a nice trade you will have. Your own good reputation, with a personal ex- planation from yourself, will make the goods move off like hot cakes. But you must make one trip around among the con- sumers, explaining that it is your honey; how you put it up, and that you guarantee it to be absolutely pure. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 977 FORCED SWARMS. Plenty of Bees Essential to Success ; Shaken when Preparing to Swarm ; Shaken on to Foundation Not Recommended ; Best Results from Shaking on Empty Combs. BY J. E. CRANE. This method of making- swarms has its uses and its disadvantages. It will usually prevent swarming- or postpone it, I should say nine times out of every ten times you adopt it — perhaps more. I have had such swarms fly out when shaken, and allowed to run into an empty hive, when g-iven frames of foundation, and I believe very rarely, if ever, when given old combs. If the object is simpl}' to prevent swarm- ing it is pretty effectual, but not wholly to be depended on. But most bee-keepers de- sire some method that will control swarm- ing, and at the same time give the largest yield of surplus honey. The value of this method will depend very much on the skill with which it is used, and perhaps most valuable when used with other methods of preventing increase. But let us look over the whole subject more in detail. I have never observed but that "shaken " swarms worked just as in- dustriously as natural ones if there were as many bees. We need strong colonies to treat in this way to get best results, the same as with natural swarms. As we wish to prevent natural swarming we must shake before they would, if left to them- selves, swarm. There is danger of having too few bees. Some place their bees out in the spring in pairs, two colonies close to- g-ether; and when the swarming season ar- rives one of these colonies is shaken into a new hive while the other is removed to a new location, and given the brood-combs from the one from which the bees have been shaken. Thus one new colony receives all the bees from one old one, and all the ma- ture bees of the other with surplus boxes, etc. This is a most excellent way, al- though, owing- to the size of my hives, and wintering on summer stands, I have not practiced it. I have preferred to shake my strongest colonies when I find them prepar- ing- to swarm, and giving the brood from them to weak colonies. If we shake our bees into an empty hive there will be a loss of ten days to two weeks (usually), unless they are very strong, £ind honey very abundant, before they will do much in the surplus ipartment. Some wri- ters say they can get more surplus honey when a swarm is compelled to build combs in the brood-chamber than when given foun- dation or combs; but that is not my experi- ence. In 1901 I gave six or eight shaken swarms, that were very strong, brood- frames having- only starters or half an inch of foundation under the top-bar; but I found such did not store nearly as much surplus as those given full sheets of foundation or old combs; and out of all there were not half a dozen good brood-combs — nearly all was drone comb. So I find it much better to " shake " on to full frames of foundation well wired to shaking into empty hives. But foundation has its drawbacks or dis- advantages, or is not wholly satisfactory as a preventive of swarming-. During the present season I shook some fifty or sixty colonies into hives with foundation. Some eight or ten of these swarmed out a day or two later, some of them without touching- the foundation, while others drew it out a little and then decamped. As my queens' wings were all clipped, some of the queens returned with a few bees with them while other hives remained silent. Where the bees are content to stay on foundation they usually do well, al- though, if the queen is old or poor, they will frequently start a little brood and a few queen-cells, and then swarm again. I have had the best results from "sha- ken " swarms when shaken on to old combs carried over from the previous year, or from hives where the bees died during the winter orspring. If these combs contain con- siderable honey it does no harm. I think I should prefer to have them about half full of honey. Last year I g-ave one such forced swarm a hive full of combs that were near- ly solid with honey, and they did nicely. But if the combs are quite free of honey, and you have a good-sized swarm, and hon- ey is plentiful in the fields, they will soon have enough. One thing- you must never give them, and that is brood; for my experience has been that, if they have only a little brood g-iven them, they are sure to swarm out. I have tried many times to make them stay when I had given them a little brood, but, so far as I remember, without success. One would suppose that, if a hive had eight combs of brood, and you were to take away all but one, and give them seven dry combs in lieu of those you have taken, they would be con- tent to give up swarming, but I do not find it so. They seem, somehow, to be tired of tending babies, and the very thought of there being any in the hive digusts them, and they will not stay. This, of course, refers to colonies that have the swarmiflg fever; so while we may give forced swarms combs having more or less honey brood must he all itunoved. In from ten days to two weeks I find about one in every eight or ten such swarms is building queen-cells and getting ready to swarm. A small part of natural swarms will do the same if hived on old combs, I believe; so we must look out for them, and, if necessary, give them another "shake." 978 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Dec. 1 I have observed little or no difference in the industry of such swarms and natural sw^arms of the same size. During the past season, during' a good flovp of honey, I could not see but such swarms filled their brood- chambers, and made just as much surplus honey, as other hives in the same 3'ard, that did not swarm at all, or made no prep- aration to do so. In a season when honey was not very plentiful it might make some difference. HOW TO CHECK THE SWARMING OF WEAK COLONIES; SCOOPED SWARMS. I check the swarming of colonies that prepare to swarm before they are very strong by removing their queen with a little brood and a few bees, and then giving to this nu- cleus some brood from my forced swarms, and soon build such up into good strong colonies. Again, I frequently have in my outyards what, for want of a better name, I call "bunched" swarms. During my absence of a week or more, several colonies maj' swarm on the same day, and go to- gether ; and their queens being clipped they can not go with them, and they will return and go into one or two hives, filling the inside and covering the outside, and spreading out on the ground in all direc- tions— two or three bushels of them. The past season we had an unusual number of such to handle. Early in July we found in our rounds two different yards wherein many hives that had only begun to prepare to swarm the previous week, with others that had not even started queen-cells, had swarmed and gone together, forming these "bunched " swarms. There are quite too many bees in such hives or on them to do well; in fact, such will usually do nothing but loaf, and wait for a young queen to hatch. I have found it works well to take a peck or half a bushel of these bees and give them to a set of combs from which the bees have been shaken. With a dust-pan made with high sides and back I scoop up from such "bunched " swarms what bees I need to give to these beeless combs, and thus form new colonies which seem to do as well as an}^ Of course, I do not always have these large swarms to go to for bees; but when I do find my bees badly mixed in this way I can straighten them out in this manner, and make them all work profitably. Middlebury, Vt. « [Most of our writers on this subject have rather seemed to be inclined to the opinion that shaking on foundation or on starters was better than shaking on combs fully 'drawn out; from the arguments you present it would seem as if the combs, at least in your locality, and under the circumstances you mention, had a decided advantage. "While we have had a good many articles on forced swarms, I should like to hear from those who have tested the plan on this one question of foundation or no foundation. Let us get together our combined experience and learn the truth in the matter. The evi- dence so far is overwhelmingly to the effect that forced, shaken, brushed, or scooped swarms pay; that in the majority of in- stances they are as good as natural swarms; that they put swarming at a time when the apiarist can best take care of it. All these points are fully proven — that is, if evidence counts for any thing. But the question of foundation or empty combs is one that has not been thoroughly touched on. Let us hear from those who are in- formed in the matter. — Ed.] BRUSHED SWARMS. Conditions under which Brushing Does Not Stop Swarming; When and When Not to Brush; Half'Sheets Better than Starters. BY J. E. CHAMBERS. On page 854 j'ou say in your review of the brushed-swarm symposium, first, that swarming can be controlled at outyards with small bi-ood-chambers, when run for comb honey; second, that a brushed swarm might be stronger than a natural one, and even produce more comb honey; third, that starters are as good as full sheets of foun- dation; that worker comb will be built as fast as the queen can use it, if the supers are put on soon enough; and if drone comb is built it can be cut out and melted up; and that some believe that wax can be pro- duced simultaneously with comb honey, and at a profit. In i-egard to the first, in this climate swarming can be controlled with certainty, and I believe it can be more certainly made a success in more northern climjites, where the flow is shorter. I have never had a swarm issue from one of these brushed col- onies. However, there are conditions under which swarming will be apt to result. If a strong colony is brushed at a time when there is a very light flow, and a second drive is made in seven or eight days, the great number of young bees already under the cell-building impulse may induce the colony to swarm; but if there is a good flow, no swarming will result. The bees enter the supers and begin comb-building at once, which always has a strong tendency to pre- vent swarming. In some localities it might be an advantag to put one drawn comb in the hive to catch the pollen. With me it is never needed, for the bees draw the foun- dation sufficiently to hold both honey and pollen within from four to six hours. Great judgment and skill are required in order to get the best results with the brushed method. I never try to produce comb honey when there is a light flow; for, as I said above, the secret of the whole process is to get them to work at once, and with a vim and hustle, which goes far toward counter- balancing the swarming impulse. If it is desirable to control swarming during a slow flow it can generally be done in this way: Brush the colony the same as in the first process, but take only half of the bees. As soon as the queenless part have cells seal- 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 979 ed, destroy every one and run all the young- bees in with the swarm; remove the old queen with one comb and the adhering- bees, and place her among- the remaining hatch- ing brood in the old hive. When cells are started in the swarm hive, destroy them and pile the supers on the old hive. There win be no swarming, as most of the bees will have become field bees, and the combs will now be empty to give room for the queen again. This involves much work, and, of course, is objectionable on that score ; however, brushing alone will always stop the swarming fever when there is a good flow; otherwise, not. And, again, the pro- cess of brushing does not put the bees in the condition where the}' feel that they have swarmed, except when thej' would have swarmed in a few days anyhow. Second, a brushed swarm under proper conditions will alwaj's be stronger than a natural swarm, and gather more honey, be- cause most of the working force will go with it, and it is again strengthened bj' a second drive. The queen is in better con- dition to begin her laying duties; the combs are better filled with brood, and there is no storing in the brood-chamber. Many brushed colonies in my home yard this year have stored 64 pounds of section honey in ]4 days, and the 10 shallow combs did not contain half a pound of honey when the supers were removed. Third, with me starters are not as good as half-sheets of foundation, but do ver}-^ well when foundation is scarce. In a shal- low hive four-iifths of the comb is worker size of cell; and, while it is hardly profita- ble to produce wax and comb honej' simul- taneously, still the drone can be used, and is, I consider, no loss; yes, it is a fact that bees secrete a good deal of wax during a heavy flow, and in the brushed swarm it is all used, and to good advantage. But with all its great advantages and possibilities some seem not to have gotten the hang or knack of doing the work right, and I think the fault lies mostly with us fellows who have been familiar with the method for sev- eral years. We take it for granted too oft- ten that others know something of the mo- dus operandi. Many fail to get good results because every little detail is not observed. We should be more explicit. I will say, in closing, that all who try the brush-swarm method would do well to observe the following details very closely: First, don't brush unless it is very strong; second, don't brush unless there is a good flow, or to control the swarming fever, as perhaps you will have to do at times; third, be sure that the bees gorge themselves with honey; fourth, if you don't leave a few old bees in the old hive you must not shake out the thin unsealed honey, for the young bees use it as a substitute for water, and, of course, the force left will all be needed to nurse the brood; fifth, if you use any drawn comb in the supers, and none in the brood- chambers, you will catch some pollen. Un- less an excluder is used, the queen will go above and lay in the sections that contain drawn comb; sixth, don t use an excluder if you can avoid it, as it tends to discourage the bees from promptly entering the supers; seventh, have your hive level and shaded; eighth, be sure to reinforce the swarm with another drive from the old hive within sev- en days. Vigo, Texas, Nov. 8. THE NUCLEUS METHOD OF INCREASE VS. SHOOK SWARMS. Shook Swarms Condemned. BY HOMER H. HYDE. JMr. Root: — I notice you call for expres- sions on the shook-swarm method of increase and controlling of swarming. I have had several 3'ears' experience in difl'erent local- ities in Texas, and my experience teaches me to condemn shook swarms. My reasons are that the old colony does not build up in time for the later flows of hone^'; and, sec- ond, the new colony is soon also weak from the fact that it is without hatching bees for about 24 days; and unless the queen is still very vigorous the new colony is seldom in the right condition to secure the best results from the later flows. Now having condemn- ed shook swarms I shall describe the meth- od of increase and swarm prevention that is yearly practiced in the apiaries of our company. First, the season before, if possi- ble, we have a good number of extra brood- combs built out; next we see that all colo- nies have good prolific queens, and go into winter with plenty of honey. Brood-rear- ing here usuallj' commences in earnest the latter part of February, and by the middle of March the colonies usually have their brood-nests about filled with brood. If honey is coming in (and it usually is) we decide about how much increase we want at each apiary and start cells accordingl}'. Just before these cells are ripe we return to each apiarj', and from each strong colony that would be likely to swarm before April 10 we take two frames of bees and hatch- ing brood, and insert in their places two of the empty combs carried over. We place these two frames of bees and brood on a new stand, and give them a ripe cell in a cell-protector, making as man}' new colonies (or nuclei as they really are at this time) as we wish increase at each apiar}' for the year. We return to each apiary in a week or ten days; and from all colonies showing indicationsof swarming we draw two or more frames of brood, inserting in their places emptj' combs or frames of foundation, tak- ing the combs of brood and adding to the nuclei steirted. We continue this operation at each yard every week or ten days until the hone3'-flow opens up, which is usually about April 10. Our experience is, that once we have the colonies in the supers and at work, there will be very few that will care to swarm. Our object is to draw only 980 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Dec. 1 enough from the colonies to keep down their swarming until the honey-flow comes on. When we start the nuclei we like to have about two empty combs to place on each side of the combs of brood, and the rest of the hive is filled with full sheets of founda- tion. If we give them proper attention we find that the majority of them have built out their combs, and are strong full colonies and ready for surplus work by the time our second honey- flow comes on, which is usu- ally June 20. Should any, however, fail to build out their combs and make good colonies by the end of the second flow they are then helped, and the unfinished work divided up with the old colonies so that all may be in fine shape for winter. Very often a nucleus started in the spring will store SO lbs. or more surplus from the second flow, and they seldom if ever fail to make good colonies at the end of the second flow. Our old colo- nies having been kept together, and being in good shape, give us a large surplus from the first flow, at the end of which they are usually much weakened; but as we usually have a little honey coming in all the time they readily breed up and are good colonies for surplus from the second flow. Now, I know that this system of work de- pends on the locality for its success, but very probably it can be modified to meet the demands of other localities of the same general nature. "We know that for our lo- cality it is far superior to any other method. For our purpose we want ver^^ prolific queens in order that we may get a large force of bees early, and in order that the colonies may be kept strong throughout the j'ear. We have found that one Langstroth body is not large enough to accommodate our queens during the breeding season, and we have built out for each colony a set of shallow combs in the Sys (or Ideal) frames. In the spring, as soon as the queen has fill- ed her frames below she will commence in these shallow supers; and as soon as they are well filled we alternate — that is, place the shallow cases on the bottom and the deep case on top, and then two or three weeks later change back, and so on until the honey- flow comes on, when the shallow case is raised and the empty case or cases placed between, causing work to commence in them immediately. If the colony is very strong we sometimes leave the two brood- cases together with the one containing the most unsealed larva; on top next to the emp- ty cases, the latter being baited with a frame from some other colony already at work. As soon as possible the shallow case is placed on top, and the bees allowed to fill it, which they will usually do. By the end of the flow we have one shallow case of extracted honey, and the remainder new built-out combs of honey which are cut out as bulk comb, and the extracted honey is used in putting it up, so that you might say the entire product is comb honey. Even if we were producing section honey in this lo- cality I believe we would use the extra shallow case of combs, for we can get a larger force of bees, get the bees in the sec- tions better, and come nearer controlling swarming. As soon as the honey is taken off, the shallow case of combs is again placed next to the regular brood-chamber, and the queen allowed to fill it with brood, and we again alternate it with the regular case as before, so that we have our colonies strong again by the time the second flow comes on. After the second (or summer) flow the shallow cases of combs are left permanently next to the regular brood- chamber, and are ready to catch any slow flow of honey that may come between then and frost. However, we usually leave the cases about half full of honey so as to be sure of plenty for breeding purposes next spring. With good prolific queens and large brood-chambers consisting of one regular and one shallow case of combs, and then the proper manipulations at the prop- er time, we can just about double our yield of honey. That is, our yield is double what it would be if we used small brood- chambers of only one set of combs and did not give the proper manipulations, and did not use a prolific strain of bees. We have found that, for our locality. Holy Lands or Cyprians are the best bees for business by reason of their great prolificness. Floresville, Texas. [You object to forced swarms because the old colony does not build up in time fur the later flows of honey, and because the new colony is also weak from the fact that it has no hatching bees. If you were follow- ing the plan of shaking or brushing advo- cated by some, in which all the hatching bees of the old colonj' are added to the new one at a second drive or shake, you would get a working force that is stronger than that of the natural swarm. I never yet saw a ci'lony too strong for comb honey, provid- ed it could be kept from swarming; and it strikes me that the plan of forcing, putting a second drive into a new swarm, gives us a force that is strong and yet not inclined to swarm. In your locality, as you manage it, you make the nucleus plan a success; but the average bee-keeper would so deplete his colonies to such an extent by robbing them of brood and bees that the plan would be more apt to be a failure so far as honey is concerned. In regard to all these matters we have to consider locality; and 5'ours may be one where the forced plan will not give the results that it does with some. — Ed.] . . . ■»««»« FORCED SWARMS. Different Ways to Form ; the Special Advantages for Comb-honey Production. BY L. STACHELHAUSEN. In my last article I said a few words about the history of brushed swarms, and how I was catching the idea of using such 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 981 swarms for the production of section honey. We have different ways to form swarms by forcing', which are exactly like natural swarms in every respect. 1. 1. — For increase. — Gravenhorst's "Feg-- linge." — I translated this by "brushed swarms " many years ago; nevertheless it is not important at all whether the bees are brushed or shaken from the combs. I gen- erally use both manipulations. All the bees with the queen are brushed or shaken into a new hive on a new stand. The brood-combs remain on the old stand, and a large part of the old bees will return and care for the brood. A queen is introduced. The swarm can be used for section honey, the old colony for extracted honey. Here I will remark that, if the bees fill themselves with honey, and are kept in a swarm clus- ter for some time, only a few of the old bees will return to the old stand. 2. — Gravenhorst's "Fluglinge," alighted swarms. — A brood-comb with the queen is taken from a strong colonj'^ and set into a new hive; and this hive is filled with frames with starters; the young bees from another brood-frame are shaken into this hive, which is closed now and set on the old stand. The old hive with the remaining brood- combs is set on a new stand and a young queen from a nucleus is introduced. 3. — Gathered swarms. Take a swarm- box as described by H. Alley in his Hand- book, or a somewhat larger nucleus-box, as recommended by Doolittle; shake bees into it from different colonies, as they may lie out on some hives, or from supers, or from brood-combs, etc. The box is set into a cellar or other dark place for about ten hours; now drop any queen, old or young, fertilized or unfertilized, in among the bees. She will be accepted, and in a short time the bees will form a cluster in the box, and at evening they can be transferred to a new hive on a new stand like a natural swarm. II. — For strengthening other colonies. — A strong colony is shaken or brushed from all the brood-combs; the bees remain on the old stand; the brood-combs are used to •strengthen some colonies in the yard which are weaker than the average. III. — If some colonies are worked for the production of extracted honey alone, and can not be kept from swarming in any oth- er way, during a good honey-flow, Graven- horst recommended more than 20 years ago to brush the bees on empty combs and to use the brood-combs somewhere else. IV. — We still have another way to form forced swarms. We make two artificial swarms in such a way that the brood-combs of both colonies together can be set on the old stand of one of these colonies. In 10 to 16 days afterward, this colony will cast an after-swarm naturally. This swarm can be formed artificially too with a young queen, as described above; has mostly young bees, and is quite like a good after- swarm. To all these swarms we should give one comb of brood because the bees will quiet themselves better. If starters only are giv- en, this brood-comb should be removed the next day, because the swarm will build better combs and less drone comb without any brood. A sufficient space should be given at first, and, if contraction is desired, do it when the bees have commenced cell- building and some larvae are in these cells. The different ways of forming forced swarms without brood have different ad- vantages under dift'erent circumstances. These artificial swarms can be used in different combinations. For instance, to prevent swarming in out-apiaries I use the following management, which Doolittle rec- ommended some years ago: The strongest colonies are brushed or shaken on starters on the old stand. The brood-combs and a queen from a nucleus in a Miller cage, closed with candy, are set on the place of another strong colony, and this is set on a new stand. In this way swarming is prevented in too strong colonies. For comb honey we need very strong swarms, so we can shake all the bees from two colonies into one hive and set this swarm on the stand from which it received the queen. The brood-combs of both colo- nies are set on the stand of the other colony, without the queen. With the queen, if she is a good one, and one or two brood-combs, we can fonn a nucleus. Ten days later this colony is brushed off, and the old or a young queen introduced. So we have two strong colonies which can be used for comb- honey production, and a number of combs containing capped brood, which can be used for quickly strengthening nuclei or other weak colonies. If comb honey exclusively shall be pro- duced we use the method recommended by me about two years ago. Another way, which I read in the Progressive Bee-keeper, and which is used in Colorado, is to unite automatically (see article of E. F. Atwater, in Gleanings for Oct. 15). It seems prac- ticable to me; but I can't see, as yet, great advantages gained in comparison with us- ing Heddon's plan. It is not necessary to discuss some other possible combinations. Now a few words about the advantages of this management. 1. That a forced swarm, if correctly made, will work with about the same vigor as a natural swarm, is conceded by most writers who have tried them. Why this is so, and how the swarm should be formed, is fully explained by Gerstung's theory. It is a certain physiological condition of the bees which causes the swarming impulse, and this same condition must be incited in the forced swarm afterward. 2. That swarming can be practically pre- vented if we use large hives in the spring till the main honey-flow commences, and then bring the colony into the condition of a swarm, is proven for me sufficiently, as I used this method for many years in two out-apiaries, which I do not visit oftener than once everj? week, and sometimes not even as often as that. 982 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Dec. 1 3. I never could get better crops of comb honey than from strong swarms if I had them at just the right time. Other bee- keepers in other locations may get good crops of comb honey from old colonies in small or in large hives. I do not doubt this; but I never could do it. As we can make our swarms as strong as we like them, I am fully convinced that this method is the best for comb-honey production, in in my locality at least. 4. I have had the good luck to have no ex- perience with foul brood as yet; but if the McEvoy treatment is a sure cure, as many bee-keepers report, there can be no doubt that, by reasonable use of forced swarm- ing, foul brood can be held in check in an apiary, even if other colonies in the neigh- borhood should remain infected with that disease. SPRAYING FRU1T=TREES. Does Spraying do More Harm, as a Whole, than Good ? When to Spray. BY HARRY L. SMITH. On page 845 Stenog takes a few extracts from an article on spraying which appears in the America7i Bee Journal. One of these extracts says, " Spraying really does more harm, as a whole, than it does good. I have worked at it, and I have studied it closely more than twenty years. It does some good, but that good is limited." I am sure that the editor of Gukanings will give room for the other side of the argument. I am not only a fruit-grower but an apiarist, on a small scale. So far as my experience goes, no orchardist can afford to be without bees in his orchard at blossoming time, on account of the benefits received from the better distribution of pollen. If there is so much gained by having an abundance of bees in an orchard, then it is for the fruit-grower's interest to protect not only his own bees but those of his neigh- bors as well. Spraying is used as a means of combat- ing the various insect and fungous enemies of the orchard and garden crops. Nearly every mixture used in fighting these ene- mies is poisonous if taken internally in large enough quantities ; consequently it stands to reason that, if these mixtures are forced into the blossoms, the bees that gath- er the nectar from these blossoms will get a greater or less quantity of the poisons, and that the bees or larvae eating the honey made from this nectar will die. But right here comes the point that it is entirely unnecessary to spray fruit-trees while 'in blossom. Dozens, I might say hundreds, of official tests made in this country go to prove that trees sprayed be- fore the blossoms open, and again after the petals fall, receive greater benefit than those sprayed while in bloom. This applies to the prevention of apple scab and leaf blight, pear and plum leaf blight, peach- leaf curl, and any other of the fungous dis- eases. For codling-moth of the apple it is far better to wait nearly a week after the petals have fallen than to spray while in bloom. Mr. Jeffrey says, " It does some good, but that good is limited." Yes, that good is limited by the amount of care and intel- ligence used in mnking and applying the mixtures and by the study given to the proper conditions under which they should be applied. Like many of the operations in the apiary, spraj'ing must be done at the proper time to be really profitable; and if done at that time it will be of great ben- efit to the fruit-grower and no detriment to his neighbors. It seems to me that, rather than condemn the practice of spraying, and have only hard words for those who practice it, it would be better for apinrists to learn what the condi- tions are under which it should be carried on, and teach their neighbors how to do it properl}', thus resulting in good feeling all around, and benefiting both parties. East Dixfield, Me. [While we admitted the statement that spraying really does more harm than good, from our friend Mr. Jeffrey, in so doing we did not mean to imply that we believe it ourselves. After all the evidence from ex- periment stations and private investigations that have come before us, it seems we must admit that it does a great deal of good — that is, when properly administered before and after blooming. — Ed. J WYOMING. A Good Country for Bees. BY E. L. KANNEY. I have taken Glkanings for many years, and somehow I can not do without it, either when in the bee business or out of it. This is one of the greatest Cv>untries for bees I know of or have read about. My son began three years ago with four stands, and took that year something like 1000 lbs. of first- quality comb honey. The next year, from eight stands he took 2800 lbs. of the same. One stand that 3'ear made nearly 600 lbs. The last season was not as good, on ac- count of a cold spring, and was cut short by an early freeze in September. Neverthe- less we have taken S200 lbs. of first quali- ty, and, in fact, there is no second quality except from burr- combs, or from sections not filled and capped. The flavor is all the same, and comes almost entirely from sweet clover and alfalfa. The .'•200 lbs. is about half extracted, and was produced from 30 stands. The prices obtained have ranged from Tjz to 9 for extracted, and 10 to l.S for comb, all sold at home. There is, to my knowledge, no disease, no moth-, and veiy few difficulties to contend with in the management of bees here. Lander, Wyoming, Nov. 1. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 983 THROUGH THE ROCKIES OF COLORADO; THE GKAND CANYON OF THE GUNNISON; MAR- SHALL pass; a DRIVE WITH W. L. PORTER, OF DENVER; THE UNIQUE HOUSE-APIARY OF THE RAUCHFUSS BROTHERS, NEAR DEN- VER. Leaving Delta we continue on our jour- ney, taking' the narrow-gaug'e road throutn^h some of the most magnificent scenerj' in the United States — scenery, I am told, that would compare very favorably with any found in Switzerland. I had often pictur- ed in my mind's eye how immense, how wonderful those grand canyons and those towering peaks would look; but no pen or camera can ever portray the magnificent grandeur of the things themselves. The peaks were higher and the canj-ons were more wonderfully grand than any thing that I had ever conceived of in my wildest day- dreams. The palisades of solid red granite in the passes as they towered above the railroad-track really seemed to kiss the very heavens. And such rainbow tint- ing I I had seen in the railroad offices some of the beautiful col- ored pictures of the passes in the Ciin3^ons, and I had always sup- posed they were overdone of course. But, greatly to my sur- prise, nature has endowed the reality itself with all the color- ings that we find in pictures, but more beautifully tinted than can ever be shown with the brush. As our train, so tiny in compar- ison, crept along slowly at the very foot of the rocks that tow- ered up perpendicularly thou- sands of feet — rocks that seemed as if they would fall the next minute on the puny works of man, we could see those colors change tint from the reflections of the sunlight that made one think he was having a glimpse of what heaven is like, for such beauty does not seem to be of earth. While we were climbing up and up we could notice changes in vegetation according to the al- titude. At an elevation of only 7000 feet at Sapinero, Col., I saw any quantity of the Rocky Moun- tain bee-plant that looked so very much like the spider-plant that I was inclined to think it such at first. But no bees were there to gather its sweet- ness. On and on we kept climbing, often viewing the serpentine track below us that we had left but a few minutes before. Well do I remember the sensation as we went through Marshall Pass, between 10,000 and 11,000 feet high. I stepped out at the sta- tion, but there was a great difficulty of breathing, a dizziness in the head, and withal a general faintness. I staggered back into the car, quite content to keep quiet until we should get down from that height. On one occasion my pulse, ordinarily beat- ing at 68, ran up to 130; but at this time it reached something over 100. Again the train started, and this time it was evident we were going down, down; and before night I was breathing much easier. If space would permit I should like to tell you something about the Garden of the Gods, at Manitou; of the trip up Pike's Peak; how I essayed to go up on a donkey; of how the donkey snailed along until, in desperation, I got off the beast and declared ALFALFA BLOSSOMS, LIFE SIZE. 984 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Dec. 1 I would not fool away time with such stu- pid slowness; how I afterward paid my five dollars like a little man, and went up on the cog- steam road. But all these and more would be of little interest, perhaps, to the readers of a bee paper, and I should only fail in the attempt to describe what others have done before me far better than I am able to do it. Some of the bee-keepings friends after the Denver convention did take in some of this scenery, and I know they will join with me in saying- that one who loves the beautiful and the wonderful will miss one of the greatest pleasures of this life if he does not somehow some time see the scenery of the Rockies. But we hasten on to Denver, for we are now getting- near our journey's end. We will stop to see only two or three local bee- keepers, for we have been already two months awaj' from home, and we feel like hurrying back. A very urgent invitation from W. L. Porter caught me at Los An- geles; and knowing- something of the kindly Among- the number was our old friend W. Whipple, whose picture I showed in these columns some time ago. He is a g-ood bee- keeper, and a whole host at a conventi< n. He reminds me a great deal of Dr. Miller. Staying- long enoug-h for a little chat we drove on and stopped to look at an out-apia- ry of Mr. Porter's, under the shadow of some beautiful overhanging- willows. I took a photo of this; but, unfortunately, it was one of the very few ones that failed to develop into a satisfactory picture. As the alfalfa was very luxuriant I took a view of a part of one stalk, the top of it, life size, as seea on the preceding- page. It is very difiicult to g-et a picture of a small flower and plant like this, for no pic- ture will begin to show the beauty of color- ing- and delicacy of the flowers that are found in the real alfalfa-blossoms. But a photo will serve to g-ive one a fair idea of the general proportion and arrang-ement of the flower-clusters. If you can imagine hundreds and hundreds of acres of violet- THE RAUCHFUSS BROTHERS' APIARY AND HOUSE-APIARY NEAR DENVER. hospitality extended by the Porter familj^ I was g-lad to make another visit to those de- lightful people. I have already introduced the Porters to our readers, especially Mr. Porter himself, one of the most influential and extensive bee-keepers at Denver. I had previously visited this metropolis of the West in the fall or near winter; but now it was during- midsummer, and I had a curi- osity to note the weather conditions that prevail at that time of the year. I had seen the wonderful growth of alfalfa in Arizona, and was anxious to compare it in and around Denver. Mr. Porter very kind- ly gratified this wish by driving me some forty or fifty miles around the outskirts of the city, taking in some of the outyards, and giving me an opportunity to visit some of the local bee-keepers in his vicinity. tinted blossoms, sprinkled through a strong foliage of dark thrifty green, you can get some idea of a genuine alfalfa-field as it grows in the irrigated portions of the West. But the alfalfa of Colorado was not quite so luxuriant and so large as that in Arizona; nor does it furnish as many cuttings of hay. Before leaving Denver I called at one of the outyards of the Rauchfuss Brothers, near Denver, under the direct charge of Mr. Herman Rauchfuss. The feature of this apiary that struck me particularly was the house-apiary. As will be seen from the illustrations, an inside and outside view, it is very cheaply constructed, made of a sin- gle thickness of % boards, battened on the outside and lined on the inside with build- ing-paper; and yet, if I count correctly, it is large enough to hold about 35 colonies. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 985 As will be seen from the interior view, the hives are the same as those used outdoors, and are arranged in two tiers, one above the other. A window at one end and a door at the other give plenty of ventilation and light. While a single thickness of boards lined inside with t)uilding paper would be sufficient for Colorado, it would be neces- sary in the Central and Northern States of the East to make the building double-wall- ed, the space between packed with sawdust or some equally good packing material. the illustration of the interior view. Hives that are built fast to the building have nev- er given satisfactory results; and, more- over, the hives should be such that a colony from outdoors can be put inside, and vice versa. The Rauchfuss Brothers are very suc- cessful bee-keepers, and are certainly up to date, save in one thing — they ivill cling to the old-style sections and separators. Stopping in Denver for but a few days I took the train eastward again, this time go- INJi-KIOR VIEW OF RAUCHFUSS BROTHERS' HOUSE-APIARY. But the general construction and design of the building are excellent — among the best I have seen in all my travels; and in a lo- cality subject to the depredations of thieves, or where land is scarce, I do not know of any better house-apiary than this. In this connection it is, perhaps, proper to remember that all modern house-apiaries should be so designed as to receive the reg- ular outdoor hives the same as shown in ing as far as Des Moines, where I made our old friend Joseph Nysewander and wife a visit of one da3'. Our friend "Joe,"' as it will be remembered, was formerly a stenographer in the Root Cc. 's office some 20 years ago. Next to the stenographer who is taking down these notes he was the first we ever had. I think I have already told our readers how Joe built-up a large business — so large, indeed, that it was 986 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Dec. 1 necessary for him to call in an assistant — and this assistant was a stenographer, and as good as she was pretty; of how he and the stenographer formed a co - partnershi p — a partnership, I should judge, that is a very happy one. Mr. and Mrs. Joe have a delightful home, and I was entertained most royally by them. Again I took the train, stopping off for an hour or two between trains to talk with Bro. York and compare notes. And now, dear reader, my trip of 6000 miles is completed — on paper at least. In our next issue I begin a new series, and I will introduce to you H. G. Watson, of Ne- braska, a rancher and bee-keeper who, I believe, has the largest area of alfalfa under cultivation of any one man in the world. Every thing he does was on a gigantic scale when we were visiting him at his home in Nebraska. IN MEMORIAM OF DR. A. B. MASON. His Life History. In our last issue we announced briefly the death of Dr. A. B. Mason, which occurred on Wednesday, Nov. 12, as a result of a serious burning from a natural-gas explo- sion. About a week before, the doctor had gone into the summer kitchen at his home with a lighted lamp. Natural gas was es- caping from one of the pipes, with the re- sult that a fearful explosion occurred, re- sulting in the tipping over of the lamp, causing a conflagration. The direct result of the explosion, and the eftort to put out the fire, caused some serious burning. While the result of the accident seemed very serious, yet it was hoped that the doc- tor would survive; but the shock was too great for him, and he finalU^ passed awaj^ on the morning of the 12th, at 7:55. Dr. A. B. Mason, while never an exten- sive bee-keeper, was alwa5's activel}^ inter- ested in the general subject of apiculture. He attended many of the conventions, es- pecially those national in character. He was for two terms President of the old North American Bee-keepers' Association, and for a number of terms continuouslj' Secretary of what was subsequently called the National Bee-keepers' Association. His general fund of good humor, which bubbled over every now and then in a stray shot or a facetious remark while the sessions were in progress, did much to enliven the conven- tions, and he will be greatly missed at future meetings. The good doctor was one of the original members of the Association. He drew up the first draft of the constitution for the Association after its reorganization a few years ago, and I don't think it too much to say that no man did more to advance its interests. Many a night, when he could be free from his professional duties of the day, he devoted himself to Association work clear on up till midnight. He loved the Association, and was willing to sacrifice money and time. Dr. A. B. Mason was born in the town of Wales, Erie Co., N. Y., Nov. 18, 1833. His father and maternal grandfather were soldiers in the war of 1812. Dr. M. was raised on a farm, and all six of his brothers are farmers. At 17 years of age he taught successfully a school in De Kalb Co., 111., for S14.00 a month, and "boarded around." At the close of this school he attended sev- eral terms at Beloit (Wisconsin) college. He then commenced the study of medicine, attending lectures during the winters of DR. A. B. MASON. 1857 and 1858 at the University of Michi- gan, at Ann Arbor. In 1862 he moved to Waterloo, la., and, the practice of medicine not being to his taste, he adopted dentistry as his life profession, having studied it in connection with medicine. He was presi- dent of the Northern Iowa Dental Associa- tion for two years. In his 19th year he united with the church, and was an earnest Christian worker. For years he was an active, if not the most active member of the church to which he belonged, being at one time superintendent of the Sabbath-school, church clerk, a trustee, and clerk of the board of trustees. He was a leader in Sabbath-school work at home and in adjoining counties. One 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 987 year he was secretary of eight different or- g-anizations, four of them religious. Dr. Mason has always been an earnest temper- ance worker, neither he nor any of his children using tea, coffee, tobacco, or liquor in any form. In 1869 a brother left in his care two col- onies of bees till convenient to move them. Watching these aroused an interest in bees, and, as usual, the way to bee-keeping in full was not long. In 1873, frequent and severe attacks of rheumatism obliged him to give up the office practice of dentistry, and he has since made a specialty of bee- keeping, making it a source of revenue. In 1874 he moved to Ohio, where he has always been prominent in apicultural mat- ters. Through his efforts the Tri- State Fair Association at Toledo was induced to offer premiums for the display of products of the apiary, and this display has in- creased in attractiveness each year since. He was appointed superintendent of the de- partment the first year, and still holds the position. He was chosen superintendent of the Apiarian Department of the Ohio Cen- tennial Exposition, held at Columbus in 1888. In 1882 and "83 his apiary of 75 col- onies suffered from foul brood, nearly every colony being infested in the latter year; but he cured it and had no return of the dis- SUBSTITTJTE FOR BEESWAX IN FOUNDATION. Can you not produce some material to take the place of brood foundation — some- thing perhaps like the material from which Thomas A. Edison makes his phonograph- records, that would be acceptable to bees? We want something that will not buckle, that will always insure straight combs — something that, when subjected to foul brood, could be boiled, and used again; that, when brood has hatched therefrom, the bee-built walls could be struck from, to be again replaced and built by the bees. A B. Anthony. Sterling, 111., Oct. 28, 1902. [I am not sure that I quite understand your question. I do not know of any sub- stitute to take the place of brood foundation other thaij combs; but possibly you refer to the material out of which the foundation is made. Mr. Weed, the inventor of the Weed new process, and ourselves, made exhaus- tive experiments in testing various kinds of waxes, including- ceresin and paraftine wax; but there is not one of them that, in our opinion, would answer as even a poor substitute. Material from which phono- graph-cylinders are made would not ans- swer — it is too brittle. The least j.ir would crack it to pieces, and for extracting pur- poses it would be utterly useless. I do not know of another material that could possi- bly be used for foundation-making that would be suitable for bees, and at the same time stand a boiling temperature without injury. Of course, beeswax will stand a boiling temperature, but the combs would, of course, be melted, and the clarified prod- uct could be used again in making foun- dation. This is as far as we can go in us- ing material over again. — Ed.] COLONY in a chimney; how to get out. I have found a swarm of black bees that went into a chimney last July, and that are now about four feet from the top. Can you suggest a way to get them out? I thought of trying to reach them with a spoon, such as is used for digging post-holes, but that would make a sticky mess, besides getting stung, etc. I also thought of waiting till spring, and, if they lived, to put a hive on the chimney, containing a few frames of brood and a queen-cell, with a bee-escape in the bottom. As the bees come up they could not get back. Perhaps it would be better to leave them alone entirely; but if you can suggest a way, I should be pleased to hear it. Gko. W. Keezer. Plaistow, N. H., Nov. 2. [There is no feasible way of getting the bees out except by means of the post- hole shovel, and possibly destroying the whole colony in the attempt. I would blow a stream of smoke down the chimne}-, or bet- ter, perhaps, make a little smudge from be- neath to get the bees in a quiet condition so they could be scooped out with the aforesaid shovel. It would not be practicable to put a hive on the chimney, containing two frames of brood and a queen-cell, for the purpose of inducing- the bees to leave their old quarters four feet below. — Ed.] getting bees to fill out pop - HOLE CELLS in comb honey; proportion OF COMB TO EXTRACTED HONEY. I have been running my apiary for comb honey, but I can not get the be^.s to fill out the sections nicel}', as they leave pop ho es all along the sides. Some of my colonies filled 75 ideal sections. Now, if acolony will fill 50 1-lb. sections in a season, how much honej' would that colony produce if it were extracted and the combs returned? Beresford, Fla. C. S. Gaelbreath. [It is a difficult matter to get bees to fill out every cell with honey and cap it over. Sometimes conditions are such that it is practically impossible to get a perfectly filled section. There are several essential conditions. One is an abundance of nec- tar in the fields, and a warm super — at 988 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Dec. 1 least one that has no leaks for hot air. There should be a large force of bees, and tiering up should not be pushed too far. To get sections nicely filled, do not put the second super under the first one when the first one is partly built out, but put second super on top. Too much forcing in the su- pers is apt to leave sections not perfectly finished. We will publish an article soon from Orel L. Hershiser that will cover this ground quite thoroughly, and suggest that you watch for it. As to the proportion of extracted to comb, if you run the hives for the former you might get from 25 to 100 per cent more honey. It is impossible to give any definite figure of proportion. — Ed.] FRANCE ENDORSED FOR GENERAL MANAGER. Friend Root and Brother Bee-keepers: — I am personally acquainted with Mr. N. E. France, of Platteville, Wis., having met him in my home, in my apiary, in our State conventions, and have done committee work with him before the legislature, I can con- scientiously say we haven't a more gentle- manly and efficient man in our ranks for the position of General Manager of the Na- tional Bee-keepers' Association; and I take great pleasure in recommending him as such to all who do not know him, and urge upon 3'ou to give him your combined sup- port at the coming election. Hillsboro, Wis. Elias Fox. TOEPPERWEIN FOR DIRECTOR NATIONAL BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. Mr. Editor: — As the time draws nigh for the election of some new Directors for the National, I wish to make a nomination and pre- sent Texas' claim for a member on the Board of Directors. Texas is the largest State in the Union, and, according to the last census, produces more honey yearly than any other State. The industry is rapidly gaining ground ; many beginners are going into the bus- iness on a large scale, and there is a constant emigration of bee- keepers here from other States. Recently our Association secured an annual appropriation from the State legislature, and we now have a well-equipped experiment apiary with a competent superin- tendent. Bees are not only being experimented with, but also dif- ferent forage-plants ; and last, but not least, there will be regu- lar classes in bee-keeping at A. and M. College of Texas, where the apiary is located. Not alone will our claims be apparent to Texas, but as well to the entire South, which at present is with- out representation on your Board of Directors. Our Association members are members of the Na- tional, and we feel we need rec- ognition. Therefore I nominate Mr. Udo Toepper- wein, of San Antonio. Mr. T. is a very popular man, an experienced bee-keeper, and a business man of experience. He is in every way fitted and able to discharge the duties of Director of the National, and I want the bee-keepers of Texas to ask your support for him in the coming elec- tion. Homer H. Hyde. Floresville, Texas. [Texas is a great bee State, and certain- ly should receive recognition at the hands of the Association. Mr. Toepperwein would be an excellent man for Director, accept- able alike to the Texas bee-keepers and to the membership of the Association, provid- ing it could know how good a man he is for the position. — Ed.J GOOD SEASON FOR HONEY IN TEXAS. We have had a good season — better than usual. Dry weather, I think, cut the sum- mer flow short in July; but we had a good flow of nectar in August and September. I took 2000 lbs. from 34 colonies, spring count; increased to 69; taken from one colo- ny, new swarm, 125 lbs., all comb; average about bO lbs., spring count. Centreville, Tex. W. W. Lawrance. Please tell me if there is any duty on queen-bees to Canada. W. Harmer. Manistee, Mich., Nov. 3. [There is no duty on queen-bees to Cana- da. Breeding-stock is made an exception. —Ed.] \DU f/tru, ^M Wwre chill3-, and we were having some rather cold rains, the toothache came back a little, and the old familiar sore throat kept coming up toward my ear, with a little touch of the earache. I was going without a coat most of this time. Mrs. Root suggested again that a warm coat in addition to my heavy shoes would remedy the trouble, and it did so, al- though I found a coat many times incon- venient, especially when I was bagging po- tatoes (see next issue). Now, you may say this is only plain common sense — soinething that everybody knows or ought to know — • that, as cool weather comes on in the fall, we must dress warmer. But the point I wish to make is this: I was relieved of these aches and pains by dressing a little tvarm- er than I felt inclined. With the brisk muscular exercise I was having every day I felt impatient of heavy clothing; but the remedy for these things that I had been so subject to, particularly during fall weather, and also in the spring, has been in keeping just a little warmer than I should prefer for comfort. When I got warmed up with m^' work I could throw off mj' coat and put on a lighter cap. But I found it quite nec- essary to put on my coat, thicker cap, etc., just as soon as I ceased doing heav^^ mus- cular work. Since I have returned home to Medina I have had these neuralgic pains again; but by putting on' overshoes when I was out on the wet stone walks, and wear- ing my overcoat when there was a cold wind, I am keeping well, free from pain, happy, and exceedingly thankful. Now, if 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 995 these sug'g'estions should be of some benefit to other elderly people like myself, I should be still more happy and thankful. I would sug-o^est, in closing", that you be especially careful about getting- chilled by sitting" down in a cold room — g^etting- your feet so cold, for instance, that it takes a long- time to get them warmed up after you get to bed. Getting chilled by walking out in the open air, or even out riding, does not seem to produce any bad result like sitting down in a room where there is no fire, to write letters, for instance, and then sitting there too long, thinking you will be through in just a few minutes more, etc. v3 i^^ DOUBLE Don't spend spare time thinking: ■what you might be if your salary were doubled! Doing, not thinking:, will make ^our wish a reality. Our free booklet, 'Are Your Hands Tied?" tells you what to do and how to do it. Thousands have already doubled or largely increased their salaries by following: our plan. Under our guidance you can do the same. Act today! I. C. S. Text- books make it easy for those already at work to Learn By Mail MpphRniral. St«xm, Electrical, Civil, Uinlng, Tele- phonp, and Telegraph Enclneerlng; Shop »nd Foundry I'rnctlce; Mpcbsniral Urairing; Archi- tecture; riumblng; gheet-IIetal I'ntteni DraftiBg; Chemistry; Ornnmenlal DeilcH ; Lettering; Book- keeping; Stenography; English Kranebea; Teach- ing; LoeemotlTe Hunnlng; Elcctrotharapeutlci; German; SpanUh; French. Circular free. State subject that interests you. INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS, Box 799, SCRANTON, PA. I!^ Successful poultrynian uses a SVCCESSFUL Incubator and Brooder, the kind that brines^ ...___ big hatches and does ' "— --^i^i not go to pieces from heat and moisture. The bf^st built machines on the market. Perfect system of reHulation. Get our big incubator book (156 Piiges) free. Other books in four different languages. Write for them to-day. DES MOINES INCUBATOR CO., Dept. 608 i:es 9ioines, la., or Uept. 503 Buffa o, N. Y. TRY AH IDEAL. J. W. Miller's incubator— made by the man who knows. It is really self-reaulating. 30 DAYS FREE TRIAL Weget no money until you are per- fectly satisfied. Poultry Book Free J. \V. AllLLKIi » O., Bos 4S, Freeport, III. (Poultry supplies and thoroughbred fo-wls.i 1^.80 For A 200 Egg INCUBATOR Perfect in construotiou iiml action. Hatches every fonil> egg. AVrite for catalos to-Jay. GEO. H. STAHL, Quincy, 111 110" ■yards Fine Poaltry. RELIABLE IS a word that stands for the 1 ct Incubators and Brooders in the world. Each has special dis- tinpuithing features. Send 10c postage for Book No 19, just out, giving gv.arnnty of mnney back if incubator is not satisfactory. Rcliahic Incnbiitorand RroiiderCo., Box B 49 (Jiiiucy, Illinois. Ilif^ew Regulator on thK Mivf ll:iH-i is leally anto niatie Hiid direct acting— greatest nnprovemem of vears Don't pay dnublH 111 ii-rfonddstvleiuaoliines. ,-(i('t .,\irb ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦« ♦♦♦ ♦♦*♦♦♦♦♦ ^ HONEY QUEENS! Laws' Leather=colored Queens. Laws' Improved Golden Queens. Laws' Holy Land Queens. I^aws' queens are doing business in every State in the Union and in many foreign countries. The demand for Law's' queens has doubled any pre- vious sea.son's .'-ales. Laws' queens and bees are putting up a large share of the honey now sold. Laws' stock is being sold for breeders all over the world. Why ? Because it is the best to be had. Remember ! That I have a larger stock than ever; that I can send you a queen any month in the year and guarantee safe delivery ; that I have many fine breeders on hand. Price. Ji.CK) each. Tested, each, $L'25; five for Ki.OO. Prices reduced after March 15. vSend for circu'ar. W. H. Laws, Beeville, Texas. POUl7TOYPAPEJ^3^onThs and book, "Plans for Poultry-houses," 10 cts. Paper one year and book, 25 cts, if you mt- ntion Gleanings (reg. price. 50 cts). Inland Poultry Journal, Indianapolis, Indiana. 1000 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Dec. 1 BEESWAX WANTED. So many of our carload dealers have been anticipat- ing next season's requi ements bj' ordering early that we have been shipping an unusual amount of founda- tion during the past few weeks, and have used up our surplus stock. The market price is also a little firmer than usual at this season of the year. We offer, until further notice, 28 cents per lb., casl , or 30 in trade, for average wax delivered here. Beeswax is used to a considerable extent in candles, and the extra demand of Christmas time has a tendency to stimulate prices before the holidays. A little later, during January and t'ebruary, the market is usually not so active. If you have any wax to .•■ell, this is a good time to realize on it as much as you are 1 kely to get for several months. We shall be pleased to hear from those hav- ing enough on hand for a shipment. THE BUSINESS OUTLOOK. We have never had as many orders to fill during the early fall as we have had this year. Our carload ship- ments of bee-keepers' supplits from August 1st to this date have been three times as many as dui ing the same time last year, and we still have unfilled orders on our books for at least a dozen cais, with a number more in prospect within a few days. The wet season has made a profusion of white clover everywhere, and every indication points to a favorable season next year. 'I'hose dealers who have the storage room are wise in filling it up now when the goods may be had, rather than run the risk of waiting several weeks in the spring when a fresh supply is urgently needed. So far as we can ascertain, the available supply of dry white basswood in the hands of manufacturers, suit- able for sections is much smaller than it was a year ago, and t will not be strange if there is a short sup- ply of sections before the new lumber cut this winter i^ dry enough to use. Sections are not s ' good made from kiln-dried lumber, as they are more brittle. THE NEW EDITION OF OUR A B C OF BEE CULTURE. This is now readj', after weeks and months of hard work and ceaseless griid of our fast Century book- press. The new book, of over oOU pages, like some of the previous editions, has been brought clear up to the times Even brushed and " shook " swarms are mentioned and described under the head of "Swarm- ing " The latest methods of bottl ng honey are given under the head of ■' Extracted Honey." A new list of honey-plants, especially those found" in the South and the far West, particularly those that are big yielders of honey, have been incorporated; and many new en- gravings have been inserted here and there. If thrre is any particular feature in which this edi- tion is different from all others, it is in the fact that it is written to conform to nearlj' every locality in the United States When the book was put out in 1878, the instructions were intended more particularly for those who live in the North-Central Slates. But the several trips of the reviser over various portions of the United States from time to time have led to some modifications here and theie — particularly details of management. The subject of swarming, f'^r instance, ha^ been modified to fit conditicns as they exist in Texas California, and the far West, as well as the Eastern and Central States of the North. Several new articles have been inserted. Among them is one on locality. This chapter goes into details showing how one State or province differs from another; and how methods of management must he varied to fit spe- cial conditions. The subject of wax-presses has been thoroughly overhauled, showing rendering and pressing in the open air, in hot winter, and in steam. In the matter of wintering, again, special instruc- tions are given for the southern and western bee- keeper, where wintering protection is not necessary, but where there is danger from s!ar\-ation. Tlie biographical department has been largely re- vised, and new subjects have been added to take in some of those bee-keepers who have lately risen to prominence in the bee-keeping world. The picture-gallery, while it has some old well- known views, has a number of new ones, particularly some in the Wtst and South. As u-ual the book has been enlarged, and, all to- gether, we are putting out for 103 an edition that is new Irom cover to cover, oris as nearly such as a book could be if it were written during the latter part of 1902 word for word, paiagraph for paragiaph throughout the entire book. I he fact that it has been ktpt standing in type during all thtse years has made it po.ssiblr- to make changes anywhere at any time when necessary. Price in cloth, by mail, $120; or clubbed with Gleanings one year, both postpaid. CUBAN PROPERTY FOR SALE. Owing to lack of time to care for his plantation, one of our customers has decided to sell his plantation of 250 acres and apiary of 450 colonies. The apiary is in firsi-class order, well located, and paying well. The hives and appliances aie almost entirely of Root's manufacture. The place has pleniy of fruit-trees and shade. Has a dairy of .