ORSETRAININC- GLEASON'S HORSE TRAINING MADE EASY A NEW AND PRACTICAL SYSTEM OF TEACHING AND EDUCATING THE HORSE. Illustrated xvith Forty-four Engravings WHIP TRAINING ; OR, HOW TO DBIVE WITHOUT REINS; HOW TO MAKE A HORSE TROT HONEST, ETC., ETC. BY OLIVER H. GLEASON, V. S. TO WHICH IS APPENDED AN ESSAY ON HORSE SHOEING The Symptoms and Treatment of the Various Dis- eases of the Horse, Embracingr a Full and Complete History of Glanders. Chicago Frederick J. Drake & Company Publishers PREFACE. The art of training- horses has, until within the last few years, been attended with much cruelty and bad management. The system known as Rarey's, though practiced in this country for many years, was made popular by Mr. J. S. Rarey, to whom the author gladly ac- cords all the credit which is justly due him. His success has given a new impetus to the in- ventive minds of horsemen; but like almost all other discoveries, the original is lost sight of in the improvements which follow it. The Rarey system is one purely of subjugation and exhaus- tion; the spirit of the animal by this method is often broken, which is contrary to the system employed in this treatise. The author has employed a method purely his own, which is, that the animal is first taught to understand what is required of him, and when he comprehends your purpose he readily be- comes a willing subject. To attempt to force him to do that which he does not comprehend, is to excite him to resistance; a circumstance always to be avoided. This is the main cause of the many balky, kicking, biting and otherwise unruly horses. The system taught in this work does not re- quire an over-abundance of nerve and determi- nation to successfully train a horse. This 8 i*equisite is possessed by but few men. A boy fifteen or sixteen years of age can break, handle and harness the wildest animal by the system followed by the author. Patience, perseverance and kindness are the chief requisites — not cour- age, strength and cruelty. The man who is de- void of patience cannot control and win the confidence of a spirited horse. There is no other system known to man by which a horse can be trained to drive without bridle, bit or reins, guided simply by motions of the whip. The principle is so simple that any intelligent person can practice it successfully on any intelligent horse. To make a horse trot honest is also a part of the system taught exclu- sively in this book. The subject of shoeing horses, being of great importance to horse owners generally, has been duly considered by the author. The bad effects of careless shoeing are fully demonstrated. A full history of Glanders, together with remedies and preventives is also fully treated. INDEX PAGK A few Hints on Buying 5 Hints on Training Horses-, 13 The Rope Halter, 20 The Cord, 21 The Line Webbing, 23 Habits of the Horse, 24 Kicking in the Stable, 24 Kicking agsunst the side of the Stall, 26 Kicking while Harnessing, 26 Kicking while Grooming, 27 Kicking in Single Hainess, i 27 Kicking in Double Harness, 29 Kicking while Shoeing, 30 Ugly to Shoe Front, 32 Striking, 33 Baulking, 34 Shying, 35 Weaving, 37 Cribbing, 38 Biting Horses, „ 39 Running Away, 41 Cgly to Bridle, 49 Lolling the Tongue, 60 Hugging the Pole, - 61 To make a Horse trot honest, 52 Halter Pulling, 54 Objects of Fear, 66 Haltering the Colt, 62 Hitching the Colt, 64 Training Colts to Harness, 69 Whoa, 67 Learning to Back, 68 Hitching to the Wagon, 70 Bitting the Colt 71 To add Style, 73 Mounting the Colt 74 Riding th« Colt, , H Whip Training, 75 The Short Strap, 78 The Long Strap 80 To teach a Colt to follow you, 80 To teach a Colt to lie down, 80 To teach a Colt to sit up 86 To make a Bow, 85 lo answer Questions, 8« To KlsB you, » 88 To thAk* Hands, V 6 INDEX To Kick wltn the right or left Foot, ........ 87 Learning to Waltz, .„ ~ 88 Hints npon Shoeing, ~ 91 Preparing the Foot, 9^ Application of the Shoe, ~ 86 CUps, 97 Interfering, 97 Overreaching, - 98 Shoeing Ilorees with Corns, - 99 Stopping the Feot ~,.....^.... 100 Things worth knowing, 100 Diteases of the Horse — Inflammation, Sthenic and Asthenic Inflammation, — 104 Terminations of Inflammation, 105 Lampas; Bags or Washers, 106 Sore Mouth; Ulcers in the Mouth, 107 Wolf Teeth, ., 108 Irregular Teeth; Carles of the Te«th, 109 Diseases of the Eye; Amaurosis, or Glass Eye, 110 Inflammation of the Haw; Simple Ophthalmia, Ill Specific Ophthalmia; Cataract; Distemper, 112 Sore Throat; Strangles, .-...- 113 Influenza, ........._..... 114 Bronchitis; Nasal Gleet, .- 115 Pleurisy, 116 Inflammation of the Lnngs ; Congestive Pneumonia, 117 Hydrothorax; Heaves, or Broken Wind, 118 Palpitation of the Heart; Inflammation of the Brain 119 Stomach Staggers; Inflammation of the Bowels, ._ 120 CoUc 121 Diarrhoea; Worms, 122 Retention of Urine, .» 123 Profuse StaUug, ~ 124 Bloody Urine; Calculi, or Stone in the Bladder, 126 Hide Bound; Mange; Surfeit, 126 Poll Evil, 127 Fistula of Withers; Water Farcy; Locked Jaw 128 Rheumatism; Cramp, 130 Founder, 131 Pumiced Feet; Navicular Joint Lameness, 182 Ossification of the Lateral Cartilages, 133 Quitar; Thrush 134 Scratches; Grease Heels, K5 Bone Spavin; Blood Spavin „ 186 Ringbone; Splint; Curb; Capped Hock, 137 Shoulder Strain; Galls, 138 Warts, «.. 139 Oastroting Colts 139 EMsay on Glanders, 141 Valuable Receipts Itf HORSE TRAINING MADE EASY. A FEW HINTS ON BUYING. Perhaps the most difficult thing to buy in the world is a horse. Nothing lends itself, however unwillingly, to fraud and chicanery so readily. A great writer once observed, "There's some- thing about horse dealing that makes a man a blackguard, in spite of himself." Without en- tirely subscribing to this theory, the fact remains, that men, otherwise "straight" in their business and social transactions, will occasion- ally be found straining a point in order to sell some worthless animal as a good horse. The temptation to "get out" of a bad trade is great. What can be more distressing than to find one- self with a horse that is never well two days running, a confirmed jibber. To avoid the temp- tation of "letting in" some hapless fellow-crea- ture for such a beast, let us, then, exercise all our powers of discretion in the original selection and purchase, and, above all, let us take our time and wait our opportunities. No one can recommend you where to go; there is no growing ground for horses; neither can we get them made for us, even at St. Louis. I have picked 7 8 HOBSE TRAINING MADE EASY. up horses in the most unlikely places, and at all sorts of prices. Having- found something" of the stamp you want, do not be too particular about his color, or the length of his tail — "a good horse is never a bad color,'' remember, and it is as impossible to get one that exactly suits you in all respects, as it is for mortal man to attain complete happiness on earth. Again, do not be too exacting about the conditions of a trial, such as the owner's natural desire to be present at it, etc. If the animal is a hunter, you must see him over fences; if a hack, trot and canter him along the hardest road you can find; then, if you can get any soft going, gallop him steadily. In this way you can find out whether his paces are easy, and suitable to the work you have in contemplation for him, and you will also ascertain whether his wind is clear. Pay special attention to the feel of his mouth; and then, having satisfied yourself that he is about the style of horse you want, your functions as rider end, and those of the veterinary surgeon begin. Now comes the question as to whether you will employ one of these professional "aids to buy- ers," or whether you will undertake the duties yourself. It is difficult to lay down any rule upon this point, but I may say that I have, from beginning to end, purchased a very large nuui- ber of horses, and never in one single instance had recourse to professional assistance. This by no means, however, proves that it is a safe plan to dispense with a veterinary examination, nor is it any guarantee that I, personally, may not be fairly caught at the very next venture. As- suming that you have determined to examine for yourself, as far as your abilities allow, into the soundness of the proffered animal, you will find HORSE TRAINING MADE BAST. 9 that your eye will naturally fall, in the first place, upon the fore legs. Any child can, of course, tell whether these are straight or worn; but it takes a clever man to judge how long they are likely to remain straight, and without show- ing signs of wear. Pick up each leg in turn and look at the foot; is the frog sound and clean, or does it carry an odor? If so, look more closely to it; ascertain whether thrush, etc., exists; then satisfy yourself as to the heels, which should be open, and not contracted, that is, when the foot narrows in the quarters, and the sole gets more concave than it should be; and bear in mind that "one pair of good feet is worth two good pairs of legs." Now as to the latter: Run your hand carefully down, from immediately below the knee to the fetlock joint. Is the leg cool, flat and clean? Let your digits make search for any bony enlargements, splints, etc. , and " When found, make a note of !" The particular note you have to make is this: WTiere is the splint? If situated on the bone, and not very close to the knee, it will probably never interfere with either his action, or his usefulness; but on the other hand, if on or near the ligaments or tendons of the leg, be shy in the extreme of him, for a day's work may leave you with a cripple on your hands. If the leg, instead of being flat, is rounded, and apparently fleshy, it will probably be found that the back sinews are strained, and, as an intending purchaser, you had better have noth- ing to do w^ith him. In this state, a good gallop will be as likely as not to produce what is known as breakdown — i. e. , the extreme case of strain of the sinews, for, as a matter of fact, the tendons themselves are very rareij strained. 10 HORSE TRAINING MADE EASY. Generally speaking, the injury is one to the sheath, or else some of the fibers attaching" to it are broken. One word as to windgalls. These pujffy en- largements, which are more often found on the hind than the fore legs, are not of serious im- port unless they become of great size, which is extremely rare; and a horse should not be re- jected on this ground alone. They usually arise from the horse being rattled about, and grad- ually disappear with steady work. Always remember that it would be quite im- possible to indicate any golden rule by which to avoid disappointment in the choice of a horse. One may say, roughly, that your intended pur- chase should stand true on his feet, the pasterns should be sloping; the bone from the knee down- wards not too light, nor the leg too long; the thighs should be muscular, the hocks big and clean, and the body well ribbed up. Especially in a saddle horse the oblique pastern should be sought. If this joint is upright or stilted, dis- comfort will be experienced by the rider, and the horse himself will always be more or less liable to diseases of the feet and legs; the jar of the hard road is much more felt by the upright or short joint than by one that slopes naturally. The shoulder should slant more with the driver or hunter than the harness horse; the latter, having to oppose his weight to that of the vehicle he draws, is rather better for a shoul- der which, although it should be by no means upright, is yet considerably straighter than that of the animal destined for saddle work. Few men selling hunters will consent to giv- ing you a trial with hounds, and so the next best thing to do is to see them over fences, and, if H0R8E TRAIKING MADE EASY. 11 possible, to ride them over yourself. Plenty of good, free jumpers are so roug-h that they would jolt nine men in ten out of the saddle. Should you by chance ht ppen on such a one, be not dis- mayed; nearly every case is curable v^rith a little patience and courage, and most horses will come quiet after awhile. A horse for harness purposes should, to my mind, undergo a severer trial than any other. A horse has far more power over you when draw- ing you behind him, than when you are perched comfortably upon his back. In the latter case you have got him, whilst in the former he has got you! If he has the least suspicion of jibbing, backing, etc., decline him instanter; it is so sim- ple to say— in print— what to do with one of these animals, but having deliberately chosen the sharpest part of a stiff hill, your horse be- gins an Irish progression in the direction of a plate glass front! Shying is also a nasty fault in a harness horse, and kicking worse; the for- mer vice, however, "comes lighter" in a two- wheeler than in a four, as there is no under car- riage to get locked, and thus bring about disas- ter. Another important point to look to is the mouth. Although equally unpleasant, it is not equally dangerous, to have a horse with a bad mouth in the saddle as it is in harness; one that is not readily "steerable" will prove a terrible nuisance, if nothing worse, in driving. There are dozens of other things, which experience alone will teach, to be looked to in the choice and selection of horses, and I have only attempt- ed the roughest outline in these hints, feeling that it would be courting failure to go into «"«^h a matter at any greater length. HINTS ON TRAINING HORSEi. The form, proportions, muscular powers, and swillness of the horse, combined with its spirit, docility, and intelligence, expressly fit it for the use of man. It is alike serviceable for draft and the saddle. From its primeval nursery it has radiated in all directions ; it has accompanied man in his wanderings over the world. To the industrious inhabitant of the thronged city, to the agriculturist, to the sportsman who follows the chase for pleasure, and to him who scours the plains in quest of prey, a " mighty hunter before the Lord,'' this noble, beautiful, but too often ill-treated creature, is either important or essential. It performs the drudgery of toilsome servitude ; it draws the peaceful plough, and dashes on in battle amidst withering volleys of musketry and the clash of gleaming swords. Man owes a deep debt of gratitu ie to the horse, and is bound to acknowledge his sense of its value by humanity and kindness. In its natural state, the horse is gregarious j and in domestication it exhibits the same propensity to associate with its fellows. In the field they herd together, fono 2 (13) X4 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. friendships, gambol with each other, aad rush to the fence to see a strange horse in the road, saluting him with repeated neighings So de- cided is the disposition of the horse to contract friendship, that, when others of its species are not accessible, it will attach itself to animals of a different species. Many instances of mutual attachment between dogs and horses have been recorded. English Eclipse contracted a strong friendship with a sheep. When kindly used, the horse will demonstrate towards his master every mark of submissive attachment. There are, it is true, horses of a sullen, obstinate temper, which the kindest treatment will not conciliate; but these are exceptions to the general rule ; many horses, we may add, have their temper spoiled by injudicious or wanton severity, in which case it requires patience and perseverance to reclaim them; but almost universally, where kindness is shown to the horse, his attachment will be secured. In the tents of the Arabian, the mares with their foals, and the masters with their families, dwell all together ; the master caresses his favor- ite mare, the children and the foal play together, and the utmost confidence exists between them. The quiet peaceful companionship of horses with each other does not obtain among the stallions. In a wild state, they have furious contests ; and in a domestic state, stallions, if at liberty, will fight desperately with each other. Twenty years* experience in active practice has afforded the HOESE-TRAININQ MADE EASY. 15 author very many opportuaities of studying the disposition of th*^ horse, and how to manage it to the best advantage has been his special study. That the horse possesses more intelligence than has been accredited to him is very evident from his readiness to learn, when properly instructed. The feats he is taught to perform in the " spectacles'' of the modern circus fully prove this. Knowledge of time, and memory, are certainly