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i 7 5 
HeGLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


KAT LOW AL MUSE . 


ἃ 
NET ΤΣ 


London 
HENRY FROWDE 


Oxrorp UNIVERSITY Press WAREHOUSE 


AmeEN Corner, E.C. 


Mew York 


MACMILLAN & CO., 66 FIFTH AVENUE 


FRONTISPIECE. 


Fic. 6. 


ILLUSTRA TIONS: 


Fic. 1. AN ARCHAIC GEM, PROBABLY PARTHIAN (Paris Coll., 1264, 2 ; 
cf. Jmhoof-Blumer und Keller, P\. xxi, 14). 


FIG. 2. TETRADRACHM OF ERETRIA (Ὁ: M. Cat., Central Gr., 
ΕΠ sod, τὴ: 

Both these subjects represent a bird on a bull’s (or cow’s) back, in my 
opinion the pleiad in relation to the sign Taurus (wede zzfra, p.31). In 
Fig. 2 the bull is turning round, to symbolize the tropic ; in Fig. 1 it is in 
the conventional kneeling attitude of the constellation Taurus, as Aratus 
describes it (Ph. 517)— 

Ταύρου δὲ σκελέων Goon περιφαίνεται ὀκλάξ, 
or in Cicero’s translation— 
“Atque genu flexo Taurus connititur ingens.’ 
Compare also, among other kindred types, the coins of Paphos, showing 
a bull with the winged solar disc on or over his back (Kev. Vum., 1883, 
Ῥ. 3553 Head, WH. Numorum, Ὁ. 624, &c.). 


Fics. 3, 4. A COIN OF AGRIGENTUM, WITH EAGLE AND CRAB (Head, 
H. Numorum, Ὁ. 105). Aquila, which is closely associated with 
Capricorn (cf. Manil. i. 624), sets as Cancer rises: it may figure, 
therefore, as a solstitial sign. 


FiG. 5. COIN OF HIMERA, BEFORE B.C. 842, WITH THE COCK (Head, 
Hf. Numorum, p. 125; cf. Ζ7ι7γα, p. 26). 


Fic. 6. ATHENIAN TETRADRACHM, WITH OWL, OLIVE-TWIG, AND 
CRESCENT MOON (Head, p. 312; cf. z7fra, p. 46). 


Fic. 7 (on title). DECADRACHM OF AGRIGENTUM. Cf. Aesch. Agam. 
110-120 (vide infra, p. 8). The reverse of the coin shows Cancer 
associated with the solar Quadriga. 


Ped Cy AK GLOSSARY OF 
} 0 | Ἵ τ 


GREEK BIRDS 


BY 


D’'ARCY WENTWORTH THOMPSON 


PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, DUNDEE 


JUL 20 1987 


LIBRARIES 
OXFORD a 
"ΑἸ THE CLARENDON PRESS } 


M DCCC XCV 


Orford 


PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS~ 


BY HORACE HART, PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY 


TO! ΠΑΤΡῚ 


XOONOZ ΑΡΓΕΙΑΣ APOTHPI 


KAPTION ON ΠΟΤΕ ΕΣΠΕΙΡΕ 


OAAYZIA ATTA ΘΕΡΙΣΑΣ 


ANOAIAQMI! 


RES ARDUA, VETUSTIS NOVITATEM DARE, NOVIS AUCTORI- 
TATEM, OBSOLETIS NITOREM, OBSCURIS LUCEM, FASTIDITIS 


GRATIAM, DUBIIS FIDEM.——PLINY. 


πολλῶν TE KAl ἄλλων TOIOYTWN ἐςτὶ πλῆθος ANarerpAMMENON 
EN τοῖς πλλλιοῖο, ὅπερ εἴ TIC BOYAHOEIH ςυνάγἀγεῖν, εἶς ATTEIPON 


ἂν μῆκος ἐκτείνειε τὸν λόγον.-- ΝΈΜΕΒ., De Nat. Hom. 


Pear 


THIS book contains materials for research in greater 
measure than it presents the results of it ; and, accordingly, 
it is not my purpose to preface it with an extended summary 
of the many wide generalizations to which the assemblage 
of fact and legend here recorded may seem to lead. This 
book indeed includes only a small part of the notes I have 
gathered together since I began years ago, as δὴ under- 
graduate, ignorant of the difficulties of the task, to prepare 
the way for a new edition of the Natural History of the 
Philosopher. Three points, however, in my treatment of 
the present subject deserve brief explanation here. 

Instead of succeeding in the attempt to identify a greater 
number of species than other naturalist-commentators, dealing 
chiefly with the Aristotelian birds, have done, I have on the 
contrary ventured to identify a great many less. This limita- 
tion on my part is chiefly due to the circumstance that I have 
not ventured to use for purposes of identification a large class 
of statements on which others have more or less confidently 
relied. A single instance may serve to indicate the state- 
ments to which I allude. In the f/zstoria Animalinum 
(especially in the Ninth Book, great part of which seems 
to me to differ in character and probably in authorship from 
all but a few isolated passages of the rest of the work), in 
the works of such later writers as Pliny, Aelian and Phile, 
and scattered here and there in earlier literary allusions, 
we find many instances recorded of supposed hostility or 
friendship between different animals. When we are told, 


ΧΙ PREFACE 


for example, that ἄνθος is hostile to ἀκανθίς and to the Horse, 
that πιπώ is hostile to ποικιλίς, to κορυδών, to χλωρεύς and to 
ἐρωδιός, that one Hawk is hostile to the Raven and another 
to the Dove, and one Eagle to the Goose or to the Swan, 
we try at first to use these statements as best we can in 
unravelling the probable identification of the respective 
species. But when we find, for instance, among the rest 
that the Owl is hostile to the Crow, and when we recognize 
in that statement the ancient Eastern fable of the War of 
the Owls and Crows, we are tempted to reject the whole 
mass of such statements and to refuse them, entry into the 
domain of Zoological Science. While former commentators 
have, with greater or less caution, rejected many fables, 
they have often rashly accepted many others. And I fear 
for my part that I in turn, while rejecting a much greater 
number, have perhaps also erred in ascribing a fabulous or 
mystical meaning to too few. 

For many such statements, and for others equally unin- 
telligible in the terms of Natural History, I offer a novel 
and, at first sight, a somewhat startling explanation : to wit, 
that very many of them deserve not a zoological but an 
astronomical interpretation. 

In the spring of 1894 I read to the Royal Society of 
Edinburgh a paper (which I have not yet printed) on ‘ Bird 
and Beast in Ancient Symbolism’. In that essay I sought 
to demonstrate the astronomic symbolism of certain ancient 
monuments, especially of the great bas-relief of Cybele in 
the Hermitage Museum?; secondly, of the beast and bird- 
emblems of classical coinage’; and lastly, of certain fables 
or myths of the philosophers and poets. 


* This monument, a figure of which is accessible in Miss J. E. Harrison’s 
Mythology of Ancient Athens, represents, according to my view, the ancient 
“tropics of Leo and Aquarius, with Taurus and Leo in symbolic combat in the 
frieze below. 

* The identical theory, in so far as it applies to numismatic emblems, was pro- 
mulgated a few months afterwards by M. Jean Syoronos in a learned and scholarly 
paper, to be found in the Lezdletin de Correspondance Hellénique for 1894; but 
the theory was not so novel as M. Svoronos and I supposed it to be. In con- 
nexion with coins or gems, it is explicitly and admirably stated by Gorius, De 


PREFACE ΧΙ] 


Many illustrations of this theory of mine will be found 
in the pages of this Glossary). Suffice it to say here, in 
briefest illustration, that the Eagle which attacks the Swan 
and is in turn defeated by it, is, according to my view, the 
constellation Aquila, which rises in the East immediately 
after Cygnus, but, setting in the West, goes down a little 
while before that more northern constellation ; that Haliaetus 
and Ciris are the Sun and Moon in opposition, which rise 
and set alternately, like the opposite constellations of Scorpio 
and Orion with which the poet compares them. 

Among many other opinions and testimonies to the same 
effect, let us listen to the words of a Father of the Church: 
‘The ancients believed that the legends about Osiris and 
Isis, and all other mythological fables [of a kindred sort], 
have reference either to the Stars, their configuration, their 
risings and their settings, or to the wax and wane of the 
Moon, or to the cycle of the Sun, or to the diurnal and 
nocti-diurnal hemispheres *.’ 

The proof and the acceptance of such a theory as this 
are linked with considerations far-reaching in their interest. 
The theory has its bearing on our new knowledge of the 
orientation of temple-walls; it helps to explain what Quintilian 
meant when he said that acquaintance with Astronomy was 
essential to an understanding of the Poets; the wide-spread 
astronomic knowledge which it presupposes may account for 
the singular interest in and admiration of the didactic poem 
of Aratus, the poem translated by Germanicus and Cicero 
and quoted by St. Paul; and the whole hypothesis points to 
a broad distinction between two great orders of Myth. 

Myths are spontaneous or literary, natural or artificial. 
Some come to us from the Childhood of Religion and the 
Childhood of the World; dream-pictures as it were from 
the half-opening eyes of awakening intelligence, archaic traces* 
of the thoughts and ways of primitive and simple men ; these 


Gemmis Astriferis, 1750; and a kindred but exaggerated development, in regard to 
legend, of the same hypothesis forms the method of Dupuis. 

ΘΕ ΡΡ 8: 28; 31. 05; Τοῦ, Lan, 132. ἘΩ2. ὅξοι: 

4 Euseb, Pr. Ev. iii. c. 4. 


XIV PREFACE 


are the folk-lore talés and customs that are presented to 
us by the school of Mannhardt. But others, and these for 
the most part are astronomic myths, belonging to a relatively 
later age, were artificially invented of the wise, to adorn, 
preserve, or conceal their store of learning; they had their 
birth in cultured homes of deep religion, of treasured science, 
of exalted poetry. Both orders of Myth come to us with 
the glamour of antiquity, and each has for us a diverse but 
perennial interest : 


>? ε 53 > - 
ἁ σταφυλὶς σταφίς ἐστι, καὶ ov ῥόδον αὖον ὀλεῖται. 


The distinction between these two orders of Myth was 
pointed out long ago by an ancient critic’; he drew the dis- 
tinction clearly, but the tales of folk-lore, puerile in his eyes, 
found no echo of sympathy in the old scholar’s heart. We, on 
the other hand, have learned nowadays to say with the poet: 


᾿Ακλειὴς ὅδε μάντις ὃς οὐδ᾽ ὅσα παῖδες ἴσασιν 
Οἶδε. 


The great Signs of the Heavens are as old as our knowledge 
of the months and years, and about them poet-watchers of the 
stars wove an imperishable web of imagery. Of this kind are 
the Voyage in quest of the Golden Fleece’, and the Twelve 
Labours of the Hero-God*; and I have attempted to show 
how into the same fabric are woven tales of Aetos and 
Haliaetos, of Halcyon and Ciris, of Stymphalian perhaps also 


1 Of μὲν yap τῶν σοφῶν μῦθοι περὶ ἀϊδίων εἰσὶ πραγμάτων, οἱ δὲ τῶν παίδων περὶ 
ἔγχρόνων καὶ σμικρῶν" καὶ οἱ μὲν νοερὰν ἔχουσι τὴν ἀλήθειαν, of δὲ χαμαιπετῆ καὶ 
οὐδὲν ὑψηλὸν ἐνδεικνυμένην : Procl. in Plat. Tim. Cf. also Porph. V. Pythag. (41) 42, 
Iambl. V. Pythag. 23, and other commentators on the Pythagorean Symbols. 

? Apoll. Rh. iii. 930. 

5. © Auf die Argonauten hatte ich immer ein Zutrauen.... Es liegen herrliche 
Motive darin, und gewiss liessen sich noch manche daraus entwickeln’: Goethe to 
Schiller, Letter 496. 

* An English scholar very recently propounded the view that the Hind with the 
Golden Horns was a reindeer !— 

Σιγήσω κεμάδος χρύσεον κέρας" ov δὲ καλέσσω 
Τηλίκον Ἡρακλῆα μιῆς ἐλάφοιο φονῆα" 
Μὴ τρομερῆς ἐλάφου μιμνήσκεο.---ΝΟπη. Dionys. xxv, 223. 


PREFACE XV 


of Diomedian and Memnonian Birds, of Pleiad-Doves and 
Singing Swans. All these come to us from the Land beyond 
the Rainbow: they are dwellers in Fairyland. 

Akin to this enterprise of tracing allusions to the ancient 
science of the Stars in art and legend, in neglected phrases 
and statements, of the Greeks, is the effort I have made to 
ascribe to non-Aryan languages names used by Hellenic 
writers for many legendary as well as for many real Birds. 
The Master told his pupils that the gods whom men wor- 
shipped under other names were, in the childhood of religion, 
the Sun, the Moon, and the Stars of Heaven, to which many 
barbarians still bowed down!; and he told them also that 
one who should seek to explain by Greek all the words 
of Greek should surely go astray, for that many words in 
daily use were borrowed from barbaric speech ?. 

The astronomic science that the ancients loved and under- 
stood, as do the wise men of China and Arabia to this day, 
was not the gift of Greece alone, but was the accumulated 
gain of ages of antecedent civilization by the River of Egypt 
and the Four Rivers of Chaldaea; and Eastern imagination 
veiled in mysterious allegory the ancient treasures of Eastern 
lore. 

If the quest after non-Aryan words and the attempt to 
trace the esoteric meaning of fables to a science which had 
its origin on alien soil are to be justified, we must cease 
to believe in a gulf between the Greeks and their Eastern 
contemporaries and predecessors. That gulf, if gulf there 
was, was crossed again and again. It was crossed by 
the migrations of races, by the tramp of armies, by the sails 
of commerce; by the progress of religions, by the influence 
of art, by the humble footsteps of philosophers, seeking 
wisdom like Dervish-pilgrims of the Eastern or Wandelnde 
Studenten of the Western world. 

1 Plat. Cratyl., p. 397. 

3 Tbid., p. 409: Εἴ τις ζητοῖ ταῦτα κατὰ τὴν “Ἑλληνικὴν φωνὴν ws εἰκότως κεῖται, 
ἀλλὰ μὴ κατ᾽ ἐκείνην, ἐξ ἧς τὸ ὄνομα τυγχάνει ὄν, οἶσθα ὅτι ἀποροῖ ἄν. Εἰκότως γε. 
The doctrine of ‘ Loan-words’ thus adumbrated in the Cratylus, is now, within 


certain limits, a commonplace of philology; but we do not know where the 
quest for such Loan-words may end. 


XVI PREFACE 


As the White Doves came from Babylon or the Meleagrian 
Birds from the farther Nile, so over the sea and the islands 
came Eastern legends and Eastern names. And our Aryan 
studies must not blind us to the presence in an Aryan tongue 
of these immigrants from Semitic and Egyptian speech, or 
from the nameless and forgotten language that was spoken 
by the gods. 


1: Werk: 


ved 


A 


GLOSSARY -OF (GREEK BIRDS 


"ATAY. ὁ κύκνος, ὑπὸ Σκυθῶν, Hesych. 


᾽᾿ΑΓΟῬ: ἀετός, Κύπριοι, Hesych. 

Bochart (Hieroz. II. c. xi, coll. 79, 80) shows good reason for 
supposing that ἀετός here should read γέρανος, and that dydp is 
merely Heb. ἢ, a crane (Jerem. viii. 7; Is. xxxvili. 14). Cf. 
Lewysohn, Zool. d. Talmuds, p. 169. 

᾿ΑΓΡΑΚΟ'ΜΑΣ᾽ ὄρνις τις ὑπὸ Παμφίλων, Hesych. 

ἌΓΡΕΥΣ. An unknown bird. It is like a Blackbird, black, musical, 
and a mimic, Ael. viii. 24. The description is somewhat sug- 
gestive of the Indian Mynah, but it is in the main mystical. Vide 
S. V. κατρεύς. 

*AAQNHI'S, s. ἀδωνήϊς (cf. Creuzer, Symb. ii. 478). ἡ χελιδών, Hesych. 
Ci: ἀηδονίς, Ss. Vv. ἀηδών. 

᾿ΑΕΙΣΚΩΨ, vide 5. ν. σκώψ. 

᾿ΑΕΛΛΟΎΣ, an unknown bird, Hesych. 

"AEPOKO’PAE, vide s. v. κόραξ. 

’AE’POY, vide 5. v. μέροψ. 

*AETO’S. Ep.and Ion. αἰετός-- αἰητός in Pind. P.iv, Arat. 522, 591, kc. ; ἀητός, 
Arat. 315; αἰβετός, for aiferds, Hesych. Dim. ἀετιδεύς, Ael. vii. 47, Aesop, 
Fab. 1. ἀετός is said to be ‘the flyer,’ ‘the Bird, from root af or v2, 
of Sk. vz-s, Lat. avi-s, and of Gk. ἄημι: the same root perhaps in 
oi-wy-ds (Curt.) and αἰ-γυπ-ιός ; cf. the Greek use of οἰωνός ; also the 


Lat. use of a/es for Eagle, and ὄρνεον in M. Gk. for Vulture. Never- 
theless, the absence of Eagle-names similar to ἀετός in other Indo- 


B 


2 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


ΑΕΤΟΣ (continued). 


European languages is so striking, that I suspect for it a non-Aryan 
root. 

An Eagle, the generic word; see also ἀκυλεής, ἁλιάετος, ἄνταρ, 
ἀργιόπους, ἄρξιφος, ἀστερίας, εὐρυμέδων, ἴβινος, ἰδέων, κυκνίας, 
λαγωφόνος, μελανάετος, μορφνός, νηττοφόνος, πλάγγος, πύγαργος, 
χρυσάετος, &c.: v. Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 b, ix. 32, 618 Ὁ, 619 ἃ: on the 
species of Eagles cf. Cuvier ad Plin. x. 3, ed. Grandsaigne, whose iden- 
tifications, however, like those of Sundevall (Thierarten des Aristoteles, 
Stockholm, 1863, also in Swedish, K. Akad. Wetensk. Stockholm, 1862), 
are in my opinion to be received with caution. Besides the Osprey, 
Pandion Haliaétus, and the Short-toed Eagle, Czrcaétus gallicus, the 
following true Eagles are regular inhabitants of Greece, A. Chrysaetus, 
A. heliaca, A. naevia, A. Bonelli, A. pennata, and Haliaetus albicilla. 
Though occasional passages may be descriptive of the habits of one 
rather than another of these species, there is no evidence of any of 
these having been recognized as distinct : such names as ἁλιάετος, μελαν- 
deros and λαγωφόνος have a mystical or symbolic rather than a de- 
scriptive or specific meaning. On the confusion of the Eagles with the 
Vultures, vzde zufra. Eagles are common in Greece, though (Xen. 
Venat. v. 24) absent from many of the islands, for want of hills. On 
the Eagle in-classical art and mythology cf. O. Keller, Thiere d. cl. 
Alterthums, pp. 236-276, 430-452. 

Epithets.— Hom. ἀγκυλοχείλης (cf. Ar. Eq. 197 βυρσαίετος ἀγκυλοχείλης 
5. -χήλης), αἴθων, δεξιός, κάρτιστος καὶ ὥκιστος πετεηνῶν, μέλας (cf. Aesch. 
Ag. 115, Plut. Amat. iv. 9), ὀξύτατος δέρκεσθαι, τελειότατος (II. viii. 247), 
ὑψιπέτης 5. ὑψιπετήεις (cf. Soph. Oenom. fr. 423, Horap. ii. 56, &c.), Ati 
gidraros (Il. xxiv. 310). Hes. Th. 523 ravimrepos (cf. Pind. P. v. 112, 
I]. xxiv. 317, Orphic. Lith. 124). Pind. P. i. 6, v. 48, Isthm. vi ἀρχὸς 
οἰωνῶν, Ol. xill. 21 βασιλεὺς οἰωνῶν (cf. Aesch. Ag. 115; Ar. Eq. 1087 ; 
Ael. ix. 2; Nic. Ther. 448; Callim. Hymn. Jov. 68; Ovid, Met. iv. 362; 
the Eagle was an Egyptian symbol for the king, according to Horap. 
il. 56, and was worshipped as a royal bird by the Thebans, Diod. Sic. 
1. 87, 9); a royal emblem also at Babylon, Philostr. Imagg. 386 K. 
Aesch. Pr. V. 1024 Διὸς πτηνὸς κύων, δαφοινὸς aieros: Soph. fr. 766 
σκηπτοβάμων αἰετός, κύων Διός (cf. Ar. Av. 515, Pind. P. i. 6). Aesch. 
Suppl. 212, Soph. Aj. 1040, Eur. Ion 159, &c.:—Znvos ὄρνις, Ζηνὸς αἰετός, 
Ζηνὸς κῆρυξ. Antip. Sid. xcii in Gk. Anth. (Jac.) ii. 33 “Opm, Διὸς 
Kpovidao διάκτορε. Arat. Phen. 522 Ζηνὸς μέγας ἄγγελος. Schol. Pind. 
I, v. 53 διόπομπος aierés. See also Porphyr. De Abstin. iii. 5 ὄρνιθες τοῖς 
ἀνθρώποις εἰσὶ κήρυκες ἄλλοι ἄλλων θεῶν, Διὸς μὲν ἀετός, κιτ.λ. Nonn. 
Dionys. xxiv. 120 αἰετὸς ἡγεμόνευε δι᾽ ἠέρος ἀντίτυπος Ζεύς. Ar. Av. 1248 
(Aesch. fr. Niob.) πυρφόροισιν aierois. Bianor in Gk. Anth. ii. 143 jepo- 
δίνης αἰετός, οἰωνῶν μοῦνος ἐπουράνιος, Cf. Eurip. fr. 866 ἅπας μὲν ἀὴρ 


AETOX 


es) 


ΑΕΤΟΣ (continucd). 

aier@ περάσιμος. (Cf. Arist. H. A. 32, 619 Ὁ ὑψοῦ δὲ πέτεται, ὅπως ἐπὶ 
πλεῖστον τόπον καθορᾷ διόπερ θεῖον οἱ ἄνθρωποί φασιν εἶναι μόνον τῶν 
ὀρνέων.) Opp. Venat. i. 281 αἰετὸς αἰθερίοισιν ἐπιθύων γυάλοισιν. Quint. 
Sm. ill. 354 οἰωνῶν προφερέστατος. Opp. Hal. ii. 539 ὅσσον γὰρ κούφοισι 
μετ᾽ οἰωνοῖσιν ἄνακτες, αἰετοίέ. Phile, De Aq. ὑψιδρόμος, κάρτιστος ὀρνίθων, 
πτηνοκράτωρ. Eurip. fr. 1049 (Cram. An. Gr. Oxon. ii. 452) yoy, κύμινδις, 
ἀετός, ὁ λῷστος οὗτος καὶ φιλοξενέστατος. 


ἀετὸς 6 Ka. γνήσιος. Arist. H. A. ix. 32, 619 μέγιστος τῶν ἀετῶν ἁπάντων, 
μείζων τε τῆς φήνης, τῶν δ᾽ ἀετῶν καὶ ἡμιόλιος, χρῶμα ξανθός, φαίνεται δὲ 
ὀλιγάκις ὥσπερ ἡ καλουμένη κύμινδις : οἵ. Plut. Amat. iv. 9; vide 5.ν. 
μορφνός, This is usually taken, as is also the χρυσάετος or ἀστερίας of 
Ael. H. A. ii. 39, to mean the Golden Eagle, Ag. Chrysaetus (L.); the 
former birds are however said by both authors to be very rare, whereas 
the Golden Eagle is the commonest eagle in Greece (Heldreich). 
Aristotle’s statement as to its size is modified by Pliny (H. N. x. 3, 
media magnitudine). The passage is obscure and mythical, as shown 
by the allusions to κύμινδις and φήνη: Pliny’s phrase solumgue in- 
corruptae originis is a literal but perhaps incorrect translation of 
γνήσιος. Many of the general references to ἀετός apply more or less 
closely to Ag. Chrysaetus, e. δ. Arist. H. A. ix. 32, 619, its nesting 
habits; vi. 6, 563 τίκτει τρία dd, ἐπωάζει περὶ τριάκοντα ἡμέρας : ix. 32, 
619 Ὁ τοὺς δασύποδας οὐκ εὐθὺς λαμβάνει, ἀλλ᾽ εἰς τὸ πεδίον ἐάσας προελθεῖν, 
this last statement being, however, very obscure: Ael. ii. 39, &c., &c. 
On the other hand accounts of the capture of snakes and stories of 
the combat with the Dragon (Arist. H. A. ix. 1, 609 τροφὴν yap ποιεῖται 
τοὺς ὄφεις ὁ ἀετός : ΑΕ]. xvii. 37; Il. xii. 200; Aesch. Choeph. 245; Soph. 
Antig. 110-126 ; Nonn. Dion. xl. 476; Nic. Theriac. 448; Aes. Fab. 120; 
cf. Virg. Aen. xi.751; Hor. Carm. iv. 4; Ovid, Met. iv. 712 ; Flav. Vopisc. 
De Aurel. iv), are based on the habits of Czvcaétus gallicus, the Short- 
toed Eagle, which feeds on reptiles, and partly also of the Lammer- 
geier. In Imhoof-Blumer and Keller’s Thierbilder we have coins of 
Chalcis in Euboea showing an Eagle with the snake in its beak, and 
also (pl. v. 9) a similar coin of Cyrene in which the bird’s head is 
evidently a Lammergeier’s. 


The Vultures were frequently confused under the name ἀετός, e.g. 
Aesch. Ag. 138 στυγεῖ δὲ δεῖπνον αἰετῶν : as also in the story of Pro- 
metheus, e.g. Hes. Th. 523; Aesch. Pr. V. 1022; Pr. Sol. ap. Cic. Q. 
Tusc. ii. 10; Apoll. Rh. ii. 1254, 1263, 111. 851 ; Lucian, Prom. 20 (i. 203) ; 
D. Deor. i. 1 (i. 205), &c., &c.; and as in the story of the death of 
Aeschylus, Ael. vii. 16, Plin. x. 3, Valer. Max. ix. 12. 2, Didym. Chalc. 
ed. Ritter, 1845, pp. 84 &c., Hesych. Onomast. c. 16, where the ἀετός was 
evidently a Lammergeier, on whose propensity to feed on tortoises v. 
Tristram, Fauna of Palestine, p. 94, see also Ibis, 1859, p. 177; cf. Aes. 


B2 


4 


A GLOSSARY ORVGREEK BIRDS 


AETOX (continued). 


Fab. 419; Babr. 115. (On the mythical character of the Aeschylus 
legend cf. Teuffel, Rh. Mus. ix. 148, 1854; Piccolomini, Sulla morte 
favolosa di Eschilo, Pisa, 1883; Keller, op. c. pp. 257, 444.) 

The description in Arist. H. A. ix. 32 ἐφ᾽ ὑψηλῶν καθίζει διὰ τὸ βραδέως 
αἴρεσθαι ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς᾽ ὑψοῦ δὲ πέτεται, ὅπως ἐπὶ πλεῖστον τόπον καθορᾷ, K.T.A., 
suggests rather the habit of the Griffon Vulture (v. περκνόπτερος), which 
is also the ‘ Eagle’ alluded to in like terms in Job xxxix. 28 ; cf. also 
ΑΕ]. ii. 26, Horap. i. 11, 11. 56. The Griffon Vulture is the royal bird 
of the East, the standard of the Assyrian and Persian armies (Xen. Cyr. 
vii. 1. 4, cf. Is. xlvi. 11, Habakkuk i. 8; whence probably the Roman 
Eagle), and the Eagle-headed God Nisroch (2 Kings xix. 37) of the 
Assyrians (cf. Tristram, Fauna of Palestine, p. 95; see also Hammer, 
Hist. Osman. i. p. 50, Creuzer’s Symbolik, iii. pp. 649, 756, &c.). The 
crested Eagles of Assyrian sculpture (cf. Pocock’s Descr. of the East, II. 
pl. xvi; Wood’s Baalbec, pl. xxxiv), are merely a further development 
of the solar emblem, and it is unnecessary to suppose (as does Hogg, 
Ann. and Mag. N. H. (3) xiii. 1864, p. 520) that they are copied from 
an actual crested species. 

The Persians, reverencing the Eagle, admired the aquiline nose and 
cultivated it : Olympiod. in Plat. Alcib. i. c. 16, p. 153 of δοκοῦντες ἄριστοι 
TOV εὐνούχων τὰ τούτου μόρια εἰς κάλλυς διαπλάττουσι γρυπὴν Kal τὴν ῥῖνα 
ποιοῦντες, ἐνδεικνύμενοι. τὸ ἡγεμονικὸν εἶναι καὶ βασιλικὸν τὸν παῖδα οὕτω γὰρ 
καὶ ὁ ἀετὸς γρυπός ἐστιν ὡς βασιλικός : cf. Hyde, Rel. vet. Pers. p. 374. 


A fine description of the Eagle’s flight in Apuleius, Florid. i. 


Myth and legend.— The story of Prometheus, wide supra. 

The story of Ganymede. Strato in Gk. Anth. iii. p. 82; Anon. ibid. 
Iv. p. 118 αἰετὸς ὁ Ζεὺς ἦλθεν ἐπ᾽ ἀντίθεον Tavupndny, κύκνος ἐπὶ ξανθὴν 
μητέρα τῆς Ἑλένης : Theocr. xv. 124; Lucian, D. Deor. iv. 1 (i. 208), 
Hor. Car. iv. 4. The statue of Leochares, Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 19, 29. 
On coins of Chalcis, Dardanos, Ilia, &c. The story referred to the 
constellation Aquila, Hygin. P. Astr. ii. 16, Germanic. Phen. 317, 
Manil. Astron. v. 486, &c. 


The story of Leda: the Swan pursued by an Eagle; Eurip. Hel. 
17-22. The Eagle in combat with the Swan, freq., e.g. Il. xv. 692, 
Arist. ap. Ael. V. H. i. 14, Phile xv. 10, Statius Theb. iii. 524, viii. 675, 
ix. 858, &c. On coins of Mallos in Cilicia, and Camarina (Eckhel, 
Doctr. Numm. i. 1. 201, Imhoof-Blumer and Keller, pl. vi. 16, 17, &c.). 

The Eagle with Dolphin on coins of Sinope, and other towns, 
especially on the Black Sea and Hellespont, is taken by Keller as 
symbolic of the fish-trade (op. c. p. 262): the Dolphin here has 
also been referred to the Eastern emblem of Eros (cf. Weber, Hist. of 
Ind. Liter. 1882, p. 257), but is more probably simply the constellation 


AETOE . 


ΑΕΤΟΣ (continued). 
adjacent to Aquila (cf. Manil. Astron. i. 353). See for other views, 
Welcker, Der Delphin und der Hymnus des Arion, Rhein. Mus. i. 
Pp. 392-400, 1833. 

The myth of Nisus and Scylla or Ciris, Virgil (?) Ciris, Hygin. Fab. 
198, Ovid, Met. viii. 146, ἄς. (a Semitic solar myth, O. Keller, lc. 
Ῥ.- 259); see also E. Siecke, De Niso et Scylla in aves mutatis, Berlin, 
1884, vide s.v. ἁλιάετος. 

The transmigration of Agamemnon, Plato, Rep. x. p. 620; of King 
Periphas of Attica, Anton. Lib. Met. vi; Ov. Met. vii. 399 (cf. Th. Panofka, 
Zeus und Aegina, Berlin 1836) ; of King Merops of Cos, Anton. Lib. 
Met. xv. Cf. the ceremony at the consecration of a dead Emperor: 
ἀετὸς ἀφίεται σὺν τῷ πυρὶ ἀνελευσόμενος ἐς τὸν αἰθέρα, ὃς φέρειν ἀπὸ γῆς 
ἐς οὐρανὸν τὴν τοῦ βασιλέως ψυχὴν πιστεύεται ὑπὸ “Ῥωμαίων, Herodian, 
iv. 2. 11; cf. Dio Cass. [ν|- 42, Ixxiv. 5. 

The Eagle as a portent (4. τελειότατος) in connexion with the founding 
of the Ptolemaic dynasty, Suid. 5. v. Λάγος : of the Phrygian dynasty by 
Gordius, Arrian, Anab. ii. 3, Ael. xili.1 ; of the Persian by Achaemenes, 
ΑΕ]. xii. 21; with the birth of Alexander, Justinus xii. 16. 5. 

The Eagle a portent of death: ἀετὸς ἐπικαθεσθεὶς τῇ κεφαλῇ τοῦ ἰδόντος 
θάνατον αὐτῷ μαντεύεται, Artemid. Oneirocrit. i. p. 112 (ed. Hercher). 

On the Eagle in augury cf. I]. vili. 247, xii. 200, Od. ii. 146, xx. 242, 
Aesch. Ag. 115, Ar. Vesp. 15, &c.: doubtless also referred to, though 
unnamed, in such passages as Orph. Lith. 45, Aesch. Sept. c. T. 24, Pr. V. 
486: still more frequent in Latin, e.g. Liv. i. 24; Cic. De Divin. i. 47, 
ii. 48; Sueton. Octav. 94, 96, 97; Valer. Max.i. 4.6, Plut. Brutus xxxvii, 
&c. See Hopf, Thierorakel, pp. 87 et seq.; Spanheim in Callim. Hymn. 
Jov. 69. 

On Eagles in the Mithraic mysteries, Porphyr. De Abst. iv. 16. How 
the Etruscans understood the language of eagles, ibid. iii. 4. 

An Eagle’s nest with seven eggs (!), as a portent, Plut. Marius, xxxvi. 
An Eagle’s nestling in symbolism and dream-prophecy, Horap. ii. 2 (cf. 
Leemans 77 /oc.). 

The mythical genealogy of the Eagle: Arist. De Mirab. 835 a, i. (60) 
ἐκ τοῦ ζεύγους δὲ τῶν ἀετῶν θάτερον τῶν ἐγγόνων ἁλιαίετος γίνεται παραλλάξ, 
ἕως ἂν σύζυγα γένηται. ἐκ δὲ ἁλιαιέτων φήνη γίνεται, ἐκ δὲ τούτων περκνοὶ 
κ. γῦπες, K. τ. .; Cf. θεόκρονος, ἁλιάετος, φήνη, Kc. 

How φήνη rears its young, Arist. H. A. ix. 32, 619, Antig. Hist. Mirab. 
Au(52), cf. Plin. x.-3. 

How the Eagle feeds and defends its young, and is affectionate 
towards them, Ael. ii. 40, Opp. Ven. 115, Arist. H. A. ix. 32, 619 (cf. 
Deut. xxxii. 11), but nevertheless casts them out, διὰ φθόνον, φύσει yap 
ἐστι φθονερὸς καὶ ὀξύπεινος, ἔτι δὲ ὀξυλαβής, Arist. ibid. How it lays three 


6 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


ΑΕΤΟΣ (continued). 


eggs, hatches two, and rears one, Musaeus ap. Arist. vi. 6, 563, Plin. 
x. 43 a similar statement of ἱέραξ, Horap. ii. 99 τίκτων yap τρία od, τὸ ἕν 
μόνον ἐπιλέγεται καὶ τρέφει, τὰ δὲ ἄλλα δύο κλᾷ’ τοῦτο δὲ ποιεῖ, διὰ τὸ κατ᾽ 
ἐκεῖνον τὸν χρόνον τοὺς ὄνυχας ἀποβάλλειν, καὶ ἐντεῦθεν μὴ δύνασθαι τὰ τρία 
βρέφη τρέφειν. : 

How, when brooding, it goes without food, ὅπως μὴ ἁρπάζῃ τοὺς τῶν 
θηρίων σκύμνους (cf. Horap. i. 11). ot re οὖν ὄνυχες αὐτοῦ διαστρέφονται ὀλίγας 
ἡμέρας, καὶ τὰ πτερὰ λευκαίνεται, ὥστε καὶ τοῖς τέκνοις τότε γίνονται χαλεποί. 
οὐ πάντα δὲ τὰ τῶν ἀετῶν γένη ὅμοια περὶ τὰ τέκνα, ἀλλ᾽ ὁ πύγαργος χαλεπός, 
οἱ δὲ μέλανες εὔτεκνοι περὶ τὴν τροφήν εἰσιν, Arist. H. A. vi. 6, 563. 

The sharp sight of the Eagle, ὀρνίθων ὀξυωπέστατος, and how its gall 
mingled with honey is an ointment for the eyes, Ael. i. 42; Plin. xxix. 38, 
ἄς. Cf. 1]. xvii. 674, Alciphr. iii. 59 γοργὸν τὸ βλέμμα ; Prov. ἀετῶδες βλέ- 
mew, Lucian Icarom. 14 (ii. 769), Hor. Sat. i. 3. 26, &c. How the Eagle’s 
offspring look straight at the sun, and the bastards, being by this test 
discovered, are cast out, Ael. ii. 26, cf. Arist. H. A. ix. 34, 620, Antig. 
Mirab. 46 (52), Lucan ix. 902, Lucian, Pisc. 46 (i. 613), Sil. Ital. x. 107, 
Petron. Sat.120, Claudian III. Cons. Hon. Praef. 12, Plin. x. (3) 4, Dion. 
De Avib. i. 3, Apul. Florid.i.2, Basil. Hexaem. viii. 6. 177, Eust. Hexaem. 
viii. 6. 952, 8. August. Mor. Manich. xvi. 50, Julian. Imp. Epp. 16 (386 C), 
40 (418 d), Eunod. Ep. i. 18, id. Carm. ii. 150, Phile i. 14. Cf. Chaucer, 
P. of Fowles, 331 ‘the royal egle ... that with his sharpe look perceth 
the sun.’ On the Egyptian origin of this fable, see Keller, op. c. p. 268, 
and cf. Horap. i.6, 11. The Solar Myth is also oriental, and in the 
Rig-veda the sun is frequently compared to a Vulture or Eagle hovering 
in the air. 

The Eagle is exempt from thirst, Ael. H. A. ii. 26 οὐδέποτε ἀετὸς 
οὔτε πηγῆς δεῖται οὔτε γλίχεται Koviotpas, ἀλλὰ καὶ δίψους ἀμείνων ἐστί: 
cf. Arist. Η. A. viil. 18, 601 b; but perishes of hunger (also an Egyptian 
fable, Keller op. c. 267), γηράσκουσι δὲ τοῖς ἀετοῖς τὸ ῥύγχος αὐξάνεται TO 
ἄνω γαμψούμενον ἀεὶ μᾶλλον, καὶ τέλος λιμῷ ἀποθνήσκουσιν. ἐπιλέγεται δέ 
τις καὶ μῦθος, ὡς τοῦτο πάσχει διότι ἄνθρωπός ποτ᾽ ὧν ἠδίκησε ξένον, Arist. 
Η. Α. ix. 32, 619. Cf. Antig. 46 (52), Horap. ii. 96 (where the Eagle is 
said to be for that reason an Egyptian symbol for an old and starving 
man), Epiphan. ad Physiol. c. 6, Plin. x. 14. 

It is however long-lived, μακρόβιος δ᾽ ἐστίν δῆλον δὲ τοῦτο ἐκ τοῦ 
πολὺν χρόνον τὴν νεοττιὰν τὴν αὐτὴν διαμένειν, Arist. H. A. ix. 32, 619 b. 

It feeds on grass, Ael. ix. 10 (μόνος ὅσπερ καὶ Διὸς κέκληται), is poisoned 
by σύμφυτον, Ael. vi. 46, Phil. De An. Pr. 668, and in sickness eats 
tortoises as a remedy, Dion. De Av. i. 3. 

Its hours of feeding: ὥρα δὲ τοῦ ἐργάζεσθαι ἀετῷ καὶ πέτεσθαι ἀπ᾽ 
ἀρίστου μέχρι δείλης" τὸ γὰρ ἕωθεν κάθηται μέχρι ἀγορᾶς πληθυούσης, Arist. 
ELVA Ax. 324610: 


AETOZ 7 


AETOX (continued). 

Its feathers are incorruptible, Ael. ix. 2, Plut. Q. Conv. i. 10, Plin. x. 
(3) 4; its right wing buried in the ground is an insurance against hail, 
Geopon. i. 14, 2. 

How it walks with its toes turned in, to keep its claws sharp, Plut. De 
Curios. 12. 

Is hostile to ἐρωδιός, σίττη, τροχίλος, Arist. H. A. ix. 1, 609b, αἰγυπιός, 
ib. 610 a; ὑβρίς, ib. 12, 615 Ὁ ; κορώνη, ΑΕ]. xv. 22; πιπώ, Nicand. ap. 
Anton. Lib. 143; ἔγχελυς, Aristoph. Hist. Anim. Epit. ii. 239 3 πολύπους, 
Ael. vii. 11, as well as to δράκων, Arist. ix. 1, 609 (cf. Ael. ii. 26, Plut. 
Od. et Inv. iv. p. 650), and κύκνος, ib. 12, 615 b, by which last it is con- 
quered, Ael. xvii. 24; to νεβρός and ἀλώπηξ, Arist. H. A. ix. 32, 619 b), 
cf. Plut. Sol. Anim. xxxi. 7; hostile also to χήν (Od. xv. 161), δορκάς, 
λαγώς (Orphic. Lith. 147), ταῦρος, Phile. Cf. Plin. x. (74) 95. 

It places the herb καλλίτριχον in its nest for a charm, Geopon. xv. I, 19. 

The Eagle a symbol of the Nile, Diod. Sic. i. 19. 2. Cf. Eustath. in 
Dionys. v. 239 ἐκλήθη [ἡ Αἴγυπτος] καὶ Aeria: cf. Bryant’s Anc. Mythol. 
i. pp. 19, 378. A symbol of the year, Artemid. Oneirocr. ii. 20, as the 
Vulture is also said to be by Horap. i. 11; of elevation, Horap. i. 6; 
of the sun on the equator, Clem. Alex. Strom. v. 567. For the explana- 
tion of these hieroglyphs, into which the emblem of the Vulture enters 
as a phonetic element, see Lauth, Sitzungsber. Bay. Ak. 1876, p. 81. 

A king who lives remote from and disdainful of his people is pre- 
figured as an Eagle: οὗτος yap ἐν τοῖς ἐρήμοις τύποις ἔχει τὴν νεοσσιάν, καὶ 
ὑψηλότερος πάντων τῶν πετεινῶν ἵπταται, Horap. li. 56. 

The white Eagle of Pythagoras, Jambl. V. Pyth. xxviii. 142, Ael. V. Η. 
iv. 17, was probably a symbol for the town of Croton, on whose coins an 
eagle is displayed (cf. Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins, i. c. 20, also Creuzer, Symb. 
ii. 602, footnote). How Pythagoras lured an Eagle at Olympia, Iambl. 
V. Pyth. xiii. 62, Porph. V. Pyth. 25, Plut. Numa viii. 

The constellation Aquila, Eurip. Rh. 530 μέσα δ᾽ αἰετὸς οὐρανοῦ ποτᾶται 
(cf. Petavii Var. Diss., lib. v. c. 14); Arat. Phen. 313, Hygin. iii. 15, &c. 
The constellation Aquila is frequently referred to in Latin; e.g. Ov. 
F. v. 732 grata Iovi fulvae rostra videbis avis; [viii. Kal. Jun. Rostra 
aquilae oriuntur chronice.] Ib. vi. 194 si quaeritis astra, Tunc oritur 
magni praepes adunca Iovis ; [Kal. Jun. Aquila oritur chronice.] Cf. 
Columella xi. 2; Germanic. Phaen. 692 redit armiger uncis Unguibus, 
ante omnes gratus tibi, Iuppiter, Ales; cf. ib. 610, &c. On the 
mythology of the Eagle in connexion with the constellation Aquila, 
see also Eratosth. c. 29, Hygin. P. Astr. 11. 16, for, zz. a/., the stories 
of the metamorphosis of Ethemea, of the Eagle that brought Venus’ 
slipper to Mercury (cf. Strabo xvii. 808, Ael. V. H. xiii. 33), the eagle 
that portended victory to Jove in his combat with the Titans, &c. 

The complicated mythology of the Eagle baffles analysis. It is 


8 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


AETOX (continued). 
sometimes evidently a solar emblem, as is Ζηνὸς ὄρνις in Aesch. Suppl. 
212. Its name χρυσάετος is in like manner probably a translation of the 
‘golden hawk’ of Egyptian Horus. In its combat with the Hare, the 
Swan, the Bull, the Dragon, and so forth, these latter are probably 
symbolic of their stellar name-sakes, and in such cases, the hostile 
Eagle is, in the main, a stellar and not a solar emblem. The following 
are the principal facts in connexion with the constellation Aquila which 
seem to bear on the mythology of the Eagle. It rose nearly together 
with the Dolphin, and shortly after, and as it were in pursuit of, the 
Swan and the Serpent of Ophiuchus: it set as the Lion rose, whose 
leading star Regulus was also called βασιλίσκος, the Hare and the Dog- 
star rising simultaneously ; it set together with Aquarius, known also as 
Ganymede the cup-bearer, and it was close beside and rose together 
with the Arrow of Sagittarius. It is not far distant from the constel- 
lation Lyra, which last constellation is also known as the Vulture; it 
and the Eagle are known respectively to later writers (and to the Arabs) 
as Aquila or Vultur cadens and volans or γὺψ καθήμενος and πετύμενος, 
nesr-el-waki and nesr-el-tair, whence our modern names Vega and 
Altair applied to their two principal stars. (See for Arabic and other 
references, Ideler, Sternnamen, pp. 67, 106, &c.; also Grotius’ Aratus, 
Notae ad Imagg. pp. 54, 60, &c., &c.) Aquila rose together with the 
latter stars of the Scorpion, but Lyra or the Vulture, rising a little earlier, 
seems to have been the true paranatellon of that sign : accordingly it 
is probably not the true Eagle but the Vulture or Aquila cadens, which, 
substituted for the unlucky Scorpion, figures with the other three 
cardinal signs of Leo, Taurus, and Aquarius, in the familiar imagery of 
Ezek. i. 10, x. 14, and Rey. iv. 7. A so/ary myth is discussed s. v. ἁλιάετος. 
The combat with the Hare is interesting from its representation on a 
famous decadrachm of Agrigentum, as well as for the equally mystical 
description in Aesch. Ag. 115 βοσκόμενοι λαγίναν. (The symbolism con- 
nected with the Hare seems to me to be peculiarly complicated and 
difficult, and all tentative hypotheses are more than commonly liable to 
be overthrown.) The Eagle with the Serpent or Dragon occurs not 
only in classical coinage (Chalcis, Agrigentum, Gortyna, Siphnos, &c.), 
but also on Persian and Egyptian sculptures. The Eagle with the 
lightning (ἀετὸς πυρφόρος) or thunderbolt (wzzcstrum fulminis, cf. Plin. 
x. 3, Serv. in Aen. i. 398, Sil. Ital. xii. 58 adsuetis fulmina ferre Un- 
guibus) occurs on coins of Elis, Catana, Megalopolis, &c. Philo’s phrase 
(i. 628) φέγγος γνήσιον and ᾧ. νόθον for sunlight and moonlight is perhaps 
suggestive or corroborative of a solar symbolism in ἀετὸς γνήσιος. 
ἀετίτης, the eagle-stone. Ael. i. 35. Diosc. v. 161. Dion. De Avib. 
i. 3 of μὲν αὐτὸν ἀπὸ τῶν Καυκασίων ὀρῶν, of δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς τοῦ ὠκεανοῦ ὄχθης 
φασὶ κομίζεσθαι: Lucan vi. 676 quaeque sonant feta tepefacta sub alite 
saxa; Plin. x. 3, xxx. (14) 44, xxxvi. (21) 39, xxxvii. (11) 72, Horap. ii. 49, 


ΑΕΤΟΣ 9 


AETOX (continued). 

Phile 736, Geopon. xv. 1, 30, Solinus, c. 37, Philostr. V. Apollon. ii. 14, 
Stobaeus 98, Priscian in Perieges. p. 393. Cf. Physiol. Syrus, where 
the stone is called ἀντόνικον, a corruption of εὐτόκιον or ὠκυτόκιον : cf. 
Eustath. Hexaém. p. 27, Epiphan. De Duodecim Gemmis, &c., ed. 
Romae, 1743, p. 30, Marbod. Lapidarium, 339-391 (King’s Ant. Gems, 
p- 404). See also, for mediaeval and other references, Boch. Hieroz. 
ii. 312-316, and N. and Q. (8) v. 518, 1894. The Eagle with its stone, 
an Egyptian symbol of security, Horap. ii. 49. 

Proverb and Fable.—Fable of Fox and Eagle, Archiloch. fr. 86-88 
(110), Aes. Fab. 5; Ar. Av. 652. Hence according to Rutherford 
(Babrius p. xlvii), the proverb αἰετὸς ἐν moravois, Pind. N. iii. 77 (138); 
αἰετὸς ἐν νεφέλαισι, Ar. Eq. 1013, Av. 978, 987, fr. 28, and Schol.; applied 
by the oracle to the Great King (cf. Ezek. xvii. 3), Schol. in Ar. Eq. τοῖο ; 
cf. Zenob., Suid. ἐπὶ τῶν δυσαλώτων, παρόσον detos ἐν νεφέλαις ὧν οὐχ ἁλίσ- 
κεται : for other explanations, see Steph. Thes. 

ἀετὸν ἵπτασθαι διδάσκεις, Suid., Zenob. ii. 49; cf. Pseudo-Plutarch, 
Prov. 25 ἄνευ πτερῶν ζητεῖς ἵπτασθαι: hence, according to Rutherford, 
the fable of the Eagle and Tortoise, Babr. cxv, Aes. 419; cf. Diog. L., 
11: 1; 10: 

αἰετὸν κάνθαρος μαιεύσομαι, Ar. Lys. 696: ἐπὶ τῶν τιμωρουμένων τοὺς 
μείζονας προκατάρξαντας κακοῦ. λέγεται γὰρ τὰ @a τοῦ ἀετοῦ ἀφανίζειν 
6 καύθαρος, Suid.: cf. Ar. Pax, 133, and Schol., Lys. 695, Aes. Fab. 7, 
Keller, op. c. p. 269. 

The oracle of Aétion, Herod. v. 92. 

Fable of Eagle shot with its own feathers, Aesch. Myrm. fr. 123, 
cf. Schol. in Ar. Av. 808, Aes. Fab. 4. The Eagle and the Archer, 
Bianor, Gk. Anthol. ii. p. 143. 

ἀετὸς καὶ βασιλίσκος, Plut. Mor. ii. 806 E. The Fighting-cock and the 
Eagle, Babr. v;. the Eagle and Lion in partnership, Babr. xcix; the 
Eagle mindful of benefits, Aes. 6, 92, 120, Ael. xvii. 37, whence the 
proverb αἰέτιον χάριν ἐκτίνειν, Apost. Cent. i. 78 ; cf. Tzetz. Chil. iv. 302. 

The tame Eagle of Pyrrhus, Ael. ii. 40; the Eagle that saved Tilgamus 
of Babylon, Ael. xii. 21; that saved Aristomenes, Paus. iv. 18. 5: 
cf. Antip. Sidon. xcii in Gk. Anthol. ii. 33: see also Ael. vi. 29, Plin. 
x. (5) 6: cf. Marx, Gr. Marchen, 1889, pp. 29-50. 


On Hawking with trained Eagles in India, Ctesias, fr. 11 (ed. 
Miiller), Ael. iv. 26; in Thrace, Ael. ii. 42; cf. also Leo Africanus and 
Tzetzes Chiliad. iv. 134. On Eagles trained for Falconry, see (e. 5.) 
Scully, Contr. to the Ornith. of E. Turkestan, Stray Feathers, vi. p. 123, 
1876; also Yule’s Marco Polo, Schlegel’s Fauconnerie, &c. 


Representations of Eagles—On Babylonian processional sceptres, 
Herod. i. 195. On the sceptre of the Persian kings, Xen. Cyrop. vil. 


το A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


AETOX (continued). 


I. 4 (cf. Keller, op.c. pp. 240, 435). On the sceptre of Zeus at Olympia, 
Paus. v. 11. 1 (copied on a late coin of Elis); and at Megalopolis, id. 
Vill. 31. 4 (cf. Pind. P. 1. 6 εὔδει ἀνὰ σκάπτῳ Διὸς αἰετός, Soph. fr. 766 
σκηπτοβάμων αἰετός, Schol. in Ar. Av. 510); on pillars before the altar 
of Zeus Lycaeus, in Arcadia, id. vill. 38. 5 ; on the Omphalos at Delphi 
(cf. Soph. O. T. 480), Pind. P. iv. 1 χρυσέων Διὸς αἰητῶν πάρεδρος (simi- 
larly on coins of Cyzicus). Cf. Plut. de Orac. i. 409 ἀετούς twas, ἢ 
κύκνους, μυθολογοῦσιν ἀπὸ τῶν ἄκρων τῆς γῆς ἐπὶ τὸ μέσον φερομένους εἰς 
ταὐτὸ συμπεσεῖν Πυθοῖ περὶ τὸν Kad. ὄμφαλον. The great mechanical 
Eagle with outspread wings on the altar at Olympia, Paus. vi. 20. 12. 
On the shield of Aristomenes at Messene, Paus. iv. 16. 7 (cf. account 
of shield in Eurip. fr. Meleag. iv, and on the shield of Aeacus, Ζῆνα 
νόθον, σοφὸν ὄρνιν, Nonn. xiii. 214). For references to coins, v. supra, 
passim. 

The gable of a temple was called ἀετός, Ar. Av. 1110, or ἀέτωμα, 
Suid. Cf. Eur. fr. Hypsip. ἰδοὺ πρὸς αἰθέρ᾽ ἐξαμίλλησαι κόραις, γραπ- 
τοὺς ἐν αἰετοῖσι προσβλέπων τύπους : Pind. Ol. xiii. 21 τίς γὰρ... ἢ θεῶν 
ναοῖσιν οἰωνῶν βασιλέα δίδυμον ἐπέθηκε ; cf. Pind. fr. 53, ap. Paus. x. 5. 12, 
and Bergk’s note; Tacit. H. 111. 71; Bekker Anecd. p. 348. 3 ἀετοῦ 
μιμεῖται σχῆμα ἀποτετακότος Ta πτερά: for other references see Blaydes, 
in Ar. Av. 1106. Compare the Sacred Hawk or Eagle, or the winged 
solar disc, on Egyptian gables, &c., and on Mithraic monuments. 
See Brénsted, Voy. en Gréce, ii. 154; Welcker, Alte Denkmaler, i. 3. 
A conventional ornament on the gable even of modern buildings in 
the Greek style, still represents the degenerate emblem of the Eagle’s 
wing. 

See also, besides the special references to the other Eagle-names 
enumerated above, kindred mythological references 5. νν. γύψ, ἱέραξ, 
περκνόπτερος, φήνη. 

᾽ΑΖΕΙΝΟΙ΄, also ἀζέσιμοι" κύκνοι, ταῖς πτέρυξιν ἀπολαμβάνοντες ἀέρα, Hesych. 


"AHAQ’N, ἡ [ὁ a., Anth. Pal. vii. 44, Eust. 376. 24; for grammatical forms, 
see Bergk. Philol. xxii. p. 10, Ahrens in Kuhn’s Zeitschr. iii. p. 81, &c.] 
Also ἀηδονίς (Eur. Rhes. 550, Theocr. viii. 38, freq. in Gk. Anthol., &c.), 
ἀδονίς (Theocr., Mosch.), ἀβηδών = ἀξηδών, Hesych., and ἀηδώ, Soph. 
Aj. 628. Dim. ἀηδονιδεύς, Theocr. xv. 121. Rt. vad, to sing, ἀείδω, &c. 
The Nightingale, Jofacilla luscinia, Τ,., Daulias luscinia, auctt. 

Mod. Gk. ἀηδόνι, applied to various Warblers. 

Od. xix. 518 Πανδαρέου κούρη χλωρηὶς ἀηδών. [German commentators, 
translating yAwpnis green, have made many needless conjectures as 
to some other bird being here alluded to; cf. Groshans, p. 5 ; Buchholz, 
pp. 123-125. On the word χλωρηίς see also ἃ. E. Marindin and 
W. W. Fowler, Class. Rev. 1890, pp. 50, 231, and in particular Steph. 


AETOZ—AHAQN 11 


AHAQN (continued). 


Thes. (ed. 1821), coll. 1284-5. The general significance is perhaps ‘the 
nightingale, that clepeth forth the fresshe leves newe,’ Chaucer, P. of 
Fowles 351, yAwpais ὑπὸ βάσσαις, Soph. Oed. Col. 673.] 


Other Epithets.—’ArOis, αἰολόδειρος (Nonn. xlvii. 33), αἰολόφωνος (Opp. 
Hal. 1. 728), βαρύδακρυς (Phil. Thess. lxvi), δακρυόεσσα (Eur. Hel. 1110), 
"Hpos ἄγγελος, ἡμερόφωνος s. ἱμερόφωνος (Sappho, p. 39, ap. Suid.), 
κιρκήλατος (Aesch. Suppl. 62), λίγεια (Aesch. Ag. 1146; Soph. Oed. Col. 
671), λιγύφθογγος (Ar. Av. 1380), λιγύφωνος (Theocr. xii. 7), μελίγηρυς 
(CG. 6261 Gk. ‘Anthol iv. pp: 231, 2733 ck Theocr: Ep. iv, 12); 
ὀξύφωνος (Soph. Trach. 963 Babr. xii. 3, 19), ξουθός (Aesch. Ag. 1142, 
Ar. Av. 676, Theocr. Ep. iv. 11; cf. Eur. Hel. 1111), ποικιλόδειρος (Hes. 
Op. et D. 201), πολυκώτιλος (Simonid. fr. 73, in Etym. M.), πυκνόπτερος 
(Soph. Oed. Col. 18), πανόδυρτος 5. πάνδυρτος (Soph. ΕἸ. 1077), τεκνο- 
λέτειρα (ib. 107), χλωραύχην (Simon. 73). [Note similarity of epithets 
S.V. χελιδών. | 

Among innumerable poetic references, cf. Ibyc. fr. 7 tapos ἄυπνος 
κλυτὸς ὄρθρος ἐγείρησιν ἀηδόνας. Simon. fr. 73 δεῦτ᾽ ἀηδόνες πολυκώτιλοι, 
χλωραύχενες εἰαριναί. Callim. L. P. 94 μάτηρ μὲν γοερῶν οἶτον ἀηδονίδων 
ἄγε βαρὺ κλαίουσα. Aesch. Ag. 1116 Ἴτυν, Ἴτυν στένουσα, ἀηδών. Soph. 
El. 147 ἃ Ἴτυν αἰὲν "Irvy ὀλοφύρεται, ὄρνις ἀτυζομένα, Διὸς ἄγγελος. 
Eurip. Phleg. fr. 773, 23 μέλπει δὲ δένδρεσι λεπτὰν ἀηδὼν ἁρμονίαν 
ὀρθρευομένα γόοις Ἴτυν, Ἴτυν πολύθρηνον. Eurip. Hel. 1111 ὦ διὰ ξουθᾶν 
γενύων ἐλελιζομένα θρήνοις ἐμοῖς Evvepyds. Ar. Av. 212 Ἴτυν ἐλελιζομένη 
(cf. Hor. Car. iv. 2. 5 Ityn flebiliter gemens, Catull. Ixv. 14 Daulias 
absumpti fata gemens Ityli). Soph. Aj. 628 οἰκτρᾶς γόον ὄρνιθος ἀηδοῦς, 
cf. Aesch. fr. 412. Eur. Hec. 337 ἀηδόνος oropa. Ar. Ran. 684 ῥύζει 
δ᾽ ἐπίκλαυτον ἀηδόνιον νόμον. Mosch., iil. 37 οὐδὲ τόσον ποκ᾽ ἄεισεν ἐνὶ 
σκοπέλοισιν ἀηδών: cf. v. 46.ὙἩ Aristaenet. Ep. i. 3 ἡδὺ καὶ ἀηδόνες, 
περιπετόμενοι τὰ νάματα, μελωδοῦσιν. Philip Ixvi in Gk. Anthol. ii. 
p. 213 αἰεὶ δ᾽ ἡ βαρύδακρυς, ἐπὶ στήλαις μὲν ἀηδών᾽ μεμφομένη δὲ βυθοῖς, 
ἁλκυονὶς βλέπεται, &c., &c. 

Description.—Arist. H. A. iv. 9, 536 ade καὶ 6 ἄρρην καὶ ἡ θήλεια 
[an error, but cf. Od. xix. 518], πλὴν ἡ θήλεια παύεται ὅταν ἐπωάζη καὶ τὰ 
νεόττια ἔχη. ὦπται καὶ ἀηδὼν νεοττὸν προδιδάσκουσα (cf. Ael. iii. 40, Plut. 
De Sol. Anim. 973, Dion. De Avib. i. 20 ἀποκτείνει δὲ τοὺς ἀφθόγγους, 
Porph. De Abst. iii. 5). Arist. H. A. v. 8, 542 Ὁ τίκτει τοῦ θέρους apxo- 
μένου πέντε καὶ ἕξ Gat φωλεύει δὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ μετοπώρου μέχρι τοῦ ἔαρος. 
H. A. ix. 15, 616} οὐκ ἔχει τῆς γλώττης τὸ ὀξύ [true of the Hoopoe ; 
ἀηδών is an interpolation here, Aub. and Wimm., cf. Plin. x. 43 (29), 
but compare the version in Apollod. iii. 14]. Η. A. ix. 49 B, 632b 
ἡ δ᾽ ἀηδὼν adder μὲν συνεχῶς ἡμέρας καὶ νύκτας δεκαπέντε, ὅταν τὸ ὄρος ἤδη 
δασύνηται" μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα ἄδει μέν, συνεχῶς δ᾽ οὐκέτι. τοῦ δὲ θέρους προιόντος 
ἄλλην ἀφίησι φωνὴν καὶ οὐκέτι παντοδαπὴν οὐδὲ τ[ρ]αχεῖαν καὶ ἐπιστρεφῆ 


12 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


AHAQN (continued). 

ἀλλ᾽ ἁπλῆν, καὶ τὸ χρῶμα μεταβάλλει" καὶ ἔν ye ᾿Ιταλίᾳ τὸ ὄνομα ἕτερον 
καλεῖται περὶ τὴν ὥραν ταύτην. φαίνεται δ᾽ οὐ πολὺν χρόνον" φωλεῖ yap 
(cf. Ael. xii. 28; Plin. N. H. x..29, Clem. Alex. Paedag. x): the above 
excerpt is very obscure and mystical; with the verb δασύνηται cf. 
Etym. M. s.v. Aavais, also Aesch. fr. 27 (262 cét.), and Paus. x. 4, 7. 
Hesiod, ap. Ael. V. H. xii. 20 τὴν ἀηδόνα μόνην ὀρνίθων ἀμοιρεῖν ὕπνου 
καὶ διὰ τέλους ἀγρυπνεῖν. ΔΕ]. H. A. i. 43 ἀηδὼν ὀρνίθων λιγυρωτάτη, 
λέγουσι δὲ καὶ τὰ κρέα αὐτῆς ἐς ἀγρυπνίαν λυσιτελεῖν : cf. ib. xii. 20, Phile 
xviii. ΑΕ]. iii. 40 καθειργμένη ἐν οἰκίσκῳ ᾧδης ἀπέχεται, καὶ ἀμύνεται τὸν 
ὀρνιθοθήραν ὑπὲρ τῆς δουλείας τῇ σιωπῇ᾽ οὗπερ οὖν οἱ ἄνθρωποι πεπειραμένοι, 
τὰς μὲν ἤδη πρεσβυτέρας μεθιᾶσι, σπουδάζουσι δὲ θηρᾶν τὰ νεόττια. Ib. ν. 
38 ἐν ταῖς ἐρημίαις ὅταν ἄδῃ πρὸς ἑαυτήν, ἁπλοῦν τὸ μέλος" ὅταν δὲ ἁλῷ 
καὶ τῶν ἀκουόντων μὴ διαμαρτάνῃ, ποικίλα τε ἀναμέλπειν καὶ τακερῶς ἑλίττειν 
τὸ μέλος. Its mode of capture, Dion. De Avib. iii. 13. On captive 
Nightingales, see also Nemesian, Ecl. ii, De Luscinia. A white or 
albino specimen, Plin. 1. c. 


The locus classicus for the Nightingale’s song is Plin. x. (29) 43, 
cf. Ar. Av. 209; see also Dion. De Avib. i. 20, Phile xviii, &c. 


Pausan. ix. 30. 6 λέγουσι δὲ οἱ Θρᾷκες, ὅσαι τῶν ἀηδόνων ἔχουσι νεοσσιὰς 
ἐπὶ τῷ τάφῳ τοῦ ᾿Ορφέος, ταύτας ἥδιον καὶ μεῖζόν τι ᾷδειν. Cf. Antig. Hist. 
Mirab. 5, Myrsili Methymn. fr. 8 (vol. iv. p. 459, Miiller). 

The Nightingale which sang over the infant Stesichorus, as a presage 
of poetry, Plin. x. 43 (29). The transmigration of Thamyras (ἢ Thammuz), 
Plato, Rep. x. 620. 

On talking Nightingales, Plin. N. H. x. 59 (42). 

The lay of the loom, κερκίδα δ᾽ εὐποίητον, ἀηδόνα τὰν ἐν ἐρίθοις, Antip. 
Sid. xxii, Gk. Anthol. ii. 11, cf. id. xxvi; cf. Ar. Ran. 1316. 

The Cricket is called τὴν Νυμφέων παροδῖτιν ἀηδόνα, Gk. Anthol. 
iv. 206. 

Ulysses, for his melancholy tale, is Μουσῶν ἀηδών, Eur. Palamed. 
Vill ; a poet is Μουσάων andovis, Anthol. Pal. vii. 414 (cf. Μουσᾶν ὄρνιχες, 
Theocr. vii. 47) ; a bad poet is ἀηδόνων ἠπίαλος (enough to give a Night- 
ingale the shivers), Phryn. Com. Inc. i. 

The Sirens are called ἁρπυιόγουνοι ἀηδόνες, Lyc. 653. 


Proverb and Fable.—ovd’ ὅσον ἀηδόνες ὑπνώουσιν, Suid. ὕπνος ἀηδό- 
νειος, Nicoch. Inc. 3 (ii. 846, Mein.), cf. Nonn. Dionys. v. 411 ὄμμασιν 
ἁρπάξαντες andoviov (5. ἀϊδονίου) πτερὸν ὕπνου. τοὶ σκῶπες ἀηδόσι γαρύ- 
σαιντο, Theocr. i. 136, cf. Gk. Anthol. (Jac.) iv. p. 218, also Theocr. ν. 
136 ποτ᾽ ἀηδόνα κίσσας ἐρίσδεν: Luc. Pisc. 37 θᾶττον ἂν γὺψ dnddvas 
μιμήσαιτο. 

Fable of the Hawk and the Nightingale, Hes. Op. εἰ D. 203, cf. 
Aes. Fab. 9, Plut. Mor. 158 B. The Nightingale and the Swallow, 


AHAQN 13 


AHAQN (continued). 
ov θέλω τὴν λύπὴν τῶν παλαιῶν pov συμφορῶν μεμνῆσθαι, Aes. Fab. Io, 
cf. Babr. xii. Vox εἰ praeterea nihil, Plut. Apophth. Lacon. 123 A τίλας 
τις ἀηδόνα καὶ βραχεῖαν πάνυ σάρκα εὑρὼν εἶπε, φώνα τύ Tis ἐσσι καὶ οὐδὲν 
ἄλλο. Story of Agesilaus and one who mimicked the Nightingale’s 
SONg, avras, εἶπεν, ἄκουκα πολλάκις, Plut. Mor. 191 B. 


On the myths of Itylus, Philomela, Procne, and in general on the 
melancholy strain of the Nightingale, cf., 2722. a/., Theocr. xv. 121; 
Pherecydes, fr. p. 136 (ed. Sturtz); Ar. Av. 203, 665, and Scholia; 
Paus. i. 41. 8; Boios ap. Ant. Lib. xi; Hygin. Fab. 45 (209, 212); 
Apollod. iii. 14. 8; Virg. Georg. iv. 510, Ecl. vi. 79; Martial x. 51, 
xiv. 75; Ovid, Met. vi. 424, Am. ii. 6.7; Catull. Ixv. 14; Carm. de 
Philomela, &c., &c. See also (2722. al.) Hartung, Relig. und Myth. 
ἘΠΕ Wi) p. 39; Duntzer im Kuhn's, Ztschr xiv. p. 2075 E-/Oder 
in Rh. Mus. f. Philol. (N. 5.) ΧΙ. p.-540 et seq.; Keller op. c. 
pp. 304-320; Pott in Lazarus and Steinthal’s Zeitschrift, xiv. p. 46, 1883 ; 
J. E. Harrison, J. Hellen. Studies, viii. 439-445, 1887, M. of Anc. 
Athens, p. Ixxxiv. 


The Nightingale’s song, as Coleridge discovered, is not melancholy. 
It was a spirit of religious mysticism that ‘First named these notes 
a melancholy strain, And many a poet echoes the conceit.’ I believe 
the innumerable references to the melancholy lay of adovis or ἀηδών, and 
to the lament for”Irus, to be for the most part veiled allusions to the 
worship of Adonis or Atys; that is to say, to the mysterious and 
melancholy ritual of the departing year, when women ‘wept for 
Tammuz’: ᾿Αδώνι᾽ ἄγομεν, καὶ τὸν "Adwv xddopey! This conjecture is 
partially supported by the confusion between andovis and adorns, by 
the mythical relations between the Nightingale and the Swallow, and 
by the known connexion of both with the rites of Adonis. Compare 
also Thuc. ii. 29 ὁ μὲν ἐν Δαυλίᾳ τῆς Φωκίδος viv καλουμένης γῆς, ὁ Τηρεὺς 
ᾧκει τότε ὑπὸ Θρᾳκῶν οἰκουμένης" καὶ τὸ ἔργον τὸ περὶ τὸν ἤϊτυν αἱ γυναῖκες 
ἐν τῇ γῇ ταύτῃ ἔπραξαν" πολλοῖς δὲ καὶ τῶν ποιητῶν ἐν ἀηδόνος μνήμῃ Δαυλιὰς 
ἡ ὄρνις ἐπωνόμασται. (Cf. Hesych. Δαυλία κορώνη ; also Etym. M. 
Pp. 250, 8 Δαυλίαν κορώνην, ἀντὶ τὸν ἀηδόνα, ᾿Αριστοφάνης διὰ τὸν μῦθον" ἔνιοι 
τὴν δασεῖαν). 

In the above passage from Thucydides the commentators take ai 
γυναῖκες to refer to Procne and Philomela; it seems to me to mean 
simply that in that spot the women-folk practised the rites of Adonis. 
It is noteworthy that Dodwell found an archaic village-festival, or 
feast of tabernacles, taking place at Daulis, when he visited the locality 
at the season of the vernal equinox (cf. Ezek. viii, &c.). The passage 
in Theocr. xv. 121 οἷοι ἀηδονιδῆες ἀεξομένων ἐπὶ δένδρων, κιτ.λ., with its 
context, is important in this connexion. As I have attempted to bring 
ἀηδών, Itys or Itylus, and possibly even Thamyras into relation with 


14 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


AHAQN (continued). 

Adonis, Atys, and Thammuz respectively, so I am tempted to see 
a connexion between a fourth Adonis-name, Dzzz or Dazu, and the 
traditional etymology (δασύς) of Daulis. Again, is it certain that ἀτθὶς 
ἀηδών, a late and rare epithet in Greek (Nonn. Dionys. xlvii. 32, cf. 
ibid. xliv. 265), means really the AZtc nightingale; or may we not 
here also have an Atys-name? Lastly, a reference to a Moloch- 
sacrifice is indicated in Hesychius under the heading Δίβυς τε ἀηδών" ai 
γὰρ ev Καρχηδόνι (τῆς Λιβύης δέ εἰσι) γυναῖκες [ai] τὰ ἴδια τέκνα κατά τι 
νόμιμον ἐσφαγίαζον Kpdvm [et maestis late loca questibus implent!]: cf. 
Soph. in Andromeda, fr. 132, ap. Hesych. 5. v. κουρίον. 


Philomela and Procne are frequently confused, cf. Serv. ad Ecl. vi. 
78. In all Greek authors, Philomel is the name of the Swallow, and 
Procne of the Nightingale (Ar. Av. 665). The Latins generally reverse 
this; but Varro De L. L. and Virg. Ecl. vi adhere to the Greek version 
of the story (W. H. Thompson, ad Plat. Gorg. fr. 6, p. 180). ἀηδών and 
ἀλκυών are also apt to be confused, e. g. Arist. H. A. vill. 3, 593 "Ὁ, where 
MSS. have ἀηδόνων for ἀλκυόνων, and Suid. s.v. Ἡμερινὰ ζῶα, where 
ἀηδών occurs among the θαλάσσια ζῶα, between ἀλκυών and κῆυξ ; cf. 
Boch. Hieroz. ii. 218. In the version of the Itylus-Myth given by Boios, 
ap. Anton. Lib. 11, the mother of Aédon is transformed into the bird 
ἀλκυών. , 


See also s. vv. ἁλιάετος, ἀλκυών, χελιϑών. 
APBETO’S (for aiferds). αἰβετός" ἀετός, Περγαῖοι, Hesych. 
ΑΥ̓ΓΙΘΑΛΟΣ (also αἰγίθαλλος ; cf. κορυδαλός, kopudaddds). A Titmouse. 


Three sorts are indicated, Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 Ὁ ὁ μὲν σπιζίτης μέ- 
γιστος, ἔστι yap ὅσον onif{a= Parus major, L., the Great Tit or Ox-eye : 
ἕτερος δ᾽ ὀρεινός, οὐραῖον μακρὸν éxov= Acredula (Parus) caudatus, 
the Long-tailed Tit (which occurs in Northern Greece, v. d. Miihle 
p. 49, Lindermayer p. 65): τρίτος ἐλάχιστος, including the Tom- 
Tit and its allies, of which, according to Heldreich (p. 39) P. aéer, 
coeruleus and palustris are rare in Greece; P. dugubris, Nath., is com- 
moner and now shares the same popular name κλειδωνᾶς with the Great 
Tit. Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 Ὁ ὄρνις σκωληκοφάγος : ix. 15, 616 b τίκτει 
Ga πλεῖστα (the Long-tailed Tit is known to lay very numerous eggs) : 
ix. 40, 626 μάλιστα ἀδικεῖ τὰς μελίττας (cf. Ael. H. A. 1. 58, Phile 650, 
Geopon. xv. 2, 18). According to Alex. Mynd. ap. Athen. ii. p. 65, 
ἐλαιός and συκαλίς are also varieties of αἰγίθαλος : vide s.v. συκαλίς. 
Mentioned also Ar. Av. 887 together with μελαγκόρυφος (into which 
συκαλίς is metamorphosed); Alcae. Com. ii. 825. Is hostile to ἀκαν- 
θυλλίς, Plut. De Od. et Inv. iv. 537 B. The metamorphosis of 
Timandra, Anton. Lib. Met. v; and of Ortygius, Met. xx. Is con- 
fused with αἰγοθήλας, Dion. De Avib. i. 15, ii. 20. 


ΑΗΔΩΝ---ΑἸΓΟΚΕΦΑΛΟΣ. 15 


ΑἸΓΙΘΟΣ (also αἴγινθος). An unknown and mythical bird, identified 
by the older commentators (6. g. Belon) with the Linnet. 


Arist. H. A. ix. 1, 609, 610 ὄνῳ πολέμιος (cf. Antig. Hist. Mirab. 58 
(63); Ael. H. A. v. 48; Dion. De Avib. i. 12; Phile 696; Plin. x. 95). 
πολέμιοι δὲ καὶ ἄνθος καὶ axavOis καὶ αἴγιθος. Ib. ix. 15, 616b εὐβίωτος 
καὶ πολύτεκνος, τὸν πόδα χωλός. [Many MSS. have αἰγίοθος : for χωλός 
some texts read ὠχρός, or χλωρός, the latter Albertus Magnus, but cf. 
αἴγιθος ἀμφιγυήεις, Callim. fr. ap. Antig. l.c.; Plin. x. (8) 9.1 λέγεται δ᾽ 
ὅτι αἰγίθου καὶ ἄνθου αἷμα οὐ συμμίγνυται ἀλλήλοις : idem, Pliny x. (74) 
95 (who calls it avzés minima), Ael. H. A. x. 32, and Phile 432, the 
same statement of ἀκανθίς and αἰγίθαλος, and Antig. H. M. 106 (114) 
the same of αἴγιθος and ἀκανθίς. Dion. De Avib. iii. 14 θηρᾶται κλωβῷ, 
ἐν ᾧ πάλαι Onpadeis ἕτερος ἐπὶ τὸ βοᾶν κατακλείεται. Antig. H. M. 45 (51), 
how αἴγιθος sucks the goats (v. αἰγοθήλας) and is χωλός. [Aegithus 
solo nomine huic nostrae aetati cognitus, P. Hardouin, Annott. ad 
Plin, x. $.] Vide s. vv. ἀκανθίς, ἄνθος. 


Arri’now, A Macedonian name for the Eagle. Etymol. M. 


APTOOH’AAZ. The Goatsucker or Nightjar, Caprimulgus euro- 
paeus, L. 


The name is probably corrupt, and the mythical attribute of the bird 
due to a case of ‘ Volksetymologie.’ 

M. Gk. name γιδοβύστρα is a corrupt translation of αἰγοθήλας (Heldr. 
p- 37). Also called βυζάστρα, νυκτερίδα (i.e. the Bat, ν. 4. Miihle), νυκ- 
τοπάτης, and πλᾶνος (Erh.). (Cf. Germ. Ziegenmelker, Kuhmelker, Fr. 
tette-chéevre, ὅκα.) 

Arist. H. A. ix. 30, 618 b ὄρνις ὀρεινός, μικρῷ μείζων κοττύφου, κόκκυγος 
ἐλάττων᾽ wa δύο [cf. Lindermayer, p. 38, Kriiper, p. 183, &c.] ἢ τρία" τὸ 
δὲ ἦθος βλακικός [verb. dub., cf. Aub. and Wimm. in Arist. lc.]. θηλάζει 
δὲ τὰς αἶγας. οὐκ ὀξυωπὸς τῆς ἡμέρας. Ael. H. A. iil. 39 τολμηρότατος 
ζῴων... .. ἐπιτίθεται ταῖς αἰξὶ κατὰ τὸ καρτερόν, καὶ τοῖς οὔθασιν αὐτῶν 
προσπετόμενος εἶτα ἐκμυζᾷ τὸ yadda .... τυφλοῖ τὸν μαστόν, καὶ ἀποσβέννυσι 


τὴν ἐκεῖθεν ἐπιρροήν. Cf. Plin. x. 56 (40). Vide s.vv. αἰγίθαλος, αἴγιθος. 


APTOKE’@AAOX. Probably a kind of Owl: perhaps the Horned or 
Long-eared Owl, S¢rzx ofus, L., or its small ally Ephzaltes scops, 
K. Bl. The latter is the Aszo of Plin. x. (23), xxix. 38, which name 
in its Italian diminutive form is Shelley’s ‘ Sad Aziola,’ 

Arist. H. A. ii. 15, 506 ὅλως οὐκ ἔχει τὸν σπλῆνα᾽ τὴν χολὴν ἔχει πρὸς TO 
ἥπατι καὶ πρὸς τῇ κοιλίᾳς Ib. ii. 17, 509 τὸν στόμαχον ἔχει εὐρύτερον τὸ 
κατω. 


Gesner (p. 62) mentions Capriceps as an unknown bird. Neither 
Sundevall nor Aubert and Wimmer pronounce an opinion on it; the 


16 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


ΑἸΓΟΚΕΦΑΛΟΣ (continued). 


former thinks it possibly identical with αἰγοθήλας. According to Scaliger 
Ρ- 251, αἰγοκέφαλος --αἰγώλιος. In both passages cited above αἰγοκέφαλος 
is mentioned along with γλαύξ, and the name suggests a Horned Owl 
(stc Scaliger, Lidd. and Sc., &c.). For other suggestions, see Newton, 
Dict. of Birds, p. 365, 5. v. Godwit. 


Arrynio’x. A Vulture. 


Etymology very doubtful. The analogy of Lammergeier suggests a 
compound of αἴξ or dis (Curt.) and γύψ, but the word is probably much 
more primitive and ancient. I suspect that most of the remarkably 
numerous bird-names beginning with αἰ- (many of which are peculiarly 
difficult to identify, a circumstance suggesting their generic rather than 
specific character), contain an element akin to av7-s, Sk. vi-s (v. ἀετός), 
and in this case that yu is the shortened or derived form. The dialectic 
form aiyirow is interesting in this connexion. 


Hom. frequent, with ep. ἀγκυλοχείλης, γαμψῶνυξ. Not merely a car- 
rion-eater (as in Hes. Sc. 405-412), but attacks live birds (II. xvii. 460, 
Od. xx. 322, cf. Soph. Aj. 169... . μέγαν αἰγυπιὸν ὑποδείσαντες). Arist. 
H. A. ix. 1, 609 b μάχεται ἀετῷ" πολέμιος αἰσάλωνι. A portent of αἰγυπιοί 
in chase of ἵρηκες in the Persian war, Herod. iii. 76; cf. Baehr’s note. 
Is feared Ὀγ τρωγλίτης, Phile 692. Sometimes distinguished from yi, 
Ael. ii. 46 ἐν μεθορίῳ γυπῶν εἰσι καὶ ἀετῶν, εἶναι καὶ ἄρρενας, καὶ τὴν χρόαν 
πεφυκέναι μέλανας (cf. Phil. De An. pr. 127): Nic. Ther. 406 αἰγυπιοὶ γῦπές 
te. Pallad. Alex. xx, in Gk. Anthol. ili. p. 119 καὶ τὸν μὲν Τιτυὸν κατὰ 
γῆς δύο γῦπες ἔδουσιν, ἡμᾶς δὲ ζῶντας τέσσαρες αἰγυπιοί. Cf. Lob. Path. i. 
Ῥ- ὅη. 

The metamorphosis of Aegypius and Neophron into αἰγυπιοί, χρόαν δὲ 
καὶ μέγεθος οὐχ ὅμοιοι, ἀλλὰ ἐλάττων ὄρνις αἰγυπιὸς ἐγένετο Νεόφρων, Boios 
ap. Anton. Lib. Met.v; the smaller species here alluded to is the 
White or Egyptian Vulture, the Meophron percnopterus of modern 
authors: vide s. vv. yup, περκνόπτερος. 

The φιλοστοργία of αἰγυπιός, as also of φήνη, celebrated in Od. xvi. 216, 
Aesch. Ag. 49, Opp. Hal. 1. 723, &c., is connected with the Egyptian 
association of the Vulture with the goddess of Maternity (cf. Horap. 
i. EL): 

αἰγυπιός is apparently the poetic name, applied to the various species 
which frequent the battle-field, and on the other hand applied to an 
Eagle in such passages as 1]. xvil. 460. That the word is an old and 
antiquated one seems to be meant by Suidas : αἰγυπιόν᾽ οὕτως οἱ παλαιοί, 
ἀλλ᾽ ov yira. Cf. Bekk. An. 354. 28, Rutherford, New Phryn. p. 19. 


APrQ’AlOx. Also αἰγωλιός, and αἰτώλιος (Bk., Ar. vi. 6. 3). An Owl. 


Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 b, a nocturnal rapacious bird, mentioned with 
ἐλεός and σκώψ, and resembling the former (in size): θηρεύει τὰς κίττας. 


ae 


AIFOKE®AAOXS—AIOYIA ry 


AITQAIOS (continued). 


[here Camus, reading αἰτώλιος, and following Belon and Buffon, trans- 
lates Mzlvus niger, the Black Kite]. 


Arist. H. A. ix. 17, 616 b νυκτινόμος ἐστί, καὶ ἡμέρας ὀλιγάκις φαίνεται. 
οἰκεῖ πέτρας καὶ σπήλυγγας" ἔστι yap δίθαλλος [Gaza tr. victus gemini, 
Guil. divaricata, ν. Aub. and Wimm. ii. p. 248], τὴν δὲ διάνοιαν βιωτικὸς 
καὶ εὐμήχανος. Ib, vi. 6, 562 ἐνίοτε δὲ καὶ τέτταρας ἐξάγει νεοττούς | Plin. 
x. 79 (60)]. 

The metamorphosis of Aegolius, Boios ap. Anton. Lib. Met. 19. 


If δίθαλλος means particoloured, αἰγώλιος is clearly the White or 
Barn Owl, Strix flammea, L., as Littré (ad Plin.) takes it to be; 
it however does not catch birds, and is said to be scarce in Greece 
(v.d. Miihle, Lindermayer). Gesner transl. by w/w/a, and identifies 
it with the Tawny Owl. Sundevall librates between the Tawny and 
the Barn Owl; A. and W. incline to the former. See αἰγοκέφαλος, 
ἐπόλιος. 


AVOYIA. A poetic word, of uncertain or indefinite meaning. 


Probably a large Gull, e.g. Lavus marinus, the Black-backed Gull 
(Sundevall), or Z. avxgentatus, the Herring Gull (Kriiper), the former 
being rare in Greece. Netolicka’s hypothesis of the Merganser, and 
that of Groshans that it was a Diver or Grebe, do not tally with 
Aristotle : Schneider’s identification with the Skua, Les¢ris parasiticus, 
fails, inasmuch as the latter does not dive (vide Buchholz, op. c. pp. 112, 
113) nor does it breed in the Mediterranean. The Herring Gull is 
abundant during the winter and breeds about the middle of April: 
the Common Tern (Sterna anglica) lays about the same time (Kriiper) 
but in the lagoons and not on the cliffs. 

Od. v. 337, 353. Arist. H. A.v. 9,542 Ὁ ἡ δ᾽ αἴθυια καὶ of λάροι τίκτουσι 
μὲν ἐν ταῖς περὶ θάλατταν πέτραις, TO μὲν πλῆθος δύο ἢ τρία ἀλλ᾽ ὁ μὲν 
λάρος τοῦ θέρους, ἡ δ᾽ αἴθυια ἀρχομένου τοῦ ἔαρος [cf. Mergus, Plin. x. 32 
(48)] εὐθὺς ἐκ τροπῶν. οὐδέτερον δὲ φωλεύει. Also i. 1, 487; viii. 3, 593 Ὁ. 
Arrian, Peripl., ed. Didot, 1855, i. p. 398, names it with λάροι and 
κορῶναι at θαλάσσιοι, and Hesych. renders αἴθυιαι by εἰνάλιαι κορῶναι. 
Frequent in the Gk. Anthol.; e.g. Glauc. vi, vol. ili. p. 58 Xero yap 
σὺν νηΐ, τὰ δ᾽ ὀστέα ποῦ ToT’ ἐκείνου, πύθεται, αἰθυίαις γνωστὰ μόναις ἐνέπειν, 
cf. Marc. Arg. xxxi, ibid. ii. p. 250; Callim. xci; Leon. Tar. xci, Gk. 
Anthol. 1. p. 178 τὸν αἰθυίης πλείονα νηξάμενον : Anon. ibid. iv. p. 143 
onpayyos ἁλίκτυπον ὃς τόδε ναίεις εὐστιβὲς αἰθυίαις ἰχθυβόλοισι λέπας. 
Phile, De Anim. Pr. 680, is hostile to πελαργός and κρέξ. Is said to 
be deaf and dumb, Aristoph. Hist. Anim. Epit. i. 141. 

The metamorphosis of Hyperippa, daughter of Munychus, Nicander 
ap. Anton. Lib. Met. 14. 

\ Arat. Phen. 918, a sign of rain; πολλάκις δ᾽ ἀγριάδες νῆσσαι ἢ εἰναλίδιναι 


Cc 


18 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


AIOYIA (continued). 
αἴθυιαι χερσαῖα τινάσσονται πτερύγεσσιν : cf. Theophr. De Sign. ii. 28, 
Virg. Georg. i. 362. : 
A long but unsatisfactory description in Dion. De Avib. ii. 5. 
A title or epithet of Athene, Paus. i. 5. 3, i. 41. 6. 
Said to be the name of a horse in Mnasalc. xiii. Gk. Anthol. i. p. 125. 
See also δύπτης, λάρος. 


Al’=. An unknown bird. Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593b: mentioned 
between χηναλώπηξ and πηνέλοψ as one of the ὄρνιθες στεγανόποδες 
βαρύτεροι (omitted in several MSS.). 

According to Belon the Plover (Vanellus cristatus) was so called 
in Greece in his time: the interpretation cannot hold. Sundevall 
conjectures αἴξ to be one of the smaller Geese (? Anser leucopszs), and 
to be derived from the goat-like cry. Perhaps as αἰγοκέφαλος suggests 
the Horned Owl, so até here suggests the Horned Grebe, Podiceps 
auritus, Lath., a common bird in Greece in winter. 


APPIOAKO’S. Vide 5. vv. αἴσακος, ἐρίθακος. 
AIZAKOX. A very doubtful word. 


καλεῖται δὲ καὶ TO ζῷον ὁ αἰριθακὸς αἴσακος, Etym. M. Cf. Serv. in 
Aen. iv. 254, v. 128. 


APZA’AQN (αἰσάρων, Hesych.). A sort of Hawk, traditionally identified 
with the Merlin, alco aesalon, L. (Gesner, &c.). 

Arist. H. A. ix. 36, 620 τῶν δὲ ἱεράκων δεύτερος [τῇ Kpartia]. Ib. 
ix. 1, 609b αἰγυπιῴ πολέμιος" ἀλώπεκι πολέμιος καὶ κόρακι. Ael. H. A. 
11. 51 μάχεται δ᾽ ὁ κόραξ καὶ ὄρνιθι ἰσχυρῷ τῷ καλ. αἰσάλωνι, καὶ ὅταν 
θεάσηται ἀλώπεκι μαχόμενον, τιμωρεῖται. Cf. Antig. H. M. 59 (64). Plin. 
N. H. x. (74) 95 Aesalon vocatur parva avis, ova corvi frangens, 
cuius pulli infestantur a vulpibus. Invicem haec catulos eius ipsam- 
que vellit: quod ubi viderunt corvi, contra auxiliantur velut adversus 
communem hostem. (Some editors read a@esalona for epilewm, Plin. 
IN- Esc: @:) 


᾿ΑΚΑΛΑΝΘΙΣ᾽ εἶδος ὀρνέου μικροῦ, Suid. Vide s.vy. ἀκανθίς, ἀκανθυλλίς. 
Ar. Pax 1078 ἡ κώδων ἀκαλανθὶς (Schol. λαλὸν γὰρ τὸ ζῴον) ἐπειγομένη 
τυφλὰ τίκτει (cf. Paroemiogr. ed. Gaisf., Ρ. 69). Associated with Artemis, 
Ar. Av. 871. One of the nine Emathidae, daughters of Pieros, was 
metamorphosed into the bird ἀκαλανθίς, Nicander ap. Anton. Lib. 
Met. ix. 


*AKANOI’S. A small bird, usually identified with the Linnet, /rzngz/la 
cannabina, L., or the Goldfinch, /. carduelis, L., on the ground of 
the more than doubtful derivation from ἄκανθα. The description 


AIOYIA—AKMQN 1g 


AKANOI® (continued). 
is in the main mythical: cf. ἄνθος. Mod. Gk. oxaéi, the Siskin, is 
perhaps akin (Bikélas). 

Arist. H. A. viil. 3, 592b ὄρνις ἀκανθοφάγος" ἐπὶ ἀκανθῶν νέμεται. Ib. 
ix. I ὄνῳ καὶ ἄνθῳ καὶ αἰγίθῳ πολέμιος [cf. Antig. Hist. Mirab. 106 (114), 
Plin. x. 74 (95)], ix. 17 κακόβιος καὶ Kakoypoos, φωνὴν μέντοι λιγυρὰν 
ἔχουσα. Agath. xxv. 5 in Gk. Anthol. iv. p. 13 λιγυρὸν βομβεῦσιν axavbides. 
Theocr. 7. 141: the Scholia in Theocr. make ἀκανθίς synonymous with 
ἀκανθυλλίς and ποικιλίς. Virg. Georg. iii. 338 littoraque halcyonem 
resonant, et acanthida [a/. acalanthida] dumi; cf. Serv. in Virg. alii 
lusciniam esse volunt, alii vero carduelem, quae spinis et carduis 
pascitur. 

In Anton. Lib. Met. vii, the daughter of Autonous and Hippo- 
damea is called ᾿Ακανθίς and ᾿Ακανθυλλίς indifferently ; note also that 
her mother was metamorphosed into κορυδός. Hesych. and Aelian 
have also ἄκανθος. (Cf. Anton. 1.10.1. 6.) Vide s.v. αἴγιθος. 


"AKANOYAAI’S (in some MSS. ἀκανθαλίς). Probably the Goldfinch, 
Fringilla carduelis, L. 

Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593 τὸ μέγεθος ὅσον κνιπολόγος. Ib. ix. 13, 616 τεχνι- 
κῶς δὲ καὶ ἡ τῆς ἀκανθυλλίδος ἔχει veotTia’ πέπλεκται yap ὥσπερ σφαῖρα λινῆ, 
ἔχουσα τὴν εἴσδυσιν μικράν : cf. Plin. x. 33 (50). Is hostile to κορυδαλός, 
Ael. iv. 5, Phile, De An. Pr. 683. Mentioned also Eubul. fr. iii. 268, 
ap. Athen. ii. p. 65, Plut. 11. 537 B, and by Hesych. as στρουθοῦ γένος. 

The description in Arist. H. A. ix. 13 has suggested to scientific com- 
mentators (Sundevall, p. 116, &c.) the nest of the Long-tailed or Pendu- 
line Tits, Aegithalus caudatus or pendulinus (cf. αἰγίθαλος) or Bearded 
Tit, Calamophilus biarmicus ; but the neat round nest of the Goldfinch 
would suit the description well enough. The alternative form ἀκανθαλίς 
is evidently identical with ἀκαλανθίς, and so supports the identity of the 
bird with ἀκανθίς, while its identity with ποικιλίς, also asserted by the 
Schol. in Theocr., is strengthened by the statements of hostility to 
κορυδαλός in the case of both these birds. The latter statement is, of 
course, fabulous or mystical. In identifying ἀκανθυλλίς with the Gold- 
finch, I only mean that such an identification was probably adopted by 
Aristotle: what ἀκανθυλλίς, ἄνθος, δα. originally meant is unknown. 
See also αἰγίθαλος, ἄνθος. 


"A[K]KAAANEI’P: ἀκανθυλλίς, παρὰ Λάκωσιν, Hesych. [On various read- 
ings cf. Valkenaer, Adon. p. 278; Ahr. Dor. ii. 69.] 


“AKMQN: γένος ἀετοῦ, Hesych. Cf. Opp. Cyneg. iii. 326, where, though 
ἄκμονες are cited as qwolves, the description closely resembles that 
of the mystical eagles in Aesch. Ag. 111-120. 
6.2 


20 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


"AKYAEH’S: derés, Hesych. Also ἀκυλάς, Eustath. ad Dionys. Perieg. 
381. Perhaps akin to aguila; cf. Umbrian (Tab. Eugub.), angla 
s. ankla. 


"AAEKTPYQ'N. Also ἀλέκτωρ (Batr. 191, Simon. 81, Theocr. vii. 122, 
Aesch. Ag. 1671, Eum. 861, &c. ἀλέκτωρ seems thus to have been 
an old form, retained in tragedy; cf. Rutherford, New Phryn. 
Ρ. 397). 

Fem. ἀλεκτορίς : Com. ἀλεκτρύαινα (Ar. Nub. 666, 851, &c.) and ἡ 
ἀλεκτρυών (Ar. Nub. 663, Fr. 237, &c.). Cf. Hesych. ἀλεκτρυόνες" κοινῶς οἱ 
παλαιοὶ καὶ τὰς θηλείας ὄρνεις οὕτως ἐκάλουν : Phrynich. ccvii adexropis 
εὑρίσκεται ἐν τραγῳδίᾳ που καὶ κωμῳδίᾳ, λέγε δὲ ἀλεκτρυὼν καὶ ἐπὶ θήλεος 
καὶ ἐπὶ ἄρρενος ὡς οἱ παλαιοί: Ar. Nub. 662 τήν τε θήλειαν καλεῖς ἀλεκ- 
τρυόνα κατὰ ταὐτὸ καὶ τὸν ἄρρενα. Dim. ἀλεκτοριδεύς, a chicken, Ael. 
vii. 47; also ἀλεκτορίσκος, ἃ cockerel, Babr. v. I, xcvii. 9, Cxxiv. 12. 
Connected with O. P. Aa/ak, the sun, cf. ἀλκυών. For false etymology 
d, λέκτρον, see below. 


The Common or Domestic Fowl, Gallus gallinaceus, L. Often 
mentioned simply as ὄρνις, a ‘fowl’ [especially a hen, Athen. ix. 373 
ἀλλὰ μὲν καὶ ὄρνιθας καὶ ὀρνίθια viv μόνον ἣ συνήθεια καλεῖ Tas θηλείας], cf. 
ὄρνις ἐνοίκιος, Aesch. Eum. 866 ; ὄρνις καθοικίς, Nic. Ther. 558 ; κατοικάς, 
Id. Alex. 60, 535; κατοικίδιος, Geopon. i. 3. 8; ὥρνιθες οἱ αὔλειαι, 
Herondas vi. 101; ὄρνις συνέστιος, Opp. Cyneg. iii. 118; τιθὰς ὄρνις, 
Alpheus Mityl. in Gk. Anth., ii. p. 118, cf. Arat. Progn. 960 (228), 
&c., 866: 


Early references.—Theogn. Scut. 861 ἑσπερίη τ᾽ ἔξειμι, καὶ dpOpin αὖτις 
ἔσειμι, Gos ἀλεκτρυόνων φθόγγος ἐγειρομένων. Simon. fr. 80 B (Athen. 
ix. 374 D) ἁμερόφων᾽ ἀλέκτωρα. Pind. Ol. xii. 20 ἐνδομάχης ἅτ᾽ ἀλέκτωρ. 
Epicharm. Com. Syr. (ap. Athen. l.c.) fr. 96 (Ahr. Dial. Dor.) dea χανὸς 
κ᾿ ἀλεκτορίδων πετεηνῶν. Batrachom. 191 ἕως ἐβόησεν ἀλέκτωρ. For many 
fragments, see Athen. l.c. 


Description.—Arist. H. A. v. 13, 544, De Part. ii. 657 b, De Gen. iii. 
749 b, described as γένος" ἥμερον, ἐπίγειον, κονιστικόν, βαρύ, οὐ πτητικόν, οὐκ 
ὀξυωπόν, σχιζόπτερον, ἀφροδισιαστικόν, &c. H. A. il. 17, 508b, 509 πρό- 
λοβον ἔχουσι πρὸ τῆς κοιλίας" ἀποφυάδας ἔχουσι. 

Comb and spurs. Ar. Av. 487, 1366, Arist. Η. A. ii. 12, 504 Ὁ ἔνια τῶν 
ὀρνέων λόφον ἔχουσι, τὰ μὲν αὐτῶν τῶν πτερῶν ἐπανεστηκότα, ὁ δ᾽ ἀλεκτρυὼν 
μόνος ἴδιον οὔτε γὰρ σάρξ ἐστιν οὔτε πόρρω σαρκὸς τὴν φύσιν. Ib. ix. 49, 
50 κάλλαιον, πλῆκτρα (Hesych. has also πλακτήρ and κόπιες, the spurs). 
κάλλαια, distinguished from λόφος, the ‘ wattles,’ Ael. xi. 26, Ar. Eq. 497, 
cf. Schol. κάλλαια δὲ τοὺς πώγωνας τῶν ἀλεκτρυόνων : in ΔΕ]. xv. 1, a fish- 
hook dressed with two feathers ὑπὸ τοῖς καλλέοις suggests the ‘ hackles.’ 
With ep. φοινικόλοφος, Theocr. xxii. 72, Geop. xiv. 16. 2. 


AKYAEH2Z—AAEKTPYQN οἵ 


AAEKTPYQN (continued). 
Compared in size with φάσσα, Arist. fr. 271, 1527; with édeds, H. A. 
vill. 3. 592b; with the largest of the Woodpeckers, H. A. ix. 9, 614b; 
with ἀσκαλώπας, H. A. ix. 26, 617 b. 


Reproduction.— Arist. H. A. v. 2, 509 Ὁ συγκαθείσης τῆς θηλείας ἐπὶ 
τὴν γὴν ἐπιβαίνει τὸ ἄρρεν : Cf. ib. x. 6, 6370. Ib. vi. 9, 564 b ὄρχεις. Ib. 
Vi. 1, 558b ὀχεύεται καὶ τίκτει ὅλον τὸν ἐνιαυτὸν ἔξω δύο μηνῶν τῶν ἐν τῷ 
χειμῶνι τροπικῶν (cf. H. A. v. 13, 544, De Gen. iii. 1, 749 Ὁ, Plin. x. 74). 
τίκτουσι δὲ καὶ οἰκογενεῖς ἔνιαι δὶς τῆς ἡμέρας" ἤδη δέ τινες λίαν πολυτοκήσασαι 
ἀπέθανον διὰ ταχέων. H. A. vi. 2, 560b αἱ νεοττίδες πρῶτον τίκτουσιν εὐθὺς 
ἀρχομένου τοῦ ἔαρος, καὶ πλείω τίκτουσιν ἢ αἱ πρεσβύτεραι' ἐλάττω δὲ τῷ 
μεγέθει τὰ ἐκ τῶν νεωτέρων. Ib. συνίσταται δὲ τὸ τῆς ἀλεκτορίδος Boy μετὰ 
τὴν ὀχείαν καὶ τελειοῦται ἐν δέχ᾽ ἡμέραις. Ib. 560a ἐν ὀκτωκαίδεκα ἡμέραις 
ἐν τῷ θέρει ἐκλέπουσιν, ἐν δὲ τῷ χειμῶνι ἐνίοτ᾽ ἐν πέντε καὶ εἴκοσιν. 

Plut. Q. Conv. vil. 2 (Mor. 853. 15) ἀλεκτορίδων, ὅταν τέκωσι, περικαρ- 
duopes, cf. Plin. x. 41 (57). 

The structure and development of the egg, H. A. vi. 3. @a μαλακά, 
ὑπηνέμια, κυνόσουρα; οὔρια, ἢ ζεφύρια, H. A. vi. 2, 559, De Gen. iii. 1, 751; 
Plin. x.60 (80); Columella, vi. 27 ; cf. Erasmus ad Prov. ὑπηνέμια τίκτει. 
φὰ δίδυμα, H. A. vi. 3, 562. On crosses between fowl and partridge, 
De Gen. ii. 7, 749 b. How Pea-hen’s eggs are put under a sitting hen, 
H. A. vi. 9, 564 b. How the hen takes the chicks under her wing, 
H. A. ix. 8, 613b; cf. Alpheus Mityl. xii, in Gk. Anthol. ii. p. 118 ye- 
μερίοις νιφάδεσσι παλυνομένα τιθὰς ὄρνις, τέκνοις εὐναίας ἀμφέχεε πτέρυγας: 
Eurip. Η. Fur. 71 οὺς ὑπὸ πτεροῖς σώζω νεοσσοὺς ὄρνις ὡς ὑφειμένη : see 
also Plutarch. De Philost. (Mor. 599. 4); Opp. Cyneg. 11. 119. How 
a cock sometimes, after the hen’s death, rears the brood, and ceases to 
crow, H. A. ix. 49, 631}, Plin. x. (55) 76. H.A. ix. 8, 614 ἐν τοῖς ἱεροῖς, 
ὅπου ἄνευ θηλειῶν ἀνάκεινται [as to this day on Mount Athos], τὸν ἀνατιθέ- 
μενον πάντες εὐλόγως ὀχεύουσιν. Cf. Plut. Brut. Anim. Nat. vii (Mor. 
1212. 30) ἀλεκτρυὼν δ᾽ ἀλεκτρυόνος ἐπιβαίνων, θηλείας μὴ παρούσης, κατα- 
πίμπραται (ads. 

On eggs in medicine, Diosc. ii. 44, Galen. De Fac. Simp. Med., Plin. 
xxix. (3) 11, &c. The longer eggs produce male birds, and are the 
better to eat, Hor. Sat. ii. 4.12, Plin. x. 74 (52). 

On artificial incubation in Egypt, Arist. H. A. vi. 2, 559b, Diod. Sic. 
i. 74. Geopon. xiv. 8.1. On capons, Arist. H.A. ix. 49, 631 b; cf. Plin. 
x. (21) 24, ἄς. Varro, R. R. ili. 9, ἄς. On the whole management of 
fowls, Geopon. xiv. 7-17. 

Πότερον ἡ ὄρνις πρότερον ἢ τὸ woy ἐγένετο, Plut. Q. Conv. iii (Mor. 
770. 13). 

The Crowing Cock.—Among innumerable poetic and other references, 
cf. Theogn., Simonid., Batrachom., supra. Cratin. ap. Athen. 374 D 
ὥσπερ ὁ Περσικὸς [cf. Ar. Av. 277, 485, 708, &c.: v. also Suidas] ὥρων 


22 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


AAEKTPYQN (coztinued ). 

πᾶσαν Kavaxav ὁλόφωνος, ᾿Αλέκτωρ.---εἴρηται δ᾽ οὕτως ἐπειδὴ Kal ἐκ τοῦ 
λέκτρου ἡμᾶς διεγείρει. Theocr. xxiv. 63 ὄρνιθες τρίτον ἄρτι τὸν ἔσχατον 
ὄρθρον ἄειδον. Soph. El. 18 ὡς ἡμὶν ἤδη λαμπρὸν ἡλίου σέλας Ema κινεῖ 
φθέγματ᾽ ὀρνίθων σαφῆ: fr. 90o κουκκοβόας ὄρνις: cf. ep. ὀρθροβόας, 
Alexarch. ap. Athen. 98 Ε. Diph. iv. 421 (Mein.) ὀρθριοκύκκυξ [dect. 
dub.| ἀλεκτρυών. Probably alluded to also Soph. Anten. 2, fr. 141 
(Ath. ix. 373 D) ὄρνιθα καὶ κήρυκα καὶ διάκονον. Plat. Symp. 223 C 
ἀλεκτρυόνων ἀδόντων, at Cock-crow. Cf. Alciphr. i. 39. 20, Aristaenet. 
i. 24 εἰς ἀλεκτρυόνων @das: Ar. Nub. 4, Juv. ix. 107, &c. Plut. ap. Eust. 
Od. p. 1479, 47 σὲ δὲ κοκκύζων ὄρθρι᾽ ἀλέκτωρ προκαλεῖται. Antip. Thess. 
v, in Gk. Anthol. ii. p. 96 πάλαι δ᾽ ἠῷος ᾿Αλέκτωρ, κηρύσσων φθονερὴν 
᾿Ηριγένειαν ἄγει. ὀρνίθων ἔρροις φθονερώτατος, x.t.d.: cf. Ar. Vesp. 815, 
Anyt. xi, in Gk. Anthol. i. p. 132, Virg. Aen. vill. 456, &c. Arist. De 
Acoust. 800b τοὺς τραχήλους ἔχοντες μακροὺς βιαίως φθέγγονται. Ael. 
N. A, iv. 29 ὁ ἀλεκτρυὼν τῆς σελήνης ἀνισχούσης ἐνθουσιᾷ φασι καὶ σκιρτᾷ. 
ἥλιος δὲ ἀνίσχων οὐκ ἄν ποτε αὐτὸν διαλάθοι, ῳδικώτατος δὲ ἑαυτοῦ ἐστι 
τηνικάδε. Cf. Arist. Η. A. iv. 9, 536. Lucian, Gallus, &c. With ep. 
ὡρόμαντις, Babr. cxxiv. Il. 

κοκκύζειν, to crow, Cratin. ii. 186, Diph. iv. 407 (Mein.), Theocr. vii. 
48, 124, &c. κακκάζειν, to cackle, Hesych., &c. 

Why the Cock crows: by an affinity for the sun, or rejoicing in heat 
and light, Heliodor. i. 18. See also Schol. Ar. Av. 830, Cic. De Div. 
ii. 26. According to Theophrastus (Ael. 111. 38) in moist localities 
Cocks don’t crow. Paus. v. 25. 9, on the shield of Idomeneus, as a 
descendant of Helios, ἡλίου δὲ ἱερόν φασιν εἶναι τὸν ὄρνιθα καὶ ἀγγέλλειν 
ἀνιέναι μέλλοντος τοῦ ἡλίου. See also Schol. Diog. L. viii. 34, Plaut. Μ. 
GI. iii. 1. 96, Mart. xiv. 223, Isidor. De ΝΥ: ΚΝ: Ὁ: 9; ὅς; Sze; 

How to prevent Cocks crowing, by means of a collar of sarmentum 
wood, Plin. xxiv. 25. 

On hearing a Cock crow, or an ass bray, it is a matter of common 
prudence to spit, Joh. Chrysost. in comm. ep. S. P. ad Ephes. iv. 12 
(vol. xi. p. 93, Montef.): this reference to the ass is used to explain 
ὄνον ὄρνιν in Ar. Av. 721, by Haupt, Inaug. Diss., Berlin, 1864. 


On Fighting Cocks, Aesch. Eum. 866; Plato, Legg. vil. 789; Theocr. 
xxii. 723 cf. Opp. Cyneg. ii. 189; cf. Schol. in Ar. Eq. 494, Ach. 165 
ὅταν εἰς μάχην συμβάλλωσιν τοὺς ἀλεκτρυόνας, σκόροδα διδόασιν αὐτοῖς: 
Lucian, Anarch. 37 (2. 918), ἄς. (See also Xen. Symp. iv. 9, and 
cf. φυσιγγόομαι, from φύσιγξ, garlic. The annual cock-fight at Athens, 
instituted by Themistocles, Aeil. V. H. ii. 28 ἀλεκτρυόνας ἀγωνίζεσθαι 
δημοσίᾳ ev τῷ θεάτρῳ μιᾷ ἡμέρᾳ τοῦ ἔτους : cf. J. E. Harrison, Myth. of 
Anc. Athens, p. 278; also at Pergamus, Plin. x. 21 (25). The cock- 
fight was depicted on the High-priest’s chair in the Dionysiac theatre 
(Boetticher, Harrison, &c.) ; represented also in the Festival Calendar 


AAEKTPYON 23 


AAEKTPYQN (continued), 


of Panagia Gorgopiko at Athens, as taking place in the month Poseideon, 
about the end of December (Boetticher, Philologus, xxii. p. 397, 1865). 
As an attribute of January, on a Calendar of the time of Constantius ; 
Graevii Thes. Ant. Rom. viii. 96, Creuzer, Symb. iii. 616. Ael. N. A. 
iv. 29 μάχῃ δὲ ἀλεκτρυὼν καὶ τῇ πρὸς ἄλλον ἡττηθεὶς ἀγωνίᾳ οὐκ ἂν ἄσειε" 
τὸ γάρ τοι φρόνημα αὐτῷ κατέσταλται, καὶ καταδύεταί γε ὑπὸ τῆς αἰδοῖς. 
κρατήσας δὲ γαῦρός ἐστι, καὶ ὑψαυχενεῖ, καὶ κυδρουμένῳ ἔοικε. Cf. Proverb, 
Galli victi silent, canunt victores, Cic. De Divin. ii. 26; cf. Ar. Av. 70 
-and Schol. φυσικὸν τοῦτο ἐν ταῖς συμβολαῖς τῶν ἀλεκτρυύνων τοὺς ἡττηθέντας 
ἕπεσθαι τοῖς νενικηκόσι : cf. Theocr. xxii. 71. On spurs for fighting- 
cocks, πλῆκτρα, κέντρα, cf. Ar. Av. 760, and Schol. The table with raised 
edges, τηλία, on which Cocks or Quails were pitted against one another 
(still used in the East), Aeschin. viii. 221, Alciphr. iii. 53, Poll. ix. 108; 
also πίναξ, Plut. Mor. 65c. It was a matter of duty and of education 
to witness the cock-fights, ὡς μὴ ἀγεννέστεροι καὶ ἀτολμότεροι φαίνοιντο 
τῶν ἀλεκτρυόνων μηδὲ προαπαγορεύοιεν ὑπὸ τραυμάτων ἢ καματῶν ἤ του 

. ἄλλου δυσχεροῦς, Lucian, De Gymn. 37. See also 8. vv. ὄρτυξ, στυφο- 
κόμπος. 

On the marks of courage, Arist. Physiogn. 2, 806b; Plin. x. (56) 77 ; 
Geopon. xiv. 16. 

The fighting-breed of Tanagra, Pausan. ix. 22. 4 (vide infra). 

How the Cock fights his own father, Ar. Nub. 1427, &c., cf. Av. 758, 
1364. 

How a hen that has defeated the Cock in combat, crows and assumes 
the plumage of the male, Arist. H. A. ix. 49, 631 Ὁ, cf. Ael. v.5; Terent. 
Phorm. iv. 4. 30 gallina cecinit. On wide-spread superstitions con- 
nected with the Crowing Hen, vide Hopf, Thierorakel, pp. 164, 165. 

On the pugnacity of the Cock, cf. also Pind. Ol. xii. 20. Aesch. 
Agam. 1671 κόμπασον θαρσῶν, ἀλέκτωρ ὥστε θηλείας πέλας. Cf. Ar. Av. 
835 “Apews νεοττός. See also Lucian, Gallus, &c. 

Placed as a symbol of battle on the head of Athene’s statue in the 
Acropolis at Elis, Pausan. vi. 26. 23. 


Varieties and Breeds.—Adrian Fowls, Arist. H. A. vi. 1, 558 b μικραὶ 
τὸ μέγεθος, τίκτουσι δ᾽ av’ ἑκάστην ἡμέραν" εἰσὶ δὲ χαλεπαί, καὶ κτείνουσι τοὺς 
νεοττοὺς πολλάκις χρώματα δὲ παντοδαπὰ ἔχουσιν. Cf. De Gen. iii. 6, 
Chrysipp. ap. Athen. vii. 285 E, Plin. x. 75 (53), Hecat. fr. 58, ap. 
Steph. Byz.. 

Illyrian Fowls, that lay twice or thrice a day, Arist. De Mirab. 128, 
S42 bs εἰ. ΕἸ A., vi. τὸ 559 b: 

At Tanagra, Paus. ix. 22. 4, were. two breeds, of re μάχιμοι, καὶ οἱ 
κόσσυφοι καλούμενοι. Cf. Babr. Fab. 5 ἀλεκτορίσκων ἦν μάχη Ταναγραίων, 
οἷς φασιν εἶναι θυμὸν ὥσπερ ἀνθρώποις. See also Lucian, Gallus, on the 
metempsychosis of Pythagoras, ἀντὶ Σαμίου Ταναγραῖος. Cf. κολοίφρυξ. 


24 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


AAEKTPYQN ( continued). 


The Egyptian breed of Μονόσιροι, ἐξ ὧν of μάχιμοι ἀλεκτρυόνες γεννῶνται, 
and on their exemplary patience as sitters, Geopon. xiv. 7. 30. 

A silent breed at Nibas, near Thessalonica, Ael. xv. 20. 

On the breeds of fowls, galli tanagrict, medici, chalcidict, &c., see 
also Varro, De R. R. iii. 9. 3; Colum. viii. 27 and 31; Plin. x. (21) 24, 
(56) 77. 

Chrysipp. ap. Athen. ix. 373 A καθάπερ τινὲς τὰς λευκὰς ὄρνιθας τῶν 
μελαινῶν ἡδίους εἶναι μᾶλλον. 

The fatted fowls of the Delians, and Roman laws and practices 
regarding the same; Plin. x. 50, cf. Columella viii. 2, Varro iii. 9, Cic. 
Academ. iv. 

The large fowls of Ctesias, fr. 57. 3, Ael. xvi. 2, were Impeyan 
Pheasants; cf. Cuvier in Grandsaigne’s Pliny, vii. p. 409, and Yule’s 
Marco Polo, i. p. 242. 


Myth and Legend.—Pythag. ap. lambl. Adhort. xxi.17 ἀλεκτρυόνα τρέφε 
μέν, μὴ Ove Se μήνῃ yap καὶ ἡλίῳ καθιέρωται. Cf. Iambl. V. Pyth. xxviii. 
147, 150, &c. 

A white Cock sacred to the Moon, Pythag. ap. Diog. L. viii. 8. 19, 
Iambl. V. Pyth. xviii. 84: to the Sun, Suid. 5. v. Πυθαγόρα τὰ σύμβολα. 

A white or yellow Cock sacrificed to Anubis, Plut. de Is. lx. 

The Cock sacred to Athene, Paus. vi. 26. To Hermes, Lucian, 
Gallus (cf. Montfaucon, 1. pl. Ixviii, Ixxi, Graev. Thes. A. R. ν. 718 A, 
&c.); cf. Plut. Cony. Disp. ili. 6. p. 666 ὁ δὲ ὄρθρος πρὸς τὴν ἐργάνην 
᾿Αθηνᾶν καὶ τὸν ἀγοραῖον ‘“Eppyy ἐπανίστησ. To Latona, ΑΕ]. iv. 29. 
Sacrificed to Mars, Plut. Inst. Lacon. (Mor. 238F.). Sacred to 
Demeter, and therefore not eaten at Eleusis, nor by the initiates of 
Mithra; Porphyr. De Abst. iv. 16. Sacrificed to Nephthys and Osiris 
on the 13th of Boedromion, and to Hercules and Thios on the 29th of 
Munychion, C. I. G. 523, Marm. Oxon. ii. 21, pp. 15, 17. 

Dedicated to Aesculapius, Plat. Phaed. 118. See also Artemid. v. 9 
ἠύξατό τις τῷ “AokAnmi@, εἰ διὰ τοῦ ἔτους ἄνοσος ἔλθοι, θύσειν αὐτῷ ἀλεκ- 
τρυόνα : also Porphyr. Vit. Pythag. 36, Herondas, 4.56]. iv. 12. On the 
fowl in medicine, Nic. Ther. 557, Cels. v. 27, Diosc. Ther. 19 and 27, 
Galen and Pliny fasszm. 

Sacrificed to the Household gods, Juv. xiii. 233 Laribus cristam 
promittere galli; cf. ibid. xii. 96. 

The Cuthic deity Nergal (2 Kings, xvii. 30) is said to have been 
represented as a Cock: for which reason Rabbinical writers, according 
to Gesenius, connect the name with Sya95n, tharnegol, a Cock, which 
word old-fashioned etymologists found hid in Zazagra. 

An image dedicated to the Twin Brethren, Callim. xxiv, in Gk. 
Anthol. i. p. 218; cf. Pausan. vi. 26. 

How fowls were kept in the temples of Hercules and Hebe, ἐν τῇ 


AAEKTPYQN 25 


AAEKTPYQN (continued). 
Εὐρώπῃ, Mnaseas ap. Ael. xvii. 46 ai μὲν οὖν ἀλεκτορίδες ἐν τῷ τῆς Ἥβης 
νέμονται νεῷ, οἱ δὲ ἐν Ηρακλέους οἱ τῶνδε γαμέται : cf. Plut. ii. 696 E, Paus. 
11. 148. , 

Ael. N. A. ii. 30, how a new-purchased cock, if carried thrice 
round the table, does not seek thereafter to escape. Ib. iil. 31, how 
the lion fears the cock, and how the latter frightens the basilisk 
to death: for which reason travellers in Libya take a cock along with 
them. Cf. ibid. vi. 22 ἔχθιστα δὲ τῷ μὲν λέοντι πῦρ Kal ἀλεκτρυών : Aes. 
Fab. 323; Plut. De Inv. iv (Mor. 650, 5), Sol. Anim. xxxii (Mor. 1201, 
23). Hence also the use of a Cock to destroy the Lion-weed, ἡ λεόν- 
τειος TOa=dpoBayyn, Geopon. ii. 42. 3. A confusion is possibly indicated 
here with the Galli, priests of Cybele; according to Varro, De R. R. 
c. 20 (Nonius, 5. v. mansuetum), when the Galli saw a lion, ¢tympanis 
... fecerunt mansuetum: for other important references see Mayor’s 
note to Juv. viii. 176. Note further that a mystical name for the Sun 
was λέων, and that those who participated in the rites of Mithra were 
called Lions; Porphyr. De Abst. iv. 16. Niclas, the learned editor of 
the Geoponica (ed. 1781), and certain other historians quoted by him, 
finding that a lion in Bavaria evinced no terror at the sight of a Cock, 
but killed and ate the bird, still remained faithful to the old tradition, 
asserting that that lion’s spirit must have been broken by captivity : 
scimus quam vim habeat consuetudo ; cum diu in galli vicinia detentus 
esset, quid mirum, si eum ferre didicerit, ἄς. ! 

Paus. 11. 34. 2; at Methana (Troezene) a Cock with white wings was 
torn in two by two men as a charm to protect the vines from the wind 
Al, cf. J. G. Frazer, Folk-lore, i. 163, 1890. See on Sacrifices of the 
Cock, Sir J. G. Dalyell’s Darker Superstitions of Scotland, 1835; Sir 
S. Baker, Nile Sources, pp. 327, 335, &c., &c. 

On ἀλεκτρυομαντεία, see Lucian’s Gallus, De Dea Syr. xlvili, Cic. De 
Div. ii, Plin. x. (21) 24; cf. Mém. Acad. Inscr. vii. 23, xii. 49; Hopf, 
Thierorakel, pp. 161-163. 

How some cannot abide a cock or a hen, Plut. fr. vill. 10 (12. 23). 

The Cock as a weather-prophet, Ael. vii. 7, Plut. Mor. 129A, 
Theophr. De Sign. i. 17, Arat. Progn. 960 (228), Geopon. i. 3, 8. 

How the flesh of a fowl absorbs molten gold, Plin. xxix. 25. 

Is hostile to atrayas, Ael. vi. 45. 


Proverb and Fable. 

ἀλεκτρυόνος κοιλίαν ἔχειν, Ar. Vesp. 794 (i.e. the stomach of an 
ostrich, to swallow pebbles), cf. Suid. 

ἀλέκτωρ πίνει καὶ οὐκ οὐρεῖ, Suid. q.v. 

λήθουσι γάρ τοι κἀνέμων διέξοδοι θήλειαν ὄρνιν, πλὴν ὅταν τόκος παρῇ, 


Soph. fr. 424. 


26 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


~ AAEKTPYON (continued). 


κοινὸς ᾿Αθηναίων ἀλέκτωρ, descriptive of a bombastic talker, Demadas 
ap. Athen. iii. 99 D. 

ἔπτηξ᾽, ἀλέκτωρ δοῦλον ws κλίνας πτερόν, Phrynichus ap. Plut. Amator. 
xvill (Mor. 762 F); whence Ar. Vesp. 1490 πτήσσει Φρύνιχος ὥς τις 
ἀλέκτωρ. 

With metaphorical epithet διαυλοδρόμος, διὰ γὰρ τῆς αὐλῆς τρέχει, 
Artemid. iv. 24; cf. Ar. Av. 291. 

Fable of the Eagle which carried off the Cock crowing over his 
victory, Aesop, Fab. 21. The Weasel and the argumentative Cock, 
ib. 14. The Cock and Thieves, ib. 195. The Cock and Dog, as 
wayfarers, ib. 225. The two Cocks and the Partridge, ib. 22. See also 
Babrius and Aesop fasszm. 

Fable of the Weasel and the Hen; os δὴ κατ᾽ εὔνοιαν αὐτῆς νοσούσης, 
ὅπως ἔχει, πυνθανομένην᾽ Kaas, εἶπεν, ἂν σὺ ἀποστῆς, Plut. De Frat.Am. xix. 

How the plumage of the Cock outshines the raiment of Croesus in 
all his glory, φυσικῷ yap ἄνθει κεκύσμηται καὶ μυρίῳ καλλίονι, Solon ap. 
Diog eats 2.4. 


Representations. — The oldest Coins with the Cock are those of 
Himera and Dardanus (Imhoof-Bl. and K. pl. v. 38-42) and of 
Carystus (B. M. C., Central Greece, p. 100, pl. xviii), all of the early 
fifth century. They recall the Indian Gallus Sonneratii (cf. J. P. Six, 
in Imhoof-Bl. p. 35), or rather the Gallus ferrugineus or bankiva of 
Northern India. Cf. also Blyth’s note (Ibis, 1867, p. 157) on fowls 
sculptured on the Lycian marbles (c. 600 B.C.). See also Conze, Ann. 
de I’Inst., 1870, p. 280, on a Cock represented on an ancient relief of 
Dionysus and Semele (?), B.C. 580-540. In regard to Himera, it is 
noteworthy that Pindar’s twelfth Olympian Ode, in which the Cock is 
mentioned, was addressed to Ergoteles, an inhabitant of Himera (cf. 
Buckton, N. and Q. (4) ili. 131). 

The Cock with the Lion is early and frequent on coins of Asia 
Minor: with Athena on coins of Leucas, Corinth, Dardanus; also on 
coins of Ithaca, Zacynthus, Argos, &c. 

On a statue of Athene, Paus. vi. 26 (v. supra); on a statue of 
Apollo, to indicate sunrise, Plut. De Pyth. Orac. xii. 574 (Mor. 488. 30). 
On the shield of Idomeneus, Paus. v. 25 (v. supra). 

See also 5. vv. βρητός, ἠϊκανός, κίκκος, κολοίφρυξ, κόττος, κώκαλον, 
ματτύης, νέβραξ, ὀρτάλιχος, σέρκος, χαλκιδικός, ψήληξ. 


«ΑΛΙΑΈΤΟΣ s. ἁλιαίετος. A Sea-eagle. 


Arist. H. A. ix. 32, 619 ἔχουσιν αὐχένα τε μέγαν καὶ παχὺν καὶ πτερὰ 
΄ > , \ Fees > A Υ \ , Wea) ΄ c ΄ 
καμπύλα, οὐροπύγιον δὲ πλατύ οἰκοῦσι δὲ περὶ θάλατταν καὶ ἀκτάς, ἁρπάζοντες 
δὲ καὶ οὐ δυνάμενοι φέρειν πολλάκις καταφέρονται εἰς βυθόν. viii. 3, 593 Ὁ 

\ \ , , \ ‘ “ 4 / 
περὶ τὴν θάλατταν διατρίβει καὶ τὰ λιμναῖα κόπτει. [Here κόπτει seems 


AAEKTPYQN—AAIAETOZX 27 


AAIAETOX (continued). 


meaningless and may be an interpolation; cf. the next reference.] 
ix. 34, 620 ὀξυωπέστατος μέν ἐστι, καὶ τὰ τέκνα ἀναγκάζει ἔτι ψιλὰ ὄντα 
πρὸς τὸν ἥλιον βλέπειν, καὶ τὸν μὴ βουλόμενον κόπτει καὶ στρέφει, καὶ 
ὁποτέρου ἂν ἔμπροσθεν οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ δακρύσωσιν, τοῦτον ἀποκτείνει, τὸν δ᾽ 
ἕτερον ἐκτρέφει. [The same story, s.v. αἐτός, in Ael. Η. A. ii. 26, also 
Plin. N. H. x. 3, and in Gesner, &c.] ζῇ θηρεύων τοὺς περὶ τὴν θάλατταν 
ὄρνιθας, k.r.A. Arist. De Mirab. 60, 835 ἐκ τοῦ ζεύγους τῶν ἀετῶν θάτερον 
τῶν ἐγγόνων ἁλιάετος γίνεται παραλλάξ, &c., cf. Dion. De Av. ii. 1. Μεη- 
tioned also Ar. Av. 891, Eur. fr. 637 ὁρῶ δ᾽ ἐπ᾽ ἀκταῖς νομάδα κυματοφθόρον 
ἁλιάετον : Opp. Hal. i. 425 κρατεροί θ᾽ ἁλιαίετοι ἁρπακτῆρες, τα. 

See also Nonn. Dion. xlii. 531, where ἁλιάετος, associated with 
Poseidon, seizes a dove from the clutches of κίρκος, φειδομένοις ὀνύχεσσι 
μετάρσιον ὄρνιν ἀείρων. Cf. Sil. Ital. Punic. iv. 105. 

A good omen to fishermen, Dion. De Avib. ii. 1. 

‘On the fabled metamorphosis of Nisus or Pandareus see Ovid, Met. 
Vili. 146, xii. 560; Boios ap. Anton. Lib. c. xi; Hygin. Fab. 98; Virg.(?) 
Ciris 536, and Keller, op.c. p. 259. 

Arist. H. A. ix. 32, 619 is apparently descriptive of the Osprey, 
Pandion Haliaétus, with which bird ἁλιάετος is commenly identified 
by mediaeval and modern commentators; but the description of the 
chase after sea-birds (ix. 620) applies rather to Aguila naevia, or 
Flal. albictlla (Sundevall). A Sea-eagle is very frequently alluded 
to under the generic name ἀετός, e.g. Pind. N. v. 21 πέραν πόντοιο 
πάλλοντ᾽ aieroi: Soph. Oen. fr. 423, ap. Ar. Av. 1337 γενοίμαν αἰετὸς 
ὑψιπέτας, ὡς ἂν ποταθείην ὑπὲρ ἀτρυγέτου γλαυκᾶς ἐπ᾽ οἶδμα λίμνας : Theocr. 
ΧΙ]. 24. 

An Eagle with a fish is frequent on coins, e.g. Acragas (Imhoof-Bl. 
and K. pl. iv. 31), Sinope (ibid. v. 11, 12), and many other towns 
especially in the Black Sea and Hellespont (Keller, op.c. p. 262). 

In all the above references, as in most passages relating to the Eagle, 
a mystical and symbolic meaning outweighs the zoological. The poem 
of Ciris is of great importance for the understanding of the myth. It 
is noteworthy how many birds, or names associated with birds, occur, 
with more or less obscure significance, in this poem; to wit, Procne, 
the Daulian maids, Pandion, the Amser Ledae, Haliaetus or Nisus, and 
lastly Ciris. I accept the theory that we have here to do with an 
elaborate Sun and Moon myth. The golden or purple lock in Nisus’ 
hair (cui splendidus ostro Inter honoratos medio de vertice canos 
Crinis inhaerebat, Ov. Met. viii. 8, cf. Ciris 122, Apollod. ii. 4. 5), 
recalls, on the one hand, the Samson-legend (as we are expressly told 
by Tzetzes in Lyc. 648), and on the other, the crest of the solar ἔποψ 
or ~icus, both of which birds appear in the version of the legend given 
by Boios. The name Nisus is akin to mesher, nisr, an eagle (vide 


28 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


AAIAETOX (continued ). 


s.v. ἀετός), and Nisus or ᾿Αλιάετος plunges, like the setting Sun, into 
the sea. Ciris, Κεῖρις (with which I believe κείρυλος or κήρυλος to be 
connected), or Scylla is the Moon (cf. Porphyr. De Abst. iii. 17), which, 
as the watery goddess, appears in some forms of the legend as a fish. 
The last lines of the poem Ciris are of peculiar importance, where the 
mutual pursuit and flight of Haliaetus and Ciris are described, and com- 
pared with the alternate appearance and disappearance of the opposite 
constellations of Scorpio and Orion: Quacunque illa levem fugiens 
secat aethera pennis, Ecce inimicus atrox magno stridore per auras 
Insequitur Nisus: qua se fert Nisus ad auras, Illa levem fugiens 
raptim secat aethera pennis: it is the Moon in opposition, the Moon 
at the full, which (strictly speaking, at the sacred season of the equinox) 
sets and rises as the Sun rises and sets. Cf. also Cornutus, p. 72 L 
(teste Keller) κυνηγίᾳ δ᾽ ἔοικε καὶ τὸ μὴ διαλείπειν αὐτὴν ὁτὲ μὲν διώκουσαν 
τὸν ἥλιον ὁτὲ δὲ φεύγουσαν... .. οὐχ ἑτέρα δ᾽ οὖσα αὐτῆς ἡ Ἑκάτη, ἄς. The 
full understanding of the stories οἵ ἀηδών, Procne, Philomela, and the 
whole Tereus-legend, depends on the further elucidation of this myth. 
Were it not for the comparison drawn with Scorpio and Orion, we 
might be rather disposed to refer the description to the Moon in the 
last quarter, stationed in advance of and as it were in flight before 
the Sun. The same four lines occur in Virg. Georg. i. 406-409, where 
I venture to think they are out of place and keeping. 


“AAIANIOAA’ τὸν κέπφον, ἢ θαλάττιον ὄρνιν... Hesych. (verb. dub.). 


᾿ΑΛΙΠΟΡΦΥΡΙΣ. A bird, doubtless the Haleyon. 


Ibyc. fr. 8 (13) ap. Athen. ix. 388 D, according to Hermann and 
Schneidewin. Others read λαθιπορφυρίδες, v. Bergk, P. Lyric. Gr. 11. 
p. 239. Cf. Aleman 12 (26) ἁλιπόρφυρος εἴαρος ὄρνις (vide Ss. v. κήρυλος), 
whence Tennyson ‘ The sea-blue bird of March’ (on which, see Whitley 
Stokes and others, Academy xxv. 1884; also Tennyson in Nature 
Notes, i. p. 93, ii. p. 173, where the Laureate alters the epithet). I am 
not inclined to admit that ἁλιπόρφυρος means sea-b/ue, nor that it is 
anything so simple as a mere colour-epithet ; cf. ἁλιάετος. 


"AAKYQ’N s. ἁλκυών. Also ἀλκυονίς (Ap. Rhod. i. 1085, Epigr. Gr. 205 
&c.), and ἀλκίων, Hesych. Cretan αὐκυών, Hesych. On the aspirate, 
see F6rstemann, Curt. Zeitschr. iii. 48. Not from ads: cf. Lat. a/c-edo. 

Probably connected with O. P. Aalak or harac the Sun, and so akin 
to ἀλεκτρυών and ἤλεκτρον, also to Ἡρακλῆς and to many other proper 
names, e.g. Alc-znous. 


The Haleyon, a symbolic or mystical bird, early identified with the 
Kingfisher, Al/cedo zspida, L. The Kingfisher is called, in Mod. 


AAIAETOXZ—AAKYQN 29 


AAKYQN (continued). 
Gk., ψαροφάγος, also (Heldr.) σαρδελοφάγος, μπιρμπίλι τῆς θαλάσσης, 
and (in Acarnania) βασιλοποῦλι. 
First mentioned in Simon. fr.12 (ap. Arist. H. A. v. 8, 542b, Poet. Lyr. 


Gr., Bergk p. 874, vide infra) ; Aleman 26 (12), ap. Antig. Mirab. 27; 
and Ibycus fr. ὃ (13) ἀλκυόνες τανυσίπτεροι. 


Description.—Arist. H. A. ix. 14, 616 ἡ δ᾽ ἀλκυών ἐστι μὲν οὐ πολλῷ 
μείζων στρουθοῦ, τὸ δὲ χρῶμα καὶ κυανοῦν ἔχει καὶ χλωρὸν καὶ ὑποπόρφυρον᾽ 
μεμιγμένως δὲ τοιοῦτον τὸ σῶμα πᾶν καὶ αἱ πτέρυγες καὶ τὰ περὶ τὸν τράχηλον, 
οὐ χωρὶς ἕκαστον τῶν χρωμάτων" τὸ δὲ ῥύγχος ὑπόχλωρον μέν, μακρὸν 
δὲ καὶ λεπτόν. Vili. 3, 593 Ὁ τὸ τῶν ἀλκυύόνων δὲ γένος πάρυδρόν ἐστιν" 
τυγχάνει δ᾽ αὐτῶν ὄντα δύο εἴδη. καὶ ἡ μὲν φθέγγεται, καθιζάνουσα ἐπὶ τῶν 
δονάκων, ἡ δ᾽ ἄφωνος" ἔστι δ᾽ αὕτη μείζων" τὸ δὲ νῶτον ἀμφότεραι κυανοῦν 
ἔχουσιν. [Cf. Plin. x. 47. Two species occur in Greece, A. (Ceryle) 
rudis, L., the Spotted Kingfisher (Mod. Gk. ἄσπρον Wapodayor, v. ἃ. 
Miihle), principally near the coast, and A. isfida, the Common King- 
fisher. Sundevall points out that A. rudzs has not τὸ νῶτον κυανοῦν, 
and suggests A. smyrnensis, which does not now occur in Greece 
(Kruper) but in Asia Minor. Neither of these birds can sing, any more 
than the common Kingfisher, and the attempt is hopeless to identify the 
second Aristotelian species with either. The whole matter is confused 
and mystical. | 

On the ‘song’ of the Halcyon, cf. Tymnes 11 (Gk. Anthol. i. p. 256) 
ὦ παρόμοιον ἁλκυόσιν τὸν σὸν φθόγγον ἰσωσάμενον : Pindar fr. 62 (34) ap. 
Scho]. Apoll. Rhod. i. 1086 (ᾳ. ν.) εὐλόγως δὲ ὄσσαν εἶπε τὴν ἁλκυόνος 
φωνήν : cf. Dion. De Avib. il. 7 τῶν ἀλκυόνων δ᾽ οὐκ ἂν εἴποι τις εἰς φωνὴν 
ὄρνεον ἥδιον. Its plaintive and melancholy ποία ; Eur. I. in T. τοδο ὄρνις, 
ἃ παρὰ πετρίνας, πόντου δειράδας, ἀλκυών, ἔλεγον οἶτον ἀείδεις : imitated 
Ar. Ran. 1309 ἀλκυόνες ai map’ ἀενάοις θαλάσσης κύμασι στωμύλλετε. Cf. 
Il. ix. 563 μήτηρ ᾿Αλκυόνος πολυπενθέος οἶτον ἔχουσα: Mosch. iii. 40 
᾿Αλκυόνος δ᾽ ov τόσσον ἐπ᾽ ἄλγεσιν ἴαχε Κῆυξ. Opp. Halieut. i. 424 
στονόεντά τε φῦλα ἁλκυόνων. Epigr. in Marm. Oxon. iii. p. 111 (Ixxi) 
μήτηρ δὲ ἡ δύστηνος ὀδύρεται οἷά tis ἄκταις ᾿Αλκυονίς, yoepois δάκρυσι 
μυρόμενα. See also Lucian in Alcyone, Philostr. Imagg. 362 K, Plut. 
ἘΠ Αἴ τας, (Ov. Met. xi, Wrist. v. 1.160; Her. xviii. δῖ, δέοι, ccc: ck 
also Eumath. De Hysm. et H. L. x. p. 448 τὴν γλῶτταν ἀλκυόνες πολυ- 
πενθέστεραι, ἀηδόνες θρηνητικώτεραι, αὐτῆς Νιόβης μιμούμεναι TO πολύδακρυ, 
πρὸς θρῆνον ἐρίζουσαι. According to the Scholia in Ar. Aves, Hom. 1]. ix, 
Theocr. Id. vii ἐθρήνει τῶν φῶν αὐτῆς ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ κλωμένων. 

How the females carry the old males on their backs, Ael. vil. 17; cf. 
Plut. Utr. Anim., Antig. Hist. Mirab. 27. Cf. also Alcman (ap. Antig. l.c.) 
βάλε δή, βάλε κηρύλος εἴην, ὅς τ᾽ ἐπὶ κύματος ἄνθος ἅμ᾽ ἀλκυύνεσσι ποτῆται:: 
imitated in Ar. Av. 251 ὧν τ᾽ ἐπὶ πόντιον οἶδμα θαλάσσης φῦλα μετ᾽ 


; E 
ἀλκυόνεσσι ποτᾶται. 


30 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


AAKYQN (continued). 
Beloved of the Sea-nymphs, Theocr. vii. 59, cf. Virg. Georg. i. 399. 
Associated with Pallas, Antip. Sidon. xxvi, Gk. Anth. ii. p. 12 ἱστῶν 
Παλλάδος ἀλκυόνα (the shuttle, from its swift flash of colour): with Hera, 
Pindar fr. l.c. 
With ep. ξουθός, Mnasalc. viii (Gk. Anthol. i. p. 124), [vide s. v. ἱππα- 


λεκτρυών]. 


The Nest.—Arist. H. A. ν. 8, 542 Ὁ τίκτει περὶ τροπὰς τὰς χειμερινάς" 
διὸ καὶ καλοῦνται ὅταν εὐδιειναὶ γένωνται ai τροπαί, ἀλκυονίδες ἡμέραι ἑπτὰ 
μὲν πρὸ τροπῶν, ἑπτὰ δὲ μετὰ τροπάς, καθάπερ καὶ Σιμωνίδης ἐποίησεν, 
“ὡς ὁπόταν χειμέριον κατὰ μῆνα πινύσκῃ Ζεὺς ἤματα τεσσαρακαίδεκα, λαθάνεμόν 
τέ μιν ὥραν καλέουσιν ἐπιχθόνιοι, ἱερὰν παιδοτρόφον ποικίλας ἀλκυόνος." 
γίνονται δ᾽ εὐδιειναί, ὅταν συμβῇ νοτίους γίνεσθαι τὰς τροπάς, τῆς Πλειάδος 
βορείου γενομένης. λέγεται δ᾽ ἐν ἑπτὰ μὲν ἡμέραις ποιεῖσθαι τὴν νεοττιάν, 
ἐν δὲ ταῖς λοιπαῖς ἑπτὰ ἡμέραις τίκτειν τὰ νεόττια καὶ ἐκτρέφειν. περὶ μὲν 
οὖν τοὺς ἐνταῦθα τόπους οὐκ ἀεὶ συμβαίνει γίνεσθαι ἀλκυονίδας ἡμέρας περὶ 
τὰς τροπάς, ἐν δὲ τῷ Σικελικῷ πελάγει σχεδὸν ἀεί. τίκτει δ᾽ ἡ ἀλκυὼν περὶ 
πέντε φά.... πάντων δὲ σπανιώτατον ἰδεῖν ἀλκυόνα ἐστίν" σχεδὸν γὰρ περὶ 
Πλειάδος δύσιν καὶ τροπὰς ὁρᾶται μόνον, καὶ ἐν τοῖς ὑφόρμοις πρῶτον ὅσον 
περιιπταμένη περὶ τὸ πλοῖον ἀφανίζεται εὐθύς, διὸ καὶ Στησίχορος τοῦτον τὸν 
τρόπον ἐμνήσθη περὶ αὐτῆς. (Schneider conjectures that this last refers 
to an Argonautic legend, cf. Apoll. Rhod. i. 1085 and Schol.) The Nest 
further described, ib. ix. 14, 616 παρομοία ταῖς σφαίραις ταῖς θαλαττίαις ἐστὶ 
καὶ ταῖς καλουμέναις ἁλοσάχναις, πλὴν τοῦ χρώματος" τὴν δὲ χρόαν ὑπόπυρρον 
ἔχουσιν, K.T.A. καὶ κόπτοντι μὲν σιδηρίῳ ὀξεῖ οὐ ταχὺ διακόπτεται, ἅμα 
δὲ κόπτοντι καὶ ταῖς χερσὶ θραύοντι ταχὺ διαθραύεται, ὥσπερ ἡ ἁλοσάχνη..... 
δοκεῖ δὲ μάλιστα ἐκ τῶν ἀκανθῶν τῆς βελόνης. A lengthy description in 
Ael. H. A. ix. 17 : see also Dion. De Avib. ii. 7; Plin. x. (32) 47, (33) 493 
Plut. De Sol. Anim. xxxv; Aes. Fab. 29, &c. Cf. also Callim. xxxi (Gk. 
Anthol. i. p. 219) ὡς πάρος τίκτηται νοτερῆς ὥεον ἀλκυόνος. The descrip- 
tion in Plutarch ends as follows: ἐμοὶ δὲ πολλάκις ἰδόντι καὶ θιγόντι, 
παρίσταται λέγειν καὶ ἄδειν “ Δήλῳ δή ποτε τοῖον ᾿Απόλλωνος παρὰ vad? 

On the ἀλκυονίδες or ἀλκυόνειοι ἡμέραι, ‘when birds of calm sit 
brooding on the charmed wave,’ see also Theocr. vii. 57 κάλκυόνες στορε- 
σεῦντι Ta κύματα τάν τε θάλασσαν, τόν τε νότον τόν τ᾽ εὖρον. Apollonid. 
xiii (Gk. Anthol. ii. p. 121) εἰ καὶ ἐν ἁλκυύνων ἤμασι κλαυσόμεθα, ἀλκυόνων, 
αἷς πόντος ἀεὶ στηρίξατο κῦμα, νήνεμον. Ar. Av. 1594, Schol. in Ar. 
Ran. 1344, Ael. i. 36, Philoch. 180, Plut. Sol. Anim, p. 983, Quaest. 
Graec. pp. 1809, 1810, Apoll. Rhod. i. 1086, Plin. x. (32) 47, xviii. (26) 
62, xxxil. (8) 27, Aul. Gell. iii. 10, Sil. Ital. xiv. 275, Plaut. Poen. 145, 
Casina, prol. 26, Diosc. iv. 136, Alciphr. i. 1, Lucian Halc. 2, Ovid Met. 
xi. 745, Colum. xi. 2, Dion. De Avib. ii. 7, Carm. De Philom. 383. On 
the number of the Halcyon days, see, in addition to the above, Suidas, 
according to whom Simonides made them eleven (v. supra), Dema- 


AAKYQN 31 


AAKYQN (continued). 


goras seven, and Philochorus nine. See also references in Bochart, 
Hieroz. ii. 861. 


On the myth of Alcyone and Ceyx, cf. 1]. ix. 563 (where the dzrd 
is not mentioned, but cf. Heyne, 27 /oc.), Lucian, Halcyon. 2, where 
Alcyone and Ceyx descend from the Morning Star, Ovid, Met. xi. 410, 
Apollod. I. vil. 4, Serv. ad Virg. Georg. i. 399, Lutat. ad Stat. Theb. 
ix: 361, Lzetz. ad Lyc. Ρ. 60, ὅτε: 


The myth of the Halcyon days is unexplained. The above state- 
ments have no zoological significance: the Kingfisher neither breeds 
at four months old, nor lays five eggs (but rather six or seven), nor 
nests in the winter season, nor on the sea. I conjecture that the 
story originally referred to some astronomical phenomenon, probably 
in connexion with the Pleiades, of which constellation Alcyone is the 
principal star. In what appears to have been the most vigorous period 
of ancient astronomy (not later than 2000 B.C., but continuing long 
afterwards to influence legend and nomenclature), the sun rose at the 
vernal equinox in conjunction with the Pleiad, in the sign Taurus: the 
Pleiad is in many languages associated with bird-names (cf. Engl. ‘ hen- 
and-chickens, see also 5. v. μέροψ), and I am inclined to take the bird 
on the bull’s back in coins of Eretria, Dicaea, and Thurii for the asso- 
ciated constellation of the Pleiad. (Note, as a coincidence, the relation 
of Alcyoneus to the heavenly Bull in Pind. I. v. 47 ; ubi Schol. BouBoray 
δὲ τὸν βουκόλον φησί, παρ᾽ οὗ τᾶς “HXlov βοῦς ἀπήλασε...) The particular 
bird thus associated with Taurus may vary; on some of the above- 
mentioned coins, where it is certainly not a Kingfisher, it is taken by 
Canon Tristram (Ibis, 1893, p. 215) to be a Tern; to me it seems 
rather to be the Swallow, figuring as the bird of spring; (on the 
cognate symbolism of the Dove, see s. v. πέλεια). The Halcyon is said 
by Canon Tristram (l.c.) to have been the sacred bird of Eretria ; 
I cannot find a direct statement of the fact. Suidas definitely asserts 
that the Pleiades were called ᾿Αλκυόνες. At the winter solstice, in the 
same ancient epoch, the Pleiad culminated at night-fall in mid-heaven, 
a phenomenon possibly referred to in the line νὺξ μακρὴ καὶ χεῖμα μέσην δ᾽ 
ἐπὶ Πλειάδα δύνει. This culmination, between three and four months after 
the heliacal rising of the Pleiad in Autumn, was, I conjecture, sym- 
bolized as the nesting of the Halcyon. Owing to the antiquity and 
corruption of the legend, it is impossible to hazard more than a very 
guarded conjecture; but that the phenomenon was in some form an 
astronomic one I have no doubt. [It might for instance refer more 
directly to the Sun, which anciently began its annual course at the 
spring equinox when in conjunction with the Pleiads, and which at 
the winter season, when in the lowest part of its course, might be said 
to brood upon the sea, only beginning its ascent a week after the actual 


32 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


AAKYQN (continued ). 


tropic (cf. Ptolemy, ap. Petav. iii. 54, Kal. Jan.: Sol elevari incipit)]. 
The risings and settings of the Pleiads and of the Dogstar were 
apparently the chief landmarks of the ancient year, and in this con- 
nexion the comparison with ἁλοσάχνη is also suggestive. I take 
ἁλοσάχνη to be a corruption, by ‘ Volksetymologie, of the Egyptian 
σολεχήν, the Dog-star. Cf. Chalcid. in Timaeum Plat. f. cxxiv, ed. 
Fabr., Cum hanc eandem stellam ἀστροκύνον quidam, Aegyptii vero 
σολεχήν vocant (v. Jablonsk. in Steph. Thes. and cf. Leemans in 
Horap. i. 3). The common Egyptian name for the Dog-star is So¢hz, 
and of this we read in Plut. De Isid. p. 375 Σωθὶ Αἰγυπτιστὶ σημαίνει 
κύησιν ἢ TO κύειν. 

The birds anciently associated with the season of the vernal equinox 
are, with the exception of the Nightingale, associated with St. Martin 
in modern times; viz. the House-martin or Martlet (cf. χελιδών), the 
Harrier (cf. κίρκος), Fr. olseau St. Martin, and the Kingfisher, Fr. 
martin-pécheur. It is precisely the same birds, with the addition of 
the solar Hoopoe and Woodpecker, and with the substitution of 
ἁλιάετος (4. ν.) for κίρκος, that figure together in the story of the meta- 
morphosis of Pandareus; Boios ap. Anton. Lib. Met. xi. 

In the calendars ascribed to Geminus (?), Columella and Ptolemy (?), 
the Halcyon days are placed in the end of February or beginning of 
March. I cannot account for this discrepancy, which is clearly at 
variance with the older tradition ; unless indeed the phrase had lost its 
meaning and was simply transferred to the season of the migration 
of birds. 

See also s. vv. ἀηδών, ἁλιπορφυρίς, κηρύλος, κῆυξ. 

Note.—On the mystical element in the stories of ἀλκυών and ἀηδών 
cf. Lucian, Hale. οὐκ ἂν ἔχοιμεν εἰπεῖν βεβαίως οὔτ᾽ ᾿Αλκυόνων πέρι, οὔτ᾽ 
"Andover" κλέος δὲ μύθων, οἷον παρέδοσαν πατέρες, τοιοῖτο καὶ παισὶν ἐμοῖς, 
ὦ ὄρνι θρήνων μελῳδέ, παραδώσω τῶν σῶν ὕμνων πέρι, καί σου τὸν εὐσεβῆ 


καὶ φίλανδρον ἔρωτα πολλάκις ὑμνήσω. 
"ἌΜΑΛΛΟΣ᾽ πέρδιξ, Πολυρρήνιοι, Hesych. 
ἌΜΠΕΛΙΣ. An unknown bird. Ar. Av. 304. Cf. Poll. vi. 52. 


᾿ΑΜΠΕΛΙΏΝ. An unknown small bird mentioned together with ἀστήρ 
(q.v.), with epithet κουφότατος. ‘Taken as identical with ἀμπελίς : 
ἀμπελίδες ἃς νῦν ἀμπελίωνας καλοῦσιν, J. Pollux, vi. 52; cf. Lob. 
Prol. p. 49. In Mod. Gk. ἀμπελουργός is the Black-headed Bunting, 
called also κρασοποῦλι, μεθύστρα. 


᾿ἈΑΝΑΊΓΚΗΣ, 5. ἀνάκης" ὄρνεόν τι ᾿Ινδικόν, ὅμοιον apa, Hesych. The 
name is strongly suggestive of the Arabic and Syrian Anka or 


AAKYQN—ANONAIA 33 


ANAIKHE (continued). 


Onka, which is said to be identical with Simurgh, the magical 
bird of the Persians, and which is believed further to come into 
relation with Athene Ὄγκα; cf. Von Hammer-Purgstall, Wien. 
Jahrb. d. Lit. xcvii. 126, Creuzer, Symb. iv. 397, Boch. Hieroz. 
ii, 812, 852. Vide 5.ν. ὄκνος. 


ἌΝΘΟΣ. An unknown small bird. The name does not occur in 
Mod. Gk., and like so many of the bird-names mentioned in a 
non-scientific or fabulous sense, is probably an exotic. 


Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 Ὁ ὄρνις σκωληκοφάγος, μέγεθος ὅσον σπίζα. 
ix. 1, 609 Ὁ ἵππῳ πολέμιος" ἐξελαύνει yap ὁ ἵππος ἐκ τῆς νομῆς, πόαν γὰρ 
νέμεται ὁ ἄνθος. ἐπάργεμος δ᾽ ἐστὶ καὶ οὐκ ὀξυωπός" μιμεῖται γὰρ τοῦ ἵππου 
τὴν φωνήν, καὶ φοβεῖ ἐπιπετόμενος καὶ ἐξελαύνει, ὅταν δὲ λάβῃ, κτείνει αὐτόν. 

_ οἰκεῖ δ᾽ ὁ ἄνθος παρὰ ποταμὸν καὶ ἕλη, χρόαν δ᾽ ἔχει καλὴν καὶ εὐβίοτός ἐστι. 
ix. I, 610 and 12, 615 hostile to ἀκανθίς and αἴγιθος" αἰγίθου καὶ ἄνθου αἷμα 
ov συμμίγνυται ἀλλήλοις : cf. Plin. x. 74 (95). With the above fabulous 
account, cf. Ael. H. A. v. 48, vi. 19 ἰδιάζει δὲ ταῖς μιμήσεσι τῶν τοιούτων 
6,re ἄνθος καλούμενος. .. καὶ ὁ μὲν ἄνθος ὑποκρίνεται χρεμέτισμα ἵππου. 
Also Plin. x. (47) 523; see also Boios ap. Anton. Lib. c. 7, where 
Anthus is a son of Autonous and Hippodameia, killed by his father’s 
horses, and metamorphosed into the bird ἄνθος. In Phile 705 it is the 
fish av@ias that is said to be hostile to the horse. 


Note.—As indicative of the mythical, fabulous, and probably exotic 
element in the above, compare the accounts of ἄνθος and ἀκανθίς 
(Ὁ ἀκ-ανθ-ίς), the former σκωληκοφάγος, εὐβίοτος, χρόαν καλός, ἵππῳ 
πολέμιος : the latter ἀκανθοφάγος, κακόβιος, κακόχροος, ὄνῳ πολέμιος, KC.: 
ἀκανθίς and αἴγι(ν)θος are perhaps two corruptions of the same word. 
Though the bird cannot be identified, and though it is more than 
doubtful whether it was ever known to the Greeks, yet Sundevall’s 
identification of ἄνθος as the Yellow Wastail, Motacilla flava, L., 
deserves to be recorded. This hypothetical identification is based 
on the brilliant colour (which according to v. 4. Miihle is more brilliant 
in Greece even than in N. Europe) and on the localities frequented. 
The Yellow Wagtail frequently consorts with the cattle at pasture, 
feeding on flies; it may indeed have become associated with the above 
fable, the origin of which, however, is doubtless more deep-seated and 
obscure. 


?ANOMAIA. A bird associated with Athene, possibly the Night-Heron. 


Od. i. 320 ἀπέβη γλαυκῶπις ᾿Αθήνη, ὄρνις δ᾽ ὡς avoraia διέπτατο. For 
various explanations and Scholia, see Steph. Thes. (ed. 1821), Lidd. 
and Sc., ἄς. According to Rumpf, De aedibus Homericis, il. p. 32, 
Giessen, 1857, Netolicka, Naturh. aus Hom. p. 11, Buchholz, Hom. 

D 


34 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


ANONAIA (continued). 


Realien, p. 126, the Swallow, from its passing in and out through the 
smoke-hole, παρὰ τὸ διατρίβειν ἐν ταῖς ὀπαῖς (Herodian). Cf. Hesych. 
dvoraia’ ὀρνέου ὄνομα καὶ εἶδος, ἢ ἀνὰ τὴν ὀπὴν τῆς θύρας, ἢ ἀνὰ τὴν θυρίδα, 
ἢ ἀφανής (MS. ἄφωνος). See also Ameis in loc., Doederlein, Hom. 
Gloss, &c. 


Bochart, Hieroz. ii. 337, suggests (not for the first time, for the state- 
ment is made in early Hebrew dictionaries) a connexion with Hebr. 7538 
anaphah, which he supposed to be a species of eagle, partly perhaps 
to make it fit in with the interpretation, common in his time, of avoraia. 
But according to Lewysohn (Zool. d. Talmuds, p. 109), with whom 
Tristram agrees, anzaphah is rightly translated Heron (Lev. xi. 19), 
which seems to me to lend support to the hypothesis that ἀνοπαῖα 
is identical with it. Cf. épwdids, 1]. x. 274. 


"ANTAP: ἀετός, ὑπὸ Τυρρηνῶν, Hesych. 


7 


"ANTI'WYXOI οὕτως καλοῦνται οἱ Μέμνονες ὄρνιθες (4. ν.), Hesych. 


"ANAO’S: ἔποψ τὸ ὄρνεον, Hesych. (Probably a Macedonian word, 
Schmidt in Hesych.; or more likely Egyptian, vide infra, s. v. 


ἔποψ). 


ἌΠΟΥΣ. A bird of the swallow kind. Probably including the Swift, 
Cypselus apus, L., and AMirundo rupestris, Scop., the Cliff 
Martin; Mod. Gk. πετροχελιδόνι. Also for κύψελος, the Sand 
Martin. 


Arist. H. A. i. 1, 487b ὄρνις κακόπους (cf. Plin. xi. 47), εὔπτερος. 
φαίνεται ὁ μὲν ἄπους πᾶσαν ὥραν, ἡ δὲ δρεπανὶς ὅταν von Tov θέρους. Ib. ix. 
30, 618 οἱ δ᾽ ἄποδες, ods καλοῦσί τινες κυψέλους ὅμοιοι ταῖς χελιδόσιν εἰσίν" 
οὐ γὰρ ῥάδιον διαγνῶναι πρὸς τὴν χελιδόνα, πλὴν τῷ τὴν κνήμην ἔχειν δασεῖαν. 
νεοττεύουσιν ἐν κυψελίσιν ἐκ πηλοῦ πεπλασμέναις μακραῖς, ὅσον εἴσδυσιν 
ἐχούσαις" ἐν στεγνῷ δὲ ποιεῖται τὰς νεοττιὰς ὑπὸ πέτραις καὶ σπηλαίοις, ὥστε 
καὶ τὰ θηρία καὶ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους διαφεύγειν. Cf. Plin. x. 39. (55) his 4165 
nisi in nido nulla, &c. 


The name is traditionally identified with the Swift, Cypselus apus, 
L. As regards the former passage (which is doubtfully authentic) 
it appears that HZ. rupestris is the only bird of the Swallow kind 
which is a permanent resident in Greece (Kriiper p. 255, &c.), though 
Erhard (p. 46) says that Swifts winter in the Cyclades. The second 
passage is corrupt, and contains two different accounts of the nest 
(cf. Sundevall p. 130). 27. rufestris builds solitarily, on the face of 
high cliffs (ὑπὸ πέτραις) (Kriiper, l.c.). The other account (ἐν ku ediow 
μακραῖς) seems to refer to the Sand Martin, vide s.v. κύψελος. Sundeyall 


—— 


ANONAIA— APNH 35 


ANOYX (continzed). 
takes ἄπους to be the Swift: Aubert and Wimmer (p. 111) take it 


to be the House Martin (Hirundo urbica L.). The name πετροχελιδόνι 
applies in Mod. Gk. both to 1. rupestris and to the Swift (Heldreich). 


“APAKOX. An Etruscan word for a Hawk. ἄρακος" ἱέραξ, Τυρρηνοί, 
Hesych. Said to be a Lydian word, Jablonsk. in Steph. Thes. 
Cf. BapBaé. 


"APAMOX. A name for a Heron = ἐρωδιός, Hesych. 


᾿ΑΡΓΙΟΊΠΟΥΣ, 5. dpyimous. A Macedonian name for the Bagle, Hesych. 
Perhaps a corruption of aiyiroy, or perhaps of ἄρξιφος. 


*APHTIA’AES ὌΡΝΙΘΕΣ. Fabulous birds, which shot forth their feathers 
like arrows: doubtless an astronomical emblem. Apoll. Rhod. 
ii. 1035-1052. Cf. King’s Ant. Gems p. 330. 


"APNEYTH’P. [Cf. Lat. wrinator, a diver, Sk. vdri, water (Curt.).] 
Supposed to mean a diving bird, diver or grebe (Colymdus). 
Perhaps only a professional diver. Cf. δύπτης. 

Il. xvi. 742 ἀρνευτῆρι ἐοικώς. See also II. xii. 385, Od. xii. 413. 


"AP=I¢03. A Persian word for an Eagle, Hesych. (Pers. harges). Cf. 
ἀργιόπους. 


ἍΡΠΑΣΟΣ. An unknown or fabulous bird; vide 5. ν. ἅρπη. 


“APNH. (Perhaps from rt. of ἁρπ-άζω, L. rap-co.) An unknown or 
fabulous bird. 


Il. xix. 350 ἅρπῃ εἰκυῖα τανυπτέρυγι, λιγυφώνῳ (Eustath. ζῷον θαλάσσιον, 
λάρῳ πολεμοῦν). Arist. H. A. ix. 1, 609-610 ἔτι οἱ ἀπὸ τῆς θαλάττης 
ζῶντες πολέμιοι ἀλλήλοις, οἷον βρένθος καὶ λάρος καὶ ἅρπη... . πίφιγξ καὶ 
ἅρπη καὶ ἰκτῖνος φίλοι. ix. 18, 617 πολέμιος δὲ τῇ ἅρπῃ ἡ pov, καὶ yap 
ἐκείνη ὁμοιοβίοτος. Ael. Η. A. ii. 47 ἡ δὲ ὄρειος ἅρπη τῶν ὀρνίθων προσ- 
πεσοῦσα τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς ἀφαρπάζει. Cf. Dion. De Avib. i. 4. Plin. 
x. 95 (74) Dissident harpe et triorches accipiter. Harpe et milvus 
contra triorchem communibus inimicitiis. The wife and son of Cleinis 
are metamorphosed into the birds ἅρπη and ἅρπασος : Boios ap. Anton. 
Lib. Met. 20. According to Hesych., ἅρπη is Cretan for ἰκτῖνος. 

Places ivy, κίσσος, in its nest for a charm, Ael. i. 35, Phile 729, 
Geopon. xv. I. 

The word is poetical. Dionysius (1. ς.) refers to the Lammergeier. 
Some mediaeval commentators (e.g. Gesner) take Harpe and Milvus 
(ἰκτῖνος) to be identical in Arist. and Plin. 1]. cc., as does also Tzetzes, 
Chiliad. v. 413 ἰκτῖνος ὄρνις τίς ἐστιν, ὅνπερ καλοῦμεν ἅρπην, ἁρπάζων τὰ 

D2 


36 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


APNH (continued). 
νεόττια Ta τῶν ἀλεκτορίδων, and Sundevall makes Harpe the Black Kite, 
Milvus ater, or 77. parasiticus. Aubert and Wimmer suspect ἅρπη to 
be a large Gull (Larus). For other hypotheses, vide Buchholz p. 137. 


"AZBHNOI” ὄρνιθες, Hesych. Possibly akin to σπῖνος, 


"AZIAON’ ἐρωδιόν, Hesych. Heb. mvp, chasidah, the Stork. Cf. 
Boch. Hieroz. ii. 321-326. 


"AXKA’AASOX. An unknown bird, mentioned Arist. H. A. ii. 12 as 
possessing colic coeca (ἀποφυάδας). 


Usually translated Owl, from the story of the Metamorphosis of 
Ascalaphus, Ovid, Met. v. 539 foedague fit volucris, venturi nuncia 
luctus, lgnavus bubo, dirum mortalibus omen. Cf. Apollodor. ii. p. 107 
᾿Ασκάλαφον οὖν Δημήτηρ ἐποίησεν ὦτον : Serv. ad Aen. iv. 462. The mys- 
tical aspect of the story is briefly indicated by Creuzer, Symbolik, iv. 
378. [Quaenam sit avis, neque ex Aristotele neque ex Plinio aut ex 
Aeliano deprehendere potuimus. Sed Ovidius inter fabulas ostendit 
esse bubonis speciem : Scaliger in Arist.] 


᾿ΑΣΚΑΛΩ ΠΑΣ. (ἀσκόλοπας, Arist. MS. (5). Probably identical with 
σκολόπαξ, G.V. The Woodeock, Scolopax rusticola. 


Arist. H. A. ix. 26, 617 b ἐν τοῖς κήποις ἁλίσκεται ἕρκεσιν, τὸ μέγεθος 
ὅσον ἀλεκτορίς, TO ῥύγχος μακρόν, TO χρῶμα ὅμοιον ἀτταγῆνι᾽ τρέχει δὲ ταχύ. 

The Woodcock according to ν. 4. Miihle and Lindermayer is very 
abundant in Greece in November. Aubert and Wimmer rather identify 
ἀσκαλώπας with the Curlew. 


"AXTEPIAX. 
J. An Eagle = χρύσάετος, Ael. ii. 39. In Arist. H. A. ix. 36, 
620, mentioned as γένος ἱεράκων, and usually identified with the 
Goshawk. 


Cf. Scaliger in Arist. p. 249: dorepiay vertit Theodosius stel/arem... 
dotepiay igitur puto nostrum asturenz: ut enim punctis quibusdam 
tanquam stellis totus pictus in pectore. This identification, though 
adopted by Sundevall, is inacceptable. ἀστερίας is said to be the 
largest of the eagles, and to feed on fawns, cranes, and in Crete, bulls; 
like ypuoderos it seems to be used not of the actual bird but as a symbol, 
probably astronomical. 


II. A bird of the Heron kind, supposed, for a similar and equally 
unsatisfactory reason, to be the Bittern, Ardea s/ellaris, L. 
It is only mentioned in connexion with an Egyptian myth, probably 
relating to the Stork ; and the name itself is in all probability foreign 
and corrupt (cf. ἄσιδον). 


APNH—ATTATAZ 37 


AXTEPIAZ (continued). 

Arist. H. A. ix. 1, 609 b, 18,617 τῶν ἐρωδιῶν γένος, ἐπικαλούμενος ὄκνος, 
μυθολογεῖται γενέσθαι ἐκ δούλων. ΑΕ]. Η. A. ν. 36 ὄνομά ἐστιν ὄρνιθος 
ἀστερίας, καὶ τιθασεύεταί γε ἐν τῇ Αἰγύπτῳ, καὶ ἀνθρώπου φωνῆς ἐπαίει. 
> a7 fe Ae i , - ” ear. , 5 Ney, ” , 
εἰ δέ τις αὐτὸν ὀνειδίζων δοῦλον εἴποι, ὁ δὲ ὀργίζεται" Kal εἴ τις ὄκνον καλέσειεν 
αὐτόν, ὁ δὲ βρενθύεται καὶ ἀγανακτεῖ, ὡς καὶ ἐς τὸ ἀγεννὲς σκωπτόμενος καὶ 
ἐς ἀργίαν εὐθυνόμενος. Vide 5. ν. ἐρωδιός. 


*AZTH’P. A name for the Goldfinch, vide 5. ν. ἀκανθυλλίς. 
Dion. De Avib. iii. 2 ἀστέρες ots ἐρυθρός τε κύκλος ἐστίν, ὥσπερ ἀστήρ, 
ἐπὶ ταῖς κεφαλαῖς. Arrives in spring with the North wind, and is 
caught with bird-lime. 


᾿ΑΣΤΡΑΓΑΛΙ͂ΝΟΣ. An unknown small bird, mentioned along with the 
foregoing, with epithet ταχύς. Perhaps a synonym of ἀστήρ: 
Belon (cit. Bikélas) has It. stragalino=Goldfinch, but, according 
to Giglioli, the word is not known in any modern Italian dialect. 


"AZTPAAO’E: ὁ wWapés, ὑπὸ Θετταλῶν, Hesych. Supposed to be 
akin to L. séur-nu-s (Curt.), L. paru-s (Fick), O. H. G. sprd@, ἄς. 


*AZ@AAO’S. An unknown bird; Hesych. 8. v. ἐνθύσκος. 


"ATTATA’S, 5, ἀτταγᾶς, 5. ἀτταγήν. Also dttaBuyds, Hesych. (MSS. 
have ἀτταγής, ἀτταγίς, ἀταγή), and taynvdpiov, Suid. Cf. Lob. Path. 
i. p. 142. Athen. 388 B notes the accent as an exception, and the 
plural drrayat, not ἀτταγῆνες ; cf. Eustath. p. 854 τὸ παλαιὸν ᾿Ατταγαῖ 
μὲν ᾿Αττικῶς, ᾿Ατταγῆνες δὲ κοινῶς, Mod. Gk. ταγινάρι (Du Cange), ἀττα- 
γινάρι (Sibthorpe ap. Walpole, Mem. rel. to Turkey, p. 262), λιβαδο- 
πέρδιξ (Tournefort). Vide 5. ν. ταγήν. The word has been taken for an 
Egyptian one, from the phrase ᾿Ατταγὰς Αἰγυπτίας, Clem. Alex. Paed. 
li. I. p. 140; cf. Sturzius De Dial. Aeg. p. 86, ap. Steph. Thes. p. clxxiii. 

The Francolin, Zé/rao francolinus, L. See Lilford, Ibis, 1862, 

P- 352- 

Ar. Av. 247, 761 with ep. ποικίλος, περιποίκιλος Or πτεροποίκιλος (cf. 
Meineke, in loc.) ; cf. Suid. ἔστι κατάστικτος ποικίλοις πτεροῖς" λέγεται δὲ ἐπὶ 
δούλων κατεστιγμένων. Ar. Ach. 875, common in Boeotia; absent from 
Crete, praeterquam in Cydoniatarum regione, Plin. x. 58 (83). Arist. 
H. A. ix. 26, 617 ἀσκαλώπας τὸ χρῶμα ὅμοιον ἀτταγῆνι. ix. 49 B, 633 οὐ 
πτητικὸς GAN’ ἐπιγεῖος καὶ κονιστικός. ΑΕ]. H. A. iv. 42 τὸ ἴδιον ὄνομα 7 σθένει 
φωνῇ φθέγγεται καὶ ἀναμέλπει αὐτό. Ib. vi. 45 νοοῦσι δὲ apa ἀτταγᾶς 
μὲν ἀλεκτρυύνι ἔχθιστα, ἀλεκτρυὼν δ᾽ αὖ πάλιν ἀτταγᾷ. Socr. ap. Athen. 
ix. 387 f., how the ἀτταγάς in Egypt said in times of famine τρὶς τοῖς 
κακούργοις κακά (vide Casaub. in Athen. ii. p. 420, ed. 1600); cf. Ael 
V.H.xv.27. Alex. Mynd. in Athen. l.c. μικρῷ μὲν μείζων ἐστὶ πέρδικος, ὅλος 


38 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


ATTATAZ (continued). 
δὲ κατάγραφος τὰ περὶ TO νῶτον, κεραμεοῦς THY χρόαν ὑποπυρρίζων μᾶλλον. 
θηρεύεται δὲ ὑπὸ κυνηγῶν διὰ τὸ βάρος καὶ τὴν τῶν πτερῶν βραχύτητα. (Cf. 
Dion. De Avib. iii. 10.) ἐστὶ δὲ κονιστικός, πολύτεκνός τε καὶ σπερμολόγος. 
Schol. in Ar. Av. 250 ὁ ἀτταγᾶς ὁ ἔχων τὸν λειμῶνα τοῦ Μαραθῶνος. τὰ 
γὰρ λιμνώδη καὶ ἕλεια χωρία καταβόσκεται ὁ ἀτταγᾶς. It is friendly with 
the stag, Opp. Cyneg. ii. 404. 


Proverbs.—drrayas νουμηνίῳ [συνέρχεται], παροιμία ἐπὶ τῶν κλεπτῶν, 
Suid. 5. ν. ἀτταγᾶς, Hesych. 5. ν. νουμήνιος, Schol. Ar. Av. 762. Cf. 
Timon ap. Diog. L. ix. 16.6, Paroem. Gr. i. p. 307, ii. pp. 16, 212 (Scaliger 
in Prov. metricis). Ar. Vesp. 257 τὸν πηλὸν ὥσπερ ἀτταγᾶς τυρβάσεις 
βαδίζων. Proverbialasa delicacy: Ar. Πελαργοῖς in Athen. 388b arrayas 
ἥδιστον ἕψειν ἐν ἐπινικίοις κρέας. Phoenicid. 4. 509 κοὐδὲν ἢν τούτων πρὸς 
ἀτταγῆνα συμβαλεῖν τῶν βρωμάτων. Martial, xiii. 61 Inter sapores fertur 
alitum primus, Ionicarum gustus attagenarum. Cf. Ovid, F. vi. 175, Hor. 
Epod. ii. 54; Plin. x. 48; Apicius, De Re Coquin. vi. 3; Aul. Gell. 
Noct. Att. vii. 16, &c. Mentioned also, Hippon. fr. ap. Athen. 1. c. 

The Francolin does not now occur in Greece or Italy, though it is 
found in Crete, Cyprus, Sicily, Maita, and on the southern shores of the 
Black Sea (Lindermayer p. 125). On this account, Sundevall and 
others have disputed its identity with drrayds, and have identified 
the latter with various birds, especially Pevdix cinerea, the Common 
(or Northern) Partridge ; C. T. Newton, Cont. Rev. 1876, p. 92, taking 
it to be Prerocles alchata, a species of Sand-grouse. The descriptions, 
especially that of Alex. Myndius, point distinctly to the Francolin, 
and even Lindermayer does not doubt that the name is to be so 
interpreted, and that the bird was formerly abundant. The record by 
Sibthorpe of the modern Greek name, which I cannot find in more 
recent writers, suggests that the bird has only lately disappeared from 
Greece. According to Danford (Dresser, Birds of Europe, vii. p. 124) 
it is fast disappearing in Asia Minor also: likewise in Cyprus (Guille- 
mard, The Field, Sept. 1892). The general disappearance of the Quail 
in recent years from England is a parallel case. 


BAI'BYKOX πελεκᾶνος Φιλητᾶς, ᾿Αμερίας [δὲ] βαύβυκος, Hesych. For 
other readings, v. Steph. Thes. ii. coll. 40, 41, and Schmidt's 
Hesych. i. pp. 352, 366. 


BAIH’®. An Egyptian name for a Hawk. 
Horap. 1. 7 ἀντὶ ψυχῆς ὁ ἱέραξ τάσσεται, ἐκ τῆς τοῦ ὀνόματος ἑρμηνείας" 
καλεῖται γὰρ παρ᾽ Αἰγυπτίοις ὁ ἱέραξ, Βαϊήθ. τοῦτο δὲ τὸ ὄνομα διαιρεθέν, 
\ , \ Pas) \ \ \ Ἂν , \ er , © ini 
ψυχὴν σημαίνει kat καρδίαν" ἔστι yap τὸ μὲν Bat ψυχή, τὸ δὲ 716 καρδία" ἡ δὲ 
καρδία κατ᾽ Αἰγυπτίους Ψυχῆς περίβολος, ὥστε σημαίνειν τὴν σύνθεσιν τοῦ 


> U \ = , 
ὀνόματος, Ψυχὴν eyxapdiav’ ad’ οὗ καὶ ὁ ἱέραξ διὰ τὸ πρὸς τὴν ψυχὴν συμ- 


——— 


ATTATAZ—BEAAOYNHE 39 


BAIHO (continued). 

παθεῖν, ὕδωρ od πίνει τὸ καθόλου, ἀλλ᾽ αἷμα, ᾧ καὶ ἡ ψυχὴ τρέφεται. Cf. 
Leemans in Horap. p. 151, and in particular Lauth, Sitzungsber. Bayer. 
Akad., 1876, p. 78; the hawk enters as a phonetic or alphabetic element 
into the hieroglyphic spelling of δα or da, and in the second place 
becomes associated with the symbolic meaning of the word. I suspect 
that βαίβυκος is closely allied, especially as a bird like a pelican is 
figured instead of a hawk in an alternative spelling of the syllable δα. 
The Egyptian representation of the Soul as a Hawk is also mentioned 
by Chaeremon, ψυχή-ἥλιος-θεός = tépa€ ; it, and the Harpy-figures which 
represent the disembodied soul are interesting in connexion with 
Plat. Phaedr. p. 246; cf. Jomard, Descr. de l’Eg. Antiq. vol. ii. pp. 366, 
381, Bunsen, Egypt’s Place in History, v. 135, R. Brown, jun., Dionys. 
Myth. i. 340, &c. 


ΒΑ ΒΊΑΞ’' ἱέραξ, mapa Λίβυσι, Hesych. Cf. dpakos, βείρακες. 
ΒΑΡΙΤΗΣ. An unknown small bird. Dion. De Avib. iii. 2. 


BAZIAEY’S. A name for the Wren, Lat. Regulus. 
Arist. H. A. vill. 3, 592 b, ix. 11, 615 ἃ τροχίλος καλεῖται καὶ πρέσβυς 
καὶ βασιλεύς" διὸ καὶ τὸν ἀετὸν αὐτῷ, φασί, πολεμεῖν. Plin. Ep. i. 5, 14 
regulus omnium bipedum nequissimus; cf. Plin. H. N. viii. 37. See 
also Carm. de philomela v. 42 Regulus atque merops et rubro pectore 
progne Consimili modulo zinzinulare sciunt. Vide s.vv. βασιλίσκος, 


πρέσβυς, ῥόβιλλος, τρίκκος, τροχίλος, τρωγλοδύτης, τύραννος and 
especially ὄρχιλος. 
ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΚΟΣ. A name for the Wren = βασιλεύς. 


Artemid. p. 234 H ra δὲ μουσικὰ καὶ ἡδύφωνα φιλολόγους καὶ μουσικοὺς 
καὶ εὐφώνους, ὡς χελιδὼν καὶ ἀηδὼν καὶ βασιλίσκος καὶ τὰ ὅμοια. CE. 


ῥόβιλλος. Fab. ἀετὸς καὶ βασιλίσκος, Plut. Mor. ii. 806 E. 
BAZKA’s. Ar. Av. 885. Vide s.v. Bookds. 
BA’ZKIAAOX κίσσα, Hesych. (A βάσκω, fortasse, ut loquax, Lob. Prol. 


p. 120.) 
BATI’S. An unknown bird. 

Arist. H. A. vill. 3, 592 b ὄρνις σκωληκοφάγος. (Gaza translates rudetra, 
as if from βάτος, a name like our ‘ brambling,’ and apparently supposed 
the bird to be the Stonechat, the ¢vaguet of Belon, to which bird, 
Saxicola rubetra, L., his name is still applied.) 


BATYPPHIA’AH. <A Lydian word for a Kite, ἰκτῖνος, Hesych. 
BEI/PAKEX: ἱέρακες, Hesych. Possibly for ἐιέρακες. 
BEAAOY’NH2: τριόρχης, Λάκωνες, Hesych. 


40 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


BI'TTAKOX. ἡ Parrot. Vide 5.ν. ψίττακος. 


BOXKA’S, v. 1]. Baokds, φασκάς. A small Wild Duck; probably including 
the Teal (Anas crecca) and Garganey (A. guerquedula), both 
common in Greece; and in Athenaeus also a larger species. 


Backds, Ar. Av. 885. 


βοσκάς, Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593b mentioned among the heavier 
water-birds, ὅμοιος μὲν νήττῃ, τὸ δὲ μέγεθος ἐλάττων. Alex. Mynd. ap. 
Athen. ix. 52, 395d ὁ μὲν ἄρρην κατάγραφος, ἔχουσι δὲ οἱ ἄρρενες σιμά τε 
καὶ ἐλάττονα τῇ συμμετρίᾳ τὰ ῥύγχα. ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἄλλο γένος βοσκάδων μεῖζον 
μὲν νήττης; ἔλαττον δὲ χηναλώπεκος. 

φασκάς, Alex. Mynd. ibid. αἱ δὲ λεγόμεναι φασκάδες μικρῷ μείζονες 


ta - cal , \ N ΄ rp “ 
οὖσαι τῶν μικρῶν κολυμβίδων, τὰ λοιπὰ νήτταις εἰσὶ παραπλήσιοι. 


ΒΟΥΔΥΤΗΣ. An unknown small bird, mentioned Dion. De Avib. 
ili, 2, with epithet ἀσθενής. 


BOYKOAI'NH: κίγκλος, τὸ ὄρνεον, Hesych. 


BOY’TAAIZ. [Said to be from βου- intens., and ταλάω (?) |. 
The Nightingale, in Aesop 235. 


BPE’NOOS. An unknown bird, or birds. ὄρνεον BpevOos, ὅπερ ἔνιοι 
κύσσυφον λέγουσι, Hesych. 

Arist. H. A. ix. 11, 615 ἃ βρένθος [MS. Vat. βρίνθος] ἐν τοῖς ὄρεσι καὶ 
τῇ ὕλῃ κατοικεῖ. εὐβίοτός ἐστι καὶ @diKds [mentioned with ἔποψ]. Ibid. 
ix. 1,609 ἃ, ἃ sea-bird, πολέμιοι δὲ οἱ ἀπὸ τῆς θαλάττης ζῶντες ἀλλήλοις, οἷον 
βρένθος καὶ λάρος καὶ ἅρπη. In this latter passage, βρένθος is perhaps 
a later interpolation; cf. dvazfa, the Brent Goose. 


BPHTO’S: ἀλεκτρυὼν ἐνιαύσιος, Hesych. 


BY’Ax (ν. 1. Bpvas), for Bifas: Mod.Gk. μποῦφος, Lat. dudo, It. bufo, 
Sp. duho, O.H.G. dwo, Germ. uhu. [Cf. Lith. dud-auti, to 
shriek, Fick i. 685, ii. 620.] 


An Owl, especially the Eagle Owl, Strix bubo, L., Bubo maxi- 
mus, Bonap. 


Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 Ὁ ἔστι δ᾽ ὁ Buas τὴν μὲν ἰδέαν ὅμοιος γλαυκί, 
τὸ δὲ μέγεθος ἀετοῦ οὐδὲν ἐλάττων. A favourite word of Dion Cassius, 
usually as a bird of evil omen, e.g. lvi. 29 βύας ἔβυξε, also xl. 17, 47, 
ΧΙ]. 26, 1. 8, liv. 29, ἵν]. 45, &c. Cf. Budo, Virg. Aen. iv. 462, and Serv. 
in loc., Plin. x. (12) 16, Ovid, Met. v. 550, vi. 431, X. 453, xv. 791, Seneca, 
Here. F. 686, &c. 

The Owl, ὀμόο, in medicine and magic, Plin. xxix. 26 and 38; its egg 
also is valuable, but difficult to obtain: quis enim, quaeso, ovum 


BITTAKOZ—TEPANOZ 41 


ΒΥΑΣ (continued). 
bubonis unquam videre poterit, quum ipsam avem vidisse prodigium 
sit ? 
The Eagle Owl is not rare in Greece (v.d. Miihle, Lindermayer), 
and is still called μποῦφος or γοῦβι. 


BY’ZA = Bias. Nic. ap. Anton. Lib. 10, where the daughters of 
Minyos are metamorphosed into νυκτερίς (cf. Ov. Met. iv. 415), 
γλαῦξ, and βύζα' ἔφυγον δὲ ai τρεῖς τὴν αὐγὴν Tod ἡλίουῬ͵ Also βύσσα 
= Λευκοθέας ὄρνις, Boios ap. Ant. Lib. 15. Also βυΐζξαστρία, 
Herodian, 479. (Hence βυζάντιον, Curt.) 


BY’TOAN: τὸν apa, Hesych. 


BQ’KKAAIZ, 5. βάρκαλις. A small bird, mentioned with συκαλίς and 
others in a list of presents to the Indian king, Ael. xili. 25. 


BQMOAO’XOX. A little Jackdaw. 
Arist. H. A. ix. 24, 617 Ὁ τρίτον γένος τῶν κολοιῶν 6 μικρός, ὁ βωμολόχος. 
See kodotds, 


ΓΑΥΣΑΛΙΤΗΣ᾽ ὄρνεον, παρὰ ᾿Ινδοῖς, Hesych. 


ΓΕΡΑΝΟΣ, ἡ (ὁ ap. Theophr. Sign. 1; ἐπίκοινον τῷ γένει, Suid.). Also 
γέρην, Hesych.; γέρην ἡ θήλεια γέρανος (0), Ael. Dion, ap. Eust. 231. 
35 (175); cf. Lob. Prol. p. 49. 
Etymology doubtful: according to Curtius, from rt. gay, to cry. 
Cf. Lith. gavny, Bret. garan, O.H.G. chranuh, Germ. Kranich, Kran, 
Armen. A7’unk, Eng. crane: without the 22 in L. g7vws, Lith. ger-ve, 
O. Sl. geraw’, Russ. zurawl (v. Edl., &c.). 


The Crane. Ardea grus, L., Grus cinereus, auctt. Mod. Gk. 
yepavés, yepav (Heldr.). ‘The Crane is in Greece a bird of pas- 
sage only, chiefly seen on its journey northward in the spring 
(cf. Strab. i. 2. 28): it breeds further north, in Macedonia (hence 
grues Strymoniae, Virgil, Seneca, Martial, Claudian, &c.; s. Bzs- 
toniae, Antip. Sidon. cv, Lucan, &c.) and on the Danube (Krtiper, 
p. 267). In Hom. yépavos doubtless includes the Stork also, the 
latter bird not being mentioned, though equally common in the 
Troad (Schliemann, Ilios, p. 113). 

Description.—paxpov ἔχει τὸ ῥύγχος, Arist. H. A. i. 1, 486b. τὸν 
τράχηλον μακρόν, id. De Acoust. 800b; cf. Prov. φάρυγγα αὑτῷ pakpo- 
τερον γεράνου γενέσθαι ηὔξατό τις ὀψοφάγος, id. Nic. Eth. iii. 13, 118, ἄς. 
An uncomplimentary description, Athen. ἷν. 131 E. In colour, reppa 
(ashy, cinereous, cf. Babr. Ixv. 1), μελάντερα γηράσκουσα τὰ πτερὰ ἴσχει, 


42 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


ΓΕΡΑΝΟΣ (continued). 


Arist. H.A. 111.12, 519, cf. De Gen.v. 5, 785, Plin. x. 42 (29), Solin.c. 10. Its 
noisy cry, Arist. De Acoust. 800; frag. 241, p. 152 a: cf. Il. iii. 3, Antip. 
Sidon. xvii, Q. Smyrn. xiii. 104, Ar. Av. 710, Virg. Aen. x. 265, Mart. 
Ep. xxx; Lucret. iv. 182; in Carm. De Philom. grus gruit; &c. With 
ep. βωλοκόπος, Cratin. 2. 20. 

A smaller species in the Balearic Islands, called Vzfzo, Plin. x. 
49 (69). 

Gregarious habits: ἀγελαῖον, H. A. i. 1, 488, iv. 12, 597 Ὁ ; πολιτικὸν 
καὶ ὑφ᾽ ἡγεμόνι, i. 1, 488. Pugnacity: fights with the eagle, Il. xv. 692, 
Q. Smyrn. xiii. 104, Ael. iii. 13; and with its own kind, H. A. ix. 12, 
615b. Its flight is lofty, οὐρανόθι πρό, Il. iii. 3; cf Hes. Op. 446 εὖτ᾽ 
ἂν γεράνου φωνὴν ἐπακούσῃς, Ywobev ἐκ νεφέων ἐνιαύσια κεκληγυίης (with 
which cf. Pind. Nem. vii εἴ τι πέραν ἀερθεὶς ἀνέκραγον); Aes. Fab. 397 
ἄστρων éyyus ἵπταμαι, Arist. H. A. ix. 10, 614b, Avian. Fab. xv Ast 
ego deformi sublimis in aéra penna, Proxima sideribus numinibusque 
feror; Ael. iii. 14, Plin. x. 23, Isidor. Origin. xii. 7; see also Horap. 
11. 98, where a watcher of the stars is said to be symbolized in Egypt 
as a crane, ὑψηλῶς yap πάνυ ἵπταται, ἵνα θεάσηται τὰ νέφη, μὴ ἄρα χειμάζῃ, 
ἵνα ἐν ἡσυχίᾳ διαμένῃ : flies against the wind, Arist. H. A. viii. 13, 597. 
Lays two eggs, ib. ix. 12, 615 b; οὐ συγκαθείσης τῆς θηλείας ἐπιβαίνει 
τὸ ἄρρεν, ib. v. 2, 539 Ὁ. 


Migrations.—Arist. H. A. viii. 12, 597 ἐκτοπίζουσιν ἐκ τῶν Σκυθικῶν 
πεδίων εἰς τὰ EAN τὰ ἄνω τῆς Αἰγύπτου (cf. Herod. ii. 22). A fuller account, 
how they alight before foul weather, how they have in front a leader, καὶ 
τοὺς ἐπισυρίττοντας ἐν τοῖς ἐσχάτοις : how when sleeping they stand first on 
one leg and then on the other: how while they rest the leader keeps watch, 
Arist. H.A. ix. 10, 614b: cf. frag. 241, 1522 a, Antig. H. Mirab. 46; 
and how their discipline taught men the rules of government, ΔΕ]. iii. 14. . 
Cf. in particular Eur. Hel. 1478 Λίβυες οἰωνοὶ στολάδες ὄμβρον λιποῦσαι 
χειμέριον νίσσονται πρεσβυτάτᾳ σύριγγι πειθόμεναι ποιμένος, &c. How they 
fly aloft in the form of a triangle, with the old in front, the young in the 
middle, ΔΕ]. iii. 13, Plut. De Sol. Anim. Mor. 967 C, 979 A, Dion. De 
Av. ii. 17, iii. 11. The distance they traverse, crossing the Euxine 
between the promontories of Criumetopon and Carambis, Plin. x. 30: 
from Thrace to the river Hebrus, Ael. ii. 1; cf. Diog. Perieg. 155 ai 
τ᾿ ἄμφω Evviacw ἐναντίαι, οὐ μὲν ἐοῦσαι ἔγγυθεν, ἀλλ᾽ ὅσον ὁλκὰς ἐπὶ τρίτον. 
ἦμαρ ἀνύσσῃ. The migration from Thrace takes place τοῦ Μαιμακ- 
τηριῶνος, Arist. H. A. viii. 12 ; φθινοπώρου ἤδη μεσοῦντος, ΔΕ]. iii. 13. 

The flock was supposed to represent a A or other letters ; cf. Philostr. 
Heroic. xi. 4, p. 710 ai γέρανοι μαρτύρονται τοῖς ᾿Αχαίοις ὅτι αὗται γράμματα 
εὗρον: cf. Claudian. De B. (114. 477 ordinibus variis per nubila texitur 
ales Littera, pennarumque notis inscribitur aer ; Lucan v. 712, Martial 
ix. 14, xiii. 75, &c., &c. See also Bochart, Hieroz. ii. p. 78, G. J. Voss, 


ΓΕΡΑΝΟΣ 43 


ΓΕΡΑΝΟΣ (continued). 


De Arte Gramm. i. 25, Mayor in Cic. Nat. Deor. ii. 49, Hemsterh. ad 
Lucian, i. 305, &c., &c.; cf. Cicero, De Nat. Deor. 1. c., Martial xiii. 75. 
How each carries a stone, ws ἔχειν καὶ δεῖπνον καὶ πρὸς τὰς ἐμβολὰς τῶν 
ἀνέμων ἕρμα, Ael. ii. 1, cf. Antip. Sidon. cv, Ar. Av. 1137, 1429, Nonn. 
Dionys. xl. 515, Plin. x. 30 (23), also Prov. γέρανοι λίθους καταπεπτωκυίαι, 
of provident men, Suid.; and how the same is a touchstone for gold, 
ΑΕ]. iii. 13. [In Plin. xxxvii. 72, the stone yepaviris is said to be so 
called from resembling the hue of the crane’s neck.] How the oldest 
crane, having encircled the flock, dies and is buried, Ael. ii. 1. How 
they post sentinels, who hold aloft a stone for wakefulness’ sake, Ael. 
1. 13. ῬΙπι. 50]. Anim, xxix, Plinax, 30, Phil, De An. Pr xe) fhe 
stone still figures in heraldry as the crane and her ‘vigilance.’ The 
crane an Egyptian symbol of vigilance, Horap. ii. 94. It observes the 
time of its coming, ‘ intelligent of seasons,’ Hes. Op. 448 ἥτ᾽ ἀροτοῖό τε 
σῆμα φέρει, καὶ yeiparos ὥρην δεικνύει 6uBpnpod. Theocr. Id. x. 31 and 
Schol., Ar. Av. 710 σπείρειν μὲν ὅταν γέρανος κρώζουσ᾽ ἐς τὴν Λιβύην 
μεταχωβὴ- 

The fight with the Pigmies. II. iii. 6 ἀνδράσι Πυγμαίοισι φόνον καὶ 
κῆρα φέρουσαι, and Schol.; cf. Arist. H. A. viii. 12, 597 (loc. dub.) οὐ yap 
ἐστι τοῦτο μῦθος, ἀλλ᾽ ἔστι κατὰ τὴν ἀλήθειαν γένος μικρὸν μέν, ὥσπερ λέγεται, 
καὶ αὐτοὶ καὶ οἱ ἵπποι, τρωγλοδύται δ᾽ εἰσὶ τὸν βίον. Cf. also Strab. Geogr. 
i, 2.28, p. 35, xv. 1.57, p. 711; Ctesias, Photii Biblioth. p. 68 ; Opp. Hal. 
i. 620; Philostr. Imagg. ii. p. 375, Heroic. l.c., Babrius xxvi; Apoll. 
Vit. ili. 50, p. 136, ἄς. Frequent in Latin; Plin. H. N. iv. 18, vii. 2, x. 
23 (30); Ovid, Met. vi.90; F. vi. 176 nec quae Pygmaeo sanguine 
gaudet avem; cf. Julian. Anticensor. Epigr. 3 αἵματι Πυγμαίων ἡδομένη 
γέρανος : Juv. vi. 506, xili. 168, &c., &c. A myth of the cranes and 
pigmies in Boios ap. Athen. 393C ἦν τις mapa τοῖς Πυγμαίοις γυνὴ 
διάσημος, ὄνομα Τεράνα, κιτ.λ.: cf. Ael. xv. 29; Boios ap. Anton. Lib. 16 ; 
Eustath. in Iliad. 1444. 14; Ovid. Met. lc. The legend of the Pigmies 
appears in India in the story of the hostility between the Garuda bird 
and the people called 477a¢a, i.e. dwarfs, the Σκιρᾶται of ΑΕ]. xvi. 22; 
cf. Megasthenes ap. Plin. vii. 2. It is quite possible that this fable has 
an actual foundation in the pursuit of the ostrich by a dwarfish race. 
(Compare also Addison’s poem Ilvypaoyepavopaxia ; Tyson’s Essay 
concerning the Pygmies, &c. 


The Cranes of Ibycus: the avengers of crime. Schol. Ar. Thesmoph. 
168 : Suid. s.v. Ἴβυκος" συλληφθεὶς δὲ ὑπὸ λῃστῶν ἐπ᾽ ἐρημίας ἔφη, κἂν Tas 
γεράώνους, ἃς ἔτυχεν ὑπερίπτασθαι, ἐκδίκους γενέσθαι, καὶ αὐτὸς μὲν ἀνῃρέθε" 
μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα τῶν λῃστῶν εἷς ἐν τῇ πόλει θεασάμενος γεράνους Edy’ ἴδε, αἱ 
Ἰβύκου ἔκδικοι, κιτ. λ. Cf. Iambl. V. Pyth. xxviii. 12. 6 ὁρᾷς τοὺς 
μαρτύρας. Cf. also Plut. De Garrul. p. 509 F, Nemesian. De Nat. Hom. 
c. 42, Eudoc. p. 247, Zenob. i. 37, Apostol. ii. 14, Diogen. i. 35, H. Steph. 


44 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


ΓΕΡΑΝΟΣ (continued). 


Animady. ad Adagia Erasmi, p. 10; Stat. Silv. v. 3. 152 volucrumque 
precator Ibycus. Evidently alluded to also in Ar. Av. 1427. See also 
Welcker’s interesting article, Die Kraniche des Ibykos, Rhein. Mus. i. 
pp. 401-413, 1833. 

A weather-prophet.—A sign of early winter, or of storm, ἐὰν πρωΐ 
πέτονται καὶ ἀθρόοι, καὶ ἐὰν ὑποστραφῶσι πετόμενοι, Theophr. Sign. iil. 1, 
Geopon. i. 3. 12; cf. Hes. Op. et D. 629, and the imitation of the line 
in Ar. Av. 7113; ai κλαγγαὶ καλοῦσιν ὄμβρους, Ael.i. 44; cf. Virg. Aen. 
x. 265, Georg. i. 351, 373, (cf. Milton, ‘ With clang despise the ground, 
under a cloud In prospect’). How mariners return to port if they see 
the cranes flying the contrary way, ΑΕ]. 111. 14, cf. vii. 7. A sign of 
fair weather, καὶ δ᾽ ἄν που γέρανοι μαλακῆς προπάροιθε γαλήνης, ἀσφαλέως 
τανύσαιεν ἕνα δρόμον ἤλιθα πᾶσαι, Arat. Phen. 1010; cf. Theophr. Sign. 
iv οὐ yap πέτονται πρὶν i) ἂν πετόμενοι καθαρὰ ἴδωσιν. 

The crane was not molested, Lucill. 66 (Gk. Anthol. iii. p. 42) οὐδεὶς 
πρὸς yepavous πόλεμος : cf. ΑΕ]. ii. 1 ; see however Babr. 13. 

Mentioned as food, Plat. Polit. p. 114, Athen. p. 131, Plut. De Esu 
Carnas-ii 5 Pliny. 30, Hor. ‘Sat. ai. 8, 86; Wpod ai: 25, wApie ave Ζ: 
Its brain used as an aphrodisiac, Ael. i. 44. How captured, by means 
of a beetle inside a dry gourd, Dion. De Avib. iii. 11. Grues mansue- 
factae, Plin: H.N. x, 23) 

Their plumes carried in front of the shield by certain Eastern tribes, 
Herod. vii. 70; cf. iv. 175. 

The Dance called γέρανος, Plut. Theseus, xxi. 1. 9 D, Luc. Salt. 34, 
J. Poll. iv. 20 (101). Perhaps described in Callim. Delian Hymn, 
515, &c.; still danced in Greece under the name of κανδιωτής, vide 
Guys, Voy. littér., lettre xiii; represented in Leroy, Ruines des plus 
beaux monuments de la Gréce (2nd ed.), p. 22, pl. x (Ricard, Vies 
de Plut. i. p. 137, 1829). The dictionaries usually say that the dance 
mimics the fight of the cranes, which is incorrect: the dancing 
of Cranes may be seen in the opening of the year in any zoological 
garden. 

A comic simile, ἀνυπόδητος ὄρθρου περιπατεῖν γέρανος, Aristopho 3. 
361 (Mein.). 


Fables.—yépavor καὶ γεωργός, Aesop, 93 (Babr. 26). γ. καὶ χῆνες, 421. 
γ- καὶ ἀλώπηξ, 34 (Plut. Mor. 614 Ε). y. καὶ λύκος, 276 Ὁ. γι. kat ταῶς, 
397 (Babr. 65). 


See also Gyop, σέρτης. 
FI’NIZ (s. ys). A Tuscan word for a Crane = γέρανος, Hesych. 


FAAY’KION. <A kind of Duck. 


Perhaps the Golden-eye, Anas clangula, L., Clangula glaucion, 
Bonap., which winters in considerable numbers in all the waters of Greece 


TEPANOZ—TAAY= 45 


FAAYKION (continued). 


(Lindermayer, p. 163); at least some species of duck with pale yellow 
eyes like those of yAav&. Athen. ix. 395 C τὸ δὲ λεγόμενον γλαύκιον διὰ 
THY τῶν ὀμμάτων xpdav μικρῷ ἔλαττόν ἐστι νήττης. 


ΓΛΑΥΞ (8. γλαύξ) (γλαύσσω, γλαυκός = gleaming [cf. ox@y, σκέπτομαι: 
v.Edl..p. 51}: 
The Little Owl, Avhene noctua, auctt. Mod. Gk. κουκουβαΐα. 


Description.—vvxrepdBios, Arist. H. A. i. 1, 488, cf. Ar. Lys. 760; νυκτε- 
pivos, γαμψῶνυξ, Arist. H.A. vill. 3, 592b; οὐκ ὀξὺ βλέπει τῆς ἡμέρας. οὐ κατὰ 
πᾶσαν τὴν νύκτα θηρεύει, ἀλλ᾽ ἀκρέσπερον καὶ περὶ ὄρθρον. θηρεύει δὲ μῦς 
καὶ σαύρας καὶ σφονδύλας καὶ τοιαῦτ᾽ ἄλλα ζῳδάρια, ix. 34, 619 Ὁ (cf. Ar. 
Av. 589). μύουσι οἱ γλαυκώδεις καὶ τῷ ἄνω βλεφάρῳ, ii. 12, 504. μικρὸν 
ἔχει τὸν σπλῆνα, il. 15, 506. στόμαχον ἔχει εὐρύτερον τὸ κάτω" ἀποφυάδας 
ἔχει, 11. 17, 509. ὀλίγας ἡμέρας φωλεῖ, Vili. 16, 600. The owl’s nocturnal 
hootings, Ar. Lys. 760 (vide 5. vv. Buas, κίκυμις). 

A bird of evil omen, Men. 4. 230 ἂν γλαὺξ ἀνεκράγη δεδοίκαμεν. Dion. 
ix, in Gk. Anth. 11. p. 232 ἀμφὶ δὲ τύμβῳ σεῖο καὶ ἄκλαυτοι γλαῦκες ἔθεντο 
γόον: Ael. x. 37 (foretelling Pyrrhus’ death); see also Pallad. De Re 
Rust. i. 35, Plin. x. 12, 16, ἄς. A portent of victory: Hesych. πρὸ τῆς 
μάχης ev Σαλαμῖνι γλαῦκά φασι διαπτῆναι τὴν νίκην προσημαίνουσαν. Hence 
Prov. γλαῦξ ἵπταται, cf. Suid., Ar. Vesp. 1086, Eq. tog1 and Schol. On 
the Owls released by Agathocles to encourage his soldiers, see Diod. 
Sics oe ΕΤ, 5: 

A weather-prophet, ἄσασα εὐδίαν μαντεύεται, Arist. fr. 241, 1522. 
Cf. Theophr. Sign. iv, Ael. vii. 7, Arat. 999, Geopon. i. 2. 6, Virg. 
Georg. 1. 403. 

The hostility to it of small birds, Arist. H. A. ix. 1, 609, Luc. Harm. 1 
ὥσπερ ἐπὶ τὴν γλαῦκα τὰ ὄρνεα, cf. Ov. Met. xi. 24 et coeunt ut aves si 
quando luce vagantem Noctis avem cernunt; Plin. x. (17) 19, &c. 

Capture of small birds by means of the owl, Arist. H. A. ix. 1, 609 
τῆς δὲ ἡμέρας καὶ τὰ ἄλλα ὀρνίθια τὴν γλαῦκα περιπέταται, ὃ καλεῖται 
θαυμάζειν (cf. Timon ap. Hesych., Diog. L. iv. 42, Sillogr. Gr. p. 117, 
ed. Wachsmuth, οἱ δέ μιν Wire γλαῦκα πέριξ σπίζαι τερατοῦντο), καὶ προσ- 
πετόμενα τίλλουσιν" διὸ οἱ ὀρνιθοθῆραι θηρεύοισιν αὐτῇ παντοδαπὰ ὀρνίθια. 
Cf. Arist. H. A. ix. 22, 617 b, Ael. 1.29, Phil. De An. Pr. 468, Dio Chrys. 
xii. 1; an Egyptian version, Horap. ii. 51. Full account in Dion. De 
Avib. iii. 17 γλαυκὶ δὲ ai κορυδαλίδες ἀγρεύονται ἣν ὁ θηρατὴς ἐπί τινος 
χαλκῆς στήσας ἁψῖδος τινάσσει, σπάρτα συνεχῶς ἐπιτείνων, καὶ περιθεὶς 
κύκλῳ ῥαβδία περιχρισθέντα ἰξῷ" τὴν γλαῦκα τὸ νυκτερινὸν ὄρνεον σπεύδουσιν 
ai κορυδαλίδες ἑλεῖν, τῷ τε ἰξῷ καὶ τοῖς ῥάβδοις ἁλίσκονται. See also Dio 
Prusiensis, Orat. 72 and 12, quoted in Schneider’s Ecl. Phys. i. 48. 

The owl itself ἀντορχούμενος ἁλίσκεται, Arist. H. A. viii. 12, 597 Ὁ, 
fr), 276, 1527 Ὁ. 


46 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


ΓΛΑΥΞ (continued). 


The War of the Owls and Crows: πολεμία γλαῦξ, κορώνη, ὀρχίλος. 
Arist. H. A. ix. 1, 609 νύκτωρ ἐπιβουλεύει τοῖς Bois τῆς κορώνης, K.T.X. 
Ael. iii. 9, Antig. Mirab. 57 (62), Plut. Od. et Inv. iv (Mor. 537 C). 
The story is oriental, and is one of the chief tales in the Mahabharata. 
Cf. Indian Antiq. March, 1882, p. 87; also, ‘The Night of Slaughter,’ 
by Sir Ed. Arnold. The account in Julian. Imp. Orat. iv. 149 suggests 
that the story is simply a parable of the Sun and Moon; vide infra. 
See also s.v. κορώνη. Cf. Prov. ἄλλο γλαῦξ, ἄλλο κορώνη φθέγγεται" 
ἐπὶ τῶν ἀλλήλοις μὴ συμφωνούντων, Suid. 

Milks the ewes like a goatsucker: uses a bat’s heart to keep away 
ants from its nestlings, Dion. De Avib. i. 15. 

Sacred to Demeter, Porph. De Abst. iii. 5. 

No Owls in Crete. Ael. v. 2, xvii. 10, Arist. De Mirab. 124 (130), 
83 (84), Plin. x. 29 (41). 

Fables of the very wise Owl, Aes. 105, 106, from Dio Chrysost. xii, 
Ixxii. A fabled metamorphosis, Nicand. ap. Anton. Lib. 10; s. v. Buta: 
see also Boios ap. Ant. Lib. 15. 


The allusion to the Owl in Ar. Av. 358 is unexplained: it contains 
some obscure reference to the sacred χύτρα and probably to the feast 
of the χύτροι. 


γλαῦξ can scarcely be said to be a generic term, except in the sense 
that the Little Owl, as the commonest species, is taken as typical 
of the rest. It is still extremely common about Athens (cf. Ar. Av. 301 
γλαῦκ᾽ εἰς ᾿Αθήνας, cf. Antiph. 3, 96 (Meineke), Lucian, Nigr. 1, Diog. L., 
Vit. Plat., Cre. ad -Quint. τ: τὸ; ὅζου; Propert..i. Zo; epemoctuma 
volucris funesta querela, Attica), as indeed it is, in one or other of its 
local forms, all round the Levant. It is the bird of Athene (cf. Ar. Av. 
516, Eq. 1092, &c., &c.), doubtless in her primitive character of the 
Goddess of Night; the epithet γλαυκῶπις is quite obscure, but I fancy 
we have it used in a very ancient sense when applied to the moon, e. g. 
Eur. fr. (ap. Schol. Ap. Rhod. i. 1280) γλαυκῶπίς te στρέφεται μήνη : cf. 
Emped. ap. Plut. ii. 934 C; cf. also γλαυκώ, a name for the Moon, 
Schol. Pind. Ol. vi. 76 (cit. Fick, Beitr. Indog. Spr. xx, p. 156, 1894). 
On Athene as a moon-goddess, cf. Porph. ap. Euseb. P. E. iii. 11; 
Creuzer, Symb. iii. 380, &c. It was represented on Athenian coins 
(γλαῦκες Λαυριωτικαί, Ar. Av. 1106, Schol. in Ar. Eq. 1091, Plut. i. 442, 
Philochori fr. p. 83, Suid., Hesych.), and is still the city’s badge. 
On a very ancient colossal Owl from the Parthenon, see Friederichs, 
Bausteine, p. 22; cf. Hesych. yAavé ἐν πόλει" παροιμία, ἀνακεῖται yap ὑπὸ 
Φαίδρου ἐν τῇ ἀκροπόλει. The owl of Athene is always a hornless, and 
never a horned or eared species (cf. Blumenbach, Sp. Hist. Nat. Ant. 
Ρ. 20, Gottingen, 1808). 

A dance called γλαῦξ, Athen. xiv. 629 f.; also σκώψ, αν. 


FAAYE—TYW 47 


FAQTTI’S. An undetermined bird. 


Arist. H. A. viii. 12, 597 b. Departs with the quails: γλῶτταν ἐξαγο- 
μένην ἔχει μέχρι πόρρω. Cf. Plin. x. 23 (33). 

Supposed by Sundevall (op.c. p. 129) to be identical with wyé, the 
Wryneck, on account of the protrusible tongue; as also by Niphus, 
in Arist., v. Camus, il. 383; the Wryneck however winters in Greece 
(Lindermayer p. 41). Belon identified it with the Flamingo, Gesner, 
followed by Linnaeus, from a confusion with Ger. or Sw. G/u¢¢, with 
the Greenshank, in connexion with which latter bird the name survives 
in modern zoology. Vide s.v. ἐλαφίς. 


ΓΝΑΦΑΛΟΣ. An unknown bird. 

Arist. H. A. ix. 16, 616b φωνὴν ἔχει ἀγαθήν, καὶ τὸ χρῶμα καλός, καὶ 
βιομήχανος, καὶ τὸ εἶδος εὐπρεπής. δοκεῖ δ᾽ εἶναι ξενικὸς ὄρνις" ὀλιγάκις 
γὰρ φαίνεται ἐν τοῖς μὴ οἰκείοις τόποις. | 

Gesner suggests the Bohemian Waxwing, Amfelis garrulus, L., 
which however has not τὴν φωνὴν ἀγαθήν, nor is there any evidence 
of the Waxwing reaching Greece. Probably the foreign name of 
a foreign bird. 


ΓΟΙΝΕΈΣ᾽ κύμακες, Hesych. Perhaps for [[ Joivas, q. v. 

TO’AMIZ: Wap, τὸ ὄρνεον, Hesych. 

ΓΟΡΤΥΞ- ὄρτυξ, Hesych. Quasi Féprvé. 

ΓΡΑΊΠΙΣ’ εἶδος ὀρνέου, Hesych. Perhaps akin to θραυπίς : cf. J. G. 
Schneider in Arist. H. A. viii. 5. 4, p. 590. 

ΓΡΑΥΚΑΛΟΣ᾽ ὄρνις τεφρός, Hesych. Cf. καυκαλίας. 


ΓΡΥΊΠΑΙ: αἱ νεοσσιαὶ τῶν γυπῶν" οἱ δὲ γύπαι, Hesych. 
ΓΡΥΠΑΙΈΤΟΣ. A fabulous bird. Ar. Ran. 929. 


ry’THz. A fabulous bird: supposed to be connected with Lith. gw/a, 
guzulys, a Stork. 
Dion. De Avib. ii. 16 γύγης ὄρνις ἐστίν, avaBoay ἀεὶ καὶ adew τοῦτο 
δοκῶν, ὃς τοὺς ὄρνεις ἐν νυκτὶ κατεσθίει τοὺς ἀμφιβίους. τὴν ἐκείνου γλῶσσαν 
εἴ τις ἀποτέμοι χαλκῷ καὶ φαγεῖν δοίῃ τῷ μήπω λαλοῦντι παιδίῳ, πάντως 


~ , , A , 
αὐτοῦ ταχέως λύσει THY σιωπήν. 


ΓΥψ, A Vulture. See also ἀετός, αἰγυπιός, νέρτος, περκνόπτερος, 
φήνη. Mod. Gk. ὄρνεον, ἀγιοῦπα (Byzantios). 
Frequent in Homer, usually with the idea of feeding on carrion, 
ΠΠ τὴς 237: xi. 162, xvi. $36, ΧΧΙ. 42: Od, xi 30, ὅς. Ch Kur: Pr 595 
αἱματύεντα σώματα νεκρῶν γυψὶ φέρειν τέταται: Eur. Rh. 515 πετεινοῖς 
γυψὶ θοινατήριον. Ov. Tr. vi. 11, Lucret. iv. 680, Sil. Ital. iii. 396, &c. 
Used metaphorically, Eur. Andr. 75. 


48 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


ΓῪΨ (continued). 

Arist. H. A. vi. 5, 563 νεοττεύει ἐπὶ πέτραις ἀπροσβάτοις (also Antig. 
H. Mirab. 42 (48), cf. Aesch. Suppl. 796 κρεμὰς γυπιὰς πέτρα)" διὸ σπάνιον 
ἰδεῖν νεοττιὰν γυπὸς καὶ νεοττούς. καὶ διὰ τοῦτο καὶ Ἡρόδωρος ὁ Βρύσωνος 
τοῦ σοφιστοῦ πατὴρ φησὶν εἶναι τοὺς γῦπας ἀφ᾽ ἑτέρας γῆς, ἀδήλου ἡμῖν, 
τοῦτό τε λέγων τὸ σημεῖον, ὅτι οὐδεὶς ἑώρακε γυπὸς νεοττιάν, καὶ ὅτι πολλοὶ 
ἐξαίφνης φαίνονται ἀκολουθοῦντες τοῖς στρατεύμασιν [as the Griffon 
Vulture did at Sebastopol], cf. Ael. ii. 46, Basil. Hexaém. viii ἴδοις ἂν 
μυρίας ἀγέλας γυπῶν τοῖς στρατοπέδοις παρεπομένας : ἄς. How the 
Vultures divine beforehand the place of battle, πρὸ ἡμερῶν ἑπτὰ ἐπ᾽ 
αὐτὸν παραγινόμεναι, Horap. 1. 11; cf. Ael. ii. 46; Umbricius ap. Plin. x. 
(6) 7 Plaut; Druc. 11. 2. τό. Martial, E'p:'62;'6. 

Arist. l.c. τὸ δ᾽ ἐστὶ χαλεπὸν μὲν ἰδεῖν, ὦπται δ᾽ ὅμως. τίκτουσι δὲ δύο da 
οἱ γῦπες (cf. Plin.x. 7). Cf. H. A. ix. 11, 615, which latter passage has 
ἕν @ov ἢ δύο τὰ πλεῖστα. 

On the mythical generation of vultures, how they are all females, 
are impregnated by the East wind, lay no eggs, and bring forth their 
young alive and feathered, see Ael. ii. 46, Arist. De Mirab. (6c) 835 a, I, 
Horap. 1. 11, Dion. De Avib. 1. 5, Phile; De An. Pr yer, Plot. Oaaest 
de Us. Rom. 93 (Mor. 286 A, B), Ammian. Marcell. xvii, Tzetz. Chil. 
xii. 439, Euseb. Pr. Ev. ili. 12, and innumerable other references in 
Patristic literature. On the mythical genealogy of the vultures, see also 
S. VV. ἀετός, ἁλιάετος, φήνη. These are Egyptian myths. Vzltur 
fulvus was sacred to Maut, the Goddess of Maternity, cf. Deut. xxxii. 
11, 123 cf. Horap. i. 11 μητέρα δὲ γράφοντες γύπα ζωγραφοῦσι, ἐπειδὴ 
ἄρρην ev τούτῳ τῷ γένει τῶν ζῴων οὐχ ὑπάρχει. Hence also the obstetrical 
value of a Vulture’s feather, Plin. xxv. (14) 44. The Common Egyptian 
Vulture or Pharaoh’s Hen, Veophron fpercnopterus, was sacred to Isis, 
cf. Ael. x. 22 Αἰγύπτιοι δὲ Ἥρας μὲν ἱερὸν ὄρνιν εἶναι πεπιστεύκασι τὸν γῦπα, 
κοσμοῦσι δὲ τὴν τῆς Ἴσιδος κεφαλὴν γυπὸς πτεροῖς. In Horapollo, yi is 
always feminine. The Vulture being sacred in Egypt, was an unclean 
bird among the Jews; cf. ἔποψ. 

On the φιλοστοργία of the Vultures, cf. Od. xvi. 216, Aesch. Ag. 49, 
Plut. Q. Rom., Mor. 286 A, B, Opp. Hal. i. 723; cf. aiyumuds. 
The Vulture is stated to feed its young with its own flesh or blood, 
a myth afterwards transferred to the Pelican; Horap.i. 11, cf. Georg. 
Pisidas, 1064 (cit. Leemans) τὸν μηρὸν ἐκτέμοντες, ἡματωμένοις Τάλακτος 
ὀλκοῖς ζωπυροῦσι τὰ βρέφη. On the connexion between the Vulture 
and the Pelican, see s.v. βαιήθ. The stories of the Vulture’s tenderness 
and affection coincide with the resemblance between the Hebrew words 
D1 compassion, and ἘΠῚ a vulture (Boch. Hieroz. ii. 803, &c.). 

How a Vulture’s feather, if burnt, drives serpents from their holes, 
Ael. 1.45, Plin. xxix. (4) 24. How the pomegranate is fatal to vultures, 
Ael. vi. 46. How the odour of myrrh is fatal to Vultures, Ar. De 


ryyv 49 


ΓῪΨ (continued). 
Mirab. (147) 845 a, 35, Ael. iii. 7, iv. 18, Geopon. xiii. 16, xiv. 26, 
Theophr. De (δ. Pl. vi. 4, Clem. Alex. Paedag. ii. 8; and why, Dion. 
De Avib. i. 5. Doves do not fear the Vulture, Ael. v. 50; the hawk is 
hostile to it, Ael. ii. 42. Most of the above mythical attributes of the 
Vulture are summed up by Phile, c. iii De Vulture. 

The stories of Prometheus and Tityus, Od. xi. 577; Aen. vi. 595 ; 
Lucret. ili, 997; Ov. Met. iv. 456; Val. Fl. Argon. vii. 357, &c. “See 
also s.v. ἀετός. 

How the Persians exposed their dead to the Vultures, Herod. i. 140. 
Cf. Ael. x. 22 Βαρκαῖοι (5. Βακκαῖοι, ‘Iomavias ἔθνος, Steph.) τοὺς ἐν 
πολέμῳ τὸν βίον καταστρέψαντας γυψὶ προβάλλουσιν, ἱερὸν τὸ ζῷον εἶναι 
πεπιστευκότες (Cf. Sil. Ital. iii. 340, ΧΙ]. 470). 

The augury of Romulus, Plut. Romulus ix, Quest. Rom. 93, Dio 
Cassa xvi. 46, Dion. Hal. i. 9. 73, Nel. x) 22, Liv. Hist.d. 7, ὅτε; of 
Augustus, Sueton. Aug. c.95. The prophecy of Vettius, drawn from 
the vultures of Romulus, as to the duration of Rome, Censorin. xiv. 

The Vulture is sacred to Hercules, Plut. Mor. 286 A; is associated 
with Pallas, Eur. Tr. 594. The Vulture and Scarab together, according 
to their order and position, represented Neith or Phtha, Athene or 
Hephaestus, Horap. i. 12; cf. Creuzer, Symb. 111. 338, and Lauth op. cit. 

In the system of Egyptian hieroglyphics the Vulture and the Beetle 
are associated or contrasted with one another. This relation bears 
upon certain statements made by Greek writers. The beetle, κάνθαρος, 
is devoid of females (Ael. x. 15) as the Vulture is of males; it is killed, 
as is the Vulture, by the odour of myrrh (Ael. 1. 38, vi. 46, Phile 120, 
1215); it shares with the ‘Eagle’ the gift of the renewal of youth 
(Arist. H. A. viii. 17, 601). For further details concerning Egyptian 
Vulture-myths and for many references to other sources of information, 
see Horap. ed. Leemans, pp. 171-191; and for the connexion between 
the statements of Horapollo and the phonetic value of the Vulture- 
symbol, see Lauth, Sitzungsber. Bayer. Akad. 1876, pp. 81-83. 

A fabled metamorphosis, Boios ap. Ant. Lib. 21 ”Aypuos δὲ μετέβαλεν 
eis γῦπα, πάντων ὀρνίθων ἔχθιστον θεοῖς τε καὶ ἀνθρώποις. 

A medicinal application, Dioscor. ii. cap. De stercore: γυπὸς ἄφοδος 
ἀποθυμιαθεῖσα ἔμβρυα ἐκτινάσσειν παραδέδοται (a statement frequently 
made by the Arab Doctors, Bochart). For other medicinal uses of the 
vulture’s liver, heart, and feathers, see Plin. xxix. (4) 24, (6) 38, Galen 
iv. 8, Sext. Platon. ii. 2, Quint. Seren. c. 47, &c. 


Proverbs.—yumds σκιά ἐπὶ τῶν μηδενὸς λόγου ἀξίων (cf. ὄνου σκιά), 
Suid.; the proverb may refer, on the other hand, to the shadow of 
coming events, in allusion to the Vulture’s fabled prescience (vide 
supra; cf. also Erasm. in Proverbiis s.v. valturis umbra). θᾶττον ἂν 
yoy anddvas μιμήσαιτο, Luc. Pise. 37. 

E 


δο A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


ΓῪΨ (continued), 
yo is, like αἰγυπιός, a generic word for Vulture. In Arist. H. A. 
Viii. 3, 592 b, two species are distinguished, ὁ μὲν μικρὸς καὶ ἐκλευκότερος, 
ὁ δὲ μείζων καὶ σποδοειδέστερος. Four vultures occur in Greece, Gyfaetus 
barbatus, the Lammergeier, Vultur fulvus, the Griffon Vulture, V. cz7e- 
veus, the Black or Cinereous Vulture, and Meophron percnopterus. 
Sundevall and others have tried to apportion among these four the 
names φήνη, περκνόπτερος, and the two varieties mentioned of γύψ. 
But I think it certain that here the small white Veofhron is meant 
as the one variety, and that the larger darker sort includes the other 
three. The true Vultures were usually spoken of as dark-coloured or 
black; e. g. Plin. x. 6 vulturum praevalent nigri, cf. Phile 130; Juv. Sat. 
xili vulturis atri poena; Senec. in Thyeste, visceribus atras pascit 

effossis aves. 


ray. A Macedonian name for the Jackdaw = κολοιός, Hesych. 
ΔΑ'ΚΙΑ' τὰ ἄγρια ὀρνιθάρια, Hesych. 


ΔΑΚΝΙΣ, Hesych. An unknown bird. Also δακνάς, Festus: Dagnades 
sunt avium genus, quas Aegyptii inter potandum cum coronis 
devincire soliti sunt, quae vellicando morsicandoque et canturiendo 
assidue non patiuntur dormire potantes. 


AA’NAAAOX’ ὁ ἐρίθακος, τὸ ὄρνεον, Hesych. 


ΔΕΙῬΡΗΣ. A name for the Sparrow in Elis. Nicander ap. Athen. 
IX. 3924. 


AITHPE: orpov6oi, Hesych, Cir δρῆγες. 


AIKAIPON, also δίκαιον (Ael. iv. 41) = Arab. gzkanon. An Indian 
‘bird’ as large as a Partridge’s egg, whose dung causes a pain- 
less death like sleep; Ctesias p. 313, Ael. iv. 41, Phile, De 
Anim. Propr. 33 (32), ν. 761. The ‘bird’ was the Dung-beetle, 
Scarabaeus sacer, L., Arab. zstkanon; the ‘dung’ was probably 
confounded with charas, a resinous preparation of Indian hemp. 
Vide Valentine Ball, Indian Antiq. xiv. p. 310, 1885; also Proc. 
Re J; Acad: (2) i. 


AVKTYZ: ὁ ἰκτῖνος, ὑπὸ Λακώνων, Hesych.: cf. ἰκτίς, ‘The word is more 
than doubiful as a bird-name, and is applied to a Libyan animal 
by Herod. iv. 192. 


APAKONTI’S. An unknown or fabulous bird, into which one of the 
nine Emathidae, daughters of Pierus, was metamorphosed; 
Nicand. ap. Anton. Lib. Met. c. 9, 


TYY—APYOKOAANTHE 51 


APENANI’S, from δρέπανον, i.e. ‘sickle-wing.’ Also δραπανίς, Hesych. 
Arist. H. A. i. 1,487 b. A bird similar to ἄπους and χελιδών, εὔπτερος, 
κακόπους. ὁρᾶται καὶ ἁλίσκεται ὅταν ton τοῦ θέρους" ὅλως δὲ καὶ σπάνιόν 
ἐστι. 

Probably the larger Alpine Swift, Cypselus melba, L., and also 
perhaps the Common Swift, C. apus, both conspicuously ‘ sickle- 
winged.’ On the other hand, Aub. and Wimm. p. 111, also 
Bochart ii. 62, as well as Gaza and Scaliger, say the Sand- 
Martin: v. κύψελος. Cf. Plin. x. (33) 49, xi. 47 (107), Xxx. τς: 
The brief account indicates that the bird is comparatively scarce, 
and that its period of residence in the country is short; both 
circumstances telling in favour of a Swift as against the 
Sand-Martin. 


δρεπανίς is translated κεγχρίς by Hesychius. 


ΔΡΗΊ ΓΊΕΣ' στρουθοί, Μακέδονες, Hesych. Also δίγηρες and δίρηγες. 
Cf. δείρης, δρικήαι, q. v. 


APIKH’AI’ ὄρνεα ποιά, Hesych. Also δρίξ, στρουθός, ap. Cyrill., Lob. 
Parall. p. 102. Cf. Spiyes, &c. 


APYOKOAA’NTH. Also δρυηκολάπτης, δρυκολάπτης (Ar. Av. 480, 979), 
δρυκόλαψ (Hesych.), δρυοκόπος (Arist. De Part. iii. τ, 662 ἢ). 
Cf. Sk. darvaghata (Keller). 


A Woodpecker. Mod. Gk. ¢ixd\:dapa (v.d. Miihle). See also 
δρύοψ, ἴπνη, κελεός, πελεκᾶν, πιπώ. 

Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593, vide s.v. πιπώ. Ib. ix. 9, 614, a full and 
accurate description : κόπτει δὲ ras δρῦς 6 δρυοκολάπτης τῶν σκωλήκων Kai 
σκνιπῶν ἕνεκεν, ἵν ἐξίωσιν. ἀναλέγεται γὰρ ἐξελθόντας αὐτοὺς τῇ γλώττῃ" 
πλατεῖαν δ᾽ ἔχει καὶ μεγάλην. καὶ πορεύεται ἐπὶ τοῖς δένδρεσι ταχέως πάντα 
τρόπον, καὶ ὕπτιος καθάπερ οἱ ἀσκαλαβῶται. ἔχει δὲ καὶ τοὺς ὄνυχας βελτίους 
τῶν κολοιῶν πεφυκότας πρὸς τὴν ἀσφάλειαν τῆς ἐπὶ τοῖς δένδρεσιν ἐφεδρείας" 
τούτους γὰρ ἐμπηγνὺς πορεύεται. ἔστι δὲ τῶν δρυοκολαπτῶν ἕν μὲν γένος 
ἔλαττον τοῦ κοττύφου, ἔχει δ᾽ ὑπέρυθρα μικρά, ἕτερον δὲ γένος μεῖζον ἢ 
κόττυφος" τὸ δὲ τρίτον γένος αὐτῶν οὐ πολλῴ ἔλαττόν ἐστιν ἀλεκτορίδος 
θηλείας. νεοττεύει δ᾽ ἐπὶ τῶν δένδρων, ἐν ἄλλοις τε τῶν δένδρων καὶ ἐν 
ἐλαίαις ... καὶ τιθασσευόμενος δέ τις ἤδη ἀμύγδαλον εἰς ῥωγμὴν ξύλου ἐνθείς, 
ὅπως ἐναρμοσθὲν ὑπομείνειεν αὐτοῦ τὴν πληγήν, ἐν τῇ τρίτῃ πληγὴ διέκοψε 
καὶ κατήσθιε τὸ μαλακόν. Cf. Arist. De Mirab. 13, 831b: the hard bill 
of the woodpecker, Arist. De Part. iii. 1, 662 b. 

Four well-defined species occur in Greece. (a) the Great Black 
Woodpecker, Picus Martius, which evidently answers to the last and 
largest variety mentioned above ; (ὁ) the Green Woodpecker, P. vividzs, 

E 2 


52 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


APYOKOAANTHE (continued). 


with its close ally, P. canus; (c, α) the Greater and Lesser Spotted 
Woodpeckers, P. major and minor. The Green Woodpecker is 
described under the name κελεύς, and accordingly Sundevall and 
others make the remaining two of the three Aristotelian varieties 
to be the Greater and Lesser Spotted Woodpeckers respectively. 
But as P. vz7¢d7s, whether it had another name or not, would certainly 
be still classed as δρυοκολάπτης, it is better to take it as the middle- 
sized sort, uniting the Greater and Lesser Spotted Woodpeckers as 
the last and least variety. 

The Woodpecker is not in Greek, as it is in Latin (e.g. Ov. Met. xiv. 
321, F. iii. 37, 54, Virg. Aen. vii. 191, Plin. x. 18 (20), ΕἸΠΕ Q. Rom. xxi. 
268 F, Romulus iv; Aug. Civ. Dei, xiii. 15), a bird of great mythological 
importance, though the Dryopes were probably, like the descendants of 
Picus, a Woodpecker-tribe. It figures in the oriental Samir-legend 
(vide s.v. ἔποψ) in Ael. i. 45 as making its nest in a tree, and, by 
virtue of a certain herb, removing a stone with which one shall have 
blocked up the entrance; cf. Plin. x. (18) 20, xxv. 5; Plut. p.269); 
Dion. De Avib. i. 14; and is accordingly spoken of as a rival power 
to ἔποψ in Ar. Av. 480. Cf. Alb. Magnus, De Mirab. 1601, p. 225. See 
also Baring-Gould, Myths of the Middle Ages, p. 397. The Woodpecker 
and the Hoopoe come into relation also in the version of the Tereus- 
myth given by Boios ap. Anton. Lib. Met. 11, where the brother of 
Aédon is transformed into the bird ἔποψ, and her husband into πελεκᾶν. 


APY’Ov. A Woodpecker = Spuokoddmrns, Ar. Av. 304. 


AY’NTHY. A diving bird, identical with αἴθυια (q. v.), ἔνιοι καύηκες. 

Etym. M. 

Callim. 167, ap. Etym. M. δύπται τ᾽ ἐξ ἁλὸς ἐρχόμενοι ; with which cf. 
Arat. 914, S.v. épwSids.  Lyc. 73 στένω σε, πάτρα, καὶ τάφους ᾿Ατλαντίδος, 
δύπτου κέλωρος. Applied to a professional diver or sponge-fisher in 
Opp. Hal. ii. 436, and possibly also, therefore, in the preceding reference. 
Cf. ἀρνευτήρ. 

AYTINOX. An unknown water-bird. Dion. De Avib. ii. 13, ili. 24. 
EPAAAI’S, also ἰδαλίς, ὄρνις ποιός, Hesych. 


ἜΛΑΙΟΣ s. ἐλαιός. According to Alex. Mynd. ap. Athen. ii. 65 B 
a kind of αἰγιθαλός or titmouse, called by some πυρρίας (MS. 
mipias), συκαλὶς δ᾽ [ὅτι ἁλίσκεται] ὅταν ἀκμάζῃ τὰ σῦκα. Conj. in Anth. 
Pal. vii. 199 ed. Mackail xi. 13 φίλ᾽ ἔλαιε. Probably one of the 
many Warblers which frequent the olive-gardens, e.g. Salicarza 
olivetorum, Strickl., and S. elaerca, Linderm. (v. Lindermayer, 


pp. 88-92). 


APYOKOAANTHE—EAQPIOZ 53 


ἜΛΑΝΟΣ = ἰκτῖνος, Hesych. 
ἜΛΑΣΑΣΣ. An unknown bird, Ar. Av. 886. 


ἜΛΑΦΙΣ. =An unknown water-bird. 

Dion. De Avib. ii. 11 ἐλαφὶς δ᾽ ὄρνεόν ἐστι τὰ πτερὰ πάντα ἐπὶ τοῖς 
νώτοις ἐλάφων ἔχον ἐοικότα θριξί, καὶ τρέφεται κατὰ τοὺς χερσαίους ἴυγγας, 
τὴν γλῶσσαν μηκίστην οὖσαν ὥσπερ ὁρμιὰν εἰς τὸ ὕδωρ ἐπὶ πολὺ καθιεῖσα, 
κιτλ. The hair-like feathers on the back suggest, if anything, a Heron 
or Egret. A gem in the British Museum represents a Heron or Stork, 
with the antlers of a Stag; v. Torr, Rhodes, pl. 1, Imhoof-Bl. and K., 
pl. xxvi. 59. 


"EAE‘A. MSS. have also ἐλαία, (qy. = ἔλεια Sundev.), ἔλεια Callim. 
5. ἐλεᾶς Ar. Av. 302, 5. ἐλέας, Hesych. Cf. ἔλαιος. 
A small bird, probably the Reed-Warbler, Salicarta arundinacea, 
Selby, and allied species. 

Arist. H. A. ix. 16,616 Ὁ ὄρνις εὐβίοτος, καθίζει θέρους μὲν ἐν προσηνέμῳ καὶ 
σκιᾷ, χειμῶνος δ᾽ ἐν εὐηλίῳ, καὶ ἐπισκεπεῖ ἐπὶ τῶν δονάκων περὶ τὰ ἕλη" 
ἔστι δὲ τὸ μὲν μέγεθος βραχύς, φωνὴν δ᾽ ἔχει ἀγαθήν. In Ar. Av. 302 ἐλεᾶς 
may or may not be the same bird. Callim. ap. Schol. Ar. Av. 302 ἔλεια 
μικρόν, φωνῇ ἀγαθόν. 

The Reed-Warbler is a permanent resident in Greece, and is very 
common in all marshy places (Kriiper, &c.). 


*EAEIO’Z: εἶδος ἱέρακος, Hesych. 
Sch. conjectures ἕλειος Jalustrvis in Arist. H. A. ix. 36, 1, and for 
the common reading λεῖοι writes ἔτι δ᾽ ἕλειοι of καὶ φρυνολόγοι. Cf. A. 
and W. il. p. 264. Vides. v. ἐπιλεῖος. 


ἜΛΕΟΣ. A kind of Owl. 

Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 Ὁ; mentioned with, and said to resemble, 
αἰγώλιος and σκώψ᾽ : μείζων ἀλεκτρυόνος, θηρεύει τὰς κίττας. ix. I, 609 b 
κρὲξ ἐλεῴ πολέμιος (alternative readings, κολεῷ, γολεῳ). 

The size accords with that of the Tawny Owl, Syrnium Aluco, L., 
which is common in Greece and is not definitely ascribed to any 
other classical name. Scaliger so identifies it, taking ἐλεός from the 
owl’s cry, cf. ἐλελεῦ, &e., also Lat. wlu/a. Sundevall reads ἐλεός 
s. ἔλειος = Palustris, supporting this view by the mention of Crex 
in the context, and identifies the bird with Strzx drachyotus, L., the 
Short-eared or Marsh Owl. But both etymological suggestions are 
more than doubtful, and neither Tawny nor Short-eared Owl θηρεύει 
tas κίττας. Artemidor. 111. 65, Zonar. c. 684. 


“EAQ’PIOZ. A water-bird, similar to κρέξ (verb. dub.). 
Clearch. ap. Athen. viii. 332 E (Casaubon), where later editors read 
ἐρωδιός : numbered among τοὺς ὄρνιθας τοὺς παρευδιαστὰς καλουμένους. 


54 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 
"ENOY'ZKOX ὁ ἀσφαλός, τὸ ὄρνεον, Hesych. 
ἜΠΙΖΑ' ὄρνεα, Κύπριοι, Hesych. (σπίζια, conj. Salmas.) 


ἜἘΠΙΛΑΙΣ. An unknown small bird. 


Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 Ὁ ὄρνις σκωληκοφάγος. Sylburge, Schneider, 
Piccolos and others read ὑπολαΐς, q. v. 


ἘΠΙΛΕΙῸΟΣ, s. ἐπίλεος. A bird of prey, perhaps the Buzzard, Buteo 
vulgarts, Bechst. 

Plin. H. N. x. 9 epileum Graeci vocant qui solus omni tempore 
apparet, caeteri hieme abeunt (vide s.v. αἰσάλων). This passage, 
following on a reference to Azfeo, and stating a fact recorded by 
Aristotle of τριόρχης (4. ν.), suggests that all three are identical. 
Perhaps connected with, or a mere variant of, ἐλειός or λεῖος, q. ν. 


ἜΠΟ΄ΛΙΟΣ. εἶδος ὀρνέου νυκτερινοῦ, Suid. Ambiguum an illud, quod ab 
Aristotele αἰγωλιός, H. St. Thesaur. App. p. 942 E. 


Note.—We have above (ἔλαιος, ἐλέα --- ἐλεός, ἐπιλαΐς, ἐπιλεῖος) 
a succession of bird-names all very similar, whose meaning and deri- 
vation are alike obscure. 


"eEnow. The Hoopoe, Upfupa epops, L. Hesych. has also ἔποπος, 
ὄρνεον : ἔπωπα, ἀλεκτρυόνα ἄγριον : and also ἀπαφός. 

Mod. Gk. τζαλοπετεινός or τσαλοπετεινός (Erhard, Heldreich), ἀγριο- 
κόκορος (Boch., Jonston ; still on Mt. Taygetus, Heldr.), ἀγριοκόκοραξ 
(v.d. Miible). ἔποψ is, in form, onomatopoeic, like w/upa, but is very 
probably based on an Egyptian solar name, ΓΑποπις, Ἡλίου ἀδελφός, 
Plut. De Is. xxxvi; with which cf.”Erapos—Herod. 1]. 153, &c., &c.; also 
"Enugu, Plut. Is. et Os. lii. p. 372 B: the form ἀπαφός preserved in 
Hesychius is identical with the name used by the Syriac Physiologist. 
For fanciful derivation see Aesch. fr. 305 ἔποψ ἐπόπτης τῶν αὑτοῦ κακῶν : 
cf. Hesych. s.v. See also s. vv. κουκούφα, πούπος. 

First mentioned by Epicharm. ap. Athen. ix. 391 D (fr. 116, Ahrens) 


σκῶπας ἔποπας γλαῦκας. 


Description.—Arist. H. A. i. 488 Ὁ ὄρνις ὄρειος, cf. ix. 11. 615 ἃ (vide 
Boch. Hier. ii. p. 343 for similar interpretation of Heb. or Arab. dukiphat, 
duk kepha, ga//ws montanus). H.A.ix. 15, 616 b οὐκ ἔχει τῆς γλώττης τὸ 
ὀξύ, vide 5. vv. ἀηδών, μελαγκόρυφος : cf. Giebel, Z. f. ges. Naturw. 
x. 236. Pausan. x. 4 6 δὲ ἔποψ ἐς ὃν ἔχει λόγος τὸν Τηρέα ἀλλαγῆναι, 
μέγεθος μὲν ὀλίγον ἐστὶν ὑπὲρ ὄρτυγα, ἐπὶ τῇ κεφαλῇ δὲ οἱ τὰ πτερὰ ἐς λόφου 
σχῆμα ἐξῆρται. Cf. Ar. Av. 94, 99, 279; Ovid, Metam. vi. 671 cui stant 
in vertice cristae, Prominet immodicum pro longo cuspide rostrum, 
Plin. x. (65) 36 cum fetum eduxere abeunt. Is destructive to bees, Phil. 
De An. 712. 


ENOYZKOZ—ENOW 55 


ENOW (continued). 


The cry represented, ἐποποποποποποποποποποῖ, Ar. Av. 227, ἄς. Vv. 
237, 243, 260 τιὸ τιό &c., though incorporated in the same speech, are 
evidently from the nightingale and other birds behind the scenes: 
κικκαβαῦ, ν. 261, is the owl’s hoot. 


Nest.—Arist. H. A. vi. I, 559 a μύνος ov ποιεῖται νεοττιὰν τῶν καθ᾽ ἑαυτὰ 
νεοττευόντων, ἀλλ᾽ εἰσδυόμενος εἰς τὰ στελέχη ἐν τοῖς κοίλοις αὐτῶν τίκτει, 
οὐδὲν συμφορούμενος. Ib. ix. 15, 616 Ὁ νεοττιὰν ποιεῖται ἐκ τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης 
κόπρου. According to Heldreich (p. 38) the Hoopoe is a spring and 
autumn migrant through Greece, but does not now breed there: it 
however seems to breed in Macedonia and perhaps in Epirus (Kriiper). 
The story of the nest ἐκ κόπρου ἀνθρωπίνης (also in Ael. H. A. iii. 26) 
arises (1) from the Hoopoe’s habit of seeking its insect food among 
dung (avis obscoeno pastu, Plin. H. N. x. 29; cf. Fr. coq puant, Germ. 
Kothhahn, Stinkhahn, Mistvogel, &c.), and (2) from the nest having 
an evil smell from the accumulation within of excrement, and perhaps 
also from a peculiar secretion of the birds (see for scientific references, 
Aub. and Wimm. i. p. 91). 


Myth and Legend.—The Tereus-myth (see also s. v. ἀηδών, ἁλιάετος, 
χελιδών) Aesch. fr. 297, in Arist. H. A. ix. 49 B, 633a (more probably 
from the lost Sophoclean tragedy of Tereus, cf. Schol. Ar. Av. 284, 
Welcker, Gr. Trag. 1. 384) τοῦτον δ᾽ ἐπόπτην ἔποπα τῶν αὑτοῦ κακῶν | 
πεποικίλωκε κἀποδηλώσας ἔχει | θρασὺν πετραῖον ὄρνιν ἐν παντευχίᾳ" | ὃς ἦρι 
μὲν φανέντι διαπάλλει πτερὸν | κίρκου λεπάργου" κιτ.λ. Cf. Arist. H. A. 
ix. 15, 6178, and 49 B, 6338 τὴν ἰδέαν μεταβάλλει τοῦ θέρους καὶ τοῦ 
χειμῶνος, Plin, x. (30) 44. With the phrase ἐπόπτην τῶν αὑτοῦ κακῶν, cf. 
Plat. Phaedo p. 86A φασὶ διὰ λύπην adew : also Ach. Tat. v. 5 ὁ Τηρεὺς 
ὄρνις γίνεται" Kal τηροῦσι ἔτι τοῦ πάθους τὴν εἰκόνα. In the use of the 
word ἐπόπτης, we have not merely a fanciful derivation of ἔποψ, but also 
an allusion to the mysteries. 


In this very obscure story we have frequent indications of confusion 
between Hoopoe and Cuckoo, and the ‘metamorphosis’ is in part 
connected with the resemblance between the Cuckoo and the Hawk; 
ef, Anistvis.7; Uheophr, Η- Pl. ὩΣ 6, Geopon.-xv. 1) 22, Pling HN; 
Σ 8, 11. See also: Lenz, Zool. αἰ: Gr. u. R. p. 318. For the relations 
between Hoopoe and Cuckoo, der Kuckuk und sein Kiister, v. Grimm, 
D. M. p. 646, Grohmann, Aberglaube aus Bohmen, Leipzig, 1864, 
p. 68, &c. On the metamorphosis of the Cuckoo into a Hawk in 
English and German Folk-lore, see Swainson, Provincial Names of 
British Birds, p. 113. 

How the Hoopoe first appeared at Tereus’ tomb in Megara, Paus. 
i. 41, 9. The Tereus-myth also in Aesch. Suppl. 60, Apollod. iii. 14, 
Ach. Tat. v. 5, Ovid, Metam. vi, &c. 


56 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


ΕΠΟΨ (continued). 


On the Tereus-myth, and the mythology of the Hoopoe in general, 
see in particular E. Oder, Der Wiedehopf in d. gr. Sage, Rhein. Mus. 
(N. F.), xliii. pp. 541-556, 1888. 

A weather-prophet, Horap. ii. 92 ἐὰν πρὸ τοῦ καίρου τῶν ἀμπέλων 
πολλὰ κράζῃ, εὐοινίαν σημαίνει. The same of the Cuckoo, Plin. H. Ν. 
xviii. 249, Hor. Sat. i. 7, 30. With ep. αἴσιος, Anton. Lib. xi. 

Phil. De An. Pr. 667 φθίσις δὲ τοῖς ἔποψι δορκάδων στέαρ (also 
Ael. H. A. vi. 46). Ib. 724, uses ἄγρωστις as a remedy (cf. κορυδός). Ael. 
i. 35 places ἀδίαντον or καλλίτριχον (cf. ἀετός) aS an amulet in its nest or 
heals itself when injured, Horap. ii. 93 ; also written ἀμίαντον, Geopon. 
ἘΝ ΤΟ; 

How the Hoopoe by means of a certain herb (the same ἀδίαντον) 
liberates its imprisoned young, ΑΕ]. iii. 26, cf. Ar. Av. 654, 655. The 
same story of Picus, Plin. H. N. x. 18 (20), vide 5. ν. δρυοκολάπτης. 
This is a version of the well-known Samir-legend (the ‘open Sesame’ 
of the Forty Thieves), and is told also of the Hoopoe in connexion 
with Solomon (Boch. Hieroz. 11. 347). See also Buxdorf, Lex. Talmud. 
col. 2455: on similar German superstitions see Meier, Schwab. Sagen, 
Nr. 265. On Indian versions of the story of the Hoopoe which shel- 
tered Solomon from the sun, see W. F. Sinclair, Ind. Antiquary, 1874, 
also ib. 1873, p. 229, Curzon’s Monast. of the Levant, c. xii, &c. The 
story of the Indian Hoopoe, Ael. xvi. 5, which buried its father in its 
head (vide s.v. κορυδός) is probably connected with the same legend ; 
see Lassen, Ind. Alterth. 2nd ed.i. p. 304. The statement (Ael. l.c.) 
that the ἔποψ Ἰνδικύς is διπλάσιον τοῦ παρ᾽ ἡμῖν, καὶ ὠραιότερον ἰδεῖν, is 
purely fabulous. 

Filial affection of the Hoopoe, Ael. x. 16, vide s.v. κουκούφα, 
medapyds. The Hoopoe on coins of Antoninus as a symbol of filial love, 
Eckhel, Doctr. numm. vi. 531, Creuzer, Symbolik, 11. p. 64, Zoega, 
Numm. Eg. Imp. pl. x. 1, Seguin. Scl. Numism. p. 152. 


The evil smell of the Hoopoe suggests a connexion with Pitumnus 
in the story of Pilumnus and Pitumnus or Sterculinius ; Serv. Aen. ix. 4 
fratres fuerunt dii; horum Pitumnus usum stercorandorum invenit 
agrorum, Oder, op.c. p. 556: cf. Jordan-Preller, R6m. Myth. 1. 375. 

The Hoopoe was a sacred bird in Egypt, as it still is among the 
Arabs (cf. Creuzer, l.c., Denon pl. 119, ὃ; &c., &c.). From its rayed 
crest it was a solar emblem, and it is in part as such that it comes into 
relation with κίρκος, the sacred hawk of the solar Apollo. The wood- 
pecker, with its red or golden crest (cf. Ov. Met. xiv. 394) becomes in 
like manner a solar emblem, and there is a curious parallel in the con- 
nexion between Czyce and the metamorphosis of Picus. As a solar 
emblem also, the Hoopoe figures in the version of the Phoenix-myth 


ENOW—EPMAKON 57 


ENOW (continued). 


in Ael. xvi. 5. To a like source is traceable the Samir-legend, and 
possibly also the obscure origin of the Tereus-myth. From its sanctity 
in Egypt it became an unclean bird among the Jews; Levees: 19, 
Deut. xiv. 18, where its name ND) dukiphat (cf. κουκούφα) is rendered 
Lapwing, as being the crested bird with which the translators were 
most familiar (cf. Newton, Dict. of Birds, p. 505). 

In the Birds of Aristophanes we have many veiled allusions to the 
mythology of the Hoopoe. The confusion with κόκκυξ (vide s. v. 
κουκούφα) is indicated throughout; the fables of Tereus and Procne 
are frequently referred to, e.g. 7 yap ἄνθρωπος, v. 98 τὴν ἐμὴν ἀηδόνα, 
vv. 203, 367, &c.: the Hoopoe’s first cry, ἄνοιγε τὴν ὕλην, v. 93, is 
a reference to the Samir-legend ; the kindred fable of κορυδός appears 
in vv. 472-476; the mysterious root in v. 654 is the magical ἀδίαντον: 
the mention of ἡλιαστής, ν. 109, is a pun on ἥλιος : the allied solar 
symbolism of δρυοκολάπτης is suggested in v. 480; and the nauseous 
reputation of the nest is probably hinted at in the Hoopoe’s pressing 
invitation to Peisthetairus, v. 641, that he should enter in. 


ἘΡΙΘΑΚΟΣ, ς. ἐριθακός (Arist., Ael.), ἐριθεύς (Arat., Theophr.), ἐρίθυλος 

(Schol. ad Ar. Vesp.). The Robin, Z7vthacus rubecula, Τ,. 

Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 Ὁ ὄρνις σκωληκοφάγος. ix. 49 B, 632b pera- 
βάλλουσιν οἱ ἐρίθακοι καὶ οἱ καλούμενοι φοινίκουροι ἐξ ἀλλήλων" ἔστι δ᾽ ὁ 
μὲν ἐρίθακος χειμερινόν, οἱ δὲ φοινίκουροι θερινοί, διαφέρουσι δ᾽ ἀλλήλων 
οὐθὲν ὡς εἰπεῖν ἀλλ᾽ ἢ τῇ χρόᾳ μόνον : Geopon. xv. I. 22. 

A weather-prophet, Arat. Phen. 1025, Theophr. fr. vi. 3, 2 χειμῶνος 
μέγα σῆμα καὶ ὄρχιλος καὶ ἐριθεύς, δύνων ἐς κοίλας dyeds. Arist. fr. 241, 
1522 Ὁ ἐρίθακος ἐς τὰ αὔλια καὶ τὰ οἰκούμενα παριὼν δῆλός ἐστι χειμῶνος 
ἐπιδημίαν ἀποδιδράσκων. Cf. Ael. vii. 7. 

A mimetic bird, μιμοῦνται καὶ μέμνηνται ὧν ἂν ἀκούσωσιν, Porphyr. De 
Abst. ili. 4 (ἐρίθακος here is either an interpolation, or is used of some 
other bird). 

Proverb, Schol. in Ar. Vesp. 922 (927) μία λόχμη δύο ἐριθάκους od τρέφει. 
ἔστι δὲ ὄρνεον ὑπὸ μέν τινων καλούμενον ἐριθεύς, ὑπὸ δὲ ἑτέρων ἐρίθυλος, 
ὑπὸ τῶν πλειόνων ἐρίθακος : cf. Photius. Also ἐριθεύς" ὁ ἐριθακός, τὸ ὄρνεον, 
Hesych. ἐρίθακος" ὄρνεον μονῆρες καὶ μονότροπον, Suid. 

Sundevall derives ἐρίθακος from ἐρυθρός, θᾶκος (cf. Eng. redstart, 
Germ. Rothsteiss), and identifies the bird in Arist. with the Redstart, 
Lustiola phoenicurus, L., in winter plumage: vide s.v. φοινίκουρος. 
The derivation is far-fetched, and the identification is discountenanced 
by the fact that the Redstart does not, at least in Attica, remain 
through the winter (Kriiper p. 245), during which season the Robin 
is as common there as with us. See also αἴσακος, ϑάνδαλος. 


"EPMAKON: ὄρνεον, Hesych. Probably by error for ἐρίθακον. 


58 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


ἜΡΟΨ' ὄρνις ποιός, Hesych. Probably for ἔποψ, or else pepo. 


*EPYOPO’NOY:. In Ar. Av. 303, usually translated Redshank, which 
bird, Zofanus caldris, L., is common in Greece in winter. 
Used as an epithet of πέλεια, Arist. H. A. v. 13, 544 Ὁ. 


"EPQIA’S* ἐρωδιός, Hesych. A very doubtful word. 


"EPQAIO’E (ῥωδιός, Hippon. 59, ap. Etym. M. Also ἐδωλιός, Hesych.) 
A Heron, L. ardea; etym. dub. 


Various species are mentioned : ὁ πέλλος, the common Heron, A7vdea 
cinerea, L.3 6 λευκός, the Egret, A. alba and A. gazetta; ὁ aorepias 
καλ., A. (Botaurus) stellaris, L., the Bittern; Arist. H. A. ix. 1, 609b; 
cf. Dion. De Avib. ii. 8 ἔστιν αὐτῶν γένη μυρία" of μὲν yap βραχεῖς τ᾽ εἰσὶ 
καὶ λευκοί, ἄλλοι δὲ ποικίλοι καὶ μείζονες, μέσοι δ᾽ ἕτεροι, Kal τοῖς μὲν οὐκ 
ἔστιν ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς πλόκαμος, ἄλλοις δ᾽ ὥσπερ τις βόστρυχος ἀπῃώρηται. 
Pim χ. ὅο (79). 

The above identifications of πέλλος and ἀστερίας (4. ν.) are doubtful : 
the same words occur in relation to one another as proper names in 
Apoll. Rh. i. 176; cf. Pott in Lazarus and Steinthal’s Zeitschrift, xiv. 
Pp. 43. 

Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593b περὶ ras λίμνας καὶ τοὺς ποταμοὺς βιοτεύει. 
Ael. H. Ν. ν. 35, x. 5 ὄστρεα ἐσθίειν δεινός ἐστι (?); cf. Plut. Sol. Anim. x. 
(Mor. 967 D). Its flight described, Arist. De Inc. 10, 7104, fr. 241, 
1522 5. 

Mentioned also Ar. Av. 886, 1142. With ep. μακροκαμπυλαύχενες, 
Epich. 49, ap. Athen. ix. 398 D. 


Myth and Legend.—Sent by Athene, to Odysseus and Diomede, 
as a favourable augury, Il. x. 274. Here from the nocturnal appearance 
of the bird and its loud cry, Netolicka (Naturh. a. Homer p. 10) and 
others suggest the Night-Heron, Avdea Nycticorax, L., which is 
abundant in the Troad; cf. Hippon. l.c. κνεφαῖος ἐλθὼν ῥωδιῴ κατηυ- 
λίσθην. In Il. x. 275 there is an alternative reading πέλλον ᾿Αθηναίη 
(Zopyrus, De Mileto Cond. iv (Schol. Venet.), cf. Groshans, Prodr. Faun. 
pp. 15, 16, Buchholz p. 119; for a discussion of important Scholia on 
this passage, and for notes on ἐρωδιός in general, see J. G. Schneider, 
in Arist. vol. iv. pp. 45-47; vide s.v. πέλλος). See also 5. ν. ἀνοπαῖα. 

The Heron as a symbol of Athene on coins of Ambracia and Corinth 
(Imh.-Bl. and K. p. 38, pl. vi). Said also to be sacred to Aphrodite, 
Etym. M. A bird of good omen, Ael. x. 37, Plut. Mor. 405 D, especially 
the White Heron, Plin. xi. 32. A weather-prophet, Arat. Phaen. 913, 
972, Athen. viii. 332 E (where Casaub. reads ἑλώριος), Ael. vil.7, Theophr. 
De Sign. i. 18, ii. 28, Virg. Georg. i. 363, Lucan, v. 553, Cic. Div. i. 8, 
Callim. s. v. δύπτης ; hence beloved of men, Dion. De Avib. 11. 8. 


EPOY—HEPONOZ 59 


EPQAIO® (continued). 


Hostile to mimo, ra yap @a κατεσθίει καὶ τοὺς νεοττοὺς τοῦ ἐρωδιοῦ, 
Arist. H. A. ix. 1, 609, cf. Nicand. ap. Ant. Lib. Met. 14; ἀετῷ πολέμιος, 
ἁρπάζει yap αὐτόν, kat ἀλώπεκι, φθείρει yap αὐτὸν τῆς νυκτός, Kal κορύδῳ, τὰ 
γὰρ @a αὐτοῦ κλέπτει, Arist. H. A. 609b; hostile also to ὁ λευκὸς λαρός, 
Ael. iv. 5, Phile, De An. 682, and to sovex, Plin. x. (74) 95. Friendly 
with κορώνη, Arist. H. A. ix. 1, 610, Ael. v. 48. 

Erodius, who tended the horses of his father Autonous, was turned 
into the bird ἐρωδιός, his father being metamorphosed into ὄκνος, and 
the groom into ἐρωδιός. ἀλλ᾽ οὐχ ὅμοιον ἥσσον γάρ ἐστιν ἱκανῶς τοῦ 
πελλοῦ : Boios ap. Ant. Lib. Met. 7. 

Swallows a crab, κάρκινον, as a remedy, Phile 724, or places one 
in its nest as a charm, Ael. i. 35, Geopon. xv. 1. Noted, like the 
stork, for filial and parental affection, Ael. iii. 23. 

On the painful generation of the Heron cf. Arist. H. A. ix. 1, 609 b, 
Plin. x. (60) 79; hence a fanciful derivation of ἐρωδιός in Etym. M. and 
Eust. ad 1]. x. 274. Vide infra, 5. v. πέλλος. 

Fable of λύκος καὶ ἐρωδιός (5. γέρανος) : ἀρκεῖ σοι Kal τὸ μόνον σώαν 
ἐξελεῖν τὴν κεφαλήν, Aes. Fab. 276, Babr. 94. A fragment: ἐρωδιὸς γὰρ 
ἔγχελυν Μαιανδρίην τρίορχον εὑρὼν ἐσθίοντ᾽ ἀφείλετο, Simonid. ap. Athen. 
vii. 299 C. 

Deprived by Neptune of the power of swimming, and why, Dion. 
De Avib. ii. 8. The Island of Diomedea, Ael. H. A. i. 1 καλεῖταί τις 
Διομήδεια νῆσος, καὶ ἐρωδιοὺς ἔχει πολλούς, and how these ἐρωδιοί, once 
the comrades of Diomede, give welcome to Greek visitors ; also Lycus 
ap. Antig. Mirab. 172 (188), Anton. Lib. Met. 37, Phile, De Anim. Pr. 
152. Cf. Ovid, Metam. xiv. 498, Aen. xi. 271 et Serv. in loc., Plin. x. 44 
(61). Cf. also 5. Augustin, De Civ. Dei, xviii. 16, Lachmund, De Ave 
Diomedea diss., Amstelod. (1672) 1686. There is evident but obscure 
connexion between the story of the birds of Diomede, and the meta- 
morphosis above alluded to: where the son of Autonous and. Hippo- 
dameia is killed by his father’s horses, and his father and his servant 
are turned into ἐρωδιοί. A story similar to that of the birds of Diomede 
is wide-spread, and usually told of the Stork, cf. Alex. Mynd. ap. Ael. 
iil. 23; for Modern Greek references, see Marx, Gr. Marchen, 1876, 
ΒΡ. 52; 55- 


See also ἄσιδον, ἀστερίας, ἑλώριος, λευκερωδιός, ὄκνος, πέλλος. 


EY’PYME’AQN: ἀετός, Hesych. (verb. dub.; for ἀετός, Kuster cj. Αἰήτης). 
ZA’PIKEX’ ἐπίθετον mreXa| ρ] γῶν, Hesych. (verb. dud.). 
“HAY'TEPAI’ αἱ τρυγόνες, Hesych. (verb. dud.). 


*HE’Ponox: A bird doubtless identical with ἀέροψ ; vide 5. v. pepo. 
According to Boios ap. Ant. Lib. Met. 18, the boy Botres was 


60 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


ΠΕΡΟΠΟΣ (condenued). 


transformed into the bird ἠέροπος, ὃς ἔτι νῦν τίκτει μὲν ὑπὸ. γῆς, αἰεὶ δὲ 
μελετᾷ πέτεσθαι. 


’HI"KANO’E: ὁ ἀλεκτρυών, Hesych. Cf. κίκκος : forte κίκκαν, Schmidt. 
ἩΜΙΟΝΙΟΝ᾽ ὄρνις ποιός, Hesych. 


ἪΡΙΣΑ ΛΠΙΓΞ’: ὀρνέου τι εἶδος, Hesych. Also ἐρισάλπιγξ, Callim. Schol. 
ἘΠ τς AVEO OA. 


ΘΕΟΚΡΟΝΟΣ. A fabulous bird. 
Dion. De Av. 11. 15 εἷς τῶν ἀμφιβίων ὀρνίθων ἐστὶ καὶ ὁ θεόκρονος, ὃς ἐξ 


> n ἊΝ ΄ NOL, ΄ , 
GETO@YV εἰναι νόθος και lEepaK@yY TLOTEVETAL, K.T.A. 


©PA’=. A water-bird, mentioned with durivos and κόλυμβος, Dion. De 
Avibsii. 23) iil. 2, ἢν 


ΘΡΑΥΠΙΣ. (θλυπίς in Cod. Med. C*. θραπίς, θλιπίς also occur. 
Perhaps identical with yAdms, γράπις, Hesych.) An unknown 
species of Finch. Cf. J. G. Schneider in Arist. l.c. 

Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 502 Ὁ ὄρνις ἀκανθοφάγος, mentioned with ἀκανϑίς 
and χρυσομῆτρις. 


ΘΩΟΊΣ᾽ ὄρνις ποιός, Hesych. 
"IBINOX: ἀετός, Hesych. 


"IBIZ, s. ἶβις ; also tBug, Hesych., Suid. The Ibis. 

An Egyptian word, dah: cf. hzb or hzp in copt. vers. Lev. xi. 17 (for 
HW A. V. ereat owl; cf. Is. xxxiv. 11; tr. τὴν in LXX and Vulg.) ; 
vide Scholtzii Lex. Aegypt., Oxon. 1775, p. 155. Another Egyptian 
name /eheras still survives as Arab. e/ Harez¢z, and is preserved in the 
following fragment: Albert. Magn. vi. p. 255 Avis autem, quae ab 
incolis Aegypti secundum Aristotelem ieheras (s. leheras) vocatur, et 
habet duos modos, et unus illorum est albus et alius est niger. 
Cf. Gesner, ill. p. 546 Avis (inquit Albertus, de ibide sentiens) quae 
ab Aegyptiis secundum Aristotelem leheras (s. ieheras) dicitur, secun- 
dum Avicennam Caseuz vocatur. Cf. Belletéte, Annot. ad op. Savigny 
(infra cit.), p. 39. 

Of the two species of Ibis, the White or Sacred Ibis, which was 
first recognized by Bruce (Travels in Abyss. v. p. 173, 1790) is Zan- 
talus aethiopicus, Latham, Mumenius Ibis, Savigny, or 7025 religtosa, 
Cuv.: the Abou Hannes or Father John of the Abyssinians (Bruce), and 
Abou Mengel or Father Sickle-bill of the fellaheen. The Sacred Ibis 
still regularly visits Lower Egypt at the time of the inundation, coming 
from Nubia (cf. Newton, Dict. of Birds, s.v.). Before the time of 
Bruce’s discovery, the name had been variously assigned to several 


HEPONOS—IBIE 61 


IBIZ (continued). 


birds: having been likened to a Stork by Strabo, it was identified 
with that bird by Belon, by Prosp. Alpin., Hist. Eg. Nat. p. 199, 
and by Caylus, Antiq. Eg. vii. p. 54, though such an identification 
was expressly rejected by (e.g.) Albertus Magnus (vi. p. 640 non 
est ciconia: quia rostrum longum quidem sed aduncum habet), and 
Vincent. Burgund., Bibl. Mund. i. p. 1212; it was supposed to be 
a Curlew (fadcinellus) by Gesner (H. A. iii. 546) and Aldrovandi (Orn. 
111. p. 312) and an Egret or White Heron by Hasselquist (Iter Palest. 
(2) cl. 2, no. 25), an identification adopted by Linnaeus (Syst. Nat. 
ed. x. p. 114); by Perrault (Acad. des Sc. Paris, ili. p. 58, pt. xiii) 
it was taken to be a much larger bird, the Zamfalus zbis of Linnaeus 
(Syst. Nat. ed. xii); and yet others, e. g. Maillet (Descr. de l’Egypte, 
4to il. p. 22) confounded it with the Egyptian Vulture or ‘ Pharaoh’s 
Hen.’ The White Ibis is figured on the Mosaic of Palestrina (cf. the 
coloured figures in the Pitture ant. di Petr. S. Bartholi) and in the 
Pitture ant. d’ Erculaneo (ii. pll. 59, 60). 


The Black Ibis of Herodotus, the Glossy Ibis of ornithologists, is 
Ibis falcinellus, Temm., Falcinellus igneus or Plegades falcinellus of 
more recent writers. It is confounded by L. & Sc. with the Scarlet 
Ibis, an American bird. To it the Arab name e/ harezz is said 
especially to apply. 

On both species, see Cuvier, Ann. du Mus. iv. pp. 103-135, 1804; 
and especially the learned memoir of J. C. Savigny, Hist. nat. et 
mythol. de lIbis, 8vo Paris, 1805. On Ibis mummies, cf. T. Shaw, 
Levant, 1738, pp. 422, 428, G. Edwards, Nat. Hist. 1743-1764, 
Blumenbach, Phil. Trans. 1794, and later writers. 

The Sacred Ibis is said to nest in palm-trees, Ael. x. 29 τοὺς αἰλούρους 
ἀποδιδράσκουσα, cf. Phile xvi ; according to Vierthaler, ap. Lenz, Z.d Gr. 
u. R. p. 379, it breeds in Sennaar, nesting on mimosa-trees, and building 
twenty to thirty nests on a tree: see also Heuglin, Ornith. Nord. 
Afrikas, p. 1138. 

Herod. ii. 75, 76 ἔστι δὲ χῶρος τῆς ᾿Αραβίης κατὰ Βουτοῦν πόλιν μάλιστά 
κη κείμενος" καὶ ἐς τοῦτο τὸ χωρίον ἦλθον, πυνθανόμενος περὶ τῶν πτερωτῶν 
ὀφίων. .. λόγος δέ ἐστι, ἅμα τῷ ἔαρι πτερωτοὺς ὄφις ἐκ τῆς ᾿Αραβίης 
πέτεσθαι ἐπ᾿ Αἰγύπτου" τὰς δὲ ἴβις τὰς ὄρνιθας ἀπαντώσας ἐς τὴν ἐσβολὴν 
ταύτης τῆς χώρης οὐ παριέναι τοὺς ὄφις, ἀλλὰ κατακτείνειν᾽ καὶ τὴν ἴβιν 

᾿ διὰ τοῦτο τὸ ἔργον τετιμῆσθαι λέγουσι ᾿Αράβιοι μεγάλως πρὸς Αἰγυπτίων. 
ὁμολογέουσι δὲ καὶ Αἰγύπτιοι διὰ ταῦτα τιμᾶν τὰς ὄρνιθας ταύτας. εἶδος δὲ 
τῆς μὲν ἴβιος τόδε᾽ μέλαινα δεινῶς πᾶσα, σκέλεα δὲ φορέει γεράνου, πρόσωπον 
δὲ ἐς τὰ μάλιστα ἐπίγρυπον, μέγαθος ὅσον κρέξ. τῶν μὲν δὴ μελαινέων, 
τῶν μαχομένων πρὸς τοὺς ὄφις, ἥδε ἰδέη. τῶν δ᾽ ἐν ποσὶ μᾶλλον εἱλευμένων 
τοῖσι ἀνθρώποισι (διξαὶ γὰρ δή εἰσι αἱ ἴβιες) ψιλὴ τὴν κεφαλήν, καὶ τὴν 
δειρὴν πᾶσαν λευκὴ πτεροῖσι, πλὴν κεφαλῆς καὶ τοῦ αὐχένος καὶ ἄκρων 


62 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


IBIX (continued ). 

TOY πτερύγων Kal τοῦ πυγαίου ἄκρου" ταῦτα δὲ τὰ εἶπον πάντα, μέλαινά ἐστι 
δεινῶς" σκέλεα δὲ καὶ πρόσωπον, ἐμφερὴς τῇ ἑτέρῃ. Cf. Arist. H. A. 
ix. 27, 617 Ὁ ἐν μὲν οὖν τῇ ἄλλῃ Αἰγύπτῳ αἱ λευκαί εἰσιν, πλὴν ἐν Πηλουσίῳ 
οὐ γίνονται" αἱ δὲ μέλαιναι ἐν τῇ ἄλλῃ Αἰγύπτῳ οὐκ εἰσίν, ἐν Πηλουσίῳ δ᾽ 
εἰσίν. Cf. Plin. x. (30) 45, Solin. xxxv. p.95. On the geographical con- 
fusion implied in these accounts, vide J. G. Schneid. in Arist. vol. iv. 
Pp. 493-496. 

The annual fight between the Ibis and the flying serpents is also 
alluded to: Cic. Nat. D. i. 101, Ael. ii. 38, Phile, De An. xvi, Solin. 
xxxv, Pomp. Mela iii.9, Amm. Marcell. xx. 15, Isidor. i. p. 306, Albert. 
M. vi. p. 640, &c. 


The Ibis in conflict with a winged serpent on coins of Jubah II, 
and Cleopatra of Mauretania (Imhoof-Bl]. and K. p. 37). The ‘Winged 
Serpents’ were probably the hot winds and sandstorms (cf. Diod. 
Sic. 1. 128) of spring, which disappeared as the Etesian winds (ὀρνιθίαι 
ἄνεμοι) supervened, and the Ibis returned in the month of Thoth from 
its migration, with the season of the inundations which freed Egypt 
from all her pests: cf. Savigny, op. cit. pp. 91, 134, Pluche, Hist. du 
Ciel, i. 1, p. 77; an interpretation of the Winged Serpents, more subtle 
than this, is however possible: cf. the ὄφις ἱερακόμορφος, Philo ap. 
Euseb. Praep. Evang. i. p. 41, Lydus De Menss. pp. 53, 137, Creuzer 
Symb. ii. 246, &c. On the other hand the Jzdéan ὄφεις πτερωτοί of 
Megasthenes (ap. Ael. xvi. 41) seem to have been real, not mythical, 
and were very probably ‘Vampire’ Bats, Pterofus medius, Temm. 
(Val. Ball). On the Ibis as a useful destroyer of ordinary serpents, 
see Cic. Nat. D. i. 36, ii. 50, Diod. Sic. i. 97, Strabo, Geogr. xvii. p. 823, 
Plin. N. H. x. 28 (40), &c. How Moses brought it in cages of 
papyrus to destroy the serpents of the Ethiopian desert, Joseph. ii. 10. 
p- 127. How serpents are terrified by an Ibis’ feather, Ael. i. 38, Phile, 
De An. v. 715, or even paralyzed by it, Zoroast. in Geopon. xv. 1, cf. ib. 
xiii. 8, Theoph. Simoc. Quest. Phys. xiv. p. 19, &c.; likewise the 
crocodile: an indolent and rapacious man symbolized by a crocodile 
crowned with a plume of Ibis’ feathers, τούτου yap ἐὰν iBews πτερῷ θιγῆς, 
ἀκίνητον εὑρήσεις, Horap. 11. 81, Pier. Valer. xvii. 22. The Ibis was also 
hostile to the scorpion, Ael. x. 29, including ‘ winged scorpions,’ Phile, 
De Ibi: and is associated [obscurely] with the Scorpion on the small 
zodiac of Dendera, Savigny, op.cit. p. 131, Denon, Voy. pl. 130; cf. 
Kircher, Oedip. ii. pp. 207, 213. The Ibis also destroyed locusts 
and caterpillars, Diod. Sic.; it fed on fish, avoiding strong currents, 
Physiol. Syr. c. xvili, Procop. Comm. in Levit. p. 344, Vincent. Burg. 

- Specul. i. p. 1212; and on the refuse of the markets of Alexandria, 
Strabo, l.c. Its flesh was poisonous and fatal, Vine. B. i. 1212, 11. 1489 
ejus ova si quis comeditur, moritur; cf. Albert. M. xxiii. 24, Gesner, 


BIZ 63 


IBIZ (continued). 


cap. De Ibi. How the basilisk springs from an egg, the product of 
poison eaten by the Ibis: ex aliquo quod illa peperit, ut putredinoso, 
magnum aliquid malum enascitur basiliscus, &c., Theoph. Simoc. I. c.; 
Giabder-Valer: p: 175. 

It was foul-feeding and insatiable of poison, Ael. x. 29, Phile xvi; 
cf. Gesner v. 547 apud Graecos lexicorum conditores ibin ὀφιοφάγον 
ab esu serpentium, et ῥυπαροφάγον ab impuritate victus cognominare 
invenit. Nevertheless, it was in other respects cleanly (Ael. x. 29), 
and the Egyptian priests washed in water from which the Ibis had 
drunk (Ael. vii. 45), οὐ πίνει yap ἢ νοσῶδες ἢ πεφαργμένον, Plut. De Is. 
p. 381. It is killed by hyaena’s gall, Ael. vi. 46, Phile 666. 

Mentioned with name Λυκοῦργος, Ar. Av. 1296. Compared with 
the Stymphalian birds, Paus. viii. 22, 5. Its tameness noted, Strabo, 
l.c., Joseph. Antiq. Jud. p. 127, Amm. Marcell. p. 337. 

Its name a term of reproach, Ovid, Ibis, v. 62 Ibidis interea tu 
quoque nomen habe: cf. Callim. Alciati embl. 87, in sordidos. 

The Ibis was sacred to Isis, the Moon-Goddess: Ael. ii. 38 ἱερὰ τῆς 
σελήνης ἡ ὄρνις ἐστί, τοσούτων γοῦν ἡμερῶν τὰ Wa ἐκγλύφει, ὅσων ἡ θεὸς 
αὔξει τε καὶ λήγει (cf. ib. il. 35). τῆς δὲ Αἰγύπτου οὔποτε ἀποδημεῖ, τὸ δὲ 
αἴτιον, νοτιωτάτη χωρῶν ἁπασῶν Αἴγυπτός ἐστι, καὶ ἡ σελήνη δὲ νοτιωτάτη 
τῶν πλανωμένων ἄστρων πεπιστεύεται, Cf. Plin. x. 48. Hence an emblem 
of Egypt, Pier. Valer. xvii. 18, Kircher, Oedip. iv. p. 324, and as such 
on coins and medals of Hadrian and Q. Marius. See also Phile xvi 
καὶ τῆς σελήνης ov παρῆλθε τοὺς δρόμους μειουμένης ... καὶ πληρουμένης. 
Plut. De Is. p. 381 ἔτι δὲ ἡ τῶν μελάνων πτερῶν περὶ τὰ λευκὰ ποικιλία καὶ 
μίξις ἐμφαίνει σελήνην ἀμφίκυρτον, also Symp. 4, 5. Cf. Pignor. Mens. 
Isiac. Expl. p. 76; Wilkinson, Anc. Egyptians, (2) ii. pp. 217-224 ; 
Renouf, Hibbert Lectures 1879, pp. 116, 237. It is figured together 
with the new moon on the southern Temple of Jupiter Ammon at Karnak 
(Descr. de Egypte, Thébes, ii. 261, pl. 52; Creuzer, ii. p. 208, &c.). 
On the connexion between Thoth and the Moon, discussed in explana- 
tion of the Ibis’ relation to the latter, see Leemans in Horap. p. 247. 

It represented the moon (as a hawk symbolized the solar Osiris) 
at Egyptian banquets of the gods, Clem. Alex. Stromat. v. 7. Its mode 
of generation was probably related to lunar superstitions: Ael. x. 29 
μίγνυνται δὲ τοῖς στύμασι καὶ παιδοποιοῦνται τὸν τρόπον τοῦτον : cf. Anax- 
agoras ap. Arist. De Gen. iii. 6, 756 B, Schol. in Pl. Phaedr., Solin. 
xxxv, &c. Its ashes prevent abortion, Plin. xxx. (15) 49. 

The Ibis was sacred also to Thoth or Hermes: cf. Socr. ap. Pl. 
Phaedr. p. 274; Ael. x. 29; Plut. Symp. ix. 3; Diod. Sic. i. 8; Horap. i. 
capp. 10, 36; Pier. Valer. xvii. 19 ; Kircher, Obel. Pamph. iv. 325, Oedip. 
1. 15, 11. 213, ἄς. Thoth was the patron or emblem of Sirius, which 
star on the small zodiac of Dendera is represented close to a double- 


64 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


IBIX (continued). 


headed snake with ibis-heads; cf. Savigny, op. cit. p. 159, Kircher, 
Oedip. iii. p. 96, &c.: on the same zodiac an ibis-headed man rides 
on Capricornus, under which sign Sirius rose anti-heliacally (Dupuis, 
Orig. de tous les cultes, v. 1); in this connexion, cf. Timoch. 3. 590 
πῶς ἂν σώσειεν ἴβις ἢ κύων. Thoth is figured as an Ibis, or with 
an ibis-head, Plut. Symp. ix, cf. Pherecydes, Hymn. Merc. Ὦ Ἑρμῆς 
ἰβίμορφε, ἀρχηγὸς ὀδνόοιο, συγγραμμάτων γεννητώρ, μεξήσεώς τε πάσης: 
Hermes, pursued by Typhon, changed himself into an Ibis, Hygin. 
Astr. Ἐς ii. Ὁ, 28, Ant. Lib. Met. c. 28, Ovid, Met. v. 331. Many of 
the bird’s peculiarities, real or fabulous, are mystically associated with 
the same god: e.g. its dainty walk (Ael. ii. 38) with the inventor 
of the dance; its numerical constants (e. g. its intestine 96 cubits long, 
and its pace of one cubit, Ael. x. 29) with the inventor of arithmetic ; 
the equilateral triangle or A that its beak and legs made (Plut. Is. et 
Osir. 381; or its legs alone, Pier. Valer. xvii. 18, xlvii) with the inventor 
of letters (cf. also Kircher, Obel. Pamphil. pp. 125-131), its knowledge 
of physic with the founder of the medical art. On the Ibis as the inventor 
of clysters, cf. Cic. N. D. ii. 50, 126, Plut. De Sol. Anim. p. 974 C τῆς ἴβεως 
τὸν ὑποκλυσμὸν ἅλμῃ καθαιρομένης Αἰγύπτιοι συνιδεῖν καὶ μιμήσασθαι λέγουσιν : 
id. De Is. et Osir. p. 381, Ael. ii. 35, χ. 29, Phile xvi, Plin. viii. (27) 41, x. 30, 
Galen, De Ven. Sect. i, &c.; the same story of the Stork, Don Quixote, 
ii. p. 63 (edit. Lond. 1749): cf. N. and Ὁ. (4) ix. p. 216: see also 
Bacon, De Augm. v. 2: The opposed black and white of the Ibis’ 
plumage, as sometimes of Mercury’s raiment, suggested various sym- 
bolic parallels, the opposition of male and female, of light and darkness, 
of order and disorder, of speech and silence, of truth and falsehood : 
cf. Ael. x. 29, Schol. in Pl. Phaedr., Plut. De Is. 381 D, Clem. Alex. Str. 
v. 7. The Ibis is a symbol of the heart (περὶ οὗ λόγος ἐστὶ πλεῖστος 
παρ᾽ Αἰγυπτίοις φερόμενος, Horap. i. 36), an organ under the protection 
of Hermes; and the bird has a heart-shaped outline (Ael. x. 29 καρδίας 
σχῆμα, ὅταν ὑποκρύψηται τὴν δέρην καὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν τοῖς ὑπὸ TO στέρνῳ 
πτεροῖς) as indeed its mummies have still; a weight as it issues from 
the egg equal to the heart of a new-born child (Plut. Symp. 670), 
or a heart of its own of exceptional size (Gaudent. Merula, Memorab. 
iii. c. 50); in this connexion we may compare the Eg. daz with da or 
bat the soul (Lauth, op. cit.); cf. supra 5. ν. βαιήθ. The Ibis was em- 
blematic of the ecliptic or zodiacal ring: ἀριθμοῦ yap ἐπινοίας καὶ μέτρου 
μάλιστα τῶν ζῴων ἡ ἴβις ἀρχὴν παρέχεσθαι τοῖς Αἰγυπτίοις δοκεῖ, ὡς τῶν 
κύκλων λοξός, Clem. Alex. Stromat. Ρ. 671. It enjoyed freedom from 
sickness, longevity, or even immortality (Apion ap. Ael. x. 29); it was 
buried at Hermopolis (Herod. ii. 67, Ael. 1. ς.). 


ἼΒΥΞ. Hesych., Suid.; vide 5. v. ἴβις. 
ἼΔΑΛΙΣ, also eidadis* ὄρνις ποιός, Hesych. 


IBIZ—IEPA= 65 


᾿ΙΔΕΏΝ: εἶδος [ἔδος, cf. Schmidt] ἀετοῦ, Hesych, 


ἹΕΡΑΞ (Ep. and Ion. ἴρηξ, 5. ἵρηξ : τ). Not connected with ἱερός (Ὁ ; 
perhaps from root ft swift (cf. Maass, Indo-Germ. Forsch. i. 
p- 159), but the etymology is quite obscure. 


A Hawk. The generic term especially for the smaller hawks and 
falcons. Mod. Gk. ἱεράκι or γεράκι, applied to the Sparrow-hawk, 
Kestrel, Hobby, &c., and also to the Kite (Erhard). Dimin. 
ἱερακιδεύς, Eust. 753, 563 ἱερακίσκος, Ar. Av. 1112. 

In Hom. with epithets ὠκύς Il. xvi. 582, ὠκύπτερος ΧΙ. 62, ὠκιστος 
πετεηνῶν XV. 237, ἐλαφρότατος πετεηνῶν xiii. 86: also Od. v. 66. In Hes. 
Op. et D. 210 ὠκυπέτης ἵρηξ, τανυσίπτερος ὄρνις : cf. Ar. Av. 1453. In 
Arist. with ep. γαμψώνυχος, σαρκοφάγος, ὠμοφάγος, ἄς. Alcman 16 ap. 
Athen. 373 λῦσαν δ᾽ ἄπρακτα veavides, Ὥστ᾽ ὄρνεις ἱέρακος ὑπερπταμένω : 
Eur. Andr. 1141 οἱ δ᾽ ὅπως πελειάδες ἱέρακ᾽ ἰδοῦσαι πρὸς φυγὴν ἐνώτισαν. 

Varieties.—Arist. H. A. ix. 36, 620 τῶν δ᾽ ἱεράκων κράτιστος μὲν ὁ 
τριόρχης; δεύτερος δ᾽ ὁ αἰσάλων, τρίτος ὁ κίρκος" ὁ δ᾽ ἀστερίας καὶ ὁ φασσο- 
φόνος καὶ ὁ πτέρνις ἀλλοῖοι" οἱ δὲ πλατύτεροι ἱέρακες ὑποτριόρχαι καλοῦνται, 
ἄλλοι δὲ πέρκοι καὶ σπιζίαι, οἱ δὲ λεῖοι καὶ οἱ φρυνολόγοι: γένη δὲ τῶν 
ἱεράκων φασί τινες εἶναι οὐκ ἐλάττω τῶν δέκα, διαφέρουσι δ᾽ ἀλλήλων, κ. τ. Δ. 
Cf. ib. viii. 3, 592 Ὁ. That there were ten species of hawks is asserted 
by Callimachus, Etym. M. Vide Callim. fr. p. 468, ibique Bentleii ; 
cf. Schol. ad Ap. Rhod. i. 1049. For lists of the species, cf. Ar. Av. 
1178, Ael. xii. 4, Dion. De Avib. i. 6, Plin. x. 8, 9, 10. The Egyptian 
hawks were smaller, Arist. H. A. xii. 4. The various hawks migrate 
during winter (cf. Job xxxix. 26) except τριόρχης, Arist. H. A. viii. 3, or 
eptleus, Plin. x. (8) 9. 

Anatomical particulars.—yoAyv ἅμα πρὸς τῷ ἥπατι καὶ τοῖς ἐντέροις 
ἔχουσι, θερμὴν τὴν κοιλίαν, μικρὸν τὸν σπλῆνα, Arist. H. Α. ii. 15, 506a, 16, 
500b;) De Part. iii. 7, 670 8: 

Breeding habits.—Arist. H. A. vi. 6, 563, incubates twenty days ; ix. 11, 
615 ἐν ἀποτύμοις νεοττεύει. De Gen. ii. 7, 746 b δοκοῦσιν οἱ διαφέροντες τῷ 
εἴδει μίγνυσθαι πρὸς ἀλλήλους (an error naturally arising from the sexual 
difference in size and plumage in many species). H. A. vi. 7, 564 
γίνονται οἱ νεοττοὶ ἡδύκρεῳ σφόδρα καὶ πίονες. ΑΕ]. H. N. 11. 43 δεινῶς 
φιλόθηλυς, cf. Horap. i. 8. Antig. Mirab. 99 (107) τρία μὲν τίκτειν, 
αὐξανομένων δὲ τῶν νεοττῶν ἐκλέγειν τὸν ἕνα, κιτ. Δ. See also supra s.v. 
ἀετός, and cf. Horap. ii. 99. 

On Hawking.—Arist. H. A. ix. 36, 620 ἐν Θράκῃ τῇ καλουμένῃ ποτὲ 
Κεδρειπόλει ev τῷ ἕλει θηρεύουσιν οἱ ἄνθρωποι τὰ ὀρνίθια κοινῇ μετὰ TOV 
ἱεράκων. Cf. De Mirab. vi. 118, 841 b, Ctesias in Phot. Excerpt. and ap. 
Ael. iv. 26, Ael. ii. 42, Antig. Hist. Mirab. [Amphipolis], 28 (34), 
Plin. H. N. x. ὃ (10), &c. The account in Dion. De Avib. i. 6, ili. 5, and 

F 


66 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


IEPA= (continued). 


probably also in Martial, Ep. xiv. 216, refers to bird-catching with 
a captive hawk, as with the owl. See also for much curious informa- 
tion, ἹἹερακοσόφιον, 5. rei accipitrariae scriptores, ed. Paris, 1612, and 
Leipzig, 1866, also Schlegel’s Fauconnerie, &c. 


Metamorphosis with the Cuckoo.—Arist. H. A. vi. 7, 562b, Plut. 
Arat. cap. xxx, Tzetz. ad Lyc. 395; Geopon. xv. 1. Theophr. De Pl. ii. 
4,4. Vide 5. vv. ἔποψ, κόκκυξ. 


Myth and Legend.—Worship of Hawks in Egypt, Herod. 11. 65, 67 ; 
Ael. x. 14 Αἰγύπτιοι τὸν ἱέρακα ᾿Απόλλωνι τιμᾶν ἐοίκασι (cf. Il. xv. 237, Od. 
xv. 526 and Eust. in loc., Ar. Av. 516, Eq. 1052), καὶ τὸν μὲν θεὸν ‘Qpov 
καλοῦσι τῇ φωνῇ τῇ ohetépa... οἱ yap ἱέρακες ὀρνίθων μόνοι ταῖς ἀκτῖσι 
τοῦ ἡλίου ῥᾳδίως καὶ ἀβασανιστῶς ἀντιβλέποντες, k.T.d.: Cf. ib. xi. 39 and 
vii. 9, where the priests are called ἱερακοβοσκοί ; cf. also Plut. Is. et Os. 
li. Ρ. 371. Ael. xii. 4 ὁ μὲν mepdixoOnpas καὶ ὠκύπτερος ᾿Απόλλωνός ἐστι 
θεράπων φασί, φήνην δὲ καὶ ἅρπην ᾿Αθηνᾷ προσνέμουσιν, Ἕ ρμοῦ δὲ τὸν 
φασσοφόντην ἄθυρμα εἶναί φασιν, Ἥρας δὲ τὸν τανυσίπτερον, καὶ τὸν 
τριόρχην οὕτω καλούμενον ᾿Αρτέμιδος. μητρὶ δὲ θεῶν τὸν μέρμνον. See 
also Strabo, Geogr. xvii. 1. 47, Horap. i. 8, Pier. Valer. Hierogl. xxi, 
&c. τίνες δέ φασιν ἐν τοῖς ἀρχαίοις χρόνοις, ἱέρακα βιβλίον ἐνεγκεῖν εἰς 
Θήβας τοῖς ἱερεῦσι φοινικῷ ῥάμματι περιειλημμένον, ἔχον γεγραμμένας τὰς 
τῶν θεραπείας τε καὶ τιμάς" διόπερ καὶ τοὺς ἱερογραμματεῖς φορεῖν φοινικοῦν 
ῥάμμα καὶ πτερὸν ἱέρακος ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς, Diod. Sic. i. 87, 8. The 
Egyptian Sun-god Phra with a hawk’s head, ἱερακόμορφος, ἱερακοπρόσ- 
anos; Philo ap. Eus. P. Τὸ. 41 10. 116 D (i. 10, mi. 12), lorapaieo: 
In the Rig-Veda the sun is frequently compared to a hawk, hovering 
in the air. The hawk associated with fire-worship, Ael. x. 24. A three- 
legged hawk sometimes seen in Egypt, Ael. xi. 39. Moult before 
the inundation, ib. xii. 4; live seventy years, ib. x. 14; the leg-bone 
has an attraction for gold, ib.; throw earth on an unburied corpse, 
ib. 11. 42. Salve their eyes with θριδακίνη or wild lettuce, ib. ii. 43 
(also Dion. De Avib. i. 6); hence, as well as by reason of their sharp 
sight, the Hawk or Eagle in medicine constitute a remedy for diseases 
of the eye, Plin. xxix. (6) 38, &c.; as does the herb ἱεράκιον, Horap. i. 
6, Plin. xx. (7) 26, xxxiv. (11) 27: it is seldom possible to trace any 
meaning in the mystical herbs associated with particular animals, and 
it is therefore worth noting in this instance that θριδακίνη is the sacred 
herb of Adonis. Are supposed by some to be bastard eagles, Ael. ii. 
43; how a hawk caused the apprehension of a sacrilegious thief at 
Delphi, ib.; how the hawks in Egypt repair to certain Libyan islands 
to breed, having sent two messengers in front, ib. (cf. Plin. H. N. x. 8, 
Diod. Sic. i. 87); do not eat the heart, ib. ii. 42; hostile to the fox, the 
eagle, and the vulture, ib. Are exempt from thirst, Damasc. V. Isid. 
97 (cf. 5. v. ἀετός), but drink blood instead of water, Horap. i. 7. Their 


IEPA=— IKTEPOX 67 


IEPA= (continued). 


heart is eaten, to obtain prophetic powers, Porph. De Abst. ii. 48. A 
Hawk sitting on a tree a sign of rain, Theophr. Sign. fr. vi. 2, 17. 

The Fable of the Hawk and the Nightingale, Hes. Op. et D. 201, 
Aes. fab. 9. 

A metaphor of the Hawk and the Crows, Ar. Eq. 1052. 

The metamorphosis of Hierax, Boios ap. Anton. Lib. iii; cf. that of 
Deucalion, Ov. Met. xi. 340. 

The Hawk entered in Egypt into innumerable hieroglyphics, in 
which its image is, in the main, a phonetic element, the symbolic 
ideas being, for the most part, secondary (cf. supra, 5. v. βαιήθ). 
According to Horap. i. 8 "Apea γράφοντες καὶ ᾿Αφροδίτην, δύο ἱέρακας 


ζωγραφοῦσιν ; these are the symbols ἮΝ and » Horus and 


Hat-Hor, the latter being the οἶκος “Qpov of Plutarch. According to 
Chaeremon, fr. 8 Ψυχή-ἥλιος-θεός = ἱέραξ. On the sanctity of hawks in 
Egypt, and the solar symbolism associated with them there, see also 
(besides the references quoted above), Porph. De Abst. iii. 4; the Sun 
called igpa€, ibid. iv. 16, Plut. De Is. et Osir. c. 51, ἘΠῚ: P. E. iii. 10, 
Clem. Alex. Strom. v. 7. 

For other words and phrases in which the hieroglyph of the Hawk 
had part, see Horap. i. 6 θεὸν βουλύμενοι σημῇναι, ἢ ὕψος, ἢ ταπείνωσιν, 
ἢ ὑπεροχήν, ἢ αἷμα, ἢ νίκην, ἱέρακα ζωγραφοῦσι : id. ii. 15 ἱέραξ διατεταμένος 
τὰς πτέρυγας ἐν ἀέρι, οἵον πτέρυγας ἔχοντα ἄνεμον σημαῖναι: id. ii. 99 
ἄνθρωπον ἀποταξάμενον τὰ ἴδια τέκνα δι᾿ ἀπορίαν βουλόμενοι σημῇναι, ἱέρακα 
ἐγκύμονα ζωγραφοῦσιν : Diod. Sic. iii. 4. 2 ἱέραξ αὐτοῖς σημαίνει πάντα τὰ 
ὀξέως γενόμενα. Cf. Klaproth ad Goulianoff De Inv. Hierogl. Acrolog., 
cit. Leemans in Horap. p. 150, and especially Lauth, Sitzungsber. Bayer. 
Akad., 1876, pp. 77-79. 

See also αἰσάλων, ἄρακος, βαιηθ, βάρβαξ, βελλούνης, ἐλειός, ἐπιλεῖος, 
κίρκος, πέρκος, πτέρνις, σπιζίας, τριόρχης, ὑποτριόρχης, φασσοφόνος, 
φρυνολόγος, &c. 


ἼΖΙΝΕΣ᾽ οἰωνοί, ὄρνιθες, Hesych. Cf. ἀζεινοί, 


ἼΚΤΕΡΟΣ. A bird with fabulous attributes; according to Pliny, 
identical with galgulus, the Golden Oriole. 


Plin. xxx. 11 (28) Avis icterus vocatur a colore, quae si spectetur, 
sanari id malum [ἵκτερον, malum regium, the jaundice] tradunt, et 
avem mori. Hanc puto Latine vocari galgulum (ga/bula, Mart. 
xili. 68). Cf. Dion. De Avib. i. 27; Coel. Aurel. Chron. iii. 5 passio 
vocabulum sumpsit secundum Graecos ab animalis nomine, quod sit 
coloris fellei. Cf. Schneider, in Arist. H. A. ix.12; and Suid., who derives 
the word from ἰκτῖνος. Vide infra s.v. xapadptds. 

F 2 


68 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


ἸΚΤΙ͂ΝΟΣ, or ἴκτινος (Aristoph., cf. Suid.): also tris (Περγαῖοι, Hesych.). 
In plur. ἴκτινες (Ael. i. 35, 11. 47) or ixrives (Paus.). For other 
grammatical forms, see L. ἃ Sc., &c. Derivation unknown; 
sometimes said to be connected with Sk. ¢yéna. 


A Kite: including the Common Kite, AZlvus regalrs, Briss., J. 
tctinus, Sav., and the Black Kite, AZ. afer, Gm. The Black 
Kite is still called ἰκτῖνος in the Cyclades, where it is the com- 
moner species of the two (Erh.). The Common Kite is also 
called τσίφτης in Attica (Heldreich). 


In minor references frequent, usually as a robber, e.g. Theogn. 1261, 
1302; Soph. Fr. 890 ἴκτινος ws ἔκλαγξε παρασύρας κρέας ; Plat. Phaed. 82; 
Men. 4, 329 (493); Plat. Com. 2, 695 (69): Aristoph. fr. 2, 1192 (71), 
Ar. fr. 525, Etym. M. p. 470. 34 ἴκτινα παντόφθαλμον ἅρπαγα : Simon. 
Iambl. 11, Automed. viii, in Gk. Anth. ii. 192 οὗτος ἔχει yap ἅρπαγος 
ἰκτίνου χεῖρα κραταιοτέρην. 


Description.—Arist. De Part. 670, 34 μικρὸς ὁ σπλήν" τὴν χολὴν ἔχει 
πρὸς τῷ ἥπατι καὶ πρὸς τῇ κοιλίᾳ : H. A. vi. 6, 563 δύο @a* ἐνίοτε δὲ καὶ 
τρία" ἐπωάζει περὶ εἴκοσιν ἡμέρας : ib. vill. 3, 592 μέγεθος ὅσον τριόρχης: 
ib. 594 ὀλιγάκις πίνει, ὦπται δὲ πίνων. Very destructive to poultry ; οὐδὲν 
ἄν τις ἀναιδέστερον εἴποι; Dion. De Avib. i. 7; cf. Theogn. 1302 ἰκτίνου 
σχέτλιον ἦθος. 

A migratory bird: it arrives before the swallow, at the spring 
shearing-time, Ar. Av. 714; in Egypt it does not migrate, Herod. ii. 
22; it sometimes hibernates, Arist. H. A. vill. 16, 600 οἱ μὲν πλησίον 
ὄντες τοιούτων τύπων, ἐν οἷς ἀεὶ διαμένουσι, καὶ ἰκτῖνοι Kal χελιδόνες, ἀπο- 
χωροῦσιν evraia, οἱ δὲ πορρωτέρω ὄντες οὐκ ἐκτοπίζουσιν ἀλλὰ κρύπτουσιν 
ἑαυτούς" ἤδη γὰρ ὠμμέναι πολλαὶ χελιδόνες εἰσὶν ἐν ἀγγείοις ἐψιλωμέναι 
πάμπαν, καὶ ἰκτῖνοι ἐκ τοιούτων ἐκπετόμενοι χωρίων, ὅταν φαίνωνται τὸ πρῶτον. 
The common Kite is merely a bird of passage in Greece, a very few 
remaining to winter there (Kriiper) ; the Black Kite is a rare visitor to 
the mainland of Greece. Both species are common, and breed, in 
Macedonia (Kriiper, Elwes, &c.). 

The statement Ἰκτῖνος φαίνεται appears in various Calendars, e.g. 
Geminus, Isag. in Arat. Phaen. c. xvi, who dates its advent, according 
to Eudoxus thirteen days, to Euctemon eight, and to Callippus one day, 
before the vernal equinox. According to Grotius, Arat. Phaen. notae 
ad imagg. p. 55, Milvus,in Latin, refers to the constellation Cygnus; cf. 
Ov. F. iii. 793 Stella Lycaoniam vergit declivis ad Arcton Milvus. 
Haec illa nocte [xvi. Kal. April.] videnda venit ; see also Plin. xviii. 6; 
but according to Ideler, Sternnamen, p. 77, the dates given do not 
tally with this hypothesis, the heliacal rising of Cygnus being three 
months earlier ; and he prefers to assume that the statements in the 
older Calendars referred to the bird of passage, and were mistakenly 


IKTINOJ—IAIAZ 69 


IKTINOZ (continued). 
attributed to a constellation by Ovid and Pliny. I am for myself 
inclined to think that Ovid did allude to the constellation, but that he 
did not mean (nor say) that on the date in question it rose w7th the 
sum; as a matter of fact it then rose at midnight, and was on the 
meridian when it disappeared at sunrise. Ἰκτῖνος is also the name of 
one of the mystical λύκοι or ἄκμονες (q. ν.) in Opp. Cyneg. iil. 331. 

Myth and Legend.—Hostile to κόραξ, Arist. H. A. ix. 1, 609, Ael. 
iv. 5, Phile, De An. 688, Cic. De Nat. Deor. ii. 49; friendly to πίφιγξ 
and ἅρπη, Arist. l.c., Ael. v. 48. Use Optos as a remedy, Phile 725 ; 
place ῥάμνον in the nest as a charm, Ael.i.55; how astick from a Kite’s 
nest is a remedy for headache, Plin. xxix. (6) 36, xxx. (4) 12; detest the 
pomegranate, ῥοία, so that they never even alight on that tree, and 
why, Dion. De Avib. i. 7. Suffer at certain seasons from sore feet, 
Dion. l.c., namely, at the time of the Solstice, Plin. x. (10) 12; and 
from sore eyes, Suid. 5. v. ikrepos. See also Albert. M. De Animal. xxiii. 
24, p. 641. Cf. supra, 5. ν. ἱέραξ. How the Kites in Elis rob men 
in the market-place (cf. Ar. Av. 1624), but never molest the ἱερόθυτοι, 
Ael. ii. 47, Arist. De Mirab. 123, 842a, Theopomp. ap. Apollon. Hist. 
Mirab. x, Pausan. v. 14, Plin. l.c.; on the Kite as dangerous to 
sacrifices, cf. Ar. Pax 1099, Av. 892; cf. τῷ ἰκτίνῳ τῷ ἑστιούχῳ, Ar. 
Av. 865. How the Kite was once a King, Ar. Av. 499. The story 
in Plin. l.c., milvos artem gubernandi docuisse caudae flexibus, does 
not seem to occur in Greek. In Latin, Milvus is proverbial for its 
powers of flight and of vision; cf. Pers. Sat. iv. 26, Juv. ix. 25, Martial 
ix. Ep. 55- 

Fable of ἰκτῖνος that lost its voice trying to neigh, Aes. Fab. ed. Halm, 
170, Babr. 73; Suid.; cf. Julian in Misopogone, p. 366 (cit. Schneider in 
Arist. H.A. vi. 6) τὸν ἴκτινα ἐπιθέσθαι τῷ χρεμετίζειν, ὥσπερ οἱ γενναῖοι τῶν 
ἵππων, εἶτα τοῦ μὲν ἐπιλαθόμενον, τὸ δὲ μὴ δυνηθέντα ἑλεῖν ἱκανῶς, ἀμφοῖν στέ- 

᾿ ρεσθαι καὶ φαυλότερον τῶν ἄλλων ὀρνίθων εἶναι τὴν φωνήν : Cf. ἄνθος. Fable 
of λάρος καὶ ἰκτῖνος, Aes. 239. Proverb, προκυλινδεῖσθαι ἰκτίνοις, Ar. Av. 
501; cf. Suid. ἔαρος yap ἀρχομένου ἴκτινος φαίνεται. οἱ πένητες οὖν 
ἀπαλλαγέντες χειμῶνος προεκυλινδοῦντο καὶ προσεκύνουν αὐτούς. 


See also ἅρπη, βατυρρηγάλη, Sixtus, ἔλανος. 


ἼΛΙΑΣ. Also ἰλλάς, Athen. ii. 65 ἃ, Eust. 947, 8. In some MSS. 
of Athen. also rvAds. Perhaps akin to ἴχλα, i.e. κίχλα. 


A kind of Thrush : for references, see κίχλη. 

Gesner, Belon, and others identify ἰλιάς as the Redwing, Zurdus 
zliacus, L., on account ofits small size (Arist. H. A. ix. 20,617). Sundevall 
points out that the expression ἥττον ποικιλή (1.c.) is inapplicable. In 
Athen. ii. 65a (c. 68) these words are omitted from a corresponding 
passage; and the account of the nesting habits of κίχλη (H. A. vi. I) 


7° A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


IAIAX (continued). 


are transferred to ἰλλάς. Both the Redwing and the Fieldfare are 
now winter-migrants in Greece, and not very common (Kriiper, Linder- 
mayer, &c.). The word was probably an old or dialectic form, meaning 
simply ¢hrush, to which it was sought to apply a specific meaning 
in Aristotle. 


ἽΜΑΝΤΟ ΠΟΥΣ. A wading-bird; the name is now allotted to the 

Stilt. 

Dion. De Avib. ii. 9 αἱ δ᾽ ἱμαντόποδες λεπτοῖς μὲν σκέλεσι χρῶνται, καὶ 
ἔχουσι τὴν προσηγορίαν ἐκ τούτου. καινὸν δ᾽ ἐπ᾿ αὐτῶν ἐστιν, ὅτι τὴν κάτωθεν 
γένυν ἔχοντες πεπηγυῖαν, μόνον κινοῦσι τὴν ἄνωθεν. Cf. Plin. x. 47 (64). 

ἼΝΔΙΚΟΣ ὌΡΝΙΣ. Zhe “λοοηῖχ (4. ν.), Aristid. ii. p. 107; cf. Creuzer, 

Symbolik, ii. p. 167. 


ἬΝΥΞ' ὄρνεόν τι, ᾧ χρῶνται ai φαρμακίδες, Hesych. Vide s. v. tuyé. 


ἸΞΟΒΟΡΟΣ, or ἰξοφάγος, Athen. 65a (ios = vzscum, mistletoe, cf. 
Ital. vescada, the J/7ssel-thrush). 


The Missel-thrush, Zurdus viscivorus, L. Mod. Gr. κιριαρίνα (vy. ἃ. 
Miihle), δενδροτσίχλα on Parnassus, κυρὰ Εἰρήνη in Eurytania, 
βουνοτσίχλα in Laconia (Heldreich). The only one of the true 
thrushes resident in Greece throughout the year (Kriiper). 


Arist. H. A. ix. 20,617. Vide 5. ν. κίχλη. 
“IMMAAEKTPYQ’N’ τὸν μέγαν ἀλεκτρυόνα, ἢ τὸν γραφόμενον ἐν τοῖς Περσικοῖς 


περιστρώμασι. γράφονται δὲ οἷον γρύπες. ἔνιοι γύπα, Hesych. 
Cf. Ar. Ran. 932 (959), Pax 1177, Av. 800 τὸν ξουθὸν ἱππαλεκτρυόνα : 
cf. Aesch. Myrm. fr. 130, &c., &c. 


JVote.—The epithet ξουθός is applied to various creatures, e.g. ἀηδών, 
ἀλκυών, χελιδών, μέλισσα, τέττιξ, all of which agree in being closely linked 
with religious symbolism. The meaning of the adjective is quite un- 
known. With the various conjectures of modern commentators cf. 
Photius : ξουθόν" λεπτόν, ἁπαλόν, ἐλαφρόν, χλωρόν, ὑγρόν, ξανθόν, καλόν, 
πυκνόν, ὀξύ, ταχύ. οἱ δὲ ποικιλόν, εὐειδές, διαυγές. 


ἹἽἹΠΠΑῬΙΟΝ' ὄρνεον ποιόν, παραπλήσιον χηναλώπεκι, Hesych. 
ἼΠΠΗ, (s. ἵππα, s. ἵπτα, s. ἵττα). ὁ δρυοκόλαψ, ἐθνικῶς, Hesych. The 
root is supposed to be ἐπ, Lat. ze-o (Vanitéek 82), cf. πος ; and 


the word is taken to be identical with πίπω (q.v.); but the irra 
suggests identity with σίττη. 


Doubtless identical also with ἴπνη, Boios ap. Anton. Lib. 21 καὶ 
ἔστιν ἀγαθὸς οὗτος ὁ ὄρνις ἐπὶ θήραν ἴοντι. 


IMAZ—IYT= 71 


ἽΠΠΟΓΚΑΜΠΤΟΣ' στρουθίον τι, Hesych. (verb. dub.). 
ἼΣΚΛΑ, v. ἴχλα. 

ἽΣΤΡΑΞ᾽ ὄρνις ποιός, Hesych. Perhaps for τέτραξ (4 
ἼΤΥΞ. ὄρνεον, Suid., Phot., Lex. Seg. Cf. ἴυγξ. 


ἬΥΓΞ. Perhaps from the hissing cry, cf. ἰυγή, a snake’s hiss, Nic. 
Th. 400; but more probably a word of foreign and unknown 
origin. 

The Wryneck, Vunx forguilla, L. Mod. Gk. σφενδόλι, μυρμηκολόγος 
(Heldreich). See also ἴνυξ, ἴτυξ, κιναίδιον, σεισοπυγίς. 


Arist. H. A. ii. 12, 504 ἃ (a full and accurate description) ὀλίγοι δέ τινες 
δύο μὲν [δακτύλους] ἔμπροσθεν δύο δ᾽ ὄπισθεν, οἷον ἣ καλουμένη ἴυγξ [cf. De 
Part. iv. 12, 695]. αὕτη δ᾽ ἐστὶ μικρῷ μὲν μείζων σπίζης, τὸ δ᾽ εἶδος ποικίλον, 
ἰδίᾳ δ᾽ ἔχει τά τε περὶ [τοὺς δακτύλους καὶ] τὴν γλῶτταν ὁμοίαν τοῖς ὄφεσιν᾽ 
ἔχει γὰρ ἐπὶ μῆκος ἔκτασιν καὶ ἐπὶ τέτταρας δακτύλους, καὶ πάλιν συστέλλεται 
εἰς ἑαυτήν. ἔτι δὲ περιστρέφει τὸν τράχηλον εἰς τοὐπίσω τοῦ λοιποῦ σώματος 
ἠρεμοῦντος, καθάπερ οἱ ὄφεις. ὄνυχας δ᾽ ἔχει μεγάλους μὲν ὁμοίους μέντοι 
πεφυκότας τοῖς τῶν κολοιῶν τῇ δὲ φωνῇ τρίζει (cf. Plin. xi. (47) 107). 
Ael. H. A. ix. 13 ἴυγγας, ἐρωτικὰς ἄνθρωποί φασιν εἶναί tives: cf. ibid. xv. 
19. Mentioned among mimetic birds, Ael. H. A. vi. 19 ὑποκρίνεται τὸν 
πλάγιον ἡ ἴυγξ αὐλόν. 

Superstition, interwoven with a phallic symbolism (cf. Dion. De 
Avib. i. 23), used the ἴυγξ as a charm to bring back a strayed lover. 
Pind. P. iv. 214 (in connexion with Jason and Medea) πότνια δ᾽ ὀξυτάτων 
βελέων ποικίλαν ἴυγγα τετράκναμον Οὐλυμπόθεν ἐν ἀλύτῳ ζεύξαισα κύκλῳ 
μαινάδ᾽ ὄρνιν Κυπρογένεια φέρεν πρῶτον ἀνθρώποισι. Theocr. Id. ii” Ivyé 
ἕλκε τὸ τῆνον ἐμὸν ποτὶ δῶμα τὸν ἄνδρα. Gk, Anth. (Jac. iv. 140, Anth. 
Pal. v. 205) ΙΤυγξ ἡ Nixots ἡ καὶ διαπόντιον ἕλκειν | ἄνδρα καὶ ἐκ θαλάμων 
παῖδας ἐπισταμένη. Cf. Soph. Oenom. iii. 1 ἴυγγα θηρητηρίαν ἔρωτος. The 
bird was bound upon a wheel and spun round, cf. Theocr. ii. 30; 
Schol. Pindar, l.c. ap. Suid. ed. Gaisford λαμβάνουσαι yap αὐτὸ 
δεσμεύουσιν ἐκ τροχοῦ Twos, ὃν περιρρομβοῦσιν ἅμα ἐπάδουσαι. οἱ δέ φασιν 
ὅτι τὰ ἔντερα αὐτοῦ ἐξελκύσασαι καθάπτουσι τῷ τροχῷ Cf. Hesych., 
Suidas, Tzetzes in Lycophr. 310, Ael. H.A. ix. 13, &c. In Pind. P. iv. 
214 ἴυγγα τετράκναμον is supposed to be the bird thus bound, and 
cross-fixed or spread-eagled ; cf. Pind. P. il. 40 rerpaxvapov δεσμόν. See 
also King, Ant. Gems, i. 381. 

In Xen. Mem, iii. 12, 17 ἕλκειν tvyya ἐπί τινι is to work the bird 
against some one (Schn.), and perhaps the word is here used for the 
wheel itself or for a charm in a more general sense; cf. Aristaenet. 
ii. 18 τὸν φιλτροποιὸν ἱκέτευε πάλιν κατ᾽ ἐκείνης ἀνακινῆσαι Tas ἴυγγας : cf. 
also Pind. Nem. iv. 35 ἴυγγι δ᾽ ἕλκομαι ἦτορ νεομηνίᾳ θιγέμεν : Luc. Dom. 
13 ὥσπερ ἀπὸ ἴυγγος τῷ κάλλει ἑλκόμενος: Ar. Lys. 1110, Diog. L. vi. 2,76; 


72 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


IYT= (continued). 


Ael. xv. 19, Opp. Hal. iv. 132 ; still more loosely used in Ael. ii. 9, v. 40, 
xii. 46, xiv. 15, &c. Compare also Virgil’s translation of Theocritus, 
Ducite ab urbe domum mea carmina, ducite Daphnin. The magic 
wheel was properly called ῥόμβος, Theocr. ii. 30, Orphic. fr. xvii 
(Hermann) ap. Clem. Alex. Strom. p. 15. 8, Luc. D. Meretr. iv. 5, &c.; 
στρόφαλος, Schol. ad Synes. 361 D, Psell. in Schol. ad Orac. Chald., 
τροχίσκος, Tzetz. Chil. xi. 380 (trochiscilus, Apul. De Mag. xxx), cf. Clem. 
Alex. Strom. v. 8, or pixds, Suid., and in Lat. rhombus, Mart. 1x. 30, 
Propert. 111. 6, 26, vo¢a, Plaut. Cistell. ii. 1. 4, or Ζεζόο, Hor. Epod. xvii. 7. 
It was probably similar to, though not identical with, the ῥόπτρον, or 
tambourine of the Corybantes, and the bird was, like that instrument, 
associated with the worship of Rhea, Dion. De Avib. i. 23. According 
to Marcellus in Nonn. Dionys. ix. 116, the ῥόμβος was (and under the 
same name still is, in Italy) an instrument twirled round at the end of 
a thong, which means to say, I suppose, that it was a ‘ bull-roarer’; if 
this be so, the ἴυγξ τετράκναμος was not rotated round on its own axis, 
but spun at the end of a string, as we spin cockchafers. Concerning 
the magic wheel, see also Selden, De Diis Syr. i. 1, 33. 


The bird is represented on a vase in connexion with Dionysus, Brit. 
Mus. Vase Cat. No. 1293; and the Pindaric epithet ποικίλη has been 
interpreted as a link in its Dionysiac character (cf. R. Brown, jun., 
Dionys. Myth, i. 339). In this connexion the name ’Ivyyui for Dionysus 
(Hesych.), is very interesting. Another vase (No. 1356) represents 
Adonis holding out the bird to Aphrodite. 


ἴυγξ was also used metaphorically for Zove or desire, cf. Aesch. Pers. 
989, Lyc. 310 and Schol. Heliodor. iv. 15, &c. 


The wy in Anth. Pal. v. 205 was engraved on an amethyst, χρύσῳ 
ποικιλθεῖσα, διαυγέος ἐξ ἀμεθύστου | γλυπτή : it is represented on a gem, 
associated with Jason and the Golden Fleece (Imh.-Bl. and K. pl. xxi. 
21, p. 131) probably in illustration of Pind. Pyth. iv. 


According to Nicander, ap. Anton. Lib. Met. 9, one of the nine 
Emathidae, daughters of Pierus, was metamorphosed into the bird 
twyé. 


The wy was equally sacred among the ancient Persians and Baby- 
lonians, Marini Proclus, xxviii, cf. Hopf, Thierorakel, p. 144. See also 
the remarkable description of the Royal Judgement-seat at Babylon, 
Philostr. V. Apollon. i. 25, where however the precise meaning of ivyé is 
not clear: δικάζει μὲν δὴ ὁ βασιλεὺς ἐνταῦθα" χρυσαὶ δὲ ἴυγγες ἀποκρέμανται 
τοῦ ὀρόφου τέτταρες, τὴν ᾿Αδραστείαν αὐτῷ παρεγγυῶσαι, καὶ τὸ μὴ ὑπὲρ τοὺς 
ἀνθρώπους αἴρεσθαι" ταύτας οἱ μάγοι αὐτοί φασιν ἁρμόττεσθαι, φοιτῶντες ἐς 
τὰ βασίλεια" καλοῦσι δὲ αὐτὰς θεῶν γλώσσας ; cf. Creuzer, Symb. ii. 221. 
See also Pseudo-Zoroaster, fr. 54, ed. Cory. 


lYT=S=—-KAAANAPOZ 73 


ΙΥΓΞ (continued). 

Bury (J. of Hellen. St. vii. pp. 157-160) supposes, chiefly from 
Theocritus Id. ii, and Pindar Nem. iv, that the ἴυγξ was originally a 
moon-charm or invocation to the Moon-Goddess Ἰώ, a theory supported 
by Mart. ix. 30, where riomdus is in like manner a moon-charm, as 
also by such parallel passages as Virg. Ecl. viii. 69, and Tibull. i. 8. 21. 
The wy& was undoubtedly thus used in lunar rites, but the bird does 
not cry "Iw, Ἰώ, and the suggested derivation of its name and sanctity 
from such a cry cannot hold. It is interesting, however, to find that 
Io and ivy do come into relation with one another, the witch who by 
her spells had made Zeus enamoured of Io, being transformed by Juno 
into the bird ἴυγξ, Niceph. in Schol. ad Synesium, p. 360, Creuzer, Symb. 
111. 249 ; see also Schol. Pind. l.c. It is thus quite possible that Ἰώ and 
ἴυγξ are after all cognate, though the bird’s cry had nothing to do with 
their etymology. 

ivyé and ἴβις come into relation with one another, as both connected 
with moon-worship ; and the dialectic form of the latter, (8vé (Hesych., 
? tFué) suggests perhaps an ancient confusion between the two names. 


"IXAA. A form of κίχλα, Hesych. Cf. Lob. Path. p. 107. Also 
toda, ἰχάλη, Hesych.: cf. Mod. Gk. τσίχλα. 


*IXNEY'MON. An unknown or fabulous small bird; mentioned by 
Nicander ap. Anton. Lib. c. 14. 


ἼΩΝΑΣ Σ᾽ περιστερά, Hesych. Vide s. v. otvds. 


ἼΩΝΙΣ. An unknown bird; mentioned among the ὄρνιθας ποταμίους 
ἅμα καὶ λιμναίους, Aristoph. Hist. Anim. Epit. 1, 24 (Supplem. 
Aristot. i. 1. p. 5, Berolini, 1885). 


KAKKA’BH, s. kaxkaBis. κακκάβα, Hesych. (Cf. Sk. Aukkubha.) A name 
for the Partridge. 

Athen. ix. 390a καλοῦνται δ᾽ οἱ πέρδικες tm ἐνίων κακκάβαι, ὡς καὶ ὑπ᾽ 
᾿Αλκμᾶνος" ἔπη τάδε καὶ μέλος ᾿Αλκμάν | εὗρε, γεγλωσσαμένον | κακκαβίδων 
στόμα [ὄνομα, Casaub.] συνθέμενος (Alcman, fr.25 Bergk). Hence κακκα- 
Bigew, Arist. H. A. iv. 9, 536b; Athen. 1.c.; cf. Anthol. Lat. 733 (ed. 
Riese) Interea perdix cacabat nidumque revisit. Cf. Stat. Sylv. ii. 4. 20 
quaeque refert iungens iterata vocabula perdix. Vide s. v. πέρϑιξ, 


KAAAMOAY’TH. An unknown bird. 
Ael. vi. 46 κέδρου τὸν καλαμοδύτην ἀπόλλυσι φύλλα. Cf. Phile, 664. 


KA’AANAPOX. The Calandra Lark, Alauda Calandra, L., Melan- 
corypha calandra, auctt. The Chelaundre or Calendre of 
Chaucer, who distinguishes it from the lark or /averokke, Rom. of 
the Rose, 662, cf. v. 655. Skeat (in loc.) derives the word, 


74 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


KAAANAPOS (continued). 


through O. F. calandre, caladre, from L. caradrius, Gk. χαραδριός 

(cf. Babr. Ixxxii; and vide infra 5. v. χαραδριός). Said by others 

to be connected with L.caleendrum, a tufted head-dress, a top-knot. 

Dion. De Avib. iii. 15 κάλανδρον δὲ οὐκ ἄν τις ἕλοι ῥᾳδίως, εἰ μὴ πλησίον 
ὕδατος θείη τὸ λίνον" ὁ μὲν γὰρ τοῦ ποτοῦ χρήζων προσίπταται, ὁ δὲ ἀγρευτὴς 
τέως ἐν καλύβῃ λανθάνων καὶ ἐπιτείνων τὸ δίκτυον, πίνοντα καλύψει τὸν κάλαν- 
dpov. The same device is still used for the capture of small birds in 
Italy; cf. Frederick II, De Venat. p. 32; J. G. Schneider, Anm. z.d. 
Ecl. Phys. p. 41; see also Bechstein’s ‘ Cage Birds,’ &c. 


KA’AAPIZ, (In MS. Da κόλαρις). An unknown bird. 


Arist. H. A. ix. 1, 609 τὸν δὲ κάλαριν ὁ αἰγωλιὸς καὶ of ἄλλοι γαμψώ- 
νυχες κατεσθίουσιν" ὅθεν ὁ πόλεμος αὐτοῖς. Gesner suggested κολλυρίωνα, 
Billerbeck κίλλυρον 5. κίλλουρον : cf. J.G. Schneider 27: doc. The whole 
chapter is replete with difficulties, and, in my opinion, with signs of 
foreign influence or even of spurious origin. 


KA’AAPOX: ἀσκάλαφος, Hesych. 
ΚΑΛΙΔΡΙΣ. Vide 5.ν. σκαλίδρις. 
KA’AAQN. A name for the Cock. 


Κάλλαια, τὰ ὑπὸ τὰ γένεια τῶν ἀλεκτρυόνων, ods κάλλωνας οἱ ᾿Αττικοὶ 
λέγουσιν, Moeris. Cf. χειλῶνες. 


KAAOTY NOX: ὁ δρυοκολάπτης, Hesych. Cf. ξυλοκόπος. 
KA’PYAOX, KAPY’AAAOZ, Hesych. Vide s. v. κόρυδος. 
KA’P®YPOI* οἱ νεοσσοί, Hesych. 


KAZANAH’PION: ἰκτῖνος, Hesych. A very doubtful word; an emended 
reading is kacuv* θηρίον (Schmidt). 


ΚΑΣΠΙΟΣ ὌΡΝΙΣ. A remarkable bird, of three varieties, of which 
one croaks like a frog, one bleats like a goat, and the third barks 
like a dog. Full description in Ael. xvii. 33, 38. It is not 
identified by Gesner. 


KATAPPAKTHE, s. καταράκτης (Arist., Codd. Med. Vatic., &c.). An 
unknown bird; the references to which are so discordant as to 
suggest that the meaning was early lost, if indeed the name was 
ever applied to an actual species. It is the ‘Cormorant,’ pe, 
of the LXX. ᾿ 


Mentioned in Ar. Av. 886. In Soph. frr. 344, 641, applied to the 
Eagle and to the Harpies (cf. Hesych.), as καταρρακτήρ is to κίρκος, Lyc. 


KAAANAPOE —KATPEYZ 75 


KATAPPAKTH® (continued). 


169. In Aristotle, said to be a sea-bird, but not web-footed: mentioned 
as ὄρνις ποτάμιος, Aristoph. H. A. Epit. i. 24, and θαλάσσιος, ib. i. 23. 


Arist. H. A. ii. 17, 509 τὸν στόμαχον ἔχει εὐρὺν καὶ πλατὺν ὅλον. Ib. ix. 
12, 615 ὄρνις σχιζόπους" Cy μὲν περὶ θάλατταν, ὅταν δὲ Kaby αὑτὸν εἰς τὸ 
βαθύ, μένει χρόνον οὐκ ἐλάττονα ἢ ὅσον πλέθρον διέλθοι Tis’ ἔστι δ᾽ ἔλαττον 
ἱέρακος. From this account and from its mention in ii. 17, between 
τὰ σχιζόποδα (ὠτίς) and τὰ στεγανόποδα (λάρος), Aubert and Wimmer 
identify καταρράκτης with Podiceps auritus, the Eared Grebe, Mod. Gk. 
καραπαταΐκιον (Erh. p. 48); Sundevall, on the other hand, with the Little 
Cormorant, Phalacrocorax or Graculus pygmaeus (vide κολοιός, B). 
Neither of these birds, however, suggests by its habits the name 
καταρράκτης : and neither is white in colour, so that they at least conflict 
with the following excerpt from Dion. De Avib. 11. 2 ὡς οἱ τῶν λάρων ἐλάσ- 
coves, ἰσχυρὸς δὲ καὶ τὴν χρόαν λευκός, καὶ τοῖς Tas φάσσας ἀναιροῦσιν ἱέραξι 
προσόμοιος.. .. εἰς τὸν πόντον οἷα πίπτων οἴσεται... τοῖς σκοπέλοις καὶ τοῖς 
αἰγιαλοῖς ἐφιζάνει. Further, a fabulous account of the breeding-habits. 
According to the same author (111. 22) σανίσιν εἰκόνας ἐπιγράψαντες ἰχθύων 
θηρῶσι τοὺς καταρράκτας" σὺν ὁρμῇ yap ὡς ἐπί τινα καταπτάντες ἰχθὺν 
περιρρήγνυνται ταῖς σανίσι καὶ διαφθείρονται. These accounts are usually 
applied to the Gannet or Solan Goose, Suda éassana (cf. Oedmann, Act. 
Acad. Stockh., vii. 1786, Schneid. in Arist. vol. ii. p. 88); but the size 
is incompatible with such an identification, and the bird is not a native 
of Greece. The account in Plin. x. (44) 51 is wholly fabulous, and 
includes the story of the Birds of Diomede, οἱ καταράσσουσιν eis τὰς 
τῶν βαρβάρων κεφαλάς, Arist. De Mirab. 79, 836a; cf. Ael. i. 1, and 
vide 5. v. ἐρωδιός. 

Gesner, who is followed in modern ornithological nomenclature and 
by the lexicographers, identified καταρράκτης with the Skua, Les¢ris 
catarrhactes, L., a bird which does not occur in the Mediterranean. 


KATPEY’z. An unknown or mystical bird. 


Cleitarch. fr. 18, ap. Ael. xvii. 23 μέγεθος πρὸς τὸν tawy* τὰ δὲ ἄκρα 
τῶν πτέρων ἔοικε σμαράγδῳ καὶ ὁρῶν μὲν ἄλλως, οὐκ οἶδας οἵους ὀφθαλ- 
μοὺς ἔχει᾽ εἰ δὲ εἰς σὲ ἀπίδοι, ἐρεῖς κιννάβαριν τὸ ὄμμα, κιτιλ. Cf. Strabo, 
xv. 1.69. Nonn. Dion. xxvi. 206 κατρεὺς δ᾽ ἐσσομένοιο προθεσπίζει χύσιν 
ὄμβρου | ξανθοφυὴς λιγύφωνος" ἀπὸ βλεφάρων δὲ ot αἴγλη | πέμπεται, dp- 
θρινῆσι βολαῖς ἀντίρροπος ἠοῦς. | πολλάκι δ᾽ ἠνεμύεντος ὑπὲρ δένδροιο 
λιγαίνων, | σύνθρονος ὡρίωνος ἀνέπλεκε γείτονα μολπὴν | φοινικέαις πτερύ- 
γεσσι κεκασμένος" ἢ τάχα φαίης, | μελπομένου κατρῆος ἑώϊον ὕμνον ἀκούων, | 
ὄρθριον αἰολόδειρον ἀηδόνα κῶμον ὑφαίνειν. 

The description of the plumage in Aelian has suggested to some 
commentators the Mandal or Impeyan Pheasant, Lophofus tmpeyanus 
(cf. Val. Ball, Ind. Antiq., xiv. 305, 1885), which bird is very possibly 


76 


A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


KATPEY® (continued). 


meant by the partridge larger than a vulture, Strabo, xv. 1, 73, and by 
the ἀλεκτρυόνες μέγισται of ΑΕ]. xvi. 2: but the identification of κατρεύς 
with that bird is precluded by the comparison of its voice with the 
Nightingale’s, a statement which suggests comparison with Sk. £a¢dra, 
melodious. The various accounts are all fabulous or mystical, and 
the bird is always coupled with the equally mystical @ptwv. The ἀγρεύς 
of Ael. viii. 24, though described as τὸ γένος κοσσύφων φρήτωρ καὶ 
συγγενής, is probably akin. 


KAY’A= (=xdfag), s. καύηξ. Apparently a Doric form of «qi§: also 


καύης, Hippon. 5. Root unknown: a comparison with such 
words as Lith. sovas, Dutch kauuw, Eng. chough, is tempting, 
but unwarranted: cf. Fick, ii. 63. A diving sea-bird. kava: 
Adpos, Hesych. 

Antim. fr. 2 (57), ap. Schol. in Apoll. Rhod. i. 1008 nure τις Kavn€ 


δύπτησιν ἐς ἁλμυρὸν ὕδωρ. Cf. Lyc. 425 ”ANevros οὐκ ἄπωθε καύηκας ποτῶν: 


Euphor. 87; Leon. Tar. 74; Anth. P. vii. 652. Vide 5. vv. κηῦξ, κήξ. 


KAYKAAI‘AX, s. καυκίαλος, s. καυκιάλης. ὄρνις ποιός, Hesych. 


KE’APOX: ὄρτυξ, Hesych. A very doubtful word. 


KEBAHNYPIZ. In Ar. Av. 303 usually translated Redpoll (from κεβλή 


= κεφαλή), which bird, Fringilla hnaria, L., only occurs in 
Greece rarely, during severe winters. The meaning is unknown. 


KErXPHI’S (Arist. H. A. ii. 17, Ael. ii. 43), κεγχρίς (Arist., Ael. xiii. 25), 


κερχνηίς Or κερχνής (Aristoph., Ael. xii. 3, Eubul. fr. ap. Athen. ii. 
65 e, Photius), κέγχρη (Aristoph. H. A. Epit. i. 22, 1. 28), κέρχνη, 
Hesych. Cf. also képkag, κέρκνος. 


A Kestrel-Hawk. Mod. Gk. ἱεράκι, κιρκινέζι ἀνεμογάμος (Heldr.). 


The Common Kestrel, Falco tinnunculus, L., is a permanent 
resident in Greece, and not rare; but the Lesser Kestrel, 2. cen- 
chris, Naum. or /. tnnunculoides, Natt., a summer migrant, is 
in its season the commonest of Greek hawks; cf. G. St. Hilaire 
u. Wimm., Arist. De Gen., Introd. p. 28; Kriiper, op. cit., p. 161 ; 
and Lindermayer, p. 14, who says ‘Ich habe im Jahre 1848 von 
5-7 Uhr Morgens an dem Thore der Akropolis 14 Stiicke erlegt, 
ohne mich von der Stelle zu bewegen, 

Derivation unknown. L. and S. compare κέγχρος, κεγχρηίς with 
Lat. mal-tum, mil-uus ; but derive the name from κέρχνος, ‘ hoarse’: 
cf. Fr. cresserelle, O. F. quercerelle. Scalig. in Arist. p. 251 


KATPEY2—KEAEOX ἢ 


ΚΕΓΧΡΗΙΣ (continued). 
Quercerellam vocant Franci, non corrupta voce, quasi Cenchrel- 
lellam, ut ait Ruellius, sed quasi Querquerellam ; nam Quer- 
querum, lamentabile, dixerunt veteres; semper enim stridet et 
queri videtur. The derivation from κέγχρος is also old, cf. Camus 
ii. p. 257 ‘parce qu'elle a le plumage couvert de petites taches 
comme de petites graines.’ 


Arist. H. A. 11. 17, 509 τῆς κοιλίας αὐτῆς τι ἔχει ὅμοιον mpoddBo. (Cf. 
Gesner, p. 284 Dieses Vogels Magen ist dem Kropf gleich und gar 
nicht fleischigt). Ib. vi. 1, 558b πλεῖστα τίκτει τῶν γαμψωνύχων. ὦπται 
μὲν οὖν καὶ τέτταρα ἤδη, τίκτει δὲ καὶ πλείω. Ib. vi. 2, 559 φὰ ἐρυθρά ἐστιν 
ὥσπερ μίλτος. Aristoph. H. A. Epit. 1. 28 μόνη τίκτει @a φοινικᾶ. De 
Gen. ili. 750 μάλιστα δὲ ἡ κεγχρὶς πολύγονον᾽ μόνον γὰρ σχεδὸν τοῦτο καὶ 
πίνει τῶν γαμψωνύχων, ἡ δ᾽ ὑγρότης καὶ ἡ σύμφυτος καὶ ἡ ἐπακτὸς σπερματι- 
κὸν μετὰ τῆς ὑπαρχούσης αὐτῇ θερμότητος. τίκτει δ᾽ οὐδ᾽ αὐτὴ πολλὰ λίαν 
ἀλλὰ τέτταρα τὸ πλεῖστον. Cf. H. A. viii. 3, 594; Plin. x. (37) 52. On 
the other hand, according to ΔΕ]. ii. 43 ἐστὶ φῦλον ἱεράκων ὃ καλεῖται 
κεγχρηίς, Kal πότου δέεται οὐδέν. 

Mentioned also in Ar. Av. 304, 589, 1181: Ael. xii. 4. One of the 
daughters of Pieros was transformed by the Muses into the bird 
keyxpis, Nicand. ap. Anton. Lib. c. 9. 

In ΑΕ]. ΧΗ]. 25, κεγχρίς seems to refer to a different bird, being 
mentioned as a dainty with συκαλίς, and κερχνῇς is mentioned in 
a similar way by Eubul. ap. Athen. 11]. 65 e. 


ΚΕΓΧΡΙΤΗΣ. Apparently a sort of wild duck or goose, Dion. De 
Avib. iil. 23. 
KEIPIZ: ὄρνεον" ἱέραξ, of δὲ ἀλκυόνα, Hesych. 
On the fabled metamorphosis of Ciris, Nisus, Pandion, &c., vide 
supra, 5.0. ἁλιάετος ; cf. also κηρύλος, Kipts. 


ΚΕΙΣΣΑ᾽ κίσσα, Λάκωνες, Hesych. 


KEAEO’S (MSS. have κηλιός, καλιός, κολιός). The Green Woodpecker, 
Picus viridis, L. (a scarce bird in Greece, Lindermayer). Mod. 
Gk. πελεκάνος, τσικλιδάρα, δενδροφάγος, Heldr. 
Arist. H. A. ii. 4, 504: has feet like ἴυγξ. Ib. viii. 3, 593 τὸ μέγεθος 


ὅσον τρυγών, τὸ δὲ χρῶμα χλωρὸς ὅλος" ἔστι δὲ ξυλοκόπος σφόδρα, καὶ 
νέμεται ἐπὶ τῶν ξύλων τὰ πολλά, φωνήν τε μεγάλην ἔχει" γίνεται δὲ μάλιστα 
περὶ Πελοπόννησον. The preceding reference is as accurate as the 
following is unmeaning or mystical: Ib. ix. 1, 609, 610 φίλοι λαεδὸς 
καὶ κελεός" ὁ μὲν yap κελεὸς παρὰ ποταμὸν οἰκεῖ Kal λόχμας" πολέμιοι κελεὸς 
καὶ λιβυός. Suid. ὄρνεον ταχύτατον. The identification of κελεός with 


78 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


KEAEOX (continued). 


the Green Woodpecker is said to have been first given by Gesner, 
cf. Schn. in Arist., vol. iii. p. 592. 

The bird κελεός figures, together with Aaids and others, in a very . 
mystical story of Boios, ap. Anton. Lib. c. xix. 

Celeus is also the name of a mystical king of Attica, in connexion 
with the story of Ceres and Triptolemus; this circumstance may be 
correlated with other Woodpecker-myths in Greek and Latin referred 
to s.v. δρυοκολάπτης : cf. Mythogr. Vatic. i. 7. 8, ili. 7. 2; Schol. ad 
Greg. Nazianz. p. 48, ed. Gaisf., &c. On other relations between 
Celeus and the Ceres-myth, cf. Hom, Hymn. Cer. 475; Ar. Ach. 48; 
Pausan. i. 14, 38, 39, ii. 14; Anton. Lib. c. xix; vide also Creuzer’s 
Symbolik (ed. 1836) i. 152, iv. 368, 384. 

KE’n#ox. MSS. have also κέμφος, κίπφος, yetpos. An unknown water- 
bird; usually, but without warrant, identified (after Schneider in 
Arist., and Promt. Lips. 1786, p. 501) with the Stormy Petrel, 
Thalassidroma pelagica, L. According to Hesych., identical with 
κήξ. The accounts are fabulous, and the name is very probably 
foreign. 

Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593b, a sea-bird, mentioned with λάρος and 
αἴθυια. Ib. ix. 35, 620 ἁλίσκονται τῷ ἀφρῷ" κάπτουσι yap αὐτόν, διὸ προσ- 
ραίνοντες θηρεύουσιν. ἔχει δὲ τὴν μὲν ἄλλην σάρκα εὐώδη; τὸ δὲ πυγαῖον 
μόνον θινὸς ὄζει. γίνονται δὲ mioves. Cf. Nic. Alexiph. 165-169 ἀφρὸν 
ἐπεγκεράσαιο θυοῦ δορπήϊα Kémpov, κιτ.λ. See also Lyc. 76, 836, and 
Tzetz. ad Lyc. 76 θαλάσσιον ὄρνεον λαροειδές, ὅπερ aude (sc. ἀφρῷ) 
θηρῶσιν οἱ παῖδες τῶν ἁλιέων. Cf. also Suidas, s.v. According to the 
Schol. in Ar. Pax 1067 εἶναι πολὺν μὲν ἐν τοῖς πτεροῖς, ὀλίγον δὲ ἐν τοῖς 
κρέασι. 

Dion. De Avib. ii. 10 ἐκ τῆς κουφότητος οἱ ἁλιεῖς ὀνομάζουσιν" τὸ γὰρ 
ὕδωρ ἄκρον τοῖς ποσὶν ἐπιτρέχει καὶ σημαίνει τοῖς ἁλιεῦσιν ἐπιτυχίαν. Feeds 
on small fish killed by tunnies and dolphins; sleeps seldom; afraid of 
thunder. Arat. Prognost. 916 καί more καὶ κέπφοι ὁπότ᾽ εὔδιοι ποτέωνται | 
ἀντία μελλόντων ἀνέμων εἰληδὰ φέρονται : cf. Schol.; see also Theophr. 
Fr. vi. 28; Symmach. (Schol. Ar. Pax 1067) p. 217. See also Hesych.: 
εἶδος ὀρνέου κουφοτάτου περὶ τὴν θάλασσαν διατρίβοντος, ὃ εὐχερῶς ὑπὸ 
ἀνέμου μετάγεται" ἔνθεν λέγεται ὀξὺς καὶ κοῦφος ἄνθρωπος κέπῴος (i.e. 
a booby); cf. Ar. Pax 1067 kémpot τρήρωνες: Id. Plut. 912 ὦ κέπφε 
(Schol. καλεῖται δὲ κοινῶς λάρος, a gull). Hence κεπφωθείς, Prov. vil. 22 
(ed. ΧΟ. sci. Cic. Att. 13:0, 


KEPAI"S: κορώνη, Hesych. Cf. Lyc. 1317. αὐτόκλητον kepaida applied 
to Medea. 


KE’PBEPOX. Mentioned as a bird-name in Anton, Lib., Met. c. xix; 
cf. s. Vv. Maedos. 


ΚΕΛΕΟΣ- KH= 79 


KE’POIOS. Perhaps the Tree Creeper, Certhia familiaris, L. Vide 
S. V. κνιπολόγος, 
Arist. H. A. ix. 17,616 b ὀρνίθιον μικρόν" τὸ μὲν ἦθος θρασύς, καὶ οἰκεῖ περὶ 


δένδρα, καὶ ἔστι θριποφάγος, τὴν δὲ διάνοιαν εὐβίοτος, καὶ τὴν φωνὴν ἔχει 
λαμπράν. 


The passage contains several birds difficult to identify. The descrip- 
tion of κέρθιος suggests the Tree Creeper, with which it is usually 
identified (Belon, Sundevall, &c.), but κνιπολόγος is certainly the Creeper, 
and the above description is not enough to reveal an indubitable 
synonym, 

KE’PKA=: ἱέραξ, Hesych. 

ΚΕΡΚΑΊΣ κρὲξ τὸ ὄρνεον, Hesych. 
ΚΕΡΚΙΘΑΛΙΣ, s. κερκιθαλλίς: ἐρωδιός, Hesych. 
ΚΕΡΚΙΊΣ᾽ εἶδος ὀρνέου, Hesych. 


ΚΕΡΚΙΏΝ. (For a discussion of possible Sk. roots, see Temple, 
infra cit.). An Indian talking bird. 

Ael. xvi. 3; is the size of a starling, particoloured, docile, and learns 
to speak; it is impatient of captivity, and gets its name ἐπειδὴ 
καὶ αὐτὸς διασείεται τὸν ὄρρον, ws ποιοῦνται οἱ κίγκλοι. In spite of these 
two discrepant statements, it is possible that Aelian refers to the 
Common Mynah, Acridotheres tristis, the Talking Mynah, Gracula 
religiosa, or allied species, Hind. savak or shdvak ; Temple, Ind. Antiq. 
1882, p. 291; Val. Ball, ib. 1885, p. 305; cf. Lassen, Ind. Alterth. iii. 
p. 321 (1858). 

KE’PKNOX: ἱέραξ, ἢ ἀλεκτρυών, Hesych. 


ΚΕΡΚΟΡΩ͂ΝΟΣ. An Indian bird, probably identical with κερκίων, 
Nell xvi τῇ: 

KE’PKOX: ἀλεκτρυών, Hesych. 

KEPXNH’S. Vide s.v. κεγχρηίς. 


KH’AAX. Cf. Hind. Hargé/a. An Indian bird; the Adjutant, Zep- 
toptilus argala, L. See Val. Ball, Ind. Antig. xiv. p. 305, 1885. 
ΑΕ]. xvi. 4 τὸ μέγεθος τριπλάσιον ὠτίδος, καὶ τὸ στόμα γενναῖον δεινῶς, 
καὶ μακρὰ τὰ σκέλη. φέρει δὲ τὸν πρηγορεῶνα καὶ ἐκεῖνον μέγιστον, προσεμ- 
φερῆ κωρύκῳ, φθέγμα δὲ ἔχει καὶ μάλα ἀπηχές, καὶ τὴν μὲν ἄλλην πτίλωσίν 
ἐστι τεφρύς, τὰς δὲ πτέρυγας ἄκρας ὠχρός ἐστι. 
KH’=. An unknown sea-bird. Probably the same word as καύαξ, 
κηῦξ. In Hesych. κάκα, probably for kaka, κῆκα. 
Od. xv. 479 ἄντλῳ δ᾽ ἐνδούπησε πεσοῦσ᾽ ws εἰναλίη κήξ. Cf. Schol. ὄρνεον 


80 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


KHE (continued). 
θαλάσσιον παραπλήσιον χελιδόνι" ἔνιοι δὲ λάρον αὐτὸν λέγουσιν, οἱ δὲ αἴθυιαν. 
Cf. Hesych. κήξ᾽ ὁ λάρος κατὰ ᾿Απίωνα. λέγεται δὲ καὶ καύηξ, τινὲς καὶ 
αἴθυιαν ἀποδιδόασιν" οἱ δὲ κέπφον" οἱ δὲ διιφέροντα ἀλλήλων. 

Usually identified with the Gannet, Sw/a bassana, L. (vide 5. ν. 
καταρράκτης), which does not occur, sdve by the rarest chance, in 
Greece. Among other more than dubious hypotheses, Netolicka 
(Naturh. aus Homer, p. 14), with whom Buchholz, Kérner, and others 
agree, suggests the Great Crested Grebe, Podiceps cristatus, L., whose 
cry is heck, keck. (Cf. s.v. xqié.) 


ΚΗΡΥΊΛΟΣ, s. κήρυλος, δ. κειρύλος (Ar. Av. 300), 5. κήρυλλος (Eustath. ad 
Hom.), s. κίρυλος (Hesych.). A doubtful, perhaps foreign, word, 
sometimes applied to the Halcyon, sometimes compared with it. 
Sundevall’s identification of κηρύλος with a second species which 
occurs in Greece, Alcedo (Ceryle) rudis, the Smyrna Kingfisher, 
is quite untenable, the poetical and mythical use of both κηρύλος 
and ἀλκυών being opposed to so concrete an interpretation. 
The suggested connexion with Lat. coeruleus (O. Keller, Lat. 
Etym., 1893, p. 15) is in equal degree improbable. 

Alcman, 12 (20) βάλε δή, Bade κηρύλος εἴην, | ὅς τ᾽ ἐπὶ κύματος ἄνθος ἅμ᾽ 
ἀλκυόνεσσι ποτῆται | νηλεὲς ἧτορ ἔχων ἁλιπόρφυρος εἴαρος ὄρνις. Cf. 5. v. 
ἁλιπορφυρίς. 

Mosch. iii. 41 οὐδὲ τόσον γλαυκοῖς ἐνὶ κύμασι κηρύλος adev. Arist. H. A. 
Vill. 3, 593 Ὁ περὶ τὴν θάλατταν καὶ ἀλκυὼν καὶ κηρύλος. Ael. v. 48 ἀλκυόνα 
καὶ κήρυλον ποθοῦντας ἀλλήλων πάλαι ἴσμεν. Ib. vil. 17 κήρυλος καὶ ἀλκυὼν 
ὁμώνυμοι καὶ σύμβιοι, καὶ γήρᾳ γε παρειμένους αὐτοὺς ἐπιθέμεναι αἱ ἀλκυόνες 
περιάγουσιν ἐπὶ τῶν καλουμένων μεσοπτερυγίων. Cf. Antig. H. Mirab. 
23 (27), where κηρύλος is said to be the male kingfisher; cf. also 
Hesych. knpvdos* ἄρσην ὄρνις συνουσιαστικός, τινὲς δὲ ἀλκυόνα: also 
Tzetzes ad Lyc. 387; Schol. Ar. Av., Schol. Theocr. vii. 57 ; Eustath. 
ad Hom. 1]. i. 558. In Clearch. ap. Athen. x. 332 E, numbered among 
τοὺς ὄρνιθας τοὺς παρευδιαστὰς καλουμένους, With τρόχιλος and ὁ τῇ κρέκι 
προσεμφερὴς ἐρωδιός. Mentioned also by Archilochus, fr. 121 ap. Ael. 
ΧΙ]. Q κίγκλος--κινεῖ δὲ καὶ τὰ ovpaia πτερά, ὡσπεροῦν ὁ παρὰ τῷ ᾿Αρχιλόχῳ 
κήρυλος. 

In Ar. Av. 299, usually written κείρυλος, as if from κείρω. Cf. infra 
S. V. σποργίλος. 

The names and attributes of κηρύλος are undoubtedly akin to those of 
κεῖρις Or Ciris ; and it is interesting to note that, according to Hesy- 
chius, the name κεῖρις applies either to a hawk or to the Halcyon. 
I would place the legend of ἀλκυών and κηρύλος side by side with the 
astronomic parable of Haliaetus and Ciris. Vide s. vv. ἁλιάετος, κίρις. 


ΚΗΞ- ΚΙΓΚΛΟΣ 81 


KH°Y"=. (See also 5. vv. kavag, κήξ.) A sea-bird. 


Babr. cxv. 2 λάροις τε ταὶ Knvéw εἶπεν aypworas. Apollod. 28, ad 
Lucian. i. 178; said by Schol. to be the male ἀλκυών, and identical with 
knpvdos. In Dion. De Avib. ii. 7, applied rather to the female ἀλκυών᾽" εἰ 
τὸν ἄρρενα τελευτῆσαι συμβαίη, βορᾶς ἀπεχόμεναι Kal ποτοῦ παντὸς ἐπὶ πολὺ 
θρηνοῦσι καὶ διαφθείρονται, καὶ τὰς @das δ᾽ εἰ καταπαύειν μέλλοιεν, KE 
κηὺξ συνεχῶς ἐπειποῦσαι σιγῶσιν. Κήϊκος δὲ φωνῆς μήτ᾽ ἐγώ, μήτ᾽ ἄλλος 
ἀκούσαι tis’ φροντίδας γὰρ καὶ τελευτὰς σημαίνει καὶ δυστυχήματα. Suidas, 
S.v. Ἡμερινὰ ζῷα (whatever that may mean) mentions κήϊκες as sea- 
birds, together with ἀλκυόνες and ἀηδόνες. On the fable of Ceyx, 
Alcyone, &c., see Ovid. Met. xi. 269, &c., &c.; Ceyx comes into 
relation with Hercules and the Argonautic legends in Anton. Lib. 
c.xxvi; and the Hesiodic myth of Ceyx and Cycnus is of the same 
order. We may, I think, rest assured that «yjvé was not originally 
a concrete and specific bird-name, but a mystical term associated with 
the Halcyon-myth (cf. s. v. κηρύλος). 


KITKAOZ. (MSS. of Arist. have κίγχλος, κίχλος, κόχλος. Other forms 
are κέγκλος, κίγκαλος Suid., κιγκλίς, Etym. Mag.) Cf. Sk. ¢an-cala, 
mobile (Burnouf, Dict. 237). 


A Wagtail, A/ofacilla sp. According to Hesychius, Photius, and 
Suidas, also called κίλλουρος and σεισοπυγίς (q. v.). 


Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593 Ὁ mentioned among the smaller aquatic birds 
with σχοινίλος and πύγαργος ; is less than the latter, which is as large as 
a thrush. πάντες δ᾽ οὗτοι τὸ οὐραῖον κινοῦσιν. Ib. ix. 12, 615 περὶ τὴν 
θάλατταν Biot. τὸ ἦθος πανοῦργος καὶ δυσθήρατος, ὅταν δὲ ληφθῇ, τιθασσό- 
τατος. τυγχάνει δ᾽ ὧν καὶ ἀνάπηρος" ἀκρατὴς [cf. De Gen. ii. 99] γὰρ τῶν 
ὄπισθέν ἐστιν. 

Ael. xii. 9 πτηνόν ἐστι ἀσθενὲς τὰ κατόπιν, καὶ διὰ τοῖτό φασι μὴ ἰδίᾳ 
μηδὲ καθ᾽ ἑαυτὸν δυνάμενον αὐτὸν νεοττιὰν συμπλέξαι, ἐν ταῖς ἄλλων δὲ τίκτειν" 
ἔνθεν τοι καὶ τοὺς πτωχοὺς κίγκλους ἐκάλουν αἱ τῶν ἀγροίκων παροιμίαι (Cf. 
Menand. Thais 4,ap. Suid. and Phot. (4.132, Meineke) κίγκλου πτωχότερος). 
κινεῖ δὲ τὰ Ovpata πτερά. Cf. Aristoph. in Antiar. (2.955) ap. Ael. 1. c. ὀσφὺν 
δ᾽ ἐξ ἄκρων, διακίγκλισον nute κίγκλου. Autocr. in Tympan. (2. 891) ap. 
Ael. l.c. οἷα παίζουσι παρθένοι . .. οἷα κίγκλος ἅλλεται. Cf. also Theogn. 
1257 κίγκλος πολυπλάγκτος : also verb κιγκλίζω, Theogn. 303, προσκιγ- 
κλίζομαι, Theocr. v. 117; also κιγκλοβάταν ῥυθμόν Aristoph. fr. 6 (2. 997) 
ap. Ael. l.c. Vide Hesych. κίγκλος, ὄρνεον πυκνῶς τὴν οὐρὰν κινοῦν" ap 
ov καὶ τὸ κιγκλίζειν, 6 ἐστι διασείεσθαι" τινὲς δὲ σ[ε]ισοπυγίδα. 

Sundevall takes κίγκλος to be a Sandpiper, 77zzga sp., chiefly, as it 
seems, because σχοινίλος is doubtless a name for the Wagtail, Mo¢acJ/a. 
But I prefer to believe that κίγκλος is also a Wagtail, firstly because the 
movement is much more characteristic and noticeable in that bird than 
in the Sandpiper, secondly because of the statement as to its size, and 

G 


82 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


ΚΙΓΚΛΟΣ (continued). 

thirdly because of its asserted tameness in captivity. The statement 
in Aelian, about the nest (also ap. Phile, 492), may perhaps be 
explained by the fact that, according to Kriiper, the Wagtails in Greece 
all leave the plains in summer to breed, resorting to the hills, or in the 
case of 77. melanocephala to the salt-marshes and lagoons. At the 
same time it is evident that allusions to κίγκλος, &c., are much influ- 
enced by notions and superstitions connected with the bird ἴυγξ. 


KIFKPA’MAZ: ὄρνεον, Hesych. Cf. κύχραμος. 
KI’KIPPOX, s. κίκκος, and κίκκη. Cock and Hen, Hesych. Cf. Mod. 


Gk. κόκκορας. 


KIKKA’BH. Also κίκυβος, κικυβῆϊς, κίκυμος, κίτυμις, Hesych. κικυμίς. 
Call. fr. 318. Perhaps connected also with κύμινδις, 5, κύβινδις. 
An Owl. Lat. czcwma (Festus). 
Schol. ad Ar. Av. 262; sub voce κικκαβαῦ. Τὰς γλαῦκας οὕτω φωνεῖν 
λέγουσιν" ὅθεν καὶ κικκάβας αὐτὰς λέγουσιν, οἱ δὲ κικυμίδας, ὡς Καλλίμαχος, 
“ἐ χάλκιδα κικλήσκουσι θεοί," κιτ.λ. 
Cf. κουκουβαγία, and κοῦκκος, the modern Athenian popular names for 


γλαῦξ. Vide s.v. κοκκοβάρη. 


“ κάρτ᾽ ἀγαθὴ Kikupis,” καὶ Ὅμηρος δὲ 


ΚΙΚΥΜΗΎΣ: γλαῦξ, Hesych. Also ib. κιτύμινα" γλαῦκα ; qy. κικυμίδα. 
Cf. κικκάβη. 


ΚΙΛΙΆΣ: στρουθὸς ἄρσην, Hesych. 


ΚΙΆΛΟΥΡΟΣ. A Wagtail. With κίλλτουρος, cf. L. γιοΐα-εἴα, and 
perhaps kiy-xA-os. On the root, cf. Benfey’s Zeitschr. vili. 1892. 
Fick, i. 527. Vide s. vv. κίγκλος, σεισοπυγίς, σείσουρα. 

KINAI’AION. A name for ἴυγξ, Hesych., Phot. Cf. Dion. De Avib. i. 
25. Schol.in ΠΡΠΘΘΟΙ il: 17. 


KINAAVOI" ὄρνεα, Hesych. 


KINNA’MQMON ὌΡΝΕΟΝ. Also κινναμολόγος, Plin. x. (33) 50; cf. 
Solin. (33) 46. The fabled Cinnamon Bird. 


Herod. ili. 111; how the Arab merchants left pieces of flesh which 
might break down by their weight the nests to which the birds carried 
them, and in which the cinnamon was found. In Arist. H. A. ix. 13, 
616, a variation of the same story, the nests being brought down with 
weighted arrows. Cf. Ael. ii. 34, xvil. 21; Antig. H. Mirab. c. 49; 
Phile De Pr. An. 28 (27); Plin. xii. (19) 42; Sindbad the Sailor, &c. 
Sometimes confused with the Phoenix; cf. Claud. Epist. ii. 15 Venit 
et extremo Phoenix longaevus ab Euro, Apportans unco cinnama 
rara pede; Ovid, Met. xv. 399; Stat. Silv. 11. 6. 87. 


KIFKAOZ— KIPKOZ 83 


ΚΙΝΝΥΡΙΔΕΣ᾽ τὰ μικρὰ ὀρνιθάρια, Hesych. (Perhaps akin to κινύρομαι.) 
KINY’TIAOX: χαραδριός, Hesych. A very doubtful word. 
ΚΙῬΡΙΣ' λύχνος, ὄρνεον, ἢ "Adaus Λάκωνες, Hesych. Also κίρρις" εἶδος 


ἱέρακος. ὁμοίως δὲ λέγεται παρὰ Κυπρίοις Κίρρις 6”Ada@us, παρὰ Λάκωσι 
δέ, ὁ λύχνος, Et. M. Cf. Κύρις, ὁ ἤλδωνις, Hesych. These refer- 
ences are important in connexion with the solar symbolism 
underlying the stories of Ciris, κηρύλος, &c.; cf. the version of the 
Ciris-myth, 5. v. κίρρις (s. xtppis), Dion. De Avib. ii. 14. 


KI’PKH. <A poetic or mystical bird-name ; different from, and hostile 
to, κίρκος. 

Ael. iv. 5 σειρήν, μελίσσης ὄνομα, πρὸς κίρκην ἐχθρός. κίρκη δὲ πρὸς 
κίρκον, οὐ τῷ γένει μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῇ φύσει διαφέροντα πεφώρασθον. Cf. 
ib. iv. 58. 

KI’PKOz. A poetic and mystical name for a Hawk: the sacred 
Hawk of Apollo; in the main an astronomical, perhaps solar, 
emblem. In Mod. Gk. κιρκινέζι is said to be a name for the 
Kestrel (Heldr.), vide s. v. κεγχρηΐς. 


In Homer, the bird of Apollo, δεξιὸς ὄρνις, ᾿Απόλλωνος ταχὺς ἄγγελος, 
Od. xv. 525; an emblem of swiftness, ἐλαφρότατος πετεηνῶν, 1]. xxii. 139, 
Od. xiii. 87 ; cf. Apoll. Rh. il. 935, Opp. Cyn. i. 282 ἢ κίρκος ravajot 
τινασσόμενος πτερύγεσσιν : usually as an enemy of the Dove, II. xxii. 
140 (cf. ἵρηξ, xxi. 493), Od. xv. 526, cf. Apoll. Rh. i. 1049 ἠὔτε κίρκους | 
ὠκυπέτας ἀγεληδὸν ἀποτρέσσωσι πέλειαι : ib. 111. 543, 561, iv. 486; hostile 
to Wap, κολοιός, and other small birds, Il. xvii. 757. Frequent in Aesch., 
usually, as in Homer, an enemy of the Dove; Suppl. 223 ἐσμὸς ὡς 
πελειάδων | ἵζεσθε, kipkav τῶν ὁμοπτέρων φόβῳ, Pr. V. 857 κίρκοι πελειῶν 
οὐ μακρὰν λελειμμένοι (note in this passage the association with Egyptian 
"Exagos) ; mentioned in connexion with the Tereus-myth, as metamor- 
phosing with ἔποψ, fr. 32, ap. Arist. H. A. ix. 49 Ὁ ἔποψ. .. ὃς ἦρι μὲν 
φαίνοντι διαπάλλει πτερόν | κίρκου λεπάργου : as a portent, pursuing an 
eagle, πρὸς ἐσχάραν Φοίβου, Pers. 205; cf. Suppl. 60 ὄπα ras Τηρεΐας 
μήτιδος οἰκτρᾶς ἀλόχου, κιρκηλάτου τ᾽ ἀηδόνος. 

Arist. H. A. ix. 36, 620 τρίτος τῶν ἱεράκων [τῷ κράτει}: ib. ix. 1. 609b 
ἀλώπεκι πολέμιος, Cf. Ael. v. 48, Phile, 704, Wotton, De Diff. Anim. 
vii, 143, ἄς. In Plin. x. ὃ cévcos occurs as an alternative reading for 
aegithus; cf. circus as the name of a gem, similis accipitri, Puin. 
REVI. 10. 

Mentioned as hostile to the Dove also in Ael. iii. 46, v.50 ai δὲ περι- 
στεραὶ πρὸς aeray μὲν κλαγγὴν καὶ γυπῶν θαρροῦσι, κίρκων δὲ Kal ἁλιαέτων 
οὐκέτι : to τρυγών and to κορώνη, ib. vi. 45; to κίρκη, ib. iv. 5,58; and 
to mice, Batrach. 49. How it places chicory (πικρίς) in its nest as 
a charm, ΑΕ]. i. 35, Phile, 722, or wild lettuce, ἄγρια θριδακίνη, Geopon. 

G2 


84 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


KIPKOX (continued). 

xv. I. 19, with which it salves its eyes, Anatol. p. 297 (cf. ἱέραξ) ; and is 
killed by pomegranate-seed (ῥοιᾶς σίδην κοπεῖσαν), Ael. vi. 46, Phile, 637. 
Used by fowlers, Opp. Cyn. i. 64 αὐτοῖς ἐπὶ δρυμὰ συνέμπορος ἕσπετο 
κίρκος. 

The bird is not identifiable as a separate species, and is so recog- 
nized by Scaliger and others. Neither the brief note as to its size 
in a corrupt passage of the ninth book of the History of Animals, nor 
the mystical references to its alleged hostilities and attributes in 
Aristotle, Aelian, and Phile, are sufficient to prove that the name 
indicated at any time a certain particular species. The word is 
poetical, and is chiefly used in relation to πέλεια, or with reference 
to Apollo. The attempts on the part of commentators to assign κίρκος 
to a particular species are all based on the epithet λέπαργος. Thus 
Sundevall suggests the Hen Harrier or Ringtail, Circus cyaneus, of 
which the male is blueish-grey : while Belon and others of the older 
naturalists, followed by Camus, assigned the name to the Moor Buzzard 
or Marsh Harrier, C. aerwginosus, which is only white beneath the 
tail. But the meaning of λέπαργος is in reality unknown; it will not 
bear using, nor is it likely to have been used, as a specific or diagnostic 
epithet. Cf. s.v. πύγαργος. 

The chief allusions to κίρκος are obviously mystical, though the 
underlying symbolism, involving also the symbolic meanings of the 
Hoopoe, the Dove, the Crow, the Fox, the Pomegranate, &c., is not 
decipherable. In this connexion, the passage in Opp. Cyn. 111. 293-339 
is important and suggestive, but I refrain from putting forward a tenta- 
tive hypothesis as to its meaning; we have here enumerated five kinds 
of λύκοι, of which the first is τοξευτήρ or Eovbds, the next three are 
κίρκος, χρύσεος, ἰκτῖνος, and the last θηρεύει ἐπὶ πτώκεσσιν ὀρούων, 1.6. 15 
λαγωφόνος (the last two are called ἄκμονες, 4. ν.); of these five names 
the last four are all also names or epithets of hawks. 

KI’PYAOX, Hesych., for keipudos, κηρύλος. 

ΚΙΊΣΑ, s. κίττα, also κεῖσσα (Hesych.). The Jay, Garrulus glan- 
dartus, LL. Mod. Gk. κίσσα (Heldr.); cf. Ital. Gazzga, in its 
many dialectic forms. Perhaps one of the many bird-names 
connected with rt. kak, to cry, quasi kk-ja (v. Edl., p. 52); 
cf. Sk. &zkz, a Jackdaw, with which Von Edlinger connects 
O. H. G. heh-aro, Germ. Héaher, the Nutcracker. See also s.v. 
βάσκιλλος. 

Ar. Av. 302, 1297; with ed. Συρακούσιος. Arist. Η. A. viii. 3, 592 Ὁ 
persecuted by ἐλεός and αἰγώλιος. (Cf. De Gen. iv. 6, 774b; Plin. x. 
79 [60].) Arist. H.A. ix. 13, 615 b, 616 φωνὰς μεταβάλλει πλείστας (καθ᾽ 


c , A ς > σ᾿ € aA a” > , e ’ ὃ \ ee) 4 7 “ 
ἑκάστην yap ws εἰπεῖν ἡμέραν ἄλλην ἀφίησι)" τίκτει δὲ περὶ ἐννέα φά, ποιεῖται 


KIPKOS—KIXAH 85 


ΚΙΣΣΑ (continued). 
δὲ τὴν νεοττιὰν ἐπὶ τῶν δένδρων ἐκ τριχῶν Kai ἐρίων : makes a store of 
acorns, ὅταν δ᾽ ὑπολίπωσιν αἱ βάλανοι, ἀποκρύπτουσα ταμιεύεται. Ib. ix. 20, 
6178, is the size of ἰξοβόρος, the Missel-Thrush. 

Its garrulity: Alexid. Thras. 1 (3, 420 Mein.) λαλιστέραν οὐ κίτταν, 
οὔτ᾽ anddv’ οὔτε τρυγόνα ; Lyc. 1319 τὴν λάληθρον κίσσαν : and imitative 
faculty, Ael. vi. 19, Plut. De Sol. Anim. p. 973 C, Dion. De Avib. i. 18, 
Plin. x. 42 (59), Porph. De Abst. iii. 4; hence κισσαβίζω, Poll. v.go. How 
it is caught with a springe and bait of olive, Dion. De Avib. iii. 18. 
Mentioned also in frr. Antiph. 3. 145, Anaxand. 3. 185, Mnesim. 3. 
570 (Meineke). According to Nicand. ap. Anton. Lib. c. 9, one of the 
Emathides, daughters of Pierus, was metamorphosed into the bird κίσσα; 
cf. Ovid, Met. v. 294, 663; Mart. Ep. xiv. 76; Pers. Prol.; Plin. x. 33. 

Sundevall supposes the Magpie (which is very much rarer in Greece 
than the Jay) to have been meant, but the description tallies much 
better with the Jay, which still retains the name. The Magpie is now 
called καρακάξα (Heldr.). In Italian, gazza, chéca, cecca, pica, &c., 
apply both to the Magpie and to the Jay, as very possibly κίσσα also 
did in Greek. Pliny (x. 29) gives an accurate account of the Magpie, 
describing it as a variety of 2Ζεα of recent advent to the neighbourhood 
of Rome. 


ΚΙΊΣΙΡΙΣ, Suid., κίσιρνις, Hesych. An unknown bird. 


KI’XAH, Dor. κιχήλη (Ar. Nub. 339, Epicharm. in Athen. ii. 64 f (68)). 

A Thrush: the generic term including ἰλιάς s. ἰλλάς, ἰξοβόρος, 

tpixds, g.v. The root appears in Russ. kzwzckzol, a thrush, 

with which owgel is perhaps cognate. Mod. Gk. τζχλα. Cf. 
also ἴχλα, ἴσχλα. 

Mentioned in Od. xxii. 468 κίχλαι τανυσίπτεροι. Homer is said to 
have received a present of κίχλαι for reciting a certain poem, hence 
called ᾿Επικιχλίδες : Menaech. ap. Athen. ii. 65 Ὁ. 

Description.—Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593 Ὁ, ix. 22, 617b, is as large 
as πύγαργος, and a little larger than μαλακοκρανεύς. Ib. ix. 49 B. 632 Ὁ 
μεταβάλλει δὲ καὶ ἡ κίχλη TO χρῶμα τοῦ μὲν yap χειμῶνος Wapd, τοῦ δὲ 
θέρους ποικίλα τὰ περὶ τὸν αὐχένα ἴσχει τὴν μέντοι φωνὴν οὐδὲν μετα- 
βάλλει. Cf. Ael. xii. 28. This would suggest a confusion of species : 
the more variegated birds being Fieldfares and Redwings; the latter 
are said to occur in large flocks in Spring (v.d. Mihle), though all 
alike have departed by Summer. Its song alluded to, Ar. Ach. 1116 
πότερον ἀκρίδες ἥδιόν ἐστιν, ἢ κίχλαι ; Ar, Pax 531, ἄς. 

Nesting.—Builds in a spray of myrtle, θάλλον μυρρίνης, or places one 
in the nest for a charm, Ael. i. 35, Phile, De An. 723, Geopon. xv. I, 19, 
Anatol. p. 298: cf. Fab. Aes. 194. A different account, Arist. H. A. 


Vi. 1, 559 αἱ δὲ κίχλαι νεοττιὰν μὲν ποιοῦνται ὥσπερ αἱ χελιδόνες ἐκ πηλοῦ 


86 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


KIXAH (contenued). 


ἐπὶ τοῖς ὑψηλοῖς τῶν δένδρων, ἐφεξῆς δὲ ποιοῦσιν ἀλλήλαις καὶ ἐχομένας, 
ὥστ᾽ εἶναι διὰ τὴν συνέχειαν ὥσπερ ὁρμαθὸν νεοττιῶν. A similar account, 
restricted to the variety ἰλλάς, Alex. Mynd. ap. Athen. ii. 65a ἣν καὶ 
συναγελαστικὴν εἶναι καὶ veotreve ws καὶ τὰς χελιδόνας. LVote.—The Field- 
fare, 7. pilaris, 1,., which breeds only in Northern Europe, is the 
only Thrush which nests in colonies. Sundevall takes the above 
passage (Arist. H. A. vi. 1) to indicate that the Fieldfare formerly nested 
in Greece or at least in Macedonia. In Anth. Pal. ix. 373, Mackail 
(p. 358) takes κίχλη to be either the Thrush or the Fieldfare, which 
latter however is a winter-migrant in Greece. (For other references 
to the Anthology, vide 5. v. κόσσυφος.) The Missel-Thrush is, now at 
least, the only species, except the Blackbird, which remains to breed in 
Greece or Asia Minor. 


Migration.—Arist. H. A. viii. 16, 600 φωλεῖ, i.e. hibernates. Cf. Plin. 
x. 24 (35) Abeunt et merulae turdique. Sed plumam non amittunt 
nec occultantur; visi saepe ibi quo hibernum pabulum petunt: itaque 
in Germania hyeme maxime turdi cernuntur. 


Varieties.—Arist. H. A. ix. 20, 617 κιχλῶν δ᾽ εἴδη τρία' ἡ μὲν ἰξοβόρος 
[ἰξοφάγος ΔΙΠεη.] αὕτη δ᾽ οὐκ ἐσθίει ἀλλ᾽ ἢ ἰξὸν καὶ βητίνην, τὸ δὲ μέγεθος 
ὅσον κίττα ἐστίν. ἑτέρα τριχάς" αὕτη δ᾽ ὀξὺ φθέγγεται, τὸ δὲ μέγεθος ὅσον 
κόττυφος. ἄλλη δ᾽ ἣν καλοῦσί τινες ἰλιάδα [ἰλλάδα, 5. τυλάδα, Athen.], 
ἐλαχίστη τε τούτων καὶ ἧττον ποικίλη. Cf. Athen. ii. 65 ἃ. 


The Thrush as Food: frequent in Com. Poets, ὀπταὶ κίχλαι, Pher. 
2, 300 (1, 23), Telecl. 2, 362 (1, 12); ἀνάβραστοι κίχλαι, Pher. 2, 316 
(1, 10); κρέα τ᾽ ὀρνίθεια κιχηλᾶν, Ar. ΝΡ. 339, and elsewhere frequent ; 
κίχλαι μέλιτι μεμιγμέναι, Plat. Com. 2, 674 (2, 8); ἐλαιοφιλοφάγους κιχήλας, 
Epicharm. 281 L. ap. Athen. l.c., &c. &c. Cf. Athen. ii. pp. 64, 65, 
Geopon. xiv. 24, Colum. De R. R. vill. 10, Varro, De R. R. iii. 5, Pallad. 
1.26; Wartial, Ep. xii. 51, 92, Hor. Epist. 1. 15, 41, Plin: x. 25 (30), «xc. 
ἄς. Prescribed as a remedy for Pompey, and obtained from the 
aviaries of Lucullus; hence the saying Εἰ μὴ Λούκουλλος ἐτρύφα, Πομπήϊος 
οὐκ ἂν ἔζησε, Plut. i. 518 F, 620 B, ii. 204 B, 786 A. Capture by traps 
and nets, παγίδας καὶ νεφέλας, Athen. 11. 64: cf. Dion. De Avib. iii. 13, 
Pallad. xiii. 6, &c. 

A talking thrush, Plin. x. (42) 59. 


Proverb and Fable.—kxwddrepos κίχλης, Eubul. iii. 220 (5). κίχλη ἐν 
μυρσινῶνι, Aes. Fab. 194. 


KAA’TTOx. An alternative reading for mAdyyos, q.v. Cf. κλαγγάζειν, 
Lat. clangunt aquilae, Carm. De Philom., &c. 


KAAAAPO’PYTXOS, i.e. clapper-bill. A name for τρόχιλος, ΑΕ]. xii. 15. 
KAOIQN. εἶδος ὀρνέου, Hesych. Perhaps for κολοιῶν. 


KIXAH—KOKKY= 87 


KNINOAO'TOS. (MSS. have also kvidodos, κνιδολόγος, κνιπολόχος.) 
The Tree Creeper, Certhia familiaris, L. Vide s. v. κέρθιος. 

Arist. H. A. vill. 3, 593 τὸ μέγεθος μικρὸς ὅσον ἀκανθυλλίς, τὴν δὲ χρόαν 
σποδοειδὴς καὶ κατάστικτος" φωνεῖ δὲ μικρόν. ἔστι δὲ καὶ τοῦτο ξυλοκόπον. 
(Mentioned at the end of the list of Woodpeckers.) Gloger, Sundevall, 
Aubert u. Wimmer, and others, agree in the above identification. 
The word is used by Nicander, ap. Anton. Lib. c. 14, as an epithet 
or synonym of πιπώ, q.v. 


KOKKO’A=: κορώνη, Hesych. 

KOKKOBA’PH. An Owl = γλαῦξ, Hesych. Cf. κικκάβη, also Mod. Gk. 
and Calabr. κουκουβαγία, Neap. cucuveggia, Alban. kukuvaiike, all 
meaning the Little Owl, yAavé: also Mod. Gk. χουχουριστής, the 
Tawny Owl, Sp. chucha ; vide O. Keller, Lat. Etym. 1893, p. 111. 
Bikélas cites, from Wagner’s Carm. Gr. Med. Aevi, the form 
κουκουβᾶς. Coray would read for κοκκοβάρη, κοκκοβόη, and for 
κικκάβη (q. V.), κικαβόη. 

KOKKOBO’AX ὌΡΝΙΣ. ὁ ἀλεκτρυών, mapa Σοφοκλεῖ. Eust. 1479, 44 
(Soph. fr. goo). 

ΚΟΚΚΟΘΡΑΥΊΣΤΗΣ᾽ ὄρνις ποιός, Hesych. 


KO’KKY=. Cf. Sk. ζοζέίας, Lith. kukut’, Ο. H. G. gauh, Scot. gowk, &c. 


The Cuckoo, Cuculus canorus, L. Mod. Gk. κοῦκκος. 
Full Description and comparison with ἱέραξ, Arist. H. A. vi. 7, 563, 564. 
Its Cry, freq.; e.g. Hes. Op. et D. 484 ἦμος κόκκυξ κοκκύζει δρυὸς ἐν 
πετάλοισι | τοπρῶτον τέρπει Te βροτοὺς ἐπ᾽ ἀπείρονα γαῖαν : Ar. Av. 507, Ran. 
1379, 1384. Cf. Lyc. 395 κόκκυγα κομπάζοντα μαψαύρας στόβους. 
Note.—koxki¢ew is still more frequently used of the Crowing Cock; 
vide s.v. ἀλεκτρυών. On Ar. Ach. 598 ἐχειροτόνησάν pe κόκκυγές ye 
τρεῖς, cf. Dind. Thes. iv. c. 1737 B, also L. and S., 5. ν. κόκκυξ. 
Nesting and Breeding.—Arist. l.c. νεοττοὺς δὲ κόκκυγος λέγουσιν ὡς 


>’ \ ἘΠῚ al 4 ‘ , ΄ > ᾽ > {? ΄ > ¢ eer! 
οὐδεὶς ἑώρακεν" ὁ δὲ τίκτει μέν, GAN’ οὐ ποιησάμενος νεοττιάν. GAN ἐνίοτε 
μὲν ἐν τῇ τῶν ἐλαττόνων ὀρνίθων ἐντίκτει καταφαγὼν τὰ ῳὰ τὰ ἐκείνων, 
μάλιστα δ᾽ ἐν ταῖς τῶν φαβῶν νεοττιαῖς. .. τίκτει δ᾽ ὀλιγάκις μὲν δύο, τὰ δὲ 
- “ Pa ἃ \ κ᾿ a a ε “αι πον |e sey ΄ ‘ 
πλεῖστα ἕν. ἐντίκτει δὲ Kal τῇ τῆς ὑπολαΐδος νεοττιᾷ ἡ δ᾽ ἐκπέττει Kal 
ἐκτρέφει. Id. H. A. ix. 29, 618 ἃ τίκτει μάλιστα μὲν ἐν ταῖς τῶν φαβῶν 
καὶ ἐν ὑπολαΐδος καὶ κορύδου χαμαί, ἐπὶ δένδρου δ᾽ ἐν τῇ τῆς χλωρίδος καλου- 
μένης νεοττιᾷ. τίκτει ἕν @dv. ὅταν αὐξάνηται ὁ τοῦ κόκκυγος νεοττός, 

- oo ‘ 

ἐκβάλλει τὰ αὑτῆς [ἡ τρέφουσα] καὶ ἀπόλλυνται οὕτως. οἱ δὲ λέγουσιν ὡς 
Nye 9 , € ΄ , Par, : \ \ \ > 4 
καὶ ἀποκτείνασα 7 τρέφουσα δίδωσι καταφαγεῖν᾽ διὰ yap τὸ καλὸν εἶναι τὸν 
τοῦ κόκκυγος νεοττὸν ἀποδοκιμάζειν τὰ αὑτῆς. Id. De Mirab. 3. 830} τοὺς 


, A > at , > > e , cal , * ~ , 
κόκκυγας τοὺς ev τῇ ᾿Ελίκῃ (3), ἐν ταῖς νεοττίαις τῶν φάττων ἢ τῶν τρυγόνων 


88 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


KOKKYE (continued). 


ἐντίκτειν. See also Arist. De Gen. iii. 1, 750, Ael. iii. 30, Theophr. Caus. 
Pl. ii. 18, 9, Dion. De Avib. 1. 13, Plin. x. (9) 26, Phile, De An. Pr. 
XXIV. 

A species that builds its own nest: Arist. H. A. vi. 7, 564 νεοττεύει 
yévos τι αὐτῶν méppw καὶ ἐν ἀποτόμοις πέτραις. [Ib. vi. 1, 559, κόκκυξ 
probably for κόττυφος]. 

The Cuckoo is said by Kriiper (p. 184) to lay in Greece chiefly in 
the nest of Sy/vza orphea, and also of the species of Saxicola. Coccystes 
glandarius, the Great Spotted Cuckoo, which also occurs in Greece, 
(Mod. Gk. κρᾶνος), lays in the nests of the Jackdaw, Magpie and Crow. 
The repeated statement that κόκκυξ lays in the nest of φάττα or φάψ is 
inexplicable, unless such a statement be of foreign origin and refer 
originally to some Oriental species; a little light is perhaps thrown 
upon the point by the circumstance that in certain Chinese legends 
the Dove and the Cuckoo are confounded together: vide infra s.v. 
περιστερά. This discrepancy deprives of all value the attempted 
identifications of ὑπολαΐς, wihch are based on its being some bird in 
whose nest the Common Cuckoo habitually lays its egg; see also 
S.V. πάππος. 


Migration.—Arist. H. A. vi. 7, 563 Ὁ φαίνεται ἐπ᾽ ὀλίγον χρόνον τοῦ 
θέρους, τὸν δὲ χειμῶνα ἀφανίζεται. Ib. ix. 49 B, 633 μεταβάλλει τὸ χρῶμα 
καὶ τῇ φωνῇ [οὐ] σαφηνίζει, ὅταν μέλλῃ ἀφανίζεσθαι" ἀφανίζεται δ᾽ ὑπὸ κύνα, 
φανερὸς δὲ γίνεται ἀπὸ τοῦ ἔαρος ἀρξάμενος μέχρι κυνὸς ἐπιτολῆς. Cf. Ael. 
111. 30 ὁρᾶται 6 κόκκυξ ἦρος ὑπαρχομένου εἰς ἀνατολὰς Σειρίου : Dion, De 
Avib. i. 13 πρῶτος τῶν λοιπῶν πτηνῶν ἡμῖν τὸ ἔαρ ἀγγέλλων. 


Metamorphosis with the Hawk, Arist. H. A. vi. 7, 563}, ix. 49 B, 633. 
Cf. Plut. Arat. xxx (1. 1041 C) καὶ καθάπερ τῷ κόκκυγί φησιν Αἴσωπος 
ἐρωτῶντι τοὺς λεπτοὺς ὄρνιθας, ὅτι φεύγοιεν αὐτόν, εἰπεῖν ἐκείνους ὡς ἔσται 
ποτὲ ἱέραξ (Aes. Fab. 198, ed. Halm). Cf. also Tzetz. ad Lyc. 395. 
See also supra, s. vv. ἔποψ, κίρκος. 


Other Myths and Legends.— How Jupiter, in the shape of a Cuckoo, 
sought Hera on Mount Thornax; and how for this reason the cuckoo 
figures on Hera’s sceptre, Pausan. ii. 17, 4: cf. Schol. ad Theocr. 
xv. 64; hence the mountain was called ὄρος Κοκκύγιον, Pausan. li. 36, 1; 
cf. Creuzer, Symb. iii. 248; cf. also the Teutonic Gauchsberg, Grimm, 
D. Myth. p. 646, &c. 

From its propinquity to Sparta, and from the circumstance of the 
Cuckoo having come in a cloud, Creuzer (I. c.) conjectures an allusion 
to the same story in Ar. Av. 814; cf. also the weather prophecy in 
Hesiod, 1. c. 

How the Cuckoo was king over Egypt and Phoenicia, Ar. Av. 504. 
In these latter statements we have evidence of a confusion with the 


KOKKY= - KOAOIOZ 89 


KOKKYE (continued). 


Hoopoe, vide s.vv. ἔποψ, κουκούφα ; for the relations between the 
Cuckoo and the Hoopoe, Der Kuckuk und sein Kiister, v. Grimm, 1. c. 

On the mythology of the Cuckoo, see also (7,2. a/.) Von Mannhardt, 
Zeitsch. f. d. Myth. iii. pp. 209-298 ; Hardy, Pop. Hist. of the Cuckoo, 
Folk-lore Record, pt. ii; Hopf, Orakelthiere, p. 152. 

How the Amphisbaena, alone among serpents, appears before the 
Cuckoo is heard, i.e. in early spring, Plin. xxx. (10) 25; a magic 
remedy for fleas, Plin. I].c.; a Cuckoo in a hare-skin, a remedy for 
sleeplessness, Plin. xxx. (15) 48; the Cuckoo as food, Plin. x. 9; cf. 
Arist. H. A. vi. 7, 564 (spurious passage). 


KO’AAPIZ. Vide s.v. κάλαρις. 
ΚΟΛΛΥΡΙΏΝ, s. κορυλλίων, Hesych. An undetermined bird. 


Arist. H. A. ix. 23, 617 Ὁ ra αὐτὰ ἐσθίει τῷ κοττύφῳ..... ἁλίσκεται δὲ 
κατὰ χειμῶνα μάλιστα. Is of a size with κόττυφος, πάρδαλος, μαλακοκρανεύς, 
χλωρίων. 

Belon’s unsupported hypothesis of the SArzke (Observ. ii. 98) is 
handed down in the modern scientific name of Lanius collurio. 
Buffon, quoted by Camus, ii. p. 238, says (Hist. Des Ois. ii. p. 70) that 
in Mod. Gk. the Shrike is called κολλυρίων ; there is no recent 
evidence of this. Gloger suggests with more probability, Zwrdus 
pilaris, L., the Fieldfare. 


KOAOIO’S, a. The Jackdaw. Corvus monedula, L. Root very doubtful. 
Mod. Gk. κολοιός, καλοιακοῦδα. Hesych. κολοιός" [ὄρνεον] ὃ οὐ τάχα 
ὁρᾶται ἐν ᾿Αλεξανδρείᾳ : also, κολοιοί: σκῶπες, μικραὶ κορῶναι. 

Il. xvi. 583 ; xvil. 755 Ψαρῶν νέφος ἔρχεται ἠὲ κολοιῶν, | οὖλον κεκλήγοντες. 
In regard to the Jackdaw’s cry, cf. Pind. N. 3,143 (78) κολοιοὶ κραγέται : 
Antip. Sid. 47 κολοιῶν κρωγμός : J. Poll. vi. 13 κολοιοὺς κλώζειν : hence 
the verb κολοιάω, Poll. v. 89. 

Frequent in Aristophanes; Av. passim, Ach. 875, Vesp. 129, Eq. 
1020, &c. 

Arist. H. A. ix. 24, 617 Ὁ εἴδη rpia’ κορακίας, λύκος, βωμολόχος, q. v. 
Ib. 11. 17, 509 τὸ πρὸς τὴν κοιλίαν τεῖνον ἔχει εὐρὺ καὶ πλατύ. Its claws 
are weaker than those of δρυοκολάπτης, ib. ix. 9, 614 (here Schneider, 
followed by Sundevall, would read for κολοιῶν, κολιῶν 5. κελεῶν). De 
Gen. iii. 6, 756 b ἡ τοῖς ῥύγχεσι εἰς ἄλληλα κοινωνία δῆλον ἐπὶ τῶν τιθασευο- 
μένων κολοιῶν. 

How the Jackdaw, a victim to sociality, is caught with a dish of oil, 
into which, looking at his own reflection, he falls; Ael. iv. 30, 
Athen. ix. 393 "Ὁ, Dion. De Avib. iii. 19. Caught also with springes 
baited with an olive, Dion. ib. ili. 18. 

A weather-prophet. οἱ κολοιοὶ ἐκ τῶν νήσων πετόμενοι τοῖς γεωργοῖς 


go A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


KOAOIOX (continued). 

σημεῖον αὐχμοῦ καὶ ἀφορίας εἰσίν, Arist. fr. 240, 1522. A sign of rain, 
φαινόμενοι ἀγεληδὰ καὶ ἱρήκεσσιν ὁμοῖον | φθεγξάμενοι, Arat. Ph. 965; cf. ib. 
970. κόραξ δὲ ad κορώνη καὶ κολοιὸς δείλης ὀψίας εἰ φθέγγοιντο χειμῶνος 
ἔσεσθαί τινα ἐπιδημίαν διδάσκουσι" κολοιοὶ δὲ ἱερακίζοντες, καὶ πετόμενοι πῆ 
μὲν ἀνωτέρω πῆ δὲ κατωτέρω, κρυμὸὺν καὶ ὑετὸν δηλοῦσι, Arist. ap. Ael. vii. 7; 
cf. Theophr. De Sign. vi. 1; Arat. 1023, 1026; Ovid, Amor. ii. 6, 34 
pluviae graculus auctor aquae ; Lucret. v. 1082. 

In augury, frequent. Ar. Av. 50 χὠ κολοιὸς οὑτοσὶ ἄνω κέχηνεν : Cf. 
W. H. Thompson’s note on Plat. Phaed. 249 D. 

How the Jackdaws, destroying the grasshoppers’ eggs, are cherished 
by the Thessalians, Ilyrians, and Lemnians, Ael. iii. 12, Plin. xi. 29. 
How the Veneti bribe the Jackdaws to spare their crops, and how 
the Daws respect the compact, Ael. xvii. 16, Antig. Hist. Mir. 173 (189), 
Arist. De Mirab. ii. 9, 841 b. On the construction of scare-crows, cf. 
Geopon. xiv. 25. 

Story of a Jackdaw enamoured of a certain youth, Ael. i. 6, xii. 37. 
The Jackdaw in medicine, Plin. xxix. (6) 36, xxx. (11) 30, &c. Uses 
laurel as a remedy, Plin. viii. 27. 

Fables.—The Daws and the Husbandman, Babr. xxxiii. The Daw 
in borrowed plumes, ib. Ixxii: also κολοιὸς καὶ yAavé, in Fab. Aes. ed. 
Halm, 200; Phaedr. i. 3; cf. Luc. Apol. 4 κολοιὸς ἀλλοτρίοις πτεροῖς 
ἀγάλλεται : Hor. Ep. i. 3. 19, 20 moveat cornicula risum, Furtivis nudata 
coloribus. See also Aes. Fab, 201, 202, 398. 

Proverb.—xodouws mapa κολοιὸν ἱζάνει, Arist. Rhet. i. 11, 1371 b; cf. 
Nic. Eth. viii. 2, 1155, &c. κακῶν πανάριστε κολοιῶν, Lucian, Fugit. 30 
(3, 382). Of chatterers, πολλοὶ yap μίσει ope κατακρώζουσι κολοιοί, Ar. 
Eq. 1020. 


KOAOIO’S, B. The Little Cormorant. Phalacrocorax pygmaeus, 

Bonap.; vide s. v. καταρράκτης. 

Arist. H. A. ix. 24, 617 Ὁ ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἄλλο γένος κολοιῶν περὶ τὴν Λυδίαν 
καὶ Φρυγίαν, ὃ στεγανόπουν ἐστίν. Is friendly with λάρος (6 kad. κολοιός), 
Ael. ν. 48. 

Sundevall ingeniously suggests the above interpretation, the large or 
Common Cormorant, ‘corvo marino,’ being known as κόραξ (Arist. 
H. A. viii. 3, 593b). Ar. Ach. 875 (883) νάσσας, κολοιούς, arrayas, pada- 
pidas, &c., is quoted by Athen. ix. 395 E as a list of water-dirds. Cf. s.v. 
κορώνη ἡ θαλάσσιος. 

ΚΟΛΟΙΦΡΥΞ' Ταναγραῖος ἀλεκτρυών, Hesych. 


KOAOKTPYQ’N. In Hesych., supposed to be based on an ancient 
error in MS. Ravenn. of Ar. Ran. 935, for κἀλεκτρυόνα. 
KOAYMBI'S, s. κόλυμβος (Ar. Ach.), κολυμβάς (Athen. 395 6, Anton. Lib.). 
A water-bird; especially a Grebe. 


KOAOIOZ—KOPA= ΟἹ 


ΚΟΛΥΜΒΙΣ (continued). 

Ar. Av. 304, Ach. 875, brought to market from Boeotia. Mentioned 
among the water-birds in Arist. H. A. i. 1, 487, villi. 3, 593b; Alex. 
Mynd. in Athen. ix. 395d ἡ μικρὰ κολυμβὶς πάντων ἐλαχίστη τῶν ἐνύδρων, 
ῥυπαρομέλαινα τὴν χροιὰν καὶ τὸ ῥύγχος ὀξὺ ἔχει, σκέπτον τε (lect. dub.) τὰ 
ὄμματα, τὰ δὲ πολλὰ καταδύεται. Dion. De Avib. ii. 12 τοῖς κσλύμβοις ἐστὶν 
ἀεὶ τὸ νήχεσθαι φίλον, καὶ οὐδ᾽ ἂν ὕπνου χάριν ἢ τροφῆς ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν ἔλθοιεν, 
κατιλ.: ib. ili. 24, capture of κολυμβίς at night, with net and lantern. 
The above passage from Alex. Mynd., so far as it is intelligible, is 
a good description of the Little Grebe or Dabchick, Podiceps minor, L., 
which is a common resident in Greece (Mod. Gk. βουτηκτάρα). In 
Arist. De Part. iv. 12 we find a minute account of the Grebe’s foot, but 
without a name. 

According to Nicand. ap. Anton. Lib. c. ix, one of the Emathides, 
daughters of Pierus, was metamorphosed into the bird κολυμβάς. 


KO’MBA’ κορώνη, Πολυρρήνιοι, Hesych. 


KONTI’AOX: εἶδος ὀρνέου, ἢ ὄρτυξ, Hesych. It is possible that the word 
may be connected with xévros, and that it may relate to the game 
of ὀρτυγοκοπία, or quail-tapping. 


KOPAKI’A. Also κορακῖνος (synonymous according to Hesych.). 

A Chough. Pyrrhocorax alpinus, the Alpine Chough, and /regzlus 
graculus, the Cornish Chough ; both found in Greece, the latter 
more rarely. Mod. Gk. καλιακοῦδα in Attica, κορωνοποῦλι in 
Laconia (Heldr.). 

Arist. H. A. ix. 24, 617b. A sort of κολοιός" ὅσον κορώνη, Φοινικό- 
puyxos. Hesych. ὁ μέλας κολοιύς, καὶ κορακῖνος ὁμοίως. 


KO’PA=, a. The Raven. Corvus corax, L. Cf. Sk. kar-dvas, L. cor-vus, 
Sw. krd-ka, O. N. hri-kr, A.S. hro-c, Eng. crow, rook, O.N. hra-fn, 
Eng. raven: the same root in κράζω, crepare, raucus, O. H.G. 
hruofan, Ger. rufen, Eng. croak. Mod. Gk. κόραξ, κόρακας, κόρ- 
κοραξ (Erh.). Dim. κορακῖνος, Ar, Eq. 1053; κορακίσκος, Gloss. 


Not in Homer. Poet., frequent, with the idea of ravenous, carrion- 
feeding, e.g. Aesch. Suppl. 751, Ag. 1473; Gk. Anthol. (Jac.) iv. 179 
ἄγκειμαι μέγα δεῖπνον ἀμετροβίοις κοράκεσσι. Hence Prov. εἰς κόρακας, Ar, 
Vesp. 51, 852, Nub. 123, 133, 789, Pax 500, 1221, Thesmoph. 1226, &c., 
Arist. fr. 454, 1552 b, Plut. ix. 415, Lucian, Alex. 46 (2, 552); frequent 
also in the comic fragments. See also the long note of Photius ; cf. also 
Antisthenes ap. D. L. vi. 1,4 κρεῖττον ἔλεγε καθά φησιν “Ἑκάτων ἐν ταῖς 
Χρείαις, εἰς κόρακας ἢ εἰς κόλακας ἐκπεσεῖν" οἱ μὲν γὰρ νεκρούς, οἱ δὲ ζῶντας 
ἐσθίουσιν : cf. Pallad. 32, Gk. Anthol. ill, 121 6 καὶ A μόνον κόρακας 


92 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


KOPAE (continued). 


κολάκων διορίζει, | λοιπύν τ᾽ αὐτὸ κόραξ βωμολόχος τε κόλαξ. With epithet 
κυανύπτερος, Eur. Andr. 862. 


Anatomical particulars.—Arist. De Part. iv. 1, 626b τὸ ῥύγχος ἔχει 
ἰσχυρὸν καὶ σκληρόν, TOU στομάχου τὸ πρὸς THY κοιλίαν τεῖνον εὐρὺ καὶ πλατύ, 
χόλην πρὸς τοῖς ἐντέροις. 


Breeding.—Arist. De Gen. iii. 6, 756 Ὁ ἡ μὲν ὀχεία ὀλιγάκις ὁρᾶται, ἡ δὲ 
τοῖς ῥύγχεσι πρὸς ἄλληλα κοινωνία πολλάκις, εἰσὶ γάρ τινες οἱ λέγουσι κατὰ 
τὸ στόμα μίγνυσθαι τοὺς κόρακας, cf. Plin. x. (12) 15; Dion. De Avib. i. 
Q ov μίγνυνται πρίν τινα ταῖς θηλείαις δὴν ὥσπερ γαμήλιον περικράξαι. Pair 
for life, Athen. ix. 506. Lays four to five eggs, Arist. H. A. ix. 31, 618 b. 
Incubates twenty days and expels the fledglings, ib. vi. 6, 563 b.; cf. Plin. 
lic. ΑΕ]. ili. 43 ὁ κόραξ ὁ ἤδη γέρων ὅταν μὴ δύνηται τρέφειν τοὺς νεοττούς, 
ἑαυτὸν αὐτοῖς προτείνει τρόφην, | ot δὲ ἐσθίουσι τὸν πατέρα; cf. Phile, De 
Anim. Pr. vi. 


Habits.—Mentioned among τὰ κατὰ πόλεις εἰωθότα μάλιστα ζῆν, Arist. 
H. A. ix. 23, 617 Ὁ. Is a mimic, Ael. ii. 51. βούλεται δὲ τῶν ὄμβρὼν 
μιμεῖσθαι τὰς σταγόνας, ib. vi. 19. οὐ μεταβάλλει τοὺς τόπους οὐδὲ φωλεύει, 
Arist. H. A. ix. 23, 617b. How the Ravens pick out sheeps’ eyes, Ar. 
Av. 582. 


Myth and Legend. — How there are never more than two Ravens 
περὶ τὴν καλουμένην Κόπτον in Egypt, Ael. vii. 18; at Krannon in 
Thessaly, Arist. De Mirab. 126, 842 Ὁ, Plin. x. (12) 15 ; in Pedasia in 
Caria, Arist. De Mirab. 137, 844 Ὁ. In this last instance they inhabit 
the temple, and one has a white throat. Perhaps the κόρακες here were 
priests or priestesses, cf. πέλεια. See also Arist. H. A. ix. 31. 

On the kdépakes or κοράκια, as a grade in the Mithraic hierarchy, cf. 
Porphyr. De Abst. iv. 16, Hieronym. ad Laet. 7, Diodor. i. 62, Inscr. 
Griiter. p. 1087. 4, &c.; cf. Montfaucon, ii. p. 377, Creuzer’s Symbolik i. 
p- 253, Minter ad Jul. Firmic. v. p. 20, &c. Creuzer (i. p. 431) correlates 
the Indian myth of Brahma appearing in one of his incarnations as 
a Raven, and compares in turn this latter story (ii. p. 655) with that 
in Herod. iv. 15. The Raven of Odin is, perhaps, also cognate. 

The Raven as a messenger of Apollo. Hesiod, fr. 125 (142) ap. 
Schol. Pind. P. 48 (28) τῷ μὲν ἄρ᾽ ἄγγελος ἦλθε κύραξ ἱερῆς ἀπὸ δαιτός | 
Πυθῶ ἐς ἠγαθέην καὶ ῥ᾽ ἔφρασεν ἔργ᾽ ἀΐδηλα | Φοίβῳ ἀκερσεκόμῃ : cf. Ael. 
i. 47 ᾿Απόλλωνος θεράπων, with which cf. famulum in Cat. Ixvi. 57, 
and Ellis’s note ; see also Bianor iv in Gk. Anthol. ii. 142 Φοίβου λάτρις: 
Ael. i. 47, 48, vii. 18, Porph. De Abst. iii. 5, Stat. Silv. ii. 4 Phoebeius 
ales, &c. 

Hence with the laurel-emblem, on coins of Delphi. Hence also 
Stat. Theb. ili, 506 comes obscurus tripodum; Petron. Sat. c. 122 
delphicus ales. 


KOPA= 93 


KOPAE (continued). 


The legend of Coronis (Paus. ii. 26, 6), mother of Aesculapius: the 
raven sent for water by Apollo, and punished for dallying by the way ; 
hence the raven, alone of birds, does not bring water to its young: 
Dion. De Avib. i. 9, Phil. De An. Pr. vi: cf. Callim. fr. nuper edit., 
Gompertz, Mitth. a.d. Rainersammlung, 1893, Kenyon, Class. Rev. 
1893, p. 430. See further, ΑΕ]. i. 47; also Ovid, F. ii. 249, where 
Corvus in the same story appears as a constellation; according to 
Hyginus, Poet. Astron. c. xl, the raven waited to devour some ripening 
figs, and the punishment of everlasting thirst is correlated with the 
juxtaposition of the constellations Corvus and Crater, which latter the 
Hydra guards (Ovid, F. ii. 243 Continuata loco tria sidera Corvus et 
Anguis, Et medius Crater inter utrumque iacet). Hence Prov. κόραξ 
vdpevet, Hesych., Suid. In the version of the same story in Ovid, Met. 
11, the raven was originally white (v. 536) Nam fuit haec quondam niveis 
argentea pennis Ales, ut aequaret totas sine labe columbas; a world- 
wide legend : cf. Hygin. Fab. 202, Gower, Conf. Amant. iii, &c. 

On the name Coronis in connexion with Moon-symbolism, cf. Pott 
in Lazarus and Steintheil’s Zeitschr., xiv. p. 18, 1883. 

It is skilled in augury, Ael. i. 48; cf. Aes. Fab. 212, Plin. x. (12), 15, 
Cic. Divin. i. 39, Ovid, Met. ii. 534, Plaut. Aulul. iv. 3, 1, Id. Asin. ii. 
I, 12, Hor. Car. ili. 17, Stat. Theb. ili. 506, Petron. Sat. 122, Valer. Max. 
i. Ὁ: 4, Festus, 197, &c. 

How ravens conducted Alexander to the Temple of Jupiter Ammon, 
and subsequently gave warning of his death, Plut. V. Alex. c. 27. 

How the ravens flocked to Delphi, and despoiled the gifts of the 
Athenians, before the Sicilian disaster, Pausan. x. 15, 5. 

How ravens guided the Boeotians to the site of a new city, Photius, 
S.V. ἐς κόρακας. 

How all the ravens departed from Athens and the Peloponnese on 
the defeat of Medius at Pharsalus, Arist. ix. 31, 618 Ὁ: cf. Plin. x. 15; 
see Schneider in loc., and ad Xen. Hellen. ii. 3, 4, further Diodor. xiv. 
82, and Strab. xi. p. 591. Some similar incident seems to be alluded 
to in Ar. Eq. 1052 ἀλλ᾽ ἱέρακα φίλει, μεμνημένος ἐν φρεσίν, ὅς σοι | ἤγαγε 
συνδήσας Λακεδαιμονίων κορακίνους. 

How in Egypt the ravens beg of those sailing by in boats, and if 
denied, cut the cordage, Ael. 11.48. Places ἄγνον in its nest as a charm, 
Ael. i. 35: cf. Phile, 727. Detests τὴν εὔζωμον πόαν, Phile, De An. 670, 
or εὐζώμου σπέρμα, Ael. vi. 46. Is hostile to ἰκτῖνος, αἰσάλων, ταῦρος, 
ὄνος, Arist. H. A. ix. 1, 609b, Ael. v. 48, Phile, 388, 705, and to χλωρεύς, 
Phile, 690. A raven and an ass together on a coin of Mindaon, Imh. 
ΒΙ., and Kell., p. 32, pl. 24 (the constellation Corvus set shortly after 
Cancer, with which latter the Ass is associated). The hare detests the 
voice of the raven, Ael. xiii. 11 (and the constellation Lepus sets soon 


94 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


KOPAE (continued). 


after the rising of Corvus, as does also Taurus). The raven is friendly 
to the fox, Arist. H. A. ix. 1,609 ἢ. The raven’s eggs dye the hair and 
the teeth black, ΑΕ]. i. 48, Phile, De An. vi, Plin. xxix. (6) 34. The 
raven in medicine, Plin. xxix. (4) 13, &c. After killing a chameleon, 
the raven uses a leaf of laurel as an antidote to the reptile’s venom, 
Plin. viii. (27) 41. 

For an account of the various Raven-myths discussed in connexion 
with the astronomic symbolism of the constellation Corvus, see Hygin. 
Poet. Astron. xl, Fab. ccii, German. c. xl, Eratosthen. c. xli, Theon. 
p. 151, Vitruv. ix. 7, Ovid. 1. c., Dupuis, Orig. de tous les cultes, vi. 
Ρ. 457, ἅς. 


A Weather-prophet.—A prophet of storm: Arat. 963-969 δή ποτε καὶ 
γενεαὶ κοράκων καὶ φῦλα κολοιῶν | ὕδατος ἐρχομένοιο Διὸς πάρα on’ eyévovto,| 
φαινόμενοι ἀγεληδὰ καὶ ἱρήκεσσιν ὁμοῖα ] φθεγξάμενοι.. .. ἤποτε καὶ κρώξαντε 
βαρείῃ δισσάκι φωνῇ | μακρὸν ἐπιρροιζεῦσι τινασσόμενοι πτερὰ πυκνά: οἵ. 
Theophr. De Sign. vi. 1, 16 κόραξ πολλὰς μεταβάλλειν εἰωθὼς φωνάς, 
τούτων ἐὰν ταχὺ δὶς φθέγξηται καὶ ἐπιρροιζήσῃ καὶ τινάξῃ τὰ πτερὰ ὕδωρ ση- 
μαίνει" καὶ ἐὰν ὑετῶν ὄντων πολλὰς μεταβάλλῃ φωνὰς καὶ ἐὰν φθειρίζηται 
ἐπ᾽ ἐλαίας" καὶ ἐάν τε εὐδίας ἐάν τε ὕδατος ὄντος μιμῆται τῇ φωνῇ οἷον 
σταλαγμοὺς ὕδωρ σημαίνει (vide Aratus, 1. c.), cf. ib. c. 3; Arist. ap. Ael. 
Vil. 7 ταχέως Kal ἐπιτρόχως φθεγγόμενος καὶ κρούων τὰς πτέρυγας Kal κροτῶν 
αὐτάς, ὅτι χειμὼν ἔσται κατέγνω πρῶτος. κόραξ δὲ αὖ καὶ κορώνη καὶ κολοιὸς 
δείλης ὀψίας εἰ φθέγγοιντο, χειμῶνος ἔσεσθαί τινα ἐπιδημίαν διδάσκουσι : 
Plut. Sol. Anim. ii. 129 A, Nic. Ther. 406 and Schol., &c. A sign of 
fair weather: Arat. 1003 καὶ κύρακες μουνούμεν᾽ ἐρημαῖοι Bodwrres | δισ- 
oaks, αὐτὰρ ἔπειτα μέγ᾽ ἀθρύα κεκληγῶτες | πλειότεροι, ἀγεληδὸν ἐπὴν κοίτοιο 
μέδωνται | φωνῆς ἔμπλειοι : cf. Theophr. op. cit. vi. 4, 13, Ὁ. Smyrn. xii. 
513, Geopon. 1. 2) Ὁ 1.3, 8, Plin. αν: 87, Virg.0Go 1. 382.410, Τ᾿ 
the Georgics, the allusion is evidently to vooks, as is perhaps also the 
case, though more doubtfully, in Aratus; cf. W. W. Fowler, ‘A Year 
with the Birds’ (3rd ed.), p. 234. 


Varieties.—White ravens, Arist. H. A. iii. 12, 519: cf. De Color. 
6, 799b; Cod. Rhod. Lect. Antiq. xvii. 11; though λευκὸς κόραξ = 
cygnus niger, an unheard-of thing, Anth. Pal. xi. 417 (Jac. iv. 130) 
τί πειράζεις λευκὸν ἰδεῖν κόρακα; see also Photius, s.v. ἐς κόρακας ; 
Athen. 359E; Lucian, Epigr. 9 (3, 689) θᾶττον ἔην λευκοὺς κόρακας, 
πτηνάς τε χελῶνας | εὑρεῖν ἢ δοκιμὸν ῥήτορα Καππαδόκην : cf. Schol. in Ar. 
Nub. 133; Juv. Sat. vil. 202. Cf. fable of κόραξ καὶ κύκνος, Aes. 206. 
According to Boios and Simmias, ap. Anton. Lib. c. xx, Lycias, son 
of Cleinis, was metamorphosed into a white Raven. The ravens in 
Egypt are smaller than in Greece, Arist. H. A. viii. 28, 606. 


ἀεροκόραξ, a fabulous variety, Lucian, Ver. Hist. i. 16. κόραξ 


KOPA=—KOPYAAAOX 95 


KOPAE (continued). 
in Athen. 353 a, and κόραξ νυκτερινός in Lucian Asin. 12 (ii. 581), for 
νυκτικόραξ, q.V. 
On talking Ravens, Porph. De Abst. iii. 4, Plin. x. (43) 60, &c. 
Fables.—Fable of the pitcher and the stones, Bianor iv, in Gk. 
Anthol. ii. 142; Ael. ii. 48, vii. 7. Fox and Crow, Babr. 77, Aes. (ed. 
Halm), 204: cf. Hor. Sat. ii. 5, 56. The Sick Raven, Babr. 78, Aes. 
208 ris τῶν θεῶν, τέκνον, σώσει, | Tivos yap ὑπὸ σοῦ βωμὸς οὐχ ἐσυλήθη ; 
Daw and Raven, Aes. 201. Raven and Serpent, Aes. 207: cf. Gk. 
Anthol. 11. 97. Raven (ὑπὸ παγίδος κρατηθείς) and Hermes, Aes. 205. 
Prov. κακοῦ κόρακος κακὸν @dv, ΑΕ]. iil. 43; Paroem. Gr. ii. p. 466, 
ed. Leutsch: cf. W. H. Thompson’s Phaedrus, p. 132. 


KO’PA=. B. A Cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo, L., and P. graculus, 

L. Mod. Gk. xadergaxod, 

Arist. H. A. vill. 3, 593b ὁ καλούμενος κόραξ ἐστὶ τὸ μὲν μέγεθος οἷον 
πελαργός, πλὴν τὰ σκέλη ἔχει ἐλάττω, στεγανόπους δὲ καὶ νευστικός, τὸ δὲ 
χρῶμα μέλας. καθίζει δὲ οὗτος ἐπὶ τῶν δένδρων καὶ νεοττεύει ἐνταῦθα μόνος 
τῶν τοιούτων. 

The Cormorant appears in various Italian dialects as cormoran, 
corvo marin, corvastro, &c., the Little Cormorant (vide 5. ν. κολοιός) 
as corvo marin piccolo, and in Venetia, corvéto marin, i.e. Sea-Jackdaw 
(Giglioli). 

The corvus aquaticus of Plin. xi. (37) 47, mentioned as da/d (quibus 
apud Graecos nomen est inde), and therefore presumably identical with 
the phalacrocorax, ib. x. (48) 68, must have been a different bird. 


KO’PA®Ox. An unknown bird, Hesych. According to Schn., for 
κόρυφος, whence μελαγκόρυφος. 

KO’POIAOX: ὄρνις ὅν τινες βασιλίσκον, Hesych. Cf. τρόχιλος. 

KO’PKOPA: ὄρνις, Περγαῖοι, Hesych. 


KOPY’AAAOS. κόρυϑος, s. kopudds, Plato, Euthyd., Ar. Av. 302, 472, 
&c., Anaxandrides ap. Athen. iv. 131, Arist. H. A. &c., Theocr. 
vii. 141, Plut. De 15. &c., Galen, &c.; κορυδαλλή; Epich. 25 
Ahr. ; κορυδαλλίς, Simon. 68 ; κορυδαλίς, Phile, De An. Pr. 683 ; 
κορυδαλλός, s. κορύδᾶλος, Theocr. x. 50, Babr. 88, Eubul. fr. ap. 
Phryn., Arist. H. A. ix. 15; xopudév, Arist. H. A. ix. 1, 609, 
cf. Schol. ad Ar. Av. 303; κόρυθος, Hesych. (a doubtful word, 
defined as εἷς τῶν τροχίλων : cf. κορυθών), &c.: cf. Lob. Phryn. 
338; Rutherford, New Phryn. p. 426. On the gender, cf. 
Schol. ad Ar. Av. 472 θηλυκῶς εἴρηκε τὴν κορυδόν, ὁ δὲ Πλάτων 
(Euthyd. 291 D) τοὺς κορυδούς, 


96 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


ΚΟΡΥΔΑΛΟΣ (continued). 


A Lark (from κόρυς). Mod. Gk. κορυδαλός, σκορδαλός, χαμοκελάδι 
(Belon), and in Santorini σκουριαυλός (Bikélas) qy. σ-κουριΐ δ αυλός. 


Description.—Arist. H. A. ix. 13, 615 Ὁ 7 χλωρίς ἐστιν ἡλίκον κόρυδος : 
ix. 49 B, 633 Ὁ ἐπίγειος, κονιστικός (i.e. bathes in the sand, like a hen): 
viii. 16, 600a φωλεῖ: vi. 1, 559 τίκτει ἐν τῇ γῇ, like the quail and the 
partridge: ix. 8,614 a ἐπὶ δένδρου οὐ καθίζει ἀλλ᾽ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς : ix. 29, 618 ἃ 
the cuckoo lays in its nest, which is placed on the ground, cf. Ael. 
iii. 30. Is caught with bird-lime, Dion. De Avib. iii. 2, or by help of 
the owl, ib. iii. 17. The crest referred to proverbially, Simon. fr. 68 
(Plut. ii. gt E, 809 A, V. Timol. xxxvii, 253 E) πάσαισιν κορυδαλλίσιν χρὴ 
λόφον ἐγγίνεσθαι. Arist. mentions neither the singing nor the soaring 
of the lark; but Theocr. vii. 141 has ἄειδον κόρυδοι καὶ ἀκανθίδες, and 
X. 50 ἐγειρομένῳ κορυδαλλῷ, surgente corydalo. The lark’s song was 
apparently not appreciated : cf. Alciphr. Epist. 48 ὃν ἐγὼ τῆς ἀχαρίστου 
φωνῆς ἕνεκα ὀρθῶς κορυδὸν [s. ὀρθοκόρυδον] καλεῖσθαι πρὸς ἡμῶν ἔκρινα: 
Epigr. εἰ κύκνῳ δύναται κορυδὸς παραπλήσιον ἄδειν : and proverbs cited by 
Schneider in Arist. vol. iv. p. 128. 


Varieties.— Arist. H. A. ix. 25, 617 Ὁ δύο γένη, ἡ μὲν ἑτέρα ἐπίγειος καὶ 
λόφον ἔχουσα, ἡ δ᾽ ἑτέρα ἀγελαία καὶ οὐ σπορὰς ὥσπερ ἐκείνη, τὸ μέντοι 
χρῶμα ὅμοιον τῇ ἑτέρᾳ ἔχουσα, τὸ δὲ μέγεθος ἔλαττον᾽ καὶ λόφον οὐκ ἔχει, 
ἐσθίεται δέ. The first species is the Crested Lark, A/auda cristata, L., 
a permanent resident in Greece; the other is the Common Lark, 
Alauda arvensts, L., a winter migrant (v.d. Mile, p. 36, Lindermayer, 
Ρ. 49). Both species receive the name κορυδαλός in Mod. Gk. (Erhard). 


Myth and Legend.—Arist. H. A. ix. 1, 610 φίλοι σχοινίων καὶ 
κόρυδος καὶ AiBvos καὶ Kededs. ix. I, 609b ὁ πέλλος πολεμεῖ κορύδῳ, τὰ 
γὰρ @a αὐτοῦ κλέπτει. Ib. 609 πολέμια ποικιλίδες καὶ κορυδῶνες καὶ 
πίπρα καὶ χλωρεύς. Hostile also to ἀκανθυλλίς, Phile, 683, ΑΕ]. iv. 5. 
Uses the grass ἄγρωστις as an amulet or protection, Ael. i. 35, as 
does the Hoopoe, Phile, 724; whence the proverb ἐν κορυδοῦ 
κοίτῃ σκολιὴ κέκρυπται ἄγρωστις, Geopon. xv. I, 19. Uses, in like 
manner, oak-leaves, Phile, 725. Is killed by mustard-seed, νάπυος 
σπέρματι, Phile, 662, Ael. vi. 46; cf. Galen, Theriac. i. 9, 943, &c., 
Diosc. ii. 59, 796. How the lark led an Attic colony to Corone in 
Messenia, and how Apollo, under the name Κόρυδος, had a temple 
and cured diseases there, Paus. iv. 34, 8. How the Lemnians honoured 
the larks, τὰ τῶν ἀττελάβων εὑρίσκοντας @a καὶ κύπτοντας, Plut. ii. 380 F. 
The story of the Lark and his Father, Aesop ap. Ar. Av. 471 κορυδὸν 
πάντων πρώτην ὄρνιθα γενέσθαι, προτέραν τῆς γῆς, κἄπειτα νόσῳ τὸν πατέρ᾽ 
αὐτῆς ἀποθνήσκειν" γῆν δ᾽ οὐκ εἶναι, τὸν δὲ προκεῖσθαι πεμπταῖον᾽ τὴν δ᾽ ἀπο- 
ροῦσαν ὑπ᾽ ἀμηχανίας τὸν πατέρ᾽ αὑτῆς ἐν τῇ κεφαλῇ κατορύξαι. The same 


story told in great detail of the Hoopoe, ἔποψ Ἰινδικός (Ael. N. A. xvi. 5) 


KOPYAAAOZ— KOPQNH 97 


ΚΟΡΥΔΑΛΟΣ (continued). 


with the statement that the Greeks probably transferred the legend to the 
lark; vide s.v. ἔποψ. The legend, which probably includes a solar myth, 
is very obscure. Connected with it is probably the epithet ἐπιτυμβίδιοι 
κορυδαλλίδες, Theocr. vii. 27, but the line in Babrius Ixxii. 20 κορυδαλλὸς 
οὖν τάφοις παίζων is spurious and unreliable (W. G. R.). The κορυδύς 
and ἔποψ (both crested birds) are frequently confused: the very word 
Alauda is possibly an Eastern word for the Hoopoe, Arab. al hudhud. 
Cf. Plin. xi. 37 galerita appellata quondam, postea gallico (?) vocabulo 
alauda. 


Associated with the name Philoclees, Ar. Av. 1295. 

The superficial resemblance between kopvdadcs and the name of 
“Aprewis KopvOadia (Athen. iv. 139) may help to explain” Aprepus ᾿Ακαλανθίς 
and the other similar epithets in Ar. Av. 870-877, 

A fabled metamorphosis, Boios ap. Anton. Lib. c. 7, where Hippo- 
dameia is transformed into a lark, ὅτι ἐκορύσσετο πρὸς τὰς ἵππους. 

Fables.—xopvdanos εἰς πάγην ἁλούς, Aes. 209 (c. 55, F. 228). κορύδαλος 
καὶ γεωργός, Ib. 210 (F. 379, C. 421, B. 88). 


KOPYOQN, also κορυνθεύς: ἀλεκτρυών, Hesych. Very probably identical 
with κορυδών, 5. v. κορύδϑαλος. 


KOPYAAIQ’N: ὄρνιθος εἶδος, Hesych. Vide 5. v. κολλυρίων. 


ΚΟΡΩΝΗ. The Crow, Corvus corone, L., including also the Hooded 
Crow, C. cornix, L. Mod. Gk. κορῶνα (Erh.), κουροῦνα (vid. ΜΕ} 
Sometimes the Rook, which only appears in Greece during the 
winter, and appears to have received no special name: vide s.v. 
σπερμολόγος. On the confusion in Latin between cornzx, corvus, 
&c., v. Wedgwood, Tr. Philol. Soc., 1854, p. 107; also W. W. 
Fowler, ‘ A Year with the Birds,’ c. vii. Dim. κορωνιδεύς, Cratin. 
Πυλ. το. 

First in Hes. Op. 747 μή τοι ἐφεζομένη κρώζῃ λακέρυξα κορώνη : cf. Ar. 
Av. 609; Apoll. Rhod. iii. 928; Arat. 950. 

Described as frequenting cities, Arist. H. A. ix. 23, 617 b, not a migrant, 
ib. (cf. Fab. Aes. 415). No bigger in Egypt than in Greece, ib. viii. 28, 
606 ; alimentary canal as in the Raven, ib. ii. 17, 504; frequent the sea- 
shore, to feed on jettisoned carcases, being omnivorous, ib. viii. 3, 593 Ὁ; 
Archil. 44, ap. Athen. 594 συκῆ merpain πολλὰς βόσκουσα κορώνας (ὃ rooks). 


Breeding habits.—Arist. De Gen. iv. 6,774b τίκτουσιν ἀτελῆ καὶ τυφλά. 
H. A. vi. 8, 564 ἐπῳάζουσι δὲ ai θήλειαι μόναι, καὶ διατελοῦσιν ἐπ᾽ αὐτῶν 
οὖσαι διὰ παντός" τρέφουσι δ᾽ αὐτὰς οἱ ἄρρενες κομίζοντες τὴν τροφὴν αὐταῖς 
καὶ σιτίζοντες : ib. 6, 563 Ὁ ἐπί τινα χρόνον ἐπιμελεῖται" καὶ γὰρ ἤδη πετο- 
μένων σιτίζει πτταραπετομένη. On their monogamous habits, mutual affec- 

H 


98 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


KOPQNH (continued). 


tion and constancy, whence their invocation at weddings, vide Ael. 
ili. Q (27efra ciz.). 

Myth and Legend.—Its proverbial longevity. Hes. in Plut. De Orac. 
Def. 11. p. 415 C ἐννέα τοι ζῴει γενεὰς λακέρυζα κορώνη, | ἀνδρῶν ἡβώντων : 
cf. Ar. Av. 609, Arat. 1023 ἐννεάνειρα κορώνη: Opp. Cyn. ili. 117 αἰετό- 
evra τε φῦλα πολύζωοί (? mohvKpw oi) τε κορῶναι. Cf. also Ar. Av. 967 
πολιαὶ κορῶναι : Babr. Fab. 46, 9 κορώνην δευτέραν ἀναπλήσας, lived two 
crows’ lives ; Automed. ix (Gk. Anthol. ii. 193) βίον ζῴοιτε Kopwvns : 
Lucill. xcvii (ib. iii. 49) εἰ μὲν Gis ταναὸν ἐλάφου χρόνον ἠὲ κορώνης : Com. 
Anon. 4, 680 (Meineke) ὑπὲρ τὰς κορώνας βεβιωκώς, &c. See also Plin. 
vil. 48, Horat. Car. iii. 17, 16 annosa cornix; Martial, x. 67 cornicibus 
omnibus superstes, &c.; Lucret. v. 1083, Juv. x. 247, Ovid, Amor. ii. 6, 36. 
Auson. Id. xviii. 

Is hostile to γάλη, γλαῦξ, ὄρχιλος, πρέσβυς, τύπανος, Arist. H. A. ix. 
I, 609, 610: to ἀκανθυλλίς, Ael. iv. 5: to ἀετός and κίρκος, Ael. xv. 22; 
friendly to ἐρωδιός, Arist. 1. c., Ael. v. 48. The War of the Owls and 
Crows, Ael. iii. 9, v. 48 ἐπεὶ δὲ ἡ γλαῦξ ἐστιν αὐτῇ πολέμιον, Kal νύκτωρ 
ἐπιβουλεύει τοῖς @ois τῆς κορώνης, ἡ δὲ μεθ᾽ ἡμέραν ἐκείνην ταὐτὸ δρᾷ τοῖτο, 
εἰδυῖα ἔχειν τὴν ὄψιν τὴν γλαῦκα τηνικαῦτα ἀσθενῆ. Cf. Jataka, p. 270; 
Ind. Antiq., 1882, p. 87; De Gubern. Zool. Myth., &c. Vide 
S. V. γλαῦξ for a discussion of the moon-symbolism of the latter bird, 
and compare the Chinese expression of the Golden Crow and the 
Jewelled Hare to signify the Sun and Moon. The same legend may 
account for Athene’s supposed enmity to the Crow, cf. Ovid, Amor. ii. 
6, 35 cornix invisa Minervae. 

Uses ἀριστερῶν as a charm, ΑΕ]. i. 35 ; also ῥάμνον, Phile, De Am. Pr. 
725; and περιστερεῶνα τὸν ὕπτιον, Geopon. xv. I, 19. 

A weather-prophet: of storm, Theophr. Sign. vi. 3, 39 ἐὰν ταχὺ δὶς 
κρώζῃ καὶ τρίτον χειμέρια σημαίνει... καὶ ὀψὲ adovga: Arat. 1002 καὶ 
ἥσυχα ποικίλλουσα [5. κωτίλλουσα, Lob.] | ὥρῃ ἐν ἑσπερίῃ κρωγμὺν πολύφωνα 
κορώνη : ib. 1022 καὶ ἐννεάνειρα κορώνη | νύκτερον ἀείδουσα : cf. Arist. fr. 
241, 1522b, ap. Ael. vii. 7; Plut. ii. 674 B, Virg. G. i. 388, Hor. C. iii. 
17, 13, Lucan v. 556; a sign of fair weather, Theophr. vi. 4, 53 καὶ 
κορώνη ἕωθεν εὐθὺς ἐὰν κράξῃ τρίς, εὐδίαν σημαίνει, καὶ ἑσπέρας χειμῶνος 
ἡσυχαίαν adovaa: cf. Ael. 1. ς., Virg. G. i. 410, Geopon. i. 2, 6, &c. 
A bad summer is portended when the fig-leaves are shaped like 
a crow’s foot, Plut. ii. 410 E. 

The Crow in augury, seldom mentioned in Greek, save in Ar. Aves; 
see also Ael. ili. 9, where a solitary crow is mentioned as an evil omen ; 
according to Porph. De Abst. iii. 4, the Arabs understood the language 
of crows. A crow on the left-hand is unlucky, Virg. Ecl. ix. 15, Cic. 
De Div. i. 39, Plaut. Asin. ii. 1, 12, ἄς, ; cf. Hopf, Orakelthiere, p. 115. 

According to Bent, Cyclades, 1885, p. 394, the inhabitants of Anti- 


KOPQNH 99 


KOPQNH (contznued). 


paros are called κουρούναι by their neighbours in Paros, the reason 
assigned being that if the former see a crow on the south side of 
a tree, they are in terror. 

How a crow never enters the Acropolis at Athens, Arist. fr. 324, 
1532 Ὁ, Ael. v. 8, Apollon. viii, Plin. x. (12) 14. (This statement is 
believed by some modern travellers, cf. Dr. Chandler, Trav. in Greece, 
c. ΧΙ. p. 54; and may have a foundation in fact, due simply to the height 
of the hill.) How a crow in Egypt used to carry messages for King 
Marres, and was honoured with a sepulchre, Ael. vi. 7. How a crow 
dies if it falls in with the leavings of a wolf’s dinner (!), Ael. vi. 46, Phile, 
671. How a brazen crow was found in the foundation of Coronea, 
Paus. iv. 34, 5. How the crows showed the grave of Hesiod, Paus. ix. 
38, 3. How the young crow leaves the egg feet first, Dion. De Avib. i. 10. 
The heart eaten, to secure prophetic powers, Porph. De Abst. ii. 48 (cf. 
ἱέραξ). 

It was invoked at weddings, Ael. ili. 9 ἀκούω δὲ τοὺς πάλαι καὶ ἐν τοῖς 
γάμοις μετὰ TO ὑμέναιον τὴν κορώνην καλεῖν, σύνθημα ὁμονοίας τοῦτο τοῖς 
συνιοῦσιν ἐπὶ παιδοποιΐᾳ διδόντες. Cf. Horap. i. 9 γάμον δὲ δηλοῦντες, δύο 
κορώνας ζωγραφοῦσι [οἱ Αἰγύπτιοι]: regarding which statement, see Lauth, 
Sitzungsber. Bayer. Akad. 1876, p.79. Cf. also Horap. i. ὃ rov”Apea καὶ 
Be eee γράφοντες, δύο κορώνας (ογραφοῦσιν, ὡς ἄνδρα καὶ γυναῖκα, ἐπεὶ 
τοῦτο τὸ ζῷον δύο wa γεννᾷ, ad’ ὧν ἄρρεν καὶ οὐ γεννᾶσθαι δεῖ. ἐπειδὰν δὲ 
γεννήσῃ, ὅπερ σπανίως γίνεται, δύο ἀρσενικά, ἢ δύο θηλυκά, τὰ ἀρσενικὰ τὰς 
θηλείας γαμήσαντα οὐ μίσγεται ἑτέρᾳ κορώνῃ, οὐδὲ μὴν ἡ θήλεια ἑτέρᾳ κορώνῃ 
μέχρι θανάτου, ἀλλὰ μόνα τὰ ἀποζυγέντα διατελεῖ, διὸ καὶ μιᾷ κορώνῃ συναν- 
τήσαντες οἰωνίζονται οἱ ἄνθρωποι, ὡς χηρεύοντι συνηντηκότες ζῴῳ" τῆς δὲ 
τοιαύτης αὐτῶν ὁμονοίας χάριν μέχρι νῦν οἱ Ἕλληνες ἐν τοῖς γάμοις" ἐκκορί, 
κορί, κορώνη" λέγουσιν ἀγνοοῦντες. Cf. the Delphic oracle ap. Pausan. 
ix. 37, 4 ὄψ᾽ ἦλθες γενεὴν διζήμενος, ἀλλ᾽ ἔτι καὶ viv  ἱστοβοῆϊ γέροντι νέην 
ποτίβαλλε κορώνην. 

The much-discussed words ἐκκορί, κορί, κορώνη, or (Prov.) κόρε, ἐκκόρει 
κορώνην are quite obscure (cf. Herm. Opusc. il. 227, Leemans in Horap. 
p. 156, various commentators on Pind. P. iii. 19, &c.). They are prob- 
ably part of a ‘Crow-song, and very likely involve a corruption of 
foreign words: ΠΙΚΟΡῚ (which word includes the article) is said to be 
Coptic for a Crow or Daw. Various uses of ἐκκορέω, ὑποκορίζομαι, &C., 
are perhaps involved in the same corruption ; cf. also the word-play on 
κόρη, κοῦρος, &c., in the Crow-song next referred to. 

On the Crow-song, κορώνισμα, and its singers, κορωνισταί, see Athen. 
Vili. 359 οἶδα δὲ Φοίνικα τὴν Κολοφώνιον ἰαμβοποιὸν μνημονεύοντα τινῶν 
ἀνδρῶν ὡς ἀγειρόντων τῇ Κορώνῃ (cf. Hesych. 5. ν. κορωνισταί), καὶ λεγόντων 
ταῦτα ᾿Εσθλοὶ Κορώνῃ χεῖρα πρόσδοτε κριθῶν, Τῇ παιδὶ τοῦ ᾿Απόλλωνος, 
ἢ λέχος πυρῶν, k.T.d. Ilgen, Poet. Gr. Mendicorum Spec., in Opusc. 

H2 


100 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


KOPQNH (continued). 


Var. Phil., i. p. 169; Fauriel, Chants de la Gr. Mod., i. p. cix. See also 
S.v. χελιδών. 


Frequent in Fable, e.g. κορώνη καὶ κόραξ (the Crow that could not 
prophesy), Fab. Aes. 202 ; κορώνη ᾿Αθηνᾷ θύουσα, ib. 213. χελιδὼν καὶ 
κορώνη, ib. 416. 

Proverb κορώνη σκορπίον [ἥρπασε]. Anth. Pal. xii. 92, Hesych., Suid., 
cf. ΔΕΙ͂. vii. 7, Zenob. iv. 60, p. Iol. 


KOPQ’NH Ἢ AAYAI’AX. The Nightingale; vide s. v. ἀηδών. 
KOPQ’NH ‘H ΘΑΛΑΊΆΣΙΟΣ. An undetermined sea-bird. 


Od. v. 66 τανύγλωσσοί τε κορῶναι | εἰνάλιαι, τῇσίν τε θαλάσσια ἔργα 
μέμηλεν. Ib. xii. 418, xiv. 308 οἱ δὲ κορώνῃσιν ἴκελοι περὶ νῆα μέλαιναν | 
κύμασιν ἐμφορέοντο. 

Arrian. Peripl. c. 21 λάροι καὶ αἴθυιαι καὶ κορῶναι αἱ θαλάσσιαι τὸ πλῆθος 

> 7 = © ΄ a3 , ἢ , “ 
ov σταθμητοί: οὗτοι οἱ ὄρνιθες θεραπεύουσιν τοῦ ᾿Αχιλλέως τὸν νεών. ἕωθεν 
ς ΄ 4 > A , e m” > A a / 
ὁσημέραι καταπέτονται ἐς τὴν θάλασσαν᾽ ἔπειτα ἀπὸ τῆς θαλάσσης βεβρεγ- 
μένοι τὰ πτερὰ σπουδῇ αὖ ἐσπέτονται ἐς τὸν νεών, καὶ ῥαίνουσι τὸν νεών. 

Arat. Progn. 950 7 που καὶ λακέρυζα παρ᾽ nidve προυχούσῃ | χείματος 


a 


i] που καὶ ποταμοῖο ἐβάψατο μέχρι παρ᾽ 


ἐρχομένου χέρσῳ ὑπέτυψε κορώνη, 
ἄκρους | ὥμους ἐκ κεφαλῆς, ἢ καὶ μάλα πᾶσα κολυμβᾷ, | ἢ πολλὴ στρέφεται 
παρ᾽ ὕδωρ παχέα κρώζουσα : cf. Geopon. i. 3, 7 καὶ κορώνη ἐπ᾽ αἰγιαλοῦ τὴν 
κεφαλὴν διαβρέχουσα, ἢ πᾶσα νηχομένη, καὶ νυκτὸς σφοδρότερον κρώζουσα, 
ὄμβρους προμηνύει : Theophr. Sign. vi. 1, 16 κορώνη ἐπὶ πέτρας κορυσσο- 
μένη ἣν κῦμα κατακλύζει ὕδωρ σημαίνει" καὶ κολυμβῶσα πολλάκις καὶ περι- 
πετομένη ὕδωρ σημαίνει. 

These passages, with which compare Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593 b, and 
Ael. xv. 22, denote a different bird altogether from κορώνη, evidently 
a swimming and diving bird, and not merely one frequenting the sea- 
shore as the Carrion Crow and Hooded Crow do. It is neither a λάρος 
nor an αἴθυια (Arrian, 1]. c.) though identified with them by the Scholiast 
in Od. v. 66, with whom cf. Hesych. κορῶναι" ἅλιαι αἴθυιαι, κολυμβίδες. 
It may be another name for the Cormorant (vide s.v. κόραξ, β): but 
it is not safely identifiable. 

It is apparently such passages which are imitated in Virg. G. 1. 388 
Tum cornix plena pluviam vocat improba voce, Et sola in sicca secum 
spatiatur arena; cf. Claud. De Bell. Gild. 492 Heu nimium segnes, 
cauta qui mente notatis, Si revolant mergi, graditur si littore cornix. 
Cf. however the weather-prophecies s.v. κολοιός. It is at least pretty 
clear that in such passages the Latin poets were thinking more of what 
they had read than of what they had seen. 


KO’SKIKOX, kotikas, κοττός, κόττυλος. The Common Fowl. Hesych. 
3 , " 
κόσκικοι" οἱ κατοικίδιοι ὄρνιθες.  KoTikas* ἀλέκτωρ. κοττός" ὄρνις. 


, ‘ ΕἿΣ 
κόττυλοι᾽ κατοικίδιαι ὄρνεις. 


ΚΟΡΩΝΗ---ΚΟΣΣΥΦΟΣ ΙΟΙ 


ΚΟΣΚΙΚΟΣ (continued). 


These obscure words do not occur elsewhere. κοττός is said to be 
connected with xorris, for a crest or top-knot, cf. Hesych. s. v. προκόττα: 
καὶ οἱ ἀλεκτρυόνες κοττοὶ διὰ τὸν ἐπὶ τῇ κεφαλῇ λόφον (cf. supra, S. Vv. 
κάλλων). For κόσκικος, κόττυλος, cf. κόσσιχος, κόσσυφος, κόττυφος : κοτίκας, 
on the other hand, suggests a corruption of κατοικάς. Cf. Lob. Proll. 
327; Schmidt ad Hesych. 3758, 3790. 


KO’ZZYO3, a. Also κόψικος, Ar. Av. 306, 806, 1081; Nicostr. ap. 
Athen. ii. 65 D, &c.; κόψυκος, Suid. 


The Blackbird, Zurdus merula, L. Mod. Gk. κόσσυφος, κότσυφος, 
κοτσύφι, κότζιφος. 

Description.—Its size compared with the Woodpecker, Arist. H. A. 
ix. 9, 614 Ὁ ; with Aaios, ib. 19, 617 ; with τριχάς, ib. 20,617; with κύανος, 
ib. 21,6173 with wWapos, ib. 26, 617b. φοινικοῦν ἔχει τὸ ῥύγχος, ib. 29, 
617. Dion. De Avib. i. 27 δύο δ᾽ ἐστὶ γένη κοσσύφων" καὶ οἱ μὲν πάντη 
μέλανες, of δὲ κηρῷ τὰ χείλη προσεοικότες, καὶ τῶν ἑτέρων μᾶλλον πρὸς τὰς 
ῳδὰς ἐπιτήδειοι : this is plainly the sexual difference. 

Migration, Arist. H.A. viii. 16, 600, φωλεῖ, Change of plumage, ib. 
ix. 49 B, 632 Ὁ τῶν δ᾽ ὀρνέων πολλὰ μεταβάλλουσι κατὰ τὰς ὥρας Kat TO χρῶμα 
καὶ τὴν φωνήν, οἷον ὁ κόττυφος ἀντὶ μέλανος ξανθός" καὶ τὴν φωνὴν δ᾽ ἴσχει 
ἀλλοίαν" ἐν μὲν γὰρ τῷ θέρει ἄδει, τοῦ δὲ χειμῶνος παταγεῖ καὶ φθέγγεται 
θορυβῶδες. Cf. Arist. fr. 273, 1527 Ὁ ; Ael. xii. 28. Eustath. Hexaem. 
p- 30 ἐξ ὠδικοῦ κρακτικός : cf. also Clem. Alex. Paedag. x, Plin. x. 28 
Merula ex nigra rufescit, canit aestate, hyeme balbutit, circa solstitium 
mutat. Song referred to also, Ael. vi. 19; Theocr. Ep. iv. 10 εἰαρινοὶ 
δὲ λιγυφθόγγοισιν ἀοιδαῖς | κόσσυφοι ἀχεῦσιν ποικιλότραυλα μέλη. 

Nesting.—Arist. H. A. v. 13, 554 δὶς τίκτει 6 κόσσυφος" τὰ μὲν οὖν πρῶτα 
τοῦ κοσσύφου ὑπὸ χειμῶνος ἀπόλλυται, πρωϊαίτατα γὰρ τίκτει τῶν ὀρνέων 
ἁπάντων, τὸν δ᾽ ὕστερον τόκον εἰς τέλος ἐκτρέφει: cf. Dion. De Avib. 1. 27. 
Arist. H. A. ix. 13, 616, builds a nest lined with hair and wool like χλωρίς. 

White Blackbirds on Cyllene.—Arist. H. A, ix. 19, 617, De Mirab. 
15, 831 b, Pausan. viii. 17, 3, Sostrat. ap. Ael. v. 27, Plin. x. 30, Steph. 
Byz. s.v. κυλλήνη, &c.; according to Lindermayer (p. 30) white or 
albino blackbirds are still remarkably common on Cyllene, but in 
Aristotle the fact is mixed with fable. 


Mode of capture.— Dion. De Avib. iii. 13. Frequently mentioned, 
together with κίχλη, in the Anthology; Rhian. vi (Gk. Anth. Jac. 1. 231) 
ifm Δεξιόνικος ὑπὸ χλωρῇ πλατανίστῳ | κόσσυφον ἀγρεύσας, εἷλε κατὰ 
πτερύγων" | χὠ μὲν ἀναστενάχων ἐπεκώκυεν ἱερὸς ὄρνις : Archias xxiii (ib. il. 
85) δίσσαις σὺν κίχλαισιν ὑπὲρ φραγμοῖο διωχθείς | κόσσυφος ἠερίης κόλπον 
ἔδυ νεφέλης : Antip. Sid. Ixii (ib. ii, 23) δισσᾶν ἐκ βροχίδων a μὲν pia 
πίονα κίχλαν | ἁ μία δ᾽ ἱππείᾳ κόσσυφον εἷλε maya: Paul. Sil. ΙΧΧῚ (ib. iv. 


mM > 4 , foe ΕΣ = » ‘ , , 
63) ὄρθριος εὐπλέκτοιο λίνου νεφοειδέϊ κόλπῳ | ἔμπεσε σὺν κίχλῃ κόσσυφος 


102 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


ΚΟΣΣΥΦΟΣ (continued). 
ἡδυβόας. Mentioned as a destructive bird, Anon. 416 (ib. iv. 206) 
ἤνιδε καὶ κίχλην καὶ κύσσυφον, ἤνιδε τόσσους | ψᾶρας, apovpains ἅρπαγας 
εὐπορίης. 

Myth and Legend.—Arist. H. A. ix. 1, 608 b, hostile to κρέξ, friendly 
with τρυγών : cf. Ael. vi. 46. Is killed by pomegranate, cf. Phile, De 
An. Pr. 657. 

ΚΟΎΣΣΥΦΟΣ, B. A breed of fowls at Tanagra. 

Pausan. ix. 22, a τούτων τῶν κοσσύφων μέγεθος μὲν κατὰ τοὺς Λυδούς 
ἐστιν ὄρνιθας, χρύα δὲ ἐμφερὴς κόρακι, κάλλαια δὲ καὶ ὁ λόφος κατὰ ἀνεμώνην 
μάλιστα. λευκὰ δὲ σημεῖα οὐ μεγάλα ἐπί τε ἄκρῳ τῷ ῥάμφει καὶ ἐπὶ ἄκρας 
ἔχουσι τῆς οὔρας : Cf. ib. viii. 17, 3. 

KOTTO’S. ὄρνις [i. e. ἀλεκτρυών] Hesych. Hence κοττοβολεῖν, τὸ παρα- 
τηρεῖν τινα ὄρνιν, ib.; cf. κορωνοβολεῖν, Anth. Pal. vii. 546; also 
κοττάναρθρον, ἔνθα ai ὄρνιθες κοιμῶνται, Hesych. Among the Mod. 
Gk. names for a Fowl are κόττα and κοτταποῦλι. 


KOYKOY’®A, s. κουκούφας, 5. KovKoupos. The Egyptian name for the 
Hoopoe. Vide s.v. ἔποψ. Cf. Lib. MS. Anon. De Avibus (cit. 
Ducange in Gloss. Med. et Inf. Gr., 8. ν. κούκουφος, Leemans 
ad Horap. p. 280) ἔποψ ὄρνεον ἐν ἀέρι πετόμενον" οὗτος καλεῖται 
κούκουφος, καὶ ποῦπος. 

Horapollo, i. 55 Δἰγύπτιοι εὐχαριστίαν γράφοντες κουκούφαν ζωγραφοῦσι, 
διότι τοῦτο μόνον τῶν ἀλόγων ζῴων ἐπειδὰν ὑπὸ τῶν γονέων ἐκτραφῇ, γηράσα- 
σιν αὐτοῖς τὴν αὐτὴν ἀνταποδίδωσι χάριν (cf. Ael. x. 16): ὅθεν καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν 
θείων σκήπτρων κουκούφα προτίμησίς ἐστι. Cf. the Cuckoo on Hera’s 
sceptre at Mycenae, s.v. κόκκυξ. On the Hoopoe on Egyptian sceptres 
or staves, see Creuzer’s Symbolik, ii. 64, 280, pl. iv. 17; Denon, Pl. 
cxix. 8, &c., ἄς. For an account of the hieroglyphic symbol of the 
Hoopoe, and an explanation of the statements of Horapollo, vide 
Lauth, in Sitzungsb. d. Bayer. Akad. 1876, p. 106. To the Egyptian 
references given above, s.v. ἔποψ, add the following: ἐσοφίζετο [Φαῦνος] 
παρὰ τοῖς Αἰγυπτίοις, οἰωνῶν te λόγους καὶ ἐπόπων προσαγγελίας καὶ ἵππων 
χρεμετισμοὺς μαθών, Exc. Gr. Barbari, Chron. Min., ed. Fick, 1893, 
Pp. 239. 

KOYPEY’S: ὄρνις ποιός, ἀπὸ τοῦ φθέγγεσθαι ἐμφερὲς ἤχῳ γναφικοῦ μαχαιρίου, 
Hesych. 


KOYTVAEX συκαλλίδες, Hesych. Cf. κουτίδια᾽ δίκτυα τὰ πρὸς τὰς συκαλ- 
λίδας, Hesych. 


ΚΡΑΒΟΣ᾽ ὁ λάρος, Hesych. 
ΚΡΑΓΓΩΊΝ᾽ κίσσα, Hesych. 


ΚΟΣΣΥΦΟΣ---ΚΥΑΝΟΣ 103 


KPA’MBQTON: ἰκτῖνος τὸ ζῷον, Hesych. 


ΚΡΑΥΓΟΣ. A Woodpecker. δρυοκολάπτου εἶδος, Hesych.: who has 
also κραυγόν' ποιὸς ὄρνις. Von Edlinger cites Lith. kraki: cf. 
κράζω. 

KPE’=, also κερκάς (Hesych.). A very doubtful bird, usually identified, 
by Sundevall and others, with the Corn-crake or Land-rail, 
Rallus crex, L., Crex pratensis, auctt. = ὀρτυγομήτρα = κύχραμος. 
The name is lost in Mod. Gk. 

Herod. 11. 76, compared in size with the Ibis. 

Ar. Av. 1138 τούτους δ᾽ ἐτύκιζον ai κρέκες τοῖς ῥύγχεσιν. Schol. in Ar. 
(Suid.) ὄρνεον δυσοιώνιστον τοῖς γαμοῦσιν, ὀξὺ πάνυ τὸ ῥύγχος καὶ πριονῶδες 
ἔχον: cf. Hesych. ὄρνεόν τι, ὃ τοῖς γαμοῦσιν οἰωνίζεται" τάσσεται δὲ καὶ 
ἐπὶ τρόχου [cf. ἴυγξ]. As a bird of evil omen to the newly married, 
cf. Euphor. 4 (quoted by Tzetzes) ὃν δ᾽ ἤεισε γάμον κακὸν ἐχθόμενος κρέξ, 
and Lycophr. 513, where Helen is δυσάρπαγος κρέξ. A messenger of 
Athene, Porph. De Abst. iii. 5. 

Arist. H. A. ix. 1, 609 b κρὲξ πολέμιος ἐλεῴ καὶ κοττύφῳ καὶ yopion ... 
kal yap αὐτοὺς βλάπτει καὶ τὰ τέκνα αὐτῶν. In Ael. iv. 5 (loc dub.) 
κρέξ is hostile to αἴθυια: also Phile, De An. Pr. 681, with epithet 
βραδύπτερος. Arist. H. A. ix. 17, 616b ἡ δὲ κρὲξ τὸ μὲν ἦθος μάχιμος, 
τὴν δὲ διάνοιαν εὐμήχανος πρὸς τὸν βίον, ἄλλως δὲ κακόποτμος ὄρνις. Arist. 
De Part. iv. 12, 695, mentioned among the long-legged birds with 
a short hind-toe. 

kpeé has been identified, on account of its pugnacity, with the Ruff, 
Machetes pugnax, L.; but the Ruffs fight wth one another (cf. μέμνων), 
and, moreover, all the accounts of mutual hostilities between birds are 
unreliable, and in the main mythological. From the size, and the 
rudimentary hind-toe, the Black-winged Stilt, Azmantopus rufipes, 
Bechst. was suggested first by Belon: its use by Herodotus as 
a standard of comparison with the Ibis is somewhat in favour of this 
bird, which is common in Egypt. The identification with the Corn-crake 
rests mainly on the assumption that the name is onomatopoeic. The 
facts that the Scholiasts knew little or nothing about the bird, and 
that the name is lost in Mod. Gk., suggest that the word was perhaps 
an exotic, and that its meaning was early lost. 


ΚΡΙΓΗ΄- ἡ γλαῦξ, Hesych., 

ΚΡΙΈΣ᾽ ἡ χελιδών, Hesych. Doubtless corrupt: Meineke suggests 
κρί[ Sov Jes; or κρί[ kes, κρίξ. 

KY’ANOX. Probably the Wall-Creeper, 7ichodroma muraria, L. 


Arist. H. A. ix. 21, 617 μάλιστα ἐν Νισύρῳ [ἐν Σκύρῳ, Ael.] ἐστί, 
ποιεῖται δ᾽ ἐπὶ τῶν πετρῶν τὰς διατριβάς" τὸ δὲ μέγεθος κοττύφου μὲν ἐλάττων, 


104 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


KYANOX (continued). 
σπίζης δὲ μείζων μικρῷ" μεγαλόπους δέ, καὶ πρὸς τὰς πέτρας προσαναβαίνει. 
κυανοῦς ὅλος τὸ δὲ ῥύγχος ἔχει λεπτὸν καὶ μακρόν, σκέλη δὲ βραχέα τῇ 
πίπῳ παρόμοια. 

Ael. iv. 59 ὄρνις ἀπάνθρωπος τὸν τρόπον, μισῶν μὲν τὰς ἀστικὰς δια- 
τριβὰς καὶ τὰς κατ᾽ οἰκίαν αὐλίσεις, ... οὔτε ἠπείροις φιληδεῖ, οὔτε νήσοις 
ἀγαθαῖς" Σκύρῳ δέ, καὶ εἴ τις τοιαύτη ἑτέρα ἄγαν λυπρὰ καὶ ἄγονος καὶ ἀνθρώ- 
πων χηρεύουσα, ὡς τὰ πολλά. 

The description in Aristotle accords very perfectly with the Wall- 
Creeper (with which bird Gloger, Sundevall, and Heldreich identify it) 
as regards habitat, size, feet, and bill, as does Aelian’s account of its 
solitary nature: but the bird is not κυανοῦς ὅλος, nor is Aelian’s account 
of its habitat satisfactory. Aubert and Wimmer on the other hand, 
following Belon, Gesner, and other older commentators, identify κύανος 
with the Blue Thrush (Mod. Gk. πετροκόσσυφος, cf. infra, s.v. Naiés), 
which agrees with the description in colour, but in little else, and is 
a very common bird, whereas κύανος is mentioned as scarce and local. 


ΚΥΚΝΙΆΣ. An Eagle, white like a swan, at Sipylus near Lake 

Tantalus, Pausan. vili. 17, 3 

That Pausanias is here in error is rendered the more probable by 
the existence in Med. Gk. of the words τζῴυκνεᾶς, τζυκνέας, Mod. Gk. 
τσικνιᾶς, Meaning a White Heron or Egret. 

The White Eagle of Pythagoras (Iambl. Vit. Pythag. § 132, Ael. 
V. H. iv. 17) is supposed to be an allegory for the town of Croton, 
on whose coins an eagle is represented; cf. O. Keller, op. cit., pp. 238, 
431. 


ΚΥΚΝΟΣ. (Hesych. has also κύδνος.) Sk. gak-unz, a bird; Bopp, 

. p. 379, cf. Fick in Herzenberger’s Beitr. z. I. Gr. ἜΝ Vil. 

p- 94, 1883: cf. the Gk. use of ὄρνις for the constellation Cygnus 
(Arat. 275, 599, 628, &c.). 


A Swan. Mod. Gk. κύκνος, viata (Heldr.), and in the Cyclades 
κοῦλος (Erh.). The Mute Swan, Cygnus olor, Gm., breeds in 
Greece; the Hooper or Whistling Swan, C. musicus, Bechst., 
is probably only a winter migrant; cf. Heldr., op. cit., p. 56. 


Epithets.—depoirdtns, Hes. Sc. H. 3163; ἀχέτας (= ἠχέτης), Eur. ΕἸ. 
151; δολιχαύχην, Eur.(?) 1. A. 794; δουλιχόδειρος, Il. ii. 460, xv. 692; 
ἱμερόφωνος, Christod. Ecphr. 384, λιγύθροος, id. 414, in Gk. Anth.; 
μαντιπόλος, Opp. Cyneg. ii. 547; μελῳδός, Eur. I. T. 1104; ποτά- 
puos, Id. Rh. 618; πολιόχρως, Id. Bacch. 1364: cf. Ar. Vesp. 1064; 
ὑμνήτηρ, Pallad. 40, in Gk. Anth. iii. 123; χιονόχρως, Eur. Hel. 216. 
A frequent emblem of whiteness: cf. Eur. Rh. 618 στίλβουσι δ᾽ aor 
ποταμίου κύκνου πτερόν. [Note the frequent allusions in Euripides ; 


KYANOZ—KYKNOZ 105 


ΚΥΚΝΟΣ (continued). 


rare in Aeschylus; not in Sophocles, save for πτίλον κύκνειον in the 
dubious fr. 708, ap. Clem. Alex. Strom. 716.] 


Description.—Arist. H. A. i. 1, 488, viii. 12, 507 Ὁ ὄρνις ἀγελαῖος : 
ib. vill. 3, 593b, enumerated among ra βαρύτερα τῶν στεγανοπόδων : 
ib. ix. 12, 615 βιοτεύουσι περὶ λίμνας καὶ ἕλη, εὐβίοτοι δὲ καὶ εὐήθεις καὶ 
εὔτεκνοι καὶ εὔγηροι, καὶ τὸν ἀετόν, ἐὰν ἄρξηται, ἀμυνόμενοι νικῶσιν, αὐτοὶ 
δ᾽ οὐκ ἄρχουσι μάχης. ᾧδικοὶ δέ, καὶ περὶ τὰς τελευτὰς μάλιστα ἄδουσιν" 
ἀναπέτονται γὰρ καὶ εἰς τὸ πέλαγος, καί τινες ἤδη πλέοντες παρὰ τὴν Λιβύην 
περιέτυχον ἐν τῇ θαλάττῃ πολλοῖς ἄδουσι φωνῇ γοώδει, καὶ τούτων ἑώρων 
ἀποθνήσκοντας ἐνίους : cf. Ael. V. H. i. 14 λέγει ᾿Αριστοτέλης τὸν κύκνον 
καλλίπαιδα εἶναι καὶ πολύπαιδα, k.t.A.: Cf. also Athen. ix. 393d; Eustath. 
ad Hom. Il. p. 193; Dion. De Avib. ii. 19. Arist. H. A. ii. 17, 509 ἔχει 
ἀποφυάδας ὀλίγας κάτωθεν κατὰ τὴν τοῦ ἐντέρου τελευτήν. Occur abun- 
dantly ᾿Ασίῳ ἐν λειμῶνι, Καῦστρίου ἀμφὶ ῥέεθρα, Il. ii. 461: cf. Virg. G. 
i. 383, Aen. vii. 699; on the river Hebrus, Ar. Av. 768; on Lake 
Aornos, in the spot called Pyriphlegethon, near Cumae, Arist. De 
Mirab. 102, 839. Its flight described, Plin. x. (23) 32. The swan as 
food, Athen. ix. 393, Plut. De Esu Carn. 2, &c. 


Myth and Legend.—On the combat with the Eagle, vide 5. ν. ἀετός, 
and compare also the story of Leda; cf. also Ael. v. 34, xvii. 24; Dion. 
De Avib. ii. 19. Is hostile also to δράκων, ΑΕ]. v. 48, Phile 691. 
Is ἀλληλοφάγος μάλιστα τῶν ὀρνέων, Arist. H. A. ix. 1, 610 (cf. ἀλληλοφό- 
vos, Picc., A. and W., ἀλληλοφίλος, Sund.), cf. Plin. x. (23) 32 mutua 
carne vescuntur inter se. Is killed by κώνειον, ΑΕ]. iii. 7; places the herb 
Avyaia in its nest asa charm, Boios ap. Athen. ix. 393 E. How the Indians 
do not favour the swan, from its want of filial affection, Ael. xiv.13; yet 
the swan bewails its dead parent in Eur. El. 151, cf. Bacch. 1364 ὄρνις 
ὅπως κηφῆνα [ἀμφιβάλλει] πολιόχρως κύκνος. Associated with the ὄμφαλος 
at Delphi, Plut. De Orac. i. 409; vide s.v. ἀετός. A good omen to 
sailors, Virg. Aen. i. 393, Aemil. Macer in Ornithogr. Anthol. Vet. Lat. 
Epigr. et Poem. i. 116 (cf. Serv. in Aen. I. c.) Cygnus in auspiciis semper 
laetissimus ales, Hunc optant nautae, quia se non mergit in undas: 
see also Stat. Theb. iii. 524; cf. the Swan as a figure-head, Nicostr. 
iii. 282, &c.: cf. also the mythological (and astronomical) association 
of the Swan with Castor and Pollux (Hopf, Orakelthiere, p. 177): see 
also Drummond in Class. Journal, xvi. p. 94. The Swan-maidens, 
κόραι τρεῖς κυκνόμορφοι, Aesch. Pr. V. 797. According to Nicand. and 
Areus ap. Anton. Lib. c. xii, a certain Cycnus, and his mother Thuria, 
were metamorphosed into swans at Lake Conopa, καὶ πολλοὶ ἐν τῇ ὥρᾳ 
τοῦ ἀροτοῦ ἐνταῦθα φαίνονται κύκνοι. 

On the Swan as the bird of Apollo, cf. Hymn. Hom. xxi, Callim. 
Hymn. Apoll. 5, id. Hymn. Del. 249, Ar. Av. 772, 870, Ael. xi. 1, Nonn. 


Dionys. xxxviii. 202 κύκνον ἄγων πτερόεντα, καὶ οὐ ταχὺν ἵππον ᾿Απόλλων, KC., 


106 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


KYKNOX (continued). 


&c.; represented on coins of Clazomenae. With the Greek association 
of the Swan with Apollo, cf. the Hindoo connexion of the same bird with 
Brahma. Associated with Venus, in Latin only, Hor. C. iv. 1, 9, Sil. 
Ital. Punic. vii. 441, Stat. Silv. iii. 4, 22; cf. the Cilix of Aphrodite and 
the Swan in the British Museum: vide Kalkmann, Jahrb. d. k. d. Inst., 
1886, 1. 41, Collignon, Gk. Mythol. p. 132, fig. 56; see also Guignat, pl. 
C. 393, Creuzer, pl. liii. 2. 


The Swan’s Song.—Hesiod, Sc. H. 314 ᾿Αμφὶ δ᾽ ἴτην ῥέεν ’Qxeavds 
πλήθοντι ἐοικώς |... οἱ δὲ κατ᾽ αὐτὸν | κύκνοι ἀερσιπόται μεγάλ᾽ ἤπυον" οἵ 
ῥά γε πολλοὶ | νῆχον ἐπ᾽ ἄκρον ὕδωρ: cf. Virg. Aen. vill. 655. Hymn. 
Hom. xxi Φοῖβε, σὲ μὲν καὶ κύκνος ὑπὸ πτερύγων λίγ᾽ ἀείδει, | ὄχθῃ ἐπι- 
θρώσκων ποταμὸν πάρα δινήεντα, | Πηνειόν : cf. Meleager 110 in Gk. Anth. 
i. 31 ἀλκυόνες περὶ κῦμα, χελιδόνες ἀμφὶ μέλαθρα, | κύκνος ἐπ᾽ ὄχθαισιν 
ποταμοῦ, καὶ ὑπ᾽ ἄλσος ἀηδὼν [δουσι]: Eur. I. T. 1103 λίμναν θ᾽ εἷλίσ- 
σουσαν ὕδωρ | κύκλον [s, κύκνειον], ἔνθα κύκνος μελῳ] δὸς Μούσας θεραπεύει: 
Ar. Av. 769 τοιάδε κύκνοι | συμμιγῆ βοὴν ὁμοῦ | πτεροῖς κρέκοντες ἴακχον 
᾿Απόλλω, | ὄχθῳ ἐφεζόμενοι παρ᾽ Ἕβρον ποταμόν: Callim. Hymn. Del. 249 
κύκνοι δὲ θεοῦ μέλποντες ἀοιδοὶ  Μῃόνιον Πάκτωλον ἐκυκλώσαντο λίποντες | 
“EBdopaxis περὶ Δῆλον, ἐπήεισαν δὲ λοχείῃ | Μουσάων ὄρνιθες, ἀοιδότατοι 
πετεηνῶν : Pratin. 1. 7 (Bergk 457) οἷά τε κύκνον ἄγοντα ποικιλόπτερον 
μέλος : Dion. De Avib. ii. 19 ἀντηχοῦσιν αὐτοῖς ἄδουσιν οἵ τε σκόπελοι 
καὶ ai φάραγγες, καὶ μουσικωτάτους πάντων τούτους ἴσμεν ὀρνίθων, καὶ ἱεροὺς 
καλοῦμεν ᾿Απόλλωνος. ἄδουσι δ᾽ οὐχὶ θρηνῶδες, ὥσπερ οἱ ἀλκυόνες, ἀλλ᾽ ἡδύ 
τι καὶ μελιχρόν, καὶ οἷον αὐλοῖς ἢ κιθάραις χρώμενοι : Anon. 468 in Gk. 
Anth. iv. 218 εἰ κύκνῳ δύναται κύρυδος παραπλήσιον ade: Antip. Sidon. 
47, ib. 11. 19 Awirepos κύκνων 6 μικρὸς Opdos ἠὲ κολοιῶν | κρωγμὺς ἐν elapwais 
κιδνάμενος νεφέλαις : Theocr. Id. v. 136 οὐ θεμιτόν... ἔποπας κύκνοισιν 
ἐρίσδειν : cf. Ar. Ran. 207, Lucret. iii. 16, iv. 182, Virg. Ἐπ]. viii. 36, 
55, Mart. i. 54, Plut. Ei. ii. 387 μουσικῇ τε ἥδεται, καὶ κύκνων φωναῖς. 

Especially of the dying Swan, Aesch. Ag. (1419), 1444 κύκνου Sikny,| 
τὸν ὕστατον μέλψασα θανάσιμον γόον | κεῖται φιλήτωρ τοῦδ᾽ : cf. Plato, 
Phaedo 85 Β, Rep. 620A; cf. Porphyr. De Abst. iii. p. 286 οὐ παίζων 
ὁμοδούλους αὐτοῦ ἔλεγεν τοὺς κύκνους [6 Σωκράτης]. Ael. ii. 32, v. 34 
πεπίστευκε γὰρ ὅτι μηδενὸς adyewod μηδὲ λιπαροῦ μέτεστι θανάτῳ, with 
which passage cf. Chrysipp. ap. Athen. xiv. 616 B φιλοσκώπτης, μέλλων 
ἀπὸ τοῦ δημίου σφάττεσθαι εἰπεῖν ἔφη θέλειν ὥσπερ τὸ κύκνειον Goas 
ἀποθανεῖν: Plut. Mor. 161 C ἐξᾷσαι δὲ καὶ τὸν βίον τελευτῶν καὶ μὴ γενέσθαι 
κατὰ τοῦτο τῶν κύκνων ἀγεννέστερος : Phile, De An. Pr. x. 233 ἄνθρωπε 
φιλόψυχε, τὸν κύκνον βλέπων, | πρὸς τὴν τελευτήν, εἰ φρονεῖς, μὴ στυγνάσῃς : 
ef, Cic. 96 ‘Orat. ii. 1, 1; see also ΔῈ]. x 36, ΣΙ: 1 Fab: es pores 
216, 416 b;. Apoll.. Rhod. ἵν. 1291; Poelyb. sxx. 45 47, xxi eo, 
Opp. Cyneg. 11. 547 οὐκ dpa τοι μούνοισιν ἐν ὀρνίθεσσιν ἔασι | κύκνοι 
μαντιπόλοι γόον ὕστατον ἀείδοντες: Dio Chrysost. Orat. Cor. p. 102 


KYKNOZ 107 


ΚΥΚΝΟΣ (continued). 
(Reiske) ; cf. Hor. C. ii. 20, Ovid, Her. vii. 1, Met. xiv. 430, Mart. xiii. 
77, Stat. Silv. 11. 4, 10, &c., &c. The singing swan a portent of death, 
Artemid. Oneirocr. ii. 20. Modern allusions are innumerable; cf. 
Chaucer, P. of Fowles, 342, Tennyson, ‘The Dying Swan,’ &c.; see 
also for numerous references, Douce’s Illustr. of Shakspeare, i. 262, 
Lenz, Zool. d. Gr. u. R., pp. 384-400, &c. 

The Swan’s song was discredited by some, e.g. Alex. Mynd. ap. 
Athen. ix. 393 d; Lucian, De Electro seu Cycnis; Cic. Tusc. Quaest. 1; 
Philostr. V. Apollon. iii. c.23; Plin. x. (23) 32; cf. Greg. Nazianz. Ep. i. 
τότ᾽ ᾷσονται κύκνοι, ὅταν κολοιοὶ σιωπήσωσιν. Cf. Scaliger, Ferrariae 
multos cygnos vidimus, sed cantores sane malos, neque melius ansere 
canere; cf. also Aldrov. Ornith. iii. 19, 5; Wormius in Mus. Worm. iii. 
c.19; Mauduit ap. Plin. ed. Panckoucke, vii. 385 ; Voss. De Idol. 1]. 
Ρ. 1212; Pierius, De Cycnis, p. 254; Brown’s Vulg. Errours, 11]. p. 27 ; 
the curious conjectures of Bryant, Anc. Mythol. ii. 353-384; Pallas, 
Zoogr. ross.-asiat., ii. p. 212, and recent writers. Modern naturalists 
accept the story of the singing swans, asserting that though the 
Common Swan cannot sing, yet the Whooper or Whistling Swan does 
so. It is certain that the Whooper sings, for many ornithologists 
state the fact, but I do not think it can sing very well; at the very 
best, dant sonttum rauci per stagna loguacia cygni. This concrete 
explanation is quite inadequate ; it is beyond a doubt that the Swan’s 
Song (like the Halcyon’s) veiled, and still hides, some mystical allusion. 

Applied as an epithet to a poet, especially an old poet; Eur. H. F. 
691 παιᾶνας δ᾽ ἐπὶ σοῖς μελάθροις | KiKvos ὡς γέρων ἀοιδὸς | πολιᾶν ἐκ 
γενύων | κελαδήσω, Id. Bacch. 1361 ; Posidipp. xi in Gk. Anth. ii. 48 
σιγάσθω Ζήνων 6 σοφὸς κύκνος : Christod. Ecph. 384, ib. iii. 175 Θήβης δ᾽ 
᾿Ωγυγίης “Ἑλικώνιος ἵστατο κύκνος, Πίνδαρος ἱμερόφωνος : Anacreon is the 
‘Swan of Teos,’ Antip. i. 26, cf. Hor. C. iv. 2, 25. Cf. Horap. ii. 39 
γέροντα μουσικὸν βουλόμενοι σημῆναι κύκνον (wypaovow* οὗτος γὰρ 


CQ’ , 4 ΄ 
ἡδύτατον μέλος ἄδει γηράσκων. 


The Swan of Leda.—Cf. Eur. I. T. 794, 1104, Hel. 19, &c., Herc. F. 
690, Orest. 1388 ; also various passages in the Anthology, e.g. Pallad. 
4o, in Gk. Anth. iii. 123, Anon. ib. iv. 118, 128, &c. ; cf. Lucian, De Deor. 
20, 14 (1. 264). For mythographic references, see Hygin. Fab. 77, 
P. Astron. ii. 8, German. c. 24, Eratosth. c. 25, Theon. p. 136, &c. 
According to these latter authors, the mythology of the Swan is 
inseparable from the phenomena attending the constellation Cygnus. 
The stellar Swan lies in the Milky Way, ‘the river of heaven’; it is 
adjacent to the constellation Lyra; it rose a little in advance of the 
Eagle, but, lying more to the north, it only set some time after the 
Eagle had gone down: that is to say, it was attacked by the Eagle, 
but in turn defeated it, cf. Arist. H. A. ix. 12, 615 b, Ael. xvii. 24, &c. ; 


108 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


ΚΥΚΝΟΣ (continued). 


it stood in mid-heaven at the rising of the Pleiad; at its own rising, 
the Virgin (Leda) was in mid-heaven, and the twins Castor and Pollux 
were just setting in the west. The stories of Cycnus, son of Mars 
(Hesiod, Anton. Lib. 12, Philochor. ap. Athen., Ovid, Met., &c.), of 
Cycnus, King of Liguria (Hygin. Fab. 144), Cycnus, brother of Phaethon 
(Lucian, De Electro, Virg. Aen. x. 189), and others, which are also 
similarly connected with astronomical myths, lie outside the scope of 
this book. Cf. (int. al.), Dupuis, Orig. de tous les cultes, iii. p. 813, vii. 
p- 367. 


KY’MBH. A very doubtful bird. πτεροβάμονες κύμβαι, Emped. 188. 
Supposed by L. and S. to be a Tumbler-pigeon; but cf. κόμβα, 
supra. Hesych. has κύμβαι ὄρνιθες : also κυμβ] ατ]ευταί' ὀρνιθευταί. 


ΚΥΜΙΝΔΙΣ -- χαλκίς--- (Ὁ) πτύγξ, 4. ν. κύβινδις in some MSS., both of 
Hom. and Arist., cf. J. G. Schneider in Arist., vol. iv. p. 92. 
Hesych. has xuBjvas* γλαύξ αις], query κύβηνδις : also κυδάναν" 
τὴν γλαῦκα, query κυβήνα. See also s.v. κικκάβη. An unknown 
or fabulcus bird; perhaps an Owl. 


Il. xiv. 290 ὄρνιθι λιγυρῇ ἐναλίγκιος, ἣν τ᾽ ἐν ὄρεσσιν | χαλκίδα κικλήσκουσι 
θεοί, ἄνδρες δὲ κύμινδιν. 

Ar. Av. 1181 χωρεῖ δὲ πᾶς τις ὄνυχας ἠγκυλωμένος, | κερχνῇς, τριόρχης; YOW; 
κύμινδις, αἰετός, Mentioned likewise among the rapacious birds, Ael. 
xll. 4. 

Arist. H. A. ix. 12, 615 b ὀλιγάκις μὲν φαίνεται, οἰκεῖ yap ὄρη, ἔστι Se 
μέλας, καὶ μέγεθος ὅσον ἱέραξ ὁ φασσοφόνος καλούμενος, καὶ τὴν ἰδέαν μακρὸς 
καὶ λεπτός. κύμινδιν δὲ καλοῦσιν Ἴωνες αὐτήν : the passage is very cor- 
rupt, and according to some texts (followed apparently by Pliny, x. 8, 
and by Eustath. in Hom.), the next clause concerning ὑβρίς or mrvyé 
applies to the same bird, ἡ δ᾽ ὑβρίς, φασὶ δέ τινες εἶναι τὸν αὐτὸν τοῦτον 
ὄρνιθα τῷ πτυγγί, οὗτος ἡμέρας μὲν οὐ φαίνεται διὰ τὸ μὴ βλέπειν ὀξύ, τὰς δὲ 
νύκτας θηρεύει ὥσπερ οἱ ἀετοί [οἱ ὦτοι, cj. Sundevall], καὶ μάχονται δὲ πρὸς 
τὸν ἀετὸν οὕτω σφόδρα ὥστ᾽ ἄμφω λαμβάνεσθαι πολλάκις ζῶντας ὑπὸ τῶν 
νομέων. τίκτει μὲν οὖν δύο Oa, νεοττεύει δὲ καὶ οὗτος ἐν πέτραις καὶ σπηλαίοις. 

Conjectured by Sundevall to be the Black or Glossy Ibis, from the 
suggestion of metallic colouring in χαλκίς, and from Mod. Gk. χαλκόκοτα, 
Erh.; but this is certainly not a bird of the mountains, and the 
supposed derivation from χαλκός is imaginary. By Aub. and Wimmer, 
and others, ascribed to the Capercailzie, Zetrao urogallus, L. 
Usually taken to be a large Owl (cf. Suidas, χαλκίς, εἶδος ὀρνέου, ἢ 
γλαῦξ, cf. Schol. Ar. Av. 262), as by Belon, Gaza, and other older 
naturalists. Cuvier (Grandsaigne’s Pliny, I. v. 11, pp. 374, 375) identi- 
fies it with the Hawk Owl, Strvzx uralensis, Pall., and Netolicka agrees. 


ΚΥΚΝΟΣ---ΚΎΨΕΛΟΣ 109g 


ΚΥΜΙΝΔΙΣ (coztinued). 


The bird being, in Homer, that in whose shape Ὕπνος appears, is an 
additional point in favour of identifying it with a nocturnal species : and 
this relation of ὕπνος to the bird yadkis suggests a connexion with the 
phrase χάλκεος ὕπνος. χαλκίς belongs to the language of the gods, that 
is to say, is probably a foreign word; it is not likely to be a simple 
derivative of χαλκός. Is there a possible alternative that χάλκεος ὕπνος 
is wrongly translated by ferreus somnus? 

For an account of various Scholia relating to this bird, cf. J. G. 
Schneider, l.c. In some, if not all, of the names of this bird, we are 
undoubtedly confronted with foreign words. 


ΚΥΠΑΡΙΊΣΙΑ᾽ εἶδος ἀλεκτρυόνων, Hesych. Query κυπαρίσσιοι. 


ΚΥΧΡΑΜΟΣ. MSS. have κίχραμος, κέχραμος, κεχράμος : Hesych. κυγ- 
χράνος, κιγχράμας: Schn. writes κέγχραμος (κέγχρος) as Belon 
translates mzlarzus. 


An unknown bird: probably (as Sundevall takes it) identical with 
ὀρτυγομήτρα, the Cornerake, Rallus crex, L. One or both 
names doubtless apply also to the Water-rail, Rallus aquaticus, 
L., which is very abundant in Greece, and according to Von der 
Miihle abandons its usual haunts in Autumn and frequently 
associates with the quails (op. cit., p. 92). 

Arist. H. A. viii. 12, 597b. A bird which accompanies the quails, 


καὶ ἀνακαλεῖται αὐτοὺς νύκτωρ᾽ Kal ὅταν τούτου τὴν φωνὴν ἀκούσωσιν, of 
θηρεύοντες ἴσασιν ὅτι οὐ καταμένουσιν [οἱ ὄρτυγες]: which expression 
Sundevall translates ‘delay not their coming,’ and A. and W. ‘remain 
no longer.’ Cf. Plin. x. (23) 33. 


ΚΥΨΕΛΟΣ, s. kupeddos. A bird of the Swallow kind; perhaps the 
Sand-Martin, Hirundo riparia, L. Hesych. κύψελος" ὄρνις ποιός, 


ὅμοιος χελιδόνι. 


Arist. Η. A. ix. 30, 680, mentioned as synonymous with ἄπους, 6. ν.» 
ὅμοιοι ταῖς χελιδόσιν᾽ οὐ yap ῥάδιον διαγνῶναι πρὸς τὴν χελιδόνα, πλὴν τῷ 
τὴν κνήμην ἔχειν δασεῖαν : cf. Plin. x. (39) 55. In the description of the 
nest (loc. cit.), though κύψελις (a box, or beehive) would rather suggest 
the nest of the House-Martin (7. urdica, L.), yet the epithet μακρός 
would certainly not apply: moreover the House-Martin was certainly 
included in χελιδών. Accordingly the evidence leans to identifying 
κύψελος with the Sand-Martin, H. ~7faria, L.; this identification is 
followed by Sundevall, while A. and W., on the contrary, identify the 
bird with the House-Martin. There was doubtless a confusion of 
species. If the passage in Pliny suggests one more than another, it 
would seem to be the Swift; yet in the Aristotelian reference the 


IIo A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


KYWEAOX (continued). 
hypothesis of the Sand-Martin, advocated by Sundevall, has strong 
claims. 


KQ’KAAOE: κώκαλον: εἶδος ἀλεκτρυόνος, Hesych. Cf. s. v. λόκαλος. 
KQNQNOOH’PAE: ὄρνις ὁ κώνωπας θηρεύων, Hesych. 


KQTIAA’S. The Swallow. A Boeotian word. Anacr. 99 ; Strattis, 
ov. 3; cf. Simonid. 243. 


AATOOH’PAE: Hesych., ἀετοῦ εἶδος. = haywhdvos = pehavdetos (q. V.). 

An epithet of the Eagle. 

Arist. H. A. ix. 32, 618b. The Eagle in combat with the hare is 
frequent on gems, and on coins of Agrigentum, Messana, Elis, &c.: cf. 
Imhoof-Blum. and Keller, passim; Keller, Th. d. cl. Alterth., p. 449. 
The wide occurrence of this subject (cf. Layard, Nineveh, ii. pl. 62) 
indicates a lost mythological significance, in which one is tempted 
to recognize a Solar or Stellar symbol; vide s. vv. ἀετός, κόραξ, 


AATQAIAE. A synonym of ὦτος, Alex. Mynd. ap. Athen. ix. 390. 
AATQINHE ὄρνις ποιός, Hesych. 


ΛΑΓΩΠΟΥΣ. A Ptarmigan. 

Plin. x. (48) 68 praecipuo sapore lagopus: pedes leporino villo nomen 
ei hoc dedere, cetero candidae, columbarum magnitudine, &c. The 
lagois, 5. logots of Hor. Sat. ii. 2, 22, is possibly akin. In Mart. vii. 87, 
an old reading was Si meus aurita gaudet /agofode Flaccus, altered by 
Scaliger to glaucopide. 


ΛΑΓΩΣ. A bird-name, mentioned with the Swallow, in Artemid. 
Oneirocr. iv. 56. The name suggests a reference to δασύπους 
χελιδόνειος, Diph. 5. Calliad. ap. Athen. ix. 4ora. According to 
Boios ap. Anton. Lib. c. xx a certain Oreius was metamor- 
phosed into the bird λαγώς, ὄρνις em οὐδενὶ φαινόμενος ἀγαθῷ. 


AAEAO’S (MSS. also λαιδός, λιβυός). A bird, in all probability identical 

with aids, q. ν. 

Arist. H. A. ix. 1, 610 λαεδὸς καὶ κελεὸς φίλοι. ὁ δὲ λαεδὸς πέτρας καὶ 
ὄρη [οἰκεῖ], καὶ φιλοχωρεῖ οὗ ἂν οἰκῇ. 

We may connect the reputed friendship of κελεός and λαεδός with 
the association of κελεός and aids together, in the obscure story of the 
metamorphosis of those impious persons who entered the forbidden 
cave in Crete where Jupiter was born; Boios ap. Anton. Lib. c. xix. 


AAI'O’S. Probably the Blue Thrush, Pe/rocichla cyanus, L. The 
Stone-thrush, P. saxatlis, L., is less common in Greece, and 


KYVEAOZ—AAPOX : Liat 


AAIOX (continued). 

is chiefly found in the northern and more mountainous parts. 

Both receive the Mod. Gk. name πετροκόσσυφος (Heldr.), and 

were probably confused under the ancient name also. 

Arist. H. A. ix. 19, 617 ὅμοιος τῷ μέλανι κοττύφῳ ἐστὶν 6 Aaids, τὸ 
μέγεθος μικρῷ ἐλάττων" οὗτος ἐπὶ τῶν πετρῶν Kal ἐπὶ τῶν κεράμων τὰς δια- 
τριβὰς ποιεῖται. A fabled metamorphosis, Boios ap. Anton. Lib. c. xix. 

It seems all but certain that λαεδός and datos refer to the same bird. 
The correct reading of the name, or names, is unknown. In Arist. 
H. A. ix. 19, edd. have also Batos and datos (cf. Camus, i. 747, Schneider, 
ii. 120). The name daids is taken from the passage in Anton. Lib., 
the supposed derivation from λᾶας helping to gain it acceptance. Schn. 
and Picc. read λαϊός also for λαεδός, 64. ν. 


ΛΑΛΑΓΕΣ᾽ ὀρνέου εἶδος, Hesych, Possibly connected with Mod. Gk. 
λέλεκι, a Stork; vide s.v. πελαργός. 


AA‘POX, a. A Sea-Gull. In Mod. (and doubtless also in Ancient) Gk. 
γλάρος includes both the Gulls and the Terns. 


Od. v. 51, a perfect description. Arist. H. A. ii. 17, 509 ἔχει τὸν στό- 
μαχον εὐρὺν kal πλατὺν ὅλον. Ib. v. 9, 542 Ὁ τίκτει τοῦ θέρους, ἐν ταῖς περὶ 
θάλατταν πέτραις, τὸ πλῆθος δύο ἢ τρία" οὐ φωλεύει ; cf. Plin. x. 32. On its 
breeding habits, see also Dion. De Avib. 11. 4. 

Varieties.—Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593 Ὁ λάρος τὸ χρῶμα σποδοειδής, also 
λάρος ὁ λευκός. The former is, according to Aub. and Wimmer, one 
of the darker Terns, e.g. Sterna nigra, Briss.; but the epithet seems 
more descriptive of the ashy grey of the ‘ Black-backed’ Gulls: cf. 
padakoxpavevs. Dion. De Avib. ii. 4 enumerates three sorts: οἱ μὲν 
λευκοὶ καὶ ὡς ai περιστεραὶ βραχεῖς" οἱ δὲ τούτων μέν εἰσι μείζονες καὶ ἰσχυρό- 
τεροι, πυκνοτάτοις δὲ πτεροῖς περισκέπονται" καί τινες ἔτι καὶ τούτων εὐμεγε- 
θέστεροι" λευκὰ δ᾽ ἐστὶ καὶ τούτοις πτερά, πλὴν ὅσον ἐπὶ ταῖς ἀκροτάταις 
πτέρυξι καὶ τοῖς τραχήλοις μελαίνονται. καὶ τούτοις ἅπαντες οἱ λοιποὶ λάροι 
νομῆς τε καὶ ἕδρας παραχωροῦσι καὶ ὡς βασιλεῦσιν ὑπείκουσι" καὶ γηράσκουσι 
δ᾽ αὐτοῖς κυάνεα γίνεται πτερά. Here the first group are probably the 
Terns, the last the Black-backed Gulls. 

A bye-word for greediness, Ar. Eq. 959, Nub. 591, Av. 567. Devour 
dolphins stranded on the beach, Ael. xv. 232. Open shell-fish by drop- 
ping them from a height, Ael. ili. 20. 

Myth and Legend.—Hostile to BpévOos, ἅρπη, and ἐρωδιός, Arist. H. A. 
vili. 3, 593b, ΑΕ]. iv. 5, Phile 682; friendly to κολοιός, Ael. v. 48. 
Killed by pomegranate-seed, Ael. vi. 46, Phile 657. Associated with 
Hercules, Ar. Av. 567. The Gulls are souls of disembodied fishermen, 
hence their gentle and peaceable disposition, Dion. l.c. A gull’s 
feather was tied to a fishing-line as a kind of float, Ael. xv. Io. 

Fable.—)adpos καὶ ἰκτῖνος, Aes. 239 (ed. Halm). 


112 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


AA’POX, B. A kind of tame singing bird, Anth, Pal. vii, 199. 
AEI°OS, vide 5.ν. ἐλειός. 


AEYKEPQAIO’S (also λευκορώδιος). The Spoonbill, Pla/alea leucorodius, 
L. Mod. Gk. κουλιάρι (=F r. cueiiler). 


Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593 Ὁ τὸ μέγεθυς ἐρωδιοῦ ἐλάττων, καὶ ἔχει TO ῥύγχος 
πλατὺ καὶ μακρόν. 

The description of the bill easily identifies the bird in this passage 
(Belon, Sundevall, &c.), but the name would probably be likewise 
applied to the other White Herons or Egrets. 


AIBYO’S. (MSS. have λεβίος, κίβιος, κήβιος, cf. Schn. in Arist. iv. p. 7). 
An unknown bird: possibly to be compared with Διβυκὸς ὄρνις, 
Ar, Av. 65. 
Arist. H. A. ix. 1, 609 κελεὸς καὶ λιβυὸς πολέμιοι : Cf. 5. ν. λαεδός. 


ΛΟΚΑΛΟΣ. An unknown bird. 


Arist. H. A. ii. 17, 509, mentioned with ἀσκάλαφος as a bird having 
colic coeca. Omitted in Cod. Venetus and others. Gesner supposes 
the word to be Italian (?= a/uco, an Owl), and to have come in as 
a marginal rendering of ἀσκάλαφος. Scaliger reads κώκαλος. 


AY’KOX. A sort of Jackdaw (Arist. H. A. ix. 24, 610b); probably 
a nickname of the common Jackdaw, cf. βωμολόχος. (Schn. and 
Picc. read λύκιος, which form occurs in Hesych.: λύκιος, κολοιοῦ 
εἶδος). See also s. v. κίρκος. 


MAKEZI’KPANOS. A name for the Hoopoe. 

Hesych. μακεσίκρανος. ἔποψ' διὰ τὸ ἔχειν ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς καθάπερ 
λόφον, καὶ κορυθαίολον αὐτὸν λέγουσι. πολυώνυμον δὲ λέγεται τὸ ζῴον" 
σίντην τε γὰρ αὐτὸν καὶ ἀλεκτρυόνα [ἄγριον, inser. Heinsius] καὶ γέλασον 
λέγουσι. 


ΜΑΛΑΚΟΚΡΑΝΕΥ͂Σ. An unknown bird. 


Arist. H. A. ix. 22, 617 Ὁ dei ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτὸ καθιζάνει, καὶ ἁλίσκεται ἐνταῦθα. 
τὸ δὲ εἶδος κεφαλὴ μὲν μεγάλη χονδρότυπος, τὸ δὲ μέγεθος ἐλάττων κίχλης 
μικρῷ. στόμα δ᾽ εὔρωστον, μικρόν, στρογγύλον τὸ δὲ χρῶμα σποδοειδὴς 
ὅλος. εὔπους δὲ καὶ κακόπτερος. ἁλίσκεται δὲ μάλιστα γλαυκί [? aucupium 
per noctuam]. 

Identified by Sundevall with the Lesser Grey Shrike, Lanius minor, 
L., in Mod. Gk. κεφαλᾶς and ἀετομάχος (Heldr.). Lindermayer (op. c. 
Ρ. 114) states that this bird is extremely common in Greece, and sings 
all day long ‘auf der dussersten Spitze eines Baumes oder Strauches 
sitzend.’ This identification is more plausible than the many others that 
have been suggested, such as the Jay, the Bullfinch, and even the Snipe 


AAPOZ—MEAAMNYIOz 113 


MAAAKOKPANEY® (continzed). 


(Belon, Schneider, Brisson, &c.). It must, however, be remembered 
that the bird is mentioned once only, and in a portion of the Historia 
Animalium that is full of difficulties and incongruities: the epithets 
associated with it are numerous, but mean little or nothing ; χονδρότυπος 
does not occur elsewhere; ἁλίσκεται γλαυκί is a phrase of doubtful 
meaning and questionable construction. The Aristotelian description 
seems at first sight copious and adequate, but in the words of Camus, 
‘autant qu’il semblerait devoir étre facile de reconnoitre le Crane-mol, 
autant est-il certain que jusqu’ici il ne l’a pas été” The bird πάρϑαλος, 
4. V., is next mentioned, and is in like manner impossible to identify. 


ΜΑΡΑΊΣΣΑΙ: ὄρνιθες, Hesych. 


ΜΑΤΤΥΉΣ᾽ ἡ μὲν φωνὴ Μακεδονική, ὄρνις, Hesych. Cf. ματτύη, Artemid. 
ap. Athen. xiv. 665 19, &c. 


MEOYOPI’AEX: εἶδος μικρῶν ὀρνίθων, Hesych. 


ΜΕΛΑΓΚΟῬΡΎΦΟΣ. Probably the Marsh Tit, Parus palusirts, L.; in 
which identification Sundevall and Aub. and Wimm. agree. But 
there was a confusion between this bird and the Blackeap Warbler, 
Motacila atricapilla, L., Sylvia atricapilla, auctt. The verb 
μελαγκορυφίζω, to warble like the μελαγκόρυφος, Hero Spir. p. 220, 
suggests the latter of these two. See also s.v. συκαλίς. 

Mentioned in Ar. Av. 887. 

Arist. H. A. ix. 15, 616 b φὰ πλεῖστα τίκτει μετὰ τὸν ἐν Λιβύῃ στρουθόν' 
ἑώραται μὲν γὰρ καὶ ἑπτακαίδεκα, τίκτει μέντοι καὶ πλείω ἢ εἴκοσιν. τίκτει 
δ᾽ ἀεὶ περιττά, ὡς φασίν. νεοττεύει δὲ καὶ οὗτος ἐν τοῖς δένδρεσι, καὶ βόσκεται 
τοὺς σκώληκας. ἴδιον δὲ τούτῳ καὶ ἀηδόνι παρὰ τοὺς ἄλλους ὄρνιθας τὸ μὴ 
ἔχειν τῆς γλώττης τὸ ὀξύ [vide 5. ν. ἔποψ]. ix. 49 B, 632 " μεταβάλλουσιν 
εἰς ἀλλήλους αἱ συκαλίδες καὶ οἱ μελαγκόρυφοι" γίνεται δ᾽ ἡ μὲν συκαλὶς περὶ 
τὴν ὑπώραν, ὁ δὲ μελαγκόρυφος εὐθέως μετὰ τὸ φθινόπωρον (cf. Geopon. 
XV. I, 22 εὐθὺς μετὰ τὸ τρυγητόν). διαφέρουσι δὲ καὶ οὗτοι οὐθὲν ἀλλήλων 
πλὴν τῇ χρόᾳ καὶ τῇ φωνῇ. ὅτι δ᾽ ὁ αὐτός ἐστιν ὄρνις, ἤδη ὦπται περὶ τὴν 
μεταβολὴν ἑκάτερον τὸ γένος τοῦτο, οὔπω δὲ τελέως μεταβεβληκότα οὐδ᾽ ἐν 
θατέρῳ εἴδει ὄντα. Cf. Plin. x. 44, Alex. Mynd. ap. Athen. ii. 69, p. 65 b 
δύο δ᾽ εἶναι γένη αἰτοῦ συκαλίδα καὶ μελαγκόρυφον. Ael. vi. 46, Phile 601 
τὸν μελαγκόρυφον ἄγνος ἐκτρίβει. A fabulous Arabian bird, Plin. xxxvii. 33. 

MEAA’MNYrox. A word applied to the Eagle in the Fable of the Fox 
and the Eagle, Archil. fr. 110 (86). Schol. Venet. 1]. xxiv. 315 
εἴωθε καὶ ὁ ᾿Αρχίλοχος μελάμπυγον τοῦτον καλεῖν : Schol. Lyc. gt εἰσὶ 
γὰρ μελάμπυγοι, πύγαργοι, εἴδη ἀετῶν κατ᾽ ᾿Αρχίλοχον : cf. also Hesych., 
and Gaisford’s note. Cf, also Schneidewin; Farnell, Gk. Lyr. 
Poets; ἢ. 590, &e: 


114 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


ΜΕΛΑΜΠΎΓΟΣ (coztzn2ed). 

A solar symbolism probably underlies this name and its correlative 
méyapyos. Cf. the references to ‘HpakAjs μελάμπυγος, ap. Diodor. Sic. 
iv. 31, &c. 

ΜΕΛΑΝΑΈΤΟΣ = λαγωφόνος. An epithet of the Eagle. 

Arist. H. A. ix. 32, 618b μέλας τὴν χρόαν, καὶ μέγεθος ἐλάχιστος, κράτιστος 
τούτων [τῶν πυγάργων καὶ πλάγγων]. οὗτος οἰκεῖ ὄρη καὶ ὕλας" καλεῖται δὲ 
μελανάετος καὶ λαγωφόνος. ἐκτρέφει δὲ μόνος τὰ τέκνα οὗτος καὶ ἐξάγει. ἔστι 
δὲ ὠκυβόλος καὶ εὐθήμων καὶ ἄφθονος καὶ ἄφοβος καὶ μάχιμος καὶ εὔφημος" οὐ 
γὰρ μινυρίζει οὐδὲ λέληκεν : cf. Ib. vi. 6, 563 " οἱ δὲ μέλανες, κ- τ.λ. 
Plin. x. 3 Melanaetus a Graecis dicta, eademque Valeria [MSS. in 
Valeria], minimé magnitudine, viribus praecipua, colore nigricans, Xc. 

Aubert and Wimmer suppose a small species of Eagle, e. g. Aguzla 
minuta, Brehm, to be meant ; Sundevall suggests the Peregrine Falcon. 
As is mentioned above, s.v. λαγωφόνος, I see no grounds for these or 
any other concrete interpretations: the passage is mystical and prob- 
ably foreign. Aubert and Wimmer have already called attention to 
the want of meaning and irrational order of the six epithets ὠκυβόλος, 
εὐθήμων, ὅτε. 

On μέλας as an epithet of the Eagle, see 5. νν. ἀετός, μόρφνος : cf. 
O. Keller, op.c., p. 237. Both μελανάετος and λαγωφόνος are applied to 
the constellation Aquila in the Comm. Alfrag. p. 106; and I am 
inclined to think that the ‘ Black Eagle’ had originally a mystical 
and astronomical meaning. Cf. 5. v. μελάμπυγος. 


MEAA’NAEIPOS: ὀρνιθάριον ποιόν, Hesych. Perhaps connected with 
δείρης (q. ν.), rather than with δειρή. 


MEAEAFPI’S. Also μελέαγρος, ἡ κατοικίδιος ὄρνις, Hesych.; pedaypis, 
Salmas. ad Plin. p. 612. 


A foreign word, connected with Sem. Melek; as in Melkart, 
Meleager, Melicertes, &c. (cf. Keller, Volksetym. p. 236, Lat. 
Etym. p. 180). 

The Guinea-Fowl, Wumida sp. 


First mentioned by Soph. Meleag. fr. ap. Plin. xxxvii. (2) 11, the 
birds weeping tears of amber for the death of the hero. Mentioned in 
connexion with amber also by Mnaseas ap. Plin. I. c. 

A full description in Clytus Miles. ap. Athen. xiv. 655 c-f adoropyov 
πρὸς Ta ἔκγονα TO ὄρνεον" TO μὲν μέγεθος ὄρνιθος γενναίου, τὴν δὲ κεφαλὴν 
μικρὰν πρὸς τὸ σῶμα καὶ ταύτην ψιλήν, ἐπ᾽ αὐτῆς δὲ λόφον σάρκινον, σκληρόν, 
στρογγύλον, ἐξέχοντα τῆς κεφαλῆς ὥσπερ πάτταλον, καὶ τὸ χρῶμα ξυλοειδῆ. 
τὸ δὲ σῶμα ἅπαν ποικίλον, μέλανος ὄντος τοῦ χρώματος ὅλου, πτίλοις λευκοῖς 
καὶ πυκνοῖς διειλημμένον" παραπλήσιαι δ᾽ εἰσὶν αἱ θήλειαι τοῖς ἄρρεσιν, κι τ.λ. 


MEAAMNYTOZ—MEAEAT PIz 115 


ΜΕΛΕΑΓΡΙῚΣ (continued). 


Arist. H. A. vi. 2, 559 κατεστιγμένα τὰ a τῶν μελεαγρίδων : cf. Aristoph. 
H. A. Epit. i. 28 @a ἀστερωτά. 

See also the description given by Columella, viii. 8, 2 Africana est 
quam plerique Numidicam dicunt, meleagridi similis, nisi quod rutilam 
galeam (paleam, emend. Newton) et cristam capite gerit, quae utraque 
sunt in meleagride coerulea. This passage from Columella is very 
interesting as showing that the Greek μελεαγρίς and the Roman Galina 
africana or numidica were different from one another, the latter having 
a ved wattle, the former a d/we. This would look as though the μελεα- 
ypis had sprung from what is now called Mumida ptilorhyncha, an 
Abyssinian species, and had been brought to Athens by way of Egypt ; 
while the Afra av7s originated in the umida meleagris of W. Africa. 
See Newton, Dict. of Birds, p. 399, footnote. 

The μελεαγρίδες mentioned, however, by Scylax, Periplus, were seen 
beyond the Pillars of Hercules, in N. W. Africa, as were those men- 
tioned by Mnaseas; and these were doubtless, therefore, of the red- 
wattled species. Strabo and Diodorus report the birds as inhabiting 
an island in the Red Sea; Sophocles (1. c.), speaks of them poetically 
as Indian. 

Mentioned as sacred birds, Clyt. Miles. lc. περὶ δὲ τὸ ἱερὸν τῆς 
Παρθένου ἐν Λέρῳ εἰσὶν οἱ καλούμενοι ὄρνιθες peheaypides. Also in 
Aetolia, Menodot. ap. Athen. xiv. 655 ἃ. 

Ael. iv. 42: the metamorphosis of the sisters of Meleager; ὅσοι 
δὲ dpa αἰδοῦνται τὸ θεῖον καὶ μᾶλλον εἰ τὴν Αρτεμιν, οὐκ ἄν ποτε τῶνδε 
τῶν ὀρνίθων ἐπὶ τροφὴν προσάψαιντο, καὶ ἥτις ἡ αἰτία ἴσασί τε οἱ τὴν νῆσον 
οἰκοῦντες τὴν Λέρον καὶ ἔνεστι μαθεῖν ἀλλαχόθεν. Ib. ν. 27 τὰς δ᾽ ἐν Λέρῳ 
μελεαγρίδας ἀπὸ μηδενὸς ἀδικεῖσθαι τῶν γαμψωνύχων ὀρνέων λέγει Ἴστρος. 

Sacrificed at the temple of Isis in Tithorea (Phocis), Pausan. x. 31 
(x. 32, 9, ed. Teubn.). 

Were kept also in the Acropolis: pedeaypides’ ὄρνεις at ἐνέμοντο ἐν 
τῇ ἀκροπόλει, Hesych. ὄρνεα ἅπερ ἐνέμοντο ἐν τῇ ἀκροπόλει" λέγουσι δὲ 
οἱ μὲν ἀδελφὰς τοῦ Μελεαγροῦ μεταβαλεῖν εἰς τὰς μελεαγρίδας ὄρνιθας, οἱ 
δὲ τὰς συνήθεις Ἰοκαλλίδος τῆς ἐν Λέρνῃ παρθένου, ἣν τιμῶσι δαιμονίως, 
Suid., Phot. 

On the story of the metamorphosis, cf. Nicand. ap. Anton. Lib. 
c. 1, Hygin. Fab. 174, Ovid, Met. viii. 534, Mart. 11]. 58, 15, Lactant. 
Vili. 4. 

How the Meleagrides fought around the tomb of Meleager (cf. 5. v. 
μέμνων) Plin. x. (26) 38, &c. 

For other references, see Antig. Caryst. xi; Juv. xi. 142; Hor. Epod. 
ii. 53 Afrae aves; Mart. iii. 58, 15 Numidicae guttatae ; xiil. 45 Libycae 
volucres; xili.75; Stat. Silv. i. 6, 78, ii. 4,28; Suet. Calig. 22 (vide s.v. 
tetpdwv); Petron. 93; Varro, De R. R. iii. 9, 18, &c. 

, 12 


116 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


ME’MNQN, s. μεμνονίς, ς. Μέμνονος ὄρνις. The Ruff, Machetes 

pugnax, L. 

Mosch. iii. 42 οὐ τόσον ἀῴοισιν ἐν ἄγκεσι παῖδα τὸν Aots | ἱπτάμενος περὶ 
‘capa κινύρατο Μέμνονος ὄρνις. Paus. x. 31; 6 μεμνονίδες ταῖς ὄρνισίν ἐστιν 
ὄνομα, κατὰ δὲ ἔτος οἱ Ἑλλησπόντιοί φασιν αὐτὰς ἐν εἰρημέναις ἡμέραις ἰέναι 
τε ἐπὶ τοῦ Μέμνονος τὸν τάφον, καὶ ὁπόσον τοῦ μνήματος δένδρων ἐστὶν 
ἢ πόας ψιλόν, τοῦτο καὶ σαίρουσιν αἱ ὄρνιθες καὶ ὑγροῖς τοῖς πτεροῖς τοῦ 

- Αἰσήπου τῷ ὕδατι ῥαίνουσι. ΑΕ]. v. 1 οὐκοῦν τοὺς ὄρνιθας τοὺς ἐπωνύμους 
τοῦ ἥρωος ἀφικνεῖσθαι κατὰ πᾶν ἔτος, καὶ διαιρεῖσθαί τε καὶ διασχίζεσθαι 
εἰς ἔχθραν καὶ διαφοράν, καὶ μάχεσθαι μάχην καρτεράν, κ. τ. d.: cf. Anecd. 
Paris. Bekk. ii. Ρ. 25. See also Dion. De Avib.i. 8; Quint. Smyrn. 
Posthomer. ii. 645, et seq.; Plin. x. (26) 37; Ovid, Met. xili. 607, 
Amor. ἵ 17. 3; Solin Ὁ, 40. 

The identification, first suggested by Cuvier (Grandidier’s Pliny, loc. 
cit.), is certain, the combats or ‘hilling’ of Ruffs being unmistakeably 
described : for modern descriptions, see Montagu, quoted in Yarrell, 
4th ed. vol. iii. p. 428. At the same time, it is evident that the myth is 
a very ancient one, and its connexion with this particular species of 
bird and its peculiar annual combats may be a late version of an old 
and mysterious story: cf. Creuzer, Symb. ii. 181, &c. In other words, 
though Pausanias and Aelian undoubtedly alluded to the Ruff, I do 
not fora moment believe that Moschus did so. Vide s.v. ἀντίψυχοι. 


ME’PMNOS, s. μέρμνης, Hesych., also Cram. Anecd. Oxon. i. 64, 24. 
A kind of hawk, sacred to Cybele, Ael. xii. 4; according to 
Hesych., identical with τριόρχης. 


ME’POW. The Bee-eater, Werops apiaster, L. Mod. Gk. μελισσοφάγος, 
μελισσουργός (Erh.), and on Parnassus Bopydpns (Heldr.). 

In Arist. H. A. vi. 1, 559 ἀέροψ, 5. εἴροψ (Bk.), ὃν δ᾽ of Βοιωτοὶ καλοῦσιν 
ἀέροπα: cf. Hesych. ἀέροπες, ὄρνεά twa, also Schol. in Ar. Av. 1354; 
ἀερόπους, Suid. in verb. ἀντιπελαργεῖν : ἠέροψ 5. ἠέροπος, Boios, ap. 
Anton. Liber. c. 18. A name similar to βοργάρης used by Scotus, aves 
quae dicuntur Graece Boareia, ovant in foraminibus terrae, and by 
Albertus M., quam obarcham Graeci vocant: cf. Schneider in Arist. 1. c. 
According to Bent (Cyclades, 1885, p. 325), μεροῦπας now means in 
Syra simply a bird, ὄρνις. 

Arist. H. A. ix. 13, 615 b φασὶ δέ tives καὶ τοὺς μέροπας dvrexrpéec@at 
ὑπὸ τῶν ἐκγόνων ov μόνον γηράσκοντας ἀλλὰ Kal εὐθύς, ὅταν οἷοί τ᾽ ὦσιν" 
τὸν δὲ πατέρα καὶ τὴν μητέρα μένειν ἔνδον. ἡ δ᾽ ἰδέα τοῦ ὄρνιθος τῶν 
πτερῶν ἐστὶ τὰ μὲν ὑποκάτω ὠχρόν, τὰ δὲ ἐπάνω ὥσπερ τῆς ἀλκυόνος κυάνεον, 
τὰ δ᾽ ἐπ᾽ ἄκρων τῶν πτερυγίων ἐρυθρά (cf. Plin. x. (33) 51). τίκτει δὲ περὶ €& ἢ 
ἑπτὰ ὑπὸ τὴν ὀπώραν [it breeds in Greece about the middle of April, 
Lindermayer], ἐν τοῖς κρημνοῖς τοῖς μαλακοῖς" εἰσδύεται δ᾽ εἴσω καὶ τέτταρας 


MEMNQN—NEBPO@ONOE 117 


MEPOW (continued), 
πήχεις. Ib. vi. 1, 559 ὃν δ᾽ οἱ Βοιωτοὶ καλοῦσιν ἀέροπα, εἰς τὰς ὀπὰς ἐν τῇ 
γῇ καταδυόμενος νεοττεύει μόνος. 

On the filial piety of μέροψ,, δικαιότατος καὶ εὐσεβέστατος ὀρνίθων ἁπάν- 
τῶν, see Ael. xi. 30, Plin. x. (33) 51 ; cf. Boch. Hieroz. ii. p. 302. 

Is destructive to bees, Arist. H. A. x. 40, 626, Ael. v. 11, vii. 6, Plut. 
Mor. 976 C, Geopon. xv. 2, Phile 650, Virg. Georg. iv. 14. 

Is said to fly backwards, Ael. i. 49. 

A fabled metamorphosis, Boios, l.c. ᾿Απόλλων δὲ ὄρνιθα ἐποίησε τὸν 
παῖδα ἠέροπον, ὃς ἔτι νῦν τίκτει μὲν ὑπὸ γῆς, ἀεὶ δὲ μελετᾷ πέτεσθαι. 

MHAIKOI ὌΡΝΕΙΣ: Μῆδοι ἀλεκτρυόνες, Hesych. Vide 5. v. ἀλεκτρυών. 
Cf. also Plin. x. 21, Colum. viii. 2, Varr. R. R. iii. 9, and Festus. 
In Latin a common reading is Jelicae gallinae; cf. Colum. 1. c. 
The term ‘ Median bird’ is applied also to the Peacock. 

Suid. Μηδικὸς ὄρνις᾽ ὁ raws. Id. rads εὐπήληξ᾽ ὁ Μηδικὸς καὶ χρυσόπτερος 
καὶ ἀλαζονικὸς ὄρνις. Cf. Schol. ad Ar. Ach. 63 ἥκοντες ἀπὸ Περσίδος ταὼν 
ἔχοντες ἐληλύθασιν : also Ar. Av. 707 ὁ δὲ Περσικὸν ὄρνιν, ubi Schol. τινὲς 
δὲ τὸν ἀλεκτρύονα, οἱ δὲ τὸν ταῶ : cf. also Clem. Alex. Paedag. ii. 1 ὄρνεις 
ἐπὶ τούτοις συνωνοῦνται τοὺς ἀπὸ φασίδος, ἀτταγὰς Αἰγυπτίας, Μῆδον ταῶνα : 
ibid. iii. 4 ὄρνεις ᾿Ινδικούς, καὶ ταῶνας Μηδικοὺς ἐκτρέφουσι. 

ΜΟΝΟΊΣΙΡΟΙ. A breed of fowls in Egypt. 
ὄρνεις ἐν ᾿Αλεξανδρείᾳ τῇ πρὸς Αἴγυπτόν εἰσι, ἐξ ὧν οἱ μάχιμοι ἀλεκτρυόνες 

γεννῶνται, Geopon. xiv. 7, 30. 

MO’P@NOX, An Eagle or Vulture. In Plin., the Lammergeier. 
Supposed to be connected with the idea of dark or black; cf. 
ὄρφνη, Russ. mrachnoe, Eng. murky. (μόρφνος = σκοτεινός, Suid., 
but = ξανθός, Hesych.). 

I]. xxiv. 315 αὐτίκα δ᾽ αἰετὸν ἧκε, τελειότατον πετεηνῶν, | μόρφνον θηρητῆρ᾽, 
ὃν καὶ περκνὸν καλέουσιν (cf. Il. xx. 252; Porphyr. Schol.; also Heyne’s 
note, in loc.). Hes. Scut. 134 μορφνοῖο φλεγύαο καλυπτόμενοι πτερύγεσσι. 
Lycophr. 838 τὸν χρυσόπατρον poppvoy. According to Arist. H. A. 
ix. 32, 618 b, identical with mAdyyos and νηττοφόνος (here also written 
μόρφος, μορφός). Plin. x. 3 Phemonoé Apollinis dicta filia dentes ei 
esse prodidit, mutae alias, carentique lingua: eandem aquilarum 
nigerrimam, prominentiore cauda. Ingenium est ei testudines raptas 
frangere e sublimi iaciendo, &c. Cf. Suid., who definitely applies the 
name to a Vulture; pdpdvos, εἶδος ἀετοῦ μόνοι δὲ οὗτοι τῶν ἀετῶν οὐ 
κυνηγετοῦσιν, ἀλλὰ νεκροῖς σώμασι τρέφονται. Vide 5. ν. μελανάετος. 

MY’ TTHE ὄρνις ποιός, Hesych. 

NE’BPA=. νέβρακες" of ἄρρενες νεοττοὶ τῶν ἀλεκτρυόνων, Hesych. 


NEBPO@O’NOX. Arist. H. A. ix. 32, 618 Ὁ = πύγαργος, q. v. 


118 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


NE’PTOX. A Vulture. 


Ar. Av. 303, mentioned together with yiy and ἱέραξ. Hesych. vépros* 
ἱέραξ' of δὲ εἶδος ὀρνέου (i.e. a species of vulture). This word, hitherto 


NAVA 
unexplained, I conjecture to be the Egyptian =) nert, Copt. 


ΠΟΎΡΙ, a Vulture: cf. Chaeremon, fr. 9, and Lauth, in Horap. i. 3, 
Sitzungsber. Bayer. Akad., 1876, p. 73. 


NHTTA, Boeot. vaooa (Ar. Ach. 875). A Duck. Cf. Lat. anat-zs, 
Lith. antis, A. S. ened, Ger. Ente. Dim. νηττάριον (a term of 
endearment), Ar. Pl. ror1, Menand. Inc. 422 (4, 316); νήττιον, 
Nicostr. Antyll. 3 (3, 280). See also Bookds, γλαύκιον, πηνέλοψ. 


Description.—Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593 Ὁ included among ra βαρύτερα 
τῶν στεγανοπόδων" περὶ ποταμοὺς Kal λίμνας ἐστίν ; ibid. 11. 17, 509 στόμαχον 
ἔχει εὐρὺν καὶ πλατὺν ὅλον, ἀποφυάδας ἔχει. 

Alex. Mynd. ap. Athen. ix. 52. 395 c ὁ ἄρρην μείζων καὶ ποικιλώτερος. 

An allusion to the particoloured plumage of the Common Drake, 
or else of some wild Duck, in Ar. Av. 1148. 

ΑΕ]. v. 33 ἐξ ὠδίνων ἐστὶ νηκτική, καὶ μαθεῖν ov δεῖται, κ. T,X. 

Use as Food.—Herod. ii. 77 Αἰγύπτιοι τὰς νήσσας ὠμοὺς σιτέονται, 
προταριχεύσαντεςς. Frequent in the Comic Poets. Its wholesomeness, 
Plut. V. Cat. Maj. xxiii (i. 359D). On the Roman νησσοτροφεῖα, see 
Varro, De R. R. iii. 11, Colum. viii. 15. Mode of capture, Dion. De 
Avib. ili. 23. é 

Brought as tribute to Indian kings, Ael. xiii. 25. 

Myth and Legend.—Sacred to Poseidon, Ar. Av. 566. According to 
Nicand. ap. Anton. Lib. c. ix, one of the Emathides, daughters of Pierus, 
was metamorphosed into the bird νῆσσα. 

Its defence against the eagle, cf. Phile, De An. Pr. xiv. 

Use the herb szderitis as a remedy, Plin. viii. 27. 

A Weather-prophet.—Ael. vii. 7 πτερυγίζουσαι πνεῦμα δηλοῦσιν ἰσχυρόν: 
ef. Arist. fr. 241, 1522 b; Theophr. De Sign. fr. ΜΙ 18, 28: Anat. 
918, 970. 

NHTTOKTO’NOZ, 5. νηττοφόνος. A kind of Eagle, the Avzafaria of 
Plin. x. 3. Supposed, by Sundevall, to be the Spotted Eagle, 
Aquila naevia; vide 5. v. ἁλιάετος. Compare, however, the notes 
on Aaywhdvos, πλάγγος, &c. 

Kipkos. yntroxrovos, Phile, De An. Pr. xiv. 6. νηττοφόνος, Arist. H. A. 
ix. 32, 618 b = μόρφνος and wAdyyos, q.v. Cf. Ael. v. 33. 

NOYMH’NIOZ. An unknown bird. ὄρνεον ὅμοιον ἀτταγᾷ" ὃ καὶ τρόχιλος, 
Hesych. 


Proverb.—fvyjOov ἀτταγᾶς τε καὶ vovpryos, Suid., &c. (for other 


NEPTOZ—NYKTIKOPA= 119 


NOYMHNIOZ (continued). 

references vide s. v. ἀτταγᾶς). In all probability, νουμήνιος was some 
bird associated with moon-worship; we have an obscure indication 
of a kindred symbolism in the case of drrayas, in the statement that 
that bird is hostile to the Cock (Ael. vi. 45). That ἀτταγᾶς had some 
mystical signification seems plain, though the precise allusion is 
obscure: the frequent reference to the bird as ποικίλος, and the state- 
ment of its friendship with the Stag, may in time furnish a clue to the 
mystery. For my part, I imagine I discern a stellar attribute in the 
one bird, and a lunar in the other. Tradition, of doubtful antiquity, 
associates the name Numenius with the Curlew, and it may well have 
this or some similar bird with a decurved or crescentic bill. 


NYKTAIETOX: ὄρνις ἱερὸς Ἥρας, ὃ καὶ ἐρωδιός, Hesych. Cf. νυκτικόραξ. 


ΝΥΚΤΙΚΟΑΞ, s. νυκτοκόραξ, Hesych. Probably the Horned or Long- 
eared Owl, S/rzx ofus, L.; but perhaps also applied to the 
Night-Heron. 

Arist. H. A. viii. 12, 597 Ὁ ἔνιοι τὸν ὠτὸν νυκτικόρακα καλοῦσιν (loc. dub.). 
Ib. viii. 3, 592 b ἔτι τῶν νυκτερινῶν ἔνιοι γαμψώνυχές εἰσιν, οἷον νυκτικόραξ, 
γλαύξ, βρύας. Ib. ix. 34, 689 Ὁ γλαῦκες δὲ καὶ νυκτικόρακες, καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ 
ὅσα τῆς ἡμέρας ἀδυνατεῖ βλέπειν, τῆς νυκτὸς μὲν θηρεύοντα τὴν τροφὴν αὑτοῖς 
πορίζεται" θηρεύει δὲ pis καὶ σαύρας, κιτ. λ. Cf. Athen. vill. 353 a, where 
in a similar passage, κόρακες = νυκτικύρακες. 

Arist. H. A. ii. 17, 509 ἀποφυάδας ἔχει. [The caeca are rudimentary 
or absent altogether in the Herons; they are large and conspicuous in 
the Owls.] νυκτικόραξ is, therefore, in Arist. a nocturnal, rapacious bird, 
identical with, or confounded with, ὠτός. It can scarcely be other than 
the Long-Eared Owl. 

It corresponds to Heb. p}3, an Owl, in Ps. 102. 6 (LXX). 

A bird of evil omen. Horap. ii. 25 νυκτικόραξ θάνατον σημαίνει" ἄφνω 
γὰρ ἐπέρχεται τοῖς νεοσσοῖς TOY κορωνῶν κατὰ τὰς νύκτας, ὡς ὁ θάνατος ἄφνω 
ἐπέρχεται. With this passage, cf. the legendary hostility of the Owl and 
the Crows, s. vv. γλαῦξ, κορώνη : there is, however, a very similar story 
of ἐρωδιός. 

Anth. Pal. xi. 186 νυκτικόραξ ἄδει θανατηφόρον, ἀλλ᾽ ὅταν aon | Δημόφιλος, 
θνήσκει Kairos ὁ νυκτικόραξ. Cf. the carmen ferale of the Owl, Virg. 
Aen. iv. 462: vide also s.v. Buas, Cf. also Spenser’s ‘ hoarse night- 
raven, trompe of doleful drere,’ &c. 

A fabled metamorphosis, Boios ap. Anton. Lib. c. xv; cf. χαραδριός. 

There is an old confusion between this bird and the Night-Heron, 
Ardea nycticorax, L. Gesner (ed. cit., p. 357), discussing the discrepant 
opinions regarding νυκτικόραξ, figures the Night-Heron, and adds, ‘ Wir 
haben hierbey die Figur des Vogels gesetzt, welcher zu Strasburg ein 
Nachtram anderswo ein Nachtrabe geheissen wird, welcher doch 


120 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


NYKTIKOPAE (continued). 
meines Bedenckens weder ein Caprimulgus noch Nycticorax ist.’ 
And the confusion thus introduced seems to have been aided by Gaza 
having translated νυκτικόραξ by cicuma (Gr. κίκυμις, 4: ν.}, afterwards 
misspelt czcunza, ctconta (vide Belon, ii. c. 36, Camus, ii. p. 250). 

Nevertheless, although the above-cited passages all appear to apply 
to an Owl, yet Ardea purpurea, nycticorax, and other Herons are said 
to be now called νυκτικόραξ (Erh., Heldr.) ; further, it has been shown 
above that the attributes of ἐρωδιός are in part nocturnal. Lastly, it 
must be noted that there are evidences of Egyptian influence in the 
stories both of ἐρωδιός and νυκτικόραξ ; vide 5. v. ἀνοπαῖα. 

OPNA’NOH. An unknown bird. 

Arist. H. A. ix. 49 B, 633 (doc. dub.) ἀφανίζεται δὲ καὶ ἣν καλοῦσί τινες 
οἰνάνθην ἀνίσχοντος τοῦ σειρίου, δυομένου δὲ φαίνεται φεύγει yap ὁτὲ μὲν 
τὰ ψύχη, ὁτὲ δὲ τὴν ἀλέαν. Cf. Plin. x. (29) 45; perhaps identical with 
parra, ib. xviii. 69, or vztiparra, ib. x. (33) 50. Vide infra, 5. v. oivds. 

Belon (Nat. des Oiseaux, vii. 12) first applied the name to the 
Wheatear, which (Saxicola oenanthe, L.) still retains it. 

OrNna’s. A kind of Pigeon: probably the wild Rock-Pigeon, 
Columba livia, L. Also oivias, Poll. vi. 22 oivias δὲ καὶ oivds, 

ἡ ἀγρία περιστερά. 

Arist. H. A. ν. 13, 544 b ὄρνις περιστεροειδῆς, μικρῷ μείζων τῆς περιστερᾶς. 
Ib. viii. 3, 593 ἐλάττων δὲ φαβός. Ib. vi. 1, 5.58 Ὁ διτοκεῖ, i.e. lays two 
eggs; cf. De Gen. iv. 77, ili. 9, Plin.x. 79 (58). Arist. H.A. viii. 3. 593 τοῦ 
φθινοπώρου καὶ φαίνεται μάλιστα καὶ ἁλίσκεται" ἡ δ᾽ ἅλωσις αὐτῆς γίνεται 
μάλιστα καπτούσης τὸ ὕδωρ᾽ ἀφικνοῦνται δ᾽ εἰς τοὺς τόπους τούτους ἔχουσαι 
νεοττούς. 

Arist. ap. Athen. ix. 394 ἃ μείζων ἐστὶ τῆς περιστερᾶς, χρῶμα δὲ ἔχει 
οἰνωπόν. φαίνεται φθινοπώρῳ μόνῳ: Athen. ib. 394 6 λέγεται “δ᾽ ὅτι 
ἡ οἰνὰς ἐὰν φαγοῦσα τὸ τῆς ἰξίας σπέρμα ἐπί τινος ἀφοδεύση δένδρου, ἰδίαν 
ἰξίαν φύεσθαι : cf. Plin. xvi. (44) 93, 5. ν. alumbes. Ael. iv. 58 τὴν οἰνάδα 
ὄρνεον εἰδέναι χρὴ οὖσαν, οὐ μὴν ὥς τινες ἄμπελον. λέγει δὲ ᾿Αριστοτέλης 
μεῖζον μὲν αὐτὸ εἶναι φάττης, περιστερᾶς γε μὴν ἧττον. Mentioned also, 
ΠΟ: 358: 

᾿ οἰναδοθήρας, in Sparta, a dove-catcher, Ael. 1. c. 

The passage in Aelian, and the discrepancy between the accounts of 
the bird’s size, indicate that οἰνάς was a little-known word. The later 
Greeks and early commentators derived it from οἶνος, with reference to 
the colour of the bird (Athen. 1. ς.,) Eustath. ad Odyss. p. 475, ed. Basil.) 
or to its appearance in the vintage-season (rod φθινοπώρου) ; hence 
Gaza translates it Vizago; and most moderns have identified it with 
the Stock-dove, C. oenas, L., whose breast is purple-red. But the 
word is more probably identical with the Hebrew M3)’, jovzah, as has 
been suggested by Casaubon in Athen. p. 617, and Bochart, Hieroz. ii, 


ΝΥΚΤΙΚΟΡΑΞ---ΟΚΝΟΣ. 121 


ΟΙΝΑΣ (continued). 


2. Cf. ἸΙώνας, Hesych., also Tzetz. Chiliad. vii. 126. [The same word 
is supposed by some to give its name to the island of 5. Columba.] 
It was then probably either a sacred name, introduced with a foreign 
cult, or else a Phoenician sailor’s name, especially for the wild Rock- 
pigeons of the coast; and on this latter interpretation the passage in 
Arist. viii. 3, 593 would refer naturally to an autumn flight inland from 
the sea-board breeding-places. 

The Οἰνότροποι, who were turned into doves, Lyc. 570, cf. Simon. 
fr. 24 (39), ap. Schol. Hom. Od. iv. 164, Serv. Virg. Aen. iii. 8, Ovid, 
Met. xiii. 674, &c., may derive their name from the same root, and the 
story of their turning water into wine may then be due to a case of 
‘Volksetymologie.’ 

By this word, and its Semitic root, I would seek to explain the 
curious ‘canting heraldry’ which represents the constellation of the 
Pleiads as a bunch of grapes, and gives to it the name βότρυς (βύτρυν 
yap αὐτὰς λέγουσιν, Schol. 1]. xviii. 486; Ideler, Sternnamen, p. 317). 
On coins of Mallos in Cilicia, we have Doves represented, whose 
bodies are formed by bunches of grapes, and in other cases the dove 
is lost and replaced simply by the grapes: on the relation of these 
figures and their other associated symbols to the constellation of the 
Pleiad, see M. J. Svoronos, Bull. de Corresp. Hellen., 1894, p. 107, &c. 
I imagine that an old confusion, intentional or unintentional, between 
oivds and οἶνος may have been the cause of this strange and unwonted 
prefigurement of the constellation. The association of the dove with 
the bunch of grapes survives in early Christian symbolism; cf. Gorius, 
Diss. XIII. De Gemmis Astrif. Christian. (vol. 11. p. 249) 1750. 


The symbolic meaning here assigned to οἰνάς tends to suggest a 
similar derivation and interpretation in the case of οἰνάνθη. 


OPNIA’=. According to Hesych. a kind of Raven, but probably = 
oivds, which latter word Hesych. interprets γένος κόρακος" οἱ δὲ 
ἀγρίαν περιστεράν. Cf. γοινέες. 


ΟΙΣΤΡΟΣ. An unknown small bird. 

Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592b, mentioned as a small insect-eating bird 
with τύραννος, ἐπιλαίς, &c. 

On the assumption that οἶστρος (the Gad-fly) must denote some very 
small bird, Sundevall follows the mediaeval naturalists in identifying it 
with the Willow-wren, Sylvia trochilus, L., our smallest bird next to 
the Gold-crests. 


ὌΚΝΟΣ, s. ὀκνός. A bird of the Heron kind, with fabulous attributes ; 
in Arist. H. A. ix. 1, 609 "Ὁ, 18, 617, ΔΕ]. ν. 36=4dorTepias, q.v. 


Pausan. x. 29, 2 ὄκνον δ᾽ οὖν καὶ μάντεων οἱ ὁρῶντες τοὺς οἰωνοὺς καλοῦσί 


122 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


ΟΚΝΟΣ (continucd). 
τινα ὄρνιθα, καὶ ἔστιν οὗτος ὁ ὄκνος μέγιστος μὲν Kal κάλλιστος ἐρωδιῶν, εἰ 
δὲ ἄλλος τις ὀρνίθων, σπάνιός ἐστι καὶ οὗτος. 

According to Boios ap. Anton. Lib. c. vii, Autonous was metamor- 
phosed into the bird ὄκνος, ὅτι ὥκνησε ἀπελάσαι τὰς ἵππους, his son being 
turned into an ἐρωδιός. On Ocnus as a mythological character, cf. 
Diodor. i. 97, p. 109, Pausan. l.c., &c. 

Probably a foreign word, and perhaps Egyptian (cf. Ael., Diod. 1. c.). 
Bearing in mind the close connexion of the Heron with Athene, I am 
almost tempted to see in ὄκνος a distorted reflection of Onkh, “Oyya, 
”Oyxas (Hesych.), &c.,a mystical name of the same goddess. Vide s.v. 
ἀνάγκης. 

ὌΛΑΙΤΟΙ΄, 5. ὀλατοί: σπερμολόγοι, Hesych. 
"OAKA’E: ἀηδών, Hesych. (loc. dub. οἱ mutilus). 
“ONOKPO’TAAOS. A Pelican. 


Plin. x. (47) 66, Mart. xi. 21, Hieron. in Lev. xi. 18, &c. ; cf. Boch. 
Hieroz. ii. 276. 
"OPEINO’S. A species of αἰγίθαλος, q.v. 
Arist. H. A. vill. 3, 592 Ὁ ἕτερος δ᾽ ὀρεινός, διὰ τὸ διατρίβειν ἐν τοῖς 
- ὄρεσιν, οὐραῖον μακρὸν ἔχων. 
Also a name or epithet, like ὀρείτης, of a Hawk or Eagle: cf. Plut. 
Amat. iv. 9. 
“OPEINEAAPY0’S, vide 5. v. περκνόπτερος. 
“OPEI'THE. A kind of Hawk, mentioned with κεγχρηΐς, Ael. ii. 43. 


“OPOOKO’PYAOX. A name or epithet for a Lark (verb. dub.); Alciphro 
iii. 48. 
ὌΡΝΙΘΕΣ MEI’ZONEX BOON. Eudox. ap. Ael. xvii. 14 ὑπερβαλὼν τὰς 


, » , , cal 
Ἡρακλείους στήλας ἐν λίμναις ἑωρακέναι ὄρνιθάς τινας καὶ μείζους βοῶν. 


°OPO’ENIZOX. The Blue-throat, Cyanecula suecica, L. 
Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 Ὁ σπίζῃ ὅμοιος καὶ τὸ μέγεθος παραπλήσιος" ἔχει 
[τι περὶ] τὸν αὐχένα κυανοῦν, καὶ διατρίβει ἐν τοῖς ὄρεσιν. ‘The bird is rare 
in Greece (Lindermayer, p. 104), nevertheless its identity is unmistake- 
able. The MSS. have several variants in the name. 


"OPTA’AIXOE, Also ὀρταλίς, Nic. Alex. 295, &c. A Boeotian word 
(Stratt. ow. 2, 781) for a Chick. 
Theocr. xiii. 12 οὔθ᾽ ὁπόκ᾽ ὀρτάλιχοι μινυροὶ ποτὶ κοῖτον ὁρῷεν. Cf. Ar. 


Ach. 871 and Schol.; Aesch. Ag. 54. Applied to Swallow-chicks, 
Opp. Hal. v. 579. 


OKNOZ—OPTYE. 123 


?OPTYTOMH’TPA. The Corn-crake or Land-rail, Rallus crex, L., 
Crex pratensis, auctt.: cf. κρέξ, κύχραμος. In Mod. Gk. still 
called ὀρτυγομήτρα (Heldr. &c.), and in the Cyclades ῥεδιγουάλια 
(Erh.), It. Re di quaglie. 

Arist. H. A. viii. 12, 597 b; a bird which accompanies the quails 
(vide 5. ν. κύχραμος). παραπλήσιος τὴν μορφὴν τοῖς λιμναίοις (1. 6. to the 
wading birds): cf. Plin. x. 33; Frider. ii De Arte Venandi, i. 9 et 
modus rallorum terrestrium, quae dicuntur duces coturnicum. Alex. 
Mynd. ap. Athen. ix. 393 a ἐστὶ τὸ μέγεθος ἡλίκη τρυγών, σκέλη δὲ μακρά, 
δυσθαλὴς καὶ δείλη. 

Cratin. (2. 158) ap. Athen. l.c. ᾿Ιθακησία ὀρτυγομήτρα. Ar. Av. 870 
associated with Latona, Λητοῖ ᾿Ορτυγομήτρᾳ, cf. Schol. in Argum. 
Pythiorum Pindari. 

In Hesych. ὀρτυγομήτρα = ὄρτυξ ὑπερμεγέθης. The word is used also 
by the LXX, and by the Fathers, for ὄρτυξ (Ex. xvi. 13 ; Numb. xi. 31, 
32; Ps. cv. 40): according to Bochart (Hieroz. ii. 94) qua tamen voce 
libentius usi sunt, quam simplici ὄρτυγες, ne crederetur Deus gregarias 
coturnices Israelitis immisisse, sed earum nobilissimas! 


“OPTY= Hesych. yoprvé, i.e. ξόρτυξ. Sk. vart-zka (cf, int. al., Muir’s 
Sk. Texts, i. 112. 8), cf. Lat. ver/ere, Lit. the dancer (?), or more 
probably and simply, the one who re/urns. The Quail, Cofurnix 
vulgaris, auctt. Mod. Gk. ὄρτυκι, ὀρτύκιον. Dim. ὀρτύγιον, 
Eupolis and Antiph. ap. Athen. ix. 392e. On the quantity of 
the u, cf. Phot., p. 350, 10 épruyas’ συστέλλοντες οἱ ᾿Αττικοὶ λέγουσι 
τὸ υ δηλοῖ ἐν Δαιταλεῦσιν ᾿Αριστοφάνης. Gen. ὄρτυκος, in Philem. 
ap. Chaerob. i. 82. 

Description.—Arist. H. A. vi. 12, 597 Ὁ ov πτητικός : ib. ix. 9, 614 ἐπὶ 
δένδρου ov καθίζει, ἀλλ᾽ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς : ib. iv. 9, 536 μαχόμενος φθέγγεται" 
μᾶλλον ἄδει ὁ ἄρρην, αἱ δὲ θήλειαι οὐκ ᾷδουσιν. 

Alex. Μγπά, ap. Athen. ix. 392 c ὁ θῆλυς ὄρτυξ λεπτοτράχηλός ἐστι, τοῦ 
ἄρρενος οὐκ ἔχων τὰ ὑπὸ τῷ γενείῳ μέλανα. Pratin. ib. ἁδύφωνον τὸν ὄρτυγα, 
πλὴν εἰ μή τι παρὰ τοῖς Φλιασίοις ἢ τοῖς Λάκωσι φωνήεντες, ὡς οἱ πέρδικες. 

Anatomy.—Arist. Η. A. ii. 15, 506b πρὸς τοῖς ἐντέροις τὴν χόλην ἔχει. 
ib. 17, 509 ἔχει καὶ πρόλοβον καὶ πρὸ τῆς γαστρὸς τὸν στόμαχον εὐρὺν καὶ 
πλατὺν ἔχοντα᾽ διέχει δ᾽ ὁ πρόλοβος τοῦ πρὸ τῆς γαστρὸς στομάχου συχνὸν 
ὡς κατὰ μέγεθος. Alex. Mynd. l.c. ἀνατμηθεὶς δὲ πρόλοβον οὐχ ὁρᾶται 
μέγαν ἔχων, καρδίαν δ᾽ ἔχει μεγάλην, καὶ ταύτην τρίλοβον, κιτιλ. 

Nest and Breeding-habits.—A full description, together with πέρδιξ, 
Arist: ΗΑ 1x. 8: 613 Ὁ: 6124: ΠῚ: Vi. 1, 559) Ch’ Xen? Memor: 
ἢ 1: 2: 

Migrations.—Arist. H. A. viii. 12, 597. Migrate in September, τοῦ 
Βοηδρομιῶνος. πιότεροι τοῦ φθινοπώρου μᾶλλον ἢ τοῦ ἔαρος. οἱ δ᾽ ὄρτυγες 


124 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


OPTY= (continued). 

ὅταν ἐμπέσωσιν, ἐὰν μὲν εὐδία ἢ βόρειον ἢ, συνδυάζονταί τε Kal εὐημεροῦσιν. 
ἐὰν δὲ νότος, χαλεπῶς ἔχουσι διὰ τὸ μὴ εἶναι πτητικοί ὑγρὸς γὰρ καὶ 
βαρὺς ὁ ἄνεμος" διὸ καὶ οἱ θηρεύοντες οὐκ ἐπιχειροῦσιν εὐδίας" τοῖς νοτίοις δ᾽ 
οὐ πέτονται διὰ τὸ βάρος" πολὺ γὰρ τὸ σῶμα, διὸ καὶ βοῶντες πέτονται" 
πονοῦσι γάρ. ὅταν μὲν οὖν ἐκεῖθεν παραβάλλωσιν, οὐκ ἔχουσιν ἡγεμόνας. 
ὅταν δ᾽ ἐντεῦθεν ἀπαίρωσιν, ἣ τε γλωττὶς συναπαίρει καὶ ἡ ὀρτυγομήτρα, K.T.A. 
Cf. Dion. De Avib. i. 30; Plin. x. 33 (23) ; Varro, De Re Rust. ili. 5, 7. 
The connexion between the quails’ flight and the wind is well known: 
cf. Numb. xi. 31 ; Joseph. Ant. ili. 1, 5. 


Modes of capture.—With a mirror, Clearch. Sol. ap. Athen. ix. 393 
οἱ ὄρτυγες περὶ τὸν τῆς ὀχείας καιρόν, ἐὰν κάτοπτρον ἐξ ἐναντίας τις αὐτῶν 
καὶ πρὸ τούτου βρόχον θῇ, τρέχοντες πρὸς τὸν ἐμφαινόμενον ἐν τῷ κατόπτρῳ 
ἐμπίπτουσιν εἰς τὸν βρόχον. With ἃ sort of scare-crow, Dion. De Avib. 
iii.9. With nets simply, on the coast of Egypt, Diodor.i.60. A quail- 
catcher, ὀρτυγοθήρας, Plat. Euthyd. 290 D. Cf. Arist. H. A. ix. 8, 614 
οὕτω δὲ σφόδρα καὶ of πέρδικες καὶ of ὄρτυγες ἐπτόηνται περὶ THY ὀχείαν, ὥστ᾽ 
εἰς τοὺς θηρείοντας ἐμπίπτουσι καὶ πολλάκις καθιζάνουσιν ἐπὶ τὰς κεφαλάς. 

Abundance and cheapness: cf. Antiph. ap. Athen. ix. 397 πλείους δ᾽ 
εἰσὶ νῦν [οἱ ταῶνες] τῶν ὀρτύγων. Juv. Sat. 12. 97. 

In Egypt, according to Herod. ii. 77 τοὺς ὄρτυγας ὠμὰ σιτέονται, προ- 
ταριχεύσαντες : Cf. Diodor. 1]. c.: vide 5. v. χέννιον. On potted Quails 
in the Morea, cf. G. St. Hilaire ap. Bory de St. Vincent, Morée, 
Oiseaux, p. 35. 

Domesticated and pet Quails: Ar. Pax 789 ὄρτυγας οἰκογενεῖς : cf. Ar. 
Fr. 36; Arist. Probl. x. 12,1; Plut. V. Alcib. i. 195 E, Mor. ii. 799 D; 
Varro, ili. 5, 2; M. Anton. i.6. A lover's gift, Ar. Av. 707, Plat. Lys. 
211 ἘΠ - ct. Plaut.. Capt. v. 4, 53 vide Jacobs ad Antholy ssp: 
Hence φιλόρτυξ, Plat. Lys. 212 D; φιλορτυγοτροφέω, Artemid. ill. 5, &c. 

Quail-fights. Lucian, Anach. 37 (2, 918); Plat. Lys. 211 E; Plut. 
1.930 E, cock and quail-fights between Antony and Caesar (cf. Ant. and 
Cl. ii. 4 ‘and his quails ever Beat mine, inhoop’d at odds’); ibid. ii. 207 B 
how in Egypt a procurator of Augustus killed and ate a victorious 
quail, and how retribution fell on him; Ovid, Amor. ii. 6, 27, &c. This 
sport, still common among the Chinese, Malays, &c., was practised 
in Italy in Aldrovandi’s time (Ornith. ii. p. 74: cf. Voss., De Idol. c. 86, 
Ῥ. 596). For a Chinese picture of a quail-fight, showing the ‘hoop’ 
or τηλία (cf. supra, p. 22, 5.ν. ἀλεκτρυών), see Douce’s Illustr. of 
Shakspeare, p. 367; cf. also Bell’s Travels in China, i. p. 404 (8vo 
ed.). See also Becker’s Charicles. The birds are said to have been 
stimulated to fight with bells, cf. Schol. in Ar. Lys. 485 (ἀκωδώνιστον) ; 
see also Aristarch. ap. Harpocrat. 5. ν. Svexwddvice. 

Quail-striking, ὀρτυγοκοπία, Jul. Pollux, ix. 107. The player was 
ὀρτυγοκόπος, Plat. Com, Περιαλγ. 4, ap. Athen. xi. 506 D or στυφοκόπος. 


eo 


ΟΡΤΥΞ. 125 


OPTY= (continued). 


Ar. Av. 1299 and Schol. Cf. Plut. ii. 34 Ὁ. See also Meursius, De 
Ludis Graecorum, in Gronoy. Thes. Ant. Gr. vii. p. 979. 


Immunity from poison.—Arist. De Plant. 5, 820b ὑοσκύαμος καὶ 
ἑλλέβορος ἀνθρώποις μὲν δηλητήριοι, τροφὴ δὲ τοῖς dprv&. Cf. Plin. x. 33 
(23), Geopon. xiv. 24, Galen. De Ther. ad Pison. i. 4, De Alim. Fac. 
11, 6, De Temper. iii. 4, Basil. Hexaem. v. p. 59 (ed. Paris), Eustath. 
Hexaem. p. 9, Ambros. Hexaem. ili. 9, &c., Lucret. iv. 641. For similar 
oriental reff., see Bochart, ii. 97, 98. 


Legend of Delos.—Phanodem. ap. Athen. ix. 392 d ὡς κατεῖδεν "Epucix- 
θων Δῆλον τὴν νῆσον τὴν ὑπὸ τῶν ἀρχαίων καλουμένην ᾿Ορτυγίαν παρ᾽ ὃ τὰς 
ἀγέλας τῶν ζῴων τούτων φερομένας ἐκ τοῦ πελάγους ἱζάνειν εἰς τὴν νῆσον διὰ 
τὸ εὔορμον εἶναι... Cf. Serv. ad Aen. iii. 73. On the metamorphosis 
of Artemis, Leto, and Asteria into Quails, see Apollod. i. 4, 1, Schol. 
Apoll. Rhod. i. 308, Hygin. Fab. 53, Tatian, Adv. Graec. c.xvi, &c. In 
yet another version it is Zeus himself who appears as a Quail: Argum. 
Pyth. Pindari, ed. Béckh, ii. p. 297. 


Legend of Hercules.—Eudox. ap. Athen. ix. 392d of Φοίνικες θύουσι 
τῷ Ἡρακλεῖ ὄρτυγας διὰ τὸ τὸν Ἡρακλέα τὸν ᾿Αστερίας καὶ Διὸς πορευόμενον 
εἰς Λιβύην ἀναιρεθῆναι μὲν ὑπὸ Τυφῶνος, ᾿Ιολάου δ᾽ αὐτῷ προσενέγκαντος 
ὄρτυγα καὶ προσαγαγόντος ὀσφρανθέντα ἀναβιῶναι : cf. Arist. Probl. xxx. 1. 
Eustath. in Od. xi. 60, p.1702. Prov. ὄρτυξ ἔσωσεν Ἡρακλῆ τὸν κάρτερον, 
Zenob. v. 56; Diog. vii. 10; Apostol. xiii. 1; Eutecnius in Cram. Anecd. 
Paris., i. p. 31; Paroemiogr. Gr. 1. p. 143. In this passage various 
commentators read ὄρυγα for ὄρτυγα, the Gazelle being sacred to 
Typhon; cf. Jablonski, Panth. 197, Dupuis, Orig. de tous les Cultes, 
ii. 350, Creuzer, Symb. ii. 100, Boch., 1. c.; but the emendation is not 
justified, cf. Stark, op. infra cit. The Quail’s brain was a specific for 
epilepsy, the morbus comitialis or herculeus, Galen, Parat. Facil. iii. 
155, Plin. x. (23) 33. Varvtzkd, the Quail, is said to be a solar emblem 
among the Hindoos: it is as the emblem of the returning Sun, that it 
figures in the legend of Delos, the birthplace of Phoebus, and in that of 
Hercules, the slayer of Typhon. 

The principal allusions to the Island of Ortygia are collated and 
discussed by Hermann, De Apoll. et Diana, Opusce. vii. p. 310 (1839). 
See also, for a still more elaborate investigation, Stark, Die Wachtel, 
Sterneninsel und der Oelbaum im Bereiche phoinikischer und griechi- 
scher Mythen, Ber. K. Sachs. Ges. d. Wiss., 1856, pp. 32-120. It 
seems clear to me that in the superstitions regarding the Quail, and in 
the sacred reputation of Ortygia, the main point is with reference to 
the Solar Tropic; cf. Od. xv. 403 νῆσός τις Supin κεκλήσκεται, εἴ που 
ἀκούεις, | Optuyins καθύπερθεν, ὅθι τροπαὶ ἠελίοιο. The Quail derived its 
sanctity, and perhaps its name, from the circumstance that it returned 
with the returning Sun, and Ortygia was some spot where the τροπαὶ 


126 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


OPTYE= (continued). 
ἠελίοιο were observed and their festivals celebrated, as of old in 
Delos. Cf. (int. al.) Pind. Nem. i. 

The word OPTYTOOHPA, on coins of Tarsus (Mionnet, Suppl. vii. 
p. 258, &c.) is supposed to refer to a similar symbolic festival (Stark, 
Op. C., p. 44). 

Hostile to πελεκάν, Ael. vi. 45, Phile, 684. A prey to hawks, Ael. 
vii. 9. Arist. H. A. ix. 11, 615 6 ἱέραξ τὴν τοῦ ὄρτυγος καρδίαν οὐ 
κατεσθίει. 

How the Quails, migrating, carry each three stones, to hear by 
dropping them whether they be over the sea, Dion. De Avib. i. 30: cf. 
Plin. x. 33 (sand for ballast) ; cf. s.v. γέρανος. 

An obscure allusion in Lyc. 401 τύμβος δὲ γείτων ὄρτυγος πετρουμένης] 
τρέμων φυλάξει ῥόχθον Aiyaias ἁλός. 

Proverbial References.—Philostr. V. Sophist., p. 253 (ed. Kayser) 
μὴ yap δὴ ἐν τείχει ἐπιπτήξωμεν ὀρτύγων ἀναψάμενοι φύσιν. Antiph. ap. 
Athen. ix. p. 3092 ς ὡς δὴ σὺ τί ποιεῖν δυνάμενος ὀρτυγίου ψυχὴν ἔχων ; 


ὌΡΧΙΛΟΣ, s. dpxtdos. Probably the Wren; cf. τρόχιλος. Hesych. 


ὀρνιθάριον τῶν εὐωνητῶν" λέγεται δὲ ὑπό τινων σαλπιγ[κ]τής : οἵ. Phot. 


ΠΤ, ΤΩ. 

Ar. Av. 569 βασιλεύς ἐστ᾽ ὀρχίλος ὄρνις : cf. trochilus, Plin. viii. 37, 
x. 95. Mentioned also Ar. Vesp. 1513. 

Arist. H. A. ix. 1, 609 yAav& καὶ dpyidos πολέμια, τὰ yap φὰ κατεσθίει 
τῆς γλαυκός. 

A sign of rain, Arat. 1025 ὄρχιλος ἢ καὶ ἐριθεὺς δύνων ἐς κοίλας ὀχεάς. 
Cf. Theophr. De Sign. vi. 3. 39, 4. 53. According to Nicand. ap. Anton. 
Lib. c. xiv, Aleander, son of Munychus, was metamorphosed into the 
bird ὄρχιλος. 

An evil omen at weddings: Avienus in Arat. l.c. infestus floricomis 
hymenaeis orchilus. Cf. Euphor. ap. Tzetz. ad Lycophr. p. 83 (cit. 
Schn. in Arist. 1]. ς.), ποικίλον οὐδὲ μέλαθρον ὀρχίλος ἔπτη Κύζικος. οὐδ᾽ 
ἤεισε κακὸν γάμον ἐχθόμενος κρέξ. 

ὄρχιλος and τρόχιλος (qu. τ-ορχιλος) are probably identical words, 
and of foreign origin. κόρθιλος (4. v.) may be yet another corrupt 
form. Lauth (in Horap. i. 57, Sitzungsber. d. Bayer. Akad. 1876, p. 107), 
comparing Copt. ObCPs& avis, and OPO 7ex, affords a hint which 


may explain, by referring to an Egyptian source, the origin both of 
ὄρχιλος and of its synonym or epithet βασιλεύς. 


°OZTOKATA’KTHE, “OZTOKAA’ZTHE, “OZTOKO’PA=. In Byz. Gk. for 
ossifragus. 


OY’PA=. The Athenian name for τέτριξ (q.v.), Arist. H. A. vi. 1, 559. 


OPTY=—NEAAPTOX. 127 


ΟΥ̓ΡΙΆ. <A kind of water-bird. 
Athen. ix. 395 e ἡ δὲ λεγομένη οὐρία οὐ πολὺ λείπεται νήττης, τῷ χρώματι 
δὲ ῥυπαροκέραμός ἐστι, τὸ δὲ ῥύγχος μακρόν τε καὶ στενὸν ἔχει. 


᾿ΟΦΙΌΥΡΟΣ᾽ ὄρνις ποιὸς ἐν Δἰθιοπίᾳ, Hesych. 


ΠΑΠΠΟΣ. An unknown bird (verd. dub.) ; ὀρνέου εἶδος, Hesych. 
Mentioned Ael. iii. 30, in a somewhat doubtful passage, as a bird in 
whose nest the Cuckoo lays her egg. Sometimes supposed to be 
punned on in Ar. Av. 765 φυσάτω πάππους παρ᾽ ἡμῖν, where however 
πάπποι are more probably young downy feathers (vide Kock, &c.). 
Coray cites, vaguely, Mod. Gk. πάππια, a duck. 


NAPAO’S: ἀετός, ὑπὸ Μακεδόνων, Hesych. 


NA’PAAAOY, s. πάρδαλις, Hesych. An undetermined bird. 

Arist. H. A. ix. 23, 617 b ὄρνεόν ἐστιν ἀγελαῖον ws ἐπὶ τὸ πολύ, Kal οὐκ 
ἔστι κατὰ ἕνα ideiy’ τὸ δὲ χρῶμα σποδοειδὴς ὅλος, μέγεθος δὲ παραπλήσιος 
ἐκείνοις [? μαλακοκρανεύς, χλωρίων, τρυγών], εὔπους δὲ καὶ οὐ κακόπτερος, 
φωνὴ δὲ πολλὴ καὶ οὐ βαρεῖα" τὸ δὲ μέγεθος [τοῦ κολλυρίωνος] ταὐτόν. 

A very doubtful passage, cf. Billerbeck, De loc. nonnull. Arist. H. A. 
difficilior., Hildesh. 1806. Sundevall, following Turner, Gesner, &c., 
identifies πάρδαλος with the Golden Plover, Charadrius pluvialis, L., 
which is frequent in flocks in Greece, and has a constant cry, and is 
about as large as τρυγών: in the name he sees a suggestion of the 
dappled plumage, in spite of σποδοειδὴς ὅλος. Billerbeck, following 
Aldrovandi, &c., identifies it with the Starling, for similar and equaily 
good reasons. Vide supra, 5. Vv. μαλακοκρανεύς. 


ΠΕΛΑΡΓΟΣ. (Said to be derived from πελός, ἀργός : lit. black-and- 
white ; vide Suid. s.v. πελαργιδεῖς, ed. Bernhardy; Zonarus, p. 1528; 
Pott. Etym. Forsch. i. p. 131; cf. νῆες πελαργόχρωτες, Lycophr. 
243; ὀρειπέλαργος, 4. ν.). Dim. πελαργιδεύς, Ar. Av. 1356, Plut. ii. 
992 Β. Cf. also γύγης. 

The Stork, Crconza alba, L. Mod. Gk. λελέκι, λέλεκας, Sometimes 
said to be a Turkish word; but Byzantios ingeniously compares 
λελέκι = πελαργός With Λέλεγες = Πελασγοί: cf. also λάλαγες. 
Mentioned in Ar. Av. 1139, with a pun on τὸ Πελαργικόν ; cf. ibid. 869. 
Description.—Arist. H. A. vili. 3, 593 περὶ ras λίμνας Kal τοὺς ποταμοὺς 

βιοτεύει. Its clattering noise, Philostr. Ep. ad Epictet. τοὺς πελαρ- 

yous ἐπειδὰν παριόντας ἡμᾶς κροτῶσιν : cf. Ovid, Met. vi. 97 crepitante 
ciconia rostro. 

Migrations.—Arist. H. A. vill. 16, 600, φωλεῖ. Cf. Plin. x. 23 (31) Cico- 
niae quonam e loco veniant aut quo se referant, incompertum adhuc 
est. Nemo videt agmen discedentium, cum discessurum appareat, nec 


128 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


ΠΕΛΑΡΓΟΣ (continued). 
venire sed venisse cernimus: utrumque nocturnis fit temporibus. Cf. 
Dionys. De Avib.i. 31. (Its departure is scarcely noticed ; Lindermayer, 
op. cit., p. 154). ΑΕ]. iii. 23 τῆς Spas δὲ τῆς κρυμώδους διελθούσης, ὅταν 
ὑποστρέψωσιν ἐς τὰ ἴδια, τὴν ἑαυτῶν ἕκαστος καλιὰν ἀναγνωρίζουσιν, ὡς 
τὴν οἰκίαν ἄνθρωποι. The precise regularity of their coming (cf. 5. v. 
γέρανος): Lucullus to Pompey, ap. Plut. i. 518 D εἴτα, ἔφη, σοὶ δοκῶ 
ἐλάττονα τῶν γεράνων νοῦν ἔχειν καὶ τῶν πελαργῶν, ὥστε ταῖς ὥραις μὴ 
συμμεταβάλλειν τὰς διαίτας; Cf. 6 πελαργὸς ἀλήτης, Call. Fr. 475. 
According to Strabo, 221, 397, connected with Πελασγοί, a nomad race}; 
cf. Dion. Hal. i. 28. 


Filial Piety.—Ar. Av. 1355 ἐπὴν 6 πατὴρ ὁ πελαργὸς ἐκπετησίμους | 
πάντας ποιήσῃ τοὺς πελαργιδῆς τρέφων | δεῖ τοὺς νεοττοὺς τὸν πατέρα πάλιν 
τρέφειν. Cf. Plut. Alcib. i. 135 D, Arist. H. A. ix. 13, 615 Ὁ, Ael. iii. 23 
τρέφειν μὲν τοὺς πατέρας πελαργοὶ γεγηρακότας καὶ ἐθέλουσι καὶ 
ἐμελέτησαν" κελεύει δὲ αὐτοὺς νόμος ἀνθρωπικὸς οὐδὲ εἷς τοῦτο, ἀλλὰ αἰτία 
τούτων φύσις" οἱ αὐτοὶ δὲ καὶ τὰ ἑαυτῶν ἔκγονα φιλοῦσι, κι τ. λ. Origen, 
c. Celsum, iv εὐσεβεστέρους εἶναι τοὺς πελαργοὺς τῶν ἀνθρώπων. Cf. Fab. 
Aesop. γεωργὸς καὶ πελαργός, Fab. 100, 1o0b (ed. Halm), Babr. xiii 
οὐκ εἰμὶ γέρανος, ov σπόρον καταφθείρω | πελαργός εἶμι (χῆ χρόη με σημαίνει)] 
πτηνῶν πελαργὸς εὐσεβέστατος ζῴων | τὸν ἐμὸν τιθηνῶ πατέρα καὶ νοσηλεύω. 
Cf. Soph. El. 1058. See also verb ἀντιπελαργεῖν, Suidas, Zenob. i. 94, 
&c., and Πελαργικοὶ νόμοι, Hesych., Suid., &c. The Stork as a primeval 
law-maker is alluded to in Ar. Av. 1353, perhaps also ibid. 1213. Hence 
the Stork was honoured by the Egyptians, as an emblem of piety: Ael. 
x. 16, Horap. ii. 55 φιλοπάτορα βουλόμενοι σημῆναι ἄνθρωπον, πελαργὸν 
ζωγραφοῦσιν. ἐν τοῖς σκήπτροις ἀνωτέρω μὲν πελαργὺὸν τυποῦσι, κατωτέρω 
δὲ ποτάμιον ἵππον. (Cf. Schol. ἴῃ Ar. Av. 1.5.) Cf. Phile, (vi.) 158: Plin. 
x. (23) 33; Juv. Sat. i.116; Porph. De Abst. ili.11; Publius ap. Petron. 
Sat. 55 ciconia etiam grata, peregrina, hospita, Pietaticultrix, gracilipes, 
crotalistria. 

How the Storks teach their children to fly, Plut. 11. 992 B καὶ τοῖς πελαρ- 
γιδεῦσιν ὁρᾷς ἐπὶ τῶν τεγῶν ὡς οἱ τέλειοι παρόντες ἀναπειρωμένοις ὑφηγοῖνται 
τὴν πτῆσιν. 

Destroys serpents, and hence honoured by the Thessalians. Arist. 
Mirab. 23, 832 περὶ Θετταλίαν μνημονεύουσιν ὄφεις ζῳογονηθῆναι τοσούτους 
ὥστε, εἰ μὴ ὑπὸ τῶν πελαργῶν ἀνῃροῦντο, ἐκχωρῆσαι ἂν αὐτούς. διὸ δὴ καὶ 
τιμῶσι τοὺς πελαργούς, καὶ κτείνειν οὐ νόμος" καὶ ἐάν τις κτείνῃ, ἔνοχος τοῖς 
αὐτοῖς γίνεται οἷσπερ καὶ 6 ἀνδροφύνος : see also Plut. De 1514. c. 74, 
Symp. viii. 7, Plin. x. (23) 33, Solin. De Thessal. Cf. Juv. Sat. xiv. 74 
serpente ciconia pullos, Nutrit et inventa per devia rura lacerta; Virg. 
G. 11. 320. 

The Stork as food, Hor. Sat. ii. 2, 50, and Scholia; cf. Corn. Nepos, 
ap. Plin. x. (23) 30, Mart. Ep. xiii. 


NEAAPFO2— NEAEIA 120 


ΠΕΛΑΡΓΟΣ (continued). 

Myth and Legend.— Hostile to αἴθυια, Ael. iv. 5, Phile, 680; to 
νυκτερίς, ΑΕ]. vi. 45. Uses ὀρίγανον as a remedy, Arist. H. A. ix. 6, 
612, Ael. v. 46, Plin. viii. 27. How the bats (νυκτερίδες) render the 
Stork’s eggs unfruitful, and how the Stork defeats them with a leaf of 
πλάτανος, ΑΕ]. i. 37, Geopon. xiii, 13, xv. I, 18; according to Anatol. 
p- 298, a tortoise-bone is equally efficacious. A Stork’s stomach is 
a specific for the murrain of sheep and goats, Geopon. xviii. 11; cf. 
Phin’ xxix.033- 

A young Stork, a prophylactic against ophthalmia, Plin. xxix. 38. 

A messenger of Athene (cf. ἐρωδιός), Porph. De Abst. iii. 5. 

Story of Alcinoé, an unfaithful wife: Ael. viii. 20 τοῦτο συνιδὼν ὁ 
πελαργὸς ὁ οἰκέτης οὐχ ὑπέμεινεν, ἀλλὰ ἐτιμώρησε TH δεσπότῃ" προσπηδῶν 
γοῦν ἐπήρωσε τῆς ἀνθρώπου τὴν ὄψιν : cf. Apostol. xiv. 15, p. 609. Story 
of Heracleis, to whom the Stork, healed of a broken leg, brought next 
year a magic pebble: ibid. vill. 22 τὴν δ᾽ οὖν λίθον ἔνδον που κατέθετο, 
εἶτα νύκτωρ διυπνισθεῖσα ὁρᾷ αὐγήν τινα καὶ αἴγλην ἀφιεῖσαν, καὶ κατελάμπετο 
ὁ οἶκος ὡς ἐσκομισθείσης δᾳδός : cf. Dion. De Avib. i. 31, The stone was 
probably the stone λύχνις or Avyvirns, cf. Plin. xxxvii. (17) 103, and 
Philostrat. V. Apoll. Tyan. 11, 14 πελαργοὶ καλιὰς οὐκ ἂν πήξαιντο, μὴ πρότερον 
αὐταῖς ἐναρμόσαντες τὸν λυχνίτην λίθον : cf. also Lucian, De Dea Syr. 32 ; 
Orph. Lith. 268. 

Metempsychosts: Alex. Mynd. ap. Ael. ili. 23 ὅταν ἐς γῆρας ἀφίκωνται, 
παρελθόντας αὐτοὺς ἐς Tas ᾿Ωκεανίτιδας νήσους ἀμείβειν τὰ εἴδη ἐς ἀνθρώπου 
μορφήν, καὶ εὐσεβείας γε τῆς ἐς τοὺς γειναμένους ἄθλον τοῦτο ἴσχειν, ἄλλως 
τε, εἴ τι ἐγὼ νοῶ, καὶ ὑποθέσθαι τῶν θεῶν βουλομένων τοῦτο γοῦν τῶν ἀνθρώ- 
πων τῶν ἐκεῖθι τὸ γένος εὐσεβὲς καὶ ὅσιον, ἐπεὶ οὐχ οἷόν τε ἢν ἐν τῇ ἄλλῃ γῆ 
ὑφ᾽ ἡλίῳ τοιοῦτον διαβιοῦν : cf. the story of the birds οἵ Diomede (s. v. 
€pwd.ds), and see for accounts of similar superstitions in recent times, 
Schwenk, Slav. Mythol. p.129; cf. also August Marx, Griech. Marchen, 
pp. 50-55, Stuttgart, 1889. 


ME’AEIA, 5. πελειάς. Also πεληϊάς, Opp. Cyn. i. 351. 


A Pigeon or Dove. The Epic word: used for περιστερά also by 
the Dorians (Sophron. ap. Athen. ix. 394 D), and by the Ionians 
(Hipp. 638. ὃ, 667. 3: cf. Lat. pal-wmba. Commonly said to be 
connected with πελός, πολιός, &c.; cf. Hesych. πέλειαι: μέλαιναι 
περιστεραί, and Eustath. Hom. p. 1262 πέλεια δὲ οὐχ ἁπλῶς περι- 
στερά, εἶδος δέ τι περιστερᾶς, ὡς ἡ λέξις ἐπιδηλοῖ" πελὸν γὰρ τὸ μελάνιζον, 
ἐξ οὗ καὶ 6 medapyds. Nevertheless, the derivation appears to me 
somewhat dubious; for all the wild pigeons, the Turtle-dove 
excepted, are very much of a colour, and I do not think the 
Greeks would have spoken of d/ack pigeons until they had got 

K 


130 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


NEAEIA (continued). 

white ones; cf. also Herod. ii. 55 μέλαιναι πελειάδες. Πέλεια Seems 

lost as a current word in Mod. Gk.: it does not occur in 

Aristophanes, save in the Homeric parody in Ar. Av. 575. 

In Hom. frequent; the only Homeric word for pigeon, save for the 
occurrence of φάσσα in the compound φασσοφόνος, 1]. xv. 238. Usually 
with epithet τρήρων q.v., a word of equally doubtful etymology, the received 
derivation from τρέω appearing dubious in the light of such pigeon- 
names as τρυγών, turtur, Tn, &c.; cf. πολυτρήρων (descriptive epithet 
of the towns Thisbe and Messe), II. ii. 502, 582, and Lyc. 87, 423, where 
τρήρων-επέλεια : see also Eustath. Hom. 1]. pp. 1262, 1712, Athen. xi. 
490D. A prey to ἵρηξ, 1]. xxi. 493, to κίρκος, 1]. xxii. 139; cf. Aesch. 
Pr. V. 858. Messengers of Zeus, when Rhea protected him from 
Cronos, Od. xii. 62 πέλειαι | τρήρωνες, ταί τ᾽ ἀμβροσίην Διὶ πατρὶ φέρουσιν. 
As ornaments of Nestor’s cup, Il. xi. 634 δοιαὶ δὲ πελειάδες ἀμφὶς 
ἕκαστον [ovas]| | χρύσειαι νεμέθοντο, cf. Athen. 1.c. Captured in springes, 
Od. xxii. 468; cf. Dion. De Avib. iii. 12 (5. v. φάσσα). In Homer the 
pigeon is never spoken of as a domesticated bird, and is definitely 
a wild one in 1]. xxi. 139, and Od. xxii. 468. 1]. xxi. 495 suggests the 
Rock-dove, C. via: ἣ ῥά θ᾽ ὑφ᾽ ἵρηκος κοίλην εἰσέπτατο πέτρην, | χηραμόν: 
cf. Q. Smyrn. xii. 12 ἱρηξ σεύε πέλειαν᾽ ἐπειγομένη δ᾽ ἄρα κείνη, | χηραμὸν ἐς 
πέτρης κατεδύσατο : cf. also Virg. Aen. v. 213. 

In Aristotle distinguished from περιστερά: H. A. v. 13, 544 Ὁ ἕτερόν 
ἐστι περιστερὰ καὶ πελειάς" ἐλάττων μὲν οὖν ἡ πελειάς, τιθασσὸν δὲ γίνεται 
μᾶλλον ἡ περιστερά. ἡ δὲ πελειὰς καὶ μέλαν καὶ μικρὸν καὶ ἐρυθρόπουν καὶ 
τραχύπουν, διὸ καὶ οὐθεὶς τρέφει. [The contrary stated, Athen. ix. 394 C.] 
Ib. viii. 12, 597 Ὁ ἀπαίρουσι δὲ καὶ ai φάτται καὶ ai πελειάδες, καὶ ov χειμά- 
ζουσι, αἱ δὲ περιστεραὶ καταμένουσιν. According to Sundevall, πέλεια is 
here in Aristotle the Stock-dove, C. oenas, οἶνάς being the Rock-pigeon, 
C. livia, φάψ or φάττα, the Ring-dove, C. Jalumbus, and περιστερά, 
the Domestic Pigeon. Aubert and Wimmer, on the other hand, take 
oivas as the Stock-dove, and leave πέλεια in doubt. For my part, I do 
not think the Stock-dove was recognized as a distinct species, but was 
included, as in Mod. Gk. (Erhard, Heldreich), under the name φάσσα 
with the Ring-dove. Excluding the Turtle-doves, there then only 
remain the wild Rock-pigeon (Mod. Gk. ἀγριοπεριστέρι) and the 
domestic variety; and I imagine that both οἰνάς (q.v.) and πέλεια 
refer, in Aristotle, to the wild Rock-pigeon, and περιστερά especially to 
the Tame Pigeon; cf. also Moeris (p. 405, ed. Koch, 1830) εἰωθάς, ἡ 
κατοικίδιος περιστερά, ἡ yap ἀγρία, πελειάς. The account in Arist. H. A. 
v. 13 is corrupt and not to be too much depended on, especially in 
view of the discrepant quotation in Athenaeus. The chief difficulty 
in the whole interpretation is the passage H. A. viii. 12, where it 
is asserted that both φάτται and πελειάδες migrate and do not remain 


NEAEIA 131 


MEAEIA (continued ). 


over the winter, whereas all the Pigeons occur more or less in Greece 
in winter-time, and it is in summer that the Ring-dove and Stock- 
dove, which breed elsewhere, are seldom found. The passage can 
hardly have been written in Attica ; it would appear more consonant 
with the truth did we suppose it written, for instance, in Macedonia. 
Except in the doubtful case of Aristotle, πέλεια is in no sense a specific 
term: we have seen it applied in Homer to the Rock-pigeon, and 
on the other hand the πέλειαι in the Oak-woods of Dodona must have 
been either Ring-doves or Stock-doves (vide infra). In Opp. Cyn. i. 
351, where pigeon-fanciers are said to cause the pigeons by a display of 
purple stuff to bring forth young of a like colour, πεληϊάς and also τρήρων 
are used of tame pigeons. 

On the Latin usage of columba, palumbes, &c., cf. W. W. Fowler, 
A Year with the Birds (3rd ed.), p. 218. 


Various attributes. 


Its timidity; Aesch. S.c. T. 292 mavrpopos [a/. 
πάντροφος] πελειάς : Soph. Aj. 139 μέγαν ὄκνον ἔχω καὶ πεφόβημαι | πτηνῆς 
ὡς ὄμμα πελείας : Antip. Sid. xcii, Gk. Anth. ii. p. 33 δειλαί τοι δειλοῖσιν 
ἐφεδρήσουσι πέλειαι: cf. Varro, De R. R. iii. 7 nihil est timidius columba ; 
Ovid, A. Amat. 1. 117, ii. 363, &c., &c. Its swiftness: Soph. Oed. Col. 
1081 ἀελλαία ταχυρρωστὸς πελειάς, Cf. also Philoct. 289, 1146 ; Eur. Bacch. 
1090 πελείας ὠκύτητ᾽ οὐχ ἥσσονε-:. 

The Dove pursued by the Hawk or Eagle, a type of swiftness and of 
timidity: I]. xxi. 493, ΧΕΙ: 139, Q. Smyrn. xii. 12 ; Aesch. Pr. V. 858 
kipkot πελειῶν ov μακρὰν λελειμμένοι | ἥξουσι ; Eurip. Andr. 1140 οἱ δ᾽ ὅπως 
πελειάδες | ἱέρακ᾽ ἰδοῦσαι πρὸς φυγὴν ἐνώτισαν : Ovid, Met. i. 507 sic aquilam 
penna fugiunt trepidante columbae ; cf. ibid. ν. 605, Trist.i.1,75 ; Virg. 
Ecl. ix. 11; Lucret. 111: 751; Phaedr. Fab. i. 31,3, ὅς. Thus Medea 
comes to Jason, as a Dove seeking shelter from the Hawk, Val. Flacc. 
Argon. vill. 32. 

The Dove in the clutches of the Eagle or Hawk, as an omen, Od. xx. 
215.) ΣῊ 5255 91. 1181. Pun. iv. ΤΟΙ 3 cf. Virg: Aen. ΧΙ 721: 

Hera and Athena, coming to the aid of the Argives, compared to 
Doves: Il. v. 778 ai δὲ βάτην, τρήρωσι πελειάσιν ἴθμαθ᾽ ὁμοῖαι. For 
various interpretations of this simile, see the Scholia, also Ameis and 
other commentators ; but the allusion is probably neither to swiftness 
nor to dainty tread, but to the ancient and widespread prefigurement 
of the deity as a dove (cf. int. al., F. L. W. Schwartze, Urspr. d. 
Mythologie, p. 218); in the Homeric Delian Hymn, v. 114, Iris and 
Eileithyia βὰν δὲ ποσὶ τρήρωσι πελειάσιν ἴθμαθ᾽ ὁμοῖαι, with which cf. Ar. 
Av. 575 Ἶριν δέ γ᾽ Ὅμηρος ἔφασκ᾽ ἰκέλην εἶναι τρήρωνι πελείῃ, and Schol. 

The story of the Dove bound by Achilles to the mast as a mark 
for the archers, Il. xxiii. 850 et seq.: it was shot by Meriones, ὕψι 
δ᾽ ὑπαὶ νεφέων εἶδε τρήρωνα πέλειαν, | τήν ῥ᾽ ὅγε δινεύουσαν ὑπὸ πτέρυγος 


K 2 


132 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


NEAEIA (coztinwed). 


βάλε μέσσην : the same story transferred to Aeneas and Eurytion, Virg. 
Aen. v. 485-544. 

On the pigeons that brought ambrosia to the infant Zeus, see Od. 
xii. 60 ; Moero Byz. ap. Athen. xi. 490e; Ptolem. Hephaest. ap. Phot. i. 
P: 474: 

The Dove that flew between the clashing rocks in the passage of 
the Hellespont: Apoll. Rh. ii. 328, 11. 557, &c., and Schol. οἰωνῷ δὴ 
πρόσθε πελειάδι πειρίσασθε | νηὸς ἀποπρὸ μεθέντες ἐφίεμεν᾽ .. . ἄκρα δ᾽ 
ἔκοψαν | οὐραῖα πτερὰ ταίγε πελειάδος" ἡ δ᾽ ἀπόρουσεν | ἀσκηθής : see also 
Apollod. i. 9, 22, Hygin. Fab. xix, Propert. ii. 26, 39 cum rudis Argtis 
Dux erat ignoto missa columba mari, &c.; cf. the account of the 
Πλαγκταὶ πέτραι or Cyanean rocks, Od. xii. 62 τῇ μέν τ᾽ οὐδὲ ποτητὰ 
παρέρχεται, οὐδὲ πέλειαι | τρήρωνες, ταί τ᾽ ἀμβροσίην Aut πατρὶ φέρουσιν: 
cf. Plut. ii. 156 Ε. The Dove in the story of the Argonauts again, 
in connexion with the fire-breathing bulls, Apoll. Rh. iii. 541 τρήρων 
μὲν φεύγουσα βίην κίρκοιο πελειάς, | ὑψόθεν Αἰσονιδέω πεφοβημένη ἔμπεσε 


κόλποις. 


In the above legends there are numerous traces of the mythical 
astronomy of the Pleiads. This view is a very ancient one; cf. Athen. 
ΧΙ. 490E πρώτη δὲ Μοιρὼ ἡ Βυζαντία καλῶς ἐδέξατο τὸν νοῦν τῶν “Ομήρου 
ποιημάτων, ἐν τῇ Μνημοσύνῃ ἐπιγραφομένῃ φάσκουσα τὴν ἀμβροσίαν τῷ 
Διὶ τὰς Πλειάδας κομίζειν. Κράτης δὲ ὁ κριτικὸς σφετερισάμενος αὐτῆς τὴν 
δόξαν, ὡς ἴδιον ἐκφέρει τὸν λόγον. Cf. Moero, ibi cit., in the story of 
the Infant Jove, ὡς δ᾽ αὕτως τρήρωσι πελειάσιν ὦπασε τιμήν, | at δή τοι 
θέρεος καὶ χείματος ἄγγελοί εἰσιν : also many references, ap. Athen. l.c., 
from Pindar, Simonides, Simmias, Lamprocles, &c., where the πλειάδες 
are Called πελειάδες : 6. σ΄. Lampr. (p. 554 Bergk) aire ποταναῖς ὁμωνυμοὶ 
πελειάσιν αἰθέρι κεῖσθε. The Pleiads are also supposed to be alluded 
to in Alcman, fr. 23 (Bergk) ταὶ πελειάδες yap apiv | OpOia φᾶρος pepoi- 
cats | νύκτα δι᾿ ἀμβροσίαν ἅτε σείριον | ἄστρον ἀνειρομέναι μάχονται. 

The coincidences on which rests the foundation for an astronomical 
interpretation of the above myths are chiefly the following. As has 
been mentioned above, s.v. ἀλκυών, the sun rose together with the 
Pleiads in the sign of the Bull, at the vernal equinox, the ancient 
opening of the year. If the Cretan Jupiter was a Sun-god, he might 
be said to be nursed by the π[ε]λειάδες : the sign Taurus may have 
been the Cretan Bull; and a transit through that sign may have 
been the celestial Βόσπορος of the Argonautic voyage. The Dove as an 
attribute of Venus is similarly explained, the domus Veneris being in 
the sign Taurus, the sign of the Pleiad. 

The Doves of Nestor’s cup, Il. xvi. 634, are also supposed to have 
reference to the Pleiades, Athen. xi. 490-492. 

On the Dove of Deucalion: cf. Plut. Mor. 968, 1185. On the dove in 


a 


NEAEIA 133 


MEAEIA (continued). 
the Chaldaean deluge-myth, cf. Euseb. Chron. Armen. i. p. 50, &c., &c. ; 
see also the representation on coins of Apamea, Eckhel, Doctr. Numm. 
lil, 132, Friedlander, Kgl. Miinzkab. pl. ix, &c., &c. 

A similar explanation is given of the Dove of the deluge-myth. 

The Pleiades (as doves?) fleeing before the hunter Orion, Hes. Op. 
et D. 6109. 

For references to the copious (and often unreliable) literature of 
Pleiad-symbolism, see int. al., Pluche, Hist. du ciel, Dupuis, Orig. de 
tous les cultes, Haliburton, New Materials for the Hist. of Man, 1863, 
von Bunsen, Plejaden und Thierkreis, 1879, Nitzsch in Od. v. 272, 
&c., &c. 

How the soul of Ctesyila departed as a dove; Nicand. ap. Anton. 
ΠῚ} τ: cf Ovid; Met. vil: 370: 


The Pigeons of Dodona. Herod. ii. 55 τάδε δὲ Δωδωναίων φασὶ ai 
προμάντιες, Ovo πελειάδας μελαίνας ἐκ Θηβέων τῶν Αἰγυπτιέων ἀναπταμένας, 
τὴν μὲν αὐτέων ἐς Λιβύην, τὴν δὲ παρὰ σφέας ἀπικέσθαι" ἱζομένην δέ μιν 
ἐπὶ φηγόν, αὐδάξασθαι φωνῇ ἀνθρωπηΐῃ, ὡς χρεὼν εἴη μαντήϊον αὐτόθι Διὸς 
γενέσθαι. Ibid. 57 πελειάδες δέ μοι δοκέουσι κληθῆναι πρὸς Δωδωναίων 
ἐπὶ τοῦδε αἱ γυναῖκες, διότι βάρβαροι ἦσαν" ἐδόκεον δέ σῴι ὁμοίως ὄρνισι 
φθέγγεσθαι... .. μέλαιναν δὲ λέγοντες εἶναι τὴν πελειάδα σημαίνουσι ὅτι 
Αἰγυπτίη ἡ γυνὴ ἦν. Cf. Pausan. vii. 21, Χ. 12. On Alexander and the 
doves at Ammon, cf. Curtius, iv. c. 7, Strabo, xvii. See also J. Arneth. 
Ueber das Taubenorakel von Dodona, Wien, 1841; Perthes, Die 
Peleiaden von Dodona, Progr. d. Progymn. zu Mérs, 1869; H. Ὁ. 
Miiller, Philol. Anz. ii. p. 95, 1870; Lorenz, op. cit., p. 35; Creuzer, 
Symb. 111: pp. 183, 217. 

According to Thrasybulus and Acestodorus, ap. Schol. 1]. xvi. 233, 
a dove had founded the oracle in the time of Deucalion. On the 
pigeons of Dodona, see also Soph. Tr. 171 ὡς τὴν παλαιὰν φηγὸν αὐδῆσαί 
mote | Δωδῶνι δισσῶν ἐκ πελειάδων ἔφη : also ap. Schol. Pind. fr. Paean. 
58 (30); Diod. i. 13, iii. 71; Sil. Ital. iii.678; Serv. in Aen. iii. 466, — 
Ecl. ix. 13. According to Strabo, ap. Eustath. in Od., p. 1760, and 
Geogr. vii. fr. 1a the priestesses were called πελειομάντεις, cf. κορακομάν- 
res. According to Philostr. Imagg. ii. 33 (387 k), a choir of priestesses 
danced round an oak, on which sat a golden dove. Dion. Halic. Ant. 
Rom. 1. 14, 4f compares with the Dodonaean dove the πῖκος or 
δρυοκολάπτης Of the oracle of Mars. The whole story is intricate and 
confused. It seems clear that the priestesses were called πέλειαι (cf. 
Paley, Aesch. Suppl. ed. 2, p. xiv) or πελειομάντεις : and also that 
the oracle was not essentially an augury or bird-oracle, but one in 
which tree-worship, river-worship (cf. Macrob. v. 18), and thunder- 
worship (cf. Mommsen, Gr. Jahresz. p. 432, &c.) were alike involved. 
The doves of Dodona link on to the story of Deucalion, to the doves 


134 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


NEAEIA (continued). 


that fed the infant Zeus, to the dove in other Zeus-myths (cf. Athen. 
ix. 395a, ΔΕΙ͂. V. H. i. 15) and to the doves of Dione. If we seek 
to get further back, we enter the mist of Pleiad-symbolism. 

It has been suggested by Landseer, Sabaean Researches, p. 186, 
from the study of an Assyrian symbolic monument, that the stars 
which Conon converted into the Coma Berenices (Hygin. P. A. ii. 24, 
cf. Ideler, Sternnamen, p. 295) and which lie in Leo opposite to the 
Pleiades in Taurus, were originally constellated as a Dove; and that 
this constellation, whose first stars rise with the latest of those of 
Argo, and whose last rise simultaneously with the hand of the Hus- 
bandman, links better than the Pleiad into the astronomical Deluge- 
myth. The case rests on very little evidence, and indeed is an 
illustration of the conflicting difficulties of such hypotheses: but it 
is deserving of investigation were it only for the reason that the Coma 
Berenices contains seven visible stars (Hygin.), and the Pleiad six, 
a faint hint at a possible explanation of the lost Pleiad. 

πελειοθρέμμων, an epithet of Salamis (according to the Schol. and 
Hesych., but see Paley and other commentators), Aesch. Pers. 309 ; cf. 
πολυτρήρων (5. Vv. τρήρων) ; also the Jwsula Columbaria, Plin. iii. (6) 12. 

Proverb.—ipevn πελειάς, a ‘pigeon,’ a simpleton: Eustath. Hom. 
p. 1333 παροιμία ἐπὶ τῶν ἁπλουστάτων τὸ ἡμένη πελειὰς διὰ TO εὔηθες τοῦ 
ζῴου : Suid., Hesych., Phot., &c. 

In preparing this article on πέλεια, and the other cognate articles 
on the various Pigeon-names, I have drawn much from the learned 
pamphlet of Dr. Lorentz, Die Taube im Alterthume, Wurzen, 1886, 
as well as from the earlier compilation of Hehn, in his Culturpflanzen 
und Hausthiere. 


ΠΕΛΕΙΑῚ XAQPO’NTIAOZ. An Indian Green Fruit-Pigeon, probably 
Crocopus chlorogaster, Blyth, cf. Val. Ball, Ind. Antiq., xiv. 
Pp. 305, 1885. 
Ael. xvi. 2 φαίη tis ἂν πρῶτον θεασάμενος, καὶ οὐκ ἔχων ἐπιστήμην 
ὀρνιθογνώμονα σίττακον εἶναι καὶ οὐ πελειάδα. χείλη δὲ ἔχουσι καὶ σκέλη 
τοῖς Ἕλλησι πέρδιξι τὴν χρύαν προσεοικότα. 


ΠΕΛΕΚΑΝ. The Pelican, Pelecanus crispus, Bruch., and P. ono- 
crotalus, L., which latter is rare in Greece (Von der Miihle). 
Mod. Gk. πελεκάνι (Von der M.), σακκάς (Turk. a water-carrier), 
τυμπανιᾶς. Onocrofalus, Plin, x. 47 (66). Vide s.vv. BatBuxos, 
Band. 

Arist. H. A. νι]. 12, 597 of πελεκᾶνες δ᾽ ἐκτοπίζουσι, καὶ πέτονται ἀπὸ 
τοῦ Στρυμόνος ποταμοῦ ἐπὶ τὸν Ἴστρον, κἀκεῖ τεκνοποιοῦνται" ἀθρόοι δ᾽ ἀπέρ- 
χονται, ἀναμένοντες οἱ πρότεροι τοὺς ὕστερον, διὰ τὸ ὅταν ὑπερπτῶνται τὸ 


NEAEIA—NEAEKAN 135 


NEAEKAN (continued). 

ὄρος ἀδήλους γίνεσθαι τοὺς προτέρους τοῖς ὑστέροις. Ib. 597 Ὁ ὄρνις ἀγε- 
λαῖος, like the crane, the swan, and the little goose. Ib. ix. 10, 614 b 
οἱ δὲ πελεκᾶνες οἱ ἐν τοῖς ποταμοῖς γινόμενοι καταπίνουσι τὰς μεγάλας κόγχας 
καὶ λείας" ὅταν δ᾽ ἐν τῷ πρὸ τῆς κοιλίας τόπῳ πέψωσιν, ἐξεμοῦσιν, ἵνα 
χασκουσῶν τὰ κρέα ἐξαιροῦντες ἐσθίωσιν. A similar account in Arist. 
De Mirab. 14, 831 b; Antig. Hist. Mirab. 41 (47); Ael. iii. 20, 23, v. 35; 
Apostol. Cent. 15; Phile, De An. (9), 215; Dion. De Avib. ii. 6 
καί τις κόλπος αὐτοῖς ἐξήρτηται πρὸ τῶν στέρνων, εἰς ὃν ἅπασαν τὴν 
τροφὴν ἐπειγόμενοι τέως ἐμβάλλουσιν, οὔτε τῶν κτενῶν οὔτε τῶν σκληρῶν 
μυῶν ἀπεχόμενοι, κ. τ. λ.: Cf. Plin. x. 47 (66) faucibus ipsis inest alterius 
uteri genus. That the Pelican can render up its food from its 
‘pouch’ was much commented on by the ancients: hence the 
Hebr. name faa/h, lit. ‘to vomit.’ But the Pelican feeds on fish, 
not (?) on shell-fish: and moreover P. crvzsfis is common in Greece 
and is not limited to the north. Hence various writers have doubted 
the common interpretation, 6. Ῥ. Gesner, Brandt (Descr. Animal. Rusti- 
corum, 1836, p. 53), Van der Hoeven (Handb. d. Zool., ii. p. 396) and 
especially Aubert and Wimmer (op. cit., i. p. 104), who suppose a 
species of Heron to be meant. But the passage in Dionysius (5. v. 
πελεκῖνος) is only applicable to the Pelican, and the latter is distin- 
guished from ἐρωδιός in Ael. v. 35, Phile, c. ix, &c.; the Heron and the 
Pelican seem however to be confounded by Plutarch, l.c. 

Cicero (De Nat. D. ii. (49) 124) repeats the story under the name 
Platalea, and Plin. (x. (40) 56) under that of P/a‘ea, names which rather 
suggest the S#oondil/, to which the account may have been transferred, 
the Pelican not occurring in Italy (Gallia hos septentrionali proxima 
Oceano reddit, Plin. x. 47). 


The Pelican and its ‘ piety,’ Ael. iii. 23. Cf. Horap. i. 54 πελεκᾶνα de 
γράφοντες, ἄνουν τε ἤδη Kat ἄφρονα σημαίνουσιν" ἐπειδὴ δυνάμενος ἐν τοῖς 
ὑψηλοτέροις τόποις κατατίθεσθαι τὰ ἑαυτοῦ ad, ὥσπερ καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν 
πετεηνῶν, τοῦτο οὐ ποιεῖ" ἀλλὰ γὰρ καὶ ἀνορύξας γῆν, ἐκεῖ κατατίθεται τὰ 
yevvapeva’ ὅπερ ἐπιγνόντες ἄνθρωποι, τῷ τόπῳ βοὸς ἀφόδευμα ξηρὸν περιτι- 
θέασιν, ᾧ καὶ πῦρ ὑποβάλλουσι' θεασάμενος δὲ ὁ πελεκὰν τὸν καπνόν, τοῖς 
ἰδίοις πτεροῖς βουλόμενος ἀποσβέσαι τὸ πῦρ, ἐκ τῶν ἐναντίων κατὰ τὴν κίνησιν 
ἐξάπτει αὐτό. ὑφ᾽ οὗ κατακαιόμενος τὰ ἑαυτοῦ πτερὰ εὐσυλληπτύτερος τοῖς 
κυνηγοῖς γίνεται" δι᾿’ ἣν αἰτίαν οὐκ ἐνομίσθη ἐσθίειν τοὺς ἱερέας αὐτόν, ἐπειδὴ 
ἁπαξαπλῶς ὑπὲρ τέκνων ποιεῖται τὸν ἀγῶνα" Αἰγυπτίων δὲ οἱ λοιποὶ ἐσθίουσι, 
λέγοντες, ὅτι μὴ κατὰ νοῦν τὴν μάχην, ὥσπερ οἱ χηναλώπεκες, ἀλλὰ κατὰ 
ἄνοιαν ὁ πελεκὰν ποιεῖται. This statement follows an account of the 
parental affection of χηναλώπηξ ; Lauth (Sitzungsb. Bayer. Akad., 1876, 
p. 105) shows that it is in part based on a confusion between two 
Egyptian words, chemz,‘a pelican,’ and chemz,‘ignorant.’ The parental 
affection of the Pelican is frequently referred to by the Fathers: cf. 


136 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


NEAEKAN (condinued). 

Epiphan. (ad Physiol. c. xx) Hexaem. c. viii ἔστι yap ἡ πελεκὰν φιλό- 
rekvoy ὄρνεον παρὰ πάντα τὰ dpvea’ ἡ δὲ θήλεια καθέζεται ἐν τῇ νεοττίᾳ 
φυλάσσουσα τὰ τέκνα, καὶ περιθάλπει αὐτὰ ἀσπαζομένη, καὶ κολαφίζουσα ἐν 
φιλήματι ὀπὰς ταῖς πλευραῖς κατεργάζεται, καὶ τελευτῶσι' καὶ μεθ᾽ ἡμέρας 
τρεῖς παραγενομένου τοῦ ἄρρενος πελεκᾶνος,καὶ εὑρίσκοντος αὐτὰ τεθνηκότα 
ὀλοφύρεται τὴν καρδίαν λίαν" πεπληγμένος δὲ τοῦ πόνου κολαφίζει τὴν ἰδίαν 
πλευράν, καὶ ὀπὰς αὐτῇ ἐμποιεῖ, καὶ καταρρεῖ αἷμα ἐπιστάζων ἐπὶ τὰς πληγὰς 
τῶν τεθνηκότων νεοσσῶν, καὶ οὕτως ζωοποιοῦνται : cf. also Ps.-Hieron. ad 
Praes. de Cer. Pasch. v. p. 149 (ed. 1693), 1514. Orig. xii. c. 7, Glycas, 
Annal. i. p. 44, S. August. in Ps. cii, &c., ἄς. A confusion with 
certain Woodpecker-myths (cf. πελεκᾶς) may be one of the various 
sources of these corrupt but popular stories. 


NEAEKA’S, s. πελεκάν. A Woodpecker. Mod. Gk. πελεκάνος, δενδρο- 
φάγος, τσικλιδάρα. Vide s. vv. δρυοκολάπτης, Keheds, σπέλεκτος. 
Mentioned Ar. Av. 882, 1155 et seq. Cf. s.v. πελεκάν, Arist. H. A. 

ix. 10, 614 Ὁ οἱ δὲ πελεκᾶνες of ἐν τοῖς ποταμοῖς, as indicating that the 
same word applied to the two different birds. Cf. Suid. (verb. 4. del. 
Gaisford), ἔστι δὲ εἶδος ὀρνέου, τρυποῦν τὰ δένδρα, ἀφ᾽ οὗ Kat Sevdpoxo- 
λάπτης καλεῖται : also Hesych., 5. v. πελεκάν. 

In the version of the Itylus-myth, given by Boios ap. Anton. Lib. 
c. x1, Polytechnus, the husband of Aédon, is metamorphosed into the 
bird πελεκάν, the brother of Aédon being transmuted at the same time 
into ἔποψ. With the stories of the Woodpecker breaking open con- 
fined places, referred to above, s. vv. δρυοκολάπτης and ἔποψ, under 
the heading of the ‘Samir-legend,’ cf. the myth of Διόνυσος πέλεκυς 
(R. Brown, Dionysiac Myth, i. p. 332, ii. p. 81). 

Hostile to ὄρτυξ, Ael. vi. 45, Phile, De An. 684: this statement is 
generally referred to the Pelican, but it more probably refers to the 
Woodpecker, that bird and the Quail being both alike associated with 
solar myths. 


ΠΕΛΕΚΙ͂ΝΟΣ. 


In Dion. De Avib. ii. 6, and probably therefore also in Ar. Av. 882, 
a Pelican. 


ΠΕΛΗΑῬ’ περιστερᾶς καὶ περσικῆς τὸ ἥμισυ' Λάκωνες. Hesych. (verb. dub. : 
cf. Schmidt in Hesych.). 


NE’AAOX, ‘The Heron. 

Arist. H. A. ix. 1, 609 Ὁ ὁ πέλλος χαλεπῶς εὐνάζεται καὶ ὀχεύει" κράζει τε 
γὰρ καὶ αἷμα, ὡς φασίν, ἀφίησιν ἐκ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν ὀχείων, καὶ τίκτει φαύλως 
καὶ ὀδυνηρῶς. πολεμεῖ δὲ τοῖς βλάπτουσιν, ἀετῷ-- ἁρπάζει γὰρ αὐτόν---καὶ 
ἀλὠπεκι---φθείρει γὰρ αὐτὸν τῆς νυκτός -καὶ κορύδῳ--τὰ γὰρ ῳὰ αὐτοῦ 
κλέπτει. Ibid. ix. 18, 616 Ὁ εὐμήχανος δὲ καὶ δειπνοφόρος καὶ ἔπαγρος, 


MEAEKAN—NEPAIZ 137 


ΠΕΛΛΟΣ (continued). 
ἐργάζεται δὲ τὴν ἡμέραν. τὴν μέντοι χρόαν ἔχει φαύλην καὶ τὴν κοιλίαν ἀεὶ 
ὑγράν. Cf. Plin. x. (60) 79. 
In I]. x. 275, there is an alternative reading πέλλον ᾿Αθηναίη, vide s. v. 
ἐρωδιός. 


ΠΕΡΓΟΥΓΛΟΝ’ ὀρνιθάριον ᾿Δργειλέγω [᾿Αργεῖοι λέγουσι] Hesych. Cf. 
σπέργουλος. Vide 5. vv. σποργίλος, στρουθός. 


ΠΕΡΔΙΚΟΘΗΡΑΣ. A specific appellation of a Hawk, sacred to Apollo; 
Ael. xii. 4. 


ΠΕῬΔΙΞ. (On the quantity of the t, vide Athen. ix. 41, 388, and Soph. 
fr, 300, ibi cit.). 

A Partridge (Etym. dub.) Mod. Gk. πέρδικα. Dim. περδικιδεύς. 
Eust. 753, 563 περδίκιον, Eubul. Inc. 14, Ephipp. Obeliaph. ap. 
Athen. ix. 359 b, &c. The species commonly referred to is 
Perdix graecca = P. saxatilis, auctt., the Common Partridge, 
P. cinerea, being distinguished from it chiefly by its note. 


Arist. H. A. iv. 9, 536 B οἱ μὲν κακκαβίζουσιν, οἱ δὲ τρίζουσιν. Ὁ. graeca 
cries cacabis, P. cinerea on the other hand gzrrah or ripifri. The 
latter bird, our common Partridge, is now confined to the north of 
Greece. Cf. Athen. ix. 390a,b: Theophr. ap. Athen. 1. c. of ᾿Αθήνησι 
ἐπὶ rade πέρδικες TOU Κορυδάλλου [a village on the road to Boeotia] πρὸς 
τὸ ἄστυ κακκαβίζουσιν, οἱ δ᾽ ἐπέκεινα τιττυβίζουσιν ; cf. Plin. x. (29) 41 
Perdices non transvolant Boeotiae fines in Atticam; Solin. vii. 23. 
Athen. ibid. τῶν δὲ περδίκων ἐστὶν ἕτερον γένος ἐν ᾿Ιταλίᾳ ἀμαυρὸν τῇ 
πτερώσει καὶ μικρότερον τῇ ἕξει, τὸ ῥύγχος οὐχὶ κινναβάρινον ἔχον: this 
seems to be again the common Partridge. The red legs of the Greek 
Partridge, Ael. xvi. 2; vide s.v. πελειὰς χλωρόπτιλος, Cf. Ael. ili. 35 ; 
Antig. H. Mirab., vi. See also 5. vv. ἄμαλλος, κακκάβη, πῆριξ, 
σισίλαρος, συροπέρδιξ. 


Description. —An epitomized account, mostly after Arist. (fr. 270), in 
Athen. ix. 389; χερσαῖος, σχιδανόπους, κυνιστικός (H. A. ix. 498, 633 b), 
Gj δὲ ἔτη πεντεκαίδεκα (ib. ix. 7, 6133 sixteen years, ib. vi. 4, 563), 
ἡ δὲ θήλεια καὶ πλείονα. ὅταν δὲ γνῷ ὅτι θηρεύεται, προελθὼν τῆς νεοττίας 
κυλινδεῖται παρὰ τὰ σκέλη τοῦ θηρεύοντος (H. A. ix. 8, 613 b, Ael. iii. 16, 
Plut. ii. 992 B, Antig. H. Mirab. 39 (45), Plin. x. (33) 513; cf. verb. 
ἐκπερδικίσαι, Ar. Av. 768, and Schol.; also διαπερδικίζειν, Meineke, Com. 
Fr. iv. 634). In Ar. Av. 1292 πέρδιξ μὲν εἷς κάπηλος ὠνομάζετο | χωλός, 
the allusion is rather to its supposed habit of feigning lameness, than 
merely, in a general way, to the bird as a proverbial deceiver; cf. Prov. 
πέρδικος σκέλος, ap. Schol. κακοήθης καὶ πανοῦργος (Η. A. ix. 8, 613, 614), 
πρόλοβος, στόμαχος, ἀποφυάδες, H. A. ii. 17, 508, 509. οὐ μόνον ader ἀλλὰ 


138 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


NEPAIE (continued). 
kal τριγμὸν ἀφίησι καὶ ἄλλας φωνάς, H. A. ix. 8, 614; cf. Plut. ii. 727 Ὁ. 
μεταβάλλει τὸ χρῶμα, De Color. 6.798; albino variety, De Gen. v. 785 b. 
ὄσφρησιν δόκει ἔχειν ἐπίδηλον, H. A. vi. 2, 560 b, cf. De. Gen. iil. 1, 751. 
κοχλίας ἐσθίει, H. A. ix. 37, 621, Athen. ix. 390 ς (οἱ ἐν Σκιάθῳ), and how 
the snails (of kad. dpeioves) to elude them leave their shells behind, 
Ael. x. 5. ὁ ἡγεμὼν τῶν ἀγρίων, ot χῆροι, Athen. l.c., Arist. H. A. ix. 8, 614. 

Nest and Breeding Habits.—Lays ten to sixteen eggs (Arist. H. A. 
ix. 8, 613}, cf. ΑΕ]. x. 15) which are white (H. A. vi. 2, 559) 3 ὑπηνέμια (Ib. 
560). Nest: H.A. ix.8,613b οὐ ποιοῦνται νεοττίαν. ἀλλ᾽ ὅταν ποιήσωνται 
ἐν τῷ λείῳ κόνιστραν, ἐπηλυγασάμενοι ἄκανθάν τινα καὶ ὕλην τῆς περὶ τοὺς 
ἱέρακας ἕνεκα καὶ τοὺς ἀετοὺς ἀλεώρας, ἐνταῦθα τίκτουσι καὶ ἐπῳάζουσιν : Cf. 
Ael. iii, 16, x. 153 Plin. x. (33) 51; Ovid, Met. vill. 258. Amst. H. A. vie) 
564 δύο ποιοῦνται τῶν φῶν σηκούς, Kal ἐφ᾽ ᾧ μὲν ἡ θήλεια ἐπὶ δὲ θατέρῳ ὁ 
ἄρρην ἐπῳάζει, καὶ ἐκλέψας ἐκπέμπει ἑκάτερος ἑκάτερα: cf. Athen. 1. ς.; 
Antig. H. Mirab. 1o1 (110). Hence, perhaps, the allusion in Ar. Av. 
767 πέρδιξ γενέσθω, τοῦ πατρὸς veorriov: cf. also Phryn. ap. Athen. 
ix. 3898 τὸν Κλεόμβροτόν τε τοῦ | πέρδικος υἱόν. Dion. De Avib. i. 11 
δολερὸν τὸ γένος ἐστίν, ὡς καὶ τοὺς νεοττοὺς γινώσκειν ὅπως ἄνδρα χρὴ 
προσιόντα ἐξαπατᾷν, φύλλοις ἢ βώλοις καλυψαμένους. Cf. Plut. De Solert. 
An. p. 971. 

Its salacity. De Gen. ii. 746b, iii. 749 b, Ael. iv. 1, vii. 19, &c., &c. 
διὸ καὶ τὰ ῳφὰ τῆς θηλείας συντρίβει ἵνα ἀπολαύῃ τῶν ἀφροδισίων: Arist. ap. 
Athen. 1. ς., Ael.iii.5. (With this and similar fables, cf. Jerem. xvii. 11). 
μάχονται δὲ of χῆροι αὐτῶν πρὸς ἀλλήλους Kal ὁ ἡττηθεὶς ὀχεύεται ὑπὸ TOU 
νικήσαντος, Athen. l.c., Plin. lc. ὀχεύουσι δὲ καὶ οἱ τιθασοὶ τοὺς ἀγρίους" 
γίνεται δὲ τοῦτο κατά τινα ὥραν τοῦ ἔτους, Alex. Mynd. ap. Athen. l.c. 
τοὺς νεοττοὺς ὀχεύουσι, H. A. vi. 8, 564. ἂν κατὰ ἄνεμον στῶσιν αἱ θήλειαι 
τῶν ἀρρένων, ἔγκυοι γίνονται" πολλάκις δὲ καὶ τῆς φωνῆς (ἀκούσασαι), ἐὰν 
ὀργῶσαι τύχωσι, καὶ ὑπερπετομένων ἐκ τοῦ καταπνεῦσαι τὸν ἄρρενα" χάσκει δὲ 
καὶ ἡ θήλεια καὶ 6 ἄρρην, καὶ τὴν γλῶτταν ἔξω ἔχουσι περὶ τὴν τῆς ὀχείας 
ποίησιν, H. A. v. 5, 541; cf. De Gen. iii. i, 751, Ael. xvii. 15, Antig. 
H. Mirab. 81 (87), Athen. 1. ς., Plin. l.c., &c. 

Bastards, ἐκ πέρδικος καὶ ἀλεκτρυόνος, De Gen. ii. 738 b. 

How the young chip the shell, ὥσπερ θυροκοποῦντες, and are inde- 
pendent from the first: Ael. iv. 12. 


Capture and Domestication.—Decoy partridges, Arist. H. A. ix. 8, 
614, vi. 2, 560b, Ael. iv. 16, Xen. Mem. ii. 1. 4. Various modes of 
capture, Dion. De Avib. iii. 7; cf. Simm. Rh. iv, Gk. Anthol. i. p. 137 
ἀγρότα πέρδιξ | οὐκέτι θηρεύσεις βαλίους συνομήλικας. Epitaph on a tame 
partridge, Agath. Ixxxv, Gk. Anthol. iv. 35 τλήμων σκοπέλων μετανάστρια 
πέρδιξ (also others by Democharis, &c.). 

The sport of partridge-fighting (still practised in the Greek Islands), 
and how the females are kept at hand to stimulate the courage of the 


NEPAiIZE—NEPIZTEPA 139 


NEPAIE (continued). 
combatants, Ael.iv.1. How the Cirrhaean (Phocian) Partridges, which 
can neither fight nor sing, deliberately starve themselves in order to be - 
unfit for food also: but the singing and fighting birds deliver them- 
selves up rather than be slain: Ael. iv. 13; cf. Athen. ix. 390. An 
Egyptian dwarf who imitated partridges in their cages, Philostorg. x. 
11 (cf. J. E. B. Mayor in Juv. viii. 33). 

The Partridge as food, Mart. Ep. iii. 58, 15, xiii. 65, 76, &c. 

Myth and Legend.—(Besides the stories already told under the head 
of Breeding-habits, supra). 

On πέρδικες in the wars of the Cranes and Pygmies; Basilis and 
Menecles, ap. Athen. ix. 390 Ὁ. 

An evil omen: Σάμιοι πλεύσαντες εἰς Σύβαριν καὶ κατασχόντες τὴν Σιρῖτιν 
χώραν, περδίκων ἀναπτάντων καὶ ποιησάντων ψόφον, ἐκπλαγέντες ἔφυγον, καὶ 
ἐμβάντες εἰς τὰς vais ἀνέπλευσαν, Heges. ap. Athen. xiv. 656 c. 

A fabled metamorphosis of Perdix, son of Daedalus, Hygin. Fab. 274, 
Ovid, Met. viii. 236-260. This subject is discussed in a curious essay 
by Gerland, Ueber die Perdixsage, Halle a. S., 1871. The writer 
identifies Perdix with the Lapwing. 

Sacred to Zeus and Latona, Ael. x. 35. 

δύο ἔχουσι καρδίας, Theophr. ap. Athen. I.c., Ael. x. 35 (in Paphlagonia ; 
ΟΠ Elin. xi. 70): 

Hostile to χελώνη, ΔΕ]. iv. 5, and to ἐχῖνος ὁ ποταμογείτων, Phile, 678. 
Friendly to ἔλαφος (hence a stag’s head used as a decoy), Dion. De 
Avib. i. 11; to φάττα, Ael. v. 48. 

Use κάλαμος as a remedy, ΑΕ]. i. 35, Phile, 723, Geopon. xv. 1 ; also 
ὀρίγανον, Ael. v. 46, or a leaf of laurel, Plin. viii. 27, or the herb variously 
known as perdicium, helxine, sideritis or parthenium, Plin. xxi. (16) 62; 
xxii. (17) 19. 

Proverbial expressions. πέρδικος σκέλος, πέρδικος vids, &c. vide supra. 
Archil. 95, ap. Athen. ix. 388 f. πτώσσουσαν ὥστε πέρδικα : with which cf. 
Ar. Vesp. 1490, &c., s.v. ἀλεκτρυών. Pherecr. ap. Athen. 1. c. ἢ TOU 


πεποιηκότος τὸν Χειρῶνα | ἔξεισιν ἄκων δεῦρο πέρδικος τρόπον. 


περιστερά. Etym. dub. According to Benfey (ii. 106) from Sk. 
pri, ‘to love’; a derivation not much more convincing than 
the old ὅτι περισσῶς ἐρᾷ (Schol. Apoll. Rh. iii. 549). Hehn 
(Wandering of Plants, &c., Eng. ed. p. 484), and others compare 

O. Slav. pero, ‘a feather,’ pratt, parztt, ‘to fly. 
Other forms are περιστερίς, Galen, vi. 708 (ed. Kiihn) ; περιστερός, 
Pherecr. pa. 2 (2. 266), Alexid. Συντρεχ. 2 (3. 481) ap. Athen. 
ix. 395 a,b; Eustath. Hom. p. 1712; a form censured by Lucian, 
Soloec. 7; cf Lat. columbus, Varro, De L. L. ix. 38. Dim. 


140 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


NEPIZTEPA (continued). 

περιστεριδεύς, Schol. Ar. Ach. 866, Eust. 753, Suid.; περιστερίδιον, 
LXX. Lev. i. 14, Athen. xiv. 6543; περιστέριον, Pherecr. Πεταλ. 
2 (2. 322), Phryn. Com. Τραγῳδ. 4 (2. 599) ap. Athen. ix. 395 Ὁ; 
xiv. 654b, &c. (vide Meineke). 

A Pigeon. See also s. vv. οἰνάς, πέλεια, πυραλλίς, τρυγών, φάσσα, 
pay. 
First mentioned in Charon ap. Athen. ix. 394, and Herod. i. 138; 

in Attic, first in Sophocles, then in the Comic Poets and Plato. 


Description.—épus dyehaios, Arist. H. A. i. 1, 488; τὸ σῶμα ὀγκῶδες, 
De Gen. iii. 1, 740 Ὁ; καρποφαγεῖ καὶ ποηφαγεῖ, H. A. vill. 3, 593. οὐκ 
ἀνακύπτει πίνουσα, H. A. ix. 7, 613. Blinks with both eyelids, De Part. 
An. ii. 12, 657, Plin. xi. (37) 57. καὶ koviovrat καὶ λοῦνται, Arist. H. A. 
ix. 49 B, 633b; does not migrate, Ib. viii. 3, 593, 597b. Lives 
to eight years old (when blinded as a decoy) Ib. ix. 7, 613, Plin. x. 
(35) 52. Is the prey of hawks, φασὶ τὰς περιστερὰς γινώσκειν ἕκαστον 
τῶν γενῶν [τῶν ἱεράκων], Arist. H. A. ix. 36, 620, Ael. v. 50, &c., ἄς. Its 
coo, J. Poll. v. 13 εἴποις ἂν περιστερὰς γογγύζειν. 

How pigeons purge themselves with the herb Λεία γε, Plin. viii. 
(27) 41, cf. Diosc. iv. 39, 86; feed greedily on περιστερεών or περιστέριον 
(verbena), Plin. xxv (10) 78, Diosc. iv. 60, Nic. Ther. 860 and Schol. ; 
and on the white seeds of Helioscopium, Plin. xxvi. (δ) 42. 

Captured by nets (ἐπισπάστροις) or more easily by springes (βρόχοις), 
Dion. De Avib. 111. 12. 

Anatomical particulars.—Arist. H. A. 11. 15, 506 μικρὸν ἔχει τὸν 
σπλῆνα, ὥστε λανθάνειν ὀλίγου τὴν αἴσθησιν. Ib. 506 Ὁ τὴν χόλην ἔχει 
πρὸς τοῖς ἐντέροις, Cf. Plin. xi. 37 (74). Said to lack gall, Horap. i. 57; 
see also Clem. Alex., Paedag. i. 15, Isidor. Orig. xii. 7, 61, and many 
mediaeval naturalists and poets, 6. g. Walther v.d. Vogelw. xix. 13 rés 
ane dorn, ein ttibe sunder gallen; cf. Hamlet, 11. 2. Galen, De Atra 
Bile 9, states correctly that the Pigeon possesses gall and merely lacks 
τὴν ἐπὶ τῷ ἥπατι κύστιν. Arist. H. A. il. 17, 508 Ὁ πρόλοβον ἔχει πρὸ τῆς 
κοιλίας : cf. Plin. xi. 37 (79). θερμὴν τὴν κοιλίαν, De Gen. ili. 7, 670. 

Her wings are covered with silver, and her feathers with yellow 
gold:—Arist. De Color. 3, 793 (6, 79, 96) of τῶν περιστερῶν τράχηλοι 
φαίνονται χρυσοειδεῖς τοῦ φωτὸς ἀνακλωμένου. Philo, De Temulent. τὸν 
αὐχένα τῆς περιστερᾶς ἐν ἡλιακαῖς αὐγαῖς οὐ κατενόησας μυρίας χρωμάτων 
ἀλλάττοντα ἰδέας ; ἢ οὐχὶ φοινικοῦν καὶ κυανοῦν πυροπόν τε καὶ ἀνθρακοειδές, 
ἔτι δὲ ὠχρὸν καὶ ἐρυθρὸν καὶ ἄλλα παντόδαπα ἴσχει χρώματα. See also 
Ael. Promot., 480 a, cit. Rhein. Mus. xxvill. p. 277, 1873. Cf. Lucret. 
11. 801 Pluma columbarum quo pacto in sole videtur, Quae sita cervices 
circum collumque coronat; et seq. See also Cic. Acad. Pr. ii. 25 in 
columba plures videri colores, nec esse plus uno; Nero ap. Senec. Q. 


NEPIZTEPA 121 


ΠΕΡΙΣΤΕΡΑ (coztenwed ). 


Nat., i. 5, 6 colla Cytheriacae splendent agitata columbae; Plin. x. 
(36) 52 nosse credas suos colores varietatemque dispositam ; id. xxxvii. 
5 (18); Auson. Epist. iii. 15. The young birds are plainer and darker 
in colour, Arist. De Gen. v. 6, 785 b. 


Nesting and Breeding Habits.— Arist. H. A. vi. 2, 560b κυνοῦσιν 
ἀλλήλας, ὅταν μέλλῃ ἀναβαίνειν ὁ ἄρρην, ἢ οὐκ ἂν ὀχεύσειεν ὅ ye πρεσβύτερος 
τὸ πρῶτον" ὕστερον μέντοι ἀναβαίνει καὶ μὴ κύσας" οἱ δὲ νεώτεροι ἀεὶ τοῦτο 
ποιήσαντες ὀχεύουσιν, καὶ ἔτι αἱ θήλειαι ἀλλήλαις ἀναβαίνουσιν, ὅταν ἄρρην 
μὴ παρῇ, κύσασαι ὥσπερ οἱ ἄρρενες" καὶ οὐθὲν προϊέμεναι εἰς ἀλλήλας 
τίκτουσιν φὰ πλείω ἢ τὰ γόνῳ γινόμενα᾽ ἐξ ὧν οὐ γίνεται νεοττὸς οὐθείς, 
ἀλλ᾽ ὑπηνέμια πάντα τὰ τοιαῦτά εἰσιν. Cf. De Gen. iil. 6, 756 "Ὁ, Athen. 
ix. 394d, Ael. V. H.i. 15, Dion. De Avib. i. 25, Plin. x. 58 (79); Ovid, 
Am. ii. 6, 56 oscula dat cupido blanda columba mari. 

Their prolific increase : τίκτει ἀπονεοττεύουσα πάλιν ἐν τριάκονθ᾽ ἡμέραις, 
H. A. vi. 4, 563. τίκτουσι δ᾽ αἱ περιστεραὶ πᾶσαν ὥραν καὶ ἐκτρέφουσιν, 
ἐὰν τόπον ἔχωσιν ἀλεεινὸν καὶ τὰ ἐπιτήδεια᾽ εἰ δὲ μή, τοῦ θέρους μόνον. τὰ 
δ᾽ ἔκγονα τοῦ ἔαρος βέλτιστα καὶ τοῦ φθινοπώρου. τὰ δὲ τοῦ θέρους καὶ 
ἐν ταῖς θερμημερίαις χείριστα, H. A. v. 13, 544 Ὁ. πολλὰ μὲν οὐ τίκτει, 
πολλάκις δέ, De Gen. iii. 1, 749 Ὁ. διτοκεῖ" τίκτει δεκάκις τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ, 
Η. Α. vi. 1, 558 Ὁ. ἤδη δέ τινες καὶ ἐνδεκάκις, αἱ δ᾽ ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ καὶ δωδεκάκις, 
ibid. vi. 4, 562b; Athen. ix. 394. ῳὰ λευκά" ὑπηνέμια, Η. A. vi. 2, 559, 
561, &c. ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ ἄρρεν καὶ θῆλυ, καὶ τούτων ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ πρότερον 
τὸ ἄρρεν τίκτει (Athen. ix. 394, &c.: cf. Flourens, C. R., Ixxiii. p. 740, 
1864)" καὶ τεκοῦσα μίαν ἡμέραν διαλείπει, εἶτα πάλιν τίκτει θάτερον" 
ἐπῳάζει δὲ καὶ ὁ ἄρρην ἐν τῷ μέρει τῆς ἡμέρας, τὴν δὲ νύκτα ἡ θήλεια (cf. Ael. 
iii. 45, Athen. ix. 394 Ὁ). ἐκπέττεταί τε καὶ ἐκλέπεται ἐντὸς εἴκοσιν ἡμερῶν 
τὸ γενόμενον πρότερον τῶν φῶν (cf. ibid. vi. 2)" τιτρώσκει δὲ τὸ Gov τῇ 
προτεραίᾳ ἢ ἐκλέπει, ἄς. ὀχεύει δὲ καὶ ὀχεύεται ἐντὸς ἐνιαυτοῦ" καὶ γὰρ 
ἔκμηνος, ΕἸ. A. vi. 4, 562b: cf. Arist. fr. 271, 1527. 

Care and Nurture of the Young.—Arist. H. A. ix. 7, 613 γενομένων 
δὲ τῶν νεοττῶν τῆς ἁλμυριζούσης μάλιστα γῆς διαμασησάμενος εἰσπτύει τοῖς 
νεοττοῖς διοιγνὺς τὸ στόμα, προπαρασκευάζων πρὸς τὴν τροφήν. See also 
Ael. iii. 45, Athen. ix. 394 ἢ, Plin. x (34) 52; hence the variant in Athen. 
394¢, Ael. V. H. i. 15 6 ἄρρην ἐμπτύει αὐτοῖς, ἵνα μὴ βασκανθῶσι. 

For other particulars regarding nesting, incubation, care of the 
young, &c., see Arist. H. A. vi. 1, 558, 2, 560, 8, 564, ix. 7, 612: De 
Gen. iii. 6, 756, iv. 6, 774; Athen. ix. 394 ; Geoponic. xiv. I, 2, xvi. I, 33 
Plin. x (53) 75, (58) 79, (60) 80; Varro, De R. R. iii. 7, 9, &c.; Colum. 
Re RS vill. 8, 55 Hustath..pu.t712, &c., cc. 

Conjugal Affection and Chastity.—Arist. H. A. ix. 7, 612 Ὁ οὔτε yap 
συνδυάζεσθαι [Antig. H. M. 38 συνευνάζεσθαι] θέλουσι πλείοσιν, οὔτε 
προαπολείπουσι τὴν κοινωνίαν, πλὴν ἐὰν χῆρος ἢ χήρα γένηται. ἔτι δὲ 
περὶ τὴν ὠδῖνα δεινὴ ἡ τοῦ ἄρρενος θεραπεία καὶ συναγανάκτησις" ἐάν τ᾽ 


142 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


NEPIEZTEPA (continued). 

. “ 2. ‘ 
ἀπομαλακίζηται πρὸς τὴν εἴσοδον τῆς νεοττιᾶς διὰ τὴν λοχείαν, τύπτει καὶ 
τὰ , » 4 etd A δὲ > (6 , ‘ ‘ 
ἀναγκάζει εἰσιέναι. ΑΕ]. iii. 5 περιστερὰν δὲ ὀρνίθων σωφρονεστάτην, καὶ 


rs = > tA 
κεκολασμένην εἰς ἀφροδίτην μάλιστα ἀκούω λεγόντων" ov yap ποτε ἀλλήλων 


διασπῶνται, οὔτε ἡ θήλεια, ἐὰν μὴ ἀφαιρεθῇ τύχῃ τινὶ τοῦ συννόμου, οὔτε ὁ 
ἄρρην ἢν μὴ χῆρος γένηται : cf. also iii. 45, V. Η. 1.15. See also Athen. 
ix. 394, Antig. H. M. 38 (44), Dion. De Avib. i. 25, Porphyr. De Abst. 
iii. 10, Plin. x. (34) 52, Propert. ii. 15, 27, &c., &c. Hence, in Egypt, 
a black dove a symbol of perpetual widowhood, Horap. ii. 30. 

Its simplicity and harmlessness (ἀκεραιοσύνη) Matt. x. 163; cf. Cyrill. 
De Ador. Spir. xv πρὸς ἄκρον ἥκειν πρᾳότητος, &c., &c. With ep. placida, 
Ovid, Met. vii. 369, cf. Hor. Epist. 1. 10, 4, &c., &e. 

As Epithets, περιστερά and φάσσα are applied to a wife and mistress, 
Artemid. Oneir. ii. 20; similarly Lycophron calls Helen τρήρων (Cass. 
87, ubi Schol. διὰ τὸ χλαχνόν), πελειάς (ib. 131, Schol. πόρνη), and Cassandra 
(ib. 357) φάσσα. In Lat. Columba is very frequent as a term of endear- 
ment, Plaut. Cas. i. 50, Asin. iii. 3, 103, &c., &c., while Jalumbes, 
Id. Bacch. i. 1,17 appears in the sense of lover, and ¢ertur, Bacch. 1. 1, 
35 in that of mistress. 


Varieties.—Aristotle enumerates the following names or varieties 
of pigeon: H. A. viii. 3, 593 gay [om. A®, C4], φάττα [om. D4], 
περιστερά, οἶνάς, τρυγών : ib. vill. 12, 597 Ὁ ᾧφάτται, πελειάδες, τρυγόνες, 
περιστεραί: ib. Vv. 13, 544 Ὁ περιστερά, πελειάς, φάττα, οἰἶνάς, τρυγών. 
Arist. ap. Athen. ix. 393 f περιστερά, olvas, φάψ, φάσσα, τρυγών. Callim. 
περὶ ὀρνέων, ap. Athen. ix. 394d, Ael. V. H. 1.15. φάσσα, πυραλλίς, 
περιστερά, τρυγών: for all which names, see under their proper 
headings. 

περιστερά is usually the generic word: περιστερῶν μὲν εἶναι Ev γένος 
εἴδη δὲ πέντε, Arist. fr. 271, 1527, ἅς. When used specifically, it refers 
to the Domestic Pigeon, Columba livia, var. domestica: Arist. H. A. 
i. I, 488b τὰ μὲν ἄγροικα ὥσπερ φάττα .... τὰ δὲ συνανθρωπίζει οἷον 
περιστερά: ib. Vv. 13, 544 Ὁ τιθασσὸν δὲ γίνεται μᾶλλον ἡ περιστερά: cf. 
Soph. fr. 745 (ap. Plut. Mor. 959 6) περιστερὰν ἐφέστιον οἰκέτιν re: Plat. 
Theaet. 199b λαβεῖν φάσσαν ἀντὶ περιστερᾶς, a wild pigeon for a tame 
one. Cf, εἰωθάς, ἡ κατοικίδιος περιστερά, ἡ yap ἀγρία, πελειάς, Moeris 
(Ρ. 405, ed. Koch, 1830) ; with which cf. Themist. Or. xxii. p. 273 Ὁ οὐ 
yap δὴ τῶν περιστερῶν μὲν αἱ ἐθάδες πολλάκις τινὰς καὶ ξενὰς ἐπάγονται. 
In its generic use it appears, e.g., in the statement that in cities 
περιστεραί are tame, in country districts very wild, Ael. ili. 15 περιστεραὶ 
δὲ ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι τοῖς ἀνθρώποις συναγελάζονται, καί εἰσι πρᾳύόταται καὶ 
εἰλοῦνται παρὰ τοῖς πόσιν, ἄς. The passage in Ar. Lys. 754 appears 
to refer to the extreme familiarity of the city-pigeons. 

White pigeons : first seen in Greece near Athos, during the Persian 
War, Charon ap. Athen. ix. 394d, Ael. V. H. i. 15; though white 


ΠΕΡΙΣΤΕΡᾺ 143 


NEPIZTEPA (coztinued). 


pigeons were not honoured in Persia, being deemed hostile to the Sun, 
Herod. i. 138; the white doves had probably been the property of 
Phoenician, Cilician, or Cypriote sailors (Hehn). On white pigeons, 
cf. also Alexid. 3, 481, ap. Athen. l.c. λευκὸς ᾿Αφροδίτης εἰμὶ yap περι- 
agepess Ssee- also. Varro; De: Ry ἘΠ ait. ἡ; Ovid, Ἐπ 252, Ep. 
xv. 37, Met. ii. 537, xiii. 674, xv. 715, Martial, &c. The white 
pigeons were apparently the sacred race of Babylon, which after- 
wards spread to Syria and to Europe: cf. Hehn, Culturpfl. p. 279, 
Engl. ed. p. 258; they are still numerous in Damascus (cf. Thomson, 
Land and Book, p. 271). Galen distinguishes between the κατοικίδιοι 
and the ἄγριαι, Booxades, or νομάδες, De Comp. Medic. ii. 10 (xiii. p. 514, 
ed. Kiihn), cf. De Simpl. Med. Temp. x. 25 (xii. p. 302); for the latter, 
dove-cotes were built in the fields near Pergamus. Varro, De R. R. 
ili. 7 gives a similar account: agrestes maxime sequuntur turres, in 
quas ex agro evolant, suapte sponte, et remeant. Alterum genus illud 
columbarum est clementius, quod cibo domestico contentum intra 
limina ianuae solet pasci. Hoc genus maxime est colore albo. There 
is also a mixed breed, genus miscellum, reared in the περιστεροτροφεῖον: 
cf. Ovid, Heroid. xv. 37 et variis albae iunguntur saepe columbae. 
See also on the care of domesticated and half-domesticated pigeons, 
Colum. De R. R. viii. 8, Pallad. i. 24, Geopon. xx. 


Homing or Carrier-Pigeons.—Pherecr. fr., ap. Athen. ix. 395 b ἀπό- 
πέμψον ἀγγέλλοντα τὸν περιστερόν. Anacreont. fr. 149, Bergk, ill. p. 305 
(ed. 4) ᾿Ανακρέων μ᾽ ἔπεμψεν | πρὸς παῖδα, πρὸς Βάθυλλον |... ἐγὼ δ᾽ [ἐρασμίη 
πέλεια] ᾿ΔΑνακρέοντι | διακονῶ τοσαῦτα" | καὶ νῦν, ὁρᾷς, ἐκείνου | ἐπιστολὰς 
κομίζω. A message sent from Pisa to Aegina, by Taurosthenes, 
a victor in the Olympian games, to his father, Ael. V. H. ix. 2. Cf. 
Varro, De R. R. iii. 7, 7 columbas redire solere ad locum licet anim- 
advertere, quod multi in theatro e sinu missas faciunt. Pigeons sent 
into the Consuls’ camp by Dec. Brutus at the siege of Mutina, Plin. x. 
(53), 37; cf. Frontin. Strategem. 11]. 13, 8. See also Mart. Epigr. 
Vili. 32, &c., &c. 

On Decoy Pigeons, see (int. al.) Ar. Av. 1082 τὰς περιστεράς θ᾽ ὁμοίως 
ξυλλαβὼν cipEas ἔχει, | κἀπαναγκάζει παλεύειν δεδεμένας ἐν δικτύῳ (cf. Schol. 
τοῦτο γλωσσηματικῶς παλεύειν ἔλεγον) ; they were blinded for the purpose, 
Arist. H. A. ix. 7,613. Cf. Hesych. λέγονται yap παλεύτριαι αὗται ai 


- “ > ’ 
ἐξαπατῶσαι καὶ ὑπάγουσαι πρὸς ἑαυτὰ ἤγουν ἐνεδρεύουσαι. 


A Dove-cote, περιστερεών, Plat. Theaet. 197 C, D, τοῦ Β, 200 Β, 
Galen, Aesop, ἅς. ; also περιστεροτροφεῖον, Varro. On the dove-cotes 
in Herod’s garden at Jerusalem, πύργοι πελειάδων ἡμέρων, Joseph. De 
Bell. Jud. v. 4, 4. Great dove-cotes are still conspicuous objects in many 
parts of the East; they are very numerous and large, for instance, in 
Tenos, the modern site of the Panhellenic shrine and festival (cf. Bent, 


144 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


NEPIZTEPA (condenued). 
Cyclades, 1885, p. 253). On the construction of dove-cotes, their 
internal niches (σηκοί, κυθρῖνοι, Geop. xiv. 6), and perches (σανίδες), on 
the duties of the περιστεροτρόφος, τιθασσοτρόφος (Opp. Cyn. i. 354) or 
pastor columbarius, on charms to keep the birds from straying, &c., &c., 
see Varro, Columella, Palladius, and Geoponica, loc. citt. For references 
to dove-cotes, see also Ovid, Met. iv. 48 albis in turribus; id. ΤΥ. 1. 4,7 
aspicis, ut veniant ad candida tecta columbae, Accipiat nullas sordida 
turris aves; Mart. xiii. 31 quaeque gerit similes candida turris aves. 
According to Varro, a pair of full-grown pigeons was worth from 
200-1000 sesterces ; and L. Axius had purchased a pair of a dealer for 
500 denarii. 


The Sacred Doves of Venus or Astarte. Pigeons were sacred in the 
eyes of the Syrians, like the fishes of the river Chalos, Xen. Exp. Cyr. 
i. 4,9; they were kept in great numbers at Ascalon, Ctes. ap. Diodor. 
ii. 4, Philo ap. Euseb. Prep. Evang. viii. 14, 64 (cf. the Dove on coins 
of Ascalon, Eckhel, Doctr. Numm. ili. p.445); and at Hierapolis, Lucian, 
De Syr. Dea, c. 14, where the statue of Atargatis had a gold dove on 
her head, Lucian, ibid. c. 33. On Venus’ doves, see also Virg. Aen. vi. 
190, Ovid, Met. xiv. 597, Fulgent. Mythol. ii, &c., &c. 

On the doves in Palestine, cf. Tibull. 1. 7, 17 Quid referam, ut volitet 
crebras intacta per urbes Alba Palaestino sancta columba Syro? cf. 
Hygin. Fab. 197, Lucian, De Syr. p. 912, Joseph. loc. cit., Clem. Alex. 
πρὸς “Ἕλλην 11, Philo ap. Euseb. P. E. viii. c. 14, p. 398, ὅς. See also 
the account given above of the introduction of white pigeons into 
Greece, and compare the sanctity of the bird in modern times at 
Mecca, Constantinople, Venice, Moscow, &c. On the cult of Doves 
in Syria, cf. Broeckhuis, ad Tibull. 1. c. 

The cult of the goddess, carried from Ascalon to Cyprus (Herod. i. 
105, Pausan. i. 14, 7), brought thither the sacred doves; cf. Antiphon. 
ap. Athen. xiv. 635 B ἡ Κύπρος δ᾽ ἔχει πελείας διαφόρους : the white 
Paphian doves, Martial, viii. 28, 13, cf. Nemes. fr. De Aucup. 22; see 
also Eustath. Hom. Il. p. 1035. See also Fr. Minter, Die himmlische 
Gottin zu Paphos, p. 25. 

As evidences of the cult in islands of the Aegean, ct. the Dove on 
coins of Seriphos and Siphnos, and the ancient dove-cotes still standing 
on the latter island. On figures of Astarte with the Dove, see (int. al.) 
Lenormant, Gaz. Archéol. 1876, p. 133; de Longpérier, Mus. Napol. iii. 
pl. xxvi. 2, &c., ὅξς: 

At Eryx in Sicily ; Athen. ix. 394f τῆς δὲ Σικελίας ἐν "Ερυκι καιρός τις 
ἐστίν, ὃν καλοῦσιν ᾿Αναγώγια, ἐν ᾧ φασὶ τὴν θεὸν εἰς Λιβύην ἀνάγεσθαι" τότ᾽ 
οὖν αἱ περὶ τὸν τόπον περιστεραὶ ἀφανεῖς γίνονται ὡς δὴ τῇ θεῷ σιυιναποδη- 
μοῦσαι, κιτιλ. Cf Ael, iv. 2, x. 50, V. Ηἰ- 1. 15. Bor the Daveron 
a silver coin of Eryx, see Du Mersan, Méd. inédites, Paris, 1832, p. 57. 


ΠΕΡΙΣΤΕΡᾺ . 145 


NEPIZTEPA (continued). 

Sicilian doves mentioned, Alexis and Nicander, frr. ap. Athen. ix. 
395 b, c, Philemon, ibid. xiv. 658 b. 

The story of Semiramis, forsaken as an infant by her mother 
Derceto, and fed by Doves in the wilderness, Ctes. ap. Diodor. ii. 4, 4, 
Ctes. fr. ed. Biihr, p. 393. Cf. Lucian, De Syr. Dea, 11. p. 885, Athenag. 
Leg. pro Christ. p. 156 (ed. Otto), Ovid, Met. iv. 47. Cf. Phornutus, 
De Diis, cap. De Rhea ἔοικε δὲ ἡ αὐτὴ ἡ παρὰ Σύροις Αρταγα εἶναι, ἣν 
διὰ τὸ περιστερᾶς καὶ ἴχθυος ἀπέχεσθαι τιμῶσι. See also Selden’s De Diis 
Syriis. Cf. also Hesych. Σεμίραμις, περιστερὰ ὄρειος “Ἑλληνιστί. 

The Dove sacred also to Dione: Sil. Ital. iv. 106 Dilectas Veneri 
notasque ab honore Diones Turbabat violentus [accipiter] aves. 

The Dove in connexion with the Cyprian ᾿Αδώνια, Diogen. ap. 
Gaisford, Paroem. i. Pref. p. 5. On the Dove in connexion with 
Aphrodite, see also Apollod. ap. Schol. Apollon. iii. 593. 

How Doves hatched the egg from which Venus sprang, Hygin. Fab. 
197; Theon, ad Arat. 131. 

The Dove is not associated with Aphrodite in early Greek, unless, 
as is not likely, the obscure fragment of Sappho (Bergk 16 (8), Schol. 
Pind. Pyth. i. 10) indicate such an allusion. In later authors, the 
references are very frequent: cf. Alex. Com. ap. Athen. ix. 395 Β λευκὸς 
᾿Αφροδίτης περιστερός : Apoll. Rhod. iii. 548; Plut. De Is. 71 (Mor. i. 
463), &c., ἄς. Cf. also Virg. Aen. vi. 192 tum maximus heros Maternas 
agnoscit aves; Sil. Ital. iii. 683 Cythereius ales; cf. Nero ap. Senec. l.c. 
On Venus’ car with its team of Doves, cf. Ovid, Met. xiv. 597; 
Apuleius, Met. vi. 6, 393 ; Claudian, Epithalam. 104. 

Venus and her Dove are associated with the month of April on the 
cylindrical Zodiac of the Louvre, &c.: and the sign Taurus was the 
domus Venerts. This fact also has a direct reference to Pleiad- 
symbolism. 

The Dove on the mystical monument of the ‘Black Demeter’ at 
Phigaleia, Paus. vili. 42, 3. 

As an instance of the Syrian Dove adopted into Christian worship, 
cf. Hefele, Concil. ii. 771: how the clergy of Antioch, A.D. 518, com- 
plained that Servius had removed the gold and silver doves that hung 
over the altars and font [note the apparent confusion of ideas in 
κολυμβήθρα], on the ground that the symbolism was unfitting. On 
the περιστήριον, or receptacle in the form of a dove for the Blessed 
Sacrament, cf. Chardon, Hist. des Sacram. ii. 242. On the sacred 
symbolism of the dove, cf. also Euseb. H. E. vi. 29. 


Various Legends.—How Zeus pursued the virgin Phthia in Aegium 
in the form of a Dove, Athen. ix. 395 ἃ. 
How Doves led the Chalcidians to Cumae, Philostr. Icon. ii. 8. 
is 


146 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


NEPIZTEPA (continued). 


How a Pigeon caused a war between Chaonians and Illyrians, ΑΕ], 
sab Os 

The Dove of Deucalion; Plut. Mor. ii. 968 F περιστερὰν ἐκ τῆς λάρνακος 
ἀφιεμένην, δήλωμα γενέσθαι χειμῶνος μὲν εἴσω πάλιν ἐνδυομένην, εὐδίας δὲ 
ἀποπτᾶσαν : cf, Lucian, Syr. Dea, c. 12, Apollod. 1. 7, 2 (vide s.v. πέλεια). 


The Pigeon in Medicine.—For references to the therapeutic value 
of Pigeons’ dung, flesh, blood, feathers, and other parts in cases of 
poisoning, burns, ulcers, jaundice, and most other ailments, see Galen, 
De Simpl. Med. Temp. x, also Plin. iii. (6) 12, xxii. (25) 58, xxix. (6) 39, 
and xxx, passim. 

Fables.—repiorepa καὶ κολοιός, Fab. Aes. (ed. Halm) 201 b. περιστερὰ 
καὶ κορώνη, ibid. 358. περιστερὰ καὶ μύρμηξ, ibid. 296. περιστερὰ δι- 
ψῶσα, ibid. 357. 

See also, in addition to articles cited s.v. πέλεια, T. Watters, Chinese 
Notions about Pigeons and Doves, N. China Br., R. As. Soc., iv, 
pp. 225-242, 1867. In this paper various resemblances are shown to 
exist between classical superstitions and Chinese popular notions, an 
important subject concerning which too little information is accessible. 
Among other points, the writer states that in Chinese legend the Dove 
is often confused with the Cuckoo, that the former as well as the latter 
bird is said to metamorphose into the Hawk, and that the Dove is said 
to lay in the Magpie’s nest: these facts may have some bearing on 
the obscure Aristotelian statements referred to above (s.v. κόκκυξ) 
concerning the nesting of the Cuckoo in the nest of daw. 


ΠΕΡΙΣΤΕΡᾺΣ MHAI’NH. An Indian Green Fruit-pigeon, 77eron sp. 


Daemach. ap. Athen. 394e; Ael. V.H.i.15. Also περιστεραὶ ὠχραί, 
Ael. xv. 14, brought as presents to the Indian king; ἅσπερ λέγουσι μήτε 
ἡμεροῦσθαι μήτε ποτὲ πραύνεσθαι. Cf. s.v. πελειὰς χλωρόπτιλος. 


ΠΕΡΚΝΟΉΤΕΡΟΣ = ὀρεϊπέλαργος = ὑπαίετος. A kind of Vulture. 

Arist. H. A. ix. 32, 618b λευκὴ κεφαλή, μεγέθει δὲ μέγιστος, πτερὰ 
δὲ βραχύτατα, καὶ οὐροπύγιον πρόμηκες, γυπὶ ὅμοιος. ὀρεϊπέλαργος καλεῖται 
καὶ ὑπαίετος, οἰκεῖ δ᾽ ἄλση, τὰ μὲν κακὰ ταὐτὰ ἔχων τοῖς ἄλλοις, τῶν 
δ᾽ ἀγαθῶν οὐδέν: ἁλίσκεται yap καὶ διώκεται ὑπὸ κοράκων καὶ τῶν ἄλλων. 
βαρὺς γὰρ καὶ κακόβιος καὶ τὰ τεθνεῶτα φέρων, meivy δ᾽ ἀεὶ καὶ βοᾷ καὶ 
puvupi¢er: cf. Plin. x. (1) 3. 

Of the three names, not one occurs elsewhere, save ὑπαίετος, Boios 
ap. Anton. Lib. c. 20 (loc. corr.). The description is insufficient, but 
agrees fairly, except as regards size, with the Egyptian Vulture; in 
which case the black and white plumage may explain περκνόπτερος, 
and, together perhaps with the stork-like nest, ὀρεϊπέλαργος. 

Sundevall identifies περκνόπτερος with the Lammergeier, Gyfaefus 
barbatus, L., with which the epithet λευκοκέφαλος agrees; but for this 


NEPIZTEPA— NMHNEAOYV 147 


ΠΕΡΚΝΟΠΤΕΡΟΣ (continued). 


he has to suppose πτερὰ βραχύτατα (alis minimis, Plin. ].c.), to be an 
error for μακρότατα. 

The Egyptian Vulture, Meophron percnopterus, L., Sav., though the 
black-and-white of its plumage might be associated with the name 
ὀρεϊπέλαργος, and though a comparison might also be drawn with 
the Stork in connexion with the Egyptian stories of its parental 
affection, is by no means μεγέθει μέγιστος, and is nearly all white, 
instead of merely on the head. In short, the bird is not to be clearly 
identified, and the passage, like much of its immediate context, is 
altogether obscure. 


NEPKNO’s, A kind of Eagle = pdépdvos, νηττοφόνος, πλάγγος, q.v. 

(περκνός --- μέλας, Suid.). 

I]. xxiv. 316 αἰετὸν. . . μόρῴνον θηρητῆρ᾽ ὃν καὶ περκνὸν καλέουσιν. Arist. 
De Mirab. 60, 835 ἐκ δὲ ἁλιαέτων φήνη γίνεται, ἐκ δὲ τούτων περκνοὶ καὶ 
γῦπες. Cf. Plin.-x. (1) 3; Lyc. 260. 

In regard to the obscure words pépdvos, περκνός, πέρκος, it is hard 
to be content with the Scholiastic explanations which treat them as 
mere colour-epithets : such an interpretation may or may not be true, 
and various facts suggest that there is more to be learned regarding 
them. For instance, ἐπιπέρκνος (Xen. Cyn. v. 22) is said to be likewise 
a mere colour-epithet (J. Poll. v. 67), but the relations between περκνύς, 
μόρφνος, μελανάετος and λαγωφόνος make it at least somewhat striking 


that ἐπιπέρκνος, in the only passage where it occurs, should be applied 
to the Hare. 


ne’pKox. -A kind of Hawk. 


Arist. H. A. ix. 36, 620 ἄλλοι δὲ πέρκοι καὶ σπιζίαι : fortasse nec 
Aristoteli ipsi cognita sunt, Scalig. p. 249. If mépxos and σπιζίας are 
identical, the former, if it mean dark-coloured, agrees as an epithet 
with the traditional identification of the latter with the Sparrow-hawk. 


ΠΕΊΝΗΣ, v. ll. πτέρνις, πτερνίς, πτέρνης. A kind of Hawk. 
Arist. H. A. ix. 36, 620 ὁ δ᾽ dorepias καὶ ὁ φασσοφόνος καὶ ὁ πέρνης 
ἀλλοῖοι. Hesych. πτερνίς, εἶδος ἱέρακος. 


MNHNE’AOW. A kind of Wild Duck or Goose. 
Ibyc. 8 (13) ποικίλαι πανέλοπες. Alcae. fr. 84 (Bergk) ὄρνιθές τινες οἶδ᾽ ; 


ὠκεάνω yas T ἀπὺ περράτων | ἦλθον πανέλοπες ποικιλόδειροι τανυσίπτεροι. 
Ion. ap. Hesych. 5. ν. φοινικόλεγνον᾽ [ων τὸν πηνέλοπα τὸ ὄρνεον, τὸν γὰρ 
τράχηλον ἐπίπαν φοινικοῦν, ἡ δὲ λέγνη παρέλκει. 

Mentioned also, Arist. H. A. vill. 3, 593 Ὁ (with χηναλώπηξ, aié, ἄς.) ; 
cf. Ar. Av. 298, 1302, and Schol. 6 mnvédow νήττῃ μέν ἐστιν ὅμοιον, περιστε- 
pas δὲ μέγεθος" μέμνηται δὲ αὐτοῦ Στησίχορος καὶ Ἴβυκος. 

From the superficial resemblance of the name to χηναλώπηξ, χηνάλαψ 

L2 


148 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


NHNEAOW (contenued). 


Hesych., and from its occurrence in some MSS. for the latter in 
Plin. x. (22) 29, it seems probable that both names are identical, and 
possible that both are corruptions of a foreign (Egyptian?) word. The 
association of ai€ and mnvéAoW in an obscure and faulty Aristotelian 
passage, may be a mere confusion arising out of the story of Hermes 
visiting Penelope in the form of a goat (cf. Creuzer, Symb. 111. p. 502) ; 
in which case ai€ should disappear from the list of bird-names. 


ΠΗ͂ΡΙΞ’ πέρδιξ, Κρῆτες, Hesych. 
ΠΙ͂ΚΟΣ. A Woodpecker. Lat. pzcus; said to be an Oscan word. 


Strabo, v. 2 πῖκον yap τὴν ὄρνιν τοῦτον ὀνομάζουσι, καὶ νομίζουσιν "Ἄρεως 
ἱερόν. See also Dion. Halic. i. 14. Cf. Ovid, F. iii. 37, &c. Cf. also 
Grimm’s D. Myth. p. 388, Creuzer’s Symb. 111. 676, iv. 368. 


ΠΙ͂ΠΟΣ 5. πίππος. A young chicken, Athen. ix. 368 f. (Casaub. for 
immovs). 

ning’ (MSS. have also πίπα, πίπος, πίπρα. Some editors read ἵππῳ, 
cf. timmy). The Greater and Lesser Spotted Woodpeckers, 

Picus major and minor, L. 

Arist. H.A. viii. 3, 593 ἄλλα δ᾽ ἐστὶ σκνιποφάγα, ἃ τοὺς σκνῖπας θηρεύοντα 
ᾧῇ μάλιστα, οἷον πιπὼ ἥ τε μείζων καὶ ἡ ἐλάττων" καλοῦσι δέ τινες ἀμφότερα 
ταῦτα δρυοκολάπτας" ὅμοια δ᾽ ἀλλήλοις καὶ φωνὴν ἔχουσιν ὁμοίαν, πλὴν 
μείζω τὸ μεῖζον. νέμεται δ᾽ ἀμφότερα ταῦτα πρὸς τὰ ξύλα προσπετόμενα. 
Ibid. ix. 21, 617 τὰ σκέλη βραχέα [ἔχει ὁ κύανος] τῇ πίπῳ παρόμοια. Ibid. 
ix. I, 609: hostile to ποικιλίς, κορυδών, χλωρεύς" τὰ yap Ga κατεσθίουσιν 
ἀλλήλων, and to ἐρωδιός (cf. Hesych.): ra yap oa κατεσθίει καὶ τοὺς νεοττοὺς 
τοῦ ἐρωδιοῦ. 

Nicand. ap. Anton. Lib. c. 14 ἡ δὲ μήτηρ αὐτῶν ἐγένετο κνιπολόγος 
πιπώ" πρὸς ταύτην ἀετῷ πόλεμός ἐστι καὶ ἐρωδιῷ᾽ κατάγνυσι γὰρ αὐτῶν τὰ 
od, κόπτουσα τὴν δρῦν διὰ τοὺς κνῖπας (cf. σίττη, q. ν.). 

Lycoph. Cass. 476 ἀντὶ πιποῦς σκορπίον hao σπάσας. Tzetz. in Lyc. 
(edit. Steph. p. 83) πιπὼ ὄρνεόν ἐστι θαλάσσιον εὐπρεπὲς καὶ εὐειδές. 

The above identification, setting aside the statement of Tzetzes, 
depends solely on the existence of two species of Spotted Woodpecker, 
similar in appearance, but unequal in size. 


ΠΙΤΥΛΟΣ᾽ ὀρνιθάριόν τι ἄγριον, Hesych. Also πίπυλος, Schol. Theocr. 
K. BO: 

ΠΙΦΥΓΞ (v. 1. πίφιγξ, πίφηξ) : πίφλιξ, Suid. An unknown bird = 
κορύδαλος = πίφαλλος, 5. πιφαλλίς, Hesych. 


Arist. H. A. ix. 1, 610 πίφιγξ καὶ ἅρπη καὶ ἰκτῖνος φίλοι. Mentioned 
also by Boios ap. Anton. Lib. c. xx, in a fabled metamorphosis, together 
with ἅρπη, ἅρπασος, &c. Cf. Etym. M. 673; Choerob. Cram. Anecd. 


ΠΗΝΕΛΟΨ--- ΠΟΡΦΥΡΙΣ 149 


ΠΙΦΥΓΞ (continued). 


Oxon. ii. p. 245; Lob. Proll. p. 96. I cannot help thinking that the 
word is akin to φῶυξ, and its allies. 


NAA TOE (v.1. πλάγχος, πλάνος, Niphus κλάγγος, 4. ν. supra) = νηττο- 
φόνος = μόρφνος (Arist). 
A kind of Eagle. 


Arist. H. A. ix. 32, 618 Ὁ ἕτερον δὲ γένος ἀετοῦ ἐστὶν ὃ πλάγγος καλεῖται, 
δεύτερος μεγέθει καὶ ῥώμῃ. οἰκεῖ δὲ βήσσας καὶ ἄγκη καὶ λίμνας. ἐπικαλεῖται 
δὲ νηττοφόνος καὶ μόρφνος" οὗ καὶ Ὅμηρος μέμνηται ἐν τῇ τοῦ Πριάμου ἐξόδῳ, 
Il. xxiv. 316. 

Plin. x. 1 Tertii generis morphnus, quam Homerus et percnon vocat, 
aliqui et plancum et anatariam, secunda magnitudine et vi: huicque 
vita circa lacus, &c. 

Commentators have given innumerable interpretations of this word. 
If it be really a concrete specific appellation, then the Spotted Eagle, 
Aguzla naevia, fulfils the conditions best: it is large and powerful, 
but less so than the Golden Eagle; it frequents water, feeding partly 
on fish (especially on pieces of decomposing fish, cf. Shelley, Birds of 
Egypt, p. 206), and partly on waterfowl and sea-birds (cf. Buffon, 
Hist. des Ois. i. 127, Sundevall, p. 104): if μόρφνος, πέρκνος and 
(?) κλάγγος are to be taken as descriptive epithets (as they are by some), 
it is dusky, mottled, and noisy. 

The passage quoted from Pliny is full of fables, and includes the 
story of the death of Aeschylus, which suggests rather the habits of 


the Limmergeier (cf. s.v. ἀετός, Ael. vii. 16). 


ΠΟΙΚΙΛΙΣ. An unknown bird: taken by mediaeval writers (Belon, 

Aldrovandi, &c.) for the Goldfinch, from the statement that it 

is identical with ἀκανθίς, q.v. 

Arist. H. A. ix. 1, 609; hostile to κορυδών, mura (πίπρα), and χλωρεύς. 
Schol. ad Theocr. vii. 171 (cit. Schn. in Arist. vol. ii. p. 5) ἀκανθὶς de 
ὄρνεόν ἐστι ποικίλον καὶ λιγυρόν, καλεῖται δὲ καὶ ποικιλὶς διὰ τὴν χροίαν. 

Ποικίλος ὄρνις was also an expression for the Peacock. Cf. Athen. 
ix. 397 ς ᾿Αντιφῶντι δὲ τῷ ῥήτορι λόγος μὲν γέγραπται ἔχων ἐπίγραμμα Περὶ 
ταῶν᾽ καὶ ἐν αὐτῷ τῷ λόγῳ οὐδεμία μνεία τοῦ ὀνόματος γίνεται, ὄρνεις δὲ ποικί- 


λους πολλάκις ἐν αὐτῴ ὀνομάζει. 


ΠΟΝΤΙΚΟῚΣ ὌΡΝΙΣ. The Pheasant. 


Hesych. φασιανοί" ὄρνεις ποιοί, οἱ δὲ τοὺς Ποντικούς φασιν. 


ΠΟΡΦΥΡΙΣ. An unknown bird = λαθιπορφυρίς. 
Mentioned Ar. Av. 304. Ibyc. fr. 4, ap. Athen. ix. 388 ravimrepos 
ὡς ὅκα πορφυρίς. Ibyc. fr. 8, ].c. αἰολόδειροι λαθιπορφυρίδες. According 
to Callimachus, ap. Athen. l.c., roppupis differs from πορφυρίων. 


150 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


ΠΟΡΦΥΡΙΏΝ. The Purple Gallinule, Porphyrio hyactnthus, Temm. 
Mentioned Ar. Av. 707, 881, 1249. Arist. fr. 272, ap. Athen. ix. 


388 c,d σχιδανόποδα αὐτὸν εἶναι, ἔχειν τε χρῶμα κυάνεον, σκέλη μακρά, 
ῥύγχος ἠδγμένον ἐκ τῆς κεφαλῆς φοινικοῦν, μέγεθος ἀλεκτρυόνος. στόμαχον 
δ᾽ ἔχει λεπτόν, διὸ τῶν λαμβανομένων εἰς τὸν πόδα ταμιεύεται μικρὰς τὰς 
ψωμίδας, κάπτων δὲ πίνει (H. A. villi. 6, 595; Plin. x. (46) 63 morsu 
bibit). πενταδάκτυλός τε (?) ὧν τὸν μέσον ἔχει μέγιστον. Dion. De Avib. 
i. 29, a similar description, ἐρυθρὸν αὐτῷ τὸ ῥάμφος ἐστί, καὶ κατὰ κεφαλῆς 
ὥσπερ τινὰ πῖλον ἔχει, ὁποίους οἱ τοξόται Πέρσαι φέρουσιν. Arist. H. A. ii. 
17, 509 αὐχένα μακρὸν ἔχει" οὔτε τὸν πρόλοβον ἔχει οὔτε τὸν στόμαχον εὐρὺν 
ἀλλὰ σφόδρα μακρόν. Schol. Ar. Av. 1249 κυάνεοί εἰσι. Arist. De Inc. 
Io. 710. Callim. ap. Athen. l.c. τὴν τροφὴν λαμβάνειν τὸν πορφυρίωνα ἐν 
σκότῳ καταδυόμενον, ἵνα μή τις αὐτὸν θεάσηται" ἐχθραίνει yap τοὺς προσιόντας 
αὐτοῦ τῇ τροφῇ. Ael. ili. 42 ὠραιότατός τε ἅμα καὶ φερωνυμώτατός ἐστι 
ζῴων, καὶ χαίρει κονιόμενος, &c. According to Alex. Mynd. ap. Athen. 
l.c., it inhabits Libya and is there held sacred. According to Plin. 
x. 63, it inhabits Commagene (Asia Min.) and a yet nobler sort (x. 69) 
the Balearic Islands. 

A bird of lofty morals and great vigilance, Polemon ap. Athen. l.c., 
Ael. iii. 42, v. 28, vii. 25, vill. 20, xi. 15, Dion. De Avib. i. 29. 

An easy mode of capture, Dion. De Avib. ili. 21. 

The descriptions in Arist. fr. 272 and Dionysius clearly refer to the 
Purple Gallinule: that in Arist. H. A. ii. 17 is supposed by some 
(I think needlessly) to apply to the Flamingo, the Gallinule not having 
a very long neck. The bird occurs in Egypt and neighbouring coun- 
tries: it is rare in Greece, but inhabits Lake Copais and Lake Dystos 
in Euboea (Erhard, |.c., also Naumannia, 1858, p. 21), though, accord- 
ing to other authorities (Von der Miihle, Heldreich, Kriiper), nothing 
is known of its occurrence in Greece in recent times. 


ΠΟΥ͂ΠΟΣ. A late word for the Hoopoe; vide s.v. ἔποψ. 


Anon. De Avibus et earum Virtutibus in Medicina (MS. cit. Du 
Cange, Gloss. 5. v. kovKoudos), ἔποψ ὄρνεον ἐν ἀέρι ποτώμενον᾽ οὗτος καλεῖται 
κούκουφος, καὶ ποῦπος. 


ΠΡΕΣΒΥΣ. A name for the Wren Ξε τροχίλος, Hesych., Arist. H. A. 
ix.11,615. In this word one is much tempted to suspect a trans- 
position of letters, and to suggest, as a conjectural emendation, 
σπέρβυς ; cf. also s.vv. σπέργυς, σποργίλος. 

Arist. H. A. ix. 1, 609 πολέμιος δὲ καὶ ὁ πρέσβυς καλούμενος καὶ γαλῆ 
καὶ κορώνη [τῇ γλαυκί]" τὰ yap wa καὶ τοὺς νεοττοὺς κατεσθίουσιν αὐτῆς. In 
the preceding sentence ὄρχιλος and γλαῦξ are mentioned ἃ5. hostile 
to one another. (Here Sundevall supposes the Jackdaw to be meant, 


on account of its egg-eating propensities, but the passage is mytho- 
logical, not prosaic.) 


NOP¢Y PINN—NYIFAPrOz 151 


ΠΡΕΣΒῪΣ (continued). 
Cf. Plin. viii.25; Munk. ad Anton. Lib. p. 100; Lob. Path. 
p> 1325 
NTE’PNIZ. Vide s.v. πέρνης. 


NTEPYFOTY’PANNOX: ὄρνις ποιὸς ἐν Ἰνδικῇ Ἀλεξάνδρῳ δοθείς, Hesych. 


NTE’PON’ εἶδος ὀρνέου, Hesych. 
Meineke, Com. Fr. iv. p. 647 (ap. Hesych.) ἀλλ᾽ ἢ rpiopyos ἢ πτέρων ἣ 
στρουθίας. Cf. Etym. M. 226, 37, Theognost. 36. 19. 


ntyr=. Arist. H. A. ix. 12, 615 b= ὕβρις; g.v. For mrvyyi, MSS. 
have πωγί, mroyyl, mruyyryi, for which Schn. reads πωυγγί; vide 
infra s. v. φῶυξ, Cf. Schn., in Arist. vol. 11. 97, 117 ; Anton. Lib. 5; 
Etym. M. 699, 10; Lob. Phryn. 72. 


ΠΥΊΓΑΡΓΟΣ, α. A sort of Eagle or Falcon; εἶδος ἀετοῦ, Hesych. ; 
vide infra. 

Arist. H. A. ix. 32, 618 b γένος ἀετῶν᾽ κατὰ τὰ πεδία καὶ τὰ ἄλση Kal περὶ 
τὰς πόλεις γίνεται ἔνιοι δὲ καλοῦσι νεβροφόνον αὐτόν" πέτεται δὲ καὶ εἰς τὰ 
ὄρη καὶ εἰς τὴν ὕλην διὰ τὸ θάρσος. Cf. Plin. x. (1) 3 secundi generis 
Pygargus, in oppidis mansitat et in campis, albicante cauda. Arist. 
H. A. vi. 6, 563b χαλεπὸς περὶ τὰ τέκνα. 

Cf. Schol. Lyc. 91. Also Etym. M. 695, 50 πύγαργος" εἶδος ἀετοῦ" 
Σοφοκλῆς (fr. 932 a) ἐπὶ τοῦ δειλοῦ, ἀπὸ τῆς λευκῆς πυγῆς, ὥσπερ ἐναντίως 
μελαμπίύγης ἀπὸ τῆς ἰσχυρᾶς. 

Note.— Circus cyaneus, L. (Ὁ =Falco pygargus, L.), the Hen-harrier 
or Ring-tail, is now called πύγαργος in the Cyclades (Erhard, op. cit. 
p. 47). To it much of the description given is applicable, but certainly 
not the epithet νεβροφόνος. Sundevall imagines the Golden Eagle to 
be meant, Gloger and others the White-tailed Eagle or Erne, Haliaetus 
albicilla (L.), to which latter the description in Aesch. Ag. 115 ὁ ἐξόπιν 
ἀργίας, seems to apply: but these are surely excluded by the evidence 
as to size (cf. Pliny, 1. c.), frequency, and affection for cities and plains. 
I incline to identify the bird with the Short-toed Eagle, C7zrcaétus 
gallicus, which in French, as perhaps also here, seems to share its 
popular name (Jean-le-Blanc) with C. cyameus. But the name was 
originally mystical (cf. s.v. μελάμπυγος), however it may in later times 
have been specifically applied to a particular bird. 


ny’raprox, B. An undetermined bird. 
Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593b. A water-bird, mentioned with σχοινίλος 
and κίγκλος, about the size of a thrush ; τὸ οὐραῖον κινεῖ : frequents rivers 


and streams. 
The size agrees with Sundevall’s suggestion of a Sandpiper. Aubert 


152 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


ΠΥΓΑΡΓΟΣ (continued). 
and Wimmer take the three birds to be different species of Wagtail 
(Motacilla). The name more strongly suggests to me the Dipper, 
Cinclus aguaticus, L., (Mod. Gk. νεροκόσσυφος, Heldr.): but all three 
birds are quite doubtful. 
NYPAAAI’Z, s. πυρραλίς (Hesych.). An unknown bird: probably 
a kind of Pigeon. 
Arist. H. A. ix. 1, 609, hostile to τρυγών, τύπος yap τῆς νομῆς καὶ Bios 
ὁ αὐτός. Cf. Ael. iv. 48. 

Callim. (fr. 100, c. 4) ap. Athen. ix. 394 ἃ Καλλίμαχος ws διαφορὰς 
ἐκτίθεται φάσσαν, πυραλλίδα, περιστεράν, τρυγόνα. Cf. Ael. V. H. i. 15. 
ΠΥΡΓΙΤΗΣ' σπυργίτης, a Sparrow, Galen. Vide 5. vv. σποργίλος, 

στρουθός. 
ny’PPA. A bird, hostile to τρυγών, ΑΕ]. iv. 5, Phile, 685. Perhaps 
identical with πυραλλίς. 
NYPPIAX, s. πιρίας = ἐλαιός, q.v. 
NYPPOKO’PA=. The Alpine Chough, Corvus pyrrhocorax, L. 
Plin. x. (48) 68 Alpium pyrrhocorax, luteo rostro, niger. 
NYPPOY’AAX (v. 1]. πυρροῦρας, &c. Lob. Prol. 132). Probably the 
Bullfinch, Pyrrhula vulgarts. 
Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 Ὁ ὄρνις σκωληκοφάγος. Sundevall, op.c., p. 111; 
identifies muppovAas with the Robin, the Bullfinch being a seed-eater, 
and confined to the mountainous parts of Northern Greece: but 


Heldreich quotes the same word as the name for the Bullfinch in 
Mod. Gk. 


ΠΩΎ (ΓΊΞ’ ποιὸς ὄρνις, Hesych. Cf. πτύγξ. 

ῬΑΦΟΙ:" ὄρνεις τινές, Hesych. (Verb. dub.) 

“ῬΙΙΝΟΊΚΕΡΩΣ: ποιὸς ὄρνις ἐν Αἰθιοπίᾳ, Hesych. Probably the Hornbill. 

ΡΟΒΙΛΛΟΣ' βασιλίσκος ὄρνις, Hesych. (Possibly for ῥέγιλλος, 1,. 
regulus.). Vide 5. ν. βασιλεύς, &c. 


‘PYNAA’KH. Supposed to be akin to Pers. 35, (Rund) nomen avis, 
quae frequenter in oryzetis invenitur (J. Albertus in Hesych., &c.). 
An Indian bird, of the size of a pigeon, Ctes. Pers. 61; also Hesych. 
In Plut. Vit. Artax. 19, p. 1020, ῥυντάκης. 
“‘PQAIO’S = ἐρωδιός, q.v. Hippon. p. 63; also Hesych. 


ΣΑΛΠΙΓΞ. Also σαλπιγκτής, 5. σαλπιστής. 
A synonym of ὄρχιλος (4.ν.), Hesych. Cf. Dind. Thes. vii. c. 45 Β. 


ΠΥΓΑΡΓΟΣ---ΣΕΛΕΥΚΙΣ 152 


ZAPI'N’ ὀρνέου εἶδος, ὅμοιον ψάρῳ, Hesych. Also σαρκῶν, σπερμολόγος, 
Hesych. 
In both cases it has been suggested to read captov, guasz ψαρίον. 


XEIPH’N’ ὀρνιθάριόν τι ποιόν, Hesych. Possibly, like the ‘ Sirens,’ con- 
nected with the Heb. szv, to sing. 
Cf. Hesych. s.v. σειρῆνες" of μὲν ἔξω γυναῖκάς φασι μελῳδούσας, ὁ δὲ 
᾿Ακύλας στρουθοκάμηλον. 
ΣΕΙΣΟΠΥΓΙΣ, σείσουρα. Literally Wagtail, Ao/acilla. Identified with 
κίγκλος, Hesych.: and apparently with wy, Schol. in Theophr. ii. 
17. Cf. also Suid. ivyé, τὸ ὄρνεον, τὸ λεγόμενον σεισοπυγίς. In 
Mod. Gk., συυσουράδα is the Wagtail. Vide s.v. κίγκλος. 
ΣΕΙΣΟΦΕΛΟΣ᾽ τὸ τῶν τροχίλων εἶδος, Hesych. 
Perhaps for σεισολόφος (J. Albertus in Hesych.), or σεισο κέφαλος, 
δι σεισόκεβλος, Meineke, Philol. xii. 621. 


ΣΕΛΕΥΚΙΣ, s. σελευκίας. The Rose-coloured Pastor, Pas/or roseus, 

Temm. 

Dion. De Avib. i. 22 πολυβορώτατον ὄρνεον ἡ σελευκίς, Kal μετὰ πλείστης 
εὐχῆς ἀφικνούμενον τοῖς ἀγροίκοις, ἢν τοὺς καρποὺς ἀκρίδων ἔδηται πλῆθος. 
ὅτι τὰς μὲν φαγοῦσαι, τὰς δὲ καὶ ἀπὸ μόνης τῆς σκιᾶς ἀπαιροῦσαι, ἐκκρίνουσιν 
ἃς ἂν καταφάγωσι ῥᾳδίως αὐτίκα, καὶ πορθουμένοις ἀνδράσι ξενικὴν ἄν τις 
εἴποι συμμαχίαν ἐληλυθέναι. ἀλλ᾽ εἰ τῆς χάριτός τις τοὺς ὄρνεις ἀποστε- 
ρήσειε, διαφθείρουσιν αὗται τὸν σωθέντα καρπόν. 

Zosimi Hist. i. 57. 6 (Schneid. Ecl. Phys. i. 51) ἐν Σελευκίᾳ τῇ κατὰ 
Κιλικίαν ᾿Απόλλωνος ἱερὸν ἵδρυτο καλουμένου Σαρπηδονίου, καὶ ἐν τούτῳ 
χρηστήριον. Τὰ μὲν οὖν περὶ τοῦ θεοῦ τούτου λεγόμενα, καὶ ὡς ἅπασι τοῖς 
ὑπὸ λύμης ἀκρίδων ἐνοχλουμένοις σελευκιάδας παραδιδοὺς (ὄρνεα δὲ ταῦτα 
ἐνδιαιτώμενα τοῖς περὶ τὸ ἱερὸν τόποις) συκεξέπεμπε τοῖς αἰτοῦσι, αἱ δὲ 
ταῖς ἀκρίσι συμπεριπτάμεναι καὶ τοῖς στόμασι ταύτας δεχόμεναι παραχρῆμα 
πληθός τε ἄπειρον ἐν ἀκαριαίῳ διέφθειρον, καὶ τῆς ἐκ τούτων βλάβης τοὺς 
ἀνθρώπους ἀπήλλαττον, ταῦτα μὲν τῇ τηνικαῦτα τῶν ἀνθρώπων εὐδαιμονίᾳ 
παρίημι, τοῦ καθ᾽ ἡμᾶς γένους ἀποσεισαμένου θείαν εὐεργεσίαν. Cf. Photius, 
Cod. ccxxili. p. 681 (teste Bernhardy, ed. Suid.). 

Plin. x. (27) 39 Seleucides aves vocantur quarum adventum ab Iove 
precibus impetrant Casii montis incolae, fruges eorum locustis vastan- 
tibus. Nec unde veniant, quove abeant, compertum, nunquam con- 
spectis nisi cum praesidio indigetur. 

Cf. Ael. xvii. 19; Galen, De Loc. Affect. vi. 3; Hesych., &c. 

The bird, under the name Samarmog or Samarmar is in hke manner 
reverenced to this day by the Arabs ; cf. Niebuhr, Beschreib. v. Arabiens, 
p-174. In Mod. Gk. it is called ἁγιοποῦλι on its Spring migration, 
when it destroys the grasshoppers, and διαβολοποῦλι in Autumn, when 
it devours the grapes (Heldr.). 


154 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


ZEMI/PAMIZ: περιστερὰ ὄρειος, Ἑλληνιστί, Hesych. Cf. Diodor. ii. 6. 
Vide s. ν. περιστερά. 


ZE’PKOE: ἀλεκτρυών, καὶ ἀλεκτορίδες σέλκες, Hesych. Baethgen, De vi 
et signif. Galli, Diss. Inaug., Gotting. 1887, p. 10, collates βέλκος, 
a word inscribed together with the image of a Cock on a Cretan 
vase (Roulez, Choix de vases de Leide, p. 40, nr. 13), and this in 
turn with TeAxavos, 5. FeAxavos, ὁ Ζεὺς παρὰ Κρησίν, Hesych., inscribed 
also on a coin of Phaestus (Bull. Inst. Arch., 1841, p. 174); further 
he suggests a kindred reference to the ὄρνις Περσικός, in the corrupt 
Hesychian gloss, SeAxpot* Πέρσαι. A coin of Phaestus figured in 
the Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins (Crete, p. 63, pl. xv. 10), bears the same 
inscription and shows the god seated holding a Cock on his knee. 


ZE’PTHE: yépavos, Πολλυρρήνιοι, Hesych. 
ZIAAENAPI’S: ποιὸς ὄρνις παρὰ Καλλιμάχῳ, Hesych. 
Schn. in Arist. H. A. viii. 3 (vol. ii. p. 596) suspects this bird to be 
identical with the corrupt καλίδρις, s. σκανδρίς, s. σκαλίδρις, of 


Arist., and suggests σκαλυδρίς as an emendation for both. Cf. 
also σιαλίς, 


ZIAAI’Z. A bird so-called from its cry. Didymus ap. Athen. ix. 
392f. Also Hesych. 


ΣΙΝΎΤΗΣ. Vide s. Vv. μακεσίκρανος. 
ΣΙΣΙΛΑΡΟΣ᾽ πέρδιξ, Περγαῖοι, Hesych. 


ΣΙΤΑΡΙΣ. An unknown bird. σίττη" ἡ νῦν οἶμαι λεγομένη σιταρίς, Suid.: 
cf. Zonar. 1645, Lob. Proll. p. 30. 


ZITTA’KH, Philostorg. H. E. iii. 11. σιττακός, ΑΕ]. xvi. 15, Arrian. 
Ind. i. 8, ἄς. Vide s.v. ψιττακός. 


LI TTAZ = σιττακός. σίττας, ὄρνις ποιός" ἔνιοι δὲ τὸν ψιττακὸν λέγουσιν, 
Hesych. 

ZI'TTH. (Some MSS. have σίππη in Arist. H. A. ix. 1.) With σίππη 
cf. ἴππη, q.v. Also ἵπτα' ὁ δρυοκόλαψ ἐθνικῶς, Hesych. We might 
conjecture a form wirrn, akin to O. H. G. speh, speht, specht, 
Lith. spakas, Sk. prka, &c. 

A bird with fabulous attributes, allied to the Woodpecker; ὄρνις 
ποιός, of δὲ δρυοκολάπτης, Hesych. Usually identified with the 
Nuthatch, Sv//a europaea or S. syrtaca, which latter very similar 
species is commoner in Greece (Von der Miihle, Lindermayer) ; 


ΣΕΜΙΡΑΜΙΣ ---Σ ΚῶΨ 155 


LITTH (continued). 


Mod. Gk. σκαλοθάρης, σφυρικτής, and τσοπανοποῦλι, i.e. the little 
shepherd (Heldr.). 

Arist. H. A. ix. 1, 609 Ὁ ἀετῷ πολέμιον" καταγνύει yap τὰ Wa τοῦ ἀετοῦ: 
ibid. 17, 616 b μάχιμος, τὴν δὲ διάνοιαν εὔθικτος καὶ εὐθήμων Kai εὐβίωτος, 
καὶ λέγεται φαρμάκεια εἶναι διὰ τὸ πολυίδρις εἶναι. πολύγονος δὲ καὶ εὔτεκνος, 
καὶ ζῇ ὑλοκοποῦσα. 

Callim. Fr. 173 (in Etym. M.) ὁ δ᾽ ἠλεὸς οὐδ᾽ ἐπὶ σίττην βλέψας. 

A good omen to lovers, Schol. in Ar. Av. 705 ; fr. ap. Suid. ἐγὼ μὲν 
ὦ Λευκίππη δεξιὰ σίττη. 

ΣΙΎΤΤΟΣ᾽ σίττον, οἱ μὲν γλαῦκα" ἢ κίσσαν" ἢ ἱέρακα, Hesych. 

[σίττη, σίττας and σίττος are all doubtful and corrupt words. They 
are probably akin to the equally corrupt and obscure πιπώ, which bird, 
like σίττη, is allied to the woodpeckers and hostile to the eagle. | 


ZKAAIAPIZ. (MSS. have καλίδρις, oxavdpis, oxadidpes. Schneider sug- 
gests oxadvdpis. Possibly identical with σιαλενδρίς, q.v.) 


An unknown bird; taken by Belon and later writers for a species 
of Sandpiper, e.g. Zo/anus calidris, auctt., the Redshank: but 
any one whom it pleases may interpret it as a Wagtail, whose 
gray plumage is enlivened with a ‘zockAta’ of yellow. 
Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593b τὸ οὐραῖον κινεῖ, ποικιλίαν ἔχει, τὸ δ᾽ ὅλον 

σποδοειδές (mentioned with σχοινίλος, κίγκλος, and miyapyos). 


ΣΚΙΛΛΟΣ᾽ ἰκτῖνος, Hesych. Cf. βάσκιλλος. 
ΣΚΙ'Ψ. Vide 8. ν. σπαράσιον. 


ZKOAONA=. Generally supposed, and by all the older commentators, 
to be identical with ἀσκαλώπας, the Woodeock. Mod. Gk. 
ἀσκαλόπακας, ὀρνιθοσκαλίδα (Coray), ξυλόκοττα (Heldr.), ξυλόρνιθα 
(Bik.), μπεκάτσα (ΞΞΞ ΕἾ. bécasse), With σ-κολ-όπαξ, cf. Gk. σ-κόλ-οψ, 
σκάλοψ, σπάλαξ: rt. of L. culler, &c. 

Arist. H. A. ix. 8,614 ἐπὶ δένδρου οὐ καθίζει, ἀλλ᾽ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς. Nemesian. 
Aucup. fr. 21 (in Wernsdorf’s Poet. Lat. Min.) praeda est facilis et 
amoena Scolopax. 

[σπάλαξ or σκάλοψ in Theophr. De Sign. Temp. p. 439, ed. Heinsii, 
is sometimes taken to apply not to the mole but to this bird: cf. 
J. G. Schneider, in Arist., vol. iv. p. 131.] 


rKQ’Y. Etym. doubtful. The derivation from σκέπτω is not more 
certain than the older one from σκώπτω (Athen. and <Aelian). 
The o may be a late prefix, from the false analogy with σκώπτειν. 
According to Alex. Myndius, ap. Athen. ix. 391 "Ὁ, Homer wrote 


156 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


ΣΚΩΨ (continued). 


κῶπας for σκῶπας, and Aristotle likewise: so also Speusippus; cf. 
Ael. xv. 28, and Cobet’s note [falso dixit hoc Alexander, Casaubon 
in Athen. ii. 358]. Doederlein, Hom. Gloss. ὃ 2359, finds the 
stem in κυβήναις (γλαυξί), Hesych., L. cucubare, &c.; in which case 
κικκάβη (q. v.), and Mod. Gk. κουκουβαΐα, would seem to be cog- 
nate. Hesych. has also σκόπεςς. ‘The name resembles the cry 
of the bird, and is in part at least onomatopoeic: cf. It. jacopo. 
In Switzerland it is called Todtenvogel, and cries Tod, Tod, Tod, 
Hopf. Orakelthiere, p. 102. 

The Little Horned Owl or Scops Owl, Lphzaltes scops, L. Mod. 
Gk. κλῶσσος, χιῶνι (Erh.). 


Od. v. 66 σκῶπές τ᾽ ἴρηκές τε τανὑγλωσσοί Te κορῶναι | εἰνάλιαι. 

Theocr. Id. i. 134 κὴἠξ ὀρέων τοὶ σκῶπες ἀηδόσι γαρύσαιντο. 

Arist. H. A. vill. 3, 592b ἐλάττων γλαυκός. Two varieties; H. A. 
ix. 28, 617 Ὁ σκῶπες δ᾽ of μὲν ἀεὶ πᾶσαν ὥραν εἰσί, καὶ καλοῦνται ἀεισκῶπες, 
καὶ οὐκ ἐσθίονται διὰ τὸ ἄβρωτοι εἶναι" ἕτεροι δὲ γίνονται ἐνίοτε τοῦ φθινοπώ- 
ρου, φαίνονται δ᾽ ἐφ᾽ ἡμέραν μίαν ἢ δύο τὸ πλεῖστον, καὶ εἰσὶν ἐδώδιμοι καὶ 
σφόδρα εὐδοκιμοῦσιν" καὶ διαφέρουσι τῶν ἀεισκώπων καλουμένων οὗτοι ἄλλῳ 
μὲν ὡς εἰπεῖν οὐδενί, τῷ δὲ πάχει" καὶ οὗτοι μέν εἰσιν ἄφωνοι, ἐκεῖνοι δὲ 
φθέγγονται. περὶ δὲ γενέσεως αὐτῶν ἥτις ἐστίν, οὐθὲν ὦπται, πλὴν ὅτι 
τοῖς ζεφυρίοις φαίνονται. Cf. Callimachus ap. Athen. ix. 391b; Ael. 
xv. 28 διαφέρουσι δὲ τῶν ἀεισκώπων τῷ πάχει, καί εἶσι παραπλήσιοι 
τρυγόνι καὶ φάττῃ (vide Jacobs, in loc.). 

Alex. Mynd. ap. Athen. ix. 391 Ὁ μικρότερος ἐστὶ γλαυκός, καὶ ἐπὶ 
povBdopavet τῷ χρώματι ὑπόλευκα στίγματα ἔχει" δύο τε ἀπὸ τῶν ὀφρύων 
παρ᾽ ἑκάτερον κρόταφον ἀναφέρει πτερά: cf. Ael. 1. ς. 

The account given of the size of the bird and the descriptions in 
Athenaeus and Aelian agree perfectly with the Scops Owl; this is 
a noisy bird, repeating its cry with monotonous persistence. But it 
appears to spend the summer only in S. Europe, migrating to Africa 
in winter. The passage in Aristotle is perhaps faulty in this con- 
nexion, Owing to misinterpretation of the name ἀείσκωψ as though 
from ἀεί. Sundevall supposes the other variety to be the Short-eared 
Owl, Strix brachyotus, a somewhat larger species, which appears 
merely to pass through Greece on its migrations: vide infra, s.v. ὠτός. 
The bird oxy was quite unknown to Pliny, x. (49) 70; as apparently 
also to Hesych., who has σκῶπες" εἶδος ὀρνέων, ot δὲ κολοιούς. 

According to Metrodorus ap. Athen. l.c. ἀντορχουμένους ἁλίσκεσθαι 
τοὺς okamas. Hence σκώψ and σκωπεύμα as the name of a dance, 
Ael. xv. 28, Athen. ix. 391 a, xiv. 629 f, where there is a confusion 
between oxo and σκόπος, ὑπόσκοπος : cf. γλαῦξ. See also O. Jahn, 
Vasenbilder, p. 24; Rochett, J. des savans, 1837, pp. 514-517. 


TKQY—SNIZA 157 


EZMA’PAIKON: στρουθίον, Hesych. Cf. σπαράσιον. 


EZMH’PINOOZ: ὄρνις ποιός, Hesych. 


ΣΟΥΊΣΦΑ, s. σοῖσφα. Indian birds which indicated to the mariner 
proximity to land, Cosmas, Indopl. ii. p. 182. Schneider, Lex. 


ZMAPA’SION: ὄρνεον ἐμφερὲς στρουθῷ. ἔνιοι oxi, Hesych. Cf. ap, 
σμάρδικον. &c. 


ΣΠΕΓΛΕΚΤΟΣ᾽ πελεκάν, Hesych. 
ΣΠΕΡΓΟΥΛΟΣ᾽ ὀρνιθάριον ἄγριον, Hesych. Vide s. v. στρουθός. 


ΣΠΕΡΓΥΣ: πρέσβυς, Hesych. This is apparently a bird-name allied 
to σπέργουλος ; the gloss πρέσβυς may be itself corrupt. Cf. Ahr. 
Dial. ii. p. r11, &c. See also s.v. πρέσβυς, σποργίλος. 


ΣΠΕΡΜΟΛΟΎΓΟΣ (also σπερμονόμος, Hesych.). 

Although commentators now take this word adjectivally (as it is in 
Athen. ix. 387 b) or generically, I have no doubt that it applies 
specifically to the Rook, Corvus frugilegus, L., in Ar. Av. 232 
σπερμολύγων τε γένη | ταχὺ πετόμενα, μαλθακὴν ἱέντα γῆρυν : also ibid. 
579; and accordingly also in Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 b. Cf. 
Hesych. σπερμολόγος" κολοιῶδες ζῷον ; see also Suid.: cf. also Late 
Lat. frugilega. It is so interpreted by older writers, e. g. Caius, 
De Rarior. Anim. Hist. Libellus, p. roo. In Mod. Gk. the Rook 
is said to be called yaBapau. See also s.v. ὀλαιτοί. 


ΣΠΙΊΓΓΟΣ᾽ σπίνος, Hesych. 


ΣΠΙΖΑ, ΣΠΙΖΉ. (MSS. have also πίζαι). Dim. σπιζίον, Hesych. 
applied to all small birds;: cf. ema ὄρνεα, Κύπριοι, Hesych. 
Perhaps from rt. gemg, to paint, connected with Germ. jin, 
πεῖ, &e. Cf. Eng. dunt-ing. 


The Chaffineh, /ringzlla coelebs, L. Mod. Gk. σπῖνος, and, on 

Parnassus, τῴόνι (Heldr.). 

Soph. fr. 382 κάτω κρέμανται σπίζ᾽ ὅπως ἐν ἔρκεσι. Timo ap. Diog. 
Laert. iv. 42 ἠύτε γλαῦκα πέρι σπίζαι. Arist. H. A. vill. 3, 592 b ὄρνις 
σκωληκοφάγος : ib. ix. 7, 613 Ὁ διάγουσι τοῦ μὲν θέρους ἐν τοῖς ἀλεεινοῖς, 
τοῦ δὲ χειμῶνος ἐν τοῖς ψυχροῖς. Compared in size with ἴυγξ, κύανος, 
σπικίτης, ὁροσπίζος; &c., ib. ii. 12, 504, viii. 3, 592b, ix. 21, 617. 
σπίζα᾽ ὀρνιθάριον, στρουθῷ ἐμφερές, Hesych. 

Evidently some very common bird, from its use as a standard of 
comparison. I follow Sundevall (in spite of Aubert and Wimmer’s 
scepticism) in identifying it with the Chaffinch, on the ground of 


158 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


ΣΠΙΖΑ (continued). 
tradition, and on the ground of the resemblance of the name to the 
various forms of the word σπῖνος; which is still the Mod. Gk. name of 
the bird: partly also because the other common birds which might be 
meant (Goldfinch, Greenfinch, and Linnet) are fairly well identified 
under other names. 


ΣΠΙΖΙΆΣ. (Cod. Med. στιγξία:). 


Mentioned (by name only) in Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 Ὁ, ix. 36, 
620. σπιζίας" ἱέρακος εἶδος, Hesych. Identified by tradition with 
the Sparrow-hawk, Accipiter nisus, L.; vide s.v. πέρκος. 


ΣΠΙΖΙΤΗΣ. The Great Tit or Ox-eye, Parus major, L. εἶδος αἰγιθα- 
λοῦ ὀρνέου, Hesych. 
Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 Ὁ. Vide 5. ν. αἰγίθαλος. 


ΣΠΙΝΟΣ. Also σπινός (Photius), σπίνα, σπίνη, σπίνθια, Hesych. Cf. 
also σπίγγος, σπύγγας, πίγγας, Hesych. Dim. σπινίδιον, Ar. fr. 
344: σπινίον, Eubul. Incert. 14. 

Probably identical with omtyyos, omifa, the Chaffinch; still so- 
called (Heldr.). 

Ar. Av. 1079 ὅτι συνείρων τοὺς σπίνους πωλεῖ καθ᾽ ἑπτὰ τοὐβολοῦ. Pax, 
1148, Fr. 443, Eubul. ap. Athen. ii. ὅς ς τίλλειν τε φάττας καὶ κίχλας 
ὁμοῦ | σπίνοις. 

Ael. iv. 60 σπίνοι δὲ ἄρα σοφώτεροι καὶ ἀνθρώπων τὸ μέλλον προεγνω- 
κέναι. ἴσασι γοῦν καὶ χειμῶνα μέλλοντα, καὶ χιόνα ἐσομένην προμηθέστατα 
ἐφυλάξαντο. καὶ τοῦ καταληφθῆναι δέει, ἀποδιδράσκουσιν ἐς τὰ ἀλσώδη χωρία, 
καὶ αὐτοῖς τὰ δάση κρησφύγετα ὡς ἂν εἴποις ἐστίν. Cf. Theophr. De Sign. 
vi. I, 3; Arat. 1024. 

Dion. De Avib. iii. 2, 4 ἅμα τοῖς ἄλλοις στρουθίοις τοῖς κατὰ τὸν βορρᾶν 
ἐπιδημοῦσι τοῦ ἔαρος ἰξῷ θηρῶνται, τοῖς καλάμοις ἐπικαθίσαντες, K.T.A.— 
θεαμάτων δ᾽ ἥδιστον στρουθοὺς ὁρᾷν ἰξῷ πεπεδημένους καὶ καταπίπτοντας (!). 


ΣΠΟΡΓΙΛΟΣ. In Ar. Av. 300, Σποργίλος probably means a Sparrow, 
and the usual reference to Sporgilos, a barber, if justified 
at all, makes the joke a double-barrelled one. The word is 
the same as omépyovdos or σπέργυς, and as Mod. Gk. σπουρ- 
γίτης, a Sparrow. πυργίτης, a word applied to a Sparrow by 
Galen, &c., is rendered in the dictionaries /urrz/zs, as if from 
πύργος: it is obviously σ-πυργίτης; in like manner πέργουλος, 
Hesych. = σ-πέργουλος ; and I have suggested above, somewhat 
less confidently, that πρέσβυς as a bird-name should perhaps read 
onepBus=oneépyus. ‘These words form a parallel series, with π 


ΣΠΙΖΑ---ΣΤΡΟΥΘΟΚΑΜΗΛΟΣ 159 


ΣΠΟΡΓΙΛΟΣ (continued). 


for τ, to στρουθύς, &c.; they have a near ally in Eng. Sparrow, 
and a still nearer in sfrug. 


ETAYNI=: ἱέραξ, Hesych. 
ETHONAZ: ὄρνις ποιός, Hesych. Perhaps a misreading for στρουθίας. 


ZTPI’=. Also στρίγξ, στλίξ. Cf. Hesych., στρίγλος, of δὲ νυκτικόρακα. 

Also στύξ, 6 σκώψ τὸ ὄρνεον. An Owl, Lat. sfrzx. 

Boios ap. Anton. Lib. c. 21. Cf. Hygin. Fab. 28. Theognost. in 
Anecd. Oxon. li. 41, 132. 

A charm to scare them, otpiyy ἀπόπεμπον, νυκτιβύαν, τὰν στρίγγ᾽ ἀπὸ 
λαοῦ | ὄρνιν ἀνώνυμον ὠκυπόρους ἐπὶ νῆας ἔλαυνε, Anon. fr. Bergk. 26, ap. 
Festus, p. 314. Cf. Plin. xi. (39) 95 quae sit avium constare non arbitror; 
Isidor. xii. 7, &c. 


ZTPOYOOKA’MHAOX, s. στρουθός. 
στρουθὸς κατάγαιος (Herod.), στρ. ὁ μέγας 5. ἡ μεγάλη (Ar., Xen., els), 


c 


στρ. ὁ ἐν Λιβύῃ ΟΥ ὁ Λιβυκός (Arist.), στρ. 6 τῶν ἀπτήνων͵ (Paus.), 
στρ. ὁ χερσαῖος (Ael.), orp. 6 ᾿Αράβιος (Ath., Heraclid.), στρ. χαμαι- 
πετής (Lucian), στρουθοκάμηλος (Diod. Sic., Strabo, Pliny), also 
simply στρουθός (Ar. Ach. 1106, Theophr. Hist. Pl.), στρ. 
μαυρούσιος (Herodian), orp. ὁ ἄγριος (Hesych.). 

The Ostrich, S¢ruthio Camelus, L. 


Herod. iv. 175 ἐς τὸν πόλεμον στρουθῶν καταγαίων δορὰς φορέουσι 
προβλήματα [οἱ Maka (to the south of the Persian Gulf)]: ibid. 192 
κατὰ τοὺς Nopadas (i.e. in the country of the Bedaween) εἰσὶ orpovdoi 
κατάγαιοι. 

Xen. Anab. i. 5, 2 στρουθοὶ αἱ μεγάλαι, met with in ‘ Arabia,’ near the 
Euphrates. στρουθὸν δὲ οὐδεὶς ἔλαβεν" οἱ δὲ διώξαντες τῶν ἱππέων ταχὺ 
ἐπαύοντο᾽ πολὺ γὰρ ἀπεσπᾶτο φεύγουσα, τοῖς μὲν ποσὶ δρόμῳ, ταῖς δὲ 
πτέρυξιν ἄρασα, ὥσπερ ἱστίῳ χρωμένη (cf. Ael. il. 27, ἵν. 37, vill. 10) εἰ δὲ 
ἁλίσκεσθαι μέλλοι, τοὺς παραπίπτοντας λίθους εἰς τοὐπίσω σφενδονᾷ τοῖς 
ποσίν : cf. Phile, De An. iv. 144: Claudian in Eutrop. ii. 

Ar. Av. 875 καὶ στρουθῷ μεγάλῃ, μητρὶ θεῶν καὶ ἀνθρώπων. 

Ar. Ach. (1106) 1118 καλόν γε καὶ λευκὸν τὸ τῆς στρουθοῦ πτερόν. 

Arist. De Part. ἵν. 14,697 τὰ μὲν γὰρ ὄρνιθος ἔχει, τὰ δὲ ζῴου τετράποδος. 
ὡς μὲν γὰρ οὐκ ὧν τετράπους πτερὰ ἔχει, ὡς δ᾽ οὐκ ὧν ὄρνις οὔτε πέτεται 
μετεωριζόμενος, καὶ τὰ πτερὰ οὐ χρήσιμα πρὸς πτῆσιν ἀλλὰ τριχώδη. ἔτι δὲ 
ὡς μὲν τετράπους ὧν βλεφαρίδας ἔχει τὰς ἄνωθεν (ibid. il. 14, 658) καὶ ψιλός 
ἐστι τὰ περὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν καὶ τὰ ἄνω τοῦ αὐχένος, ὥστε τριχωδεστέρας ἔχειν 
τὰς βλεφαρίδας, ὡς δ᾽ ὄρνις ὧν τὰ κάτωθεν ἐπτέρωται, καὶ δίπους μέν ἐστιν 
ὡς ὄρνις, δίχαλος δὲ (ibid. iv. 12, 695) ὡς τετράπους ; οὐ γὰρ δακτύλους 


160 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


ZTPOYOOKAMHAOE (continued). 
ἔχει ἀλλὰ χηλάς. τούτου δ᾽ αἴτιον ὅτι τὸ μέγεθος οὐκ ὄρνιθος ἔχει ἀλλὰ τετρά- 
ποδὸς : cf. Plin. x. 1, x. (22) 29, xi. (37) 47, &c. Arist. H. A. ix. 15, 616 b, 
lays more eggs than any other bird (the fact being that several lay 
in one nest), cf. De Gen. 111. 1,749b, and Ael. iv. 37. On the number 
of eggs (ὑπὲρ τὰ ὀγδοήκοντα 1), on the construction of the nest, and on 
its maternal affection, v. Ael. xiv. 7, Phile, 1. ς. 

Heraclides ap. Athen. iv. 145 d στρουθοὶ οἱ ᾽Δράβιοι, at the banquets 
of the Persian King; and of the ‘Indian’ King (στρ. οἱ χερσαῖοι), 
Ael. xiv. 13; also of Heliogabalus, Ael. Lampridius, De Heliog. 28. 

On the capture of the Ostrich see also Diod. Sic. ii. 50, Ael. xiv. 
7, Opp. De Ven. iii. 487. The interesting account in Strabo, xvi. 4, 11, 
doubtless refers to the Ostrich. 

How the Ostrich swallows stones, which are a medicine for the eyes, 
and how its fat and sinews are a useful tonic, ΔΕ]. xiv. 7, Phile, lc. The 
price of Ostrich-fat, Plin. xxix. 30. 

Pausan. ix. 31, I τὴν δὲ ᾿Αρσινόην (a statue in Helicon) στρουθὸς φέρει 
χαλκῆ τῶν ἀπτήνων᾽ πτερὰ μέν γε καὶ αὗται κατὰ ταὐτὰ ταῖς ἄλλαις φύουσιν, 
ὑπὸ δὲ βάρους καὶ διὰ μέγεθος οὐχ οἷά τέ ἐστιν ἀνέχειν σφᾶς ἐς τὸν ἀέρα 
τὰ πτερά. Cf. the ales eguos of Cat. Ixvi. 54, and Ellis’s note thereon ; 
cf. also Flav. Vop. Firm. c. 6 sedentem ingentibus struthionibus vectum 
esse ut quasi volitasset. 

Opp. De Ven. iii. 482 et seq. μέγα θαῦμα, μετὰ στρουθοῖο κάμηλον... 
Ths ἤτοι μέγεθος μὲν ὑπέρβιον, ὅσσον ὕπερθε | νώτοις εὐρυτάτοισι φέρειν 
νεοθηλέα κοῦρον" οὐδὲ μὲν ὀρνίθεσσιν ὁμοίϊος ἀμβαδὸν εὐνή, [ Βάκτριον οἷα 
δὲ φῦλον ἔχουσιν ἀπόστροφα λέκτρα, &c. 

Ostriches ἐν τῇ μὴ ὑομένῃ τῆς Λιβύης, Theophr. Hist. Pl. iv. 3, 5. 

Callim. Rhod. ap. Athen. v. 200 στρουθῶν συνωρίδες ὀκτώ, 1. 6. eight 
yoke of ostriches (drawing chariots?) in a procession of Ptolemy 
Philadelphus at Alexandria. Cf. Plautus, Pers. ii. 2,17 Vola curriculo. 
Isthuc marinus passer per circum solet. Ostriches harnessed to the 
coach of the Emperor Firmus, Flav. Vopisc. Firm. c. 6. 

Ostrich plumes mentioned, ibid. iv. 4, 5, ix. 12, 5. 

How the eggs are eaten by the Garamantes (in the Libyan Desert), 
Lucian, Dipsad. 235, but are of inferior quality, Galen, De Ovis, xxii. 

How the Ostrich hides its head in the sand, Oppian, Halieut. iv. 
630 τοῖα δὲ καὶ Λιβύης mrepdev βοτὸν ἀγκυλόδειρον | νήπια τεχνάζει, κιτ.λ. 
Cheb x. ie 

The name στρουθοκάμηλος is modern, cf. Galen, De Alim. iii. 20 
τὸ δὲ τῶν στρουθοκαμήλων [ὄνομα Kal τοῖς παλαιοῖς] ἀηθές. ὀνομάζουσι 
γὰρ αὐτὰς μεγάλας στρουθούς : cf. ibid. De Prob. Succ. Alim. vi. 

ΣΤΡΟΥΘΟΣ, ὁ and 7. Also στροῦς, Hesych. Dimin. στρουθίον, Arist., 

Anax., 3. 164, Ephipp. 3. 326; στρουθάριον Eubul. 3. 268 (14); 

στρουθίας, Com. Anon. 4.647 (172); στρουθίς, Eust. Opusc. 312, 


ZTPOYOOKAMHAOZ—2XTPOYOOX 161 


ΣΤΡΟΥΘΟΣ (continzed). 

cf. Alexid. 3. 449, and Meineke’s note; στρουθίσκος, Theod. 

Prodr. Cf. σποργίλος, σπέργουλος, Goth. spar-va, O. H. G. spar-o, 

Eng. sprug, sparrow, &c. 

A Sparrow, Passer domesticus, L., in Greece, as here, the com- 
monest of birds (Von der Miihle, &c.): in Elis, called also δείρης, 
q.v. Mod. Gk. σπουργίτης (Erhard); on Parnassus τρυποφράκτης 
(Heldreich) ; and in Cyprus στροῦθος (Sakellarios). 

Very often used generically, like Lat. passer, Heb. Way, of any 
small birds (cf. Phavorinus, &c., στρουθία δ᾽ οὐδετέρως πάντα τὰ μικρὰ 
τῶν ὀρνίθων) ; sometimes of larger birds, 6. g. στρουθὸς κατοικάς, 
Nic. Alex. 60. 535; transferred to the Ostrich (vide 5. v. στρουθο- 
κάμηλος) ; applied to the Stymphalian birds, Epigr. Gr. 1802. 5. 
Early and Poetic References.—The story of the serpent and the 

brood of sparrows, Il. ii. 308-332: this is an instance where the name 

is used vaguely and not specifically (as is "py in Deut. xxii. 6); the 

Homeric account of the nest is reflected in Ael. iv. 38, and the state- 

ment as to the number of eggs reappears in Arist. fr. 1527, ap. Athen. 

ix. 391 f. 

Venus’ team of sparrows, Sappho fr. 1. 9 κάλοι δὲ σ᾽ ἄγον | dkees 
στρουθοὶ περὶ yas μελαίνας | πύκνα δινεῦντες πτέρ᾽ ἀπ᾽ ὠράνω aibép|os διὰ 
μέσσω. On the connexion between this image and the lascivious pro- 
pensities of the sparrow, cf. Athen. l.c. 

The story of Aristodicus and the sparrows’ nests in the temple, Herod. 
i; 159. 

Not mentioned in Attic Tragedy, save for Aesch. Ag. 145 κατάμομφά 
τε φάσματα στρουθῶν, on which line see the textual commentators. 
Frequent in Aristophanes: Vesp. 207, Lys. 723, Ach. 1106, &c. 

Description.—Arist. H. A. villi. 3, 592 Ὁ ὄρνις σκωληκοφάγος. Ib. ii. 
15, 505 Ὁ πρὸς rots ἐντέροις τὴν χύλην ἔχει. Ibid. 17, 509 οὐκ ἔχει οὔτε τὸν 
στόμαχον οὔτε τὸν πρόλοβον εὐρύν, ἀλλὰ τὴν κοιλίαν μακράν. ἀποφυάδας 
ἔχει" ἀλλὰ μικρὰ πάμπαν. Ib. ix. 49 B, 633 Ὁ καὶ κονίονται καὶ λοῦνται. Ibid. 
7, 613 λέγουσι δέ τινες καὶ τῶν στρουθίων ἐνιαυτὸν μόνον ζῆν τοὺς ἄρρενας, 
ποιούμενοι σημεῖον ὅτι τοῦ ἔαρος οὐ φαίνονται ἔχοντες εὐθὺς τὰ περὶ τὸν 
πώγωνα μέλανα, ὕστερον δ᾽ ἴσχουσιν, ὡς οὐδενὸς σωζομένου τῶν προτέρων" 
τὰς δὲ θηλείας μακροβιωτέρας εἶναι τῶν στρουθίων" ταύτας γὰρ ἁλίσκεσθαι ἐν 
τοῖς νέοις, καὶ διαδήλας εἶναι τῷ ἔχειν τὰ περὶ τὰ χείλη σκληρά. Arist. fr. 
273. 1527 (ap. Athen. 392 a) μεταβάλλει. On albino varieties, cf. H. A. 
1| 12: πιὸ; De Gen. v. 6. 185 b: 

Alex. Mynd. ap. Athen. ix. 391 Ὁ δύο γένη εἶναι τῶν στρουθῶν, τὸ μὲν 
ἥμερον, τὸ δ᾽ ἄγριον" τὰς δὲ θηλείας αὐτῶν ἀσθενεστέρας τὰ τ᾽ ἄλλα εἶναι, καὶ 
τὸ ῥύγχος κερατοειδὲς μᾶλλον τὴν χρύαν, τὸ δὲ πρόσωπον οὔτε λίαν λευκὸν 
ἐχούσας οὔτε μέλαν. 

Μ 


162 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


ZTPOYOOS (continued). 


Reproduction.—Arist. H. A. v. 2, 539 b ὀξέως συγγίνεται : De Gen. iv. 
6,774b τίκτουσιν ἀτελῆ καὶ τυφλά πολυτοκοῦσιν, cf. fr. 273. 1527 (ap. 
Athen. 391 b) τίκτει μέχρι deta. Athen. ix. 391 e ὀχευτικοί εἰσιν. Hence 
used as an aphrodisiac, Terpsicles, ap. Athen. l.c. The erotic symbolism 
of the sparrow is alluded to by Festus, s.v. s¢ratheum. 

Whatever Lesbia’s ‘sparrow’ may have been, I am pretty sure in 
my own mind, face Professor Robinson Ellis, that it was not Passer 
domesticus, the most intractable and least amiable of cage-birds 
(experto crede; cf. also Bechstein’s ‘Cage-birds’; on the point at 
issue, see De Quincey, Selections, viii. p. 82). As to στρουθίον, or 
passer, used (non-specifically) of a cage-bird, cf. Job xl. 24 παίξῃ de 
ἐν αὐτῷ ὥσπερ ὀρνέῳ; ἢ δήσεις αὐτὸν ὥσπερ στρουθίον παιδίῳ"; cf. also 
Boch. Hieroz. ii. 152. 

A Weather-prophet.—Theophr. Sign. vi. 3 στρουθὸς σπίζων ἕωθεν χειμέ- 
pov [σημαίνει] στρουθὸς ἐὰν λευκὸς χειμῶνα μέγαν σημαίνει : Cf. ibid. ς. 2. 


ΣΤΥΜΦΑΛΙ΄ΔΕΣ, 5. Στυμφηλίδες ὄρνιθες. Fabulous and mystical birds. 


They were met with by the Argonauts at the Island of Dia; they 
shot forth their feathers like arrows, and were put to flight by the 
beating of spears on shields, ex more Curetum, Apoll. Rhod. 11. 1054 
and Schol., Ὁ. Smyrn. vi. 227, Hygin. Fab. xx, Claud. Idyll. ii. They 
were shot by Hercules in his fifth labour, 7 zwsula Martis, Hygin. 
Fab. xxx, or at Lake Stymphalus, Paus. viii. 22, 4; or terrified by 
him with a brazen drum, Strab. viii. 371, 389: cf. Pisand. ap. Paus. 
l.c., ἄς. They inhabited Arabia, and had migrated thence; they 
were as large as cranes, and resembled the Ibis, but had stronger 
beaks; they pierced through iron and brass. but were held by reed- 
mats, ἐσθῆτες PAdivat, as small birds by bird-lime, Paus.1l.c. Repre- 
sented, three in number, on the metopes of the temple of Zeus at 
Olympia (now in the Louvre) Paus. v. 10, 9; cf. Expéd. de la Morée, 
i. pl. 77, &c., ἅς. Also, together with female figures having birds’ legs, 
on the temple of Artemis Stymphalia at Lake Stymphalus, Paus. 1. c. 
Also on medals, cf. Méd..du Card. Alban. ii. p. 70, &c.; on an amphora 
in the Brit. Mus., J. de Witte, Gaz. Archéolog. 1876, pl. ili; on coins, as 
crested water-birds (B.C. 431-370), B. M. Cat. Coins, Peloponnese, p. 199. 

According to Dupuis (Orig. de tous les cultes, 11. p. 260, 8vo, an 
111), the Stymphalian birds are the constellations of Aquila, Cygnus 
and Vultur or Lyra, which rise together with, that is to say are 
paranatellons of, the sign Sagittarius (cf. Hygin., Columella, &c.). 
Starting from the Lion (with which the labours of Hercules began) 
the sign of the Archer is the fifth in order: it was moreover the 
domicile of Diana, to whom belonged the temple at Stymphalus. 
A similar explanation possibly underlies the story of the Birds of 
Diomede. 


ZTPOYOOE—EXOINIAOE 163 


ΣΤΥΞ. A bird-name, mentioned, in connexion with a fabled meta- 
morphosis, by Boios ap. Anton. Lib. c. xxi. Vide s.v. στρίξ. 


ZYKAAI’S (MSS. have also καλίς, συκαλλίς, σικαλίς). On the form 
συκαλλίς, cf, Athen. li. 65 c. 


Probably the Black-eap Warbler, Sy/vda africapilla, auctt. Lat. 
ficedula. Vide 5. v. μελαγκόρυφος ; cf. also κουτίδες. 


Epich. fr. 49 Ahr. ap. Athen. il. 65 c ἀγλααὶ συκαλλίδες. 

Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 Ὁ ὄρνις okwAnxopayos. Ib. ix. 49 B, 632b 
οὗτοι (συκαλίδες καὶ μελαγκόρυφοι) μεταβάλλουσιν eis ἀλλήλους" γίνεται 
δ᾽ ἡ μὲν συκαλὶς περὶ τὴν ὀπώραν, ὁ δὲ μελαγκόρυφος εὐθέως μετὰ τὸ 
φθινόπωρον. Cf. Plin. x. (29) 44, Geopon. xv. I, 22, Festus. 

Alex. Mynd. ap. Athen. ii. 65 b ἅτερος τῶν αἰγιθάλων ὑφ᾽ ὧν μὲν ἔλαιον 
καλεῖται, ὑπὸ δέ τινων πυρρίας" συκαλὶς δ᾽, ὅταν ἀκμάζῃ τὰ σῦκα. Athen. 
ibid. δύο δ᾽ εἶναι γένη αὐτοῦ, συκαλίδα καὶ μελαγκόρυφον. ἁλίσκονται δ᾽ 
αὖται τῷ τῶν σύκων καιρῷ: Mentioned also, ΑΕ]. xiii. 25. 

Aubert and Wimmer suppose the Marsh Tit, Parus palustris, L., 
P. atricapillus, Gmel., to be meant. Sundevall supposes a confusion 
between that bird (μελαγκόρυφος) and the Black-headed or Pied 
Flycatcher, Muscicafa atricapilla, L., (συκαλίς), as accounting for 
the imaginary metamorphosis. But the Black-headed Flycatcher is 
probably chosen incorrectly, and should be the Black-cap Warbler or 
true Beccafico, Sylvia atricapilla. It is the latter and not the former 
bird which comes down into the plains in autumn and is caught in 
multitudes on the fig-trees (Kriper, p. 241, &c.). The former is 
a comparatively scarce bird in Greece (Kriiper, Lindermayer). Coray, 
on the other hand, identifies συκαλίς with the Golden Oriole, in Mod. 
Gk. cuxopayos. The Golden Oriole is also known now-a-days as 
κιτρινοποῦλι and σοχλαῖος, the latter of which names might possibly be 
a corruption of συκαλίς. 


ΣΥΡΙΣΤΗΊΣ᾽ γέρανος ἄρρην, Hesych. 


ZYPONME’PAI=. A variety or species of Partridge. 

Ael. xvi. 7 συροπέρδιξ γίνεται περὶ τὴν ᾿Αντιόχειαν τὴν Πισιδίας, Kat 
σιτεῖται καὶ λίθους" μικρότερος δέ ἐστι τοῦ πέρδικος καὶ μέλας τὴν χρόαν, 
πυρρὸς δὲ τὸ ῥάμφος. οὐχ ἡμεροῦται δὲ κατὰ τὸν ἄλλον, οὐδὲ γίνεται 
τιθασός, ἀλλ᾽ ἄγριος ἐς τὸ ἀεὶ διαμένει. ἔστι δὲ οὐ μέγας, βρωθῆναί τε 
ἡδίων τοῦ ἑτέρου, καὶ τὴν σάρκα πως δοκεῖ πυκνότερος. Cf. Phile, De Anim. 
330. The species cannot be certainly identified from this account. 


ΣΧΟΙΝΙΛΟΣ. (Also σχοινίκλος, σχοινῖλος, ὅς. Hesych. σχοίνικος.) (From 
σχοῖνος, 1UNCUS.) 
Probably a Wagtail, AZofacilla sp. 
Arist. H. A. villi. 3, 593 b: mentioned with κίγκλος and miyapyos 
M 2 


164 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


XXOINIAOL (continued ). 
as a small bird, smaller than a thrush, which moves its tail and 
frequents rivers and ponds. 

The identification hangs by that of κίγκλος and miyapyos,q.v. Of the 
three bird-names, not one is to be identified with any certainty; I am 
somewhat inclined to interpret mvyapyos, the largest of the three, as 
a Sandpiper, and to suppose the other two to be both Wagtails; at any 
rate, σχοινίλος, in its derivation, rather suggests a Wagtail than a Sand- 
piper. The same bird appears elsewhere under such names as κίλλουρος, 
σείσουρα, σεισοπυγίς ; vide also s.v. σκαλίδρις. The identification with the 
Reed Bunting, Emderiza schoeniclus, adopted by Turner, Gaza, &c., &c., 
is based purely on the derivation of the word, and is contradicted 
by the fact that the Reed Bunting does not flick its tail as the 
others do. 


ΣΧΟΙΝΙΏΝ. An unknown bird; perhaps, as Gaza and others take 
it, identical with σχοινίλος. 
Arist. H. A. ix. 1, 610 σχοινίων καὶ κόρυδος φίλοι. 


ΣΩ͂ΔΕΣ, at. An unknown small bird, caught with bird-lime: Dion. 
De Avib. iii. 2. 


TATH’N, TAFHNA’PION. Apparently names for ἀτταγάς (q.v.), Suid. 
raynvape is given by Tournefort (Voy. ii. p. 111), as Mod. Gk. 
for the Francolin. 


TANYZI’NTEPOX. A species of Hawk, sacred to Hera, Ἀεὶ. xii. 4. 
TATY’PAX. Vide s. v. τέταρος. 


TAQ’S, s. tads. According to Trypho, ap. Athen. ix. 397 e, in Attic, 
e.g. Ar. Av. 101, 269, τας, i.e. rafés. The word is referred, 
with Hebr. /ukk-zyém, Arab. /dwus, Pers. tds, to Tamil fégaz, 
Sk. ¢zkhi (v. Edl., &c.). Cf. Lat. pavo, A. 5. pawa, Ger. pfau, &c. 
On the change of Semitic ¢ into 2. see Hehn, Wanderings of 
Plants, &c., pp. 208, 266. 

The Peacock. Mod. Gk. παγώνι (Heldr.), 1. 6. παξώνι; also 6 παών 
and τὸ παῶνιν, Πουλολόγος ap. Wagner’s Carm. Gr. Med. Aevi. 
History and Mythology.—Menodot. ap. Athen. xiv. 655 ἃ οἱ raot 

ἱεροί εἰσι τῆς Ἥρας. καὶ μή ποτε πρώτιστοι καὶ ἐγένοντο Kal ἐτράφησαν ἐν 

Σάμῳ, καὶ ἐντεῦθεν εἰς τοὺς ἔξω τόπους διεδόθησαν. Cf. Antiphanes, ibid., 

ἡ δ᾽ ἐν Σάμῳ | Ἥρα τὸ χρυσοῦν, φασίν, ὀρνίθων γένος [ἔχει], | τοὺς καλλιμόρ- 

gous καὶ περιβλέπτους ταῶς. The Peacock on coins of Samos, Athen. 

l.c., cf. Eckhel, Doctr. Numm. ii. p. 568; Imhoof-Blumer and Keller, 

pl. v. 49. Samos was, according to this evidence, the original home of 

the Peacock in Greece. The bird was sacred to Hera (as also at 


——. 


no such 


ZXOINIAOZ—TAQE 165 


TAQE (continued). 


Tiryns, Paus. ii. 17, 6) as Queen of Heaven (cf. Eur. Hel. 1096) from 
its starry tail (Hehn): cf. Ovid, Met. xv. 385 Iunonis volucrem, quae 
cauda sidera portat; ibid. i. 723; Juv. vii. 32; Stat. Silv. ii. 4, 26; 
Claudian, Eutrop. ii. 330. Cf. also Joh. Lydus, De Menss. p. 66 καὶ 
ταῶνα τὴν ὄρνιθα τοῖς ἱεροῖς τῆς Ἥρας of φυσικοὶ διδόασιν, οἱονεὶ τὸν 
ἀστερωπὸν ἀέρα, ἤτοι οὐρανόν. Cf. also Lucian, De Domo, xi. p. 908; 
Hemsterh. ad Nigr. i. p. 247. The Peacock is associated with Hera 
on coins also of Cos, Halicarnassus, &c. Ona Roman zodiac (Millin, 
Galér. Mythol. pl. xxix. fig. 86) a Peacock comes after Capricorn, 
coinciding with the Athenian month Gamelion, the month (Hesych.) of 
Hera; cf. Boetticher, Philologus xxii. p. 399, 1865, ΡΥ], Der Zwdlf- 
gétterkreis im Louvre, Greifswald, 1857, ἅς. [The association of Hera 
with the month Gamelion (Jan.—Feb.) is due to the fact that this was 
the month of the sign Aquarius; and the connexion in turn between 
Hera and Aquarius is connected with the fact that the Full Moon 
stood in that sign when the Sun was in Leo, in the month of Zeus, at 
the season of the Olympic festival. ] 

The story of Argus, Mosch. Id. 11. 58, Ovid, Met. i. 720, Dion. De 
Avib. i. 28 φρουρὸς οὗτος [ὁ ταὼς] ἦν τῆς “lots, ἡνίκα Ἥρα κατ᾽ αὐτῆς 
ἐχαλέπαινεν᾽ “Epps δ᾽ ἀνεῖλεν αὐτόν, καὶ τελευτήσαντος, ἀνῆκεν ὄρνιν ἡ γῆ 
τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν ἔχοντα τὰ σημεῖα τῶν πρόσθεν. Hence a Scholiast in 
Ar. Ay. 102 suggests (sed hyeme gallica frigidior est haec coniectura, 
Bochart) Taas ὁ Typevs* παρὰ τὸ τηρεῖν τὴν “To. 

On Peacocks in Athens, in the time of the Persian Wars, Antiphon 
ap. Athen. ix. 397¢ τούτους τρέφειν Δῆμον τὸν Πυριλάμπους καὶ πολλοὺς 
παραγίνεσθαι κατὰ πόθον τῆς τῶν ὀρνίθων θέας ἔκ τε Λακεδαίμονος καὶ 
Θετταλίας καὶ σπουδὴν ποιεῖσθαι τῶν Gov μεταλαβεῖν... ἀλλὰ τὰς μὲν 
νουμηνίας ὁ βουλόμενος εἰσῇει, τὰς δ᾽ ἄλλας ἡμέρας εἴ τις ἔλθοι βουλόμενος 
θεάσασθαι, οὐκ ἔστιν ὅστις ἔτυχε. καὶ ταῦτα οὐκ ἐχθὲς οὐδὲ πρῴην, ἀλλ᾽ ἔτη 
πλέον ἢ τριάκοντά ἐστιν: cf. ΑΕ]. v. 21. Its rarity at the time is 
suggested in Ar. Av. 102, 270: but already a nickname in Ar. Ach. 
63; cf. Strattis, Maxed. 7, ap. Athen. 654 F πολλῶν φλυάρων καὶ ταῶν 
ἀντάξια. 

Its former rarity and subsequent abundance, Antiph. ap. Athen. ix. 
397 a τῶν ταῶν μὲν ὡς ἅπαξ τις ζεῦγος ἤγαγεν μόνον | σπάνιον ὃν τὸ χρῆμα 
πλείους δ᾽ εἰσὶ νῦν τῶν ὀρτύγων (at Rome), cf. Eubul. 3.259; for other 
citations, see Athen. xiv. 654e-655a; ἐτιμῶντο δὲ τὸν ἄρρενα καὶ τὸν 
θῆλυν δραχμῶν μυρίων, Antiph. ap. Ael. ν. 21; cf. also Plut. i. 160 d, 
Plin. x. (20) 22, Varro, R. R. 11. 6, Macrob. Sat. iii. 13, &c. 

On the probably independent introduction of Peacocks into Rome, 
cf. Hehn, op.c. 

The Peacock is an Indian bird, Aelian passim, Lucian, Navig., &c. ; 
and was bred for the ‘Indian’ King, Ael. xiii. 18 ἐν τοῖς παραδείσοις 


166 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


TAQE (continued). 


τρέφονται ταὼς ἥμεροι. It was likewise kept in Babylon, Diod. Sic. ii; 
and the passage in Ar. Ach. 63 may imply that the Persian ambassador 
was bringing a present of peacocks to the City. How Alexander 
protected the Indian Peacocks on account of their beauty, under pain 
of a heavy penalty, Ael. v.21. An Indian Peacock presented to the 
Egyptian King, Ael. xi. 33. The Indian Peacocks larger than elsewhere, 
ibid. xvi. 2. The Peacock throne at Babylon (as to this day, according 
to report, at Teheran), Philostr. 386k. 

The Peacock, like the Cock, was also called the Persian Bird. 
A Schol. on Ar. Av. 707 has τὰ πολυτελῆ πάντα, ois μόνος βασιλεὺς ἐχρῆτο, 
ἐκαλεῖτο Περσικά; καὶ viv οὐκ ἰδίως tis ὄρνις Περσικός. τινὲς δὲ τὸν 
ἀλεκτρυόνα, οἱ δὲ τὸν tad. Cf. Suidas, Μηδικὸς ὄρνις, 6 ταώς. Ταὼς 
εὐπήληξ, ὁ Μηδικὸς καὶ χρυσόπτερος καὶ ἀλαζονικὸς ὄρνις : cf. Philostr. 
loc. cit. Vide 8. ν. Μηδικὸς ὄρνις. 


The Peacock as food, Ael. iii. 42; first so used by Hortensius, ibid. 
Veet, Plin. x. (20) 25: cf. (Hor. Sat. 11... 2: 28; Juv.tSabr in aaseaiese. 
Varro, De R. R. iii. 6, Columella, viii. 11, and innumerable other Lat. 
references, 


Description.—Arist. H. A. vi. 9, 564 ὁ δὲ ταὼς ζῇ μὲν περὶ πέντε καὶ 
εἴκοσιν ἔτη (cf. Plin. x. (20) 22), γεννᾷ δὲ τριέτης μάλιστα, ἐν οἷς καὶ τὴν 
ποικιλίαν τῶν πτερῶν ἀπολαμβάνει" ἐκλέπει δ᾽ ἐν τριάκονθ᾽ ἡμέραις ἢ μικρῷ 
πλείοσιν. ἅπαξ δὲ τοῦ ἔτους μόνον τίκτει, τίκτει δ᾽ φὰ δώδεκα ἢ μικρῷ ἐλάττω. 
τίκτει δὲ διαλείπων δύο ἢ τρεῖς ἡμέρας καὶ οὐκ ἐφεξῆς (cf. Ael. v. 32, Plin. x. 
(59) 79, Colum. viii. 11, Pallad. i. 28, &c.). αἱ δὲ πρωτοτόκοι μάλιστα 
περὶ ὀκτὼ wd. τίκτουσι δ᾽ of ταὼ καὶ ὑπηνέμια. ὀχεύονται δὲ περὶ TO ἔαρ" 
γίνεται δὲ καὶ ὁ τόκος εὐθέως μετὰ τὴν ὀχείαν. πτερορρυεῖ δὲ ἅμα τοῖς 
πρώτοις τῶν δένδρων καὶ ἄρχεται αὖθις ἀπολαμβάνειν τὴν πτέρωσιν ἅμα τῇ 
τούτων βλαστήσει. ἀλεκτορίδι δ᾽ ὑποτιθέασιν αὐτῶν τὰ @a ἐπῳάζειν οἱ 
τρέφοντες διὰ τὸ τὸν ἄρρενα τῆς θηλείας τοῦτο δρώσης ἐπιπετόμενον συντρί- 
Bew: cf. Arist. fr. 274. 1527 b, ap. Athen. ix. 397 b. 

Its plumage and its ‘pride,’ Mosch. Id. 11. 59 ὄρνις ἀγαλλόμενος 
πτερύγων πολυανθέϊ χροιῇ (cf. ΑΕ]. lc. ἔοικεν ἀνθηρῷ λειμῶνι) | ταρσὰ δ᾽ 
ἀναπλώσας, ὡσεί τέ τις ὠκύαλος νηῦς, | χρυσείου ταλάροιο περίσκεπε χείλεα 
τάρσοις. ΑΕ]. ν. 21 ὁ ταὼς οἶδεν ὀρνίθων ὡραιότατος ὦν, καὶ ἔνθά οἱ τὸ 
κάλλος κάθηται καὶ τοῦτο οἶδε, καὶ em αὐτῷ κομᾷ, καὶ σοβερός ἐστι, καὶ 
θαρρεῖ τοῖς πτεροῖς, ὡσπεροῦν αὐτῷ καὶ κόσμον παρατίθησι, καὶ πρὸς τοὺς 
ἔξωθεν φόβον ἀποστέλλει, κιτιλ. Ach. Tat. 1 ὁ δὲ τοῦ ταῶ λειμὼν εὐανθέ- 
στερος" πεφύτευται γὰρ αὐτῷ καὶ χρυσὸς ἐν τοῖς πτεροῖς, κύκλῳ δὲ τὸ ἁλουργὲς 
τὸν χρυσὸν περιθέει τὸν ἴσον κύκλον. Arist. Η. A. 1.1, 488 Ὁ ὄρνις φθονερὸς 
καὶ φιλόκαλος. Lucian. Dom. 11 (3. 196) ἐπιστρέφει γοῦν ἑαυτόν, καὶ 
περιάγει καὶ ἐμπομπεύει τῷ κάλλει. Dion. De Avib. i. 28 τὸ κάλλος δὲ ὁ 
ταῶς τὸ οἰκεῖον τεθαύμακε, καὶ εἰ καλόν τις αὐτὸν ὀνομάσειεν, εὐθὺς τῶν 


a 7 , a a 
πτερῶν Ta ἄνθη μεμιγμένα χρυσῷ, ὥσπερ τινὰ λειμῶνα, δείκνυσιν ἀναστήσας, 


ΒΎΨΥΨΝΝΗΝΝ 


TAQE—TETAPOE 167 


TAQE (continued). 

περιάγων εἰς κύκλον αὐτὰ διατεταγμένοις ὄμμασιν᾽ τὰ δὴ κατὰ τῆς οὐρᾶς 
λάμπουσιν ὥσπερ ἀστέρες αὐτῷ, κιτιλ. Chrysipp. ap. Plut. ii. 1044 C ὁ ταὼς 
ἕνεκα τῆς ὥρας γέγονε, διὰ τὸ κάλλος αὐτῆς. Cf. Opp. Cyneg. iil. 344 ὅσσον 
ἐν ἠερίοισι ταὼς καλὸς οἰωνοῖσι. Plin. x. (20) 22 Gemmantes laudatus 
expandit colores adverso maxime sole, quia sic fulgentius radiant: ... 
omnesque in acervum contrahit pennarum, quos spectari gaudet oculos. 
Colum. R. R. ix. 11 Semetipsum, veluti mirantem, caudae gemmantibus 
pennis protegit, idque cum facit, rotare dicitur. Ovid, Art. Amor. i. 627 
Laudatas ostendit aves Iunonia pennas ; Si tacitus spectes, illa recondit 
opes: cf. id. De Medic. Fac. 33, Met. xiii. 802. Cf. also Hor. Sat. ii. 2, 
24, Lucret. ii. 806, Stat. Silv. ii. 3, 26, Mart. xiii. 70, Propert. 11. 24, 11 ; 
Phaedr. iii. 57, &c., &c. It is, however, much ashamed of its ugly feet : 
Phile, 208 συστέλλεται δὲ καὶ κατασπᾷ τὸν τύφον | ὁρῶν δυσειδεῖς ἐκ ῥυτίδων 
τοὺς πόδας. 

Its harsh cry, Anaxilaus ap. Ath. xiv. 655 ἃ οἰμώζων ταώς : Eup. 2. 
437 (4) μήποτε θρέψω παρὰ Περσεφύνῃ τοιόνδε ταν, ὃς τοὺς εὕδοντας ἐγείρει. 

Various legends. 

Uses as a charm λίνου ῥίζαν, which it carries under its wing, Ael. xi. 18. 

How the peacock swallows its excrement, lest we should use it in 
medicine, Plin. xxix. 38. 

A peacock enamoured of a maid, Clearch. ap. Athen. xiii. €05c. 

Fable.—The Crane and the Peacock, Babr. Ixv, cxlii (ed. Rutherford) 
“Gd δ᾽ ὡς ἀλέκτωρ ταῖσδε ταῖς καταχρύσοις | χαμαὶ πτερύσσῃ," φησίν, “ οὐδ᾽ 
ἄνω φαίνῃ." Cf. Suid., 5. v. γέρανος. 


TEAE’AX. A bird-name (?). Ar. Av. 168 and Schol. 


TE’TAPOS. A Pheasant. A Median word, whence Pers. fedyrw, 
adopted into Old Scl. ¢efravz, tetria, &c.; also Lith. feferva, 
telerwas, tellera, whence Finn. /e/r?; adopted further into Sw. 
tiéder, Dan. ¢uir, and possibly incorporated (Hehn) into Eng. 
turkey. Cf. Hind. “#thrc, a Partridge or Francolin; Lat. ¢efrao, 
Gk. τέτραξ, τετράων. Cf. Pott, Etym. Forsch. i. p. Ixxx. 

Ptolem. Euerg. ap. Athen. xiv. 654 ο τά te τῶν φασιανῶν ods τετάρους 
(al. rerpdwvas) ὀνομάζουσιν. [ots] od μόνον ἐκ Μηδείας μετεπέμπετο, ἀλλὰ 
καὶ νομάδας ὄρνιθας ὑποβαλὼν ἐποίησε πλῆθος, ὥστε καὶ σιτεῖσθαι. τὸ δὲ 
βρῶμα πολυτελὲς ἀποφαίνουσιν : cf. ibid. ix. 387 6. 

Also τατύρας, Epaenetus, Artemid. and Pamph. ap. Athen. ix. 387 ἃ 
ὁ φασιανὸς ὄρνις τατύρας καλεῖται : cf. Hesych., who gives also τιτύρας, 
τίτυρος, cf. Theophr. Char. νἱ. 2. Hesych. has further rerdpyn’ φασγα- 
νῶν εἶδος, where word and gloss are alike corrupt ; 6]. τέταροι᾽ φασιανῶν 
εἶδος. ταύτασος and τεγγύρος, Hesych., are probably also akin. See 
also 5. vv. τέτραξ, τετράων. 


168 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


TETPA’AQN: ὄρνεόν τι, ᾿Αλκαῖος, Hesych. Cf. ibid. τετράδυσιν᾽ ἀηδόνα. 
See Schmidt 2 /oc., and Bergk, P. Lyr. Gr. iii. p. 192, fr. 154 
(116). 


TETPAVON: ὀρνιθάριόν τι, Λάκωνες, Hesych. Cf. τετράδων. 


TE’TPA=. A doubtful word, applied to the Guinea-fowl. 


Ar. Av. 885, Eust. 1205, 27. 

A discussion concerning the identity of this bird in Athen. ix. (c. 58). 
398, c-f. Alex. Mynd. ibid. τέτραξ τὸ μέγεθος ἴσος σπερμολόγῳ, τὸ χρῶμα 
κεραμεοῦς, ῥυπαραῖς στιγμαῖς καὶ μεγάλαις γραμμαῖς ποικίλος, καρποφάγος, 
ὅταν ῳφοτοκῇ δέ, τετράζει τῇ φωνῇ. [The disputants here seem to suppose 
that Alexander Myndius referred to some very little bird, τινὸς 
τῶν σμικροτάτων.] Epicharm., ibid. rérpayas σπερματολόγους τε κἀγλαὰς 
συκαλίδας. ... épwhtol . .. τέτραγές τε [καὶ] σπερματολόγοι. Athen. l.c. 
ἅμα δὲ ταῦτα λέγοντος αὐτοῦ, εἰσῆλθέ τις φέρων ἐν τῷ ταλάρῳ τὸν τέτρακα. 
ἦν δὲ τὸ μὲν μέγεθος ὑπὲρ ἀλεκτρυόνα τὸν μέγιστον, τὸ δὲ εἶδος πορφυρίωνι 
παραπλήσιος" καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν Tov ἑκατέρωθεν εἶχε κρεμάμενα ὥσπερ οἱ ἀλεκ- 
τρυύνες τὰ κάλλαια᾽ βαρεῖα δ᾽ ἢν ἡ φωνή. θαυμασάντων οὖν ἡμῶν τὸ εὐανθὲς 
τοῦ ὕρνιθος μετ᾽ οὐ πολὺ καὶ ἐσκευασμένος παρηνέχθη, καὶ τὰ κρέα αὐτοῦ 
ἦν παραπλήσια [rois τῆς μεγάλης] στρουθοῦ, ἣν καὶ αὐτὴν πολλάκις κατε- 
δαισάμεθα. 

According to Larensius (ap. Athen. 1.c.), he had seen the bird and 
heard the name in Mysia and Paeonia: he probably alluded to some 
one of the Grouse family; cf. ¢e¢vaon in Plin. x. (22) 29. The bird 
brought into the banquet was evidently a Guinea-fowl, the descrip- 
tion given of the colour, wattles, &c. being characteristic. The account 
in Alex. Mynd. is not capable of identification: it also may possibly 
refer to the Guinea-fowl, which is not mentioned under the name 
μελεαγρίς by this author. Sundevall supposes that Alex. Mynd. alluded 
to some small bird, perhaps the Whinchat, Prat:ncola rudbetra, L., 
and that the same was identical with τέτριξ and οὐράξ, J. G. Schneider 
(Anmerk. z.d. Ecl. Phys. p. 45) conjectures the Little Bustard, Οἷς 
tetrax, L., on whose cry at breeding-time, cf. Buffon, iv. p. 55. 

The name occurs also in Nemesian, i. 128, Anthol. Lat. 883 (ed. 
Riese), in a passage, however, which adds nothing definite to our 
knowledge: Tetracem Romae quem nunc vocitare taracem Coeperunt, 
avium est multo stultissima; namque Cum pedicas necti sibi contem- 
plaverit adstans, Immemor ipse sui tamen in dispendia currit... 
Hic prope Pentinum radicibus Apennini Nidificat, patulis quae se 
sol obiicit agris, Persimilis cineri dorsum, maculosaque terga Inficiunt 
pullae cacabantis imagine notae. 


TE’TPAX. <A bird-name, Schol. in Ar, Av. 168. Probably = τέτραξ. 


TETPAAQN—TPHPQN 169 


TETPA'QN, for térapos, Ptol. Euerg. ap. Athen. xiv. 654c: Hesych., 
ὄρνις ποιός. 

In Sueton. Calig. xxii tetraones numidicae were probably Guinea- 
fowl. In Plin. x. (22) 29 tetrao is the Black Grouse, Ζ Ζγαο fetrix: 
decet tetraonas suus nitor, absolutaque nigritia, in superciliis cocci 
rubor. The larger variety mentioned next is the Capercaillie, 7. uvo- 
gallus; alterum eorum genus vulturum magnitudinem excedit, quorum 
et colorem reddit ; nec ulla ales, excepto Struthiocamelo, maius corpore 
implens pondus, &c. 


TE’TPI=. An unidentified bird. 

Arist. H. A. vi. 1, 559 a ἡ δὲ τέτριξ ἣν καλοῦσιν ᾿Αθηναῖοι ovipaya, οὔτ᾽ 
ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς νεοττεύει οὔτ᾽ ἐπὶ τοῖς δένδρεσιν, ἀλλ᾽ ἐπὶ τοῖς χαμαιζήλοις 
φυτοῖς. A few lines before it is mentioned with the lark as nesting 
on the ground. 

Only these two conflicting references occur. Belon took τέτριξ for 
the Black Grouse, Camus and Buffon for the Capercaillie, neither of 
which occur in Attica. Sundevall identifies it with the Whinchat, 
vide s.v. τέτραξ. 


ΠῚ ΠΣ A small bird, Phot. (Cf. rerigw.) 


To’prox. A Vulture. 

Hesych. répyos* εἶδος γυπὸς αἱματορρόφου. ἔστι δὲ καὶ ὁ γὺψ mapa 
Σικελιώταις. Cf. ibid. Τόργιον᾽ ὄρος ἐν Σικελίᾳ, ὅπου νεοττεύουσιν οἱ γῦπες. 
ἀφ᾽ οὗ καὶ αὐτοὶ τόργοι. 

Callim. fr. 204. Frequent in Lycophron. Cass. 1080 τόργοισιν αἰώρημα 
φοινίοις δέμας : ib. 86 λεύσσω θέοντα γρυνὸν ἐπτερωμένον | τρήρωνος εἰς 
ἅρπαγμα, Πεφναίας κυνὸς | ἣν τόργος ὑγρόφοιτος ἐκλοχεύεται | κελυφάνου 
στρόβιλον ὠστρακωμένην᾽ ubi Schol. τόργος δὲ κυρίως 6 yi, νῦν δὲ τὸν 
κύκνον λέγει, ὃν μιμησάμενος ὁ Ζεὺς συνεμίγη τῇ Λήδῃ: ibid. 357 τῆμος 
βιαίως φάσσα πρὸς τόργου λέχος | γαμψαῖσιν ἅρπαις οἰνὰς ἑλκυσθήσομαι, 
where the Scholiast is in doubt whether to translate οἰνάς by ἄμπελος, or 
(as is of course correct) by περιστερά. 

The word tépyos comes to us through Alexandrine writers (late- 
brasque Lycophronis atri!). I take it (in spite of Hesychius) to be an 
Egyptian word, and to be connected with the root of ὄρχιλος (q. v.) and 
τρόχιλος ; see also 5. v. τριόρχης. The name Τόργιον, cited by Hesychius, 
is at least more likely to be derived from répyos, than the latter from it. 


TOY ΤΙΣ’ ὁ κόσσυφος, Hesych. Α very doubtful word. 
TPH’PQN. A Pigeon or Dove. 
On the possibility of τρήρων being a true pigeon-name, and 
not merely an epithet derived from τρέω, vide supra, s. v. 
πέλεια. 


170 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


TPHPQN (continued). 


Moero, ap. Athen. xi. 491 B of the doves that fed the Infant Jupiter 
in the Cretan cave, τὸν μὲν ἄρα τρήρωνες ὑπὸ ζαθέῳ τρέφον ἄντρῳ | 
ἀμβροσίην φορέουσαι ἀπ᾽ ὠκεανοῖο ῥοάων. 

Lyc. 87 (vide 5. ν. τόργος); ibid. 423 ὅτ᾽ εἰς νόθον τρήρωνος ηὐνάσθη 
λέχος. Opp. Cyn. i. 73 τρήρωνας ἕλον δονακῆες : ibid. i. 352 εὖτε γὰρ ἐς 
φιλότητα θοαὶ τρήρωνες ἴωσι | μιγνύμεναι στομάτεσσι βαρυφθύγγοις ἀλόχοισι: 
ibid. i. 385 εἴαρι καὶ τρήρωνες ἐπιθύουσι πελείαις. 

Hence πολυτρήρων, an epithet of Laconian Messe, and Boeotian 
Thisbe, 1]. 11. 502, 582; cf. Stat. Theb. vii. 261 Dionaeis avibus circum- 
sona Thisbe. There is a curious apparent coincidence between the 
association with doves of the town Thisbe, and the connexion of 
Thisbe in the story of Pyramus and Thisbe (Ovid, Met. iv) with 
Babylon, urbs Semiramidis: on the dove-myth of Semiramis, vide s. v. 
περιστερά. 


ΤΡΙΚΚΟΣ᾽ ὀρνιθάριον ὃ καὶ βασιλεὺς ὑπὸ ᾿Ηλείων, Hesych. Cf. δρίκκαι, 
δρικήαι, &c.; also possibly, τριχάς. 


TPIO’PXHz. MSS. have also τριορχίς ; τριόρχις in Ar. Av. 1206, 
Simon. Iambl. 8. πυρίορχις in Cram. An. Gr. Oxon. ii. 457. See 
also s. v. βελλούνης. 


A Buzzard (0), Bufeo vulgaris, auctt. Mod. Gk. BapBakiva. 


Ar. Av. 1181, 1206; also in Ar. Vesp. 1532, where the Buzzards are 
called the children of Poseidon. 

Arist. H. A. viil. 3, 592b ἔστι δὲ ὁ τριόρχης τὸ μέγεθος ὅσον ἰκτῖνος. 
καὶ φαίνεται οὗτος διὰ παντός. Ib. ix. 36, 620 κράτιστος τῶν ἱεράκων. 
Ibid. 1, 609 τριόρχης καὶ φρῦνος καὶ ὄφις πολέμιοι κατεσθίει γὰρ ὁ 
τριόρχης αὐτούς. Ael. ΧΙ]. 4; sacred to Artemis. Mentioned also, Lyc. 
147; Plin. x. (8) 9 Triorchem a numero testium. Buteonem hunc 
appellant Romani. 

Tradition interprets τριόρχης as the Buzzard, with which the descrip- 
tion given agrees save for the important epithet κράτιστος. Some writers, 
e.g. Thuanus, De Re Accip., 1612, pp. 22,100, repudiate the identification. 

The mediaeval anatomists, Aldrovandi, Gesner, &c., sought and 
found (!) the abnormality from which the bird apparently derives its 
name: but the derivation is probably quite false, and the word 
corrupted by Volksetymologie. Is it possible that its origin lies hid 
under the name τόργος, (4. v-) ? . 

According to Nicander, ap. Anton. Lib. c. xiv, Munychus was meta- 
morphosed into the bird τριόρχης, and his son Alcander into ὄρχιλος, 
other two sons becoming ἰχνεύμων and κύων, both of which are here 
spoken of as birds. There is, to my mind, an Egyptian look about 
the whole story. 


TPHPQN—TPOXIAOZ ΠΕ 


ΤΡΙΧΑΣ. The Song-Thrush, 7urdus musicus, L. Mod. Gk. τῴγλα. 

Arist. H. A. ix. 20, 617 κιχλῶν εἶδος" ὀξὺ φθέγγεται" τὸ δὲ μέγεθος ὅσον 
κόττυφος. Vide 5. ν. κίχλη. 

This word (ἅπαξ λεγόμενον) was translated by Gaza 22 αγίς (quasi a 
θρίξ), whence our modern name Zurdus pilaris, L., the Fieldfare. 
The word survives in Mod. Gk. as τσίχλα, τζίγλα, τζήχλα, and is pos- 
sibly the same as τρίκκος, q.v.; it is a parallel form to κίχλη, and is 
the same as our ¢hrush. [Cf. Lith. s-¢razd-as (Nessl. p. 506), Russ. 
drosa’, \cel. trast, L. turdus, &c.] 


TPOXI’AOX, s. τρόχιλος, a. (Most MSS. have τροχῖλος ; for other forms, 
v. Lob. Par. 115.) Derived, in my opinion, from the root of 
dpxtdos (q.v.), and not connected with τρέχω. 


The Wren, Zroglodytes europaeus, L. Mod. Gk. κολύμβρι, τρυπο- 
καρύδα (Erhard, Bikélas). 

Arist. H. A. ix. 11, 615 λόχμας Kal τρώγλας oikei’ δυσάλωτος δὲ καὶ 
δραπέτης καὶ τὸ ἦθος ἀσθενής, εὐβίοτος δὲ καὶ τεχνικός" καλεῖται δὲ καὶ 
πρέσβυς καὶ βασιλεύς (cf. Plin. viii. 37), διὸ καὶ τὸν ἀετὸν αὐτῷ φασὶ 
πολεμεῖν : cf, ibid. ix. 1,609b. Mentioned as δὴ oracular bird, Plut. 
11. 405 C ἀλλ᾽ ἡμεῖς ἐρωδιοῖς οἰόμεθα καὶ τροχίλοις καὶ κόραξι χρῆσθαι φθεγ- 
γομένοις σημαίνοντα τὸν θεόν. On superstitions connected with the Wren, 
‘The king of all birds,’ &c., Dyer, Brit. Pop. Customs, 1876, p. 497 ; 
id. Engl. Folk-lore, 1880, p. 67; Croker, Researches in 5. Ireland, 
ΤΥ 2, ἢ. 2325: Nand ©: (6), xi. Ραὶ 297, 1885, ὅτι.) éce- 


TPOXIAOS, B. 


The Egyptian Plover or Ziczac, Pluvianus aegyphius = Hyas 
aegyptiacus = Charadrius melanocephalus. Also called κλαδαρό- 
puyxos. This identification, due in the first instance to Geoffroy 
St. Hilaire, is generally accepted: a recent writer, however, 
states that the true ‘Crocodile-bird’ is a somewhat larger species, 
the spur-winged Plover, Hoplopierus spinosus (Ibis, 1893, p. 277): 
Herod. ii. 68 6 τροχίλος ἐσδύνων ἐς τὸ στόμα [τοῦ κροκοδείλου] καταπίνει 

τὰς βδέλλας" ὁ δὲ ὠφελεύμενος ἥδεται, καὶ οὐδὲν σίνεται τὸν τροχίλον. 

Arist. H. A. ix. 6, 612 τῶν κροκοδείλων χασκόντων οἱ τροχίλοι καθαίρουσιν 

εἰσπετόμενοι τοὺς ὀδόντας καὶ αὐτοὶ μὲν τρόφην λαμβάνουσιν, κ. τ. λ. CE. 

Arist. Mirab. 7, 831a; Ammian, xxii. 15, 19; Antig. Car. c. 33; Ael. 

iii, 11, Vili, 25, xii. 15; Plut. De Sol. Anim. ii. 980d; Phile, De An. 

Pr. 97 (82). Mentioned among τοὺς ὄρνιθας τοὺς παρευδιαστὰς καλου- 

μένους, Athen. x. 3326. In Dion. De Avib. ii. 3, the name is apparently 

applied to various sandpipers. Mentioned also Ar. Av. 79 (ἔστι δὲ καὶ 
ὄρνεον τροχίλος, καὶ λέγεται εἶναι δριμύ, Schol., Suid.), Ach. 876, Pax, 

1004, ἄς, 


172 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


TPOXIAOX (continued). 


Pliny confuses it with the foregoing: Parva avis quae trochilos ibi 
vocatur, rex avium in Italia, H. N. viii. (25) 37 

Cf. G. St. Hilaire, Descr. de ’ Egypte, (2) xxiv. p. 440, Mém. du Mus. 
xv. p. 466; Curzon, Monast. of the Levant, c. xii; Brehm, Thierleben, 
Vogel, ili. p. 216 (2nd edit.); Newton, Dict. of Birds, pp. 442, 733, &c. 


TPYTTAZ. In some MSS. and editions (Ald. Schn. &c.) for πύγαργος, 
ATist. ἘΠ Ἀπ Π| 5. π0 5 Ὁ. 


TPYFQ’N. Cf. Heb.1Wn, L. “ur-tur. On the derivation from τρύζειν, 
cf. Eust. Hom. Il. (xi. 311), p. 751, Od. pp. 229, 1951; Schol. ad 
Theocr. Id. vii. 140, &c.; cf. Isid. Orig. 12, 17 turtur de voce 
vocatur. I am inclined to think that τρυγών cannot be directly 
derived from τρύξειν, but that the verb was applied to the dove’s 
note from mere coincidence of sound: and further that the root 
of τρυγών is probably foreign, like that of oivds. See also s. v. 
τρήρων. 

A Turtle-dove, Columba turtur, L. Mod. Gk. τριγῶνι (Heldr.), τριγόνι 
(Von der M.), τρυγώνιον (Erh.), δεκοκτοῦρα, Bikélas (from the cry). 
Mentioned Ar. Av. 302, 979, &c. 


Description.—Arist. H. A. v. 13, 544 Ὁ τῶν περιστεροειδῶν ἐλαχίστη : 
cf. Athen. ix. 394A. Compared in size with κελεός, H. A. viii. 3, 593, 
and with χλωρεύς, ib. ix. 22,617. Arist. fr. 271, 1527, ap. Athen. l.c., 
τὸ χρῶμα teppov, cf. Eust. Hom. Od. p. 1712. Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593 

* Kapropaye καὶ ποηφαγεῖ" φαίνεται τοῦ τς χειμῶνος ἀφανίζεται" poe 
yap. Cf. ibid. 12, 597 b CERO δ᾽ ai τε danas καὶ ai tpuyoves, ὅταν 
τε παραγίνωνται καὶ πάλιν ὅταν ὥρα ἢ πρὸς τὴν aE aie See also 
ibid. 16, 599b φωλεῖ yap... καὶ τρυγών" καὶ ἥ ye τρυγὼν ὁμολογού- 
μενος μάλιστα πάντων. οὐθεὶς ἘΠῈ ὡς εἰπεῖν λέγεται τρυγόνα ἰδεῖν οὐδαμοῦ 
χειμῶνος. ἄρχεται δὲ τῆς φωλείας σφόδρα πίειρα οὖσα, καὶ πτερορρυεῖ μὲν 
ἐν τῇ φωλείᾳ, παχεῖα μέντοι διατελεῖ οὖσα. 

Cf. Plin. x. (24) 35 verius turtur occultatur, pennasque amittit. On 
its migration, see also Varro, De R. R. iii. 5, 7, &c. Arist. H. A. ix. 7, 
613 οὐκ ἀνακύπτουσι πινοῦσαι, ἐὰν μὴ ἱκανὸν πίωσιν (cf. Alex. Mynd. ap. 
Athen. ix. 2924 E, Plin. x. (34) 52); ζῶσι καὶ ὀκτὼ ἔτη (Plin. 1.c.), αἰ 
τετυφλωμέναι ὑπὸ τῶν παλευτρίας τρεφόντων αὐτάς : on their capture by 
decoys, see also Dion. De Avib. iii. 4, 16. 

The voice of the Turtle.—Theocr. Id. xv. 88 ὦ δύστανοι, ἀνάνυτα κωτίλ- 
λουσαι | τρυγόνες : cf. Virg. Ecl. i. 59. On the verb τρύζειν, vide supra; 
cf. also Pollux, v. 14 εἴποις δ᾽ ἂν τρυγόνας τρύζειν, περιστερὰς γογγύζειν : 
Suid. ἀσήμως φθέγγεται καὶ γογγυστικῶς : τρυγόζειν, A. Β. 1452. Hence, 
of a talker, τρυγόνος λαλίστερος, Menand. Πλοκ. 13, ap. Ael. xii. 10, in 
which passage a ‘double entendre’ is expatiated on by Aelian, Suidas, 


TPOXIAOZ—TPYIQN 173 


TPYTQN (continued). 


ee. see also Demetr. Sic., ap. ΔΕΙ͂. 1, c:, Arist. Hi. A. 1x. 49 Β. 6220, 
&c.; cf. also τρυλίζειν, of a quail, Poll. 5. 89. 

Reproduction, Nesting, &c.—Arist. H. A. vi. 1, 558 b διτοκεῖ (1. 6. lays 
two eggs). Ibid. 4, 562b τίκτουσι τρυγὼν καὶ φάττα ἐν τῷ ἔαρι, ov πλεο- 
νάκις ἢ δίς. τίκτει δὲ τὰ δεύτερα, ὅταν τὰ πρότερον γεννηθέντα διαφθαρῇ" 
πολλαὶ γὰρ διαφθείρουσιν αὐτὰ τῶν ὀρνίθων. τίκτει μὲν οὖν, ὥσπερ εἴρηται 
καὶ τρία ποτέ" ἀλλ᾽ ἐξάγεται οὐδέποτε δυοῖν πλείω νεοττοῖν, ἐνίοτε δ᾽ ἕν μόνον" 
τὸ δ᾽ ὑπολειπόμενον τῶν φῶν ἀεὶ οὔριόν ἐστιν (cf. Plin. x. 58 (79)), τὰς δὲ 
φάττας καὶ τὰς τρυγόνας ἔνιοί φασιν ὀχεύεσθαι καὶ γεννᾶν καὶ τρίμηνα ὄντα, 
σημεῖον ποιούμενοι τὴν πολυπλήθειαν αὐτῶν. ἔγκυα δὲ γίνεται δέκα καὶ τέττα- 
ρας ἡμέρας, καὶ ἐπῳάζει ἄλλας τοσαύτας" ἐν ἑτέραις δὲ δέκα καὶ τέτταρσι 
πτεροῦνται οὕτως ὥστε μὴ ῥᾳδίως καταλαμβάνεσθαι. Ib. ix. 7, 613 ἔχει 
δὲ τὸν ἄρρενα ἡ τρυγὼν τὸν αὐτὸν καὶ φάττα, καὶ ἄλλον οὐ προσίενται. 
(Concerning its chastity, see also Ael. iil. 44, x. 33, Dion. De Avib., 
Phile, De An. Pr. xxii, &c.) καὶ ἐπῳάζουσιν ἀμφότεροι καὶ ὁ ἄρρην καὶ 
ἡ θήλεια. διαγνῶναι δ᾽ ov ῥᾷάδιον τὴν θήλειαν καὶ τὸν ἄρρενα, ἀλλ᾽ ἢ τοῖς ἐντός. 
νεοττεύουσι δὲ καὶ ai φάβες καὶ ai τρυγόνες ἐν τοῖς αὐτοῖς τόποις ἀεί. 

The Cuckoo builds in its nest, Arist. De Mirab. 3, 830b. 

On White Turtle-doves, which are sacred not only to Aphrodite and 
to Demeter, but also to the Fates and the Furies, Ael. x. 33. 

How Turtle-doves were brought as tribute to the Indian king, 
Ael. xiii. 25. How the Turtle-dove is slain by χλωρεύς, Arist. H. A. ix. 
I, 609, Phile, De An. Pr. 690; is hostile to mupadXis, Arist. l.c., and to 
muppa, Ael. iv. 5, Phile, l.c. 685; to κόραξ and to κίρκος, Ael. vi. 45; is 
friendly to κόττυφος, Arist. H.A.ix. 1,610 (cf. Plin. x. (76) 96; to περιστερά, 
Ael. v. 48, and to the Parrot, Plin. x. (76) 96, cf. Ovid, Heroid. xv. 38 
et niger a viridi turtur amatur ave; id. Amor. ii. 6,12 tu tamen ante 
alias, turtur amice, dole. Plena fuit vobis omni concordia vita, &c. 
These last references probably allude to the practice of keeping Turtle- 
doves together with Parrots in aviaries. On Turtle-doves in captivity, 
see Varro, 111. 8, Columella vill. 9, Geopon. xiv. 24, &c. Mentioned as 
a delicacy, Juven. vi. 39, Martial. xiii. 53, &c. Is killed by pomegranate 
seed, Ael. vi. 46, Phile, 1. c. 657, and uses the fruit of the Iris as a charm, 
ΔΕ]. i. 35, Phile, l.c. 727. Possibly identical with the ¢vigon or trygon 
that is said to issue tail first from the egg, Hylas ap. Plin. x. (16) 18. 

They are captured by the aid of decoys, at their drinking-places, 
Dion. De Avib. iii. 12; or with bird-lime, ibid. 2. An incredible story 
of their being beguiled by dancing and music (sometimes referred 
to τρυγών = pastinaca) ΑΕ]. i. 39, Phile, De An. Pr. 22 (21), 464. 

Proverbs.—rpvydvos λαλίστερος, vide supra. τρυγόνα 5. κατὰ τρυγόνα 
ψάλλειν : Suid. 5. ν. τρυγόνος" καὶ παροιμία τρυγόνα ψάλλειν ἐπὶ τῶν φαύλως 
πραττόντων : ibid. s.v. πονηρά" πονηρὰ κατὰ τρυγόνα Ψάλλεις" ἐπὶ τῶν 
μοχθηρῶς καὶ ἐπιπόνως ζώντων, καὶ γὰρ ἡ τρυγὼν ἐπειδὰν πεινᾷ TUTE μάλιστα 


ψάλλει. Cf. also Hesych. 


174 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


TPQFAITHE. A small bird, probably identical with τρωγλοδύτης. 

Phile De An. Pr. 691 ἀετὸν δὲ τὸν μέγαν | αἰγυπιὸς δέδοικε" τὸν δέ, 

τρωγλίτης.ς Hdn. Epim. 136, 181; Eust. 228, 35. 
TPQFAOAY’THE. The Wren, Zroglodytes europaeus, L. 

Philagr. Med. ap. Aét. xi. 11 (cit. Schn. in Arist. vol. iv. p. 85) orpov- 
θίον ἐστὶ σμικρότατον σχεδὸν ἁπάντων τῶν ὀρνέων πλὴν τοῦ βασιλίσκου 
καλουμένου" παρέοικε δὲ τῷ βασιλίσκῳ κατὰ πολλά, ἄνευ τῶν χρυσιζόντων 
ἐν μετώπῳ πτερῶν" εὐμεγεθέστερον δ᾽ ἐστὶ μικρῷ ὁ τρωγλοδύτης τοῦ βασιλίσ- 
κου καὶ μελάντερος, καὶ τὴν οὐρὰν ἐγηγερμένην ἔχει ἀεί, λευκῷ κατεστιγμένην 
ὔὕπισθεν χρώματι. Λαλίστερος δ᾽ ἐστὶν οὗτος τοῦ βασιλίσκου, καί τις ὅτε 
ψαρώτερος ἐν ἄκρᾳ περιγραφῇ τῆς πτέρυγος. βραχείας δὲ τὰς πτερύσεις 
ποιεῖται, καὶ δύναμιν ἔχει φυσικὴν ἀξίαν θαυμασμοῦ. ἄφθονον οἶμαι τὸ γένος 
αὐτῶν πανταχοῦ κατὰ τὸν χειμῶνα φαινόμενον. 

ΤΥΊΓΓΑ" ὀρνιθάριόν τι, Hesych. 
7 ἴῦγγα cj. Bourdelot, ad Heliod. p. 57, sed sine causa fortasse 

(M. Schmidt, ad Hesych.). 


TY’AAX, for ἴλλας, 4. ν. A kind of Thrush, Alex. Mynd. ap. Athen. 
li. 65 a. 

TY’NANOX. An unknown bird. 

Arist. H. A. ix. 1, 609 ἀποκτείνει ἡ κορώνη τὸν καλούμενον τύπανον. The 
fact that the Crow is also said to be hostile to ὄρχιλος and to πρέσβυς, 
gives some ground for supposing that τύπανος is here a misreading for 
Tupavvos. 

TY’PANNOZ. The Gold-crested Wren, Regulus cristatus and igni- 
capillus. (Both species occur in Greece, Von der Miihle, p. 68, 
Lindermayer, p. 96.) Cf. Gk. Βασιλίσκος, Lat. regulus, Fr. 
roitelet, Germ. Zaunkénig, &c. 

Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 Ὁ τὸ μέγεθος μικρῷ μείζων ἀκρίδος, ἔστι δὲ φοινι- 
κοῦν λόφον ἔχων, καὶ ἄλλως εὔχαρι τὸ ὀρνίθιον καὶ εὔρυθμον. 

TYTQ” ἡ γλαῦξ, Hesych. 

Cf. Plaut. Menaechm. iv. 2, 90 Vim afferri noctuam, quae fu/u 
usque dicat tibi? Cf. O. Keller, Lat. Etym., 1893, p. 111. 
ὙΒΡΙΣ, s. ὕβρις. Probably the Hagle-Owl, S/rzx dubo; cf. βρύας (for 

Buas), of which word ὑβρίς is perhaps a corrupt form. 

Arist. H. A. ix. 12, 615 Ὁ ἡ δ᾽ ὑβρίς, φασὶ δέ τινες εἶναι τὸν αὐτὸν τοῦτον 
ὄρνιθα τῷ πτυγγί, οὗτος ἡμέρας μὲν οὐ φαίνεται διὰ τὸ μὴ βλέπειν ὀξύ, τὰς 
δὲ νύκτας θηρεύει ὥσπερ οἱ ἀετοί [cj. Sundevall, οἱ ὠτοί], καὶ μάχονται δὲ 
πρὸς τὸν ἀετὸν οὕτω σφόδρα ὥστ᾽ ἄμφω λαμβάνεσθαι πολλάκις ζῶντας ὑπὸ 
τῶν νομέων. τίκτει μὲν οὖν δύο wd, νεοττεύει δὲ καὶ οὗτος ἐν πέτραις καὶ 


σπηλαίοις, Hesych. tBpis* ὄρνεον νυκτερινό;.. 


ΤΡΩΓΛΙΤΗΣ---ΦΑΒΟΤΥΠΟΣ 175 


ὙΠΑΙΈΤΟΣ (male yuraieros); also ὑψιαίετος, (Boios ap. Anton. Lib.). 
An obscure name for an Eagle or Vulture. 


Arist. H. A. ix. 32, 618 Ὁ περκνόπτερος" ὀρεϊπέλαργος καλεῖται καὶ 
ὑπαίετος. Boios ap. Anton. Lib. c. 20 καὶ ἐγένετο Κλεῖνις μὲν ὑψιαίετος" 
οὗτός ἐστι δεύτερος ὀρνίθων μετὰ τὸν αἰετόν, διαγνῶναι δ᾽ οὐ χαλεπόν" ὁ μὲν 
γάρ ἐστι νεβροφόνος ἐρεμνός, μέγας τε καὶ ἄλκιμος, ὁ δ᾽ ἀετὸς μελάντερος καὶ 
ἐλάσσων ἐκείνου. On this perplexing passage, see Schneider in Arist. l.c. 


*YNOAEAIQ’S. A Libyan bird-name, Ar. Av. 65. 


The word is commonly taken as a Comic derivative of ὑποδείδω 
(cf. Soph. Aj. 169). The five bird-names beginning with the syllable 
ὑπ- are all obscure, and what little is said about them is replete with 
signs of foreign influence. I am pretty certain that in none of these 
cases does ὑπο- mean swzd, and for my own part I suspect it to be 
a corruption of a foreign, and probably Egyptian, word or prefix. 


ὙΠΟΘΥΜΙΣ. An unknown bird. Ar. Av. 302. 


‘YNOAAT'S. (MSS. have also ὑπολωΐς, ὑπολλίς, ὑπολίς" ὑπολήϊίς, Hesych.) 
An indeterminate small bird. Perhaps the Wheatear, Saxzcola sp. 
The Cuckoo lays her eggs in its nest, which is on the ground, Arist. 
H. A. vili. 7, 564, ix. 29, 618, Antig. H. Mir. 100 (109), Theophr. De 
Caus. Pl. ii. 17, 9. Also in some editions for ἐπιλαΐς, H. A. vi. 3, 592 b. 
Sundevall suggests the Wheatear, which makes its nest under a stone, 
from a supposed connection with λᾶας : and the conjecture is supported 
to some extent by the circumstance that the Cuckoo is known some- 
times to use the Wheatear’s nest in Greece (Kriiper, p. 184); but the 
derivation is very doubtful. The Orphean Warbler is the bird in whose 
nest the Cuckoo in Greece usually lays its egg, and further the state- 
ments in Aristotle as to the birds in whose nest the Cuckoo lays are 
very untrustworthy. 


‘YNOTPIO’PXHE. A kind of Hawk. 


Arist. H. A. ix. 36, 620 of δὲ πλατύτεροι [Schn. and others read 
πλατύπτεροι] ἱέρακες ὑποτριόρχαι καλοῦνται. 

There is nothing by which to identify the name, which indeed seems 
to be to some extent generic. The name szdéduteo is traditionally 
applied to the Hobby, which if πλατύπτερος means broad-winged, is, as 
Sundevall remarks, excluded by the epithet. 


*ABOTY NOS, 5. φαβοκτόνος, Hesych. A kind of Hawk. Cf. φασσο- 
φόνος, q. Vv. 


Arist. H. A. vill. 3, 592 Ὁ 6 τε φαβοτύπος καὶ ὁ σπιζίας" διαφέρουσι 
δ᾽ οὗτοι τὸ μέγεθος πολὺ ἀλλήλων. 


176 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


@AAAKPOKO’PA=. <A bird, commonly identified, on the strength 
of its name (cf. dadapis), with the Coot; according to others, 

the Cormorant. See also 8. ν. κόραξ, B. 

Plin. x. (48) 68 Iam et in Gallia Hispaniaque capitur [attagen], et 
per Alpes etiam, ubi et phalacrocoraces, aves Balearium insularum 
peculiares. Cf. ib. xi. 47 quaedam animalium naturaliter calvent, 
sicut ... corvi aquatici, quibus apud Graecos nomen est inde. 


ΦΑΛΑΡΙΣ, s. badnpis. (MSS. have also φαραλίς.) 

(φάλος, the ‘ beak’ of a helmet; φάλαρος, a white spot or ‘blaze’; 
cf. Germ. Blesshuhn, from Bletz = blaze, Buttm. Lexil. 5. v. φάλος : 
the Engl. da/d-coof is analogous.) 

The Coot (?), Hudica atra, L. Mod. Gk. φαλαρίδα (Heldr.). 


Ar. Ach. 875, Av. 565 ἣν ᾿Αφροδίτῃ θύῃ, πυροὺς ὄρνιθι φαληρίδι θύειν 
(ubi Schol. ἡ δὲ φαληρὶς ὄρνεόν ἐστι λιμναῖον εὐπρεπές). Arist. H. A. 
Vill. 3, 503 Ὁ ὄρνις στεγανόπους, βαρύτερος" περὶ ποταμοὺς καὶ λίμνας ἐστίν. 
(Mentioned with κύκνος, νῆττα, κολυμβίς.) Id. fr. 273, 1527 Ὁ ἀλλάττεσθαι 
ὡς τῶν κοσσύφων καὶ φαληρίδων ἀπολευκαινομένων κατὰ καιρούς. 

Alex. Mynd. ap. Athen. ix. 395. 6 7) δὲ φαλαρὶς καὶ αὐτὴ στενὸν ἔχουσα 
τὸ ῥύγχος στρογγυλωτέρα τὴν ὄψιν οὖσα, ἔντεῴρος τὴν γαστέρα, μικρῷ 
μελαντέρα τὸ νῶτον. Cleom. ap. Athen. ix. 393c φαληρίδας ταριχηρὰς 
μυρίας. Its mode of capture, Dion. De Avib. iii. 232. Plin. x. (48) 57 
Phalerides in Seleucia Parthorum et in Asia, aquaticarum lauda- 
tissimae; Colum. vill. 15,1; Varro, R. R. iil. 11, 4. 

The identification rests mainly on the modern name, of which 
Sundevall and Aubert and Wimmer seem to have been unaware, and 
is supported by the derivation of the word. Sundevall suggests WZergus 
albellus, and Aubert and Wimmer also suppose a species of JZergus. 
Gesner, Camus, and other older commentators agree in the identifica- 
tion of Coot. At best the identification is doubtful, and the various 
references perhaps refer to more birds than one. The allusion in 
Athenaeus to ten thousand salted φαληρίδας is especially puzzling. The 
connexion with Aphrodite in Ar. Av. 565, where we might rather 
have expected some such word as περιστερᾷ, is not explained. 


ΦΑΣΙΑΝΟΣ, s. φασιανικός ; SC. ὄρνις. 


A Pheasant, Phastanus colchicus, L. Vide also s. v. térapos. 

Mnesim. ap. Athen. ix. 387b σπανιώτερον πάρεστιν ὀρνίθων γάλα] 
καὶ φασιανὸς ἀποτετιλμένος καλῶς. 

Ar. Av. 69; Nub. 109 (sometimes supposed to refer, in the latter 
passage, to a Phasian horse, cf. Suidas, Lob. Phryn. 460, but not so 
according to Athen. ix. 387 8). 

Agatharch. ap. Athen. ix. 387¢ περὶ tod Φάσιδος ποταμοῦ τὸν λόγον 
ποιούμενος γράφει καὶ ταῦτα᾽ “πλῆθος δ᾽ ὀρνίθων τῶν καλουμένων φασιανῶν 


——— -- 


#AAAKPOKOPA=E—AZ3A 177 


ΦΑΣΙΑΝΟΣ (continued). 

φοιτᾷ τροφῆς χάριν πρὸς τὰς ἐκβολὰς τῶν στομάτων : cf. Lucian, De 
Merc. Cond. 17, Navig. 23. Callix. Rhod. ap. Athen. 1. ς. (describing 
the procession of Ptolemy Philad. at Alexandria) εἶτα ἐφέροντο ἐν 
ἀγγείοις φασιανοί κιτιλ. Cf. Ptolem. ap. Athen. xiv. 654 ς (cf. ix. 387 6) 
τά τε τῶν φασιανῶν, ods τετάρους [s. τετράωνας] ὀνομάζουσιν, [ods] οὐ μόνον 
ἐκ Μηδείας μετεπέμπετο, ἀλλὰ καὶ νομάδας ὄρνιθας ὑποβαλὼν ἐποίησε 
πλῆθος, ὥστε καὶ σιτεῖσθαι' τὸ γὰρ βρῶμα πολυτελὲς ἀποφαίνουσιν. αὕτη 
ἡ τοῦ λαμπροτάτου βασιλέως φωνή, ὃς οὐδὲ φασιανικοῦ ὄρνιθός ποτε 
γεύσασθαι ὡμολόγησεν, ἀλλ᾽ ