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SquIS ONILLOYL JO ONIX FHL
‘S4AMIUM 3595x039

Gleason's

eterinarn
Sq and-Dook

AND
* SYSTEM OF
HORSE TAMING

IN TWO PARTS

PART I, —-THEORY AND PRACTICE OF VETERIN-
ARY SCIENCE. DISEASES OF HORSES,
CATTLE, SHEEP, POULTRY, SWINE, .
DOGS, BIRDS, AND THEIR REMEDIES.

PART II1.—SYSTEM OF HORSE TAMING. .

Cdited by
Oliver W. ‘Gleason » . |
i) in &

PRORUSELY
ILLUSTRATED
MDCCCXCIV - ~ ~ ~
John ZF. Potter * Company
Philadelphia - ~ ~ s
Rew Bork, Boston, Chicagqa

COPYRIGHT 1594
BY
JOHN EH. POTTER & CO.

od
YS \ &
rd 4 :
ot ¢ ( &
} , 2) ’

SER E ACT.

THE human race has very largely emancipated itself
from the old school of medical science which prescribed
the lancet, calomel and rhubarb for nearly all ailments;
and now we think it is about time to free our friends,
the dumb brutes of the farm yard, from the attacks of
those veterinary quacks who know little or nothing
except blood-letting, “ firing,” drenching, and other bar-
barous customs long ago proved to be not only useless,
but absolutely unnecessary, brutal and harmful.

The aim of the editor has been to make a book free
from literary nicety and labored effort—clear, concise and
accurate—carefully eschewing the injurious system of
bleeding, blistering, firing and physicking, and presenting
the very latest and best approved methods of modern
veterinary science in such a plain and direct way that
the knowledge here given may be available to every
reader.

This Hand-Book is based very largely upon tke
works of Robert McClure, M. D., V.S., one of the most
celebrated, and perhaps the most uniformly successful
yeterinarian this country has ever produced. The

methods of treating diseases of domestic animals are
V

v1 PREFACE.

based upon the results of actual practice, not mere theory,
as is the case with most veterinary works. The modes
of treatment here given may be relied upon absolutely,
having been tried and proved; and the descriptions of
symptoms, signs of disease, etc., are unusually full and
distinct.

The treatise on “ Diseases of Sheep” deserves special
mention, having been generally accepted as the most
reliable treatise on this important subject yet given to
the public.

At my earnest request the Publishers have consented
to place the VETERINARY HAND-Booxk upon the market
at an extremely low price. I am convinced that a large
circulation of this volume will have the effect of cor-
recting many errors that exist not only in the minds of
stock-owners, but in the practice of many veterinary
surgeons; and this result, rather than pecuniary gain,
has been the motive which prompted the preparation
of this work.

OLIVER W. GLEASON.

PHILADELPHIA, April 15, 1889.

CONTENTS:

INTRODUCTION.

Breathing, ‘ : A : F : 2 5 :
Causes of Disease, 5 3 ‘ -
Hever, . 5

How to Observe Diseases, . < : : “ - .
Principles of Disease, . : 5 : : : . °
Pulse, . ‘ 2 : , “ 5 - “ - oe
Treatment of Disease, . - : - 5

Vis Medicatrix Nature,

DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Abrasion,

Abscess,

Acari,

Accidents, . 5 - : : ; : :

Aconite, . : : 5 2 : -

Alteratives, 4 A : - : é

Amaurosis, . . : ° ° -
Anemia, . : : - 3 .

Anchylosis, . : 5 - : 5 : . 2
Aneurism, . : ° ° 5 . . °
Apoplexy, : . . . . . Cea :
Aphtha, : 5 . ° ° ° ° ° ° .
Atrophy, . - : 2 ° . ° . ° ° :

Black Sinuses, . - . . . . . : °
Baldness, 5 . é : ; : : - -
Belly-ache, . > . . . ° . ° ° °
Big Head, ° ° > ° ° ° . . - -
Bishoping, . ° cay ee ° . ° . .
Bite of Mad Dog, . Sacks ° e ° . ° °

Bladder Diseases, 6
Bleeding, 5 :
Bloody Urine, . : .
Blood, . : - . °
Boils, . ¢ < 6 5

Bots, . ; P é
Bowels, Dyce Of: ;
Brain Diseases, ‘ A 0

Breaking Down, ° °
Breathing Short, . ° °
Breeze Flies, A “ °
Brittle Feet, . 6 ° °

Bronchin). - 5 .
Bronchitis, . : - .
Bronchocele, S 5 :

Broken Knees, : : .
Bruises of the Sole, . °
Burns and Sealds, . “ °
Bursa Mucosa, Enlarged, .

Caleuli, - : : °
Cancers,

Canine Rabies,

Capped Elbow, :
Capped Hock, . ° 5
Carditis, . : ; 5
Caries, :

Castration, . : :
Cataract,

Catarrh,

Cialis,

Cerebro-Spinal Moninoias:
Chest Diseases,

Chest Founder,

Chilblains,

Chill,

Choking,

Chorea, : . °
Cold, 6 5 A
Cold Lotions, 5 : °
Colic, : ; 5 .
Coma, .

Congestion of ive Tees:
Constipation,

CONTENTS.

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PAGE
45
45
48
48
49
49
49
49
50
50
50
50
50
50
52
53
o4
54
54

54
o4
50
55
56
56
57
oF
58
58
58
58
59
o9
59
59
59
60
60
61
61
64
64
64

Consumption, 5
Contagion,
Contraction,
Convalescence,
Comms,” . ; -
Coryza Gangrenosa,
Corrosive Sublimate,
Cough,
Counter-irritants, .
Cow Hock,

Cramp, . A :
Crib-Biting, ;
Curb, : : -
Curby Hocked, .
Cutaneous Diseases,
Cutting,

Death, . -

Debility, . :
Deformities, . -
Deuteropathia,
Diabetes, : -
Diaphoretics,
Diarrhea, : -

Diathesis, . :
Diet, . : -
Disinfectants, .
Distemper, - :
Diuretics, . °
Dropsies, : °
Dysentery, . :

Ear Diseases, :
Eechymosis,
Eezema,
Elephantiasis,
Embrocation,
Kmetics,
Emphysema,
Encysted Tumors,
Encephaloid,
Endermic,
Enema,

Enteritis, . -

CONTENTS.

e °
° ® °
° °
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° °
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PAGE

CONTENTS.

Enzootie, : : : :

Ephemeral, : : : : 6 ;

Epidemic, 5
Dpizootreyny a. : : é : : ° : .

Epilepsy, 5 : é , ; 5 . : 5
Epiphora,
Epsom Salts,

Eruptions, . :
Erysipelas,
Exostosis, . : : : :

Eye Diseases,

False Quarter, . g : - : - :

Farecy, ; . : : : .

Fatty Tumor, é : : : : -

Farrier, “ : 5 : : : 5 : : :
Fever, aerial : é : , : .
Hever Sempathetic. : : 4 : : -
Fever in the Feet 5 : : : - .
Fibroma, - - : - - 5 Seauiie 5
Firing Horses, . . : - ° : - : :
Fistula, . : : : < : : 5 -
Fistula in the Foot, . : “ ; - : - :
Fistulous Withers, é : - 5 : :
IEC S eee - : : : - : 2 ° :
Flaxseed, ‘ : : : 5 5 . 6
Food, Hintson . : : 5 : - : ane ts
Fomentations, : : : : - .
Foot Diseases, , : 5 : : . : : :
Founder, :

Fractures, . : : . - 5 :

Fracture of the elf C 4 : < 5 : 6
Frost Bites, : : . “ 5 ° : a
Fungi, as a Cause of Disease. : ‘ - A
Gangrene, . : ‘ 6 : 5 A 4 :
Gastritis Mucosa, . 5 < 3 4 ;

Glanders, . : : 4 5 - . : : °
Glass Eye, . 5 : . : : °
Gleet, Nasal, : : ; 5 4 - 5 ; 6

Granulation, . ; . 5 : 5 “ : 5
Gravel in the Foot, . 5 ; 6 5 - 4
Grease, e e e e e e e e e e

Gripes, Bid SUP ade tes ack) Wed Ever on el peat lias

. 106
ae 00)

. 112

. 113
. 120
. 120

. 121

108

112

113

116

120

120

123

Grogginess,
Grunuter,

Gullet, Obstructions in,

Gun-shot Wound,
Gutta Serena,

CONTENTS.

PAGE

A ° 123

: . 123

. ° ° ° 123

: ° ° ° ° : - 123

Heart, Diseases of, - : : 5 124
Heaves, - : a : 126
Heat, : 5 : 128
Hepatic Diseases, . - . z - 28
Hernia, - . . A 128
Herpes, 128
Hereditary Teens ames 128
Hide Bound, - - 129
Hip-joint Disease, : - - . 130
Hock, The, . . 131
Hooks in the Eyes, es 132
Horse, Natural History of, ‘ ° 132
Horse Fly, ie ere re ee, 132
Humanity to Animals, ie ONiste ss = : - 5 - os Se
Hydrothorax, : - - By
Hydrocele, 2 . : 137
Hydronemia, . : . 137
Hydrophobia, . ° 137
Hypertrophy, “ ° 2 138
Hypodermie, . 138
Hysteria, - : 138
Indigestion, ° : : : : 139
Infection, - = 139
Inflammation, . : : 140
Influenza, ; : = 140
Injections, 5 6 141
Instruments, . : : ; 142
Intestines, = . 5 : : : : 144
Itch, : 144
Interfering, 5 - ‘ - A . 144
Dae. a. : : : “ 145
Jaundice, . : , 145
Joint Diseases, 145

Jugular Vein, iattammnmetion of, F : : : : : » 146

Kidneys, Diseases of,

Knees, Broken,

CONTENTS.

Knee Joint, Loose Cartilages in,
Knuckling, : . : : : .

Lameness, : : . < . °
Laminitis, . : : : 4 . .
Lampas, . : : : - : .
Laryngitis, . é C . : :

Leg, Fractures of, . : : ° 5
Lice,

Ligaments,

Lipoma,

Liver,

Locked-jaw,

omss- ye. < - 5 : : :
Loss of Appetite. Lumbago. Lungs,
Lymph. Lymphangitis, 5 :

Madness,

Mad Staggers,

Maggots, : 5 : -
Malignant, . : : ; : °
Malignant, Epidemic, ; : 5 .
Mallenders,

Mange, . “ : . : . .
Materia Medica, . ; : : :
Megrims, . : é : : : °
Melanosis, : , : : : °
Melanoid, . ; ‘ : : “ “
Mesentery,

Mesenterica, . 5 : : :
Metastasis, : : , 5 5 :
Moon Blindness, : ; : S
Mortification, : é é - :
Moribund, . 5 5 5 5 5
Mouth Diseases, . :

Mucus, ‘ ; ; A 5 5
Mucous Membrane, : : : .
Myalgia, . : : . -

Narcotics, ‘ ; 3
Nasal Gleet, é -
Navicular Disease,

Necrosis,

Nephritis,

. Az

‘eo

CONTENTS.

PAGE
Nervousness, ‘ ; : ia ae : : : : - . 164
Neurotomy, . - - - . : : 5 - = tbo
Nose, Diseases of, - - - : : . - : - «165

Numbness, . A < c “ : : é - A . 166

Obesity, : ‘ ; : : : : - - - > 2166
Cidema, . A 3 : “ 3 - - : : - . 166
Cistromania, ‘ : : . ° - A - - 3 =), “166
Omentum, ‘ : 5 3 2 - : 5 : : a . 166
Open Joints, : : : : - - : . : 2 = 166
Ophthalmia, . : ‘ : : : : : - : : . 166

Ossification, E A : : : : ; . : +) 166
Osteology, é : 5 S a 5 = : 5 3 : - LG7
Osteoporosis, cE - : : . S = . : er PLOY:

Ostitis, . 2 : ; : “ : . : : : : Or
Overreach, . Eee - : . : - - : ; bo 167
Ozena, . . , : ‘ A : é . : - ElGe

Palliatives, . - 5 : : . . - ° . : act) L167
Paralysis, : : : : 5 - : 2 - : : ~ 167
Parotid Duct, . : : - - : - : : : . 168

Pathology, . : - - ; - - : : ; = 69
Patella, ingioeation of, ; 3 , é 5 : H : ~~ “169
Pasterns, - . - : : : : - : : - . 170
Pelvis, . é & j < - - - : : ees 9)

Pelvic Abscess, : : : : : 2 C : ; mal)
Penis Hanging Out, . - : : . : : : - oat
eristaltic, |. : : 5 : : - - : : : {a

Peritonitis, ‘ - : - - - - : : ae yale
Periosteum, . : creer “ : ° : : : : » 172
Phagadena, “ : A : : 5 - - - 5 ee gy
Phlebitis, : ; : 2 é : ; : - : ay lacs

Baeeriasia Dalen, : ; on Te : . : : : Wee VG:
Phrenitis, : : : 5 5 . - ° 3 ° . SS)
Physiology, : . - - 3 - : + = é ace aS
Physicking, . é : : : : S : ate te : 13
Pleurisy, . : : : : : : ‘ : : - a» MYA
Pleuro-pneumonia, : SUS UTS 69s ipa ie ae a ek a oN . 174
Pleurodynia, - : : : : : : : : . sacs
Plethora, - 5 - : : : : : : : é . 174
Pneumonia, : : : . : . : : : : . 174
Poisons, . : s : : : : - . : ; ; . 174
Poll Evil, . : : : 5 : : : . : : = \- 1%6
Polypi, . : 5 5 : - 3 3 - : . - 4 428

CONTENTS.

Predisposing Causes, . : : :
Prick of the Foot, . : é 5 6

Probang, . : : 2 c :
Procidenta, . , . 5 5
Prognosis, . : : - - -

Prophylactics, . 5 5

Proud Flesh, soaps é - : -

EWI ON : : : . :
Pulse, . A S - - - - -
Puncture, : : - - p :
Purgatives, 5 5 . : . “
Purpura, 6 “ : - 7 ds
Busse 5 5 : : . 5 :
Putrefaction, . : c : 3 “

Putrid Fever, . 5 5 6 : .
Pyemia, . 5 : 5 ° ° °

Quack Medicines, . : - -
Quinsy, : . ° . ° .
Quittor, . 5 . : ° : °

Rabies, . “ A ° = - .
Rachitis, . ° : : “ - A
Resolution, . 4 : . . .
Respiration, : . . ° . :

Revulsion, . “ ° . ° .
Rheumatism, . 5 ° . . °
Ring-bone, . ° . ° ° .
Ringworm, . . ° ° ° : °
Roaring, 5 . : ° ° .
Round Bone, . . . : . 6
Rowels, . ° ° . ° ° :
Ruptures, . . Sigcieis ° 5 5

Saddle Galls,
DANS MSrS Wea pcre Lk 3y cele cunaake, wee, ales

Sailiitvaseees . 5 : 5 ; A
Salivation, . A = © 4 : :
Sand Cracks, . 5 E . 5 :
Sanious Pus, . : - : :

Sealds, . 6 4 : : - :
Scald Mouth, < 5 ; j A
Searlatina, . 6 é 5 :
Seratches, . : ; - 5 : -

Schirris, . “ 5
Scouring, - - :
Scrotum, . : 2

Seurk .. : - 4
Secretion, . :

Sedatives, : : “
Serum,

Serous Abscess,

Seton, .

Shivers, . ; - c
Shoeing,

Shoulder erence.

Shoulder Joint Lameness,

Side Bones, . a
Sinus, . - ‘ .
Sitfasts,

Skeleton of the Hone, Bones of he

Skin Diseases, - :
Slobbering, 5
Slough, . 2 . 5

Sores, . : - °
Soundness, . 4 °
Spavin, : :

Specks on the Bes :
Speedy Cut, : °
Spleen Diseases, . °
Splint, . - - -
Spraims, . . . :
Staggers, . - :
Staked, . : - .
Stings from Bees, etc.,
Stifle-joint Lameness, .
Stifle Ulceration, .

Stomach Diseases, 5
Stone in the Bladder,
Strains, . 5 : A

Strangles, . - :
Stranguary, . °

Strangulation, . :
Stringhalt, . . :
Stumbling, - °

Sunstroke, . : .
Suppuration, -
Surfeit, . . 5 :

CONTENTS.

CONTENTS.

Swelled Legs, 5 : : 5 5 : : 4 . - . 219
Swellings, . : : 5 5 ats - 5 5 5 «cee
Sweenie, 6 : 0 ° : : A . 219
Sympathy, . : : 4 : : : . : : ~ 1220
Synovia, . : ° . ° ° ° ° . 5 ° . 220
Synchronous, . - 2 - Sirs 05 4 “ - 5 . 220
Systole, . : : 5 : : 2 5 : - A . 221

Tabanide, . 5 - 4 5 4 ° ° - 5 a - S22
Tabes, . A 4 - : : 3 5 4 A 5 a . 221
Talpe, - : : : 5 5 - : ° : «eal
Teeth, . : : ‘4 2 6 5 5 5 5 5 a . 221
Tetanus, 5 5 : 5 - - = 5 - 3 et
Tetter, . 4 j 4 : 5 2 5 ° > - : Be |
Thick Wind, . 6 < : 4 : “3 5 : : pe 7)
Thick Leg, . - : : B 5 : . 5 . 221
Thiselo, < 4 ° : 5 5 5 . 6 4 : oo ae
Thoroughpin, - : - : 5 5 5 . : : . 221
Thread Worms, . 5 : 5 5 : . . : : «19222
Throat Diseases, . ° ° ° : . ° . 0 : . 222
Thrush, 5 5 5 ‘ f 5 F ; A 5 a oes
Thrombus, . 4 6 - 5 5 “ 5 2 Pee fac . 222
Thumps, . 4 2 : 6 - 5 ; ; : wt la,
Tongue, Laceration of
Tonies, 5 5 5 5 5 : 3 5 5 é 5 = 222
Toxicology, . . - - . ° 5 : : - 3 . 222
Tracheotomy, . ° 4 ° : 5 : . : «eee

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Transfusion, . . . 5 ° ° ° ° ° . : . 223
Tread, “ : > q 4 5 4 5 i ones
Trepanning, . . : ° . . . ° ° ° : . 223
Trismus, . : ° ° . ° . : : . . . 224
Tubercles, : A 5 - 5 5 : - - : . 224
Tumors, 5 ° . ° - 6 5 : 5 - . 224

Tympanitis, . - 5 - - 5 . . : . 226
Typhia, 6 - 5 5 5 ° 5 : . 5 - «226
Typhoid, : “ ° : . . . : : : : . 226
Typhosus, . ° : : . ° . . . . . oe

Uleers, . : . ° 5 ‘ ° : 2 2 A : . 229
Urinary Calculi, > . : - - - - » Zo
Urine, Bloody, : “ < : : 5 4 : . 231

Varicose, . - 5 : . 5 : , ° : - 2 om
Venesection, . ° ° . . . : : A : : . 231
Ventilation, - 4 ° ° . ° ° ° ° ° . 2d1

CONTENTS.

Veterinary Biography, - - + <« °° va ie
Veterinary Colleges, . ° : “ . °

Veterinary Surgeons, . . ° = . :
Vives, - . . . 5
Warts, ° ° . ° A ° 2
Warranty, . ° . . . . .
Warbles, - z ° ° ° - -
Water Farcy, - ° ° ° ° ° .
Weeping Eye, - ° . ° ° ° °
Wens, - ° ° ° ° ° 5
Wheezing, 5 ° ° ° ° : .
Whirl-Bone, 4 ° ° ° ° . °
Wind Galls, : ° ° ° ° ° . °
Wind-Sucking, Soa ee ses °
Worms, . ° ° ° ° ° ° ° °
Wounds, ° ° ° ° ° ° °
Wourali, a eae ae ete eS. os
Yellows, . ° ° ° ° ° ° °
Yellow Water, : - ° : : - -
Zoology, . . . . ° 5 -
Zumins, . : 5 - : = ° 2 °
DISEASES OF CATTLE.
Abortion, : - a : .
Abomasum, ° 2 ° ° =
Anemia, - ° : : -
Angle Berries, 5 . - .
Apoplexy, ° . ° . °
Aphtha, . . . ° ° . . ° e

Biliary Gall-stones, . : atte eis Me

Black Quarter,
Black Tongue,
Black Water,

Bladder, Diseases of, . - . ° . anus
Bladder, Prolapsus of, . . . ° ° ° .

Blood-shot, .
Blood Diseases,
Brain Diseases,

. 235

. 237

. 238

. 238

PAGE

. 232

235

237

. 237

237
237
237
237

238
238

238

240
241

242
242

242

. 242

CONTENTS.

PAGE
Brittany Cow, ; 5 c : : 3 . < : : . 253
Bronchitis, f ‘ 5 é A : 5 : : 3 . 204
Bull Burnt, . 3 : 5 : 5 4 i . 257
Cachexia, . ‘ é . : : : : ‘ : < =) aes
Calving, : é : 5 5 3 5 5 Aree 5 . 258
Catarrh, : : : 4 5 . 5 5 . - 265

Sutera Linuum Bromtaliarn: fi - ‘ : - ‘ 5 . 265
Cattle Plague, . : ‘ : ‘: 5 6 ° : : - 266

Chicken-pox, : : : : 5 ° : : - . 267
Choking, ; A : : 5 ° : ° ° e eee)"
Colic, . . 6 A ‘ : 5 5 ° 5 : 2 . 268
Consumption, . ‘ : : : ° 05 ae erames : - 268
Contagious Typhus, : 5 9 6 6 5 . - . . 269
Coryza, : ‘ 4 : 3 : . . 5 : . 2 20
Cow-pox, : : : : . . ° ° ° ° ° . 270

Croup, : - 5 - ° ° ° ° ° ° 5 aera)
Cud, loss of, . : : 5 ° ° ° ° 4 ° » 271

Diarrhea, . : . . . . ° ° ° 4 se
Distention of the Rumen, - ° ° . . - a . 274
Dropping after Calving, . 6 ° . . ° ° 4 » 274
Dysentery, : : - ; . ° ° . ° wt . 274

Ectopia Cordis, . : : . . ° ° ° . . 274
Epizootie Aphtha, ° ° ° ° 5 ° 5 : . 274
Eye Diseases, . : - 5 - 3 ° ° > 5 oo

Falling Sickness, . 6 : ° ° ° ° : . 276
Falling of the Womb, : + : ° : 3 26
Fardel Bound, : ; 5 5 5 5 5 - : Beearive
Feeding of Mileh Cows, . 2 : e S : A : ai 7
Fever, . ; : : . 5 : : ° < 5 . 279
Foul Claw, . : : : - 4 5 ° : 5 « 280

Gangrene of the Tail, . 5 ° ° ° . ap Rc . 280
Garget Mammitis, : : : . : ° ° - “ - 280
Gastro-Enteritis in Calves, . - - ° 5 . - . 282
Glossitis, . , s . 5 - 5 a ° : e Bees AK

Heematuria, 5 : o : - ; ° 5 - 283
lon Ballistic : 5 5 - 5 5 ° 5 5 . 283
Herpes, : : 5 5 5 5 5 : ° 2 : a 289

Hide Bound, Q : s . 3 5 - 5 a : 1233
Hoose in Calves, A 4 a - - : is e 5 ee
Hoven, . . 2 A é A Fs . 285

Eedaridee in ihe Brain: 5 : 5 4 - : . 5 > 286

Inflammation,

Impaction of the Omasum,

Jaundice,

Kidney Disease,

Laryngitis, . 5
Leucorrhea,
Lice,

Liver Disease,
Locked-jaw,
Lung Diseases,
Lymphangitis,

Malignant Catarrh,
Mammitis,

Mange,

Milk Fever,

Milk Trembles,
Moor Evil, .
Mouth Disease,
Murrain,

Nephritis,
Nervous Diseases,

(Kstromania,
Céstrus Bovis,
Osseous, :
Ovarian Dropsy,
Ovarian Tumor,

Paralysis,

Parasitic Lung Disease,

Parturient Fever,
Phthisis,

Placenta,
Plethora,
Pleurisy, . -
Pleuro-pneumonia,
Prolapsus Vagine,

Prolapsus Vesice, .

Prurigo Vernalis,
Puerperal Fever,

Quarter Evil, .

CONTENTS.

CONTENTS.

PAGE
Railway Disease of Cattle, . . : 5 amen ; : - 301
Red Water, . : 3 . - : - 4 : : - 802
Reticulum, . E . . ° : : - - 303
enoneden of the Wierabe - - 5 . 5 < A - 808
Retroversion of the Womb, . 6 ° : oh epee . - 803
Rheumatism, > : - : ° ° . - : : - 303
Rinderpest, .. . . : ° ° Sumer en ° . - 303
Ringworm, : : : ° ° ° ° 5 : 5 - 303
Rot, : : : - : mere Oe Sl
Rumen, 5 “ . . 5 > 5 5 - : - 3804
Enron | in Calees : : ; a les
Siberian Boil Plague, 6 6 : : ° > A - - 805
Slinking the Calf, : - ° > ° - : - - 805
Sore Throat, : - - 5 = - = - = 3 - 3805
Spaying, . ee! eh aw ee ree
Spayed Cows, The Navanaees of, ou her) Wie i ee Sa ts
Spleenic Apoplexy, . - - ° ° = - : - - 307
Spring Eruption, 5 - : . < A - 5 - - 307
Stomach Staggers, ot woke eels aC 2 ree ott ote . 307
Strangulation, . : . “ ot, alee ee - - - 3807

Sturdy, 0 50-005 a ee Bie eee oe tre

Teats, - ° ° . ° : ° ° ° ° : - 9308
Teeth, Diseased, . - : ° A - > - 309
Texan Fever, . : - : 2 : 2 : 5 ° - 309

Throat Diseases, - : 5 - 3 2 . > . dll
Thrush, 3 5 “ 5 : : : 3s Be
Tongue of the On : “ . ° : ° . «. CpyelZ
Tubercle Disease, : 3 5 5 4 5 : 5 e es)
Tympanitis, . : : : . 5 > . : . . 312

Typhus Contagiosus Sonn, : ; ° Seaitets sa » 312

Udder Diseases, . 5 5 5 0 n - - « ol
Urine, e e e e e e e e e e e e O17

Vaginal Catarrh, . : 5 . . > ° ° ° ° - 317
Varicella Boum, : ° 4 ‘ . . ° ° ° « sohS
Vertigo, e ° e 7] ® e e e ° ° e e 318

Warbles, . 5 . ° : . ° ° ° ° 5 o Oks
Water in the Chest, 5 ° ° ° ° ° ° ° : - 318
Whites, : 4 4 ° . = ° : ° ° * a SHS
Worms, : . : S “ . ° ° e - : . 318
Womb, a ° : 5 2 5 5 5 : Ae seis)

Braxy-Enterites,

Diarrhea,

CONTENTS.

DISEASES OF SHEEP.

Hydrocephalus Hydatideus, Sturdy, ete., . : : : : . 321

Louping I],

Paronychia Ovium,

Pneumonia,
Psora,

Rot,

Sheep Laurel, Poisoning

Small-Pox,

325

: : 2 325
> O27

° 327

- : ° “ - . . . 334

HORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES.

Acids,
Aconite,
Alcohol,
Aloes,
Alum,
Ammonia,
Anesthetics,
Aniseed,
Anodynes,
Antimony,
Antiseptics,
Antispasmodics,
Areca Nut,

Arnica Montana,

Arsenic,
Asafcetida,
Asarabacea,
Astringents,
Atropine,

Belladonna,
Benzoin,
Benzole,

Bismuth, Serctene of,

° - - - 338

: 5 : 2 . = . 341

° - - ° - . d4l

. : : . ° ° . d41

= . : . - . - 9341

: : - ° ° : : . 342

e e e . e e . 2 342
e ° ° e e e = - 342
= ° . ° ° - 42

° ° . ° ° ° . . 344
es se s e e es . e 344

° “ ° . . ° - . 344

: . . . . 5 . 344

. . . . . . ° 344

: : ° : . . 5 - 345
. : = : > - 4 . 345

. ° : : ° < 5 - 345
° . - . : - : - 346

5 “ : : 5 : - 346

° ° e ® ° ° ° ° 346

CONTENTS.

PAGE
Bole Armenia, . é 5 - . a 5 : 5 : : edo
Borax, . a 4 5 : : 5 5 6 a - 346
Bromide of Bouieciind! * 3 6 s : a : - B47

Buckthorn, e e ° r e e e ° ° e e e 347

Calamine, . : : - 5 oc lel Mies eae cau - 347
Calcium, : . ° : c ° . ° ° . ° - 347
Calomel, . : - 4 ° ° : ° . : - Sauls
Camphor, : - . ° peers . eumite ° . 348
Cantharides, 4 . : 3 : * ° ° 2 ° - 3849

Capsicum, : : 5 . - ° ° ° ° 5 5 . 349
Carbolic Acid, . 4 : 5 - . emi - tS - 349
Cardamoms, . : 5 3 3 : ° ° ° . 2 - 390
Caraway, - < - . - . meats ° - 390
Carbonate of ine, 4 : - 5 ° : ° 5 5 . 300

Casearilla, . 4 - - ° . ° . . : - 3850
Castor-oil, : . 5 < . Fs ah tat ° e) Se ek ee - 350
Cassia, : 5 . 5 - 5 : . = > : - ool
Catechu, : : 5 . - : . : : 5 » dol
Chalk, 5 : : : 5 eaees ee ee 5 ° 2 Ow
Chamomile, . : 5 : - : : : ° . . . 351

Gharcoal; =: . ; ee eee PL
Chenopodium, Antrelmintienn - : : : - 5 ; - 352
Chlorine Gas, . é : 5 5 5 : A 2 : «Be,

Chlorie Ether, ; : : : “ - 5 “ : : . 353
Chloride of Potassium, é 5 - A 3 : 2 + smads

Chloride of Lime, . : 5 5 6 - 2 . 858
Chloroform, : , : : ; 5 5 6 5 : . 303
Cholagogues, . . - a : - : . : < 5 . 304
Cinchona, . : 5 5 5 5 5 : 3 2 - 9304
Cochineal, é 3 : 5 5 F a 3 : 5 ; «10D
Cod Liver Oil, . : : 4 5 & . ociennere < - 3809
Colchicum, . : : d : - 5 ° ° * . - 305
Collodion, . - é 5 . 5 : : : 5 ° 359

Copper, . é . : . 3 5 > . S . : - 356
Coriander, . : 4 5 Z 5 ° 5 - 2 ° - dof

Creosote, : “ a : ° ° ° s ° ° - 307
Croton Oil, e e e e e ° e c ° ° ° 307
Digitalis, : 2 2 - C ° ° . ° . - 307
Disinfectants 4-22 saa reteset g Saari cal ee > ou8
Diuretics, ° - ° ° : ° . . . : : - 309
Klecampane, ‘ Hg orig RE ESO : SP ne ress : - 309

Elm Bark, ° ° ° ° ® ® ® 9 ° ° ° e 359

Emetics,
Epsom Salts,
Ergot,
Essential Oils,
Ether, .
Euphorbium,
Expectorants,

Febrifuges,
Fenugreek, .
Fern, : ‘
Friar’s Balsam,

Galbanum,
Galls,

Gallic Acid,
Gamboge,
Gentian Root,
Ginger,

Glauber’s Salts,

Glycerine,
Guaiacum,
Gum Arabic,
Gum Senegal,

Gum Tragacanth,

Hartshorn,
Hellebore,
Hemlock,
Hemp, Indian,
Henbane,

Iodine,
lodides, .
Ipecacuanha,
Tron,

Jalap,

Juniper Berries,

Kino,
Kousso,

Laudanum,
Laxative, .

CONTENTS.

e e e e e e e e 372
° ° ® e e ° ° e 372

Lead, . ; A
Lime, :
Linseed,

Linseed Oil,
Liquorice Root,
Lobelia Inflata,
Logwood,

Lunar Caustic, —
Lupuline, :
Lytta-Cantharides,

Magnesia,
Manganese,
Marsh Mallow,
Marigold,
Mercury, . :
Mercurial Ointment,
Mezeron,
Morphia,
Muriatie Acid,
Mustard Seed,
Myrrh,

Narcotics, 5
Neat’s-Foot Oil, .
Nervines,

Nitric Acid,

Nitre,

Nux Vomica,

Oak Bark,
Oils,
Opium,

Pareira Brava,
Peach Leaves,
Peppermint,
Pepper,

Pepsin,

Petroleum, .
Phosphorus, 5
Pitch, 5
Pomegranate Punica,
Poppies,

Potash, . :

CONTENTS.

. 373

. 374

. 379

. 370

e 384.

PAGE
372

373

374

. 374

374

375

. 375

375

. 3/90

375

376

. 317

377

aif

377

. 317

378

. 378

3/78

. 378

378

. 378

379

. 380

380

. 380

382

. 382

382

- 383

383

- 383

383

. 384

384

384

Prussic Acid, ares
Pumpkin Seeds, .
Purgatives, . 5

Pyroxylic Spirit, -
Quinine, ; - .

Rennet, : - A
Rhubarb,

Ricinus Communis, .
Rochelle Salts, : °

Saffron, : - .
Sagapenum, . : .
Sal Ammoniac,

Salt, ‘
Sal Volatile, : :
Sassafras, ; 3 4

Sarracenia Purpura,
Savin, .

Sedatives,

Senega, Belgeily Sonera,
Sialagogues, -
Silver, Nitrate of,

Soap,

Soap Liniment,

Soda,

Spanish Fly,

Specifies,

Spermaceti,

Spirits of Nitrous ther,
Spirits of Wine, . :
Sponge, -
Starch,

Stypties,

Sudorifics,

Sugar of Lead,

Sugar of Milk,
Sulphuric Acid,
Sulphur,

Sulphurous Acid Gar
Sulphate of Zine,

Tannate of Glycerine,
Tannin, He ee

CONTENTS.

» 394

391

. 391

391

soot

. 394

394

Me ee bp 5

Tartar Emetic, :
Tobacco,
Tragacanth, . °
Turpentine, . :

Urse Ursi, : 5 °

Valerian, . ie
Valerianate of Sod Bh ce
Veratrum, . ° :

Wax, é c 5
Willow Bark, . °

Weaste 2. . : .

Zine, . 5 :
Zingiberis, . . .
Zylodine, . : .

PRESCRIPTIONS AND PREPARATIONS.

Cerates,
Clysters,

Drenches,

Eye Lotions and Washes, :

Kye Salves,
Freezing Mixtures,

Liniments,
Ointments,

Plasters,
Poultices, . - .

Spirits,
Tinctures,
Waters, : 2 :

CONTENTS.

Medicines to be Kept on Hand,
Table of Doses, According to Age,

Articles Necessary for Measuring, Wicebing:

CONTENTS.

DISEASES OF POULTRY.

Asthma, : : 2 : : : : ; ‘ : : 413
Costiveness, : : 5 : ; : : 2 : , 413
Diarrhea, . : ; : : é : : : : : . 414
Fever, : : : - : ; : ; ‘ ‘ - ; 414
Indigestion, . : : : : : : é : : 2 . 415
Lice, : é : : é : : , : :
Loss of enehers, : : : : : : é , : : . 416
Pip, . : Sane . : : : : ‘ : > 417
Roup, . 5 hed - . : : : : : . . - 418
Wounds and Scie: : : ; ; : : : : : ; 419

DISEASES OF SWINE.

Catching a Pig, . ; . - ; : : : : : - 421
Catarrh, . . : ; : : ‘ : : ‘ é : 422
Cholera, : : : : , : : : : 3 : - 422

Crackings, : : : ‘ : - : . ; . : 423
Diarrhea, . ‘ : 2 : : : : : : ; - 423
Drenching, cece : . : : 5 : 5 : ; 421
Fever, . 5 : ; : : : : ; : : : . 424
Foul Skin, : : : - : : : é - 425
Inflammation of the Tunes : : ‘ 2 : : : - 425
Jaundice, Mr re 2 eo Sell ie pS AG
Leprosy, : , : : . : - : : : : - 426
Lethargy, ; 5 . - - : : : : : > 427
Mange, : Sas yes : : : é : - : : - 427
Measles, . p 5 : ¢ 3 3 5 : : ss A 429
Murrain, E é : : ~ 5 : 3 - A : . 429
Quinsy, . : : . : - : : : ; : : 430
Staggers, : : : : : ‘ - : ; . 430
Swelling of the Spleen, : : : : : ; A ; - 430
Surfeit, “ ‘ : : : : : : : - 431

fumors, . Q L “ ‘ E : : : r : 431

DISEASES OF DOGS.

Asthma, : : ; : : F ‘ ; : ‘ A RBS
Bronchitis, | ieee ee ee SPs Sen me et ee CP eee! 8.)
Canker of the Ear, : - , : - : : . : . 439
Chorea, or Jerks, . : ‘ 3 : : : : : : 433
Pemmmom Colds Fs ee : : Ste Se - 434

CONTENTS.

Distemper, 5 5 ‘ : : : :
Fits,

Fleas and Lice,

How to Give Medicines,
Inflammation of the Stomach,
Inflammation of the Liver,
Inflammation of the Bowels,
Mange,

Pleurisy, .

Pneumonia, :
Protracted Labor,

Puerperal Fits,

Rickets or Large Joints,

Rheumatic Fever, - : 6
Sprains, 5

To Harden Tendey TBeet, .
Tumors and Cancers, : :
Worms, : : i : :

DISEASES OF BIRDS.

Asthma, . : : : ‘

Corpulence, 4 é ‘ 3

Costiveness,

Decline,

Diarrhea, : : : : : 5
Egg-Bound, . : : : : - : . -
Egg-Rupture, . ; : : : : °
Epilepsy, : ,

Feet, Diseases of thie : : . : 5
eiadinee : : ° : : ‘ : :
Lice,

Loss of Voice, : : : : : ; - 6
Pairing Fever, . : : °
Pimples or Obstruction of ae Rainy lane: : 5
IPOs. : ; : : : 3 : :
Rheum or Cold, . . < : : < ; *
Rupture, . : 5 : : : ‘ < :
Sneezing, : : ; : : 3 : 5 :
Sweating, . : : : : 5 :

The Care of Bide) 2 ; : .
Teaching to Sing, . : : : .

Tympany, . : : - : : ° 5 .
Yellow Scab, . : oe Mike: ato te : ; :

= ee Te

ILLUSTRATIONS.

FRONTISPIECE. te
HEAD OF STALLION, : : : - 5 : - 5 39
ABSCESS LANCET, : 2 . : - 4 - é . 40
ARTERY FORCEPS, SHUT, é : , : : - : : 46

ARTERY Forcrers, SHOWING How A LIGATURE IS PASSED OVER

TO TIE THE BLEEDING VESSEL, : . : ; . . 46
FORCEPS FOR LIFTING BLEEDING AND WOUNDED BLOOD VEs-

SELS, SO THAT THEY MAY BE TIED, : . ° - . 46
BONE FORCEPS, é : : , : ‘ : : : : 57
ECRASEUR, {OR NEW INSTRUMENT FOR CASTRATING COLTS,) 58
FLORENCE FLASK, USED IN GENERATING CHLORINE GAS, . 74
OPERATING ON THE EYE, : - : . . - - . 84
Foot LANCET, 5 - . : : : - : 100
QUITTOR SYRINGE, : - : : ; : : : LOS
BULLET FORCEPS OF DIFFERENT PATTERNS, : : 124
HYPODERMIC SYRINGE, : 5 ‘ : : : : i!)
ECRASEURS, AS MADE BY DIFFERENT MANUFACTURERS, ‘ 142
SPRING LANCET, : : ‘ : : ; : : : . 148
SYRINGE FOR INJECTING MEDICINES INTO TUMORS, é : 143
CURVED TROCAR AND CANULA, : : . ° 5 : . 143
STRAIGHT TROCAR, WITH CANULA, 3 . . ° - 143
TOOTH CHISEL, RASP, AND HAMMER, . . . . tL

BONE HOLDER, : : : : ° ° ° ° . 163

ILLUSTRATIONS.

LisTon’s BONE FORCEPS, ‘ ; A : 5 : .
WOUND DILATOR AND KNIFE, F é F . : é
MOYER’S PATENT PROBANG, F : : i :

QUITTOR SYRINGE, WITH RinGs. TO BE USED WITH ONE

ELAN : : 5 : : : : 5
NEEDLE Witt FIXED HANDLE, : : : : 3 :
NEEDLE ARMED WITH WIRE, A : : : 5 :
TooTH FORCEPS, : ; : : , : i : ;
TRACHEOTOMY TUBE, ; : : ‘ ; ; : ;
TREPANNING INSTRUMENTS, : : ° : : ; -
TREPHINE, : : : 5 A : 5 : 3 é
OPERATING KNIFE, : < : : ;

HYPODERMIC SYRINGE,

DIRECTOR AND PROBES USED IN THE CURE OF WOUNDS AND

SORES,

CURVED AND PROBE-POINTED SCISSORS FOR DRESSING THE
CAVITIES OF WoUNDS,
HEAD OF Ox, : ; ' : : : ‘ ‘ : .
TROCAR, WITH CANULA,
MILK SYPHON,
SOUTH-DOWN Ram,
MEDICINE CHEST,

MINIMUM, OR DROP MEASURE,

GRADUATED MEASURE,
BALANCE, WEIGHING ONE GRAIN TO A Few OUNCES,
WEDGEWOOD Mortar, No. 1, : 5 : 5 P :

WEDGEWOOD MorrTar, No. 2,

CAUSTIC HOLDER, 4 ; :

240

SS — ss os CO

PART I.
Theory and Practice of Veterinary Science

DISEASES OF THE HORSE.
DISEASES OF CATTLE.
DISEASES OF SHEEP.

HORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES.

PRESCRIPTIONS AND PREPARATIONS.
DISEASES OF SWINE.

DISEASES OF POULTRY.
DISEASES OF DOGS.
DISEASES OF BIRDS.

INTRODUCTION.

—__*>o—_——_

CAUSES OF DISEASE,

SCIENTIFIC men give three names when they speak of
the causes of disease—exciting, predisposing, and proximate.
The first may justly be termed the originators of disease ;
by the second is meant those more easily acted upon by
causes that a more healthy animal would resist altogether ;
and the third is almost the disease itself. Of the causes
with which we are acquainted, not many of them are alike,
and their effects, that is, the disease, just as diverse.

These causes are named in the following table:

1. Electric, and other conditions of the atmosphere.

2. Food and water.

3. Overwork.

4. Poisons—animal, vegetable, mineral, and zumins, or
ferments.

5. Malformations, or badly-formed parts.

6. Age and decay.

7. Changes of temperature.

8. Hereditary influence.

9. Mechanical.

10. Starvation.

That the writer may be more clearly understood in

29

30 INTRODUCTION,

regard to these causes, examples will be given in the order
above stated.

The first is looked upon as the cause of the many dis-
eases which take on an epizoétic form. The second, rusty
straw, and musty hay and corn fed to animals with weak
stomachs. Third, riding too far and too fast, overloading,
ete. Fourth, animals drinking out of leaden troughs,
where pieces of old iron may be lying in the bottom, in-
oculation by the virus from a glandered horse, are illustra-
tions of animal poisons, zumins, or ferments. (See Glan-
ders.) Fifth,a horse with point of hock inclined forward,
which is the originator of curb. Sixth, an old horse or
cow, with no teeth to chew its feed. Seventh, taking an
animal from a warm and comfortable stable, and exposing
it to acold, north-eastern storm. Eighth, a flat forehead,
transmitted from parentage, thus preventing a full develop-
ment of the brain where the optic nerve is given off from
the brain, thus insuring blindness about the seventh or
eighth year, and sometimes earlier. None need be told of
the disposition of the coarse-bred Canadian horse to be-
come affected with disease of the bones, mostly in the form
of ring-bone, (which see.) Ninth, stone in the bladder,
and calculi in the bowels. Tenth, besieged garrisons, for-
tresses, when crops have failed, and famine.

HOW TO OBSERVE DISEASES.

We are sometimes asked how it is that we know so ex-
actly what the disease is that this or that animal is affected
with, as it cannot speak and narrate its ills and its aches.
To this question we might repeat a common truism, “A
shut mouth tells no lies;” therefore, nobody is deceived.
Nature has but one set of werghts and measures, and these

INTRODUCTION. ol

only should be used. Thus, if a horse have a corn or
bruised heel, he will be as sure to go lame as he would
with an ordinary sprain. The difference is, that he not
only stretches out the sore foot, but he elevates the heel
from the ground, and will not set his foot flat to please, or
it may be said to deceive any one. ‘The uneasy eye, the
anxious expression, and the sharp, peculiar look, tell the
tale of suffering, and bear testimony to a description so
faithful and true, that every man should understand how
to interpret them.

THE PRINCIPLES OF DISEASE,

Congestion.—By this term is meant an undue flow of
blood into a part, and remaining in it. The blood-vessels
lose the power of contracting and emptying themselves, as
when in health. Congestion is not accompanied with in-
flammation, as some suppose, and may exist without irrita-
tion. Irritation is only present when the blood passes more
rapidly into a part than its vessels can carry it out, and
inflammation only is present when more fluid is thrown
into the vessels than they can get rid of.

Trritation.—This peculiar condition is the result of in-
creased sensitiveness, or an exalted action, accompanied
with quickened beating of the heart and pulse. When we
apply the term to special cases, it will be better under-
stood, as irritation of the bowels producing diarrhea, of
the bladder frequently passing off urine, of the eye causing
an increased flow of tears, and of the throat giving rise to
cough.

Inflammation differs from irritation, inasmuch as it is
more painful. There are three varieties—acute, sub-acute,
and chronic. Inflammation has also three terminations ;

on INTRODUCTION.

(1.) Resolution; that is, it gives way, or is relieved be-
fore any alteration has taken place in the part so inflamed.

(2.) Suppuration, or the formation of pus.

(3.) Mortification, .or death of the part affected, and the
subsequent death of the animal. Inflammation is charac-
terized by four conditions, or phenomena, as they are
called—pain, heat, redness, and swelling. Inflammation
assumes different degrees of intensity, modified by the
cause, and the part or organ affected. When it is situated
in the windwipe, (bronchitis, which see,) Jungs, or bowels,
great uneasiness and disturbance are manifest. In a few
hours this condition gives way to depression.

Depression.—Many diseases of an inflammatory type,
when their course is run, leave the system in a state of de-
pression, or a low condition of vitality. How necessary,
then, that this should be properly understood when treat-
ing inflammatory diseases, as one pint of blood taken from
a large horse would, under these circumstances, cost him
his life! Rather anticipate the weakness by supporting
and husbanding the strength as much as possible, so as to
overcome disease.

There are two great divisions of diseased action, which
it will be well for farmers, and others interested in the
welfare of their animals, to know, and these are: First.
The exalted, or as it is called sthenic, or commonly known
by the term inflammation, and requires for treatment, noé
bleeding, but medicine having the power of overcoming
the exalted condition, by controlling the fast beating of
the heart and pulse. Thisis easily done by the power of
such agents as aconite or veratrum, (which see,) and with-
out in any way impairing the strength and constitution of
the animal. The second, or depressed condition of dis-
ease, and known as the asthenic, requiring a treatment

INTRODUCTION. ae

opposite to the above variety, namely, iron, gentian, etc.,
(which see,) to add to the strength of the animal, and
quality of the blood. An improved diet, and in greater
quantity, will, in many cases of depression, not only cure
the disease, but remove the cause also.

FEVER.

There are four stages observed in fever :-—

(1.) Weakness, loss of appetite, and low spirits.

(2.) A shiver, or chill, uneasiness, flanks move quick
and short, nostrils more or less distended, one leg or ear
hot, and the other cold.

(3.) After a time the coldness is succeeded by great heat
and thirst, costiveness, urine scanty and high-colored,
mouth hot and dry.

(4.) When the fever has lasted for a longer or shorter
time, the skin becomes more moist, the bowels and kidneys
act more freely ; the pulse becomes more full, although not
less frequent, and the mouth more moist.

When fever is accompanied with disease of the lungs,
liver, or other organ of the body, or after an accident of
any severity, it is then called symptomatic fever.

Fever is called idiopathic, when not accompanied by dis-
ease or accident. From the days of Galen to the present
time, of the many theories advanced to explain its proximate
cause, none seem to satisfy the philosophical student, and
all belong to the unsolved problems in physiology.

Diseased Secretion—A good example of what is here
meant may be found in the discharges from the nose of
animals affected with cold, influenza, and glanders. The
salivary gland may secrete too much fluid, as horses eating

second crop clover. We call this salivation.
3

34 INTRODUCTION.

Increased Secretion.—In health, serum is only supplied
in sufficient quantity to keep the surfaces moist, the ab-
sorbent vessels preventing accumulations. In the cavities
of joints this secretion is often too large, causing enlarge-
ments, of which a very good example may be seen in swell-
ings of the hock-joint, called bog spavin, and also in
thorough-pin.

THE PULSE.

The pulse of the horse and the ox is felt on the inner angle
of the lower jaw, as being the most convenient place. The
state of the pulse tells the condition of the heart, whether
the disease is of an exalted or depressed character, or
whether sickness is at all present. ‘The pulse is more fre-
quent in young than in old animals. In the full-grown
and healthy horse it beats from thirty-two to thirty-eight
in the minute; in the ox or cow, thirty-five to forty-
two; in the sheep, seventy to seventy-five; and in the
dog, from ninety to ninety-eight. In inflammations and
fevers the frequency of the pulse is increased. In debility
and depression it is slower, but sometimes quicker than
natural. There are the quick pulse, the strong, the sharp,
the regular, the intermittent, and many other varieties,
both fanciful and real, which few persons can appreciate.
The pulse of inflammation and fever numbers from seventy-
five to eighty beats in the minute; and in great debility,
as in the last stage of glanders, accompanied with tubercles
of the lungs, the pulse will number one hundred beats per
minute.

BREATHING.

A good sized, healthy horse, will take one inspiration to
three of the pulse beats. When the breathing is more

INTRODUCTION. 30

frequent or slower, and when irregular, or difficult and
laborious, there is then disease ; although we sometimes see
the breathing quickened and short, when no disease is
present. Both the pulse and the breathing will be quick-
ened by exposure to heat, as in a stable up-stairs, and ex-
posed to an August sun. By removing the animal to a
stable not so situated, the breathing and the pulse will be
greatly lessened. Hence the advantage of placing animals
in a cool and airy place when they are unwell. It saves a
great waste of their strength and vitality, thereby enabling
them to throw off the effects of disease.

TREATMENT OF DISEASE,

The antiphlogistic plan of treating disease was derived
from a theory now entirely exploded, and almost forgotten.
Repeated bleedings, blistering, physicking, and starving on
low diet, are some of the measures entering into the general
plan which has destroyed more life and property than all
the wars, ancient or modern.

Bleeding, in domestic practice, is almost discarded, and
in veterinary practice it should never have been employed.
And if this fact shall be the means of opening the eyes of
those interested (and who is not?) in the health of the
animals supplying us with meat, and the horse, (a willing
and a faithful help,) to the injury done by bleeding in health
or disease, the writer will have his reward. Avoid these
measures, and substitute a rational and successful system
of treating the diseases of your animals. Ascertain whether
your horse is suffering from a disease of an exalted or in-
flammatory kind; substitute aconite, pure air, and cold
water for bleeding, and in a few hours you will have no
cause to regret the change. If the disease be of a depressed

36 INTRODUCTION.

kind, accompanied with weakness and debility, give nux
vomica, iron, and a generous diet. If the disease be an
eruptive fever, give sulphite of soda to purify the blood.
In rheumatism, administer colechicum and carbonate of
soda. In mange, apply the sulphuret of potassa to the
skin, and thereby destroy the small insects which cause
the trouble.

In hard swellings use the preparations of iodine, to cause
their absorption. Jn lameness, allow absolute and entire
rest, and apply hot or cold applications and slight irritants
to the parts, to remove the products of the sprain. Ascer-
tain the cause of disease, and having found it, have it re-
moved, and the effects will cease. If the animal be costive
from eating dry, concentrated feed, remove it, and give
green feed or bran, but do not give physic. If diarrhcea
be present, leave it, at least for a time, to itself, as it is
nature’s plan of getting rid of the offending matter. But,
if it should continue, chalk and opium, as an astringent,
are what is wanted. ‘The reader cannot fail to see how
simple, and his experience will demonstrate how successful
these measures are in arresting and curing the diseases of
all our domestic animals.

VIS MEDICATRIX NATUR, OR HOW DISEASES ARE CURED
WITHOUT MEDICINE.

Intelligent persons have no difficulty in recognizing in
the constitutions of animals and mena power of self-
restoration, which is capable of resisting the influence of
disease. It is this power that heals wounds, unites broken
bones, and supplies lost substances. Diseases are not un-
frequently efforts in this direction, intended to stay theaction
of hurtful material when admitted into thesystem. When

INTRODUCTION. Shi

the eye for instance, receives a particle of sand or hay-seed,
the weeping of the secretions of pus are remedial measures
to rid it of ‘the offending matter. Poisons are good ex-
amples of the manner in which animals will cure them-
selves. When poison is taken into the stomach, irritation
of the bowels is set up, followed by purging, as an effort to
get rid of the poison. Nature, however, is not always suc-
cessful, and the animal may die from the violent action set
up. Again, a sprain will be cured by this very power,
provided absolute and entire rest be allowed to the sprained
part, without any interference from medicine or art. The
remedial powers of nature often require assistance, as, for
instance, in cases of debility, when the blood is becoming
too watery. A few doses of iron, and in many cases a
little extra food, will enable the sanative powers of the
constitution to effect a complete cure. Often the removal
of an animal from the sphere of exciting causes of disease
will cause the effect to cease, and the power of nature will
eure the affection. Hence, many persons reflect upon the
many instances when apparently severe cases of sickness
were cured by some simple substance, and much credit
given toa power it never possessed. Where the powers
of nature are left to perform a cure, let the strength of the
animal be maintained, because if that fail, where is the
chance of recovery? Blood-letting and physicking are
powerful and depressing agents; so much so that, when
carried to any extent, few, if any animals, by the little
power that may be left, will cure themselves. It is this
knowledge that enables Homcopathists to continue their
practice ; for if it were not for this power in the constitu-
tion in each and every animal, Homeopathists would have
long since ceased to practise their peculiar art. If farmers
and owners of horses and cattle will only cease to bleed,

38 INTRODUCTION.

and pour nostrums down the tliroats of their stock, and
learn to rely more upon the great curative that God has
implanted in the constitution of all His creatures, as a
power in protecting their lives when attacked by disease,
it will surely be infinitely more profitable and pleasant to
them. In curing disease, medicine and art should be
directed to assist the powers of nature to overcome disease
—nothing more.

DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

THEIR NATURE, SYMPTOMS, CAUSE AND TREATMENT.

AN alphabetical classification of dis-
ease is the only arrangement adapted
| to popular instruction and do-
mestic use. As some diseases,
4 ee \ SZ MS have more than one com-

h\ Y We mon name, a few references
are all that may be neces-
J, sary to find the particular

Y disease wanted. In every
y~ disease the treatment I have first recom-
mended should be tried; and, if it be not
successful, the next in order will be taken.

Also begin with the smallest dose, increasing, diminishing,
or withdrawing it altogether, as the case seems to require.
Ido not think it necessary to quote authorities to substan-
tiate what is said in regard to this or that medicine as a
remedy, as the plans and remedies are those employed by
the profession.

aa \

IN
> P WZ \
Me i=

Abrasion signifies to tear off, and is applied to the skin
when it has been rubbed or torn off, and to the lining
membranes of the nose. The treatment will be found under

that of bleeding wounds.
39

40 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Abscess. —This is also called, by some persons, a beal-
ing—a formation of matter or pus under the skin, as the
result of inflammation, either acute or chronic. Sometimes
abscess in bone is seen, also of the liver and the brain; and,
indeed, no part or tissue of an animal is exempt from it.

Symptoms. Pain, heat and swelling; a projection or
prominence on the swelling from which the hair falls off,
disclosing a yellow, white and soft part upon itsapex. In
acommon abscess of this kind, it will only be necessary to

ABSCESS LANCET.

hasten the formation of the pus by applying poultices of
flaxseed or some other soft substance to the part, and when
the point is soft and evidently contains fluid, make an
opening on its lowest dependent point with a sharp knife,
so that the discharge will flow out of itself, and then apply

Rain water: 2.0. ee. =. eb aelnounces
Chioridevot Ziney a are One tains:
Mix and apply to the wound twice a day.

It is not advisable to open an abscess too soon, or before
the pus has properly formed. (See articles on Strangles and

Fistula.)
Acari.—(See Mange.)

Accidents.—When a horse falls whilst drawing a
vehicle—

1. Jump down and hold the animal’s head, to prevent
his dashing it about to his own injury.

2, Loosen the check-rein (if you are so foolish as to use
one) and the parts of the harness which fasten on the vehicle.

ANEURISM. Al

3. Back the carriage, so as to get the shafts and traces
clear.

4, Steady and support the horse’s head, and excite him,
with hand and voice, to rise.

5. When you have got him up, pat and encourage the
poor animal, and see if he is wounded, or otherwise injured.

6. Let him stand still a short time to recover himself,
and then proceed gently and with greater caution than be-
fore. (See Sprains, Bruises, Bleeding, and Wounds.)

Aconite.—(See Medicines.)

Alteratives.—This term is not very scientific, but it is
in yery general use, and easily explains its own meaning,
though the modus operandi of the drugs employed to carry
it out is not so clear. The object is to replace unhealthy
action by a healthy one, without resorting to any of the
distinctly-defined remedies, such as tonics, stomachics, ete.
As a general rule, this class of remedies produce their
effect by acting slowly but steadily on the depuratory
organs, as the liver, kidneys, and skin. The following
may be found useful for general use :

Black sulphuret of antimony, . . 2 to 4 drachms.
SoIPMME Neh else yee i. s \,.- 2 drachms,
INTERES ors Wack sh) 2 2 Grachms:

To be given mixed in cut feed at night only.

Amaurosis,—Glass eye. (See Eye Diseases.)
Anzmia,—Deficient or bad blood.
Anchylosis.—(See Spavin and Open Joints.)

Aneurism.—A pulsating tumor, produced by the rup-
ture of the inner coats of the vessel, and the blood getting
between it and the outer coat. They manifest themselves
in many parts of the body. An expert surgeon is only

492 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

capable of remedying it, as great danger of bleeding to
death would result from opening a tumor of this kind.

Apoplexy.—Symptoms. Theanimal falling suddenly,
loss of feeling and the power of motion, and breathing
deep and slow. In most cases the horse gets up again,
shakes himself, and proceeds on his journey almost as if
nothing had happened, but it will shortly be seen that the
animal is not so lively as formerly, and that it will after-
wards be unsafe to use him, especially for a family carriage,
as in a fit of this kind the horse may become entirely un-
manageable, and can only be controlled by a power stronger
than hisown. Horses subject to disease of this kind, will,
at times, be observed to look sleepy, with a slight knuck-
ling of the hind pastern-joints, accompanied with stiffness
of the hind quarters and lopping of the ears, All these
symptoms are seen in brain disease, as Staggers, Megrims,
and Epilepsy. (Which see.)

Causes. Breaking ofa blood-vessel, effusion or water on
the brain, producing pressure, too small a collar on a thick-
necked horse, interfering with a free circulation of the
blood to and from the head, effects of the sun—sunstroke.
(Coup-de-soleil.)

In severe cases of Apoplexy, many never have the use
of their legs again, by their remaining palsied. (See Palsy.)

Treatment. Apply chopped ice to tht head, in bags, and
secured by proper fixings. Keep up a free circulation in_
the legs by rubbing and woollen bandages, or warm water
clothes, and renewed every half hour. Then apply asmall
blister of |

Spanish, Wly,07 rawr esc, ae ee nachna.
Hoe ssiand. momen. el a2 racing:
Mix them well together, and rub the salve well in by the hand
on the part just behind the ears,

BIG HEAD. 43

Do not bleed, as that measure will only insure effusion,
and, as in the brain, ultimately cause death or dumbness.
(Which see.)

If there be much exaltation or excitement, give fifteen
drops of the tincture of aconite root every four hours, till
five or six doses are taken. If the contrary condition be
present, that is, depression, give from ten to fifteen drops
of the tincture of nux vomica four times a day, for a few
days, or a week, if necessary. These medicines are best
given in cold water, when the animal will drink it ; if not,
mix with a cup of water,and drench out of a stout-necked
bottle. Feed the horse generously ‘and well.

Aphtha.—(See Mouth Diseases.)
Atrophy.— Wasting and shrinking of a part of the

muscles, as is seen in sweenve of the shoulder ; consumption
and disease of the mesentery, and also palsy or paralysis
of the hind legs, from which the muscles of the hip will be
seen to have fallen away.

Causes. The parts deprived of their proper use, action
or function. A long-continued corn on the foot of a horse,
depriving him of the proper use of that limb, will cause
shrinking of the subscapularis muscle of the shoulder.

Treatment. Removal of the cause, and restoring the func-
tions of the parts to they proper condition. In case of
many joint diseases, it will be necessary to have the horse
walked before he is cured, to prevent too much wasting of
the parts from long standing and want of use.

Back Sinuses,—(See Sprain.)
Baldness,—(See Skin Diseases.)
Belly-ache.—(See Colic.)

Big Head.—(See Osteoporosis.)

44 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Bishoping.—Bishoping is the name of an operation
performed upon the front or nipper teeth of horses that are
more than eight years old, for the purpose of imitating the
mark of the teeth of young horses, in order to deceive those
persons who are supposed to be poor judges in the age of
horses. It can rarely deceive any person of ordinary in-
telligence. ‘The general appearance of the horse will soon
tell, if he be an old or young animal.

Bite of Mad Dog.—When any reasonable suspicion
exists that the dog is mad, have the parts completely washed
out with cold water, if possible forced with a syringe or
hydrant, so as the water will find its way to the bottom of
the wound, and wash out any virus that may have lodged
there.

If the bite be upon the leg of man, horse or other animal,
or man’s arm or finger,a Tourniquet or soft rope or cord
should be tied tightly around the leg above the bite, till
other measures are used to have the bite purified. After
the cord is properly applied, have the parts washed out;
next either cut a portion of the flesh from the top, sides
and bottom of the wound, or apply caustic to the parts.
The nitrate of silver is possibly the best for this purpose.
A few drops of nitric, hydrochloric or sulphuric acid may
be dropped into the wound, and by the burning properties
of these articles the destructive character of the poison will
be destroyed.

After these measures have been satisfactorily performed,
the wounds should be treated as for common wounds with
simple ointment (see Prescriptions and Medicines). The
bite of other rabid or poisonous animals should be treated in
thesame manner. Persons have been bold enough to have
allowed themselves to be bitten by mad dogs no less than
seven times, and then applying the nitrate of silver as a

BLEEDING. 45

caustic to the bites, never became affected with the canine
disease. However, too much dependence should not
be placed in any one measure as a protection in such
eases. The great protection is, do not allow yourself to be
bitten at all, if it can be avoided.

Bites from a healthy dog will never produce madness,
even although the animal go mad in a year or two after-
ward, so keep your mind easy on that point.

Bladder Diseases.—1. INrFLAMMATION.—This condi-
tion of disease is sometimes met with, but is rare in horses.

Causes. Irritating substances or foreign bodies in the
bladder.

Symptoms. Constant desire to make water, pain, strad-
dling or walking wide with the hind legs, great tenderness
under the belly.

Treatment. Inject a little warm oil into the bladder.
This can only be done by an expert and with a proper in-
strument. Give 25 drops of the tincture of aconite root
every 4 hours, till six doses are given, to keep down pain.
Allow flaxseed tea to drink, or drench the horse with it,
which has an excellent soothing effect. Give plenty of cold
water to drink.

2. CaLtcuLi.—This variety of stone is sometimes found
in the bladder and kidneys of horses. This may be said
to be the gravel of the horse, although not so common as
in man, but is equally troublesome, and requires for its
cure a formidable operation called Lrthotomy, an operation
of no great magnitude to an expert surgeon, but can scarcely
be undertaken by an unprofessional person, even though a
description of it were given.

Bleeding.—1. BLEEDING.—<An operation for the draw-
ing of blood from the body, either locally or generally.

A6 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

As before stated, it is almost entirely discarded from domes-
tic practice, and should never be used in the treatment of
diseases of animals, however much the adherent of an ex-
ploded and an erroneous system may doubt it. Medicines
will be described in this book that will not only insure
greater success In saving a very much greater percentage
of sick animals, and with less trouble in a much shorter
time, and without in any way impairing the sanative pow-
ers of the animal’s constitution.

ARTERY FORCEPS, SHOWING HOW A LIGATURE IS PASSED OVER TO
TIE THE BLEEDING VESSEL.

FORCEPS FOR LIFTING BLEEDING AND WOUNDED BLOOD VESSELS
SO THAT THEY MAY BE TIED.

2. BLEEDING FROM Wounps.—If the wound be a sim-
ple one, and not on the inside of a leg where the large
blood vessels are situated, all that will be necessary to stop
it will be a small piece of cotton or soft cloth placed in and

BLEEDING. AT

over the wound, and secure it for a few, hours by a broad
bandage, not too tightly applied over it, or, if preferred,
touch the mouth of the bleeding vessel with a piece of iron
previously immersed in boiling water or in the fire itself.
The surgeon’s plan would be to get hold of the mouth of
the vein or artery with a pair of artery forceps or small
tongs, to hold it so that he can tie a piece of sadler’s silk
around it. If the wound be on the inside of the hind or
fore leg, and the blood of a scarlet color, (see Blood,) place
pads of cloth and bandage pretty tightly over it, and run
for a good surgeon, and tell him what the trouble is, so
that he will go properly prepared for his work.

3. BLEEDING FROM THE AIR PASSAGES AND LuNGS.—
Observe the color of the blood discharged from the nose or
mouth, as the veins of the lungs convey blood similar to
the arterial blood of other parts of the body.

Causes. The laying bare, and the rupture of small ves-
sels, and the structure of the lungs, breaking down as in
consumption, and some cases of glanders and coryza.

Treatment. Support the strength by the mineral acids,
(see Acids,) and small doses of aconite to lessen arterial circu-
lation. Bear in mind in cases where the structure of the
lungs is falling to pieces, no power or art can arrest it.
Hence, the incurability of consumption.

4, BLEEDING FROM THE SKIN.—This disease is some-
times called purpura.

Symptoms. After general uneasiness, some pain, fever,
and swelling of the legs and other parts of the body ; tumors,
varying from the sizeof a cranberry to that of a pigeon’s egg,
often running together, forming large patches from which
blood is oozed out in great quantities, giving rise to much
debility. The contagious typhus or rinderpest of cattle,
bears many resemblances to this disease of the horse.

48 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Treatment. Feed the animal on the best food that can be
procured, and pour forty drops of commercial sulphuric
acid in half a bucket of cold water three to four times in
the day. ‘Then get two ounces each of the sulphate of cop-
per and gentian root in powder, and divide into eight pow-
ders, and give one night and morning in the feed.

Apply to the bleeding surfaces and sores, a liniment com-
posed as follows: Olive oil three ounces; creosote one
ounce; mix and use once in the twenty-four hours. (See
Mouth Diseases.)

Bloody Urine.—(See Kidney Diseases.)

Blood.—Blood is observed to be of two colors, namely,
red, or almost of a bright scarlet. When blood of this
color is issuing from wounds in jets or jerks, it is considered
more dangerous than if it were of a dark-red, or venous
blood. The first is direct from the heart itself, and the
other is from a more remote and less dangerous part.

It may be interesting to know, that red globules are more
plentiful in blooded or well-bred horses than in horses of a
coarser kind, which accounts for a curious fact observed in
the difference of vitality. Thus, a blooded horse bears up
under diseased action, and is cured, whilst a western or
common horse will die under the same disease.

The fluid portion of blood is called liquor sanguinis, in
which the red globules or spheres float. When blocd is
drawn from the body, it divides into two parts: the solid
is called clot, and the other is the serwm. This serum was
once relied upon, and is still by the ignorant, as showing
the existence of inflammation. It is by the blood that the
strength, wear, and tear of the system is kept up. The
heart is the organ by which the blood is forced through the
body. If the blood be thin and watery, it is called hydro-

BRAIN DISEASES. A9

nemia. (See Dropsy.) If pus be in the blood, it is then
called pyemia. (See Glanders.)

Boils.—(See Saddle or Harness Galls.)
Bots.—(See Worms.)

Bowels, Disease of.—(Sce Costiveness, Diarrhcea, and
Dysentery.)

INFLAMMATION OF THE BowELsS.—Symptoms. Acute
pain in the belly, and continuous, getting no intervals of
rest from the pain. Rolling, pawing, and shifting about,
_ sweating, and breathing fast, with great fever, exaltation,
and excitement. A fearful disease. Happily not so fre-
quent as formerly.

Can only be mistaken for colic, (which see.) In colic
there are times of ease from pain, but never in this disease.

Causes. Exposure to cold, drinking cold water in great
quantities when hot, calculi, or hair balls in the bowels,
costiveness, diarrhoea, and as a sequel to colic, lead and
other poisons, (which see.)

Treatment. The first thing to be done is to lessen or de-
stroy pain. (Give a large dose of the tincture of aconite
root, say thirty drops, to be repeated in two hours. Apply
blankets wrung out of boiling water to the belly, and renew
them in about twenty minutes.

Give injections of warm not hot water, soap, and a hand-
ful of table salt every half hour. Continue the treatment
while there is enough strength remaining.

Bleeding will only insure and hasten death, and purga-
tives are too slow to act—the horse is either dead, or will
be before any response can be had from them.

Brain Diseases.—The brain and its coverings, or mem-
branes, are subject to inflammations of every degree. (Sce

Apoplexy and Staggers.)
4

50 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Breaking Down,—This accident means or consists in
rupture of the tendons and ligaments, and occurs at once
when the horse is at full speed.

Symptoms. The horse stops suddenly, or perhaps stum-
bles and falls; gets up, but stands on his fetlocks, the toe
of the foot turned up, and the sole of the foot, as it were,
looking at you.

Treatment. If the fetlock comes entirely to the ground,
not much can be done; and when it does not, contraction
of the leg takes place, and requires division of the tendon.
(See Tendeotomy.)

Breathing Short.—This is a symptom of irritation,
inflammation, debility, weakness, oppressions of every kind,
and fever, (which see.)

Breeze Flies.—This is the fly supposed, but errone-
ously, to be the one that deposits the ova or eggs, which
generate bots in horses. (See Worms.)

Brittle Feet.—(See Foot Diseases.)

Bronchi,—This term means the windwipe, and com-
municates and carries the atmosphere to and from the
lungs. It is the seat of disease, and is affected more or
less in all cases of colds and inflammations, whether of the
lungs or their membranes—the pleura.

Bronchitis.—INFLAMMATION OF THE AIR PASSAGES
OR THE Parts ENUMERATED ABOVE.—hisisa very com-
mon disease among: horses, and is confounded by most horse
doctors with inflammation of the lungs, distempers, and
colds ; whereas, it is distinguished from inflammation of
the lungs by its seat, and from the others by as great a
dissimilarity.

Bronchitis occurs in various degrees of intensity, and

BRONCHITIS. 51

should at least be described under two heads, notwithstand-
ing the one distinction may run, as it does sometimes, into
the other.

1. AcuTE Broncuitis.—Symptoms. Ushered in by a
chill, fever, harsh or painful cough, loss of appetite, heav-
ing at the flanks, mouth hot and dry. In a day or so, a
discharge of pus or matter will be observed from one or
both nostrils.

If bleeding, or cther severe measures be used, the horse
will assuredly die, not so much from the disease, but from
maltreatment. Better, in a disease of this kind, let nature
have her way, and give the horse a chance for his life ; for
in the other case, he has absolutely none whatever.

Treatment. First the horse should be treated as for fever.
Place the horse in an open or airy place, embraced by the
word “ comfortable.” Obviously it would not be comfort-
able to place a sick horse in an open place, with the ther-
mometer below zero. In July or August it would not be
necessary to burden the animal with blankets.

Give him from fifteen to twenty drops of the tincture of
aconite root every four hours, till six doses are taken. This
will relieve the fever, breathing, and the hot and dry mouth.

Give plenty of cold water to drink, for pain and fever re-
quire plenty of fluid, as all the secretions are dried up.
Let the animal have a little grass, if it can be got: this
will relax the bowels, and cool the stomach. On the
second day, the following medicines may be given, that is,
if they be necessary : Powdered gentian root, two ounces ;
powdered nux vomica, one ounce. Mix, and divide into
six powders, and give one powder morning, noon, and
night. These medicines will prevent debility and depres-
sion, and the pouring out of fluid or serum into the legs,
sheath, belly, and breast. After the fever has been re-

yy DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

moved, allow good feed, and a fair quantity of it. Such
treatment will not only cure the horse in five or six days,
but the horse is nothing the worse, beyond the loss of a few
days’ work.

2. CHRONIC BRONCHITIS.—Symptoms. A. confirmed
cough, more or less severe, and a discharge from the nose.
The cough worse in the morning, and after drinking water.

Causes. Maltreatment of acute cases of bronchitis, and
where the attack has been prolonged beyond a reasonable
time, causing ulceration or thickening of the windpipe.

Treatment. Give extract of belladonna, half drachm,
powdered digitalis, half drachm, three times in the day,
morning, noon, and night, for a few days. If no good
seems to have been done, a different plan will have to be
adopted, namely: feed the animal well, and give sulphate
of iron, two drachms in powder ; gentian root, two drachms
in powder—twice in the day for two weeks. By this time
the absorbent system will be pretty powerful. Then apply
the following salve or ointment, well rubbed in down the
course of the windpipe, once in the week: Lard, one
ounce; red iodide of mercury, one drachm. Mix. This
will cause whatever thickening may exist, to be absorbed
or taken up. Lard or oil will have to be applied once per
day on the place where the ointment was applied, to pre-
vent the skin from cracking. If the animal be debilitated,
give occasionally sixty drops of commercial sulphuric acid
in half a bucket of cold water to drink.

Bronchocele.—Pronounced “ bronch-seal,” is an en-
largement of the thyroid gland, and is situated on and in
front of the windpipe, about three inches from the lower
jaw. In horses it is only an eye-sore or blemish.

Causes. In the horse it is unknown, nor is it determined

BROKEN KNEES. 53

what office or use the thyroid gland performs in man or
animals.

Treatment. Apply with friction by the hand once a
week, bin-iodide of mercury, one drachm; hog’s lard, one
ounce. Mix, and make an ointment. Rub in a piece
about the size of a hickory-nut over and around the en-
largement.

Broken Knees,—When a horse stumbles and _ falls
upon his knees, and takes the hair and some of the skin
off, this is called broken knees.

Treatment. Wash and cleanse the parts from sand and
dirt, and if the skin is ragged and torn, clip off with a
good pair of scissors. After this is done, ascertain if there
is any discharge from the sore of an oily substance, and
if so get a smooth piece of iron, immerse it for ten
minutes in boiling water, and apply it to the edges of the
wound, so as to cause the parts to swell,and prevent the
escape of the joint oil; for if this be allowed to escape,
the ends of the bones will come against one another.
Irritation and inflammation will be set up, and either
destroy the life of the horse, or make an anchylosed or
stiff joint. This is an important point to be observed, and
that very early in all cases of broken knees or open joints
wherever situated. After the hot iron has been applied,
use the following wash twice in the day :—Sulphate of
zine, half an ounce ; rain, or soft water, eight ounces. Mix.
This will heal the sore, and prevent proud flesh from
growing. ‘This wash will answer for the more simple
wound of the knee, and where there is no open joint.
Do not apply bandages, as they will cause the whole leg
to inflame and swell. Sometimes a kind of pouch will be
formed by the lower edge of the wound, holding whatever

54 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

pus or other fluid may escape. This pouch should be
opened at its lowest bottom, so as to let the fluids out, and
to prevent a bulge or permanent swelling remaining after
the knee has otherwise healed. By attention to this, very
little or no blemish or scar will be left to tell the tale of a
stumbling horse, ora bad horseman.

Bruises of the Sole.—(See Foot Diseases.)

Burns and Scalds,—Injuries inflicted upon some
parts of the body by the application of solid heat, are
called burns; by fluid heat, scalds.

Treatment. In horses the treatment is chiefly local ; for
in cases of fire in large cities, the generation of steam is
sometimes so great, that it is inhaled by animals in the
burning building: this is termed scalding. Not much can
be done, nor is there much hope of a cure in cases of this
kind. The utmost that can be done is to give plenty of
cold water to drink, and keep down pain by means of
aconite, (which see.)

For burns the best application will be, one pint of lin-
seed oil, and half a pint of lime water, stirred together,
or rather whipped, (as cooks usually do eggs,) till the
mixture is like thick cream.’ This is to be applied to the
burned places, spread on cotton or linen rags, for a few
days; then the sores are to be dressed with green ointment.
(See Ointments.)

Bursa Mucosa Enlarged.—(See Spavin and Wind
Galls.)
Caleuli,—Stone in the bladder.

Cancers.—This is a hard tumor, malignant in its
character, at first small in sizé, but rapidly increases, and
becomes ulcerated. The horse is not affected with so many
varieties of cancerous growth as the ox and the dog, and

CAPPED ELBOW. 55D

even man himself. Melanotic cancer is most commonly
seen in gray horses, or those that turn white with age. A
small hard tumor is usually seen under the root of the
tail, and about the anus.

When tumors of this kind are seen on gray horses, it
may reasonably be expected that growths of the same char-
acter will be found inside, on the spleen, stomach, and liver.
Horses so affected may work well for years, and may not for
amonth. ‘The tumors increase in size ; when cut into, they
discharge a fluid as black as the ink of the cuttle-fish.

Causes. As this disease is not seen in young gray horses
until after they have almost turned white, it may be in-
ferred that the cause results from the loss, or want of the
usual pigment, or coloring matter, which gives color to the
hair, thus depriving the animal of some protection from
the air or sun. I think, however, that the ¢rue cause will
be found to be, not in the loss of the coloring matter, but
of its transfer from the skin and hair to the blood. Hence
the inky color of the contents of the tumors. This opinion,
which is my own, is still further corroborated by the fact
that if the pus be taken from an abscess and injected into
the blood of a healthy animal, carbuneles containing pus
_ will soon manifest themselves.

Treatment. Incurable; but when one of these tumors
breaks, treat it as an ordinary abscess, (which see.)

Canine Rabies.—(See Hydrophobia.)

Capped Elbow,—This is an enlargement on the point
of the elbow, just behind the shoulder, and on the side of
the chest ; sometimes it is in the form of a simple abscess,
(which see.) But the usual form is that of an encysted
tumor, or a fluid contained within a cyst of fleshy walls,
which do not suppurate.

56 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Cause. The horse, when lying, rests the point of the
elbow upon the heels of his front shoe. It is a symptom
of disease of the leg, preventing the animal from properly
flexing or bending the leg proper upon its thigh or arm.
Hence, the elbow rests upon the foot.

Prevention. Remove whatever disease may be in the leg,
and place a pad of leather, or of coarse, heavy cloth, over
the back part of the foot. Pads are made by harness
makers.

Treatment. Make an incision with a sharp knife through
the skin, over the centre of the swelling, and carefully dis-
sect the cyst from its attachments. This can be done with
the fingers and a blunt piece of wood, flattened at its point
like a butter knife, and no sharper. If the operator be
timid, and think he cannot cut the cyst out, open it, and
let out the matter, and inject, once per day, a little tincture
of iodine, to kill the walls of the cyst, so that it will not
fill up again. (See Medicines.) A knife is only wanted to
cut the skin. After the tumor is taken out, treat the part
as a simple wound, by keeping it clean, and applying a
solution of zinc, or blue stone.

Capped Hock.—This is a soft swelling on the point
of the hock-joint.

Causes. Kicking in the stable or in harness, lying upon
stone-paved stalls, and from being kicked by another horse.

Treatment. Apply cold water cloths to the part for a few
days, taking them off at night.. After the heat and tender-
ness have subsided, apply, with rubbing, once every fifth
day, for three times, if it be necessary, an ointment com-
posed of one drachm of iodide of mercury; and hog’s lard,
one ounce. Mix.

Carditis,—This is applied to disease of the heart. Heart

CASTRATION. 57

disease is also known as the Thumps. Incurable. (See
Heart Disease.)

Caries.—This term means an ulceration of the bone.
The most frequent form of caries is seen on the lower jaw-
bone ; the teeth are next affected. If the upper teeth be
ulcerated to any extent, a fetid (stinking) discharge will
run from the nostril upon the side on which the diseased
teeth are situated, which has been repeatedly mistaken for
glanders by “horse doctors.” If caries of the bones of the
head exist, the swelling of the head will be enormous—
Big-Head, or OsTEOPOROSIS—and not Osteosarcoma, as it
has been called.

BONE FORCEPS.

Cause. A disposition in the system to appropriate to the
bones more calcareous or earthy matter than is required.

Treatment. If caries be confined to the teeth, have them
taken out. When confined to the bones of the head, it is
incurable. The animal will die of hunger, as he is unable
to use his tongue and jaws, or gather and chew his feed.
Happily, it is not a common disease in the Middle States.
There have been many cases in the Western States. Arsenic
and the hot iron are there recommended. Better let the
horse die than increase his suffering, as he will die any way.

Castration.—This is an operation for the purpose of
depriving the horse-colt of his entirety by the removal of
the testes. It is a simple and safe operation. Any person
having once seen it done, can do it also, if he have the

58 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

resolution to do so. It has been recently demonstrated
that castration can be performed on aged horses with as
much safety as on those in colthood. This is attributed to
the mode or manner of operation, namely, by an instrument
called the Keraseur. (See Instruments.)

ECRASEUR (OR NEW INSTRUMENT FOR CASTRATING COLTS.)

No clamps, no firing nor twitching, nor any trouble after-
ward. The instrument is manufactured especially for this
purpose, by surgical instrument makers in Philadelphia.

Cataract.—(See Eye Diseases.)

Catarrh.—(See Cold.)

Cautery.—This term is applied to the operation of
searing a part with a red-hot iron. Happily, this cruel,
and in many instances unnecessary operation, is becoming
among the things that were. It used to be applied to
sprains, ring-bones, and spavins. Since the discovery of
the preparations of iodine, and their absorbent properties,
the iron is little used.

Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis,—(See Typhosus.)

CHOKING. | 59

Chest Diseases.—The diseases of the chest are many
andimportant. Init are the heart, lungs, and great blood-
vessels. The diseases of these organs will be found under
Inflammation of the lungs, or Lung Fever, Pleurisy,
Coughs, Bronchitis, and Glanders.

Chest Founder.—(See Founder.)
Chilblains.—(See Frost-Bites.)

Chill.—This term means a shiver, as if the horse were
cold. This is the way many diseases and fevers are ush-
ered in. If the chill be checked soon, it will stop, in
_ many cases, the disease that was forming. For this pur-
pose, give twenty drops of the tincture of aconite root in a
wine-glassful of water, and pour down the throat, out of a
short-necked bottle; cover the body with a blanket, and rub
the legs to bring the circulation to the surface of the body,
and all will be well.

Choking.—Choking very rarely occurs in horses ; very
frequently in cattle. If choking should occur in the horse,
there is little chance or hope of saving his life, if he be a
spirited animal, and the substance be high in the gullet.
Ina very extensive practice, embracing many years, I have
never seen a case of choking in the horse, except on a few
occasions, and then it was only a ball of aloes sticking in
the throat. If a ball of any thickness stick in its passage
to the stomach, and it have passed down some distance, it
is called dow choke, and is not so dangerous as if it stick in
the entrance to the gullet—high choke.

Treatment. In low choke press down with the hand over
the substance in the gullet, and try to moveit. Do this
not too strongly, but continue it foratime. If unsuccess-
ful, one pint of fish, sweet, or linseed oil, melted lard, or

60 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

syrup of any kind, will be apt to move the substance on
its way down. If these should fail, after a good trial, then
have the gullet opened right over the substance, and take
it out, and put in one, two, or three stitches, with strong
saddlers’ silk. Make the stitches separately from each
other; for if this be not done, and one break, the others
will also become loose.

In high choke, the irritation and excitement are great,
which prevent much being done to relieve the animal. Try
the oil, and see what can be done in that way. ‘The treat-
ment is purely mechanical, so use ingenuity to overcome
the difficulty.

~

Chorea.—This is a rare disease in the horse, but com-
mon in dogs. It accompanies cases of madness in all ani-
mals,and depends upon nervous excitement, which is seen
in the constant twitching of the muscles of the body. It
as clearly sympathetic in its character.

Treatment. Removal of the cause, whatever that may be.

Cold.—Symptoms. Cough slight, fever and discharge
more or less from one or both nostrils, sometimes of a thin,
watery material, or a thick, creamy pus. The lining mem-
brane of the nose is red and inflamed. Cold sometimes
even extends into the throat and lungs, giving rise to
quickened breathing and uneasiness. When it extends to
the stomach, it is called by the French gastritis mucosa.
When it spreads to the chest, it is called bronchitis, (which
see). No disease is more common than cold among young
horses ; but, unfortunately, it rarely runs its course as such.
Cold assumes one or more of the forms just mentioned.

Cause. Exposure to cold and stormy weather.

Treatment. In Germany, it is said that a cold, if let alone,
will get well in a fortnight, and if treated by a skilful doc-

COLIC. 61

tor, he will cure it in fourteen days. However, give tlic
animal a few doses of aconite, (see Medicines,) to remove
the fever, and, if possible, to prevent complications, or its
further spread to the neighboring parts. If the appetite
keep good, nothing more need be done; but, on the con-
trary, if the breathing quicken, and the appetite be poor,
and debility be setting in, tonics and stimulants will be
necessary. Get the following medicine, and give one pow-
der, morning, noon, and night, mixed with a little cold
water, and drench the horse with it: Take powdered gen-
tian root, powdered pimenta berries, powdered carbonate
of ammonia, of each two ounces. Mix, and divide into
twelve powders. When the appetite improves, give good
feed, but not by any means in sufficient quantity to bring
on indigestion. Give green feed, if it can be had. This
is a most simple and successful plan of treating common

cold.

Cold Lotions.—These are now called refrigerant lo-
tions. Ice-water makes a good and economical refriger-
ant, when applied to a sprain. (See Prescriptions and

Medicines.)

Colic.—(1.) Spasmopic CoLic.—Symptoms. All at
once the horse that a few moments ago was well, appar-
ently, shakes his head—leaves his feed, looks round at his
flank, mostly at the right side, as if pointing out the seat
of the disease, scrapes the ground with his front foot, and
and almost strikes his belly with one of the hind ones.
The spasm continuing, the horse breaks out into a sweat,
heaving at the flanks; great excitement, kicking, and
rolling; intervals of ease from pain.

Causes. Drinking cold water when heated, or colder
water than commonly used, as a city horse is used to drink-

62 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

ing water which is warmer in summer, and colder in win-
ter, than water taken from a pump; washing the belly with
cold water ; driving horses into a pond of cold water.

Treatment. Give something to heat the stomach and
bowels. Try a bottle of warm ale or porter, adding a
little whiskey, or a tablespoonful of ground ginger to it.
If relief be not obtained in half an hour, give a drench,
composed of tincture of aconite root, twenty-five drops ;
spirit of turpentine, one ounce ; one bottle of cold ale or
porter. If necessary, give injections of warm water, (not
hot), soap, and a handful of table salt. Occasionaly walk
the horse about, to excite the bowels to action.

(2.) STERCORAL Coxic.—Symptoms. Similar to the
above variety, but continues longer, and is not quite so
severe or painful.

Causes. Impaction or constipation of the bowels.

Treatment. Powdered aloes, one ounce; tincture of
aconite root, twenty-five drops ; chloroform, half an ounce.
Mix in a bottle of ale or porter, and give in a drench out
of a horn, or stout bottle. The aconite will have to be
given every four hours, till the pain has given way. En-
courage the operation of the aloes by injections every hour.

(8.) FLATULENT CoLic.—Symptoms. Pain is consider-
able at first, which in a few hours gives way to sleepiness,
(see Coma). This is caused by distention of the bowels
with gas, commonly called wind, thereby paralyzing the
par vagus and nerve centres, and ultimately the brain it-
self. ‘This variety of colic is readily distinguished from
the others by the swelling of the belly, particularly at the
flanks, called tympanitis, or drum-belly.

Causes. Indigestion of food in the stomach ; fermenta-
tion is set up, and there is evolution (giving forth) of car-
bonic acid gas. This gas is not liberated per rectum from

COLIC. 63

the body as speedily as generated. ‘The horse and cow
cannot belch or eruct wind from their stomachs as man
and the dog can; hence the frequency of tympanitis in
horses and cows.

Treatment. Try injections first, as in many cases I have
cured this variety by this means alone. If gas or wind
come away with the injection, the case will soon end well.
When no benefit is derived from the injections, give, in a
little cold water, aloes in powder, one ounce; sulphuric
ether, one ounce; tincture of opium, two ounces. If these
measures fail in giving ease from pain, pour two ounces of
chloroform on a small moist sponge, and hold it to the
nostrils, not too closely, but admit a portion of air with
the fumes of the chloroform (see Medicines). The sponge
may be placed in a towel, and the ends carried up around
the nose of the horse, to save waste; or place the sponge
in the bottom of a nose-bag, and put it on the head, but

not too close upon the nose.

Last Remedy. It must be confessed that the longer
this disease is unrelieved the more remote is the chance of
recovery, as the bowel sometimes contracts upon itself, or
nearly closes altogether. ‘To overcome this condition an
operation is recommended, which I do not say will bea
success, nor yet a failure. When it failed in my hands, it
was not because the gas was not let out of the bowels, but
because the blood had become so disintegrated, and the
nervous centres so paralyzed, that the sanative powers of
the constitution had received too great a shock to ever
rally again.

The Operation. Procure an instrument (see Instru-
ments,) called a trocar. If this be not at hand, sharpen a
breakfast knife, and measure an equal distance from the
haunch bone and the short rib, and not too high upon the

64 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

back ; force the knife into the distended bowel, and turn
the knife in the wound thus made, and hold it there until
all the imprisoned gas has escaped ; and as the gas some-
times still accumulates, keep the knife or instrument in
the wound, if it be for half a day. When the knife or
instrument is taken out, place a piece of sticking plaster
over the wound. (See Medicines.)

Stones, or hair calculi, are often found, after death, in
the bowels of horses subject to colic. J have seen six
taken from one mare that I had under treatment. Re-
member, the great principle in the treatment of colic, in”
all its forms, is to relieve pain. ‘This also holds good in
most diseases of horses. ‘The doctor, if he fail to allay”
pain, cannot cure the disease.

Coma.—A horse is said to be in a comatose state when
in an apoplectic fit, in sleepy staggers, and when dying
from spasmodic colic (which see).

Congestion of the Lungs.—(See Lung Diseases.)

Constipation.—A confined condition of the bowels
accompanying fever, liver and lung diseases. Horses
habitually costive should be supplied with soft feed and
grass in season. Costiveness, as a concomitant of fever,
etc., should in all cases be let alone, as it is a provision of
nature to protect herself from exhaustion.