-ix fine Georgia cows, giving an Hbundatce of milk for which the e is a steady sale in Cardc nas, a city of 24,000, only fifteen minutes drive from the place. Of other stock there is a yoke of oxen, 18 calves and heifers, and a good horse. Water. There are two good wells of water, and plenty of ro_\al palm-trees. lyocation. This property is about 75 miles east of Havana, and 2 miles from Cardenas, on the railroad which has daily service with Havana. Cardenas is also reached by the Munson line of steamers semi- monthly from 'New York, also semi-monthly service from Mobile, and tri-weekly boats from Havana, .so its shipping facilities aie the best. You can reach New York in four days direct, or via Havana. Title clear a> d guaianteed. Full particulars to any one who means business. A fine opportunity for an American bee-keeper and fiiiit grower. Particulars may be had of Tne A. I. Root Co., Medina, Ohio. Special Notices by A. I. Root. WINTER OR EGYPTIAN ONION-SETS. We have still a few bushels of these left. They can be planted at any time in the open air when the ground is not frozen. They are not onlj' the hardiest onion known, but they are one of the hardiest plants. They will stand any amount of freezing and thawing, and still live and grow at a lower temperature than any thing else I am acquainted with. They are also suitable for growing long wtiite onions under glass. To produce these lo g white onions for liunching for salads, etc. they should be planted in beds where they can be banked up as fast as tiey grow. As fast as the shoots get to be an inch or two high jou uill want to hill them up wi h some soft swamp muck, and keep on filling up the box or bed as fa t as thej grow until you get them a foot long or more. They are put on the table in celery-glasses a good deal like celery. A great many people are very fond of these green on- ions in the winter time Price of sets, 10 cts. per quart; peck, .50 cts.; bushel itl..50. If wanted by mail, add 10 cts. per quart for postage and packing. We have just p .t in pamphlet form material from back numbers of Gle.^xings, relative to onion grow- ing. Better have it right away if you are going to grow onions to bunch up during winter Price 5 cts. Convention Notices. Owing to a vote in Ontario on the liquor question, the dates of the annual meeting of the Ontario Bee- keepers' As.sociation have been changed from Dec. 2, 3, and 4, to Dec, It), 17, and 18, at Barri . Streetsville, Can., Nov. 20. W. Couse, Sec. The California State Bee-keepers' Association will hold its annual convrntiou at the Chamber of Cuni- merc , L,os AiigeUs. on Dec. Ui, 17. and IS, 1902 open- ing on Tuesday, Dec. 10. at 1:30 p. M. The convention is called in December to give opportunity to ask for additional legislation. A good program is expected; and a cordial invitation extended to all wh • are inter- ested in the industry. G. S. Stubblf.field, President. Ventura, Cal. J. F. McIntyre, Secretar3'. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 1001 FOR SALE: Comb p Extracted HONEY: in carlsts or less. If in the market, state quantity wanted, and we will name you '■ lowest price." Samples of Extracted fur- nished on request. If you have any Comb or Extracted to ship, correspond with us. Estabiished 26 Years. S. T. Fish &. Co., Chicago, Illinois. 189 South Water Street. Bees Wanted on Shares Have You Idle Capital ? We are owners of 1000 colonies of bees, and want 1000 more to run on shares. We have the best location in the best part of Texas, and will give as references H. \V. Wiseman & Co , bankers; Paul Nenbauer. P. M., or any responsible business firm of Floresville or Hutto, Texas. We have heavy fall rains. Next year will be a big one for honej'. We have the best assist- ants we can procure, and have been in th^ business since 1893. If you have as many as 250 colonies of bees ship th' m to us. pay the cost of location, and supply us the necessary equipment for houey production, and we will give them all the necessary attention, and give j'ou one half th honey. Bees must be all in either 8 or 10 frame Dovetailed or lyangstroth hives. I,et u.s explain to you more fully, therefore we solicit your correspondence. The Hyde Bee Company, Floresville, Texas. Bee-keepers, We need your orders, and you need our goods, so let's trade. We have the very be;»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦< GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Dec. 1 Now «^ ^ ^ Ready ! Sixty-four Page Catalog of every thing- bee-keepers need. Illustrated and fully described. Especially valuable to begin- ners for the information it con- tains. Send your address on a postal and get it now. Estab- lished 1884. J* M* Jenkins^ Wetumpka, Elmore Co., Ala, ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦^ I PACE «c LYON, I i New London, Wisconsin. I MANUFACTURERS OF AND DEALERS IN . . . BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES. . . . 5 Send for Our Free New Illustrated 5 Catalog and Price List '^WtfW^'M^fWWkVUWi/MVMVUWWV^^ HS'-'m^^ ':^i^^ «il; KretclimerMfg.Go.,Box6Q,R8(IOak,la. BEE-SUPPL Best-equipped factorj' in tlie Wfst ; car- ry a large stock and greatest v nel> of every thing needed in tlie apiarv, assur- ing BEST goods at the LOWEST prices, and prompt shipment. We want every bee-keeper to have our FREE ILLT.S- TRATED CATALOG, and read descrip- tion of Alternating Hives, Ferensou Su- pers, etc. IV} ite at once jor a catalog. AGENCIES Trester Supply Company, Lincoln, Neb. Shugart & Ouren, Council Bluffs, la. Chas. Spangler, Kentland, Ind, BINGHAM SMOKER. Dear Si^^— Inclosed find $1.75. PleaBC send dne brass amoke-engiuf. I have one already. It is the best tmoker I ererused. Truly yours, Henbt Schmidt, Hutto, Tei. MADE TO ORDER Bingham Brass Smokers, Made of sheet brass, which does not ru.st or burn out; should last a lifetime. You need one, but they cost 25 cts. more than tin of the same size. The little open cut shows our brass hinge put on tlie three larger sizes. No wonder Bingham's four-inch smoke-engine goes without puffing, and docs not drop inky drops. The perforat- ed steel fire-grate has, SSI holes to air the fuel and support the fire. Heavy tin smoke-engine, 4-inch stove, per mail, $1.50; 3^-inch, $1.10; .3-inch. $1.00; 2'4-inch, 90c; 2-inch, (15c. Bingham smokers are the originals, and have all the improvements, and have been the standard of excellence for 23 years. Only three larger ones brass. T. F. Bingham, Farwell, Michigan. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 1007 Contents of this Number. Alfalfa in Nebraska 1026 Anti-saloon Congress in:^l Bees in a Soap box 1029 Bottom, New Danzeubaker 1024 Combs, Moldv lo29 Cuba 5' 0 Co onies to 1028 Death of J. F. Hickman 10S4 Feeding During Winter 101. S Foul Brood. Germs of 1012 Foul-brood Ordinance in California 1028 Honey, Wholesale Marketing of II'IO Honev-Producers' Association 1019 Maxims, Apicultural, French 4013 Nebraska, Travels in 1025 Potatoes. Bagging, in Michigan 1030, 1035 Sheds, Bee-hive 1018 Swarms, Catching 102>* Sweet Clover, Time to Cut 1"22 Top bars of Basswo d 1020 Top-bars, Thick v. Thin 1' 28 Watson's Ranch 1025 Wintering in Cellar 1029 Honey Column. GRADING-RDLES. Fancy.— All sections to be well tilled, combs straight, firm- ly attached to all four sides, the combs unsoiled by travel- stain or otherwise ; all the cells sealed except an occasional cell, the outside surface of the wood well scraped of propolis. A No. 1.— All sections well tilled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs straight ; one-eighth part of comb surface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soiled ; the out- gide of the wood well scraped of propolis. No. 1.— All sections well filled except the row of cells next to the wood ; combs comparatively even ; one-eighth part of comb surface soiled, or the entire surface slightly soiled. No. 2.— Three-fourths of the total surface must be filled and sealed. No. 3.— Must weigh at least half as much as a full-weight ■ection. In addition to this the honey is to be classified according to color, using the terms white, amber, and dark ; that is, there will be " Fancy White," " No. 1 Dark," etc. C/TY MARKETS. Kansas City. — Our market has changed quotations from p und to ca.'-e. Fancy white, per case of 21 sec- tions, $:> 50: No. 1, j;^.40; No. 2 and aralier, S^i 25. Hx- tractcd white, per lb , 7; amber, (5. Beeswax. 27(S30. C. C. Clkmons & Co., Nov 22. 306 Grand Ave., Kansas City, Mo. San Francisco. — Comb honey. 10faJl3. Extracted water-white, 6^'''' 7 ; light amber, 6(^)6^ ; dark amber. 4'a),5 Beeswax 28. Buyers have visited all parts of the State this sea.son Producers have disposed of their honey at good prices for spot cash. The coiu- mi.'sion merchant has been dispen.sed with. Nov. 22. E. H. SCHAEFFLE, Murphys, Calif. Chicago.— There is no special change in the honey market Prices lemaiii as last quoted, and the vol- ume of sales is not large The weather is such as usually prevails at this season of the year and the cold may induce people to buy nice freely. Best lots of fancy white comb honey bring 16 ; No. 1 to choice, 15; off grades, 2 to 5c less, and not much demand for them. Extracted white, 7^a 8; ambei, 6 a 7; southern, 5^'n6. Beeswax, 30 R. A. Burnett & Co., Dec. 8. 199 South Water St., Chicago, 111. New York. — Demand for honey not as brisk as it has been. We quote fancy, 15; No 1. 13(a!l4; buck- wheat, VlaVr,%. Extracted. Southern, i^A(abl4\ N. Y. State, 5;.'2to7^. Beeswax, 27. Francis H. I,eogett & Co., Dec. 8. Franklin and Varick Sts., New York. Milwaukee. — The receipts of honey have been small during the past month, and the supply at pres- ent is not large. Yet as the demand is such that the supply seems inadequate, although some shipments of fancy cumb and choice white and amber ext- acted will meet a healthy market, we can quote fancv 1 lb. sections 16(317: No. 1, 14(al6. Extracted while, in bar- rels, kegs, pails, and cans, S(ad: amber 7(0.7'/^. Bees- wax, 28fa;30. A. V. Bishop & Co., Dec. 10. 119 Buffalo St., Milwaukee, Wis. Cincinnati. — The demand for comb honey is good, and prices are a little better, as the supply does not meet the wants. Extra water-white fancy is sealing as high as 16 cents: other grades le.ss. according to qual- ity. Extracted is very active, and prices are a little better. Amber, o^4(a6'A; alfalfa, 6i^(U'7^ ; white clo- ver, 7i^f^8. Beeswax, 28. C. H. W. Weber, Dec. 8. 2146 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. New York. — Demand for comb honey not so brisk, owing, we presume, to the fact that prices have been ruling higher. .Supply, however, is moderate, and there is no other stock on the market. Prices remain unchanged. Fancy white, 16: No. 1, 14: No. 2, ]2(a IS; buckwheat and amber, 11@13. Extracted white, 7 J^; light amber (i%(a7; dark, 5^Ca6; Beeswax, in fair de- mand at 28@29. Hii.dreth & Segelken, Dec. 8. 26.5-7 Greenwich St., New York City. Detroit.— Fancy white comb, le®!?; No. 1 white, 15tol6; dark and amber, 12.'ai3. Extracted white, 7@8; dark and amber, 554rS)6. Beeswax, 27ia)28. Dec. 10. M. H. Hunt & Son, Bell Branch, Mich. Schenectady.- As is usually the case, the demand for comb honey is not q'lite as brisk near the holi- days, but there is no change in prices, with ample stock of white clover on hand, but buckwheat very scarce. White clover, 14ffi,16: buckwheat, r2>4@13J^; Extracted, light, 7@8; dark, 6^(g7. Chas McCulloch, Dec. 10. 523 State St , Schenectady, N. Y. Denver — Demand for both comb and extracted honey light, and we do not expect any improvement until aftet the holidays. Fancy white comb brings $^.bO per case of 24 sections: No. 1 white, $3 10(aj3 25; No. 2. $2.75. Extracted, 7H'S'8}^ per lb. Beeswax, wanted at 22{a!26, according to color. The Colorado Honey Producers' Ass'n, Dec. 9. 1440 Market St., Denver, Col. Philadelphia. — Comb honey in good demand with good supply on hand. We quote fancy white. 16(0)17; No 1, 15; amber, 14 buckwheat, 13to'14. Extracted, while, 8; amber, 7. Beeswax. ,30. We are producers of honey, and do not sell on commission. Wm. a. Selser, Dec. 9. 10 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa. For vSale — Fine quality of extracted honey, both clover and sweet clover, in tiO-lb. cans, at 8c; also bees in I,, frames Do not send local checks. Dr. C. t,. Parker, Sta. A., R. F D., Syracuse, N. Y. For Sale. — Light and buckwheat extracted honey in cans and kegs; sample, 8c. I. J. Stringham, 105 Park Pi., New York City. For Sale. — White extracted honey from alfalfa in 60-lb cans, at $4.50 each; light amber honey mixed with Rocky Mountain bee-plant, fine flavor, $4.20 each. Prices on small cans and pails on application. M. P. Rhoads. Box 216, Las Animas, Colo. For Sale. - Extracted honev, from alfalfa, at TJ^c for No. 1 select, 7c for No. 1,6^ for No. 2; discount on 1000-lb. lots. Send for sample. D. S. Jenkins, I,as Animas, Col. For Sale. — Alfalfa water-white honey, (iO-lb. cans, two in a case, at 7i4c; fancy basswood in 2.'>0 lb. bbls., 8c: same in 60-lb. cans, two "to a case. 9c. We buy and sell for cash only. E. R. Pahl & Co.. 294, 296 Broadway, Milwaukee, Wis. Wanted.— Beeswax ; highest market price paid. Write for price list. B \ch, Becker & Co., Chicago, 111. Wanted.— Honev and beeswax. Mail sample, and state price delivered here. C. H. W. Weher, 2146, 2118 Central Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. Wanted— Comb and extracted honey. State price, kind, and quantity. R. A. Burnett & Co.. 199 South Water St., Chicago, 111. We will be in the market for honey the coming sea- son in carloads and less than carloads and would be glad to hear from producers everywhere what they will have to offer. Seavey & Flarsheim, 1318-1324 Union Avenue, Kansas City, Mo, 1008 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Dec. 15 r 1 ■'1 DR. C. C. MILLER. Forty Years Amongf the Bees By DR. C. C. MILLER. The above is the title, and name of the author, of a new bee-book which will be ready some time in January, 1903, as it is now in the hands of the printers. It is a book that every bee-keeper in the world that can read English will want to own and read. It will contain over 300 pages, be bound in handsome cloth, printed on good book-paper, and illustrated with over 100 beautiful original half-tone pictures, taken by Dr. Miller himself. The book will show in detail how Dr. Miller does things with bees. The first few pages of the new book are de- voted to an interesting biographical sketch of Dr. Miller, which finally tells how he happened to get into bee-keeping. Seventeen years ago he wrote a small book, called, " A Year Among the Bees," but that little work has been out of print for a number of years. While some of the matter used in the former book is found in the new one, it all reads like a good new story of successful bee-keeping by one of the masters. How to Get a copy of Dr. {filler's " Forty Years Among the Bees." The price of this new book is $1.00, post- paid ; or, if taken with the wkkki^y American Bee Journal for one year, both will be sent for $1.75. We hope all who desire to accept this combination offer will do so AT ONCE, so as to have their subscriptions to the American Bee Journal begin with Jan. 1. The Bee Journal will be greater than ever in 1903. Every bee- keeper ought to have it regularly. Better order Dr. Miller's new book and the American Bee Journal NOW Address the publishers, GEORGE W. YORK 0 CO., 144 & 146 East Erie Street, CHICAGO, ILLi. ^^ Sample copy of the American Bee Journal and Catalog of Bee-Keepers' Supplies sent free on applica- tion. Addrees as above. 1902 Every Chicken Man Needs a green bone cutter. The Adam alone is ball bearing, it oleana itself, it cannot become clogged or choked, It Is fed at the pleasure of the oper- ator. You will want to know ot it. Send for our Ulustiated Catalosue No. SSI before you buy. Sent Free. W. il. ADAM, joliet, Ills. GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 1009 SAVE HEN FEED and tnnre than double your ecr? yield by feeding- cut green bone, the greatest egg producer. THE HUMPHREY OPEN HOPPER GREEN BONE and VEGETABLE CUTTER is fruaranteed to cut more bone, in less time and with less labor, than any other. ' Money back if not perfectly satisfied;J turns easily with one hand; no partitions , in the hopper; no complicated springs \ to get out of order. ' HUMPHREY & SONS,^ Box 51, Joliet, Ills. Union Combination Saw For Ripping, Cross- cutting, Rabbetitig, Mitering, Grooving, Gaining, Boring, Scroll sawing. Edge -mould' Beading. Full line I and Hand Power machi ery. Send for catahz SENECA FALLS MFG. CC i4 Water St , Seneca Fs., i; ^amt To make cows pay, use Sharpies Cream Separators, book " Business Dairying " & cat. 288 free. W. Chester Pa. DITTWIER'S FOUNDATION Retail — Wholesale— Jobbing. Having increased xny shop -room, p>tt in power and a new set of ma- chines, I am now producing a better article than ever, with unlimited ca- pacity to meet orders. I use a process that produces every essential neces- sary to make it the best and most de- sirable in all respects. My process and automatic macliines are my own inventions, which enable me to sell foundation, and WORK WAX INTO FOUNDATION FOR CASH, at prices that are the lowest. I make a specialtj; of working upWholesale and Jobbing Lots of wax into foundation, for cash. If vou have wax by the lOil lbs. or ton, let me hear from you. Catalog giving Full Line of Supplies with prices and samples, rree upon application. BEESWAX WANTED. Cus. Dittmer, I Augusta, • Wisconsin. ^^ 15he New Model c^^ Bone Cutter cuts fineiic and e.Tsiest. Send for catalog and speeial trial olfer free. E. C STEARNS & CO. , Box 107 SYRAOUSE, N. Y. KANNS NEW Bone: CUTTER MAKES HENS PAV - YDU CAN GET LOTS OF EGGS and have healthy fowls if you feed Green Cut Hone. Mann's Latest Model Bone Cutter is criiaranteed to cut all hone and all atiheringmeataii I gristle, easier, fas- ter and in better shape than any other type. Autniiiatic self-regulatinjj feed. Never cloffs. TFN OftYS' FREE TRIAL on ymir own premises to priive onr guarantee- no mnney in advance. Return at our expense if not satisfied. Isn'tthat 1 etter fjr you than to pay for a macliine you nevertried? Catalogue free. p. W. MANH CO., BoX 37, Mi.ford, Mass. f r eiyht or e.xpress. Valuiibie c- raliii-'iie 4!)tli year. 44 greenhouses. 1 IM acres. THE STORRS & HARBISON CO., etc., have biien the standard of excellence for nearly half a century, tverythinir of the hest at riuht prices for Orcliiird, Vlnpyaril, Lawn. Park, Street, Garden and GreenhoiiHi'. V\ e send by mail postpaid Seeds. PlaitlH. Kosf'U. IJiilb". Vin-s. Small Trees, ite.. and truarantee safe arriviil and Katisfaci ion, lart'er by Uirect deal will insure you the best and save you nnoney. PAINESViLLE, OHIO. I IV^rshfield Manufacturing Company. | ionsm. J Our specialty is making SECTIONS and they are the best in the market. Wisconsin basswood is the right kind foi them. We have a full line of BEE - SUPPIvIES. Write for FREE illustrated catalog and price list. Marshfield Manufacturing Company, Marshfield, Wisconsin >♦»»»»♦»»»»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦ 1010 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Dec. IS diiiiiiiMiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiM 1 1. J.Stringham, New York City | I 105 Park Place. | I Honey = jars! ^"^^- square jars, $5.00 per gross; No. 25 | I ^ — ^ jar, porcelain top, $5.75 per gross; nickel = I cap, fancy, $5.50 per gross. All clear flint glass. We ship = I from N. Y. City. Cartons, shipping-cases, every thing a bee- | = keeper uses. Apiaries are located at Glen Cove, Long Island. = i Catalog free. | ^iiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiMiiiUMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii nmiimMmiiimiiimtiiiiiiiiiir? I Discounts for Early Orders! | % On all Cash Orders received Tsefore ^ ^ January 1, 1903, we will allow ^ ^ you a discount of 4 per cent ; before ^ $ April 1, 2 per cent. Send us a list ^ ^ of the goods you want and we will ^ quote prices ly return mail. g Q. B. Lewis Company, Watertown, Wis. i ^ Manufacturers of Bee=keepers' Supplies. ^ C. H. W. WEBER, Successor to Chas. P. Muth and A. Muth. Central and Freeman Avenues. Cincinnati, OhlOa Prompt service, lowest prices, with best shipping- facilities. B-._. 0..-k»»|:^« /THE BEST MADE. CC W U P P I I CS t ROOT'S GOODS AT THEIR FACTORY PRICES. "" "■ ' ' ■■' ' *' "''i 1-lb. sq. Standard, spring top. gr.S.5.50 i lib. Key.stone, .'■pring top, gros^s, 5 25 lib. Octagon, spring top, gross, 5 25 l-lb. sq. Standard, with cork, gr.,$4.75 Honey-jars ]5iz. ;■' - ¥w ^ ^ ^ .^^ ^t f 100 lbs. white sweet-scented clover, 810 0G6US Of I 100 lbs. yellow " $15 Hr»nfi%/-r»lsin+d '00 lbs. Alfalfa clover, $12 iJllXSy PICII I l» [i(X) lbs. Alsike clover, $15 /J-lb. •' " " " 4.75 100 lbs. White Dutch, f20 1 oz. Catnip seed, 10c 1 oz Rocky Mountain Bee-plant, 15c • DE.VO •AND HOME,- •IKTEFIEST^ fubiishedyntfAl'RooYCo. ■ , $ia°PtRY'EAR.'^'\s)"nEDlNA-OHlO' Vol. XXX. DEC. 15, 1902. No. 24 Dr.C.CMiLLER. Referring to p. 980 and footnote, in this locality colonies will stand having- two frames of brood and bees taken every week or ten days ; but in too many cases they will swarm in spite of it. But then such deple- tion can not be begun here before June. What Stenog savs, p. 973, reminds me that I've seen mention of non-intoxicating honey-drinks in foreign journals, but never any thing entirely clear on the subject. Can any one tell us how to make a good sparkling drink from honey that will leave one with a clear brain ? "Winter lingers in the lap of spring" sometimes, but this time winter has fur- nished the lap for fall to linger in. Up to Dec. 6 I haven't given my horses a mouth- ful but what they could get in the pasture. "Starved them?" Not a bit of it. They're fat. [So in this locality all but the horses. —Ed.] Forced swarms, with me, do not swarm out when a frame of brood is given them; but I have always taken the brood away after a day or a week, because they almost always start queen-cells on it._ But I don't know for sure that they would'swarm if the brood was left. I never tried leaving- it permanently. — Ed. ] I'm afraid we do not appreciate our mothers as we ought. When I read of the death of A. I.. Root's mother, and recalled what a sweet old lady she was as I had personally known her, I said to myself, " With such a mother A. I. Root could hard- ly go entirely to the bad if he tried." And I'm glad he didn't try. "It is hard to resist the ministry of the woods. The sympathetic silence of the trees, the aromatic airs that breathe through the shady spaces, the soft mingling of broken lights — these all combine to lay upon the spirit a soothing balm, and bring to the heart peace." — That's a beautiful bit from Ralph Connor's last story, "Glengarry School Days." I thought A. I. Root would like it. There you go again, Mr. Editor, p. 9/2, charging me with "chasing that phantom of a strictly non-swarming race." I never expect such a thing to be run down in my time, and spoke only of non-swarming, no- matter what the race, which phantom I have some hopes of materializing in my time. [You may realize the phantom, but it will be a phantom ever fleeting, and not a reality. — Ed.] LindT':n seedlings by the hundred come up each spring under my row of trees that reaches to the public road, but I never see any thing of them after they are three or four inches high. I wonder what becomes of them. [I wonder if those colts of 3'our& that browse around over your premises oc- casionally ever get under that row of trees. I know this, that, stock, especially horses, are fond of very young- bass woods. For that reason you will never find such trees- in pasture or woods where cattle are al- lowed to remain. A. I. R. says: "Trans- plant them, doctor, into a bed of nice soil (as we do) before the colts get them."^ — Ed.] The Chicago - Northwestern conven- tion was good, reminding one of the old times. A score or more were from outside Illinois. Four bee editors were present, Messrs. Abbott, Hutchinson, Leahy, York. Gleanings was represented by Huber Root, and it was not disgraced thereby. There's good stuff in Huber. [Huber is assistant editor, for he is helping out your humble servant. Yes, indeed, there is good stuff in him, even if he is only a strapping kid of 19; but he is going away to complete his schooling, and then I shall be left high and dry again. — Rd.] "I HAVE no faith that you will ever get an untinkered swarm that will not swarm," quoth ye editor, p. 972, of course meaning 1012 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Dec. 15 that no untinkered colony shall swarm. I'm "arm-in-arm" with you there, Mr. Editor. I never expect that. But I do hope to reach some inexpensive plan of tinkering that shall take away all thought of swarming, and yet leave the full force of the colony intact, brood and all. "You haven't that hope?" Good-by. [You say you hope to reach some inexpensive plan of tinkering that will take the swarming idea out of a colon}'. What is the matter of tinkering by shaking or brushing ? What more do you want, doctor? — Ed.] Brother A. I. Root, it's all right for you to go off into the woods "for a season" to rest up and get the dust and noise blown out of your brain by the balmy breezes of the wildwood ; and when you get back home rested up, j'ou'll do more good in the rest of the year than you would in the whole of the year without that season of abandon, to say nothing of the blessings you may take to those people up in the woods. How I do wish I, and especially that "same wo- man," rould take advantage of your invita- tion. But, say — who knows? [Don't let that be an idle dream. Plan to make the dream materialize into fact. It will please Mr. and Mrs. A. I. R. You can leave Chi- cago by boat and actually go clear up to Bingham dock. The cost will be insignifi- cant, the trip delightful, and those balmy woods upon high ground overlooking the deep blue bay ^ — well, you will live longer too. Say — you intist go. — Ed.] Mr. Editor, you want to know, p. 972, if the cost of two tinkerings will not be less than that of chasing a swarm to the top of an elm-tree. Now see here ; please read again. We are talking about an "untin- kered colony that ?iever thinks of swa^-ni- ing ;'''' How can it swarm when it never thinks of swarming? [But the colony you think never thinks of swarming may swarm just the same, and go to the top of that elm- tree. I will bet a cEKATI0N AMONG BEE-KREPERS FOR THE PURPOSE OF SELLING HONEY. All agreed that, if comb honey is put up properly, there will never be trouble in selling it. The world has never seen the time when there was too much fine, white, fancy comb honey. It is rather the liquid honey that is a drag on the market, and it is this honey that needs help in selling. The great and one point of the whole dis- cussion was how to interest the people, and not to think of useless details which would settle themselves when the time came. Out of more than 100,000 bee-keepers in the United States, only about 2000 are interest- ed enough to know that there is need of co- operation. In an address by Mr. E. T. Abbott, his point was to use plenty of "printer's ink." Advertise the National Bee-keepers' Association, and let the pub- lic know that there is such a body of peo- ple. When people know that there is such an association they will demand honey which is under its supervision. By in- creasing the membership of the National it could take the place of a proposed organiza- tion of honey-producers. In a talk by Prof. Eaton he stated that there was practically no adulterated honey in Illinois. He said that, as a chemist, he knew glucose to be the most easily detected adulterant of honey. He seemed to be a little in doubt whether glucose could be fed to bees in order to get them to put it in the sections. N. E. France said that he once tried to get his bees to take glucose after 48 hours of starving. Thej' would not, so he added }:( part of honey. Still they would not touch it, and kept on refusing until it was over half honey, when they accepted only enough to live on. The (|uestion came up here whether cane sugar could be fed to bees in order to have them store it in the sections. The strong- est evidence that Ihis does not pay is that it is not done, although it has been tried repeatedly bj' unscrupulous men who would not hesitate to deceive the public in any possible way. W^hen honey is so scarce, if cheap sugar could be fed to bees and a good hone}' be made from it, the world would be full of men doing that very thing. But it does not pay. Mr. Niver fed 30 lbs. of good extracted honey to bees in order to have it put into the sections, and he found that it made just 3 lbs. of comb honey. If extracted honey will produce no more comb honey than this, how much would cane su- gar average if fed to bees for the sole pur- pose of securing comb honej'? In closing this brief synopsis of the con- vention I wish simpl}' to say that those who have never attended a convention of this kind do not know what the}' have missed. There is something to be gained which is not found in bee-books or bee-literature of any kind. Go and find out, and regret onl}' that 30U never went before. 1018 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Dec. 15 BEE=HIVE SHEDS. Advantages of such an Arrangement over the Open Apiary; is it not Cheaper? BY W. K. MORRISON. Whenever you have illustrated the shed used by many bee-keepers I have always strained my eyes to see if it was possible for me to g'ain or glean a new improvement, but mostly without avail. Your Arizona sketches show the apiarists out there in that hot country appreciate shade for bees and hives at its true value; but, having- no rain to contend with, their shelters are got upon a cheap rough-and-ready plan. Some Californians, too, use sheds, evidently with good results. Cuba uses the thatch shed very largely; but it would seem a some- what dangerous edifice, as incendiarism is all too common in some West-Indian is- lands. For really neat and attractive sheds we have to look to Europe, though the one illustrated in Gleanings, belonging to Mr. Jenkins, of Wetumpka, Ala., is neatness itself, and there are probably more such in the United States; in fact, I know of sever- al myself. It does not seem to me, however, that some bee-fanciers have caught on to all the ad- vantages of a proper bee-shed, whi^e others probably dismiss it altogether as too expen- sive to be considered. Very few practical bee-keepers now-a- days will dispute the value of shade for bees, though there are some who do; but they are mostlj' situated far north where old Sol is not so fierce. There are not so many who realize the ■value of a shed as a protection from the wet; but hives will last a great deal longer under a cover of some sort— indeed, it is quite unnecessary to paint them. In point of fact, it would be a waste of money to do so. How many stop to consider the value of shade to the apiarist himself? How much pleasanter it is to work under a cover in the broiling daj's of summer, just when the good bee-master is at his busiest! With a shed, the tropical bee-master is indepen- dent of the services of that master of the tropics, the black-skinned man. Under a shed the hives are closer together than in the open — a great labor-saving invention, though, and is objected to by many. Not only that, but a shed is cheaper in many ways. For my part I believe an apiary in the open costs more; for in a shed, shade- boards, paint, and bottom-boards are un- necessary, to say nothing of the added years the hives will last under a shed. So far as I have noted in j'our illustra- tions, none have adopted the no- bottom- board idea; but it can be done very nicely by sim- ply making a shelf for the hives to rest on, tacking down the requisite strips to raise the hives the necessary space so as to pro- vide an entrance, usually half-inch strips, Now that hive material is kiting up in price, this is worth considering. A further re- duction can be made in the hives by using thinner material, yi inch instead of %. The top can be made of the cheapest mate- rial in the lumber trade, and still be superi- or to an expensive cover out in the open. It pays to have the shed properly constructed; for example, the hive- shelves should be tru- ly level — a great preventive of badly shap- ed combs. With regard to the shelves, it is well to have them hi^h enough to avoid stooping when lifting heavy supers, or when exam- ining the brood-chambers. This is no small matter, I can assure you. Some raise their hives high enough (two feet) to keep toads from devouring the bees; but a smail-meshed wire netting, 18 inches high, is sufficient if tacked around the outside of the shed. Ants may be kept away \iy the use of soft pitch daubed at the foot of the supporting-posts. What is the cost? Fifty or sixty cents per hive, according to locality. The cost in the open is about a dollar, thus: Hive- stand, 25 cents; cover (shade- board) 43; bottom-board, 2>1\ paint, 10; total, Si. 10. For 50 hives a shed hO feet long and 8 ft. wide is required. The aisle is four feet wide, and the hive-shelves take 2 feet on each side. The shed is preferably run due north and south, which allows the early morning sun to strike the hives on the east side, and the setting sunbeams on the west- ern side. This has the tendency to keep the hives dry. At the same time, the bees are effectually shaded during the midday heat, and thus the bee-keeper is master of the situation. If any one doubts the value of a shed let him try a few colonies under the shade of a tree, and watch the difference in the behav- ior of the bees under the two plans. The shed can, of course, be modified to suit vary- ing conditions; and in cool localities it would be easy to make a sort of cellar of it. Where cool nights stop the comb-builders at their work, shutters can be applied so as to retain the heat of day over the night. The shutters could be readily arranged to be opened at sunrise by a clock. There is no doubt in my mind that bees in the cool nights of northern latitudes con- sume considerable quantities of stores in maintaining the necessary temperature of the brood-nest. Of course, double-walled hives obviate this to some extent. One very nice advantage of a bee-shed is the immunit3' it gives from stings. Even visitors may pass up and down between the rows, without veils, and yet receive no sou- venirs. But the main advantage is the great relief it affords the apiarist himself. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 1019 He is protected from the sun and rain (so are his tools); lifting- is reduced to a mini- mum, and work can be done which would probably be deferred in an open apiary. For lady apiarists a shed is a. sine qua non. For the tropics it is indispensable. WHOLESALE MARKETING OF HONEY. Necessity of a National Organization for Doing it. BY B. S. K. BENNETT. Do we realize what we are up against? that for decades the world has produced large amounts of honey that has found its way to ready market? that, while this pro- duction has not kept pace with the supposed increased demand, the price has steadily declined; that the vast use it is made of in bakery goods, honey-cakes, cookies, and confections, has not tended to better prices? that in a way the supply is limited to the range of flora, which being- mostly wild ranges, can not be increased? Why, then, low prices with a limited supply and the demand increasing? The great bakery trust in the United States, with factories in each main city, is such an extensive user of honey that they pay their honey-buyer $15,000 a year, or $47 a day. This man does nothing but manipulate the market. How does he earn his salary? It matters little to him how many buyers there are. He sets the price, and sees to it, as has just been demonstrat- ed in California, that no click can g-et a corner on the market nor on him (this is all private information ), but it is what I went into the honey business to learn. I had no idea that there were so many Indians and enemies to the buying, and even in the pro- ducing- business. I've raked up a snake's nest. The production of honey through the short- ening of pasturage is decreasing, while the demand should be increasing; for in 1884, with 800 carloads in Southern California, that nearly all found its wa3' to European markets, that the trade was well satisfied with and wanted more (a demand), wh}' in years since has this European shipment been so limited? I answer, a poor product and the influence on prices. So long- as the present condition remains — i.e., that we producers antagonize each other, fight- ing for the first market, buyers scrambling for the handling at lowest prices, yet un- knowingly aiding the large user, we can not hope for a qviick movement of honey and still less for advanced prices. The only real aid will be through organ- ization, or devoting our attention to our home markets. California is the worst element against advanced prices because of our unequal yearlj' yields. We flood our markets one year with cheap honey, only to have our lo- cal custom refuse it the next 3'ear because of its increase in price. Wholesale mar- keting- of honey for California can come only through organization, and not by co-op- eration or exchanges. I believe in holding the bee-men's interests. Control their api- aries by small local companies officered by the best men in that locality. Capital does not believe in any producing enterprise (it's too much contingent on the elements); then there are too many poor fellows who will attempt it (capital takes the results); but to perfect our marketing scheme among ourselves we must deal with reliable org-anization of ourselves. A national honey company I hope to see — one strong- enough to control all local organ- izations so that, when you've got the man, you've got his honey. Then the money — we must have it on loading here, as we have for years been able to do. The Na- tional simply acts as distributor, placing all surplus honey in the central East, where there is an immense field for the develop- ment of the consumption of honey, and keep an eye on Europe. Californiaproducershave an ofTer, through one of the agents of this bakery trust, of ^}i cts. per pound for all amber extracted hon- ey for a three-year-delivery contract. In good years we rarely get above 3}^ cts. Is this a feeler as to our condition? or is it an expectance of an advance in price through our efforts of organization? Los Angeles, Cal. MORE IN FAVOR OF A HONEY=PRODUCERS' AS- SOCIATION. The Trials of One who has Produced more Honey than he can SelL BY G. R. FRYE. Rlr. Root: — I note with great interest and much pleasure that a glimmer of light be- gins to illuminate the future of the bee-keep- er, and that of the projected "Honey- pro- ducers' Association." Most fervently do we trust that this agitation will accomplish the desired result. Nothing has appeared in the bee- journals for j'ears which so vital- ly touches the interest of the bee-keeper as this. A few words of vc\y experience ( which is, I presume, the same as that of all other bee-keepers, except a few of the largest who have an established market) will explain why I speak so earnestly. During the last four years I have produced upward of 50.000 lbs. of extracted honey. Thanks to the bee-journals and various bee- books, our production has been a success, but not so our marketing. The sale of this honey has given four times over the amount of trouble and worry required in its produc- tion. The disposal of the crop is to-daj^ the bane of the bee-keeping industry. There is where the trouble lies. We can generally get a fair amount of honpy: but where and to whom shall we look for a buj-er? Twice I have made large consignments to commission men; and in each case, after waiting four months, I got an extremely 1020 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Dec. 15 small price after the parties knew I was preparing- to begin action ag-ainst them. That was sufficient "commission man " Then I tried selling- to jobbers in near-bj' cities, with only partial success. The home market was worked for all it was worth, but still a large part of the honey each year remains in my warehouse. As a last resort I have for some years g-otten some old bee- keeper with an established custom to dis- pose of it; but he must be paid. Further, within the last year two of my best customers (trusts, by the way) have ceased to buy, since they are only branches of a large organization, and the central offices of each in Chicago handle all the honey they use. "With me, at least, the mar- ket narrows down each year. I have been so discourag-ed and disg-usted at times that I felt like throwing my crop outdoors. Certainly some one will endeavor to soothe me by advising-, "This state of affairs is due to over-production, and can't be avoid- ed." That has been said to me; but I am a long- way from believing it. My experi- ence clearly shows that it is not "over-pro- duction" which sends us begging- for a mar- ket, but lack of confidence in the purity of what we offer to sell. Let people be assur- ed that honey is pure, and it will sell fast enough. Our town is but a small one, yet we usually retail during- the winter about 2>2lbs. on an average for every person in it; but these people know us. Right here is where an association would be valuable. Every p' und (or barrel) of honey bearing its seal would carry a con- vincing proof of its purity, and people would soon learn to buy. This, together with the greater facilities of such a centralized body in finding buyers, and of buyers finding sell- ers, for ^hat matter, and the decreased cost ( f disposing of the crop, would, in my judg- ment, soon render a much larger amount of honey than is now produced necessary if we are to suffer from "over production." I note with pleasure that both Gleanings and the Revicxv (papers taken by my api- arist, Mr. A. D. Shepard) seem to be push- ing the matter. Good! you have solved most of the questions in honey production; now help us to sell it and you will have our lasting gratitude. River Falls, Wis. CO=OPERATION AMONG BEE-KEEPERS. Getting Aid from the Government. R. POUCH. PRESIDENT IDAHO BEE- KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. In regard to your query about co-opera- tion and further organization of the frater- nity, I heartily endorse such a move, and the organized socities in our Sttite are rapidly mobilizing on these lines. As soon as we reach the strength and development of the Colorado brethren (which will come with increased population) we will undoubtedly work on the same general plan. In the co- operative method we have the most rational system for our National organization. Let each State organize closely and look after matters of legislation, gathering statistics, and to be rep' rted by them to the National Association, the National Secretary to report each week to all the bee papers in the United States on the general plan of Brad- street or Dun — the old crop; prospects by sections; prices, etc. The commission man should be eliminat- ed, selling through a very few agents in the principal centers of distribution, they to be under the control of the General Manager of the National Association, who will be best informed of the needs of the market, and have the honey shipped where most needed. The money paid out annually to the com- mission men would more than pay all the cost, including rent of warehouse, etc. We would benefit by keeping the market well in hand and knowing exactly what the crop is, practically eliminating the competitive system. I think aid might be secured from the Government, making our statistical de- partment a branch of the Agricultural De- partment, which would help cover the ex- pense. A closely allied system of State or- ganizations formed on the same general plan, looking to a general head in the Na- tional organization, is the secret of our fu- ture success. Parma, Ida., Nov. 24, 1902. THE BASSWOOD TOP=BAR QUESTION EXPLAINED When do Queens Supersede ? BY G. C. GREINER. When Dr. Miller and our Naples brother gave their experience and passed their judgment on bass wood top bars I felt like shouting "Amen!" for it was exactly my experience too, although not to such a strik- ing degree as Dr. Miller's, whose top-bars must have crawled by this time into some neighboring bee-yard. I was not only an eye-witness to my brother's basswood trou- ble, but I had a hand in it myself. I cut the timber, drew the logs to the mill, had them sawed, and handled the lumber; and after it was seasoned we manufactured and used the frames. Without exaggerating very much I can say that these top-bars twisted to such an extent that, when the one tenon lay flat on the rabbet, the other would stand, not quite perpendicular, but somewhere near an angle of 45 deg-rees. If by any means one of these frames was made to swing it would take some time be- fore it would find ils equilibrium — just the nicest thing for the bees to have a free swing. Being thoroughly disgusted with this per- formance of our basswood lumber we decid- ed there and then to discard, for all time to come, that kind of lumber for top-bars. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 1021 Now in the face of these facts comes friend Niver with his jovial epistle and knocks our arg'ument all out of existence. It may seem stranf^^e to some of the readers of Glean- ings how honest and reliable men, as bee- keepers generally are, can give such up- and-down contradicting- testimonies. But this is easily explained. I can reconcile this matter to a mutual agreement and to the entire satisfaction of all concerned. Friends, j^ou all are right, and a little wrong too. You have given your side of the question, and left the other all out of consideration. Didn't you know that it made all the diflFerence in the world about warping and twisting where and how the timber grew, whether old, large timber, or small, second -growth trees? I am not a sjcientist, and can not explain the matter in a scientific way; but during an existence of sixt}^ years which I can boast of, I have had some striking experiences, made vari- ous observations, and laid up quite a num- ber of recollections. In my earlier da3's, some forty years ago, I was occasionally called on to assist in clearing up and fencing land, all suitable timber being split into rails. The timber was mostly beech and maple, with now and then large basswoods from three to four feet in diameter. These latter we cut into logs twelve or fourteen feet long, and with maul and wedges split them into rails. The logs of some trees split very easily. After starting the end with an ax, two or three wedges driven from the top into the opening would be sufficient to roll the halves apart. The split surface of these half- logs would sometimes be so straight and true that nothing short of a saw could have bet- tered it. The grain ran true in every way, something like pine; in fact, lumber cut from such trees, as I did in latter years, would fill the bill of pine for many pur- poses. Other trees, only a few rods from the first, would act very differently — whether on account of different soil or a little difference in the lay of the land, I can not say; but the fact remains the same, all our efforts to split the logs cut from them would fail. Even the application of gunpowder, blasting-rock fashion, would nut separate the halves. The grain of these seemed to wind around the tree — so much so that, in the length of our logs, it would make a quarter revolution; besides, the dif- ferent layers were so completely braided or woven together that those logs which we did succeed in splitting had to be chopped the whole length before they would sep- arate. I imagine that friend Niver's Gro- ton top-bars were made of lumber like the former, and venture the assertion that his confidence in basswood top-bars would van- ish like dew before the rising sun if he should ever come in contact with some made of the latter kind. I could relate other instances of a similar nature, especially one, when I cut on one of our steep Naples side-hills a lot of extra nice, straight, second-growth basswoods and tried to have them sawed into ladder- sides. This was extremely annoying; but it would not change friend N. 's experience. I am not all bound up in my own notions, and am willing to give the Devil his due. There is one good point about basswood. It is generally free from pine knots, which is quite an advantage where clear pine is so very scarce, and you all know how our little saws hate them. This was the main reason that induced us to try basswood for top-bars. One more point. The way friend Niver quotes "tried it once" has the appearance of unintentional misrepresentation, and may be misleading. It was not a trial of one frame or the frames to one hive, but it was a season's work of manufacturing many hundred frames, a sufificient quantity to give us a fair chance for observation. Yes, Dr. Miller is right about supersed- ing queens in August; at least my experi- ence leads me to think so. I hived one swarm with a virgin queen to-day, Aug. 23, and quite a number during the last two weeks ; and how many superseded without swarming I don't know. Dr. Miller did not mention one point — that is, the time of superseding is somewhat governed by cir- cumstances. The following year after one of little or no swarming, superseding takes place early — about the time when we gen- erally have our first normal swarms. Last year being one of that kind, several of my first swarms, during the honey-flow in June, had virgin queens that I know of, and undoubtedly some of the other swarms, where I did not happen to see the queens, had virgins too. But the year after one of general swarming, like the present, queens are superseded later on, after the main hone3'-flow is past. BEES IN A TREE. How fo Get them Out Without Cutting it, or, if Nec- essary, Without even Chopping a Hole in it. BY S. R. BLAKLEY. I have taken out 18 colonies of bees this season without cutting the trees. I have a ten-foot ladder and a pair of climbers. I climb the tree, take my rope and pulley up with me, and fasten the pulley above the bees. I then come down and hook the rope on my ladder and pull it up the tree, and wire it fast to the tree. The top ladder has a platform on it. I get every thing in order. If I am allowed to cut a hole in the tree I make a long narrow one where I think the hone\' lies. I find the brood- comb, and cut it about the right size to fit the frame, then take out all the honey and let it down to the ground. I fasten the brood -comb in the frame, and pull the hive up on the platform. I then take a dipper and dip the bees up and pour them into the hive slowlj', watch until I get the queen in the hive, then I smoke the bees out of the tree. They soon find the queen. I leave 1022 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Dec. 15 the hive up the tree until nig-ht, then take them home. This way I never lose the queen or the honey. I used to cut the trees down, and would often lose the queen and the largest share of the bees, and about all of the honey. I took from one tree this sea- son ISO lbs. of nice clean honey, besides filling an eight-frame hive full of honey. I sold my tree honey at 10 cents per lb. If I cut the tree down I can hardly sell the honey at any price, as it is mashed up so badly, and mixed with dust from the tree. We will now go back to the first. If the farmer doesn't want his tree chopped into I take a bit and bore a hole through to the honey. I then take a stick and break the honey so the bees will fill up. I give them a good smoking, then bore a hole above the bees and one below. I smoke the bees from both holes, and take a hive with one frame of brood in; place the front of it in connec- tion with the hole where the bees go into the tree, then I smoke the bees from the two holes, one below and one above. The bees will soon begin to come out and bunch up on the side of the tree. I take a lard-spoon and dip them up and put them into the hive. I work this wa}^ until I get all I can in the hive, then shut up the hole in the tree, and keep up the smoking. The bees will come out of the first hole I bored. I watch for the queen, and put her in the hive. All the returning bees go to the old hole in the tree, and it is shut up. They soon find the way into the hive. I work this way until I think I have about all the bees out of the tree, then leave the hive until night; then I take it away. The last thing I do, I take a stick and punch the honey open as much as I can, and the bees will not return to their old quarters, but will carry the honey all away. I have been a bee-hunter for 35 years, and I have tried all kinds of plans, and this is the only one I have ever found by which I could get bees out of a tree with- out cutting it down or cutting a hole in it. Farwell, Mich. CUTTING SWEET CLOVER FOR HAY. Should it be Cut Before it Comes into Bloom? BY J. The editorial comment on page 947 is all right, but a little more might be said on the same subject. The idea evidently in the mind of the inquirer was to learn whether a crop of hay and a crop of honey could be secured from the same plants. Of course, if the plant is left until all the blo-soms have matured and gone to seed it will not make good hay, for by that time the stalk is thoroughly ripe and woody, and -the plant is ready to die. But sweet clover cut after a large proportion of the blossoms have ap- peared will still make very fair hay. Back in LaSalle Co., 111., the roadsides in many places are lined for miles with sweet clo- ver. The law requires the road commis- sioners to cut this. The time they general- ly do this is when the sweet clover is in full bloom. Of course, I did not enjoy seeing the mower start on the roadsides just when the bees were doing so nicely, but there was no use in objecting. Last season, though, I thought I would see if I could not make some use of the clover after it was cut. It had been cut after it had been in bloom for about two weeks, and the plant was quite mature. So I raked up a lot of this clover along the highway and put it into the barn. It was just then a very busy sea- son of year for me, and I could not give much time to haying, so that several loads were left out a great deal longer than they ought to have been. It was so dry that the leaves would all drop off if any attempt was made to handle it after the dew was off in the morning. Some of it was rained on, and none of it had less than two days of hot sun, most of it several days. Yet in spite of this bad treatment my stock, both horse and cattle, liked it and throve on it. It looked more like hazel brush than hay, and the cattle would not eat all of the coarse woody stalks, though the horse would eat most of it up clean. I have seen the horse come in from a good blue-grass pasture, and pitch into that sweet-clover hay like a small boy into a watermelon. The proper way to cut sweet clover for hay, though, is to cut it before- it comes into bloom, being careful not to cut it too close to the ground. In this way it wijl grow again, branching out freely and giving a good crop of honey after the ordinary growth is past its prime. I cut a small patch of sweet clover this way this. season. It made excellent hay, and I think the second crop yielded more honey than if it had been cut. The browsing of stock, if not carried too far, is often beneficial in the s ime way. If given free access to it the3' will sometimes keep it eaten so close that it will have no chance to bloom, though it is not easily dis- couraged. I have seen the ground quite white with sweet clover blossoms on plants not over two inches high. Another way to get a crop of hay from sweet clover without affecting the honey crop is to cut the clover the first season, cutting it very late. I have never tried this more than once, but the experiment was very successful. A fair crop of very good hay was the result, and the clover was not damaged at all. I intended to try this on a larger scale, but my removal here upset my plans. Some of the Utah bee-keepers that I met at the Denver convention told me that, in their part of the State, sweet clover was extensively raised for hay. I have also been told that in some of the Southern States it is raised largely as a forage- plant. It might be a profitable thing to get some of these men to tell us how it is done on a commercial scale. I am con- vinced that there are still undeveloped pos- sibilities in sweet clover. Grand Junction, Col., Nov. 26. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 1023 HOW THE ROOT CO. SENT 500 COLONIES BEES TO CUBA WITHOUT THE LOSS OF A COLONY. OF BY E. K. ROOT. In our last issue I promised to tell some- Ihiiiy about how this was done, and the purpose of the enterprise in general. Mr. A. L. Boyden, who has made a number of trips to Cuba, said there was a demand for good bees in good hives; and after one of his late trips suggested that we send THE ROOT CO.'S SHIPMENT OK BKES AT H CUBA. down about 300 colonies, for we had nearly lOOU in the various outyards in and around Medina. Being in Cuba again thi fall, he looked the situation over, and cabled back to prepare 500, which we did. As a precaution before making so large a shipment, we sent ten colonies by express, put up in difl'erent ways — wire cloth nailed to top and bottom; wire cloth on top only, with a common bottom-board, and entrance screened. The manager of The A. I. Root Co. 's office at Havana, Mr. F. H. de Beche, a native of Havana, and an experienced business man and a bee-keeper of many 3'ears' experience, was to re- port which method of preparing the colonies gave the best re- sults. Now for results: Our mana- ger reported that those colonies with top screens only, and com- mon entrances, came through in bad order. Those with the top and bottom screens on the new Danzenbaker bottom-board came through in fine order, and it did not take us long to decide wh.it pinii to adojit for the whole fOO colonies yet to go. We were still uncertain wheth- er we should send so many at once. Would it not be better to send only 100? But the difficulty here lay in the fact that the cost of delivery would be greatly in- creased; so we decided to risk the whole 500 in one big shipment, and send along two of our men — Mr. Wardell, the manager of our bee-yards, and Mr. Stephen N. Green, one of our office men. The shipment was put up and prepared with double screens throughout, and started for New York Oct. 20, consisting of two carloads of b«.es. These were the ordinary fruit-cars having a door at each end as well as one on each side. They arrived in New York in good condition; were loaded on the steamer Mex- ico, of the Ward line, and started for Cuba. Mr. Boyden had previously made arrangements with the Ward people to see that the bees were given spe- cial consideration and attention on the part of the deck hands; and ev- ery facility was indeed afforded our men to make the bees as comforta- ble as possible. To make a long story short, the bees arrived in Havana in good or- der. By. a previous arrangement, effected^ by Mr. de Beche, they were hurried through the custom- house and started by rail to their permanent destination, selected in advance, some 100 miles from Ha- vana, to Paso Real, about 20 miles beyond J. H. Martin, better known as the Rambler; but, unfortunately, the cars in Cuba were not so well adapted for moving bees as those IE IN T^Q were able to obtain for the trip from Medina to New York. The ventilation was poor, and the climate hot — necessarily so. Mr. Wardell feared that many of the bees would suffer, and the3' did to some extent; but out of a total of 500 colonies for the entire trip, Tioi a colony ivas lost 7ior a single comb broken, and only a bushel and a half of dead bees; and there would not have been near that amount if they had been able to secure better-ventilat- ed cars for the last 100 miles. Now, perhaps it may be interesting to know just how the bees were prepared in individual hives. We used the ordinary Dovetailed eight and ten frame, with wire- THOSE 500 COLONIES IN THEIK N' EW HOME IN CUBA. 1024 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Dec. 15 cloth screen top and bottom. The new Dan- zeubaker bottom-board we have adopted as a standard for all our hives for 1903 was used on the shipment of the entire 500 col- onies. Its ji^eneral construction is such that the floor-board can be removed entirely, leaving- nothing- but a rim. This was se- cured to the hive-body, and the entire bot- tom was covered with wire cloth as well as at the top; but instead of using- the ordinary g-reen or black wire cloth used on common house-screens, we secured a special kinil of galvanized cloth of great strength — something- that will stand roug-h usage, and yet which would efl'ectually hold the bees. This was further protected by cleats nailed across the bottom as well as across the tops, so that the hives could be piled up one on the other. THE NEW DANZENBAKER BOTTOM. But a word about the bottom- board. The illustration will give something of an idea of its g-eneral construction. The floor- board is made of >s lumber, metal-bound at each end. The two or three boards com- prising- it are tongued and grooved, and then are secured by metal channel irons. One end of the floor-board is slipped into a groove in the back rim piece. The front l)art of the rim is made shallower, permit- ting the front of the floor-board rising or lowering, thus contracting the entrance from % deep to Ys, or less, even closing it entirely if desired. The floor-board slants upward from front to rear. At the extreme back end of the hive the space is ^'s; at the front, about an inch. During winter, if the bees are kept outdoors, or during the robbing season, the entrance can be con- tracted to any extent by lifting the tilting floor-board up in front until the desired contraction is secured. In the summer time or during the swarming season the entrance is opened up to its full size. But another feature that especially commends itself in this bottom-board is that the floor-board can be removed entirely, either for the pur- pose of carrying the bees into the cellar or for moving the bees. That it is an ad- vantage to remove the floor-board to give three or four inches of space under the brood frames is further attested by the fact that we sent 500 colonies to Cuba without the loss of one, and a very light loss of the bees themselves. In carrying bees into the cellar, experi- ence shows that it is very desirable to give a very deep space under the brood-frames; and this is easily accomplished by simply pulling the floor-board out as you would pull a drawer out of a cabinet; and the s ime can be inserted in its proper position the following spring just as easily. THE COST OF SENDING 'IHOSE 500 COL- ONIES OF BEES TO CUBA. The question will naturally be asked. " How much did it cost to send those 500 colonies to Cuba, and what did you expect to accomplish?" To answer the first ques- tion, we ascertained that we could deliver them from Medina to their final location in Cuba for a trifle over $1.00 a colony; and we did. This cost, of course, does not in- clude the transportation of the men them- selves. While we secured transportation from Medina to New York, we had to paj' on the boat; but present indications go to show that the fare of the men will be more than covered by the honey actually secured, and by the queens that are forthcoming next spring, leaving a fair margin of profit; and that leads me to explain that the prin- cipal object of sending these bees to Cuba w.is to make it possible for our experience*! queen-breeder, Mr. Wardell, to rear queens for us the year round. Earl}' in the spring it is our rule to send to our customers queens reared by other parties, for hitherto that has been all we could do. Very often our customers have complained that they expected to get our stock; and that when they wanted queens from these other parties they will order direct, and will thank us to send queens from our own apiaries or re- turn the money. Now, then, we have sent a lot of our best queens in this shipment to Cuba, and Mr. Wardell is to rear stock from them just as he did here in Medina. He will send them up to Medina, or to points direct in the United States, or elsewhere. From late letters received from Mr. Wardell and from Mr. Green we find they are busy giving the bees room, and at the last writing they expected to extract in a day or two. Mr. Wardell is also prepar- ing a set of colonies for queen-rearing out of the number, and before another spring rolls around we shall have plenty of our queens reared in Root yards by Root men, ready for delivery. As soon as the season opens up so the bee-yards around Medina can be worked, Mr. Wardell will return to take charge of the bees here. In the mean time those colonies that are not already sold in Cuba will be presided over by a competent man. But we have already practically sold the whole shipment; that is to say, we shall be holding only a small interest in them. We did not care to under- take the management of a series of out- Hpiaries in Cuba; but we wished to see what could be done in the way of making a large shipment when the conditions v\ere made as nearly ideal as possible. Al- ready one man, hearing of this shipment, has spoken for 200 of the colonies. Mr. de Beche will probably take a large share of 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 1025 the rest; and when we g'et through we ex- pect to have a lot of nice queens ready for delivery next spring, and some experience not of the kind that Josh Billings tells about, that " kums hi." Our Mr. Green took along a little kodak and took two pictures of our bees in Cuba. The accompanying illustrations will give something of an idea of the Root Co. 