possessed by the horse, as a thousand instances will convince. A horse accustomed to commence or leave oflf work at a certain hour of the day, well knows the respective periods. Well does the farmer's team know the hour of release from labor, as is shown by their actions when hearing the horn for dinner. Taken to a distance from home, the horse will return, finding his way during the darkest night. The following, taken from an old number of the London Penny Magazine, illus- trates the love of the horse for its " old home :" — " A short distance below Fort Erie, and about a mile from where the river Niagara escapes over a barrier of rocks from the depths of Lake Erie, a ferry has long been established across the broad and, there, exceedingly rapid river, the distance from shore to shore being a little over one-third of a mile. On the Canada side of the river is the small village of Waterloo, and opposite thereto, on the tJnited States side, is the large village of Black Kock, distant from the young and flourishing city of Buffalo two miles. In com- pleting the Erie Canal, a pier or dam was erected 1(J HOESa-TRAININQ MADE EAST. up and down the river and opposite to Black Rock, at no great distance from the shore, for the pur- pose of raising the waters of the Niagara to such a height that they might be made to supply an adjoining section of the Erie Canal. This pier was and is a great obstruction to the ferry-boats ; for, previous to its erection, passengers embarked from terra fir ma on one side of the river and were landed without any difficulty on the other; but after this dam was constructed it became necessary to employ two sets of boats, one to navigate the river, the other the basin, so that all the passengers, as well as goods and luggage, had to be landed upon this narrow wall and reshipped. Shortly after the erection of the pier-dam, a boat propelled by horses was established between this pier and the Canada shore. The boat belonged to persons connected with the ferry on the Ameri' can side of the river; but, owing to the barrier formed by the pier, the horses employed on the boat were stabled at night in the village of Water- loo. I well recollect the first day this boat began to ply; for the introduction of a boat of that description in those days, was considered an event of some magnitude. The two horses (for the boat had but two) worked admirably, considering the very few lessons they had had previous to their introduction upon the main river. One of the horses employed on the new ferry-boat had once been a dapple gray, but at the period I am speaking of he had become white. He was still hale and hearty, for he had a kind and indulgent HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 17 master. The first evening after the horses had been a short time in the stable, to which they were strangers, they were brought for the purpose of being watered at the river, the common cus- tom of the place. The attendant was mounted upon the bay horse, the white one was known to be so gentle and docile that he was allowed to drink where he pleased. I happened to be stand- ing close by, in company with my friend W n, the ferry contractor, on the Canada side, and had thus an opportunity of witnessing the whole pro- ceeding of old Grizzle, the name that the white horse still went by. The moment he got round the corner of the building, so as to have a view of his home on the opposite side of the river, he stopped and gazed intently. He then advanced to the brink of the river, then again stopped and looked earnestly across for a short time, then waded into the river until the water reached his chest, drank a little, lifted his head, and, with his lips closed and his eyes fixed upon some object on the farther shore, remained for a short time perfectly motionless. Apparently having made up his mind to the task, he waded further into the river until the water reached his ribs, when off he shot into the deep water without hesitation. The current being so strong and rapid, the river boiling and turmoiling over a rocky bed, at the rate of six miles an hour, it was impossible for the courageous animal to keep a direct course across, although he breasted the waves heroically and swam with remarkable vigor. 2* B 18 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASIT. Had he been able to ste^jr his way directly across, the pier-wall would have proved an insurmount- able barrier. As it was, the current forced him down below where the lower extremity of this long pier abuts upon an island, the shore of which being low and shelving, he was enabled to effect a landing with comparative ease. Hav- ing gained terra Jirma^ he shook the water from his dripping flanks, when he plunged into the basin and soon regained his native shore. At the commencement of his voyage, his arched neck and withers were above the surface, but before he reached the island his head only was visible. He reached his own stable-door — that home for which he risked so much — to the no small astonishment of his owner. This un- expected visit made a favorable impression on his master, for he was heard to make a vow that if old Grizzle performed the feat a second time, for the future he should remain on his own side of the river, and never be sent to the mill again. Grizzle was sent back to work the boat the following day, but he embraced the first opportunity that occurred of escaping, and swam back the way he had done before. His owner, not being a person to break the promise he once made, never afterwards dispossessed him of the stall he had long been accustomed to, but treated him with marked kindness and attention." Colonel Hamilton Smith, of the British Army, relates a case which proves the memory and attachment of the horse : " The Colonel had a HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 19 charger in his possession for two years, which he left with the army, but which was brought back and sold in London. About three years after- wards the Colonel chanced to travel up town, and at a relay, on getting out of the mail, the off- wheel horse attracted his attention ; on going near to examine it with more care he found the animal recognised him, and testifying its satis- faction by rubbing its head against him, and making every moment a little stamp with its fore feet, to the surprise of the coachman, who asked if the horse was not an old acquaintance. It was — it was his own old charger !" " A lady, remarkable for benevolence to the brute creation, observed from her garden-gate one day a miserable horse, with the shoulder raw and bleeding, attempting to graze upon an open spot adjacent ; having, by means of some bread, coaxed the poor animal to the gate, she then managed, with some assistance, to cover the wound with adhesive plaster spread upon a piece of soft leather. The man to whom the animal belonged (one of those ignorant and careless beings who are indifferent to the sufferings of any but themselves) shortly afterwards led the horse away. The next day, however, the horse made his appearance again at the gate, over which he put his head and gently neighed. On looking at him it was found that the plaster was removed, either by the animal's master, Dr by the rubbing of the ill-made collar in which he worked. The plaster was renewed. The third day he 10 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. appeared again, requiring the same attention, which he solicited in a similar manner. After this the plaster was allowed to remain, and the horse recovered ; but ever after, when it saw its benefactress, it would immediately approach her, and by voice and action testify its sense of hei kindn-ess and notice. This anecdote, for the truth of which we can personally testify, proves how sensible the horse is of humane treatment, and how grateful for benefits bestowed." Kind treatment and every care are due to an animal from whose services man derives such important benefits ; but too often does man forget that he has a duty to perform, not only towards his fellow-man, but towards those domestic animals which Providence has intrusted to him for his welfare. The apparatus used in training horses upon our new system are both cheap and simple. A common rope halter, a three or four p.ly cotton cord about twelve feet long, and a piece of line webbing, are all the implements required in training colts. THE ROPE HALTER. This should be made rather heavier and longer than those used upon broken horses, and so arranged, by tying a knot or otherwise, that it does not slip up so tightly as to pinch the ani- mal's nose. HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. **l THE CORD. This is nothing more than a three or four ply rope or cord. The cotton cord is much the best, as it works smoothly, and is much softer than any other. This cord is not a new feature in horse -training, as impostors would have you believe, it having been used many years by various tribes of Indians, Mexicans, &c. It is mentioned in the Veterinarian of London in 1828 as used by the North American Indians in sub- duing their horses : hence it is known as the Indian war bridle. A. H. Rockwell calls it the Yankee bridle, which claim is wrapped in some obscurity. The use of this simple arrangement is a powerful means of controlling horses, when properly used, otherwise it is more likely to do harm than good. To prepare the cord for use, tie a knot in each end, as seen in the engraving, then make a loop by doubling the cord and pass- ing the knot through, as represented by the engraving. LOOPIWO THB OORD 22 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. These loops should be at such distances Irom the knot as will allow the cord to pass around the neck at one end and the lower jaw at the other, passing the knot through the loop from the oppo- site side of the loop to where it first passed through in making the lap; this brings the thickness of the cord in the centre of the loop. By this means safety is secured, the cord slipping easily through, preventing the possibility of its getting fast, as it would be likely to do if passed through the loop from the same side it originally came through. The necessity of this arrangement will be seen on applying the cord. We have here two principles involved : first, steady pressure upon the lower jaw; second, friction in the mouth. OOBD APPUID C« LOWSB JAW. HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. 28 CORD APPUED ON NECK. the one stationary in the mouth, the other slip- ping through it. The uses of these loops will be explained in their proper places. THE LINE WEBBING. Take a piece of worsted webbing, such as is used for driving-lines, divide it in two parts, one piece of sufficient length to girt the body. Make a loop in one end large enough for the other end to pass through, so as, when adjusted, it is sufficiently long to tie. The other part of the web needs no loop. These two pieces of web axe used for various purposes, which will be explained fiw we proceed. 24 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. HABITS OP THE HORSE. Horses contract habits very easily when im- properly managed, and transmit them to their offspring. *' 'Tis easier to prevent than cure." Every one at all conversant with the secrets of the stable know how readily habits are contracted by the horse, and the difficulty in breaking up such habits when once contracted, by the ordinary methods. Many habits of the horse, in no way owe their origin to vice, yet are often as trouble- some and dangerous as those which do. KICKING IN THE STABLE. To break up this dangerous habit, it is only necessary to place the animal in a stall closed at the head, or against a wall, p'^ as to allow him no HORSE-TRAININQ MADE EASY. . 25 opportunity of jumping into or over the manger. Tie his head short, and suspend by a cord at either end, a bag of straw, hay, corn husks, or any soft material, so as to strike the hocks when- ever the animal kicks. The bag rebounds, striking him upon the hocks : after several repetitions the animal is observed to stand and tremble; the bag at this point is to be pulled upon one side so that he does not see it, and when the animal gets over his excitement try and induce him to kick. If you succeed, immediately let the bag go back to its former position. Two or three kicks will again quiet him, and he trembles as at first. Remove the bag, and when his excitement abates, try and induce him to kick again. By repeating this a few times the animal is thoroughly broken of the habit. Such horses are often broken of the habit of kicking in harness, as well as the stable, by the same means. Kicking against the side of the stall is a serious evil. Capped hocks, and callous enlargements are frequently consequences of this habit; mares more frequently than geldings are subject to this vice. Particularly is this the case when placed beside other horses. _ Removal to a box stall, and left there unhaltered, will frequently break up the habit. When no such conveniences exist, a strap should be buckled around the leg above the hock, to which a club one and a half or two inches thick, and ten or twelve inches long, covered with a woollen cloth, or other soft material, so as not Co hurt the animal, should be attached in such % 26 HORSE TRAINING MADE EASY. manner as to hang loosely against the shank bone ; with this appendage the moment the animal kicks, this club punishes it by comning sharply in con- tact with the leg, but does not bruise it. The animal soon learns that by keeping the leg still he escapes the punishment which follows every eflfort to kick. KICKING WHILE HARNESSING. This habit is acquired by bad management in the early training of the horse ; rough handling, throwing the harness too quickly upon its back before it becomes thoroughly accustomed to its feel, are sufficient causes to produce this habit in the colt of a highly nervous temperament. The more quietly you go about such an animal, the more readily and willingly will he yield obedience to your desires. To break up this habit the cord is called into requisition ; put the small loop over the under jaw, take your position upon the near side, opposite the shoulder, pass the cord over the neck from the oflf side, and carry it through the loop around the under jaw ; now draw it up tightly and take a half-hitch, so as to keep the head in a confined positio'a (represented in engraving), keep the cord in your hand, so in case of the animal rearing you can slip the hitch and let th^ head loose. You should then give him a few quick jerks; t)iis diverts his attention; you now quietly take up the harness in your hands, and as quietly approach, and put it upon him. Should he attempt to kick, slip the 'oop as before, and give him a HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 27 few more sharp pulls upon the cord; this discon- certs him. Repeat this lesson a few times, and he will soon learn to stand quiet while you are har- nessing him. KICKING WHILE GROOMING. Horses of a high nervous temperament are frequently addicted to this habit. This, like kicking in harness, is brought on by careless oi rough handling. The cord here too is a powerful instrument of control. Having secured the head, use the brush and currycomb in the most gentle manner for several days, particularly about such parts as he manifests the most tenderness. KICKING IN SINGLE HARNESS. Previous to putting the animal in harness, take the cord, put the small loop over the under jaw, pass the rope over the neck from the oflf side and through the small loop upon the near side; give him a few quick pulls, which calls his atten- tion to you. Put the harness upon him, having a ring or loop upon the top of the bridle B and a ring H secured to the back strap, about six inches from the crouper. You now take a small bit, attach to either ring a strong leathern strap about half an inch wide, pass these straps A, A, A, A, up over the flic« to the ring B in the bridle, down through the terrets in the saddle, and back through the ring H, then bring them down at right angles, across the quarters and secure them to the shafts on either side, in such a manner as HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 29 not to interfere with the animal in travelling. With this arrangement properly adjusted, the moment the horse attempts to kick, the strap is drawn tight over the quarters, at the same time it jerks up the head forcibly, punishing the ani- mal at each attempt to kick. KICKING IN DOUBLE HARNESS. First use the cord upon the animal until tie wiW yield his head on the slightest pull upon the cord; put on a halter, which should be a good jtrong leather one, having a strong lead, and ring F, (see Eng. p. 28), so adjusted as to slip under the girth. Have two strong straps with 3* 8TKAP3 ON KICKINQ HORSI. 