Consumption.— Causes. Repeated attacks of in-
fluenza, lung fever, or bronchitis, or any of these diseases
treated by bleeding, and other reducing remedies or agents.
Consumption, in the horse, runs its course in from one to
two weeks.

NATURE OF CoNSUMPTION.—A wasting, or breaking
down of the structure of the lungs. The tuberculous form
of consumption I have never seen in the horse. Tubercles

CONTAGION. 65

are seen in bad cases of glanders, (which see.) These
tubercles suppurate, and discharge pus. This pus is ab-
sorbed and taken into the blood, and sets up a ferment, or
leaven, as the Scriptures call it. This is the great trouble
in consumption in man, and glanders in the horse. Why
authors have not ealled this tuberculous disease in horses,
consumption, I do not know, except it be, and I am in-
clined to believe it is, from an entire ignorance of its true
pathology or character. |

Treatment. Incurable. To prolong the life, beef soup,
iron, gentian, tonics and stimulants, are indicated. In the
tuberculous form, sulphite of soda should be given to arrest
the ferment, and keep the blood clear of impurities, in
addition to the remedies to support the strength. (See
Medicines.) Decay, putrefaction, fermentation, are true and
scientific expressions, with no vague meaning. Such, then,
are the conditions embraced in the word consumption,
whether in men or animals,

Contagion,—This term is applied to something (as the
virus of glanders) coming in contact with the body of an
animal in health, producing a similar disease to that exist-
ing in the animal from which it came. In a word, it is a
specific poison. Few diseases of animals are considered
contagious. The following diseases, however, are con-
sidered of that character :—Glanders, in horses ; contagious
typhus and small-pox, in cattle and sheep. Although many
animals may be taken sick one after another, this is no proof
that the disease is contagious ; for it must be remembered
that a number of animals, all situated and cared for in the
same way, are certainly subjected to the same exciting causes
that produced the disease in the first animal affected.
Those that escaped the disease were not predisposed to

take it ; hence their exemption from its effects.
5

66 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Prevention. Separate the sick from the well. All
buckets, or other materials that were in contact with the
sick, must be thoroughly cleansed and purified. (See Dis-
infectants. )

Contraction.—(See Foot Diseases.)

Convalescence.—A term applied to the time which
elapses between the controlling of acute disease, and the
restoration of the patient to perfect health.

Corns.—(See Foot Diseases.)

Coryza Gangrenosa.—This name is applied to an
ulcerated condition of the membrane of the nose super-
vening in acase of cold. It is evidence of general de-
bility, and disintegration or deterioration of the membrane.

Corrosive Sublimate.—(See Medicines and Poisons.)

Cough.—A symptom of disease of the respiratory
organs, as tubercles of the lungs, thickening of the lining
membranes of the windpipe, and enlargement of the glands
of the neck. I have seen cough from indigestion in a few
cases, but this is rare in horses.

CoucH CHronic.— Causes. Debility, or softening of
the par vagus nerves; heaves, or broken wind, (which
see,) are some of the causes which produce acute cough.

Treatment. Removal of whatever is the cause, (causa
sublata tulitur effectus.)

Counter-irritants.—An external application, which,
when applied, causes an irritation or inflammation counter
or opposite to that which exists inside.

Cow Hock,—This name is applied to a condition or
malformation of those hocks that incline forward, thus

CRIB-BITING. 67

forming a fulerum, over which the posterior straight liga-
ment passes—this condition favoring a sprain of the liga-
ment, which is called curb. (See Curb.)

Cramp.—Cramp of the stomach or bowels of horses,
cannot be readily distinguished from spasmodic colic,
(which see.)

CRAMP OF THE Hinp Lec.—This affection is com-
mon among young horses of an irritabletemperament. It
is often mistaken for dislocation of the patella, sometimes
called Juxation of the patella, (which see.)

Symptoms. ‘The horse will persistently refuse to move
the leg from the position in which it is placed. Quivering
or excitement of the muscles of the thigh, accompanied
with irritation and fever. The horse cannot be moved, as
he refuses to do so.

Causes. Irregularity of the nervous system.

Treatment. Move the animal, if it be possible, and the
cramp will give way. Dashing cold water against the
thigh will often remove it. The horse will get well, if
time be only given him. Thus, if a person ieave the sta-
ble to tell some one of the matter, he will be surprised, on
coming back, to find the horse well.

Crib-Biting.—This is not a disease, but a vice—a bad
habit, which the horse has learned, of sucking wind into
the stomach by placing his lips against the manger. The
habit has been so strong in some horses, that when they
could get no place to press the lips against, they have
stooped down and placed the lips against the arm of their
own front leg. This vice is sometimes called wind-sucking.

Causes. Idleness, indigestion, and learning it from other
animals in the same stable.

Prevention. Keep horses in loose boxes, or other places

68 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

where there are no fixtures but the walls; regular feed and
regular work.

Treatment. Do not let the horse stand*in the stable
twenty hours out of the twenty-four. Feed him regularly,
and work himas regularly. Turn the animal to pasture,
and when he is brought home in the fall of the year,
have a loose box prepared for him without any fixtures, as
manger, trough, or rack. Place his hay upon the floor,
and his oats or corn in a small trough, and remove it as
soon as the feed is eaten.

Curb,—One of the many diseases of the hock-joint, and
consists in a swelling immediately below the point of the
hock-joint, and is the result of sprain of the posterior
straight ligament; is more frequent in horses with the
hocks inclining forwards, (cow hock.) ‘The treatment best
adapted is the ointment of the red iodide of mercury,
(see Ointments,) which is not only a counter-irritant, but a
sorbifacient. Apply about the size of a hickory-nut in
quantity every sixth day for a few weeks, occasionally
greasing or oiling the parts to prevent the skin cracking.

Curby-Hocked.—(See Cow Hock.)
Cutaneous Diseases,—(See Skin Diseases.)
Cutting.—(See Interfering.)

Death.—The great law of the universe makes limits of
duration to every structure endued with life, and prepares
a way for the resolution of every material provided with
vital principles into the matter of earth. The individual
existence of all organized bodies is merely temporary; none
escape the necessity of perishing.

Debility.—This is a condition accompanying many
diseases. Hence, the necessity of guarding against any

DEBILITY. 69

measure in the treatment, even of a disease of an exalted
kind, that will reduce the strength. The animal thus
affected rapidly becomes weak and debilitated to such an
extent as may cost it its life.

(1.) Desruiry, SimpLe.—May be local, that is, confined
to a part, as in partial paralysis, from the effects of a blis-
ter applied to a part, or from a kick or injury.

Symptoms. A thickening or swelling of the parts. The
swelling is not inflammatory, but soft, and contains fluid.
(Cidema.)

Treatment. Powdered sulphate of iron, one-ounce and a
half; gentian root, two ounces; chlorate or nitrate of potassa,
one ounce. Mix,and divide into twelve powders, and give
one night and morning mixed in cut or soft feed, with no
more water in the feed than will keep the particles together.
Feed the animal generously and well. Debility, and swell-
ing of the legs of horses now-a days, at least in the United
States, can be produced by simply keeping a portion of
their usual feed from them for two or three days.

(2.) DeBitiry, GENERAL.—Symptoms. Swelling of
the legs, sheath, breast, and belly. Disturbed breathing.
The horse is very weak, and easily pushed from off his
feet by the hand. Indeed, he staggers as he walks, and
sometimes falls to the ground.

Causes. Bleeding or giving physic (a purge) in the
treatment of disease, especially in diseases of the chest.
Starving and low diet given to a sick horse, when he should
be supported in the midst of his sickness by good feeding.
The very neglect, or want of knowledge on this point, has
killed thousands of horses that would have lived, that have
been sacrificed at the shrine of ignorance, error, and bad
judgment. This condition of things in relation to the

treatment of diseases of the horse, and indeed all our faith-

70 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

ful animals, may be ascribed to the diligence and _persist-
ence of the American publishers deluging the country with
reprints of old English books that should never have been
written.

Treatment. Give plenty of good feed to the maltreated
animal, and give the following blood-making medicines :-—
Powdered sulphate of iron, three ounces; gentian root,
three ounces. Mix, and divide into twenty-four powders,
and give one powder night and morning. If there is
much swelling about the body, add five grains of powdered
Spanish fly to the evening powder, for a few nights only.
Be assured the animal is fully restored before it is put to
hard work.

Deformities.—In young colts will often be observed
a deformity of one or both fore legs from the knee down,
giving the whole appearance an awkward look. _ Farmers
having such a colt should not think it useless, or at all
impaired ; for in my own extensive practice, I have not
seen one that did not become as perfect as the best formed -
of animals.

Observe. Whether the mother have sufficient milk for
the colt, and if not, teach the colt to suck milk out of a
bottle, or from something else; for by good nourishment
these deformed conditions of the legs will disappear.

Deuteropathia,—A disease of a secondary character,
or in sympathy with another. (See Fever.)

Diabetes.—This is a disease accompanied by a great
and frequent flow of urine, containing sugar in solution.

Causes. The starch, and some constituents of the food are
transferred into sugar. The origin of this affection is sup-
posed to be a ferment changing the material of the system
into sugar, as diastase converts starch into sugar in malting.

DIARRHGA. 71

Symptoms. Great flow of clear urine, very great thirst,
ravenous appetite, weakness and general debility.

Treatment. Although this disease is considered incurable,
1 have on two occasions cured the animal by the iodide of
iron, too expensive a medicine to be recommended for gen-
eral use. ‘he action of this medicine, at least the iodide
portion, allayed the thirst, and the iron supported the
strength and system, also acting as an astringent (to dry up).

This medicine should be seconded by good feeding and
plenty of it. (See Lodide of Iron in Medicine List.)

Diaphoretics.—This term is applied to medicines
having the power of producing sweating. The horse is
not easily acted upon in this way by the use of medicines,
except by one or two articles, as aconite or veratrum, .
(which see.) Slight moisture on the skin is very desir-
able in cases of fever. The cold water douche is used by
hydropaths for this purpose.

When sweating is desired for the cure of disease, it must
be done without increasing the heart’s action. This is the
great secret in producing diaphoresis.

Diarrheea,—(1.) SimpLe DrarrRua@a consists of a
looseness, or fluid condition of excrement, from something
irritant in the bowels, and which does not freely pass
away. When this condition is present, and no pain, grip-
ing or pawing as in colic, it may be well let alone.

(2.) ConTINUED DrarRuaa.—tThis is often the case
when irritation does not pass away with the offending
‘matter, and the bowels continue to discharge a thin fluid.
There is slight pain or colic. When this is the case, sus-
pect some irritant poison. (See Poison.)

Treatment. From whatever cause the diarrhoea may arise,
treatment that will allay pain is demanded. First. Give

72 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

twenty to twenty-five drops of the tincture of aconite root
in a little cold water. Then give the following powder
every two hours, until a change for the better has taken
place :—Prepared chalk, half an ounce; catechu in powder,
one drachm; opium in powder, ten grains. Allow the
animal plenty of water to drink, which will help to keep off
or allay irritation, or what disposition there may be to in-
flammation. Bran mashes should be given for a few days,
so as to overcome the effects of so much drying or binding
medicine. Cake meal, or ground flaxseed, will be an ex-
cellent assistant in this particular.

Diathesis.—When we read in medical books of the
word diathesis, it means a well-marked tendency in a dis-
ease by a corresponding diathesis : for example, a cancerous
diathesis or an inflammatory diathesis.

Diet.—The different articles used by the horse as food.

Disinfectants.—French, Delsenfectants; German,
Faiilnisswidrige Substanzen.

Disinfectants are such as remove the causes of infection,
or any injurious taint. To accomplish this effect, disin-
fectants will have to embrace a class of substances known
by the name of antiseptics, (agents which prevent animal
or vegetable matter being decomposed,) and deodorizers
(agents which destroy hurtful or bad smells, when arising
from decomposing material.)

(1.) Natura Dismyrecrants.—The atmospheric is the
great disinfectant. The soil has been found a valuable dis-
infectant, decomposing animal matter with great quickness,
and sending out gases which are without taint of any kind.
Hence, the necessity of deep burial of animals dying, or
that have been killed, on account of contagious diseases.

DISINFECTANTS. 13

Ventilation is entirely a mechanical plan of disinfecting,
and which it is in the power of every farmer in the land to
more or less perfect in all buildings containing horses, cattle,
ete. In ventilating, it is only necessary to admit the purest
air, and for this purpose have the openings or ventilators
placed at least eight to ten feet from the ground, as it is
well known that heavy vapors are sometimes seen a few
feet above the ground. Also, the ventilation should come
from the front or top of the building, as the back of a stable
is never so pure as its front.

Water is the next great disinfectant employed by nature,
although moist bodies decay more rapidly than dry. It is
a disinfectant by the process of washing, which is mechani-
eal. It is in this way that each shower of rain becomes a
natural disinfectant. Light is another disinfectant, which
seems to have been overlooked by many, when their barns
and stables were built. Without light, the rose would lose
its color, and man and animals would Jose and never attain
their vigor.

In proof of the advantage of light in maintaining health
and warding off disease, it is stated that in a barrack at St.
Petersburg, there was only one case of disease on the side
laid open to the light, to three on the dark side.

Heat and cold are two agents highly useful as disinfec-
tants. Heat prevents fermentation and decay by drying
and changing the chemical state of substances, as it were,
by cooking, whether by fire or the sun. Cold, again, is the
most powerful antiseptic and disinfectant. Frosts prevent
decay and disease, and at the same time share the connec-
tion existing between them.

(2.) ARTIFICIAL DISINFECTANTS.—Creosote is a most
powerful antiseptic and disinfectant, when applied to a part,
but it is not easily managed. Smoke is another good anti-

74 | DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

septic, as it contains a little creosote. By it herring and
other fish are preserved.

Spices, and other aromatic substances, have long been
used as disinfectants, but they possess no such property, as
they do not prevent decomposition of bodies; they merely
cover the smell.

Chloride of lime and chloride of zine act as good disin-
fectants.

The chloride of manganese is certainly as economical a
disinfectant as can be used by the farmer. It is cheap’and
efficient, and not dangerous like chloride of zine.

Sulphurous acid, or rather its fumes, has, in all ages,
been used as a disinfectant, and by general consent is con-
sidered to be most valuable. Its action on animal and
vegetable substances is readily seen by the change in color
produced. In the form of sulphite of soda, it will arrest
the vinous fermentation in cider and other materials ; or if
injected into the veins of dead animals, it embalms them
most perfectly.

For stables and houses filled with ani-
mals nothing will answer so well as chloride
of lime, or McDougal’s disinfecting pow-
ders,.applied to the floors and excrement
once per day with a large dredging box.

For empty houses chlorine gas will be
found as convenient and good as any. For
this purpose, procure a strong wide-mouthed

Leak, bottle, fill it about half full of bin-oxide of
used in gener- manganese, close all the doors and windows,
pe neon and other open places, then fill up the bottle

with the spirits of salts, and retire and close
the door. ‘This may be repeated a few times in the course
of a week. ‘The fumes that are disengaged will penetrate

FLORENCE

DROPSIES. 70

to every crevice and corner in the building. This operation
any farmer can perform himself, as there is no risk what-
ever. ‘The spirits of salt will have to be kept ina glass-
stoppered bottle till it is wanted, as it will not only eata
common cork, but it will, by exposure to the air, abstract
moisture from it, by which it greatly loses its virtue and
strength. As before stated, this plan of disinfecting is only
to be used when the house is empty. (See Sulphurous Acid

Gas in Part IT.)
Distemper.—(See Influenza and Strangles.)
DISTEMPER, CHOKING.—(See Typhosus.)

Diuretics.—A name given to those medicines which
cause an increased secretion from the kidneys. Example,
chlorate and nitrate of potassa, the Spanish fly, and eupur-
purin. (See Medicines.)

Dropsies.—very school boy is familiar with the term
dropsy, which means an unnatural accumulation of water
in the cavities of the body-chest, heart-case, belly, breast,
sheath, and cellular tissue of the legs. (See Debility.)

1. When water is in the chest it is called HyDROTHORAX.
This is the immediate cause of death in pleurisy in the
horse and pleuro-pneumonia in cattle, the animal dying by
suffocation or asphyxia.

2. When in the belly, it is called AscrTEs.

3. When in the cellular tissue, and confined to a portion
only of the body, as the leg or sheath, it is called GipEMa ;
but if the swellings are over different portions of the body,
it is called ANASARCA.

4. When in the heart-case or pericardium, it is called
Dropsy or THE HEART.

Cuuses. Treatment of diseases by starving, or low diet,

76 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

bleeding, blistering, and physicking. Injury to a part will
be followed by watery swellings in the neighboring parts.
« Treatment. Blood-making food and medicines are im-
peratively demanded. Corn-meal mixed with bran and
cut hay. Grass,if it can be had. A bottle of strong beef
tea or soup, given daily, will be of great use. Give the
following medicine three times a day, either mixed in the
feed or poured down the mouth with a bottle: Powdered
sulphate of iron, one drachm; powdered gentian root, two
drachms ; Spanish fly, two grains. Mix. Friction over
the swelling will be of use. Sometimes it will be neces-
sary to make slight incisions or cuts through the skin to
let out the imprisoned fluid. Do not blister such swelling,
as it is apt to produce ragged, running sores, difficult to
heal, and leaving a blemish.

Rater | in the chest 1s removed by ricoeenee an instru-
ment, (see Instruments,) called a trocar, but somewhat
smaller than the one used for hoven in cattle. Also it is
removed by absorption and by diuretics, (which see.)

Dysentery.—(See Diarrhea.)

Ear Diseases.—(1.) Swati Tumors.—Sometimes tu-
mors of various shapes and sizes are seen in the ear of the
horse, producing a kind of canker in that organ.

Symptoms. Shaking of the head; will not let much
familiarity be made with it; running or starting back,
when the collar or bridle is being taken up over the ears.

Causes. Irritation and inflammation of the skin of the
ear, producing small pimples of proud flesh.

Treatment. Removal with the knife, scissors, or caustic ;
then apply the simple ointment as for a simplesore. (See
Prescription in Medicine List.)

(2.) INJURIES OF THE EAR,—Injuries to the ear take

EMPHYSEMA. Ti

place from the use of the whip, the bite of a dog, or from
another horse biting it.

Treatment. Treat as for a common sore, by simple oint-
ment and by cleanliness.

(3.) DEAFNEss.—Not often observed in horses.

(4.) FoREIGN SUBSTANCES IN THE EAR.—Remove
them by the forceps.

(5.) ABSCESS IN THE Har.—Treatment as for Abscess,
(which see.)

(6.) Dry GANGRENE IN THE EAr.—Two cases of this
affection have been brought to my notice, in which the
concha of the ear had dried up, withered and dropped off.

Ecchymosis.—Black spots observed on the lungs of
cattle and horses having died from pleuro-pneumonia.

Eczema.—(See Mange.)

Elephantiasis.—A name applied to a swelled leg.
(See Grease.)

Embrocation.—A term applied to liniments. (See Pre-
scriptions. ) 7

Emetics.— Medicine, often taken into the stomach of
man and some animals, causing them to vomit. The horse,
ex, and sheep do not, or rather cannot vomit. Hence,
tartar emetic has no effect upon them.

Emphysema.—This is a name signifying wind-swell-
ing, caused by the escape of air into the cellular tissue, as
between the skin and the flesh, or rather the fascia and the
skin. Pressure with the hand on these windy swellings
causes a crackling noise or sound. This condition some-
times arises in the chest, and is attended with difficult
breathing and anxiety of countenance.

78 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Causes. Wounds in the chest, and when underneath the
skin, it is caused by undue pressure on the part, causing a
separation of the skin from the fascia.

Treatment. This consists in evacuating the air by slight
punctures on the surface of the swelling, assisted by gentle
pressure of the hand.

When in the lungs, give good feeding, and occasionally
small doses of the tincture of aconite root, say ten drops,
three times in the day, to relieve the breathing, until the
lungs heal up.

Encysted Tumors.—(See Tumors.)
Encephaloid.—(See Tumors.)

Endermic.—A plan of treating disease by placing the
medicine in contact with or under theskin. Morphia and
strychnia are the agents in common use in this form of
administration (See Typhosus.) |

Enema. —(See Injection.)
Enteritis.—(See Bowel Diseases.)

Enzootic.—A good name for cattle disease, as it makes
the disease among animals instead of upon man.

Ephemeral.—A fever which runs its course in twelve
to forty-eight hours.

Epidemic,—This term is applied to diseases of animals,
but improperly, as the term is exclusively a name that
should only be used for diseases when man is the subject.
Epi, upon, and demo, the people—a disease upon the peo-
ple. Epizootic is the proper name for animal diseases.
Epi, upon, zoon, an animal—diseases upon animals.

Epizootic.—A disease that attacks many animals at
the same time and season, originating in one common cause.

>

EYES. ras)

Examples-—epizootic-influenza in the horse, and pleuro-
pneumonia in cattle.

Epilepsy.—An epileptic horse should never be used
for family driving. (See Megrims.)

Epiphora.— Weeping from theHyes. (See Eye Diseases.)
Epsom Salts.—(See Medicines.)

Eruptions.— Eruptions are more a symptom than a
disease. (See Strangles, Surfeit, Stings of Insects, and
Scarlatina.) 7

-Erysipelas.—This, as an independent disease, is not
often, if at all, seen in horses. It is often present after
accidents, as a bruise or a broken bone.

Symptoms. A hard, tense and painful swelling of the
parts, accompanied with irritation and excitement through
the entire system.

Treatment. Give twenty to twenty-five drops of the tinc-
ture of aconite root four times in a day, to calm the sys-
tem. Apply cold iced water, with woollen cloths, to the
part. - If from broken bones, try and remove, or adjust
them in position to one another, and secure them so with
splint and bandage. In severe cases of broken bones, the
animal had better be killed. (See Fractures.)

Exostosis.—(See Splint and Bony Tumors.)

Eyes, Diseases of the.—Before referring to the dis-
eases of this organ, it may be necessary to say a few words
as to the structure of the eye.

(1.) The eyelids are composed of skin, and under it the
fibres of a circular muscle which close the eyelids. The
eyelidsare lined internally with a mucous membrane called

80 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

the conjunctiva, which is reflected from them over the ante-
rior surface of the eyeball.

(2.) The globe of the eye is not exactly round, for it is
more like a segment of a smaller circle put into a greater
one.

(3.) The clear portion of the eye is called the cornea, and
forms a portion of the globe.

(4.) The sclerotic coat is what is called the white of the
eye; and just back of it is what is called the choroid coat
of the eye. And immediately within this choroid coat is
placed the retina, or the expansion of the optic nerve, or
the nerve of sight. |

(5.) The humors of the eye occupy the anterior chamber,
as well as pass into the posterior. ‘The iris floats in this
humor, and behind it will be found the magnifying lens of
the eye. This is a double convex, and is placed in the
centre of vision, and fronting the next, or vitreous humor
of the eye. This humor is enclosed in a capsule called the
hyaloid membrane. The eyes of the horse are so placed in
his head, that he, at the same time, sees different objects
with each eye, which peculiarity accounts for the shying
and starting, when one eye is imperfect or diseased. If
one eye only be altogether destroyed, the horse will not shy
or start, but will be a useful animal. This is the reason
why cataract on the eye of a horse had better be let alone,
as any imperfect sight will make the horse dangerous to
drive, objects being seen in distorted form. Better the eye
be completely destroyed than partially so.

(1.) AmAuRosis.—This is the same disease that Milton
was affected with, and was called by him “drop serene.”
It is a complete or partial blindness from loss of sensation
or feeling of the optic nerve.

Symptoms. This is the most serious disease affecting the

EYES. 81

eye of either man or horse, and is ushered in by weeping
and partial closure of the eyelids. A thin film or scum
will soon be observed to spread over the whole of the front
of the eye. This condition will pass off for a week or two,
and then return with increased violence until the sight will
be entirely destroyed. Spots will be seen between each
attack, deep in the eye, gradually increasing in size, till the
nerve of sight is totally destroyed. |

Causes. Inflammation affecting the brain, tumors, or
bone pressing upon the optic nerve.

Treatment. Doubtful of cure. Small doses of strychnine
may be tried to restore the sensibility of the optic nerve, or
colchicum may be used. (See Medicine.)

Observe. There are many horses with extremely flat fore-
heads, the bones seemingly pressing upon the lower por-
tion of the brain, just where the optic nerve is given out to
the eyes. ‘These flat-headed (that is, in front of the head)
horses, I have observed to go blind about the seventh year
of their age. Blindness arising from such a cause, may
justly be laid at the door of hereditary causes. Breeding
from blind mares should, therefore, be, as a rule, avoided.
If a mare from accident become blind, there are no scien-
tific reasons why she should not be used for breeding pur-
poses. What is to be observed is, not to breed from a mare
that has a very flat forehead and has not gone blind from
accident or injury to the eye.

(2.) FLoaTine Spots IN THE EYE.—Sometimes dark
cloudy spots or specks will be seen floating in the eye,
more or less movable, rising and falling, as the eye itself
moves. If they are unattended witlr weakness of the eye,
or the spots are not fixed, and dark, indicating the com-
mencement of the disease named above, they will be no
great injury.

82 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Causes. Some constitutional disturbance, over-driving,
or hard work.

Treatment. Inject, or apply cold water several times in
the day.

(3.) Inrris.—Inflammation of the iris.

Causes. Cold and exposure, producing rheumatism in
that portion of the eye.

Symptoms. Redness of the eye, and muddy color of the
cornea. The iris is a little changed in color.

Treatment. The application of moist poultices to the eye
for a few days to allay inflammation, or irritation. ‘Then
apply three times daily, with a small brush called a camel’s
hair pencil, the following mixture: Nitrate of silver,
twelve grains; rain water, four ounces. The brush to be
dipped in the mixture, and drawn lightly across within the
eye. Keep the horse from the light as much as possible.

(4.) INFLAMMATION OF THE SCLEROTIC Coat.

Symptoms. The coat is of a pink-red color.

Cause. Rheumatism.

Treatment. A teaspoonful of the wine of colchicum root,
four times in the day ; comfortable stabling and generous
feeding.

Half-drachm doses of the iodide of potassium may be
tried in this case. Half-ounce doses of sesquicarbonate of
soda, occasionally, will be of service.

(5.) Potypr. Small excrescences are sometimes seen to
arise from the iris, but require no treatment, as they will
pass away of themselves.

(6.) SPoTS AND ULCERATION- OF THE CORNEA.

Symptoms. Blood-vessels tinged with blood ; small ele-
vated spots, which are sometimes ulcers, and at other times
small abscesses, owing to the abscesses being whole or

broken.

EYES, 83

Treatment. Take belladonna, halfa drachm ; cold water,
six ounces. Mix, and apply to the parts with a camel’s
hair pencil dipped in the mixture. Scarify or open the
angular veins of the eye, and foment’ with warm water, to
insure a good flow of blood. This treatment should be
followed by a lotion of the nitrate of silver, or of blue stone
—sulphate of copper, (see Medicines,) to destroy the ulcers.
inside of the eyelids ; then apply the belladonna lotion as
before. It will require repeated applications alternately
to effect a complete cure. It will be advisable to feed the
horse well, to increase absorption of effused fluids and
thickenings. Iron and gentian will be useful. (See Medi-
cines and Prescriptions.)

(7.) WEEPING FROM THE Eye.—This is more properly
a symptom than a disease—a swelling of the caruncula
lachrymalis—a small, round body.

Treatment. ‘Touch the swelling with a camel’s hair
pencil dipped in the lotion of blue stone, or nitrate of
silver. Four grains to an ounce of rain water, will be
strong enough for this purpose. This treatment will cure
the weeping, provided the tear-duct be open.

(8.) CLosInc OF THE EyYELIDs.—Treatment. Apply
warm water with a sponge for a period sufficiently long, so
as to dissolve or dilute the mucus, which causes the lids to
stick together. ‘To prevent a recurrence during some dis-
eases of the eyes, smear the lids with sweet oil, or cold
cream, every night while the disease lasts.

(9.) Hark GROWING IN THE EyvE.—Scientifically, this
is called Trichiasis. The removal of the hair by tweezers
or forceps, and the application of some eye-wash to remove
the irritation, are the proper means to be employed.

(10.) SWELLING oF THE EyeLrps.—This is sometimes
observed in bad cases of mange, (which see.)

84 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

(11.) SmmpLe OPHTHALMIA,ORCATARRHALOPHTHAL-
MIA.—Symptoms. A thick, mucous discharge from the eye,
accompanying cases of cold or catarrh, redness and swelling
of the membrane lining the inside of the eyelids. This
condition and appearance resemble the lining of the nose
in cases of cold. ‘This affection may, with propriety, be
called muco-purulent ophthalmia, and it is not unlike the
Egyptian ophthalmia of man, produced by the introduction
of the flying sands of the Arabian desert. Ophthalmia may
be simple or acute; consequently the treatment will be ac-
cordingly.

OPERATING ON THE EYE.

EYES. 85

Treatment. The application of cold water; or if the cold
seem to give pain, warm water should be used instead.
Open the angular veins. ‘This is done as follows: Take
a sharp knife, and simply cut the skin and the veins which
are seen underneath at the lower corner of the eye, and
bathe with warm water, which will induce them to bleed
freely. Give grass, or some other opening and cool feed.
Give, also, half-ounce doses of sulphite of soda daily for a
few days. The nitrate of silver lotion, or the blue-stone,
will do; it is cheap and easily procured, and therefore
better adapted for the farmer or stable man. Apply as
elsewhere recommended. Never use sugar of lead lotions
as an eye-wash to the eye, which books so often recommend.
They are positively injurious to the eye by their producing
dulness, or opacity of the cornea—or the clear, transparent
part of the eye—the very brightness of which indicates
health, beauty, and intelligence in a horse ; so, once for all,
I say, use no Goulard’s solution of lead. Copper is in-
finitely better, and never leaves dimness of the eye or vision.
If copper be not at hand, chloride of zine, one grain, to an
ounce of rain or distilled water, is an excellent application
to the eye of a horse suffering from purulent opthalmia.
(See Medicines and Prescriptions.)

(12.) Moon BLINDNESS, TERMINATING IN CATARACT.—
This disease is a serious one, and frequent, consisting of in-
flammation of the internal parts of the eye-ball, the choroid
coat and the iris more particularly.

Symptoms. In the morning, perhaps, the eyelids will be
found closed ; a large flow of tears ; the back portion of the
eye dim and clouded. No specks are to be seen, as in some
other diseases of the eye. A yellow border will be observed
at the bottom of the chamber. ‘This is pus. The attack,
or inflammation, will last from two to three weeks; at the

86 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

end of which time the eye will brighten up, and the ordi-
nary observer may think that the eye is completely cured.
The pus is entirely absorbed, scarcely leaving any traces
behind, except a degree of dimness. In one, two, or three
months, and not by the regularity of the moon’s changes,
as horsemen suppose, the disease reappears, having the
same symptoms and characteristics as in the first attack,
only a greater deposit of pus will be left at each subsequent
attack. Oneattack sueceeds another until the whole pupil
is filled with matter, constituting cataract, thus completely
destroying the eyesight. This disease is usually at first
confined to one eye, but in some cases both are affected, one
usually more severely than the other.

Treatment. This disease is deemed incurable, which fact
has often induced the owner of an animal thus affected to
sell him, being well aware that the disease will at no distant
day return, and leave upon his hands a blind horse. An
application of cold water and the tincture of opium should
be used to allay pain and irritation ; cold water, one ounce ;
tincture of opium, two drachms; to be applied by means
of a camel’s hair pencil.

Observe. When one eye of a horse is affected with this
disease, the other will also ultimately become affected. To
prevent this, it has been advised, as is done in man, to have
the diseased eye entirely extirpated. In horses, I would
rather puncture the cornea with a lancet, and allow the
watery humor to escape, thus permitting the diseased eye
to sink in the head. This being done successfully the
remaining eye will not only retain, but will increase in
lustre and brightness.

False Quarter.—(See Foot Diseases.)
Farcy,—The reader will be not a little surprised at the

FARCY. 87

opinions that are advanced by me in regard to this disease,
especially if he be a reader of the books on the diseases of
horses. In these books we are distinctly told that farcy is
a variety of glanders, and that farcy buds are of the same
nature as the ulcers of the lining membrane of the nose in
cases of glanders. This may or may not be true. But
why not have given the reasons why these relations were
so sustained to each other? Thus assertion is put for fact,
and ignorance for great knowledge. Farcy is not a disease
attacking the absorbent vessels, nor glanders of the lining
membranes of the nose. Farcy, we are again told, is cura-
ble, and in the very next sentence that glanders is incura-
ble. Why this peculiarity? Forif the diseases be the
same, they should be equally susceptible of cure. From all
that has been said and written on the subject of farey and
glanders, nothing satisfactory has been gained, but much
that is calculated to perplex. Farcy is the “scrofula” of
the horse. It is unknown in countries and climes where
this disease in man is never seen, and a disease inseparable
from the present manner of domestication. Ina word, the
disease called farey is nothing more or less than the effects
of a classof pathogens called ferments, leavens, or zumins,
acting and producing fermentation in the blood. (See
Glanders.) In medicines zumins are used, such as yeast,
rennet, pepsin, and cow-pox matter. Among the various
diseases of the horse produced by ferments, are glanders,
farcy, purpura, grease, and several eruptions of the skin
and legs. This is readily explained. For instance, if the
liver, kidneys, skin, and bowels of a horse be not acting
right, how is effete matter to be eliminated or carried from
the blood or the body of the animal? This effete matter,
asa small piece of membrane, dead bone or pus, not escap-
ing by the usual channels, will decay and become an active

88 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

ferment in the blood and in the fluids of the body. This,
then, is the only true explanation of the phenomena of
farcy in the horse.

Symptoms. An unhealthy coat; bad habit of body ; one
leg, usually the fore leg, will swell to a very large size—
hot and painful, andin a day or two it wili break out in
small, running ulcers, or sores, discharging a sanious fluid,
sometimes of a thick and resinous color. On the inside
of the leg, or on the side of the body or the neck, will be
seen a thick, corded, and elevated substance under the skin
of considerable hardness, and interrupted at distances with
a small sore similar to that on the leg. In some cases—
not in every case—circumscribed, and soft, puffy swellings
will be seen about the mouth, lips, and indeed on many
parts of the body. These swellings are not to be con-
founded with swelling of the legs, belly, breast, sheath,
etc., in cases of weakness or debility. These swellings
have been named water farey by some people, but have no
connection with true or malignant farcy whatever, and are
not in any way infectious or contagious. After some alter- -
ations and changes occupying a few weeks, the animal be-
comes much changed for the worse, the blood becoming so
deteriorated and changed in character that the animal’s
vitality soon gives way, and the horse dies a miserable
object.

Causes. Overcrowding horses in small and insufficient
houses, with little or no ventilation, each animal repeatedly
breathing the noxious or waste material from the lungs of
his companions, thus introducing into the blood a powerful
pathogen in the form of a ferment; inoculation from the
virus of glandered or farcied horses, the inoculation pro-
ducing a ferment; debility, ending in changing the charac-
ter of the blood. Absorption of pus from sores or ulcers

FARCY, 89

into the blood is another powerful ferment, and ends either
in farey, glanders, or some other zymotic disease.

Treatment. Having fully and sufficiently explained the
cause of this disease, the treatment is almost already pointed
out, namely, remove the cause, and the effects will cease.
For this purpose give the following substance twice a day,
a tablespoonful to a dose : Sulphite (not sulphate) of soda.
This new chemical salt will purify the blood, as its action
destroys fermentation, whether in a barrel of wine, cider,
or in the blood of a horse. Continuing this till the horse
is well, and for a few weeks afterwards, two or three times
a weelx, will be of good service. (See Sulphite of Soda.)
While the blood is thus being purified and made fit once
more for the purpose of life, it will be necessary to add
something to it also, thus assisting the powers of the con-
stitution to overcome the difficulty. We will not only
add to the blood, but give something to facilitate the re-
moval of the effete matter from the body, without weak-
ening the animal with debilitating diuretics. For this
purpose, the following medicine will be given: Powdered
sulphate of copper, three ounces; powdered Spanish fly,
one drachm ; powdered gentian root, four ounces. Mix,
and divide into twelve powders, and give one powder at
night in some good feed, with no more cold water in it
than will keep the particles of the feed together. These
powders will do for two weeks; at the end of that time
get more, and continue them till the horse is well. In ad-
dition to what has been recommended, give grass, and
good and generous feed, for by these means the power and
strength of the body will be kept up, and a cure will be
more surely and speedily effected.

While this treatment is going on, the horse will have to
be removed to a place by himself, or from healthy animals.

90 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Keep all articles used in feeding, clothing, and cleansing
him, in the building with him. Remember, this is con-
sidered one of the contagious diseases of the horse. Not
only the safety of your own, but of your neighbor’s horse,
depends upon your observance of these directions. In case
you should place a horse so affected, either in a field next
to your neighbor, or in his stable, and his horses become
affected, you will be liable to a suit at law for damages
arising therefrom. From my experience in horse causes in
the courts of Philadelphia, it will be easier to bring a suit
than to gain it, if there be scientific witnesses on the stand,
as the question will arise, Was the disease, or was it not,
communicated from the sick horse so placed? Obviously,
these are questions more easily asked than answered.

Fatty Tumor,—(See Tumors.)

Farrier.—Properly, this title belongs to the blacksmith,
whether a horse shoer, or of other branches of iron work-
ing, faber ferrarius ; but from some idea or other, we hear
of persons, otherwise well informed, saying, when speaking
of accident or sickness to horses, to have or send for a far-
rier. Now, what is there possessed by workers in iron,
that they should know any more about diseases and their
treatment than is possessed by a worker in wood. Persons
of education should look into the etymology of a term,
even if it should be used by the mass of the people: for it
is by the language and general deportment, that a man of
education is known from his less learned prototype.

Fever, Putrid.—(See Typhosus.)

Fever, Sympathetic.—This variety of fever is that
which is produced by accident and disease. Thus, a horse
gets a nail in the sensitive part of the foot, excitement, or
sympathetic fever is an accompaniment. Lung disease is

FISTULA. 91

accompanied with fever, and hence it is called lung fever.
Fever in the feet is a common expression, signifying sy m-
pathetic fever. Indeed, it is a question in my mind, whether
fevers of all kinds are not to be attributed to some local or
general disturbance of some action or function of the body.
Thus, the many fevers which attack the human family, can
readily be traced to a predisposing cause; as, for example,
typhus fever is caused by insufficient ventilation, besieged
towns and garrisons, preventing the removal of exuwuia.

Fever in the Feet.—This is a common disease of
horses in large towns and cities, where the streets are paved
with stone or iron, whereby the concussion is very great,
when horses are driven fast. (See Founder.)

Fibroma,—A variety of tumor. (See Tumors.)

Firing Horses.—This is an operation which is a great
favorite, and in much repute among horse doctors. For
my part, I think it is not only cruel and barbarous, but
unnecessary, doing no good whatever, and in many cases a
positive injury, the effects of which will never disappear
from the legs or body while the animal lives. Firing is
intended by its advocates to prevent and cure spavin,
curbs, sprains, and ring bones, by scoring the parts with a
red hot iron in lines over the part that is thought will be
diseased or are already so.

Fistula.—Evamples. Fistula of the shoulder, of the
poll, poll-evil, (which see,) and quittor or sinuses of the
foot, (which see.) Fistulas are usually deep-seated, but
sometimes they are superficial, or just under the skin.
However, although we see them sometimes so situated,
it must be confessed that the cases are extremely rare.
The fistula most frequent and difficult of cure is always
deep-seated and in the vicinity of a joint, as the poll and

92 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

shoulder. The reason of this is easy of explanation, for
when these parts get injured, and suppurative action is set
up, the pus, instead of pointing to the outward surface,
burrows down in among the loose textures, and forms
sinuses or pipes, pointing in several directions. Fistula
differs from a simple abscess in this particular, and there-
fore is difficult of cure. ‘The pus secreted is nearly the
same. The pus in a simple abscess is secreted from, and
is a liquification of, the surrounding tissue ; but the pus of
fistula is secreted from the walls of a fibrous sack, which
is formed in most cases of fistula. The fistula may be open
or whole, presenting a large swelling.

Symptoms. Pain on pressure of the parts affected, fol-
lowed by heat, pain, and swelling, circumscribed in shape,
hard at first, and becoming soft and fluctuating upon
pressure by the finger—a sure indication of fluid within.
This swelling, from the firmness and integrity of the sack
and skin in which it is enclosed, does not break, nor yet
form sinuses that take on the character of an encysted
tumor, which does not break of its own accord, as simple
abscesses do. At other times, the fistulous tumor breaks
or opens in several places, and small holes discharge pus,
some to-day and none to-morrow. The day the discharge
is free, the pain and swelling is less. Among the pus will
be observed organized matter similar to cheese, or in other
words, not uniform in thickness or appearance. This is a
disease that rarely ever gets well of its own efforts, from
the fact of the sore having a sack, which is only removed
by art; also, from the situation of fistula presenting no
depending opening for the outlet of the pus. —

Causes. Bruises, accidents, caries of the bones, (which
see,) inflammation of the bone, or any accident that will
cause a simple abscess, will cause fistula.

FITS. 93

A blow that would produce a common abscess on some
portion of the body, will result in fistula in other portions,
as in the vicinity of a joint.

Treatment. If the swelling is just Rosine, endeavor to
put it back by placing chopped ice, in a bag, over it for a
few days. By this means, many a swelling which would
terminate in a fistula, will be cured at once. ‘This not
succeeding, have an opening made into its lowest side, so
as the bloody water, which it at this time contains, will be
discharged. Then syringe a half tablespoonful of the
tincture of iodine into it once in the day for a few days, to
eat or destroy the membranous sack. ‘Then treat it as a
common sore by keeping it clean, and the opening from
closing before it has healed from the bottom. For this
purpose, place a small piece of cotton in the mouth of the
opening, smeared with simple ointment. (See Medicines
and Prescriptions.)

Fistula in the Foot.—This disease, by common con-
sent, is called quittor, a fistulous abscess in the foot. (See
Quittor.)

Fistulous Withers.—By farmers called Thisolow, or
Fisolow. This is an affection described in the preceding
article, with this difference in some cases, that it extends
through over the top of the bones of the withers or shoul-
ders to the other side, thus forming a very broad _ pad, as
it were, on the top of the shoulder, just where the shoul-
der in health is the sharpest and narrowest.

Treatment. Lay chopped ice, in bags, over the swelling,
and, if necessary, open and take out the sack, or destroy it
by the injection of the tincture of iodine, and dress as for
a common sore. (See preceding Article and Poll-Eyil.)

Fits,—This is a term applied to horses subject to me-

94 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

grims, or staggers, (which see,) causing them to fall.
Hence, the expression, “ fitty horse.”

Flaxseed.—LEvery part of this seed is used one way or
another in the treatment of diseases of the horse. The
ground seed, mixed with warm water, is an excellent cool-
ing food for horses, almost a laxative. The pressed juice,
or oil, is a certain and safe purgative for the horse, in
quart doses. The residue, which remains after the oil has
been pressed, commonly called cake meal, when mixed
with warm water, makes the best of poultices to a sore or
wound. (See Poultices.)

Food, Hints on,—1. All horses must Nor be fed in
the same proportions, without due regard to their ages,
their constitutions, and their work. Because the impro-
priety of such a practice is self-evident. Yet it is constantly
done, and is the basis of disease of every kind.

2. Never use bad hay on account of its cheapness.
Because there is not proper nourishment in it.

3. Damaged corn is exceedingly injurious. Because it
brings on INFLAMMATION of the Bowels and SKIN DISEASES.

4. Chaff is better for old horses than hay. Because they
can chew and digest tt better.

5. Mix chaff with corn or oats, and do not give them
alone. Because it makes the horse chew lis food more and
digest it better.

6. Hay or grass alone will not support a horse under

hard work. Because there is not sufficient nutritive body mn
either. :
7. When a horse is worked hard his food should chiefly
be oats and corn: if not worked hard, his food should
chiefly be hay. Because oats and corn supply more nourish-
ment and flesh-making material than any other kind of food.
Hay not so much,

FOOD. 95

8. For a saddle or coach-horse, half a peck of sound oats
and eighteen pounds of good hay are sufficient. If the
hay is not good, add a quarter of a peck more oats. A
horse that works harder may have rather more of each ;
one that works little should have less.

9. Rack feeding is wasteful. The better plan is to feed
with chopped hay, from amanger. Because the food is not
then thrown about, and is more easily chewed and digested.

10. Sprinkle the hay with water that has salt dissolved
init. Because it is pleasing to the animal's taste, and
more easily digested. [A teaspoonful of salt in a bucket
of water is sufficient. |

11. Oats and corn should be bruised for an old horse
but not for a young one. Because the former, through age
and defective teeth, cannot chew them properly ; the young
horse can do so, and they are thus properly mixed with the
saliva, and turned into wholesome nutriment.

12. Grass must always be cut for hay before the seed
drops. Because the juices that ripen the seed are the most
valuable part of the hay. If they are sucked out by its
ripening and dropping, the grass WILL NOT TURN INTO
HAY ; but will only wither and grow yellow.

13. Vetches and cut grass should always be given in the
spring to horses that cannot be turned out into the fields.
Because they are very cooling and refreshing, and almost
medicinal in their effects; but they must be supplied in
moderation, as they are liable to ferment in the stomach if
given largely.

14. Water your horse from a pond or stream, rather
than from a spring or well. Because the latter is general-
ly hard and cold, while the former is soft, and comparatively
warm. The horse prefers soft, muddy water to hard water,
though ever so clear.

96 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

15. A horse should have at least a pail of water, morn-
ing and evening ; or (still better) four half-pailfuls, at four
several times in the day. Because this assuages his thirst
without bloating him. But he should not be made to work
DIRECTLY after he hus had a FULL DRAUGHT of water ;
for digestion and exertion can never go on together,

16. Do not allow your horse to have warm water to
drink. Because, if he has to drink cold water, after getting
accustomed to warm, ut will give him the Ccouic.

17. When your horse refuses his food, after drinking,
go no further that day. Because the poor creature is
THOROUGHLY BEATEN. (See Humanity to Animals.)

Fomentations:—This term has been used exclusively
in the application of warm water to an inflamed or sprained
part, and sometimes to a sore. I may be right or may be
wrong, when I say that the application of cold water to
parts similarly affected, are just as much entitled to the
term fomentation, for certainly it is applied the same way
and for the same purpose, namely, to allay irritation in the
sore or sprained part; and it has from my own experience
proved to have a much better effect, and in as short a time.
Cold, applied, has an effect to brace, strengthen, and give
tonicity to relaxed sprains and sores. Warmth has an
opposite effect, 7. ¢., to relax and debilitate. In foot dis-
eases, warm water will be preferable for softening the horn.
Where warm water is used, the case should be treated
afterwards by cold fomentations. A good way to apply
cold water is by means of wet woolen cloths wrapped
loosely around the parts, and wet every hour or so before
the skin becomes warm. At night takeall the cloths off:
this will prevent scalding, and falling off of the hair.

Warm water should be applied the same way as cold.

Either cold or warm fomentations should be continued

FOOT DISEASES. 97

for a time to get their benefits. It will be well to remem-
ber, that when the cloths are allowed to become dry, an
opposite reaction is immediately set up. Cold is followed
by increased warmth in the parts. Warmth is followed by
cold. This should be well understood, for in my opinion
cold applications, with absolute and entire rest, are the
only and best agents for the speedy and sure cure of
sprains in whatever part of the legs or body.

Foot Diseases,—(1.) CANKER IN THE Foor.—Hap-
pily, thisis a rare affection, because it is not easily managed
from the peculiar tendency in the horse’s foot to grow and
produce proud flesh, which is the essential principle of
the affection. Canker in the foot of a horse may be said
to be a foot deprived of a part of it ssole, in lieu of which
a fungus is formed. It is difficult to keep it level with
the remaining portion of the sole. Not only so, but
we have to change this disposition in the foot to throw out
such material, and induce the material to secrete or produce
anew sole. This is the difficulty to be experienced in the
treatment of this affection. Nevertheless, cases, and very
hard ones, too, have been cured, but not in a day, nor a
week, but months.

Causes. Injuries to the sensitive sole by nails, bruises,
and other accidents, as a piece of the sole being torn off.

Treatment. Removal of any diseased or dead sole, and
the proud flesh. For this purpose, the knife will have to
be used to remove the dead sole, and, if it be in the hands
of an energetic person, the most of the fungus or proud
flesh can be taken off in the same manner. If not, get
caustic potash, and quickly reduce it to a coarse powder, as
it soon dissolves on exposure to the air. Lay it upon the
raw surface. This apply next day, if the first application
has not removed sufficient or all of it. After the proud

7

98 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

flesh has been entirely taken off, or leveled with the sole
proper, dress every day with Barbadoes tar, one pound ;
sulphuric acid, three drachms ; powdered sulphate of cop-
per, halfan ounce. Mix well, and spread a portion over
the sore foot, and over this dressing a pad of tow or
cotton, held firmly down on the padding so as to produce
pressure, an important matter in the treatment of canker in
the foot. ‘This can be secured by thin pieces of splint
from young wood, being placed across one another over the
pad, and the ends pushed in between the foot and the shoe.
By this means, and a little patience, with a little ingenuity
in fixing and applying these pads, ete., even very bad cases
can be cured.

(2.) ConrRACTION.—This is not so much a disease as it
is bad management in the stable and in the blacksmith’s
shop. Contraction may be said to be an alteration of the
shape and structure of the posterior, or back portion of the
hoof—a winding in of the heels.

Causes. Want of proper knowledge on the part of the
owner or horse-shoer in not knowing the difference be-
tween the foot that would require a piece added to it at_
each shoeing, and the one that requires.a large portion
taken from it, so as to insure elasticity and expansion. A
foot strong and inelastic, and unyielding to the weight of
the animal, is the very first foot to become contracted. I
know flat, weak-footed horses travelling sound for ten or
fifteen years, without in the least being contracted. So
long as we have strong-hoofed horses, and shod with an
inflexible iron ring to prevent wear and tear, and the
blacksmith neglects to take off of each hoof at the shoeing
as much horn as the horse would have worn if he had been
in the natural state and not shod, we will have contraction.

Treatment. Cut down the hoof and shorten the toe, and

FOOT DISEASES. 99

make the hard and inelastic foot one that will expand at
its heels every time the weight of the animal puts his foot
to the ground.

One-sided nailing isan excellent preventative, as well as
an assistant in the cure of contracted feet. What is meant
by one-sided nailing is, that nails are to be confined to the
outside toe of the foot, so as to allow free expansion for the
heels. ‘This cannot be done with the shoe being nailed on
by nails placed at each side. To illustrate this point, place
a small horse-shoe flat in the palm of the hand with the
fingers close to one another ; then tie, with a piece of cord,
the little finger to one side of the shoe, and the thumb to
the other side; then you will realize to what extent you
can expand the fingers so secured. So it is just with the
foot of a horse with the shoe nailed on at each side. Re-
move the cord from one finger, and the whole hand is free
to expand. So likewise the foot of the horse by one-sided
nailing.

(3.) Corns.—This is a red spot on the inner portion of
the heel of the foot, causing lameness, and consists of a
bruise from the shoe pressing upon the part, the shoes
having shifted from their proper position, or never having
been placed there. In general, the production of corns
may be laid to the charge of the horse-shoer, and sometimes
to the owner allowing the horse to go too long before the
shoes are removed, or before the foot has grown from the
shoes. Corn is an analogical term, although bearing no
resemblence to that well-known affection of the feet of man.

Treatment. Remove the corns by cutting them out ; then
apply a few drops of commercial sulphuric acid to the part.
Shoe the horse sufficiently often to insure even bearing to
the shoe upon the wall only of the foot.

(4.) FausE QuaRTER.—This is a term applied to the

100 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

horn or portion of the hoof, which overlaps or bulges out
from the line of the sound portion of the hoof.

Causes. An injury to the coronet or ligament, which
secretes, or from which the hoof grows.. This causes an
alteration of the horn of the hoof below, corresponding to
the extent of the injury.

Treatment. As there will be an enlargement, more or
less, remaining after an injury to the coronet, little will be
required to be done, but to keep the horn as level with the
hoof proper as possible, in order to make it look less of an
eye-sore.

(5.) INFLAMMATION OF THE Foor.—(See Founder.)

(6.) Pricks.—Pricks may occur in the act of shoeing,
or froma nail being picked up on the street, and from
other hard-pointed substances.

Treatment. Pull the nail out, and poultice the foot for
twenty-four hours ; then make an opening through the horn,
over the place where the nail went in, so as to allow the
pus to escape. Tor, if this
be not done, and the pus is
left in the foot, it will ina
few days, and at a great ex-
pense of suffering to the
horse, break out between the
hoof and the hair, constitu-
ting quittor. After an open-
ing has been properly made,

FOOT LANCET, drop five drops of muriatic

acid into the holeonce a day,

for a day or two. Poultice every second night or day, and

not oftener. A healthy hoof can be poulticed off by
constant application.

The horse can go to work as soon as he can step on the

FOOT DISEASES. 101

ground firmly and without lameness. Remember that,
in all cases of pricks and other injuries which end in sup-
puration, as pus in the foot of a horse, make a thorough
opening so as to allow the pus to escape, and no more trouble
need be apprehended ; except the nail has entered into
one of the tendons of the foot, in that case no pus will be
usually formed, the majority of cases ending in locked-jaw,
(which see.) Where pus is formed after pricking, no
locked-jaw follows; it is in those cases only where pus is
not formed that locked-jaw may be expected.

(7.) BRUISES OF THE Foor.—(Treat as for Prick of Foot.)

(8.) SAND OR QUARTER CRACK.—This is a crack or split
in the hoof, usually on the inner side of the fore foot, al-
though splits and cracks occur in all places, and in both
fore and hind feet.

Causes. A brittle condition of the hoof, from the want
of sufficient moisture. In some cases the horse does not
stand square upon his fore feet, thereby causing undue
weight to fall upon one of the sides of the hoof and causing
it to crack.

Prevention. Apply to brittle feet equal portions of the
oil of tar, and cod liver oil, whale oil, or any fish oil well
rubbed in with a brush to the hoofs a few times a week ;
and occasionally apply wet cloths to the feet in the sum-
mer season. In winter the feet are better supplied with
moisture. ,

Treatment. Rasp the edges of the crack thin, the nearer
the crack the thinner the horn should be made; this can be
filled up with shoemaker’s wax. After the horn has been
properly thinned a piece of the wall of the hoof, for about
halfan inch on each side of thecrack, is to be cut out to
prevent any bearing of the shoe upon it, thereby prevent-
ing the constant opening, shutting, and sometimes bleeding

102 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

from the crack. To prevent, or rather to cause the new
horn to grow down whole and without a crack in it, a
piece of iron is to be placed in the fire and made red _hot,
and then applied, just for a moment, flat on the hair at the
head of the crack sufficient to make aseab. This will in-
sure a solid growth of horn. Promote the growth of the
horn as speedily as possible, to facilitate a cure ; the strap
is used by some round the hoof to prevent opening of the
crack.

(9.) NavacuLAR DIsEASE.—This is a disease ofa bone in
the foot of the horse ; a serious disease, and often very ob-
scure in its symptoms, altogether depending as to the
advanced condition of the disease. Happily, however, it is
scarcely met with and then only in the common hack horse.
It consists of ulceration, of various degrees, on the surface
of the navicular bone within the foot.

Causes. Hard and constant work upon streets paved
with stones. Slight inflammation neglected and the horse
not laid up until it gets well, and then inflammation in-
creasing, until it ends in ulceration of the bone.

Symptoms. Obscure, or at least very like many of the
symptoms similiar to other diseases of the feet and legs.
It is chiefly determined by the undue heat in the foot, and
by the fact that no diseases can be detected elsewhere or of
a different kind. In lameness of other portion, not in the
foot, we have heat and swelling—the hoof or foot of the
horse cannot swell. It is a box, and we cannot see into
it to examine its contents and condition.

Treatment. Incurable, although much can be done to
relieve the pain, by the application of moisture, poultices,
and occasionally placing the hoof in warm water to soften
and relieve pressure. Some have recommended a blister
around the coronet. I cannot see on what scientific, or

FOOT DISEASES. 103

other grounds, it will do good. In well established cases,
and in good strong feet, the division of the nerves which
run down on each side of the lez and into the foot, will
relieve the pain and the horse will go wellfor years. But
unfortunately many cases so operated upon have lost their
hoofs by falling off which have been unjustly laid to the
operation. The cause of this is not so much in the operation
as in the operator having no judgment as to the kind of
hoof, and whether the operation would be successful
or not. It would be obviously improper to recommend
the operation upon a flat-footed horse, as the animal
deprived of pain would let his thin-soled foot come down
to the ground with great force and weight, thus injuring
the whole structure to such an extent, that suppuration
takes place and ultimately the sloughing and falling off of
the hoof. 3

(10.) Seepy Tor.—This is a name given toa split in the
centre of either fore or hind foot, extending a little way up
from the point, or it may be up to the hair itself.

Causes. The same as those producing sand-crack, (which
see.)

Treatment. In bad cases a clasp or plate of iron secured
by short screws. In simple crack or split from the toe
upwards, cut off all communication of the sound parts with
the cracked or split portion. For this purpose a three-
edged file will be a good instrument for making the divi-
sion. Ateach shoeing the split portion will gradually
become less or shorter.

(11.) Pumrcep Sout.—This name is used or applied to
the sole of a foot which is convex instead of concave ; that
is, instead of the nice cupped foot, the bottom of the saucer
is presented.

Causes. The result of bad or severe ‘cases of founder,

104 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

where the coffin bone is let down upon the sole, and causes
its descent or convexity.

Treatment. This is merely palliative and is to be done
by placing a shoe upon the foot that will insure and _pro-
tect the sole from the ground.

(12.) Turusu.—A diseased condition of the sensitive
frog of the foot, and from which a stinking fluid is dis-
charged, which is familiar to every person who is among
horses.

Causes. Too much moisture to the foot, as from animals
standing in their own excreta, or from wet stabling, the
frog becoming perverted, and deteriorating, and secreting, or
discharging a blackish color, and otherwise nasty fluid. It
sometimes accompanies navicular disease.

Prevention. Dry stabling, a stall having sufficient in-
clination or drainage to carry off the fluids. Cleaning the
stables regularly. |

Treatment. A few drops of muriatic acid forced into the
centre of the frog oncea day, for a few days. Keep the
stable and stalls dry and clean. <A few doses of the sul-
phite of soda in half ounce doses, once a day, for a few
days, will do good by its alterative and puritive effects
upon the system.

(13.) Treap.—This is, as its name indicates, a contused
bruise inflicted on the coronet or immediately above the
hoof by a tramp of the shoe on another foot, or even by
another horse. Keep the wound clean, and apply the
tincture of myrrh and aloes daily.

(14.) Quirror.—This is a serious and painful disease
of the foot, of the same nature as poll-evil and fistula in
the shoulder; it is known by a large swelling around or
above the hoof, or where the hair joins the hoof, which
soon breaks and discharges pus.

FOOT DISEASES. 105

Symptoms. Horse off his feed. Considerable excitement
and fever. Holding the foot off the ground, and very
painful. A swelling soon shows itself at the coronet, and
in a few days breaks and discharges pus. After this the
horse will resume his feed, but will not make very free
with his foot, which will be better to-day and worse the
next day, depending upon the discharge of pus from
the foot.

Causes. A prick from a nail, a bruise on the sole, a
suppurating corn, or sometimes from a sand crack taking
on suppurative action.

QUITTOR SYRINGE.

Treatment. The great secret of the treatment of this dis-
ease, is to make a free opening from the bottom of the foot.
When this is done at once, you will be greatly surprised
to see the swelling go away as quickly as it made its
appearance, and if the swelling has broken, it will soon
cease to discharge when the opening is made from below,
or at the bottom of the foot. Having effected this purpose
of an opening, get a small syringe and inject into the
opening above, if there be any, and if not from the opening
below, a mixture of the sulphate of zinc, two ounces ; rain
water, eight ounces, once in the day. If the shoe has been
taken off for the purpose of making the opening, have it
put on again so as to hold some soft stopping in the sole to

106 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

keep it soft. Cow dung is as good, if not better, for this
purpose, than the best of costly flaxseed. Never in cases
of this disease, apply poultices around the whole of the
hoof, as in that case the hoof may fall off. Healthy hoofs
can be poulticed off. Whatever poultice, it must be ap-
plied to the sole. If no opening has been made from
below, drop ten drops of muriatic acid into the opening
above, once in the day, for a few days. This will destroy
the disease. .

Founder.—(1.) Acute Founprr.—Every school-boy
is familiar with the name of founder when applied to a
lame horse, but few horsemen ever comprehend the nature
and seat of this affection. Founder in all its forms is
inflammation of the laminee or leaves, which dovetail into
each other, and bind the sensible and insensible portions of
the foot together. Hence, it is called by some learned
persons in diseases of horses laminitis, by adding the Greek
word itis. Founder is again called by some persons fever
in the feet. However as to names, the disease is of often
occurrence, and when left to itself, destroys many good
horses by leaving them ever afterward sore and tender in
front, as the horsemen have it.

Symptoms. The horse will scarcely move; stands upon
his heels, with fore feet and legs stretched out as far as he
can get to throw the weight off them. Thus, to all ap-
pearances, making the animal hollow in the breast, which
appearance has given rise to the idea that the horse is chest
foundered. ‘The hind legs are brought far in under the
belly. The head of the horse is erect and high. Fever
and constitutional disturbance are very great. The horse
is extremely excitable, and breathing fast and laborious.
Altogether, the poor suffering horse is the very picture of
distress and disease.

FOUNDER. 107

Causes. Giving cold water when overheated, and tired
from overwork. A tendency in the feet to take on
inflammatory action. The animal not in proper health or
condition for performing heavy or fast work.

Treatment. Place the horse in a wide and airy stall, with
plenty of good straw for bedding to encourage the horse to
lie down, which will relieve him very much. Indeed, so
much is this the case, that it has been recommended that
every foundered horse should be forcibly thrown and kept
down, till the active stage of the disease has passed off.
This, however, I do not advise, as the horse is excited
enough without increasing it by throwing him from his
feet. | Rather give good bedding, and the majority of
horses so affected will be ready and willing to lie down of
their own accord. After the place is all fixed, and the
horse moved into it, give him twenty drops of the tincture
of aconite root in a cupful of cold water, poured into the
mouth with a bottle having a strong neck. Repeat the
dose every four hours, till six to eight doses have been
given. Apply cold ice-water cloths to the feet. In a few
hours, possibly, the shoes can be taken off. At first, this
generally cannot be done, except the animal is down.
Care should be taken in removing the shoes, so that every
nailis made loose before an attempt is made to pull off the
shoes. Have as little hammering on the foot as possible,
as it willshake the great and over-sensitive frame. Let
the cold water be kept on constantly for the first day, or until
the active pain gives way. At leisure, the feet can be
pared thin on the soles, so they will yield to pressure with
the fingers. By getting the animal to lie down as soon as
possible after he gets in; the cold water cloths applied, and
the aconite given; the animal in a day or two may be
nothing the worse from the attack. The longer the animal

108 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

remains before these remedies are applied, the less likely is
he to be free from its effects afterwards. Before the horse
is again put to work, be assured he has quite recovered.
During the treatment, give plenty of cold water to drink.
Never give tepid water to a horse while he is sick from
disease. Give grass or soft mashes for a day or two, but
do not keep a sick horse too long on low feed, as debility
and swelling of the legs and various portions of the body
will take place.

Remember, Do not bleed, neither from the neck, nor
foot, nor from any place else in a disease of this kind.

(2.) Curonic FounDER.—Symptoms, Cause and Treat-
ment will be much the same, only it will not be necessary
to push the treatment so far. Principally depend upon
softening the horn of the feet, paring the soles of the feet,
and a few days’ rest. The horse, for a week or two after-
wards, should be placed in a stall having six inches of
sawdust spread over it, and kept a little moist with water
poured over it once ina day. When horses are recovering
from acute founder, they also might be placed in a stall so
prepared. Clay stalls are objectionable.

Fractures,—This term signifies a broken bone. Frac-
tures are the result of great force applied to the bone, as
from kicks, falls, and accidents.

Fractures occur in three forms.

(1.) The simple fracture or break, either oblique, or
slanting, or straight across the bone.

(2.) The compound fracture, where the bones are broken
in several places.

(3.) The comminuted fracture, where the bones are
‘broken in pieces, and the ends of the broken bones are
seen cutting through the skin, and, possibly, severing some

FRACTURES. 109

of the blood vessels, causing, in many cases, death from
loss of blood.

The first, or simple fracture, is the only variety that
calls for much notice, as the other forms of fracture, when
occurring in horses, are beyond remedy. Simple fracture
of the following named bones may, with care, be ina great
measure cured, and the animal be made useful for many
purposes ; as, for instance, it would be obviously wrong
to have a valuable mare destroyed, because of simple
fracture of one of many bones, as she would be useful for
breeding purposes, if not for the farm or the road.

Fracture of the bones of the lez anywhere from the
elbow down, except it may be the knee joint, can readily,
with a little care and attention, be secured in its place, and
the animal be made useful. So also the hind legs from
the hock down to the foot. Fractures of the ribs usually
get well of themselves, because they are always kept in
place. So also of the haunch bone. Indeed, simple frac-
tures of most any of the long bones will unite of their own
accord, if the bones are put and kept in their place by
proper fixings.

Symptoms. The symptoms of fracture of the long bones
of the legs are seen at once by the looseness of the leg, the
horse not haying the power to move it. The leg can be
turned in any direction. The horse is in great pain,
excitement, sweating, ete. If there are bones pointing
through the skin, the horse had better be shot.

Treatment. Place the horse, if in summer season, in the
field, and in winter in the barn-yard, where there is not
much straw to prevent the foot being carried without
interruption.

Then give twenty-five drops of the tincture of aconite
root every five hours, for the first twenty-four hours, to

110 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

relieve pain, excitement, and fever. Take hold of the
broken leg carefully, and place it in a position as near like
the other leg as possible, not only in shape, but in actual
length by measurement, for it is the neglect of this that
some legs are left shorter and some longer after fractures.
The whole position of the leg being got at, apply a good
coating of tar to the leg, around, above, and below the
point of fracture. Then wrap the whole leg in oakum,
coarse tow, or carded cotton. Over this, place broad pieces
of boards, like shingles, on the sides and front of the leg,
and fill all unevenness with the tow or cotton, so the splint
or boards will lay flat on the lez. Secure the whole by
careful tying with broad strings or soft cords. The great
secret in the successful treatment of simple fractures of the
bones of the legs, is the fixing of the leg, so it cannot move
until they have united. Feed the horse well, and see
every day that the splints on the legs are not loose. Never
sling a horse from his feet in cases of fracture, for it will
be regretted. Ifthe horse is to be kept in a stall, make a
hole in the floor of the stall, underneath the foot of the
broken leg, so that he can stand with the leg at full length.
Bear in mind, no horse will put his foot to the ground till
he is able to do so; therefore, leave everything to the
broken-legged, except the matter of securing the broken
bones in their place. And by giving him his feed, he may
be safely left to himself, and nature will do the rest for
him.

Fracture of the Hip or Pelvis.—Symptoms. The
horse is extremely down in one of the hips, with a peculiar
loose motion of the hind leg, almost giving way every step
the horse makes. There are no diseases this can be
mistaken for in the hind leg or hip. This fracture is pro-
duced in a moment; and even whilst the horse is trotting,

FRACTURES. Lit

he will stop all at once as if he were shot. Fracture of the
hip, I say hip—so that the unprofessional reader will better
understand—but it is the bone of the pelvis. The mere
name will not amount to much, for the treatment is: let it
alone, and it will get well in three months of itself without
any interference from medicine or art. Turn the horse out
for afew months, either in pasture or in the barn-yard,
and give him plenty to eat.

Fracture of the ribs will require no treatment, except it
may be a few days’ rest. Sometimes a swelling will be
seen on the side of a horse having a broken rib, in a few
days after the accident. It may form an abscess; if so,
have it opened to let out the matter; and if it should not
become soft and hold matter, let it alone, as it will do little
harm ; or, make the application for a few times, say once a
week for three weeks, of the ointment of iodine. (See
Prescriptions and Medicines.)

Fractures of the simple kind take place in various
parts of the body, and when such is the case, and they do
not interfere with any action or function of the body, they
ean be assisted only in so far as bandage and splint are
concerned, so as to secure the ends in proper position.
This will require some ingenuity, and cannot be described,
as a bone is not always broken at one place, nor is it
always of one set kind of break. The means will on these
occasions have to meet the ends required of them in the
best way possible, Sometimes pieces of broken bone will
have to be taken out, where the bone has become detached.
If this occur in the bones of the leg, of course the horse
had better be shot. Where small pieces of bone become
loose, it is usually in some of the flat bones, as the
shoulder blade and lower iaw bone, from kicks from
other horses.

12 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Fractures of the teeth take place often, and where they
are very loose in the head, they had better be taken out
altogether, and rasp the sharp points of the broken ones
with a file or rasp, to prevent cutting the mouth when the
horse is chewing.

Fungi as a Cause of Disease.—Much has been said
and written of late years of minute fungi being the cause
of diseases. Dr. Lassaure has made experiments with
pencellum, etc., and concludes from them that fungus is
not a cause, but an accidental presence. In contradition
of Hallier, and I might truthfully say of many other per-
sons, it has been shown that nothing is to be gained in the
study of the causes of disease by cultivating microscopic
fungi, and it cannot be regarded as a contagious element
until we have succeeded in producing disease from art.

Frost Bites.—The results of frost bites may be called
chilblains, which again give rise to extremeswellings of the
heels and back parts of the hind legs, until finally the skin
gives way, terminating in sores and ulcersthat may at once
be taken for scratches. The sores are deeper in such cases
than in scratches or greasy leg, but closely resemble
Phagadena, (which see.) In the worst cases we have seen,
the skin and flesh shoughed, followed by gangrene or
mortification of the leg, and death of the horse from the
poison thus produced and absorbed. We have seen several
cases of frost bites in different stages and severities, and
which, in all cases, was the result of broken and imperfect
doors facing the northern exposure, and behind which
stood the hind legs and heels of the horse.

Treatment. If the legs be found, on oyening the stable,
to be swollen and painful, rub the parts with snow or ice-
cold water, then follow gradually with warm water, a

GASTRITIS MUCOSA. 113

degree or two above freezing; and when warmth is re-
stored, bathe with weak spirits. When the legs and heels
break into sores and ulcers, apply, twice daily, carbolic acid
(in erpstals), four drachms; olive oil, four ounces. Mix.

Gangrene.— This isaname applied to, or is synonymous
with, mortification or death of a part, and is characterized
by a lividor black color. Gangrene is attended, or is ush-
ered in, by asudden giving way of pain, which has often been
mistaken for recovery. When gangrene of an outward or
external part takes place, there is a change in the condition
of the part, it assumes a different aspect, the swelling sub-
sides, and upon touching the part a crackling sound is
produced, owing to the evolution of gas.

Gastritis Mucosa,—This is a new name to many
persons, even well informed in diseases of horses, notwith-
standing it is a very common one in the spring of the year,
assuming always an epizootic form, and being closely allied
to the epizootic catarrh, sometimes called typhoid influenza.
(See Influenza.) The chief difference in the symptoms
between the two diseases being the absence of a cough,
which is always observed in influenza. The one disease
attacking the lining membrane of the windpipe; the
the other, the mucous membrane of the stomach and bowels,
or in other words, the digestive organs, more than
the respiratory. Gastritis Mucosa is a fatal disease, if
treated by low diet, bleeding, blistering and physicking,
because it always assumes a low standard of vitality, or
great weakness. Hence the horse so affected, and so treated,
has no chance for his life, whatever.

Symptoms. As before stated, the horse has no cough and
the breathing is not disturbed. The breath and mouth is
not hot nor dry, but often the mouth is slimy, and to such

8

114 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

an extent that it looks as if the horse were salivated.
The legs soon swell, or become rounded, or filled as
they are often called. The swellings are not inflamma-
tory, nor painful; they contain lymph, or plastic mat-
ter from the blood, which disappears as it came, when the
strength of the horse gets up again, and the disease sub-
sides. ‘The appetite is entirely suspended from the com-
mencement of the disease. ‘There is one of the many
symptoms, which is never absent in this disease, and is
very characteristic of its name and seat, and this symptom
is that the feeces or dung is small, or in pellets, and covered
with slime and portions of the mucous membrane of the
stomach and bowels, or what the stable-man calls “ very
feverish.” The prominent symptom of this disease is
great weakness, and this is the case, almost from the first
moment of the attack.

Causes. The cause of this as well as of all epizootic
diseases, is involved in not a little obscurity, and to get out
of this state of ignorance, and uncertainty as to the cause,
we are graciously pleased to call it atmospheric. This
atmospheric influence, may be either electric, a poison, or
a chemical element, capable of altering or changing the
various parts or portions of the body most exposed to its
subtle influences. However, this disease, as before stated,
is peculiar to the spring of the year, commencing as
the hermetically sealed earth begins to open its pores to
the rain and sunshine of spring. May there not be dele-
terious emanations from the earth, or at least after great
frost or snow, is there not during the process of thawing a
colder air or gas given forth from the thawing process, than
the animal is breathing a few feet higher up from the
ground? This was one of the points entering into the
celebrated controversy between myself and the distin-

GASTRITIS MUCOSA. | 11505)

guished Professor R. E. Rogers, of the University of
Pennsylvania, on the salt and slush question, a few years
avo, whether it was or was not injurious to the health of
man or horse to sprinkle salt upon the tracks to thaw the
snow from them. If my argument did not prevent further
use of the salt upon the track, it did some good in making
it obligatory upon the railway companies to keep all gutters
and inlets clear, to allow the slush to escape at once from
the street. So I think, it is clearly established, that the
cold emanating from thesoil, during the process of thawing
or breaking up of winter, is a great and exciting cause,
not only of this disease, but of many others in both man
and beast, and which have hitherto been called atmospheric.
And in connection with this condition, we have in horses,
at least, a want of their usual protection, for with the
warm sun of spring, the animal throws off his hairy coat,
thus as it were unnecessarily exposing himself to these
insidious causes of disease.

Treatment. When cases of this and other diseases of the
same type (gastritis mucosa) first came under my care, I
treated upon different principles and with different medi-
cines than what is here recommended. I look back with
extreme dissatisfaction on the false doctrines and false
teachings of the books and the schools which have led
many inquiring minds astray since their day of teaching
commenced. The treatment now recommended is sound,
scientific and successful, and in a very short time the horse
will be at work again, as if nothing had been amiss. The
first day of the disease, give, every four hours, twenty drops
of the tincture of aconite root in a little cold water; next day
give the tincture of nux vomica in fifteen drops every four
hours, in the same way, till the horse is well, which usually
will be about the sixth or seventh day, and sometimes even

116 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

sooner. If, however, the case does not improve, and the
appetite is not good, give powdered carbonate of ammonia
and gentian root, each three drachms to a dose, morning,
noon and night, in addition to the tincture of nux yomica.
These medicines will have to be mixed with cold water,
and the horse drenched out of a strong-necked bottle or ox’s
horn cut slanting at the mouth. Keep the ammonia in a
bottle tightly corked till it is used, as it loses its strength
by exposure to the air. Let the horse have as much cold
water to drink as he wants; and for this purpose a
bucketful should be kept before him. Pure air and good
ventilation should be insured to all sick horses. Green, or
soft feed should be given from the first day, if the horse
will eat it. Green feed all the time of sickness will be of
advantage, but oats will have to be given in addition, to
support the strength and vital powers of the system, to
enable him to throw off the effects of the disease. Such,
then, is the manner of curing a disease which has destroyed
many horses, even when treated by men calling themselves
veterinary surgeons, or least horse doctors. (See Influ-
enza and Rheumatism.)

Glanders.—The following synopsis of a lecture deliv-
ered by Dr. McClure published in the Evening Bulletin
will answer for the history and nature, of the disease
called glanders. The treatment will be made more plain
for non-professional readers. }

Dr. Robert McClure, Veterinary Surgeon, delivered a
very interesting lecture at the Veterinary College.
His subject was “ Glanders in Horses.” He said : Glanders
is a disease dating from the time of Xenophon, or four
hundred years before Christ, and we are assured by Hippo-
crates, (ruler of the horse,) that confirmed glanders was in-
curable, and that it was then known by the name Proflu-

GQLANDERS. LZ

vium Atticum. Veterinary surgeons recognize two varie-
ties of Equinia in the horse, viz.: HKquinia mitis, contract-
ed from horses with greasy heels (Paronychia Equi), and
Equinia Glandulosa, a dangerous disease, and readily com-
municated to man. Glanders is unknown at the tropics
and at the poles, and is not seen where struma is not a dis-
ease of the people. It isa domestic disease. The assigna-
ble causes are many, among which may be enumerated
starvation, filth and debilitating diseases, as strangles,
eatarrh and lung-fever, or, indeed, any disease capable of
generating pus ; and this pus being absorbed into the general
circulation, thus forming a Ferment, a Zumin, or a Leaven,
as the Bible has it, within the blood, the effort of na-
ture to get rid of this offending matter is seen in the
ulcerations of the lining membranes of the nose. The re-
cent experiments of Professor Giovanni Polli, of Milan,
seems to corroborate this view, as he has produced glanders
and other Zymotic diseases in seventy dogs, by injecting
into their blood in some cases fetid bullock’s blood, pus,
and glandered products, and neutralizing the ferment so set
up by the administration of an alkaline sulphite—a new
intero-chemical doctrine—on the principle of arresting the
vinous fermentation set up in a vessel of cider by add-
ing to it a preparation of lime. The experiments of this
distinguished professor enable the veterinary surgeon to
extend his usefulness, and the domestic physician to snatch
many a useful life from an early grave. How many brave
men have stood the storm of battle in the late war—were
admitted to the hospital with perhaps a shattered bone—
amputation was performed, the case did well for few days.
The kind-hearted surgeon saw a change for the worse ; ap-
petite gone, the rigor and chill supervened till it was too
plainly seen that the pus from the stump had been absorbed

118 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

into the blood of the unfortunate man; fermentation was set
up, and death staring him in the face, there was no power to
save. ‘The discovery of a ferment and its antidote have
changed the scene from death to that of life, So, likewise,
with veterinary surgeons, however ignorant and slow some
of them are to see and understand, it will enable them to
preserve the life of many a useful animal to its owner,
thus adding very materially to the happiness and prosperi-
ty of this great and prosperous people.

Glanders are recognized by ulceration of the lining
membrane of the nose, or the formation of pustules, and
commonly situated in the septum nast. ‘These pustules
soon ulcerate and discharge pus of a greenish color, rapidly
drying up when spread over the nostrils, and sinking in
water, owing, as 1s supposed, to it containing no oil or pus
cells, but principally albumen. There is one phenomenon
never absent in this disease, and that is the enlarged gland
under the jaw ; henee, the common name of the disease—
glanders. There are, said the lecturer, many wrong ideas
entertained, not only in regard to the contagious nature of
the disease, but also in regard to its incurability and even
fatality. Glanders is no more contagious than the heavy,
stinking discharge from the nose of some horses with
eatarrh, as the pus of an abscess on the nose of a horse
with a cold, when introduced into the blood of healthy
animals, will produce a ferment—which explains the rea-
son why a cold in horses terminates in glanders; it is the
absorption of the pus. This will be readily understood,
when it is said the horse is running or bordering on glan-
ders. Horses affected with chronic glanders will live and
work for years, which fact, being well known, has caused
dissatisfaction with local laws, prohibiting “the use of
elandered horses,

GLANDERS. 119

Fresh specimens of sections of the lungs, nose, and other
portions taken from a glandered animal, were placed at the
disposal of the lecturer for the purpose of illustrating to
the audience, showing the morbid changes effected by the
disease. At the close of the lecture, the doctor showed the
manner of generating nascent hydrogen for the purpose of
detecting the presence of the alkaline sulphite in the secre-
tions of horses, under its effects, for the purpose of the cure
of glanders. Before touching upon the plan of treatment,
the reader is referred to the article Farcy.

Treatment. The proposition of restoration in a disease of
this kind, is the destruction of the ferment, the removal of
its products or effects, and the improvement of the bad
habit of body by enriching the blood.

To remove or neutralize the ferment or poison, give one-
half to one ounce doses of the sulphite of soda at night, in
cut feed, for several weeks, and five grains of the powdered
Spanish fly along with it, which will act not only as a
powerful tonic, but as an agent whereby the product of the
disease will be removed from the body of the animal by
the kidneys. This treatment will not interfere with the
other medicine, which is powdered gentian root, three
drachms; powdered sulphate of copper, two drachms.
Mix these articles, and give the whole for a dose, and give
one dose morning and mid-day.

These medicines will have to be continued for a long
time, not only to cure the disease, but to improve the health.
The horse must be well and highly fed, and removed from
other horses while the treatment is going on. Change the
feed often, so as to get all the elements that the blood re-
quires, and to keep up the appetite, for if the appetite fails,
no cure can be made.

Remember. Glanders associated with tubercles of the

120 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

lungs cannot be cured, and it then partakes rather of the
nature of consumption than of simple glanders without
tubercles, which is easily cured.

Glass Eye.—(See Eye Diseases.)

Gleet.—(WVasal.) This term is used to denote a thin,
transparent discharge from the nose in cases of coryza, and
as a sequel to catarrh and cold in old and debilitated horses. »
Whilst there are no ulcers on the lining membrane of the
nose, or no enlargement of gland under the jaw, the case
may be dismissed as simple gleet, which can be readily
cured by good feeding and a few tonic powders, such as
powdered sulphate of copper three ounces ; powdered gen-
tian root, four ounces ; powdered Spanish fly, one drachm.
Mix, and divide into twelve powders, and give one powder
once in the twenty-four hours. These powders will last
two weeks, and can be renewed if necessary. Give the
powders in large bulk or cut feed, so as to protect the coat
of the stomach from the effects of the Spanish fly.

Granulation,—This means the little red portions of
flesh, which grow in and fill up holes made by wounds.
Sometimes these grow too fast; then they are unhealthy,
being soft, and grow beyond the edges of the wound. To
prevent this, sprinkle a little powdered bluestone, or a
little sulphate of zinc, and the wound will soon heal level
with the surrounding surface.

Gravel in the Foot,—This name conveys an impres-
sion that sand or gravel has got into the foot, which is
often the case from cracks or other openings in the foot,
whether from above or below. Wash out the sand, if
possible ; if not, remove some of the horn, and wash out
well, and fill up the hole by shoemaker’s wax applied hot,
and smoothed over by the hand previously wet, so the

GREASE. _ |

warm wax will not stick to it. If the opening be in the
sole, shoe with leather soles, tar and cotton, until the hole
has grown out or closed up.

Grease.—this is a disease of the heels and legs of
horses, characterized by an unsightly condition of the parts.
The whole being the result of suppurative inflammatory
action of the skin and heels of the hind legs, usually, but
sometimes of the fore ones; is more common in coarse-bred
western horses, and heavy breeds, than in well or fine-
bred horses. |

Cause. Sudden changes of the temperature of the earth,
whether from heat to cold, or from wet to dry. This dis-
ease always follows sloppy or wet streets, stables or lands,
producing a relaxed condition of the parts from too much
moisture.

Treatment. Keep the legs clean and dry, and apply a
mixture to the heels twice in the twenty-four hours: Water,
one pint; sulphuric acid, two drachms; corrosive chloride
of mercury, one drachm. Mix,and shake up before using.
Many cases are readily cured, by simply keeping the heels
clean, and anointing with glycerine, or lard, having no salt
in it. It must be confessed by everybody who has had
any experience at all in the treatment of this disease, that
there is uncertainty of an early cure; some cases will be
cured in a short time, and in others it would seem that the
discharge would never dry up and be healed. For cases
that prove obstinate, the following plan will effect a cure,
when other vaunted remedies have failed: Take one box
of concentrated lie, and dissolve it in two quarts of water,
and bottle up for use when wanted, in the following way :
Pour a wine-glassful of the solution of lye into a small
bucket of cold water,and wash and bathe the heels and
legs for half an hour, morning and night. A great change

122 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

for the better will be seen in a day or two. This wash
seems to have the power of relaxing and softening the skin,
and at the same time causes the legs to sweat greatly.
Dry them as often after the bathing as you like, there will
pour out great quantities of moisture from the skin as soon
as you have done.

SHOT OF GREASE.—This is a different disease from
the one described, from the fact that it attacks only one
Jeg, and that one of the hind ones, and comes on in a night,
without any preceding symptoms whatever, and hence it is
called a shot of grease. There is no cracking of the skin
of the heels or legs, but it remains whole and unbroken.

Cause. Robust stamina, or too fat and full of flesh, and
to get rid of this superfluity, plastic lymph is thrown into
one of the hind legs, which causes welling of the leg to an
enormous size. If this material were thrown from the
blood into one of the fore legs, where the nearness to the
heart increases the activity of the capillary circulation,
matter would not remain as it does in the hind legs, which
are so far from the centre of circulation. This disease is
not unlike the phlegmassia dolens, or milk leg in the
human family.

Treatment. IRf the disease be observed early or before the
leg becomes hard, take about one quart of blood from the
neck, and give slop feed, that is, bran with plenty of water
init. Also, give one ounce doses of the sulphite of soda
once in the day, fora few days, and bathe the legs three
times in the day with the same solution of concentrated lye,
as is recommended in grease, (which see.) If the swelling
does not lessen in two days after these various agents have
been employed,then incisions of an inch in length, through
the skin, will have to be made for the purpose of letting out
the imprisoned fluid before the arteries of the legs have

GUNSHOT WOUNDS. 1238

become plugged or filled up, which constitute the thick or
fat leg so often seen in horses in large cities. In addition,
the leg will have to be bandaged pretty tightly with a
broad bandage, and be still bathed three times in the day
with the solution of concentrated lye. Many good horses
have been rendered of little value from want of a knowl-
edge of this disease and its proper treatment.

Gripes.—This name is sometimes applied to colic,
(which see.)

Grogginess.—A term meant to convey the idea that
the horse does not travel very steady in front, from con-
tracted or bent legs at the knee, or from soreness in the feet
from a previous attack of founder in the feet, (which see.)

Grunter.—This name is applied to horses that give
forth a grunting noise. Any condition giving rise to
wheezing, roaring, whistling, piping, and rattling, will,
with slight modification, produce a grunter.

Observe. If the collar is not too tight on the neck, in-
terfering with the free passage of air in and out of the
windpipe.

Causes. Generally from some thickening of the glands
of the neck, or of the windpipe—the effects of bronchitis
or distemper, not treated, or improperly treated, in not
supporting the strength, whereby all thickenings are taken
up, or reduced and even prevented.

Gullet, Obstructions in the.—(See Choking.)

Gunshot Wound.—This is, excepting in times of war,
a rare occurrence, and the treatment consists in extracting
the bullet, and healing the wound as for an ordinary
sore. The bullet is extracted by an instrument represented
in the accompanying cut, and is called Bullet Forceps,

124 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

The instrument is represented as grasping the bullet, show-
ing, also, the way in which it is introduced to extract the ball.

BULLET FORCEPS OF DIFFERENT PATTERNS.

Gutta Serena.—(See Eye Diseases.)

Heart, Diseases of the.—Of diseases of the heart
little need be said, and as little can be done in the way of
cure; soall I propose under this head is merely to name a

HEART. 125

few of the altered conditions of the heart, which are all
embraced in the sweeping term ‘“ Heart Disease.”

(1.) Enlargement of the heart.

(2.) Wasting or shrinking of the heart.

(3.) Foreign bodies in the heart.

(4.) Fatty degeneration of the heart.

(5.) Inflammation of the heart.

(6.) Ossification of the heart.

Such, then, are some of the distinctions made, when
speaking of diseases of the heart. And as an illustration
of what a horse with heart disease can do, and what can
be, and is sometimes done with such an animal so affected,
I reproduce articles from the Scottish Farmer, which may
be of interest to some of our American farmers.

“ Tf one of the busy paternity who delight in a deal, on
a dark Wednesday night, in the grass market, were asked
what sort of horse he wished to procure, as a safe invest-
ment for his ill-gathered coin, he would certainly prefer a
good-looking Clydesdale, sound in limb; nota roarer, but
with a mysterious screw loose, which few, including the
horse-coper himself, can discover. Such an animal has
been turned over many and many a time within the last
three weeks, in or near Edinburgh.”

Our readers will remember a second article on heart
disease, in which three cases were specially mentioned, and
one amongst them, under “ observation.” “ A full-sized,
active gray mare, apparently fit for a goods van, having
been treated for a cold by a blacksmith, proved to be
suffering from dilation of the right side of the heart. She
was looked upon with interest by a strong muster of stu-
dents, who hoped to see further into matters, and proposed
to buy the mare, to be destroyed, as the only humane
method of treating her. But, as we are informed, a friend,

126 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

seeing the animal with swelled legs only, thought he could
cure the case,and urged that she should be sent. to his farm
where he would put her to the plough. In opposition to
professional advice, this was agreed upon, and the students
were disappointed in getting the prize. Not many days
elapsed before the farmer found that he had undertaken a
hard task, in attempting to cure the swelled legs. Seven
dollars and a half were realized for this lkely-looking
animal, and we believe a smith, near Edinburgh, was the
purchaser. Here the trickery commenced, and a simple
countryman greedily closed a bargain which enriched the
smith by forty-two dollars and fifty cents. The animal’s
wind was, however, wrong, and cart-work would not suit
her; so that, in despair, an exchange was effected with
some of the ingenious dealers in horse-flesh in this town.
Exchange followed exchange, and it proved very trouble-
some to trace the animal, until at last, in broad day-light
she fell, by the auctioneer’s hammer, to the lot of a man
from Glasgow side.”

Mauy a twenty dollar note can be made out of a poor
animal thus knocked from hand to hand, until, in the
course of nature, it drops dead in harness. The history of
the case is as interesting as would have been the post
mortem to the students; and it will be found that one of
the most remarkable features in such cases, is the length
of time that animals retain a selling appearance, though
absolutely unfit for any exertion.

Heaves,—This is a term in frequent use, but not so
well understood as it ought to be, seeing its importance as
to the proper value of an animal. Heaves, then, may be
defined as a difficulty in breathing, whereby the value and
usefulness of a horse is seriously impaired. There is
every degree of intensity to be seen in this disease. Some

HEAVES. 1 PAT

animals are so seriously affected, that it is hard to look at
the terrible efforts made in the act of respiration. The
deep and not suffered-to-be-completed respiration tells the
tale of great asthmatic effort and oppression. In others,
it is so slight that only experts can observe it; not from
the quickness of breathing, nor yet from its depth, but
from a peculiar double beat or hitch, differing from all
other varieties of breathing, either of fever, inflammation,
or debility.

Cause. Debility of the parvagum nerve; for if this
nerve is divided or cut in its course, heaves, or broken
wind, is set up at once. The real condition of this nerve,
which gives rise to heaves, is not at present known; and
it is difficult, in many cases, to trace and distingush any
alteration of the nerves, as they may retain their color, yet
their influence may be greatly impaired. For two reasons
T have said debility. First, because, if it was cut, or had
entirely lost its influence, the animal would die in forty-
eight hours. Second, because, by the administration of
powerful tonics, the symptoms of the disease are greatly
relieved, and in some. cases they entirely disappear.