's venture as it finally landed in that far- away isle of the tropics. WATSON'S RANCH IN NKBRASKA; THR LARG- EST FARM UNDER ONE-MAN OWNERSHIP IN THK UNITED STATES; 3000 ACKES OK ALFALFA ; HARVESTING AI,FALKA. Heretofore my travels have related to the irrigated regions, or very largely so; and now I wish to introduce the reader to some 1 )calities in the West much drier than here in the East, or east of the Mississippi. Too remote from the mountains or anv natural water supply for irrigation, these western prairies seem dreary and monotonous and almost deserted. As our train snailed along, details were given me of how this one and that one had bought land at high prices during boom days, when it had yielded large crops of corn, but how now in these latter days fre- quent drouths had made it waste, and the land had gone down in value until the owner was glad to sell it at any price. I naturally came to the conclusion that, if I ever went west, the once great environment of the buffalo would not be a place where I would make a permanent home. While in attendance at the Denver con- vention I fell in with a young man at the liotel, Mr. R. A. Wilson, of Kearney, Neb., who said he was working on a ranch con- sisting of 10,000 acres, 3000 of which was in alfalfa. He further stated that he had been specially requested by the owner of that ranch, Mr. H. D. Watson, to bring me home with him, for Mr. Watson had gotten the bee-fever, and wished to talk bees. As with all his other operations he desired to go into the business on an extensive scale; and as he had done before in his other ventures, he wished to talk with one whom he deemed competent to advise him as to the possibilities of bee-keeping where the bees would have a range of 3000 acres of al- falfa. Never having seen alfalfa growing in the semi-arid regions, and having supposed that that locality was practically a desert, I eagerly availed myself of the invitation; and after the convention I went directly to Kearney. The Watson ranch, at Kearney, Neb., known all through that portion of the country', and perhaps throughout the world, is located on the line of the Union Pacific. So important has it become to that great belt line, that it has actually put up a depot, and the same is christened Watson's Ranch. Notwithstanding the ranch is only about three miles from Kearney, the com- pany deemed it advisable to put up a sta- tion at which the product of that great farm could be received and shipped, and here it is. FIG. 1. — 1 HE WATSON RANCH DEPOT, FROM WHICH THE PRODUCTS OF A 10,000- ACRE FARM ARE SHIPPED. Mr. Wilson pointed out to me the depot as we sped on the train through that great ranch. But in this case the train did not stop. By a previous arrangement Mr. Watson himself met us at the train at Kearney. I had imagined that I would find the proprietor so busy and absorbed in the details and management of his great ranch that I should have but little oppor- tunity to see or talk with him; but imagine my surprise to find a large stalwart fine- looking man, fairly bubbling over with en- thusiasm. He was very glad to see me, and in regular lawj'er fashion plied me with questions regarding the possibilities of bee- keeping. He proposed to make no mistakes, and was eager to get hold of every scrap of information that would lead to success. Perhaps I should explain that one secret of Mr. Watson's marvelous success lies in the fact that he does not himself try to look after every department of his g-reat ranch. He has called in experts, one to look after the dairying department, another for the stock-raising, another for hog-raising, still another after the care of the ranch, that is, the growing of crops; and Mr. Wilson, a college student, was called in as an expert on bee-keeping. Said Mr. Watson, as we were driving through the ranch, "I do not believe in worrying nor being in a hurry; 1026 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Dec. 15 the rusher burns out too fast, and he is never fit for duty." I found my host, while alert and active, taking- life quietly — one thing- at a time, and on this occasion it vs^as bee-keeping. Mr. Watson explained that people have told him the land was worthless — that it was fit only for stock-raising; but he had always believed that alfalfa and corn could be raised on it; and in proof of that belief he showed me hundreds of acres of stand- ing- corn as strong- and thrifty as anj' I had ever seen, and alfalfa by the square mile, all growing- luxuriantly without any irri- gation. All the old ranchers told him he could never, never do it, and even after he began they used to talk about "Watson's foil}';" and with a knowing- shake of the head would say, "Wait; he will learn some we were driving- was coming- up for one more cutting-. It was then 14 or 15 inches high, and soon the mowers would g-o through the field, cut it down, and put up more stacks, for it will be remembered that out in that country it is not necessary to put the hay in barns, or at least not as neces- sary as for us in the East, where we have so much of a rainfall. Indeed, barns suf- ficientl}' large to accommodate 700O tons of hay (for that was Mr. Watson's crop last year) would be out of the question. But something that particularly interest- ed me was the method of stacking. While the old hand pitch-fork is still used, of course, the amount of work that it does is comparatively insignificant. Instead of, as in the days of old, pitching- a little forkful of hav over one's head, leaves and seed FIG. 2. — SOME OF THE IMMENSE STACKS OF ALFALFA HAV ON WATSON'S RANCH. day, just as we did." And he did learn — not that his schemes were a failure, but that he could make alfalfa grow, and is teaching- all those same ranchers round about him how to do it too. As we drove along we saw the immense stacks of alfalfa, for the last cutting was being- made and the hay stacked. The reader will get something of an idea of the immensity of those stacks by looking- at Fig. 2. The carriage stopped a short dis- tance from one of the stacks; then with my kodak I receded to a position where I could take a good view, and the result is before you. How many hundreds of tons of hay there is in one of those stacks, I can not say, but they were scattered all over this expanse of country almost as far as the eye could see; and the alfalfa through which getting down one's back, this hay is gath- ered up by this machine oflf from the ground, a whole wagonload at a time, and nicely deposited on top of the stack. One man and a horse do all the work, and do it easi- ly. Mr. Watson was kind enough to give me every facility for taking pictures. He stopped his men at several intervals, and had them group in position to indicate the several steps used in raking- and stacking the hay. I have already shown how block and tackle are used in Arizona for this purpose. In Fig. 3 I show (somewhat dimly, perhaps) another arrangement that is used b}' Mr. Watson; but before describing the operation let me show the rake for picking up the hay after it is cut and dried — see Fig. 4. As here shown, it is simply a large wooden 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 1027 comb, as it were, laid on its side, to each end of which is hitched a horse. The driver sits in the center, and drives forward over the cut hay; and the teeth, passing- under the hay, catch it up until it forms a g^reat roll. The driver then takes his load to the stack, and runs it clear up on to the or three men each with a rake as shown in Fig. 4. In Fig". 3 the stacker is shown ele- vated empty in order that its g-eneral form of construction may be shown clearly up ag-ainst the sky-line. Mr. Watkins does not believe that it is practical to use steam machinery, in that FIG. 3. — THE HAY-STACKl£R USRD ON WATSON'S RANCH. fork of the stacker, the fork now being on the ground. The horses then back up, pull awa}' from the hay, leaving the load on the forK of the stacker, and then start for another load. In the mean time the fork of the stacker. Fig. 3, is pulled up by another country at least, for cutting hay. He uses an ordinary two-horse mower with driver. Sometimes he uses enough men so that the whole gang will cut a swath 110 feet wide once around the field; but on this occasion there were only enoug^h men to cut 50 feet. FIG. 4. — HOW THE HAY IS RAKED ON WATSON'S RANCH. horse and man until it reaches the proper elevation. It is then swung around by means of a guy-rope to the desired point on the stack. A trip releases it, and dumps the entire load at just the point where it is needed. One stacker will take care of two Driver No. 1 will start around the field. Driver No. 2 with his mower follows 30 or 40 feet back, and a little to one side — just enough to drive the horses on the ground cut by the team just ahead. In this way the teams were driven in a sort of zigzag 1028 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Dec. 15 tandem clear around the field. The cost of the mowers and of the men is enough less in the investment to make mowing by the use of horses more profitable than to use a traction engine in connection with a large machine such as I illustrated and described some little time ago. Mr. Vatson has also prairie grass; and while he says it makes good hay, it does not begin to have the same amount of nutri- ment that alfalfa does; nor is there the same tonnage to the acre. His neighbors all along have been content to cut prairie grass year after year, as thej' said alfalfa would not grow; but here, as he pointed out tome, he had 2800 acres growing luxuriantly. It was beautiful alfalfa as far as the eye could reach; and if he had told me there were 2800 square miles of it I should have been quite ready to believe him, fori could not see to the other side on either side. In P^igs. 3 and 4 you can see something how the field spread out, and how the stacks, full^' as large as those in Fig. 2, were scat- tered over the country. More anon. CA.TCHTNG SWARMS. On p. 73S I read an article about catch- ing swarms. I think I can show an easier way, which is always successful with me. I take a hive containing frames filled with combs. On this hive I fasten a pail-han- dle, the ends of which will just fit in the hand-holes in the long side of the hive. The cover and bottom-board of the hive are not needed; but I lay a mat or qui it on the top to keep out the light. Now, when the swarming should occur, 'no matter how hi>4h the swarm hangs, I hook a long pole on, having a tripod or sharp cord to bind on the limb of the tree. Adjust it so that the hive hangs directly over the swarm, and the bees will go into their new quarters. Next morning I have to set it down; cover and bottom-board are in use, and the new colony hived without trouble. Rudolph Lichtwer. Milltown, N. J., Oct. 8. [Your scheme of catching s swarm is per- fectly feasible and practicable. I have used somewhat the same method, but without the bail handle and the pole. In our yards the bees very often cluster very low on bushes. Then it is eas}' to put a hive with combs, in- cluding one with eggs and unsealed larva; on a box just high enough so that the bees can be shaken right down on to the combs. Where the trees are reasonabl3^ high, a long handle with a bail attachment to the hive would be very convenient. — Ed.] A LOCAL ORDINANCE AGAINST FOUL BROOD. We are now making a hard fight against foul brood in this county (where you ex- amined J. D. Flory's bees). I send mark- ed paper containing ordinance recently passed to check diseased bees being import- ed. Others may do well to follow our ex- ample. My neighborhood is healthy. W. A. H. GiLSTRAP. Modesto, Cal., Oct. 29. In the matter of a petilion for the appointment of an Inspector of Apiaries: This matter being presented on the petition of ten and more residents and tax-payers of Stanislaus County, praying for the appointment of an Inspector of Apia- ries, J. G. Gilstrap and others appeared before this Board, said parties having been fully heard, and the Board being fully advised, orders that H. JI. Cole be. and he is hereby appointed, Inspec'or of Apiaries of Stanislaus County, State of California, for the term of one year, provided, hovv'ever, that he shall be paid for not to exceed 60 days in one year. ORDINANCE NO. 47. Be it ordained by the Board of Supervisors of the County of Stanislaus, State of California as follows: Any person or persons who move or cause to be moved any bees into this county shall, within thirty- days prior to said removal, procure a certificate from a legally authorized Inspect .r of Apiaries, showing that they are free from the disease known as 'foul brood," " bee paralysis," or other contagious diseases, and said certificate sliall be filed with the Inspector of Apiaries of this county before said Ixes are brought to this county, at the lime of filing the afore.said^ certifica'e the owner or manager shall notify the Inspector of Apiaries of this county of the time mid place when and where it i-; intended to locate said bees. Any violation of this ordinance shall be a misdemeanor, and punish- able therefor. This ordinance shall take effect lo days after passage and publication. Adopted this I3th day of October, 1002. T. J. Carmichael. Chiirman. A. S. DiNGLEY, Clerk. THE THICK TOP-BAR VS. THE THIN; ARE THICK TOP-BARS INCONVENIENT FOR THE BEES? Mr. Root: — I want to thank you for con- sidering my temperature "hobby " so kind- ly. I am more and more convinced (every time I ' ' operate ' ' among my bees ) that there is a great deal to be learned about tempera- ture as it aft'ects bees and honey. In answer to your question as to \\\y ex- perience with deep and shallow top-bars I have some very shallow top- bars (;^g of an inch), strengthened by a wooden center- piece nailed perpendicularly in the center of the frame. I notice that the bees never, in a sing-le instance, cluster on this center- piece, but build comb (in squads) on each side of it, beginning in the center of each side, and building out to the frame. They also, in almost every instance, cover this shallow top-bar with wax in the shape of small cells, and in a number of instances I find honey all over this top-bar, with the wood completely covered up; but I have not found the above conditions with deep top- bars in a single instance; but I note that the bar is free from wax on the sides, and that there is comparatively little wax on top under the sheet at any time, showing, I think, that the bees do not so readily climb over the wide wooden space as the narrow one; and especially do they prefer a rough surface of their own construction to travel over to anything we can give them. I agree I 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 1029 with you that wood may be kept as warm as the same cubic inches of honey (sealed), but I have never seen a cluster of bees on any t'ling iu a hive, except their own product. They well "tight shy" of wood or any foreign material in the hive, and will tear to pieces and drag out any thing and every thing that the}' can possibly tear down and move out, except what they produce, and they endure all they can not cure. I notice that the bees cling to the top edge of the shallow bar while the comb builders are at work under them, and that they cling to the under side of the deep bar while the same work is going on. 1 am convinced that the\' object to furnishing a large num- ber of extra "hands'" for the sole purpose of heating up a "deep" top-bar, and I think they find it easier to hold on to the top edge of a shallow bar, and easier to move over the shallow bar to work in the super. Of course, I am aware that bee- men may differ widely in their views in re- gard to these as well as other matters and things; but j^ou will admit, I know, without argument, that the deep top-bar was made for the sole benefit of the "master" to keep the comb from "sagging" and breaking down from any cause, without the slightest regard for the convenience or welfare of the bees. In my paper in Gleanings of Nov. 1st I say, "Supers without brood would be the exception instead of the rule," which should read, "Supers with brood would be the rule instead of the exception." Statesville, N. C. J, M. Gibbs. [It seems to me j-ou are relying more on theory, and what the bees ought to do, than what they really do do, in the matter of their storing in the supers. What the bees do with reference to the to]i bars thick or thin is the question. It is what they actu- ally do above them in the supers. Did you ever try ten hives with thin top-bars along- side of ten hives with thick top-bars, both having a set of supers on top, the two sets of hives as nearly alike in strength as pos- sible, except in point of thick top-bars? I am satisfied that you will find, as hundreds of others have done, that they will store honey just as readily in one set of supers as in the other. We do not make thick top- bars because the bees ask for them, but be- cause the}' subserve the convenience of the bee-keeper; in that you are correct. But if their use will not decrease the amount of honey in the super, why shouldn't we use them, theory or no theory? I do not quite see the force of j-our argu- ment of heating up a deep top-bar. Will not sealed comb honey be as cold — yes, colder — than the same cubic space of wood? — Ed.] Bi^ES IN A soap-box; what is the best WAY to manage THEM? Will you please settle a little argument between three of us here ? A bought a col- ony of bees in a soap-box, having top and bottom nailed. He is going to wait till the}' swarm next summer, and then open the box and place the brood in frames in a modern hive. B says, "Bore holes in the toji of the box and place a deep super of frames and foundation on top of the box hive, and the queen and the bees go up into the super — which can be removed and plac- ed on another deep super, the two making one hive?" C says, " Knock the bottom ofi' the box hive and put a super under." Will the bees bring down the stores and place them in the super under the hive. The subject under discussion between B and C is whether the bees will breed in the lower super box or upper super first; also how to get the box from the bees before breeding and swarming time so they will swarm from a modern hive instead of a box hive. Chicago, 111. W. G. Reynolds. [None of the plans indicated by A, B, or C are really good. Perhaps B gets nearer to it than either of the other two. I would knock the whole bottom or top off from one box, then set an ordinary hive with clean combs on top. Combs should contain stores sufficient to winter them. The heat will naturally arise into the hive above, and the bees will not be slow to go where the heat is. The objection to B's plan is that it would not entirely confine the heat below, and the bees might be inclined to stay in the box rather than go up into the hive. Last winter a farmer brought in a colony hived in a soap-box. We took off one side, and put a hive containing some old stores right over it. In about a week the bees were in the upper hive. — Ed.] CELLAR wintering; moldy combs. One year ago I built a room in my cellar for wintering my bees. In size it is 6x18x6, and ceiled with matched pine. My outer- room cellar froze ice an inch deep, but I kept my bee-roim door closed during the coldest weather. The hives were tiered up, and in the upper ones the combs were damp and moldy, although bees came out quite strong. My cellar is a very dry one, but cold, and I am thinking of putting two inches of sawdust on the walls by nailing thin lumber on studding. Is there danger of my making it too warm by doing so ? I have an outside door to my cellar, by means of which I can cool it. Do you think it ad- visable to put in this packing of sawdust? or would you put in the bees the same as last winter? 1 did not lose any. but I thought by the moldy combs that there must have been frost inside the room. A. B. Denman. Osseo, Mich., Nov. 9, 1902. [Moldy combs in hive wintered in the cell- ar do not necessarily indicate a bad condi- tion. If the mold is too pronounced it would show too much dampness. I would not ad- vise putting the extra sawdust protection around the inside of the cellar unless the temperature in that cellar goes below 30 or 1030 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Dec. 15 FIG. 1, SHOWING HOW I TOOK MY " PHYSIC AI. CtJT-TURE " UP IN NORTHERN MICHIGAN. SEE "high-pressure GARDENING." FIF. 2. — SWINGING HALF A BUSHEL OF POTATOES UP WHERE YOU CAN POUR THEM INTO THE SACK. SEE " HIGH-PRESSURE GARDENING." I 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 1031 40 Fahr. during- the coldest winter. Then, too, there is danger that the sawdust might collect dampness and hold it. If you can maintain the neces-sary inside temperature, from 40 to 55 degrees, with your present walls, better leave them as they are. On warm nig^hts, if you have them, following a warm sunshiny da}% I would open up the cellar doors and windows and let the cellar ventilate and dry out occasionally. It may be advisable, if the temperature g-oes too low, to have a small stove in the cellar, so the temperature can be raised, and the dampness be driven out. But do not use an oil-stove, for the g'as generated will befoul the air. — Ed.] 0 U R / hoMes^ BY A.I ROOT. In those days came John the BapMst, preaching in the wilderness of Judea, and saying. Repent ye, for the kingdom of heaven is at hand. — Matt. 3: 1, 2. And now also the ax is laid unto the root of the tree.— Matt 'i: 11. The Anti-saloon Congress at Columbus, O., Dec. 1, 2, 3, was from beginning to end largely devoted to the enforcement of law. It was mostly in regard to the enforcement of the good laws we already have on our statute-books rather than the enactment of more. The meetings opened Monday night; and I supposed that, as this first meeting was principally addresses of welcome, re- sponses, etc., the attendance would not be very large. I was agreeably surprised, however, to find more than 1000 delegates from our State present; and as I looked on the faces of the thousand or more educated and refined men and women, 1 thanked God again and again that we have so many who are ready to give their time, their brains, and their money to protect the best interests and welfare of our State. The next day I was agreeably surprised, again, to find nearly 2000 delegates present. In moving about among them I listened to their talk; and it was a revelation to me that we have so many men and women of such an advanced stage of education, and of such clean Christian character. There were college professors, editors of religious and educational periodicals, ministers of the gospel, prominent physicians, and God- fearing politicians. Gov. Nash was to give the address of wel- come; but we were obliged to be content with a telegram saying it was impossible for him to be present, assuring us of his sympathy and interest in our work. Rev. B. F. Dimmick, D. D., said in his address (in place of that of Gov. Nash) of welcome : '■We are not ashamed of ourselves, although we are ashamed of some of the things that exist in our city." The response was by Rev. Levi Gilbert, of Cincinnati, editor of the Western Chris- tian Advocate. It rejoiced my heart to know that a man of such ability and such pure religious convictions was standing at the head of one of our great religious period- icals. In the absence of Gov. Nash. Rev. Morgan Woods, of Cleveland, delivered the closing address. Mr. Woods is a man of great ability, and is doubtless doing a great amount of good; but he certainly is not up to the times, and iji touch with our present temperance work.* In one part of his ad- dress he made the remark we had got past the time of signing pledges; but I think he saw by the looks of his audience he had made a misstep, for he undertook to back out of it gracefully. A speaker later on, allud- ing to it, said when he married his wife he took a pledge ; and it had been the delight of his life to keep that pledge in mind, and try to live up to it; therefore he believed in pledges. The second day was opened by a stirring address by Superintendent Baker, entitled, " The Work Accomplished and the Work Before Us." After this. Rev. C. L. Work, D. D., of Granville, O., gave us one of the best temperance talks I ever heard, taking up as his subject, "Why, as a Pro- hibitionist, I work with the Anti-Saloon League." I have asked for a copy of this address, and propose to give it in these col- umns soon, so I will make but little com- ment now. Permit me to say that I have been, ever since the Anti-saloon League was started, urging alltemperance organizations to be exceedingly careful about any thing that could be called cross-firing in our ranks. I have written to the editors of the American Issue to be very careful about criticising or even reflecting on other tem- perance parties or periodicals. Again and again I have felt pained to see how our ed- itors and leaders of temperance were for- getting to show before the world the spirit of Christ Jesus, our common Lord and Mas- ter. May the Lord be praised, however, that we are just now entering on a new era. The periodicals that have been saying bit- ter things toward each other have clasped hands, if I may so express it, and united. The consequence is, the eneiny is falling be- fore us on every hand. Rev. Emory W. Hunt, D. D., President of Dennison Universit3s gave us a magnificent talk on "the coUeg-e man and his reforms." " How to conduct a local-option campaign under the Beal law" was g^iven us by Dr. H. G. Furbay, Field Secretary of the Anti- saloon League. The central thought of all * Here is .some more of Dr. Woods' reasoning that I clipfrom a report made by ihe D lily A'ews andHerald: " He was advised by the Cleveland superintendent of the lyCague that the Lake .Shore road is behind the effort to have Collinwood declared "dry.' and expres.s- ed the conviction that it was a purely selfish proposi- tion urged because the road can make more money with sober men than it can make with drinkingmen." God grant that we maj- have .some more such exhi- bitiousof "selfishness," especially on the part of our great railroad companies. Dec. /J. — Since the above was put in type Collin- wood has gone dry by a majority of 179 out ot a vote of 1065; and the mayor has notified ;?() saloon-keepers that they must clean \ip and get out inside of 30 days. Once more may the I,ord be praised. 1032 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Dec. 15 the addresses, from beginning- to end, was this very Beat law. I have spoken of the vic- tory a^ Xenia. Rev. A. C. Turrel, pastor of the First M E. Church of that place, told us all about it; and every one in that au- dience of two or three thousand understood exactly how to go to work to get their own home town "dry" if it is not already so.