80 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EA8Y. rings, on tlie plan of a dog collar. These are to be buckled around the leg above the hooks, D, Dj a strong leathern strap fastened to the rings D, passing through the ring F, well secured, so as to be tense when the animal is standing square : now check him up, and he is ready to hitch up foi the start. This arrangement does not interfere materially with his travelling, yet it reproves him whenever he attempts to kick, and hn, mood gives up the habit. KICKINQ WHILE SHOEINQ. OOBD AFFLIXS ON LOWEE JAW. This, like most other habits, is brought on by bad management. The colt, upon first entering the shoeing shop, should be used with the greatest HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST 81 gentleness and kindness. Any deviation from this rule often causes the colt to resist all eflForts to shoe it. Particularly is this the case wi^h the hind feet. The habit once established, requires the utmost care and perseverance to overcome the evil. Ordinary cases of resistance while shoeing may be brought to terms by the use of the cord alone. To do this, put the small loop over the undei jaw, pass it over the neck, and through the looj upon the opposite side, draw the cord tight, anu take a half-hitch ; you will then take up the foot. Should he resist, slip the hitch, and give him a few quick jerks upon the cord, and then renew the hitch. If he still refuses to let you have the foot, repeat the operation. If he then resists, put a collar around his neck, slip the long web through the collar, carry it back, and around the fetlock of the foot you wish to handle, bring it 32 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. back through the collar, holding the end in your right hand ; now pull up the foot and hold it until he ceases to resist : then take the web in your hand close to the foot and pull the foot in different directions, until he ceases to resist your efforts; then caress him. Recollect, gentleness and kind- ness go a great way in gaining the confidence of the animal. When he gives you the foot readily, take a hammer and tap upon it very gently. If he resists, jerk him sharply a few times with the cord ; if he still resists, remove the long web, then take a short hold upon the halter with your left hand, and with a quick motion catch the tail with the right hand, and swing him around a few times, by quickly bringing the head towards you. This so disconcerts him that he usually yields the foot without further resistance. For safety it is always better to put the web on again for one or two handlings. Properly managed you will seldom fail in breaking up this habit iu from four to six days. HORSES UGLY TO SHOE IN FRONT. Take the short web, put it on the foot (at the fetlock) you wish to handle, pass it over the back from the opposite side ; now pull the foot up and hold it there until the animal ceases his efforts to get it away, then tap lightly with a hammer upon the foot, increasing the force of the blow ^raciu- ally, until he will allow you to strike upon the foot as hard as may be necessai\y ; tli^eii let the foot down, pick it up with the hand ; if he resists, HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 33 draw it up again with the web ; and so repeat .antil he yields it readily and willingly. Usually th6 animal submits his foot in a very short time, unless he becomes excited by rough usage. THB LONG FOOT-STRAP. STRl KING. Some horses have an ugly practice of striking with their front feet. To break up this habit take the cord, put the small end in the mouth, and jerk him from one side to the other ; he will try to strike you, but he fails to do so if you give him sufficient length of cord ; he soon finds he is overmatched, and yields to you readily. By using the long foot-strap or web, placed around the near forefoot, then passed under the girth, and carried back, having an assistant at tho iiai- mal's head to lead him, as soon as he step", pull up the foot, let it drop and pull it up again at C 34 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. the next effort to step or strike. This teaches him that he cannot use the foot as he would like, and he ceases to make the effort. BAULKING. This is the most aggravating of all the habits 0 which the horse is subject; it tries the patience of man to the utmost; yet, by patience and per- severance, with proper management, even this habit can be broken up. It is rarely we find a baulky horse which is not a good one. They are usually very hardy, high-spirited, quick of com- prehension, and of a strong nervous temperament. They resist because we have failed to make them understand what we require of them, or it may occur from overloading, sore shoulders, or work- ing until tired out. Particularly is this the case with young animals. To whip under such cir- cumstances only excites them to more determined resistance. On the first attempt of your horse to baulk, get out of the wagon, pat him upon the neck, examine the harness carefully, first upon one side then upon the other, speaking encour- agingly to the animal while doing so; then jump in the wagon and give the word to go ; generally he will obey; if he refuse to do so, take him out of the shafts, put up the traces so that they do not drag upon the ground, then take him by the head and tail, reel him until he is almost ready to fall, then hook him up again, and give him the word to go ; this rarely fails, it takes that sullen spirit out of them, and they start at the 3* HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. 35 word. I have failed but once in handling baulky horses, though I have handled a large number of them. By repeating the same operation every day for a week, usually breaks up this most perplexing habit thoroughly and permanently. Another method which often proves successful, is to tie the tail of the horse fast to the shaft-bar, unloose the traces, securing them so that they will not get under his feet. Now start him up ; as soon as he finds his tail fast he will pull the wagon by that appendage ; repeating this a few times will often cure the habit. Another method still will sometimes prove successful : instead of tying the tail to the shaft-bar, take it between the hind-legs, having a cord secured to the end, and tie it to the saddle-girth; this will often answer the same purpose. SHYING HORSES. Those who are in the habit of riding or driv- ing along frequented roads, or through thickly populated cities, can best estimate the inconve nience, annoyance, and constant apprehension occasioned by a shying horse. While travelling along with an air of the greatest unconcern, all n an instant, planting himself in an attitude of affright, he comes to a dead stop, or flies the road. Of the sensation of the animal at such a time, we will not venture a description, but we know by experience what those of the driver or rider are. Shying in horses is no doubt the off- spring of fear. Fear is the emotion excited by 36 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. suspicion, apprehension, appearance or approach of danger. This may be denominated native timidity, giving rise to that kind of shyness with which colts, and young animals generally, are endowed. There is another kind of shyness which we may denominate acquired. To illus- trate, a colt is naturally shy at any object of im- posing appearance, either novel or strange to him. On the other hand, he beholds an object that is familiar to him, which he associates with some former suffering. We do not mean to assert that these manifestations of fear are alike, further than that they arise from the impressions made upon the brain, a dread or consciousness of dan- ger, in the one case acquired, in the other con- genital. Shyness may be attributed to a third cause, imperfect vision. A horse whose eye- sight is imperfect is apt to shy at objects in con- sequence of not seeing them properly. The disposition to shy arising from either of the above causes, is often increased by the acts of the driver; for instance (a very common one), a man is driving a young horse upon the road, he meets an object of fear to the animal, and, as he ap- proaches it, starts suddenly out of the road, his driver instantly commences a round of castigati.on with the whip, in which he persists until the horse, as well as himself, have lost their temper, and then, while one whips, the other jumps, plunges, frets, &c. The next object of fear the animal meets recalls the whipping previously in- flicted upon him. and ap'-ociates it with the object HORSE-TRAINTNG MADE EASY. 87 he fears, shies, and starts with even mora tlaj-m than before, sometimes attempting to run away. Gentleness and persuasion are the best means of breaking up this habit; let the animal stand and look at the object he fears, speak to him encouragingly, and gradually he will approach it. After he has passed it, turn him around, passing the object slowly several times, and his fear vanishes. By thus gently managing him, he soon places confidence in you, and a gentle word from the driver will induce him to move on by the object. It is an old saying, that the most effectual way to make a cowardly dog fight is to put him in front of his antagonist, in such a way that he cannot retreat ; but we never heard any one recommend that he be whipped at the same time; yet we whip a horse for being afraid to do that which we desire him to do. Reason and experience both forbid the practice. It is our duty to act mercifully towards an animal so noble, BO beautiful, and so useful to man. Contemptible indeed is that being who disregards the plaintive murmurs and inefiectual resistance of the poor beast which chance has thrown into his possession WEAVING. This is an unsightly habit, but not of so much consequence as either of the foregoing. It con- sists in the animal moving his head and fore- quarters in quick succession from one side of the stall to the other, like the action of a weaver's shuttle, or like the hyena in his cage. The ani- 3 38 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. mal stands with his forefeet wide apart, hence the motion of the animal throws the weight of its body alternately upon the inside of each fore- foot. The effect of this habit is to turn the inside quarter of the feet downwards and inwards at the heel, forming, as it were, a kind of club- foot. This habit indicates a restless disposition, expressing impatience at being tied up. To break up the habit, it is only necessary to turn the animal loose into a box-stall. 0RIBBI5e uxntLM CRIBBING. This is a very disagreeable habit, to say the least, but not so serious as it is often represented. The effects of an inveterate crib-biting horse are HORSE-TRAINING MA^E EAST. 89 plainly perceptible upon the incisor (nippers) teeth. The cribbing muzzle is tho best means of breaking up the habit. See Jennings on •'The Horse and his Diseases." BITING HORSES. This is a hateful habit, or, more properly, a vice of the worst kind. It is sometimes acquired from foolishly teasing the animal in the stable by mischievous boys. Love of mischief is a pro« pensity too easily acquired, and often becomes a confirmed vice; particularly is this the case with biting horses. Last spring (1865) my advice was asked regarding a horse which had alwayy been known as a remarkably good dispositioned animal, but, some four or five months previous, some boys amused themselves by teasing him. He soon acquired the habit of biting, and, almost simultaneously, that of striking. Kegarding the former vice — one of the most dangerous and the most difficult of all vices to break up — I advised castration ; the owner approving, I operated upon him on the spot. Instead of curing the habit, he from this time becaii-»e notoriously vicious, two men narrowly escaping with their lives from the infuriated animal. He finally became so con- firmed in his vicious propensities, it was worth a man's life to approach him. The owner, whose name I omit by request, called upon me to handle this animal, which I did on the sixth day of Oc- tober, 1865, at his residence, near Princeton^ New Jersey. My efforts were attended with 40 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. entire success. I first drew his head down close to the manger from an opening in the partition, having his head well secured. The stable-door was thrown open. I then approached his head cau- tiously, and put my rope halter upon him. I now tied a knot in his tail, slipped the halter lead through the hair above the knot, drew the lead up as far as possible, so as to draw the head to one side, and tied the halter lead by a half-hitch to the tail; this prevented the animal going in a straight line, and enabled me to keep out of his way. I now slipped the head-halter, previously upon him, and drove him out of the stable. The moment he gained the yard, I was after him, tickling him upon the hind-legs with a whip. This set him wild with rage, and caused him to move in a circular direction quite rapidly. I kept up this action until he began to stagger ; I quickly caught the halter at the head to prevent his falling, and, before he had time to recover himself, I tightened the halter so as to bring the head and tail nearer together. I again started him, he reeled more rapidly, and came near fall- ing ; I caught the end of the halter, slipped the hitch, and, before he had time to recover, I had the smalt end of the cord nicely adjusted in his mouth. I then commenced to pull him right and left, and in a few minutes he was as quiet as a lamb, following me readily in any direction. He was handled by the owner in the same manner for several days. I recently heard from him ; he remained perfectly tractable. My friend Mr. E HORSE-1 RAINING MADE EAST. 48 C. Dudlej, of the firm of Magner & Dudley horse trainers, accompanied me to see this horse. RUNNING AWAY. Some horses, of an excitable or headstrong disposition, will make frequent efforts to get away with his driver, and, when once he succeeds, he is very apt to try it over again. Such animals must be trained upon the mouth. To do this effectually, take the cord, using the large loop, over the neck, placing the cord in the mouth, •nd back through the loop. You now pull TEMPEBINO THE MOUTfl. quickly and sharply upon the cord, this sets the horse back, and causes the mouth to become 44 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. tender. You then go behind him, pulling quick upon the cord. Handle him several times in this way before putting him in harness ; he soon yields promptly to the slightest pull upon the cord. You may now harness him up ; and, as a matter of safety, put the long web around the near foot, and give it in charge of an assistant. Let him take it in the buggy. With him, you TAKING UP THl FOOT. Btart on your journey ; if the animal attempts to run, pull upon the lines, and he will generally come down to his usual gait. ^Should he not obey this gentle warning, fet your assistant take np his foot by pulling the web. This throws him upon three feet, and prevents his running. Another method, more convenient and equally HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 47 effectual, is the apparatus used for kicking horses, with this diflFerence, instead of fastening the ring STRAPS ON KICKING HOBSB, which passes under the girth to the halter, secure it to the collar (see Eng. p. 46). With this ar- rangement upon him, a horse cannot run. It is not necessary to have the straps as heavy as for a kicking horse. REFUSING TO STAND WHILE GETTING INTO A CARRIAGE. This habit is very easily broken up. Use tha oord upon the mouth, have it long enough to 4ft HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. OONTBOX.TJNO THl MO>ITH take in your band; when enterins: the carriage, if the horse starts, jerk Ughtly upon the cord; if he does not obey, bring him back forcibly by a quick, strong jerk on the cord. This soon teaches him to stand until you are ready for him to start. HARD PULLERS, OR lUGGERS ON THE BIT. To break up this habit, usf» the cord in the same manner as upon a runaway horse, or liave a pair of straps about twelve inches long, with a ring at one end and a buckle at the other : pass these straps through the ring of the bit on eithei side, carry them up on the side of the face^ and HORSE-TRAINING MADE KASY. 49 buckle to the head-piece of the bridle, which must be a strong one; buckle the lines to the rings on these straps, instead of the rings in the bit. This forms a gag, similar to the French twitch gag, and is a powerful means of eo«itrol« ling the mouth of a hard-pulling horse. UGLY TO BRIDLE. Some horses are ugly to bridle from Laving been knocked or roughly handled about the head. Horses are occasionally troubled with sore ears, or have some tenderness about the mouth or head. Such animals refuse to be bridled from fear of being hurt. Nothing but kindness and careful KSSPING THE HXAD DOWIT. 