Treatment. Horse-dealers, in order to allay the symp-
toms, that is, the peculiar breathing, give an ounce each,
of powdered sulphate of iron, gentian and ginger root. It
is the largeness of the dose that is given, and repeated for
a few days, that imparts a tonicity to the nerve. Although
I have here spoken of this matter, [ do not wish to be
understood as advocating such treatment, nor as attempt-
ing to cheat or deceive any one; but the large dose of iron
meets my decided disapproval, as being highly injurious to
the horse—although the giving of round or spherical shot,
as is practiced in England, is much worse. The treat-
ment, whatever that may be, to do gvod permanently,

128 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

must be by a gradual and progressive improvement.
Five grain doses of arsenic, given once in the twenty-four
hours for two weeks; then, after a week’s intermission,
commencing as before, will soon cure many cases. Give
the animal feed in small bulk. Use as little hay, or rough
feed, in large bulk, as possible. Improve the condition
of the horse by every way or means, and you will relieve
the animal,

Heat.—General heat of the skin indicates fever ; local
heat, inflammation.

Hepatic Diseases.—(Sce Liver, Inflammation of the.)

Hernia,—This is a name given to ruptures, (see Rup-
tures.)

Herpes.—A name used in skin diseases, (see Mange
and Skin Diseases.)

Hereditary Diseases.—No one, of any observation,
can deny that hereditary influence exists in the production
of disease. ‘This influence must not, in the production of
disease, be considered as invariably reliable. The fact of
horses or mares having a disease, is no reason why their
young will have the same disease, also. It was through
change or alteration of structure, action or function, that
existed in either of the parents, that disease fastened upon
them, and these same forms which existed in them are
likely to be transmitted to the offspring, thus carrying the
various formations of structure, which will ultimately, in
all probability, produce the same disease. A great num-
ber of the affections, which are usually styled hereditary,
do not make their appearance until years after their birth,
because it requires time and work to develop them. Few
persons would expect a horse with cow hock, (which see,)
to become curbed without work, as a secondary cause,

HIDE. ROUND. 129

There is one other point worthy of remark, in speaking of
hereditary diseases, which is that many animals, after
being poorly bred, have been badly fed and cared for ;
whereas if good feeding and care had been bestowed upon
them, it would have gone a long way in lessening the cer-
tainty of developing hereditary disease in them, and their
offspring. This is every day being illustrated in the
family of man. ‘There are several rules laid down to be
observed as measures to prevent and modify conditions
which result in producing diseases of hereditary predis-
position. And there have been receipts found in the
temple of A’sculapius, and said to be in the handwriting
of Hippocrates himself, for the purpose of mitigating the
hereditary conditions, which are so often seen in the hu-
man family. Although these rules cannot, in all cases, be
applied to animals, nevertheless much can be done. The
better way will be to avoid breeding from diseased animals.
So long as like begets like, so long will we have heredi-
tary diseases among horses.

Hide Bound.—This, properly speaking, is not a dis-
ease, but the symptoms of a bad condition, “ out of sorts,”
debility, ete.

Treatment. Feed in large bulk, mixed feed—cut hay,
corn meal, and bran in good proportion—with no more
water than will keep the particles together. Give the fol-
lowing powder in feed everynight, for twelve nights :—
Powdered sulphate of iron, three drachms ; powdered gen-
tian root, four drachms. Mix. If the animal is fat and
yet hide bound, substitute the following, instead of that
above recommended: Take sulphuret of antimony, three
drachms; sulphur in flour, three drachms; sulphite of
soda, half an ounce. Mix,and give in one dose, repeating

9

130 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

it every night for two weeks. If in the winter, use an
extra blanket. If in the summer, give cut grass to eat.

Hip-joint Disease.—Happily, this is a very rare dis-
ease in horses, and does not make its appearance so soon as
in man. It is always the result of accident or injury, and
is a joint affection—not of the muscles, because the mass of
muscles are so very great over the hip, that it is not an
easy matter to sprain them. I speak of this here, because
among horsemen it is a great bug-bear, often occuring in
their ideas ; whereas, in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred
of their so-called hip and whirl bone disease, the lameness
will be found in the hock-joint. Why do they jump at
the conclusion that the lameness is in the hip? Because
in every movement of the hock-joint, the vibration or hitch
is more distinctly seen by the altered action of the muscles
of the hip, as when the hock-joint moves but partially, and
not completely, it is not so readily seen at the hock as at
the hip. Hence, this is but the old adage, cause and effect ;
in this case the horseman has them reversed. (See Spavin.)

Symptoms. Lowness or falling in of the hip; a peculiar
manner of moving, not indicating inability as is seen in
fracture of the pelvis bone, but of great pain and difficulty ;
not yielding or bending low down on that quarter when
the horse takes a step. ‘The leg appears shorter, and is
placed, when standing, slightly under the body, and not
doubled up, or standing upon the toe as is seen in cases of
hock-joint disease.

Treatment. Absolute and entire rest for a few weeks,
The application of cold water cloths over the hip, taking
them off at night, and applying them in the morning again.
This will have to be kept up for a week, at least, so that
all heat and tenderness will be removed before any irritant

HOCK. iil

can be used to the parts. (Never apply hot Jiniments to a
part already too hot and painful.) Then apply by rubbing
with the hand over the parts, every second day, the fol-
lowing: Oil of turpentine, one ounce; oil of olives, two
ounces; creosote, one ounce. Mix. This will not only
act as an irritant, but as a powerful sedative to the nerves
of the parts, causing relief from pain, so that the animal
can be made useful.

Hock, the.—This is an important joint or part of the
horse, and is the seat of many diseases, causing lameness.
In the majority of hind leg lameness, the hock is the true
situation. This fact is not apparent to the non-profes-
sional person, as the hock, while diseased, does not swell so
often as other portions of the body or legs when diseased.
Bog or blood spavin and thorough-pin, a blind man can
almost see. With these exceptions, I say, hock-joint lame-
ness, in the majority of cases, is charged to the hip or
somewhere else, simply because persons fail to see any pe-
culiarity, even when pointed out to them. (See Stringhalt.)

Sprain of the hock-joint is to be treated with cold water
cloths, for a few days, and the application of the following,
once every second day, for a week, with friction or rubbing :
Oil of turpentine; oil of olives; equal parts. Mix. This
is a simple, cheap, and good liniment, and will answer
every purpose.

Rupture of the internal and external lateral or side liga-
ments of the hock-joint is occasionally seen, and is caused
by a violent slip. The rupture is at once recognized by
the loss of power of the horse over the leg below the joint ;
but can stand on the leg, as if it were sound, and there is
little or no swelling—which peculiarities serve to show
the difference between a broken bone of the leg and the
ruptured ligaments of a joint. (See Ligaments.) The

iy, DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

cure is accomplished by absolute and entire rest, with oc-
easional friction with the turpentine liniment, just men-
tioned above. Be assured of the complete union of the
ligaments—which will have taken place when the horse
can bend and properly use the leg—before exercise or
work be exacted.

Hooks in the Eyes.—This is aterm in use by coun-
try folks when referring to the peculiar action of the mem-
brana nictatans in cases of. locked-jaw, (which see.) Many
persons have advised that these useful membranes should
be cut out. Nothing could be further wrong than this;
for it is merely the effect of a cause. Rather remove the
cause, or cure the locked-jaw and the protruding of the hook
or horns will cease. ‘This is the only true plan to adopt.

Horse, Natural History of the.—The horse comes
under the division vertebrata, class mammalia, tribe
ungulata, order pachydermata, family solipeda.

Horse Fly,—This comprehends the gad or breeze fly,
Gasterophilus cstrus. ‘The spotted horse fly, G. Hgqut.
The red-tailed horse fly, G. hemorrhoidalis. This last fly
deposits her eggs on the lips of the horse, and the former
glues them to the hair of the legs. These various eggs are
ultimately taken into the stomach, and in one year they
have become sufficiently matured that they are thrown
out to the outer world to get wings, and finally fly about
and propagate their kind in the same manner as the parent
stock. (See Worms.)

Humanity to Animals, Hints on,—(1.) Warm the
bit in frosty weather before putting it into the horse’s mouth.

(2.) Let the horse lick a little salt from your hands
whenever you offer the bit.

(3.) Never startle a horse by striking him suddenly or

HUMANITY TO ANIMALS. 133

unexpectedly. This caution is specially important if he
has a blind bridle.

(4.) Uniformly gentle treatment will secure faithful and
steady work. Anger, severity, and sudden jerking, endan-
ger your harness, your vehicle, and your life, besides
permanently injuring your horse.

(5.) Be well provided with horse-blankets, particularly
at night. If you are waiting for passengers, while you
look out for your own comfort by a warm fireside, or in
thick wrappers, see that your faithful brute companion is
also protected from the chilly air.

(6.) Wash the inside of the collar frequently with castile
soap suds, and when it has thoroughly dried, gently warm
the leather and soak it with oil, so as to soften it. But do
not allow any oil to remain on the surface of the leather,
unabsorbed.

(7.) If the shoulders are tender, feverish, and disposed
to chafe, they should be well rubbed, and afterwards
washed with salt water. This should be done after un-
harnessing, so that the parts bathed may be dry before
work is resumed.

(8.) Do not be tempted by extra pay to overload your
team. Overloading occasions blindness, spavin, splint,
glanders, farcy, and other painful and fatal disorders, and
thus risks the loss of your capital, besides injuring yourself
by encouraging a cruel disposition.

(9.) See that the harness fits easily in every part, and
that the shoes are tight, and well put on. If there are
chains connected with any part of the harness, let them be
well covered with soft padded leather or fur.

(10.) Let your tones, in‘addressing the horse, be always
gentle, soothing, and pleasant. Pat him often, and en-
courage every sign of attachment that he gives,

134 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

(11.) Every truck, or other vehicle, should have a prop
stick hung to the shafts, to relieve the burden of the load
whenever the team is standing.

(12.) Curry, rub, and clean WELL and thoroughly, at
least once every day. ‘The effect is worth half the feed.
A dirty coat and skin, when the animal is deprived of
exercise in pasture, and of rolling on the grass, cannot fail
to produce disease.

(13.) Never use a check rein. It is a false taste that
thinks a horse more beautiful when his head is fastened in
an unnatural position. The bearing rein keeps a horse in
a constant fret, makes him restless and uneasy, and often
prevents him from recovering himself in case of a stumble
or fall.

(14.) Your stable should be perfectly level, or very
slightly inclined, well lighted, well drained, well ventilated,
and well protected from draughts, and from extremes of
heat and cold. Keep the crib clean and free from dust,
and keep the hay and other fodder as far from the stall as
possible, so as to be away from the steam and breath of the
animal.

(15.) If you use ground feed, remember that at many of
the mills and stores it is adulterated with marble or plaster
of paris, or with the sweepings of canal-boats and barges.
Such adulteration not only robs your animals of nourish-
ment, but produces stone, and shortens life.

(16.) If you suspect adulteration, you can sometimes
detect it by heating a portion of the feed to a red heat, in
an iron vessel. After the whole has been reduced to ashes,
if they contain plaster, the ashes will soon set or harden,
after being mixed with water to’ the consistency of paste.

(17.) In hot weather, keep a wet sponge on the head of
the horse or mule; cool the mouth and face with wet

HUMANITY TO ANIMALS. S35)

sponges; furnish drinking water often, and sponge the legs
and such parts as are liable to chafe by perspiration or
otherwise; drive slowly, and lessen the weight usually
imposed in cooler weather ; see that the harness is not un-
nessarily cumbersome and heavy; the discomfort may be
materially relieved by taking off the eye-blinds, which are
useless appendages and cause much annoyance to theanimal.

(18.) Do not urge your beast beyond a walk when the
heat is oppressive ; finally, use a head-shelter or awning,
constructed of wire and covered with canvass, which can
be attached to the animal’s head without materially add-
ing weight.

(19.) In icy weather keep your animal sharp shod,
renewing the sharpening as often as the toes become blunt.
A few dollars expended in this way will undoubtedly save
your horse from serious injury, and, perhaps, from loss of
life.

(20.) Standing on fermenting manure softens the hoof,
produces thrush, and brings on lameness. Keep the litter
dry and clean, and cleanse the stall thoroughly every
morning.

(21.) Sharp bits make the mouth tender at first, and
afterwards callous, so that the horse becomes unmanageable.

(22.) If your horse kicks and plunges on mounting,
look to the stuffing of your saddle, and see if it has become
hard and knotty with use.

(23.) Keep your wheels well greased, and thus reduce
the labor of drawing the load.

(24.) Keep the feet well brushed out, and examine every
night to see if there is any stone or dirt between the hoof
and the shoe. Change the shoes as often as once a month.

(25.) Disease or wounds in the feet or legs soon become
dangerous if neglected.

136 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

(26.) When a horse is hot and fatigued from labor, walk
him about till cool; groom him quite dry, first with a wisp
of straw, and then with a brush; rub his legs well with
the hand, to remove any strain, soothe the animal, and
detect thorns and splinters; and give him his grain as
soon as he is cool, dry, and willing to eat.

(27.) On the evening before a journey give double
feed ; on the morning of starting give only half a feed of
grain, or a little hay ; on the road feed in small quantities
about every two hours.

(28.) When horses are long out at work provide them
with nose-bags and proper food. The nose-bag should be
leather at bottom, and of basket-work or open texture
above. On coming home give a double feed of grain.

(29.) Lead the horse carefully into and out of the sta-
ble. Accustom him to stand quite still till you are seated.
Start at a walk, and go slowly the first and the last mile.

(30.) Never use the whip if you can help it. It will
then always be available as a last resource.

(31.) Be always on your guard, just feeling the mouth
with the bit, lightly and steadily.

(32.) If a horse shies, neither whip him nor pat him,
but speak encouragingly, and let him come slowly towards
the object.

(53.) If you value your own life, the lives of others, or
your horse, never drive fast in the dark, or in a town.

(34.) Never add your own weight to a load that is
already heavy enough. Get out and walk when you
ascend a hill. If you stop on a hill, put a stone behind
the wheel.

(35.) Never tease or tickle the horse.

(36.) Don’t forget that the old horses, like old men, lose
their teeth and their chewing abilities; therefore, bruise

~~

HYDROPHOBIA. rS

the oats and corn, and chop the nay for the old nags
who can’t get “ store teeth.”

Hydrothorax.—This is a name given to water when
it accumulates in the chest. Hetice, hydro, water; and
thorax, the chest.

Causes. Debility from the effects of inflammation of
some of the organs within the chest.

Treatment. Tonics to improve the general health, and
medicines to draw off the water by the kidneys and bowels.
An operation is recommended by which the fluids are
drawn from the side by means of a trocar. (See Dropsy.)

Hydrocele.—A collection of fluid in the scrotum of
stallions. 7

Treatment. Paint the scrotum with the tincture of ben-
zoin or iodine. If these remedies are not successful in
causing absorption of the water, the skin of the scrotum
will have to be opened to let out the fluid.

Hydronemia,—A name used when speaking of the
blood when it contains too much water—water in the

blood. (See Dropsy.)

Hydrophobia,—This disease, happily, is rare—in a
practice of thirteen years, and doing much in the treatment
of diseases of horses, and being well acquainted with the
practice of other persons, I can only record three cases, and
one of these vas a mule. This disease is sometimes called
water dread and canine rabies, from the fact. that it is only
generated in the dog and feline species of animals.

Cause in Horses. Bites of the mad. dog, and sometimes
the bite from the common cat is capable of producing the
disease.

Symptoms. In those cases that came under my notice,

138 DISEASES OF THE IIORSE.

the symptoms were anything but likeeach other. In one
animal, the propensity to bite at objects was more severe ;
and in another, the horse would walk and look about him,
utter a peculiar sound, and le down and get hold of the
heels and part of arm of the fore leg with his teeth, till
he had them bleeding, get up again, and walk about
without any apparent object in view. But the destructive
impulse attributed by some authors, I think, is merely the
fancy of an inexperienced mind in such matters. The
symptoms of the mule differed from each of the horses,
inasmuch as he would, at times, eat hay very ravenously,
stop all at once, and with a peculiar sound, not like the
bark of a dog, but of a character which cannot be
described, lie down and have a good roll to himself;
then he would run at any person within his reach with
open mouth. But in no instance did any of the cases
attempt to bite at anything not endowed with animal life.
All of these animals were confined in enclosures from
which they could not escape. They lived about thirty-
six hours after the active symptoms of the disease set in.
(See Bites of Mad Dog.) Any person having the least:
expericnece with horses, may observe peculiarities, at times,
which do appear not to belong to common diseases.

Hy pertrophy.—This name means a state of certain
organs increased in size, and decreased in power. ‘The
heart, kidneys, spleen, liver, and other parts of the body,
are liable to this disease.

Hypodermic,—Under theskin. (See Endermic.)

Hysteria.—This is a disease which is sometimes seen
in mares only.

Causes. Irritation of the uterus, or of some of it snerves.

Symptoms. Great excitement and incapability of standing.

INFECTION. 139

and it appears as if some of the bones of the back or loins
were broken.

Treatment. Give twenty drops of the tincture of aconite
root every four hours, whilst the symptoms last. Build
up the strength of the mare by the following: Sulphate
of iron, three drachms ; gentian root, three drachms. Mix,
and give in one dose every day, for a week or ten days.
Give good feeding.

Caution. Unsafe to use; will return again.

a eee ——— &

prreSr sess | ie
(SLES SS) yt
SSSSe!!
| s

HYPODERMIC SYRINGE.

Indigestion.—However much man, in the sedentary
walks of life, may be the subject of this disease, the horse
with a task-master is comparatively free from it. Cases
do occur, occasionally, in our large cities, where in too
many cases the horse is left standing in the stable, twenty
out of the twenty-four hours. Idleness begets indigestion,
and indigestion begets crib-biting, or wind-sucking, and
between them the poor horse loses flesh, condition and
spirit. (See Crib-biting.)

Treatment. Send the horse to pasture, and when he
returns give him regular feed, and regular work to pre-
vent a return of it.

Infection.—(See Contagion.)

140 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Inflammation.—Inflammation of the various portions
or parts of the body will be found treated of under the
name of the organ or part affected.

Influenza.—This is a name which is properly applied
to epizootic catarrh of frequent occurrence in the spring
of the year. Indeed, it is very rare that we see a cold
run its course as such, without some complication of one
kind or another.

Symptoms. A chill or shivering fit, succeeded by
increased heat of the body, with fever and irritation.
Loss of appetite, cough, discharge of mucus from the
nose, watering of the eyes, great prostration of strength,
followed in a day or two with swellings of the legs, and
in bad cases, of the belly, breast, and in males, of the
sheath; such is a true and succinct account of the
symptoms of this disease. The symptoms will vary, as
in other diseases, with the intensity of the affection.

Causes. A subtle poison in the air, sudden changes in
the dryness or moisture of the earth’s surface, easterly
winds, cold accompanied with dampness in the air. These
are conditions which too often accompany or precede influ-
enza, which differs from an attack of common cold, chiefly
in the severity of its effect, causing more fever and greater
debility. In England it was first observed in 1819, and
again in 1832, and more or less ever since. In the United
States it first manifested itself in 1856, and is still seen
every spring and fall with symptoms more or less severe.

Treatment. ‘The mortality in this disease is great,
when treated according to the books which our publishers
frequently issue—old English books, with new dresses cut
to the fashion. Bear this in mind, when undertaking the
treatment of a disease of this kind, that one step wrongly
taken can never be recalled. Place the horse in a cool

INJECTIONS. 141

(not cold) and airy place, put a light covering upon him,
and give him twenty drops of the tincture of aconite root
in a little cold water, every four hours, till five doses are
given. Place plenty of cold water before the horse so that
he can drink as much as he wants. When the aconite has
been all given, commence with fifteen-drop doses of the
tincture of nux vomica, which repeat every four hours,
continuing it for a few days, and if the animal improves,
and the appetite returns, nothing more in the way of
medicine need be given. Recovery being slow and the
appetite poor, give the following powders, morning, noon
and night: Powdered carbonate of ammonia, three ounces ;
powdered gentian root, two ounces; powdered pimenta
berries, two ounces ; mix, and divide into twelve powders,
and give them mixed in a little cold water, and drench the
horse out of a strong-mouthed bottle. The powders will
have to be wrapped well, so as to keep them from the air,
and prevent the loss of their strength. ‘Twenty drops of
commercial sulphuric acid may be given occasionally, in
half a bucket of cold water, which the horse will readily
drink. Do not apply blisters or anything to the throat, as
is too often done; they can do no good, but positively
much harm. Be assured the animal has fully recovered
its strength before putting to work. If treated in the
manner described, in from five to six days the horse will
be almost well again. (See Gastritis Mucosa, and Rheuma-
tism.)

Injections.—These are composed of warm water, soap,
and a handful of table-salt; the water about luke-warm.
The usual way to give injections, is by means of a large
syringe, capable of holding a quart of the fluid. The
diseases which call for injections, are the various varieties
of colic. Few medicines will cure colic without the aid of

142 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

injections, whereas colic, in very many cases, can be
readily cured by the injection alone. Therefore, never put
confidence in any person who undertakes to cure colic,
without injections of warm water, soap and salt.

Instruments.,—The various cuts of instruments, rep-
resented throughout the book, explain themselves. The
few here given, may be explained as follows:

No. 1.

Above are shown two patterns of the ecraseur manu-
factured in Philadelphia for use in the University of
Pennsylvania, veterinary department.

No. 2.

This is a very good representation of a sim-
ilar instrument which is also manufactured in

»

INSTRUMENTS. 143

Philadelphia. The ecrasseur is now extensively and suc-
cessfully used for castrating colts, and for the removal of
tumors. The object of using this instrument is, that no
bleeding follows its use. (See Castration.)

No. 3 is a spring lancet, and was
invented bya Mr. Weiss, of London,
for the use of farmers who could not
use its more surgical prototype, the
lancet. This was at a time when
bleeding was thought to be the great
panacea for all the ills and aches to
which man and beast is heir.

Se
CLINT!
hos

)
\

No. 4. No. 5. No. 6.

No. 4 is a small syringe, used for injecting medicines
into the cavities of tumors, to destroy their diseased
walls.

No. 5 is a carved trocar and canula, and is used for
piercing dropsical swellings and tumors, to run off the
fluid. The trocar is drawn out after the parts have been

144 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

pierced, and the canula remains as a tube, whereby the
water escapes.

No. 6 is a straight trocar with canula, and is used in
different sizes and for various purposes. Its first and
most important use is for piercing the rumen of cows and
oxen when attacked with hoven. Second, it is used occa-
sionally for piercing the horse, in cases of flatulent colic,
and in drawing off the fluid or serum accumulated in the
chest from disease of the lungs and pleura. Third, a small
size of this instrument is used in piercing the head of
sheep affected with hydatids. After the trocar has entered
the hydatid sack, the trocar is pulled out, the canula
remains, the point of a small and well-packed syringe is
placed in the head of the canula, and the suction-force
draws the fluid into the syringe, and the small cysts into
the canula—which can be caught and pulled out by means
of a pair of forceps. A trocar and canula should be kept
by every farmer who has a cow or an ox.

Intestines.—Introsusception, or an entangling of the
intestines, sometimes takes place in horses, and proves fatal.

Causes. Bowels empty, and the horse being driven fast.

Symptoms. When the horse comes in, he is observed to
be uneasy—lying down, pawing with his feet, following
closely the symptoms of colic. The difficulty, or impossi-
bility of procuring relief, is only seen on examination,
after the horse is dead. (See Bowel Diseases.)

Itch.—(See Mange and Skin Diseases.)

Interfering.—This name is in use when speaking of
a horse hitting himself on the inside of the pastern joint,
either on the hind or fore leg. Sometimes it is called
cutting. It is usually done with the side of the opposite
foot.

JOINT DISEASES, 145

Causes. The blacksmith is many times wrongfully
blamed for want of attention or skill in shoeing the horse,
because he interferes. ‘There are cases, no doubt, where a
little observation and care, on the part of the shoer, would
have prevented it. From much observation, however, I
am satisfied that the chief cause lies in the weakness of the
horse, particularily in the spring of the year. Horsemen
well, know that their horses did not interfere in the winter
months, when the weather was not oppressive, and the
' horse in excellent spirits ; and no changes have been made
in the shoer or manner of shoeing.

Treatment. Give a few powders of iron and gentian in
the feed, to restore the horse to strength. (See Medicines.)

Jack,—A small point on the inside of the hock-joint
of the horse affected with bone spavin.

Jaundice,—This signifies bile in the blood; biliary
intoxication, tinging the membranes of the nose, mouth,
- ete., with the yellow color.

Joint Diseases,—The diseases of the various joints in
the horse, are many. Among them may be enumerated :
Of spavin—bone, blood, bog and occult—four varieties, all
of the hock-joint; of the patella, in the form of dislocation ;
of the hip, or whirl-bone joint, ulceration and sprain; of
the joints of the back-bones, caries and ulceration ; of the
foot, coffin-joint, commonly called navicular-joint, lame-
ness ; of the pastern joints, anchylosis or stiff-joint ; of the
lower pastern, ring-bone; of the knee-joint, stiffness and
open joint; of the point of the shoulders, ulceration and
bulging out of the capsular ligament of the joint; wind
galls, of almost all the joints, more specially in the pasterns.
The cause and treatment of these affections will be found

under their proper heads, throughout the book.
10

146 DISEASES OF THE HORSE,

Jugular Vein, Inflammation of.—This may be
merely asimple swelling, after bleeding, caused by bruising
the parts, by too great force applied when bleeding, or by
closing the wound too tightly, causing extravasation of
blood, between the skin and the fascia. Inflammation of
the jugular may be of great magnitude, involving that
vessel the whole length of the neck, above and below the
wound made by bleeding, ultimately causing its entire
obliteration. And, occasionally, the inflammation extends
to the brain itself, destroying life. Happily, bleeding is
not now recommended in the treatment of disease; conse-
quently, this affection will be among the diseases of the past.

Treatment. Remove the pin, or whatever has been used
to close the wound, and apply a piece of blue-stone to the
bleeding sore; this may be used once a day, for a day or
two. Hot fomentations, or a small poultice, should be
applied to the part, to abate the inflammation or irritation.
The fomentation will have to be applied the whole length
of the thick corded vein, to cause its relaxation. Cut the
feed for the horse, so as to save the movements of the jaws,
thus giving rest, as much as possible, to the parts affected.

Kidneys, Diseases of the.—The most important of
which is that already described under the head of diabetes,
(which see.) Hzematuria or bloody urine is occasionally
seen in horses, more frequently in cattle, and consists ina
diseased state of the kidneys, from violent strains or acci-
dents.

Caleuli, or stone in the kidneys, are often found in the
kidneys of horses, and cause considerable irregularity in
making water. |

Treatment. Occasionally give thirty to forty drops of
muriatic acid, in a bucket of cold water, to drink.

Bloody urine may be treated by warm-water cloths, laid

KNUCKLING. 147

over the back or in a situation above the kidneys. Use
flaxseed tea as a drink, to soothe the parts. Give no salt-
petre or other medicine.

In old horses, as in old men, considerable chronic dis-
ease of the kidneys exists. Although little can be accom-
plished in the way of cure by medicines, a great deal can
be done to soothe the parts, by soft and soothing feed and
drink, such as steamed or boiled feed and flaxseed tea, cut
grass and other green feed, with plenty of cold water, at
all times, to drink. The more fluids that go into the
body, the less irritation of the bladder and kidneys. (See
Bladder Diseases.)

Knees Broken, (See Broken Knees.)

Knee Joint, Loose Cartilages in the.—Small
loose cartilage is sometimes found floating in the knee joint
of horses, as well as of man, and is the cause of much of
the obscure lameness that is so often unaccounted for, and,
so far as I am aware, has never been noticed by other
writers. The lameness is very sudden, and passes off as if
nothing had happened, constantly coming and going.

Treatment. Remove the body from the joint by first
getting it into a corner, and holding it there, and cutting
and taking it out; this is too dangerous an operation for
every person to undertake, as it is cutting into a synovial
cavity. |

Knuckling,—This is a peculiar loose double action of
the pastern of the hind legs, and is a symptom rather than
a disease of itself.

Cause. Disease in the hock-joint, and weakness in the
part from the effects of sprains, or other injury. It also
accompanies occult and bone spavin.

Observe. Knuckling of the hind pasterns is a symptom

148 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

strongly indicative that the animal has had an attack of
paralysis or is likely to have one: at all events it clearly
shows that either the brain or spinal cord is to a certain
extent diseased, resulting in loss of motive power in tne
pasterns. |

Treatment. Feed the horse well, and give fifteen drops
of the tincture of nux vomica three times in the day. If
the hock-joint be the cause, treat the hock as for spavin,
or palliate the symptoms by applying two parts of olive
oil, and one part of creosote and oil of turpentine, two or
three times in the week.

Lameness.—Lameness occurs in many ways, and from
many causes, such as fractures, bruises, sprains, wounds or
injuries, all of which will be found treated of, under their
various names, through the book.

Laminitis.—A name in use by veterinary surgeons
when speaking of founder, and is a generic term from
lumina, or leaf—which forms the bond of unity between
the sensible and insensible structures of the horse’s feet,
and is the seat of the disease commonly called founder.
(See Foot Diseases.)

Lampas.-—This is a name applied to a slight enlarge-
ment, swelling, or fulness of the bars of the mouth of
young horses from the changes of teething. Pinching the
skin of the bars with the nail of the thumb till they bleed,
and rubbing in a little table salt, is much better than
burning the mouth with a red hot iron—the effects of
which the animal never forgets nor forgives, as is shown
in any attempt to do anything about his head.

Laryngitis,—This is a disease or inflammation of the
upper portion of the windpipe accompanied with fever,

LIVER. 149

increased breathing,and cough. The cause and treatment
of this disease will be the same as for bronchitis, (which see.)

Leg, Fractures of the.—(See Fractures.)

Lice.—Lice of various kinds are often the source of
much trouble amongst horses kept in the vicinity of hen
or chicken houses.

Symptoms. Uneasiness, rubbing, and scratching; stamp-
ing with the feet and biting at the legs, as if something
_ were annoying him.

Treatment. Take of the liver of sulphur, one ounce;
cold water, one pint. Mix, and apply with a hard brush
to but a portion of the body at a time. If that is not
effectual, get bi-chloride of mercury, thirty-two grains ;
cold water, one pint. Mix,and apply with a brush to a
portion only at a time, or a piece of the body every day,
till all has been gone over with the brush. ‘This is very
weak, and can do the horse no harm.

Ligaments.—These are strong, fibrous substances,
which bind together the different bones of the body or
skeleton. ‘There are two great classes of ligaments: the
rounded, or the lateral, and the capsular, or sack-like
ligaments, as of the shoulder and hip-joint.

Lipoma.—A variety of fatty tumor. (See Tumors.)

Liver.—The liver is the largest secreting gland of the
body, situated within the short ribs on the right side.
Its function is the secretion of bile—a yellow alkaline or
soapy fluid.

Without the liver, digestion and animal heat cannot be
maintained, and the waste or effete matter cannot be re-
moved from the blood. So, therefore, when the liver is
disturbed, there can be no health in the rest of the system,

150 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

INFLAMMATION OF THE LiverR.—The horse is rarely
the subject of inflammation of this organ in an acute, but
more commonly ina chronic form. It is often met with
from the fact of many horses being highly fed, and having
nothing to do.

Symptoms. The affected part is very obtuse. But we
have a very striking analogy of this disease between man_
and the horse, which materially assists in forming a correct
opinion as to the disease. Pain and lameness in the right
shoulder are characteristic of liver disease, whether in man
or horse, and have often been mistaken for and treated as
the disease itself. Not less so is the peculiar yellowness of
the membranes of the eye, nose, and mouth, constituting a
disease called by old horse doctors the yellows.

Treatment. Give powdered aloes, four drachms; pow-
dered ginger root, two drachms; podophyllin, one drachm.
Mix, and make into a paste with molasses, and form a
bolus, or crumble the mass in a little thin gruel, and
drench the horse with it. Feed the horse with green and
soft feed to keep his bowels open.

These measures being neglected, suppuration or an
abscess will be formed, and break into the bowels, or
become absorbed and produce glanders, which I believe to
bea prolific cause of this disease, and which is preceded by
il] health and bad habit of body, terminating by a mysteri-
ous and unaccountable discharge from the nose, inasmuch
as it is not accompanied with cough, and other symptoms
of cold.

Locked-jaw.—This disease occurs usually after
wounds of the feet, as from nails running into the feet,
from wounds and fractures,and from a simple wound of |
a tendinous portion of the body. Locked-jaw occurring -
after wounds or other injuries, is called traumatic. And

LOCKED-JAW. 151

when locked-jaw takes place, as it sometimes does, without
any injury or assignable cause, it is called idiopathic locked-
jaw. Locked-jaw may be defined a spasmodic contraction
of the muscles of the body, often confined to one set of
muscles alone. JI have in practice seen the same contrac-
tion in one set of muscles of the body, and the muscles
of the jaw free from the cramps and not fixed at all, and
depending upon the same causes that often produce fixed-
ness of the jaw. Locked-jaw is sometimes confined to the
muscles of the neck, and is then called trismus.

Symptoms. The symptoms accompanying locked-jaw in
the horse are so well known to everybody, that little need be
said by me about them further than that there is general
stiffness and fixedness in the manner of standing,and a pecu-
liar expression of countenance. The extended and dilated.
nostrils, and the fixed ear, tell the fact very plainly, that
the ‘muscles of the head and neck are beyond the control
of the animal, else his jaw or mouth would not be kept
closed.

Treatment. Remove the painfully-stricken animal intoa
place by himself, where he will have plenty of air, and no
sound or sight to disturb him, and where no curious idler
can enter. Place a bucket of cold, thin gruel where the
horse can get at it, without an effort to himself to reach it.
This is all the feed he will be likely enabled to take for a
period of from three to sixteen days. Renew it once a
day, and keep it sweet. He may be able to suck this
through his teeth. Small, choice morsels of other food
should also be placed within his reach, so as no opportu-
nity be lost whereby his stomach may be filled, and his
overtaxed strength be supported.

In securing the gruel or other feed, have everything at
hand, so that. only one journey will be necessary, in the

52 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

twenty-four hours, to the place he is confined in. Open
not the door of his house twice when once can be made te
answer: thus much suffering may be avoided, and the
chances of recovery enhanced. All the medicine necessary
for the horse to have, will be one drachm doses, once in
twenty-four hours, of PRUSSIC ACID. Great care will
have to be exercised in keeping this powerful poison ; and
considerable judgment as to how this medicine is to be
given to an animal with his jaws closed. GENTLY elevate
the head a little to insure proper gravitation, and pour the
acid into the widest part between the teeth, and hold the
head steadily for a few minutes ; then retire, and close the
door, not a loud word being spoken. A table or dessert
spoon will answer for the purpose very well. Veterinary
surgeons have an elastic tube, which is introduced into the
back part of the mouth, and the acid poured down the tube.

If the animal live from three to four days, and is
afforded every opportunity to eat a little, he may get well.
Whatever the wounds or injuries that have given rise to
the locked-jaw, they should be dressed with equal portions
of olive oil and creosote, which will soothe the irritated
nerves of the part. An occasional poultice of flaxseed may
be necessary.

Above all things, neither bleed nor physic, as these can
do no good, and will only hasten the death of the animal
by taking away whatever strength he may have, all of
which will be necessary to carry him through so severe a
disease.

Loins.—Sprain of the loins or small of the back is
sometimes seen in weakly-built horses of irritable dispo-
sition.

Symptom. Weakness upon pressure, as of a saddle-
horse yielding to the rider, when mounting the horse.

LUNGS. 1a

Treatment. Warm-water cloths should be laid over the
parts for a few days, followed in the same manner by
cold-water cloths. Give rest and good feed, and use the
horse in the shafts of a light four-wheeled carriage, or in
double harness. Saddle work may be the means of its
return, more especially if ridden by a heavy person.

Loss of Appetite.—This is more of a symptom than
a disease, and requires for its removal the cause which
gave rise to it. In cold, influenza and fever, the appe-
tite is bad, and with their removal it will be restored.
Take powdered carbonate of ammonia, pimenta berries,
gentian root, each two drachms, mix in some cold gruel,
and drench the animal twice a day. ‘This will not only
remoye, in a measure, the cause, but will restore the appe-
tite also.

Lumbago.—This is applied to a peculiar stiffness over
the loins or back, partaking of the nature of rheumatism,

(which see.)

Lungs.—These are the organs of breathing, and are
subject to many diseases, having names familiar to every
horseman. Under this head, however, I will only notice
inflammation of the substance of the lungs, pnewnonia,
(lung fever,) and of the surface of the lung, pleurisy,
abscess, adhesion, and congestion. (See Cough, Cold,
Bronchitis and Emphysema.)

(1.) PNeumon1A.—( Pronounced numonia.)—This is an
inflammation of the substance of the lungs, of late years
called lung fever, and is sometimes very common in the
spring after a severe winter.

Symptoms. Chill followed by fever and increased for a
short time, and is succeeded by cold legs and _ ears,
quickened breathing, and wide, open nostrils. A peculiar

154 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

quivering of the muscles of the side and breast will be

observed in all cases of inflammation of the lungs, and will

rarely deceive. The animal will eat nothing, and per-

sistently stands with his nose and mouth in the manger ;

and if taken out of the stall and stable to the open air, he

will almost refuse to go back again into the stable, relief

being experienced from the fresh air. Hence, the necessity

for plenty of fresh air in all diseases of the lungs. When

the ear is applied to the side of the neck, a peculiar creak-

ing noise is heard. Slight discharge of serous flakes or

matter will be observed sticking to the sides of the nose.
If this disease be not subdued or cured, it ends in abscess.

The peculiar pulsations observed in this and other diseases,

will be found treated of in the introductory remarks. To

the non-professional person, the general aspect or appear-

ance of the horse, when under this disease, is infinitely

more important as a rule and guide in determining the seat

and nature of the disease, than any assistance they can gain.
from the pulse.

Cause. Alternations and sudden changes in heat, cold,
and moisture; an animal not in condition for work; a
hereditary predisposition in the lungs to take on disease.
Changes which will produce lung disease in one horse, will
produce disease of a different character in another.

Treatment. Place the horse ina light and airy place, and
clothe him according to the weather. Bandages to the
legs will, at all seasons, be necessary to keep them warm,
and to that extent relieve the lungs of a portion of blood.
Aconite judiciously given, is the most powerful remedy I
am acquainted with. ‘Tartar Emetic, so valuable in this
disease in man, dogs and swine, has no more effect whatever,
upon either horse, sheep or cattle, than so much flour or
meal, Give twenty-five drops of the tincture of aconite

LUNGS. 155)

root, in a cupful of cold water, and drench the horse. Re-
peat the dose every four hours, till six doses are given.
In the majority of cases, one to two doses will be all that
is required to effect a cure.

(2.) PLeurisy.—Inflammation of the membrane cover-
ing the lungs and lining the cavity of the chest.

Symptoms. A rigor or chill, fever, disinclination to turn
short, an occasional short painful cough, and careful
breathing, accompanied with a sigh or grunt. A peculiar
line will be be observed in pleurisy, running from the
haunch, round the belly to the breast-bone. The breath-
ing is deep, not so short and quick as in inflammation of
the lungs. In the first twenty-four hours after the attack,
pain will have given way, and the horse be apparently
better. This, in the majority of cases of pleurisy, when
left a few hours to itself and not checked, terminates in
Hydrothorax, (which see,) or water or serum in the chest,
sometimes causing adhesions. The favorable termination
of pleurisy is by what is called resolution.

Causes. Changes in the atmosphere. Exposure to cold.
Broken ribs or wounds.

Treatment. Treat the horse as for inflammation of the
lungs, by giving him pure air, cold water and aconite;
followed on the second day by five grains of powdered
Spanish fly in gruel, once in the twenty-four hours. To
remove the fluids from the body, give, after the active stage
of the disease has passed, good feeding and generous diet.

(3.) ABscEss.—As elsewhere stated, abscess is the termi-
nation of inflammation of the lungs. Pus is a common
result of inflammatory action, and when in the lungs is
called vomice, causing, in some cases, consumption. Where
absorption of the pus has taken place, glanders is the result.

Lhe abscess frequently breaks into the bronchial tubes,

RES DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

and then pus escapes into the larynx and nares of the
nose. Hence, the persistent discharge which is so char-
acteristic of glanders.

Treatment. ‘The same as for glanders: generous diet,
tonics and stimulants, with the sulphite of soda and the
Spanish fly. (See Glanders.)

(4.) Errusion or Serum.—Hydrothorax is one of the
ways in which pleurisy terminates, and when this effusion.
is extensive, not much hope of recovery may be expected.
Cures, however, have been made by drawing off the fluid
by means of a trocar pierced through between the ribs into
the chest.

(5.) ApHEsrIons.—The surface of the lungs becomes
attached to the sides of the chest by fibrous bands of great
strength, another common result of pleurisy. Nothing
can be done but to keep up the health and strength by
good feeding, ete. |

When animals do not thrive and pick up their spirits
and flesh after cases of pleurisy, some of these various con-
ditions may be reasonably expected to be present.

(6.) CONGESTION OF THE Luncs.—The lungs are liable
to become congested when they are overcharged with blood.

Symptoms. ‘The horse blows, his nostrils are very much
expanded, he is heaving at the flanks, and is the picture
of distress and stupidity.

Cause. Weakness and want of power in the blood ves-
sels to contract and empty themselves.

Treatment. Allow free access to cool air, clothe the
body and bandage the legs to encourage the blood to the
skin and legs, and give the following mixture: Sweet
spirits of nitre, half an ounce; powdered carbonate of am-
monia, half an ounce; mix in a bottle of cold gruel, in the
form of a drink, If these articles are not at hand, give

MAD SPFAGGERS. 1 Ke

two bottles of warm ale, or half a bottle of brandy or
whiskey.

(7.) PNEUMOTHORAX.—So called because the air escapes
into the cavities of the pleura.

Lymph.—This is a name applied to the clear fluid
which circulates in the lymphatic vessels and that which
is poured out in cut surfaces, after bleeding has stopped,
and forms the medium by which the parts adhere, and are
joined together. In this instance it is called coagulable
lymph, the principal element by which adhesive inflam-
matiou is carried on.

Lymphangitis.—This is a disease which attacks large
coarse-bred horses that are difficult to keep in good condi-
tion, and consists in the outpouring of plastic lymph into
the femoral veins of one of the fore legs, which, as a con-
sequence, swells to a very great size, and exhibits to the
touch a feeling of a great many irregular prominences
under the skin. It is hot, painful, stiff, and accompanied
with fever, which, in a short time, passes off. In a few
days the heat, pain and swelling will diminish a little, and
the horse will move more freely, but will, in most cases,
retain a “thick leg” for life. Fomentations of warm
water should be applied to relieve heat, tension, and pain;
to be followed in a few days with broad bandages tightly
rolled round the limb. Give soft feed, such as cut-mess,
bran and green food. As soon as the animal can move
the leg he may be put to slow work.

Madness.—A disease produced by the bite of a mad
dog. (See Hydrophobia.)

Mad Staggers.—An affection of the brain. (See
Staggers.)

158 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Maggots.—These are sometimes seen in neglected
wounds and sores, in warm weather. To remove them,
apply equal parts of creosote and olive oil, or a solution of
corrosive sublimate.

Malignant.—A term applied to diseases of a fatal
character; as glanders, for instance. Why the term ma-
lignant ould not be applied to such diseases as locked-
jaw, and inflammation of the bowels, which are so often
fatal, is one of the inexplicables of medical nosology or
terminology, not easy for me to understand.

Malignant Epidemic.—English writers tell us that
a malignant epidemic has attacked horses on the European
Continent. Influenza is a disease from which scarcely one
per cent. should die when scientifically and intelligently
treated ; but by bleeding, blistering, physicking, and low
diet, a really simple and non-fatal disease is at once con-
verted into a fatal and malignant epidemic.

Mallenders.—A term used by old books and horse
doctors, to designate a scaly condition of the skin back of
the leg and opposite to the knee. A term which certainly,
to say the least, should long ago have been blotted out of
all the books, as vague, uncertain, unmeaning.

This scaly eruption is the result of dryness of the skin
of the back part of the leg, where the greatest and almost
constant movement of the joint is going on. The same
condition is seen on the face of some joints, and in others
on the back, from the constant mobility of the parts.

Who has not seen scruffy or scaly heels of horses ending
with scratches? (See Skin Diseases.)

Mange.—This is a disease of the skin, and is caused by
a small mite called acari, which breeds and burrows in the

MESENTERICA. 159

skin. To cure mange, destroy the insect. (See Skin
Diseases.)

Materia Medica.—This is a name applied to every
substance used in the treatment and cure of disease.

Megrims.—A disease of the brain occurring at peri-
ods, especially in hot weather, and when exposed to a
powerful sun. This differs from epilepsy only in the ab-
sence of spasms. (See Epilepsy.)

Causes. ‘Tumors in the choroid plexus, and enlarge-
ment of the pineal gland.

Treatment. Merely palliative, by using a dutch collar,
so as not to interfere with the circulation of the blood
from the head,

Observe. In summer the horses subject to brain disease,
or fits of any kind, should not be used for family pur-
poses. In winter they will make useful animals.

Melanosis.—A variety of cancer peculiar to gray
horses, which turns white with age, and is caused by the
transfer of the coloring pigment from the skin to the

blood. (See Cancer.)

Melanoid.—(See Cancer and Tumors.)

Mesentery.—A membrane formed of two folds of the
peritoneum, between each of which there are numerous
glands, lacteals, lymphatics, arteries, veins and nerves. It
is called the mesentery, because it adheres to three lumbar
vertebree, and has the small intestines hanging to it. One
portion of it is called the mesocolon—supporter of the colon
—and another the mesorectum, which encloses the rectum.

Mesenterica.— Wasting of the mesentery is a disease
which is not very common to horses, although some clear-
ly marked cases are sometimes seen, characterized by wast-

160 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

ing of the body, weakness, and general debility of the whole
system. Bowels irregular, sometimes soft, at other times
hard, of a pale or straw color, and frequently of bad
smell. All that can be done is to keep the strength and
condition of the horse up by iron and gentian, so fre-
quently recommended throughout the book.

Metastasis.——A term denoting a change or shifting of
disease from one part of the body to another, as is well
illustrated in cases of rheumatism.

Moon Blindness.—(See Eye Diseases.)
Mortification.—Death of a part. (See Gangrene.)

Moribund.—A term in use, and applied when men or
animals are in a dying condition.

Mouth, Diseases of the.—These are but few; per-
haps the irregularities of the teeth are the most important.
So much is this the case, that from diseased or carious
teeth an affection arises, to many external appearances,
similar to glanders; and horses have accordingly been
destroyed, whereas, if a carious tooth, producing a stinking
discharge from the nose, had been removed, these appear-
ances would have passed off. ‘The edges of the teeth of
horses, at all ages, are apt to become sharp, and cut or
wound the inside of the mouth, and interfere with
mastication or chewing. When horses are off their feed
and losing flesh, it will be well to have the teeth examined.
To remedy any irregularity of the grinders, a rasp or file,
with a concave surface and long handle, is used to make
the teeth smooth and level. Wolf teeth are supernu-
merary, but do no injury to either the mouth or the eyes.

(1.) Scatp Mourn.—<Another simple affection of the
mouth, which is characterized by the horse slobbering or

MOUTH. 161

frothing from the mouth, as if salivated. In aggravated
cases fever is present.

Treatment. Give ten drops of the tincture of aconite root
in a little cold water three times in the day, for 48 hours,
and allow the horse to have a bucket of cold water sus-
pended or placed before him, to cool his mouth in.

TOOTH CHISEL, RASP AND HAMMER.

(2.) WounpDs OF THE ToneGuE.—Should be treated the
same way, but without the aconite. If the tongue is
nearly cut through, have the cut portion entirely removed.
The horse can do wonderfully well without a large part of
his tongue.

(3.) Buack TonevE.—This is not a disease, but the
effect of a simple and non-fatal affection, frequently treated
by bleeding, blistering and physicking—-destroying vitality,
and inducing mortification of the tongue, as well as of other
portions of the body.

(4.) ApuTHous THrusu.—Soreness of the mouth, with
white patches on the tongue, inside the cheeks and roof of
the mouth. In man, this condition of the mouth is called
stomatitis.

Causes. Bad condition of the stomach and dyspepsia.
Lt

162 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Treatment. Borax in powder, one ounce; molasses, three
ounces ; mix, and apply with a soft brush, or soft piece of
cloth. Give soft feed or cut grass. A few doses of sulphite
of soda, half an ounce to a dose, given for a few evenings,
will be all that is wanted. (See Lampas.)

The mouth is a favorite and convenient place for horse-
men to try the keenness of their pocket knives, when the
least pretext is offered.

The palatine artery is sometimes cut lengthwise; and
when that is the case, the bleeding, thus unnecessarily
induced, will not stop when it is wanted. Many plans
and contrivances are recommended, by individuals, to stop
such bleeding; but none are equal to a piece of iron or
kitchen-poker immersed, for a few minutes, in hot water,
and applied to the wound for a moment, which will at
once stop further loss of blood.

(5.) Parrot Mourn.—A malformation consisting in the
upper front teeth projecting over the lower ones. Young
horses are little inconvenienced by it, but not so with old
ones, when the teeth are long; for then the lower teeth
wound the soft palate of the upper jaw, especially when the
horse is eating. Keep the teeth short by the use of the file.

Mucous Membrane.—A thin lining of all the air-
passages ; so-called, because the surface is kept moist, with
a slimy matter, as referred to in the succeeding article.
When this mucus is altered in quantity and quality, and
when mucous-pus is poured out, disease is present. This
is seen in cases of cold, bronchitis, and inflammation of the
eyes, (which see.)

Mucus.—A thick, viscid substance, thrown out from
the mucous membrane, throughout the body.

Myalgia.—A term given to inflammation of a set of

NECROSIS. 163

muscles, and is applied, by some, to wasting of the mus-
cles, as is sometimes seen in sweenle.

Narcotics.— Medicines which act upon the nervous
system, diminishing its power and sensibility, and so re-
lieving inflammation, irritation, and pain. A medicine
capable of doing this, also contains the properties of an
anodyne, a sedative, soporific, carminative, and nauseant.

There are but few medicines possessing this power over
the horse, and these are, aconite, prussic acid, veratrum,
and, perhaps, lobelia. In my practice, nothing answers
the purpose so well as aconite. It is the great antiphlo-
gistic. Indeed, so great is its power, that in bronchitis,
inflammation of the lungs, feet, and bowels, or where there
is pain and fever, no remedy or remedies can compare with
this invaluable medicine in the treatment of diseases of
the horse. (See Medicines and Prescriptions.) —

Nasal Gleet.—A thin, transparent discharge from the
nose. (See Gleet.)

Navicular Disease.—This is a disease commonly
called coffin-joint lameness, and by some it is termed
grogginess. (See Foot Diseases.)

SS Pe

—— =
SRASVSS

= —= > = Sa

SSS SENS SS ys
Sy >

nk erie oe GVA

BONE HOLDER.

Necrosis.—This is a term given to a dead bone when
it is attached to a sound one. The difference between
caries and necrosis is this: Caries is present when the bone

164 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

is impaired only, and necrosis when the bone is entirely
dead, and its functions have entirely ceased. When a bone
has fallen into the condition of necrosis, its removal be-
comes as necessary as the removal of any other dead or

Lis

LISTON’S BONE FORCEPS.

foreign matter, in order that reparation and restoration of
the function be repaired, and a cure be made.

Nephritis,—A technical term applied to inflammation
of the kidneys, (which see.)

Nervousness.—F ew persons having the care of horses
have failed to observe in them, occasionally, a peculiar
excitability of disposition when any confusion and noise is
going on, and when being harnessed for work. The tail
becomes somewhat elevated, they move from one side of
the stall to the other, and pass manure from them repeat-
edly every few minutes, until one would think there was
nothing left in their bowels. These animals are usually
light bellied and poor feeders, but fleet and free goers, very
gay in saddle or harness, and much admired by persons not
versed in horse-flesh. They make excellent Sunday horses,
but poor every-day animals, as the constant excitement,
when at work, overdoes their physical powers. This con-
dition impairs the value of the horse very much.

Treatment. Keep nervous horses in a place by themselves,
where there is no noise or sound to disturb them, and have
no harness or saddles in the place with them, nor clean

NOSE. 165

harness or saddles where they are; for whenever a piece
of harness is seen in the hands of the groom, the animal
expects it to be put upon him—hence he gets excited, and
efforts are made to empty the bowels of their contents.
The harnessing or saddling should be the last thing done
before going out with such a horse, as it gives him no time
to empty the bowels and become excited. Ten grains of
opium, and a drachm or two of prepared chalk may be
given, either half an hour before going out, or after he
comes in. Such horses are more pleasant to drive, if this
be given. Stuffing cotton or wool in the ears also has a
good effect.

Neurotomy.—An operation for dividing the nerves of
feeling, as they enter the foot on both sides of the leg.
The operation is performed for the purpose of removing
pain from the foot in navicular disease. It has, however,
of late years fallen into disrepute on account of ignorant
men operating indiscriminately on feet of all forms and
shapes alike—in consequence of which no surprise should
have been expressed, when in some cases the feet ultimately
fell off.

Neurotomy should never be performed upon flat and
weak-footed horses, as they are easily bruised, and sup-
puration is set up, terminating in separation of the outer
and inner foot structures. Weak and flat-footed horses,
when sound, are careful how they put their feet upon hard
roads and paved streets ; but when deprived of all feeling
by the operation of neurotomy, they let their feet come
down on the ground with great force, so as to injure them,
resulting, as before stated, in the hoof falling off.

Nose, Diseases of the.—(See Cold, Catarrh, and
Bronchitis.)

166 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Numbness.—Loss of feeling in any part, usually
indicating disease of the brain, resulting in paralysis or
palsy.

Obesity.—This is a term applied to morbid or un-
healthy fatness. When this condition is in the mesentery,
it produces big belly ; in the liver, fatty liver ; in the heart,
fatty degeneration of that organ.

Causes.—Little or no work, or exercise disproportionate
between the amount of food taken and the waste.

Treatment.—Constant and regular work ; feed in small
bulk, oats instead of corn, and not much hay. To animals
inclining to take on too much fat and flesh, give a dose of
physic (see Aloes, Medicines and Prescriptions,) occasion-
ally, but do not bleed.

(Edema.—A term signifying soft but not inflammatory
swellings of various parts of the body, as a sequel to
debilitating diseases. These swellings contain serum
thrown out from the blood. ‘The treatment of this affec-
tion will be the removal of the exciting cause. (See
Dropsy.)

(Estromania,—This name is, by some called cestening,
which name is applied to mares and cows when desiring
the male.

Omentum.—A fold of the peritoneum, which hangs
down from the stomach, and is reflected on itself upwards
and backwards to the colon. It is in this where the great
deposition of fat takes place. The omentum is often
implicated in rupture.

Open Joints.—(See Broken Knees.)
Ophthalmia.—(See Eye Diseases.)
Ossification.—The formation of bone; but in the

PARALYSIS. 167

language of medical men it means a deposition of earthy
matter in the soft textures of the body where bone does
not exist. Thus, for instance, we speak of ossification of
the lateral cartilages of the foot, which form ring-bone.
We have ossification of the heart, arteries, and other parts
of the body.

Osteology.—A name used in speaking of the bony
system.

Osteoporosis.—This is a name given to big head. It
is incurabie.

Ostisis.—(See Splint.)

Overreach.—This is the consequence of driving faster
than the horse should go. The injury is generally done by
the edge of the inner rim of the shoe. Avoid the cause,
and treat the wound with the simple ointment. (See Pre-
scriptions and Medicines.)

Ozena.—(See Gleet.)

Palliatives.—Medicines given not to cure disease, but
to relieve the pain.

Paralysis, or Palsy.—Loss of the power of moving
in some parts of the body. Paralysis may be confined to
one leg or two legs; then it is called partial. When the
horse has lost the power of standing, and the four legs are
affected, then it is complete. Usually, however, in the
horse it is confined to the hind parts, or the haunches and
legs. Sometimes the paralyzed part is numb, at others the
sense of feeling remains.

_ Causes. Disease in the brain and spinal cord.

Treatment. If the patient is young, exercise patience and
time and nature will do a great deal in a disease of this

kind. The general health is to be kept up by good feeding

168 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

and tonic medicine—such as fifteen drops of the-tincture of
nux vomica, four times in the twenty-four hours. Turn
the horse from side to side twice in the day,and give
plenty of dry, clean bedding to prevent the skin from
sealding and peeling off—which is sometimes a source of
great irritation to the poor horse. The paralyzed parts
should be well rubbed with a stiff brush. Electricity has
been regarded as an advantage in this disease, but from
what I have seen, not much is to be expected from it.
The nux vomica offers, with good feeding and care, the
best chance for recovery. It must be remembered that
this is a nervous affection, and probably these diseases are
not so manageable, nor are they so easily cured, as other
affections of a different type.

Parotid Duct.—DisrexpEp.—This is a rare affection
in horses. It resembles a round ball attached to the edge
of the lower jaw; an elastic encysted tumor, or rather like
an encysted tumor. An incident, slightly illustrative of
appearance, occurred some time since. I was called in to
see a horse that proved to be so affected, and told the
gentleman that so Jong as the ball did not break, it would
do the horse no injury, and that I would not recommend
its removal ; whereupon he said he would give five hun-
dred dollars if the horse had another on the other side;
that then he would look like an Angora goat.

OPEN AND FistuLous.—This is a serious affection,
for with every movement of the jaw in chewing or
masticating the feed, the glands pour out the saliva which
should mix with the feed, and assist in the act of diges-
tion, and it is lost upon the ground. Theanimal becomes
thin of flesh, gets weak, and after a time dies a
miserable object.

PATELLA. 169

Causes. Injuries, or accident to the gland or its duct,
resulting in suppuration. From the mobility of the parts,
fistula is established.

Treatment. Few horse doctors or farmers can cure this
affection. An expert or accomplished surgeon is only able
to effect a cure, and this will be by closing the open or
fistulous duct, so that the saliva will, with the feed, find
its way into the stomach.

India rubber dissolved in chloroform, applied over the
mouth of the wound, when it is thoroughly dry, will stop
it for a few days. By continuing this application, a cure
in very many cases can be made.

Pathology.—A department of medical science which
treats of the causes and nature of disease, and of the
appearances of diseased parts when living or dead.

Patella, Dislocation of the.—This is a common
occurrence in high spirited, nervous and weakly horses.

Symptoms. ‘The horse stops, if at work, and throws up
his head, slightly bending the pastern of the dislocated leg,
and holding the leg back behind the body, being unable to
bring it under it. Fever and irritation sometimes ac-
company this accident, more especially if it is of rare
occurrence in the animal. ‘The oftener the patella has
been out, the less fever and irritation will be seen. There
are horses with which it is of frequent occurrence, and
happily for them, there is just as little trouble in putting
the leg in its place again; a crack of the whip will do it
sometimes. This isa serious objection in an otherwise fancy
horse. There is but one other affection of the hind leg
which can be mistaken for it, and that is cramp, (which see.)

Treatment. Remove the horse to a stable, attach a rope
to the pastern of the leg which is dislocated, carry the end

170 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

of the rope through a ring or over a beam at or about the
horge’s head, place the end of the rope in the hands of one
or two strong men—telling them not to pull till a man is
placed at the head of the horse to keep him steady—have
another man at the leg with one hand placed firmly on the
point of the hock-joint pulling towards himself, and the
other pushing firmly against the dislocated joint, then let
the men on the rope pull firmly and gently, till the foot
is brought fairly in under the horse’s body ; after which
the rope should be removed, and the horse kept quiet for
a day or two.

Pasterns.—(See Sprains.)

Pelvis.—The anatomical name for the lower part of
the abdomen or belly.

Pelvic Abscess—This condition is Sometimes seen
in weakly constitutioned mares within a few days after
foaling.

Symptom. In from one to four days one of the thighs
of the hind legs will be swollen, hot and painful, causing
the mare to shiver or appear chilly, not from cold, but
from the suppurative inflammatory action going on. The
milk will have most entirely ceased, and the colt will have
to be fed by the bottle as a child, or out of a bucket like
a calf, till the mare is cured and the milk returns. One
curious condition about pelvic abscess is, that although it _
suppurates, the abscess does not break usually on the
thigh, as it would be expected to do, but within an inch
or two from the haunch bone.

Treatment. The pus which has accumulated from so
large an abscess, does not discharge itself from the place of
opening, but burrows away down among the muscles of the
hip and thigh, down to within afew inches of the hock

PERITONITIS. ilegek

itself. Hence, the great secret in the treatment of pelvic
abscess is to make two free openings, one above, at the point
of the soft abscess, and the other within from four to six
inches of the hock on the outside of the thigh. Then take
a smooth elastic twig or a long piece of whalebone nicely
smoothed with sand-paper and introduce into the opening
above, and gently force it down to within an inch or so of
the lower opening. This being done, the pus will all dis-
charge itself from the lower hole. Then inject with a
small syringe, once a day, for a few days, about half a
tablespoonful of the following mixture: Oil of turpentine
and olive oil, equal parts. Keep the parts clean, feed the
mare and colt well, and leave nature to complete the cure.

Penis Hanging out.—This a serious defect, and is
the result of weakness and debility. The organ of gener-
ation is weak, the sheath swells, clasping the penis in its
grasp until it also becomes enlarged, and in most cases
will not draw into its place again, so that it must either
remain so or be cut off close to the prepuce or sheath.
This affection and the opposite conditions, Phymosis and
Paraphymosis, were very prevalent amongst the horses of
the army, in the late war.

Peristaltic.—A term applied to the serpentine motion
of the bowels, one portion contracting and forcing its
contents onward into the next.

Peritonitis.—Inflammation of the peritoneum, or the
serous membrane which lines the walls or inside of the
belly, characterized by great pain, and is the result of
accidents or injuries, and, at times, surgical operations.

Treatment. The same as for any disease of an exalted
kind, using aconite root, cold water and pure air, and
after the pain and fever have subsided, good feeding.

72 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Periosteum.—The thin pearly covering investing the
bone. It is the stretch of this membrane in cases of
splint which causes pain and lameness. (See Splint.)

Phagadena.—A name used in surgery, implying a
spreading and destructive ulcer, which spreads rapidly and
destroys the surrounding parts. ‘The true meaning of this
word is eating, and in its effects it is similar to what is
ealled, in domestic practice, hospital gangrene—a local,
spontaneous combustion, in which oil globules are poured
out in great quantity in and around the sore or ulcer.
These ulcers are common on the heels and legs of horses
after a severe winter. When on the heels, the ulcers are
taken by horsemen to be scratches. Phagadena does not
usually assume the form or appearance of a cut or scratch,
but is generally a flat, round or oval, and circumscribed
sore at first; the hair of the part stands on end, with
oil drops all over the surface, and in a few days the whole
of the skin and hair falls off, or a separation of the edges
of the sore will take place, and the skin and flesh of
the part will completely fall out, (called core,) leaving an
unhealthy-looking sore, with a white sanious fluid cover-
ing the whole of its surface. When the slough does not
take place, it is gradually eaten away, and in this case
leaves on the edges and surface of the sore a thin dirty-
colored-looking skin or membrane.

Causes. Bad habit of body, from impure blood, death of
the part from exposure of the heels in some mixture of
salt and snow. Cold drafts under stable doors.

Treatment. ‘The complete removal of all dead matter
belonging to the ulcer, and a thorough cleansing of its
inner surface. This is important, as it will not only be
rendered necessary as a measure of cure, but as a surety
against it spreading further up the leg or heels. Then

PHYSICKING, eS

sprinkle the edges and inner surface twice in the day, for
a day or two with powdered blue stone to destroy the
unhealthy surface and hasten a red surface, or the granu-
latory process by which the hole will be speedily filled up
again. Complete the cure by sprinkling powdered loaf
sugar over the sore twice im the twenty-four hours.
Support the strength of the horse by good and generous
diet. (See Scratches and Frost Bites.)

Phlebitis.—A name given to inflammation of the vein
after bleeding, characterized by swelling and cording of
the vein. (See Jugular Vein.)

Phlegmasia Dolens,—A name given to one leg when
swelled to a great extent from plugging of the blood
vessels of the leg with plastic matter poured into them
from the blood. (See Grease.)

Phrenitis.—One of the many diseases of the brain
characterized by the horse becoming unmanageable—a
variety of staggers, or it may be of inflammation of the
brain itself, and is incurable.

Physiology.—A branch of medical science treating of
the life and functions of organized bodies.

Physicking.—In England, and in some parts of the
European continent, a person who does not know how to
physic a horse, whether sick or well, is not considered fit
to take care of horses. In the United States, the man who
knows all about, and recommends physicking under almost
any circumstances, should not be permitted even to take a
horse by the head, much less to take care of horses not his
own. In an extensive practice of many years, 1 do not
recollect a half dozen times, when I either gave or recom-
mended a horse to be physicked; and no man can show

174 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

equal success in the treatment of diseases of horses and
cattle, let his mode of practice be what it may. Remember,
when the bowels are opened, and emptied of their contents,
an important pillar has been taken from under the animal
structure. Show mea European book on the diseases of
animals, which does not recommend and minutely describe
how to physic a horse, and I will show you a city without
walls, without a church, or gymnasium. In this connec-
tion, I am sorry to say, that our American authors, on
animal diseases, have copied too closely from European
practice, which is utterly unfit for this country, climate
and the constitution of all our domestic animals.

Pleurisy.—Inflammation of the serous membrane
covering the lungs, and lining the sides of the chest. (See
Lung Diseases.)

Pleuro-pneumonia.—Inflammation of the covering
and substance of the lungs and chest.

Pleurodynia.—This is a rheumatic affection of the
intercostal muscles, differing from pleurisy, from there
being no constitutional disturbance, little fever, and no
inflammation. It is treated with a dose or two of the
tincture of aconite root given internally, and mustard and
a little vinegar rubbed into the muscles of the sides, be-
hind the shoulder.

Plethora,—Fullness of blood. (See Obesity.)
Pneumonia.—Inflammation of the lungs, (which see.)

Poisons.—These act differently in destroying life.
They are derived from the organic and inorganic kingdoms,
and their effects are either local or remote, Poisons may be
taken into the stomach, inhaled in the form of sulphuretted
hydrogen, communicated through the skin, as from the bite

POISONS. 175

of a poisonous animal, or absorbed from wounds. (See
Glanders.) Poisons act in one of three ways:

(1.) Irrirant Poisons are those poisons the symptoms
of which are inflammation, irritation, and pain. Examples
—arsenic, bi-chloride of mercury, lead, baryta, copper, and
the Spanish fly.

Treatment. The plan to be adopted in this class of
poisons in the horse is: Give him large quantities of the
white of eggs, milk, linseed oil; and remove the poison as
speedily as possible by giving large quantities of linseed
oil—say two quarts. The horse cannot vomit; hence, it is
difficult to procure a prompt evacuation of the stomach.
If the pain be great, give aconite to subdue it, and to keep
down inflammation and sympathetic fever.

(2.) Narcotic Potsons.—Poisons which act on the
brain and nervous centres, producing stupidity or coma.

Treatment. Give four grains of strychnia nux vomica in
a few pints of gruel made with vinegar. Keep the horse
walking around, and place chopped ice in a bag, and put
it on the forehead.

(3.) Narcotic AcripD Poisons.—Poisons acting as the
above, and causing irritation, inflammation, fever, and pain.
Examples of this class are, nux vomica and veratria.

Treatment. Aconite will not only relieve the pain, but is
an excellent antidote for strychnia; and for aconite,
strychnia may be given with advantage in cases of this
variety of poisoning.

Poisoning from lead and copper is most frequent in the
country, or in the vicinity of lead and copper-smelting
works, or in pastures where manure from large towns and
cities is spread, or on farms where the water is conveyed in
leaden pipes, or is kept in troughs and cisterns lined with
lead. Pieces of lime and nails, or scraps of iron finding

176 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

their way into leaden troughs, cause oxidation of the lead,
forming sugar of lead—a bad poison. Not long since,
heavy damages were awarded a farmer who had lost several
head of cows from lead poisoning, occasioned by the spray
of leaden bullets shot against a stone wall by a rifle, or
military company—the fringes of lead spread upon the
grass being converted into the sugar, or oxide of that metal,
and the cows gathering it with the pasture.

Treatment. Give large doses of white of eggs, and linseed
oil, in either lead or copper poisoning, to shield the coats
of the stomach and bowels, and to remove it from the body
altogether. Happily for his owner, large quantities of
poisonous materials are necessary to destroy the life of the
horse. Materials which will destroy man, dog, and the
pig, will not, in many instances, have any effect on the
horse, sheep, and cattle. Antimony, an active and deadly
poison, when given to omnivorous animals, has no more
effect in a poisonous point of view than the same quantity
of earth, when given to herbivorous animals. Hence,
tartar emetic is now no longer used as a nauseant in the
treatment of horses and cattle, when laboring under lung
diseases, however useful it is in the same diseases in man
and the dog.

Poll-Evil.—This affection of the back part of the head
is well known to horsemen, without much of a description
being given. It consists in suppurative inflammation
forming pus in the form of a simple abscess, or in the form
of fistula, (which see.)

Cause. Injury tothe part, or disease of the bone.

Treatment. As soon as the swelling has become a little
soft, have it opened without delay, before the pus has time
to burrow down among the bones of the neck, and cause
disease in them. Make the opening large and deep enough,

POLL-EVIL. 177

so as to admit three fingers, that the abscess can be swabbed
out with a piece of sponge or cloth tied on the end of a
stick, to remove the pus. This will have to be done twice
in the day, till no more pus can be brought out.

WOUND DILATER AND ENIFE,

Occasionally syringe or squirt cold water into the sore,
and swab it out again, till completely dry. Then apply
the following, once in a day, with a swab: Creosote, one
ounce; oil of olives, two ounces ; oil of turpentine, one
ounce; mix. In applying the mixture do not use the
swab too freely, as it may break down the granulations
or the healing processes that are springing up to fill the
hole or cavity, and thereby prevent a perfect cure.

When poll-evil is the result of diseased bone, and par-
takes of a fistulous character, it will not be so easily healed
or cured; for the underlying bone being carious, and
becoming necrosed, before exfoliation or separation of the
dead bone takes place the horse may he dead—the process
taking years to perfect itself. And when it is cured, there
is usually a stiff neck remaining ever after. ‘Ten drops of
sulphuric acid poured in the fistulous opening of the

12

178 DISEASES OF THE HORSE,

swelling or sore will hasten recovery very much and in
many cases effect a good and speedy cure. Once a day
will be often enough, and if there be more than one fistu-
lous opening, drop the acid into one to-day and the other
to-morrow, and continue from day to day, till each and
every opening ceases to discharge a whitish gray matter,
and a dry-looking opening is presented. Afterwards, use
a solution of the sulphate of zinc: one drachm of the zine
to four ounces of water, will answer the purpose. Horses
having sores of all kinds on their body should be well fed
and cared for.

Poly pi.—These are diseased enlargements, which grow
upon the mucous membranes of the nose and ear, and in
the uterus or womb of mares.

Treatment. If they are small, they are cured by touching
them with a stick of caustic potassa; if large, cut them off
with a sharp knife or scissors,and apply a weak solution
of blue stone to the sore till it is healed.

Predisposing Causes,—Causes which render an
animal susceptible to disease. For example, a young horse
standing in the stable from day to day becomes predisposed
to disease of the throat and lungs, when put to any exer-
tion. Old age is a predisposing cause of disease. Some
animals, as well as men, are more disposed to disease than
others. From their temperament, and certain conditions
of the solids and the fluids of the body, the body is more
susceptible to what is called a predisposing cause.

Prick of the Foot.—(See Foot Diseases.)

Probang.—This is one of twoinstruments. One is for
forcing obstructions down the gullet in cases of choking,
and the other an instrument used in giving to horses, etc.,

PRURIGO. 179

medicine in a solid form or in the form of a ball or bolus.
For the former purpose a stout handle of a common cane
whip will answer, and for the latter an instrument shown
in the following cut is the best in use.

MOYER’S PATENT PROBANG.

Procidenta.—A term used to denote the falling down
of the womb, or foal bed in brood mares. This affection
is very common in milch cows; not so in mares.

Prognosis.—The foretelling the course and event of
a disease, from its symptoms. Prognosis may be favora-
ble or unfavorable. Nothing can so well distinguish the
scientific veterinary surgeon from the blockhead in such
matters as correct prognosis.

Prophylactics.—Is a term applied to the means
made, or adopted, for the preservation of health, and the
prevention of disease.

Proud Flesh.—A common name applied to hasty
granulations in a sore or wound, which present a fungous
appearance. ‘lo cure and prevent this, sprinkle a little
white sugar, powdered blue stone, or a little red precipitate
on the surface.

Prurigo.—An itchiness of the skin, which is best

treated by the sulphite of soda, in half ounce doses, given
every night in cut feed, for a week. (See Skin Diseases.)

180 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Pulse.—This is the stroke or beat of an artery, conse-
quent upon its alternate dilation and contraction caused by
the action of the heart. The pulse is subject to many
variations, even not depending upon disease. It is also
liable to changes from temporary excitement, as from se-
vere heat, etc. Medicines act upon the circulation, and
consequently change the beat and character of the pulse.
If the disease be debility, diffusible stimulants will be
required to raise the pulse; and in order to depress the
circulation, as in inflammation and fever, nauseants are
indicated, such as aconite and veratrum. (See Pulse, in
Introductory Remarks.)

Puncture.—Wounds inflicted with a sharp-pointed
tool, as a staple or hay fork, ete. Punctured wounds are
dangerous, depending upon their depth and locality, and
should be treated by free openings from the bottom of the
wound, to allow the exposed fluids to escape. ‘The parts
should be dressed with simple ointment. (See Medicines
and Prescriptions.) 7

Purgatives.—A class of medicines capable of cleans-
ing or emptying the bowels. Purgatives are distinguished
from laxatives, only in the quantity given. Six to eight
drachms of aloes will act as a purgative, and two to three
drachms will act as a laxative. When laxativesare neces-
sary, repeat at distant intervals.

Purpura.—This is a disease which is but rarely seen,
and consists in the surface of the whole body and legs
being covered with pimples, or small boils, which discharge
a livid or purple-colored fluid. The animal is very much
debilitated; and, accompanied with sympathetic fever, we
not unfrequently see swellings of the head and parts of the
body, with the legs very thick, and the same colored fluid

PUTREFACTION. 181

oozing out of them. Invariably the horse is scarcely able
to move. The worst form of this disease ist he purpura
hemoragica, or bleeding purpura. The small boils are
the result of extravasation from the minute blood vessels
under the skin.

Cause. Venous congestion of the whole surface of the
body, and, possibly, a deterioration of the blood itself.

Treatment. Support the strength, to keep off typhoid
symptoms; enrich the blood, and attend to the surface
sores. For this purpose, give the following powders, night
and morning: Powdered sulphate of iron, three ounces ;
gentian root, two ounces and a half; carbonate of ammenia,
four ounces. Mix, and divide into twelve powders, one to
be given twice in the day. Give, occasionally, forty to
sixty drops of commercial sulphuric acid in a bucket of
cold water. Feed the horse well, and apply to the sores
olive oil, three ounces ; and creosote, one ounce ; once every
second day, and wash the sores twice a week. Horses once
attacked by this disease are ever after liable to it.

Pus.—This is the material found in abscesses. Pus
may be healthy, or laudable, as it is called. Unhealthy,
when it is mixed with blood and has a stinking smell.
Healthy pus is of the thickness and color of cream, and
is insoluble in water.

Putrefaction,—Certain diseases are regarded as putrid,
where the discharges have a black appearance, and putrid
smell. When weakness and debility are present, putrid
ulcers spread rapidly. The treatment of putrefaction, in a
living animal, should be directed to laying open the sores,
so as to get rid of the putrid discharge before it is absorbed
into the circulation. Then wash immediately with the
solution of the chloride of lime, after which dress the sores

182 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

with equal parts of olive oil and creosote, and sprinkle
them with powdered charcoal. Furnish the horse with
good feed to support the strength, and give sulphate of iron
and gentian root, two drachms each, night and morning.

Putrid Fever.—(See Typhosus.)

Pyemia,—This is a term signifying pus in the blood,
acting and setting up fermentation. Examples: Tuber-
cles in the lungs, glanders, farcy, and grease. (All of
which see.)

Quack Medicines.—These are medicines prepared
according to private or secret receipts, and are puffed up
in newspapers, and private circulars, as infallible cures for
most all diseases which can be named, in either man or
beast ; either for external application, or internal adminis-
tration. No subject in medicine has been more fully ex-
posed than the great and absurd pretensions of these
medicines. But, notwithstanding all this, the credulity of
even the best ‘class of society is great, the readiest victims
being found among them. It surely requires no argument
to show how dangerous must be the indiscriminate use of
powerful drugs when compounded by parties who likely
never had the slightest opportunity to acquire a medical
education, and why such persons cannot cure, by their
remedies, diseases which are, or may be, deemed incurable,
and have defied the most consummate skill and experience
of the veterinary medical world.

Quinsy.—A name given tosore throat. (See Distem-
per and Influenza.)

Quittor.—This term is used in England for a disease
in the foot of a fistulous character. (See Foot Diseases.)

RESPIRATION 183

“QuITTOR SYRINGE, WITH RINGS. TO BE USED WITH ONE HAND.”

Rabies.—(See Hydrophobia.)

Rachitis.—A disease of the bones of young animals,
due to a deficiency of earthy matter, (lime,) which causes
the bones to yield, being too soft. In colts of the first
year, some will be observed to stand so close at the knees,
that one joint touches the other, which gives the fore legs
a curious-looking twist, with the feet turned out, and the
knees bent in. Colts so affected soon get well when they
are supplied with good, nutritious food, in which the
phosphate of lime predominates. achitis, (pronounced
racketis,) in old horses, is seldom seen; and when it is, it
is in the bones of the back or lumbar vertebre, is char-
acterized by swellings of an irregular kind, with water
oozing from them, and is called hydro-rachitis or spina-
bifida. Horses so affected are not fit for work with
weight upon the back. (See Deformities.)

Resolution,—This is the most favorable termination
of inflammation, and leaves the inflamed part in the same
state or condition in which it was before it was attacked.

Respiration.—The alternate inspiration and expira-
tion of air, performed for the purpose of exchanging the
hydrogen and carbon for oxygen. The air being brought
in contact with the blood, as it circulates through the
lungs, the oxygen unites with it, and the nitrogen and
carbonic acid gas are returned by expiration. The oxygen
and some of the inhaled air is united in the lungs with

184 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

free hydrogen, which is given out from the lungs, and is
readily seen issuing from the nostrils on a frosty morning,
or when the thermometer is about 40°.

Revulsion.—A second attack of disease, but in a re-
mote or different part of the body from which the first
attack had itsseat. Kxample: If an eruption, or the ab-
scess of strangles be repelled from the outside of the body,
we will find itattacking an internal organ. (See Metastasis.)

Rheumatism.—In no disease of the horse are there so
many errors and mistakes committed ; not only as to the
nature of the affection, but its mode of treatment. Horse-
men and horse doctors have not yet learned that there is a
difference between rheumatism and FOUNDER, whether
acute or chronic, and how to distinguish one from the
other. The difference between acute or inflammatory
rheumatism and acute founder is this: In rheumatism
there is not only pain, but great fever and excitement, and
its seat is in the joints of the legs; in founder, we have
pain, but no fever, and the disease is confined to the feet
alone. (See Laminitis.)

In chronic rheumatism there may be some excuse for
such mistakes, as there is no fever; but there is an inabil-
ity to move, as if the horse was sprained over the loins.
(See Lumbago.)

(1.) AcurE RaEuMATISM.—Nothing else but what is
called (when man is the subject,) rheumatic fever.

Symptoms. Great fever, excitement and irritation, with
extreme pain in the legs and joints; so much so, that the
stricken horse has not a leg fit to stand upon, and dares
not move from the place he occupies, from fear of falling
to the ground. In connection with all this disturbance,
the horse sweats profusely, and blows or breathes excitedly,

RHEUMATISM. 185

having no heat in the feet, as in founder. It will be well
to remember this, in forming a correct opinion of the case.
In severe cases, the whole of the muscles of the body are
set to quivering, clearly indicating inflammatory rheuma-
tism in full force and degree.

Causes. Sudden . check to perspiration, by placing
heated horses in a current or draught of cold air, thus
preventing the transudation through the skin of its formed
and natural secretion, which being absorbed by the blood,
and acting as a poison, produces inflammation in the sheaths
of the tendons, and of the fibrous parts or tissue.

Treatment. ‘The treatment of acute rheumatism is some-
times unsatisfactory ; not that it is incurable, but from the
fact that the medicines which frequently cure one will not
cure other cases. ;

Give twenty-five drops of the tincture of aconite root
every four hours, till six doses are given. Place the horse
in a cool, airy place, with plenty of bédding under him, so
as to induce him to lie down; then lightly cover the body
and apply cold water swabs or loose cloths to the legs,
keeping them continually wet, from twelve to twenty-
four hours. In winter, warm water will answer best. By
the time the six doses of aconite have been taken, a great
change for the better will have taken place; so much so,
that, in many cases, the horse may be left to nature to
complete the cure. But, on the other hand, should the
disease take a chronic form, give drachm doses of the pow-
dered meadow saffron seeds twice in the day, and occasional
doses of sixty drops of sulphuric acid in half a bucket of
cold water. Halfounce doses of the sulphite of soda may
be given asan alkali. Do not bleed or purge.

(2.) CHrRonic RHEUMATISM.—I have no hesitation in
saying that chronic rheumatism in a joint is one of the

186 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

most prolific causes of occult or hidden lameness in horses ;
while this is so, when there are no swellings to point to as
a proof of the correctness of your opinion, many will
question your judgment. But it is with this, as with
many things in the world—time only being required for a
thorough development of the fact.

Treatwent of Chronic Rheumatism. Give a few doses of
aconite root, followed by the colchicum or saffron seeds, the
sulphuric acid and the alkaline, as is recommended in
acute rheumatism, but not pushing them to such an ac-
tive extent. A liniment may be applied to the rheumatic
joint or joints composed of chloroform and olive oil, equal
parts, to be used once a day, with friction by the hand.
One part of the tincture of aconite root, may, in addition,
be used to advantage with the chloroform.

(3.) RHEUMATISM.—Accompanying Diseases of the
Throat. ‘This combination is often met with, which is due
to the fact that the same serous or fibrous tissue or mem-
brane is affected in each of the diseases. Nevertheless, we
do not see cases of throat disease following rheumatism ;
from which we derive the fact that those membranes are
not capable of reflecting upwards and backwards their
sympathy or feeling, as the nerves of the body are. 5o,
therefore, I am inclined to the belief that rheumatism in
this form, is the effect of disease in the throat, and not a
cause of the disease.

Treatment. Cure the disease in the throat, and the
rheumatism will be deprived of its cause and support.
(See Influenza and Gastritis Mucosa.)

Ring-Bone.—This is a serious affection, and consists
of a circle of bone thrown out from the underlying bone.
Sometimes, in addition to this, the cartilages of the foot are
converted into bone, and laid in the form of a circle; and

ROARING. 187

hence its name, ring-bone. It is most common in thie fore
legs of heavy, coarse-bred herses, with short and straight
up pastern-joints. When it occurs in fine-bred horses, it
is usually the hind leg which is affected. Ring-bone does
not always cause lameness.

Cause. Hereditary predisposition, from a peculiar for-
mation of pastern-joints, which are found not well adapted
to hard work ; and hence, an effort of nature is set up to
strengthen parts which are too weak, by converting an
elastic substance into a hard and unyielding mass, and a
moving hinge into a fixture.

Treatment. If it is of recent origin, and the horse is
young, much may be done in the way of a cure, by first
removing all heat and inflammation with cold water cloths
wrapped round the parts for three days, taking them off
at night. At the end of that time, get one drachm of the
bin-iodide of mercury, mix with one ounce of lard, and
apply one-half of the salve by rubbing it in well for ten
minutes. ‘Tie up the horse’s head for a few hours, and
the next day wash off with soap and warm water, daily
anointing the parts with lard or oil for a week ; then apply
the remainder of the salve in the same way,and proceed
as before. In old horses, not much can be done with ring-
bone, as the bones.of old animals contain so much earthy
(lime) matter that nothing can act upon it.

Ringworm.—(Scee Skin Diseases.)

Roaring.—A_ noise made by some horses when put to
work. ‘There are many different sounds produced from
the same cause, and they are incurable, except when de-
pending upon the presence of tumors, which can be
removed. Roaring can be relieved somewhat by placing
pads over the faulty nostril. When very bad, an operation

188 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

ealled tracheotomy

an opening into the windpipe, and
keeping a silver tube inserted in it—is sometimes resorted
to. By this means, a draught horse can be kept at work
for many years.

Round Bone.—(See Hip-joint.)

Rowels.—An old-fashioned operation, consisting in an
opening made through the skin for a few inches in length,
the skin being raised from its attachments, and a piece of
leather fitting the cavity placed into it, so that a discharge
is set up in a day or two. Times were when this unneces-
sary cruelty was frequently inflicted upon the poor un-
offending horse, but in this humane and _ progressive age,
we only occasionally meet with the barbarity. Rowels are
an abomination, and inflict a scar or blemish, which never
leaves the part. The stupidity and ignorance of horse
doctors generally, do not allow them tosee that the powers
of nature are more potent for good in curing the affection
than a rowel—to which is attributed a power or virtue it
never possesses. If I should put in a rowel, it would not
be with the view of curing disease or sprain, but simply
to secure the horse plenty of time in the stable, so that
nature could cure the disease herself.

Ruptures.—The protrusion of some portion of the
bowels or intestines out of their proper place. The groin,
the navel, sides of the belly, and scrotum, or testicle bag,
are the places where ruptures usually show themselves,
and it is the variety of situation that gives rise to the
many species of rupture or hernia.

(1.) Ineauinat Ruprure.—In the United States, the
horses are mostly all castrated, which fact accounts for the
rare occurrence of this variety of rupture. The operation
of castration completely closes the inguinal ring or opening

RUPTURES. 189

through which pass the spermatic cord, testes, ete., thus
preventing the possibility of rupture in that direction.
When this kind of rupture takes place, it is in stallions
and uncastrated colts, and requires for its cure the castra-
tion of the horse or colt by what is called the covered opera-
tion, that is, by leaving the tunica vaginalis, or inner
covering of the testes entire and uncut, and placing the
clamps over it, allowing the testes or stones to fall off, or
be removed in two days from the time of operation. As
soon as this kind of rupture is observed, have the horse or
colt castrated at once.

(2.) Scrorat Ruprure.—This variety of rupture, en-
tirely confined to the testicle bag, or scrotal sac, is also the
affection of uncut horses, and is caused by relaxation of
the fibrous tissue around the inguinal ring. This is a kind
of rupture which comes and goes, as if it were an inter-
mittent affection. The rupture, or large swelling, during
rest will entirely disappear, and return during exercise,
sometimes with violence, throwing the horse, perhaps, into
a fit of colic, and inducing strangulation and death of the
horse. Scrotal rupture is sometimes confined to one side
only of the scrotum. If in time the animal should not die
from strangulation of the bowel, the rupture will some-
times increase to an enormous size, hanging far down, and
filling up the space in and between the hind legs.

Treatment. 'Thesameas for inguinal hernia. Of course,
in both cases, care should first be taken to push back the
bowels through the ring into the belly, before removing
the testicles. Scrotal rupture should not be confounded
with hydrocele, or water in the scrotal sac. (See Dropsy.)

(3.) CONGENITAL RupturRE.—This is a species of rup-
ture observed at the birth of the foal or colt, and is the
least dangerous of all the varieties of ruptures, although

190 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

the rupture continues to grow and increase in size until
the fourth to the sixth month of the colt’s age, and then
gradually and progressively disappears altogether. If,
however, it should not at the end of that time diminish in
size and volume, a tolerably stout and tight collar or
bandage may be placed around the body, covering the
rupture. This band should be kept in place by a broad
collar or cloth attached to each side of the body bandage,
and passing in front of the breast, with another round the
back parts of the hips—thus preventing a backward or
forward movement of the body bandage.

If rupture should occur in a few days after the birth of
the colt, it should, to all intents and purposes, be classed
as congenital rupture, and be treated accordingly.

Congenital rupture is the same as what is called by
some writers umbilical rupture, which is correct as far as
it goes; but congenital rupture includes not only the navel,
but the scrotal also. ‘The navel variety can be most suc-
cessfully treated by letting it alone; or, in some cases, by
the application of a bandage. When, however, in the
scrotum, castration is the only cure, and a bandage in this
case would not only be useless, but hurtful to the colt.

(4.) Venrrat Ruprure.—This is when the bowel pro-
trudes through any part of the belly, excepting at the
umbilicus or navel, or any natural opening, and is generally
the result of injury or accident, as from a hook from the
horn of a cow, or the kick of a horse. The common place
‘where this kind of rupture is usually seen, is on the lower
portion of the belly, between the ribs and at the flanks.

Symptoms. A large, puffy swelling which can be lessened
in size and forced into the cavity of the belly again, by
merely pressing against it. The skin will be loose when
the bowel is thus pushed in; and when the pressure has

RUPTURES. 191

ceased, the enlargement or swelling returns at once, and
fills up the loose skin.

Treatment. In most cases, let the enlargement alone;
as, in nearly all instances, no inconvenience from it will be
experienced by the horse. The only way to reduce such a
rupture is, by gathering and holding the loose skin, and
covering the rupture after the bowel has been pushed into
its place, by means of long clamps, like a long vise, till the
skin falls off. This cure is worse than the affection it is
intended to remedy ; for by breaking the skin the bowels
are exposed to the air and the uncertainty of the edges of
the skin uniting firmly together. This is frequently, also,
more than can be expected, as the horse is not a rational
being, and cannot be told to stand this or that wav, in this
or that position. If he experiences any pain, he will
become restless, and lie down, and roll ; and then what of
the nicely adjusted clamps? In short, the horse will die
in a few hours.

(5.) RuptrureE.—Of Castration. This variety of rupture
sometimes follows immediately, or a few days, after the
operation of castration.

Causes. When the rupture occurs as soon as the horse
rises from the operation, it is produced by the violence of
the struggling, or rising with too much of a jerk. When
occurring a few days after the operation, the cause may be
laid to the wound not healing and uniting properly.

Symptoms. As in colic; the horse rising, lying down,
pawing, rolling, sweating ; high fever and inflammation ;
and, finally, gangrene, or mortification of the parts, and
death of the horse.