* "How we did Not Win at Ironton," by Rev. H J. Smith, D.D., gave us a glimpse of what we might expect in the way of un- derhanded, illegal means, and the use of money by the enemy when we undertake to fight him in a large town where there are many saloons. Thank God, men of capital are now coming forward and furnishing us the money to fight these good fights; but we as Christian men can not stoop to the under- handed means employed by the brewers and their agents; but even if this be true we are more than a match, for God is with its, and the enemy have only Satan for their helper. The program announced the noon recess at 11: 30; but the chairman found it next to impossible to close before noon; but he said at closing there would be a "school of meth- ods " conducted by experienced workers at 12:30. That left us just 30 minutes to get our dinners. But I was agreeably sur- prised to find a great crowd on hand at 12:30. Let me say right here that the beautiful restaurants in Columbus seemed to recog- nize the need of giving us something good, and doing it ^/^/rX'/y, so we might get back; and I am going to mention one in particular, the Busy Bee and Candy Kitchen. This is a temperance dining-room in every sense of the word. Almost a dozen years ago I men- tioned it on these pages; and it has grown now to be one of the finest restaurants to be found in Columbus or almost any other city. We sometimes hear the plea made that certain restaurants could not give the nice service and low prices they do, were it not for what they make on their liquors. The Busy Bee gives better service than I have ever found in restaurants in any city where they had a whisky sideboard. They have now three large stores in Columbus; and while we were there they were full of business. At the school of methods 1 found our old expert friend in all matters pertain- ing to temperance law, Mr. Wayne B. Wheeler, answering questions in regard to the enforcement of law as fast as they could be fired at him. In fact, he had to ask them to stand while he could decide whose question came first. His audience was composed of men and women who had been right in the fights, and who, perhaps, were in fights then to get their respective towns * In Xenia they had 33 saloons in a population of HOOO and when that Methodist preacher showed them he could fight as well as preach they threatened to burn his home, put out the eyes of his children with " vitriol," etc. But such threats as these rather helped the preacher. They had a law-enforcement committee of 100 of their best business men; and after the saloons were ruled out, the policemen were in- formed they could have their pay just so long as they strictly enforced the law — no work no pay. dry instead of wet. Many of the questions pertained to getting rid of the "speak-eas- ies." Again and again somebody at my el- bow would say, "There, that is where we are in our town." Then somebody would clap his hands, saying, "That answers what I wanted to ask. We shall know just how to take them now." Several asked about the distilling company in Kentucky that is sending out circulars, wanting to furnish "good old whisky" wrapped up so securely that the temperance fanatics can not tell what is going on, etc. Mr. Wheeler told each one to send an order for some of this whisky. One good brother responded, "Why, Mr. Wheeler, I am a Methodist preacher. If it should get out that I was ordering whisky, what would become of me? And then these fellows say there is not a cent to pay until 3-ou have drunk the liquor; and if it is not the best 3'ou ever tasted, you will not have to pay any thing. You tell me to send and get some of the stuff. You surely do not mean that I must drink it so as to get a case against them, do you?" Of course, there was a shout of laughter at this. In the afternoon we had some stirring ad- dresses from the respective authors of the Haskell, Harris, Clark, and Beal bills. Then Rev. E. C. Dinwiddle, Superinten- dent of the Legislative Department of the Anti-saloon League at Washington, told us about the canteen fight they have had, and the one that is to come. Unfortunately for me I was obliged to be out of the room at a committee meeting, and did not hear this. The afternoon was finished up by Rev. Howard H. Russell, the originator and pioneer in introducing the Anti-saloon League in the United States. There were four of the pioneers besides Dr. Russell who were present at that first meeting of the League in Oberlin. These four were" re- quested to sit on the stage with the speakers. It was lucky for me that I was one of the above four, because my hearing is getting now so that I can not catch every word un- less I am near the speaker. At 6:30 the school of methods was opened again, and it took two able lawyers to ans- wer the questions. Tuesday evening the Rev. George R. Stuart gave his celebrated lecture, "My Stump-digger," in the great auditorium. There are several reasons why I was most intensely interested in this talk. We were cautioned by Supt. Baker several times during the day, unless we had tickets we might not be able to get into that great auditorium. Now, this building or inclo- sure will hold about 5000, and I was curious to know why four or five thousand people should crowd each other to get a glimpse of one little man, and hear him talk. And that was not all. Something like 4000 peo- ple were in a rush to pay 25 cents each for the privilege of listening to him for an hour or perhaps a little more. When he came on the stage I was disappointed in his looks. Most lecturers, where they receive $100 or I 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 1033 so for g-iving- a talk, are dressed in the height of fashion. Brother Stuart did not dress stylishly at all. He had not even ta- ken pains to have his shoes shined up just before he beg-an. After getting a little ac- quainted with him I began to imag-ine the poor fellow hadn't tiine to do so. He oug-ht to have had his wife with him, but I sup- pose that was impossible. I wondered, too, that he did not have his hair bru-^hed a lit- tle better, something' the way Mrs. Root fixes mine when I am to talk before a Sun- day-school convention. But I afterward de- cided that it was not of much use to comb his hair, for his gesticulations and all sorts of motions with hands, face, feet, and mus- cles would have tumbled it all up. He said in the first place he was only a common- place Methodist preacher. When I first saw him I thought he was not even a good- looking man. But I changed my mind after a while. Where, then, was the secret? It made me think of John the Baptist in the wilderness. The Savior, in alluding to it, said to the people, " What went ye out for to see ? A man clothed in soft raiment ? Behold, they that wear soft clothing are in kings' houses." We are told in holy writ that great multitudes came to henr John the Briptist talk; and, dear reader. Brother Stuart's talk was, I can imagine, like that of John. He told people of their sins and inconsistencies. While he did put it with exceeding force that many of us are guilty of not " voting as we pray," yet he careful- ly forebore pitching into any one political party. He pictured out at great length the terrible consequences that were to come up- on us as citizens of this great republic if we allowed saloon-keepers and gamblers to trample our laws under foot; and he did not hesitate to call public men by name, and denounce them for their half-hearted- ness, not to mention their sins. He has a wonderful gift of acting out the characters he speaks about. The intensity of his con- victions startles one. The short cuts he makes in thrusting truth home, are aston- ishing. He can convey in a few words more great truths than any other man I ever heard speak. I can take space to give you onl3' one or two of his illustrations. All at once he asked abruptly how many saloons there were in Columbus. Somebody said there were about one thousand. He said that would not do. He was sure that somebody in the audience could give us something a little more definite. Finally a voice called out, "There are, as nearly as we can make out, .S76 saloons in Colum- bus." At the beginning of his speech he turned around abruptly, swept his eye over the audience, and said, " How many of you people are in the habit of saying amen when you go to meeting? " Then he swung around for some reason, I do not exactly know why, and, looking right at me, or to- ward a number of us on the stage, said, "Dojvo7< ever say amen?" I nodded my head, and smiled. " Well, say it tiow: let's hear you." Then I gave one of my loudest amens; but there were so many others that mine was perhaps nearly drowned out. "Now I want you men to say amen when you feel like it; and as women's voices are hardly strong enough to be heard in a crowd like this, let them clap their hands. But do not any of j'ou stamp your feet. The dust is unwholesome." Now, then, for his story. He said in substance, " If there are 576 saloons in Columbus, and each saloon has two regular customers — of course, we know every saloon has more than two regular customers, judging from the tax they pay; but we will call it two, so that the enemy can not accuse us of exaggeration. This will make over lUOO regular drinkers in the city who are in the habit of depriving their families of their weekly wages that justly belong to them. We will multiply this by 1000; or if you think I have not got my esti- mate too great we will put it five or ten thousand. One out of this army starts to go home at night. We will call him John. John goes into the butcher-shop and asks for a dime's worth of liver. His family needs some meat. Just here the keeper of the saloon, where he goes regularly, comes in and wants a dollar's worth of the best porter-house steak. The butcher leaves John waiting, while he hastens to attend to the order of his rich patron. He is dressed up in the highest style of fashion — has a gold watch, diamond pin, takes one of the most expensive cigars out of his mouth while he greets John, and, after looking down upon him, walks out. John has a little spark of manhood left. He has a dol- lar in his pocket which he was expecting to invest in that saloon. He begins to con- sider the matter. Why should this saloon- keeper look down on him, while he displays his wealth — wealth that John has at least helped to furnish? Instead of going to the saloon, John starts off in another direction in a brown study. As he walks along he shoves his hands into his pockets, and be- gins to whistle." Here Mr. Stuart begins to whistle "Home, Sweet Home." He walked along the front of the stage and in front of the audience. At the further end of the stage was an exotic tree standing in a tub, which was probably brought from some greenhouse. John walks up to the tree, gazes up into its branches as he whis- tles the last refrain of Home, Sweet Home. It was evidently a crisis with him. My seat on the stand near the speaker was such that I could see every face in that vast audience. When he commenced whis- tling Home, Sweet Home, I knew he was swaying that vast multitude as if they were a single person. That low plaintive whis- tle touched hearts as nothing else could. Tears started in hundreds of eyes — 3^es. they started in mj- e^'es. He turned around and walked back to the stand. He went back to that poor desolate home. John open- ed the door, and, meeting the gaze of his poor wronged and famished wife, with her patched-up clothing, he took the dollar out 1034 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Dec. 15 of his pocket, saying-, "Mary, can you make use of a dollar just now?" The poor woman took it in fear and trembling-. She was afraid she might say too much ; and, judging from past experiences, she was al- most afraid to say any thing. She feared that, if she took any thing for granted, he might curse her or strike her, for no one knows when a drunken man may change his whims. He did not say very much, for he was not very sure himself. The next pay day he brought home all of his earn- ings, and told her he wanted her to go out shopping with him. He went to the meat- market, grocery, and store; but at every place they stared at him and at his poor ill-clad wife, and seemed disposed not to pay much attention to them. When he or- dered a respectable .piece of meat the butch- er hesitated to put it up for him, for he sup- posed John would, of course, want to be trusted, and he made up his mind before- hand that he could not trust him. However, when John put down the money, the butcher said in an instant, "Mr. Brown, shall we not send this meat up to your house?" John replied meekly, "Oh, no! I can Ciirry it." At the groceries it was the same, and the same at the drj^goods stores. Every- bod}' knew them and was astonished. In another week the poor wife went around with him again, at least decently clad. The butcher, the grocer, and storekeeper, sprang with alacrity to wait on them, and insisted on delivering the g-uods at their home. " Now\ friends," said the speaker, "multiply Juhn by 1000, 5000, or 10,000 workingmen going into the stores and gro- ceries and markets of Columbus some Sat- urday night to pay out SlU instead of pay- ing out one as heretofore. What would be the result? Your business men can tell me what the result would be. The butcher would telephone to the wholesale meat- dealer, ' Send me a dressed steer, and send it quickly.' The meat-dealer would tele- phone back, ' We are just bought clean out of every thing. There has never been such a demand for nice meat since we have been in the business. W^e will, however, do the best we can for you.' He telephones to the farmer. The farmer replies there have been already half a dozen men after every ' beef critter ' he has on the place. The grocer sends in orders for various supplies, with the same result. The storekeeper or- ders more calico. The calico market is on a boom. Tradespeople who have not been paying expenses say their trade is picking up so they can lift the mortgage that w^as lying on their conscience. Best of all, and more than all, the poor starved children that hadn't clothing to go to school are all fixed up, healthy and happy. Everybody has been helped and prospered. Did I say everj^body? No. The saloon-keeper is hav- ing a lull in business. If the thing lasts very long he will take off his good clothes and quit smoking the highest-priced cigars, and may be, through God's providence, finally obliged to go to the meat-market and ask for a ' dime's worth of liver ' for his starving family." Now, I have not told half the story as Mr. Stuart told it. I have skipped a great lot because I can not tell it as he did. No one can. But you see, friends, the great truth. All through he was interrupted by " amens " or by the clapping of hands and bursts of laughter, to be followed by shed- ding of tears. A wave of enthusiasm went over that vast audiance — such a wave as could not have stirred them under other cir- cumstances; for hundreds who listened to him had just been having hand-to-hand conflicts in waging war against this same saloon-keeper. The people who heard him were intelligent and scholarly, and resolu- tions were formed then and there that the saloon must go. In fact, the great motto or watchword, "The Saloon Must Go," was painted in huge letters and hung across the stage during all of our meetings. God bless and strengthen George Stuart; and may his audiences continue to crowd each other to get within hearing distance of his voice. Mr. Stuart is not afraid to speak the plain truth. He can not be bought up with money or any thing else. His life has been threatened again and again. They have burned his buildings, as I have said, and annoyed him in every possible way, and probably will continue to annoy him. In some large city the saloon-keepers scraped up courage enough to band together a hun- dred strong. They came and sat in front of the stige, right before him. The pastor of the church whispered to him to try to pre- sent the matter as kindly as he could, for many of them were good men otherwise, and were very liberal in subscribing to his salary, church expeness, etc. Mr. Stuart promised to speak "kindly"; but there was a grimace on his face as he said ' ' kindly. ' ' He told us what he said to them, and I think it was about as severe as any thing that was ever said behind their backs. Very likely he told the story I have tried to tell you, about John and Mary. Concluded in our next. ANOTHER OF OUR GOOD MEN GONE TO HIS REST. Everybod}'^ who knew J. Fremont Hick- man, of the Ohio Experiment Station, either personally or through his writings, will be pained to know of his death. The following is from Prof. Thorne, director of the station: Mr. A. I. Root. — I wish to thank you for your many kind words in Gleamngs respt cling the work of our station There are some who criticise, but more, I am glad to say, who recognize the earnest effort to as- sist the farmer. We are now in deep grief with the loss of our faith- ful, loyal friend and co-worker, J. Fremont Hickman. Six weeks ago he was laken sick with typ'noid fever, that was succeeded by j lundice, but his physician be- lieved that his chances for recovery were fair to the last, and left him only an hour before his death, with that belief. He passed away about 10.20 p.m., Oct. 2'2. "Vou have seen more of Mr. Green's work because of your acquaintance with him and greater interest in his Seld of work; but it is no disparagement of Mr Green's work to say that the farmers of Ohio owe so great a debt 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE. 1025 to Mr Hickman. The two men worked hand in hand, each in his separate field, and each giving his work his whole thought and strength. Wooster, O , Oct. 24. Chas. K. Thorne. DIGOING AND BAGGING POTATOES; ALSO SOMETHING ABOUT PHYSICAL CULTUKE. I have mentioned being- at our Medina home two weeks in September. When Mrs. Root and I fi r st g^ot back among" the * ' young- sters" we found almost every one of them, children and grandchildren, taking lessons in physical culture; and every morning be- fore they got up they had to go through a lot of gymnastics that were no doubt bene- ficial; but to an old fiirmer like your humble servant it looked like a waste of ammuni- tion, or, rather, a waste of physical strength, when there is such a variety of things to be done out in the open air that give some sort of beneficial result. I do not know how much they paid Prof. Blanli for the series of lessons he gave. Somebody said they were not verj' expensive. When I got back to the cabin in the woods, or, rather, the potato-fields in the woods, I found the cheapest way to get my potatoes to Medina was to draw them down to the do:k, half a mile awa3% and load them on one of the big steainers. It would cost me $50 or more to get them to the nearest rail- way station; and the boat line agreed to de- liver them in Cleveland, only 30 miles from Medina, almost as cheap. 1 could not well dig my potatoes with a potato-digger, be- cause they were ripening all along at different periods from the very earliest to the ver3' latest; and they ripened up ready to dig only about as fast as one man could dig them. Secondly, if I used one of the improved diggers described in our book on potatoes it would be next to impossible to find help to pick them up. Up in that re- gion almost every man, woman, and child is hard at work with their own potatoes when digging-time comes. The 3'oung man working with me took the job at 5 cts. a bush- el, for digging and picking up. Lastj'ear it was 4 cents; but the potatoes were so much of a failure all around me that the "going price" was 5 cents. I ordered 500 potato-boxes from Medina, and had them hauled up to vay new barn. I nailed up most of them and wheeled them down to the field. Let me say a word about nailing up po- tato-boxes like those j'ou see in the pictures. The corner-pieces are made of oak; and 3'ou want to do the nailing before this oak gets seasoned; or if the oak should get seasoned before you get at the job, throw these cor- ner pieces into water so the3' will get prett3' well soaked before you undertake to nail. You want a hammer just right— not to ) light nor too heavy. Then 3'ou want a good solid block to nail on. A cast-iron plate planed smooth is the best thing; but a smooth block sawed from a log large enough, stood on end, makes a very good nailing-table. The ends of the boxes are nailed up first; in fact, mine were nailed up in Medina with our nailing-machines. We did not nail the box all tip, because it can be shipped much cheaper in the flat. After you have got your nailing-block of the right height to nail handy, and a box just the right height for a seat, 3'ou want to nail some strips on your nailing-block so as to bring the boxes exact- ly square. Before commencing to set up the box, take two of the long strips composing the sides. Nail them together so as to make a V-shaped trough. Now stand up on your block two of the ends the right dis- tance apart. Place these V-shaped troughs on the corner, and nail. Now put a strip along the top — the strip 3'ou see I have hold of in my right hand. When you have got these two strips on the box, 3'our box is all done except putting in three slats on each side and four on the bottom. Now, do not put the strip that comes next to the top where my iingers go through as I hold the box (see p. 1030) too near the upper slat ; for in working rapidly in handling these boxes we want to catch hold of them an3'where; and awkward nailing will make you skin 3'our fingers and think cross words. An- other thing, for potato-hoxes do not put in too many strips. Have all the spaces so 3'OU can almost stick 3'Our hand through. If you attempt to dig potatoes when it is a little wet 3-ou will see wh3'. We want every bit of dirt rattled out in handling. Some of otir people in Medina, in putting in the bottom would space three strips all right, then they would put in two more that made it so close that half of the bottom was almost solid; and this would catch the dirt and probably cause a good many pounds of Northern Michigan loam to be shipped down here to Medina, in burlap sacks. Every slat should have two nails at each end. One nail goes into the oak strip, and the other into the basswood strip. As I could not hire any help anywhere in our neighborhood at just the time I wanted it, I decided to bag the potatoes myself. I pur- chased 500 ver3' nice burlap sacks at a Cleveland factory for b'i cts. each, delivered in Traverse Cit3% Mich. I first iittempted to lift a box of potatoes and pour them into the sack. Now, a big stout man might do this; but I soon decided it was impossible for me to do it. I took my Daisy wheelbar- row, placed a nest of boxes as you see (Fig. 1, p. 1030); then I took another box — the one 3'ou see on top — and cut awii3' half the bot- tom, putting a piece across to hold the ends of the bottom slats. This was held in the position 3-ou see by two strips of board. These go down and catch under the iron rods on the front end of the Dais3' wheelbar- row. Of course thc3' are nailed securel3' to the box on the top that holds the sack. The sack is hooked on to four nails driven into 1036 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Dec. is the box so as to leave the heads projecting- a little. A fifth nail, on the upper edge, holds the bag up tight, and is the last one to hook on and the first one to unhook. When the bag is slipped off from this fifth nail-head it is loose enough to come off from the other four. The empty sacks are crowd- ed down in the front end of the wheelbarrow. The twine for sewing up the bags is hung over the nail, as you see. A big sacking- needle threaded with a strand of this twine is seen sticking in one side of this box. The picture above makes it all plain. Now, a bushel of potatoes would be all right for a good stout man, as I have said before, to pour into that hopper; but it is a little too much for me. I told the boy who was digging to put half a bushel in each box. We had plenty of boxes scattered along at about the right intervals. In the picture, Fig. 1, I have in my hand an emp- ty box. The picture does not represtrnt (in fact) an actual potato-field. Huber took it out near the evergreens in our Medina apiar3'. I had every thing fixed as nearly as I could as it was in the Michigan field. Now, suppose the box I have in my hand held half a bushel of potatoes. It is no task at all to take it up by one hand; and it is not very much of a task to swing it like a pendulum so that it comes up just right to get my left hand under it. I let it drop easily on the hopper so as to pour potatoes out of one corner of the box. To prevent bruising as much as possible I placed two or three empty sacks, folded up on the front of the wheelbarrow, so when the potatoes dropped down, instead of going to the bot- tom of the sack they bumped on this cushion of bags. Now, even swinging half a bush- el of potatoes up like this a hundred times a day is quite a little exercise. It is virtual- ly lifting 50 bushels of potatoes as high as your head; and at first I began to get tired out before noon. But I had another of my happy surprises in finding that each day I worked at it the task was easier and pleasanter, until I could sack potatoes clear up till the noon hour, and then almost feel sorry that I had to quit work to go to din- ner. But I had such a grand appetite for dinner — yes, for breakfast and supper too, while working with those potatoes that it was actually _/i/« to live. Out there in the woods we had not only apples, peaches, pears, plums, watermelons, muskmelons, etc., but beautiful potatoes and the finest fish in the world, with plenty of milk and eggs from one of our nearest neighbors. Working in the open air in my shirtsleeves, I wheeled my outfit along from one potato- box to the next, and left my bag of potatoes standing up in the field until the wagon came around for them. As each box was emptied it was swung over right close to the two rows Earl was diggintr; so one set of boxes clear through the field answered for the whole job. I do not know that I ever did any work in my life that I enjoyed more than sacking that 1000 bushels of potatoes. By the time we got through, however, we had some bad rainy weather. Yes, it snow- ed a little the last day; but as we had to have them ready for the steamer we kept right on during a brief snowstorm. I am sure I do not know how farmers generally manage when they have potatoes that are to be shipped in sacks; but I believe my rig that was made in about 15 minutes is about as handy as can be readily gotten up. The potatoes were usually allowed to lie on the ground until they were dry enough so there would not be any danger of being bagged up too wet. They came down here to Medina in beautiful condition with the exception of a few that were put up during that snowstorm in September. These were bagged a little too wet, and they were bruis- ed so we had to empty them out and wash some of them before they could be put away in the cellar. Our potato- book tells about digging potatoes with a machine so thej' can be put in boxes and set in the cellar for two or three cents a bushel, covering the cost of the whole operation. This can be done where jou have a large field all ripen- ing at once; but where many varieties are grown for seed (you see we have about 17 in all) this is hardly practicable. In sacking all the potatoes myself I had an excellent opportunity to inspect person- ally, and see that every thing was put up and labeled true to name. Besides this, my young friend Earl got to be quite an expert in detecting a single hill that was not true to name; and this reminds me that we were a good deal puzzled, while digging, to find now and then a hill of potatoes out of place. I knew our seed was carefully examined when planted and when cutting; and I knew the boys were careful to avoid having even one potato out of place in planting. The solution of the mystery was this: All of our first cultivating was done with the weeder. We ran it both lengthwise and crosswise of the potatoes before they were up and when just coming up. When run- ning crosswise of the rows, occasionally a potato caught on the fingers of the weeder and was dragged over among other kinds. Hereafter I shall not run the weeders cross- wise of the rows where there are difftrent varieties in the field. We soon learned, however, from studying the peculiarities of each variety, as we came to it, to detect any stray hill by sight. Now, then, in conclusion I would recom- mend, in place of paying a teacher to give you instructions in physical culture, to dig potatoes or do some similar work to develop your muscles. You will get paid for the work, and I am sure you will find it much pleasanter out in the open air under God's blue sky, and with refreshing breezes all around you. During the month I was handling potatoes my muscles increased in size so that a good deal of my clothing was too tight. I increased in weight from 115 to 126. Of course, one's occupation may be such that he can not well take the time to take this kind of open-air exercise — that is, every day in the year; but I would heartily J 141(2 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 1037 recommend it in place of any g-ymnastics to be taken indoors where it can be managed. The objection has been made that certain kinds of exercise do not develop all the mus- -cles of the body; and it has been said that, when one gets an education, he wants it, at least to a certain extent, to be a general education, that he may become a scholar, rounded out and symmetrically developed. In the same way the teacher of physical culture aims to bring, sooner or later, all the muscles of the body into play. Well, I may be wrong; but my impression is that the varied occupations of farmwork each day, being more or less different from that of the day before, will eventually round out and develop the whole physical man; and if this same farmer takes and reads a. reason- able number of the various periodicals of the day he may become "rounded out" men- tally as well as physically. I forgot to mention that I had shipping- tags in my pocket, with the name of each variety plainly printed on it. One of these tags was placed inside of the bag, and the other sewed to the outside at the time they were sewed up. Special Notices by A. I. Root. " EARLIEST IN THE WORLD TOMATOES," ETC. The earliest tomato we know of is the Earliest in the World. Funny, isn't it? That is, it is the earliest smonlh tomato. It is not a very large-sized one ; but what we do not get in size we get in quantity. Now I wish that the friends who have been testing all the extra-earlj- tomatoes would tell me whether they have found any other tomato as early and as smooth and of a little larger size than the Earliest in the World. There is one other objection beside.s itssmall size. We ■can not buy any seed of the originator for less t>-an50 cts per oz Our own crop of seeds last year was a fail- ure owing to the cold weather, and — I am almost ashamed to say it, b\U we let the neighors' chickens get them insttad of gathering them at the proper time and saving them for seed. Of course we did not know the seed was going to be so " awful " scarce and high. GARDEN SEEDS FOR 1903. We shall have prices out, probably, in January. Beans will still be very high— probably higher than last year. We have quite a stock on hand, however, that we shall furnish at old prices as long as they last. This refers particularly to Prizewinner, White Kid- ney, York State MarrJw, and Banner Field beans. Beet seeds of all kinds will be higher; also carrots. Cucumber and all the melon family are away up. This isMn consequence of the unusual cold and unfa- vorable season for growing melons. At the present writing melons will be about twice what they were last year; and there is talk that cucumbers will be three or four times as much. At present writing, Dec. 15, we could not offer cucumber seed for less than $2.00 per lb.; oz., 15. There is nothing else that we know of that is going to be so scarce and high priced as cucumber seed. Our onion seed was grown especially for us; and while our stock lasts it will be the same as last vear. Squashes will be considerably higher; turnips about the same; field peas considerably high- er; sweet corn of all kinds will be higher. Every thing else in our price list will be at last season's cata- log prices. We have quite a few seeds of many kinds left over from last year that will grow about as well as new seeds — such as celery, melons, etc., that we offer at old prices as long as they last. Our Advertisers. The Cvphers Incubator Co.. of Buffalo, N. Y., desire us to announce that the loss they suffered by fire on the night of Dec. 6 will not prevent them from filling gromptly and satisfactorily all orders as usual. The re was confined to one of their waiehou.ses, a frame structure. Their main works were entirely uninjured. Our readers will please notice that the special club- bing prices named by C. M. Goodspeed, in his various ads this issue, supersede all former lists. Do not fail to order early. These offers may be withdrawn. An- other reason is that publishers are very bu.sy about Jan. 1st, and you will get quicker service by ordering at once. " DON'T KEEP HENS — MAKE THEM KEEP YOU." Read what our advertisers of bone-mills say in their booklets which they send free. See page lOOH. Write them at once, for now is the time to get a bone-mill. Metition Gleanings when you write, and you will get special consideration. V«— » Ourline of sprayers ana appli- ances tits every man s needs. Hand.Krvapsack.Bucket, Field, Barrel, and Po^ver spnve's twontvstvle^. Hestnozz'eB nini'^e pt r,T-''n^f">tti (nrniilos ?Tc. Select the useful .ind reliabl". Catalog free THE DEffiING CO., Salem, Ohio. 'Western agentiy Hcnion^ Hubbell .Chicago ^liU Comb FOR SALE: Extracted HONEY^^= in carlots or less. If ill the market, state quantity wanted, and we will name vou '•lowest price." Samples of Extracted fur- nished on request. It you have any Comb or Extracted to ship, correspond with us. Established 26 Years. S. T. Fish & Co., Chicago, Illinois. 189 South Water Street. Bee-keepers! We need vour orders, and you need our goods, so let's trade. We have the very best goods, the largest stock in the State, the best place in the U S. to ship from, and the very lowest prices consistent with first-class goods. Write to us and tell us your wants. C. M. SCOTT & CO.. INDI4NAP0LIS. INDIANA. 1004 East Washington Street. CRUSHED OYSTER SHELLS. UX) lbs., 4!lc: 'JOO lbs., !t5c; Mica Crystal Grit, 100 lbs.. 57c; 200 lbs., $1.07, or 100 lbs. each, $L Poultry need both. Order now. Catalog free. WISE & CO., Butler, Ohio. TTRY Phacelia Tanacetifolia. One ounce, 25 cents, in * Januarj', if ordered now; any quantity. O. l,UHDORFF,'visalia. California. For Sale. —Extracted honey. Finest grades for ta- ble use. Prices quoted on application. Sample by mail, 10 cts. to pay for package and postage. Orel !„. Hek.shiber, :301 Huntington Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. For Sale. — Several thousand pounds comb honey in Danzenbaker 4X5 .sections. Shall commence filling orders in August. Wm. Morris, Las Animas, Col. 1038 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Dec 15. Grand Clubbing Offers! Clesnings in Bee Culture Review of Reviews Success ------ Woman's Home Companion Regular Price My Club Price - $1 OO 2 50 1 OO ( OO 5 50 3 50 Cleanings in Bee Culture Leslie's Monthly with Art Calendar Everybody's Magazine World's Worl< - - - - Regular Price My Club Price - $1 OO 1 OO 1 00 3 OO 6 OO 3 50 SUBSTITUIIONS. In Place of Either REVIEW OF REVIEWS or WORLD'S WORK may be substituted any of the following-, either new or renewal, ex- cept Public Opinion, which must be new. Trained Nurse $ 2 00 World To-Day 3 00 Great Round World 2 00 Lippincott's Magazine 2-50 New England Magazine 3 00 Public Opinion (new) 3 00 Chantauquan 2 00 World's Work 3 00 Art Interchange 4 00 Country Ufe 3 00 Popular .Science News 2 00 Curient t,iterature 3 00 Toilettes 2 dO Independent 2 00 In Place of Woman's Home Companion in the above otTer may be substituted any one of the following-, or anj' one of these may be added to any Success combina- tion by adding 50c. Leslie's Monthly — no calendar ..$ 1 00 Little Chronicle 1 50 Good Housekeeping 1 00 Recreation (newi 1 00 Canipb. ll's Illustrated Journal 1 00 Young's Magazine 1 tX) Farm, Field, and Fireside 1 00 Four O'clock 1 • 0 Farm Poultry 1 00 Practical Farmer 1 00 Fern Bulletin 1 00 Farm Journal (5 years) 1 00 Household I 00 Era 100 Birds and Nature 1 50 National Magazine 1 00 Subscriptions may be new or renewal, as desired, exceot where new is specified, may go to different people and different addresses. Hints- (for Entertainments) 1 CO Youth 1 00 Pathfinder 1 00 Electrical Age 1 00 American Fancier 1 00 Buffalo Weekly Horse Gazette 1 00 Ad. Writer 1 00 Vick's Magazine (3 years) 1 00 In Place of Leslie's Magazine offered above with Gleanings, World's Work, and Ev- erybody's Magazine, may be substituted any one of the above list except Birds and Nature, and also the following ad- ditional list may any one of them be substituted for Leslie's in any offer where Everybody's is taken. Cosmopolitan $ 1 OO Arena 2 00 Pilgrim 1 00 Table Talk I 00 Cassino's Little Folks (new) I 00 American Boy 1 00 Mind 2 00 Recreation _ 1 00 What to Eat 1 00 Special Crops 75 On these four periodicals we offer a very liberal commission to bona-fide agents, postmasters, and publishers ; also prizes to the value of $330. McClure's Magazine may be added to any combination for $ 1 00 Saturday Evening Post may be added to any combination for 1 00 Ladies' Home Journal may be added to any coraoination for 1 00 Youth's Companion (with Calendar) added to any combination for 1 75 Club offers Our Leaders Gleanings, one j^ear Three Art Calendars in one — 16x12 inches Leslie's Popular Monthlj-, Nov. and Dec, 1902.. Leslie's Popular Monthly — all of 1903 Vick's Magazine, all of 1903 Woman's Home Companion, all of 1903 Good Housekeeping, all of 1903 Total We give you all the above for Gleanings, Wool Markets and Sheep, Dairy and Creamer3', Ohio Farmer, Commercial Poultry' .$1.00 . .50 . .17 . 1.00 . .50 . 1.00 ■ 1.00 . 5.17 . 2.60 1.60 C. M. Coodspeed, Lock Box 731, Skaneateles, N. Y. Be Careful to Name the Box. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 1039 Special Offer All Previous Offers Withdrawn! Below we've arrang'ed sev- eral tables for forming- combi- nations; start with Gleaning-s as a base at One Dollar, and then make such additions from the tables as you desire, add- ing- for each periodical the price of its class. For in- stance, Gleanings and one mag-azine from the Dollar class and one from the Fifty- cent class would cost you $2.50. It is not to be under- stood that this class price is the price of the publication. It is not, except in a few cases, and no orders will be taken in that way. It is sim- pl}' telling- j'ou how much to add to One Dollar to g-et the combination price. All offers are for a full year, and call ' for cash with order. 1. Gleanings in Bee Culture, 1 yr,, $1. 2. If you want only one additional paper, add the price found in the top of the column in which that paper appears. 3 If you want several papers in addi- tion to Gleanings, each one may be had at the price named at top of the cplunin. For instance: Glean- ings, ,S. S Times, and Rural New Yorker, will cost j'ou J'2 '2b. 4. You may select as many papers from each column as j'oii wish. 5. Every order sent us must include Gleanings. 6. Foreign postage extra. 7. We will send all papers to one or separate addresses, as desired. CONDI riONS —Offers are subject to withdrawal at anytime. Pen-and-ink price quoted on anv list of papers you may wish, either foreign or domestic. Fifty-two page-catalog for 1903 will be ready to mail for ihe asking by Nov. 20 Be sure to tell us where you saw this ad. It you. do tell u< that you saw it in Gleanings we will send you a nice package of flower or veg- etable seeds free, but our selection. *No. l==25c. Poultry Keeper, Amer. P'ltry Advocate, Reliable P'ltry Journal, Farm Home, Vick"s Magazine, Conkey's Home Journal, Hints, Young-'s Mag-azine, Good Health Clinic, Woman's Work, Farm Journal, Ladies' World. * No. 2==40c. Ohio Farmer, Michig-an Farmer, Farm and Fireside, Farm and Home, McCall's Mag-azine, Agricultural Epitomist, Sabbath Reading, Housewife, Housekeeper, Black Cat, Young People's Weekly, Bouk News. Cincinnati Enquirer. * No. 3==50c. Farm Poultry, American Fancier, Normal Instructor, Mirror and Farmer, Era, Household, National Mag-azine, Electrical Ag-e, Pathfinder, Woinan's Home Comp. , Every Month, Practical Farmer, Farm, Field, & Fireside * No. 4==75c. Tri-weekly World, New York Witness, Inter Ocean, New York Tribune, Tribune Farmer, Hoard's Dairyman, American Agriculturist, Good Housekeeping-, Recreation, Four O'clock, Leslie's Monthly — with Cosmopolitan, [calendar Everybody's Mag-azine, Success, Camera, Book-keeper, American Boy, Rural New Yorker, National Stockman, Sunday-School Times, Babyhood, Family Herald and Star Christian Uplook, Dietic & Hyg-. Gazette, Gunton's Mag-azine, Little Chronicle. * No. 5==$1.00. Arena, Etude, McClure's Magazine, Munsej''s Magazine, Ladies' Home Journal, Designer, Saturday Evening Post, Cassell's Magazine, Photo- American, Country Gentleman [not Quiver, [in arrears, American Gardening, Tri-weekly Tribune, Amateur Sportsman. *No. 6==$1.50. World To- Day, Horse Review, Donahoe's Magazine, Chautauquan, Great Round World, Bookman, World's Work, Country Life. * No. 7==$2.50. Scientific American, Outlook. _ St. Nicholas, Leslie's Illust. Weekly, Public Opinion. SPECIAL OFFERS. Gleanings in Bee Culture and Century $ 1 00 Gl( anings in Bee Culture and Atlantic Monthly l.'O GUaniiigsin Kee Culture and Judge 4.">0 Gleanings n Bee Culture and Collier's Weekly 1 7) Gleanings in Kee Culture and Harper's Magazine 4 (K) Gleanings in Bee Culture and a new sub. to Churcliman.. ;i .")0 Gleanings and Frank L,eslie's Popular Monthly JNov. ami Dec. this year and all 11I03) and Art Calendar 1.50 * These prices are not the publishers' prices for these papers, but they are our special reduced prices when laken in connection with Gleanings. In many cases thej' are just one- half the regular rale. C. n. GOODSPEED, Skaneateles, New York Lock Box 731. 1040 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Dec. 15 <$> (4;) f$^ (^ '^r f$l f <$l r$i fjfl ' ' ' ' ' ' f^ t Our Grand Clubbing Offers i cTr> Tr->.,Y SPECIAL ARRANGEMENTS with the publisher of Gleanings and ^ other publishers interested, we are able to offer Gleanings subscribers some very attractive combinations. Subscriptions to any of the period- other publishers interested, we are able to offer Gleanings subscribers f^ ~r some very attractive combinations. Subscriptions to any of the period- i ^ icals named may be either new or renewal, except in a very few cases where ^^ f^f^ new is specified. Subscriptions may begin at any time, and are always for a f!ff> T full year. The different periodicals in the combination may all go to one per- X ^ son or they may go to different persons, to the same address or to different ad- ^ f^f^ dresses. To help informing clubs, we have arranged the following classes of f^ ■J publications, in each case giving the publisher's regular subscription price. i iln Class A i Woman's H6me Companion 1 00 Electrical Age 1 00 2 ^ Household 100 Farm Poultry 100 *^ f^ft National Magazine 1 00 American Fancier 1 00 f^ T Leslie's Monthly, with calendar 100 Ohio Farmer 1 00 2 «> «> © © «J «J <© C* «> «> «> © «> «> <& «> <» «> «> «> «J «J «> «> © ^i* ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^* ^» I Gleanings I May be :^ Added I to Any Combination on This I Page by I Adding 50 cts. to the Price. it* it< it< it< it< it< it< >:> »:» »:» »:> »:» The periodicals, are all mailed di- rect to the subscriber by the publish- er, and in all respects you get the same service you woul i if you sent the full regular price to them, and at a saving of nearly half the cost of your reading-matter. Pen-and-ink price quoted on any list of papers you wish, either foreign or domestic. Fifty-tvsTO page catalog for 1903 veil] be ready to mail for the asking by Nov. 20th. Be sure to tell us where you saw this ad. If you do tell us that you saw it in Gleanings we will send you a nice package of flower or vegetable .seeds absolutely free, but of our own selection. it< it< it* itf it< it< it* it* it* it* it* it* it* it* it* it* it* it* it* it* it* M •a9 *9k Success Offers. Success and Leslie's Popular Monthly 5 1 2.5 Success, Everyboiv's Magazine, Leslie's Popular Monthly 2 00 f In place of either Leslie's or Every- ) I body's Magazine in the above offer may be substituted Woman's Home I Compa' ion, Bird^and Nature, Good | I Housekeei iiig. or any rmgazine in | [Class A on the opposite page. J Success and Review of Reviews 2 .50 Success, World's Work, Review of Reviews 4 OJ Success, Public Opinion (new). Current Literature 1 00 f In place of Review of Reviews.] World's \^'ork. Public Opinion, or l Current Literature, may be substi- I tuted Country Life, New England | I Magazine, Lippiucott's Independ- j lent. \rt Interchinge, or any peri- I [odical in Class B opposite. J Success, Leslie's Monthly, Review of Re- views, and Everybody's 3 50 combination hKo is subject to! • same substitution. J [This [the sa Everybody's Offers. Everybody's and Cosmopolitan $ 1 '2-5 Evervb )dy's, Cosra ipolitan, and Success ... 2 00 i8®"[n place of Cosmopolitan or Success in Everybody's offers may be substitut- ed American Boy. Aren i. Mind, Pil- grim, Recreati,jn, Table Talk, Ca30 00. C. M. GOODSPEED, Lock Box 731. Skaneateles, New York. s it* it* it* Vr %> Vr *fi >^> Vr Vr Vr Vr Vr Vr »V ^?& ''A it* it* %> Vr Vr Vr a*- Vr a*' %> Vr ^fi <>fi^^i^©iiWiWi>>lWit^iU^<^;J«>«>©0<^>€>«>«>«>«>f/<& 1042 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Dec. 15 The "Best of Everything THE throufjh train service of tiie Chicago^ North-Western Rail- way from ClTicago to Omaha, Denver and the I'acitic Coast on the west, the Black Hills and Dakotas to the northwest and to Milwaukee, Madison, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Duluth on the north, is as nearly- perfect as modern and skillful management can make it. The Overland Limited, a magnificent electric-lighted train, less than three days Chicago to San Fran- cisco, daily. The Colorado Special, only two nights to Denver from the Atlantic seaboard. Solid train Chicago to Denver. The North=Western Limited, an electric lighted daily train between Chicago, St. Paul and Minneapolis. W. B. Kniskern, Passenfier Traffic Manager. Chicago, III. .t^3 a-s^^^^-s^^-s^^-s^-s^^-s^^^^^*^ C RAM'S Standard American RaiIroad=system Atlas and Shipper's Guide 1 1 m^m The onlj- atlas with railroad sj'stems in colors. It embraces all the good points ot other Atla-ts, and contains many additional features of its own. Send for sample map and information. 552=556 Wabash Ave., Chicago, III 130 Fulton Street, New York City, Queens! Queens! We have five different yards, 5 to 20 miles apart, where Italians, Cyprians. Holylands. Carniolans, and Albinos are bred for business. You can send in your orders at following prices the rest of this year: "test- ed, $1 .50 each; |8 00 for .si.x; $15.00 per doz Untested, 75c each; $4.25 for six, or $8 00 per doz. Fine breeders, |5.00 each. Safe arrival guaranteed Write for free catalog. Tells how to raise queens and keep bees for profit. The Jennie Atchley Co , Beeville. Bee Co., Tex. Nursery Stock of All Kinds ! Complete line of TREES, VINES, and Ply.'^NTS ; hardy and true to name. Wriie for price^^ before pi cing orders. B. A Boal Co., Nurserymen, Hinchman, Michigan. The Idea I Piano Built anticipafiiig the demand of those satislieil with nothina; but tlie best aud looking for a piuuo of the Highest Artistic Creation Are you consiilerinc; tl)B purchase of a piano? Our [iroposition \\ ill prove more en- tertaining than any you have had. Culrilng and Jull infi'rmiflinn ft-fe on application. TIIE l'.V€KARl> C«»,\II»AN'Y P.O. Bo.v F Fori Wnync. Iiidinnn NOTHING AS GOOD ADVERTISED ANYWHERE. Sewing Machines $7.25 To«—^^ $26.50 Swell KroDt Shipped on approval anywhere in U. S. No nione:?^l'^lJ In udvunce. All kinds, all styles; direct ^rom factories. Avoiding salesmen's expenses and dealers or agents exorbi- tant profits saves you from JIO to $45. Estab.1885. 250,00ii sold.. Testimonials from every state. „ , -i, , ^^ Reference: First Nat'l Bank, % ^ '««« »<- Chicaffo. Send for big illustrated" catalogue showing all styles and s,imples of work. CASH UCVEK'S UMU.N, Dept. KS45 Ohlcaffo. ^ Special Notice to Bee=keepers I ^ Root's Supplies at Catalog Prices. Chaff Hives. Winter= cases. For Chaff Division=boards. Winter. Hill Devices, etc. F. H. Farmer, Boston, Mass. ^ 182 Friend St. Up one flight. ^ Chas. Israel (Si BrotHers 486-490 Canal St., cor. Watt St., N. Y. Honey and Bees^vax Liberal Advances Made on Consignments Wholesale Dealers and Commission Merchants. Establishtd 1875. I 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 1043 GET ACQUAINTED with the Bee-keepers' Review. You can do it now at very little cost, and you will be surprised at the amount of valuable information and helpful ideas that are packed within its pages. For $i.oo you will get all of the issues for 1902 (except the January issue, the sup- ply of which is now exhausted, but some other excellent number will be sent in its place) and the Review for all of next year, thus giving you the issues of two years for only $1.00. Add $1.00 more to the order (making $2.00 in all) and your order will be booked for a queen of the Superior Stock to be sent next spring. W. Z. HUTCHINSON, = = FLINT, MICHIGAN. 50 CENTS That's all it costs for a year's reading of the Rocky Mountain Bee Journal. Besides reflecting all the doings and happenings and the latent methods and appl ances that pertain to bee-keeping in the great Rocky M 'untain alfalfa regions, we talk up co-operation and organizat'on as no other bee-journal has ever undertaken to do. This journal will give j-ou new ideas, and help you whether you own one colony or oOjO. You need it. The 10-cent trial offer is withdrawn. Samples free. H. C. MOREHOUSE, BOULDER, COLO. Postofflce Box 61 1. Splendid Presents! For a little work you can easily earn watches, clocks, silver, games, hooks, dolls, knives, guns, cameras, guns. etc. Don't miss our w^zcplan and special pre- mium list. Write to-day to Howard Co., 516 Masonic Temple, Chicago. 10 ♦ X Cents } ♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦< i TT TiTH names and addresses ^ YV °^ Five Farmers brings :the best paper on earth for the money i year on trial. Send now. Samp, copy free. Modern Farmer, Amer. Poultry Journal, a'ld Gleanings, all 1 year for Jl. riodern Farmer, St. Joseph, Mo. ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ POULTRY PAPER 3 Honths and book, "Plans for Poultry-housfs," 10 cts. Paper onu year and book, '25 cts, if you mention Gleanings (reg. price, 6(' cts) Inland Poultry Journal, Indianapolis, Indiana. Envelopes ! Printed to order, %\ per 1000; other printing cheap. Howard C!o., 516 Masonic Temple, Chicago. ► ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦»♦»♦ ♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦ I I!l£ Fred W. Muth Co. I ► Front & Walnut Streets % \ CINCINNATI, OHIO. | \ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦^♦♦♦♦♦♦♦^ ♦ onoy^-jars j Muth's 1-pound square with patent glass stoppers and steel spring are the best. Vm' Only $5.50 per gross. Send for catalog of bee-supplies. i8®=" Special inducements. "S^ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦» HONEY QUEENS! Laws' Leather=colored Queens. Laws' Improved Golden Queens. Laws' Holy Land Queens. L,aws' queens are doing business in every State in the Union and in many foreign countries. The demand for Laws' queens has doubled any pre- vious season's !-ales. Laws' queens and bees are putting up a large share of the honey now sold. Laws' stock "is being sold for breeders all over the world. Why ? Hecause it is the best to be had. Remember ! That I have a larger stock than ever; that I can send you a queen any month in the year and guarantee safe deliverj' ; that I have many fine breeders on hand. Price. S^0() each. Tested, each, $1.25; five for S(i.tX). Prices reduced after March 15. Send for circular. W. li. Laws, Beeville, Texas IF QUALITY and utility are considered, we will compete on price, and"P.\GF^ FENCE will prettj' sure y win. Page Woven Wire Fence Co., Box S, Adrian, {Michigan. 1044 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Dec. 15 Y I OU'RE LOOKING i I'orju.st s^ucli a iiiauliiiie as Miller's new Ideal Incubator, tiie perfect liatcher.sent on SO days' trial. Abso- lutely automatic. Test it yourself. Bier poultry and lioultrv supply hook free. J. W. Mille to.. Box 4S.Freeport.IlI. The Royal Incubator | odandwoiks so well tliat we don't ask YOU to buy it be- fure you try it. Entirely automatic: certain in re- sulta. May we send you one on trial? Catalogue free. KO¥,VLI\i:lli.\TOR lOMPANY. Dep. ill.;'., lies Illitines.Ia. Mccm VITHA smsm Mot Fail in the chicken busi- ness if you start riirht with a Incubator and Brooder. Not e^perimpnts but machines with years uf successful record. Perfect resulaticii- per- fect hatches. Do not swell nor shrink. A variety of styles and sizes Larsre In- cubator book n.'iS pages) free. Books in five lang-uages. Des Moines Incb. Co., Dipt ."iOS n"s Moines, Iowa, or I)i';pt 503 Buir.tl.i, N.Y. TheSure Hatch's Latest .\i\ antom.'itic, direct acting reuiilai'T th-it surpasses any Dtlier ini' r vement ever made in inrubator- Semi lornewillus TMt'd catalog an'i free trial offer. SURE HATCH INCUBATOR TO , Clay Oenter, Neb., or Columbus, Ohin. ^ CW^-^iiSi^^IoMfcAT.ANO PRtniUN LIS?" BUCKEYE INCUBATOR CO. 5PRINCE1ELD OHIO. CYPHERS INCUBATOR, World's Standard Hatcher. Used onyfiGov. Experiment Stations jn U. S., Canada, Australia and New Zealand ; also by America's leading poultrymen and thousands of others. Gold medal and highest award at Pan-American, Oct. 1901. 16-page circular free. Complete catalogue, 180 pages, Sxll in., mailed for lOc Ask nearest ofHcefor book Na 74 CYPHEKS INCUBATOR COMPANY, BaSalo, N. Y., th.cago, HI., lioston, JUasB., Kew lork, N. Y 'Moisture DOUBLE YOUR Sfl« Don't spend spare time thinking what you might be if your salary were doubled! DohiE, not thinking-, will make ^our wish a reality. Our free booklet, 'Are Your Hands Tied?" tells you what to do and how to do it. Thousands have already doubled or largrely increased their salaries by following: our plan. Under our gruidance you can do the same. Act today! I. C S. Text- books make it easy for those already at work to Learn By Mail Mpfhanlral. Steam, Electriral, Civil, Hinin;, Tele- phuiip, and Telegraph Engineering; Shop and Konnilry IVartice; neclianiral BrairlBg ; Arrhl- (erturr; riumblng; Sheet-Metal I'llltern Drafling; CheniMrT; Ornamenlal Deilen ; I.ptterinc: lijok- keeping; Stenography; Englinh ilranrhes; Teach- ini;; Loc»motlTe lliinning; Elect rutberapeutlci ; (ieraan; Spanlth; French. Circular free. State subject that interests you. INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS, Box 799, SCRANTON, PA. Counting Chicks Before Hatching is not safe unless you have an IOWA ROUND R. C. B.Tuemiinste: . Norwood. Minn., got493chick8 from :iOa €?.,vs. He fotluwed diiections. the ma- chine did the work, because it was built on right principles and by good workmen. The IOWA has fiber-board case, does not shrink, swell, vrarp or crack. Regulation and ventilation perfect. Our free book gives more testimonials and full particulars. Everything' about incubation free. IOWA INCUBATOR COMPANY. BOX 197^ DES MOINES, IOWA $ I #^.80 For i ^ 200 Egg INCUBATOR Perfect in construotiuu ;ind action. Hatrlies evcrv fertile CKK. Write for catulo.L? to-.I.iy. GEO. H. STAHL, Qiiincy, 111. M^* tp^ FEED COOKER AND ROOT GUTTER. P ' Bi, , iMii st.ck Eo'mI c.oker and Rotit Cutter in excellence and amount of work surpass al other fie;^,^* _ -, in:ichines of that cnaracter on the aiarket. Peculiarly adapted to the necessities of the poul- SI^JBj trvman and feeder, either large or small. Perfect service at low prices. Send lOcents for ^ S;^hll''?iVy"ca'aiog. THE RELIABLE INCUBATOR & BROODER CO., Box B-49 , Quincy, Ills. 1902 GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. 1045 BARNES' Hand and Foot Power Machinery. This cut represents our combined circular saw which is made for bee- keeper's use in the con- struction of their hives sections, boxes, etc , etc Machines on Trial. .Send for illustrated cata- log and prices. Address W. F. & Jno. Barnes Co., 545 Ruby St., Rockford. : Illinois. FENCE! STROMGEST MADE. Bull strong, Chicken- Tight. Sold to the Farmer at Wholesale Prices. Fnlly Warranted. Catalog Free. COILED SPRING FENCE CO. Box 101, Winchester, Indiana, V. 8. A. All sizes; some trained; first l^UU rCrKKt/l^* class stock. New price list free. N. A. KNAPP, Rochester, Lorain Co., Ohio. nnill TDV PAPTiTR, fllnstM, 20 P»fe», , rUUL I n I 25 cents per year. 4 months' trial 10 cents. Sample Free. 64-pttge practical poultry book free to yearly aubscnbera. Book alone 10 cents. C'ataloKoe of pomtg tbooks lre«, i'oultry Advocate, SfttMoeo, H.X- Wants and Exchange. Notices will be Inserted nnder this head at 10 cts. per line. You mast sat you want your adv't in this department, or we will not be responsible for any error. You can have the no- tice as many lines as you please ; but all over ten lines will cost you according to our regular rates. We can not be re- ■ponsible for dissatisfaction arising from these " swaps." WANTED.— A man to work at bees in Cuba, com- mencing April 1st. But little experience nects- sary. All questions gladly answered. Write at once to F. I,. Powers. Artemisa, Cuba, W. I. fVANTED.— A position as apiarist for 1903, south or '" or west- preferred; 3S years' experience. Corres- gondence solicited. I ha%'e a one-half intere-,t in a ne bearing orange-grove in Flori 'a that I will trade for bees located in some good alfalfa country. Who wants it? M. W. Shepherd, Wellington, Ohio. WANTED. — Second hand forge and anvil, give price. O. W. Jefferson Pittsford, Mich. Box 135. WANTED.— To know if you wish to trade some bees and some cash for black level Dakota wheat land. D. E. IiHOMMEDiEU, Colo, Story Co., Iowa. W^ RANTED. —To sell a 5-acre bee-ranch, 4-room house, barn, good well of water, 110 stands of bees, 100 extra hives, 100 comb honey supers, every thing per- taining to a first-class apiary, just outside the city limits of I7 ; German Wax-press, 170 ; Giant Cacti of Ari- zona., 10-21 ; Gillette on Tongue Reach, 233 ; GjU- cose. Nature of, 434 ; Gold Prospectors, 147 ; Gov- ei'nment Statistics, 386 ; Government Apiarian Work, 372, 418 ; Government Aid to Bee-keepers, 727; Grading-rules, 202: Grafting Cells, 682; < J rape Industry of California, 687 ; Greiner on Brushed Swarms, 807 ; Greiner on Swarthmore's ilating-boxes, 726 ; Guines, Trip to, 772. Hand Feeding of Bees, 136 ; Hannemann, In- ventor of Perforated Zinc, 587 ; Harrison in Flor- ida, 436 ; Harrys, Two, in Cuba, 558 ; Hauling Bees with Entrance Open, 108 ; Hauling Bees, see Bees, Hauling ; Hay v. Honey, 241 ; Heddou Frames, Examining, 772 ; Hive of Bees, Weight of, 843 ; Hive, Orton Tenement, 777 : Hive, Ten- frame, Too Narrow, 588 ; Hive, Two-story, for Michigan, 338 ; Hives I'artly . Filled with Comb, 1013 ; Hives, Arabian, 411 ; Hives, Home-made, 373 : Hives, Opening, IIow to do it, 420 ; Hives, Rambler's Wee-waw, 242 ; Hives, Shallow, 563 ; Hives, Swinson's Jumbo, 231 ; Hives, Two-story Danzenbaker, 337 ; Hives, Two-story, for Comb Honey, 155 ; Hochstein and Bee-yard in Cuba, 602 ; Hodge on Honey as Food, 736 ; Hoffman Frames, Handling, 631 ; Holtermann on Cellar Wintering, 140, 186 : Holly, R. A., 509 ; Honey Needed in Brood-nest, 890 ; Honey Yields in California, 333 ; Honey Improved by Boiling, 91 ; Honey from One Colony, 294 ; Honey as Food, 48, 973 ; Honey Yarn, 180 : Honey in Hive. Guessing at, 384 ; Honey to Remove Warts, 847 ; Honey in Tea and Coffee, 762 ; Honey and Wax Separator, Alkin s, 49 ; Honey for Wounds, 802 ; Honey for Sore Throat, 1013 ; Honey Yield of Cuba, 379 : Honey Statistics, 111 ; Honey from Oaks, 895 ; Honey as Food for Children, V36 ; Honey at Dr. Miller's, 800 ; Honey Market in Gleanings, 821 ; Honey Statistics for U. S., 155 ; Iloney Reports Exagger- ated, 144 ; Honey for Children, 764 ; Honey, Amount Constimed bv Colonv, 411, 412 ; Iloney, Bitter, 869 : Honey, Large Yield in California, 110 ; Honey, Niver on Selling, 95 ; Hone,v, Boiled, for Dyspeptics, 947, 971: Honey. Bleaching, 516-520: Honey, California Crop, 384 : Iloney, Amount of Water in, 588 ; Honey, Candied, I'lea for, 144 : Honey, Wholesale Marketing, 1019; Honey, Selling. 695 ; Honey, Getting it out of Supers into Brood- nest, 23 : Honey, Amount (Jathered by a Bee, 225 : Honey. Dadant on Selling. 633: Honey. Blend of. 887 : Honey. Bitter. Use of. 776 ; Iloney. Candled V. Liquid. 144 ; Honey, Extracted, Distrust O) 137: Honey-flow, where Scant, 53; Honey-flow in Cuba, 558; Honey-selling, Getaz on. 233; Iloney plants of Arizona, 193; Honey-plants, Three Grea 8(;i ; Honey-extractors, see Extractors : Honey si'lliuff, (Jood Suggestions. 233 : Honey-trees ( West' Indies. 861; Honey-yields, Large, 111- House-apiary Under Ground, 819 : Ilydromel, 973 Idaho as a Bee Country. 890 ; Improved by Ir breeding !>, 'Sio : Improvement In Species. 9; Im I)rovements at Medina. 550 ; In-breeding to Ini prove Stock. 275 ; Introducing, see Queen Intro- GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. duction : Irrigation in Colorado, 943 ; Irrigation in Idalio, 899 ; Irrigation Talli, 135 ; Irrigation and Western Farming, 99-106 ; Irrigation, Methods of. 99-106 : Isle of I'ines, Trip to, Sll ; Italians, Test of Purity, 224; Italians, Five-banded, 245; Ital- ians, Dark and Yellow, 569 ; Italianizing an Apiary, 546. Jouneer, Rambler's, 11, 12, 244. Kansas, Honey Crop of, 819 ; King Birds, 255. Labeling Honey, 523 ; Labeling Comb Honey, 434 ; Labeling Comb Honey. Need of, 294 ; Lang- strotli Gives First Movable Brood-frame, 180 ; Lands in California Uuined, 769 ; Lands, Alliali, of California, 687 ; Larvaa, Preferrt d Age for Queen-rearing, 92 ; Larvae, Young or Old, 676 : Law and Equity to Restrain Spraying, 422 : Laws of Different States on Bees, 593 ; Laws. Bee, of Different States, 638 ; Laws Relating to Bees, see Bees in Law ; Lettuce Raising, 1012 ; Linden, see Basswood ; Liquor Consumption in U. S., 92 : Liq- uor and Railroad Companies, 224 ; Ijong-tongued Bee, Humbug, 545 ; Los Angeles, Bee-keeping Near, 332 ; Los Angeles, Visit in, 291 ; Lumber, Larch, 363. Mack's Bees, 609 ; Maeterlinck's Book, 456, 845 ; Marshall Pass, 983 : Mason. Memoriam of, 986 ; Mating of Queen in Tent Successful, 47 ; Mendle- son's Storage-tanks, 426 ; Mendleson's Apiary, 425 : McCubbin, J. C, 600 ; Mcl'^voy's Report of Foul Brood, 62 ; ]McIntyre's Water Power, 556 ; McNay, F.. 289 ; Miller on Record-keeping, 196 ; Miller's Reply to Benton. 414 ; Miller, Dr., Criti- cised by Benton. 372 : Millionaire Bee-keeper, 561 : Moe and Wife in Cuba. 646, 647 ; Moe, Visit to, 689 : Moe's Large Crop, 689 ; Money, Spanish, 514 ; Morro Castle and Wreck of Maine, 235 ; Mothers. Our, 1011 ; Mountain Sages of California, 512 : Mountains, Defense of, 7 ; Moving Bees in Cuba. 603 : Moving Bees, see Bees, Moving. Naphthaline for Sting Preventive, 801 ; Nature's Way in Queen-rearing, 651 ; Nebraska as a Honey State, 696 ; Nectar in Some Places. Not Others. 895 : Neponset I'aper for Cover, 136 ; New Jersey for Bees, 743 : Niver on Selling Honey, 95 ; Nomi- nations for Directors, 180 ; Nominations for Na- tional. 144 ; Nucleus for Building Comb, 762 : Nuclei Management, 327, 421. Ogden Canyon. 900 : Old Combs, Amount of Wax in, 197 : Organization, Value of, 889 : Or- ganization and Co-operation, 51, 143, 189, 1019, 1020 ; Overstocking in Colorado, 523 ; Overstock- ing in Cuba, 514 ; Overstocking in the West, 589. Palm House in Cuba. 903 : Palm Royal in Cuba, 902 : Palm Sheds in Cuba, 734 ; Papers Advertis- ing Liquors, 320 ; Paralysis among Bees. 678 : Pea- body. Inventor of Extractor, 799 ; Pear Trouble in California, 720 ; Pears, Keififer, 971 ; Pears. Blight- proof. 867 : Pear-blight, Cause of, 779 ; Pear- blight, Peculiarities of, 435 : Pear-blight under Control, 942 ; Pear-blight Regions. 731 ; Pear- blight Not Caused by Bees. 818 ; Pettit on Remov- ing Bees from Supers, 728 ; Phacelia as a Honey- plant, 499, 653, 654, 675, 801, 847, 887. 908. 932 ; Phantom. Chasing. 1011 : Placer Mining, Effects on Agriculture, 769 : Pollen in Brood-combs Val- uable," 138 ; Pollen in Sections Result of Brushing. 807 : Pollen. Artificial Feeding of. 138 ; Post Check Money. 412 ; Potatoes. Bagging. 1030 : Prid- gen an Authority on Queen-rearing. 676 ; Propo- lisin for Wounds, 47 ; Purity, Standard of, in Bees, 182. Queen Introduction, Sure Plan. 180 ; Queen In- jured in Mails. 742 ; Queen Balled, Why, 698 ; Queen Restriction, 179 ; Queen Introduction, In- fallible, 9 : Queen Mated in Small Tent. 47 : Queen Mating. Swarthmore Plan a Failure. 327 : Queen Supersedure. 363 ; Queen Disappearing. 66 : Queen Balled by the Bees. 63 ; . Queen. Clipped. Liable to be Balled, 698 ; Queen, Development of. 543 ; Queen, Laying of, 719 : Queen. Virgin. To De- termine when Present. 800: Queens. Clipping. 321. 501 : Queens. Light-colored, 8 : Queens. Importation of, 419 : Queens. To Find, 363, 502. 543 : Queens, Buying, 504 : Queens. Why Rear our Own, 431 : Queens. High-priced. 8 : Queens, Buying or Rear- ing, 543 : Queens. Introducing. Points on, 431 ; Queens, Italian, Markings of, 742 ; Queens, Intro- ducing, 139 : Queens, Supersedure of. 745 : Queens. Finding Old. 506 ; Queens. Preserving out of Nuclei, 524 : Queens, Keeping, 808 : Queens, Balled. 973; Queens. Cause of Failing. 946; Queens. Red-c!over, Excellent, 695 ; Queens, Rais- ing. 504 : Queens. Calling-notes of. 612 ; Queens. Peplacing, 590 ; Queens, Preserving them Out of the Hive, 382 ; Queens, High-priced, 135 ; Queens, To Keep a Surplus of, 739 ; Queens, Replacing ev- ery 2 Years, 500 ; Queens, Clipped, 375 ; Queens, Supplying in Fall, 949 ; Queens, Preference fur New Combs, 844 ; Queens, Prolificness of. Depend- ent on Temperature, 890 ; Queens, Preference for Old Combs, 888 ; Queens Fertilized in Upper Stories, 229 ; Queens Flying on the Combs, 337 ; Queens Not Fertilized over a Colony, 2i6; Queens Reared under Swarming Impulse, 229 ; Queens Re- versed in Cell, 908 ; Queens to Australia, 909 ; Queens with Five-banded Bees, 61 ; Queenless Col- onies for Building Cells, 276 ; Queen-cages, 506 ; Queen-cell Cages, 591; Queen-cells,. Grafting, 326; Queen-clipper, Willis, 697 ; Queen-exc uding Boards. Time to Put on, 338 ; Queen-mating Boxes. Swartlimore's, 726 ; Queen-mating Scheme, Swarthmore, Failure. 421 ; Queen-rearing. Pridgen on. 564, 565, 681, 725 ; Queen-rearing, To Remove Cocoons from Combs, 681 ; Queen-rearing Improved by In-breeding, 275 ; Queen-rearing, Age of Larvae for, 92 ; Queen-rearing, Alley on, 679 ; Queen-rear- ing, Alley Plan, 7i9 ; Queen-rearing. Alley v. Doo- little, 326 ; Queen-rearing, Nature's Way, Li51, 675 : Queen-rearing, I'ridgeu on, 636 ; Queen-rearing. Doolittle's I'lan Indorsed, 780 ; Queen-rearing. Young Larvse or Eggs for, 636 ; Queen-rearing, Young Larvaj when Lavishly Fed, 636. Races of Bees, Introduction of, 418 ; Raisin Vineyards, 687 ; Rambler and Cabin in California, 601 ; Rambler Ceases to Ramble, 902 ; Rambler off for Cuba, 53 ; Rambler in Cuba, 110, 235, 286, 235 ; Rambler on Organization, 51 ; Rambler in Isle of Pines, 811, 859 ; Rambler at Moe's in Cuba, 645 ; Rambler at Guana.iav, 423 ; Rambler, Snap Shots of, 643 ; Rambler's First Cigar, 887 ; Rambler's .louncer, 11, 12 ; Rambler's Troubles with New Language, 286 ; Ranch Life in the West, 1025 ; Itauchfuss' House-apiary, 984, 985 ; Record-keep- ing in Apiaries, 196 ; Requeening and Swarming, 504 ; Robber-trap, 820 ; Robbers, To Circumvent, 656 ; Rockies Through Colorado, 983 ; Root, A. I.. Bagging Potatoes, 1030 ; Root, E. R., in Limekiln Canyon, 425 ; Root, E. R., Extracting in Califor- nia, 426 ; Root's, E. R., Visit, 11 ; Root's Forest Home, 543. Sages of California, 512-514 ; Sage, Black, 555 ; Sage, White, 512 ; Sage, Button, 513, 514 ; Sand- wich Islands for Iloney, 501 ; San Francisco, 769 ; San Francisco for i>ee-keepiug, 137 ; Scale Record of Colony, 64 ; Scent of Bees. 65 ; Screw Eyes for Spacers, 66 ; Season Peculiar in Canada, 648 ; Sea- sons Changing, 931 ; Sections Sold by Piece, 49, 697 ; Sections. Danzenbaker, 819 ; Sections, Old, for Next Year, 382 ; Sections, Tall, 8 ; Sections, Tall, in England. 946 ; Sections, Unfinished, 62 ; Sea-bed, Old, in California. 288 ; Shallow Frames I'orcing Honey into Supers. 588 ; Shallow Brood- frames, see Frames, Shallow ; Shares, Bee-keeping on. 738 ; Sheds for Bees in West Indies. 1018 ; Shipping Bees with Household Goods, 566; Ship- ment of 500 Colonies to Cuba, 1023 ; Shook Swarms, see Swarms. Forced ; Sladen in America. 546; Sladen's Thanks to American Bee-keepeis, 198 ; Slat Honey-board, 843 ; Smoker Bellows, Sug- gestions for, 179 ; Smoker Fuel of Coffee-sacks, 656 ; Smoker Run with Compressed Air, 567 ; Smoker, Automatic. Cowan on, 632 ; Smoker, Au- tomatic Vulcan, 499 ; Smoker, Clark, Condemned. 843 ; Smoker, Knapsack, 567 ; Smoke. Snutflng down into Supers, 821 ; Smokers Criticised by Cross, 844 ; Smokers Made at Medina, 844 ; Smok- ers, Cleats on Bellows, 675 ; Smokers, Propolized Cloths in, 739, 819 ; Smokers, Suggestions about. 813; Somerford in Cuba. 330; South American Stingless Bees, 904 ; Spanish Money. 514 ; Spanish Names. 339 ; Spanish. Learning, 558 ; Spanish. :More Troubles with. 330 : Spanish Iloney, 423 ; Sports or Freaks. 8 ; Spraying in Bloom. 544 ; Spraying Trees, 982 ; Spraying While in Bloom. 422 : Spraying. Jeffrey on, 845 ; Spraying, Poison- ing from. 611 ; Spraying, Time to, 704 : Syrup. Proportion of Acid for. 47 ; Stachelhausen on Brushed Swarms. 892 ; Stachelhausen on Forced Swarms. 980 ; Standing Jokes. 66 ; Starvation in Winter, Guarding Against. 94 ; Statutory Enact- ments about Bees. 593 : Sting of Y'oung Bee. 47 ; Sting Poison, 567 ; Stings and Contagious Diseases. 414 ; Stings and Rheumatism. 697 : Stings a Cui-e for Rheumatism. 194 ; Stings Inducing Asthma. 739 ; Sting. Poison of. 696 ; Stings, Horses Immune to. 909 ; "stings. Immunity from, 933 ; Stingless Bees, 423, 592 : Stingless Bees in Honduras, 947 ; Stingless and Other Bees in West Indies, 904 ; GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. stinging, Fatal, 414 ; Stiug-trowel Controversy, 779 ; Stollmeyer, C. F., 501 ; Stores Consumed by Average Colony, 411, 412 ; Stores, Amount Con- sumed Out and In, 387 ; Strawberries, Miller on, 71tl ; Sub-earth Ventilation, !J35 ; Sugar for Kees, 281-2S5 ; Sugar Beet for Alkali Lands, 948 ; Sugar, Beet, When First on Market, 320 ; Sugar, Cane, Value of, 500 ; Sugar, Confectioners', for Cages. 932 : Sugar, Uefined and Unrefined, for Canning, 281-2S5 ; Sulphur, Too Much in Fumigating. 614 : Sulphur for Bleaching Honey, SG2 : Sulphur fur Foul Brood, 589 ; Supers, Getting Bees Out of, 728, 821 ; Swarm with Clipped Queen, 800 ; Swarms Shaken in Foundation Not Recommendoa 977 ; Swarms, Brushed, Symposium on, 807-810. 863-860 : Swarms, Brushed, 741 ; Swarms, Brush- ed. All about, 848-851 ; Swarms, Brushed, Doub'e the Crop, 809 ; Swarms, Brushed, Not Stopping Swarming, 978 ; Swarms, Brushed, in the South, 869 ; Swarm, Brushed, is Like Natural One, 848, 863 ; Swarms, Brushed, Early History, 892 ; Swarms, Brushed. Brood for, 887'; Swarms. Brusa- ed, for Comb Honey, 809 ; Swarms, Brushed, a Success, 808 ; Swarms, Brushed, Symposium on, 848-851 ; Swarms, Brushed, Miller on, 844 ; Swarm, Brushed, To Make, 843 ; Swarms. Brushed, 910 : Swarms. Brushed. Unpleasant Features of, 807 ; Swarms, Forced, 694, 762, 777 ; Swarms, Forced, with Frame of Brood, 1011 ; Swarms, Forced, I'oints in Favor of, 888 ; Swarms, Forced, Many Bees Essential, 976 ; Swarms, Forced, v. No Swarms, 971, 972 ; Swarms, Forced, Two Drives, 972 ; Swarms, Forced, Different Ways to Form, '.tSO; Swarms, Forced, Equal Natural, 940, 10] 2; Swarms, Forced, v. Nuclei, 979 ; Swarms, Forc.?d, Nomenclature of, 933 ; Swarms, Forced, v. Nat- ural, 1012 ; Swarms, Catching, 1028 ; Swarms, Hiving on Empty Frames, 414 ; Swarms, Dog to Watch, 692 : Swarms, Large Hives for, 892 ; Swarms, Shaking or I»ividing, 910 ; Swarms, (Jet- ting Without Cutting Limbs, 738 ; Swarms, Hiv- ing, with Clipped Queen, 366 ; Swarms, Inducing to Stay, 720 : Swarms, Forced. Aikin on, 940 ; Swarms, Hiving, 383 ; Swarms, Percentage of Bees that Go out, 319 ; Swarms, Prime, a Question of Nomenclature, 277 ; Swarming, Prevention of, 409 ; Swarming, To Prevent, 587 ; Swarming, Nat- ural, Plan for, 319 ; Swarming, a Sure Preventive, 545 ; Swai'ming, Sure Cure for, 543 ; Swarming Reduced to Minimum, 505 ; Swarming Anticipated by Shaking, 972 ; Swarming at Out-apiary, 949 ; Swarming Without Queen-cells, 654 ; Swarming Fever Started by Young Bees, 719 ; Sivarthmore's Scheme of Mating a Failure, 421 ; Swarthmore (fueen-mating Boxes, 726 ; Swarthmore's Mating- boxes, 548 ; Swarthmore System a Failure, 327 ; Sweet Clover, see Clover, Sweet : Sweet Clover, Ironical Poem on. 276 ; Sweet Clover for Hay. 1022 ; Swlnson's Jumbo Hive, 432 : 231 ; Syrup m Open Air Not Advised, 382 ; Syrup. Thin, for Bees, 632. Tall Sectoins, see Sections, Tall ; Tariff on Cu- ban Honey, 592 : Tariff. American, on Honey, 503 : Taxes on Bees, 948 : Telegouy, 237 ; Temperature, Importance of, in Hive, 932 ; Texas as a Bee State, 562 : Texas, Southwest, for Bees, 292 ; Texas, Uood Season in, 988 ; Texas, Fear of Drouth in, 776 ; Tiering Up, 411; Tilling Soil in Cuba, 602; To- bacco Question. 568 ; Tobacco and Railways, 677 : Toepperwein for Director, 988 ; Tongue Length Not an Incident in Red-clover Queens, 48 ; Tongue Length, (Jillette"s Experiments, 145 ; Tongue Reach V. Length, 47, 145, 275 ; Tongue Reach and Length Explained by Gillette. 233 ; Tongues Measured by (villette, 8 ; Tongues, I^ength of Bees', 457 ; 'I'ongues, Long or Short, 92 ; Tongues, Measuring Long or Short, 7 ; Tongues, Queens with Long, t'>95 : Tool, Handy Apiary, 65 ; Top-bars of Bass- wood, 95, 135, 635, 675 ; Top-bars, Thick, I're- ferred, 95 : Top-bars, Thick, v. Thin, 1028 ; Top- iiars. Shortened, 949 ; Transferring by Us.ng Wires, 412; Transferring in Spring, 694"; Trans- ferring frum L. to Danz. Frames, 868 ; Transfer- ring, Ob.iect-lesson, 192 ; Transferring, Trick in, 364 ; Transferred Combs, Method of Staying, 77'J ; Tree. Removing Bees Without Cutting, 945 ; Trop- ical Competition. 503 ; Trust, A Honey, 189 ; Trust, Bee and Honey, 143 ; Tulipan in Cuba, 287 ; Ttinis, Africa, for Bees, 181. Uncapping by Heat Tainting Honey, 589 ; Un- capping Device, 7 ; Uncapping-fork. 48 ; Uniting After-swarms and Nuclei, 802 ; Upper Stories, • ineens Fertilized in, 229 ; Utah as a Bee Country, 900. Ventilation, Sub-earth, for Cellars, 935 ; Village, Deserted. 687. Wall. Mike, and His Transferring, 192 ; Wasps Have Foul Brood, 414 ; Wasps, Value of, 138 ; Watson's Ranch, Nebraska, 1025 ; Water, Percent- age of, in Honey, 588 ; Wax and Honey Extract- ors, Home-made, 112 ; Wax in Cell Bottoms. 543, 588; Wax Scales, 799, 843; Wax, Adulteration of, 47 ; Wax, Amount in Old Combs, 197, 293 ; Wax, Cleaning with Acid, 223 ; Wax. Origin of, 224 ; Wax, Substitute for in Foundation, 987 ; Wax- prtss, Gernmn, Indorsed, 179 ; Wax-extractors, So- lar, 107-109; Wax-extractors, To Make, 112; Wax- extractors with Sub-heat, 107-109 ; Wax-press, Cheap, Effective, 8u2 ; Wax-press, Lever, 675 ; Wax-presses, Various, 595, 596 ; Wax-separator. Sikin s, 49 ; Weight of Bees, 47 ; Western Farming and Irrigation, 99-106 ; West India Honey in U. S., 591 ; West India Honey for Europe, 503 ; Wheat, California, Ett'eet on Eastern Crop, 645 ; Wheat- raising in California. 643 ; Wheeibarrows for the Apiary, (i6 ; White Colver, Second Crop of, 799 : Wiley-lie Scare, New One, 893 ; Wings, Clipping before Flight, 614; Wiring Frames, 946; Wiring, Is It Necessary'? 740; Wind as a Factor in Win- tering, 364 ; Winter Stores, Amount Needed, 387 ; Wintering in House-apiaries, 339 ; Wintering Prob- lem, 373; Wintering with Super on, 198; Winter- ing with Dead Bees in Hive, 434 ; Wintering in Cellars, see Cellars ; Wintering on Black Honey- dew, 385 ; Wintering, Amount of Food for, 94 ; Wintering, Questions on, 197 ; Wintering, Stores Needed for Outdoors and In. 387 ; Wintering-re- positories, see Cellar Wintering; Wire Cloth Too Fine, 808 ; Wire Nail for Spacer, 136 ; Worker Comb, To Secure, 765 ; Wyoming for Bees, 983. Yield per Colony, 8 ; York for General Manac;er. 613. Zinc, Perforated, Inventor of, 587. Illustrations. Aguinaldo Bianco Plant, 424; Aikin's Solar Ex- tractor, 107-109; Alfalfa Blossom, Life Size. 983; Alfalfa, Stacking, 22. 1020, 1027 : American Tramp, 602 ; Alfalfa in Full Bloom, 21 ; Apiary of A. P. Aspinwall, 55 ; Apiary of Craycraft and de Beche, 236 ; Apiary of Mr. Flory, 088 ; Apiary of Mr. Folkesdorf. 811 ; Apiary of Mr. Gilpin, 775 ; Apiary of Heddon Hives. in Cuba, 772; Apiary of J. A. Harris, 943 ; Apiary of llochstein, 602 ; Apiary of Howe, 515; Apiary of Mr. Keenan, 811 ; Apiary of Mendleson, 426 ; Apiary of I'ostmaster in Cn'lia, 424 ; Apiary of Mr. Moe, in Cuba, 640 ; Apiary of Rauchfuss Brothers, 984 ; Apiary of W. P. Turner. 195 ; Apiary of Wessing Brothers, 771 ; Apiary in Cuba, 558 ; Apiary under Palm Shed, 734; Apiary Watched by Dog, 693; Apiary, Brown's, in Cuba, 287 ; Apiary, Eagle Rock, 291 ; Apiary, Erick's Elevated, 770, 771 : Apiary, Root's, in Cuba, 1(^23; Apiary, Soinerford's, 331; Apiary, W^oodbury's, 334 ; Apiary, Overhanging Rock, 649 ; Apiary, Tarheel, 817 ; Apiary, While Water Val- ley, 900 ; Apiaries of Dr. Gandy, 005, 600 ; Apiaries of McClure and Ililchings, 335 ; Arizona Cacti. 19-21 ; Atwater, B. F.. 899. Barrels of Honey, Loading in Cuba, 690; Bees Mack's, Illustrated, 609-011 ; Bees, Moving, i . Medina. 858 ; Bees, ISIoving. in Cuba, 603 ; Be caves in California, 290 ; Bee-cellar. Root's, 38"- ; Bee-escape, Method of I'utting in, 776: Bee-keep," ', Millionaire, 561 ; Bee-men of Central Californ.a, 731 ; Bennett, B. S. K., 333 ; Black Sages, 556 : P.leaching Comb Honey. 516-518 ; Bocoys of Honey in Cuba, 691 ; Boslock's Wax-presses, 595, 590 ; P.ottling Honey in Medina, 856, 857; Bottom-board, New Danzenbaker, l(i24 ; Brodbeck's Hive-cover, 111; Brown, F. E., 732. Cactis, Giant Tree, 19-21 ; Canal. Amity, Arkan- sas Valley, 103 ; Carpet Grass of California, 769 ; GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. Cellar, Holtermann's, 150, 152, 153; Cellar, Ven- tilation for, 98 ; Chinese Bee-keeper, 816 ; Cocoa- nuts, (lathering, in Cuba, 559 ; Coggsball's Apiary in Cuba, 558: Comb Honey, Bleacliing, 516-518; Cover for Hive. Brodbeck's, 111 ; Coyote Shepherd Dog, 945 ; Crane's Bleaching-house, 516 : Cross's Smokei's, 813, 814 ; Cuban Bee-keepers on Kam- ble, 515. Uadant, Charles. 650 ; Danzenbaker Hive, 775 ; Danzenbaker Hives, Mendleson's. 428; Dog for Watching Swarms, 693 ; Dolson's Shed Apiary, 147 ; Dolson at Home, 149 ; Driveway in Arizona, 22 ; Drones. Virility of, 737. Eucalyptus. Mammoth, 601 ; Extractor Run by Water, 566 ; Extracting-house and Outfit in Cuba, 773. Fagafones for Cooking, 647 ; Ferry, H. P., 692 ; Fig-tree, Rambler's Mammoth, 643 ; Flory. I. D. and Family, 733 ; Flory's Apiary, 688 ; Flory's Section-case, 688 ; Foul Brood, Rambler Looking for, 11 ; Franes, Transferred. 192. Gandv. Dr. J. L., 605 : Gaudy's Apiaries, 605, 606: Gold Prospector, 147. Harris, J. A., and Family, 944 : Hart and Fam- ily, 732 : Harvesting in California. 645 : Heddon Frames. Handling. 772 ; Hershiser, O. L., 97 : Hive, Long-idea, 231, 232: Holley, R. A., 599; Holter- mann's Bee-cellar, 150, 152, 153; Honey Eaten by Children, 736 : Honey on Wharf at Havana, 237 ; Honey, Bottling in INIedina, 856, 857 ; Honey- house of Palm-trees. 559 ; Honey-tank, Mendle- son's. 429 : House-apiary of Rauchfuss Brothers, 984. 985 : Howe's Hospital Apiary, 515. Irrigation Hlustrated. 103-106: Irrigation Lat- erals, 104 ; Irrigation, Elevating Water, 900 ; Irri- gation, Method of, 105; Irrigation-wheel in Idaho. 900 ; Ivy. J. P., 191. Jouncer, Rambler's, 12: Jugs, Spanish, 903. Koehler's Method of Ventilating Cellars. 98. Lawson and Family. 147 ; Lee. Mrs. C. P.. 816. Mack's Bees, Illustrated, 609-611 ; Mack's Ex- tracting-frames, 62; Mason, Dr. A. P... 986; Mc- Intyre's Residence. 557 : Mclntyre's Water-power Extractor, 556 ; McXay's Bee-cave. 200 ; McNay, F., at Home, 289 ; Mendleson at Home, 42{)-429 ; Mendleson's Comb Honey, 427 ; Miller and York, 511 ; Moe, Mr. and Mrs., 647 ; Moving Bees in Cuba. 603. Ogden Canyon, Utah. 901. I'alm Sheds in Cuba, 734 ; Palm, Royal, in Bloom, 902 ; Pepper-tree in California. 52 ; Polka Step, Rambler's, 381 ; Potatoes, How to Load into Boxes, 1030 ; Pridgen's Queen-rearing Methods, 564, 565, 725, 726 : Presses, Wax, 595, 596 ; Proof of the Pudding, 736. Queen-cell Cups at W'holesale, 564, 565 ; Queen- cells, Mike Wall's, 193 ; Queen-mating Boxes, Swarthmore, 727 ; Queen-rearing, Pridgen's — see Pridgen. Raisin Vineyard in California, 687 ; Rambler in Isle of Pines, 859 ; Rambler and McCubbin Child- ren, 600 ; Rambler and Obstreperous Cuban, 774 : Rambler and the Woman, 286 : Rambler in Cuba, 235 ; Rambler Lost in Cuba, 330 ; Rambler Desert- ed in Cuba, 691 ; Rambler Greeting Editor, 599 ; Rambler off for Cuba, 53 ; Rambler, Snap Shots of, 599, 643-645 : Rambler's Blackboard, 436, 524, 560, 604, 648, 692, 735, 774, 812, 860, 904, 946, 988; Rambler's Dining-room under Fig-tree, 643 ; Ram- bler's Jouncer, 12 ; Rauchfuss Brothers' House- apiary, 984, 985 ; Record-keeping of Apiaries, 196 ; Robber-trap, 820 ; Root Co.'s Office in Havana, 237 ; Root Co.'s Load of Bees. 858 ; Root Co. 'a Shipment of Bees to Cuba, 1023 ; Root's Bees in Cuba, 1023 ; Root's, A. I., Physical Culture, 1030 ; Root, A. I., Sacking Potatoes, 1030 ; Root, E. R., in Califor- nia, 427. White. 512; Sage, Button, of ; Sages, 512-514. 555 ; Salis- for Shipping-cases, 58 : Sec- Shaffner Brothers in Camp, 51 ; Shipping-cases with Small I^ights, 58 : Smok- ers, Cross's, 813, 814: Soil, Tilling in Cuba, 602; Solar Extractor, Mammoth, 107-109 : Somerford and Ilelpei's, 332; Somerford the Talker, 518; Somerford's Cement Hive-bottoms. 380 ; Somer- ford's 800-gallon Tank, 879 ; Spermatozoa of Drones, 737; Swarms Watched by Dog, 093; Swarms, Catching without Cutting Limbs. 738 ; Swarthmore Queen-mating Boxes, 727 : S^vinson's Long-idea Hive. 231, 232. Tobacco-bug Boys, 800 ; Transferred Wires, 779. Vinevard, Immense, in California, 687. Wall's, Mike, Queen-cell. 193 ; Wall's, Mike, Transferred Frames, 192; Watson's Alfalfa Har- vesting, 1026, 1027 : Watson Ranch Depot. 1025 : Watson Ranch Illustrated, 1025-1027 : Wax-press of Half-barrel, 708 : Wax-presses, Rostock's, 595, 596: Wheat Harvesting in California, 645. York and Miller, 511. Sage of California, California, 513, 514 : bury's Small Lights tions. Unfinished, 62 : Our Homes and High-Pressure Gardening. Air. Plenty of Pure. 657 : Alfalfa in Cold Reg- ions, 299 : American Wonder Lemon, 352 ; Anti- saloon Congress at Columbus. 1031 ; Anti-saloon League at Xenia. 616: Apple-growing at Ohio Ex. Station. 827 : Apple. Yellow Transparent. 747. Barometers, do they Pay, 438 ; Biddell Brothers, the Murderers, 156. Cabin in Woods as Younger Roots See it. 747 ; Canteen in Army. 113; Catnip. Growing for Bees. 784 : Church. Building up Country, 745. 781 ; Cigarettes and Wages. 297 ; Clairvoyants and For- tune-tellers. 701 ; Clearing up Forests. 437 ; Cloth- ing According to the Weather, 994 ; Colossal La- dino. 251 ; Cows, Kicking, 615 ; Culture, Physical, 1036. Digging and Bagging Potatoes, 1035. Egyptian Onion-sets. 1000. Fairs. County, 913, 951. 953; Farhing with Green Manures, 392 : Fertilizers. Chemical, 392 ; Flowers that do not Fade, 115: Flora Home, 248. Garden Seeds, Kinds Needed, 393 : Ginseng and Ginseng Gardens, 29. 252 : Grand Rapids Lettuce Seed. 251 : Greenhouse Work with F;owers. 200. Hailstorms, Bombarding, 247 ; Heating and Lighting Houses by Wind Power. 202 : Hilbert's Strawberries. 660 ; Hoe-cake, To Make, 249 ; Homesickness. 912 : Honey. Adulterated, 113 ; Honey, Buckwheat. 783 : Honey. Raspberry, 701. Label. Metal. 254 : Laws. Enforcing. 950 ; Let- tuce Under Glass. 992 ; Liquor Problem, 894 ; Liquors. Advertising, 298 ; Lynching, Assassina- tion, etc., 70. Mavwood Colony. 391,. 526 ; Measure, Giving Good.' 295 : Muskoka Region. 401. Orions Started in Ilot-beds, 36 ; Onions, Gibral- tar, 36, 957. Parched Corn for Poultry. 212 ; Paris Green as a Fungicide, 251 ; Peach-growing. High-pressure. 343: Plum Story, Another, 870, 957; Plum. Wild Goose. 660, 747. 784; Potato Tests at Ohio Ex. Station, 826 ; Potato, New Russet, 957 ; Potato, Russet, 825 : Potatoes, Planting Too Close, 28 ; Potatoes, Varieties of, 827 ; Potato-growers, Among the. 825 ; Potato-growing in Northern Michigan. 569 ; I'otato-planter, Hand. 36. 353 ; Potting Soil for Geraniums, 213 ; Prizewinner Bean, 258. Radish. The Elusive. 199 ; Ranching in the Woods, 343 ; Remington Gospel Settlement, 24 : Raspberries, Red, for Medicine, 700 ; Russet Scab- proof Potato, 252. Saloons and County Fairs, 953 : Saloons as a Public Benefit, 991 ; Sap. Gathering it on Sunday. 341: Satan's Beguiling, 390; Seed Potatoes. Snck for Holding, 444 : Shallots, or Potato Onions. 353 : Sowing Red Clover in August, 345 : Soy Bean. 252 ; Spraying, Importance of, 871 : Squashes. Hubbard. 993 : Strawberry, Jessie, 28 : Stuart's Lecture. 1033 : Sunday-school. Starting a, 340 ; Sweet Clover for Horses, etc., 252 ; Sweet Clover at Ohio Ex. Station, 301. Telephone. Future of, 298 ; Tobacco and Its Cul- ture, 213: Tobacco Industry Encouraged by Gi v- ernment. 70 : Tobacco in our Schools. 249 : Tobac CO. Freedom from its Bondage, 445 : Tobacco, Terry's Stand on. 393 : Tomatoes. First Earlv, 115; Tongan Bean, 253; Tools for Digging I'o- tatoes. 05S : Tools, Getting Acquainted with, 658 ; Trap Nest. 36. Water. Pure. 116. 253 ; Working on Sunday. 822 : Yellow Sweet Clover, 301. J GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. BEE-BOOKS. THE A B C OF BEE CULTURE, iy03 edition ; tlifi only encj'cio- pedia on bees ; 500 pages. The edition, 500U copies, issued in Oc- tober, 1890, was exliausted in the short space of one year. Even beiore the edition was out ot press, loOO copies had been sold ; and betore tliiny days had passed luuO more copies were tanen. W'c immediately set to worls to print a new edition. While the edition of ISOt) was more thoroughly re- vised than any previous one, that for 1901 received even larger ad- ditions of new matter, and the edition for 1903 has been as thoroughly gone over, so that the present volume is clear up to date with all the latest there is in bee-keeping. It now con- tains 500 double-column pages. It has been mo'it carefully gone over by Dr. C. C. Jliller, who has prepared a new set of comments, and by Prof. A. J. Cook, of Pomona College, Cal. THIS 1903 EDITION MARKS THE 85tH THOUSAND. It is in many respects superior to any previous one in regard to typographical appearance, quanti- ty of new subject-matter, and general revis;on of old subjects, for we are now building on the knowl- edge and experience of tliese latter days, when such wonderful strides are being made. FOK THE VETEKAN AS WELL AS THE BEGINNER. V.'hile the book is, in the true sense, an A B C of beo-culture, in that it is adapted to tlie require- ments of beginners, it is also a comprehensive X Y Z of the subject ; for no veteran, no matter how extensive his experience, can afford to be Vv'itliout a v/ork of this kind, containing as it does a care- fully prepared treatment on every late method of practice known to the business. All the bee-litfra- ture of past ages, all the current literature of this and every other country, has been carefully scanned : and whatever there is that is new and valuable has been ineorpciated in this work. HIGH-CLASS ENGRAVINGS. The most expensive half-tone engravings, taken direct in the majority of cases from tine ciear photos, adorn its pages. Besides 50 ftill-page il- lustrations there are something like 500 smaller ones, fully setting forth the exact modus operandi of every method. We are confident that this work will save any one who keeps even a few bees, ten rimes its cost in a single year. A CYCLOPEDIA. For convenience and ready reference the subject- matter has been arranged on tue pian of a cyclo- pedia, and bold headings on every page, together witli a very full index in the back part of the book, make it possible for any one to find just the information he desires. While the book has been enlarged, and hundreds of pages have been rewritten and revised, the price will be the same as before : $1.20 postpaid, or $1.00 by express or freight with other goods, or when sent with our journal. Gleanings in Bee Ct'LTtiRB, which is a constant appendix to the A B C book, a journal beautifully printed and illus- trated, 3G pages, for tiie very low price of $1.75 for the two. For quantity of up-to-date bee-litera- ture there is nothing else "offered at this low price. FORTY YEARS AMOXO THE BEES. Some 17 years ago Dr. C. C. Miller, of Marengo, 111., wrote an unpretentious little book entitled, "A Year Among the Bees." This was charmingly written, and in a style so simple and easy tliat it read more like a story than a treatise on bees. The new book, in one sense a revision of the old, because it uses some of the old matter, is. to all intents and purposes, a brand-new work with a title that certainly covers a large expanse of time for one life, and that of a man who is one of the best-posted bee-men in the United States — a practical bee-keeper, one who produces large crops of honey. Tie has for years read most thoroughly all the liter- 1 ature on bees, both in lOurope and Amei-ica. With all his practical knowledge relating to the busintso he is a college graduate, a graduate of a medical school, and one who has had a large experience as a journalist. His training is just sucii as would enable him to write a book on bees ; and his last book, from his ripest and best experience, is a masterpiece. It is just as much a good story as tlie old one, and just as interesting. It contains over 300 pages and 100 beautiful iiaif-tone pictures from photos taken by the good doctor himseif while he was at his every-day work among the bees. I'rice $1.00, postpaid, or clubbed with Gleanings in Bee Culture for $1.75. LANGSTROTH ON THE HONEY-BEE. Revised by L)adant & Son. The original work, by the father of American bee-keeping, was a most valuable one in its time. The revisers have brought it up to the present advanced stage of bee-keepiiJg, and have greatly increased its value as a reliable source of information on all subjects relating to the honey- bee. They are practical men. ai-d no better au- thority could have been selected for the revision. The work has been accepted as a standard in En- rope and America, in fact, it has been translated into the Russian and French languages. We can furnish the French edition at $1.50 postpaid, $1.35 not prepaid. The book contains nearly 600 pages, 16 large plates, and 200 other illustrations. Price $1.25 postpaid. By freight or express, 15 cts. less. MANUAL OF THE APIARY. By the well-known writer. Prof. A. J. Cook. This work treats of both the scientific and practical part of bees. It covers a wide field in the range of apicultural matters — many of the subjects not being compassed else- whore in any one work. The author, besides giving his own opinions, cites the opinions of many of our greatest writers on apicuUury. It contains 5-14 pag<.s and 205 illustrations. It wns extensively revised m 1903^ bringing it clear up to da. e. P.ice |1.20 post- paid; 15 less by freight or express. ADVANCED BEE CULTURE. By W. Z. Hutch- inson, Editor of the Bee-keepers' Review. As the title indicates, this book deals chiefly with the methods and management used by those more ad- vanced— those who follow the business as a means of livelihood. Mr. Ilutchinsori is a terse, clear, able writer — one who has not only a good theor- etical knowledge, but a knov.'ledge based on prac- tical experience. He does not, in the limited scope of the work, attempt to cover all the practice^ known to tlie business, but only those which in his own judgment are best suited to that class of bee- keepers whom he is addressing. To the busy man, one who desires to get a lot of good, useful informa- tion boiled down in a small compass, this work is especially adapted. While it contains only about 100 double-column pages, yet it is well worth the price asked. Price, in paper binding, 50 cents. QUINBY'S NEW BEE-KEEPING. This was orig- inally written by Moses Quinby ; and this, together with Mr. Langstroth's work, first placed American bee-keeping upon a paying Liasis. Some years ago j\lr. Quinby's son-in-lavk'. L. C. Root, revised and thoroughly re-wrote the book, bringing it up with- in the present time. Mr. Root, like his father-in- law, made bees pay : and both are practical in their writing. Price $1.00 ; by freight or express, 10 cts. less. BEES AND HONEY. By T. G. Newman, for- merly the editor of the American Bee Journal. This is a lOmo in cloth and gilt. al)out 160 pages, fully illustrated. Its chief value is the part relating to the marketing and use of honej-. Price 75 cts. postpaid. QUEEN-REARING. By G. M. Doolittle. Any thing from the pen of this writer is sure to be re- liable. This contains much valuable information on the sulxject which gives the book its name. It contains 12.S pages and 14 illustrations, bound in cloth. I'rice $1.00; 5 cts. less not mailed. BEE PICOPLE, THE. A book on bees especially for children, from the pen of Margaret W. Morley. Including its elegant illustrations, it is. in some re- spects, the prettiest bee-book in existence. It has 177 pages, very coarse print, the reading being in- geniously interwoven with the illustrations show- ing the ])arts of a bee. The story of bee-life is told in a most fascinating manner, "and is well calcu- lated to get the casual render, as well as children, interested in this useful insf'ct. The cuts go just enousli into d'-iail to expli'in fully the lesson taught, without confusing the mind with other GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE. things We think the booli well worthy a place in every bee-keepers' home. Fittingly designed cover. Price $1.10, postage 15 cts. extra. BRITISH BEE-KEEPERS' GUIDE-BOOK. By Thos Wm Cowan. This has been before the pub- lic so long that it needs no description nor com- mendation. It has passed through 14 editions, and has been printed in French, German, Danish, Swed- ish, Russian, and Spanish. Mr. Cowan stands in the front rank of bee-keepers, and in some respects at the very head, and his book is the result ot his long experience and extensive reading. If the book is particularly valuaoie in any one respect it is in regard to the treatment of diseases peculiar to bees. Handsome binding, 173 pages. 90 cts, postage 10 cts. extra. HONEY-MAKERS, THE. By Miss Margaret W Morley. This is a story of the life of the bee told in very interesting style — how it lives, gathers honev. and all about it. While clothing tiie gen- eral subject with an air of poetry, it seems to be entirely within the limits of known facts while at- tempting to deal with them. We believe it will o-ive all thoughtful bee-keepers a greater liking for their business to read it. Probably it has more to do with the curious traditions connected \vi_th bees than any other book of the kind. Price ^l.lo. Post- age, 10 cts extra. LIFE OF TIIE BEE. By Maurice Maeterlinck. This is a beautiful book of 427 pages. While it has been praised highly by some, it must be admitted that as a bee-book it is not a safe guide ; in fact, it does not even pretend to teach one how to open a hive. But in spite of its glaring inaccuracies as to bees, it is a wonderful book, and has the warm- est recommendation of the Briti.sli lire Journal, the Irish Bee Journal, and many others. To say the best it is very interesting, but should be read care- fully so as to nift truth from fiction, which latter the author deals in with all the freedom of poetic license. The typography of the book is of the highest order. Cloth-bound. Price $1.30. Post- age 10 cts. extra. HOXEY-BEE, THE. By Thos. Wm. Cowan. Gives the natural history, anatomy, and physiology of the bee in a neat and concise style. 220 pages, 136 illustrations, cloth. Price 95 cts. Postage 5 cts extra. MERRYBANKS AND HIS NEIGHBOR. By. A. I. Root. This is the title of a little book of 210 pages and (58 illustrations. It narrates the alternate fail- ure and success of a beginner who ultimately, through much tribulation, becomes a successful bee- man and a power for good in Onionville. Appro- priate original cuts, many of them humorous, are interspersed here and there, representing some of the droll experiences which a beginner with bees somtimes passes through. Besides bees, it talks of other rural pursuits, such as gardening, maple sugar making, etc. Price loc ; 3 cts. less when sent with other goods by freight or express. BOOKS ON RURAL SUBJECTS. Rural industries are so closely connected with bee-keeping that we do not think it out of place to include here a few rural books of our publica- tion. A B C OF POTATO CULTURE. This is T. B. Terry's first and most masterly work. The book has had a large sale, and has been reprinted in foreign languages. It was revised and enlarged in 1901. and the third edition makes 290 pages, half the size of this, fully illustrated, and bound in leatherette cover printed in gold. Price 45c ; by mail, 50c. In cloth WINTER CARE OF HORSES AND CATTLE. This is friend Terry's sec- ond book in regard to farm matters ; but it is so intimately connected with his potato book that it reads almost like a sequel to it. If you have only a horse or a cow it will surely pay you to invest in the book. It has 44 pages and 4 cuts. Price 25c ; by mail, 30c. TILE DRAINAGE. By W. I. Chamberlain. This is a valuable companion to our other rural books. It embraces the experience of forty years of one of our foremost agricul- turists, who has laid with his own hands over fifteen miles of tile. The price is 35c ; by mail, 40c. TOMATO CULTURE. In three parts. By J. W. Day, D. Cummins, and A. I. Root ; a most valuable trea- tise, embracing field culture, forcing under glass, and raising plants for market. Valuable to any one raising garden stuff of any kind aside from tomatoes. 150 pages ; illustrated. I'rice 35c ; mail, 40c. MAPLE SUGAR AND THE SU- GAR-BUSH. By Prof. A. J. Cook. Price 23c ; by mail, 30c. This is by the same author as the Manual of the Apiary, and is most valuable to all who are interested in the product of our sugar-maples. No one who makes maple sugar or syi'up should be with- out it ; 44 pages, fully illustrated. A B C OF CARP CULTURE. In paper covers, illustrated. This is a work of 70 pages 7x10, written by Geo. Finley and A. I. Root, and the best authority on the subject of carp culture yet in print. The rearing of carp is" a pleasant and profitable amusement. This book will tell you all about it. Price 25 cts. ; by mail 5 cts. extra. WHAT TO DO, AND HOW TO BE HAPPY WHILE DOING IT. The above book, by A. I. Root, is a compilation of papers published in Gleanings in Bee Culture, in 1886. '7, and '8. It is intended to solve the problem of finding occu- pation for those scattered over our land, out of em- ployment. The suggestions are principally about finding employment around j'our own homes. The book is mainly upon market-gardening, fruit cul- ture, poultry-raising, etc. Price in paper covers, 50 cts : cloth, 75 cts. If ordered by freight or express, deduct 8 and 10 cts. respectively. lis Ppiee List of Books. By mail. THE A B C OF STRAWBERRY CULTURE. 280 pages, fully illus- trated ; revised and enlarged during 1901. Price 45c; by mail. 5c extra. This is also one of Terry's books, and has received some very high words of praise. Who that keeps bees does rot also have a little garden patch".' If vou would learn to raise in it that most luscious of all fruits, the strnw- bcrrv. with the best results, you can not be with- out this little book. Even if you don't grow straw- berries you will be the better for reading it. Pages one-half size of this. THE A B C of Bee Culture, cloth Forty Years Among the Bees, C. C Miller Lang-stroth, Revised bj- Dadant, cloth Quinby's Ne^v Bee-keeping, cloth Manual of the Apiary, cloth Advanced Bee Culture Bees and Honey, T. G. Kewiiian, cloth Queen-rearing, G. M. Doolittle, cloth Foul Brood, Wm. R. Howard, paper Merrybanks and His Keighbor, paper The Bee People, Margaret W. Morley British Bee-keepers' Guide-book, Cowan... The Honey-makers, Margaret W. Morley. lyife of the Bee, Maurice Maeterlinck The Honev-bee, Cowan What to Do, and How to be Happy While Doing It, cloth The same in paper covers A B C of Carp Culture, paper A B C of Potato Culture, paper ABC of Potato Culture, cloth A BC of Strawberrv Culture, paper Winter Care of Horse? and Cattle, paper. Maple Susrar and the Suear-bush. paper.. Tile Drainage, by W. I. Chamberlain Tomato Culture '. U LO 1 uo 1 20 1 00 1 25 50 7b 1 00 25 15 1 25 1 00 1 25 1 40 1 00 75 50 30 50 75 50 30 30 40 40 Post- age. 20 5 15 10 15 5 5 5 2 3 15 10 10 10 Discount.— On three or more rural books one title or assorted, 10 per cent discount; 10 or more, lo per cent. A. I. R.OOT<.CO., Medii»a,'iOhio. ..^^ '"'^^ \^h ± rvi^^"^ ;,^;i^-. .- -^^'^- i^^^^- "'n^r^^^ ^ V" V -^^ " vi^^'l'-i^ ^'^>^je- ^J -i^ Vv \iK.. : & "> I iOS / ' d>^y^i '^. ^\. '^^.'.^C^. i ^\^ ■->'^ ,4 *^2 '" "'k**' '" f%^"M\ ■«*, f^ ^ J>-/« sii V . '^^., 'VP M>S'^- m »<'^^!', -. JiJ.^^'v: n:^''-i. ^',^ ^>Jm^ ''^^ "■ ^' J .•«>;r%$^^ .^ , *■% f./Sfe"'^'T^^'^"* ,^v s>^\#^4&'pn ^"V ^S^- vj:^^ '•! ' "." - -%?:^- ^^^t^>^. ^s^^',,-^^ ;>r. '^ ^ x^. #«.! i^4*^ -;\^ .>%v'^ ^^^J^ ^z^^:*^.5*f 4 '^ ..■,>^r^» ^ i^