50 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. handling will accomplisli our purpose in such cases. Where the habit arises from previous injury or ugliness of disposition, take the cord, put the small end into the mouth, draw it tightly, and take a half-hitch. This confines the head, preveii»'ing the animal from raising it. In this position, the horse will allow you to put on and t.ake off the bridle at pleasure. After putting it on and removing it several times, loosen up the cord, and repeat the bridling; every time the animal resists, draw the cord tightly; on the contrary, when he yields, caress him ; you thus gain his confidence. LOLLING THE TONGUE Some horses have a habit of carrying the tongue out of one side of the mouth. This if generally confined to narrow-jawed horses, the space between the molar teeth being too narrow to contain the tongue in the mouth when the bit presses upon it, without coming in contact with the edges of the molar teeth, to prevent which the tongue is thrown out over the bit and hangs from one side of the mouth. To remedy this defect, take a common bar bit, drill a hole on cither side, about three-quarters of an inch from the centre of the bit, from the upper surface; then take a piece of sole leather, four inches long and two inches wide, sprinkle it over with pulverized rosin and burn it into the leather, this renders it proof against the action of the saliva HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY 51 in the mouth ; now drill two holes in the centre of the leather corresponding to those in the bit, and secure both together by rivets, so that the leather extends two inches above the bit and two inches below it ; this, put into the mouth, keeps the tongue down clear of the molar teeth, and prevents the animal getting it over the bit. A horse which lolls the tongue should never be driven with a snajffle bit j a bar bit is always preferable. HUGGING THE POLE. This is a great annoyance to the other horse, and he will probably learn to do the same thing, not from imitation, but from leaning inwards so as to enable him to stand against the other lean- ing on him. I have seen a pair of horses thus going, each leaning on the other, rendering it extremely dangerous in frosty weather, or where the road from any cause may be slippery. This habit may be broken up by securing a piece of sole leather to the pole upon the side where the animal leans, having a number of tacks driven through it in such a manner as to protrude from the leather towards the horse. The moment he attempts to hug the pole, the tacks prick him, and he leaves it in a moment and takes his proper position. He makes but few efforts after the first punishment j a few days' driving in this manner usually cures him of the habit. » i HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. TO MAKE A HORSE TROT HONEST. Many horses show speed when they strike their gait, but do not hold it long. This, in many in- stances, arises from too much anxiety on the part of the driver, forcing the horse off his feet. This is a great source of annoyance to the owners, who in many instaacos have built their hopes very highly upon the great speed of their favorite nag. But how often are they doomed to disappoint- ment ! the animal is beaten by those of far less speed, simply because he breaks up badly. To prevent this habit in horses, requires some de- gree of patience and good management on the part of the trainer. The apparatus used upon this occasion is a similar one to that used for kicking horses. The straps e e are the same; the halter lead, however, is not required ; use instead a strap passed through the collar; the choke-strap will answer the purpose, if not too long ; to this strap secure the ring/, pass the strap c e through the ring /, and buckle the straps d d above the hocks. We are now ready to drive the horse, going off on a moderate gait, that he may become familiar with the feel of the straps prior to urging him. As he moves, the strap e e slips through the ring /, allowing the animal to move without restraint as long as the legs move alternately, as they do in the trot or pace ; but the instant he attempts to change his gait, he then meets the check which the straps give him ; he cannot move them together as he does in the run, the strapa 64 HOESE-TRAININO MADE EASY. preventing both legs going back at the same time. After he has made a few attempts to break up and fails, he becomes gradually more steady. We may then urge him to the top of his speed without his making any effort to go up. Drive him every day with this arrangement for three or four weeks, and by that time he will, aa * general thing, trot perfectly honest and re- gain so. HALTER PULLING. This is a bad habit, often contracted by bad management on the part of those having the care of young animals. It is one, however, with care the a little patience, easily broken up. For this purpose we use an ordinary rope halter, with a TO PREVENT HALTER PUI-I.ING. HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. 55 PULUNQ ON TH£ HALTEK. lead long enough to pass through the haltei- ring then back between the forelegs and under a surcingle, and tie with a slip-knot to one of the hind feet, be careful that the halter ring is strong enough to resist the pull ; now put him back, and as he pulls, the halter draws both ways, upon the head and on the hind foot ; he rarely makes more than two or three attempts to pull back. You may now approach him, and try your best to set him back, whip him over the nose, throw your hat in his face, a buffalo, or any other object which he may fear, and all will fail to set him back ; repeat this a few times, and he will give 66 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. up the habit. When in harness it is not safe to hitch him thus, as it gives him an opportunity to pull himself down ; it is therefore better to tie the halter around the body, back of the shoulders, instead of tying it to the foot; if he pulls now, he pulls against his fore-arms, but it does not take him off his feet. Another plan is to tie a knot in the tail so that it will not slip, then divide the hairs in the middle above the knot, and pass the end of the halter through the opening and tie it, so that when he pulls it brings the tail between the hind ngs; thus fixed, he pulls upon his head and tail. Either of these plans will effectually break up the habit. OBJECTS OP FEAR. Some horses are naturally far more timid than others, and take alarm at objects which in others produce no fear. We have seen horses dread- fully agitated during a thunder-storm ; while, on the contrary, we have observed some apparently indifferent to the flashes and roar. In cases where horses are in stables on fire, fear appears to paralyze their powers, so that it is very difficult to rescue them, unless they be first blindfolded, which should always be done. Professor Eodet relates several curious cases of this character : "In 1806, during the campaign of Austerlitz, a Piedmontese officer possessed a beautiful, and in other respects, a most serviceable mare, but which ine peculiarity rendered at times exceedingly nORSE-TRAININQ MADE EASY. 57 dangerous for the saddle ; she had a decided iversion for paper, which she immediately re- jognised the moment she saw it. The effect produced by the sight or sound of it. was so prompt and so violent, that, in many cases, she unhorsed her rider; and in one case, his foot being entangled in the stirrup, she dragged him a considerable way over a stony road. In other respects, this mare had not the slightest fear of objects that would terrify most horses. She regarded not the music of the band, the whistling of the balls, the roaring of the cannon, the fire of the bivouacs, or the glittering of arms. The confusion and noise of an engagement made no impression upon her ; the sight of no other white object affected her; no other sound was regarded; the view or the rustling of paper alone aroused her to madness. A mare belonged to the Guard Eoyal from 1816 to 1821. She was perfectly manageable, and betrayed no antipathy to the human being nor to other animals, nor to horses, except they were of a light gray color ; but the moment she saw a gray horse, she rushed upon it and attacked it with the greatest fury. It was the same at all times and everywhere. She was all that could be wished on the parade, on the route, in action, and in the stable; but such was her hatred towards gray or white horses, that it was dangerous to place them in the same stable with her at whatever distance. If she once caught a glimpse of one, whether horse or mare, she rested not until she had thrown her 68 HORSE-TRAININQ AlAi)E EAST. rider or broken her halter, and then she rushed upon it with the greatest fury, and bit it in a thousand places. She generally, however, seized the animal by the head or throat and held it so fast that she would suffocate it if it were not promptly released from her bite. No other white body appeared to make the least impression ou her. A mare belonging to the fifth squadron hussars feared, on the contrary, all white inani- mate objects, such as white mantles or cloaks, and particularly white plumes. When any of these white bodies, and especially in motion, were suddenly perceived, if they were of any magnitude and their motion was rapid, she was in a dreadful fright, and strove to escape; but if they were of no great size, and moved more gently, she rushed furiously upon them, struck at them with her forefeet, and endeavored to tear them with her teeth. No other colors produced the slightest effect upon her, nor did the appearance, however sudden, of white horses or dogs of the same color ; but if a white plume waved, or a white sheet of paper floated by her, her fear or rage was ungovernable.'' Professor Rodet regards these as cases of true monomania. It is remarkable that in each in- stance the subject of this singular frenzy was a mare. Some animals are very much alarmed at the sight of a buffalo-robe, an umbrella, &c. To break up these habits requires more care than is usually required for other habits. Take the cord, put the small loop in the mouth, place the object HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. 59 TEACaiNG THE HORSE TO STAND. of fear at a distance, lead the animal as near it as possible, have an assistant to raise it off the ground ; if the animal attempts to get away from it, jerk him sharply from side to side a few times, then have your assistant approach with the object of fear very slowly, and each time the animal flies from it, jerk him as before, and so repeat until he will allow you to approach near enough to rub him on the nose. If it is a buffalo-robe, stroke him upon the neck, gradually put it on his back, take it off and put it on again ; repeat until he stands perfectly quiet; now approach him from another direction, he now starts up again as at first, jerk him in the same manner, and repeat every iay until he will allow you to approacn fiO HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. him from any direction. A week or ten days is fiuflBcient to break up the habit thoroughly, if properly managed. Another very good method is the halter so arranged as for halter pulling. Having the THE HALTER PULLER. animal ready, take the buffalo-robe on your arm, approach as near as possible without causing the horse to pull back, stand a moment, and, when the animal gets over the temporary excitement, gradually approach it ; the horse now pulls upon the halter, and comes back to his proper place ; in five minutes, generally, he will stand and allow you to put the buffalo on him in any \»ay you please. Occasionally we find a case HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. bl IRTINa TO GET AWAT. that does not yield readily. Under such circum- stances, the cord, small end, should be applied in addition to the halter. Now approach him gradu- ally; if- he does not stand quietly, give him a quick, sharp pull upon the cord. Take the cord off, leaving the halter upon him ; lay the buffalo on the floor before the animal, and leave him to examine it for an hour or two ; now hang it over the back part of the manger, and leave him again in the same manner; then hang it up in the en- try before him, so that he can view it at a short distance, then change its position, hang it up behind him ; finally you may put it over hL«t back, (J2 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. and secure it with a surcingle. By diangiog it in this manner, he becomes famihar with its appearance in any position. A horse wlI\ often see an object in one position and not notice it ; but place the same object in a different position, and the animal becomes alarmed. One day usually is sufficient to break up this habit, com- pletely and thoroughly. HALTERING THE COLT. To do this without the colt offering resistance, it is necessary to drive him into a cow-stall or other convenient place. You wil now, with vour hand if you can reach him, otherwise with a stick of sufficient length, touch him gently upon the quarter ; this will cause him to start up and perhaps to turn around in the stall. Do not attempt to prevent his doing so, or you increase his excitement, which at all times should be carefully avoided. You will then repeat the operation, and in a few minutes he will stand quietly and allow you to stroke him with your hand, or stick; gradually pass the hand or stick up over his back, as he will bear it, until you reach his head; if he attempts to get away do not try to prevent his doing so, as you will fail in the attempt. As soon as he will allow you to stroke his head, take up an ordinary rope hal er, such as are used upon colts, pull out the lead so as to form a good sized loop, place it on the end of a stick, and hold it towards him ; let him smelJ aORSE-TRAININQ MADE EAST 63 HALTEKINQ THE COLT. it, and, as he does so, let his nose pass througl^ the loop; raise the upper part of the baiter over his head, then turn the stick and the halter will fall back of the colt's ears. Slip up the lead and you have him fast; now place the lead over his neck and secure it by a slip-knot, so as to keep him from treading on it. Open the stall-door and let him go out. Now drive him into a carriage- house, or some other suitable place, not more than twenty-five or thirty feet square ; you then approach him ; he runs to a corner ; take a pole •lix or eight feet long, and commence as before by touching him on the (juarter ; and as the polft 64 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. approaches the neck, close up gradua-lly until you can put your hand upon him ; you will then dis- pense with the pole, slip the knot in the halter, and remove the lead from his neck. You now have one end of the halter, the colt ihe other; you want to teach him to lead ; you take yom position a little quartering from his body, and nearly opposite his shoulder. You say, Come here, sir; your colt pays no attention to your command, because he does not understand you ; give the halter a quick, sharp pull, which brings the coll towards you. The instant you pull, let the haltei slack, this prevents him from pulling back : if you keep your lead tight, he learns that he is fast, and he will pull in spite of all your efforts to prevent his doing so; repeat this operation several times, always using the words Come here, your colt will soon learn to follow you in the one direction. You then go to the opposite side and teach him to follow in the same manner; he must be handled from both sides, or he will obey but one. He now follows to the right or left You want him to go forwards ; take your position a little to one side, but slightly in advance of his head ; give your halter a sharp, quick pull, and as your colt steps forward, stop and caress him ; repeat this a few times, and he will follow you in any direction. HITCHING THE COLT IN THE STABLE. Lead him into an ordinary stall four and a half feet wide, having previously fitted a movable bar HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 65 at the back of the stall about three feet and a half from the floor, or, if more convenient, a good Btrong rope, well secured, will answer the pur- pose— let it be about the same distance from the floor. After leading the colt into the stall, put up this bar or rope, and then tie the colt to the manger-ring ; if you do so at first, he will in all probability run back before you can have the bar or rope secured in their place; and then the halter gives way, and you have taught the colt the first lesson in halter-pulling, which under all circumstances should be carefully avoided. In taking the colt out of the stable the same precau- tion must be used. Untie the halter before re- moving the bar or rope. Continue this precaution for about ten days or two weeks, and by that time, as a general rule, the colt will stand hitched any- where. TRAINING COLTS TO HARNESS. To break a colt successfully, requires a man who has inexhaustible patience, great presence of mind, strong nerve, &c., in a word, a man who can control himself, can train a horse to harness, so as to prevent their contracting any bad habits. Witli such indispensable attributes and proper appliances, a man of ordinary intelligence can train a horse to harness without accident to the animal, himself, or others. Always train a colt with an open bridle, so that he may see exactly what you are doing : using the blind bridle pre- vents the animal from seeing your movements, 6* E * 0 HORSE-TRAININO MAi^E EASY and unless you use great care and judgment, you are •t.pt to alarm the colt from the least misplaced iLOvement, Let a man recollect how surprised, and in some cases alarmed, he feels on anything toxi"~hing him behind. The same is the case with tho horse where he does not see the object. We may say it was only the end of the trace that touched him ; how is he to know this if he does not see it ? A man standing in the street would turu as quickly round if- a harmless sheep touched him, as if it were some more formidable animal. We must, therefore, be careful not to alarm or confuse the horse. Do everything in the most gentle and persuasive manner; if you do any- thing which frightens your colt, he never forgets it. Take time, and teach each point in training thoroughly ; remember, that which is done hur- riedly, is done badly. HARNESSING. Horses, wnether young or old, sometimes have an aversion to going in harness; such animals show their unwillingness by kicking, baulking, rearing, running back, or, perhaps, running away. To prevent such habits being developed, take the colt, after being thoroughly halter-broken, by the head and tail, reel him a few times, and you can put the harness upon him ; by this means you disconcert him, he will not then resist you; place him in the stable with the harness upon him. and leave him there a few hours, so that he may HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 67 become accustomed to it. Then bring bim out, take the lines behind him, having an assistant at his head, and teach him thoroughly the use of the reins, turning him to the right and to thft left, until he will obey the slightest pull upon the reins ; after having him so that he will start at the word, turn to the right or to the left, by a pull upon the line ; he is ready for the word WHOA. This is the most important word used in horse- training; it is our safeguard in case of accident; the animal, therefore, should learn its meaning thoroughly. To prevent confusion in his mind, the word should never be used out of its proper place. If we approach a horse standing quietly 68 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. in the stable, we should never use the word whoa^ though it is very generally used on such occa- sions. Use instead the words Get over, Gro over, Quietly, my pretty boy, or any other word you please, to make the animal aware of your pre- sence; but under no circumstances use the word whoa, except when the animal is in motion, and you want him to stop. In order to properly teach him the meaning of the word whoa, put the long web around the near fore-foot, pass it under the girth, and as the animal walks along, pull up the foot, at the same time say whoa; by repeating this, you will soon see him raise the foot when the word is given, even though the web is not pulled upon. Horses thus trained are safe in case a rein or bit should break, as they will generally stop at the word, under almost any circumstances. A friend of mine trained his horse to stop by simply catching hold of the tail. You are now ready for LEARNING TO BACK. Put the cord upon the horse, using the small loop; draw it up with a steady pull, — this brings the animal's nose towards his body. Keep a firm hold upon the cord until he steps back a little, using at the same time the word back, then caress him; you thus teach him that he has done exactly what you wished him to do ; then repeat caressing him each time he obeys. Oare mu»t be used not to excite the colt too HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY LEARNING TO BACK. much or you will have him resist you ; therefore, do not continue your lesson more than five or ten minutes at any one time ; on repeating the lesson a few hours later, the animal will usually yield and back freely. Now try him with the line alone; if he obeys, you may remove the cord altogether. Occasionally, we fi.nd an animal which will not yield to this treatment; we then take the short web, put it around the near fore foot, carry it over the back from the off-side, have a bridle upon the animal, take hold of it close to the bit with your left hand on the near side, having the web in the right hand, with which bring up the near fore foot, holding it up by the web, now press backwards upon the bit, this 70 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. brings the body back, and as it does so, let the foot fall; the toe strikes the ground some fifteen or eighteen inches behind the opposite foot, and as it does so, the off-foot comes back to the same point. By repeating this lesson, we teach any horse to back, however obstinate he may be. 1 have never known a single instance where it failed. HITCHING TO THE WAGON. In hitching up a colt to the wagon for the first time, it is always better that you put him along- side of a steady, well-broken horse ; if you have no opportunity of doing this, let him become perfectly familiar with the wagon before hitching him up single ; lead him up to the wagon in the shafts of which you intend putting him j let him examine it carefully; raise the shafts up and down in his presence, so as to get him familiar with the motion ; if it be a top-buggy, raise and lower the top ; should he behave badly, put the cord upon him, using the small end ; jerk him every time he offers any resistance. Now lead him in front of the wagon ; pull it towards him ; should he start, jerk him again, and so repeat until you can pull the wagon up to him. Now raise the shafts and let them down quietly over his back ; repeat this operation until he will re- main perfectly quiet. Now lead him up, pulling the wagon behind him. When he will bear this nicely, you may hook him fast to the wagon, first putting the long web upon the near front foot, HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. 71 SAFE TO DRIVE. pass it under the girth, and give it to an assistant ; get into the wagon with your assistant, having previously instructed him how to manage the web. Have a second assistant to lead the animal a short distance ; if he behaves well let him go. With this system, one-half hour's handling every day for a week is sufl&cient to break thoroughly to harness the wildest colt. BITTING THE COLT. The ordinary process of bitting colts is too well known to horsemen generally to need any description at my hands. A cheap and easy method of bitting colts, if properly managed, is by means of the cord. To arch the neck and bring the nose in where you want it, take the 72 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. cord using the small loop over the under jaw, pass the cord over the ne-ck from the off side, and through the loop on the near side. Now take BimSG THB COM. your position at the near shoulder, press lightly upon the cord ; should the colt resist, let it loose for a moment, then press upon it again, and as he yields caress him; by repeating this a few times, say two or three times a day as opportunity offers, you will find he soon yields his head nicely. Use the utmost care on first applying it, or you will excite the colt to resistance. When once he learns that he can resist successfully he will try it, over again. Do not continue the use of the cord more than about ten minutes at a time. HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. 78 Now change the end of the cord, taking the large loop, pass it over the neck, put the cord through the mouth from the off side, back through the loop on the near side, take your position in front of the animal, pull lightly upon the oord ; this sets his head up as high as you want to put BETTINO UP THE HEAD. it By repeating this lesson, the colt soon learns to get up his head on the slightest touch upon the rein. The cord is also used, TO ADD STYLE. It will be observed in using the cord for the «arpose of bitting the colt that the small loop 74 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. brings the cliia in towards the body, at the sama time beautifully arching the neck ; the large loop Laving directly the opposite effect by puttin-g the head up in any position desired. This arrange- ment applied to older horses, with a bad carriage of the head, adds at least twenty per cent, to their appearance, and often more than that amount to their price. MOUNTING THE COLT. Take your position on the near side of the colt, stand with your right side next to the animal, take hold of the mane with your left hand, place the toe of the left foot in the stirrup, placing the right hand upon the back part of the saddle ; now raise yourself up with a quick spring, passing the right leg over the saddle, and take your seat; a very little practice will enable you to perform this feat with ease and in a graceful manner. To place your body fronting the side of the animal is a very awkward position, and one rendering it much more difficult to mount the animal. Should the colt not stand well, a few jerks with the cord will bring him to his senses, and make him stand until you are seated. You are now prepared for RIDING THE COLT. In riding the colt for the firsi: time, a common riding bridle without martingale is to'be preferred; fasten the short web around the off fore foot, take a phort hold upon it with the right hand while HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 75 you sit upon his back, holding the bridle-rein in the left hand ; should he act badly, pull up the off foot with the web, at the same time pat him o-ently upon the neck with the left hand ; there Ts no danger in taking up the foot in this manner, provided you do not pull upon the reins at the same time. Let down the foot in a few minutes, and turn the colt around several times by pulling upon the off rein, then reverse the action by pull- ing upon the near rein ; now turn him to the right, then to the left, several times. Should he still be restive, take up the foot again, and so re- peat until he performs his part properly — then -do not fail to caress him. Make the first lesson a short one, and gradually increase it from time to time as occasion may require. This method rarely requires the whip, and is certainly attended with less danger than the old and tedious one of riding a colt. We now come to WHIP TRAINING To train a horse thoroughly to drive without bit or line under the whip, requires from four to six weeks' time; it requires also a man of strong nerve and self-control to be a successful trainer in this particular branch. Whip training illustrates the beauty and power of our system of horse training. Such a feat as driving a horse without bit or line cannot be accomplished by any other system known to man. Having selected a horse with a moderate share of intellig-ence, the nex.i 76 nORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. thing is to secure a suitable place for training. An inclosure twenty-five or thirty feet square ia required. If you have it smaller, and your horse should be disposed to kick, you would be in danger; if larger, it gives the animal too much room to get away from the whip. It is better that you go in with the horse alone, as then the animal will have no other object to take his atten- tion. Turn him loose without bridle or halter in the inclosure ; take your position in the centre, holding in your right hand a straight whip nine or ten feet long; you crack the whip as you take your position; this alarms the horse and causes him to run into one corner of the inclosure; crack it several times that he may learn that you do not intend to hurt him; now commence tap- ping him lightly upon the near shoulder, but not to hurt him ; if a nervy fellow he is all excite- ment for a few minutes ; continue the tapping until he turns his head towards you, which he will do in a short time. The moment he turns it, however slight it may be, cease the whipping ; as soon as he turns it away again repeat the tapping with the whip; in a few minutes he again turns his head towards you; stop the motion of the whip : as he turns away repeat the whip-tapping as before; in a very short time he turns around so that you can approach him; now gently caress him; move away and again approach him; should he turn away repeat the whipping : by this means you teach him to come to you on the near side. After he has learned this thoroughly, which re- HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 77 quires about one week's training, half an hour each day, then proceed in the same manner upon the off side ; as soon as he obeys the motion of the whip upon this side, take your position behind him, and turn him by the motion of the whip, to the right or to the left; as soon as he performs nicely, put the harness upon him, take the lines behind him, and, as you give him the word to go forwaTQs, throw the whip down by his right side without touching him, at the same time have the long web around the rear fore foot, and give it to an assistant ; you want him to stop, give him the word wJioa^ at the same time your assistant pulls up the foot, turn the whip in a horizontal position above your head — in this way you teach him that the whip in that position means whoa. By repeating these motions, he learns in about four weeks to turn to the right whenever the whip is thrown towards the right shoulder; to the left when thrown towards the left shoulder ; to go ahead when thrown down by the right side ; and to stop when held in a hori- zontal position. You now want to teach him to back ; having previously instructed him accord- ing to our rule, put the cord, using the small loop, in his mouth ; take the cord in your hand with the reins, pull upon the reins, and say Back, at the same time keep the whip directly over the animal's back, giving it an upward and downward motion, or you may tap him gently upon the back with the whip — this is best done in a sulky. If be starts forward, set him back by pulling quickly 78 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. upon the cord ; repeat the operation until he wiil go back by the motion of the whip alone. Should he make repeated efforts to go forward, bring the whip quickly once or twice down over his nose, he will not then repeat the operation very often ; with this training, it is necessary to use an open bridle, so that the animal will see the motions of the whip ; you are now prepared to hook him up for the first drive. Take an assistant with you ; have the foot-strap or long web secured upon the near fore foot; give it in charge of your assistant; let the lines lie over the dash, as a matter of pre- caution. Now commence operations with the whip; if the animal acts promptly, remove the foot web, and begin again, having the lines over the dash as before ; drive the animal in this way at least two or three weeks before removing the bit from the mouth. Your horse is now safe to drive under the whip. TO TEACH A HORSE TRICKS. It is necessary, in teaching horses to perform tricks, to have in addition to the webbing the im- plements known as the Rarey straps, by which means you teach the animal to lie down, &c. THE SHORT STRAP. A common breeching strap is all that is neces- sary ; it is used to strap up the foot (see engrav- ing). Open the loop, keeping the buckle on the outside, put the loop over the foot, then raise the HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 79 THK SnOBT STRAP foot and pass the strap around the fore-arm from the inside, and buckle it tight; this holds the foot up firmly. PTJLLlNa UP THK MOt. 80 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. THE LONG STRAP. This is a strap which buckles around the toot. It has a ring in it, to which is buckled another strap seven or eight feet long, or the short web will answer the purpose. This is put upon the right foot passing it under the girth (see engrav- ing at foot of p. 79), or over the back for the purpose of taking up the foot, when we want to bring the animal upon his knees. TO TEACH A COLT TO FOLLOW YOU. Take the cord, using the small loop, give him a few quick pulls right and left, then take your position on one side opposite the shoulder, give a quick pull upon the cord, which brings him to- wards you; at the same time say, Come here, sir; as he obeys, caress him. Repeat this until he will come without the pull, then take your posi- tion upon the other side and proceed in the same way. You will soon have him so that he will follow in any direction. TO TEACH A HORSE TO LIE DOWN. Take your position upon the near side ; strap up the near fore foot, using the short strap ; have a good strong bridle with cheek pieces, so as to prevent the bit from pulling through the mouth. Tie a knot in the bridle-rein over the neck, take a short hold of the bridle-rein with the left hand, the right hand holding the off rein ; now press him backwards, and as you do so he comes down HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 81 FOOT STRAPPED XSV. LEABNINQ TO UE DOWN. F 82 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. gently upon his near knee j let him rest awhile in that position. Whenever he attempts to jump puJl him towards you, and press back as before; THE STRUGGLE. after repeating this two or three times most horses will lie down ', if you do not succeed, however, put on the long strap, passing it under the girth, or, what is better, over the back ; take a short hold of the strap with the right hand, pull him HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY, 83 PBOPEB POSITION. towards you with the left hand, and as he steps DTill up the right foot, this brings him upon his OOMINO Oi>' His KStSiB, knees; keep him there until he lies down, then caress him, handle him gently all over, knojk his feet together, pull his head up and lay it down 84 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. eimira rbast. I!0^?W AT XJ'Sllf. HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 85 carefully ; repeat this operation several times, and he will soon learn to lie down by merely raising tlie near front foot, or lightly tapping it with a whip. TO SIT UP. Lay the animal down as previously directed, having a collar upon him; place a hobble or strap, with a ring in it, around each hind foot ; take 'a pair of ordinary driving lines, pass the D'lckle-end through the collar back to the ring in the hobble, and buckle them ; pull the feet up towards the shoulders, and carry the lines back to the hind quarters, hold them firmly in one hand, or give them to an assistant. Have a bridle with a long rein upon the animal ; take the rein in your hand, stand upon the tail, and pull upon the bridle-rein, keeping the linos firm at the same time ; this brings him up in front, and prevents his getting his hind feet back far enough to rise upon them, they being drawn forwards and se- curely held by the lines. Repeat the operation a few times — say two or three times a day—and he soon learns to lie down at the word. This is the method usually practised upon circus horses. TO MAKE A HORSE BOW. Stand upon the near side, and with a pin in yo'ur right hand prick the animal lightly in the breast, and say Make a bow, sir ; he will soon learn to throw his head downwards ; when he does so caress him; by repeating this opGiation a fc-Sv 86 HORSE-TRAIJNING MADE EAST. times lie soon learns to bow by merely pointing the hand towards his breast, or if learned by a motion of the foot. In all cases when training horses to perform tricks, it is necessary that they should have a bridle without winkers, or else have the head bare. TO ANSWER QUESTIONS. Take your position as before, and with a pin in your right hand, prick him lightly anywhere along the mane or over the withers, (ask such questions as you want answered in the negative,) this causes him to shake his head, which he will do also when bothered with flies upon the neck during fly time. It was this circumstance which suggested the use of the pin to make a horse say no. By repeating this operation a few times he will shake his head by simply raising the hand to your head as if to raise your hat; this motion of the head indicates no. Nodding the head by pricking the breast signifies yes ; always ask the question before making the motion with your hand. TO KISS YOU. To teach a horse to kiss you, take a piece of apple in your hand, let the horse smell it, he will then try to get it from you, carry it up to your mouth and hold it between your teeth, let him take it from yoi:r mouth ; repeat this a few times and use the words, Kiss me ; he soon learns that Kiss me, means apple, and he puts up his moi^th to yours to take it away ; when operating privately HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 87 always give it to him, and he will then obey yon promptly when showing him publicly. TO SHAKE HANDS. Take your position in front of the horse, say Give me your right foot, or Shake hands ; he does not understand you ; you convey the idea to him by taking a pin and gently pricking him upon the right leg, he at once lifts it up; as he does so take it in your hand and caress him ; he understands by this that he has done what you wanted him to do; after repeating this a few times, put your hand towards his leg and crack the thumb and fingers, he anticipating the prick lifts his foot; should he fail to do so have your pin handy and use it lightly. By this means he soon learns to give you the foot at the crack of the thumb and fingers. As soon as he gives one freely, teach him in the "^ame manner to give the other one. TO KICK WITH THE RIGHT OR LEFT FOOT. Care must be taken in teaching this trick, that you have a horse not predisposed to vicious pro- pensities, or you may make a confirmed kicker; and then you will have the habit to break up. A horse of a mild disposition may be taught to perform thus without the risk of his becoiuiug a kicker. I have taught one of my ponies to kick when I desire him to do so, and he cannot be made to K?c^ unless the whip is used lightly upon his hh-A r rts. Having selected your animal. 03 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. take a pin in your right hand, prick the near hind leg with it and say Kick with the left foot; the animal soon learns to obey. Then proceed with the opposite leg in the same manner After the horse will kick with either foot, by a motion ef the hand without prickicig him you will stand off a short distance, with a long whip in your hand; touch the near hind foot and say Kick with the left foot; then proceed in the same manner with the right foot. By proceeding thus once a day the animal will soon learn to do his part very nicely. LEARNING TO WALTZ. Some horses seem to love music, and can readily be taught to waltz or dance. Use a girth around the body, upon the near side of which buckle a short strap, having a loop at one end, to fasten to the ring of the bit ; draw the strap through the girth buckle so as to incline the head a little to the near side ; have one or two good pieces of music, and play any waltz that may be desired ; at the same time turn the animal by the use of the whip lightly upon his legs ; he soon learns to turn merely by a motion of the whip without touching him. After repeating this lesson once a day for three or four weeks, the strap may be removed, iea\^ng his head free. HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 91 HINTS UPON SHOEING. A glance at the skeleton of the horse will at once serve to convince us that the animal is formed at the same time for strength, and for celerity and ease of motion. If we look at the fore limbs we shall see that the scapula, No. 3, recedes from the shoulder-joint, falHng back obliquely; its upper part uniting with the spinous processes of the anterior dorsal vertebrae, No. 14, to form the withers. The shoulder-bone No. 4 retreats, forming an angle at the elbow-joint; the fore arm consists of two pieces, No. 5, the radius and ulna consolidated as one bone in the mature horse; this is followed by a double row of small bones, No 9. the carpus or wrist bones, seven in number. These are succeeded by the metacarpus, No. 10, with two slender splint bones attached posteriorly to its upper part. To these succeed the three phalangeal bones, Nos. 11, 12, and 13. There are besides a small pair of hones situated behind the fetlock joint called sessamoides, and a small bone situated behind, and between Nos. 12 and 13, called the navicular bone. The coffin bone. No. 13, is enclosed in the hoof, which consists of thick, firm, rounded horn, having a certain degree of expansibility ; and underneath, forming a sort of sole, IS a part called the frog; it is an elastic cushion, and in a healthy state prevcnls con- cussion. At each step the frog yields under the 92 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. weight of the animal, and swelling out laterally expands the heels of the hoof. This frog ought always to touch the ground ; it does so naturally, and v/here bad shoeing prevents it, the crust of the hoof soon becomes hard, britcle, and unyielding, causing a shock at every step as the animal trots over the hard road. Inflammation and alteration of structure soon supervene. The posterior limbs are modelled on a similar plan. Now from the angles which the bones of the limbs make with each other at the joints, the force of every shock as the animal trots or gallops is greatly broken ; its very step is light and elastic; and this not only results from the obliquity of the bones in question, but particularly from the yielding spring of the pastern, its elasticity being provided for by a ligament which passes down the back of the cannon bone. No. 10, and along the pasterns. to the coffin bone 11, 12, and 13. Nor is the spring of the elastic frog to be here overlooked; it also contributes an important share to the easy pro- gression of the horse, the action of whose limbs as he moves is, or ought to be free, vigorous, and springy. But alas ! how often do we see the knees distorted with overtoil, and the pasterns rigid and swollen from disease! Shoeing is generally regarded as a necessary evil ; and were it not for our paved streets and turn piked roads, an evil which might in a great measure be well dispensed with. As it is, our object should be to observe as closely as possible three important rules in shoeing horses : 1st. To HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. iJS preserve the natural bearing of the foot : 2d. To preserve the hoof in its natural shape : 3d. To protect the foot from injury. If we observe the foot of the unshod horse, we find the hoof has a perfectly level bearing upon the crust or wall as it rests upon the ground, as well as upon the frog, which, as previously stated, acts as an elastic cushion preventing concussion and expanding the heels, which relieves the pressure upon the sensi- tive and delicate structu»re within the hoof, that otherwise would occur were the hoof hard and unyielding It is unnecessary as well as unin- teresting to the general reader for us to go into a minute description of the structure of the horse's foot. Those who desire such information can obtain it by consulting Jennings on "The Horse and his Diseases." The sole or ground surface of the foot is all that part of the foot situated between the frog and the crust or wall; this sole should not come in contact with either the ground or the shoe. Supposing now the reader to understand our meaning, In order to preserve the level bearing of the foot, it is necessary that the shoe be made with a perfectly level surface upon the foot side, for the crust to rest upon. Beyond that point it should be bevelled inwards, in order to prevent pressure upon the sole. The frog should remain untouched with the knife, except to trim off any ragged edges. The moment the substance of the frog is cut away, that moment it begins to lose its moisture , hence its elasticity. It becomes hard 94 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. and brittle often as the hoof itself; its function is thus destroyed, and it now acts as a foreign body, bruising the sole, causing diseases of various kinds to arise. If we examine the feet of horses shod in the ordinary manner — and there are few others — we find in place of the shoe having a level beariug for the crust, it is bevelled from without inwards, so that the foot rests upon a concave instead of a level surface. The conse- quence is, the heels, instead of expanding up these inclined planes, are actually pressed in- wards, in consequence of the lateral pressure thus brought to bear upon them. This, as a natural result, causes contraction of the hoof Booner or later, causing a hard, brittle condition of the hoof, predisposing it to split, producing toe, quarter, or other cracks, which never occur in an elastic hoof; corns soon follow contraction of the hoof, often producing very severe lame- ness, and leading to diseases of a more serious nature. When we have a contracted foot, it is only necessary to reverse the bearing of the shoe — that is, the bearing at the heels back from the last nail-hole should be very slightly bevelled out- wards. This has a direct tendency to gradually faciUtate the expansion of the heels. Dr. R. Jen- nings's Hoof Ointment is one of the best appli- cations that can be made to a contracted hoof; it restores its elasticity, and promotes a healthy condition of the hoof. And here let me caution the smith, in bevelling the shoe, to give it a very little slant, from the last nail-hole on either side, HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 95 not more than the twentieth part of an inch; otherwise more harm than good will be likely to follow its application. PREPARING THE FOOT FOR THE SHOE. This, as a mechanical operation, requires a man >f good, sound judgment to properly perform his work. The growth of the hoof is about equal to Its wear when the animal remains unshod, other- wise the hoof would be worn too short or become too long. Our object, then, in paring the foot, is to remove so much of the hoof as would have been worn away had not the shoe prevented such wear. Any deviation from this rule causes the feet to become unusually long, the sole thick, &c., causing the animal to stumble at almost every step. In preparing the foot for the shoe, after carefully removing any old stubs that might re- main, the crust should be lowered with the rasp from the toe to the heels, the sole then should be pared with the drawing-knife in preference to the buttress. The feet should be poulticed the night before being shod, with linseed meal ; this will so soften the hoof as to enable the smith to pare the feet without difficulty. Care must be taken to remove a portion of the horn between the crust and bars, so that the heels of the crust should be higher than the heels of the sole. The bars will simply require cleaning out, removing any loose portions without diminishing their strength. All ragged portions of the frog should be removed, but the frog must by no me.-sns be 4l8 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. cut away merely because the smith fancies it to be too large. In wea,k feet, very little paring is required ; the heels, however, require the nicest care for their protection from injury in shaeing. No fixed rules can be laid down for paring the feet; that mus-t be determined by the nature and condition of these appendages. APPLICATION OP THE SHOE TO THE FOOT. The shoe should be set as near the outer mar- gin of the crust as possible; by so doing, we have the crust as the main support of the foot, as nature intended it should be. By setting the shoe back a quarter or three-eighths of an inch from the outer margin of the crust, as is often done, at least one -half of the bearing surface of the foot is destroyed. It is therefore weak- ened in exact proportion as it is cut away, besides greatly reducing the space for driving the nails, thus rendering them more liable to do injury, by being driven too close to the sensitive structure, or by pricking the foot. The naila should be pointed with great care, in order that they may be driven with a greater degree of cer- tainty. Eight nail-holes are usually punched in the shoe ; but our experience teaches us that injury is often prevented by leaving out the quarter nail upon the inside of the foot. If it should be thought necessary, it may be put in at the toe instead. HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 97 CLIPS UPON THE SHOE. These should not be used, as they are the frequent cause of an obscure lameness, often giving rise to much trouble. The growth of the horn being from above downwards, the clip offers an obstruction to the growth of the hoof, which cannot be overcome ; hence it is turned inwards upon the soft structures of the foot. This is readily seen after death, in the hoof of a horse which has been shod several years with the clip. Removal of the cause will enable the animal to get entirely over the lameness in two or three months. I have restored horses to perfect sound- ness in this way very frequently, even after a lameness of two and three years' standing. When it is thought necessary to use a clip, one of the smallest kind should be employed. INTERFERING. Many horses are in the habit of interfering and many ingenious methods have from time to time been devised to prevent this troublesome habit. Both the hind and fore legs are subject to cutting or striking, usually about the fetlock joint. In the front feet, however, we sometimes find them striking just below the knee-joint, producing an enlargement known as a speedy cut. We should, when this habit exists, first ascertain the cause as nearly as possible, and the part which strikes, whether the shoe or the foot. Many horses interfere only when leg-weary. Par- 9 G 98 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. ticularlj is this the case with colts. Some horses Btrike when shod with heavy shoes, but do not do so with hght ones. Others interfere from some peculiarity in the conformation of the limbs.. The most successful plan of preventing this habit, is to straighten the inside of the shoe from the toe to the quarter, allowing the heel of the shoe on the inside the same inclination that it would have ordinarily applied. Two nails only should be driven on the inside of the foot with this shoe. This is an exception to our rule in applying the shoe, but it usually has the desired effect. By no means make the shoe higher on one side than the other, as it causes unequal concussion upon the limb when the animal is in motion ; hence predisposing the joints to injury. In some rare cases, widening the web of the shoe, as well as straightening it upon the inside, has the desired effect, when simply straightening fails to accom- plish the purpose. OVERREACHING. Many very good horses have this troublesome habit. Young horses are more subject to over- reaching than old ones; it very frequently disap- pears as the speed of the animal is increased. At a moderate gait the front feet do not always get out of the way in time for the hind ones as they are brought forwards, hence a collision takes place. Sometimes the heels are cut or bruised badly, and occasionally the shoes are torn from HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 99 the front feet. The most successful means of preventing this habit, is to make the front shoes a little lighter, which facilitates their motion, the animal lifting them up so quickly — the hind ones should be a little heavier. Trifling as this differ- ence may appear, it is very generally successful ; an ounce of iron will make a very marked differ- ence in the movement of most animals, as much so as weight upon the back. SHOEING HORSES WITH CORNS. The corn should be well cut out, and then burned with a red-hot iron, muriatic acid, or but- ter of antimony. The shoe recommended for contracted feet should be here applied ; the hoof backwards from the corn to the heel should be removed, so that no part of the hoof back from the corn have any bearing upon the shoe; by this means we prevent all concussion that otherwise would fall upon the part affected; the animal thus shod will travel sound though the corn be a bad one. Much depends upon the careful and skilful application of the shoe, independently of its being constructed on proper principles. Many horses with very bad feet are enabled to go sound for years by a combination of care and skill, while on the contrary a single shoeing done by a bungling workman would suffice to lame them. It requires considerable skill to fit a shoe properly on a bad foot, so as to save the weakest parts and econo- mize the horn. 100 H(- RSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. STOPPING THE FEET. When we take into consideration the unnatural condition in which the feet of the horse in a state of domestication are brought, by nailing upon them the iron shoe, and standing them upon plank floors, we can readily understand why it is, that the hoof so soon becomes hard, brittle, and con- tracted. 1st. There is no moisture absorbed by the foot from either the shoe or the plank. If we stand the horse upon the ground, it is but lit- tle better, as such floors are usually very dry, or else they are in a filthy condition in consequence of the urine which the animal has passed off, pre- disposing the feet to thrush, &c. In consideration of the above facts it is our duty to protect the feet by artificial means. To do this effectually, the feet should be stopped with flaxseed meal mixed with water, that is when the meal is mixed the soles should be packed full, say once or twice a week during the winter season, and three or four times a week during the summer season. A small quantity of Dr. K. Jennings's Hoof Ointment applied to the upper part of the crust will be found of very great advantage; it softens the hoof and causes a healthy secretion of horn, or hoof. For a more perfect description of shoeing and the injuries consequent thereto, see Dr. R. Jennings on " The Horse and his Diseases.'^ THINGS WORTH KNOWING. A man to control a horse must learn to control HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. lOl himself. What you do must be done thoroughly, or better not do it at all. Once handhng a horse produces but a tempo- pary effect. " A merciful man is merciful to hif^ beast." On first hitching a colt in the stable, put a rope behind him, so that he cannot pull back upon the halter. Light stables are preferable to dark ones. Why? On taking a horse from a dark stable the pupil of the eye is dilated, in con- sequence of the change from a dark place to a light one ; the pupil is acted upon too suddenly and severely; the result is, the animal cannot distinguish objects until the pupil of the eye con- tracts. Stuff the feet often, and use occasionally Dr. R. Jennings's Hoof Ointment, if you would keep the feet of your horses in a healthy condition. Drive fast, and stop often. Pay the groom liberally, it will pay you back in the care of your horse. To warrant a horse free from vice is to make use of an almost indefinite term, for its bounda- ries are neither well defined nor understood ; and under this sweeping term might be included many faults generally considered trivial. Slipping the coIIot, w'eaviog in tfee stall, &o., might all equally be oonstfued ioto vids. To warrant a hdr^e |)erfevijs transmissible from the horse to man, causing ».ht worst kinds of ulcers 15 170 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. He mentions an instance in which a horse was affected by the disease from a farrier who had a glandered sore on his hand, which came in con- tact with the animal while he was giving it a ball. The man and the horse both died with the disease. A groom, named Provost, slept in a stable at Paris, occupied by a glandered horse. Some days after the death of the animal Provost was attacked with the same disease and died, Mr. Hamerton, surgeon to the Castle-town Dis- pensary, has placed upon record three cases of acute glanders in the human subject, all running the same course, and terminating fatally, and all traceable to the same cause, i. e., contagion from a diseased horse. — Veterinarian^ 1843. A vine-grower, in drenching a glandered horse, was bitten on the cheek ; fifteen days after he died glandered. — Vet. 1844. The patient, whom I saw several times during the progress of the malady, was Thomas Whit- taker, whose case was clearly one of inoculation. The poor fellow was bald-headed, and received a slight scratch on his scalp which cost him his Hfe. He recollected wiping the perspiration off his head with his dirty hands ; and as the scratch in his scalp first showed the true character of a farcy ulcer, there can be little doubt as to the inocula- tion having taken place at the time of skinning the farcied horse. He survived the inoculation twenty-one days. Robert Pick, an old, faithful, *nd I believe, 'valued, servant to the gentleman HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. 171 who owned the farcied pony, was the subject of the second lamentable case, which is considered one of infection; and the infection is supposed to have been conveyed by the fetid breath of the animal, while the poor man was in the act of giving some mucilage of linseed to the pony a few hours before his death. A few hours after the death of the pony, Dick complained of being unwell, and of having pain in his knee. At first the pain was regarded as rheumatism, but ulti- mately proved to be that of farcy, as that disease showed itself in its true character and virulence, which ended the suflPering patient's life on the twenty-second day after he had inhaled the fetid breath of the animal. — Vet. 1846. " Within the last quarter two veterinary sur geons — one residing in Walworth, and the othei in Wolverhampton — are reported as having died from inoculation of glanders. This terrible dis- ease is not often seen in Scotland, but very fre- quently in England, and still more so in Ireland. From the latter circumstance, the malady is often found to be imported about the west coast of Scotland. London has always been renowned for the prevalence of glanders among omnibus, cab, and other horses. A very strict supervision is maintained, and all glandered horses are des- troyed when discovered; but nevertheless, we can state on good authority that the omnibus horses of London have suffered very severely from this disease, and d« so still. The partial measures adopted by companies are not sufficient 172 HORSE-TRAININO MADE EASY. to eradicate it, and the "glandered night team^' is not altogether a thing of the past. The danger to human life is so great that we feel happy to seize an opportunity to urge the adoption of the most eflectual measures for the suppression of any practice which tends to prolong the life of the glandered horse." Another case, as published in the Herald of Reform," is as follows : — " Mr. J. Burns, a grocer, in Baltimore, died a horrid death in that city, a few days ago, in con- sequence of poison communicated to his system from a horse afflicted with glanders. During the administration of medicine Mr. B. thrust into the animal's mouth his hand, a finger of which had been previously cut, and the flesh laid open. Through this wound the virus was absorbed, and mortification supervened. A surgeon was called upon to amputate the diseased member. Per- ceiving, however, that the poison had penetrated to every portion of the unfortunate man's system, he deoJined performing the operation, and stated that no earthly skill could save his life. After lingering in great agony, death closed the scene. Still Another — Death of a Russian Lady from Glanders. — The awful death of Madame Palesikofi", one of the most charming amongst all that bevy of charming Russian ladies who sometimes gladden the winters of Paris, has created a terrible shock amongst the circles she BO lately embellished by her presence. The un- happy lady left Paris but a short time ago, on a HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAS^. 178 Bummer tour to Germany. While stepping jcu^ the door of the opera-house in Berlin, to gain her carriage, she let fall one of her bracelets close to the pavement. Stooping to pick it up, she noticed at the time, laughingly, that "one of the horses belonging to a carriage standing at hand, dropped his head so close to her face, that he had touched her, and left a moist kiss upon her cheek.'' In a few days the unfortunate lady was taken ill with that most horrible disease, glan- ders, and in a few day more breathed her last, in spite of the attendance of the first physicians of Berlin, and every resource to be obtained by wealth, or by the ceaseless vigilance of friends. — Court Journal. In March, 1853, a messenger named Meignan, of the commune of Chemilli, consulted a quack by the name of Moyne about a discharge affect- ing one of his horses. Moyne, who passed in the country as formerly a pupil of the veterinary school at Alfort, and even assumed in his prac- tice the title of veterinary surgeon, declared, after having examined Meignan's horse, that he was affected with " strangles," but that Meignan might use him and treat him without any risk of harm, and that he would answer for his re- covery. Meignan, equally simple and confiding, followed this dangerous advice. He made use of his horse, treated and groomed him according to the instruc tions given — in fact, was too faithful an executor of the prescriptions of a man m whom he had '74 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. placed his confidence : he would daily wipe tht nostrils of the horse clean with his pocket hand- kerchief, lest he might be found fault with by the authorities of the villages he was necessitated to pass through. Such care became to him fatal. On the 7th of April, this unfortunate messenger fell a victim to the effects of the farcino-glander- ous attack contracted from his horse. Some days after his death, M. Pangoue, veterinary surgeon, called in by the authority, pronounced that the horse of this unfortunate man was affected with acute glanders, and recommended accordingly his immediate destruction. Our brethren, MM. Pan- goue and Bresson, communicated to us this fact, as another proof of the danger of empiricism. In mentioning a similar case where two horses were glandered, M. Pangoue says: 'Tor the last fortnight these horses had been treated by the proprietor himself, who, in the course of that time, contracted the glanders in spite of all the precautions I had strongly urged him to take, not doubting but that he exposed himself to great risks. Notwithstanding one could not positively assert the channel through which contagion had taken place, it was very easy to suppose what the contagious agent was, and how the glandered virus had operated. However incomplete this case may be deemed, especially as far as con- cerns the unfortunate subject of contagion, do not similar details to those I have just related, exist in abundance, and prove in a most undeni- able manner that human nature enjoys the sad HOBSE-T&AININa MADE EAST. 175 prerogative of contracting, through inoculation, a disease so terrible among our domestic animals, and one which veterinary science has designated under the name of glanders. — Rec. de Med. Vet. deSep.Ub^.^ In man it is generally produced through in- oculation of the matter into a wound. Whether it can be contracted by infection, through the miasmata arising from it, without actual contact of the matter, is not yet quite decided. There are, however, some grounds for believing that this disease is occasionally propagated by infection in the horse; and that the effluvia are capable of com- municating some form of malignant fever, although not true glanders, to the human subject. But the matter from the abscesses or nasal cavities of hu- man beings is capable of communicating the disease both to men and animals. A man died of glanders in St. Bartholomew's jffospital, in 1840, and the nurse who attended him inoculated her hand, and died of it also in a few days; and two kittens, which were inoculated from the nurse, became aflPected likewise. Moreover, the blood of a glandered horse injected into the veins of a healthy one, communicated the disease, although no abnormal appearance could be de- tected in it by the microscope. — Druitt's Surgery. " An inquest was opened at the Guildhall, Bath, on Friday evening, September 26th, by A. H. English, Esq., the city coroner, on the body of a boy who died from glanders." — Veteri- narian j 1862. 176 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. Death from Glanders. — A blacksimia, named George Spence, residiDg at Aunadarragh, and aged about forty years, was admitted into the County Infirmary on the 27th May last, suffer- ing from glanders. Notwithstanding all the efforts of medical skill, the unfortunate man expired on the 7th ult. This loathsome disease must have been communicated to the deceased by some horse which he was shoeing. As it is now well known that glanders is incurable, ani- mals infected with the disease should be des- troyed as soon as the first symptoms are mani- fested.— Veterinary Review^ 1862. From time to time, cases of glanders or farcy are reported as occurring in the human subject, but the frequency with which such reports meet the public eye bear no relation to the actual number of cases which are observed. As with several other forms of disease due to animal poisons, there are many cases overlooked, and never diagnosed. We have a law referring to glandered horses, to their use and sale, but we )an state from experience that the law is evaded. V^eterinary surgeons are not disposed to insist on ihe immediate slaughter of any glandered horse khey meet with in practice. Cases of farcy are )ften much neglected, and the result is the spread jf disease. Information lias reached us of glandered horses sold by public auction, of ani- mals similarly affected being worked in LondoF omnibuses, and it is well known that glandei< has proved unusually destructive within the las* HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. 177 two or three years amongst the horses of our cavalry regiments. Ireland is no doubt the division of the United Kingdom in which there are most cases of glan- ders in man and horses. In the report of the Census Commissioners for 1851, we find the fol lowing remarks : " The number of deaths from this cause afforded by the returns of 1841 was but eleven; on the present occasion they amount to one hundred and ninety-six, viz., one hundred and sixty-eight males and twenty-eight females. We think the magnitude in the returns for 1851 is owing, not merely to a greater knowledge, both medical and popular, of the symptoms of the disease, but to an increase of these affections, and to a greater negligence on the part of per- sons engaged in the care of horses. Instances have been recorded of families becoming infected with this frightful malady from residing in the same apartments with diseased animals. In our report upon the statistics of disease, we have already called attention to the subject of the in- crease of this affection, and pointed out the necessity which exists for bringing infected ani- mals under the surveillance of the police. The seasons show the following great varieties: In spring there died seventy-one persons from this cause; in summer, fifty; in winter, forty-eight j and in autumn, but twenty-nine.'' — Veterinary Review^ 1863. I^aw respecting glandered horse.? in England, reads thus : " Any person who shall sell, expose 178 HORSE-TBAININQ MADE EAST. for sale, or keep in his possession, or keep or Buffer to be kept on his premises, or lead, drive, or bring in or into any street, road, or public place, any horse or beast affected with the said disease, or any disease of the like nature, know- ing such horse or beast to be so affected, shall be liable to a fine not exceeding the sum of twenty pounds (^100), or, in default of payment, to be imprisoned for a term not exceeding one month.'* *' Any justice or justices may order any horse or other beast affected with the said disease, together with any troughs, litter, hay, straw, or other article which he or they shall judge likely to have been infected thereby, to be forthwith destroyed, or otherwise disposed of in such man- ner as he or they shall deem proper/^ " In 1784, a law was enacted by the French government to prevent any one from keeping a glandered horse, under a penalty of one hundred dollars. Every animal suspected of glanders had the words ^suspected animal' impressed wilh green wax on his forehead ; and the penalty for Belling such an aoimal, or offering him for sale, was one hundred dollars. " Persons having suspected animals were to report the same to the mayor, syndics of villages, or other proper authorities, under a penalty of one hundred dollars. Such horses were then inspected by experienced veterinary surgeons, apj)ointed by the mayor or other officer, and, if found glan- dered, were destroyed. If only suspected, they were marked in the forehead as before described." The foregoing is but a drop in the bucket, HORSE-TRATNINQ MADE EASY. 179 compared with the recorded evidence upon the subject of glanders; time and space, however, will not permit a further extension of this subject. Our present experience in the United States oi America should bring us to the level of Europe in passing laws, ordinances, on the subject t)f glanders. The losses already sustained by our farmers and horsemen, by the purchase of con- demned and diseased government horses, amount to more than the sum realized by the govern- ment, and will go on increasing at a fearful rate. We are told "that the glandered horses of the army have been shot or destroyed, and that none are offered which are known as diseased. Half an hour in the sales-yards is more than sufficient to convince a competent judge to the contrary. It is evident to the observer that the malady exists to a great extent. Where is the fault ? Is it not obvious that the ofl&cers having charge of the animals offered for sale are not competent, and do not understand the disease ? Hovv many recognised veterinary surgeons are there in the employ of the United States Government? None to speak of. Before sending a lot of horses to any place for public sale, every animal should be thoroughly inspected by the most competent sur- geon, qualified as such, a graduate, a man of long experience and a practitioner, and every animal, even suspected, should be at once destroyed, VALUABLE KECEIPTS FROM THE PRIVATE RECEIPT-BOOK OF THE ADTHOR. BALLS. R. Barb. Aloes ... 1 dr. Calomel 1 scruple. Linseed Meal . . . i oz. Mix with molasses. An alterative, used for diseases of the liver principally; given once a day. R. Black Antimony . . 1 oz. Sulphur Flour * . . 4 " Nitre (pulv.) . . . 1 " Mix with honey and divide into four balls j ao excellent alterative. R. Calomel Mr. Linseed Meal . . . 1 oz. Mix with molasses; give at nignt, ?nd follow in the morning with a purgative bdli , a vern.i- fuge. R. Oak Bark . . . > 1 o'/.. Powdered Opium . . 1 Cai. Mix with molasses. For diarrhoea in Lvjks.* 16 (l^^J 183 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. R. Ammonicum .... 2 drs. Powdered Squills ... 1 " Barb. Aloes .... 1 " Linseed Meal .... 2 " Mix with molasses. For cougli. 11. Emetic Tartar .... Mr. Digitalis (pulv.) . . . i " Nit. Potassa 2 " Powd. Liquorice . . . 2 " Mix with molasses. For fever in horses oi eattle. R. Camphor Gum .... 2 drs. Nit. Potassa 3 " Linseed Meal . . . . J oz. Mix with molasses. For retention of urine. R. Barbadoes Aloes ... 6 drs. Pulv. Ginger .... 1 " " Gentian .... 1 " Mix with water. A purgative. R. Barbadoes Aloes ... 5 drs. Calomel 1 " Linseed Meal .... 1 " Mix with molasses. A good puro"* R. Sulphate of Copper . . i dr. Sulphate of Zinc . . . ^ " Aniseed 1 " Linseed Meal .... 2 « Mix with molasses. A good tonic. VALUABLE RECEIPTS. 183 R Iron Filings 2 drs. Carbonate of Potash . . 2 " Powdered Gentian . . . 2 " Miz with molasses. A good tonic. POWDERS. R. Sulphur 1 oz Black Antimony . . . J " Saltpetre 1 " An alterative. Mix all together R, Mustard Seeds . Sweet Flag . . Juniper Berries Flour of Sulphur Foenigreek Seeds Mix; dose, one tablespoonful. phoid diseases. 4 oz. 4 " 2 " 6 '' 3 '' Good in tj' R. Powdered Gentian . . . 2 oz. Cascarilla (pulv.) . . . 1 " Ginger " . . . 2 " Mix ; dose, one teaspoonful. For lost appetite R. Calomel .... . 1 dr. Sulphate of Potash . 1 oz. Powd. Linseed 1 " Mix. Used In abrlominnl inflammation. 184 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. R. Sulphate of Potash . . 2 oz. Powd. Gentian . . . . ^ " Mix. Used in colic. R. Iodide of Potassa . . . 1 dr. Chloride of Mercury . . 1 " Powdered Belladonna . . i oz. White Sugar .... 1 ^' Mix, and divide into four powders. Put upoD the tongue for sore throat. R. Powdered Camphor . . 1 dr. '< Rhubarb . . 2 '' " Opium . . . 1 " Mix. For diarrhoea. R. Burnt Alum . . . . 4 oz. Sulphate of Iron . . . 2 " Sulphate of Copper . . 1 " Camphor 2 drs. Mix. For thrush or canker. MIXTURES. R. Linseed Oil 1 pint. Croton Oil 10 drops. Mix. A purge. R. Linseed Oil 1 pint. Assafoetida 2 drs. Mix. Good in flatulent colic. VALUABLE RECEIPTS. 186 R Camphor 2 drs. Sulphuric Ether . . . 4 " Acetate of Ammonia . . 4 oz. Mix. Used in typhoid diseases. R. Quinine i dr. Sulphuric Acid . . . . i " Water 1 pint. Mix, and give in warm gruel. A good tonic. LINIMENTS. R. Mercurial Ointment . . 1 o«. Liquor Ammonia . . . 2 " Camphor 1 dr. Sweet Oil 4 oz. Mix. In skin diseases. R. Oil of Turpentine . . . 1 oz. Tincture of Opium . . 1 " Soap Liniment .... 1 " Tincture of Capsicum . . } *' Mix. A good liniment. R. Extract of Opium ... 2 drs. Goulard's Extract ... 2 oz. Water i pint Mix. Used in inflammatory swellings. 16* 186 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. R. Tincture of Myrrh . . 4 oz. Tincture of Aloes . . . 2 " Water J pint Mix. For galls, sore mouth, &c. BLISTERS. R. Pulv. Cautharides . Spirits of Turpentine Powd. Euphorbium Oil Origanum . Lard Mix. A strons: blister. 2 drs. 2 " 1 « 1 " 2 01. R, Cantharides Ointment . 2 oi. Tartar Emetic . . ." . 1 dft Mix. A powerful blister. 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Write us for terms, etc. HOW TO SEND MONEY In remitting by mail the safest means are a Post Office or Express Money Order or a Draft on New York or Chicago, payable to Frederick J. Drake & Company. When these are not procurable, Cash may be sent in a Registered Letter. Unused United States postage stamps of the denomination of ten cents or under will be received as cash in amounts less than one dollar. Soiled stamps, or stamps other than those of the United States, and personal checks or drafts on local banks cannot be accepted. Original Gypsy Fortune Teller and Dream Book Now for the First Time Made Public *" A complete revelation of the art of fortune telling by cards. Palmistry and Signs of the Zodiac, as practiced by the wandering Gypsies for Centuries past; with signs, tokens, speels and other marvelous instructions in the fame9 Black Art of Witches, seers and astrologists. — It also Contains, a complete Dictionary of Dreams, The Art of Palmistry, a full collection of Charms, spells and incitations and much other material relating to the Occult Arts. Paper Cover. 25 cent. Cloth Covers 50 cenU Practical Ventriloquism By Robert Ganthony Fully Illustrated A thoroughly reliable guide to the Art of Voice Throwing and Vocal Mimicry, Vocal In- strumentation, Ventriloquist Figures, Enter- taining, etc. The long experience of the author on the stage and in teaching this wonderful art by correspondence is conclusive evidence that by a little application of the funda- mental principles laid down in this book, and by frequent practice after acquiring the two or three simple rules, you can become an adept in the art. Paper Covers 25 cents Cloth Covers 50 cent. Painters and Paper-Hangers' Manual By A. L. DeLuse This little hand-book of Painting and Paper- Hanging is intended to aid the one who is "learning his trade" or doing his own work to save the expense of having it done, and also to guide the ones who have come to regard painting and paper-hanging not 'only as an art, but as a means of obtaining a liveli- hood. The young painter may derive profit and advancement from a careful study of this book, as the hints, rules and recipes it con-i tains are reliable and practical. During re- " cent years the wholesale manufacture of paint has reached such proportions and modern methods have so cheap- ened its production that "ready to apply" paint is used to a great extent where small jobs of painting are to be done. ,■» I Paper Cover. 25 060^*1 American Nights Entertainments By Josephir.e Stafford There is no book published that can take the place of this handy httle volume of origi- nal Games and Costume Parties. It is unique in the fact that it actually fills a place never attempted before and at a price so reason- able as to be within the reach of everybody. Besides 27 original games, suitable for all kinds of Parties, luncheons and teas, there are seven Costume Parties for children, suit- able for birthday parties, amateur vaude- ville and Sunday school entertainments. Illustrated and handsomely bound. Handsome Paper Covers 25 cents Cloth 50 cents McBride's Latest Dialogues By H. Elliott McBride This collection of Dialogues, Parlor Dramas Colloquies and amateur plays is without a doubt the best published. They are bright and original and are designed especially for the use of young people in school exhibitions, social meetings, lodges, Sunday school enter- tainments and literary societies. Every selec- tion available, nothing vulgar or objection- able. Handsomely bound. Handsome Paper Covers 25 cents Cloth 50 cents A. B. C. Guide to Music By Josiah Booth This book will serve to introduce all into the theory and practice of the Musical Art. It contains simple and illustrated chapters on singing and cultivation of the voice ; full and explicit helps to the piano and organ, short sket:;hes of eminent composers, and a complete dictionary of musical terms, etc. The reputation of the author is such as to require no introduction to the public. 164 pages. Fully illustrated. Handsome Paper Covers 25 cents C»oth 50 cents The Gypsy Witch Dream Book CYfSY WITCH DREAM lOOK This is tlie most complete dream book pub- lished. It contains an alphabetical list -ef dreams on every subject, including the lucky numbers, given names of both males and females and their numbers. Birthdays and their significance, Lucky Days, Rules to learn the number of Saddles, Gigs, and Combination Tables, etc. It is the most reliable and authentic dream book ever published; the gathering of the material alone has occupied years of careful research. 208 pages. Paper Covers. Cloth Covers . Card Tricks— How to Do Them And principles of Sleight of Hand. By A. Roterberg. Fully illustrated. This book gives, with careful and easy instructions, the newest card tricks and sleight-of-hand yet offered to professionals and amatevffs. Not only does this book contain all of the old tricks, but nearly every one known is fully explained and exposed by explicit directions and carefully-prepared illustrations. No more agreeable form of public or private amusement can be devised than that of successful card tricks. 170 pages, 80 fine illustrations. Paper Covers Cloth, Gold Titles .25 cents . 50 cenU Tricks With Coins By T. Nelson Downs. A full and complete ex- pose (illustrated) of the Author's World Famous Coin Creation, "The Miser's Dream," including the correct method of executing the Continu- ous Back and Front-Hand Palm. A series of absolutely new Passes with Coins, including eleven distinct and different meth- .ods of causing the disappearance of a single coin. This book contains a complete explanation, with illustrations, of every Coin Trick known. Written in a plain, easy, comprehensive style, which makes it the very best book on com tricks published. To the professional and ama- teur this book will be an interesting addition to the already great number of works on what many consider to be the most ?as^?nating an of the period. 170 pages. 95 illustrations. ^ _, 25 cents Paper Covers... • 50 cents Cloth, Gold Titles