General Remarks. The termination of ruptures of all
kinds and varieties most to be dreaded, is that condition
known as strangulation, which occurrence is indicated by

192 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

the pawing, rolling, sweating and restive condition of the
horse, ete. If not relieved in a very short time, he will
die. ‘To reduce strangulation, he must be secured, and
fastened ; and all conceivable ingenuity must be exercised
to get the bowels back into their proper place. No rule
can be laid down to accomplish this, as some ruptures are
reducible, and others are not. But the hands of the
operator must be well oiled when handling the bowels, and
the bowels kept scrupulously clean; and when they have
been successfully placed into their proper cavity, the horse
will be at rest, and relieved from pain. ‘To prevent the
bowels from returning again, the rupture must be closed by
skewers made of iron, or stiff wood, passed through the
lips of each side of the wound, half an inch from the edge,
with waxed cord wound round and over the skewers, in
the form of the figure 8.

Metallic or silver wire is used by scientific veterinary
surgeons in securing the edges of the skin of ruptures and
injuries to the belly of all domestic animals, as the best and
most successful plan.

Ruptures of the stomach, bowels and diaphragm, are

occasionally the immediate cause of death in cases of colic.
(‘See Hock, etc.)

——

NEEDLE WITH FIXED HANDLE,

NEEDLE ARMED WITH WIRE.

Saddle Galls.—Sores produced by the saddle and
other portions of the harness, and are best treated by the

SALIVATION. 193

compound tincture of aloes. When the sores become hard
and firm, like warts, use the ointment of iodide of mercury.
(See Medicines and Prescriptions.) Remove the cause of
the trouble by attending to the saddle and harness ; and if
no fault be found with the stuffing of the saddle, cut a hole
in the padding sufficiently large to accommodate the sore
without touching it.

Sallenders.—(See Mallenders.)

Saliva.—A fluid secreted by the salivary glands, which
serves to moisten the mouth, and is swallowed with the
food. When horses are feeding, the saliva mixes with the
feed, and resolves, dissolves, and changes it into a soft mass
fit to be swallowed, (See Parotid Duct.)

Salivation.—This is an increased flow of saliva in-
duced in the horse by mercury and other medicines, and is
often seen in horses feeding upon the second crop of clover
late in the fall of the year, or after slight frosts; which
fact sufficiently accounts not only for the salivation of, but
also affords the reason why horses so feeding lose flesh and
become thin and weak, although apparently feeding upon
abundance.

Second crop clover grows fast, is soft, and full of moisture,
while the cool nights arrest its mush room growth, and the
moisture it contains in great quantity is converted fzom a
sweet and nutritious substance into a sour and acidulous
fluid, not unlike vinegar or aceticacid. The acid so formed
within the clover leaf and stem is pressed out by the act
of mastication or chewing, stimulating the fauces of the
mouth and the salivary glands toa great extent and taxing
the substance of the body for the saliva to meet an enor-
mous demand. Hence, the weakness and loss of flesh of
horses so fed.

13

194 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Sand Cracks.—(See Foot Diseases.)

Sanious Pus.—Pus mixed with water and blood ;—.
unhealthy pus.

Scalds.—(See Burns.)
Scald Mouth.—(See Mouth Diseases.)

Scarlatina.—A. disease newly discovered in light-
colored horses, attended by sore throat, as in man, and
with slight fever and dry skin—the glands of the neck are
slightly swollen, and in about two days the lining mem-
branes within the nose and lips become studded with scarlet
spots about the size of a garden pea, which run together.
In light bay horses will be seen patches from which the
hair falls off and is replaced by a coat of a lighter color,
thus making the animal look asif he had had an attack
of varioloid or small-pox. Scarlatina is an eruptive fever,
running a fixed and definite course, and is closely allied to
purpura, influenza and strangles, (all of which see.)

Treatment. Place the horse in a cool place, and give
small doses of aconite, followed by gentian and carbonate
of ammonia. In a few days iron may be added. (See

Medicines.)
Scratches.—(See Grease, Phagadena, and Frost Bites.)

Schirrus.—Pronounced skirrus, and signifying indura-
tion or hardening of any structure, but now used only
when speaking of cancer.

Scouring.—(See Diarrhcea.)

Scrotum.—The bag or skin covering the testicles of
the stallion, which is the seat of large watery swellings, as
a sequel to debilitating disease, or disease treated by
starving, bleeding, ete. If the swelling does not grow less

SEROUS ABSCESS. 195

after extra feed is allowed, and afew iron powders are
given, the scrotum will have to be opened a little on both
sides to allow the fluid to flow out. Do not mistake the
swelling for scrotal rupture. (See Ruptures.)

Scurf,—A scaly eruption on the skin of badly-groomed
and cared-for horses. It is cured by good grooming, good
feeding, and, in some cases, a change in stabling.

Secretion.—The product secreted or separated from
the blood. Secreted products are of two kinds:

(1.) Eweretion, or matter separated by animal bodies,
and thrown off on account of their noxious or effete
qualities. Examples—the urine, the dung, sweat, and
carbonic acid gas from the lungs.

(2.) Secretion is matter separated from the blood for
further use, and for the performance of various actions In
the living system. Examples—bile, saliva, ete.

Sedatives.— Medicines which lessen pain, and should,
therefore, be called calmatives. Aconite is the most cer-
tain and successful sedative and calmative we have to offer,
and will seldom disappoint the highest expectations, if
used properly, and in good time.

Serum.—The thin, colorless fluid which separates
from the blood.

Serous Abscess.—A variety of abscess seen usually
about the breasts of horses. It arises from injury followed
by the pouring of a serum from the blood into the injured
part, which, not being absorbed readily, remains there in
the form of a large ovoid flattened bag. A blind man,
who never saw a tumor, could tell that it contained fluid.
Indeed, wherever dropsical swellings are not absorbed, a
serous abscess will be formed.

196 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Treatment. Open it with a knife, making a large open-
ing through the skin, only at the lowest soft part, so the
serum will run out without pressing. Inject once or twice
with cold water, and anoint the skin with lard to prevent
it from cracking or becoming dry.

Seton.—A piece of tape placed under the skin by
means of a needle, made for the purpose. Setons are rare-
ly of use, and are often torn violently out, making an ugly
sore.

Shivers.—So called because the horse is seized with
tremor of the muscles of the whole body, when any attempt
is made to push him back. ‘The tail is erect as in cases
of locked-jaw.

Causes. Tumors on the ventricles of the brain.

Shoeing of Sound Feet.—Most diseases of the feet,
and every stumble, are, either directly or indirectly, the
result of bad shoeing. Horse-shoers have long been in
the habit of using the knife and rasp too freely to keep
feet sound very long so. When the shoe is carefully re-
moved, the wall or crust, where a well seated shoe should
only rest, should be gently rasped to remove fragments of
loose horn and old nails. In deep, well-made feet, the
sole requires paring out till it is in the form of a cup, but
not too thin—the bearing surface, or wall, to be made
level for the new shoe. This is all that is required in a
sound foot. The frog must be left to fill its functions.
Above all, do not let the rasp be used upon the surface of
the foot, for it is the skin of the hoof, and by its removal
you expose it to every change in moisture and dryness,
and leave it weak, dry, porous and brittle.

The shoe should be a plain one, equally broad and wide
from heel to toe, and put on without seating ; for why

SHOULDER LAMENESS. 197

bring a concave foot in contact witha concave shoe? The
toe should be slightly turned up, and not too short at the
heels. ‘The hind shoes should be provided with heels.

The nail holes should be three on the outside, and two
on the inside, and made straight through the iron, and not
incline inwards, and the shoe fitted to the foot, and not the
foot to the shoe.

Dray horses should be shod with tips, or toes and heels,
which secure firmness of tread, and greater power when
drawing heavy loads, especially in cities with smooth paved
streets.

SHOEING UnsounpD FEEt.—Feet with corns, weak, flat
feet, convexed sole, and sand or quarter cracked feet, should
have shoes well-seated: and it is advisable to throw some
extra weight upon the frog, for which purpose a bar-shoe
should be used. (See Foot Diseases.) Leather soles are
useful in weak-soled feet when the horse steps high and is
much used upon city streets. One-sided nailing answers
well for weak heels. Ring-boned animals should be shod
with easy fitting shoes, to avoid jarring. Horses having a
tendency to navicular or coffin-joint disease should have
shoes turned up a little at the toe, with the ground surface
of the wall well cut away, and the sole and frog untouched.
The art of shoeing horses consists in fitting a shoe to the
foot of a horse, for the purpose of protecting, and, at the
same time, not injuring it.

Shoulder Lameness.—This is produced by a slip, or
side-fall, and is frequent with horses in cities having broad
rails laid on the streets for railroad purposes. In wet
weather these rails are very slippery; hence the horse has
no foot-hold, the leg is stretched far out before the animal,
and the muscles of the shoulders, and in some cases, the

198 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

shoulder-joint is involved. A mueh more serious affair
than simple shoulder sprain is the result.

Shoulder lameness is common to young horses when
ploughing in the furrow.

Symptoms. The absence, of heat tenderness, and swelling
in any other part of the leg or foot. Always find out
with certainty where there is no lameness and the situation
of lameness will very soon be apparent. Negative and
positive symptoms should always be well considered before
coming toa final conclusion, as by doing so the situation
or trouble is so narrowed down that a mistake can scarcely
occur. Shoulder lameness, however, is known by the horse
stepping longer with the lame leg, and shorter with the
sound one; and, excepting in very severe cases, the horse
will not only point the leg out from the body, but carry it
also to the side of the body. Now, in most sprains and
diseases in the foot, the leg will be pointed straight out
without any side position. ‘Take the leg which is lame by
the pastern, and gently carry, or pull it straight out from
the body of the horse in front, and gently also to the out-
side ; if it be shoulder lameness, the horse will not only
show evidences of pain, but will in many cases, depending
upon the spirit and animation of the horse, get up from the
ground with the sound leg and endeavor to wrest the lame
leg from you.

In very severe cases, when occurring from a bruise, the
horse will stand on his toe, which is evidence of contusion
of the shoulder.

Treatment. Absolute and entire rest, warm water cloths
applied for two days, followed by cold water cloths, in the
same way, and for as many days. Then aslight blister of
the Spanish fly may be rubbed into the skin of the shoulder,
taking care that none of it is put on at the situation of the

SHOULDER-JOINT LAMENESS. 199

collar, as it would render the part a little tender for a
while by friction from the collar. Take Spanish fly in
powder, one drachm; hog’s lard, six drachms; mix, and
make an ointment, or salve, and rub the better half of it
into the skin. Next day wash off with warm water, (not
hot,) and when dry from washing, anoint the blistered parts
with oil or lard, daily, for a week. It is not advisable to
put horses to work, or even exercise, too soon after getting
well from lameness.

Shoulder-joint Lameness.—This is a more serious
form of lameness than sprain of the muscles of the shoulder.
It consists in the softening of the articular cartilages of
the joint, with inflammation of the joint membranes, and
great secretion of unhealthy synovia, (joint oil) producing
bulging of the ligaments, (capsular,) and covering the joint.
It can be detected by making the horse stand upon the
lame limb, and by holding up the other one. This is a
disease similar to spavin in the hock-joint, which accounts
for the unsatisfactory results of treatment.

Symptoms. The horse drags bis toe, and throws his leg
out at every movement of the limb.

Treatment. As before stated, this is rather unsatisfactory,
from the fact that the cartilages are likely to be destroyed,
and the bone underneath apt to become ulcerated ; but if
taken in time, much good can be done. In many cases, a
eure can be effected by the ointment of red iodide of
mercury, well rubbed in once a week, for a few times.

Take of bin-iodide of mercury, two drachms ; hog’s lard,
two ounces. Mix well on the bottom of a dinner plate, or a
smooth slate, with a table knife. Of this ointment take
one-fourth and rub well into the joint, tying up the horse’s
head for a few hours, to prevent his getting at the shoulder
with his mouth; allow soft bedding for the front feet to

200 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

stand upon, as the horse will stamp with his foot on the
floor—for the action of this ointment is considered to be
as painful as the hot iron, for about half an hour from
the time it begins to act till the parts commence to swell
from its splendid effects. Hence, firing irons are now not
much used, except in the hands of old fogies. Daily, oil
or grease the parts for a week, then apply as before, and
remember, that to get all the benefit of this ointment, it
must be well rubbed in the parts.

Side Bones.—A species of ring-bone; only the side
cartilages of the foot are converted into bone, and do not,
as in ring-bone, extend round the coronet, or portion
immediately above the hoof. The cause and treatment
are the same as in ring-bone, (which see.)

Sinus,—A long, narrow and ulcerated track, commu-
nicating either with the inside of an abscess or diseased
bone. (See Fistula and Poll-evil.)

Sitfasts.—These are hard and insensible tumors,
sometimes called warbles, and are caused by undue pres-
sure from the harness.

Treatment. Rub in, about the size of a bean, of the
ointment of red iodide of mercury. (See Prescriptions and

Medicines.)
Skeleton of the Horse, Bones of the.—The skele-

ton is composed of two hundred and forty-seven separate
bones, which are united by joints to form the spine,
thorax, pelvis, tail, and fore and hind extremities. The
spine is finished anteriorly by the head, which is divided
into the cranium and face, and contains the teeth. Sus-
pended from the head is the os hyoides, which completes
the number of bones. Thus :—

SKIN DISEASES. 201

The spine consists of 7 cervical, 18 dorsal, and 6 lum-

bar vertebre—Total . . . . : dl
The thorax is made up of the doteal fener, eich

18 ribs oneach side, and the sternum in the middle

nN eb ate ee er eS OF
The pelvis comprises 2 ossa innominata (or ilium,

ischium, and pubes),and lsacrum—Total . . . 3
The tail contains on theaverage 17 bones . . . 17
The fore extremity is made up on each side of TW

scapula, humerus, os brachii, and 8 carpal bones, 3

metacarpal, os suffraginis, os coronee, os pedis, os

naviculare, 2 ossa sesamoidea—Total on both sides 40
The hind extremity has the femur, patella, tibia,

fibula, 6 tarsal bones, 3 metatarsals, os suffraginis,

os corone, os pedis, os naviculare, 2 ossa sesamoidea

Pe tcsN arma Gh ree ie i a Sg i aS

Pemecmeoie tiereraminm 200.) o. ek ee sw AO
iomes.ot the face and lowerjaw .-. . . .... 18
Mechhs . BAUS ity) a Cee veaermmmerns ree et 00)
Bones of the ‘htecnal ear, a ineach organ . . 8
Os Hyoides, or bone of the tongue, made up of ive

SEU OOS ie cee ty ae ot gee an em

Grandwolale oe AF

Skin Diseases.—There are many and apparently
different varieties of skin diseases described by writers,
many of which are the same, and produced by the same
cause, but present different appearances in different animals,
and in different stages and conditions of the affection. |
Where the same cause can be properly assigned in pro-
ducing different diseases, although apparently dissimilar,
the treatment must be the same. Thus, if the acari is the
cause of more than one kind of skin disease, of course the

202 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

treatment must be directed to the destruction or removal
of this insect or mite, before a cure can be effected ; so,
also, with faulty assimilation or digestion, which so often
gives rise to skin disease, and which must be improved and
corrected before the effect, (disease,) will cease and be cured.

(1.) BaLpNness.—Parts of the skin of the horse become
denuded of the hair, occasioned by minute or small pim-
ples, which usually contain a fluid, and burst, or break,
carrying the hair with it. These pimples, or small tumors,
however, are sometimes vesicular, sometimes papular, and
sometimes scaly. They are caused by faulty digestion,
and should be treated by soft feed, or fresh-cut grass.
The hair will grow again,

Baldness is caused by scalds, burns, and blisters ; and
where the true skin is not entirely destroyed, the hair can
be restored by using a weak ointment of iodine—iodine,
half a drachm ; hog’s lard, eight drachms ; mix and apply
by rubbing with the hand, once every third day, till there
are evidences of a growth of hair springing up. Gun-
powder and lard have no more power in causing hair to
grow, than as much lard, saltpetre, sulphur and charcoal
would have; nor is it to be compared to the iodine,
because, if iodine does not restore the hair in all cases, it
will certainly dye or stain the skin a dark color, which
cannot be washed off; and hence, in dark-skinned horses,
is of much use in removing the bare, bald-look of a white
spot.

(2.) Manas, Ircu, Psora, OR SCABIES.

Cause. The result of an insect breeding and burrowing
in the skin, and is called acari, a variety of mite or
animalcule.

Symptoms. At first, a fine crop of pustules, not at this
time always seen, about the head and neck, and under the

SKIN DISEASES. 203

mane. By the horse rubbing himself against whatever he
ean get at, the hair falls off, and exposes an angry and
red-colored skin, with red points and_ lines, fissures,
wrinkles, or scratches. After this condition, we have
dryness, scruffiness, baldness, and whitening of the skin,
accompanied with great itchiness.

Treatment. The best plan for curing this disease in
horses is as follows: Take fine sea-sand, such as is used
by stable-men for scouring steel bits, and rub the affected
parts well for a few minutes. Then wash the parts well
with good soap and water, and a brush, after which dry
them carefully. Then anoint with the following ointment :
Powdered sulphur, one ounce; hog’s lard, two ounces ;
mix. The following is more cleanly: Liver of sulphur,
or hepar of sulphur, two to three ounces; cold water, one
quart ; mix, and make a wash. This plan, with either of
these mixtures properly applied, will not only kill the
insect, but will effect a cure. This disease has baffled
many who have attempted its cure without first reaching
the insect, by scouring him out of his covering, and kill-
ing him with sulphur—a highly destructive article to par-
asitic life.

Observe. ‘This disease is contagious. Stall-posts, man-
gers, harness, combs, brushes, etc., used about the horse,
should be subjected to great heat either by boiling or
steaming. ‘Trees, gates, and rubbing-posts in the field,
should be washed with water, and coated with a mixture
of sulphur, lime and water.

(3.) Eczema.—This is an affection peculiar to some
horses during the summer months. By close inspection,
large numbers of minute elevations, or raised parts, closely
joining each other, and filled with a watery fluid, will be
observed ; the skin will soon presenta red and angry look,

204 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

the hair be short and dry, accompanied with extreme
itchiness—so much so, sometimes, that horses so affected
become almost unmanageable. The situation of this dis-
ease is usually in the hind legs, and is considered hereditary.
At all events, when a horse is once attacked by it, it is
liable to return again with the warm weather.

Cause. A peculiar condition of the blood, developed
by heat.

Treatment. This disease in my hands, in several car-
riage horses which were rendered completely useless in the
summer months, has not only been cured, but also pre-
vented from returning, by the administering of half ounce
doses of the sulphite of soda, for two weeks previous to
the hot weather, once a day. In addition to this, a few
bundles of fresh grass, cut from the borders of several
gardens, were given. ‘The soda, designed to neutralize
ferments in the blood; and the fresh cut grass to assist,
by its action on the stomach and bowels, and ultimately
upon the blood itself.

(4.) SuRFEIT.—A disease making its appearance in the
spring of the year in fat horses that are short and well
built. It is characterized by tumors about the size of a
grain of Indian corn, covering the whole body as com-
pletely as the nettle-rash does that of children, and does
not generally cause itching, nor is it, like some skin dis-
eases, contagious.

Cause. Robust stamina.

Treatment. Give soft or slop feed composed of bran,
cut hay, cold water, and salt, for a few days, Give grass,
if it can be had, without any additional feed. A few
doses of the sulphite of soda will be of advantage.

Bleeding and purging have arrested the tumors in their
growth, but unfortunately they become permanent fixtures,

SLOUGH. 205

only to be removed by calomel and opium, which cause
their absorption. In this event take calomel, thirty grains;
opium, ten grains; mix, and give once a day, for a week
or ten days. Good feeding will have to be given.

_ Rryeworm.—Porrigo, and Favus, are names given to
this disease.

Symptoms. Small circular patches, or scales, sometimes
running together, forming large crusts and ulcers under
them, in which insects breed. This is a contagious disease,
and is communicated from man to animals, and animals
to man. ‘The microscope has shown the presence of fungi
in the scab of ringworm, but whether it be merely the
effect of the disease, or otherwise, is not at present known.
It is, however, more likely to be the cause.

Treatment. Wash and keep the parts clean, and aim at
destroying the fungi. For this purpose remove the scab
as soon as formed, and apply a solution of oxalic acid to
the surface, using fifteen grains of the acid to an ounce of
water. Tar ointment, creosote, sulphur, and mercury,
have all been tried; but none of these meet with so much
success as the solution of oxalic acid, just recommended.
For other diseases of the skin, see Grease, Mallenders,
Sallenders, Tumors, and Boils.

Slobbering.—This is traceable in horses to a variety
of causes. We may enumerate large doses of aconite, or
veratrum ; also, sore, or scald mouth, and in some cases
poisoning. Slobbering from eating second crop clover,
will be found treated of under the article SALIVATION,
(which see.)

Slough.—The separation of a diseased or dead part
from the healthy portion. A slough may be of greater or
less thickness, and may include the skin and flesh to a

206 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

considerable depth—as from the centre of an abscess. (See
Gangrene and Mortification.)

Sores,—Healthy and unhealthy sores occur in, or on,
all parts of the body of the horse. Healthy sores are best
treated by the tincture of aloes, or myrrh, or simple oint-
ment. (See Medicines and Prescriptions.) Unhealthy
sores should be treated, first, by the application of some
caustic, or powdered blue stone, nitrate of silver, or caustic
potassa, which will make an unhealthy sore a simple and
healthy one. To be treated as the above.

SorE Moura.—(See Mouth Diseases.)
SorE Foor.—(See Foot Diseases.)
Sore THrRoAt.—(See Catarrh, Cold, and Bronchitis.)

Sore Bacx.—Re-stuff the saddle, and apply the tine-
ture of aloes or myrrh.

Sore SHOULDERS.—See to the collar, and apply as in
sore back.

SorE Nerck.—A variety of this disease presents itself
about the place where the collar usually rests and presses
when descending a hill in double team. It is very
troublesome, and difficult to heal, if the horse is kept at
work, and causes great irritation and uneasiness. Fre-
quently, when the hand is laid upon it, the horse, if he be
a spirited animal, will plunge in the stall, and even kick,
however quiet he may be at other times.

Treatment. Apply simple ointment, and place a firm,
but strong piece of leather over it, so that the collar, when
put on, can rest upon and slide over it, instead of upon the
mane and neck.

Soundness.—This is when a horse has nothing about

SPAVIN. 207

him, that does or is likely to interfere with his feeding,
working, and general usefulness.

Spavin.—A variety of disease affecting the hock-joint.
Spavin is not now looked upon as in the days of Oliver
Goldsmith and William Shakspeare, because in the minds
of those distinguished men, and of some of their readers
of the present time, spavin is an enormous enlargement of
the hock of the horse; whereas, in some of the worse
forms of spavin, there is no enlargement at all, while the
hock-joint is completely destroyed, stiff, or anchylosed.
Shakspeare thus refers to Petruchio’s horse :—“ His horse
hipped with an old mothy saddle, the stirrups of no kin-
dred; besides possessed with the glanders, and, like to
mose in the chine, troubled with the Jampas, infected with
the fashions, full of wind galls, sped with spavins, rayed
with the yellows, past cure of the fives, stark spoiled with
the staggers, begnawn with the bots, swayed in the back,
and shoulder shotten, ne’er legged before, and with a
half-cheeked bit, and a head stall of sheep’s leather.”

(1.) Boe Spavin.—This kind of spavin is situated in
front of the hock-joint, and is a soft, fluctuating swelling,
which rarely ever causes lameness. It is merely an
enlargement or distention of the bursal cavity of the joint,
and is filled with the natural fluid of the joint, but in-
creased in quantity, and possibly, in some cases, a little
changed in quality also.

(2.) BLoop Spavin.—This is the same as bog spavin,
but more extensive, and generally involving the hock-joint
on its three sides, front, inside, and outside, and giving to
the limb a thick, rounded appearance, called thorough-pin,
(which see.) The swelling is soft and fluctuating, and
indeed there is no perceptible difference in the nature and
result of this form of spavin and the preceding variety,

208 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

beyond its being more extensive, interfering, perhaps, with
the flow of blood in the sub-cutaneous (under the skin)
vein, which is seen in front, and partly to the side of the
joint, adding very little to the general swelling.

Causes. Hard work and fast driving, especially when
horses are young.

Treatment. The application of the ointment of red
iodide of mercury, in the hands of some, has done much
good ; but the enlargement is apt to return when the horse
is again put to work, from the fact that more joint-oil, or
fluid is poured out. Acupuncturation, or forcing small
steel instruments into the swelling to let out the fluid, is
sometimes resorted to, after which a bandage or truss is
fitted to the part to press out the fluid that remains, and to
cause the adhesion of the parts together. The difficulty in
curing soft spavin, is the danger of opening into a cavity
or joint containing oil (synovia). An old way of treating
such disease, is by striking the parts with a mallet, so as to
break the skin, that the fluid can escape; the blow given
to the skin is so great as to set up adhesive inflamma-
tion, and a closure of the opening.

(8.) Bone Spavin.—Consists in the sprouting out of
irregular bony matter from the bones of the joint,
preventing their smooth and proper action over one an-
other, and causing lameness. This bony growth sometimes
attains a good size, and in some cases we find one or two
of the bones only involved; in others nearly all of them
are affected. ‘The situation of bone spavin is on the inside,
and in front of the joint.

Symptoms. When horses are what is called breeding:
bone spavin, ordinarily persons think and say the lameness
is in the hip, (see Hock) from the action which is reflected
by the muscles of the hip at every movement made by the

SPEEDY CUT. 209

hock-joint, and from the fact that there is no enlargement
as yet in the joint. The horse is lame on starting, but
gets better after a little while, and after standing will start
lame again. In the stable, he shifts one hind leg after
another, and when resting the lame leg, he stands on the
toe. Pain and lameness cease when the joint is consoli-
dated, although remaining a little stiff.

(4.) OccuLtt Spavin.—This is a disease similar to bone
spavin, the difference being that there is no enlargement
of the joint whatever, although the bones of the joint are
all diseased, immovable and stiff. This seems to puzzle
and perplex horsemen, because they cannot comprehend a
bone spavin without an enlargement of the joint outside;
and, consequently, the poor horse is sometimes blistered
and tormented in every part of the leg but the right place.
The cause, results, and effects of this disease are the same
as in bone spavin, excepting that there is no enlargement.

Treatment. For the two varieties of spavin, just de-
scribed, the treatment should be the same. In young
horses, the red iodide of mercury in ointment, is the proper
treatment. One drachm of bin-iodide of mercury, and
one ounce of lard. Mix, and apply once in a week, and
lard the parts once a day, till the next application.

Old horses should have a liniment applied, once every
second day, to the parts. Oil of cloves, two ounces ; oil
of turpentine, one ounce ; creosote, one ounce; mix. ‘This
will relieve the pain, and to a great degree the lameness.
Spavined horses should have an extra allowance of feed,
to keep them in condition equal to their more healthy and
fortunate neighbors.

Specks on the Eye.—(Sce Kye Diseases.)
Speedy Cut.—This is an injury to the knee from the
14

210 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

shoe of the opposite fore-foot, and is prevented by driving
slower, and nailing the shoe on one side only.

Treatment. Apply cold water cloths, and if the swell-
ing does not all go away, follow with the application of
the red iodide of mercury, in the form of an ointment,
once a week, for a few times, and lard or grease the parts
till the next application. Boots are sometimes used as a
preventative.

Spleen Diseases.—The diseases of this organ are
obscure, and chiefly consist of enlargements, tubercles, soft-
ening, rupture, and tumors. The symptoms attending
these affections are not well marked.

Splint.—A small bony enlargement, situated usually
on the inside of the fore-legs, about midway between the
knee and the pastern joint. When splint begins to grow,
it sometimes produces lameness by stretching the covering
of the bone, which, however, soon accommodates itself to
the altered structure.

Cause. Working horses when too young, and before
the leg and splint bone have become united. Hence,
splints disappear when the horse grows older, and the unity
of these bones takes place.

Treatment. One or two applications of this ointment :
Red iodide of mercury, or tincture of Spanish fly, one
ounce ; oil of croton, twenty drops. Mix, and apply with
rubbing.

Sprains,—By this term is meant partial displacement ;
the twisting of a joint with more or less injury to the
articulations, ligaments, tendons and their sheaths. At
times small portions of the bones of the joint are separated.
Indeed, every variety and degree of severity is to be seen
in sprains of different parts. Every joint is liable to

SPRAINS. yeitl|

sprain, but the usual or more common sprains will be
found in the pastern or fetlock joint, shoulder and its joint,
hock, stifle, back and loins, flexor tendon, suspensory
ligaments, ete., produced by a common cause, such as slip-
ping, falling, overwork, the weight of the body, and not
unfrequently the load falling upon a part, when not in its
proper position for receiving it.

Symptoms. Pain, heat, swelling, tenderness and lame-
ness, more or less severe, depending on the severity of the
sprain, and the part affected. In severe sprains, care must
be taken to guard against mistakes, and to form a correct
judgment of the nature of the injury, whether it be a
real or simple sprain, or whether there be fracture or dis-
location.

Treatment. Absolute and entire rest is the principal
point to be attended to in the cure of sprains, for a sprain
cannot be cured without rest, no matter what other reme-
dies are employed; and, if there be much fever and
excitement about the horse, a few doses of aconite will
have to be given. ‘Tincture of aconite root, fifteen drops,
given three times in the day for two days, will remove
fever and irritation. Then apply warm water cloths for
three days, followed by cold water cloths for the same
length of time, taking the cloths off at night, as it is
necessary that water must be poured on the cloths every
hour, or before the warm ones become cold, and the cold
ones become warm. After which, the lameness and
swelling will have ceased ; or should this not be the case,
apply for a few days, once a day, the following liniment:
Creosote, one ounce ; oil of turpentine, one ounce; oil of
olives, two ounces; mix. Be assured the horse is quite
well before he is put to work again, as many joint diseases
are brought on by mismanaged sprains, which never can

FAY DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

be cured. For sprains of different parts of the body see
Shoulder and Shoulder Joint Sprains, ete.

Staggers.—A disease familiar to every horseman, and
of a serious character. It presents different symptoms in
different horses, depending altogether upon the extent to
which the brain and nervous centres are affected, and
whether the variety be mad, grass, stomach, or sleepy
staggers.

(1.) Sromacu Sraeeers.—This is an attack of acute
indigestion, from overloading the stomach; digestion is
arrested, fermentation is set up, and the evolution or giving
off of carbonic acid gas distends the stomach and bowels,
and presses on the space allotted for the lungs to play in,
depriving them of aerating the blood, thereby affecting the
healthy action of the brain and nervous centres, and
producing death in from twelve to twenty hours.

Treatment. Injections of warm water and soap, and a
handful of salt to clean out the bowels, so that the gas can
get free passage. Arrest fermentation by dissolving two
ounces of the sulphite of soda in a little water, and giving
it at one dose, the dose to be repeated every hour. Mix
eight drachms of powdered aloes in a little warm water,
and drench the horse with it to stimulate digestion, and
open the bowels.

(2.) GRASS OR SLEEPY SLraGGERsS.—A_ chronic
variety of stomach staggers, and should be treated as the
above variety.

(3.) Map Sracecers.—This is inflammation of the
brain, and is sometimes called Phrenitis.

Symptoms. Dullness followed by excitement and mad-
ness. The sleepy stage, or the congestive period, passing
off, then the madness is seen. The horse unconsciously
throws and dashes himself about, and sometimes endeavors

STAKED. DAS

to climb up the wall. At times, ropes will have to be
used to keep him from pulling back, and becoming
unmanageable, thereby destroying harness, carriages, some-
times other horses, and even the stable itself. The power
of a mad horse is great, and a painful sight tosee. Finally
he becomes exhausted, falls and dies.

Treatment. The horse is not worth saving, and rarely
can be saved ; for nothing can, or will, give relief toa mad
horse, but bleeding, and this to so great an extent that
life does not rally, and the horse dies, a dull, stupid, and
immovable mass, unable to eat or drink. The brain is
pressed with fluid and lymph, between the pia muter and
the arachnoid.

Remove a mad horse, as soon as possible, from anything
of value, or that can be breken or hurt. Especially
remove him from other horses, so that he may not injure
them.

Staked.—An accident to some portion of the body, but
most frequently to the belly, occasioned by leaping fences,
or it may be by the horn of an ox, cow, or bull.

Treatment. If the injury be at the belly,the wound having
entered it to some depth, ascertain, with the finger, whether
any portion of the bowels is injured, or has escaped
through the opening. If so, and part of them be torn,
sew with small, fine cat-gut, (such as is frequently used
by fishermen who employ artificial flies as bait,) and pass
the bowel or intestine into its proper place, closing the
wound in the same way as is recommended for rupture of
the belly, (which see.) If the skin is only wounded, treat
it as for a simple sore. If the wound is in a fleshy part,
and the skin peeled or torn from the flesh, it had better be
clipped off, as it will not unite again, but shrink and dry

214 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

up; hense, it is neither advisable to let it hang, nor to
attempt to sew it. Trim off the fragments of hee skin, .
and treat the wound with a weak solution of blue stone,
chloride, or sulphate of zinc. (See Medicines and Pre-
scriptions, and Bleeding Wounds.)

Stings from Bees, Hornets, etc.—Not unfrequently
we hear of horses losing their lives from irritation and
fever, originating from the stings of these insects.

Treatment. ‘Take acetic acid No. 8, four ounces; pow-
dered camphor, one ounce; mix, and dissolve, then rub a
portion of the mixture into the parts most affected. The
poison, swelling, irritation, etc., will be at once arrested.
In an hour afterwards, anoint the parts with sweet oil or
lard. As acetic acid may not be at hand in an emergency
like this, strong table, or white wine vinegar should be
used, without the camphor. Acetic acid of French manu-
facture is eight times stronger than ordinary vinegar.

Stifle-joint Lameness.—In the article on Hock-joint
I have stated that this form or situation of lameness in
the horse, is not so common as horsemen and others
suppose it to be; nevertheless, no part or function can be
declared exempt from accident and disease. It is chiefly,
however, an affection of young colts kept on uneven
ground, and arises from the wearing away of the toe of
the foot, thus inducing dislocation of the stifle, or patella,
which slides off the ronuded heads of the bones, at every
step the animal takes,

Treatment. Remove the horse to level pasture, and have
him shod with a shoe, having a projecting piece of iron
attached to the toe, which will prevent the bones from
sliding out of place, and knuckling at every step.

Stifle Ulceration. —This is a disease of the half-moon

STRANGLES. Dies

shaped cartilages of the joint, and is a serious disease, as
all joint affections commonly are.

Symptoms. The leg is held firmly somewhat in advance
of the other, and is thrown outwards at every step. The
joint is enlarged, and the capsular ligament very much
distended, especially when the animal’s weight is thrown
upon it, by holding up the sound leg.

Treatment. Not satisfactory ; as ulceration is generally
progressive in its character, and frequently destroys the
heads of the bones. But the ointment of the red iodide of
mercury may be tried.

Bin-iodide of mercury, one drachm; hog’s lard, one
ounce; mix, and apply by rubbing with the hand, once a
week, fora month. Lard or oil the parts daily, between
each application.

Stomach Diseases.—(See Gastritis Mucosa, Staggers,
Colic and Enteritis.)

Stone in the Bladder.—Are those concretions
named calculi, formed in the bladder from a diseased
condition of the urine.

Symptoms. Pain, an occasional stoppage in the stream of
the urine before all is passed, and a straddling gait.

Treatment. Is the province of surgery.

Strains.—(See Sprains.)

Strangles.—This is an eruptive fever, characterized
by swelling in and between the bones of the lower jaw,
terminating in an abscess.

Cause. A specific poison in the blood, which few, if any
horses that live ten years ever escape. It especially
attacks young horses, but is often seen in those of in-
creased years. Sometimes, the enlargement or abscess of

216 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

the strangles, is seen on the side of the face, and even on
other portions of the body.

Treatment. Give the horse grass, or soft feed, and little
or no medicine. The appetite will return when the abscess —
is opened, or breaks of itself. ‘This is the great secret in
the treatment of strangles. Do not poultice the swelling,
as it will only thicken the skin. If anything is to be
done to hasten the abscess, rub in a little of the ointment
of Spanish fly. (See Medicines and Prescriptions.)

Stranguary.—This is a name given to the urine,
when mixed with blood, and when pain is present while
the horse is urinating.

Cause. Irritation of the bladder or kidneys, or both,
from the use of the Spanish fly, either in the form of a
blister, being too extensive, or too near the loins and
kidneys; also, from the fly being given in an improper
manner, or in too large doses.

Symptoms. Frequent desire to pass urine, which when
passed, isin smal] quantities, and bloody. Pain, irritation,
and fever are present.

Treatment. 'To remove the pain, give twenty drops of
the tincture of aconite root every three hours, together
with plenty of cold water to drink; also flaxseed tea, to
horn or drench down the throat of the horse, and sheath
the parts from irritating substances. Take equal parts of
good mustard and flour, mix with warm water, make into
a soft paste, and lay over the region of the kidneys, or
small of the back, occasionally moistening it with warm
water, and covering it with a dry cotton or linen cloth.

Strangulation.—This is a term applied to a part
which is tightened, contracted, or closed. Strangulation
and stricture are terms implying different degrees of the

STRINGHALT. De

same phenomena. Thus we speak of strangulation of the
bowels from rupture, and of the glottis or head of the
wind-pipe, when, from some cause or other, it is closed.
Death of the horse is the result, if no opening be made
lower down in the wind-pipe, to admit atmospheric air.
Stricture is that condition of the wind-pipe or glottis
which when contracted or pressed upon by enlargement of
the glands of the neck, or thickening of itsown membranes,
diminishes the space or width of its calibre, giving rise to
thick wind and increased breathing and cough.

Stringhalt.—This is an affection of the hind leg, and
is known from the peculiar way in which the hind leg or
legs are raised from the ground—a quick, spasmodic jerk.

Causes. ‘Thesearetwo-fold. First. The loss of nervous
influence, whereby the extensor pedis muscle—and possibly
some others—is deprived of its proper power. Second.
The peculiar anatomical articulation and general structure
of the hock-joint of the horse are such that when the leg
of a dead horse is stripped of its muscles the ligaments
are not disturbed at all; and if the legs above and below
the hock be caught hold of by the hands, and the leg
straightened out, the moment the hands are taken from it,
it will spring into a bent position, thereby imitating string-
halt, as near as can be. Thus the balance of power is not
equal ; the articulary ligaments of the hock are stronger
than the muscles of the thigh. Hence, the moment the
horse lifts his foot from the ground, the leg is snatched up
by the power of the articulating ligaments.

Treatment. Restore the lost nervous influence ; thereby
the muscles of the thigh are to be brought into healthy
action. This will best be done by good feeding, and one
grain of strychnia nux vomica given daily, for six weeks,
in the horse’s feed.

218 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Stumbling.— Veterinary writers are nearly all silent
on this subject, while those who say anything about it call
it a habit. In this we cannot coincide with them, but
regard it as a nervous affection—a nervous debility result-
ing in atony of the flexor muscle, of the shoulder, A
stumbler is unsafe, either for riding purposes, or for use in
single harness when attached to a two-wheeled vehicle.
Can such an animal be classed as sound? We think not!

Sunstroke—Coup de Soleil.—This disease of late
years has become of such frequent occurrence that, although
not mentioned by previous veterinary writers, it demands
a notice from us. The chief symptoms are exhaustion and
stupidity, the animal usually falling to the ground and
being unable to go further.

To prevent it, allow the horse at short intervals a few
mouthfuls of water, and fasten a wet sponge over the fore-
head. The sun-shades now used by extensive owners of
horses, will go very far in lessening the occurrence of this
affection.

The following treatment, when attended to at once, in the
majority of cases, will prove effectual :

First. Remove the horse from the harness to a cool,
shady place. Second. Give two ounces of sulphuric ether ;
twenty drops of the tincture of aconite root, and a bottle of
ale or porter as a drench to sustain the vital powers, and
to act as a powerful stimulant in equalizing the circulation
throughout the body ; whilst, Thirdly. Chopped ice should
be placed in a coarse towel, cloth or bag, and laid between
the ears and over the forehead, secured in any way the
ingenuity of the person in charge may suggest. If the
legs be cold, bandages will be of advantage. Do not put
the horse to work again until he is completely restored.
Dumbness is the usual result of sun-stroke—a species of

SWEENIE. 219

coma—for which there is no cure. Horses so affected are
of little use in warm weather, but are useful in winter.

Suppuration.—This signifies the secretion of pus, and
is one of the terminations of inflammation.

Symptoms. Whenever suppuration is going on to any
extent in or on the body of the horse, a shivering fit,
similar to a chill, will or may be seen, followed ina day or
so, either by the discharge of a yellow pus from the nose,
or the formation of an abscess on some portion of the body.
Suspect suppuration when rigors and shivering occur,
especially after accidents of whatever kind.

Treatment. First. Support the strength of the horse by
good feeding, whereby the process will soon be over, and
without any complication with it. Second. Do not physic
or bleed, for those measures would prevent the process of
suppuration from going on in its original place, and,
perhaps, drive it to another. (See Metastasis.)

Surfeit.—(See Skin Diseases.)

Swelled Legs.—(See Grease, Sprains, Debility, and
Dropsy.)

Swellings.—These are of different kinds—the hard,
inflammatory swelling caused by injury, suppuration, and
diseased bone; the soft and fluctuating swelling, which is
generally circumscribed, and seen in diseases of the joints,
as blood spavin, ete., and contain joint oil; the dropsical,
or soft and non-inflammatory swelling of many and differ-
ent parts of the body, at one and the same time. Each
must be treated according to the cause of the swelling.

(See Farcy.)

Sweenie.—This word or name is so deeply buried in
obscurity that researches in every quarter have failed to

290 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

discover its origin, or secure to it a satisfactory resurrection.
It applies, however, when used by horsemen, to a falling
away or shrinkage of the muscles of the shoulder, and
indicates not so much a Jameness in the shoulder as it does
a disease elsewhere—in the foot or leg, as corns and disease
of the pastern joint. ATROPHY should be substituted for
sweenie, as it is generally sympathetic, and, moreover,
means that the body or a part is diminishing in bulk.

Treatment. Remove the cause of atrophy or sweenie,
and the effects will pass away.

Sympathy.—That condition which is developed in one
part of the system or body of an animal, although not of
itself a disease but is the result of disease or accident
happening to some other, or remote portion of the body.
This sympathy is communicated through and by the
nervous system. A nail in the foot, or a broken’ bone, is
immediately followed by sympathetic fever, and general
disturbance of the whole system. Herein lies the great
difference between animal and vegetable life. A branch of
a bush or a tree can be lopped off without any disturbance
to the life or health of the main trunk. No such immu-
nity exists in the animal creation.

Snyovia.—A clear, colorless and viscid fluid, secreted
by the lining membrane of the joints, for the purpose of
preventing friction, and allowing an easy motion of the
heads of the bones over one another. Synovia sometimes
changes in quality, becomes thinner, and gives rise to

swellings of the joints. (See Blood and Bog Spavin.)

Synchronous.—This name is applied to the action or
beat of the heart, when it is in time with the beat or
pulsation of an artery.

THOROUGHPIN. DIK

systole,—The movement or contraction of the heart,
as the systolic murmur.

Tabanidee.—A species of fly which are a great annoy-
ance to horses. 7

Tabes.— Wasting of the muscles of the body. (See
‘Mesenterica.)

Talpz.—A wart-like tumor, easily removed with a
sharp pair of scissors.

Teeth.—(See Mouth Diseases.)

TOOTH FORCEPS.

Tetanus.—(See Locked-jaw.)

Tetter.—(Scee Skin Diseases.)

Thick Wind.—(See Heaves and Broken Wind.)
Thick Leg.—(See Grease and Farcy.)
Thiselo,—(Sce Fistula.)

Thoroughpin.— An affection of the hock-joint, accom-
panying bog and blood spavin, characterized by soft,
fluctuating swellings, containing fluid or joint oil in
increased quantity, and an altered quality.

DID DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Treatment. ‘The same as for bog or blood spavin,
(which see.)

Thread Worms.—(See Worms.)

Throat Diseases.—(See Bronchitis, Cold, and Ca-
tarrh.)

Thrush,—(See Foot Diseases.)
Thrombus.—(See Jugular Vein.)

Thumps.—This is a spasm of the diaphragm, or the
curtain which hangs down and separates the cavity of the
‘abdomen, or the belly from the chest.

Cause. Over-driving and oppression, paralyzing the
accessory nerve, and hence the flapping of the diaphragm.

Treatment. Place the horse in a cool, airy place, and
allow him plenty of cold water, and if the noise, after an
hour or so, does not subside, give two bottles of ale or
porter as a drench.

Tongue, Laceration of the.—(See Mouth Diseases.)

Tonics.—(See Medicines and Prescriptions.)

Toxicology.—The science of poisons, and their anti-
dotes.

Tracheotomy.—An operation to
open the windpipe, in cases of closing
of that tube by tumor, or thickening
lus > of its membrane. It is an operation
rarely required, and moreover, not to
be attempted by a non-professional
person not acquainted with the art and
science of surgery. Therefore, we will
TRACHEOTOMY TUBE. forego a description of it.

TREPANNING. 225

Transfusion.—This is the act or operation of trans-
ferring the blood of one living animal into the vascular
system of another by means of a tube. Mr. James Farrel,
of Dublin, Ireland, was the first veterinarian, to my
knowledge, who employed transfusion to any extent, and
to excellent advantage. In cases of debility from blood
letting, he has done wonders with it, and has conclusively
proved to his countrymen the danger of bleeding horses to
cure or prevent diseases. For, in such cases as had not
been bled, he had no trouble; but, in those which had been
bled before he was called to them, every one died. Hence
he resorted to transfusion, in order to save others that had
been treated by bleeding. The effect of transfusion is
almost instantaneous.

Tread.—(See Foot Diseases.)

TREPANNING INSTRUMENTS.

Trepanning.—This is an operation for opening into
the bones of the head or face to elevate or raise a portion
of bone which from accident has been depressed or frac-
tured. The instrument used for this purpose is called a
Trephine.

It is designed to cut out a circular portion of the bone, so
that a smooth piece of iron is inserted in the hole, and

224 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

TREPHINE.

used as a lever to raise the depressed portion to its proper
ievel.

Trismus,—(See Locked-jaw.)
Tubercles.—(See Glanders.)

Tumors.—Tumors may be defined as circumscribed
swellings of different sizes, without inflammation, and dif-
fering from one another, according to their situation and
their nature.

(1.) Encystep Tumors.—This is a variety of tumors
often seen about the side of the nose of the horse. It is
about the size of a pullet’s egg, soft, and elastic to the
touch, with no heat, inflammation, or soreness of any kind.

Cause. Closing of the sebaceous openings of the part.
Hence the elevation, swelling, and filling up of that portion
of the skin which contains the sebaceous or suet-like matter.

OPERATING KNIFE.

Treatment. Open the part with a knife, and inject fora
few times into the inside of the tumor a teaspoonful of

TUMORS. 225

the tincture of iodide, to kill the walls of the cyst. The
surgeon sometimes cuts these tumors out, in the form of a
soft ball, without opening them. ‘This requires a steady
hand.

(2.) ENcCEPHALOID.—This term means a brain-like
tumor, so named from its structure being like that of the
brain. It is one of the kinds of cancer which sometimes
attack the horse, but is more frequently seen in the dog
and ox.

Cause. A specific poison in the blood, not as yet well
understood.

Symptoms. It is solid, hard, irregular in shape, and
knotty, with no hair upon its surface, and presenting a
smooth and shining aspect. These tumors grow rapidly,
and finally break on the top, presenting an angry and
malignant sore or ulcer, which cannot be healed without
first removing the entire tumor, with a knife, and treating
it as for a simple sore.

(3.) Frsroma.—This is a fibrous or warty-like tumor,
familiar to most persons, and is attached chiefly to the
skin only. It is troublesome only in so far as it is apt to
bleed, thereby keeping up a degree of irritation—especial-
ly in warm weather, because of the sweat and the flies.

Treatment. Those persons who have not sufficient nerve
to cut them off with the knife, can take arsenic, one
drachm; hog’s Jard, four drachms; mix, and make an
ointment ; rubbing in and around the tumor once a week,
asmall portion of thesalve. Ina short time it will fall off.

(4.) Farry Tumor.—This is a variety of tumor, of fre-
quent occurrence in horses, and is composed of fat as its
name indicates. It is sometimes called adipose and ipone
by the surgeons of continental Europe.

Symptoms. A round, ovoid shape, with a firm feel, but
15

226 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

not hard nor elastic, or at least not so much so as the
encysted form.

Treatment. ‘Take a sharp knife, and after getting a
twitch upon the horse’s nose, and one of the fore legs held
up, make a straight cut over the centre of the tumor through
the skin only. Then roll out the ball of fat with the
fingers ; the knife here is of no use. Thesimply opening
the skin, and rolling out the fatty tumor, is called occlu-
sion, and when cleverly done, looks well.

(5.) CANCEROUS.—(See Melancsis.)

(6.) MELLANoID.—(See Melanosis.)

(7.) Bony Tumors.—A species of tumor attacking the
bone, and is called osteo-sarcoma, (which see.) When
attacking the head, it is called osteoporosis, (which see.)

(8.) VaRicosE.—The horse is not often the subject of
varicose tumor of the veins, simply from the fact that no
garters or other ligatures are tied around the legs, inter-
fering with afree circulation. The saphena major, how-
ever, is the only vein liable to varicose, arising from bulg-
ing of the hock-joint, and in cases of bog and blood spavin,
and thorough-pin, (which see.)

Tympanitis.—This term means drum-belly, such as
occurs in case of flatulent colic, (which see).

Ty phia—Ty phinia—Typhus.—These are contin-
ued fevers, and are lit up and fed by a specific zymotic
matter in the system which is generated when horses are
badly fed and crowded together in an inadequate supply
of air; Thefevers of glanders, farcy and pyemia are good
examples. ‘The seeds of the disease can only be got rid of
by the effectual destruction of the typhinia—its existing
ferment or leaven. (See Glanders.)

Typhoid.—A low form of disease, accompanied with

TY PHOSUS. D274

fever. Example, Influenza, or catarrhal fever. (See
Influenza, and Gastritis Mucosa.

Ty phosus.—A species of fever at present, perhaps, not
- very clearly defined, and consequent upon changes that
have taken place in the blood of horses—a blood disease
resulting in nervous prostration. It is comparatively a
new disease, and is, in different parts of the country, called
and known by various names, according to the chief sym-
tom there observed. It is known in New York as
cerebro spinal-meningitis by those who have seen the
disease, because it is thought to be like when a man is
affected in the meninges—or membranes which envelop
the brain and the spinal marrow—produeing choking dis-
temper, putrid fever, paralysis of the par-vagum, or pneu-
mogastric nerve, on account of the chief symptom being
the inability of the horse to at least voluntarily swallow.
The Symptoms of this affection in the horse are at first or
in the early stage very latent or hidden. The chief of
them is in the quiding of the food, as the holding it in the
mouth and refusing to swallow ; also, by placing a bucket
of water or other fluid within reach of a horse so affected,
when he will place his mouth into and agitate it, going
through the process of deglutition or swallowing without
consuming. This has been the great symptom with those
on the Delaware River, at Wilmington, Odessa, Smyrna,
Bombay Hook, and also at Cold Spring Harbor, Leng
Island, New York, in the year 1867, when and where my
advice and services were required. The inability to
swallow continues for some days, when, from loss of
sustenance and change in the circulating fluid, the horse
lies or falls down exhausted. It should be observed that
while the horses on Long Island, and on the Delaware

228 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

flat lands could not voluntarily swallow, they
were enabled to do so when drenched out of a
bottle, with their heads elevated. This peculiar-
ity, however, may be ascribed to gravitation
having its own way, and to relaxation of the
paralyzed muscles of deglutition, which, though
offering no assistance, interpose nothing. Those
cases that seem to live but a few days, as is related
fi? by some persons, die because the symptoms are
not observed until weakness and consequent
inability to stand force themselves to recognition.
There are other symptoms that we might men-
tion, but they are alike common to all diseases of
an asthenic or low or depressed type. It is a dis-
ease wherein the vis vite is extremely low, and
it is consequently very fatal—time not being
allowed in many instances for the treatment to
supply, through it and the vis a Tergo, the ele-
ments of nutrition.

Treatment. In a disease of this kind, where
nervous force is almost gone, we suggest the
diffusible and more fixed stimulants, with car-
mninatives and tonics—which are embraced in
the following formula, to be given, mixed in a
bottle of cold water, five times in the twenty-four
hours: Powdered carbonate of ammonia, three
drachms; powdered capsicum, two drachms ;
powdered pimenta berries, four drachms ; tine-
ture of nux vomica, twenty drops; mix.
Drench the horse with cold water several times
HyPoperMé daily, adding sixty drops of commercial sul-

SYRINGE.
(See Eudermic.) phuric acid to assist in sustaining the flagging

ULCERS. 229

powers of life. Corn meal may also be given in the same
way, and for a like purpose.

By way of experiment, galvanism or electricity may be
employed over a blistered surface made along the pneu-
mogastric nerve on each side of the neck. Injections
endermically—under the skin—with strychnine may result
in gaining time for other measures to become effectual as a
eure. ~

The cause of this disease in horses does not differ, we
think, materially from those that give rise to like diseases
in men ; for-on theshore opposite to Long Island in 1867,
and at the very time horses were affected with the disease,
over 400 deaths were recorded in the human family from
an affection similar to paralysis.

The prevention of this disease, like many others that
affect domestic animals, is more easily accomplished than
the cure. Use dry stables; also good feed, in which a
drachm or two of the sulphate of iron, or five grains of
arsenic should be mixed, and given once daily, when such
diseases are in the vicinage, for eight or ten days at a time.

Ulcers.—I do not intend to speak of internal ulcers, as
of the brain, chest or belly—they being beyond the skill
of the most learned, much less the non-professional reader
—but will confine myself to external ulcers, as of the skin
and flesh.

(1.) Heattuy Uncers.—These are generally the result
of an accident, or incision with a knife, or other instrument.
Every sore which does not heal by what is called the first
intention, but suppurates, is called a healthy ulcer.

Treatment. Most healthy ulcers will heal of themselves :
at most all that is required to be done, especially in warm
weather, is to keep the granulations (which see,) from

230 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

growing too fast, and above the level of the skin; and for
this purpose apply a solution of blue stone, or chloride of
zine as follows: Chloride of zine, four grains; rain water,
one ounce ; mix. Or, powdered blue stone, two drachms ;
rain water, eight ounces; mix. One of these mixtures
may be applied once a day, just sufficient to moisten the
sore,and keep proud flesh down. The simple ointment
of the drug stores is a good healing salve, and should
always be in the house and at hand.

In neglected sores, and when proud flesh has grown up
above the level of the skin of the healthy part, take a stick
of caustic potassa, and hold oneend with a piece of cloth,
or stick one end in a goose quill, and touch the sore with
the other end of the caustic a few times, till the proud flesh
turns black. Repeat at another time, if necessary. Keep
the caustic in a tightly-corked bottle, or else it will be
dissolved into fluid when next wanted.

Sewing the lips of wounds and sores together 1s not now
much practiced,as the stitches are apt to rot, and the parts
swell, in consequence of which the sewing gives way,
thereby aggravating the sore.

Adhesive plaster is also not advisable, as, when it is put
on over the sore, it prevents the proper fluids thereof
from being discharged, and the moisture serves to loosen
the plaster.

(2.) INpoLENT Utcers.—This variety of ulcer or sore
usually attacks the skin of the legs and heels of horses,
(see Phagadena, Grease, and Farcy,) eating down into or
below the surrounding surface. It is covered with a
whitish-gray matter, and, in some few cases, small red
spots are seen looking through the white covering. These
are granulations, and are possibly unhealthy ones. (See

Frost Bites.)

VENTILATION. 231

Causes. A bad habit of the body and blood; poor
feeding, and debility.

Treatment. Apply powdered blue stone to the ulcer, to
eat off the unhealthy surface. Then apply a poultice for
the night, made of any soft, moist material-—say boiled
turnips, carrots, or bran and flaxseed meal, made with a
little warm water. The face of the poultice should be
covered with powdered charcoal or brewer’s yeast. Con-
tinue the treatment with an occasional poultice, and the
solution of blue stone.

Feed the horse well, and give half-ounce doses of the
sulphite of soda, once a day, to purify and enrich the blood.

(3.) IrRiTABLE Uncer.—Example: Sores on the pas-
tern-joint irritated by the flies, heat and sweat of summer.

Symptoms. Cannot be touched without they bleed ;
angry-looking, and very sore; highly inflamed, and ex-
tremely vascular.

Treatment. Difficult to cure during warm weather, but
easily healed in moderate weather, when there are few or
no flies.

Dress the sore with oil of olives, one ounce; creosote,
half an ounce; oil of turpentine, half an ounce; mix,
and apply to the sore witha piece of soft cloth, once a day.
Do not let any of the mixture run down on the hair,
which will, if so treated, fall off.

Urinary Calculi.—(See Stone in the Bladder.)
Urine, Bloody.—(See Heematuria.)

Varicose.—The enlarged vein on the hock-joint, caused
by bog and blood spavin. (See Spavins and Tumors.)

Venesection.—Bleeding by opening a vein.
Ventilation.—Few persons are aware of the vast

DO, DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

importance of pure, fresh air, in the maintenance of health,
and the prevention of disease, in both man and beast
However necessary pure air is in health, it is still more
so to an animal when sick from fever and disease ; and in-
deed there are diseases in which no treatment can or will
be successful, no matter how skilfully directed, without
pure, fresh air and cold water to drink, Show me a badly
ventilated stable or barn, and I will show you in the
spring of each year horses fevered and diseased. (See
Disinfectants.) Coughs, colds, lung fever, influenza,
grease, scratches, farcy and glanders, are the results of bad
ventilation.

Who has not heard with horror of the BLack HOLE at
CaLcurra, in which one hundred and forty-six men were
confined for a few hours without ventilation, and only
twenty-three survived the short confinement. Horses con-
fined only for a few hours without ventilation, as was the
case in two military expeditions sent out by England—
one to Quiberon, and the other to Varna—in which the
hatches of the ships were put down, and only for a short
time, but sufficiently long to produce glanders in almost
every horse. Hence, it will be perceived that, without
good ventilation, a high standard of general health cannot
be maintained very long,

Veterinary Biography.—The increased facilities for
receiving and transmitting intelligence in all parts of the
world, make it desirable in a book, designed, as this is, for
the non-professional reader, that something should be said
of the persons, whose opinions have some weight, con-
cerning the cause, treatment and prevention of diseases of
stock, throughout the world. The history of veterinary
medicine, has a claim to greater antiquity even than that
of domestic medicine, which few will deny ; or else why

VETERINARY BIOGRAPHY. DAS

should Vegetius have uttered these words :—“‘Ars veteri-
nari post medicinum Secunda est,” aud write a book in
VIII volumes, entitled “De arte Veterinaria.” And
further, we are assured through the writings of Homer,
1000 years before Christ, that this science had an existence
in his day ; and this is also corroborated by Herodvtus 500
years later. Simon, the Athenian Farrier, was practicing
the art as it then existed, fully 300 years before Galen,
and about 500 years before Celsus, the Roman physician,
had yet lived. It was by order of the Greek Emperor,
Constantius, of the seventh century, that the various writ-
ings upon the subject were collected, and arranged under
the title, Hyppocratika, and were translated from the
original Greek into Latin, by Dr. Ruelle, in the latter part
of the fourteenth century, by order of Francis the First,
King of France. Ramazzini, of Italy, Sauvage, of France,
and Camper, of Germany, form theconnecting link between
ancient and more modern times—or to the advent of
Charles Vial de Sain Bell, the founder of the first veteri-
nary college in England, in the year 1792. Sain Bell
was a man of ability, a good reasoner, clever, and very
brilliant. He died before much progress had been made
in establishing the college. He was succeeded by a dashing
young medical student named Coleman, a favorite of Sir
Astley Cooper, the great surgeon; but it is by no means
clear that he was regarded, by the celebrated John Hunter,
as filling the chair of so illustrious a predecessor in a satis-
factory manner. However, he was the means by which
veterinary science made considerable progress. The grave,
some years ago, closed over his mortal remains; but his
writings are much thought of, and quoted by some,
although many other writings, more modern, are in the

hands of the public.

234 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Where there was but one great teacher, there are now
many, and able. Among them is Wm. Youatt, who is
known wherever the English language is spoken. He isa
clear and indefatigable writer, and a great and constant
advocate of bleeding and blistering, in nearly every disease.
Many publishers and others have tried to elevate his works
to the new idea of a rational and successful system ; yet,
withal, much inconvenience and loss, to the agriculturist,
has resulted from consulting his works, in cases of sickness
and disease. He was a bold and daring man. Many
times he allowed himself to be bitten by mad dogs, and,
strange to say, never suffered from canine rabies.

James Beart Simmonds, who is still living, is known in
this country by his report, to the British Parliament, on
the rinderpest. He is professor of cattle pathology to the
Royal Veterinary College, and a man of ability.

Charles Spooner, principal of the college known to the
readers of the Royal Agricultural Society’s Journal, is also
prominent. The Scotch are well represented by Professors
Dick, Dun, and Gamgee. Mr. Dick is the founder of the
present Edinburgh College, and veterinarian to the High-
land and Agricultural Society. Mr. Dun is sound, and
learned, and has carried off more prizes on veterinary
agricultural subjects, than any other man. The Irish
agricultural interests are protected by Messrs. Ferguson,
and Farrel. Edward Mayhew is an invalid, and has
confined himself to book-making. He has shown the
world well, how a man may write books, when he knows
nothing of the subject he is writing about. In his works,
the book-making tact is seen to advantage, and they bear
many evidences of cleverness.

France is well and creditably represented by Reynal
and Boulay; and Germany, by Herring. The United

VETERINARY SURGEONS. Zoo

States has made great progress in veterinary science, within
a few years, and especially in regard to the treatment of
disease. ‘The various State agricultural societies, and farm
schools, are doing much in the way of advancing the cause
of a rational system of animal medication, throughout the
land. The Philadelphia Society for the Promotion of
Agriculture, the oldest society of the kind in the country,
has long been a powerful patron of veterinary science.

The Pennsylvania Farm School orders a course of
lectures to be delivered before the class, each session. The
New York State Agricultural Society’s effurts are gigantic,
practical, and in the right direction. ‘The secretary, B. P.
Johnson, Esq., is well known throughout the country, as
devoting his life to the cause and advancement of agricul-
ture, in all its auxiliary branches. Massachusetts has
spoken no less ably through Mr. Flint, her secretary.
Ohio, and other States of the Union, might be named in
this connection, but space will not permit.

Veterinary Colleges.—These do not seem to flourish
in this country; many have been started, but most of
them have been closed for want of patronage. Prof.
McClure, in his earlier years, conducted very successfully
in Philadelphia, the “ Merchants’ Veterinary College ;”
but the leading veterinary school in America at the pres-
ent day is the Veterinary Department of the University
of Pennsylvania, under charge of Dr. R. S. Huide-
koper.

Veterinary Surgeons—Veterinarians.—Terms in
use or applied to persons whose calling is to cure diseases
among domestic animals. Veterinary surgeons are not
unlike domestic physicians—many of whom are mere
apologies in their profession. This is not so because of

236 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

inferior education to those who have risen to distinction
as successful and skilful in practice, but chiefly from a want
of natural adaptability to the profession they have chosen,
mistakably for themselves, and a source of disappoint-
ment to their patrons.

Thus Mr. Greaves, of the London College of Veter-
inary Surgeons, and one of the most expert and
successful members of his profession to be found in
any country, says in the Veterinarian, (periodical,) that
among the certified pupils leaving college, many
cannot even tell which leg a horse is lame in. Again,
he says that on account of this, and the want of confi-
dence of the public in them, the practical man, though
ignorant, is preferred to the practitioners who write
M. R. C. V. 8. L. after their names. To insure a
uniform standard of efficiency in veterinarians, it is
now customary to make a preliminary examination of
each person before admission to studentship. This
examination is not in the abstract sciences, but in those
matters, the possession of which, when put together,
form common sense, or a good judgment of things and
phenomena. It is for the want of such merit in the
purely scientific, that little or no room is left for practical
matters and their application.

The science of Gamgee did not discover the cause of
Texan Fever ; whereas, we think if he had but stooped
to look at common and unhidden things, the apparent mys-
tery would ere this time have been cleared up. We would
not, however, under-rate science ; for when it is associated
with good judgment, it is the key to success in veterinary
medicine and surgery. We desire to add, in this connec-
tion, the lamentable fact that in cities and large towns, and
indeed all over the country, persons will be found whocall

WENS. Z30

themselves veterinary surgeons, and practice as such without
qualification—having neither legal, moral, nor educational
attainments.

Vives.—A term given to bastard, or an irregular
variety of strangles. (See Strangles.)

Warts.—(See Tumors.)

Warranty.—A form of certificate given on the purchase
or payment for a horse. There is nothing mysterious, nor
yet of much importance, as to the form of a warranty.
The best forms amount to nothing in the eyes of the law.
Horses are like other merchandise. If not as represented,
damages or difference in value can be obtained by a process
of law, providing the seller can be found, and has property
which can be levied upon. ’Tis true, in such a case, an
action in tort may be brought whereby if payment is not
made, he can be sent to prison for awhile, or till he can
claim the benefit of the insolvent act.

Few persons will bring an action at court for swindling,
or getting money under false pretences, by horse dealing,
for it will be difficult to maintain such an action, and get
a verdict upon it. (See Soundness.)

Warbles.—(See Skin Diseases.)

Water Farcy.—(See Dropsy and Farcy.)

Weeping Eye.—As its name indicates, this is a flow
of tears from the eye down the side of the face, instead
of through their proper channel.

Cause. Obstruction in the lachrymal sac, or nasal duct,
from a disease called fistula lachrymalis.

Treatment. This is the province of the surgeon and
anatomist.

Wens.—The common name for external tumors.

238 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Wheezing. —This isa sound given from a horse having
enlarged glands, or thickening of the membrane of the
wind-pipe, or the glands pressing upon the head decreasing
its calibre. Whistling is caused by the same alteration of
structure in the wind-pipe.

Whirl-Bone, a Sprain of the.—(See Sprains and
Hock.)

Wind Galls.—Are soft but elastic swellings or enlarge-
ments. They are non-inflammatory in character, and are
produced by the same cause, governed by the same laws,
and present the same phenomena as bog, blood spavin, and
other enlarged or distended bursa of joints, which are all
produced by, and are evidences of hard work. No treat-
ment for them will be satisfactory, as they will return
again, even if they have been removed.

Wind-Sucking.—(See Crib-Biter.)

Worms.—The worms which inhabit the body of the
horse are of many varieties. Some of them are harmless,
while others interfere with his health. They are, Ist. The
bot or estrus equi, found inhabiting the stomach. 2d.
The estrus Hemorrhoidalis or Fundament bot, found in
the rectum, and often seen about the anus, and under the
tail. 3d. The strongylus, and Filaria, found in the aorta,
and other blood vessels. 4th. The ascarides vermicularis,
found in small cells within the mucous covering of the
coecum, or blind gut. 5th. Milaria, found in the aqueous
humor of the eye.

(1.) StomacnH Bor.—These worms are the result of
turning horses out to pasture in the summer months, and
are produced from the eggs laid or glued to the fore legs
of the horse, by the bot fly.

Symptoms. An unthrifty coat, and loss of flesh, after a

WORMS. 239

run at grass, may be taken as an indication that bots are
present within the stomach.

Treatment. Improve the condition of the horse, so that
the debilitating effects of the bots’ presence may not inter-
fere with the general health and condition of the horse ;
for it must be borne in mind that no medicinecan, or will,
dislodge or destroy these parasites short of killing the
horse, also. Once the eggs are in the stomach, which
seems to be the natural nursery both for their protection,
and the propagation of their species, they cannot be re-
moved by force. In one year from the time the eggs are
taken into the stomach, will the bot be a perfect chrysalis,
and will fall from the coats of the stomach, and be expelled
with the excreta or dung. In a short time after, it will be
provided with wings, and fly about, commencing the prop-
agation of its species, which musé pass through the same
period of probation or incubation, as its progenitors.
Give iron and gentian, in addition to good feeding, to
prevent the bots from debilitating the animal too much.
Take powdered sulphate of iron and gentian root, each
three drachms ; mix, and make one dose, to be repeated
twice a week.

(2.) FunDAMENT Bor.—Like that of the stomach, but
also the result of a run tothe grass. Instead of the eggs
being deposited upon the legs, they are stuck to the muzzle
or lips of the horse, and are the color of the skin, hence
not often seen.

Symptoms. The following year, during the summer
months, the larva of this species will be seen sticking
about the anus, and under the tail, which in spirited horses
proves a source of great uneasiness and irritation.

Treatment. Injections of linseed oil, or tobacco smoke.

240 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

(3.) Srroneyius.—This variety, and a_ species of
Filaria, are sometimes found in the blood vessels, and are
similar in the effects produced in the horse to those seen
in sheep affected with rot.

Cause. Feeding on wet and marshy land, and pasture
having been flooded with water. Who has not heard of
the effects produced from this cause, in animals grazed
upon the course of the river Nile, in Egypt, after each
inundation ?

Treatment. Support the strength by good, generous feed-
ing, and give iron, and gentian, each two to three drachms,
once a day, removing the animal to high and dry pasture.

(4.) ASCARIDES.

Cause. A bad habit of body, called cachexia and chlo-
rosis.

Treatment. Give iron, gentian and arsenious acid, in
the following manner: Powdered sulphate of iron, two
drachms ; gentian root, two drachms ; arsenic, five grains ;
mix, and give in one dose in mixed, cut or soft feed, twice
or three times a week.

Wounds.—They are divided into simple, incised, con-
tused, lacerated, punctured and poisoned. Wounds are

DIRECTOR AND PROBES USED IN THE CURE OF WOUNDS AND SORES.

more or less dangerous, when entering the chest and belly ;
as are also poisoned wounds, or those from the bite of a
mad dog. (See Bites.)

WOURALI. 2AT

Wounds following by bleeding, will be found treated of
under the article on Bleeding, (which see.)

CURVED AND PROBE POENTED SCISSORS FOR DRESSING THE
CAVITIES OF WOUNDS.

Contused, lacerated and punctured wounds are generally
followed by suppuration, (which see,) which should be
encouraged by warm poultices applied to the parts, and
should be kept freely open to allow the pus free. escape.
Wounds entering the belly or chest, should be treated by
placing a pad over the part to exclude the air, followed by
the application used in simple wounds. Keep down pain
by giving twenty drops of the tincture of aconite root,
three times a day, for two days only. Poisoned wounds
will be found treated of under the article on Bite of Mad
Dog, (which see.)

Wourali.—aA name given toa poison, which is prepared
by the Macousi Indians, of South America, and used by
them on the points of their arrows. This poison has been
advocated by some in the treatment of locked-jaw, in the
horse, but in my experience nothing favorable can be said
of it as acure for this terrible disease. The power of this
poison is so great, that in four minutes after an ox, of one
thousand pounds weight, was pierced in each thigh by an
arrow poisoned with it, the poison took effect, and in afew

minutes more his head and legs ceased to move. In
16

DAP, DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

twenty minutes from the time he was wounded, the ox was
dead, having apparently died without pain.

Yellows.— Discoloration of parts of the skin from liver
disease. (See Liver.)

Yellow Water.—(See Liver Diseases.)

Zoology.—That part of natural history which treats
of the structure, habits, classification, and habitations of all
animals, from man to the lowest of all the tribes.

Zumins,—Are Ferments.

ge

Goes

Tie Cranes ys

SO ES ae ele eb Gee

MARY ANNE, OF ST. LAMBERT.
36 LBS. 12% OUNCES OF BUTTER IN ONE WEEK.

DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Tuts part of our work is
devoted to the explanation
and treatment of the various
diseases affecting the ox, to-
gether with an account of the
diseases incident to milch
cows and young calves.

Cattle diseases are, in many
particulars, similar to those
of the horse. Thus inflam-

mation, irritation and fever,
arecommon to all animals. Still, however, there are
many diseases affecting catttle,in which we fail to find a
counterpart in any disease attacking horses. Among such
diseases we may mention those of contagious typhus, or
rinderpest; epizootic aphtha, or the murrain;_ splenic
apoplexy and quarter evil, or the black lee,

The manner or mode of treating disease in the ox differs
no more from that employed in the case of the horse, than
one disease differs from another. For it must be remem-
bered by every person who undertakes to give medicine to
an ox or a cow, that they have four stomachs—1, the
rumen, or paunch ; 2, the reticulum ; 3, the manyplus ; 4,
the abomasum. For this reason, or, as it were, peculiarity, ~

cows or oxen should, under every condition, be treated
243

244 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

with medicine in a fluid form only, so that it may pass
from one stomach to another without injury, and in the
shortest possible time. By giving medicine in the form of
a solid—as is sometimes given to the horse—in place of its
finding the way into any of the stomachs, it is more likely
to break through the floor of the wsophagean canal, (a
platform at the bottom of the gullet,) thus not only losing
the medicine, but at the same time destroying the animal.

In cases of abscess, tumors, sores or ulcers, etc., in cattle,
and where the description and treatment is not full enough,
or not given at all, the reader is requested to turn to the
Diseases of the Horse, in the preceding part of this work,
where he will find ample information upon these subjects.

(1.) Abortion.—An effection peculiar to cows, and
chiefly attacking those that are kept in the neighborhood
of cities and large towns, and in the vicinity of cheese
factories. It is rarely seen to any extent in the herds of
the breeder and agriculturist. It consists in the cow
parting with her calf at any time between the first month
of conception and the last month of gestation.

Premonitory Symptoms. By these the event is at times
clearly foreshadowed. They are extremely deceptive and
uncertain, however, and differ materially with the cause of
the trouble. In those cases which resemble an epizootic
(epidemic) disease in their course,a short, inaudible, involun-
tary cough is observed, while, by auscultation of the neck,
a slightly roughened sound will be heard im the bronchia,
accompanied by weakness of the body. Indeed, the
symptoms of this occurrence, when not. of sporadic origin,
are weakness and debility. This debility and weakness,
to most persons, will prove deceptive, because the blood is,
or has gone under a morphological change; and then, and

ABORTION. 945

then only, do the calf attachments to the womb or uterus
of the mother separate. The cow brightens up, and feels
as it were a life de nova, though carrying her dead offspring
—which she will continue to do till the fresh stimulus
given by the blood that formerly gave life to the calf
enables her system to contract the womb, and thereby ex-
pel the foreign body.

Causes. These should not have remained so long a mys-
tery, when we consider how difficult and unreasonable it is
for us to expect the cow to thrive and do well when placed
in an anomalous condition—one totally foreign to her spe-
cies—a “factory hand,” as much so as the veriest operative
in the mills of Lowell and Lawrence. The true causes,
to be brief, are—1. Feeding upon slop or other milk-
secreting materials. 2. Insufficient feed of whatever de-
scription. 38. The attempted reproduction of the species,
whilst at the same time a drain is being made upon the
system by an excessive and unnatural demand for milk.
4. Irritation of the white membranes of the wind-pipe,
changing and weakening the blood. 5. Exudative pleuro-
pneumonia, or other debilitating disease. Any of the
above named causes, singly or combined, when acting
upon an animal placed at so great a disadvantage, as we
have shown, will necessarily result in outraged nature
chosing her great prerogative between life and death and
the perfect propagation of her progeny.

Prevention. ‘This can readily be done, as every intelli-
gent reader will conclude after reviewing the causes. It
consists in:

1. Feeding substantial feed, and enough of it, but not
excessively sloppy or wet—for in this way, the bowels are
kept too loose, relaxing the solids of the body, and thereby
inducing over-secretion of milk at the expense of good

health,

246 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

2. Though the cow be unprofitable, allow some feed,
gradually increasing it in quality, and, if necessary, in
quantity, as she approaches the time of calving. By this
means the extra demands of nature in the increasing size
and wants of the calf will be supplied without at all affect-
ing the health or strength of the mother—thus insuring
a natural parturition.

3. Dry up the milk in all cows that do not, in the
natural order of things, stop secreting milk, say three
months preceding their time of calving, by giving sulphate
of iron, three drachms, in powder, combined with gentian
root ; also, in powder, half an ounce, once daily, mixed in
feed, for a week to ten days. No milking should be done,
other than to prevent injury to the udder if it becomes
distended.

4, If there is a cough peculiar to more than one or two
cows, allow plenty of good food, with two drachms of the
sulphate of iron, and half an ounce each of ginger and
gentian, twice daily, to keep the blood in its normal state,
to prevent relaxation of the solids of the body terminating
in exudation, and to promote absorption.

When any of the cows have been sick of pleuro-pneu-
monia or other disease, cure them and keep up the strength
by tonics and a generous diet, always bearing in mind that
it is poor policy and worse economy to starve animals,
especially when suffering from disease. Thus we have
mapped out a plan, which, if faithfully followed and put in
practice, will accomplish what it is intended to do; and if,
in the opinions of others, I am in any way mistaken, I can
only say, as did Luther at the diet of Worms, “ hier stehe
ich, ich kann nicht anders.”

(2.) AporTION, Sporapic.—This variety is the result
of accident and disease of the womb itself, and is not to be

ABORTION. Tan

confounded with abortion arising from causes named in
the preceding article.

(8.) ABORTION BEFORE VIABILITY.—A variety of
abortion occurring within a few weeks of pregnancy,
caused by irritation and excitement of the uterus. To pre-
vent a recurrence of the annoyance, change the pastures or
feed of the cows before putting the bull among them.

Remarks. It will no doubt be remarked that the views
herein expressed seem to differ with opinions already
given, to some extent, to the public. They are neverthe-
less the same in substance that we have heretofore enter-
tained, and they have given satisfaction to all who have
faithfully put them to test. In my own hands, hundreds
of cows in Pennsylvania, in the vicinity of Philadelphia,
have not only been prevented from aborting their calves,
but prevented from pleuro-pneumonia, also, when both
were in the herd at the same time, and immediately
preceding the use of iron, etc. So much does this accom-
plish, that Mr. Horace B. Taylor, a druggist in this city,
sells it in quantity according to the receipt as heretofore
published by me, and at the instance of Sylvester J. Me-
gargee, Esq., a breeder of fine cattle, who has found it all
that can be desired as a prophylactic in abortion.

In this connection, we would refer the reader to a
lecture by the Hon. W. I. Skinner, of Little Falls, N. Y.,
in the course of which was shown the loss of nine calves
by abortion, whereas in the use of iron, etc., the trouble
was at once arrested. To those who at any time may have
found no relief from its use, if there be any such, we can
only say that the fact must be attributable to misapplica-
tion, adulteration, bad material, or, peradventure, some
other cause. We would ask such persons “do they not
find it as profitable to draw milk year in and year out

248 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

from the machine without interruption—which can be
occasionally done by the cow aborting—as from cows
carrying their calves to full time, and the consequent loss
of three months’ milk, (although an occasional cow remain
dry as the result of abortion,) when butter, cheese and
milk command so high a price?”

The efforts of others to solve the apparent mystery sur-
rounding the cause of abortion have been considerable, and
the results have been invariably somewhat contradictory,
negative, non-committal, or of questionable utility. Thus
the New York State Agricultural Society, through its then
president, J. S. Gould, presented a memorial to the Legis-
lature of the State, setting forth the evil results recurring
to the dairy interests of the State, and asking for an ap-
propriation to defray the expenses of a commission to in-
vestigate the cause, and point out a remedy ; also, assuring
the Legislature that if the prayer was granted, certain
veterinary surgeons and medical men in Philadelphia, ete.,
were likely to throw light upon the cause, and recommend
a cure. Thus, at the very beginning of his efforts, Mr.
Gould perpetrates a blunder ; for no veterinary surgeon or
medical man from Philadelphia was employed on the com-
mission. The choice of Mr. Gould was J. C. Dalton,
M. D., of New York, whose report of investigations and
their results disappointed many persons who had enter-
tained high expectations from it; for it proved to be nega-
tive, and of little use to the dairy interest. The Society
evidently was not satisfied with Dalton’s report, for next
year a new commission was formed, with W. H. Carmalt,
of New York, at its head, but with no veterinary surgeon
attached to it. His report was rendered in due time,
and though non-committal in character, it contained valu-
able information to all interested in the dairy. Amongst

ANEMIA. 949

the contradictions of the two reports, we will only mention
that Dr. Dalton says a cow having once aborted is four
times more likely to do so subsequently, and Dr. Carmalt
says that she is about twice as liable. Have they been
guessing, or is this discrepancy merely the result of
idiosy nerasy ?

The experiments of X. A. Willard, Esq.,—a leader in
all that pertains to excellency in dairy management—in
feeding -his cows “bone meal,” are in the right direction,
but do not go far enough, although apparently successful
in preventing the recurrence of abortion. By substituting
for bone meal that which contains more of the nutritious
combined with the astringent in effect would be prefer-
able; but as we have already intimated, it goes a certain
way in meeting one or more of the causes of the trouble.

Abomasum.—The fourth or true stomach of the ox,
and of the sheep also.

Angle Berries.— Warty-like excrescences, which differ
from the ordinary wart by having a stem or neck to them.
Treatment. Cut them off with a knife or pair of scissors.

Anemia.—This term is applied to a weak condition of
cows, sometimes called want of blood, and is more common
than most persons are aware of. Cows are not selfish ; the
more they get in feed, the more they will generally give
in the form of milk and butter.

Symptoms. Whiteness and clearness of the lining mem-
branes of the nose, mouth, and eyes, are sure indications
of a want of blood in the system. When this condition
occurs as an effect of disease as, for instance, that of pleuro-
pneumonia, the animal will become hectic, and die in a
month or so from the first attack.

Treatment. Give the following powders, night and morn-

250 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

ing, in cut feed: Powdered gentian root, three drachms ;
powdered ginger root, three drachms; mix, and make one
dose. If these powders improve the animal in a week or
so, give two drachms of the sulphate of iron in addition
thereto. ‘The iron, however, may dry up the milk con-
siderably. ‘The case then resolves itself into whether it
would be better to have a dead cow or a dry one. Good
and generous feeding is indicated in this disease.

Apoplexy.—(Sce Splenic Apoplexy.)
Aphtha or Thrush,—This is an eruption in the

mouth similar to small bladders, and is often mistaken for
a contagious disease called Epizootic Aphtha.

Cause. Irritation in the mouth of young cattle from -
teething.

Treatment. If treatment be at all necessary, a weak
mixture of vinegar and cold water will answer ; or a solu-
tion of alum or alum water applied to the mouth twice a
day, will be all that is wanted.

Biliary Calculi or Gallstones.—These are of several
colors. .

(1.) Waitre GALLSTONES.

(2.) YELLOW Brown GALLSTONES.

(3.) DARK GREEN GALLSTONES.—AII of which are
hard, grooved, and have the odor of musk. During the
life of the animal no symptoms are observed whereby
their presence can be detected. This, however, is of little
or no consequence, as no treatment is necessary, and they
scarcely ever cause the ox any inconvenience.

Black Quarter.—Joint Felon— Quarter Evil. This is
a disease peculiar to young cattle, and occurs in the spring
of the year. It is characterized by one hind leg and thigh

BLADDER. 251.

becoming congested, and black with coagulated blood. The
other portions of the body retain their normal or healthy
appearance. It is sudden in its attack, and death follows
in a few hours.

Causes. A robust stamina or plethoric condition, and
fulness of blood.

Treatment. No time for cure.

Prevention. This is the most important particular to be
attended to. On the first appearance of this disease, give
each young animal less than two years, and those above
one year of age, a good brisk purge to clean out the
bowels. For this purpose, use half a pound of epsom
salts in two bottles of water, sweetened with molasses, and
add a teaspoonful of ginger. Put the young stock on high
land, and where the grass is not too good.

Black Tongue.—(See Glossanthrax.)
Black Water.—(See Red Water.)

Bladder Diseases.—The ox is not free from disease
of this organ. Bladder diseases in cattle generally are the
result of irritant matters in the urine, and of calculi or
stone in the bladder.

Symptoms. The animal is restless, having pain. and
irritation, and constantly endeavoring to make urine, but .
only a few drops passing at a time. The eyes are invari-
ably blood-shot. Should the animal not be relieved, it
will die from weakness, exhaustion, constant excitement
and irritation.

Treatment. Give at once twenty-five drops of the tincture
of aconite root, to relieve irritation and pain. Give freely
linseed tea and other demulcents, to soothe the kidneys
and bladder. In order that any earthy matter which may
be-present in the uretus, kidneys or bladder may be

952 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

lessened or destroyed altogether, give sixty drops of muri-
atic acid once or twicea day in cold water. This, however,
should not be given whilst there is pain or irritation present.

Bladder, Prolapsus of the.—Among cows, during
and after difficult calving, there will be sometimes observed
a white, shining, watery bag protruding between the lips
of the vulva. This is the bladder holding the urine. It
is twisted at its neck, and, therefore, cannot be emptied.
Many a good cow has been destroyed by ignorant persons
mistaking this for some of the watery membranes sur-
rounding the calf, and, therefore, intentionally tearing it
asunder.

Treatment. Carefully examine the distended bag, its
shape, and size. Having determined that it is the urinary
bladder, carefully cleanse it, if dirty, and pass the hand
previously oiled along its surface, ascertaining which way
the turn or twist is made. Having satisfactorily known
this, take the bladder by the other hand and reverse the
turn or twist, and then carefully push the bladder back
into its place.

Should the bladder again return, a tampon—a roll of
soft cotton cloth—should be used to plug up the vulva for
an hour or two. If this should not be sufficient, a stick
or suture of stout saddler’s silk, or other strong material,
should be passed through each side of the vulva with a
small packing or darning needle, and be allowed to remain
for a few days.

Diseases of the uninary bladder are many, and diverse in
their character. Having pointed out the most common
form of disease of this organ, I will simply mention by
name others not so often seen, or at all events observed :
Distension, causing abdominal pain ; eversion ; extroversion;
inversion, causing painful urination ; inflammation; paraly-

BRITTANY COW. abe

sis, causing difficult, andin some cases entire stoppage of
the urinary flow and rupture of the bladder, and polypi in
the bladder, causing frequent urination, .and the urine
small in quantity. Milch cows are chiefly the subjects of
these last varieties of diseases of the bladder, which are the
real causes of many mysterious deaths amongst them.

Blood Shot.—(See Quarter Evil.)
Blood Diseases.—(Sce Quarter Evil, Red Water, etc.)

Brain Diseases.—Phrenitis. An inflammation which
is the same as mad staggers in the horse. It is due to
overfeeding in long, wet grass or clover, and distention of
the stomach. In rare instances it is caused by the deposit
of wax-like matter within the ear that communicates
with the brain.

Symptoms. The animal is dull during congestion. This
is succeeded by quickened breathing, excitement and de-
lirium, the eyes being blood shot. It is the picture of
disease and suffering, and if not soon relieved, falls and
remains in a state of stupor, from which it never re-
covers.

Treatment. In the early stages of this disease, much can
be done by an active cathartic or purge, composed of one
pound of epsom salts, and one pound of table salt, dis-
solved in four quarts of cold water and sweetened with
molasses. Apply ice or ice water to the forehead, warm
water bandages to the legs, and tightly clothe the body.
Inflammation of the brain is often seen in the fatal form
of milk fever in cows.

Brittany Cow.—A very small animal, imported from
the south of France, and from Brittany itself—which is
to the northwest of France, and separates the English

254 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Channel from the Atlantic Ocean. M. P. Bellamy, Vet-
erinary Professor to the Department of Agriculture, at
Rennes, says, La Vache Bretonne— Utile au Riche, Provi-
dence du Pauvre—“the Brittany cow—useful to the rich,
and a blessing to the poor.” Some few of these useful
little cows have been imported into this country, and, if
all be true which is said in their favor, more of them
ought to be imported. They are represented to be hardy
and healthy; they can be kept on such food as other cows
would starve upon, and they can stand a greater amount
of hardship than any other variety.

Bronchitis.—This is inflammation of the wind-pipe,
and even extending to the lungs themselves, There is
every variety or severity seen in this disease, from the
simple irritation of the buccal membrane to the intense
inflammation terminating in the outpouring of serum from
the blood into the cavity of the chest, resulting, if the cow
be with calf, in abortion, and often, among others, in the
death of the animal, after a long and lingering hectic fever.
Bronchitis, and throat and chest diseases in cattle, are
insidious and deceptive, for the ox does not, even under
the most severe forms of these, exhibit fever and irritation,
loss of appetite, ete., which are shown at once when
attacking the horse. Not until the disease has made con-
siderable progress, does the ox or the cow show symptoms
of disease; so much is this the case, that I have on several
occasions pointed out bronchial and chest disease, in milch
cows, whilst the owners failed to see anything wrong.
Indeed, this is the great difficulty in the successful treat-
ment of diseases in neat cattle—not getting or applying
the remedies at any early stage of the affection. A closer
attention, and more careful observation on the part of
farmers and others, is almost imperatively demanded, and

BRONCHITIS. IRS)

more especially should this be the case with dairy people;
for when anything in the least unusual is discovered, such
as a very slight grating sound in the wind-pipe when the
ear is steadily applied, the cow should immediately have
some iron, or tonic powders, and all will be well in a few
days again ; whereas, if left to itself, serum is exuded, and
debility, weakness, and even death may follow. I would
say to dairy men, study the sounds in the wind-pipe, both
in the sick and well animal, and you will not only perfect
your knowledge in this particular, but I assure you it
will be no zdle study ; for ina short time you will not only
be able to detect these insidious diseases, in the beginning,
in your cows, but can apply the remedy also, thereby
saving yourself from inconvenience and loss, which some
ean ill afford. In this way, you can prove to your neigh-
bors, and to the world at large, that cattle diseases are
not so difficult to cure after all, and that while others have
so long sat and breoded with soured and sullen minds over
their losses, and the ignorance and inefficiency of cow doc-
tors, you have obtained a mastery of the situation. .
Cause. Bronchitis is a disease which rarely attacks one
~ animal only, but usually the most of the herd will have
been attacked before it leaves the place, and then it will
leave when there are no more victims to seize. These
epizootic diseases depend upon what are called atmospheric
causes. Such condition usually manifests itself in the
spring of the year,and sometimes early in the summer.
The peculiarity of the air causes irritation of the fauces of
the mouth, throat or wind-pipe, and, as_ before stated,
sometimes extends to the chest and lungs themselves.
Symptoms. Ina week or so after the attack, a slight
husky cough, with weeping from the eyes, and a watery
discharge from the inner corner of the nose, will be seen ;

256 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

and by applying the ear to the course of the wind-pipe, a
slight, rough and grating sound will be heard. This
sound, however, can be heard from twelve hours after the
attack. According to the amount of serum poured out,
and whether the cow bein calf, and how far she is gone in
calf, so will the quickness and depth of the breathing be. |
Bronchitis is the forerunner of pleuro-pneumonia, com-
monly called the ‘“ Massachusetts Cattle Disease.” The
spotted and solid appearance of the lungs of animals hav-
ing died of this disease, is due to the lungs being so long
immersed in the serum or fluid, which is poured into the
chest. Pathological anatomists are well aware, that if the
substance of the lungs had been the original seat of the
disease, the animal so affected would either have died, or
have recovered in about forty-eight hours; whereas, none
scarcely die within the first week from the attack, and
many live a lingering life of six weeks and two months.
This fact cannot be reconciled with the current theory of
the lungs being diseased by direct attack. No! They
are solidified either from their functions being impaired by
being immersed in and surrounded by fluid poured out
from the fibrous serous tissue, or from the effects of in-
flammation of the linings of the wind-pipe, and, perhaps,
the linings of the chest, singly or conjointly with that of
the wind-pipe also. This, I am satisfied, is susceptible
of no other theory, or explanation whatever; and the
sooner farmers and others think so, too, the better it will
be for them. |

Treatment. If the disease be discovered within forty-
eight hours from the attack, take from four to five doses
of the tincture of aconite root, twenty-five drops to a dose,
and give one dose every four hours. If there be uncer-
tainty as to whether the disease has existed longer or

BULL BURNT. AGT

shorter, to save time the aconite may be given along with
the following powders, three times in the day: Powdered
sulphate of iron, three drachms; powdered gentian root,
half an ounce; powdered ginger root, half an ounce ;
powdered sulphite of soda, half an ounce; mix and make
a drench, to be poured down the mouth out of a strong
bottle. This medicine is to be continued (omitting the
aconite after the fifth dose) till the animal is well, or looks
brighter, and eats all it gets. If it be a milch cow, the
usnal quantity of milk will be given. In addition to the
above medicines, give, once or twice daily, half an ounce
of commercial sulphuric acid, largely diluted or mixed in
half a bucket of cold water. In feeding, care should be
taken not to give too much, so as to bring on dangerous
indigestion. Cold water and pure air are indispensable
agents in the treatment of this and all diseases of horses
and cattle.

Bull Burnt.—This is a disease similar to gonorrhea
in man. Of all the domestic animals, the ox tribe are
the only ones which are subject to this disease, more com-
mon in hot than in cold weather.

Symptoms. In urinating there is uneasiness, and the
urine is passed in small quantities; slight mucous dis-
charges from the organ of generation. In the bull, there
is at times no desire for copulation, even when it is desira-
ble that there should be. This often leads to the
discovery of the cause.

Treatment. Separate the bull from the cows, and dose
the affected ones, including the bull, with a purgative of
epsom and common salts. Give one pound each, mixed
or dissolved in four quarts of cold water, sweetened with
molasses, and add a little ginger—say a quarter of an

ounce. Be assured that both bull and cows are thoroughly
17

258 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

cured before the bull is admitted among the cows, for a
second attack on the bull will render him useless.

Cachexia.—This, properly speaking, may be denomi-.
nated a bad habit of the body, from faulty digestion and
assimilation of the food taken into the stomach.

Symptoms. Morbid or diseased appetite—the animal at
every chance licking the earth, stones, lime walls, and
other substances, which cows in health would not touch.
This disease, like many others, occasionally takes an
epizootic form, and attacks animals over a large tract of
country. More particularly, the animal’s coat stares, fol-
lowed by a mucous discharge from the eyes and mouth ;
milk almost disappears, and what there is of it is very
blue and thin. At this stage of the disease, the animal is
thin; the membranes of the mouth, nose and eyes are
white and pale, showing the bloodless state to which the
beastis reduced. Stiffness of the joints soon presents itself
consequent upon infiltration of serum into the bursz of
the joint, causing much swelling. In certain parts of
England it is called the “cripple.” Finally, the animal
is reduced to a skeleton, and dies within a few months to
a year from the first appearance of the disease.

Treatment. The first thing to be done is to have the
animal removed to high and dry pasture lands, which
may be the means of cutting short the disease, before much
injury has been done it. Give plenty of salt, and the
preparation of soda and lime, with good food of a nutri-
tious quality. A few doses of commercial sulphuric acid
highly diluted—say half an ounce by weight, given once
a day in half a bucket of cold water—and, if necessary,
a few doses of iron and gentian, will arrest the disease.

Calving.—This is an operation of nature, which most

CALVING. 259

dairymen and farmers are familiar with, and upon which
we will say comparatively little. Before we do this, how-
ever, a short description of the symptoms, by which it is
known when a cow is in calf, will be given.

Symptoms. ‘The first and most important symptoms of
a cow being with calf, is the absence of cestromania or
bulling. This, however, is not altogether relied upon in
some cows, for there are cases in which a pregnant cow
will receive the bull up to the time of calving. The next,
and probably the more sure sign of a cow being with calf,
is the increased size of the belly. The hand placed firmly
against the flank, or portion where there are no ribs; a
hard, firm body will be felt, which is the calf. As time
passes along, the movements of the calf in the womb can
occasionally be seen. Within a few weeks of calving, the
external organs of generation—labia pudendi—increase in
size, and discharge a thick mucus. The udder becomes
swollen, hot, and full of the first milk—colostrum—which
is sure indication that the time for calving is near at hand.
This isaccompanied by a relaxation of the ligaments of the
pelvis, or, as the dairymen say, “she is down in her bones.”

Symptoms of Immediate Delivery. Great restlessness
and uneasiness, shown by lying down and rising up, and
increasing in severity, until she has been delivered of a
calf. From the time of conception, till natural parturition
or calving, it is about forty weeks, or two hundred and
eighty days. :

There are, however, opinions at variance with these
dates, founded upon the sex of the calf. Ifa male, it
is carried longer than if of the opposite sex. These opin-
ions form ground for debate, therefore we will drop
theorizing.

NaturAL CAtvine.—This resembles the fruit when

260 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

ripe, breaking from its attachment to the parent tree, and
falling into the lap of mother earth. If the pelvic bones
are well or proportionably formed in the cow, and the
presentation and size of the calf be right, no trouble need
be apprehended, and the cow may be left to herself. The
natural presentation at full time, and of a full-grown calf,
is as follows: The amnion, or waterbag, having been rup-
tured or broken, there will be seen the fore legs and head
of the calf resting upon the two feet, and protruding a
little. If, however, the cow should labor long with the
calf in this position, and she is weak and thin in flesh, she
may be assisted. ‘This can be done by taking hold of the
two feet and part of the head, and when the cow makes an
effort to strain, pull at the calf. If sufficient force cannot
be applied by the hands, then place a soft but stout rope
round the feet of the calf and apply traction or force.
Before any force whatever is used, be sure that the mouth
of the womb is sufficiently dilated ; for if this be not the
case, then by using force the womb is torn or ruptured,
and the death of the cow is the result. Be patient, and
time—the prover of all things—will also prove the wisdom
of waiting. If after delay, however, both cow and calf
should be lost, be consoled by the fact, that it is likely the
one or both would have been lost any way ; for there will
be found some one or other of these malformations, either
in the pelvis or arch of the pubis of the cow, or an undue
proportion of the size of the calf to the pelvic arch through
which it has to pass, to be delivered. In all cases where
the calf presents itself in the form above described, and
delivery is not effected, rest assured that the pelvic arch
of the mother is too small or too narrow. If that be not
the case, the calf is over size, from water in the head,

(Hydrocephalus,) or water in the belly, (Dropsy,) or both

CALVING. 261

of these conditions combined, which is seen by veterinary
surgeons, in large country practice.

Before a calf of this description can be delivered, and
the cow relieved, the head of the calf must be pierced, to
lessen its size, then a long spear-like instrument—trocar—
is used to pierce the belly or abdomen of the calf, toempty
the fluid, to lessen also its great size. When that is
properly done, and the cow is not too greatly exhausted,
she may complete the delivery without further assistance.

Twin Catves.—Twin presentations are as various
as they are curious. ‘Thus, we sometimes see a fore leg
of one calf, and the hind leg of the other. In this condi-
tion of things, it must be evident that no force should be
used to bring them away till each calf is properly
adjusted in its position. The best and quickest way is to
adjust the calf which first presents itself, and if portions
of the other be presented also, push them back into the
womb. When one calf is safely delivered, not much diffi-
culty will be experienced with the other.

UNNATURAL PRESENTATION.—We have now arrived
at that portion of our subject which, more plainly talking,
has reference to when the calf is being forced into the neck
of the uterus or womb in any form except the natural
position already described. The unnatural position of
calves, about to be delivered, is happily rare, and forms
the exception to the natural law of presentation. However
rare these presentations are, they nevertheless are some-
times seen. Thus the feet are presented, and the head of
the calf doubled on its neck, and in the womb. ‘This
condition is best remedied by tying a rope round the fore
feet, or both together, and raising the hind parts of the
cow off the ground; thus forcing the calf down to the
fundus or bottom of the womb. This being done, reach

262 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

the hand in and seize the calf by the head, and bring it
with you, while an assistant is pulling upon the rope
attached to the fore legs.

By adopting this plan a safe and speedy delivery will
be effected. English veterinary surgeons, with Professor
Simmonds at their head, say this is the most dangerous
form of presentation, involving the life of both cow and
calf. Why do they say so, and how does it prove so to
them? Because they vainly endeavor by force to bring
the head of the calf into the neck of the womb, when there
is no room to doso, without first elevating the hind portion
of the cow sufficiently for the calf to fall to the bottom of
the womb, where there is plenty of room to turn, not only
the head, but the whole of the body also.

Another form of malformation is, where we have the
head and neck within the neck of the uterus or womb,
without the fore feet and legs. The only alternative in
this case is to remove the head by cutting it off from the
neck ; leaving, however, sufficient skin for attaching a rope
toit. Butif the head has not fairly passed out, an attempt
should be made to put it back into the womb again, and
not bring it out. Before pushing it back, fix a rope round
the lower jaw. ‘The legs one by one, should be searched
for by the hand, and when found secured by another rope.
After both fore legs and head are thus fairly within the
grasp, use traction or gentle force, and take advantage of
very strain made by the cow, and by these means the calf
will be safely delivered.

The next unnatural form consists in the presentation of
one or other of the fore legs, where the nose is pressed
downwards, and the crown of the head only is seen or felt.
Secure the leg which is seen by a cord, push on the crown
of the head or elevate the hind parts of the cow a little to,

9

CALVING. 263

force the calf slightly down in the womb; then pass a cord
round the lower jaw, and find the other fore leg, securing
it by arope. The rope attached to the jaw should be first
pulled to straighten the head on the neck, then the cord
attached to the legs should be pulled simultaneously, and
the head and feet as they are presented should be guided
by the hands of an assistant until the head and fore legs
have fairly entered the proper channel.

The next presentation is what is called a breech pre-

sentation—the tail and buttocks are here presented for
delivery, which, of course, cannot be effected in such
position. The only chance of a safe delivery is to get
hold of the hind legs, which is not easily effected ; but
perseverance, assisted by ingenuity, can do much, when
it is well known what is required. Jn this case, get hold
of both hind legs, and when they have been secured, and
brought into the proper channel, delivery can be easily
effected.
_ The next and Jast presentation which we notice, is where
the crown of the head is presented, and the calfis lying
upon its back. This is a tedious labor, and to effect a
delivery at all, the calf must be turned, which, by the by,
is not an easy task; still, however, it can be done by
securing the head and fore legs with a rope. Should all
efforts fail, do not exhaust the strength of the cow, but
hasten to detach the legs of the calf, opening its belly, and
in some cases, the head also, to lessen its size, thereby
securing the delivery of a mutilated calf, but a living
cow. The subject is far from being at this point ex-
hausted, but we have gone sufficiently far for our pages.
We will now proceed to another subject connected with
calving, and that is the retention of the after-birth, or
retentio secundinarium, as it is called, or, as the dairy folks
say, the cleansing of the cow.

264 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

RETENTION OF THE PLACENTA, OR AFTER-BIRTH.— —
If the cow has gone her full time with calf, and is in a
healthy condition, the after-birth will not be retained long
after she has given birth to her calf. When a cow doves
not cleanse properly, and within a reasonable time, there
is then something otherwise wrong with her health, such
as debility and want of vitality in the system. It is this
that must be looked to, and not the want of timely cleans-
ing that demands attention, as being the cause of the cow
not doing well after calving. Remedy these existing
causes, and the cow will cleanse properly enough. Con-
trary to the generally received opinion of farmers and
others, the retention of the after-birth for a day or two
will do no harm, provided that decomposition does not
take place with the after-birth; for in such cases, the
whole system of the cow is apt to be contaminated and
poisoned.

Treatment. Cows not having cleansed properly within
twenty-four hours after calving, should be given the fol-
lowing mixture: Epsom salts, one pound; powdered ginger,
one ounce ; powdered fenugreek, one ounce ; caraway seeds,
half an ounce; mix, and give in three or four bottles of
warm ale, porter or warm water, sweetened with molasses.
This mixture not having the desired effect in twelve hours,
the hand, well greased, should be introduced, and the
after-birth at the attachments, called cotyledons, gently
pressed. This must not be accompanied with much pulling,
as pressure with the finger and thumb will be all that is
wanted. ‘This operation may be followed by giving the
cow a little warm ale or molasses water, with half an ounce
of powdered ergot of rye; and in half an hour, an addi-
tional half ounce. This will cause contraction of the womb,
and expulsion of the placenta. When decomposition or

CATARRHUS LINUUM FRONTALIUM. 265

putrefaction of the after-birth has taken place, which is
‘known by the black color, the womb should be well
washed out with a weak solution of chloride of lime.
Administer, also, by the mouth, one ounce, three times in
the day, of sulphite of soda for a week, to neutralize any
of the poison of putrefaction, that may have been absorbed
into the blood. Give the cow good and nutritious feed to
support her strength.

Symptoms of Blood Poisoning. The absorption of
putrid matter into the blood is immediately followed by
fever, of a low type, called typhoid, and if not speedily
checked will be succeeded by typhus, from which the ani-
mal cannot recover.

Treatment. Give the sulphite of soda in the manner
spoken of above, combined with two drachms of the sul-
phate of iron, and one ounce each of powdered ginger
and foenugreek three times in the day, till the beast is
bright, lively, and free from stupidity.

Inversion of the bladder will be feund treated of under
Bladder Diseases.

DisEASE.—Inversion of, or falling down of the calf-
bed, will be treated of under its proper or alphabetical
head, Falling of the Womb.

Catarrh.—This is not a disease common to the ox, for
when causes arise sufficient to produce catarrh or cold in
the cow, it does not run its course as such, but is speedily
accompanied, or at least followed, by severe complications.
Cattle not exceeding two years old are subject to a dis-
ease somewhat similar to cold, called hoose. (See Bron-
chitis and Hoose.)

Catarrhus Linuum Frontalium.— Malignant Ca-
tarrh. This is one of the recorded diseases of the ox which

266 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

I think has really no existence, except in the brain of some
men; or it may bea condition confounded with Typhus
Contagiosus Boum. The disease is described as being
similar to glanders in the horse. If this be the case, the
disease is not properly named ; for the frontal sinuses are
not the seat of the disease. This multiplication of names
of diseases is only calculated to puzzle people, and annoy
the farmer. Further than this, I have so little patience
with the writers who thus manifest their ignorance of the
first principles of pathology

to which all writings and
opinions should be subservient—that I feel it my duty to
denounce them unsparingly whenever opportunity offers.

Cattle Plague.—This is a vague name, and conveys
no intimation of the cause, nature, seat, or characteristics
of the affection, whatever it may be. ‘Therefore, for the
credit of the writer and the convenience of the public, no
disease should be called a plague. There is now no dis-
ease affecting the human family called a plague. The ex-
perienced physician can tell the nature, seat and complete
history of the disease, and gives it a name by which it will
be known and recognized. Why should not the veteri-
nary surgeon do likewise ? 3

So long as such men as Gamgee continue to write and
speak of cattle plagues, so long will veterinary surgeons
continue to labor in vain for the public confidence. Why
should not things, states and conditions be called by their
right names? Cattle disease, cattle plague and rinderpest
should long ago have been blotted from the books ; for, at
best, they only serve as a cloak or cover to hide the innate
ignorance and stupidity of some veterinary surgeons—
horse and cow doctors particularly. The word plague
means a stroke, and that is all the insight a person can

CHOKING. 267

derive from the word. As every disease may be consid-
ered a stroke, why not add what kind of stroke it is,
whether it be a stroke of palsy, or of the sun? (For
Cattle Plague see Typhus Contagiosus Boum and Pleuro-
pneumonia.)

Chicken-Pox.— Varicella Boum.—A pustular eruption
on the teats of cows, presumed to be caused by eating vine
leaves. The eruptions soon discharge, dry up, and heal,
without any treatment whatever having been applied to
them.

Choking.—This is of frequent occurrence among cattle
or cows fed upon potatoes, turnips, ete.

Treatment. When the potato is lodged in the upper or
middle third of the gullet, the mouth of the animal is to
be held open by means of a balling iron, or some other
contrivance, while a person having a small hand should
pass a cord like a clothes line, with a loop on the end of it,
and try to get the noose over and beyond the obstruction.
If the obstruction be low down in the gullet, manipulations
may be tried from outside, by tightening the skin upon
the obstruction, and trying to move it up, if possible; but
downwards, if it will go without too great force being
used. Failing to remove it either up or down, try to dis-
lodge it by pouring small quantities of oil or melted lard,
not hot, down the throat. If this also prove ineffectual,
the probang should be used; or in its stead, a strong
flexible cane or rattan, may be tried ; but care should be
taken to have the cane go down the right passage. If
coughing is set up on the introduction of the cane, have it
withdrawn as it has entered the air passage, but try till
it has been properly entered down to the obstruction.
With patience and perseverance the difficulty will usually

268 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

be overcome. Still, however, there are cases which require
the gullet to be opened over the place of obstruction ; a safe
operation requiring only a simple cut through the skin and
outer surface of the gullet, which will readily heal without
much trouble, by bringing the lips of the wound together,
with astitch or two of strong, but small twine, or saddler’s
silk, by means of a small packing needle. eed the cow
or ox, for a week or more, upon soft or prepared food till
the wound has healed. When cows or oxen remain long
in a choked condition, the throat is apt to swell from the
accumulation of gas in the first stomach, which will have
to be treated as for hoven or tympanitis—occurring usually
from eating clover or rank and wet grass. (See Hoven.)

Colic.—Colic in cattle is more rarely seen than in the
horse, but occurs in the form of hoven, (which see.)

Consumption.—This disease is not so common in
domestic animals as in the human family, nor is it as
frequent in any of the animals as it is in the milch cow.
Consumption in cows is usually exhibited in the tubercular
form. These tubercles are from the size of a pin head
to that of a hickory nut, flattened, oval and round, and are
not confined to the lungs, but are seen underneath the
pleura costalis lining the ribs—over the diaphragm, peri-
toneum, and the omentum or caul.

Causes. This is considered one of the hereditary diseases
of cattle, or rather milch cows. As is elsewhere stated in
regard to hereditary disease—in the first part of this book
—it does not necessarily follow that a cow should be con-
sumptive, because its mother was so. No. But rather
because it has inherited the great milking qualities of its
ancestors, whereby the animal is reduced in flesh, condition
and vitality, the fibrous, serous tissue of the body becoming

CONTAGIOUS TYPHUS. 269

deteriorated—hence the foundation for tubercular consuinp-
tion. Cows of some breeds are not selfish, for the more
they are fed, the more milk will they give. These are
all the claims which can justly be made in favor of the
hereditary cause of consumption in cows.

Symptoms. Thin of flesh, unthrifty ; a staring coat of
hair, long and dead-looking; a low husky cough, loss of
appetite, weakness, and a bloodless condition of the whole
system, which is readily known by the pale, white look of
the lining of the eyes, nose, and mouth. The consump-
tive cow stands with her back arched, and her fore legs
turned out at the elbows, and when lying rests on the belly
and breast bone. The milk of such cows is thin, blue,
and watery.

Previous to the death of a consumptive cow, diarrhea,
dysentery, discharges from the nose and eyes, accompanied
with hectic, or sympathetic fever, conclude the symptoms
of this lingering, but fatal disease.

Treatment. In the early stage of consumption in cows
much can be done in the way of treatment. Feed the
animal well with rich and nutritious material, such as lin-
seed, cake-meal, ete. Sulphuric acid given several times
a week, in doses of half an ounce in weight, largely diluted
with water, will sustain the vital powers, and impart
tenacity to the buccal membrane throughout the body.
Use occasional doses of sulphate of iron and gentian ; three
drachms of iron and half an ounce of the gentian, will
make one dose. Such treatment will prolong the life, and,
at the same time, improve the condition and milking qual-
ities of the cow.

Contagious Typhus.—(See Typhus Contagiosus
Boum.)

270 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Coryza.—(Sce Catarrhus, Linuum and Hoose.)

Cow-pox.— Variole Vaccine. This is a simple affec-
tion of the skin of the udder, which has claimed much
notice on account of the valuable benefit conferred by it
upon the human family, in furnishing the material for the
vaccination of children.

Cause. At present unknown.

Nature. A contagious eruption, running a fixed course,
and accompanied by slight fever.

Symptoms. ‘Teats painful, slightly swollen, a faint blush
upon the udder; and in about three or four days, red
hard spots are seen, succeeded by red patches, which, in
from a few days to a week, form bladders containing the
true vaccine lymph.

Treatment. Warmth, good nursing, and the drawing of
the milk from the udder by the SypHON—as shown in the
treatment of diseases of the teats. (See Teats.)

Croup.—Stridulous croup in animals is rare, but it is
seen occasionally in milch cows, and is very fatal, from the
fact that it is situated in the larynx, which speedily causes
suffocation, unless the windpipe be opened with a knife to
admit of the act of respiration and expiration till the
swelling of the head of the windpipe has passed off.

Cause. Cold attacking the head of the windpipe, fol-
lowed by inflammation, and the development of false mem-
branes.

Symptoms. oud, stridulous noise or murmur, quick-
ened breathing, excitation, fever, and threatening suffoca-
tion of the animal, cough and distress.

Treatment. Place the animal in the open air—if in
summer time, in the shade—and give aconite, in the form
of tincture, twenty-five drops to a dose. ‘This will allay

DIARRHGA. 271

the excitement, fever and irritation. If this give relief,
repeat the dose in a few hours again. But on the con-
trary, there being no relief in half an hour, give no more
aconite, nor indeed anything else. There will be but one
of three things to be done: either to kill the beast, if it be
in good condition, and fit for market; or wait for the
animal to die, or have the boldness to cut a hole in the
windpipe, about the middle, and on front of the neck. In
ease the latter is preferred, tighten the skin on the front
of the windpipe, and make a clean cut fair down the centre,
and through the skin; when the white shining windpipe
is brought to view, have an assistant to hold the edges of
the skin back out of the way, till a hole is cut out of the
cartilages of the tube, as large as a fifty cent piece. This
will give instantaneous relief. The hole will gradually
fill up, and close again without any trouble whatever.
This, I am satisfied, is the only sure way of cure in this
disease.

Cud, Loss of the.—This occurrence is the symptom
of, and not a disease. Loss of the cud, or rumination,
accompanies almost every disease of any importance attack-
ing the ox or cow. When rumination has ceased for a
time, and is resumed again, it is a good symptom that the
animal is somewhat better, and an indication that the
functions of the body are about being resumed again, and
are demanding food for their nourishment, Loss of cud is
among the first symptoms observed by farmers in case of
bronchitis, pleuro-pneumonia, hoven, aphtha, ete.

Diarrhea, Simple.—This variety does not call for
much description, as it is only an effort of nature to get rid
of something that is injurious. By its removal the purging
will stop. Simple diarrhcea rarely calls for treatment, but

DD DISEASES OF CATTLE.

if it should, change of feed and pasture land will be the
first things to be attended to; and, if necessary, after a
trial of new feed and pasture, a few powders composed of
prepared chalk, two ounces ; ginger, half an ounce; opium,
one drachm; may be mixed and given in the form of a
drench, with wheat flour gruel. Repeat the dose, if it be
necessary, but never be in a hurry to give astringents in
looseness of the bowels, as much mischief may be done by
controverting the efforts of nature, which are always of
salutary effect, if not too violent for the condition of the
beast, and in that case interference is necessary.

(1.) Drarruaa, Curonic.—This condition is some-
times called the Rot, from the belief that the animal is
rotten. Chronic, or indeed, any kind of diarrhoea should
not be looked upon as a disease at all, but merely a symp-
tom of internal irritation of some kind.

Causes. This isan important inquiry in cattle pathology,
for farmers are sometimes disappointed when they are
told the animal will die within a given time, not knowing
the nature of the disease of which diarrhoea and dysentery
are but the symptoms. Chronic diarrhcea is the sequel to
tuberculous consumption already described under that
head ; or dysentery may show itself before even consump-
tion iseither thought of or recognized, However, chronic
diarrhoea or dysentery is the result of tubercles situated on,
and in the white membranes throughout the body.

Treatment. Generous diet, composed of linseed or cake
meal. Commercial sulphuric acid, gentian, and sulphate
of iron, are the medicines employed. In addition to this
treatment, which has already been recommended for con-
sumption, I would advise weekly inhalations of sulphurous
acid gas in the manner recommended under that head in
the list of medicines, (which see,) for I think this is one of

DIARRHGA. De

those diseases which will be greatly benefited by its proper
use.

(2.) DiIARRHa@A IN CALVES.—This is a frequent affec-
tion among young calves, and destroys thousands of them
every year,

Cause. Depending upon the character of the milk ; not
so much its quality as the time and manner of giving it,
Thus, calves are not allowed to suck their own mothers ;
frequently they are not allowed to suck at all, but have
to drink the milk out of a bucket, and then it is oftem
cold before they are allowed to have it. ‘The rapidity with
~ which they drink their allowance, which is often too much
for them, gorges the stomach and paralyzes the digestive
functions. Hence, the white diarrhea so often seen among
young calves.

Symptoms. Thesymptoms one would think alike in all
animals; but this is not the case here, or so far as the
diarrhoea of calves is concerned. They have a voracious
appetite, swelling of the belly with occasional pain, dis-
charges of wind or gas, and white or yellowish-colored,
excrement or dung, while in some bad cases the true milk is
passed unchanged by the action of either stomach or bowels.

Prevention. This is better than cure, and consists in
allowing the calf, until several weeks old, to suck its own
mother, not only morning and night, but at least three
times in the day, dividing the periods as evenly as possible.
Thus, by allowing calves to suck the milk for themselves,
paralyzation and gorging the stomach with cold milk is
avoided, and thereby white diarrhoea prevented.

Treatment. Give three drachms of carbonate of soda in
well boiled wheat flour gruel once a day. If this is not
convenient, give a tablespoonful of common rennet after

each feed of milk the calf takes; this will materially aid
18

274 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

proper digestion by its power in decomposing the milk and
fitting it for assimilation.

Distention of the Rumen.—(See Hoven.)

Dropping After Calving.—(See Milk Fever.)

Dysentery.—(See Consumption and Chronic Diar-
rhea.)

Ectopia Cordis.—This is a deformity sometimes met
with in calves at birth. The heart may be seen outside
of the chest, or the lower portion of the neck, or even
through an opening below the chest, and sometimes even
in the abdomen. The animal will have to be killed.

Epizootic Aphtha.—Murrain. In some parts of the
world, this disease is called murrain. It is one of the
epizootic diseases of cattle, attacking the feet and mouth,
and sometimes extending to the teats of the udder.

Causes. Contagion is believed to be the cause, but I
never can be reconciled to belief in the repeated bug-bear
that contagion is the only cause of certain diseases. We
all know, however, that when a disease is once established
it can affect others; but still we must consider that all
diseases, of whatever kind, must have had an origin aside
from any contagious element to produce it. This, I firmly
believe to be one of those diseases, depending not so much
upon contagion, as upon what Sydenham would call the
peculiar constitution of the year, exercising certain deleteri-
ous influences on the system, and soon followed by disease
of some portion or other of the body.

Symptoms. Sore mouth, sore teats and sore feet ; ele-
vated vesicles within the mouth, and on the teats, which
contain pus, and soon discharge and dry up through the
formation of a scab—at which juncture fever and other
consitutional symptoms subside. When the feet are badly

EYE DISEASES. 279

affected the sores burrow deep in between the hoof and the
sensitive structure of the foot, which results in a complete
separation of the hoof, and its being finally thrown off
entirely.

It is painful to look, as I have done on several occasions,
upon a whole row of cows suffering from suppuration, and
falling off of the hoofs. The loss to dairy men consists
in the loss of milk, and loss of condition in the cows; for
if the cows are properly attended to, not many of them need
die. The hoof will grow again, and be as useful as ever,
from the fact that cows like pigs are not kept for racing
purposes, and a second hoof, although not so strong as the
first one, will answer for the purpose of walking on soft
ground, and gathering their food.

Treatment. Apply to the sores the following ee
Sulphate of zinc, two drachms; water, one pint.

Prevention. When once fairly established in a place, it
is almost a certainty that all cows and neat cattle will take
it, some developing it sooner than others. To save time and
expense, “ take the bull by the horns,” and inoculate every
one of them. By producing the disease in this way, a
week or so will see the last of it, and by good care not
much time or loss will have been incurred. The milk of
cows affected with this disease is poison. Calves, by
drinking the milk of cows with this disease, will perish in
great numbers. 7

Symptoms. Difficulty in swallowing, and cough; saliva
driveling from the mouth. The whole accompanied by
fever, and frequently ending in death.

Eye Diseases,—Cows are not so often the subject of
diseases of the eye, as horses are. There is, however, one
disease of the eye which cows are often affected with,

276 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

namely: cancer of the eye, which cannot be cured, but
will ultimately destroy the eye altogether. For other
diseases of the eye, see Hye Diseases, in the first part of
this book.

Falling Sickness.—(See Milk Fever.)
Falling of the Womb.—Calf Bed—Reed, ete. This

deviation from the normal or healthy condition is a great
trouble to the farmer and breeder.

Cause. Relaxation of the horns or ligaments of the womb
from a weak and relaxed habit of the body, accompanied
by debility.

Prevention. Immediately after calving, apply a truss or
pad to the mouth of the vagina, and secure it in the fol-
lowing manner: put a large horse collar on the cow’s neck ;
one surcingle round the body of the cow, behind the fore
legs, and another in front of the udder and hind legs.
This being done, attach a small soft rope to each side of
the collar, bring it along each side of the back bone, give
ita hitch round the fore surcingle, and the same on the
hind one; then bring the rope close together under the
tail, and place the pad over the proper part, with the
ropes laid firmly over it. Here tie both ropes together
with a string, just below the pad, then bring one rope
down between the udder and thigh, give it a hitch round
the hind surcingle or band, and finally secure the end of
the ropes to that portion coming along the back.

Treatment. When the womb has fallen down and is in-
verted, assistance should be had at once. The womb or
bag should be lifted into a clean cloth, and held up by a
person on each side. ‘There are two ways of returning the
womb into its place, the one by pressure on the neck or
small portion of the womb, and the other by pressure to

FEEDING OF MILCH COWS. DG

the fundus or large end or bottom of the womb. This
last is the best way, because we have not only the mere
pulling of the womb to contend with, but its invertion also.
So, therefore, apply gentle pressure to the bottom of the
womb, first having cleaned it from dirt, dung and straw.
The operation will be effected more easily by having the
cow placed with her fore legs low, and the hind ones high,
so that it will slip in without much difficulty. After it is
in, the cow should be kept standing in such position, or
even lying in this position, a day or so, and the pad,
already spoken of, should be applied as soon as the opera-
tion is finished. The pad isa much better way of securing
the parts than by sewing the lips of the vagina.

Where all efforts fail to put back the bed, and when
decomposition or mortification has ensued, the only chance
to save the life of the cow is to cut the womb or bed at its
smallest or neck portions; but before doing so, tie firmly
round the neck of the womb a well waxed cord, which will
prevent bleeding. This is to remain on the bed which is
left. Give immediately, twenty-five drops of the tincture
of aconite root every three hours, till four or five doses are
given, which will relieve pain, and control the circulation.

Fardel Bound.—This is a disease affecting the
omasum, or third stomach of the cow or ox. (See Impac-
tion, Hoven, and Texan Fever.)

Feeding of Milch Cows.—I am induced to refer to
this subject on account of its importance, together with the
eminently practical manner of feeding cows, suggested in
a pamphlet by Mrs. Agnes Scott, a lady of Scotland.
Premising, however, that the bean and pea meal spoken of,
may, with advantage, in this country (at least in the pres-
ent condition of our agriculture and variety of crops

978 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

produced) give good place to our Indian or corn meal.
The turnips may be supplanted by beet or mangold, ete.
Turnips as a crop, farmers do not, as a class with us, ap-
preciate the true value of, either as a feed for cows or as an
improver of manure—lying at the base of true agriculture:

Experience soon taught me that most milk and _ butter
were produced when the feeding was most carefully at-
tended to. In order to insure this, I superintended this
department myself, and shall give’ the management as
systematically followed. In winter, at six o’clock in the
morning two arms windling—an armful tightly wound up
between them. Afterwards they were well cleaned, the
stalls being also well littered, and the doors of the cow-
houses shut until eight o’clock, when all were called to the
milking. At ten o’clock, an ordinary sized barrowful of
turnips was given between three cows, and when the
turnips were not to be had, a quart of peas or bean meal
was given instead, mixed with a’ pint of cold water.
There is no feeding, however, equal to turnips, especially
the yellow Aberdeen. A richer taste and color is im-
parted to the butter produced by this root than from any
other kind of feeding in the early part of winter—while
a larger quantity both of butter and milk is produced
thereby. In the spring, when the feeding properties of
this root are very much deteriorated, a small quantity of
peas or bean meal will be found needful to keep up the
full return of milk. The peas or bean meal are preferable
to oil-cake or locust-beans, as both of the latter give the
milk and butter a hard flavor. :

About one o’clock, the cows should be let out to water-
ing, and when weather is mild-and otherwise favorable,
fresh air will be found to be of very great advantage to the
general health of the dairy stock. When the cows are at

FEVER. 279

o

large, the cow-houses should be thoroughly cleaned in
every nook and corner, the doors being left open to admit
fresh air, weather being seasonable. While kept in the
house, let them have a drink of meal and water twice a
day ; a handful of oatmeal and three pints of lukewarm
water will besufficient. In the first draught, let a handful
of salt be given.

When the cow-houses are well aired, a windling of straw
should be given between two cows as they return from
watering. Upon the supposition that the cow-houses are
well-ventilated from the roof, the doors should be shut.
About four or five o’clock, turnip should be given in quan-
tity as before ; or, failing turnip, the above-named substitute.
The time of feeding should be regulated according to the
season ; milking-time also should be so fixed that it may be
regularly kept—and kept so as to be suitable not only for
the parties engaging in it, but so as not wnduly to disturb
either the rest or feeding of the cows.

At eight o'clock a windling of good meadow hay between
two cows should be given for supper, the quantity being
always regulated according to what each cow can consume.
It is a great mistake to keep fodder in quantities lying
unused ; rather let the appetite be tested, and by keeping
it always sharp, not only will each meal be eaten up with
relish, but a more healthful state will be maintained. In
addition to this hay, cows that have recently calved should
get halfa pailful of boiled turnip, mixed with a quart of
peas or bean meal rather more than lukewarm. For four
or five days after calving, cows should have no turnips.

Fever.—Cows are subject to ephemeral fever, or more
plainly speaking, a fever of a day’s duration, which passes
off without any trouble. This fever has been thought, by

280 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

some persons, to depend upon hollow horn and wolf in the
tail, and they have consequently cut the tail, and bored the
horns of the poor dumb brute.

Foul Claw.—Foul in the Foot. This is a sore between
the digital spaces, and is caused by the animal standing in
mud and moisture, which scalds the parts, and produces
lameness. |

Treatment. Cleanse out with a hair rope or by some
other means, and apply sulphate of zinc, one drachm;
water, half a pint. Keep the feet dry and clean, which
will not only assist the cure, but is a preventive also.

Gangrene of the Tail.— Gangrena Caude Epizootica.
This is not, as yet, at all events, an American disease, but
is of frequent occurrence among the cows of continental
Europe. This fact, however, I believe to be the only true
reason why we in Pennsylvania will persist that cows have
wolf in the tail, accompanied with an empty horn.

Cause. Unknown.

Symptoms. Weare told by Hering and Rychner that
the tail becomes paralyzed, its skin soft, swollen, and filled
with water at its end, and when opened, a bad-smelling
ichor is discharged. The disease spreads upwards, where
finally separation of the tail takes place, leaving the animal
without one.

Garget Mammitis.—Inflammation of the udder in
cows is often of a very troublesome character. In occurs
shortly after calving, and in some instances not for a week
or two after. The inflammation is usually confined to one
quarter of the udder only, and may be of an acute, or
chronic character.

Cause. Want of proper attention in not milking the
cow sufficiently after calving, and in many cases by not

GARGET MAMMITIS. 281

milking the cow when her udder is almost ready to burst,
even before calving. Ina word, if the udder, teats and
milk ducts are kept from over-gorgement, there can be no
udder disease. ‘The trouble is, that all cows are not alike
in the production of milk, but unfortunately they receive
the same treatment; and hence those cows which are en-
dowed with great milking qualities are usually the victims
of gareet.

Symptoms. Heat, redness and pain, followed in a day
or so by elevated swellings, which, if acute, will grow to
a point, becoming soft and fluctuating, and containing pus ;
and if not opened at this stage, fistulous sores will be
formed, which may cause the final destruction of one por-
tion of the udder.

When the heat and redness is not followed by swelling
containing pus, it is called chronic garget. In addition to
these symptoms, the cow will have shivers and chills, not
from cold, but from the muscular rigor which is set up in
cases of extensive suppuration.

Treatment. In the acute form, apply warm poultices to
hasten suppuration or bealing. Where the parts point, and
contain fluid or pus, open deeply at the lowest point, that
the pus may escape without forcing. When properly dis-
charged, heal as for a common sore. (See Ointments in
the part of this book treating upon Horse and Cattle
Medicines.) For chronic garget, use a cold application,
so as to put it back, if possible; if not, hasten the sup-
purative process, and treat as for the acute form. What-
ever treatment may be adopted, by all means do not forget
to milk the udder severely, and the best plan will be to
put two strong calves to suck, for by so doing the pus
may be drawn off by them.

282 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Gastro-Enteritis in Calves.—(See Diarrhea in
Calves.)

Glossitis—Anthrax—Blain.—This is a disease af-
fecting the tongue, and can only be taken for epizootic
aphtha, already deseribed. Although apparently situated
in the tongue, it is a constitutional disease—a blood poison
in fact. his is also an epizootic disease, and as usual, it
is thought to be contagious, which is equivalent to saying,
we know nothing of its cause or mode of warfare. Few
veterinary surgeons, or horse doctors, have, it would seem,
ever known of zumins, ferments or leavens, as the Scerip-
tures have it, for not in any work on veterinary science or
animal husbandry are any of these words mentioned ; nor
is a hint thrown out that such agents do exist, and have a
deleterious effect upon the health of animals. I am satis-
fied that upon further inquiry and investigation, ferments
will be found the only cause of such diseases as are at
present involved in darkness and obscurity.

Symptoms. Loss of appetite, saliva flowing from the
mouth; the tongue red, swollen, and inflamed, thus arrest-
ing mastication, or chewing; the muzzle or lips, head and
neck swell; breathing disturbed. Appearances of suffo-
cation set in, the saliva is offensive to smell, and tinged
with blood; the basis of the discharge is of a greenish
color, not unlike vomicw seen in the lungs of glandered
horses and consumptive men. In this condition, the ani-
mal will live from two to four days.

Treatment. Lance the turgid tongue to relieve conges-
tion, wash the mouth with vinegar, and administer a slight
purgative. Give one pound of epsom salts in two bottles
of water, sweetened with molasses; alittle powdered gin-
germay beadded. Allow the animal plenty of cold water to

HIDE BOUND. 283

drink, to cool the mouth and tongue, and furnish pure air.
Follow with two drachms of the sulphate of iron, and an
ounce each of ginger, fenugreek and sulphite of soda twice
inthe day, which will give strength to the body, and purity
to the blood.

Hematuria—Bloodin the Urine.—This occurrence
is not to be confounded with red water. Coagulated, or
congealed blood comes when the first flow of water is dis-
charged, and the remainder of the urine is clear.

Cause. Blows or other injuries over the region of the
kidneys, or from eating the leaves or tops of plants having
a powerful diuretic effect, such as some of the yews, cedars
and savins. Cows in calf, and mares with foal, will eat
what other animals, or what they themselves would not eat
when in other condition. (See Red Water.)

Treatment. Give linseed tea to drink, and slush mashes
and plenty of fluids to drink. No medicine will be re-

quired.

Hair Balls.—These are very common in cattle, and
are introduced by the animal licking itself and swallowing
the hair. These balls are found after death, and are of
various sizes, and thoroughly felted.

Herpes.—(See Mange.)

Hide Bound,—This is not to be taken asa disease,
but merely the result of faulty digestion and assimilation.

Treatment. Giveone pound of epsom salts, half an ounce
of ginger, and mix in two bottles of cold water, sweetened
with molasses. Next day follow with the following pow-
ders: Powdered ginger, one ounce ; fenugreek, one ounce ;
caraway seeds, half an ounce ; mix, and give in one dose ;
and one dose may be given daily for a week.

284 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Hoose in Calves.—This is a common disease in
breeding districts, and is very fatal in its results, attacking
young calves and cattle, till two years old. It is a para-
sitic disease.

Cause. The presence of minute worms in the bronchial
tubes. ‘These wormsare called filaria bronchi, and inhabit
the windpipe of young cattle, sheep and lambs.

Prevention. Jxeep calves, sheep and lambs on dry land,
where there is no marsh, wet land or meadow. _

Symptoms. Constant, husky cough ; difficulty in breath-
ing; emaciation, and loss of appetite. Thus the disease
goes on from bad to worse, until death takes place in from
two to three weeks, depending much, however, upon the
age of the beast.

Treatment. Linseed oil, two ounces; oil or spirits of
turpentine, half an ounce, well mixed with the linseed oil.
This dose is for a calf of six months old. It should be
repeated every two days. Give the calves good feed, such
as oil cake, ete. Another form, and a good one, which is
generally used in sheep to save expense and trouble, is to
get them together, and drive them into a pretty close house
or shed, not larger than will hold all the affected ones.
Then procure an earthen bowl or basin, containing one
ounce each of common salt and oxide of manganese, and
pour over this a mixture, say, water, half an ounce; sul-
phurie acid, one ounce and a half; stir with a stick, and
chlorine gas will be evolved. When sufficiently stirred,
leave the place, and close the door. Repeat the inhalations
for two or three times, and let two days pass before each
subsequent inhalation. If the animal be much weakened
by the parasites, mix caraway and fenugreek in their
feed, of each a quarter of an ounce, once a day, for a week
or sO.

HOVEN. 285

Hoven.—Tympanitis or Drum-belly. So called from the
appearance and sound. The evolution, or giving off of
carbonic acid gas, from the large quantity of grass or clover
when wet, contained within the rumen or paunch, together
with the suspension of the function of digestion, and peri-
staltic action of the bowels—all of which combined, go to
make up the disease called hoven. Hoven may occur in
one hour, for we often see cows turned out to pasture in
the morning, and are found almost suffocated in an hour
afterward. In cases of this kind there is obviously no
time to be lost. Livery farmer should be prepared to meet
and cure them as they occur, there being no time to run
for assistance.

Cause. Over-filling the paunch, and in too quick a
time—before the stomach has time to act upon it; hence
fermentation is set up.

Symptoms. Great distress; the sides are distended, and
when struck, sound like a drum, the beast lying and rising ;
the breathing is hurried; there is great suffering, and if
not speedily relieved, the rumen will give way, burst or
rupture ; if this does not happen shortly, the brain becomes
affected, and the beast dies unconscious. ‘The disease runs
its course with fearful rapidity.

TROCAR, WITH CANULA.

Treatment. At once plunge a dinner knife, well sharp-
ened, into the side, or at equal distance from the haunch

283 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

bone and short rib, on the left side of the animal,

Veterinary surgeons use a trocar for this purpose, and

every farmer should have one also. If the case be not a
severe one, it may be entrusted to time, nature and medi-
cine. Give half a pound of table mustard, and an ounce
of the chloride of lime, mixed in as little cold water as will
float the mustard out of the bottle, and down the throat of

the animal. Or, instead of the mustard and lime, give
one ounce of recently powdered carbonate of ammonia in
cold water. Dashing cold water over the loins of the
beast often cures the affection, by inducing reflex action of

the nervous centres of the body. Sometimes we see a
chronic form of this complaint, occurring at intervals,
owing to a debilitated condition of the walls of the rumen,
which is cured by the following powder, given morning

and night in the feed: Powdered ginger, half an ounce;
gentian, half an ounce; fenugreek, half an ounce; mix,
and give in one dose, and continue it for a few days.

Hydatids in the Brain:—This is a parasitic disease
—a worm found floating in a serous fluid, surrounded by
a sack or small bladder, and situated generally on one side
of the brain, and under or near the base of the horn.

Cause. This affection is caused by the animal eating,
with the feed or grass, some of the ova or eggs which have
been dropped from dogs affected with tape-worms. Bor

Symptoms. The affected beast will be observed in the
early season of the disease, to be affected in one of the eyes,
ending shortly in total blindness of that organ. This,
however, is not always the case. The great symptom
chiefly to be relied upon, is the constant turning of the
animal in the form of a circle. This, the animal will
always persist in doing, and stop only when brought in

INFLAMMATION. 287

contact with a stone wall or fence, which prevents further
circular turning. Unfortunately, the poor animal comes
in contact with the wall with such force, and so often
repeated, that on that side of the head will be seen swell-
ings and enlargements of the bones of the jaw. In this
way does the affected beast turn from day to day until
emaciated from weakness and hunger. The end of some
cases is frequently hastened by their falling into holes,
rivers, etc. The inability to stop turning prevents the
animal from gathering food, and hence the case terminates
in starvation.

Treatment. ‘The success attending the treatment of such
cases is very great. The cure consists in finding out the
exact spot on the head over the hydatid, and boring
through the bone with an instrument made for that pur-
pose. As soon as the bone is bored through a small pair
of forceps or tongs is put through it into the sack, and by
this means, together with a syringe with a long nozzle to
pump out what fluids there are in the cavity, the cure is
completed. The hole, of course, will have to be closed by
a pad or cloth, to exclude the air till it has closed by a
new bone. (See Diseases of Sheep.)

Inflammation.—Inflammation is the same in all ani-
mals, but happily it is not common to the ox tribe.
Indeed inflammation in all animals is not so common as it
is usually represented to us to be. Irritation is oftener
observed among animals and men, than inflammation, and
disease with decreased force or power is more frequent than
either diseases now-a-days; or, it may be, we are better
educated, and thereby can more readily discern the true
conditions of diseases, than men of former times; or, it
may be from both causes combined, that we are able to

288 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

discern such a change in diseases. However, the majority
of diseases, now met with, are of a low type, and require
for treatment not bleeding, but medicines and good feeding
to support the powers of nature.

Impaction of the Omasum, or Third Stomach.—
In some parts of the world this disease is called “ wood
evil.” So called because the stomach is filled with leaves,
dried bramble and _ sticks or twigs, from bushes. These
articles being deficient in nutritive matter, cause the sus-
pension of rumination (chewing the cud) and digestion.

Causes. In addition to the causes above given, we may
add that of dried grass, which has been left standing in the
field ; or in fact any kind of food, which does not contain
essential principles for fat and blood-making, in proportion
to its bulk, is sure to bring on an attack of wood evil or
impaction of the third stomach.

Symptoms. Loss of cud, loss of appetite, and quickened
breathing, accompanied with a grunt. Diarrheea is fol-
lowed by constipation, great thirst; the legs, horns and
ears are cold; grinding of the teeth, and when the disease
has about run its course, mouning takes the place of the
grunt, diarrhoea succeeds costiveness, and the poor beast
dies exhausted. Hxaminations after death disclose a curi-
ous condition, namely : the third stomach is perfectly stuffed
full with food, and it is so hard and dry, that it readily
burns when fire is applied to it.

Treatment. Allow the animal plenty of cold water to
drink, so that the mechanical effects thereof may be advan-
tageous in assisting to wash, dilute and moisten the dry
mass. Give strong purgatives. Take epsom salts, one
pound; table salt, half a pound; oil of croton, fifteen
drops ; mix, and give in one dose, in fully a gallon of

- JAUNDICE. 289

water; for be it remembered that cattle should have all
medicines given in large fluids, and it is more imperatively
demanded in cases like this, where so much depends upon
fluids. If twenty-four hours pass by without any effect
from the salts, repeat the dose. with an addition of two
ounces of the spirits of turpentine. With this dose the
purgative medicine should be stopped, whether it has had
any effect or not. So long as the animal does not seem
stupid or the brain be not affected, there are still hopes
that recovery may reward our labors. (See Texan Fever.)

Jaundice,—Icterus. This is a common disease in the
ox, from the fact that he is supplied with a gall bladder,
and gall in great quantity. Jaundice may be properly
called biliary intoxication, or distribution of bile through-
out the whole circulation of the body.

Cause. Closure of the biliary ducts in the liver, and
the consequent absorption of the bile into the stomach.
The bile duct may be closed from gall-stones.

Symptoms. In white-skinned oxen, jaundice is seen at
once from their yellow color. In dark-colored animals we
are satisfied to examine the lining of the mouth, nose and
eyes, for this yellow appearance. In addition to these
signs, we have dullness and costiveness, while the dung is
of a whitish or straw-colored look.

Treatment. If the symptoms be not very prominent,
the animal may be left with safety to the powers of nature,
which can be assisted by giving slop food, or placing it
upon bare pasture for few days. If the case be more of
an acute kind, give a dose of purgative medicine, as fol-
lows: Epsom salts, one pound; table salt, half a pound ;
ginger, half an ounce; mix, and dissolve in four bottles

of water, sweetened with molasses.
19

290 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Kidney Disease.—Kidney disease in the ox is of a
rare occurrence. Disease of the kidneys is more peculiar
to animals whose lives are allowed to run longer than
those of oxen, especially when fat and fit for market.

Laryngitis.—(See Croup and Bronchitis.)

Leucorrhea.—aA discharge of muco-purulent matter
from the womb and vagina of cows.

Cause. Debility and bloodless condition of the system.

Treatment. Iron, gentian, fenugreek, the mineral acids
and good nourishing food are what is wanted to build up
the system, and a weak solution of lime may be injected
into the vagina once a day with a No. 6 syringe, to which
is attached an 8-inch nozzle. Give the following powder,
morning and night: Powdered sulphate of iron, two
drachms; powdered gentian root, half an ounce; pow-
dered ginger, half an ounce; fenugreek, half an ounce;
mix, and give in one dose, and continue for a week.
Commercial sulphuric acid in half ounce doses, by weight,
may be given once a day in half a bucket of cold water,
which the cow will readily drink.

Lice.—(See Lice, in the first part of this book.)

Liver Disease.—(See Jaundice.)

Locked-jaw.—Kill the beast and dress it for market
as soon as it is known that it is locked-jawed.

Lung Diseases.—(See Pleuro-pneumonia.)

Lymphangitis.—An affection of the ox tribe, fol-
lowing an accident, which partakes of some of the charac-
teristics attending farcy in horses, but without any specific
poison being developed.

MILK FEVER. 291

Treatment. A dose of salts internally, and fomentations
or poultices. Apply to the swelling and to the sores, if
there be any, which will depend upon whether the skin
gives way or not.

Malignant Catarrh.—(See Catarrhus, etc.)
Mammitis.—(See Garget.)
Mange.—(See Mange, in the first part of this book.)

Milk Fever.—Febris Lactea—WMetria. Milk fever oc-
curs from the first to the third day after calving; rarely after
the third day. It is seldom met with before the fourth
calving, then attacking chiefly cows of select breeds, and
good milkers. Milk fever consists in inflammation of the
womb, which sometimes even extends to the bowels.

Symptoms. Loss of appetite ; chewing the cud, or rumi-
nation ceases; staggering gait, wild look, falls and cannot
rise. If the disease be not checked the brain will soon be
affected also, when the cow will dash about with her head
and horns, plunging them into the ground.

Cause. Undue determination of the blood to the womb
from over feeding before, and immediately after calving,
and from sudden changes of the weather at the time of
calving.

Prevention. Give, one week before calving, one pound
of epsom salts, half a pound of table salt, and half an
ounce of ground ginger, mixed in four bottles of cold
water and sweetened with molasses. Let the cows feed
be of the lightest kind, such as hay and thin slop mashes,
and no meal, grain or solid food. This measure will
lessen the tendency to interruption of the circulation, and
will improve the health and tone of the whole system.
To avoid, as much as possible, the effects of sudden changes

292 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

of the weather, have the cow brought into the house.
When milk fever is anticipated, give, a few hours after
calving, twenty-five drops of the tincture of aconite root,
which may be repeated every six hours, till four doses
have been given. Nothing that I am acquainted with is
as capable of equalizing the circulation of the blood by
controlling the heart’s action, and thereby the circulation,
as aconite; and for this purpose I highly recommend it
to farmers and breeders of stock throughout the country.
The foregoing measures, together with light slop feeding
for a few days after calving, I am sure will prevent much
suffering to the cow, and inconvenience and loss to the
owner.

Treatment. When the disease is present, give at once
thirty drops of the tincture of aconite root, and half an
ounce of the pure opium in powder, in a bottle of thin
gruel. ‘The aconite must be repeated every four hours
without the opium, until four or five doses are given.
Place chopped ice in a bag on the forehead, and attach it
to the horns, renewing it when wanted. ‘This being done
quickly, at more leisure get epsom salts, one pound; table
salt, one pound; ginger, half an ounce; mix, and dissolve
in four bottles of cold water, with a little molasses to
sweeten it, and give atone dose. After this medicine has
been given, turn the cow from side to side every four hours,
or when the aconite is given, which will save labor and
unnecessary excitement toher. She should be left as quiet
as possible, and her legs and body be kept warm, thereby
relieving the womb to that extent. Do not deny pure air,
nor plenty of cold water to the afflicted animal, for she not
only needs them, but they are indispensable to a sure and
perfect recovery in most diseases, and as much so if not
more in a disease of this kind.

MURRAIN. : 293

Milk Trembles.—This is a disease seen in the wooded
country of the South and South-west, and depends upon
cold, moisture and miasma. ‘The disease disappears with
improvements and clearing of the land from timber.

Treatment. Give gentian, ginger, and fenugreek, of each,
half an ounce; mix, and make one dose, which may be
repeated once in the day.

Moor Evil.--—(See Red Water.)
Mouth Disease.—(See Epizootic Aphtha.)

Murrain.—This is one of the names given to diseases of
cattle, which ought long ago to have been expunged from
the books and writings of men who ought, if they do not,
to know tha tthe word murrain means to die. By classi-
cal scholars, orators, and poets, the use of the word murrain
may be taken as an indication that they have read Virgil,
Homer and Horace; but when cow doctors talk about the
murrain, it convey sthe reverse idea to that entertained
when used by the orators and poet. Cattle plagues and
murrain are excellent names, whereby the ignorant pre-
tender may gain credit, among farmers and others, for a
knowledge he never did possess. He may give the name
of murrain to any disease or diseases, however different the
one may be from the other in sign, symptom and seat,
providing that the beast die. It will be observed, how-
ever, that if the animal should live, murrain can’t be its
proper name. Murrain, as applied to cattle diseases,
conveys no idea of the nature or seat of the disease. In
some parts of the world, murrain is applied to epizootic
aphtha, a disease affecting the mouth and feet—de la fievre
aptheura—and withal, not deadly, or fatal. Without
fatality, any intelligent person would naturally and know-
ingly think that there can be no murrain, and the absurd-

294 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

ity of the name so applied, can induce no very high
Opinion of cow doctors.

Nephritis.—This is a name given to a disease, or in-
flammation, of the kidneys. It is scarcely ever seen in
the ox.

Nervous Diseases.—These may be classed as follows:
Brain diseases, apoplexy, inflammation of the brain,
palsy, paralysis, locked-jaw, twitching of the muscles, ete.

(Estromania.—A term applied to cows when bulling.

(Estrus Bovis.—The fly which deposits the eggs, from
which the ox bot is developed.

Osseous, Composed of bone; bony tumor.

Ovarian Dropsy. ‘This is a disease peculiar to milch
cows, and consists of watery swellings of the ovary, but
one ovary being usually affected. Ovarian dropsy is
characterized by a large, soft swelling, situated upon the
side of the cow, between the short rib and the thigh.

Treatment. Tap the tumor with an instrument called a
trocar, whereby the fluid is let out. When this is done,
feed the cow well, and give her iron, gentian and ginger,
to prevent further accumulation.

Ovarian Tumor.—tThe difference between ovarian
dropsy and ovarian tumor, as ascertained by the touch, is,
the dropsy is soft and fluctuating, and the tumor hard and
slightly movable. Ovarian tumors are generally hard,
and similar to cancroid and encephaloid tumors found in
man and animals.

Treatment. Fatten the animal, and kill and send her to
market, before she dies and becomes a complete loss.

Palsy, or Paralysis.—This is a nervous disease, and

PLEURO-PNEUMONIA. 295

is characterized by the animal having lost the power of
standing. Palsy may be partial or complete.

Causes. ‘Tumors on the brain; injury to, or softening
of the spinal cord.

Symptoms. Inability of the animal to move, continued
lying; will usually eat and drink as if nothing were
amiss, and will continue to do so for many weeks.

Treatment. We are in possession of only one drug,
which is oftentimes of service in curing this disease, de-
pending on whether the paralysis be from reflex action of
the nerves of motion, or from entire suspension of feeling.
If the case be from reflex action, then this medicine
had better not be given; but if the nervous feeling be en-
tirely lost, strychnia may then be given in one grain doses
twice in the day in the animal’s feed, and continued for
a week or two.

Parasitic Lung Disease.—(See Hoose.)
Parturient Fever.—(See Milk Fever.)
Phthisis.—(See Consumption and Diarrhea.)
Placenta.—This is a name given to the after-birth.
Plethora.—Fatness; full of blood.

Pleurisy.—This is inflammation of the pleura, or
white, fibrous, serous tissue lining the ribs within the
chest, and the covering of the lungs. For further par-
ticulars, see the following article.

Pleuro-pneumonia.—“ Massachusetts Cattle Disease”
—FKpizootic Pleuro-pneumonia. Pleuro-pneumonia is a
compound disease, as its name indicates—pleuro and pneu-
monia. My own opinion is, however, and it is almost a
certainty, I think, that the single name pleurisy would
cover the whole ground ; for the pathology of the disease

296 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

unmistakably points to this one fact, that the lungs are not
affected as a disease from the beginning, but the solid,
spotted and mottled conditions of the lungs are but the
effects of disease of the pleural covering,and the consequent
effusions of serum into the chest, floating and surrounding
the lungs, together with weakness, low vitality, and debili-
ty of the animal affected. This, then, is the reason why
the lungs have become diseased, and the consequent
double name given to the affection.

However much men may doubt it, this disease is nothing
more than buccal inflammation, extending from the cover-
ings of the mouth and nose down to the pleural membranes
within the chest, speedily followed by extensive outpour-
ing of fluid called serum, and it is not till this fluid has
accumulated in sufficient quantity that the evidence of
disease show itself to the farmer or breeder. Cows are not
so nervous, nor yet so excitable as horses, whether in
health or sickness, and hence the abscence of those symp-
toms in the early stage of the disease in cows, which are so
early shown in horses, when affected by the same sickness.
Farmers should remember this, for in early detection lies
often the life of the animal.

Again, and in support of my theory, if the lungs were
one of the primary seats of the disease, it would not be
reasonable to expect the animal to live for a week, and in
some cases a month, as is the case with animals affected
with this disease. In no disease of the lungs, excepting
tubercles, will animals live so long as those do when
affected with pleuro-pneumonia, thus entirely disproving
the theory universally entertained by those who have an
idea to offer upon the subject.

The length of time animals live with this disease, to-
gether with the serum, the condition of the lungs, and the

PLEURO-PNEUMONIA. 297

adhesions so often seen connecting the Jungs with the sides
of the chest, does not go to prove the incurability of the
disease at all, as has been so often asserted, but on the
contrary, it goes to show the curability of the disease, and
the ignorance of those who have been guilty of so bold and
unwarranted an assertion, thereby deceiving the honest
cow keeper and breeder to their great loss, and in some
eases to their ruin. Pleuro-pneumonia then I take to bea
disease similar to typhoid influenza in the horse, affecting
the white membranes of the nose, mouth, windpipe and
chest, speedily followed by outpouring of fluid into the
cavity of the thorax or chest, gradually increasing in
volume, till the Jungs are nearly submerged, solidifying
them, thus arresting aeration, or proper oxygenation of the

blood, together with shreds of plastic lymph connecting
and interfering still further with the action of whatever
healthy lung there may be left: and thus by a gradual,
but progressive process, the vital power gives way, and the
poor beast dies from suffocation, or asphyxia, in from one
week to two months or more—depending if the cow be in
ealf, and what condition otherwise the animal may be in.
The better the condition, the longer will they live, and the
more likely are they to live, even without medicine, thus
giving the lie to its incurability. (See Bronchitis.)

Cause. Some subtle poison in the atmosphere sometimes,
which is not always present ; sudden and severe changes in
the temperature, cold, heat, dryness and moisture, easterly
winds, and possibly some cther conditions which may be
present, but not recognized, and which give rise to what
-is called the predisposing cause, for since we have those
various changes in the condition of the weather, without
producing the disease, something is wanted in the animal
economy to act as a predisposing cause, two causes being

298 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

necessary to produce epizootic disease, namely : the predis-
posing cause, which resides in the system, and the exciting
cause, Which belongs to the atmosphere. Atmospheric
cause is being clearly proven from the fact of the early
symptoms of the disease being irritation of the mucous
membranes of the nostrils, nose, eyes, ete. That this may
be properly understood, let any person enter the too
frequently over-heated lecture room or theatre, with its
impure air, and on coming out to the keen air of night,
how readily the membranes of the eyes drop tears, and
sneezing from irritation of the nose takes place. Pleuro-
pneumonia being a disease chiefly attacking milch cows
and working oxen, and rarely affecting herds of cattle in
the field, we are carried back again in our inquiries to the
cow house, barn yard and its surroundings. ‘There we
find the slop feed stimulating the cow to over-secretion of
milk, and at the expense of her general health and condi-
tion—thesmoking and putrefying dung heap—the imper-
fect ventilation and over-heated stable—the giving of stim-
ulating feed, and immediately after turning the heated cow
out to the cold, and sometimes frozen watering trough,
to quench her thirst. In one or other of these anomalies,
or all combined, will be found the cause of this epizootic
disease—contagion, if it is really contagious, which I
honestly doubt and even deny ; however, if so, then they
cannot be the only exciting and predisposing causes of the
disease.

Symptoms. As has been already stated, the early symp-
toms are irritation of the membranes of the nose, windpipe,
ete. Thesymptoms of this irritation are not perceived by
the farmer, till effusions of fluid are poured into the chest
in considerable quantities, interfering with the movements
of the lungs, and consequently the breathing or respiration ;

PLEURO-PNEUMONIA. 299

then—and then only does the farmer observe that the
animal is sick. The presence of irritation in the windpipe
can be detected by placing the ear close to the windpipe,
previously tightening the skin upon it, when a slight
grating sound isheard. The immediate effect of irritation
of the windpipe of the cow, is a slight discharge of an
acrid fluid, of the appearance of water, from the corners of
the eyes and nose, which is, however, sometimes so slight
that most persons fail to see it, and if they did, would
attach no importance to it—so the first, and most impor-
tant time and symptom is passed by uncared for, unheeded
and unchecked. The next and important symptom is a
half-involuntary cough, or rather a husking sound—not the
clear cough which horses give, when similarly affected.
When cough is heard, it may then be said the encubative
stage has passed away. I have said incubative, although
not believing in the existence of such a thing, if it be not
in the passive condition of the minds of men, who give
credence to such atheory. The milk now becomes smaller
in quantity, thin and blue; cough louder and oftener ;
breathing quick and labored, accompanied with a grunt ;
rumination is irregular, and the appetite precarious. Such
then are the symptoms that may be seen by the ordinary
observer. Auscultation and percussion applied to the
sides of the chest, are not to be relied upon by persons
who are not accustomed to the chest murmurs, or sounds
in health and diseases. Animals in good condition rally
from the attack and get well, without assistance from
medicine or art. In weak and low-conditioned animals the
disease and symptoms are gradual and _ progressive, and
they finally die in from two weeks to two months.
Treatment. The success of the treatment here recom-
mended, will depend upon, Ist. Whether the animal be in

300 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

good or low condition; 2d. Whether the cow be heavy
with calf; 3d. Whether the disease has been discovered,
and treatment applied in good season. ‘These are impor-
tant inquiries, having much depending upon them, for this
disease is much more frequent and fatal in cows heavy with
calf, and animals in low condition. If the disease has been
observed within forty-eight hours from the time of attack,
give the following powders every four hours between six
o’clock in the morning and ten at night, or at six, ten,
two, six and ten o’clock:

Tincture of aconite root, two drachms and a half; pow-
dered gentian root, three ounces; powdered ginger root,
three ounces; sulphate of iron, two ounces; mix well,
and divide into five powders and give as above directed.
After the five powders have been given, continue with the
same powders, but wethout the aconite, and give them only
three times in the day, instead of five as above directed.
Half an ounce of the sulphite of soda may be added to each
powder with advantage. The powder will have to be
mixed in a large bottle of water, and sweetened with
molasses. Allow plenty of pure air, cold water and good
strong feed, but not too much ata time; this will be better
than thin, poor and non-strengthening slop, which is so
injurious and deceptive, and so often recommended and
adopted in cases of sickness. In the early stages of the
disease, the carbonate of ammonia given in three drachm
doses, along with the other powders, will do much good.
There are two points I have ever sought to obtain, in the
treatment of this disease: Ist. To maintain the appetite.
2d. ‘To restore and maintain it, if it be lost.

Prolapsus Vagins.—Procidenta. This is a protru-
sion of the womb through the vulva, and is an accident of

RAILWAY DISEASE, 301

frequent occurrence with cows when accumulating flesh
fast, and also among cows denominated bullers. Some-
times, however, it may be due to tumors, or dropsy in the
womb or ovaries.

Treatment. If from ovarian disease, spay the cow, and
in simple cases elevate the hind parts of the cow, by
making the stall lower at front and higher behind, placing
a pad on the parts, after the manner described, under the
article Falling of the Womb.

Prolapsus Vesica.—(See Bladder, Diseases of the.)

Prurigo Vernalis.—This is a disease peculiar to the
Spring of the year, and characterized by extreme itchiness
—the body being covered with inflammatory spots, which
discharge pus, and form scabs that fall off and leave the
parts bald, or without hair.

Treatment. Give a dose of epsom salts, and fumigate
the beast with sulphurous acid gas. (See Sulphurous
Acid Gas, in article on Horse and Cattle Medicines.)
Give good feeding and good shelter.

Puerperal Fever.—(See Milk I ever.)
Quarter Evil.—(See Black Leg.)

Railway Disease of Cattle. —The summer of 1867
showed very clearly the existence of a disease developed
by the transportation of cattle to the markets of New York
and other cities from the saline plains and pastures of the
West. For the want of a better name, we have designated
it as above, not being satisfied of its identity with that
disease commonly called “Texan Fever ;” because the
cattle of Texas and of the Cherokee nation are not known
to be ever sick from Texan or other diseases, except from

302 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

starvation in dry seasons, from which they have been
known to die by thousands. (See Texan Fever.) Rail-
way disease is characterized by weakness, debility, and
fever, with complete absorption of all the fluids of the body.
These conditions naturally arise, Ist. Because of the salty
nature of much of their late pastures, which tend, greatly
to the loss of the animal fluids and increased desire for
water as a consequence of the action of salt upon the ani-
mal economy. 2d. The crowding of large numbers in
cars without food or water, except, perhaps at long and
insufficient intervals of time, together with want of air,
proper attention, and expedition in their transportation
during the heated season of the year.

Remove the cause, and the effect will cease, is particu-
larly applicable to this disease.

Red Water.—This is a disease of milch cows soon
after calving, and consists in an altered condition of the
blood, in which the red globules are broken up, and the
coloring matter which is called hematosin escapes and is
passed with the urine.

Cause. Obscure, but assigned to local causes such as
the peculiar properties of certain herbs or grasses which
the cows feed upon. My opinion, however, is that the
cause will be found to be local congestion, the red coloring
matter is but the product—red-colored serum.

Symptoms. Diarrhoea lasting for a day or two, followed
by constipation ; urine of a brown color changing to a
deep red, and in the last and fatal stages to a black,
resembling porter.

Post-mortem. Appearances confirm my opinion that it
is local congestion that gives rise to red water. The liver
and kidney being chiefly implicated.

RINGWORM. a0S

Treatment. Give a strong dose of epsom and common
table salt, one pound each, and half an ounce of ginger, dis-
solved in four bottles of water, and sweetened with molasses.
Give mashes pretty well wet, and in a day or two follow
by giving powdered ginger root, half an ounce; powdered
gentian root, half an ounce ; powdered fenugreek, half an
ounce; mix, and make one dose; give one dose twice in
the day, till sufficient improvement takes place to warrant
no further medicine being given. To hasten recovery,
give good and generous feeding, which will also assist in
making blood for hat which has been lost.

Reticulum,—The second stomach, so called from ret,
or net like, and is sometimes called the honeycomb.

Retroflexion of the Womb.—Retroflexion is said to
be present when the canal is bent on itself.

Retroversion of the Womb.—This term is applied
when the canal is straight. -

Rheumatism.—(See Rheumatism, in the first part of
this book.)

Rinderpest.—This is the Dutch name for Cattle
Plague. So much do I abhor the employment of such
ignorant and unmeaning names, that I cannot but enter-
tain a poor opinion of the scientific attainments of those
who constantly use them. The disease will be found treated
of under the article Typhus Contagiosus Boum, (contagious
typhus of cattle.)

Ringworm.—This is a parasitic disease, and consists
in the growth of cellular tumors on the skin. Young
animals of one and two years are most subject to the attack
of the parasites.

Symptoms. Broad and flattened elevations on the skin.

304 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Treatment. If left to themselves they will die out in a
year. The oxide of zine ointment will speedily cure the
affection. It is considered a contagious disease, although
not a fatal one. (See Ointments in article on Horse and

Cattle Medicines.)
Rot.—(See Diarrhcea and Consumption.)

Rumen or Paunch,—This is the first stomach, and is
the receptacle for all food that is gathered, which is kept
there till wanted, or till the rumen is full, when rumina-
tion is usually begun by contraction of the rumen upon its
contents, whereby portions of the food are forced into the
gullet and mouth, to be remasticated, and finally passed
down the gullet again. It does not, however, pass over
the floor of the canal this time, but separates the pillars,
and goes, not into the rumen, but into the manyplus, or
third stomach.

Rupture in Calves.—The rupture we are now con-
sidering is what is known by the name umbilical, which
occurs in young colts and calves, and consists in the pro-
trusion of a portion of the bowel and intestine through
the navel, thus forming a small tumor. This condition is
often congenital, or found on the calf at birth.

Treatment. Force the bowel up into the belly, gather the
loose skin together, tie a well waxed cord tightly round it
close to the belly, and a strong pin may be forced through
the skin below the ligature or cord, to keep it from falling
off before the loose skin comes away. In a few days the
skin will fall off, leaving a healthy sore without any hole
or rupture.

Another form of treatment is to place a bandage round
the body, and a pad over the rupture, as is recommended
for the same condition in colts, (which see.) Whatever

SPAYED COWS. 305

the plan that may be adopted for the cure of umbilical
hernia in calves, they must be kept separate from one
another, as each will suck the other, thus preventing
closure of the rupture and healing of the parts.

Siberian Boil Plague.—Carbuncular Disease. This
is one of those diseases affecting cattle on the Russian
Siberian Steppes. It is a blood poison or pyemia, and is
closely allied to the other Russian Steppe disease, com-
monly called rinderpest and cattle plague.

Slinking the Calf.—(See Abortion.)
Sore Throat.—(See Bronchitis.)

Spaying.—This is the name given to an operation
for the removal of the ovaries or female testicles from the
milch cow and young female oxen. The object of the
removal of the ovaries from young cows that never have
had a calf, is to prevent them from ever having a desire for
the male, so that she will be the more easily fattened and
fitted for the market. Young cows so operated upon, are
henceforth called heifers.

Spayed Cows, the Advantages of.—The following
are the reasons why dairymen should spay their cows,
when not intended for breeding :

1. Spayed cows are more easily kept in good condition
than cows not spayed.

2. They are less liable to sickness of an epizootic kind,
and when sick, more certain and easy of cure.

3. When epizootic diseases are present in the vicinity,
or even in the herd, spayed cows are always in condition,
and fit for the butcher. To prevent loss and save expense
in the treatment, with the attendant risk of loss of some,

and loss of condition and milk of all that are affected, they
20

306 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

can be sold without loss—which is not the case with cows
not spayed, and when pleuro-pneumonia is among them.

4, Spayed cows give the same quantity and quality of
milk all the year round, if they are properly fed and cared
for.

5. Ten spayed cows will give the year round as much
milk as double the number of cows not spayed, thus saving
the interest on the outlay for ten cows together with the
absence of risk from loss of some of the principal by death
of one or more from sickness, or accident, not to speak of
the feed of ten cows. Between the feed of ten cows and
their manure, the farmer can best estimate the difference
in value.

6. With spayed cows there is no risk to run from milk
fever, nor trouble with cows called bullers.

7. To fatten a cow, spay her instead of giving her the
bull, as is the present custom—by which feed and time are
consumed, and the animal is not made very fat after all,
for she has to provide the fattening substance to the calf
in the womb, which, if she had been spayed, would have
been appropriated to herself; nor is this all, for the calf
in the belly of the cow is at once discounted by the butcher,
as it is not a salable article in market.

8. Spayed cows cannot abort or slink their calves.

Having thus had a bird’s eye view of the advantages to
be derived from spayed cows, let us look in the same
manner at the disadvantages of spayed ones.

1. The expense of the operation and attendant risk of
the animal dying—although this is not great, (about one in
the hundred.) The expense of the operation will be from
three to five dollars, which will depend upon the distance
the operator has to travel, and how many animals are to be
operated upon. |

STRANGULATION. 307

2. Spayed cows are apt to accumulate fat and flesh, so
that they will become dry much sooner than cows not
spayed. Still there can be little loss, fora fat cow is
always ready for sale. These, then, are the objections to
the spaying of cows, if objections they may be called. We
now leave the subject to those who are more immediately
interested.

Spleenic Apoplexy.—This is a new disease, consist-
ing in engorgement of the spleen with blood, and the subse-
quent rupture of the organ, followed by death in from
twelve to twenty-four hours from the time of attack.

Cause. ‘This disease is clearly traceable to the new, and
what is wrongfully called zmproved feeding and fattening
of cattle. Food, rich in nutritive qualities, and deficient
in fluids, is the great cause of spleenic apoplexy in cattle.

Symptoms. Constitutional disturbance is set up all at
once, and no early symptoms manifested. The animal is
well to every appearance at one time in the day and dead
by evening. When the symptoms are seen, they are as
follows: Colicky pains, twitching of the muscles, stagger-
ing gait, frothing from the mouth, and the urine colored
and mixed with blood. The animal falls and dies, the
immediate cause of death being coma, from derangement
of the brain.

Treatment. ‘Treat the case by way of prevention with
low diet. No treatment, however well directed, is of any
use when the disease has once manifested itself. Life is
prolonged a few hours by blood letting, but no cure can
be effected.

Spring Eruption.—(See Ringworm.)
Stomach Staggers.—(See Hoven.)
Strangulation.—(See Choking.)

308 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Sturdy.—(See Hydatides.)

Teats.—Teats of milch cows are often subject to dis-
eases and derangement.

Ist. Milk stones sometimes stop the flow of milk, and
are felt within the milk channel, when the teat is pressed
between the fingers. For their removal, take a silver
probe or knitting needle, and, if possible, force the obstruc-
tion up into the udder.

2d. Strictures of the milk channel of the teat cause a
small stream of milk to flow, and impair the usefulness of
that quarter of the udder. ‘This can also be remedied by
using a silver probe or needle, commencing, however, with
a small size, and gradually using thicker or iarger ones,
till the channel is as large as wanted. This operation will
have to be carried on for a week or two, the first day using
the small probe three times in the day, and following the
next day with the larger size, and so continuing with other
sizes, till finally cured.

3d. Warts are of occasional trouble to the cow, and to
those who milk her. Irritation, and sometimes swelling
is induced, which cause closure in the channel of the teat.
Warts are to be removed by a pair of sharp scissors.

MILK SYPHON.

4th. Sore teats are cured by the simple ointment, one
ounce, and one drachm of the rust of copper, commonly
called verdigris, added to it. The milk can be drawn from
the teat by means of a tube, as is shown by the above
illustration, called a milk syphon.

TEXAN FEVER. 309

Teeth, Diseased.—Diseases of the teeth in cattle are
not so common as in horses. However, I have seen cases
of a diseased tooth in cows, causing a bony enlargement
on the lower jaw, and subsequently a fistulous opening,
with discharges running from it. When disease of the
roots of the upper teeth takes place, it is accompanied
with a bad-smelling discharge from the nostril on the side
on which the diseased tooth is.

Texan Fever.—This is a disease accompanied with
sympathetic fever, and is not confined to Texas alone;
for we see it more or less every year in the Eastern and
Middle States, showing itself at the close of the summer
months, and to the end of autumn. Texan fever is nothing
more than the Fardle Bound of the European writers—
umpaction of the manyplus with withered and dried grass
and herbage containing no moisture whatever : the stomach
refusing to digest it. Heat, dryness and fever of the sys-
tem is thus set up, with all their attendant consequences.

Much has been said and written about the nature and
cause of Texan Fever by nearly all persons who have had
an idea upon the subject. ‘The questionable theories pro-
mulgated throughout the country in regard to the disease
by Hon. Horace Capron, Commissioner of Agriculture
at Washington, compel us to reiterate the fact that the
affection 7s an impaction of the manyplus. Further than
this, the bulletins that were issued from, or by authority
of, the Agricultural Department, in 1867, concerning the
disease, were not only unscientific and unsound, but in
themselves contradictory, having no good effect upon those
interested in the consumption of beef, and a positive injury
to the cause of veterinary science in this country. Instead
of a sensible view being taken as to the cause of the disease,

310 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

nothing short of Fungi would suit the minds of the Botan-
ist and Microscopist, ‘Their conclusions called to my mind
the story of Paddy’s flea, which, when he put his finger
upon it, was not there. Texan Fever is a misnomer, and
it is not known in Texas or amongst the cattle of Texas,
but amongst those of other States. Itis even supposed by
many persons, well informed, that Texan cattle give dis-
ease to other cattle that subsequently graze on pastures
trodden by them. How ridiculous and unreasonable is
this theory when viewed in the light of science and common
sense. How can healthy oxen, and from a healthy coun-
try, give or impart a disease they never had ?—cattle that
never were amongst others having anything infectious or
contagious ?—impossible! Has it never entered into the
minds of Mr. Capron or Gamgee, that the droves of hungry
cattle on their way to market, from the rich, nutritious
mesquit grass of Texas, feed extensively upon the dried
tuft or Buffalo and Bermuda grasses of the States through
which they pass, in the latter months of summer, and
succeeding a good grass-growing spring? Or, if so, have
they ever asked themselves whether this fact has anything
to do with the cause of Texan Fever? This is not a
subject for the microscopist, but simply demands of us that
we look with the naked eye to things as they are—to the
consumption by hungry cattle of whatever of green or fresh
grass there is to be found; leaving to the native cattle the
dry, innutritious, indigestible tufts, spindles and grass!
This is undoubtedly the real cause of the disease, however
much some persons may be disposed to doubt it. The
Hon. John Wentworth, of Illinois, though not seeing the
cause of the disease, placed his cattle in a cordon, while they
were surrounded by Texan cattle. All of them escaped
the disease. On the other hand, cattle grazing on the

THROAT DISEASES. 311

pasture upon which the Texan cattie had been, became sick.
Thus it is shown that our view of the cause of the disease
is the only correct one; for, if it be not so, Mr. Went-
worth’s cattle, from their proximity to those from Texas,
would have taken sick also. No fence or enclosure, when
the wind blows towards it, can or will keep out atmos-
pheric air impregnated with an infection.

Post-mortem. ‘The heart, liver, lungs and spleen are
- congested ; the gall bladder is swollen to several times its
natural size, and filled with a dark, yellowish-brown fluid ;
the food in the stomach is in a hard, dry and caked con-
dition, with no progress made towards digestion; the
stomach is friable and easily torn. We would here add
that though the spleen be enlarged, heavy, and filled with
blood, it is not a sufficient reason for the Commissioner of
Agriculture to call the disease ““Spleenic Fever;” it is the
effect of a cause, and not the disease itself.

Treatment. Give large doses of epsom or glauber salts,
dissolved in great quantities of molasses water. If no
relief follows in twenty-four hours, repeat the dose, bear-
ing in mind all the while that great quantities of fluid or
cold water is a means to overcome the dry condition of the
impacted stomach. Indeed, the cure has a good deal of a
mechanical nature about it, for large drenches of water
with the salts, do not only assist their action, but in many
cases wash and dissolve the dry feed into a soft mass or
pulp, which will readily pass away, and the poor beast be
relieved from pain, and cured. Suspect this disease when
occurring after a good grass-growing spring, succeeded by
a dry, scorching summer, converting grass into spindles
containing no moisture, and little nutritive properties.

Throat Diseases.—(See Bronchitis.)

BL DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Thrush.—(See Epizootic Aphtha. )
Tongue of the Ox.—We speak of the tongue of the

ox not for the purpose of referring to its diseases, for that
has already been done in speaking of aphtha. Our design
is simply to explain the difference in appearance between
the tongue of the horse and that of the ox; for occasion-
ally they are seen side by side in provision stores and other
places, and all sold as the tongue of the ox or cow. The
appearance of a salted tongue of the horse is much shorter
and broader at its tip, and is, withal, the finest looking.
Those who are not aware of these facts are most likely to
prefer and purchase the horse tongue to that of the ox.
The ox tongue is long, and narrow at its point, and is used
much the same as a cat handles its prehensile paw. The
horse cannot do this, but gathers his food with his front
teeth. Avoid the good-looking, broad and short tongue,
and choose the long, narrow and irregular one; then you
may be sure of the tongue of the ox.

Tubercle Disease. —(See Consumption and Diarrhea.)
-Tympanitis.—(See Hoven.)

Typhus Contagiosus Boum—Contagious Typhus
of Cattle—Rinderpest—Cattle Plague—Steppe
Disease—Loserdurre, etc.—This is one of those epi-
zootic diseases which have, at distant and different periods
of the world’s history, attacked the ox tribe of Europe,
and consists in inflammation and irritation of the fibrous,
serous tissue, or white membranes of the nose, windpipe
and chest, and instead of serum or fluid being poured out
as a consequence, as is the case in epizootic pleuro-pneu-
monia,the membranes become deteriorated, portions become
detached, and some partially adhere, but all decay, and
become a dangerous poison, which is gradually absorbed

TYPHUS CONTAGIOUS BOUM. 33113:

into the general circulation, speedily followed by fermenta-
tion of the blood within the body, resulting in boils, or
small carbuncles containing pus, which soon break and
discharge. All of this is accompanied by sympathetic
fever, (typhus so called,) gradual and progressive in its
character, till the blood and tissue of the body are no
longer fit for the purposes of life, and the animal dies an
exhausted and miserable object, in from a few days to one,
two and three weeks from the time of attack.

Causes. Certain conditions of the air and earth, as heat
and moisture, cold and dryness; contagion. ‘These may
be called the exciting causes ; something still being wanted
in the system of the animal to form the predisposing cause
—as debility, and a low standard of general health. In-
deed, the conditions which sometimes exist in, and form
pleuro-pneumonia, are capable of producing contagious
typhus. JI am borne out in this opinion by Jessen, who
among the discordant opinions and theories of Europe, has
declared the disease to he associated with pleuro-pneumonia.
Dr. Greenhow also says that contagious typhus existed
side by side with pulmonary disease in England, in the
middle of the last century. Why theorize then any fur-
ther? for it is so plain that those who run can read, that
veterinary surgeons, politicians and notoriety hunters have,
at the expense of the suffering farmers of Europe, con-
tinued to perplex and puzzle too long. The same has
been attempted in Pennsylvania, and other States of the
Union, even in cases of simple sporadic pleuro-pneumonia
in milch cows, whereby, with a power of metamorphosis
far outstripping that of Publius Ovidius Naso, the one
disease has, as if by the wand of the magician, been con-
verted at once into that of another.

Symptoms. We are told that the disease has its period

314 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

of incubation, varying from four to fourteen days. This
is simply nonsense. Where is the repeated incubation in
cows when affected with pleuro-pneumonia? Nowhere,
but in the minds of men who know nothing of pathology.
Is incubation to be taken for blindness, and ignorance for
science and education? It may be asserted, with equal
truth and justice, that the condemned culprit, or rather
suspended animation, can date the period of incubation
from the time of condemnation, however long that may be
before the moment he is launched into eternity. The
weeping eye, the acrid drop from the inner corner of the
nostrils, together with slight rough sounds from the wind-
pipe, will tell the intelligent and scientific observer that
something is wrong, and all this can be told from twelve
to twenty-four hours from the time of attack. Where,
then, is the period of incubation? Echo seems to answer,
where? The husky cough, with dullness and prostration,
follow the weeping eye and nostril. The back is arched,
appetite and rumination irregular, the rigor and the chill
tell that blood poison is present, and suppuration is going
on asa remedial and natural measure, to get rid of the
foreign or poisonous matter in the blood. The breathing
soon becomes labored, the heat of the body is variable,
while the skin and hair look unhealthy, and fever gets
high. If the mouth and nose be examined, eruptions and
sores will be seen; and these sometimes extend to the fect.
All the foregoing symptoms are now speedily followed by
discharges, from the nose and eyes, of pus streaked with
blood. Salivation and diarrhcea supervene, together with
stupor, and all the phenomena of approaching death. In
this disease, as in pleuro-pneumonia, cows heavy with
calf or otherwise debilitated, die sooner, and do not bear
up so well as animals in better condition. The intelligent

TYPHUS CONTAGIOSUS BOUM. 315

and careful reader cannot fail to see several prominent and
important symptoms common alike to this disease and
epizootic pleuro-pneumonia, (which see.)

Treatment. ‘The correct method of treatment is at once
apparent from the nature, symptoms and post-mortem,
or appearances after death. All taken somatically and
considered, amount to this, that the animal is affected with
fermentation of the blood, consequent upon inflammation
and deterioration of the fibrous, serous tissues of the body,
accompanied with fever of a typhus type. Then the first
thing to be done is, to build up the system and arrest
fermentation by the elimination or neutralization of the
zumin, leaven, or ferment. For this purpose then, order
the following powder: Powdered carbonate of ammonia,
one ounce; powdered sulphate of iron or copper, three
drachms ; powdered gentian root, half an ounce ; powdered
ginger root, half an ounce; mix, and make one dose.
Give one dose of this powder morning and night. In the
middle of the day give one ounce of sulphite of soda daily.
The animal must be fed well and in a generous manner,
but not by any means to arrest digestion by over-feeding.
Such, then, is about the plan I would recommend for the
cure of contagious typhus in cattle. I would add how-
ever, or take from, just as the indications appeared. Thus,
I would have them daily inhale for an hour sulphurous
acid gas. For the manner of using it, see Horse and Cattle
Medicines in this book.

The treatment here offered will cure a major part of all
affected. The number will depend upon the condition of
the animals, whether they are cows and with vail, or are
debilitated animals, ete.

English Treatment. Professor Gamgee, the great veteri-
narian says little can be done beyond purging the animal,

316 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

etc., and adds that all treatment appears futile. Now the
word “appears,” in this case, implies a doubt. Scientific
men should be more emphatic and particular in the words
used. If there is any one remedy to be avoided in this
disease of cattle, it is purging or physicking. Will a dose
of physic cure blood poison, build up the system, and arrest
typhus? The person who says so is certainly not fit to
give an opinion on this particular subject. Out of many
evils, choose that which is the least; that is, restore the
digestive functions with carminatives and tonics, and not
physic; remove the cause of the derangement and the
effects will cease—but do not take the bull by the horns,
or beard the lion in his den. A Mr. Dobson devotes
nearly ten pages to the subject, and winds up with the
following words: ‘ We trust we have said enough to give
our readers a fair idea of the nature and consequence of the
Rinderpest.” Mr. Dobson has not, as he seems to think,
given either the true nature or pathology of the disease ;
and has not gone so far as Mr. Gamgee, for he has not
even so much as hinted that there is a dose of physic in
existence. His article, however, has proved one thing,
and that is, that a man can write much about what he
really does not understand. ‘The treatment, according to
Mr. Moore, the veterinary homeeopathist, is nearer the right
kind than any English author I have heard of; but Mr.
Moore, to be successful, will have to throw his infinitesimals
to the dogs, and increase his doses. There are other
authors of less note, but all follow in one beaten track,
from which there seems to be no variableness nor shadow
of turning. The minds of Englishmen all follow in one
direct line of march, and will continue to do so with a
bewitchment similar to that which shut out the truth from
the foolish Galatians.

VAGINAL CATARRH. 317

Prevention. As hasalready been stated, it is a contagious
disease, and to prevent its spread, isolation or separation
will have to be adopted.

Epizootic influenza in the horse, and pleuro-pneumonia
in cattle, took twenty-one years to travel from Europe to
the United States. Now, should contagious typhus in
cattle travel at the same rate, we may expect to hear of it
at anytime. ‘This disease broke out in England, in June,
1865, and in one year it destroyed two hundred and fifty
thousand, eight hundred and seventy-five (250,875) head
of cattle. About thirty-three thousand, two hundred and
thirty-five (83,235) recovered ; all the others died, or were
killed to prevent contagion, and spread of the disease, To
enter into a history of this disease would take up more time
and space than can be afforded, and would only be a re-
hearsal of what is already recorded in regard to the
visitation upon English cattle in 1865. For an English
history of this disease in all parts of the world, the reader
is referred to a work of eight to nine hundred pages by
Professor Gamgee, published in London. In this work
much printed matter is discernible, but there is a great
scarcity of information. Parliamentary reports, an Order
from Privy Council, letters, editorials and suggestions
that had been contained in the London Times, together
with the reports and actions of the International Veteri-
nary Congress, held on the Continent of Europe, go to
make up this large book.

_Udder Diseases.—(See Garget.)
Urine, Bloody.—(See Red Water.)
Vaginal Catarrh.—A disease in old cows a few weeks

after calving. It resembles, and is treated the same as
Leucorrhea, (which see.)

318 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Varicella Boum,—(See Chicken Pox.)
Vertigo.—(See Stomach Staggers and Hoven.)

Warbles.—The product of the cestrus bovus or ox fly,
from having deposited its ova or egg in the skin. It isa
disease peculiar to the summer months, and is character-
ized by tumors varying in size from a grain of corn to
that of a hickory-nut.

Treatment. Squeeze the tumor and the larva is forced out.

Water in the Chest.—(See Pleuro-pneumonia.)

Whites.—(See Leucorrhcea.)

Worms.—(See Hoose.)
Womb.—(See Falling of the Womb.)

DISEASES OF SHEEP.

For the fol-
lowing Essay on
the Diseases of
Sheep, Dr. Rob-
ert McClure was
awarded a medal
and diploma by
ZZ” = le the United States
lege ——f™ meta AN, Ee “ten? Acricultural So-
——————————— = —— S

=r a (aS ciety :

The diseases of sheep which are laid under contribution
are: First. Those that are the most frequent and destruc-
tive, therefore of the greatest interest and concern to the
sheep farmer. Second. Those in which treatment and
preventative means can be employed with profit and suc-
cess. Third. Those the pathology of which has been in a
measure or entirely misunderstood, therefore wrongly
treated, and the preventative measures neglected or mis-
applied.

These diseases will embrace a large number of maladies
that have been treated of separately in the work by the
late Wm. Youatt as independent affections, when literally
a great many diseases alluded to by this indefatigable
writer are but different degrees and conditions of the same
morbid phenomena,

319

320 DISEASES OF SHEEP.

I would here say it isa pleasure to think that some
addition has been made of late to the stock of veterinary
knowledge as regards this useful animal, and I trust that
the time is proximate when the good sense of American
farmers will demand that a knowledge of the diseases and
general management of sheep shall form a prominent
feature in the education of the veterinary surgeon.

Braxy-Enterites.—(Injlammation of the Bowels.)—
Inflammation of the bowels is commonly known by the
unmeaning name of “ Braxy.” * It is a disease of more
frequent occurrence among this class of domestic animals
than any other I know of, chiefly affecting young sheep in
their first year, and in cold and stormy weather, and
exposed situations. It is not unfrequent when sheep have
been feeding on turnips in the winter season, to find in the
morning, after a cold, wet night, as many as a dozen, out
of a few score, dead, dying, or affected by this disease.

Symptoms. ‘They will be observed to be very restless ;
lying and rising; resting on one side, and then on the
other ; walking up and down as if looking for a_ place to
lie down, but can find no place to suit.

Treatment. Give castor oil, two ounces; calomel, five
grains; laudanum, two drachms; molasses, two ounces;
beat up with an egg, and as much warm water as will be
sufficient for a small drench, to be poured out of the stroupe
or pipe of a common tea or coffee pot. Repeat this in half
doses every six hours.

*Sheep affected by this disease are generally on the turnip field,
and in good condition. Ifso, and the animal is very sick, never at-
tempt to cure; as in most cases death will take place before medical
agents (be they ever so well directed) can take effect. Therefore, it
will be the better plan to cut the neck, letting out the blood, thereby
saving time and trouble, and preserving the mutton in good order,

HYDROCEPHALUS HYDATIDEUS. 3 YAN

Prevention. In stormy weather, and when they have
been feeding upon turnips, particularly where fenced in,
remove them to pasture a little elevated, and as sheltered
as possible from the storm, until the weather improves,
and the turnip or other fields become drier ; place common
or rock salt in covered troughs, which will tend to keep
their bowels open. Salt is a good laxative for cattle and
sheep.

Diarrheea.— 7reatment. Powdered opium, two grains;
powdered gentian and powdered ginger, one drachm each;
mix. To be given in an infusion of linseed, and repeated
if necessary.

Hydrocephalus Hydatideus, Sturdy, etc.—A
singular disease ; a very prevalent and fatal one, if left to
run its course; so much so, indeed, that in France alone,
no less than one million sheep die yearly, or are destroyed
by this pest of the ovine race. The symptoms by which
this disease is accompanied are as follows: In the com-
mencement, the animals will be observed to stop in the
midst of their grazing, and then start away in a gallop
over the field. They seem at times to be utterly uncon-
scious of where they are, separating themselves from the
rest of the herd. By-and-by they become-dull, and have
a peculiar staggering gait. If there is a brook or rivulet
within their reach, you are almost sure to find them
standing by it, apparently becoming giddy, not unfre-
quently tumbling in, and thus being lost. They lose flesh,
the countenance becomes haggard, and subsequently, the
animals thus affected commence a rotary motion, going
round and round in the same direction, with the head
inclined to the same side of the body. Now it almost

ceases to feed or ruminate, as it cannot restrain the rotary
21

Bi DISEASES OF SHEEP.

motions, and is becoming rapidly blind. Death generally
ensues from starvation.

Veterinary writers and agriculturists have differed very
materially as to the cause of hydatid, some attributing it
to certain poisonous plants—but these have never been
pointed out; others considering it a species of serous apo-
plexy, and others still contending that it arises from local
weakness of the brain, etc., etc. Autopsical examinations
have, however, proved it to arise from a different cause,
viz.: Coenurias cerebralis, or hydatid in the brain, found
floating in a serous fluid, contained within a sac or bladder,
thus constituting Sturdy, Gid, Turnsick, ete. It attacks
sheep from the sixth to the eighteenth month.

*Certainly the most common cause consists in the lamb
or young sheep picking from the pastures the ova or larve
of the tenia soliwm, which infests the shepherd’s dog. If
Echinococcus, polymorphus or vetrinorium, be swallowed
by the dog, they are developed into tape-worm, with but
few serrations. The minute ova are gathered and swal-
lowed with the food of the sheep or lamb, and are taken
up from the surface of the intestines. They find their way
into the blood, and finding a convenient nidus among the
loose textures of the brain, are there deposited. Nature
sets to work and encloses these foreign bodies ina mem-
branous sac, so that otherwise they may not produce fatal
consequences, and in the short period of three months they
are found to have reached the size of a filbert.

Conversely, if these hydatids are swallowed by the dog,
they are developed into tape-worms. Hydatids may be
prevented in sheep by curing or preventing tape-worms in
other animals, especially the dog. As before mentioned,
hydatids only affect young sheep, and spring from the ova

* Findlay Dun.

HYDROCEPHALUS HYDATIDEUS. oe

of the tenia. Herds managed without dogs are found to
be quite free from the disease. However, dogs may be used
with impunity when the sheep are upwards of eighteen
months old.

Treatment. (The following is from the Practical
Farmer, by the present writer.) The treatment of this
infection, until lately, has been varied, barbarous, and
cruel; one practising and recommending the cutting and
pulling out the ears, and another of hunting the poor ani-
mals with dogs, and, if possible, ranning them over some
precipice, frequently maiming or killing them, A strong
knitting-needle forced up the nostrils has long been used,
with occasional success ; but a small case of instruments,
consisting of four pieces, is much better and safer, and,
if properly used, will cure from seventy to eighty sheep
out of a hundred thus affected, and can be used by any
intelligent shepherd or farmer with perfect safety. In
operating, observe carefully the side to which the sheep
turns, as it invariably turns to the side of the skull which
is affected, and which must be first operated upon. Secure
and tie fast all the four feet, and place the animal on a
table. Let your assistant sit down on the end of the table.
Clip away ail wool from the brow, sides, and crown of the
head. Ascertain, by the fingers, if the skull yields on
pressure at any particular spot on the side to which the
sheep turned: if so, shave the wool from the soft part.
Use first the instrument with the adjusting screw, its use
being to prepare for the other, it being made a little wider
than the trocar, with canula, so that the silver may not be
broken in piercing the bone. Care, however, must be taken
to stop when the point is fairly through the skull: this is
easily ascertained. The guard must then be screwed back.
This done, take it out and insert the trocar and canula in

S24 DISEASES OF SHEEP.

the same hole, until past the split in the silver canula;
then withdraw the trocar, leaving the canula sticking in
the head, when the water will be forced from the hydatid,
showing that it has been pierced. Put the point of the
syringe into the canula, and draw out repeatedly, emptying
each time until no more water will come out, or the cyst,
has been drawn into the canula, which now withdraw,
taking care that the skin of the hydatid be caught hold of
by the forceps, which the operator should have ready in
his hand. Having removed the hydatid, leave the mouth
of the wound open, only placing a piece of clean rag as a
pledget over it, as water will escape for a day or two.
Put on the angular hood to keep the cloth and padding in
their place, and secure it by worsted ties. Care must be
taken, if the sheep has not been able to eat for some days,
that it get a bottle of gruel before operating, as the less
disturbance it is subjected to for some hours after the
operation the better, the brain taking a little time to adjust
itself to the cavity that has been made by the removal of
the hydatid. Neither must the sheep be put on too rich
pasture, as on recovering they are apt to take too much
food, which may cause inflammation in the head. Mark
well the side that has been operated on, as it very fre-
quently happens that there are more hydatids than one.
In a week or two, if the sheep be observed turning to the
opposite side, secure it a second time, and proceed as before.
There are occasionally more than one or two in the same
subject, and at the same time. Indeed, I have known as
many as five, and not one of them less in size than the yolk
of an egg. But two are quite common, one on each side
of the brain, nearly under the seat of the horn. Occasion- _
ally there is one behind the first lobe of the brain, which
is also easily taken out.

PARONYCHIA OVIUM. BVAD

Louping Il].— Tubes Dorsalis— Phrenitis. In every-
day language this is properly called inflammation of the
brain. Youatt, in his work on sheep, has been at the
trouble to write out no less than six different diseases, all
of which might have been treated under this head, being
essentially the same in character, cause, and effect. It
is characterized by extreme dullness, followed by ex-
citement and madness. In horses, these symptoms continue
for about two days ; but in cattle and sheep, much longer.
The seat of the disease is the pia mater, or the vascular
internal membrane of the brain, which is found after death
to be rough and yellow, with extravased lymph and serum
at the base of the brain.

Treatment. Give croton oil, six drops; syrup of ginger,
one tablespoonful ; in a little gruel, so thin that it will run
from the tea-pot. Apply cold water or ice to the head,
and see that the poor animal does not hurt itself against
the wall or fence.

The causes of this disease are sometimes the result of
injury to the head. It also arises from other than external
injuries, the principal of which are exposure to cold, and
a powerful sun in an exposed situation. But the most
common causes are the eating from the pasture poisoning
plant, or weeds, as the atropa belladonna, (deadly night-
shade,) conium maculatum, (common hemlock,) cicuta
virosa, (water hemlock,) delphinium staphysagria, (staves-
acre,) felis feeomina, (female fern,)—all of which, if taken
in sufficient quantity, will produce disease in the brain.
I could easily swell the list of poisonous plants, but it is
not my intention to include in this work information of so
unimportant a character.

Paronychia Ovium.—oot-rot. ‘This disease has

326 DISEASES OF SHEEP.

been more prevalent within the last thirty years than
previous to that time, which is accounted for to some
extent in the varieties and breeds of sheep and in the
increasing number. So much is this so, that farmers can-
not find highland pasture sufficient for them, and they
are brought down and put on moist lowland pasture, where
they can find plenty of food without travelling much ;
hence, the growth of horn is more than the wear, or the
supply more than the demand. Subsequently the horn
becomes over-grown and turns upon the sole,and bruising
the sensitive structures, earth and sand soon find their way
into the cavities produced, causing inflammation of the
lamin, lameness, and secretion of fetid pus.

Causes. As before stated, it results from an increased
supply of horn which turns up from the toe, pressing upon
and irritating the sensitive structures of the foot.

This affection of the feet is almost certain to follow the
removal of heavy bred sheep, such as the black-faced
Cheviot and Southdown, from their native and upland
pastures to rich meadow and arable lands. Their native
walks being rough and rugged—the grass not so plenty,
which insure the sheep walking over a large tract of Jand
in order to procure their food—hence the wasteand supply
of hoof is balanced.

Treatment. Whenever the sheep is observed to go lame,
it must be caught and the feet examined. Remove all
filth and sand; then cut off every loose and unsound
portion of horn with a stout pocket knife, and apply the
following to thesore parts: Oil of turpentine, two ounces ;
sulphuric acid, half an ounce; olive oil, one ounce; mix.
To be applied with a small piece of sponge or cloth on the
end of a stick ; or a goose feather will answer very well.
If sores occur on the digital space (divisions) or elsewhere,

PSORA. Som

they should be touched with nitric acid or a little of the
old butter of antimony, (terchloride of antimony,) by means
of a feather. These appliances should be continued twice
weekly, or as often as is necessary, until a change for the
better takes place.

_ Prevention. To prevent this disease, the growth of horn
must be kept down; and if the sheep are on soft land,
they must be examined every month, and the superfluous
horn must be cut off. Some shepherds advocate driving
along a hard road to wear the hoofs; I do not recommend
such a course, as it does a great deal of harm. The
better way is to drive them into a sheepfold and examine
their feet.

Draining and liming the land very often puts a stop to
foot-rot; the drainage to harden and dry the land, the
liming to remove the soft, mossy herbage, which is a great
cause of the disease in sheep. It is not contagious in
sheep; but in cattle, occurring in connection with murrain
or vesicular epizootic, it is deadly contagious.

Pneumonia. —7reatment. Nitre, one drachm ; digitalis,
twenty grains; tartar emetic, twenty grains; mix. ‘To be
given in linseed tea, once per day, in inflammation of the
lungs, commoncold accompanied with fever, or any disease,
that is necessary to arrest the inordinate action of the heart.

Psora.—Scabies—Scab. When a sheep or flock of
sheep are affected with scab, which is easily known by
their continually standing by the fence and rubbing posts,
scratching, and tearing the wool off their back and sides,
they will scarcely ever be seen grazing or lying down
quietly and remasticating their food, as is the case with
sheep in perfect health. This disease in sheep is the same
as mange in horses, dogs and cattle ; and it is the result of

328 DISEASES OF SHEEP.

the attacks of minute insects, or mites (acari) burrowing
in the skin, producing great irritation and itching, and
manifesting itself in small pimples, with dryness, scurfiness
and baldness of the skin. This disease is contagious ;
therefore, to prevent the spread of the infection, the healthy
must be separated from the diseased sheep. Keeping sheep
clean, and occasionally washing in the summer season, in
a great measure prevents a suitable nidus for the acart,
and diminishes the prevalence of scab. Before putting
healthy sheep on the same pasture, it will be necessary to
wash all the rubbing posts with a solution of the chloride,
or common lime, which will literally burn up the virus.
To make the impossibility of infection doubly sure, (neat
cattle and cows are as liable to take it as sheep,) the best
plan is to take a crop of hay and turn it over for a crop of
corn, or any other purpose.

Treatment. The object to be attained in curing this
disease is the destruction of the acari, which is necessarily
the same in all animals; but in sheep the material used
must be in a fluid form, so as to penetrate the wool.

The following is both an excellent cure and preventative
of scab in sheep: &. Acid Arseniosi, lbij; Sulph. Ferri,
Ib. cev ; Aque, cong. lxv. Translation.— Powdered arseni-
ous acid, two pounds; sulphate of iron, two hundred and
five pounds; water, sixty-five gallons; mix. Boil until
the fluid is reduced to one-third, and then add as much
water as has been lost by evaporation. This preparation
is the celebrated “Bain de Tessier,” so highly prized in
France. The following will answer the same purpose,
which will not stain the wool, as it contains no sulphate
of iron, and will, no doubt, be preferred by many to the
preceding one on that account: Arsenious acid, two pounds ;
sulphate of zine, ten pounds ; water, sixty gallons; mix,

PSORA. 329

Prepare as the foregoing one. ach of these valuable
sheep-dipping mixtures is sufficient to cure and dip one
hundred sheep.

The way sheep-dipping mixtures are sometimes used is
far wrong, as was the case in the celebrated sheep-poisoning
case at Burton, England, where the animals were driven,
immediately after their bath, containing twenty ounces of
arsenic, twenty ounces of soda-ash, and two ounces of
sulphur, to their pasture, with their wool saturated with it,
and consequently dripping from the wool on the grass that
the sheep were just eating.

The improved plan in dipping sheep is: First. The
solution or the mixture is to be put in a tub, or other
vessel, sufficiently large to allow the sheep (except the
head) to be immersed in it, without the mixture running
over the sides of the tub or vessel. Second. When the
sheep is taken out, it must be placed in another tub or
vessel, and the liquid pressed from the wool, and returned
again into the dipping vessel. Third. The sheep must
be kept enclosed in a sheep-fold, or other sufficiently airy
place, where there is no food of any kind that a sheep will
eat, until the wool is perfectly dry.

Several of the veterinary professors of the Edinburgh
veterinary colleges, after the above sheep-poisoning case
occurred, instituted a series of experiments to prove
whether arsenical baths were dangerous, and if sheep could
be poisoned by immersion therein. The following is the
result of their experience. (“Edinburgh Veterinary Re-
view” for April, 1859.) 7

First. That the immersion of sheep, whether sound, or
suffering from scab, with extensive eruptions or “foot-rot,”
with free exposure of the vascular structure of the feet,
in arsenical solutions, varying in strength, is unattended

300 DISEASES OF SHEEP.

by prejudicial effects, and prove salutary to the diseased
animals.

Second. That the congregating of sheep after dipping,
where food is not allowed them, is unattended with danger;
and I can distinctly testify to the absence of all risk from
sheep licking each other.

Third. That all sheep having remained damp from
twenty-four to thirty-six hours after being dipped, cuta-
neous absorption of arsenical solution might have been
going on rapidly during the prolonged period in which the
sheep continued wet; but no unfavorable symptoms ensued,
—indeed the reverse.

Fourth. The absence of the slightest change in health,
or of the manifestation of symptoms which usually ensue
on the administration of arsenic to the lower animals, even
in medicinal doses by the mouth, leads us to infer that if a
minute quantity of arsenic, in solution, can penetrate the
system of a sheep by absorption by the skin, it is quite
insufficient to develop the physiological action of the
compound.

Fifth. A solution of arsenic is not more readily ab-
sorbed from limited abraded surfaces than from the healthy
skin, owing probably to the arsenic acting as an astringent
on the sores, and rendering the latter as impenetrable,
probably, as the uninjured skin, This remark does not
apply to large wounds.

Sivth. It appears impossible to poison sheep by bathing
them in arsenical solutions, provided the liquor is not
introduced directly or indirectly into the stomach by the
mouth. By the direct means of introduction of the con-
stituents of a “dripping mixture” in the stomach of a
sheep, is meant making the sheep swallow the liquid whilst
being bathed; and by the indirect means is implied the

ROT. 331

penetration of arsenical solution into the stomach by food
poisoned by the liquid dropping from the bodies of the
sheep, the wool of which has not been pressed, or from a
number of sheep injudiciously congregated over food they
subsequently eat.

Seventh. Arsenical solutions, whether weaker than ordi-
nary dipping mixtures, or much stronger, are likewise
incapable of being absorbed by the skin of sheep or man.

Eighth. Sheep will partake of grass and other food
which has been smeared or soaked with an arsenical solu-
tion, notwithstanding the presence of soft soap and soda.

Arsenical baths and mixtures are not only used for
the cure and prevention of scab, but are the most highly,
and, I think, justly valued preservatives of the fleece of
sheep, and are a protection from the propagation of many
parasites.

Rot—Cachexia Aquosa.— Chlorosis. The very name
of this disease is a terror to many sheep farmers who have
suffered and lost so much by it. It is so destructive
amongst sheep,that it is estimated that in the rainy winters
of 1829-30 two million sheep died or were destroyed by
this disease alone. It again made its appearance in Great
Britain during the very wet years 1852-53. The symp-
toms by which this disease can be detected in its early
stage are very latent; but if there are suspicions of this
disease, it can readily be detected by the color of the
mucous membranes, or the fauces of the mouth; the ap-
pendages of the eye being of a pale yellow; the animal
costive, and the urine of a high color, thus indicating
disease of the liver. As the disease is more advanced
there is little difficulty in coming to a true and proper
diagnosis of the case, as all the muscular fibres assume a
uniform yellow brown color, and the wool has a matted

DOW, DISEASES OF SHEEP.

and dry appearance, and subsequently the muscles waste,
and digestion is impaired, and at length the animal dies in
from two to four months. Where a flock of sheep do not
thrive and acquire fat and flesh on good feed and pasture,
something must be wrong, and the sooner it is found out
the better, as they may have acquired the disease before
they were bought. The better way would be to have one
of the worst ones brought in and destroyed, and then have
a thorough examination; which will set everything to rest,
and point out the line of duty which is open to be pursued
in the treatment and prevention of the disease, ere it be too
late to do good.

It is very frequent in wet seasons, in wet and undrained
lands, and is characterized by an enlarged and softened
condition of the liver, and accumulation of the common
fluke (distomum hepaticum) in the biliary ducts and gall
bladder.

Post-mortem appearances show most clearly the nature
and extent of the disease as before mentioned. ‘There is
found a large number of these flukes in the liver, and that
organ very much enlarged, soft, and flabby ; the bile and
all the serous fluids are of a yellow color, and, on account
of the debilitating nature of the disease, a large quantity
of the exudative matter is found in the belly and chest.
There is one appearance that will never deceive: the liver
is not ef that pale and, I would say, cooked appearance
which is usually presented after ordinary “ Hepatitis ;”
but in most eases is all covered with livid spots not unlike
the mottled appearance of the lungs of cattle that have died
of epizootic pleuro-pneumonia. Ina word, the liver is the
only true seat of this disease.

Cause. ‘The cause of this disease, until lately, was often
a surmise and supposition. ‘Then the question arose, why

ROT. aoe

it has been a precept with careful shepherds not to let the
sheep graze on dewy grass, or wet and marshy land?
Why the dew and wet land was considered so dangerous
none could tell, and least of all the bucolic guardian.
Although unable to give a reason why, he could aver and
prove that it was so. The rational conclusion is, that
many creatures pass the early portion of their predatory
existence in the bodies of one species of animal, and their
maturity in another. Their eggs are deposited in the
former, but are not developed until expelled and cast upon
the earth or manure-heap to shift for themselves.

They lie on the smoking dung-pile or such places, and
far away from the sheep, in which they can find food and
develop themselves. The rain washes them into the earth,
or they are carried to the fields with the manure. The
humidity serves to develop them; they fix themselves
upon the moist grass, and with it these tiny enotozoa are
earried into the stomachs of the sheep. Once there, their
work is soon accomplished.

Treatment. The successful treatment of this disease
embraces particularly that of prevention. As before men-
tioned, it is chiefly caused by wet and damp _ pasture
lands—hence the proposition for their restoration will be,
First, their removal to a high and healthy pasture, giving
them hay and nourishing food, such as a little bruised oil
cake, or linseed meal, and placing covered troughs in the
field containing rock, or common salt, which sheep are
very fond of licking, and which moreover regulates their
bowels, and gives them an appetite for food and water.
Second, give each sheep epsom salts, two ounces; oil of
turpentine, one ounce; pulverized ginger, half an ounce.
To be given in half a pint of molasses water, to be followed
up with tonics, if they are found necessary. The following

By DISEASES OF SHEEP.

will answer a good purpose: Sulphate of iron, in powder,
ten grains; gentian, in powder, thirty grains ; ginger, in
powder, thirty grains. To be given in linseed-meal gruel
once a day for a few days. It is the experience of almost
every sheep farmer, and sometimes too dearly bought,
_ that to place sheep on wet and marshy land, even for a few
days, is certain to generate this disease, notwithstanding
the animals may have been in perfect health prior to his
placing them there. Before placing sheep on pasture
where there is access to any bog or marsh, it will amply
repay the time and trouble to fence it in ; or have sufficient
sheep-drains opened through it six months before any sheep
are put on it.

Sheep-drains are wide, and not filled up with tiles or
stones, but left open. The shepherd can find time to keep
both the sheep in order, and the drains clean of rubbish,
except in the lambing and clipping season. 7

Sheep Laurel, Poisoning by.—/Kalmia. A shrub,
the leaves and young twigs of which sheep and lambs are
very fond, and when eaten by them to a considerable quan-
tity gives rise to a disease called hoven or impaction of the
rumen, accompanied by a staggering gait, sleepiness, and
Inability to walk.

Treatment. To be successful must be timely as well as
energetic, with a view to arousing the power of the stomach,
and for this purpose two drachm doses of the spirits of
ammonia may be given ina tumbler full of cold water once
in the hour, till three or four doses are given ; withholding
the medicine when the animal recovers, though one dose
only has been given.

Small-pox.— Variola Ovina. Fortunately this disease
has as yet been confined to Europe, and more especially

SMALL-POX. aoe

the continental portion, where it may be said to be never
absent. In France and Italy it occurs frequently, and
causes much loss and destruction. England was visited
with it in 1847, when it was communicated to a flock at
Datchett, and another at Pinnar, by some Merinoes from
Spain. In 1862 it again occurred, but this time very
suddenly, and in a very severe form among the flocks of
Wiltshire ; for which re-appearance neither infection nor
traceable contagion could be assigned as the cause. The
light shed upon it makes it appear to be an instance of
the origination of a more malignant type of variola ovina.
Such is, in fact, assigned to this disease in Africa, it being
wel] established that certain injurious atmospheric influ-
ences produce skin diseases and facilitate the appearance
of pustular eruptions. From the nature of the disease in
its being produced both by atmospheric causes and conta-
gion, it soon assumes an epizootic form, and causes more
destruction than any other malady affecting this useful
animal. Out of a flock of 1720, ninety-two were attacked
in a natural way, of which fifty per cent. died. Of eight
hundred inoculated cases, only thirty-six per cent. died.
The mortality from this disease is never less than twenty-
five per cent., and not unfrequently whole flocks have
been swept away, death taking place in the early stages
of the eruption, and others in suppurative and ulcerative
stages.

Symptoms. ‘These may be mapped out as follows: The
animal is seized with a shivering fit, succeeded by stupidity,
which remains till death or recovery takes place. On the
second or third day pimples are seen on the inside of the
thighs and arm-pits, accompanied with redness of the eyes,
complete loss of appetite and other symptoms which are
common to other diseases of the same animal.

336 DISEASES OF SHEEP.

Prevention. ‘Two plans are resorted to for the purpose
of preventing the spread of the affection, which promise a
certainty of success. ‘The first and best plan is, isolation
and destruction. This plan proved a great protection to
the sheep farmers of Wiltshire, in 1862. In well known
epizootic diseases, where individual cases occur and are
pointed out and well recognized, as soon as the fever sets
in, and before the eruptions appear, they should be slaugh-
tered at once and buried. ‘The loss of one or two sheep is
nothing to the consequences of the spread of a disease of
this kind. By doing so the disease has been known to
be confined to a few cases in a large flock.

Treatment. In treating this disease, resort has been had
toa plant called sarracenia purpura, Indian cup, or pitcher
plant, which is used for treating this disease in man by
the Micmac tribe of Indians in British North America.
(See Horse and Cattle Medicines in this book.) Take
from one to two ounces of the root, (dried if to be had,)
and slice it in thin pieces; place in an earthen pot; add
a quart of cold water, and allow the liquid to simmer
gently over a slow, steady fire from two to three hours, so
as to lose one-fourth of the quantity. Give of this tea or
decoction three wine-glassfuls at once, and the same quan-
tity from four to six hours after, when a cure will generally
be effected. Weaker and smaller doses are certain preven-
tives of small-pox, whether in men oranimals. The public
are indebted to Dr. Norris, Physician to the Halifax (Nova
Scotia) Dispensary, for the manner of preparing this highly
important article. Sulphurous acid gas will be found
useful in small-pox. For manner of using, see Horse and
Cattle Medicines in this book.

HORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES.

IT was re-

' marked by one of
South Carolina’s
learnedsons, who
has long and
honorably filled
the chair of The-
rapeutics in the

ie Tite
ull
Ti ny

mind i ali :
e a Jefferson Medical
Hl : | : College of Ph ila-
eRe M i | y delphia, “Give

a He HAGA Me me mercur
a EA Sige Bee
i Aa HA ATTN =- iodine, quinine
| i en | and the lancet,
ie and I will com-

bat withdisease.”
MEDICINE CHEST. W 1 t hout alto-
gether endorsing the views of the distinguished professor,
either in the choice or numbers of medicines he thinks
necessary, or sufficient to cure disease, I would say, give
me aconite, iodine, iron, mineral acid, soda, creosote, and a
few others, and I will not only combat, but successfully
cure and overcome disease.
Every article in use by myself in the treatment of dis-

eases will be described under the name by which it is best
22 337

338 HORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES.

known. Noattempt will be made to describe adulterations
in the drugs spoken of. Many useful plants containing
high curative properties are to be found all over this -
eyuntry, which will be well worth special attention.

Acids.—These are derived from the mineral, vegetable
and animal kingdoms, and are of a sour taste—hence the
name acid. Some acids are solid, others fluid, and all are
easily dissolved in water. Acids are mostly poisonous,
except when highly diluted, or mixed with water.

Acetic Acip.—This acid is eight times stronger than
ordinary vinegar.

Use. Sometimes used in sprains, and for the destruction
of the poison of insects, by adalingee one ounce of camphor to
four ounces of the acid.

Pyrouieneous Acip.—This is gotten by the distilla-
tion of wood, and sometimes sold in a diluted form as
white vinegar. It is used with salt by horsemen for sore
backs and shoulders.

Morratic Actp.—This is commonly called the spirit
of salt.

Use. A good tonic in debilitating diseases in horses and
cattle, and can be advantageously employed in pleuro-pnen-
monia in cattle, for it relieves the quick breathing, and
keeps up the strength.

Dose. Forty to sixty drops given largely diluted, or
mixed with cold water, and repeated three to four times in
the day.

Externally, it is used for sores in the feet of horses, by
pouring a few drops in the nail-hole or sore. ‘Ten drops
poured into the fistulous openings of poll-evil, or quittor in
the foot, daily, sometimes cure the disease.

Nitric Actp, on Aqua Fortis.—This, given properly,

ACIDS. 339

and largely diluted, is an excellent tonic, and is used for
the same purpose, and in the same doses as the preceding.

SuLpHuRiIc ActD.—Possibly this acid is preferable to
any other of the acids for internal use, in weakness and
debility. It is given in from forty to sixty drop doses,
also largely diluted with water. Horses and cattle will
usually drink water, when acid is in it. In all kinds of
fevers, sulphuric acid is an excellent medicine to give. In
mixing it, the acid is to be added to the water, not the
the water to the acid.

Prussic Acrp.—A highly dangerous poison. There
are two forms of this acid kept in the drug stores.
Scheels’ contains five per cent., and that of colleges about
two per cent.

Use. Given in locked-jaw in the horse with considerable
success.

MINIMUM, OR DROP MEASURE. GRADUATED MEASURE.

Dose. Half to one drachm once a day. If the horse be
young, half a drachm will be enough. Two drops to the
ounce of water is an excellent wash to the skin of all
animals, in mange and inveterate itching. Great care,
however, must be exercised in its use, whether internally
or externally. It is sold under the name of hydrocianic
acid. |

AconiTE.— Aconitum Napellus— Wolfsbane—Monkshood.

340 HORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES.

An active poison, and one of the garden plants of parts of
Europe. The tincture is that portion which is used in
diseases of horses and cattle.

TrncrurE oF ACONITE Root.—One of the most pow-
erful, certain and successful sedatives which can be used.
It has done away with bleeding, blistering and physicking.
which were formerly thought proper agents wherewith to
combat and cure disease. It is not only sedative, but it is
a nauseant, calmative, anodyne, stimulant, diaphoretic and
antiphlogistic. It controls fever, and allays pain and in-
flammation; and is the only medicine, excepting hellebore,
which can excite the horse, the ox, or the elephant, to
vomit. Although these animals cannot vomit, it is the one
to cause them to make the effort. If, according to the
founder of homceopathy, mercury was a divine metal, no
less surely may aconite be considered a divine vegetable ;
for without it, or something as good, what can be so suc-
cessful in curing lung fever, founder, inflammation of any
part of the body, colic from eating green food, and fever
accompanying cattle diseases of whatever kind? Nothing
controls the circulation and action of the heart so promptly
as aconite. ‘The nervous centres of the body are no less
ready to obey its action. Hence, its value in allaying fever,
irritation, excitement and pain, from whatever cause.

Flow to use it. Aconite should never be carried too far,
or prostration and weakness will follow. Never give more
than eight doses, when twenty drops are the dose, nor
more than six doses when twenty-five drops are the dose.
Or, in other words, never, in any disease, give more than
two drachms, or one hundred and twenty drops, whether
the dose has been ten, twenty or twenty-five drops. In
pleuro-pneumonia and other diseases, iron and the mineral
acids should follow aconite.

9

AMMONIA. ott

Alcohol.—Spirits of wine entirely free from water, and
is used for making tinctures of the various plants. It is
the foundation of many lotions and liniments. Alcohol
may be given to horses having a chiil, in half pint doses,
mixed with a little warm water, not too hot.

Aloes.—This is the expressed juice of several plants
of same name. Aloes are of several varieties: Barbadoes,
Socotorine, Cape, and Hepatic—all of which differ in
color, and some of them in strength. Barbadoes and the
Socotorine are the varieties kept in the drug stores.

Use. Aloes are used as a purgative, or cathartic, for
horses only. Cattle do not respond to aloes, nor is ita
proper internal medicine for those animals.

Dose. From six to eight drachms, made into a bolus, or
ball, with two drachms of powdered ginger, and molasses,
to cause them to stick together.

Tincture of aloes is an excellent application toa healthy
sore. In the form of a compound tincture, which is com-
posed of aloes and myrrh, it is preferred, by some persons,
to the simple tincture.

Alum.—A compound salt, containing sulphuric acid,
potash, and alumina.

Use. It is applied to sores, to arrest bleeding, and in the
form of burnt alum is used to touch indolent sores, which
are not disposed to heal quickly.

Ammonia,.—Liquid ammonia is commonly called spir-
its of hartshorn.

Use. A diffusible stimulant, and is given in cases of
flatulent colic. Formerly it was in much repute among
farriers, mixed with oil, as a liniment, but it is not now
considered of much value, and is apt to blemish.

342 HORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES.

Dose. ‘Two drachms to half an dunce, as an anti-spas-~
modic, in flatulent colic.

CARBONATE OF AMMONIA.—A highly valuable medi-
cine, when given in weakness, debility, and prostration
from influenza, lung fever, bronchitis, ete.

Dose. From two drachms, to half an ounce, which may
be repeated three times in the day, and should be given,
mixed in cold gruel, so that the latent, or hidden heat, will
not be developed, as it would be, if given in anything
warm, thereby scalding the throat while drenching.

MuRIATE OF AMMONIA.—this possesses the same
properties as the above, but is not so strong.

ACETATE OF AMMONIA.—Is made extemporaneously,
by dissolving the carbonate in strong acetic acid, till
effervescence ceases; then, adding water to it, till it is of
the strength of ordinary vinegar.

Use. An excellent form of ammonia when given in
weakness and debility. Indeed, ammonia, and its several
preparations, need only to be used, to convince of their
utility, in supporting the vital powers, and thereby curing
disease.

Anesthetics.—Medicines which induce insensibility.

Aniseed.—A warm carminative, and used in conjunc-
tion with fenugreek, and cardamoms, in weed, and fevers
in milch cows, and for indigestion, and loss of appetite in
horses.

Dose. For horses and cows, one to two ounces, given
three times in the day.

Anodynes.—These are medicines which allay pain.
(See Aconite, Opium, Morphia, Chloroform, and Ether.)

Antimony.—A metal. Many preparations of anti-
mony are kept in the drug stores,

ANTIMONY. 343

BALANCE WEIGHING ONE GRAIN TO A FEW OUNCES.

TARTARIZED ANTIMONY.—This is commonly called
Tartar Emetic, and was formerly relied upon in the
treatment of lung, or chest diseases in horses, and cattle;
but, to the great surprise of the knowing ones, recent
experiments have shown that tartar emetic has no sedative
effect whatever upon horses, cattle, sheep, or other herbivo-
rous animals. Pounds of tartar emetic have been given
to horses, cattle, and sheep, without any effect, excepting
increasing the appetite a little, and having no effect upon
either the respiration, or circulation, whatever. Therefore,
tartar emetic we will leave to the dogs and to man,

Tartar emetic ointment is sometimes recommended, to
be applied to the region of the kidneys, where the Spanish
fly dare not be used.

TER-SULPHURET OF ANTIMONY, OR BLACK ANTIMONY.
—This is a favorite, with many horsemen, for making a
horse shine. |

344 HORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES.

TEerR-CHLORIDE OF ANTIMONY.—This isa useful medi-
cine for diseases of the feet of horses, cattle, and sheep ; it
owes its properties to hydrochloric acid. It is commonly
called, by old farriers, butyre of antimony. In foul claw,
in cattle, and sores in the feet of horses, a piece of cotton
should be moistened with it, and laid upon the sore.

Antiseptics.—Medicines which arrest decay, and
putrefaction.

Antispasmodics.—Medicines capable of relieving
spasms, as in colic.

Areca Nut.—An effective cure for tape-worm in the
dog.

Dose.—About two grains of the nut, to every pound of
the animal’s weight, and given in the form of a pill, or
suspended in milk.

Arnica Montana,— Leopard’s bane.

TINCTURE OF ARNICA.—A_ valuable remedy for
sprains and bruises. A lotion is made as follows: Tine-
ture of arnica, one ounce; water two ounces. Cloths,
kept wet with it, should be laid on the part which is sore.

Arsenic, —A well known poison.

Use. A splendid tonic, improving health, condition
and wind of the horse.

Dose. When given once a day, five grains will be a
safe dose, for an ordinary-sized horse. If given twice a
day, two and a half grains will be enough.

Arsenic should be given mixed in feed, in large bulk,
such as cut feed, so as to protect the stomach as much as
possible, whilst at the same time reaping its advantages.
These doses should be continued at least for two weeks,
stopping at that time for one week, and commencing again

ASTRINGENTS. ee 5)

as before. ‘This will insure safety, with the benefits of
the arsenic, and an improved condition in both wind and
‘body. In Switzerland, and other parts of the world,
arsenic is relied upon for the cure of heaves in the horse.

FOWLER’S SOLUTION OF ARSENIC.—Made as ordered
by the colleges, contains four grains of arsenic to the
ounce of the solution, or fluid.

Asafetida.—This is a gum-resin, having a smell like
onions. Asafoetida is a stimulant and vermifuge, and is
given to horses for loss of appetite, and to produce a fine
silken coat upon them. It is given to dogs, to expel
worms. Dose, for the horse and the cow, two drachms,
and for dogs, ten to twenty grains.

Tincture. Where the stimulant effect is wanted, the
tincture is a good form, and is given in about the same
doses as the gum, for all animals.

Asarabacca.—This is used in horses where matter is
lodged in the nares of the nose, and it is desirable that
it should be brought down; and also in sheep and calves,
with faliria bronchi, or worms in the air passages. Tor
horses, blow a drachm up each nostril, out of a cone of
paper, taking care that the person does not inhale it
himself. For a flock of sheep, or a number of calves,
confine them in a close shed, with sufficient air, and throw
a considerable quantity among them, so the animals will
inhale it. Sneezing and snorting take place, followed by
mucus, and small worms, from the nose. ‘This action is
called errhine.

Astringents.— Medicines which are capable of drying
up discharges, whether from the bowels, or from a sore.
The principal medicines of this class are opium, tannin,
oak-bark aud chalk.

346 HORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES.

Atropine.—The active principle of Belladonna.

Belladonna.—Atropia Belladonna.

Belladonna is used in veterinary practice for the same
purposes as opium, but is to be preferred to opium on
account of its having no binding effect on the bowels.
The extract is the preparation used, and is prescribed in
all animals, for colic, rheumatism, coughs, sore throat,
bronchitis, influenza and locked-jaw. Doses, half'a drachm
to forty or fifty grains, dissolved in half an ounce of the
sweet spirits of nitre, and repeated three times a day, in
the diseases above mentioned. In diseases of the eye, it is
considered valuable, as it has the power of contracting the
iris of the eye, thus causing enlargement of the pupil, and
breaking up adhesions between the tris and the lens. It
also facilitates operations on the eye.

Benzoin.—A gum-resin, the tincture of which is
known as the old Friar’s Balsam, and is an excellent
application for sores, and unhealthy ulcers.

Benzole.—This is a watery carbon, and is obtained
from coal tar. It is used to destroy lice, and other insects
in the skin of all our domestic animals.

Bismuth, Subnitrate of.

Use. For dogs when affected with vomiting and purging.

Dose. Five to fifteen grains, given on sugar; may be
repeated.

Bole Armenia.——Formerly in great repute among old
horse doctors, for many diseases of all the animals, and it
entered into almost every mixture. It is useless.

Borax.—Or Biborate of Soda. A good application
for ringworm, for which purpose dissolve half an ounce of
borax in eight ounces of water.

OALCIUM, OR QUICKLIME. 347

Bromide of Potassium.

Use. For arresting the growth of fibrous tumors so
often met with in all animals.

Doses. For horses and cattle, from one to three drachms,
and for dogs, five to ten grains, repeated three times in
the day, for a considerable period.

Buckthorn.—A syrup is made of the berries, and
kept in the drug stores, and is recommended as a mild
purgative in dogs having distemper.

Calamine.—An impure carbonate of zinc. Oxide of
zinc should be used or substituted for it. Used in the
healing of wounds, both in powder and ointment.

Calcium, or Quicklime.

Use. Lime is used in indigestion and acidity in all
animals; in tympanitis in the horse, in hoven in cattle, and
in the form of lime-water. Mixed with linseed oil in
equal quantities, it makes the celebrated Carron oil, so
called from its constant use among the men employed in
the Carron Iron Works, when any of them get burnt.
Lime-water and calomel make the yellow-wash, and corro-
sive sublimate, and lime-water, make the black-wash, so
highly recommended in unhealthy, and in ill-conditioned
ulcers and sores. It is used asa disinfectant in stables
and barns.

Dose. Quicklime is given to horses and cattle, in from
one to two drachms. Lime-water is given in five ounce
doses to horses and cattle. For calves with diarrhea,
tivo ounces of lime-water, a drachm of powdered gentian
root, and from three to five drops of the tincture of
aconite root, given three times a day, is an excellent
remedy.

348 HORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES.

Calomel.— Chloride of Mereury.

Calomel should be rarely used in horse and cattle prac-
tice, from the fact that animals are not so subject to
scrofulous diseases, and liver complaints, as man is, and as
these are the diseases chiefly calling for calomel, we can in
veterinary practice do without it, so far as internal use is
concerned. For external application, in the form of the
black and yellow-wash, it is valuable. Calomel sprinkled
on unhealthy ulcers and sores is valuable, quickly chang-
ing their appearance. Calomel is sometimes used in thrush
of the foot of the horse, inserted into the cleft of the frog.
In cattle with foul claw, and in sheep with sore feet, it can
be used to great advantage. A dog can take as much
aloes as will kill a man, but a man can take as much
calomel as will kill several dogs.

WEDGEWOOD MORTAR. WEDGEWOOD MORTAR.

Camphor.— Use. Camphor is a slight stimulant, fol-
lowed by calmative effect. Hence, it is recommended in
eases of irritation, and nervous excitement, and enters into
all mixtures used in cases of chronic cough. ‘Three to five
grains of camphor, and extract of belladonna five grains,
rubbed down in a little whisky or alcohol, and mixed in
three ounces of water, is an excellent remedy in allaying
irritation in dogs having distemper. An excellent rubi-
facient can be made with camphor, one ounce ; acetic acid,

CARBOLIC ACID. 349

Ne. 8, four ounces. ‘To allay irritation in a sore, camphor
and sweet oil is a good application.

Doses. Camphor is given to horses and cattle, in from
two to four drachms, repeating the dose three or four times
a day.

Cantharides.—(See Spanish Fly.)
Capsicum.—(See Pepper.) ;

Carbolic Acid.—This is the product of coal tar, and
was formerly known to the scientific world as phenile or
phenic acid, but is now generally known as carbolic acid.
Its smell resembles that of creosote, which is carbolic acid
and a fixed oil, and is very offensive to most persons. Its
form is that of an acid solution, though sometimes sold in
erystals. Its great importance is due to its property of
coagulating the albumen of the animal tissue, and hence
its value in sores, wounds, and ulcers. It may be applied
with safety to all parts of the body or legs, and is invalua-
ble for destroying lice, wood ticks, and all forms of parasite
life, and by merely washing or moistening those parts of
the lees and bodies of horses, cattle, and sheep, and chosen
by the bot, horse or other flies to deposit their eggs, their
hatching or even deposit may be prevented.

As a disinfectant in stables and buildings affected with
fevers and all kinds of distempers, it was found extremely
serviceable in England, in checking the ravages of the
rinderpest by washing the floors and stalls; and adding a
tablespoonful of the solution of the acid to a bucketful of
water, in whitewashing the walls and ceilings.

External Use. For sores and wounds, when unhealthy,
a good application may be made by adding one drachm
of the acid to one pint of water. This will destroy all

300 HORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES.

putrefaction, and induce the wound to take on a healthy
action.

Cardamoms.—The seeds of a plant.

Use. Given to milch cows in case of loss of appetite, and
fevers. Generally it is united with fenugreek, ginger, or
gentian root, mixed in warm ale, or molasses water. This
mixture will cure ephemeral or fevers of a day’s duration,
when other medicines have failed.

Dose. One to two ounces.

Caraway.—The seeds of a garden plant, and used for
the same purposes as the preceding.

Carbonate of Lime.—A chalk which is sold in the
drug stores under the name of ereta preparata, or prepared
chalk. |

Doses. For horses and cattle, one to two ounces is the
dose. For calves, two to three drachms, given in wheat-
flour gruel, with a drachm of ginger, or caraway seed, for
curing diarrhcea.

Cascarilla.—The bark of a tree.

Use. A bitter tonic, and resembles in some particulars
that of quinine.

Doses. For horses and cattle, one to two ounces, mixed
in gruel.

Castor-Oil.—The expressed oil of the seeds of the
Ficinus Communis.

Use. However useful castor-oil may be as a purgative
in the human family, it is certainly a dangerous poison
when given in sufficient quantities to induce purging, in
either the horse, cow or sheep. It produces irritation, and
inflammation of the coats of the bowels, without relief from

purging.

STZARCOAL. Sol

For the dog, castor oil may be a proper and useful
purgative ; and for the pig, also. Aloes, and linseed oil,
is the purgative for the horse; epsom, or glauber salts,
for the ox, and thesheep. Whatever suits man, as a purge,
will answer for the dog and pig.

Cassia.—False Cinnamon. Much cheaper than cin-
namon, and may be given to horses and cattle in powder,
mixed in gruel, for loss of appetite.

Dose. One to two ounces, for horses, or cattle,

Catechu,—An extract from a species of acacia.

Use. An astringent, binding the bowels in diarrhea,
and is used in combination with chalk and opium.

Dose. For horses and cattle, two to fivedrachms. for
sheep and swine, one to three drachms. For the dog, ten
to twenty grains.

For superpurgation in horses, and cows, my favorite
combination is as follows: Catechu, two to five drachms ;
prepared chalk, one to two ounces; powdered opium, ten
to thirty grains; mix, and drench with wheat flour gruel.

Chalk.—(See Carbonate of Lime.)

Chamomile.—The flowers of anthemis noblis.

Use. A very mild tonic, possibly too much so for the
horse or cow. We have better ones, although, perhaps,
not so well known.

Charcoal.—Occasionally given to cows, in chronic
diarrheea.

Dose. Half an ounce to one ounce, given suspended in
gruel, of any kind. Externally, charcoal is very valuable,
when applied to badly smelling wounds, and ulcers. It
immediately corrects the foetor, and rapidly disposes them

SoZ HORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES.

to heal. Charcoal and brewers’ yeast are good clesnsers
of putrid sores, and ulcers, and are worthy of more exten-
sive use.

Chenopodium Anthelminticum.— Wormseed. An
excellent remedy for worms in dogs. Drop from two to
five drops of the oil ina little soup, or give from ten to
twenty grains of the bruised seed, for four successive
nights, and then follow with a dose of castor-oil.

Chlorine Gas.—Chlorine gas is prepared by pouring
hydrochloric acid on the black oxide of manganese, also
by heating sulphuric acid with common salt and the man-
ganese.

Use. This gas is a disinfectant, and for this purpose
it is made and used as follows: ‘Take an ounce or so
(depending upon the size of the place to be disinfected)
of black oxide of manganese, and hydrochloric acid of
sufficient quantity, carry them to the place where they are
to be used, pour the one into the other, and close the doors,
having first removed all the animals out of the place. A
spirit lamp, placed uder the bottom of the vessel holding
the materials, will insure a greater volume of gas. (See
Disinfectants.)

Chlorine, when sufficiently and properly used, is con-
sidered to be of great advantage in arresting the ravages
of glanders, farey, and other distempers in the horse, of
pleuro-pneumonia and contagious typhus in cattle, and
small-pox in sheep. It is to be hoped that farmers gen-
erally will provide themselves with proper apparatus for
this purpose. It will not cost above three dollars, and
consists of a small lamp with a stand so formed that a
small glass bottle, commonly called a Florence flask, can
sit right above the blaze of the lamp, while from its wide

(

CHLOROFORM. 303

and open mouth issues the disease-healing, and health-
restoring gas.

Chloric Ether.—Chloroform, dissolved in spirits of
wine.

Chloride of Potassium.-—Is similar to chloride of
soda, or common salt.

Chloride of Lime.

Use. As a disinfectant, from its antiseptic, and deo-
dorizing effects, and is an excellent stimulant to unhealthy
ulcers. Chloride of lime has been highly recommended in
tympanitis in the horse, and hoven in cattle, arising from
eating wet clover.

Dose. From two to four drachms, given mixed with
cold water.

As a disinfectant it may be sprinkled on the stable or
barn floor every morning; but a good way would be to
suspend it in a box having many small holes in it and
hung from the roof of the house. If the house be large,
two or more boxes may be used.

Chloroform.—Terchloride of Formyle.

Use. Chloroform is an excellent stimulant, when given
to horses having a chill, or shivering fit, from congestion,
or from cold, and is equal to turpentine, for the cure of
colic. An excellent liniment is made, by adding one ounce
of chloroform to two of olive oil.

Dose. Chloroform is given to the horse and cow, in
doses from one to two drachms, mixed in weak whisky,
aud repeated every two or three hours, or till the colic is
relieved.

Inhalation. "The inhalation of chloroform, by either
horse, or ox, is attended with risk, provided the animal be

not secured, or tied, so that it cannot get loose; because
23

HORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES. 304

some horses and cattle become completely wild, when the
effects of the inhalation commence to act upon the brain.
On the other hand, some horses will quietly stand up,
others as quietly will lie down under it.

Two to four ounces are sufficient to produce anasthesia,
or loss of sensibility. The usual way of giving chloroform
by inhalation is by pouring about two ounces of chloroform
on a soft and moist sponge, whilst the animal is tied down,
and holding the sponge to one nostril only, covering the
nose loosely, with a large towel, to save the fumes of the
chloroform, using great care not to exclude the admission
of pure air with the fumes of the chloroform.

In all operations lasting any length of time, whether in
the horse or the cow, humanity and fine feeling demand
the outlay for a little chloroform. It is not necessary to
completely destroy all feeling—just sufficient to blunt the
sensibility of the nerve centres.

Cholagogues.—Medicines which increase the flow of
bile.
Examples: Calomel, podophyllin, irridin, leptandrin, ete.

Cinchona,— Peruvian, or Jesuit Bark. There are sev-
eral barks of cinchona, used in medicine, and from which
the sulphate of quinine is made. Cinchona, or its barks,
are not used in horse and cattle diseases.

Quinine is the only preparation used ; but its high price
is against its general use, in veterinary practice. Among
valuable horses, it is frequently used to hasten recovery
from influenza, lung fever, ete.

Dose. ‘Twenty to forty grains, repeated from three to
four times a day.

Quinine is apt to be adulterated with arsenic, as proved
to be the case with many samples used during the late war.

COLLODION. By)

Cochineal.—An insect used asa dye for coloring
tinctures and other medicines for the purpose of deception.
Druggists color water with it, for filling the show bottles
usually found in their store windows.

Cod Liver Oil.—In all animals, cod liver oil increases
fat and flesh. In diseases affecting digestion and assimi-
lation cod liver oil can be of no use. It materially
relieves broken wind or heaves in horses. For hastening,
or forcing animals intended for show, cod liver oil is just
what is wanted, as it not only hastens the fattening process,
but increases the quality and appearance of the meat.

Dose. For swine, two ounces daily. For small pigs,
one ounce.

Colchicum.— Meadow Saffron. The seeds and root are
the parts usually employed in medicine, sometimes in
powder ; but the best is in the form of tincture.

Use. Given in all rheumatic affections of the joints, and
in lumbago, and also in diseases of the eye of the horse,
depending on rheumatism of that organ.

Dose. Of the crom or seeds in powder for horses and
cattle, the dose is from one to two drachms, given in the
animal’s feed twice in the day, for a week or two. The
wine of colchicum will answer for the dog, in from five to
fifteen drop doses, twice a day in a little water.

Collodion.—This is a solution of gun-cotton.

Use. Collodion is used for dressing wounds and cuts,
instead of sticking plaster, and is applied in the following
manner: Clip the hair from the edges of the wound, take
a camel’s hair pencil, or a soft brush, and paint the surface
and edges of the wound well, and in a few minutes, the
ether, which holds the gun-cotton in solution, evaporates,
leaving over the sore a complete covering, resembling the

306 HORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES.

gold-beater’s skin, thus completely shielding the sore from
the action of the air. Hence, its value.

Copper, Sulphate of.—Blue Vitriol. This is one of
the most useful articles that can be used in horse and cattle
diseases, both internally and externally. Internally used,
sulphate of copper is a powerful tonic and builder up of
the system, and is recommended in all diseases character-
ized by a low state of the system. Farcy, glanders,
purpura, etc., in the horse, have in several cases yielded
to its effects. Sulphate of copper should never be given
alone, but should be combined with gentian or ginger.
After the fever has passed off in cases of pleuro-pneu-
monia, the sulphate of copper is an excellent medicine to
support the vital powers, and prevent effusions in the
chest, which is the cause of death, in most cases, from this
diseases .

Dose. In horses and cattle, one to three drachmsare the
proper doses, given twice in the day.

The eaternal use of the sulphate of copper is often called
for as a caustic in wounds and sores growing proud flesh,
which are readily controlled by it, simply by touching
the parts with a piece of the crystal in powder, or in
solution.

For diseases of the eye, I think it has nosuperior. For
this purpose, use three grains of the powdered sulphate to
an ounce of rain water, and apply with a soft feather, or
what is better, a camei’s hair pencil.

For wounds which have no proud flesh in them, eight
to ten grains to the ounce of water is a good and cheap
application.

CoprER, ACETATE OF.—This is used only for sores in
the form of an ointment. Take of the acetate or verdigris

DIGITALIS. SO

one drachm, and add to it an ounce of the simple oint-
ment. J have known sores to heal from its use, which
have bid defiance to almost every other application.

Coriander.— The Seeds. This is a useful article, and
may be considered an excellent medicine for young calves
having weak stomachs. The bruised seeds should be
given, in two drachm doses, in the milk which is given to
the calf.

Creosote.—This is a peculiar smelling fluid derived
from tar. Creosote has had the credit of curing glanders
in man, and is a good remedy in pleuro-pneumonia in
cattle, but we have better ones, and not so costly. Cases
of arcy and glanders in the horse are greatly benefited by
its use.

Dose. For horses and cattle, use from one to one and
a half drachms, made into a mass, with flour and molas-
ses, and the whole crumbled down into some gruel.
Make a drench, to be poured down the throat.

As an external remedy, it is of great advantage in mange,
sores, ulcers, caries of the bones, canker, thrush in the
horse’s feet, and the foot-rot so troublesome in sheep.
Indeed, the more the virtues of creosote are known to
farmers, raisers and breeders of stock, the more will it be
valued and the greater will be the advantages derived
from it. (See Prescriptions.)

Croton Oil.—A dangerous medicine when improperly
used, but a useful one nevertheless, when hasty action of
the bowels is wanted, as in milk fever in cows.

Dose. For the cow ten to fifteen drops, given along
with epsom or glauber salts.

Digitalis.— Digitalis Purpura. The action of this
powerful medicine has been much sought for as a sedative

308 HORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES.

in lung diseases; but since we have become acquainted
with the superior qualities of aconite, digitalis is not now
worth keeping in the veterinary Materia Medica. More-
over, digitalis is a dangerous medicine, from the fact that
it accumulates in the system, for a time, and all at once
its effect is manifested in the weak action of the heart, so
that in many cases, the heart ceases to beat altogether.

Doses. For horses and cattle, twenty grains of the
powdered leaves.

Disinfectants,—[ have, in two portions of this book,
referred to the importance of a better acquaintance on the
part of farmers and stock raisers with this subject.

VOLATILE DISINFECTANTS may be divided as follows:

1. Chlorine.

2. Nitrous acid fumes.

3. Sulphurous acid.

These diffuse themselves through the air of stables and
barns, and neutralize the poisonous gases which are given
off from the excrement of animals, whether in health or
disease.

FrxEp Distnrecrants.—These are such as can be
mixed with the excreta and decaying matter, without
destroying them for manure.

1. Perchloride of tron.

2. Permanganate of potash.

3. Gypsum—Sulphate of lime. This is not a great one,
’ but it is useful.

4. Charcoal. This, in fine powder, should be thrown
into damp stables and barn-yards, as it will not only re-
move unpleasant smells, but will make good manure.
Refuse tan bark, and other vegetable substances, made
into charcoal, is cheap, and of great utility as a disinfec-
tant, and adds to the quantity and value of the manure.

ELM BARK. 309

Frixep, sut Noxious Distnrecrants.—These are dis-
infectants which, when mixed with manure, render it
valueless as such.

1. Chloride of Zinc. (Burnet’s Disinfectant Fluid.)

2. Nitrate of Lead. (Ledoyer’s Disinfectant.)

3. Sulphate of Copper, and Zine Solution. (Larnaudes.)

Chlorinated Soda Solution may be mixed with manure,
without destroying its qualities as such.

Chloride of Lime. Solid, or in powder, does not destroy
the manuring qualities of vegetal, and other materials
usually converted into manures.

Diuretics.—Medicines which, when given to animals,
increase the flow of urine. They are used in the cases of
swellings and dropsies of the body and legs of horses.

Elecampane.—Jnula Helenium. The root of this plant
is highly thought of, and much used, by horsemen, in
coughs and colds. Some make a tea of it, or decoction,
and give it to the horse to drink. It is certainly a warm
and grateful aromatic, and a good expectorant. ‘The
plant should be gathered when the seed is ripening.

Elm Bark.—Slippery. This bark, when scalded with
hot water, makes a useful poultice for irritable wounds,
ulcers, and sores. A decoction of the bark will answer
every purpose for which flaxseed, or linseed is used, or
recommended, as in diseases of the kidneys, and bladder,
produced by the use of Spanish fly, and from over-dosing
with rosin and other diuretics. In diarrhea, in all ani-
mals, slippery elm tea, or decoction, will serve a good
purpose, by sheathing the covering of the bowels, which
is so apt to become irritated and inflamed in violent su-
perpurgation.

360 HORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES.

Emetics.— Medicines which produce vomiting. Horses,
cattle, and sheep cannot vomit, whilst the stomach remains
entire. In cases of rupture of that viscus, however, vom-
iting is occasionally seen. Emetics are useful in diseases
of the dogand swine. ‘Tartar emetic, or sulphate of zine,
given in from two to five grain doses, will cause dogs and
swine to vomit.

Epsom Salts.—Sulphate of Magnesia. This is a
valuable medicine, in diseases of cattle and sheep. No
other purgative should ever be thought of, or given to either
cattle or sheep. Even supposing other purgatives to be
as good, none, certainly, can be so cheap, as epsom and
glauber salts, or the sulphate of soda. Yor all purgative
purposes, the one is as good as the other, Salts should be
largely diluted with water ; for the quantity of fluid given
with them facilitates their operation. In domestic prac-
tice, half an ounce of salts, in one tumbler full of water,
will operate as strongly as one ounce, in half the quantity
of water.

Doses. For ordinary-sized cows, one to two pounds is
the dose, mixed with four quarts of cold water ; one ounce
of ginger in powder, and the whole sweetened with molas-
ses, or coarse sugar. Jor average-sized calves, two to
four ounces; for sheep, four to six ounces. <A few drops
of commercial sulphuric acid —say twenty to sixty drops,
will greatly remove the nanseous taste.

Ergot.—Diseased Rye. This is a curious, as well as a
valuable medicine.

Use. In the calving, lambing, and foaling season, it is
sometimes of great service, but should be carefully handled ;
as, for instances, if given to any animal about to deliver her
young, and when the mouth of the womb containing the

EUPHORBIUM. 361

young is not sufficiently opened, the administration of
this remedy would be attended with extreme danger, as
the womb, by the powerful contraction set up, caused by
the ergot, to expel its contents, would likely be ruptured,
or torn, followed by the death of the animal. When the
animal seems to have exhausted its strength, and the
passage is open, and the young is coming ina natural way,
then only should the ergot be given. If there should be a
malformation in the young, or in the pelvis of the mother,
it would be equally unwise to give ergot.

Doses. For a mare, or cow, half to one ounce of the
powder is the dose. For sheep, swine, and large-sized
bitches, one drachm is the dose. Small bitches, ten to
thirty grains.

Essential Oils.— Volatile Oils.—(See Oils.)
Ether,—Sulphuric Ether. This isa valuable article of

the veterinary materia medica, and is used in diseases of
all the animals.

Use. It is used as a stimulant, and is given in weak-
ness, fevers, and in colic, as an antispasmodic. Ether is
scarcely strong enough to produce anesthesia in horses and
cattle.

Dose. For horses and cattle, one to two ounces is the
dose as a stimulant, and antispasmodic. Ether should be
given in cold water, to prevent its volatilization on its
exposure to the air. Twice its own volume of alcohol
added to it makes the spirit of sulphuric ether.

Euphrobium.—A resinous juice, expressed from a
eactus-like vegetable which grows in Morocco.

Use. This is only used for external purposes, and is
among the very few articles in veterinary medicines capable
of blistering the thick skin of the ox.

362 HORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES. .

Expectorants,—This is a class of useful medicines,
which cause a separation of the mucus from the throat, and
air passages, thereby relieving cough and other symptoms
usually attendant upon throat diseases.

Febrifuges.—Medicines capable of relieving fever.

Fenugreek.—The seed of this annual plant, found
growing in the south of Europe, is a useful cattle medicine,
given in one ounce doses, for loss of appetite, ephemeral
fevers, etc. It is usually, however, combined with ginger,
gentian, and other medicines of that class.

Fern.— The Male—Aspidium Felix Mas.

Use. Given to animals affected with worms. A good
remedy.

Doses. For the horse, one pound of the root in powder
is the dose. For sheep, three to five ounces... For the dog,
with tape worm, it is invaluable, destroying the worm in
two hours. A purgative should:be given next day.

Friar’s Balsam.—This is the compound tincture of
benzoin, and is an excellent article when applied to sores
and wounds, as the fluid soon evaporates, and leaves a
resinous covering over the wound, thus shielding it from
the action of the air. (See Benzoin.)

Galbanum.—A dried juice, having medicinal properties
similar to asafcetida.

Galls.—Nut Galls. These are rough excrescences on
oak trees resulting from holes being made in the bark by
an insect. ;

Use. A powerful astringent, binding the bowels of all
animals affected with dysentery and diarrhoea. Also a
good application to the greasy heels of horses.

Doses. For horses and cattle, powdered galls are given

GINGER: 363

in from four to six drachms. For sheep and swine, thirty
to sixty grains. When externally applied the powdered
nut may be sprinkled on the sore.

Gallic Acid.—(See Tannin.)

Gamboge.—This is a gum resin from a tree growing in
the Island of Ceylon.

Use. A useful purgative for cattle. (See Epsom Salts.)

Doses. Yor cattle, six to eight drachms is the dose.
For sheep, thirty grains, given in solution; should be
given with other medicines of the same class.

Gentian Root.—Gentiana Lutea. This is an invalua-
able medicine in the treatment of diseases of horses and
cattle, where the appetite is to be restored and kept up.
In debility, weakness, swellings of the legs and body, and
where the stomach is out of order, as is the case so often in
fevers, and as a sequel to debilitating diseases, gentian,
combined with iron, is an excellent tonic, and cheap.
Gentian, combined with ammonia and pimenta berries,
will make a horse eat almost whether he will or not.

Doses. For horses and cattle, half to one ounce is the
dose, repeating it three times in the day. For sheep, one
drachm. For dogs, five to ten grains. For horses and
cattle, it is best given mixed in gruel, and in a drench out
of a strong-necked bottle. Gentian root should enter into
all condition powders.

The colleges order a tincture to be made, but the pow-
der is all that is wanted in the treatment of horse and
cattle diseases.

Ginger.—Zingiberis. A well known root, and a use-
ful article to have in the house.

Use. Ginger is given in cases of gripes, or colic,
whether in horses or cattle, and should enter every dose

364 HORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES.

of purgative medicine given to all the animals. Ginger
is useful in loss of appetite in horses, and in calves is an
excellent medicine to give with chalk, and other things,
in scours, or diarrhcea. :

Doses. For horses and cattle, one to two ounces is the
dose; for sheep, two drachms; for calves of three
months old, one drachm, and for younger ones less. ‘The
essence of ginger, of the drug shops, is well adapted to
use, as the active principle of the ginger is given without
so much inert or dead matter.

Glauber’s Salts.—Sulphate of Soda. A good purga-
tive for cattle and sheep. (See Epsom Salts.)

Glycerine.—A fluid which scarcely ever dries up, and
is the saccharine principle of fats. Bower’s glycerine is
the best in the American market, and is inodorous, or
without smell, which is the best indication of its purity.

Use. Many sores on all animals readily heal by the
application of glycerine, especially scratches, and sores
about the heels of horses. Glycerine will be found in-
valuable for the use of companies, in all our cities, having
horse railroads, where the authorities allow the use of salt
on the streets, for the removal of snow. The slush so
formed first chills, then scalds the skin of the heels, so that
in a short time the skin cracks, and nasty sores are the
result, which are difficult to cure. To prevent this con-
dition of things, and to protect the heels of horses from
the injurious effects of the salt and slush, the application
of glycerine should be made to the heels morning and
mid-day, whilst the salt, slush and snow are upon the
streets.

Guaiacum.—This is a resin.
TINCTURE OF GuUAIACUM.—A valuable medicine in

HEMP. 365

cases of rheumatism in old horses, and in rheumatic lame-
ness in dogs.

Dose. For horses, the dose of the tincture will be half
an ounce twice in the day, given in cut feed, or ina drench
with cold water. For dogs, ten to twenty drops, given in
a spoonful of cold water or soup. :

Gum Arabic.—Gum Acacia. This is an importation
from Alexandria,in Egypt. ‘There are several varieties
of gum.

Gum Senegal.—This is similar to the above.

Gum Tragacanth,—This is another variety of gum.

Use. The guins are demulcents, emollient and soothing

to an inflamed part, as the bowels in diarrheea, the kidneys
and bladder, when diseased and irritated,

Doses. For horses and cattle, from one to two ounces.
For calves and sheep, four drachms. Gum should be
given dissolved in warm water, and drenched out of a
bottle or ox horn. .

Hartshorn.—This is an impure solution of ammonia.
(See Ammonia.)

Hellebore.— Helleborus Niger.

Use. Recommended in poll-evil, wherein a piece of the
root is to be inserted in the fistulous opening. No depend-
ence should be placed in it. Better agents are at hand.

Hemlock.—Coniwm Maculatum. Formerly recom-
mended in inflammation. It is of benefit in the form of
a poultice to cancerous sores.

Hemp, Indian.—Cannabis Indica. The colleges
order a tincture and an extract. In the east of Europe,
the resin of the plant is known as churrus, and its prepa-
rations are known as gunjoli, bang and hachish. Accord-

366 HORSE AND CATSLE MEDICINES.

ing to the accounts which have reached us, in regard to
the use of this article, no such action can be produced upon
man from any preparation of the hemp in use in America,
as is represented to be produced amongst the subjects of
His Majesty, the Sultan of Turkey. The genuine prepa-
rations of Indian Hemp produce in man great excitement,
high spirits, great laughter,talkativeness, pleasing thoughts,
and a great appetite for food and sexual excitement, fol-
Jowed by sleep, from which the person recovers without
any unpleasant effects. Experiments instituted by the
writer with this medicine upon horses, do not warrant its
introduction into the list of horse and cattle medicines.

Henbane.—Hyoscyamus Niger. An extract and a
tincture is ordered to be kept in the drug stores. Hyos-
cyamus is indicated in all cases where belladonna is used.
Tt has, however, little effect upon animals chewing the
cud. ‘T’o horses, it is occasionally given to relieve cough
and irritation of the throat or windpipe.

Dose. For horses, one to two drachms of the extract
is the dose, which should be given, rubbed down in a little
cold water, and repeated several times in the day. Better
drugs, and less expensive ones, answer a better purpose.
This medicine was formerly relied upon for the cure of
insane persons, but is now almost discarded for that
purpose.

Todine.—<A. chemical preparation manufactured from
kelp or sea-weed and used both rightfully and wrongfully
in many diseases. However, iodine itself is, I think, of
little value as a medicine; but when united chemically
with iron, copper, mercury, lead, arsenic and potassium, it
certainly is one of the most useful and indispensable of
medical agents, given internally, and applied externally.

IODIDE OF PCTASSIEM., 367

Dose. Iodine is given to the horse and the ox in from
twenty to forty grains; for dogs, use from three to six
grains. An ointment of iodine is made as follows: Take
one part of iodine to eight parts of lard. This is a good
ointment to apply to soft swellings on the body of the
horse, and should be applied by rubbing with the hand.

Iodide of Potassium. —Hydriodate of Potash. This
is a chemical union of potash with iodine, a costly remedy
for horse and cattle diseases, and in most cases can be done
very well without. Its action is that of an absorbent, and
it is, therefore, used in swelling of the glands, and other
parts of the body. To get its full benefit, it should be
given in syrup or molasses, so that the iodine will not be
lost, leaving the water only behind.

Dose. From twenty to thirty grains for horses and
cattle, repeated three times in the day. For the dog, five
grains.

(1.) IoprpE or Arsenic.—Highly recommended by
some persons for glanders, farcy and purpura in the horse.

Dose. Five grains given once a day, in cut or mixed
feed. :

(2.) IopripE oF CoppEr.—A valuable remedy, but
costly. It should be used only for valuable horses, in
cases of debility and loss of condition, mingled with cut or
mixed feed.

Dose. From one to two drachms, given twice or three
times in the day. |

(8.) IopipE oF IRon.—This is even more valuable than
that of the iodide of copper, and is given for the same
purpose, and in the same doses. ‘To use the iodide of iron
once, will insure its use again. Its high price is.the only
drawback. Iodide of iron enters into the powders and

368 HORSE AND GATTLE MEDICINES.

balls which are given to the English race horses, whilst in
the trainer’s hands ;—a high recommendation.

(4.) lopiIpE oF SuLPHUR.—A valuable remedy in
mange, and other skin diseases, which may be given
internally also, in the same disease.

Dose. For horses, give two to four drachms in the
animal’s feed. or mangy dogs, give ten to fifteen grains
once a day. Grive it at night, as warmth assists its action
very much.

(5.) IopIDE oF LEAD.—Too weak for veterinary prac-
tice, but excellent for swellings on the body of man. It
is only used externally. Iodide of lead is of a beautiful
yellow color.

(6.) lopipE oF MERcury.— Bin-Lodide of Mercury—
Red Iodide of Mercury, etc. This preparation of iodine is
a medicine that the educated veterinary surgeon cannot do
without in the practice of his profession; for there is
nothing which will so well meet his wants. Iodide of
mercury is not used internally, in any disease, as calomel
contains the same internal action as that of the iodide.

Use. It is used in all cases of induration and swelling
of the glands of the neck ; tumors, whether of bone or soft
tissue; splints, spavins, ring-bones, wind-galls, shoulder-
joint lameness, or thoroughpin, and will answer well for
an ordinary blister, for whatever purpose. The only
objection to it, as a blister over an extensive surface, is its
painful operation.

The iodide of mercury is used as an ointmentas follows :
One part of the red iodide of mercury to eight parts of
hog’s lard, well mixed together. This ointment is to be
well rubbed into the parts to be cured; swelling will
follow its action, but will subside in a few days, if one
application be enough—which will be known, if the

IRON. 369

enlargement has been broken or has disappeared. If not,
apply in from five to six days again, scarcely rubbing so
hard as at the first application, as the skin is more easily
acted upon at this time. But whether one, two, or half a
dozen applications be necessary, let sufficient time elapse
before each succeeding application, so as not to prevent the
hair growing, thereby blemishing the part. Apply lard
once a day between each application, and occasionally
wash the parts with water, not too warm, and lard or oil
the part when dry. The horse’s head should be tied up,
so that he cannot get at the parts with his mouth. A few
hours will be long enough. Place plenty of soft bedding
under the feet, so that, by stamping, the horse will not
break or hurt his feet.

Observe. When, apparently, the tumor, gland, or other
enlargement, does not disappear, or go away at once,
surprise is sometimes expressed to see it totally go away,
as if of its own accord. Thus the red iodide of mercury
exercises a powerful influence, long after its use has been
dispensed with. Iodide of mercury, occupies, in my estima-
tion, in external diseases, as prominent a position as the
preparations of aconite do in internal affections, whether in
horses or cattle.

Several other preparations of iodine are made by the
manufacturing chemists ; such as the iodide of gold, and
silver—which are of no use in horse and cattle diseases.

Ipecacuanha,—Cephaelis Ipecacuanha. In veterinary
practice, ipecacuanha is only used for dogs, in fifteen to
thirty grains, as an emetic, when first attacked with dis-
temper.

Iron.—Ferrum. This is one of the most valuable

medicines we have to recommend, in many of the most
24

370 HORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES.

important diseases, of all the animals; a fact readily seen,
when it is stated that iron is a constituent of the blood of
all warm-blooded animals, and without iron being in proper
quantity in the blood of an animal, it cannot be healthy—
is anemic, or impoverished in blood. In fact, iron is an
elementary principle, essential to health.

Metallic iron is rarely used in veterinary practice, except
it be in the form of iron filings, given by some persons,
in cases of worms in horses. ‘The sulphate is just as good
for this purpose. Iron filings, called Perrum Redactum,
are much used in the weakly and sickly female. To pre-
vent the filings from oxidizing, or rusting, they are put
into a tube, similar to a gun barrel, at a strong heat, and
are then plunged into cold water, which give them a sky-
blue color; the finer the blue, the better the medicine.
For the valuable dog, iron filings, in this form, may be
given, in from five to ten grain doses. ‘The following
preparations of iron will be used for the horse and ox:

(1.) CARBONATE OF Iron.—Ferri Carbonas. This
preparation of iron is only used in veterinary practice, for
the dog, on account of its mildness.

(2.) SESQUIOXIDE OF IRoN.— Rust of roma
This form of iron is only used by veterinary surgeons, in
poisoning from arsenic, as an antidote, by forming in the
stomach an insoluble arsenite of the protoxide of iron.

(3.) SuLpHATE oF Iron.—Ferri Sulphas—G'reen
Vitriol-Copperas. This is one of the best, and cheapest
preparations of this valuable metal, that can be used in
diseases of horses and cattle,

Use. In medicinal doses the sulphate of iron is tonic
and astringent; therefore, it is used in cases of weakness,
want of condition, looseness of the bowels, swellings of the
legs, body, sheath, breast, etc. It is improving, adding

IRON. B71

richness to the blood, and giving tonicity and health to the
fibrous, serous tissue, from which the fluid causing the
swelling arises. In pleuro-pneumonia in cattle, after fever
has abated, nothing will restore and prevent effusions of
serum, or fluid, in the chest, like sulphate of iron; and
effusions in the chest of cows, and neat cattle, is the cause
of very many deaths. The effusions form connecting links
between the lungs and the sides, from which adhesions
take place in that disease, and from which the animal can
never be restored to good health, although it may live for
a year or two. How important, then, is a medicine offer-
ing so much hope!

In addition to the disease just named, sulphate of iron
is the medicine to be used in all cases where the powers of
life are low and depressed. In red water in cattle, bleed-
ing internally in all animals, dysentery, purpura, scarlatina,
and in debilitating diseases generally, no medicine offers
so much as the sulphate of iron.

Observe. Sulphate of iron should not be given while
inflammation and fever lasts; it is time enough to give it
after all irritation has subsided. I{t should always be
combined with a vegetable tonic, such as gentian, or gin-
ger. Iron changes the dung to a green color, as if the
animal was at pasture.

Doses. For horses and cattle, the dose is two to three
drachms, with thesame quantity of powdered gentian, two
to three times in the day, to be given mixed in a quantity
of cold water. Drench out of a bottle, if the animal does
not eat it readily, mixed with cut, or soft feed.

(4.) PERCHLORIDE OF TROoN.—Whether in a fluid or
solid state, this preparation in valuable for bleeding wounds,
to stop the flow of blood—which it will readily do, if
properly applied, and the blood vessel that is wounded is

BD HORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES.

not too large. It should be applied with a soft brush, or
a pledget of soft cloth or cotton dipped in it and laid over
the wound, and kept bandaged. Perchloride of iron
should be kept in every farm, or country house, for this
purpose. It should be kept in a glass-stoppered bottle to
keep it pure.

Jalap.—Convulvulus Jalape. ‘This root derives its
name from a town in Mexico, called Xalapa, and grows
fully six thousand feet above the sea level. It is, in veter-
inary practice, used only as a purge for the dog, in from
twenty to sixty grains.

Juniper Berries.—Juniperis Communis—The Fruit.
This medicine is valuable in horse and cattle diseases, as a
stimulant to the stomach in loss of appetite, and in con-
valescence from debilitating diseases.

Dose. For horses and cattle, one to two ounces is a
dose. Dogs, twenty to forty grains.

Kino,—A juice of several plants. This is used as an
astringent in diarrhoea in all animals, and is considered
more powerful than catechu, (which see.)

Kousso.—The flowers of this plant are brought from
Abyssinia.

Use. Toexpel, or destroy tape-worm in man, and the
dog, and is prepared and used in the following manner:
Take of kousso half an ounce, of warm water half a pint,
let it stand till cool, and give it, flowers and all; and give
next day a dose of castor-oil.

Laudanum.—(See Opium.)
Laxative.—A mild purge.

Lead.—Plumbum. Metallic lead, in the form of shot,
is used by our horse dealers, to relieve temporarily the

LINSEED. S08)

heaving, or symptoms of broken wind, or heaves in horses.
Té will be needless for me to say, that if the lead is not
speedily converted into an insoluble oxide, the animals
so treated will die in a month or two. (See Lead
Poisoning.)

(1.) OxipE oF LeAD.—This preparation of lead is
used in the manufacture of common sticking plaster, or
Diachylon.

(2.) Ioprpz or Leap.—(See Iodine.)

(8.) ACETATE OF LEAD.—Sugar of Lead. Solution of
acetate of lead is known by the name of Goulard’s Extract
of Lead, and was formerly, and is still by some persons
recommended, and used in case of sprains, and as a wash
for diseased eyes. Better and less injurious agents are
now used by the educated veterinary surgeon.

Observe. Goulard’s Extract, or lead-water, should never
be used in diseases of the eye, as it can do no good beyond
what cold water can do, but it dulls the eye, by making it
hazy and opaque. It will be well to remember this, and
act upon it, not minding what old and antiquated books
and individuals may say or think in regard to what is here
recommended.

Lime.— Oxide of Calcium.
Lime, Carbonate of.—(See Chalk.)

Linseed.—Linum Usitatissimum. Ground flaxseed
makes the best poultice, as it is less irritating and retains
its moisture better than most articles in use for that
purpose. ,

CakE Mrau.—tThat portion which is kept after the oil
has been expressed from the seed, is a good feed for horses
and cows, given occasionally, and makes a good and much
cheaper poultice than the more costly seed.

374 HORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES.

Linseed Oil.— Oleum Lini. This is a good and safe
purgative for the horse, and should be given by farmers
and non-professional persons in preference to any other
article. The English veterinary surgeons use linseed oil
for colic in the horse, in the following combination: Lin-
seed oil, one pint, and two ounces each of oil of turpentine
and Jaudanum. In cases of choking, in either horses or
cattle,a half pint of linseed oil should be poured down the
throat, so that by its emollient properties the substance
may pass readily down the gullet.

Doses. For horses, one to two pints is the dose used for
a purgative. For scalds and burns, linseed oil is mixed
with lime-water. (See Lime-water.)

Liquorice Root.— Glycyrrhiza Radix. This was for-
merly in use for making balls for horses, but it is now
superseded by molasses.

Lobelia Inflata.—Indian Tobacco. This medicine is
in great use by the eclectic physicians in the United States
as an emetic, which fact, I believe, has induced Dr. Dadd
to recommend it to veterinary surgeons and horsemen of
this country. Does the Doctor not yet know that the
horse, the ox and the sheep, cannot vomit? Therefore, it
is not entitled to a position, for such purpose, in the veteri-
nary Materia Medica.

Logwood.—Hematoxylon Campechianum. This is a
valuable medicine, not well known and consequently not
appreciated.

Use. One of the very best astringents for binding the
bowels in diarrhcea and dysentery, in all animals, and
especially when accompanied with irritation of the bowels.
Logwood is cheap, sold in chips, and is prepared and given
in the following manner :

MARIGOLD. 375

Logwood chips, two ounces; boiling water, one pint.
Allow it to stand till cold, then strain through cloth, or a
fine sieve.

Dose. For horses and cows, this quantity will make
one dose. For calves with scours, one to three ounces will
be the dose, which repeat if the case demands it. A safe
remedy, and cheap.

Lunar Caustic.—(See Silver.)

Lupuline.—7he Hop. Makes a good poultice, applied
to the udders of cows, when lumpy and hard. It hastens
the suppurative process.

Lytta-Cantharides.—(See Spanish Fly.)

Magnesia.— Oxide of Magnesium. Used sometimes in
young foals and calves, when they have no appetite. A
good antidote for arsenical poisoning.

Dose. For these animals, two drachms to six is the
dose. A little ginger should be added to it to prevent
_ griping.

(1.) CARBONATE OF MAGNEsIA.— Magnesia Alba. The
action of this is similar to the preceding.

(2.) SULPHATE OF MaGnesia.—(See Epsom Salts.)

Manganese,—A metal used as a disinfectant, in com-
bination with some one of the mineral acids. For the
way to use it, see Disinfectants.

Marsh Mallow.—The Root of Althea Officinalis.
Used in the form of an ointment, but not of much utility.
It, however, still holds a place in horse and cattle medi-
cines. It can be done without.

Marigold.— Calendula Oficinalis. A garden plant.
TincTuRE OF MaricoLp.—This is a good application

376 HORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES.

to sores, ulcers, and abscesses, and is applied with soft
cloths, saturated or moistened with it, and laid over the
affected part. It is a new remedy in burns and scalds.

Mercury.—A liquid metal called quicksilver. In its
metallic state it is not used asa medicine. ‘There, how-
ever, is a prevalent idea in the minds of ignorant persons
that doctors and veterinary surgeons give this substance
to force a passage through the bowels, and that if it fails
the bowels and stomach will be ruptured or torn. If the
patient should die, the blame is not unfrequently laid on
the use of quicksilver by the doctor, when this substance
was never thought of for any such purpose. Quicksilver
has no action whatever on the animal system, either in
health or sickness.

(1.) Mercury wita CHALK.—CGrray Powder. Used
in diarrhoea in calves, in doses from ten to fifteen grains,
given with a little ginger, and mixed with wheat-flour
eruel.

(2.) IoprpE or Mercury.—(See Iodine.)

(3.) Br-CHLorIDE or Mrrcury.— Corrosive Sublimate.
A dangerous poison, and should never be given to any
animal. It is, however, used in solution, in some skin
diseases, as in ring-worm and mange. When so used, only
a small portion of the body should be washed with it in
one day. For this purpose, take four grains of the sub-
limate to two ounces of rain water. Fora dog, two grains
to the ounce, in water, will be strong enough.

(4.) NirrRaTE oF Mrrcury.— Ointment. This is the
citron or golden ointment, and is a good remedy in ring-
worm. Unfortunately, however, it spoils with long
keeping, and not being made extemporaneously, it 1s often
rancid and of little value.

MUSTARD SEED. STH

(5.) Ox1pE or Mercury.—Red Precipitate. Used in
the treatment of unhealthy ulcers and sores, in the form
of powder and ointment. It is the principle in the yellow-
wash already spoken of in connection with the subject of
lime, (which see.)

(6.) SULPHATE OF MeErRcury.—Turbith Mineral. A
medicine of no use, which should be expunged from the
books on horse and cattle diseases.

(7.) SuB-CHLORIDE OF MERcuRY.—Calomel. A medi-
cine I never use, and will not recommend for internal
administration. In the form of the black-wash, and
sprinkled upon sores, it is a good remedy. Calomel is
recommended for thrush in the feet of horses, and is in-
serted in the cleft of the frog.

Mercurial Ointment.—Thisis sold in the drug stores.

The ointment of mercury is chiefly used in skin diseases,
as mange in horsesand dogs. Buta better remedy will
be found in sulphur, and its preparations, which are not
only more safe, but more certain of curing the case.

Mezeron.—Daphne Mezerum. <A plant from the bark
of which an extract is made and from the extract an oint-
ment composed of one drachm to four parts of lard, which
is used for the purpose of keeping up the irritation of
blisters.

Morphia.—(See Opium.)
Muriatic Acid.—(See Acids.)

Mustard Seed.—Sinapis Nigra. Used as an irritant
on parts of the body, where the Spanish fly would be
improper and dangerous. On the belly, and over the
loins are the usual places where mustard isapplied. In
Jumbago, and sprains of the back and loins, and in pain in

378 HORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES,

the bowels, mustard is useful. The mode of application
of mustard is as follows: If the hair of the part be long,
cut it off, then foment the part with warm water, and
immediately rub into the parts a handful of the best flour
of mustard. This is more effectual than laying a paste or
poultice without rubbing.

Volatile Oil of mustard makes a good counter-irritant,
when a few drops are rubbed into the skin. Vinegar
added to mustard does not, as it is thought, produce a
better effect. Warm water answers every purpose.

Myrrh,—A gum resin, used in the form of a tincture
and a compound tincture, for sores, and a good application
in sore mouth, from the bit, or other cause.

Narcotics are medicines which act upon the brain,
and thereby allay pain. Examples: Opium and its prep-
arations, aconite and chloroform.

Neat’s-Foot Oil.—Used for skin diseases, and for
allaying the irritation of blisters and keeping the skin
from cracking.

Nervines.—Medicines relieving pain, without pro-
ducing narcotism.

Nitric Acid.—(See Acids.)

Nitre.—Saltpetre. This medicine has long been used as
a diuretic, and as a febrifuge in low fevers. Cheaper and
better medicines are daily in use for this purpose. Nitre
is not a cheap medicine, nor yet is it an indispensable one.
The days are past when emetic, tartar, nitre, and digitalis
were the remedies used in cases of inflammation, irritation
and fever. This formula has in its day deceived many
aman and has been the means whereby many thousands
of valuable animals have been lost. Wherever nitre

NUX VOMIOA. 379

is indicated, I use the sulphite of soda, and have no cause
to regret the change. A bundle of fresh cut grass given
to a horse, will have a better, and more soothing effect
than nitre. Instead of being given in any disease, nitre
should be left to fulfil its destiny in the making of gun-
powder to liberate the toiling millions of other lands from
the hands of the despot and the oppressor.

Nux Vomica.—Strychnos Nux Vomica. An active

poison in large doses, but a valuable agent in the cure of
diseases in all animals. ‘The powdered nut is uncertain in
its effects, therefore the tincture and the alkaloid should
should only be used.
_ Use. A nervine, and used when the nerves are depressed
and weak; just as aconite is used when the nerves are
strong and excited. ‘The one medicine is used in depres-
sion, and the other in diseases with exalted symptoms.
Paralysis or palsy is the loss of power in the motor nerves
of the part affected. Therefore, nux vomica is used in
twitching of the muscles of all animals; and in glass
eye in the horse, depending upon the want of nervous
energy in the optic, or nerve of vision.

TrncturRE.—Dose. For horses and cattle, the dose is
from ten to twenty drops, repeated three to four times in
the day.

STRYCHNINE. Dose. To horses and cattle, give one
grain, once a day, gradually increasing the dose till three
grains are given in the day. To get the full benefit from
it, it will have to be given for a week or two, if the beast
has not got well by that time. In the use of strychnine,
care and good judgment must be exercised, for it must be
remembered that however useful a drug or medicine may
be, its abuse is readily accomplished. Strychnine should

380 HORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES.

be administered in feed, if the animal will eat it; if not,
give it in gruel in the form of a drench. Twelve grains
is the dose required to kill a full-grown horse.

Arsenite of Strychnia is recommended by the French
veterinary surgeons, in nasal discharges, but with what
effect is not stated. If it does not cure,as I suppose it
does not, it only serves to show to my mind how utterly
ignorant veterinary surgeons are in regard to the true pa-
thology of these discharges, supposed to be glanders.
Mr. Gamgee, on the International Veterinary Congress,
held at Hamburg, says, “ When the subject of glanders was
mentioned, no one responded.” Why? certainly not that
they knew all about it. No, the contrary is the case, for
they knew nothing at all about its nature,and hence we
have the French using a drug the least of all likely to
change, arrest, or cure the disease. Prussian blue is said
to contain ten per cent. of strychnia; some packages con-
tain as high as sixty grains.

Oak Bark.— Quercus Cortex. This is a good astringent
for outward use, or for sores which discharge or run
matter. The bark is boiled: half an ounce to a pint of
water. This decoction is an excellent remedy for drying
up the moisture of greasy heels, so troublesome in horses.
In diarrhoea in calves, given in four drachm doses, much
good will result.

Oils.—There are two varieties of oils used in medicine
—fixed and volatile.

FrxEp Orris.—Castor, olive, linseed, croton and neat’s-
foot oil. The uses of these oils will be found treated of
under their respective heads.

Opium.—Papaver Somniferum. The dried juice of the
white poppy, and if one of the most remarkable substances

OPIUM. a8!

in nature. There areseveral varieties of opium : Turkish,
Egyptian, East Indian, Persian, and European opium.
The medical preparations of opium are several :

Morphia, or morphine, is the most important preparation
of opium, and sold in the drug stores in the form of white
erystals, as also in that of a liquid—liquor morphia acetas,
and liquor morphiasulphas. Either of these preparations
of opium are much better medicines than the crude opium
itself. Each fluid ounce contains one grain of the mor-
phine, or the true principle of the opium, and one grain of
morphine is equal to three grains of opium, or to forty-
five drops of the tincture of opium, commonly called
laudanum.

Use. Opium is a narcotic, or reliever of pain, and is
especially recommended in milk fever in cows.

Dose. The dose of the acetate, sulphate, or muriate in
crystals, for the horse, is from twenty to forty grains. For
the cow with milk fever, from forty to eighty grains. To
a medical man, such large doses may seem enormous, for
in man the dose is from half to one grain.

Horses will scarcely show the least effects from the
administration of from two to four drachms of the pow-
dered opium. On cattle, opium has even much less power
than on horses. Cows can take one ounce, and sheep half
a drachm of powdered opium, without suffering. The
doses of crude, or powdered opium for horses, are from
one to two drachms, and for cattle, two to four drachms.
In veterinary practice, opium is not now so much used, as
aconite answers almost every purpose for which opium was
given, and without in any way binding the bowels. But
in case of milk fever, opium, or its alkaloid morphia, is
well worthy of a trial, and if taken in time, will scarcely
disappoint any one,

382 HORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES.

TINCTURE OF OpriuM.—LAUDANUM.—Every fifteen
drops of the tincture contain one grain of opium. Lau-
danum is the most costly of all the preparations of opium ;
and not only that, the large quantity of alcohol, or spirits
of wine it contains, is a decided objection to its use in
many diseases. Crude opium rubbed down with a little
water will be far better when it is to be used at once, or
not kept for any time. Laudanum is used in lotions and
liniments for the relief of pain, and it enters into eye washes,
for the same purpose.

Wine of opium contains spices. Not much used.

Codia, narcotine, narceine, paramorphia, papaverine,
meconine and meconic acid, are the various constituents
of opium, but they are not used in medicine, either in
domestic or veterinary.

BATTLEY’S sedative drops, so well and familiarly known
throughout the world, wherever the English language is
spoken, though a secret, are known to contain opium,
water and a little spirit, and are one-third stronger than
laudanum.

Pariera Brava.—A root which is to be sliced, and
have one pint of water added to one ounce of the root.
Boil, and strain when cold. This is a good tonic for
horses. Mix with the feed, half a pint to the dose.

Peach Leaves.—One ounce infused in the same way
as tea, with one pint of water, is an excellent application
for the skin of animals having the itch and skin diseases.

Peppermint.— Mentha Piperita. The essence of this
garden plant is sometimes given to horses having colic,
and given in doses of twenty drops. Dogs can have three
drops for a dose, in the same disease. |

PHOSPHORUS. ace

Pepper.—A plant, and fruit, of the genus Piper,

(1.) Buack Prepper.—Piper Nigrum. Occasionally
given to horses affected with colic.

(2) JAMAicA PEPPER.—Pimento—Allspice. This is a
valuable medicine for horses and cattle affected with fever,
loss of appetite and indigestion.

Doses. From three to five drachms, and given in com-
bination with ammonia.

(3.) Capstcum.—Cayenne Pepper. This isalso used for
the same purpose as the above, and given in from twenty
to thirty grain doses.

Pepsin.—The active principle of the gastric juice of
animals. Its cost prevents its use in calves having diar-
rheea, when the discharges are like milk. A good substi-
tute for pepsin is rennet, which farmers should have about
vuem, not only for cheese-making purposes, but for use in
1vuseness, or scours in calves. It assists the stomach to
digest the milk, which, in diarrhoea, lays upon the stomach,
without being digested or changed. Hence, the white
diarrhcea, so often seen in calves.

Petroleum.—Rock-oil. This substance was formerly
highly recommended in chest diseases, but it has been suc-
ceeded by more certain and successful drugs for this
purpose. However, it is still occasionally used as an
external application for sores, and for the destruction of
lice, etc., in the skin. It is apt to leave a blemish by
causing the hair to fall off, and in some cases, in which [
have seen it used too extensively, the hair did not come
again. The better way to use coal-oil is to mix equal
parts with some other oil having no acrid principle.

Phosphorus.—An elementary substance resembling
wax. ‘There is, however, another resembling brick dust,

304 HORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES.

when in a mass. The preparations of phosphorus are
numerous: Hypophosphate of ammonia, hypophosphate
of iron, and the phosphate of lime, or bone, or earth,
phosphate of soda, and of quinine. Phosphoric acid,
diluted, is the one which should be used in veterinary
practice.

Puospuoric Acip.—Is used in diseases of the bones of
young colts.

Doses. For young colts, the dose will vary from ten
to sixty drops, given diluted in cold water.

Pitch.— Burgundy Pitch. The concrete juice of the
abies excelsa. ‘This is used in the composition of the
plaster, formerly used over the loins, in weakness, sprains,
lumbago, etc., in the horse, Not now recommended.

Pomegranate Punica.—Granatum. The bark cf
the root of this tree is used for the destruction of tane-
worm, in all animals. Take of the bark, one ounce;
water, one pint; and boil down one-half. The dose for
the dog will be a small wineglassful.

Poppies.—(See Opium.)

Potash.— Oxide of Potassium. Preparations of pot-
ash are many :—

(1.) Caustic Porasu.—Used, as its name indicates, as
a caustic, and is a favorite one of mine. Many persons
object to it, on account of its extreme fluidity, which I
consider to be its most valuable property; as, if it did not
readily assume a fluid form, its caustic properties would
not be so good. Indeed, according to its fluidity, when
applied toa part, so is its caustic property. For the quick
reduction of proud flesh, it has no superior.

(2.) CARBONATE OF PoTasH.-—This is sometimes used

RHUBARB. 385

as an antacid, but is not much used in horse and cattle
diseases.

(3.) SULPHURET OF PoTtasH.—Hepar Sulph.—Liver of
Sulphur. This isa valuable remedy when applied to mange
in allanimals. Dissolve an ounce in a pint of water, first
having rubbed the mangy part with fine sand, to expose
the insect to the action of the sulphuret.

(4.) SULPHATE OF PoTasH.—(See Glauber’s Salts.)

(5.) Iop1ibDE oF PotasH.—(See Iodine.)

(6.) NITRATE OF PorasH.—(See Saltpetre.)—The ace-
tate, and tartrate of potash, are not used in veterinary
practice.

(7.) CHLORATE OF PotasH.—Used for the same pur-
poses as the nitrate, and in the same doses. The same
may be said of the permanganate.

Prussic Acid.—(See Acid.)

Pumpkin Seeds.—An excellent remedy for destroy-
ing tape-worm.

Purgatives.—Medicines which empty the bowels.

Pyroxylic Spirit.— Wood Naphtha. Used to relieve
chronic cough, and is given in half-ounce doses in gruel.

Quinine.—(See Cinchona.)
Rennet.—(See Pepsin.)

Rhubarb.— Rheum Palmatum. Rhubarb is a tonic
and purgative in dogs and other carnivorous animals, but
in horses and cattle it has scarcely any effect whatever,
further than improving the appetite. Better, and much
more efficient and -cheaper drugs are used in horse and
cattle diseases. I know of a gentleman farmer, who uses
the spiced rhubarb in young calves, in cases of looseness

25

386 HORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES.

of the bowels, and in diarrhoea. The dose of the spiced
rhubarb is from one to two teaspoonfuls, repeating it two
to three times a day.

Ricinus Communis.—(Sce Castor-oil.)
Rochelle Salts.—(A Tartrate of Potash and Soda.)
Saffron.— Crocus Sativus—(See Colchicum.)

Sagapenum.—This is a gum, and is used for the same
purposes as asafcetida.

Sal Ammoniac.—Chloride of Ammonia. (See Am-

monia.)

Salt.— Table Salt. Chloride of Sodium, a valuable
condiment, when given with the food of animals. Salt is
a laxative in horses, cattle and sheep, and is considered
a preventive of sheep rot.

Sal Volatile.—This is the compound spirit of am-
monia. (See Ammonia.) 7

Sassafras.-—Laurus Sassafras. This is a favorite
remedy with farmers for their horses, and is given to them
in the spring of the year, to strengthen and improve the
appetite. Sassafras may be given to horses, either in the
form of a powder, or as a decoction or tea, and mixed
with the food,

Sarracenia Purpura.—Jndian Cup or Pitcher Plant.
This plant is found growing along the coast of Labrador,
and the shores of the Gulf of Mexico, on wet and marshy
land.

Use. This plant has recently proved to be one of the
most useful in the whole list of medicines, and from all
accounts, it is, and will still be a blessing to thousands
who may become affected with small-pox. For small-pox

SENEGA, POLYGALA SENEGA. O87

in cattle and sheep, it is not only a sure remedy, but also,
as good a preventive for the disease. The form and
manner of using this medicine, is in that of a tea. The
time, however, will soon be, when the chemist will provide
us with an extract, or an alkaloid of this plant, which
will enable us to give the essence of the plant without any
inert matter. Take from one to two ounces of the dried
root, and slice in thin pieces, place in an earthen pot, or
other vessel, and add a quart of cold water, and allow the
liquid to simmer gently over a slow fire, for two to three
hours, so as to lose one-fourth of the quantity.

Dose. Give to cattle, half a pint; and to sheep, two
wineglassfuls; repeating the dose in six hours, when a
cure will generally be effected.

Savin.—Juniperus Sabina. The oil of juniper is used
in veterinary practice, for the purpose of destroying worms
in all animals.

Doses. For horses and cattle, the dose is from three to
four drachms, and for the dog, three to five drops. An
ointment of the dried savin tops is used for the purpose of
keeping up the action of blisters. Take one part of the
fresh tops, to sixteen parts of lard.

Sedatives.—Medicines which allay inordinate action
of the heart.

Senega, Polygala Senega.—Snakeroot. This, like
others of our native herbs, is often used by country folks
in the spring of the year. They give a decoction, or tea
of the snakeroot to their horses. It isan excellent remedy
in coughs, bronchitis, cold, ete. Take one ounce, boil in
a pint and a half of water, and strain through a sieve or
strainer.

388 HORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES.

Dose. Fora horse, half a pint, mixed in his feed, night
and morning.

Sialagogues.— Medicines which increase the secretion
of saliva, such as aconite in large doses, and second crop
clover, after it has been exposed to cold nights or a little
frost.

Silver, Nitrate of.—Zunar Caustic. Used as a
caustic to unhealthy sores and ulcers; and a solution,
three to four grains to an ounce of rain or distilled water,
is used to theeye in purulent ophthalmia. The nitrate of
silver is toocostly for general use. ‘The sulphate of copper,
or blue stone, will, for most purposes, answer as well, and
is very cheap.

CAUSTIC HOLDER.

Soap.—A combination of fatty acid with an alkali.
Soap Liniment.—Opodeldoc. A very useful applica-

tion for sprains, bruises, and for stiff joints.

Scda.—A mineral alkali.

(1.) CARBONATE oF SopA.—Useful as an antacid, in
doses of from two to four drachms.

(2.) SULPHATE OF SopA.—(See Glauber’s Salts.)

(3.) SULPHITE OF SopA.—This is made by passing a
stream of sulphurous acid through a concentrated solution
of carbonate of soda. It is a valuable article in the treat-
ment of diseases of horses and cattle. The sulphite of soda
possesses the power of neutralizing the action of zumins,

SPANISH FLY. oo

ferments, or leavens, when introduced into the circulation.
Professor Polli, of Milan, has clearly demonstrated that
this substance is capable of purifying the blocd of noxious
matters, and further, he has by his experiments upon dogs
proved that glanders can be cured by it; for he says, that
forty-five grains of the virus of glanders taken from the
nares of the nose of a glandered horse, and injected into
the circulation of a dog, after the disease had shown itself
in the dog, was readily cured by the administration of the
sulphite of soda. Upwards of seventy cases have thus
been experimented upon by this distinguished professor—
all going to show the value of soda, as a purifier of the
blood, by its alterative effects.

Sulphite of soda is a remedy in all cases of eruptions on
the skin, in farcy, glanders and purpura in the horse, and in
pleuro-pneumonia and rinderpest, etc., in cattle. Wherever
pus is thrown out as a product of disease, the sulphite of
soda should be given. Dogs with distemper should have
it to keep the circulation pure of pus. The blood of the
dog becomes contaminated in this way, and hence, the good
dog falls a victim to this scourge of fine bred animals.

Dose. For horses and cattle, the dose is from half an
ounce, to one ounce, given twice in the day. For dogs,
twenty grains given in camphor water. In farcy and
glanders or other diseases, accompanied with debility, the
soda should be combined with gentian and other tonics.

Spanish Fly.—Lytta Cantharides. An insect ground
into powder, and mixed with lard or oil, making what is
familiarly known as a blister. The Spanish fly is, besides
its blistering qualities, a very valuable internal medicine,
a powerful tonic and: alterative, and has been used with
success, in the hands of Mr. Vines, of London, England,

390 HORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES.

in the cure of farcy and glanders in the horse. In thesame
diseases, and where the lungs were free from tubercles, I
have cured them with the Spanish fly, gentian, copper, and
the sulphite of soda.

Dose. Spanish fly is given to the horse in five grain
doses once a day only, and mixed in cut or soft feed.
Horses are more easily affected by the Spanish fly than
mares. Blisters of Spanish fly are made as follows: Pow-
dered Spanish fly, one drachm; hog’s lard, six drachms ;
mix,and apply, by rubbing with the hand into the part
to be blistered ; wash off the part the next day, oil or lard
it for a week, and the swelling will leave when the irritation
has gone out of the part.

The tincture of Spanish fly was formerly used as the
basis of the old sweating blister. An excellent application
for the removal of a splint, or soft tumors about the legs
of horses, is made as follows: Tincture of Spanish fly, one
ounce; oil of croton, twenty drops; well rubbed into the
part, it acts like magic; that is, if the tumor can be
removed at all by any means.

Specifics.—Medicines which cure disease, but the
manner of action is unknown.

Spermaceti.—This is a solid crystalline fat, found in
the large head of the sperm whale. There is a plan,
however, by which it is said that spermaceti can be made
out of the muscles of a dead cow or horse, by enclosing the
flesh in a box perforated with holes, and sinking it ina
running stream of water for a month or more, when the
flesh will be converted into a mass of tough, solid matter.
After which, it is treated with nitrous acid, poured over
it to remove the offensive smell, and to separate the fat.
Another plan is, to pour nitrous acid over the flesh without

SPONGE. 391

oa

immersion in the brook, and which is said to convert the
flesh in the short period of three days into a yellow colored
spermaceti. Another plan is mentioned by Lord Bacon,
in his work Sylva Sylvarium, in which he says that the
flesh of an animal may be changed into a fatty substance,
by cutting it into pieces, putting it into a glass vessel,
covering with parchment, and allowing it to stand for six
or seven hours in boiling water. Experiments of this kind
might result in profit to those who would undertake them.
The use of spermaceti in horse and cattle diseases, is for
the making of ointments and salves, especially in hot
weather, when lard cannot be conveniently carried with-
out the risk, not only of losing a portion of the ointment,
but of soiling the clothing, or other articles coming in
contact with it.

Spirits of Nitrous Ether.—Sweet spirits of nitre is
well known to most persons as a good household remedy
for fevers, etc. In the treatment of diseases of horses and
cattle, sweet spirits of nitre is used as a stimulant and
antispasmodic. It is also used in the case of a horse hay-
ing a chill, and in colic. For colic, it was formerly given
in combination with laudanum.

Dose. For horses and cattle, the dose of sweet spirits
nitre will be from one to two ounces, given in cold water
to prevent loss.

Spirits of Wine.— Alcohol. This is used for making
tinctures for medicinal purposes, from the various plants
in use. It is also a good stimulant; much better than the
bad whisky which is so often poured down the throats of
horses affected with colic.

Sponge, —A valuable article for the cleansing of wounds
and sores.

392 HORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES.

Starch —A good remedy in diarrhcea in all animals,
when combined with afew grains of opium, and a little
eround ginger, or a few drops of the tincture, commonly
called the essence.

Sty ptics.—Substances having the quality of stopping
bleeding from wounds. Examples: Perchloride of iron,
cobwebs, the hot iron, and the bandage.

Sudorifics.— Medicines which produce sweating.

Sugar of Milk.—Much used by homeopathists, both
domestic and veterinary, in the form of powder, but oftener
in the form of globules or small pellets. Not recom-
mended for the treatment of any disease. Molasses is the
best form in which to give sugar to animals, and it is use-
ful in cases of sick cows, mixed in a drench.

Sugar of Lead,—(See Acetate of Lead.)
Sulphuric Acid.—(See Acids.)

Sulphur.—Brimstone.—Sulphur is kept in the drug
stores in three forms, flowers of sulphur, milk of sulphur,
and sulphur vivum.

Use. Sulphur is chiefly used for skin diseases, in the
form of an ointment. It is believed by many persons to
be a great preventive of diseases and distempers in all
animals, and is one of the ingredients of an incongruous
mass extolled and recommended by the Hon. Isaac Newton,
Commissioner of Agriculture, as a preventive of cattle
diseases. Whatever may be the medicinal virtue possessed
by sulphur, it certainly has no prophylactic effects mixed
with tar, ete. The simple ointment of sulphur is made as
follows: One part of the flowers, or sulphur vivum, mixed
with four parts of lard. In winter, when lard is hard,

SULPHUROUS ACID GAS. 393

oil should be used instead, thus forming a liniment of sul-
phur more easy of application.

Doses. Sulphur, as a laxative for horses and cattle,
should be given in doses from one to three ounces, and
administered in gruel, in the form of a drench. or dogs,
the dose is one totwo drachms. It is not recommended
as an internal medicine,

Sulphurous Acid Gas.—This is one of the most
powerful disinfectants we have. The great objection to
its general use for this purpose is, its poisonous character
when breathed or inhaled to any extent. But from recent
experiments instituted by Dr. James Dewor, of Kirkcaldy,
Scotland, for testing the efficacy of sulphurous acid gas asa
disinfectant, results are shown which lead to the conviction
that diseases such as cholera in man, and rinderpest and
pleuro-pneumonia in cattle, may not only be prevented, but
much modified by this, hitherto considered, poisonous gas.
The method of generating sulphurous acid gas is very
simple and inexpensive. It is only necessary to have a
small chaffern of redhot cinders from a coal fire, a small
crucible on the hot cinders, and a piece of sulphur-stick
about as large as a man’s thumb placed into it. ‘This will
fumigate a large cattle shed, or stable, in twenty minutes.
Contrary to expectation, the animals seem to enjoy it, and
it acts at the same time as a tonic on manand beast. The
shed or other house must be well ventilated, by having
the windows a little open before, during, and after the
fumigation. Sanitary rules must be enforced in regard to
cleanliness, removal of dung-heaps, ete. During the
prevalence of such epizootics as are above named, the
fumigation may be made, according to the foregoing direc-
tions, four to five times in the day. It is further said,

394 HORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES.

that the treatment has not only cured some cases of the
above-named diseases; but that mange, ring-worm and lice
have also vanished before it, and that greasy heels in
horses have also been cured by it, while severe cases of
tubercles of the lungs, glanders, and farey have also been
relieved by the inhalation of this gas. This is well worthy |
a fair trial, and if it but accomplish half what is claimed
for it, a great and cheap fumigation and disinfectant is
within the reach of any one. But, bear in mind, that it is
a poiscnous gas, and to prevent a deleterious effect, have
free ventilation through the whole place.

Sulphate of Zine.— White Vitriol. Thisis a valuable
article for healing wounds and sores. It is not adminis-
tered internally to any animal, except as an emetic to dogs.
As an external wash for sores, one part of zinc to twenty
of rain-water will answer for most purposes. For eye-
wash, three to four grains to the ounce of water. This is
one of the best applications which can be applied to the
eye in cases of purulent ophthalmia.

Tannate of Glycerine.—An excellent application,
for the eyes, in purulent ophthalmia, and for moist sores,
wherever situated upon the body.

Tannin,—This is the acid of barks, and is valuable,
mixed with water, in running ulcers and sores, and in
diarrhoea, in all animals. The powder sprinkled upon
bleeding sores, will in many cases stop them. One drachm
to a pint of cold water makes a good eye-wash, and in
many cases dries up the scum, and removes it altogether.
It is certainly a cheap and useful remedy, and can do no
harm to the eye.

Doses. For horses and cattle, in diarrhoea, the dose of
tannic acid is from half to one drachm, given in gruel as a

TOBACCO. 395

drench. For calves with the same disease, give from ten
to twenty grains as a dose, mixed with wheat-flour gruel.
Suuffed up the nostrils by man, in bleeding from the nose,
it will in most cases arrest it at once.

TANNIN OF KRrAMERIA.—This is used for the same
purpose as the preceding, but it is a better styptic, or
arrester of bleeding from the skin or other sores.

Tar.—Pix Liquda. Tar is not now used internally to
the extent it formerly was. To cattle it is still given in a
disease of the throat called clyers. For this purpose egg-
shells are filled with good Barbadoes tar, and suspended
on the end of a split stick, and gently pushed down the
throat of the ox. As an external application, tar is still
used on sores about cattle, to keep the flies off; and it is
used to make stopping for horses’ feet, singly, and mixed
with clay. It is kept in every horse-shoeing shop for
putting on the soles, usually with cotton, and having
leather nailed on with the shoe.

Ort oF Tar.—This is an excellent application when
mixed with equal parts with sweet, or some fish oil, to pro-
mote the growth of horn on the foot of the horse. To
give it a dark color to suit the foot, lamp-black may be
stirred in, in sufficient quantity to make a black hoof oint-
ment, which will be found an excellent formula for this
purpose.

Tartar Emetic,—(See Antimony.)

Tobacco.— Nicotiana Tabacum. Tobacco is used as a
medicine, principally in skin diseases, and for the destruc-
tion of lice and other insects in the wool of sheep. Tobac-
co smoke is a favorite remedy with some veterinarians,
for the removal and killing of worms, and in constipation,
and colic. For these purposes, better and safer agents

396 HORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES.

are in every-day use. ‘Tobacco in all, or any of its forms,
is dangerous, being followed by great sickness, nausea and
prostration, from which many animals are ultimately
destroyed.

Tragacanth.—(See Gum.)

Turpentine.—Terebinthe. ‘The various varieties of
turpentine in market.

(1.) Common TuRPENTINE.—The produce of the pinus
palustris of North Carolina, and other States, and also of
Norway, and the north of Europe. The pinus sylvestris,
or Scotch fir, yields considerable turpentine.

(2.) VENICE TURPENTINE.—This is procured from the
Larix Europea. :

(3.) Canapa BatsamM.—Procured from Abies Balsame,
and is considered to be the purest of all the turpentines ;
hence it is called, sometimes, the balsam of Gilead.

(4.) FRANKINCENSE.—A product of Norway, and the
north of Europe. ‘This variety enters into the composition
of what is known as Burgundy pitch, and is used in vet-
erinary practice for making adhesive plasters for the loins
of horses having been sprained, or having lumbago.

(5.) O1L oF TurRPENTINE.—This is commonly called
the spirits of turpentine, and is used very largely in horse
and cattle diseases, both for internal administration and
external application.

Uses. Oil of turpentine is a powerful stimulant, diuretic,
and antispasmodic, and is, therefore, used in colic in the
horse, in puerperal apoplexy in cows, and in general
debility in all animals. As an external embrocation, it is
very efficient when combined with an equal portion of
sweet oil, but very dangerous when applied to the skin of
the horse alone. The horse will become restless, and, in
some cases, utterly unmanageable.

VALERIAN, 397

Doses. The doses of oil of turpentine for horses and
cows are from one to two ounces, always mixed with its
own bulk of oil, especially for horses. or dogs affected
with tape-worm, half to one drachm is the dose, mixed
with the yolk of an egg.

(6.) Rosin, on Resrn.—The residue left from the dis-
tillation of turpentine, which is chiefly used by horsemen
to cause the horse to urinate more freely. Much mischief
is often done to horses by the administration of rosin. In-
deed, most diseases of the kidneys and of the loins can be
traced to over-dosing with this substance. The oftener
rosin is given to the horse, the more he appears in the eyes
of the driver to stand in need of his favorite dose. The
kidneys become over-worked, the desire to urinate is more
frequent, less urine is voided each time, and the poor man
does not see the mischief he has already done, but hastens
to give the horse more to remedy the urinary defect he has
thus been instrumental in producing. It will be well to re-
member that powerful diuretics, like powerful purgatives,
tend only to weaken and debilitate. If there bea urinary
defect, find ont the cause, and, if possible, have it removed,
and the effect will cease, “sublata causa, tollitur effectus,”
but do not attempt to do so by force, and against all science
and commonsense. Other preparations of turpentine have
already been noticed. (See Tar.)

Urse Ursi.—The leaves of the whortleberry. They
were once in repute in diseases of the horse, but are now
fallen, and others have taken their place. They were
used chiefly in diseases of the bladder and kidney.

Valerian.— Valeriana Oficinalis. However useful
valerian may be in nervous irritation in man, it is not so
useful in veterinary patients. Camphor, and the gum

398 HORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES.

resins, or asafcetida, answer our purpose better than
valerian.

Valerianate of Soda.—This has been found useful in
chorea, or twitching of the muscles in the dog, in doses of
from one to two grains.

(1.) VALERIANATE OF IRon.—A good tonic for the dog.

(2.) VALERIANATE OF QUININE.—An excellent remedy
for agues In man.

Veratrum.— White Hellebore. If we had not so useful
a sedative medicine as we have in aconite, I would cer-
tainly recommend the tincture of white hellebore-root, in
all diseases for which aconite is recommended. On account
of its being more dangerous than aconite, in case of over-
dose, I will not say much more about it, as wherever
white hellebore is found in the country stores, aconite will
be there also. Hence, there can be no good reason for
recommending it when aconite can be procured.

VERATRIA.—The alkaloid of white hellebore, and is one
of the most destructive of the deadly poisons. Nothing
could be more so than this preparation of hellebore; and
what is more, at present, no fest is known whereby to
detect its presence within the stomach or system.

Wax.—This substance is used for giving hardness and
consistency to ointments, and is a favorite with me in the
form of shoemaker’s wax, for the purpose of filling up
cracks and holes in the feet of horses, to keep out sand and
dirt. To be applied as follows: Make the wax in the
form of a stick, so that it can be held by one end, while
you hold a hot iron to the other, and hold it over the hole
or crack, so that the warm wax will drop into it. When
the part is full, wet the finger, and by this means the wax

ZINC. 399

can be smoothed, so that ordinary observers can scarcely
observe a deficiency in the foot. The hole or crack must
be perfectly dry, and free from moisture, or else the wax
will not stick very Jong. When dry, and the wax is put
properly in, it will last for a month, or till the next shoeing
time.

Willow Bark.—A much neglected, valuable and cheap
medicine. ‘This bark has within it a crystalline substance
called salicine, which is an excellent substitute for the
expensive quinine. Farmers and others will do well to.
gather it in sufficient quantity, and have it dried; and in
the spring of the year, or when any of the horses are weak,
or out of sorts, take of the willow bark one pound, and
boil in four quarts of water, till two quarts are left; then
strain for use, and give a tumblerful, mixed in cut feed,
once or twice in the day. This will be found much better
than the black snakeroot already spoken of under its
proper head.

Yeast.—Brewer’s yeast is one of the best applications
for an unhealthy sore or ulcer, as it immediately changes
its look and smel]. A mixture of yeast and charcoal isa
domestic remedy not to be overlooked in the treatment of
sores, especially in the summer time. The yeastand the
charcoal are to be mixed in the form of a poultice, and
used as such, occasionally changing it so that full benefit
may be given to the sore by its use. After the sore is
cleansed and corrected, it may be then healed as a simple,
healthy sore, by other remedies amply described through
the book.

Zinc,—There are several preparations of zinc, which are
used in the treatment of horse and cattle diseases, but
chiefly in the form of external applications.

400 HORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES.

(1.) OxipE oF Zinc.—This is a white powder, like
wheat-flour, and is useful when applied as a powder in
greasy heels and other sores which discharge a sanious
fluid from them. Oxide of zinc is often used in the form
of an ointment mixed with lard. An excellent ointment
is also made by soap shaved down, moistened with a little
water, and having oxide of zinc added to it. This is a
good form for greasy heels and scratches on horses that
have to work every day. It keeps down irritation and
fever, prevents swelling of the legs, and is easily washed
off on the horse coming into the stable for the night.

(2.) CARBONATE OF ZINC.—This is used under the old
name of calamine, either in the form of a powder or an
ointment. The ointment is made by adding four parts of
lard to one of calamine. It is good for healing sores.

(3.) SULPHATE oF Z1nc.—This preparation of zinc has
already been described under the head of sulphate of zine,
(which see.)

(4.) CHLORIDE oF Zinc.—Butter of Zine. This, as
well as the other forms of zinc, is not used as an internal
medicine, except the sulphate, which is occasionally given
to the dog as an emetic.

Chloride of zine is a powerful disinfectant and deodor-
izer, and is used in the healing of wounds and sores.
The solution is the usual form of using it. Two grains of
the chloride of zinc to an ounce of rain-water, makes a
good eye-wash. For ordinary sores, four to five grains of
the zine to one ounce of rain-water, is a good application.
One characteristic of the preparations of zinc when applied
to sores is, no proud flesh can or will arise during their
use. The chloride of zinc is used by some veterinarians
as a caustic, but for this purpose better caustics, and cheaper
ones, will be found elsewhere described.

CERATES. 401

(5.) AcETATE oF Zrnc. This is made by dissolving
- oxide or carbonate of zine in acetic acid. The chief use
of the acetate of zinc is for the healing of wounds. In
European stables it is employed for the purpose of wetting
bandages applied to old hunters and other horses, whose
legs cannot be otherwise kept fine and free from swelling.
The bandages usually employed in such cases are made of
wash-leather, which is so extensively used for drying
carriages after being washed, and is called chamois leather.

Zingiberis. —(Sce Ginger.)
Zyloidine.—This is a white substance, which is in-

soluble, and is obtained from starch, concentrated nitric
acid, and cold water.

PRESCRIPTIONS AND PREPARATIONS.

Cerates.—Used for dressing sores and ulcers.

(1.) StupLe CEeRATE.—Take yellow or white wax,
three ounces ; olive oil, two ounces; melt them on a slow
fire. |

(2.) TURNER’S CERATE.—Take of simple cerate, five
ounces; prepared calamine, one ounce; mix, and stir till
cold.

(3.) CERATE oF Zinc.—Take simple cerate, six ounces;
melt, and add oxide of zinc, one ounce, and stir till cold.

(4.) Restn CERATE.— Yellow Basilicon. Take yellow
rosin and yellow wax, of each half a pound, then add eight
ounces of olive oil or lard, melt together over a slow fire,
and strain through flannel cloth while hot. This isan old,
but excellent application for sores, scalds, burns, ete.

402 PRESCRIPTIONS AND PREPARATIONS.

Clysters.—For colic of all kinds, take warm water of
about blood heat, one stable bucket full; four ounces of*
common table salt, soap sufficient to make a good lather
or froth; of this, three to four quarts may be injected in
the rectum, every half hour till the animal is wel]. For
the expulsion of the fundament bots, injections of flaxseed
oil are an excellent and safe method. Tobacco smoke
injections are sometimes used for their removal, as well as
in cases of constipation. To give injections of tobacco
smoke, an instrument having both force and suction is
necessary. Tobacco smoke is not recommended for either
of these affections by the author.

Drenches.—Used in cases of colic: Take sulphuric
ether, half an ounce ; laudanum, two ounces; flaxseed oil,
one pint; mix. Or, take spirits of turpentine, one ounce ;
tincture of aconite root, twenty-five drops ; aloes, one ounce
in solution; mix. Or, take warm ale, two pints; ground
ginger, half an ounce; tincture of aconite root, twenty
drops; mix. Used in flatulent colic, accompanied with
swelling of the belly: Take laudanum, two ounces ; aloes
in solution, one ounce; chloride of lime, half an ounce ;
mix. Or, take tincture of aconite root, twenty drops; aloes
in solution, one ounce; sulphite of soda, one ounce; mix.
Or, take spirits of hartshorn, three drachms ; aloes in solu-
tion, one ounce; water, one pint; mix.

Eye Lotions and Washes.—Asrrincent Eye
Lotion.—Take sulphate of zinc, five grains; rain-water,
one ounce; mix.

Lotion For PuRULENT DISCHARGES FROM THE EYE.
—Take sulphate of copper, three grains; laudanum, ten
drops ; rain-water, one ounce; mix.

For THE SAME. Nitrate of silver, four grains; rain-

LINIMENTS OR EMBROCATIONS. 403

water, one ounce; mix, and apply with a camel’s hair
pencil once in the day. a ae

SoorHinc EyE-wAsH.—Take extract of belladonna,
half a drachm; rain-water or distilled water, six ounces;
dissolve and strain. ‘This is to be used warm, as a fomen-
tation to the eye.

Mitp AsTRINGENT EHYE-wWATER.—Alun, four grains ;
rain-water, one ounce; mix.

SEDATIVE EyE-wAsu.—Take sulphate of atropine,
three grains; rain or distilled water, one ounce; mix,
and strain. ‘The reader of this book will remember that
belladonna, or atropine, when applied to the eye, will cause
the pupil of the eye to dilate.

Eye Salves.—NITRATE oF SILVER OINTMENT.-—
Take nitrate of silver, twelve grains ; dissolve in as many
drops of water; simple cerate, one ounce; mix.

PRECIPITATE OINTMENT.—Take red precipitate of
mercury, three grains; pure lard, two drachms ; mix, and
use when the eyelids are red and oozing. |

Freezing Mixtures,—Take sal ammoniac, five parts ;
nitre, five parts; cold water, sixteen parts; mix. Or, take
sal ammoniac, and nitre, of each five parts ; Glauber’s salts,
eight parts; cold water, sixteen parts; mix. ‘The article
to be cooled should be placed in atin vessel, which should
be put in the mixture just as a butter kettle would ke
placed in ice water. By throwing a handful of sal ammo-
niac, or coarse salt or nitre, upon ice or snow, a low degree
of cold will be produced, sufficient for all purposes.
Freezing mixtures are of much benefit applied to sprains,
when ice cannot be had.

Liniments or Embrocations,—These are for exter-

404 PRESCRIPTIONS AND PREPARATIONS.

nal applications, and are used in the cure of sprains, bruises,
chronic swellings, ete.

LINIMENT OF CAMPHOR.—Take camphor, one ounce;
olive or sweet oil, three ounces ; mix.

LINIMENT OF AMMONIA.—Take solution of ammonia,
two ounces; sweet oil, six ounes, mix.

LINIMENT oF AconiITE.—Take tincture of aconite root,
two ounces; olive or sweet oil, four ounces; creosote, one
ounce; mix. This is one of the most valuable embroca-
tions which can be applied to a painful bruise, or sprain
of whatever kind. It allays and removes inflammation,
irritation and pain.

LINIMENT OF LEAD.—Take soap, (castile,) five ounces;
camphor, one drachm ; Goulard’s extract of lead, half an
ounce; boiling water, one pint. Cut the soap into thin
pieces, and the camphor in fine powder, and stir them into
the Goulard’s extract, then pour in the boiling: water.

Soap LinIMENT.—Opodeldoc. ‘Take castile, or even
white soap, three ounces ; oil of rosemary, two drachms ;
oil of thyme, one drachm; camphor, one ounce; spirits of
wine, one pint. The camphor is to be in fine powder,
and the soap in fine shavings. The camphor, oils and
soap are to be dissolved in the spirits of wine. Place the
vessels holding these articles by the fire till the soap is
dissolved. It should be kept in wide-mouthed bottles, of
from four to six ounces’ capacity.

Observe-—The oils of rosemary and thyme, entering into
the mixture, are not so much for their medical virtues as
for the fine smell. In horse and cattle practice, these
oils can be dispensed with ; or, add the same quantity of
olive oil.

Soap LINIMENT.—Common. ‘This may be used instead
of the opodeldoc. ‘Take soap in shavings, four ounces;

OINTMENTS. 405

camphor, in powder, one ounce; spirits of wine, one pint;
laundanum, half an ounce; and dissolve. This is a cheap
and useful liniment for sprains and bruises.

TURPENTINE LINIMENT.—Take spirits, or oil of tur-
pentine, two ounces; olive oil, two ounces; mix.

Live Linment.—Take equal parts of lime-water and
linseed oil, and shake them well together till a white, thick,
creamy, or saponaceous compound is made. ‘This is used
in cases of burns and scalds, whether in man or beast.
Spread some of the liniment on a soft cotton cloth, lay it
on the burned part, and when dry renew again.

Carso.ic Acip LinIMENT.—Carbolic acid, one drachm;
olive oil, eight ounces; mix. Or, water alone may be
used for ordinary sores instead of the oil ; but for scratches,
the same quantity of glycerine will answer a_ better
purpose.

Creosote LiniMenT.—Take creosote, one ounce; oil of
turpentine, one ounce; olive oil, two ounces; mix. This
is a favorite liniment for sprains, bruises, and sores, and
gives relief from pain when rubbed upon the sprained
hock-joint and stiff joints generally. .

Ointments.—BListTERtNG OinTMENT.—-Take of Span-
ish fly, in powder, one drachm; _hog’s lard, six drachms ;
mix. ‘This is the ordinary blistering ointment. The old
formula is, one of Spanish fly to four of lard. The weaker
ointment answers the better purpose.

Rep JopIpE O1nTMENT.—Take of bin-iodide of mer-_
cury, one drachm; hog’s lard, one ounce; mix. ‘This is
the most useful ointment the veterinary surgeon can
employ, or possess, for the cure of splints, ring-bones,
spavins, indurated or hardened tumors, and the reduction
of enlargements of the glands of the neck. Iodide ointment

406 PRESCRIPTIONS AND PREPARATIONS.

should only be used once in five days, or till the effects of
the previous application have subsided a good deal. This
precaution is necessary to prevent a blemish being made by
the hair falling off and not growing again, which should
always be avoided.

GREEN OINTMENT.—Take of simple cerate or ointment,
one ounce; add one drachm of verdigris (diacetate of
copper), and mix. This ointment will heal sores when
other applications have failed.

SULPHUR OINTMENT.—Take of iodide of sulphur, one
drachm ; hog’s lard, one ounce; mix. Used in mange and
skin diseases.

ZINC OINTMENT.—Take carbonate of zine, one drachm ;
hog’s lard, one ounce; mix. <A good healing ointment.

LIVER OF SULPHUR OINTMENT.—Take of liver of sul-
phur, one drachm; hog’s lard, one ounce; mix. Used in
mange and other skin diseases. A more cleanly and easily
managed form, performing all its actions, is one part of the
liver of sulphur to eight parts of water.

FRENCH HooFr OINTMENT.—Take of olive oil, wax,
Jard, honey and white turpentine, equal parts; dissolve, or
digest over a slow fire. For black hoofs, a little ivory-
black stirred in while hot, will give it sufficient color. For
blue feet, add sufficient Prussian blue or indigo, along with
the ivory-black till a blue tint is given to the ointment.

Common Hoor OrntTMENT.—The hoof ointment sold
for such, is composed of Venice turpentine-wax, and suet
in quantities sufficient to give consistence or thickness to
the mass. Ojl of tar and oil of olives, or some of the
fish oils,equal parts, and sufficient lamp or ivory-black
stirred in to give thickness to the whole, is probably
the best ointment which can be used for the hoof of the
horse,

PLASTERS. 407

Plasters.—Plasters are not often called for in horse
and cattle diseases, but some cases arise which require a
plaster over the back or loins, such as chronic sprains,
lumbago, etc. Take Burgundy pitch, four parts; wax,
one part; camphor, half drachm; Spanish fly, half a
drachm ; melt over a slow fire, spread on soft leather, and
lay over the loins while warm. This will be sufficient for
all purposes where a plaster is indicated. Plasters should
be worn six weeks, so that the horse will reap some benefit
from them.

Poultices.—Carrot Povuttice.—Take of washed
carrots, boil till soft, strain off the water, and bruise the
carrots into a fine pulp or mass; spread upon strong cloth.
Used for sores of an unhealthy kind.

LInsEED MEAL Pouutice.—Take of boiling water one
quart, stir in sufficient linseed meal with a wooden stick
or spoon, and beat it well so as to have no lumps. To be
spread on strong cloth or canvas, and applied.

YEAST AND CHARCOAL PouLtTicE.—Take yeast, one
pint, and powdered charcoal sufficient to give consistence
to the whole when well stirred in. This is a valuable
poultice, and is not as well known as it ought to be.
Used in sores discharging a stinking matter, which it soon
arrests.

Spirits.—Proor Sprrirs.—Take rectified spirits of
wine, three parts by measure; water, two parts by meas-
ure; mix. ‘This is the proper strength for making
tinctures. Keep the rectified spirits by itself till wanted,
the water can be added when needed.

SPIRITS OF CAMPHOR.—Take of camphor, two anda
half ounces; rectified spirits, one pint; dissolve. Used
for sprains, bruises and sores.

408 PRESCRIPTIONS AND- PREPARATIONS.

Tinctures.—TincrurE or ArnicaA.—Take arnica
flowers, four ounces; alcohol one quart; macerate, or
steep for one week, and strain.

TINCTURE OF ACONITE Root.—-Take of the dried and
bruised root, four ounces; alcohol, half a pint; macerate
for two weeks, and strain. ‘This medicine no farmer can
very well do without. Those who do without it, do not
know its actual value. Twenty drops of the tincture of
aconite root, under certain circumstances, is as valuable as
the animal which may stand in need of its great curative
virtues. Measured by its power in curing disease, its
weight in gold is not its value.

CoMPOUND TINCTURE OF BENZOIN.—Commonly called
Friar’s Balsam. ‘Take of gum benzoin, one and a half
ounces ; storax, oneounce; balsam of tolu, half an ounce;
aloes, in powder, two drachms ; alcohol, one pint ; macerate
for one week, and strain or filter. Used for healing sores.

~TrncrurEeE oF ALOES AND Myrru.—Take aloes, in

powder, one ounce; saffron, half an ounce; tincture of
myrrh, half a pint; macerate for two weeks, and strain.
Used for healing sores and wounds.

TINCTURE OF IoDINE.—Take of iodine, half an ounce ;
iodide of potassium, one ounce ; alcohol, one pint ; macerate
for a day or so, and it is fit for use. Used as an injection
for abcesses and empty cavities. It is also used by some
for enlargements, in the same way as it is used for erysipe-
las in man, by painting the affected part.

Waters,—Limr-wATrerR.—Take a lump of lime or
limestone, of about a pound weight, lay it on a soup plate
and wet it with water, which will soon convert the hard
stone into a fine powder. ‘Then put it into a stone jar
holding a gallon or upwards, fill in one gallon of water,

MEDICINES. 409

and cork it closely. It is now ready for use when wanted.
The same lime may be used repeatedly, by pouring fresh
water, as the other is taken out. This water is what the
lime liniment is partly composed of.

TAR-WATER.—(Bishop Berkeley’s Receipt.) Pour a
gallon of cold water on a quart of liquid tar; stir, mix
and work them together thoroughly, with a wooden ladle,
or flat stick, for five or six minutes. Then let the vessel
stand, closely covered, for three days and nights. Care-
fully skim the surface, without moving the vessel, pour
off the clear solution, and keep it in bottles well corked
for use. This is a useful medicine for man and horse in
chest diseases, and it would be well worthy of a trial in
chronic cough in the horse.

MEDICINES TO BE KEPT ON HAND.

The following medicines should be kept in every farm-
house, where there are horses and cows. If the farmer
should not think it of sufficient importance, he should at
least ascertain what is kept in the village, or country store,
so that he may know exactly where to get what he may at
any moment stand in need of, for his horse or cow, in case
of accident or sickness. Medicines should be kept in
bottles ; some in wide, aud others in narrow-mouthed ones.
A plain label should be affixed to every bottle, and on
those known to be poisonous, a dark-colored label should
be used, and marked Poison. This will often prevent
mistakes and accident.

410 USEFUL MEDICINES.

TINCTURE OF ACONITE RooT.—One ounce.
Rep [opipE oF Mrrcury.—One drachm.
TINCTURE OF Nux VomicAa.—One ounce.
SPIRITS OF TURPENTINE.—Two ounces.
Epsom Sauts.—T wo pounds.

SIMPLE CERATE, OR OINTMENT.—T wo ounces.
LInsEED O1r.—One quart.

ALOES.—One ounce.

CARBONATE OF AMMONIA.—One pound.
GENTIAN Root.—Half a pound.
SuLPHuR.—Half a pound.

OLIVE Orn.—Half a pint.

CHALK.—Two pounds.

POWDERED OpiuM.—One ounce.
GINGER.—One pound.

FENUGREEK.—One pound.

SULPHATE OF [ron.—Half a pound.
Caustic PoTasH.—Six sticks.
GLYCERINE.—Half a pound.
LIME-WATER.

TANNIN.—One ounce.

CATECHU.—One ounce.

SULPHURIC ETHER.—Two ounces.

BrLueE Stone.—Two ounces.

OXIDE oF Zinc.—F our ounces.
SuLPHURIC AciD.—One pound.

SPIRITS OF SALT.—One pound.

SULPHITE OF SoDA.—One pound.
SPANISH Fry.—Half an ounce.
CARBOLIC ACID, (in erystals.)—One ounce.
CREOSOTE.—Half an ounce.
ALCOHOL.—One pint.

Cotton, orn Tow.—One pound.

MEDICINES. 411

LAUDANUM.—Two ounces.

NITRATE OF SILVER.—Two sticks.

CHLORIDE OF Lime.—A few pounds.
PoWDERED CHARCOAL.—A few pounds.
BuAcK OXIDE OF MANGANESE.—Three ounces.
Rouiu SuLPHUR.—Half a pound. ~

LIVER OF SuLPHUR.—Three ounces.

TABLE OF DOSES ACCORDING TO AGE.

If the dose is for a full grown animal, of whatever kind,
let it be one ounce.

A colt of one year will require one-third of an ounce.

A two year old will require one-half of an ounce.

A three year old will require three-fourths of an ounce.

The same proportion may be observed in cattle, from
one year old and upwards. But a calf,a week or two old,
will require another division of dose, still following the
same rule. The dose for a one year old is one-third of the
dose of an adult, or full grown ox. Then a dose for a
ealf of four weeks will be one-twelfth of that given toa
one year old, and a two months’ old calf or colt, will
require one-sixth of that of a one year old animal. Fora
one week old animal, the dose will be one-fourth of that
of the animal aged four weeks. The rule and the dose are
merely approximate, but it is the best and only plan
we can offer, as a rule or guide for a posological table.
Some persons have advocated a decrease in the dose for old
animals. This I cannot favor, as but few horses live to be
so old that a full dose of medicine would be an injury to

412 MEDICINES.

them. The great trouble with aged horses, is not from a
failure of the constitution and the general system, but from
defects in the teeth, whereby, in winter, they are nearly
starved, because of inability to masticate what they eat.
Tf their food could be prepared, as is done for old men, their
lives and usefulness would be prolonged; then it would
be time enough to think of diminishing the dose for old
horses.

ARTICLES NECESSARY FOR MEASURING,
WEIGHING, ETC. |

One pair of scales and weights capable u weighing from
one grain to one ounce.

Two glass measures, one measuring from five dot to
sixty—the other from one drachm to six ounces.

One Wedgewood mortar, with pestle to match.

One tile for making ointment upon.

Two spatulas, or round-edged knives, for mixing and
dividing powders, and mixing ointments.

A few small bottles with corks, to hold from one to
eight ounces.

A few labels for pasting on the bottles, with directions
for the use of the medicines.

A few labels with the word “ photon |

A few sponaes:

One 0x’s horn cut sloping at the wide end for drenching
horses or cattle, which is better than a bottle. A bottle
made of block tin, in the shape of a champagne bottle, is
a good article for drenching with, |

DISEASES OF POULTRY.

Asthma.—This common disease appears to be causea
by an obstruction of the air cells, from an undue accu-
mulation of phlegm.

Symptoms.—The fowl labors for breath, in conse-
quence of not being able to take in the usual quantity
of air at an inspiration. The capacity of the lungs is
thereby diminished, the hning membrane of the wind-
pipe becomes thickened, and its minute branches are
more or less affected. Another variety of asthma is
induced by fright, or undue excitement. It is some-
times produced by chasing the fowls to catch them, by
seizing them suddenly, or by their fighting with each
other. In these cases, a blood vessel is often ruptured,
and sometimes one or more of the air cells. The symp-
toms are, short breathing, opening of the beak often,
and for quite a time; heaving and panting of the chest ;
and, in case of arupture of a bloodvessel, a drop of
blood appearing on the beak.

Treatment.—Confizmed asthma is difficult to cure.
For the disease in its incipient state, the fowl should be
kept warm, and treated with repeated doses of hippo-
powder and sulphur, mixed with butter, with the addi-
tion of a small quantity of Cayenne pepper.

Costiveness.—The existence of this disorder will
become apparent by observing the unsuccessful attempts
of the fowl to relieve itself. It frequently results from

continued feeding on dry diet, without access to green
7 (418 )

414 DISEASES OF POULTRY.

vegetables. Indeed, without the use of these, or some
substitute—such as mashed potatoes—costiveness is
certain to ensue. The want of a sufficient supply of
good water will also occasion the disease, on account of
that peculiar structure of the fowl, which renders them
unable to void their urine, except in connection with
the feces of solid food, and through the same channel.
Treatment.—Soaked bread, with warm skimmed-milk,
is a mild remedial agent, and will usually suffice.
Boiled carrots or cabbage are more efficient. A meal
of earth-worms is sometimes advisable; and hot pota-
toes, mixed with bacon-fat, are said to be excellent.
Castor-oil and burned butter wili remove the most
obstinate cases; though a clyster (injection) of oil, in
addition, may sometimes be required to effect a cure.

Diarrheea.—Symptoms.—Lassitude and emaciation ;
and, in very severe cases, the voiding of calcareous
matter, white streaked with yellow. This resembles
the yolk of a stale egg, and clings to the feathers near
the vent. It becomes acrid, from the presence of
ammonia, and causes inflammation, which speedily
extends throughout the intestines.

Treatment.—If the disease is brought on by a diet of
green or soft food, the food must be changed, and water
sparingly given; if 1t arises from undue acidity, chalk
mixed with meal is advantageous, but rice-flour boluses
are most reliable. Alum-water of moderate strength is
also beneficial. In cases of bloody flux, boiled rice and
milk, given warm, with a little magnesia or chalk, may
be successfully used.

Fever.—The most decided species of fever to which
fowls are subject occurs at the period of hatching. A

INDIGESTION. 415

state of fever may also be observed when they are about
tolay. Fighting also frequently occasions fever, which
sometimes proves fatal.

Symptoms.—An increased circulation of the blood;
excessive heat, and restlessness.

Treatment.—Light food and change of air; and if
necessary, aperient medicine, such as castor oil, with a
little burned butter.

Indigestion.—Symptoms.— Heaviness, moping, keep-
ing away from the nest, and want of appetite.

Treatment—Lessen the quantity of food, and oblige
the fowl to exercise in an open waik. Give some pow-
dered Cayenne and gentian, mixed with the usual food.
Tron-rust, mixed with soft food, or diffused in water, is
an excellent tonic, and is indicated when there is
atrophy, or diminution of the flesh. It may be com-
bined with oats or grain. Milk-warm ale has a good
effect, when added to the diet of diseased fowls.

Lice.— Treatment.—Whitewash frequently all the
parts adjacent to the roosting-pole, take the poles Gown
and run them slowly through a fire made of wood
shavings, dry weeds, or other light waste combustibles.
Flour of sulphur, placed in a vessel, and set on fire in
a close poultry-house, will penetrate every crevice and
effectually exterminate the vermin. When a hen
comes off with her brood, the old nest should be cleaned
out, and a new one placed; and dry tobacco-leaves,
rubbed to a powder between the hands, and mixed with
the hay of the nest, will add much to the health of the
poultry.

Flour of sulphur may also be mixed with Indian-
meal and water, and fed in the proportion of one pound

416 DISEASES OF POULTRY.

of sulphur to two dozen fowls, in two parcels, two days
apart. Almost any kind of grease, or unctuous matter,
is also certain death to the vermin of domestic poultry.
In the case of very young chickens, it should only be
used on a warm, sunny day, when they should be put
into a coop with their mother, the coop darkened for
an hour or two, and everything made quiet, that they
may secure a good rest and nap after the fatigue occa-
sioned by greasing them. ‘They should be handled
with great care, and greased thoroughly; the hen, also.
After resting, they may be permitted to come out and
bask in the sun; and in a few days they will look
sprightly enough.

To guard against vermin, however, it should not be
forgotten that cleanliness is of vital importance; and
there must always be plenty of slacked lime, dry ashes,
and sand, easy of access to the fowls, in which they can
roll and dust themselves.

Loss of Feathers.—This disease, common to con-
fined fowls, should not be confounded with the natural
process of moulting. In this diseased state, no new
feathers come to replace the old, but the fowl is left
bald and naked; a sort of roughness also appears on
the skin; there is a falling off in appetite, as well as_
moping and inactivity.

Treatment—As this affection is, in all probability,
constitutional rather than local, external remedies may
not always prove sufficient. Stimulants, however, ap-
plied externally, will serve to assist the operation of
whatever medicine may be given. Sulphur may be
thus applied, mixed with lard. Sulphur and Cayenne,
in the proportion of one quarter each, mixed with fresh

PIP. A417

butter, is good to be given internally, and will act asa
powerful alterative. The diet should be changed ; and
cleanliness and fresh air are indispensable.

In diseased moulting, where the feathers stare and fall
off till the naked skin appears, sugar should be added
to the water which the fowls drink, and corn and hemp-
seed be given. The fowls should be kept warm, and
occasionally be treated to doses of Cayenne pepper.

Pip.—This disorder, known also as the gapes, is by
the best authorities said to be occasioned by the presence
of worms in the windpipe.

Symptoms.—A thickened state of the membrane of
the tongue, particularly toward the tip; the breathing
is impeded, and the beak is frequently held open, as if
the creature were gasping for breath ; the beak becomes
yellow at its base; and the feathers on the head appear
ruffled and disordered; the tongue is very dry; the
appetite is not always impaired, and yet the fowl can-
not eat, probably on account of the difficulty which the
act involves, and sits in a corner pining in solitude.

Treatment.—Most people recommend the immediate
removal of the thickened membrane, which can be
effected by anointing the part with butter or fresh
cream. If necessary, the scab may be pricked with a
needle. It will also be found beneficial to use a pill
composed of equal parts of scraped garlic and horse-
radish, with as much Cayenne pepper as will outweigh
a grain of wheat; to be mixed with fresh butter, and
given every morning; the fowl to be kept warm.

If the disease is in an advanced state, shown by the
chicken’s holding up its head and gasping for want of
breath, the fowl should be thrown on its back, and
while the neck is held straight, the bill should be

418 DISEASES OF POULTRY.

opened and a quill inserted into the windp?pe, with a
little turpentine. This, being round, will loosen and
destroy a number of small red worms, some of which
will be drawn up by the feather, and others will be
coughed up by the chicken. The operation should be
repeated the following day, if the gaping continues. If
it ceases the cure is effected.

It is stated, also, that the disease has been entirely
prevented by mixing a small quantity of spirits of
turpentine with the food of fowls; from five to ten ’
drops to a pint of meal, to be made into a dough. An-
other specific recommended is to keep iron standing in
vinegar, and put a little of the liquid in the food every
few days.

Roup.—This disease is caused mainly by cold and
moisture; but it is often ascribed to improper feeding
and want of cleanliness and exercise. |

Symptoms.—Difficult and noisy breathing and gap-
ing, terminating in a rattling in the throat; the
head swells, and is feverish ; the eyes are swollen and
the eye-lids appear livid; the sight decays, and some-
times total blindness ensues; there are discharges from
the nostrils and mouth, at first thin and limpid, after-
ward thick, purulent, and fetid. In this stage, which
resembles the glanders in horses, the disease becomes
infectious; the appetite fails, except for drink ; the crop
feels hard ; the feathers are staring, ruffled, and without
the gloss that appears in health ; the fowl mopes by
itself and seems to suffer much pain.

Treatment—The fowls should be kept warm and have
plenty of water and scalded bran, or other light food.
When chronic, change of food and air is advisable.
The ordinary remedies—such as salt dissolved in water

WOUNDS AND SORES. 419

—are inefficacious. A solution of sulphate of zinc, as
an eye-water, is a valuable cleansing application. Rue-
pills, and a decoction of rue as a tonic, have been
administered with apparent benefit.

The following is reeommended :

Powdered Gentian Root ..-...... 1 part.
Jamaica Ginger). . 2 2s enor ae fer part:
PB PUSOMI SAG ct ce wi 6S eve 8 ak ee 1} parts.
iilontsot smlphur % ve 0 cite ee Bh et Oe 1 part.

To be made up with butter, and given every morning.
Or, treat as follows:

As soon as discovered, if in warm weather, remove
the affected fowls to some well ventilated apartment, or
yard ; if in winter, to some warm place; then givea
dessert-spoonful of castor-oil, wash their heads with
warm Castile soap suds, and let them remain till next
morning, fasting. Scald for them Indian-meal, adding
two and a half ounces of Epsom salts for ten hens, or
in proportion for a less or larger number; giveit warm,
and repeat the dose in a day or two, if they do not
recover.

Another treatment: Take of finely pulverized, fresh-
burnt charcoal, and of new yeast, each three parts; of
pulverized sulphur, two parts; of flour, one part; of
water, a sufficient quantity; mix well, and make into
two doses, of the size of a hazle-nut, and give one three
times a day. Cleanliness is no less necessary than
warmth ; and it will sometimes be desirable +o bathe
the eyes and nostrils with warm milk and water. or
suds, asconvenient.

Wounds and Sores.—Cleanliness is the first step
towerd a cure. The wound should be cleaned of all
foreign matter, washed with tepid milk and water, and

420 DISEASES OF POULTRY.

excluded as far as possible from the air. The fow!
should be removed from its companions, which, in such
cases, seldom or never show any sympathy, but, on the
contrary, are always ready to assault the invalid, and
aggravate the injury. Should the wound not readily
heal, but ulcerate, it may be bathed with alum water.
The ointment of creosote is said to be effectual, even
when the ulcers exhibits a fungous character, or proud
flesh is present. Ulcers may also be kept clean, if
dressed with a little lard, or washed with a weak solu-
tion of sugar of lead. If they are indolent, they may
be touched with blue-stone. When severe fractures
occur to the limbs of fowls, the best course, undoubtedly,
to pursue—uniess they are very valuable—is to kill
them at once, as an act of humanity. When, however,
it is deemed worth while to preserve them, splints may
be used, when practicable. Great cleanliness must be
observed ; the diet should be reduced; and every pre-
caution taken against the inflammation which is sure
to supervene. When itis established, cooling totions—
such as warm milk and water—may be applied.

DISEASES OF SWINE.

By reason of being generally considered a subordi-
nate species of stock, swine do not, in many cases, share
in the benefits which an improved system of agriculture
and the present advanced state of veterinary science
have conferred upon other domestic animals. Since
they are by no means the most tractable of patients, it
is anything but an easy matter to compel them to
swallow anything to which their appetite does not incite

them ; therefore, prevention will be found better than
eure. Cleanliness is the great point to be insisted upon
in the management of these animals. If this and
warmth be only attended to, ailments among them are
comparatively rare.

Catching a Pig.—The following method of catching
a pig has been recommended: Fasten a double cord to
the end of a stick, and beneath the stick let there be a
running noose; tie a piece of bread to the cord, and
present it tothe animal ; and when he opens his mouth
to seize the bait, catch the upper jaw in the noose, run
it tight, and the animal is fast. Another method is to
catch one foot in a running noose suspended from some
place, so as to draw the imprisoned foot off the ground ;
or, to envelop the head of the animal in a cloth or sack.

Drenching.— Whenever it is possible, the medicine
to be administered should be mingled with a portion
of food, and the animal thus cheated or coaxed into

(421)

42? DISEASES OF SWINE.

taking it; since many instances are on record in which
the pig has ruptured some vessel in his struggles, and
died on the spot, or so injured himself as to bring on
inflammation and subsequent death. Where this can
not be done, let a man get the head of the animal firmly
between his knees—without, however, pinching 1t—
while another secures the hinder parts. Then let the
first take hold of the head from below, raise it a little.
and incline it slightly toward the right, at the same
time separating the lips on the left-side so as to form a
hole into which the fluid may be gradually poured—
no more being introduced into the mouth at a time
than can be swallowed at once. Should the animal
snort or choke, the head must be released for a few
moments, or he will be in danger of being strangled.

Catarrh.—This ailment, an inflammation: of the
mucous membranes of the nose, etc., caused by exposure
to draughts, is, if taken in time, easily cured by opening
medicines, followed by warm bran-wash ; a warm, dry
sty, and abstinence from rich grains or stimulating
farinaceous diet.

Cholera.—Symptoms.—The animal appears to be
instantaneously deprived of energy; loss of appetite;
lying down by himself, occasionally moving about
slowly, as though experiencing some slight uneasiness
internally ; the eyes have a very dull and sunken ap-
pearance, which increases with the disease; the evacu-
ations are almost continuous, of a dark color, having a
fetid odor, and containing a large quantity of bile; the
extremities are cold, and soreness is evinced when the
abdomen is pressed; the pulse is quickened, and some-
times hardly perceptible, while the buccal membrane—

DIARRH@A. 423

that belonging to the cheek—presents a slight purple
hue; the tongue has a furred appearance. The evacu-
ations continue fluid until the animal expires, which
may be in twelve hours from the first attack, or the
disease may run on for several days.

Treatment.—As a preventative, the following will be
found valuable:

lowe omcmlphir 66 66 6. 3 ete cer ee 3 es 6 tb.
J: SDINTEEII CG) TERR COO NSE roy a ee Jigiicy
SrlpnberOt UNOM«., Goes; eee 6 sls a ee 6 02.
@imiehona (pulverized) “2-22 .°. . 3... ai.

Mix well together in a large mortar; afterwards give
a tablespoonful to each animal, mixed with a few potato
peelings and corn meal, three times a day. Continue
this for one week, keeping the animal at the same time
in a clean, dry place, and not allowing too many to-
gether.

Crackings.—These will sometimes appear on the
skin of a hog, especially about the root of the ears and
of the tail, and at the flanks. They are not at all to be
confounded with mange, as they never result from any-
thing but exposures to the extremes of temperature.

Treatment.—Anoint the cracked parts twice or three
times a day with tar and lard, well melted up together.

Diarrhcea.— When this disease is manifest, ascertain
at once the quality of food which the animal has recently
had.

If taken in its incipient stage,a mere change toa
more binding diet, as corn, flour, etc., will suffice for a
cure. If acidity is present—produced, probably, by
the hog’s having fed upon coarse, rank grasses, in
swampy places—give some chalk in the food, or pow-

424 DISEASES OF SWINE.

dered egg-shells, with about half a drachm of powdered
rhubarb; the dose, of course, should vary with the size
of the animal. In the acorn season, they alone will be
found sufficiently curative. Dry lodging is indispens-
able; and diligence is requisite to keep it dry and
clean.

Fever.—Symptoms.—Redness of the eyes, dryness and
heat of the nostrils, the lips, and the skin generally ;
appetite gone, or very defective: and, generally, a very
violent thirst.

Treatment.—Bleed as soon as possible; after which
house the animal well, taking care, at the same time,
to have the sty well and thoroughly ventilated. With
a return of appetite, feed the animal bread steeped in
broth.

The fever will ordinarily yield to bleeding, and the
only object needs to be the support of his strength, by
small portions of nourishing food, administered fre-
quently.

Do not let the animal eat as much as his inclination
might prompt; when he appears to be no longer
ravenous, remove the mess, and do not offer it again
until after a lapse of three or four hours. If the bowels
are confined, castor and linseed oil, in equal quantities,
should be added to the bread and broth, in the propor-

tion of two to six ounces.
A species of epizootic fever is often caused by the bad

sties in which pigs are lodged, and the noisome food
which they contain. When an animal is attacked he
should be separated from the others, placed in a warm
situation, some stimulating ointment applied to the
chest, and a decoction of sorrel administered. Fric-
tions of vinegar should also be applied to the dorsal

FOUL SKIN. 425

and lumbar region. The drinks should be emollient,
slightly imbued with nitre and vinegar, and with aro-
matic fumigation about the belly. If the fever then
appears to be losing ground, which may be ascertained
by the regularity of the pulse, by the absence of the
plaintive cries before heard, by a less laborious respira-
tion, by the absence of convulsions and by the non-
appearance of blotches on the skin, there is a fair chance
of recovery. Then administer every second hour, as
before directed, and give a proper allowance of white
water, with ground barley and rye. When the symp-
toms redouble in intensity, it is best to destroy the
animal, for it is rare that, after a certain period, much
chance of recovery exists. Bleeding isseldom of much
avail, but produces, occasionally, considerable loss of
vital power, and augments the putrid diathesis.

Foul Skin.—A simple irritability or foulness of skin
will usually yield to cleanliness, and a washing with a
solution of chloride of lime; but, if it is neglected for
any length of time, it assumes a malignant character—
scabs and blotches, or red and fiery eruptions appear—
and the disease rapidly passes into mange.

Inflammation of the Lungs (Heavings)—If this
disease is observed in its first stage, when indicated by
loss of appetite and a short, hard cough, it may be
possible to get it-under control by copious bleeding,
and friction, with stimulating ointment on the region
of the lungs. Minute and frequent doses of tartar
emetic should also be given in butter—all food of a
stimulating nature carefully avoided—and the animal
kept dry and warm. If once the heaving set in, it may
be calculated with confidence that the formation of

426 DISEASES OF SWINE.

tubercles in the substance of the lung has begun: and
when these are formed, they are very rarely absorbed.

The causes of the disease are damp lodging, foul air,
want of ventilation, and unwholesome food. ‘The dis-
ease gradually becomes infectious. The knife is prob-
ably the best resort to provide against the danger of
infection, but the following remedy nay be tried: Shave
the hair away from the chest, and beneath each fore-
leg ; wet the parts with spirits of turpentine, and set
fire to 1t, having previously had the animal well secured,
with his head well raised, and a flannel cloth at hand
with which to extinguish the flames after it has burned
a sufficient time to produce slight blisters; if carried
too far, a sore is formed, productive of no good effects,
aud causing unnecessary suffering. Calome] may also
be used, with a view to promote the absorption of the
tubercles ; but the success is questionable.

Jaundice.—Symptoms.—Yellowness of the white of
the eye; a similar hue extending to the lips; some-
times, but not invariably, swelling of the under part of
the jaw.

Treatment.—Bleed- freely ; diminish the quantity of
food; and give an active aperient every second day.
Aloes are, perhaps, the best combined with colocynth ;
the dose will vary with the size of the animal.

Leprosy.—Symptoms.—The formation of a small
tumor in the eye, followed by a general prostration of
spirits; the head is held down; the whole frame in-
clines toward the ground; universal languor succeeds ;
the animal refuses food, languishes, and rapidly falls
away in flesh; blisters soon make their appearance be-
neath the tongue, then upon the throat, the jaws, the

MANGE. 427

head, and the entire body. The causes of this disease
are want of cleanliness, absence of fresh air, want of
due attention to ventilation, and foul feeding.
Treatment.—First bleed, then clean out the sty daily ;
wash the animal ; rinse thoroughly with soap and water,
to which soda or potash has been added ; supply him
with a clean bed; keep him dry and comfortable; let
him have gentle exercise, and plenty of fresh air; limit
the quantity of his food, and diminish its rankness ;
give bran with wash,in which add—for an average-
sized hog—say one of one hundred and sixty pounds’
weight—a tablespoonful of the flour of sulphur, with as
much nitre as will cover a dime, daily. A few grains
of powdered antimony may also be given with effect.

Lethargy.—Symptoms.—Torpor; desire to sleep;
hanging of the head; and, frequently, redness of the
eyes. The origin of this disease is, apparently, the
same as that of indigestion, or surfeit.

Treatment—Bleed copiously; then administer an
emetic. A decoction of chamomile flower will be safest ;
though a sufficient dose of tartar emetic will be far
more certain. After this, reduce for a few days the
amount of the animal’s food, and administer a small
portion of nitre and sulphur in each morning’s meal.

Mange.—Symptoms.—Scabs, blotches, and sometimes
multitudes of minute pustules on different parts of the
body. The disease spreads rapidly over the entire sur-
face of the skin, and will, before long, produce deep-
seated ulcers and malignant sores, until the whole
carcass of the affected animal becomes a mass of cor-
ruption.

The cause is to be looked for in contagion or dirt,
accompanied by hot feeding.

428 DISEASES OF SWINE.

Treatment.—Wash the animal from snout to tail,
leaving no portion of the body uncleansed, with soap
and water. Place him in a dry and clean sty, with
fresh air, without, at the same time, an exposure to cold
or draught; furnish a bed of clean, fresh straw. Re-
duce his food, both in quality and quantity. Let boiled
or steamed roots, with buttermilk or dairy-wash, take
the place of any food of a heating or inflammatory
character. Keep him without food for five or six hours,
and then give to a hog of average size two ounces of
Epsom salts in a warm bran-mash—to be increased or
diminished, of course, as the animal’s size may require.
This should be previously mixed with a pint of warm
water, and added to about half a gallon of warm bran-
mash, and it will act asa gentle purgative. Give in
every meal afterward one tablespoonful of flour of
sulphur, and as much nitre as will cover.a dime, for
from three days to a week, according io the state of the
disease. When this treatment has been practiced for
fourteen days, without affecting a cure, prepare the
following :

dMremiy OME saat click ne 6. ol Bao. do 1 pt.
QOillofe Par Wiese. nee areas 2 dr.
Spiritscot shurpentivers ents ene 2 dr.
INaphthta 25 eg an oe oases die

With as much flour of sulphur as will form the fore-
going into a thick paste. Having washed the animal,
rub him over with this mixture. Keep him dry and
warm after this application, and allow it to remain on
his skin for three days. On the fourth day wash him
again with soft-soap, adding a small quantity of soda
to the water. Dry him well afterward, and let him
remain as he is, having again changed his bedding, for
a day or so; continue the sulphur and nitre as before.

MEASLES. 429

Almost all cases of mange will yield to this treatment.
_ After he is convalescent, whitewash the sty, and tumi-
gate it by placing a little chloride of lime in a cup or
other vessel, and pouring a little vitriol upon it. In
the absence of vitriol, boiling water will answer nearly
as well.

Measles.—This malady is attributable to dirt, com-
bined with the giving of steamed food or wash to hogs
at too high a temperature.

Symptoms.—Redness of the eyes, foulness of the skin,
and depression of spirits ; decline, or total departure of
the appetite ; small pustules about the throat, and red
and purple eruptions on the skin. ‘The last are more
plainly visible after death, when they impart a peculiar
appearance to the grain of the meat, with fading of its
color, and distention of the fibre, giving an appearance
similar to that which might be produced by puncturing
tke flesh.

Treatment.—Allow the animal to fast, in the first
instance, for twenty-four hours, and then administer a
warm drink, containing a drachm of carbonate of soda,
and an ounce of bole armenian; wash the animal,
cleanse the sty, and change the bedding: give at every.
feeding, or three times a day, thirty grains of flour of
sulphur, and ten of nitre.

Murrain.—This resembles leprosy in its symptoms,
with the addition of staggering, shortness of breath, and
discharge of viscid matter from the eyes and mouth.

Treatment.—Cleanliness, coolness, bleeding, purging,
and limitation of food. Cloves of garlic are recom-
mended.

430 DISEASES OF SWINE.

Quinsy.—This is an inflammatory affection of the
glands of the throat.

Treatment.—Shave away the hair and rub with tartar-
emetic ointment. Fomenting with very warm water
is also useful. When external suppuration takes place,
it is to be regarded asa favorable symptom. In this
case, wait until the swellings are thoroughly ripe; then
with a sharp knife make an incision through the entire
length, press out the matter, wash with warm water,
and afterward dress the wound with any resinous oint-
ment, or yellow soap with coarse brown sugar.

Staggers.— 7reatment.—Bleed freely and purge.

Swelling of the Spleen.—Symptoms—Leaning to
one side, cringing, as it were, from internal pain, and
bending toward the ground. ‘The cause of the obstruc-
tion on which the disease depends, is over-feeding.

Treatment.—Clean out the alimentary canal by means
of a powerful aperient. Allow the animal to fast for
four or five hours, when he will take a littie sweet wash
or broth, in which may be mingled a dose of Epsom
salts proportioned to his size. If the affection has con-
tinued for any length the animal should be bled. A
decoction of the leaves and tops of wormwood and liver-
wort, produced by boiling them in soft water for six
hours, may be given in doses of from half a pint toa
pint and a half, according to the size, age, etc., of the
animal. Scammony and rhubarb, mixed in a bran
wash, or with Indian meal, may be given with advan-
tage on the following day; or, equal portions of blue-
pill mass and compound colocynth pill, formed into a
bolus with butter. The animal having been kept
fasting the previous night, will probably swallow it;
if not, let his fast continue a couple of hours longer.

SURFEIT. A431

Surfeit.—This is another name for indigestion.

Symptoms.—Panting ; loss of appetite; swelling of the
region about the stomach, etc. ; and frequently throwing
up the contents of the stomach.

Treatment.—In general, this affection will pass away,
provided it is allowed to cure itself, and all food care-
fully kept from the animal for a few hours; a small
quantity of sweet grains, with a little bran mash, may
then be given, but not nearly as much as the animal
would wish to take. For a few days the food should
be limited in quantity, and of a washy, liquid nature.
The ordinary food may then be resumed, only observing
to feed regularly, and remove the fragments remaining
after each meal.

Tumors.—These are hard swellings, which make
their appearance on different parts of the body. ‘They
are not formidable, and require only to be suffered to
progress until they soften: then make a free incision,
and press out the matter. Sulphur and nitre should
be given in the food, as the appearance of these swell-
ings, whatever be their cause, indicates the necessity of
alterative medicines,

DISEASES OF DOGS.

Ir you wish to keep a dog in good health give him
plenty of exercise and be careful not to overfeed him.
Once a day is often enough to feed a grown dog, though
his allowance may be divided into two portions, if
deemed advisable, and given in the morning and
evening. Never allow food to remain in a dog’s dish
after he has satisfied his hunger. Any remnants of his
meal should be thrown away. Puppies require food
three timesaday. Dogs that have to be chained should
be supplied with two swivel chains to allow them some
freedom ; they should also be kept in a dog-house that
is snug and free from draughts.

As regards food, dogs fed upon table-scraps should
never have more than one-fourth meat in their allow-
ance. The best food for dogs has been found to bea
biscuit made of a combination of cereals, and a certain
percentage of beef. These can be bought ready made.

At least one of these biscuits should be fed every day ;
whatever the food allowed. It can be given dry or
soaked, but is better dry, if the dog will takeit. If not,
do not soak long. Pour water over the broken pieces,
let them stand five minutes, and then drain. Once or
twice a week the broken biscuit may be mixed with an
equal quantity of Indian and oatmeal (half-and-half)
and boiled with water toastiff mush. Feedcold. For
puppies and young dogs, soak the biscuit in unskimmed
milk.

(432)

CHAMPION MINTING.

[adornment NE ey een)

alae

ASTHMA. 433

It is very essential to the health of dogs that they be
kept clean. Dog-soap and a crash towel should be used
frequently.

Asthma.—Symptoms——Heavy breathing, panting,
- hoarse bark, and constipation.

Treatment.—
Whiaegalee 3) saci ue ato ot 1 scruple.
Weoraee Meee sete one kink ang: alee 10 gr.

In a pill, three or four times a week. Feed on dog-
- biscuit, and purge twice a week with castor-oil. Allow
|plenty of exercise.

Bronchitis.—Symptoms—A dry cough, sometimes
attended by vomiting; expectoration showing bloody
froth; eyes inflamed; nostrils dry; tongue parched;
and pulse quick.

Treatment—Keep the dog out of draughts, and give
from one to three grains of tartar emetic, according to
the size of the animal. If this does not cure give:

Spimisioty Campliors. 2.8 4 4 « «OZ:
Shotts wOr tet yrcl'« wem-iies esse. 5 1 oz.
IXP EACH CACOMCEs mer ieilat sictsis - &« 4 oz.

Dose: For a small dog, one teaspoonful three times
a day; three times the dose, three times a day, for a
large dog. Feed dog-biscuit soaked in soup, broth, or
milk.

Chorea, or Jerks (More commonly called St. Vitus’
Dance).—A nervous movement of the paws, head,
shoulders, etc., intensified in sleep.

Treatment—Keep him out of the wet and give:

Sulphateroh Aime ee 5 2 to 5 gr.
xtractiot Gentiania s,s... - 2 gr.

Three times a day.

434 DISEASES OF DOGS.

Common Cold.—Symptoms.— A chilliness, with
heated surface of the body; a rapid pulse and quick
breathing. ‘The appetite fails, costiveness shows itself,
and the urine becomes dark in color. A cough often
accompanies these symptoms, and a slight running
from the eyes and nose is observed, which must not be
taken for the beginning of a distemper attack. If the
discharge becomes profuse and a doubt exists that it
results from a cold, go to your veterinary surgeon.
Give a dose once a day of:

Rodophyllin eae a. ene eee eee 4 to % gr.
Extract! Colocynth isso) cme 12 to 18 gr.
Powdered Rhubarb .... . 3 to 5 gr.
Oil of@Cloves: ee aoe 2 drops.

Pleurisy.—Symptoms.—Shivering, quick breathing
with inspiration especially short; a dry cough ; fever;
hot nose; watery eyes; slimy tongue and hard pulse.
The dog keeps his fore-legs stretched apart, as any
pressure or contraction of the ribs causes pain.

Treatment.—
Spinits ther t-. o> -re-m co eee ee: 2 OZ.
Ammonia Acetate). ss) eee Bt aeree Boy As

Dose: For a small dog, one teaspoonful every four
hours, mixed with double the amount of linseed tea.
For a large dog, give twice the quantity of each ingre-
dient. Apply a mustard plaster to the chest.

Pneumonia.—Symptoms—Shivering; high fever;
quick pulse and breathing; short cough and bloodshot
eyes.

Treatment.—The same as for Pleurisy. Be sure to
use the counter-irritants, such as mustard plaster, etc.

Rheumatic Fever.—Symptoms.—Considerable, but

DISTEMPER. 435

not very high fever, pulse quick, with shivering, except
when touched, when the slightest approach will cause
a shriek, apparently from pain.

Treatment.—The following purgative:

Wrplomie le ise for ate ken a ee. Son ws 2to 5 gr.
2} QZ O SAG al et es ae a 10 to 20 gr.

Mix with syrup and make into a bolus. After this
has operated, give:

BO Mlomcl te ese, aes ess, x to 1 gr.
Powdered Opium... .'. .-5 - ae Oi dL oak
powdered Colchicum... -- x to 3 gr.

Syrup enough to make one pill.

The animal can be rubbed with any approved lini-
ment where the pain seems to be present, and his diet
kept free from meat. |

Distemper.—Symptoms.—Great dullness with loss of
appetite, followed in a day or two by a husky cough,
especially showing itself after exercise; a sneezing is
now noticed; strength and flesh rapidly diminish, the
stools are inky and offensive; the urine becomes very
highly colored, and the membranes of the eyes, and
sometimes the whites, are greatly inflamed. Some
cases of distemper seem to be confined principally to
the head, another to the chest, and a third to the bowels.
When the brain is attacked the eyes are more injected
than when the bowels or the lungs are affected. The
nose and eyes show increased mucous discharge as the
disease progresses. A fit is almost always the surest
sign of brain trouble, and when this takes place more
than twice, the attack generally proves fatal, or the
animal is ever afterwards affected with chorea, or the
jerks. Ifthe lungs be involved there is rapid breathing,
cough, and profuse running from the eyes and nose.

436 DISEASES OF DOGS.

If this runs into inflammation of the lungs, the danger
is as great as if the head was affected. The bowels are
sometimes seized, and show by black purgings that
these organs are involved. Very often in this stage
passages of blood quickly carry the dog off.

Treatment.—At the commencement of the attack, give
the dog a fever mixture, as follows:

INGERG er eat coe ae ie eee neon ie 1 dr.
SOUT OLIN 5 6 6 4 6 Go 5 8 3 dr.
Mandererus) Spiritie 6) 9 a, (ve ni) coz
Camphior:Maxture cer earenc eres 63 02.

One to four dessertspoonfuls every six hours, accord-
ing to the size of the dog.

If the lungs are severely attacked, a powder must be
put upon the dog’s tongue every night and morning,
made of:

INitre ingPowder® v-se-oeer one 3 to 5 gr..

Tartar vhmetic. ia. ceees Racer) ke + to ¢ er.

If a severe and weakening cough presents itself, ad-
minister every night and morning a bolus of:

Ipecacuanha, in powder .. . .3 to ld gr.
Powdered Rhubarb ...... lto2 gr.
Punited Opium’). - 3) ee > tole ser
Compound Squill Pill. .... lto2 gr.

Bloody diarrhcea, which is very dangerous in dis-
temper, can be checked with:

Prepared) @hrallke ys .eyom ene ae 2 to 3 dr.
Aromatic Confection ...... 1 dr.
Panudanume. ese ee See 3 to 8 dr.
Powdered Gum Arabic . . eo A Gle.
Water tt. uy a) aap ee ne ceca NaOzZs

One to three teaspoonfuls, according to size of dog,
every time the bowels are relaxed.

For a diet, beef tea thickened with grated dog-biscuit
can be given. Especially at the time of exhaustion
should good strong beef tea with an egg stirred into it,

INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH. 437

be given by spoon, every two or three hours. If the
dog will not take it, his head must be held up, and he
should be gently forced to swallow it, by rubbing his
throat after it has been poured into his mouth. If this
troublesome plan of feeding is followed, many a valu-
able animal can be saved for his owner. As strength
gradually returns, the diet can be made stronger, with
care taken to allow no exercise until a gain is well
established, for fear of a relapse. The kennel, during
distemper, should be dry, and moderately warm, and
in a position where the dog will not be exposed to
draughts of air.

Inflammation of the Stomach.—Symptoms.—F re-
quent and violent efforts to vomit; great thirst; dry
and hot nose, and quick respiration. The dog will
ofttimes lie on the floor or ground, with his belly in
contact with it as if to allay the pain. Give:

In pill, every three hours; and feed with dog-biscuit
soaked in soup or broth. Gastritis and dyspepsia are
much alike, and may be treated the same.

Inflammation of the Liver.—Symptoms—The
whites of the eyes, in this disease, are yellow ; shivering;
hot nose; rapid breathing; costiveness; weak pulse,
and scanty clay colored stools are also accompanying
symptoms.

Treatment.—Give a pill of:

Rodophyllintey ccna. 6) 3 wv. +to = St.
Extract of Colocynth. ... . 12 to 18 gr.
Powdered Rhubarb ..... 3 to 5 gr.

Oilkof Cloves 5 6 anol 6 ee 2 drops.

438 DISEASES OF DOGS.

The greater proportion for a large dog and less for a
small dog. As soon as this has operated, rub the right
side with an embrocation of:

SURO MIN ORIRL s.g8o 6 5 6 obs 3 to 5 Oz
JONG NGL BUTTON, 5. 5 6 66 0 8s 3 to 1 02.
syomanis inroaemnnne 6-5 5 a co oll On

At same time give a pill of:
Gyranmman 6 06 6 od ore Ab. oc 3 to 1 gr.
Walonmeliers tere eet en ne x to 1 gr.

And keep the bowels open with castor-oil.

Inflammation of the Bowels.—Symptoms.—Great
thirst and loss of appetite, and the peculiar attitude the
animal takes. His back becomes arched, and his legs
drawn together.

Treatment.—Calomel and opium in doses of one-half
to one grain each, every three or four hours. If severe,
bathe the dog in warm water, and after he is well dried,
rub his belly with a liniment of one-half ounce each of
spirits of turpentine, liquor ammonia, and laudanum.
Feed with grated dog-biscuit, well soaked in milk,
broth, or soup.

Mange.—Mange is a skin disease in dogs, arising
from filth, damp kennels, housing in cellars, and a con-
sequent want of sunlight and from parasites. ‘The
disease is of different varieties.

1. Tur Brotcu.—Which appears in scabby lumps of
hair, chiefly on the back, side, head and quarters; and
in a few days the scab drops off, leaving a moist red
spot.

2. Four Mancr.—Is brought about by impure blood,
and cannot be cured by lotionsalone. Itis both hered-
itary and contagious. In foul mange the skin becomes

CANKER OF THE EAR. 439

thick and discharges an offensive matter, and finally
runs into ulcers, with great itching all the time; the
hair becomes dead and falls out, and the animal is
nervous and irritable. The cure requires patience
and ofttimes long treatment. The method we advise,
if minutely carried out, will effect a cure. It is as
follows :

Feed on dog-biscuit broken and mixed with equal
weight of half oat and Indian meal, and administer
Fowler’s solution of arsenic, one drop to each four
pounds in weight of the dog, three times a day ; dividing
the food into three portions for morning, noon and
night. This must be kept up until itching ceases, and
very often continued for months.

3. Rep Manae.—lIs a disease of the hair, and may
be known by the red appearance always at the roots in
spots, at the elbows, under the arms, and inside of them,
also inside the thighs.

In all cases of mange, disinfectants should be used
on bedding and kennel of the dog, and the animal
washed with some reliable “ mange wash,” which can
be had of any fancier.

A proprietary medicine known as “ Phenyle,” has
been used with excellent effect for mange. It is com-
posed largely of carbolic acid, is quite inexpensive, and
can be got at any drug store.

Canker of the Ear.—Symptoms.—Shaking of the
head continually, and frequent scratching the ear.

Treatment—Keep raw meat and greasy food from
the animal; feed on dog-biscuit, syringe the ear with
luke-warm water and soap, and then syringe again
twice a day with Canker Wash, which can be procured

440 DISEASES OF DOGS.

from druggists and gunsmiths throughout the country.
If there are any sores on the edges of the ear, touch
them with blue-stone.

Fleas and Lice.—These troublesome pests are the
bane of dogs, especially during the warm months,
when, by continually annoying the animal, reduce him
almost to a skeleton, cause the hair to fall out, and
cause sores that are c«ften mistaken for mange. There
are many soaps, both domestic and imported, that are
placed upon the market to destroy these vermin; also,
flea washes whose relative merits can be ascertained on
inquiry.

Fits.—Fits resulting from irritation come on at the
age when puppies begin to cut their teeth. A hot bath
will check them.

Never throw cold water upon the dog, as is often done.
Apoplectic fits are generally fatal.

The dog does not foam at the mouth in these, but —
hes quite still on his side and breathes heavily. Epi-
leptic fits are known by frothing at the mouth and a
champing of the jaws. These can be cut short by an
injection of five drops of ether to an ounce of warm
water. Give also two grains Bromide of Potassium
twice a day for three or four weeks, and some good dog
tonic according to directions.

Worms.—Symptoms.—The coat becomes harsh and
dead in appearance. The dog is costive and loose at
times, and his stool is generally mixed with a white
slimy mucus. His appetite is ravenous, yet sometimes
poor. He seems to derive no benefit from his food, and
may be seen to swallow small pieces of dirt, ashes, rags,
or sticks, in order, as it were to force the worms from _
the stomach by this means.

RICKETS OR LARGE JOINTS. 44]

Treatment—Worm Capsules administered on an
empty stomach, the dog having fasted four or five hours
before the remedy is given him.

This, followed in two hours with a dose of castor-oil,
will expel the worms. Dog vermifuge can be procured
from leading druggists.

Tape worm, in our experience, has to be treated in
an entirely different manner, and by a mechanical pro-
cess. The tape worm specific, if used as directed, will
rid a dog of this troublesome tenant. The tape worm
specific is put up in boxes containing twelve capsules
each. Threeare to be given toa large dog, on an empty
stomach; two toa medium sized dog; and one to a
smaller animal. Follow in about three hours with a
dose of castor-oil; and have the dog confined so as to
examine his stooj. If the head of the worm has passed
away, cease administering the specific; but if you are
not satisfied that the entire worm has passed, administer
a second time, two days following. The Tape Worm
Specific can be procured from druggists.

Rickets or Large Joints.—If puppies are fed with
dog-biscuit, grated and mixed with milk, they will be
free from this deformity.

This food, by analysis made, is shown to be rich in
phosphate and carbonate of lime, and will supply bone
matter. Growing puppies should also be supplied with
pure ground bone. This should be freely mixed with
their food.

Tumors and Cancers.—A dog suffering with tumor
or cancer should be treated only by a skillful veterinary
surgeca.

Puerperal Fits.—Sometimes after a mother has
given birth toa litter of puppies, and about the time

449 DISEASES OF DOGS.

she begins to suckle them she is taken with spasms ot
puerperal fits. When this occurs, place her at once in
a hot bath and immerse all except the head. This is
in the majority of cases unfailing in its effect.

Protracted Labor.—A healthy bitch very seldom
has trouble in giving birth to a litter.

The time may be long in some cases and short in
others; but as a rule, it is best to allow nature to have
its course. If human assistance is absolutely needed,
a gentle manipulation may be made, and a few drops
of ergot administered.

Sprains.—Rub the injured part with:

Malt Wanevar ce" ace 2) eee oz:
Spirits of Camphor .......- 2 02.
NWicst er. jar vs Os bebcon aeterceaee oer pene 7 OZ.

To Harden Tender Feet.—Bathe the feet daily in
a solution of white oak bark and alum. Every other
day rub the parts with cosmoline.

HOW TO GIVE MEDICINES.

Dog medicines can all be administered in gelatine
capsules which dissolve in the stomach. Hold the dog
between your knees, open his mouth gently, holding
the head as high as you can and let a second party put
the capsule quickly down his throat. Close the jaws,
and give the dog a sharp tap under the chin, which
will cause him to swallow. Liquid medicines may be
given in the drinking water or broth. When it is
necessary to force the dog to take the medicine, use a
long necked bottle. Open the mouth and hold the
nose till you are sure he has swallowed the dose. Then
give him some meat, and take him out for arun, which
will often keep him from vomiting the medicine.

DISEASES OF BIRDS.

Asthma.—A common complaint.

Symptoms.—Loss of voice and wheezing.

Remedy.—Soaked rape and plantain seed; also, a
piece of fat pork sprinkled with red pepper and hung
in the cage.

Corpulence.—Give plenty of grated carrot; also,
dry ants’ eggs in the drinking water.

Costiveness.—Symptoms.—Difficulty in making the
evacuations from the bowels.

Remedy.—Get a spider for the bird to eat, or apply
linseed oil to the anus by meansof a bluntpin. Feed
on lettuce and other green foods.

Decline.—Symptoms.— Roughness of feathers, emaci-
ation and a voracious appetite, especially for sweet, and
what may be termed unnatural foods.

Remedy.—Give a spider as a purgative; also, water-
eress, etc., as for costiveness. A rusty-nail in the
drinking-cup will supply iron as a tonic.

Diarrhea. — Symptoms.— Excrement white and
chalky, smearing the feathers and producing external
inflammation.

Remedy.—A rusty nail in the water, and linseed oil
applied as for costiveness. Sugar is binding, and a
little red pepper may be given. If these do not cure,

_ (448 )

A444 DISEASES OF BIRDS.

get some mild astringent of the druggist, and put a few
drops in the drinking-water. Whatis known as bird
bitters may cure the case.

Egg-bound.—The daily egg should be laid before
nine o’clock. If the laying is not accomplished by that
time, and the bird should show signs of stapor, it is
probably ege-bound. In this event, the shape of the
egg will probably be defined near the orifice, which
should be anointed with sweet-oil. If the laying is
delayed very long the egg may be gently broken by
pressure with the fingers, which should be previously
oiled. This will give speedy relief.

Egg-Rupture.—No remedy has been found for this
trouble. The passage from the ovary becomes obstructed
and swells to abnormal size. The bird is pretty sure
to die. |

Epilepsy.—This is caused by want of exercise and
by too rich food.

Symptoms.—Fainting.

Remedy.—Dip the bird in cold water once or twice,
and cut the claws till they bleed. Give a few drops of
sweet-oil. In large birds a vein may be opened in the
foot. When the bird comes to, wrap it in warm flannel.
The disease is incurable, but fatal effects may be averted
by keeping in the cage a little oat meal, chalk, and
bay salt.

Feet, Diseases of the.—Sore feet are sure to result
from dirty perches or an unclean cage. If the feet are
caked with dirt, soak them in luke-warm water for two
or three minutes every day. If the feet are distorted,
or knotted, or warty, bathe them and grease them with

GIDDINESS. A4A5

ecosmoline. Cut the nails when they are long, but do
not cut below the vein in the claw or they will bleed.
This vein can be easily seen by holding the foot to the
hght.

Giddiness.—This results from the bird’s habit of
looking up, when he loses his balance, and may fall
from the perch. As aremedy, cover the top of the cage.

Lice.—Cover the cage at night with a canton flannel
cloth, which should be burned in the morning. Scald
the cage, perches, cups, etc., even to the cuttle-fish-bone.
Sprinkle sulphur under the wings and thighs, and on
the back of the bird’s neck. Teed astringent foods
meanwhile, to counteract the purgative tendency of the
sulphur. Also, keep the cage supplied with clean sand,
mixed with anise seed.

Loss of Voice.—Give Lettuce seed.

Pairing Fever.— This is a savage state mani-
festing itself in loss of song, pecking, melancholy,
roughened feathers, and loss of flesh. It is due to
an ungratified desire fora mate. The bird should be
mated, or the cage hung in some sunny window, where
its attention may be distracted.

Pimples or Obstruction of the Rump Gland.—
Symptoms.—The gland swells and festers from not being
used. The bird holds its tail down, sits still and pecks
at the affected part.

Remedy.—Anoint with cosmoline, or open the festered
gland with a fine needle. Never cut off the gland, for
in that case the bird will die at the next moulting
season.

4AG DISEASES OF BIRDS.

Pip.—Symptoms.—Stoppage of the nostrils, dryness
and hardening of the tongue, yellowness at the root of
the beak, roughness of feathers and gasping for breath.

Remedy.—Give a pill of butter, garlic and pepper,
and put an infusion of speedwell in the drinking-cup.
Clear the nostrils with a fine feather. -In large birds,
the hardened skin may be peeled from the tongue,
beginning near the palate.

Rheum or Cold.—Symptoms.—Shaking of the head
and sneezing. Give a few drops of some expectorant
medicine in the water ; or give bird bitters.

Rupture.—Too nourishing food will occasion this
disease which manifests itself in indigestion and inflam-
mation of the bowels.

Symptoms.—Emaciation, loss of feathers about the part
effected, which is swollen and blood-shot; descent of
the bowels which appear black and knotted. A little
alum, a rusty nail or salt in the water may be bene-
ficial, but there is no positive cure.

Sneezing.—Clear the nostrils with a fine feather.

Sweating.—I*emales sometimes sweat on the nest so
profusely that the young birds die from it.

Remedy.—Wash her daily in salt and water, after-
wards in fresh water and let her dry in the sun.

Tympany.—Symptoms.—The skin puffs up with air
underneath it.
Remedy.—Prick the skin with a pin.

Yellow Scab.—Symptoms—A yellow scab on the
eyes and head,

THE CARE OF BIRDS. 447

Remedy.—Give nourishing food and cut away any
small ulcers which may appear.

They may afterwards be anointed with cosmoline.

Birds should bathe frequently to preserve their health.
If they will not do so voluntarily, they should be
sprinkled with water until they become reconciled toa
daily plunge.

THE CARE OF BIRDS.

allow the birds plenty of fresh water for drinking
and bathing; also clean fine gravel.

Cleanliness is an important item in preserving the
health of the little prisoners. Their perches should be
washed frequently and no remnants of food should be
allowed to sour and spoil in their cages. Let them
have plenty of sunight—they love especially to bathe
in the sunshine—and plenty of warm fresh air, though
they should be carefully shielded from draughts.
Moreover, do not place them directly in the rays of the
hot sun. Provide them with a canopy or umbrella;
and, on the other hand, do not give them a bath of
very cold water. Any extremes are hurtful to these
delicate creatures. Give them plenty of food and a
variety, showing preference to what may be called
“natural” bird diet, among which may be mentioned
green things lke chickweed, water-cress, lettuce, cab-
bage, ete.

A wire cage is generally considered the best kind in
which to keep birds of all descriptions, though wooden
cages, and notably mahogany ones, are said to repel
mites.

The cage may be painted or unpainted, but is per-
haps better unpainted, though green paint is the only
kind considered really injurious. Have the cages as
large as possible, and cover the bottom witb clean paper
daily. If possible allow the birds the liberty of a large

448 DISEASES OF BIRDS.

room, as they are much healthier under such circum-
stances. |

It isa great mistake to keep the canary starving and
fretting along on one kind of food, or a few tiresome
varieties of seed, when their nature as birds which fly
whithersoever they will, eating whatever piques their
appetite, prompts them to crave a pleasant variety of
food. Summer rape seed may be mixed with crushed
hemp, canary, or poppy seed, with oats, oatmeal, or
millet. This is good diet but should be accompanied
by other things. Barley meal, or bread, or cracker,
soaked in milk may be given every day. Hemp seed
should be given sparingly, except in the spring and
moulting season (July and August). Do not give
salted or greasy food, or too many sweets. Green food
may be given daily with advantage. Mustard seed and
pepper-grass seed may be tossed sparingly on the sand
of the cage. Red pepper, sprinkled on bread and milk,
may be eaten occasionally. At all times you may give
the following :

Lettuce, chickweed, plantain-rods, pepper-grass,
tender asparagus, cabbage, tender clover-tops, roses and
buds, apple, pear, peach, melon, banana, orange, plums,
cherries, berries and other ripe, wholesome food. Also,
figs, dates, raisins, popped corn, stale bread, buns,
sponge-cake, yolk of hard-boiled egg, rice boiled or
soaked, Irish or sweet potatoes boiled or baked, sweet
corn raw or cooked, green peas, tender string-beans,
young sugar-beet and tender turnip. Occasionally the
meat of nuts like the shellbark, peanut, beechnut,
filbert, etc., may be chopped fine and given to the
canary, but the richer nuts, like butternuts, walnuts,
creamnuts, etc., must be given with great discrimina-
tion.

The canary may be mated with the linnet, lesser red
pole, goldfinch, siskin, serin, citrilfinch, bullfinch and

—

THE CARE OF BIRDS. 449

green finch. The goldfinch, or lnnet, and the canary
have offspring with unusually fine voices. Males should
be two years old before they are mated. Mating a young
male with an older female is said to result in the
hatching of a large percentage of singers. [or breed-
ing purposes a good sized cage is required; one that
may be easily cleaned without jarring or disturbing
the occupants, is preferable. The pair may be kept
together until the brood is raised. The female will
begin to lay eight days after mating. A little basket
in the form of a nest may be bought for a trifling sum,
and should be lined with canton flannel, padded with
soft wool. Supply the birds with goat’s hair from which
to build their nests. This may be thrust loosely in the
bars of the cage. From four to five eggs will be laid,
and they will hatch in fourteen days from the time of
laying, one egg being laid each day. Do not jar the
nest, any shock may kill the germ of life in the egg.
Therefore, never take the eggs out of the nest, and be
sure to shield them from draughts. When the eggs
are hatched, supply the birds with summer rape seed,
slightly boiled, and then washed in cold water and let
stand two hours. Also, give daily one-fourth of the
yolk of a hard-boiled egg, chopped fine, mixed with
bread soaked in water and pressed dry. These foods
are for the old birds to feed the young. The mother-
bird should shelter her young for twelve days after
hatching. Ifthe young are not sufficiently fed by the
parent-birds, they should be fed by hand on crushed
rape seed prepared as before and mixed with bread or
biscuit, yolk of hard-boiled egg and water. Feed about
four quillsful ten or twelve times a day. The young
ought to feed themselves in thirteen days, and may
have cages of their own when they are a month old.
They should still have soaked rape seed for egme time

450 DISEASES OF BIRDS.

after their separation. Breed birds, if possible, in a
room where they can fly about and get the exercise
necessary to strengthen them.

TEACHING TO SING.

In teaching a young bird to sing, it is well to have a
fine songster in the room to act as a stimulant and a
preceptor. Canaries can be taught to sing a tune, if
taken from the cage early, and carefully instructed.
Females do not sing, as a rule, but some have very good
voices, and when they do develop, are apt to be very
sweet and low in quality.

Moulting canaries shed their feathers in July or
August, and in the early fall. The first moult occurs
when the bird is six weeks old, and will continue two
months. In the moulting season, give young or old
birds a small quantity of fresh beef once a week, having
washed the meat in cold water, and chopped it fine. ~
Give also occasionally the yolk of a hard-boiled egg;
hemp seed, sugar, ripe chickweed, water-cress, and a
rusty nail in the water every other day. At the second
or third moulting season singers are apt to lose their
voice, but it is merely a temporary weakness. An ex-
cellent food for moulting birds, and one that is good at
all times, is made as follows: Having crushed a pint
of rape seed until the husks can be blown off, add
about the same quantity of bread, and reduce the mix-
ture to a fine paste or powder. This, mixed with the
yolk of a hard-boiled egg and a little water, is excel-
lent food for young birds. To old onesit may be given
dry. The food is best made fresh every day, but may
be kept twenty days in an oak box in acool place.
Young birds, just separated from their parents, may be
fed on stale sponge-cake powdered, with hard white of

egg.

rT

“COME HERE, SIR”

PART lI.

Prof. Gleason’s System of Horse Taming.

ee ee ee Se + ee

INTELLIGENCE AND MEMORY OF THE HORSE.
THE APPARATUS FOR TRAINING.

BAD HABITS OF HORSES AND HOW TO CONTROL THEM
FEAR AND MONOMANIA IN HORSES.
BREAKING AND TRAINING COLTS.

WHIP TRAINING.

HOW TO MAKE A HORSE TROT “SQUARE.”
TRICK HORSES.

HINTS UPON HORSESHOING.

SHORT POINTERS FOR HORSEMEN,

Pee eA © i.

Muc# needless cruelty has, until the last few years,
attended the art of training horses. This noble animal,
who stands next to man in point of intelligence, cer-
tainly deserves to be considered rational, so far as his
ordinary duties are concerned; and while we may not
be justified in ascribing to him the power of reasoning,
those who are best acquainted with his habits know
that he does possess, to a certain extent, the ability to
reason and to recognize the laws of “ cause and effect.”

The old system of training was one purely of ex-
haustion and subjugation—not of education. On the
other hand our system is one of education, preserving the
natural spirit of the animal. He is first taught what is
required of him, and that lesson learned he becomes a
willing subject. To attempt to force a high-spirited
horse to do that which he does not comprehend is to
invite and excite resistance; and the natural result is
the production of balking, kicking, and otherwise
unruly animals.

Few men possess the nerve and brute strength
required to handle a horse successfully by the old
methods, while by our system of education a youth of

PREFACE.

fifteen or sixteen years can handle, break to harness,
and finally control the wildest animal. The only
requisites are patience, kindness and perseverance. A
man who cannot control himself can never hope to
control a horse.

Those horse-owners who have the time and inclina-
tion to devote to the pastime of teaching their horses
to perform “tricks,” will find minute instructions to
that end in these pages. It will at once be seen that
there is nothing wonderful nor difficult about this
system; the same rule of patience, kindness and per-
severance must be observed and then success is certain.

We submit this treatise to the public in the hope
that it may correct, to a very great extent, the harsh-
methods which are too frequently employed, even in
this enlightened age.

OLIVER W. GLEASON.

PHILADELPHIA,
April 15, 1889.

CONTENTS.

PRACTICAL HORSE TRAINING.

Intelligence and Memory of the Horse
The Apparatus for Training

The Rope Halter . :

The Cord .

The Line Webbing

BAD HABITS OF THE HORSE AND HOW TO

CONTROL THEM.

Balking

Biting .

Cribbing . :

Halter Pulling 5

Hard Pullers or Luggers on the Bit .

Horses Ugly to Shoe in Front

Hugging the Pole.

Kicking Against the Stall

Kicking in "the Stable

Kicking While Grooming

Kicking While Harnessing

Kicking i in Double Harness .

Kicking in Single Harness ; - : : ;
Kicking While Shoeing ; : Z - : °
Lolling the Tongue

Refusing to Stand While Getting into a Car riage
Running Away. é

Shying Horses

Striking. .

Ugly to Bridle

“ Weaving”

FEAR AND MONOMANIA IN HORSES

BREAKING AND TRAINING OF COLTS.

Bitting the Colt
Haltering .

465
469
469
A4T7
475
464
476
458
457
459
459
461
460
462
476
474
471
466
464
475
468

479

492
485

CONTENTS.

Harnessing : : - ° 5
Hitching to the Wagon 5 ; : : :
Hitching the Colt in the Stable : : ° : 5

Learning to Back : . 5 : : : 5

Mounting the Colt : 5 ° : : ° °
Riding the Colt :

To Add Style

Training Colts to Harness

Training to Stop

WHIP TRAINING.

How to Train a Horse to Drive Without Bit or Line

HOW TO MAKE A HORSE TROT “SQUARE”

TRICK HORSES.

How to Train and Control Them .
The Short Strap
The Long Strap

SOME SIMPLE TRICKS.

Learning to Waltz
To Tern a Horse to Lie Warne

To Make a Horse Bow—To Sit Up—To Answer t Questions :

To Kiss You—To Shake Hands :
To Kick With the hight or Left Foot
To Teach a Colt to Follow You.

HINTS UPON HORSESHOEING.

Applying the Shoe.

Clips Upon the Shoe—“ Interfering” ,
Overreaching . :

Preparing the Foot for the Shoe

Shoeing Horses With Cor ns—Keeping the Feet Moist

SHORT POINTERS FOR HORSEMEN

496

499

517

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Looping THE CoRD 5 - - ° é
CorD APPLIED ON LOWER JAW . > 5
Corp APPLIED ON NECK . = : 4
KIcKING ; a : 5 :
Two MerHops For Kickina HorsEs ‘ 3

Straps on KicKkInGc HoRSE
ContTROL WHILE SHOEING—FiIRst METHOD
ConTROL WHILE SHOFING—SECOND METHOD

THE Lone Foot-StraP

CRIBBING MuzzLE . : $ 5 :
Runnina AWAY. ‘ : ‘ - é
TEMPERING THE MouTH . ‘ 5 :
Takina Ur THE Foor . : : . t
STRAPS APPLIED TO A RuNAWAY HORSE A
Straps ON Runaway HorsE . ‘ : Se
Corp Usep Upon THE MoutH F - 4

To PREVENT HALTER PULLING ; .

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PULLING ON THE HALTER . : : : : 478

TEACHING THE HorsE To STAND - ° 481
THe HALTER PULLER : : seat ae : 482
TryInG to Grr AWAY. ° . : : 5 483
HALTERING THE COLT “ ° . ° ° 485
Whoa! . 4 : 5 5 5 : A 489
LEARNING TO BAcK . ° . : c 490
Lone WEB APPLIED . : : . : : 492
BitTING THE CoLT . : 5 : : : 493
SETTING Up THE HEAD : ; : . : 493
How to Maker A Horse Trot “SQuarRE” ‘ ‘ 499
Tue SHorT StRAP APPLIED . : : . : 501
THE STRUGGLE . : . ° : 502
Lrarnine To Liz Down 5 ° : : ° 503
ComIn@a ON His KNEES . . . ; 503
HELPLESS ; : - : . . 504
CoNQUERED . : " : "5 = 504

Hints Upon HoRSESHOEING . 3 - ; - 509

PRACTICAL HORSE TRAINING.

INTELLIGENCE AND MEMORY OF THE HORSE.

THE form, proportions, muscular powers, and swift-
ness of the horse, combined with its spirit, docility and
intelligence, expressly fit it for the use of man. It is
alike serviceable for draught and the saddle. [rom its
primeval nursery it has radiated in all directions; it
has accompanied man in his wanderings over the world.
To the industrious inhabitant of the thronged city, to
the agriculturist, to the sportsman who follows the chase
for pleasure, and to him who scours the plains in quest
of prey, a “mighty hunter before the Lord,” this noble,
beautiful, but too often ill-treated creature, is either
important or essential. It performs the drudgery of
toilsome servitude; it draws the peaceful plough, and
dashes on in battle amidst withering volleys of musketry
and the clash of gleaming swords. Man owes a deep
debt of gratitude to the horse, and is bound to acknowl-
edge his sense of its value by humanity and kindness.
In its natural state, the horse is gregarious; and in
domestication it exhibits the same propensity to asso-
ciate with its fellows. In the field they herd together,
form friendships, gambol with each other, and rush to
the fence to see a strange horse in the road, saluting
him with repeated neighings. So decided is the dispo-
sition of the horse to contract friendship that, when
others of its species are not accessible, it will attach
itself to animals of a different species. Many instances

(451)

Ay, PRACTICAL HORSE TRAINING.

of mutual attachment between dogs and horses have
been recorded. The celebrated English horse Eclipse
contracted a strong friendship with a sheep. When
kindly used, the horse will demonstrate towards his
master every mark of submissive attachment. There
are, it is true, horses of a sullen, obstinate temper, which
the kindest treatment will not conciliate; but these are
exceptions to the general rule; many horses, we may
add, have their temper spoiled by injudicious or wanton
severity, in which case it requires patience and perse-
verance to reclaim them ; but almost universally, where
kindness is shown to the horse, his attachment will be
secured.

In the tents of the Arabian, the mares with their
foals, and the masters with their families, dwell all
together; the master caresses his favorite mare, the
children and the foal play together, and the utmost
confidence exists between them. ‘The quiet peaceful
companionship of horses with each other does not obtain
among the stallions. In a wild state, they have furious
contests; and in a domestic state, stallions, if at liberty,
will fight desperately with each other.

That the horse possesses more intelligence than has
been accredited to him is very evident from his readi-
ness to learn, when properly instructed. The feats he
is taught to perform in the modern “ horse shows” fully —
prove this. Knowledge of time, and memory, are cer-
tainly possessed by the horse, as a thousand instances
will prove. A horse accustomed to commence or dis-
continue work at a certain hour of the day well knows
the respective periods. Well does the farmer’s team
know the hour of release from labor, as is shown by
their actions when hearing the horn for dinner. Taken
to a distance from home, the horse will return, finding

INTELLIGENCE AND MEMORY OF THE HORSE. 453

his way during the darkest night. In short, there is
no lack of evidence to prove that horses are capable of
entertaining and evincing a large degree of love for
places as well as for individuals, and of retaining im-
pressions unimpaired for a long period of time.

Colonel Hamilton Smith, of the British Army, relates
a case which proves the memory and attachment of the
horse: “ The Colonel had a charger in his possession
for two years, which he left with the army, but which
was brought back and sold in London. About three
years afterwards the Colonel chanced to be travelling,
and atarelay,on getting out of the mail coach, the off-
wheel horse attracted his attention ; on going near to
examine it with more care he found the animal recog-
nized him, and testified its satisfaction by rubbing its
head against him, and making every moment a little
stamp with its fore-foot, to the surprise of the coach-
man, who asked if the horse was not an old acquaint-
ance. It was—it was his own old charger!”

A lady, remarkable for benevolence to the brute
creation, observed from her garden-gate one day a
miserable horse, with its shoulder raw and bleeding,
attempting to graze upon an open spot adjacent; having,
by means of soine bread, coaxed the poor animal to the
gate, she then managed, with some assistance, to cover
the wound with adhesive plaster spread upon a piece
of soft leather. ‘The man to whom the animal belonged
(one of those ignorant and careless beings who are >
indifferent to the sufferings of any but themselves)
shortly afterwards led the horse away. The next day,
however, the horse made his appearance again at the
gate, over which he put his head and gently neighed.
On looking at him it was found that the plaster was
removed, either by the animal’s master, or by the rub-

454 PRACTICAL HORSE TRAINING.

bing of the ill-made collar in which he worked. The
plaster was renewed. Thethird day he appeared again,
requiring the same attention, which he solicited in a
similar manner. After this the plaster was allowed to
remain, aud the horse recovered; but ever after, when
it saw its benefactress, 1t would immediately approach
her, and by voice and action testify its sense of her
kindness and notice. This anecdote, the truth of which
is undoubted, proves how sensible the horse is of humane
treatment, and how grateful for benefits bestowed.

Kind treatment and every care are due to an animal
from whose services man derives such important bene-
fits; but too often does man forget that he has a duty
to perform, not only towards his fellow-man, but towards
those domestic animals which Providence has intrusted
to him for his welfare.

_—_

THE APPARATUS FOR TRAINING.

The appliances used in training horses by our new
system are both cheap and simple. A common rope
halter, a three or four ply cotton cord about twelve feet
long, and a piece of line webbing, are all the imple-
ments required in training colts.

The Rope Halter.—This should be made rather
heavier and longer than those used upon broken horses,
and so arranged, by tying a knot or otherwise, that it
does not slip up so tightly as to pinch the animal’s
nose.

The Cord.—This is nothing more than a three or
four ply rope or cord. The cotton cord is much the
best, as it works smoothly, and is much softer than any
other. This cord is not a new feature in horse-training,

THE APPARATUS FOR TRAINING. A455

as impostors would have you believe, it having been
used many years by various tribes of Indians, Mexicans,
ete. It is mentioned in the Veterinarian of London in
1828 as used by the North American Indians in sub-
duing their horses; hence it is known as the Indian
war bridle. It hasalso been called the Yankee bridle,
but the claim to this title is wrapped in some obscurity.
The use of this simple arrangement is a powerful means
of controlling horses, when properly used, otherwise it
is more likely to do harm than good. To prepare the
cord for use, tie a knot in each end, as seen in the en-
graving, then make a loop by doubling the cord and
passing the knot through, as represented by the en-
graving.

LOOPING THE CORD.

These loops should be at such distances from the
knot as will allow the cord to pass around the neck at
one end and the lower jaw at the other, passing the
knot through the loop from the opposite side of the loop
to where it first passed through in making the lap; this
brings the thickness of the cord in the centre of the
loop. By this means safety is secured, the cord slipping
easily through, preventing the possibility of its getting
fast, as it would be likely to do if passed through the
loop from the same side it originally came through,
The necessity of this arrangement will be seen on
applying the cord. We have here two principles
involved : steady pressure upon the lower jaw; second,
friction in the month, the one stationary in the mouth,

456 PRACTICAL HORSE TRAINING.

the other slipping through it. The uses of the loops
will be explained in their proper places.

CORD APPLIED ON LOWER JAW.

The Line Webbing.—Take a piece of worsted web-
bing, such as is used for driving-lines, divide it in two
parts, one piece of sufficient length to encircle the body,

ee .

<\
CORD APPLIED ON NECK.

Make a loop in one end large enough for the other end
to pass through, so that, when adjusted, it is sufficiently
long to tie. The other part of the web needs no loop.
These two pieces of web are used for various purposes,
which will be explained as we proceed.

BAD HABITS OF THE HORSE AND
HOW TO CONTROL THEM

Horses contract habits very easily when improperly
managed, and transmit them to their offspring.

~ “Tis easier to prevent than cure.”

Every one at all conversant with the secrets of the
stable knows how readily habits are contracted by the
horse, and the difficulty in breaking up such habits

SIN ZEEE
KICKING.

when once contracted, by the ordinary methods. Many
habits of the horse, which in no way owe their origin

to vice, are often as troublesome and dangerous as those
which do.

Kicking in the Stable.—To break up this dangerous
habit, it is only necessary to place the animal ina stall
(457 )

458 BAD HABITS OF THE HORSE.

closed at the head, or against a wall, so as to allow him
no opportunity of jumping into or over the manger.
Tie his head short and suspend, by a cord at either end,
a bag of straw, hay, corn husks, or any soft material -
so as to strike the hocks whenever the animal kicks.
The bag rebounds, striking him upon the hocks; after
several repetitions the animal is observed to stand and
tremble; the bag at this point is to be pulled upon one
side so that he does not see it, and when the animal
gets over his excitement try and induce him to kick.
If you succeed, immediately let the bag go back to its
former position. ‘Two or three kicks will again quiet
him, and he trembles as at first. Remove the bag, and
when his excitement abates, try and induce hin to kick
again. By repeating this a few times the animal is
thoroughly broken of the habit. Such horses are often
broken of the habit of kicking in harness, as well as the
stable, by the same means.

Kicking Against the Stall.—Kicking against the
side of the stall is a serious evil. Capped hocks and
callous enlargements are frequently consequences of this
habit; mares more frequently than geldings are subject
to this vice. Particularly is this the case when placed
beside other horses. Removal to a box stall, and left
there unhaltered, will frequently break up the habit.
When no such conveniences exist, a strap should be
buckled around the leg above the hock, to which a club
one and a half and two inches thick, and ten or twelve
inches long, covered with a woollen cloth, or other soft
material, so as not to hurt the animal, should be attached
in such a manner as to hang loosely against the shank
bone; with this appendage the moment the animal
kicks, this club punishes it by coming sharply in con-

KICKING WHILE HARNESSING. 459

tact with the leg, but does not bruise it. The animal
soon learns that by keeping the leg still he escapes the
punishment which follows every effort to kick.

Kicking While Harnessing.—This habit is ac-
quired by bad management in the early training of the
herse; rough handling, throwing the harness too
quickly upon its back before it becomes thoroughly
accustomed to its feel, are sufficient causes to produce
this habit in the colt of a highly nervous temperament.
The more quietly you go about such an animal, the
more readily and willingly will he yield obedience to
your desires. To break up this habit the cord is called
into requisition: put the small loop over the under
jaw, take your position upon the near side, opposite the
shoulder, pass the cord over the neck from the off side,
and carry it through the loop around the under jaw;
now draw it up tightly and take a half-hitch, so as to
keep the head in a confined position (represented in
engraving page 456), keep the cord in your hand, so in
case of the animal rearing you can slip the hitch and
let the head loose. You should then give him a few
quick jerks; this diverts his attention ; you now quietly
take up the harness in your hands, and as quietly ap-
proach, and put it upon him. Should he attempt to
kick, slip the loop as before, and give him a few more
sharp pulls upon the cord; this disconcerts him. Re-
peat this lesson a few times, and he will soon learn to
stand quiet while you are harnessing him.

Kicking While Grooming.—Horses of a high
nervous temperament are frequently addicted to this
habit. This, like kicking in harness, is brought on by
careless or rough handling. Here, too, the cord isa

A460 BAD HABITS OF THE HORSE.

powerful instrument of control. Having secured the
head, use the brush and currycomb in the most gentle
manner for several days, particularly about such parts
as he manifests the most tenderness.

TWO METHODS FOR KICKING HORSES.

Kicking in Single Harness.—Previous to putting
the animal in harness, take the cord, put the small loop
over the under jaw, pass the rope over the neck from
the off side and through the small loop upon the near

KICKING IN DOUBLE HARNESS. A61

side; give him a few quick pulls, which calls his atten-
tion to you. Put the harness upon him, having a ring
or loop upon the top of the bridle B and a ring H
secured to the back strap, about six inches from the
crupper. You now take a small bit, attach to either
ring a strong leathern strap about half an inch wide,
pass these straps A, A, A, A, up over the face to the
ring B in the bridle, down through the terrots in the
saddle, and back through the ring H, then bring them
down at right angles, across the quarters and secure

STRAPS ON KICKING HORSE.

them to the shafts on either side, in such a manner as
not to interfere with the animal in trayelling. With
this arrangement properly adjusted, the moment the
horse attempts to kick, the strap is drawn tight over
the quarters, at the same time it jerks up the head
forcibly, punishing the animal at each attempt to kick.

Kicking in Double Harness,—TFirst use the cord
upon the animal until he will yield his head on the

462 BAD HABITS OF THE HORSE.

slightest pull upon the cord; put ona halter, which
should bea good strong leather one, having a strong
lead, and ring F, (see engraving on page 460) so ad-
justed as to slip under the girth. Have two strong
straps with rings, on the plan of a dog collar. These
are to be buckled around the leg above the hocks, D, D,
a strong leathern strap fastened to the rings D, passing
through the ring F, well secured, so as to be tense when
the animal is standing square: now check him up, and
he is ready to hitch up for the start. This arrangement
does not interfere materially with his travelling, yet it
reproves him whenever he attempts to kick, and he
soon gives up the habit.

Kicking While Shoeing.—This, like most other
habits, is brought on by bad management. The colt,
upon first entering the shoeing shop, should be used
with the greatest gentleness and kindness. Any devi-

CONTROL WHILE SHOEING—-FIRST METHOD.

ation from this rule often causes the colt to resist all
efforts to shoe it. Particularly is this the case with the
hind feet. The habit once established requires the

KICKING WHILE SHOEING. 463

utmost care and perseverance to overcome the evil.
Ordinary cases of resistance while shoeing may be
brought to terms by the use of the cord alone. To do
this, put the small loop over the under jaw, pass it over
the neck, and through the loop upon the opposite side,
draw the cord tight, and take a half-hitch; you will
then take up the foot. Should he resist, slip the hitch,
and give him a few quick jerks upon the cord, and then
renew the hitch. If he still refuses to let you have the
foot, repeat the operation. If he then resists, put a
collar around his neck, slip the long web through the

CONTROL WHILE SHOEING—SECOND METHOD.

collar, carry it back, and around the fetlock of the foot
you wish to handle, bring it back through the collar,
holding the end in your right hand; now pull up the
foot and hold it until he ceases to resist; then take the
web in your hand close to the foot and pull the foot in
different directions, until he ceases to resist your efforts ;
then caress him. Recollect, gentleness and kindness
go a great way in gaining the confidence of the animal.
When he gives you the foot readily, take a hammer and
tap upon it very gently. If he resists, jerk him sharply
a few times with the cord; if he still resists, remove

A64 BAD HABITS OF THE HORSE.

the long web, then take a short hold upon the halter
with your left hand, and with a quick motion catch
the tail with the right hand, and swing him around a
few times, by quickly bringing the head towards you.
This so disconcerts him that he usually yields the foot
without further resistance. For safety it is always
better to put the web on again for one or two handlings.
Properly managed you will seldom fail in breaking up
this habit in from four to six days.

Horses Ugly to Shoe in Front.—Take the short
web, put it on the foot (at the fetlock) you wish to
handle, pass it over the back from the opposite side;
now pull the foot up and hold it there until the animal
ceases his efforts to get it away, then tap lightly witha
hammer upon the foot, increasing the force of the blow
gradually, until he will allow you to strike upon the
foot as hard as may be necessary; then let the foot
down, pick it up with the hand; if he resist, draw it up
again with the web; and so repeat until he yields it
readily and willingly. Usually the animal submits
his foot in a very short time, unless he becomes excited
by rough usage.

Striking.—Some horses have an ugly practice of
striking with their front feet. To break up this habit
take the cord, put the small end in the mouth, and jerk
him from one side to the other ; he will try to strike
you, but he fails to do so if you give him sufficient
length of cord; he soon finds he is overmatched, and
yields to you readily. By using the long foot-strap or
web, placed around the near fore foot, then passed under
the girth and carried back, having an assistant at the
animal’s head to lead him, as soon as he steps pull up

BALKING. 465

{Ax aie

THE LONG FOOT-STRAP.

the foot, let it drop and pull it up again at the next
effort to step or strike. This teaches him that he cannot
use the foot as he would like, and he ceases to make
the effort.

Balking.—This is the most aggravating of all the
habits to which the horse is subject ; it tries the patience
of man to the utmost; yet, by patience and _perse-
verance, with proper management, even this habit can
be broken up. It is rarely we find a balky horse which
is not a good one. They are usually very hardy, high-
spirited, quick of comprehension, and of a strong
nervous temperament. They resist because we have
failed to make them understand what we require of
them, or it may occur from overloading, sore shoulders,
or working until tired out. Particularly is this the
case with young animals ‘To whip under such circum-
stances only excites them to more determined resistance.

On the first attempt of your horse to balk, get out of
the wagon, pat him upon the neck, examine the har-
ness carefully, first upon one side then upon the other,
speaking encouragingly to the animal while doing so;

A66 BAD HABITS OF THE HORSE.

then jump in the wagon and give the word to go:
generally he will obey; if he refuses to do so, take him
out of the shafts, put up the traces so that they do not
drag upon the ground, then take him by the head and
tail, reel him until he is almost ready to fall, then hook
him up again, and give him the word to go; thisrarely
fails, it takes that sullen spirit out of them, and they
start at the word. I have failed but once in handling
balky horses, though I have handled a large number of
them. By repeating the same operation every day for
a week, usually breaks up this most perplexing habit
thoroughly and permanently.

Another method which often proves successful, is to
tie the tail of the horse fast to the shaft-bar, unloose
the traces, securing them so that they will not get
under his feet. Now start him up; as soon as he finds
his tail fast he will pull the wagon by that appendage ;
repeating this a few times will often cure the habit.

Another method still will sometimes prove successful ;
instead of tying the tail to the shaft-bar, take it between
the hind-legs, having a cord secured to the end, and
tie it to the saddle-girth ; this will often answer the
same purpose.

A very simple method which the writer has tried
many times, with uniform success, is to tie a piece of
cord rather tightly around the horse’s ear, close to the
head. He will start at once, and a few applications
have been known to break up the habit entirely. -

Shying Horses.—Those who are in the habit of
riding or driving along frequented roads, or through
thickly populated cities, can best estimate the incon-
venience, annoyance and constant apprehension occa-
sioned by ashying horse. While travelling along with

SHYING HORSES. 467

an air of the greatest unconcern, all in an instant,
planting himself in an attitude of affright, he comes to
a dead stop, or flies the road. Of the sensation of the
animal at such a time, we will not venture a descrip-
tion, but we know by experience what those of the
driver or rider are. Shying in horses is no doubt the
off-spring of fear. Fear is the emotion excited by sus-
picion, apprehension, appearance or approach of danger.
This may be denominated native tumidity, giving rise to
that kind of shyness with which colts, and young ani-
mals generally, are endowed. ‘There is another kind
of shyness which we may denominate acquired. To
illustrate, a colt is naturally shy at any object of im-
posing appearance, either novel or strange to him.
On the other hand, he beholds an object that is familiar
to him, which he associates with some former suffering.
We do not mean to assert that these manifestations of
fear are alike, further than that they arise from the
impressions made upon the brain, a dread or conscious-
ness of danger, in the one case acquired, in the other
eongenital. Shyness may be attributed to a third cause,
imperfect vision. A horse whose eyesight is imperfect
is apt to shy at objects in consequence of not seeing
them properly. The disposition to shy arising from
either of the above causes, is often increased by the acts
of the driver; for instance, (a very common one), a
man is driving a young horse upon the road, he meets
an object of fear to the animal, and, as he approaches
it, starts suddenly out of the road, his driver instantly
commences a round of castigation with the whip, in
which he persists until the horse as well as himself,
have lo:t their temper, and then, while one whips, the
other jumps, plunges, frets, cte. The next object of fear
the animal meets recalls the whipping previously

468 BAD HABITS OF THE HORSR.

inflicted upon him, and associates 1t with the object he
fears; shies and starts with even more alarm than be-
fore, sometimes attempting to run away.

Gentleness and persuasion are the best means of
breaking up this habit; let the animal stand and look
at the object he fears, speak to him encouraginegly, and
gradually he will approach it. After he has passed it,
turn him around, passing the object slowly several
times, and his fear vanishes. By thus gently managing
him, he soon places confidence in you, and a gentle
word from the driver will induce him to move on by
the object. It is an old saying, that the most effectual
way to make a cowardly dog fight is to put him in
front of his antagonist, in such a way that he cannot
retreat; but we never heard any one recommend that
he be whipped at the same time; yet we whip a horse
for being afraid to do that which we desire him to do.
Reason and experience both forbid the practice. It is
our duty to act mercifully towards an animal so noble,
so beautiful, and so useful to man. Contemptible
indeed is that being who disregards the plaintive mur-
murs and ineffectual resistance of the poor beast which
chance has thrown into his possession.

“ Weaving.”—This is an unsightly habit, but not
of so much consequence as either of the foregoing. It
consists in the animal moving his head and _fore-
quarters in quick succession from one side of the stall
to the other, like the action of a weaver’s shuttle, or
like the hyena in his cage, The animal stands with
his fore feet wide apart, hence the motion of the animal
throws the weight of its body alternately upon the
inside of each fore foot. The effect of this habit is to
turn the inside quarter of the feet downwards and

CRIBBING. 469

inwards at the heel, forming, as it were, a kind of club-
foot. This habit indicates a restless disposition, ex-
pressing impatience at being tied up.

To break up the habit, it is only necessary to turn
the animal loose into a box-stall.

Cribbing.—This is a very disagreeable habit, to say
the least, but not so serious as it is often represented.
The effects of an inveterate crib-biting horse are plainly

CRIBBING MUZZLE.

perceptible upon the incisor (nippers) teeth. The crib.
bing muzzle is the best means of breaking up the habit.

Biting.—This is a hateful habit, or, more properly,
a vice of the worst kind. It is sometimes acquired
from foolishly teasing the animal in the stable by mis-
chievous boys. Love of mischief is a propensity too
easily acquired, and often becomes a confirmed vice;
particularly is this the case with biting horses. One
of our greatest horse trainers had a recent experience
which he thus relates: “Last September (1888) my

470 BAD HABITS OF THE HORSE.

advice was asked regarding a young stallion which
had always been known as a remarkably good dispo-
sitioned animal, but, some four or five months previous
some boys amused themselves by teasing him. He
soon acquired the habit of biting, and almost simul-
taneously, that of striking. Regarding the former vice
—one of the most dangerous and the most difficult of
all vices to break up—I advised castration; the owner
approving, I operated upon him on the spot. Instead
of curing the habit, he from this time became notori-
ously vicious, two men narrowly escaping with their
lives from the infuriated animal. He finally became
so confirmed in his vicious propensities, it was worth a
man’s life to approach him. The owner, whose name
Tomit by request, called upon me to handle this animal,
which I did early last month (February). My efforts
were attended with entire success. I first drew his
head down close to the manger from an opening in the
partition, having his head well secured. The stable-
door was thrown open. I then approached his head
cautiously, and put my rope halter upon him. I now
tied a knot in his tail, slipped the halter lead through
the hair above the knot, drew the lead up as far as pos-
sible, so as to draw the head to one side, and tied the.
halter lead by a half-hitch to the tail; this prevented
the animal going in a straight line,and enabled me to
keep out of his way. I now slipped the head halter,
previously upon him, and drove him out of the stable.
The moment he gained the yard I was after him, tick-
ling him upon the hind-legs with a whip. This set
him wild with rage, and caused him to move in a
circular direction quite rapidly. I kept up this action
until he began to stagger; I quickly caught the halter
at the head to prevent his falling, and, before he had

RUNNING AWAY. 471

time to recover himself, I tightened the halter so as to
bring the head and tail nearer together. [again started
him, he reeled more rapidly, and came near falling;
I caught the end of the halter, slipped the hitch, and
before he had time to recover, I had the small end of
the cord nicely adjusted in his mouth. I then com-
menced to pull him right and left, and in a few minutes
he was as quiet as a lamb, following me readily in any
direction. He was handled by the owner in the same
manner for several days. I recently heard from him ;
he remained perfectly tractable.”

Running Away.—Some horses, of an excitable or
headstrong disposition, will make frequent efforts to
get away with their drivers, and when they once suc-

ceed are very apt to try it over again. Such animals
must be trained upon the mouth. To do this effectually,
take the cord, using the large loop, over the neck,
placing the cord in the mouth, and back through the
loop. You now pull quickly and sharply upon the
cord, this sets the horse back, and causes the mouth to

A472, BAD HABITS OF THE HORSE.

become tender. You then go behind him, pulling
quick upon the cord. Handle him several times in
this way before putting him in harness; he soon yields

TEMPERING THE MOUTH.

promptly to the slightest pull upon the cord. ou
may now harness him up; and, as a matter of safaty,

TAKING UP THE FOOT.

put the long web around the near foot, and give i\ in
charge of ar assistant; let him take the end of it into

RUNNING AWAY. 473

the buggy. With him, you start on your journey ; if
the animal attempts to run, pull upon the lines, and
he will generally come down to his usual gait. Should
he not obey this gentle warning, let your assistant take

‘ASHOH AYMVYNOY V OL GHITddVY SAVULS

up his foot by pulling the web. This throws him upon
three feet, and prevents his running. Another method,
more convenient and equally effectual, is the apparatus
used for kicking horses, with this difference, instead of
fastening the ring which passes under the girth to the

A474 BAD HABITS OF THE HORSE.

halter, secure it to the collar. With this arrangement
upon him, a horse cannot run. Itis not necessary to
have the straps as heavy as for a kicking horse.

STRAPS ON RUNAWAY HORSRF.

Refusing to Stand While Getting into a Carriage.
—This habit is very easily broken up. Use the cord
upon the mouth, have it long enough to hold in your

CORD USED UPON THE MOUTH.

HARD PULLERS OR LUGGERS ON THE BIT. 475

hand when seated in the vehicle; while you are enter-
ing the carriage, if the horse starts, jerk lightly upon
the cord; if he does not obey, bring him back forcibly
by a quick, strong jerk on the cord. This soon teaches
him to stand until you are ready for him to start.

Hard Pullers or Luggers on the Bit —To break
up this habit, use the corc in the same manner as upon
a runaway horse, or have a pair of straps about twelve
inches long, with a ring at one end and a buckle at the
other; pass these straps through the ring of the bit on
either side, carry them up on the side of the face, and
buckle to the head-piece of the bridle, which must be
a strong one; buckle the lines to the rings on these
straps, instead of the rings in the bit. This forms a
gag, similar to the French twitch gag, and is a powerful
means of controlling the mouth of a hard-pulling horse.

Ugly to Bridle.—Some horses are ugly to bridle
from having been knocked or roughly handled about
the head. Horses are occasionally troubled with sore
ears, or have some tenderness about the mouth or head.
Such animals refuse to be bridled from fear of being
hurt. Nothing but kindness and careful handling
will accomplish our purpose in such cases. Where
the habit arises from previous injury or ugliness of
disposition, take the cord, put the small end into the
mouth, draw it tightly, and take a half-hitch. This
confines the head, preventing the animal from raising
it. In this position, the horse will allow you to put on
and take off the bridle at pleasure. After putting it
on and removing it several times, loosen up the cord,
and repeat the bridling; every time the animal resists,
draw the cord tightly ; on the contrary, when he yields,
caress him ; you thus gain his confidence.

476 BAD HABITS OF THE HORSE.

Lolling the Tongue.—Some horses have a habit of
carrying the tongue out of one side of the mouth. This
is generally confined to narrow-jawed horses, the space
between the melar teeth being too narrow to contain
the tongue in the mouth when the bit presses upon it,
without coming in contact with the edges of the molar
teeth, to prevent which the tongue is thrown out over
the bit and hangs from one side of the mouth.

To remedy this defect, take a common bar bit, drill
a hole on either side, about three-quarters of an inch
from the centre of the bit, from the upper surface; then
take a piece of sole leather, four inches long and two
inches wide, sprinkle it over with pulverized rosin and
burn it into the leather—this renders it proof against
the action of the saliva in the mouth; now drili two
holes in the centre of the leather corresponding to those
in the bit, and secure both together by rivets, so that
the leather extends two inches above the bit and two
inches below it; this, put into the mouth, keeps the
tongue down clear of the molar teeth, and prevents the
animal getting it over the bit. A horse which lolls
the tongue should never be driven with a snaffle bit;
a bar bit is always preferable.

Hugging the Pole.—This is a great annoyance to
the other horse, and he will probably learn to do the!
same thing, not from imitation, but from leaning
inwards so as to enable him to stand against the other
leaning on him. I have seen a pair of horses thus
going, each leaning on the other, rendering it extremely
dangerous in frosty weather, or where the road from
any cause may be slippery.

This habit may be broken up by securing a piece of
sole leather to the pole upon the side where the animal -

HALTER PULLING. AT
leans, having a number of tacks driven through it in
such a manner as to protrude from the leather towards
the horse. The moment he attempts to hug the pole,
the tacks prick him, and he leaves it in a moment and
takes his proper position. He makes but few efforts
after the first punishment; a few day’s driving in this
manner, usually cures him of the habit.

Halter Pulling.—This is a bad habit, often con-
tracted by bad management on the part of those having
the care of young animals. However, the habit may
be easily broken up by the exercise of a little care and
patience. For this purpose we use an ordinary rope
halter, with a lead long enough to pass through the
halter-ring then back between the fore legs and under

SET

TO PREVENT HALTER PULLING.

a surcingle, and tie with a slip-knot to one of the hind
feet; be careful that the halter ring is strong enough
to resist the pull; now put him back, and as he pulls,
the halter draws both ways, upon the head and on the
hind foot; he rarely makes more than two or three

A78 BAD HABITS OF THE HORSE.

attempts to pull back. You may now approach him,
and try your best to set him back, whip him over the
nose, throw your hat in his face, a buffalo, or any other
object which he may fear, and all will fail to set him
back; repeat this a few times, and he will give up the
habit. When in harness it is not safe to hitch him
thus, as it gives him an opportunity to pull himself
down; it is, therefore, better to tie the halter around
the body, back of the shoulders, instead of tying it to

i

PULLING ON THE HALTER.

the foot; if he pulls now, he pulls against his fore
arms, but it does not take him off his feet. Another
plan is to tie a knot in the tail so that it will not slip,
then divide the hairs in the middle above the knot,
and pass the end of the halter through the opening and
tie it, so that when he pulls it brings the tail between
the hind legs; thus fixed he pulls upon his head and
tail. Hither of these plans will effectually break up
the habit.

FEAR AND MONOMANIA IN HORSES.

Some horses‘are naturally far more timid than others,
and take alarm at objects which in others produce no
fear. We have seen horses dreadfully agitated during
a thunder-storm; while, on the contrary, we have ob-
served some apparently indifferent to the flashes and
roar. In cases where horses are in stables on fire fear
appears to paralyze their powers, so that it is very diffi-
cult to rescue them, unless they be first blindfolded,
which should always be done.

Fear of certain particular objects often becomes so
marked, and is so unaccountable, that it must be
regarded as a sort of monomania. ‘The same remark
applies to certain antipathies that have been known to ~
exist, without any apparent exciting cause. The fol-
lowing well-authenticated instances of such cases will
be of interest in this connection: |

During the late rebellion an officer in an Ohio regi-
ment possessed a beautiful, and in other respects a most
serviceable mare, but which one peculiarity rendered
at times exceedingly dangerous for the saddle; she had
a decided aversion for paper, which she immediately
recognised the moment she saw it. The effect produced
by the sight or sound of it was so prompt and so vio-
lent, that, in many cases, she unhorsed her rider; and
in one case, his foot being entangled in the stirrup, she
dragged him a considerable way over a stony road. In
other respects, this mare had not the slightest fear of
objects that would terrify most horses, She regarded

(479 )

A480 FEAR AND MONOMANIA IN HORSES.

not the music of the band, the whistling of the balls,
the roaring of the cannon, the flre of the bivouacs, or
the glittering of arms. The confusion and noise of an
engagement made no impression upon her; the sight
of no other white object affected her; no other sound
was regarded ; the view or the rustling of paper alone
aroused her to madness.

Another case relates to a mare which is now owned
by a gentleman residing in Crawford County, Pennsy]-
vania: She is perfectly manageable, and betrays no
antipathy to the human being nor to other animals,
nor to horses, except those of a light gray color; but
the moment she sees a gray horse, she rushes upon it
and attacks it with the greatest fury. It is the same
at all times and everywhere. She is all that could
be wished on the road, under the saddle, and in the
stable; but such is her hatred towards gray or white
horses, that it is dangerous to place them in the same
stable with her at whatever distance. Ifshe once catches
a glimpse cf one, whether horse or mare, she rests not
until she has thrown her rider or broken her halter,
and then she rushes upon it with the greatest fury, and
bites it ip. a thousand places. She generally, however,
seizes the animal by the head or throat and holds it so
fast that she would suffocate it if it were not promptly
released from her bite. No other white body appears
to make the least impression on her.

Another mare, which was owned by one of Sheridan’s
troopers, feared all white inanimate objects, such as
white mantles or cloaks, and particularly white plumes.
When any of these white bodies, and especially in
motion, were suddenly perceived, if they were of any
magnitnde and their motion was rapid, she was in a
dreadful fright, and strove to escape; but if they were

FEAR AND MONOMANIA IN HORSES. A481

of no great size,and moved more gently, she rushed
furiously upon them, struck at them with her fore feet,
and endeavored to tear them with her teeth. No other
colors produced the slightest effect upon her, nor did
the appearance, however sudden, of white horses or
Cogs of the same color; but if a white plume waved, or
a white sheet of paper floated by her, her fear or rage
was ungovernable.

These cases must be regarded as instances of true

TEACHING THE HORSE TO STAND.

monomania. Itis remarkable that in each instance
the subject of this singular frenzy was a mare. Some
animals are very much alarmed at the sight ofa buffalo-
robe, an umbrella, etc. To break up these habits re-
quires more care than is usually required for other
habits.

The method of treatment consists in enforcing a
closer acquaintance with the object feared, thus grad-
ually diminishing, and finally extinguishing, the dread
which primarily exists. Take the cord, put the small

A82. FEAR AND MONOMANIA IN HORSES.

loop in the mouth, place the object of fear at a distance.
Lead the animal as near it as possible and have an
assistant to raise the object off the ground; if the animal
attempts to get away from it, jerk him sharply from
side to side a few times; then have your assistant ap-
proach very slowly with the object of fear, and each
time the animal flies from it, jerk him as before, and
so repeat until he will allow you to approach near
enough to rub him on the nose. If it be a buffalo-robe,

THE HALTER PULLER.

stroke him upon the neck, gradually put it on his back,
take it off and put it on again; repeat until he stands
perfectly quiet. Now approach him from another
direction ; if he starts up again as at first, jerk him in
the same manner, and repeat every day until he will
allow you to approach him from any direction. A week
or ten days is sufficient to break up the habit thoroughly,
if properly managed. |

Another very good method is using the halter as

FEAR AND MONOMANIA IN HORSES. A483

arranged for halter pulling. Having the animal ready,
take the buffalo-robe on your arm, approach as near as
possible without causing the horse to pull back, stand
a moment, and when the animal gets over the tempo-
rary excitement, gradually approach it; the horse now
pulls upon the halter, and comes back to his proper
place; in five minutes, generally, he will stand and
allow you to put the buffalo on him in any way you
please. Occasionally we find a case that does not yield

Pi

Z

TRYING TO GET AWAY.

readily. Under such circumstances, the cord, small
end, should be applied in addition to the halter. Now
approach him gradually, if he does not stand quietly,
give him a quick, sharp pull upon thecord. Take the
cord off, leaving the halter upon him; lay the buffalo
on the floor before the animal, and leave him to examine
it for an hour or two; now hang it over the back part
of the manger, and leave him again in the same manner;

A84 WEAR AND MONOMANIA IN HORSzs.

then hang it up in the entry before him, so that he can
view it at a short distance, then change its position,
hang it up behind him; finally you may put it over
his back ; and secure it with a surcingle. By changing
it in this manner he becomes familiar with its appear-
ance in any position. A horse will often see an object
in one position and not notice it; but place the same
object in a different position, and the animal becomes
alarmed. One day usually is sufficient to break up
this habit, completely and thoroughly.

BREAKING AND TRAINING OF COLTS.

Haltering.—To do this without the colt offering
resistance, it is necessary to drive him into a cow-stall
or other convenient place. You will now (with your
hand 1f you can reach him, otherwise with a stick of
sufficient length) touch him gently upon the quarter;

a

HALTERING THE COLT.

this will cause him to start up, and perhaps to turn
around in the stall. Do not attempt to prevent his
doing so, or you increase his excitement, which at all
times should be carefully avoided. You will then
repeat the operation, and in a few minutes he will stand
quietly and allow you to stroke him with your hand,
or stick; gradually pass the hand or stick up over his
back, as he will bear it, until you reach his head; if

(485 )

486 BREAKING AND TRAINING OF COLTS.

he attempts to get away, do not try to prevent his doing
so, as you will fail in the attempt. As soon as he will
allow you to stroke his head, take up an ordinary rope
halter, such as are used upon colts, pull out the lead so
as to form a good sized loop, place it on the end of a
stick, and hold it towards him; let him smell it, and,
as he does so, let his nose pass through the loop; raise
the upper part of the halter over his head, then turn
the stick and the halter will fall back of the colt’s ears.
Slip up the lead and you have him fast ; now place the
lead over his neck and secure it bya slip-knot, so as to
keep him from treading on it. Open the stall-door and
let him go out. Now drive him into a carriage-house,
or some other suitable place, not more than twenty-five
or thirty feet square; you then approach him; he runs
to a corner; take a pole six or eight feet long, and
commence as before by touching him on the quarter;
and as the pole approaches the neck, close up gradually
until you can put your hand upon him; you will then
dispense with the pole, slip the knot in the halter, and
remove the lead from his neck.

You now have one end of the halter, the colt the other;
you want to teach him to lead. You take your position
a little quartering from his body, and nearly opposite
his shoulder, you say, “ Come here, sir;” your colt pays
no attention to your command, because he does not
understand you; give the halter a quick, sharp pull,
which brings the colt towards you. The instant you
pull, let the halter slack—this prevents him from
pulling back; if you keep your lead tight, he learns
that he is fast, and he will pull in spite of all your
efforts to prevent his doing so; repeat this operation
several times, always using the words “Come here.”
Your colt will soon learn to follow you in the one

HITCHING THE COLT IN THE STABLE. A487

direction. You then go to the opposite side and teach
him to follow in thesame manner; he must be handled
from both sides, or he will obey but one. He now
follows to the right or left. You want him to go for-
wards; take your position a little to one side, but
slightly in advance of his head; give your halter a
sharp, quick pull, and as your colt steps forward, stop
and caress him; repeat this a few times, and he will
follow you in any direction.

Hitching the Colt in the Stable.—Lead him into
an ordinary stall four and a half feet wide, having pre-
viously fitted a movable bar at the back of the stall
about three feet and a half from the floor, or, if more
convenient, a good strong rope, well secured, will
answer the purpose—Let it be about the same distance
from the floor. After leading the colt into the stall,
put up this bar or rope, and then tie the colt to the
manger-ring ; if you tie him first he will in all proba-
bility run back before you can have the bar or rope
secured in their place; and then the halter gives way,
and you have taught the colt the first lesson in halter-
pulling, which under all circumstances should be care-
fwly avoided. In taking the colt out of the stable the
same precaution must be used. Untie the halter before
removing the bar or rope. Continue this precaution
for about ten days or two weeks, and by that time, asa
general rule, the colt will stand hitched anywhere.

Training Colts to Harness.—To break a colt suc-
cessfully, requires a man who has inexhaustible
patience, great presence of mind, strong nerve, etc., in
aword,a man whocancontrol himself can train a horse to
harness so as to prevent his contracting any bad habits.

A88 BREAKING AND TRAINING OF COLTS.

With such indispensable attributes and proper appli-
ances a man of ordinary intelligence can train a horse
to harness without accident to the animal, himself, or
others. Always train a colt with an open bridle, so that
he may see exactly what you are doing; using the blind
bridle prevents the animal from seeing your move-
ments, and unless you use great care and judgment,
you are apt to alarm the colt from the least misplaced
movement. Leta man recollect how surprised, and in
some cases alarmed, he feels on anything touching him
behind. The same is the case with the horse where he
does not see the object. We may say it was only the
end of the trace that touched him; how is he to know
this if he does not see it? A man standing in the street
would turn as quickly round if a harmless sheep
touched him, as if it were some more formidable animal.
We must, therefore, be careful not to alarm or confuse
the horse. Do everything in the most gentle and per-
suasive manner; if you do anything which frightens
your colt, he never forgets it. Take time, and teach
each point in training thoroughly; remember, that
which is done hurriedly, is done badly.

Harnessing.—Horses, whether young or old, some-
times have an aversion to going in harness; such ani-
mals show their unwillingness by kicking, balking,
rearing, running back, or, perhaps, running away. To
prevent such habits being developed, take the colt, after
being thoroughly halter-broken, by the head and tail,
reel him a few times, and you can put the harness upon
him; by this means you disconcert him, he will not
then resist you; place him in the stable with the har-
ness upon him, and leave him there a few hours, so
that he may become accustomed to it. Then bring

TRAINING TO STOP. 489

him out, take the lines behind him, having an assistant
at his head, and teach him thoroughly the use of the
reins, turning him to the right and to the left, until he
will obey the slightest pull upon the reins; after having
him so that he will start at the word, turn to the right
or to the left, by a pull upon the line; he is ready for
the word “ Whoa!”

Training to Stop.—This is the most important word
used in horse-training ; it is our safeguard in case of
“accident; the animal, therefore, should learn its mean-
ing thoroughly. To prevent confusion in his mind,
the word-should never be used out of its proper place.
If we approach a horse standing quietly in the stable,
we should never use the word whoa, though it is very

WHOA!

generally used on such occasions. Use instead the
words “ Get over,” “ Go over,” “ Quietly,” or any other
word you please, to make the animal aware of your
presence; but under no circumstances use the word
whoa, except when the animal isin motion, and you
want him to stop. In order to properly teach him the

490 BREAKING AND TRAINING OF COLTS.

meaning of the word whoa, put the long web around
the near fore foot, pass it under the girth, and as the
animal walks along, pull up the foot, at the same time
say whoa; by repeating this, you will soon see him
raise the foot when the word is given, even though the
web be not pulled upon. Horses thus trained are safe
in case a rein or bit should break, as they will gener-
ally stop at the word, under almost any circumstances.
A friend of mine trained his horse to stop by simply
catching hold of the tail.

Learning to Back.—Put the cord upon the horse,
using the small loop; draw it up with a steady pull—
this brings the animals nose towards his body. Keep
a firm hola upon the cord until he steps back a little,
using at the same time the word “ Back,” then caress
him ; you thus teach him that he has done exactly what

vil f P

a
NG

you wished him to do; then repeat caressing him each
time he obeys. Care must be used not to excite the
colt too much or you will have him resist you; there-

LEARNING TO BACK.

HITCHING TO THE WAGON. 491

fore, do not continue your lesson more than five or ten
minutes at any one time; on repeating the lesson a few
hours later, the animal will usually yield and back
freely. Now try him with the line alone; if he obeys,
you may remove the cord altogether. Occasionally, we
find an animal which will not yield to this treatment;
we then take the short web, put it around the near fore
foot, carry it over the back from the off-side, have a
bridle upon the animal, take hold of it close to the bit
with your left hand on the near side, having the web
in the right hand, with which to bring up the near fore
foot, holding it up by the web, now press backwards
upon the bit; this brings the body back, and as it does
so, let the foot fall; the toe strikes the ground some
fifteen or eighteen inches behind the opposite foot, and
as it does so, the off-foot comes back to the same point.
By repeating this lesson, we teach any horse to back,
however obstinate he may be. I have never known a
single instance where it failed.

Hitching to the Wagon.—lIn hitching up a colt
to the wagon for the first time, it is always better that
you put him alongside of a steady, well-broken horse;
if you have no opportunity of doing this, let him be-
come perfectly familiar with the wagon before hitching
him upsingle; lead him up to the wagon in the shafts
of which you intend putting him; let him examine it
carefully ; raise the shafts up and down in his presence,
so as to get him familiar with the motion; if it bea
top-buggy, raise and lower the top; should he behave
badly, put the cord upon him, using the small end;
jerk him every time he offers any resistance. Nowlead
him in front of the wagon; pull it towards him; should
he start, jerk him again, and so repeat until you can

292 BREAKING AND TRAINING OF COLTS.

pull the wagon up to him. Now raise the shafts and
let them down quietly over his back ; repeat this opera-
tion until he will remain perfectly quiet. Now lead
him up, pulling the wagon behind him. When he will
bear this nicely, you may hook him fast to the wagon,
first putting the long web upon the near front foot;

LONG WEB APPLIED.

pass it under the girth, and give it to an assistant; get
into the wagon with your assistant, having previously
instructed him how to manage the web. Haveasecond
assistant to lead the animal a short distance; if he be-
haves weil let him go. With this system, one-half
hour’s handling every day for a week is sufficient to
break thoroughly to harness the wildest colt.

Bitting the Colt.—The ordinary process of bitting
colts is too well known to horsemen generally to need
any description at my hands. A cheap and easy
method of bitting colts, if properly managed, is by
means of the cord, To arch the neck and bring the
nose in where you want it, take the cord using the small
loop over the under jaw, pass the cord over the neck

BITTING THK COLT. 493

from the off side, and through the loop on the near side.
Now take your position at the near shoulder, press

BITTING THE COLT.

lightly upon the cord; should the colt resist, let it loose
for a moment, then press upon it again, and as he yields
caress him; by repeating this a few times, say two or

SETTING UP THE HEAD.

three times a day as opportunity offers, you will find
he soon yields his head nicely. Use the utmost care on

494 BREAKING AND TRAINING OF COLTS.

first applying it, or you will excite the colt to resistance.
When once he learns that he can resist successfully he
will try it over again. Do not continue the use of the
cord more than about ten minutes at atime. Now
change the end of the cord, taking the large loop, pass
it over the neck, put the cord through the mouth from
the off side, back through the loop on the near side,
take your position in front of the animal and pull
lightly upon the cord; this sets his head up as high as
you want to put it. By repeating this lesson, the colt
soon learns to get up his head on the slightest touch
upon the rein.

To Add Style.—It will be observed in using the
cord for the purpose of bitting the colt, that the smail
loop brings the chin in towards the body, at the same
time beautifully arching the neck. The large loop
having directly the opposite effect, by putting the head
up In any position desired. This arrangement, applied
to older horses, with a bad carriage of the head, adds
at least twenty per cent. to their appearance, and often
more than that amount to their price.

Mounting the Colt.—Take your position on the
near ‘side of the colt, stand with vour right side next
to the animal, take hold of the mane with your left
hand, place the toe of the left foot in the stirrup, placing
the right hand upon the back part of the saddle; now
raise yourself up with a quick spring, passing the right
leg over the saddle, and take your seat; a very little
practice will enable you to perform this feat with ease
and ina graceful manner. To place your body fronting
the side of the animal is a very awkward position, and
one rendering it much more difficult to mount the

RIDING THE COLT. 495

animal. Should the colt not stand well,a few jerks
with the cord will bring him to his senses, and make
him stand until you are seated.

Riding the Colt.—In riding the colt for the first
time, a common riding bridle without martingale is to
be preferred. Fasten the short web around the off fore
foot, take a short hold upon it with the right hand
while you sit upon his back, holding the bridle-rein in
the left hand; should he act badly, pull up the off foot
with the web, at the same time pat him gently upon
the neck with the left hand; there is no danger in
taking up the foot in this manner, provided you do not
pull upon the reins at the same time. Let down the
foot in a few minutes, and turn the colt around several
times by pulling upon the off rein, then reverse the
action by pulling upon the near rein; now turn him
to the right, then to the left, several times. Should he
still be restive, take up the foot again, and so repeat
until he performs his part properly—then do not fail
to earess him. Make the first lesson a short one, and
eradually increase it from time to time as occasion may
require. ‘This method rarely requires the whip, and is
certainly attended with less danger than the old and
tedious one of riding a colt.

WHIP TRAINING.

HOW TO TRAIN A HORSE TO DRIVE WITHOUT BIT OR
LINE,

Whip training illustrates the beauty and power of
our modern system of horse education. To train a
horse thoroughly to drive without bit or line under
the whip, requires from four to six weeks’ time; it
requires also a man of strong nerve and self-control to be
a successful trainer in this particular branch. Such a_
feat as driving a horse without bit or line cannot be
accomplished by any other system known to man.

Having selected a horse with a moderate share of
intelligence, the next thing is to securea suitable place
for training. An inclosure twenty-five or thirty feet
square is required. If you have it smaller, and your
horse should be disposed to kick, you will be in danger ;
if larger, it gives the animal too much room to get
away from the whip. It is better that you go in with
the horse alone, as then the animal will have no other
object to take his attention.

Turn him loose without bridle or halter in the
inclosure ; take your position in the centre, holding in
your right hand a straight whip nine or ten feet iong;
you crack the whip as you take your position; this
alarms the horse and causes him to run into one corner
of the inclosure; crack it several times that he may
learn that you do not intend to hurt him; now com-
mence tapping him lhghtly upon the near shoulder,

but not to hurt him; if a nervy fellow, he is all excite-
(496 )

WHIP TRAINING. 497

ment for a few minutes; continue the tapping until
he turns his head towards you, which he will do ina
short time. The moment he turns it, however slight
it may be, cease the whipping; as soon as he turns it
away again repeat the tapping with the whip; in a few
minutes he again turns his head towards you; stop the
motion of the whip; as he turns away repeat the whip-
tapping as before; in a very short time he turns around
so that you can approach him; now gently caress him ;
move away and again approach him; should he turn
away repeat the whipping: by this means you teach
him to come to you on the near side.

After he has learned this thoroughly, which requires
about one week’s training, half an hour each day, then
proceed in the same manner upon the off side; as soon
as he obeys the motion of the whip upon this side, take
your position behind him, and turn him by the motion
of the whip, to the right or to the left; as soon as he
performs nicely, put the harness upon him, take the
lines behind him, and, as you give him the word to go
forward, throw the whip down by his right side with-
out touching him. At the same time have the long
web around the near fore foot, and give it to an
assistant; you want him to stop, give him the word
whoa; at thesame time your assistant pulls up the foot,
turn the whip in a horizontal position above your head
—in this way you teach him that the whip in that po-
sition means whoa.

By repeating these motions, he learns in about four
weeks to turn to the right whenever the whip is thrown
towards the right shoulder ; to the left when thrown
towards the left shoulder; to go ahead when thrown
down by the right side; and to stop when held ina
horizontal position.

498 WHIP TRAINING.

You now want to teach him to back; having pre-
viously instructed him according to our rule, put the
cord, using the small loop, in his mouth; take the cord
in your hand with the reins, pull upon the reins, and
say “ Back,” at the same time keep the whip directly
over the animal’s back, giving it an upward ana down-
ward motion, or you may tap him gently upon the
back with the whip—this is best done ina sulky. If
he starts forward, set him back by pulling quickly
upon the cord; repeat the operatien until he will go
back by the motion of the whip alone. Should he
make repeated efforts to go forward, bring the whip
quickly once or twice down over his nose, he will not
then repeat the operation very often.

With this training, it is necessary to use an open
bridle, so that the animal will see the motions of the
whip. |

You are now prepared to hook him up for the first
drive.

Take an assistant with you; have the foot-strap or
long web secured upon the near fore foot; give it in
charge of your assistant; let the lines lie over the dash
as a matter of precaution. Now commence operations
with the whip; if the animal acts promptly, remove
the foot web, and begin again, having the lines over
the dash as before; drive the animal in this way at
least two or three weeks before removing the bit from
the mouth. Your horse is now safe to drive under the
OMe. =

Of course it is better to use this method of whip
training with young horses, and those which are
naturally docile and obedient; but there are few horses
so disobedient that they may not be thus controlled at
any age.

HOW TO MAKE A HORSE TROT
“SQUARK.”

Many horses show speed when they strike their gait,
but donot holditlong. This, in many instances, arises

from too much anxiety on the part of the driver, forcing
the horse “off his feet.” This is a great source of an-
( 499 )

500 HOW TO MAKE A HORSE TROT “ SQUARE.”

noyance to the owners, who in many instances have
built their hopes very highly upon the great speed of
their favorite nag. But how often are they doomed to
disappointment! the animal is beaten by those of far
less speed, simply because he “breaks up” badly.

To prevent this habit in horses, requires some degree
of patience and good management on the part of the
trainer. The apparatus used upon this occasion is a
similar one to that used for kicking horses. The straps
e e are the same; the halter lead, however is not
required ; use instead a strap passed through the collar ;
the choke-strap will answer the purpose, if not too long ;
to this strap secure the ring f, pass the strap e e through
the ring f, and buckle the straps d d above the hocks.

We are now ready to drive the horse, going off on a
moderate gait, that he may become familiar with the
feel of the straps before urging him. As he moves, the
strap ee slips through the ring f, allowing the animal
to move without restraint as long as the legs move
alternately, as they do in the trot or pace; but the
instant he attempts to change his gait, he then meets
the check which the straps give him; he cannot move
them together as he does in the run, the straps pre-
venting both legs going back at the same time.

After he has made a few attempts to “break up” and
fails, he becomes gradually more steady. We, may
then urge him to the top of his speed without his making
any effort to go up. Drive him every day with this
arrangement for three or four weeks, and by that time
he will, as a general thing, trot perfectly honest and
remain so.

This system applies equally well to pacers. Care
must be taken to adjust the length of the straps to suit
the horse’s step.

TRICK HORSES.

HOW TO TRAIN AND CONTROL THEM.

To teach horses to perform tricks requires a little
more apparatus than that described in the foregoing
pages. In addition to the cord and webbing we use
what are known as the Rarey straps, consisting of the
short strap and the long strap.

The Short Strap.—A common breeching strap is all
that is necessary; it is used to strap up the foot (see
engraving). Open the loop, keeping the buckle on the

THE SHORT STRAP APPLIED.

outside, put the loop over the foot, then raise the foot
and pass the strap around the fore arm from the inside,
and buckle it tight; this holds the foot up firmly.

The Long Strap.—This is used for bringing the
animal to his knees, which is done by pulling up one
(501)

502 SOME SIMPLE TRICKS.

fore foot while the other is confined by the short strap.
It is astout strap seven or eight feet in length, buckled
to a strap with ring which is placed around the foot.
The end of the long strap is passed under the girth or
over the back for the purpose of taking up the foot
when we want to bring the animal to his knees. (See
engraving “ Learning to Lie Down.”

SOME SIMPLE TRICKS.

To Teach a Horse to Lie Down.—Take your posi-
tion upon the near side; strap up the near fore fvot,

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using the short strap; have a good strong bridle with
check pieces, so as to prevent the bit from pulling
through the mouth. Tie a knot in the bridle-rein over

TO TEACH A HORSE TO LIE DOWN. 503

the neck, take a short hold of the bridle-rein with the
left hand, the right hand holding the off rein; now
press him backwards, and as you do so he comes down

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LEARNING TO LIE DOWN.

gently upon his near knee; let him rest awhile in that
position. Whenever he attempts to jump pull him
towards you, and press back as before; after repeating

COMING ON HIS KNEKS.

this two or three times most horses will lie down; if
you do not succeed, however, put on the long strap,
passing it under the girth, or, what is better, over the

504 SOME SIMPLE TRICKS.

back; take a short hold of the strap with the right
hand, pull him towards you with the left hand, and as
he steps pull up the right foot. This brings him upon

HELPLESS.

his knees; keep him there until he les down, then
caress him, handle him gently all over, knock his fees
together; pull his head up and lay it down carefully .

CONQUERED.

repeat this operation several times, and he will sworn
learn to lie down by merely raising the near front feos,
or lightly tapping it with a whip.

TO SIT UP. 505

To Sit Up.—Lay the animal down as previously
directed, having a collar upon him; place a hobble or
strap, with a ring in it, around each hind foot; take a
pair of ordinary driving lines, pass the buckle-end
through the collar back to the ring in the hobbles, and
buckle them; pull the feet up towards the shoulders,
and carry the lines back to the hind quarters, hold
them firmly in one hand, or give them to an assistant.
Have a bridle with a long rein upon the animal; take
the rein in your hand, stand upon the tail, and pull

- upon the bridle-rein, keeping the lines firm at the same

time; this brings him up in front, and prevents his
getting his hind feet back far enough to rise upon them,
they being drawn forward and securely held by the
lines. Repeat the operation a few times—say two or
three times a day—and he soon learns to lie down at
the word. This is the method usually practised upon
circus horses.

To Make a Horse Bow.—Stand upon the near side,
and with a pin in your right hand prick the animal
lightly in the breast, and say, “ Make a bow, sir;” he
will soon learn to throw his head downwards; when
he does so, caress him. By repeating this operation a
few times he soon learns to bow by merely pointing
the hand towards his breast, or, if learned, by a mo-
tion of the foot. In all cases when training horses to
perform tricks, it is necessary that they should have a
bridle without winkers, or else have the head bare.

To Answer Questions.—Take your position as be-
fore, and with a pin in your right hand, prick him
lightly anywhere along the mane or over the withers,
(ask such questions as you want answered in the neg-

506 SOME SIMPLE TRICKS.

ative,) this causes him to shake his head exactly as he

will do when bothered by flies upon the neck during

fly time. It was this circumstance which suggested
the use of the pin to make a horse say no. By repeating
this operation a few times he will shake his head by
simply raising the hand to your head as if to raise
your hat; this motion of the head indicates no. Nod-
ding the head by pricking the breast signifies yes;
always ask the question before making the motion with
your hand.

To Kiss You.—To teach a horse to kiss you, takea
piece of apple in your hand and let the horse smell it;
he will then try to get it from you. Carry it up to
your mouth and hold it between your teeth; let him
take it from your mouth. Repeat thisa few times and
use the words “ Kiss me;” he soon learns that “ Kiss
me,” means apple, and he puts up his mouth to yours
to take it away.

When operating privately always give at to ham, and
he will then obey you promptly when showing him
publicly.

To Shake Hands.—Take your position in front of
the horse, say “Give me your right foot,” or “Shake
hands ;” he does not understand you; you convey the
idea to him by taking a pin and gently pricking him
upon the right leg; he at once lifts it up; as he does
so take itin your hand and caress him ; he understands
by this that he has done what you wanted him to do.
After repeating this a few times, put your hand towards
his leg and crack the thumb and fingers; he, antici-
pating the prick, lifts his foot; should he fail to do so
have your pin handy and use itlightly. By this means

TO KICK WITH THE RIGHT OR LEFT FOOT. 507

he soon learns to give you the foot at the crack of the
thumb and fingers. As soon as he gives one freely,
teach him in the same manner to give the other one.

To Kick With the Right or Left Foot.—Care must
be taken in teaching this trick, that you have a horse
not predisposed to vicious propensities, or you may
make a confirmed kicker; and then you will have the
habit to break up. A horse of a mild disposition may
be taught to perform thus without the risk of his be-
coming a kicker. I have taught one of my ponies to
kick when I desire him to do so, and he cannot be made
to kick unless the whip is used lightly upon his hind
parts.

Having selected your animal, take a pin in your
right hand, prick the near hind leg with it and say,
“Kick with the left foot;” the animal soon learns to
obey. Then proceed with the opposite leg in the same
manner. After the horse will kick with either foot by
a motion of the hand without pricking him, you will
stand off a short distance with a long whip in your
hand; touch the near hind foot and say “ Kick with
the left foot;” then proceed in the same manner with
the right foot. By proceeding thus once a day the
animal will soon learn to do his part very nicely.

Learning to Waltz.—Some horses seem to love
music, and can readily be taught to waltz or dance.
Use a girth around the body, upon the near side of
which buckle a short strap, having a loop at one end
to fasten to the ring of the bit; draw the strap through,
the girth buckle so as to incline the head a little to the;
near side; have one or two good pieces of music, and,
play any waltz that may be desired ; at the same tinge

e

508 SOME SIMPLE TRICKS.

turn the animal by the use of the whip lightly upon
his legs; he soon learns to turn merely by a motion of
the whip without touching him. After repeating this
lesson once a day for three or four weeks, the strap may
be removed, leaving his head free.

To Teach a Colt to Follow You.—Take the cord,
using the small loop, give him a few quick pulls right
and left, then take your position on one side opposite
the shoulder, give a quick pull upon the cord, which
brings him towards you; at the same time say, “ Come
here, sir;” as he obeys, caress him. Repeat this until
he will come without the pull, then take your position
upon the other side and proceed in the same way. You
will soon have him so that he will follow in any direc-
tion. .

HINTS UPON HORSESHOEING.

A glance at the skeleton of the horse will at once
serve to convince us that the animal is ormed at the
same time for strength, and for celerity and ease of
motion. If we look at the fore limbs we shall see that
the scapula, No. 3, recedes from the shoulder-joint,
falling back obliquely; its upper part uniting with the
spinous processes of the anterior dorsal vertebre, No.

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14, to form the withers. The shoulder-bone, No. 4,
retreats, forming an angle at the elbow joint: the fore
arm consists of two pieces, No. 5, the radius and ulna
consolidated as one bone in the mature horse ; this is
followed by a double row of small bones, No. 9, the
carpus or wrist bones, seven in number. These are:
succeeded by the metacarpus, No. 10, with two slender

splint bones attached posteriorly to its upper part. To
(509 )

510 HINTS UPON HORSESHOEING.

these succeed the three phalangeal bones, Nos. 11, 12
and 13. There are besides a small pair of bones situ-
ated behind the fetlock joint called sessamoides, and a
small bone situated behind and between No. 12 and 138,
called the navicular bone. The coffin bone, No. 18, is
enclosed in the hoof, which consists of thick, firm,
rounded horn, having a certain degree of expansibility ;
and underneath, forming a sort of sole, is a part called -
the frog; it is an elastic cushion, and ina healthy state
prevents concussion. Ateach step the frog yields under
‘the weight of the animal,and swelling out laterally
‘expands the heels of the hoof.

This frog ought always to touch the ground; it does
.so naturally, and where bad shoeing prevents it, the
crust of the hoof soon becomes hard, brittle and un-
yielding, causing a shock at every step as the animal
trots over the hard road. Inflammation and alteration
of structure soon supervene.

The posterior limbs are modelled on a similar plan.
Now from the angles which the bones of the limbs make
with each other at the joints, the force of every shock
as the animal trots or gallops is greatly broken; its
very step is light and elastic; and this not only results
from the obliquity of the bones in question, but par-
ticularly from the yielding spring of the pastern, its
elasticity being provided for by a lhgament which
passes down the back of the cannon bone, No. 10, and
along the pasterns to the coffin bone 11, 12 and 13.
Nor is the spring of the elastic frog to be here over-
looked ; it also contributes an important share to the
easy progression of the horse, the action of whose limbs
as he moves is, or ought to be, free, vigorous and
springy. But alas! how often do wesee the knees dis-
torted with overtoil,and the pasterns rigid and swollen
from disease !

HINTS UPUN HORSESHOEING. 5.

Shoeing is generally regarded as a necessary evil;
and were it not for our paved streets and turnpiked
roads, this evil might in a great measure be well dis-
pensed with. As it is, our object should be to observe
as closely as possible three important rules in shoeing
horses :

_ Ast. To preserve the natural bearing of the foot.

2d. To preserve the hoof in its natural shape.

od. To protect the foot from injury.

If we observe the foot of the unshod horse, we find
the hoof has a perfectly level bearing upon the crust or
wall as it rests upon the ground, as well as upon the
frog, which, as previously stated, acts as an elastic
cushion, preventing concussion and expanding the
heels, which relieves the pressure upon the sensitive
and delicate structure within the hoof, that otherwise
would occur were the hoof hard and unyielding. The
sole or ground surface of the foot is all that part of the
foot situated between the frog and the crust or wall;
this sole should not come in contact with either the
ground or the shoe.

In order to preserve the level bearing of the foot, it
is necessary that the shoe be made with a perfectly level
surface upon the foot side, for the crust to rest upon.
Beyond that point it should be bevelled inwards, in
order to prevent pressure upon the sole. The frog
should remain untouched with the knife, except to trim
off any ragged edges. The moment the substance of
the frog is cut away, that moment it begins to lose its
moisture, and therefore its elasticity. It becomes as
hard and brittle often as the hoof itself; its function js
thus destroyed, and it nowacts as a foreign body,
bruising the sole, causing diseases of various kinds to
arise.

oil HINTS UPON HORSESHOEING.

_ If we examine the feet of horses shod in the ordinary
manner—and there are few others—we find in place of
the shoe having a level bearing for the crust, it is
bevelled from without inwards, so that the foot rests
upon a concave instead of a level surface. The conse-
quence is that the heels, instead of expanding up these
inclined planes, are actually pressed inwards, in con-
sequence of the lateral pressure thus brought to bear
upon them. This, as a natural result, causes contrac-
tion of the hoof sooner or later, causing a hard, brittle
condition of the hoof, predisposing it to split, producing
toe, quarter, or other cracks, which never occur in an
elastic hoof. Corns soon follow contraction of the hoof,
often producing very severe lameness, and leading to
diseases of a more serious nature.

When we have a contracted foot, 1t 1s only necessary
to reverse the bearing of the shoe—that is, the bearing
at the heels back from the last nail-hole should be very
slightly bevelled outwards. This hasa direct tendency
to gradually facilitate the expansion of the heels.

The smith must use great caution in bevelling the
shoe, to give it a very little slant from the last nail hole
on either side—not more than the twentieth part of an
inch; otherwise more harm than good will be likely to
follow its application.

Preparing the Foot For the Shoe.—This, as a me-
chanical operation, requires a man of good, sound judg-
ment to properly perform his work. The growth of the
hoof is about equal to its wear when the animal remains
unshod, otherwise the hoof would be worn too short or
become too long. Our object, then, in paring the foot,
is to remove so much of the hoof as would have been
worn away had not the shoe prevented such wear. Any

APPLYING THE SHOE. an ls

deviation from this rule causes the feet to become un-
usually long, the sole thick, etc., causing the animal to
stumble at almost every step. In preparing the foot
for the shoe, after carefully removing any old stubs that
might remain, the crust should be lowered with the rasp
from the toe to the heels, the sole then should be pared
—with the drawing-knife in preference to the buttress.
The feet should be poulticed the night before being
shod, with linseed meal; this will so soften the hoof as
to enable the smith to pare the feet without difficulty.
Care must be taken to remove a portion of the horn
between the crust and bars, so that the heels of the crust
shall be higher than the heels of the sole. The bars
will simply require cleaning out, removing any loose
portions without diminishing their strength. All
ragged portions of the frog should be removed, but the
frog must by no means be cut away merely because the
smith fancies it to be too large. In weak feet very little
paring is required; the heels, however, require the
nicest care for their protection from injury in shoeing.
No fixed rules can be laid down for paring the feet;
that must be determined by the nature and condition
of them at the time.

Applying the Shoe.—The shoe should be set as near.
the outer margin of the crust as possible; by so doing,
we have the crust as the main support of the foot, as
nature intended it should be. By setting the shoe back
a quarter or three-eights of an inch from the outer
margin of the crust, as is often done, at least one-half.
of the bearing surface of the foot is destroyed. It is
therefore weakened in exact proportion as it is cut.
away, besides greatly reducing the space for driving —
the nails, thus rendering them more liable to do injury

514 HINTS UPON HORSESHOEING.

by being driven too close to the sensitive structure, or
by pricking the foot. The nails should be pointed with
great care, in order that they may be driven with a
greater degree of certainty. Hight nail holes are usu-
ally punched in the shoe; but our experience teaches
us that injury is often prevented by leaving out the
quarter nail upon the inside of the foot. If it should
be thought necessary, it may be put in at the toe in-
stead.

Clips Upon the Shoe.—These should not be used,
as they are the frequent cause of an obscure lameness,
often giving rise to much trouble. The growth of the
horn being from above downwards, the clip offers an
obstruction to the growth of the hoof, which cannot be
overcome; hence it is turned inwards upon the soft
structures of the foot. This is readily seen after death.
in the hoof of a horse which has been shod several years
with the clip. Removal of the cause will enable the
animal to get entirely over the lameness 1n two or three
months. Horses have been restored to perfect sound-
ness in this way very frequently, even after a lameness
of two and three years’ standing. When it is thought
necessary to use a clip, one of the smallest kind should
be employed.

“Interfering.”—Many horses are in the habit of
interfering, and many ingenious methods have from
time to time been devised to prevent this troublesome
habit. Both the hind and fore legs are subject to cut-
ting or striking, usually about the fetlock joint. In
the front feet, however, we sometimes find them striking
just below the knee-joint, producing an enlargement
known asa “speedy cut.” Weshould, when this habit

OVERREACHING. 515
exists, first ascertain the cause as nearly as possible, and
the part which strikes, whether the shoe or the foot.
Many horses interfere only when leg-weary. Particu-
larly is this the case with colts. Some horses strike
when shod with heavy shoes, but do not do so with
light ones. Others interfere from some peculiarity in
the conformation of the limbs. The most successful
plan of preventing this habit, is to straighten the inside
of the shoe from the toe to the quarter, allowing the
heel of the shoe on the inside the same inclination that
it would have ordinarily applied. Two nails only
should be driven on the inside of the foot with this
shoe. This is an exception to our rule in applying the
shoe, but it usually has the desired effect. By no means
make the shoe higher on one side than the other, as it
causes unequal concussion upon the limb when the
animal is in motion, thereby predisposing the joints to
injury. In some rare cases, widening the web of the
shoe, as well as straightening it upon the inside, has
the desired effect, when simply straightening fails to -
accomplish the purpose.

Overreaching.—Many very good horses have this
troublesome habit. Young horses are more subject to
overreaching than old ones; it very frequently disap-
pears as the speed of the animal is increased. Ata
moderate gait the front feet do not always get out of
the way in time for the hind ones as they are brought
forwards, hence a collision takes place. Sometimes the
heels are cut or bruised badly, and occasionally the
shoes are torn from the front feet. The most successful
means of preventing this habit, is to make the front
shoes a little lighter, which facilitates their motion, the
animal lifting them up so quickly—the hind ones

516 HINTS UPON HORSESHOEING.

should be a little heavier. Trifling as this difference
may appear, it 1s very generally successful; an ounce
of iron will make a very marked difference in the
movement of most animals, as much so as weight upon
the back.

Shoeing Horses With Corns.—The corn should be
well cut out, and then burned with a red-hot iron,
muriatic acid, or butter of antimony. The shoe recom-
mended for contracted feet should be here applied ; the
hoof backwards from the corn to the heel should be
removed, so that no part of the hoof back from the corn
have any bearing upon the shoe; by this means we
prevent all concussion that otherwise would fall upon
the part affected; the animal thus shod will travel
sound though the corn be a bad one. Much depends
upon the careful and skilful application of the shoe,
independently of its being constructed on proper prin-
ciples. Many horses with very bad feet are enabled to
go sound for years by a combination of care and skill,
while on the contrary a single shoeing done by a bung-
ling workman would suffice to lamethem. It requires
considerable skill to fit a shoe properly on a bad foot,
so as to save the weakest partsand economize the horn.

_Keeping the Feet Moist.— When we take into con-
sideration the unnatural condition in which the feet of
the horse in a state of domestication are brought, by
nailing upon them the iron shoe, and standing them
upon plank floors, we can readily understand why it is
that the hoof so soon becomes hard, brittle, and con-
tracted. There is no moisture absorbed by the foot
from either the shoe or the plank. If we stand the
horse upon the ground, it is but little better, as such

SHORT POINTERS FOR HORSEMEN. 517

floors are usually very dry, or else they are in a filthy
condition in consequence of the urine which the animal
has passed off, predisposing the feet to thrush, ete. In
consideration of the above facts it is our duty to protect
the feet by artificial means. To do this effectually, the
feet should be stopped with flaxseed meal mixed with
water, that is, when the meal is mixed the soles should
be packed full, say once or twice a week during the
winter season, and three or four times a week during
thesummer season. This supplies the moisture as well
as the oily substance necessary to keep the hoof in a
normal condition.

SHORT POINTERS FOR HORSEMEN.

Never quarrel with your horse.

To make a fine coat, feed well, clothe warmly, sweat
often and groom thoroughly.

Never let your horse know that he can successfully
resist you.

Once handling a horse produces but a temporary
effect.

When a colt is first hitched in a stable be sure to
have a rope behind him, so that he cannot pull back
and learn to be a “ halter puller.”

Remember that you have no business trying tocontrol
a horse unless you can first control yourself. An un-
ruly horse is a jewel compared to an unruly man.

518 SHORT POINTERS FOR HORSEMEN.
Drive fast and stop often.

Never say “whoa” unless you want your horse to
stop.

Never use the whip except in the process of training.
A horse which has to be urged to higher speed by
means of the whip is improperly educated and no
credit to his trainer.

Dark stables produce blind, stumbling and shying
horses.

-In law, the word “warranted” applies merely to
soundness; “ warranted sound” has no greater signifi-
cance.

If you have a horse which you want to match don’t
tell the dealer or he will make you pay dearly for the
size and color.

To remove a horse from a burning stable, blindfold
him.

If you don’t intend to conquer your horse never
begin training him at ali.

It will pay you to keep your horse’s hoofs moist and
oily by stuffing them semi-weekly with lnseed meal ,
poultice.

Wet the hay for a horse with heaves.

Never bleed a horse when the membrane lining the
nose presents a bluish appearance, as it-denotes a debil-
itated condition of the system; under such circum-
stances the animal wants a liberal diet, and strong tonic
treatment. | |

SHORT POINTERS FOR HORSEMEN. 519

Never drench a horse if it can be avoided, but always
administer medicine in the form of ball or powder.
The anatomical structure of the horse’s throat renders
drenching exceedingly dangerous.

Drenching is the best way of administering medicine
to cattle.

To ball a horse properly, take the tongue in the left
hand, bringing it out on the off-side of the mouth, then
take the ball in the right hand between the thumb and
first two fingers, pass it over the curve of the tongue,
and let it go; do not bein too much of a hurry, or you
will be likely to fail in giving it.

Never feed corn or corn meal to horses which are not
in a healthy condition.

When a horse in harness stumbles and falls, jump
immediately, and hold down his head so that he may
not dashit about to his own injury. If you are foolish
enough to use a check-rein, loosen it, and also all other
parts of the harness which are attached to the vehicle
and push the latter back until the shafts are clear of
the animal, speak low and caress the horse, supporting
his head and encourage him to rise, first being sure
that his legs are not tied down by any complication of
straps. When he rises caress him again, and let him
stand perfectly free and quiet until his fright has sub-
sided. Never use harsh language or loud tones ina
ease of this kind.

An idle horse must have his food reduced in quan-
tity—not as a punishment, but as a hygienic measure.
Bad hay is not cheap at any price.

A hard-worked horse should have oats and corn ;
hay is good enough for an idle horse.

520 SHORT POINTERS FOR HORSEMEN.

A horse cannot stand hard work if his food is con-
fined to grassand hay any more than a man can carry
a hod on turnips and cabbage.

Dissolve a teaspoonful of salt in a bucket of water
and sprinkle the hay with the mixture. It pleases the
taste and aids digestion.

Don’t forget that old horses, ike old men, lose their
teeth and their chewing abilities ; therefore, bruise the
oats and corn, and chop the hay for the old nags who
can’t get “store teeth.” You will thus aid the process

of digestion, utilize all the nutriment in the food and °

prevent diarrhcea and the passing of undigested food.

Never give your horse warm water to drink; for cold
water thereafter will give him the colic.

To put an unwarmed bit into a horse’s mouth in
frosty weather is rank inhumanity.

A “blind bridle” is a relic of barbarism.

A head shelter made of wire and canvas should
always be used in hot weather; the addition of a wet
sponge is desirable.

Never whip a horse when he shies or stumbles. Hn-
couragement is what he needs, not rebuke.

A horse never needs a harsh or cutting bit after he
is properly broken. ;

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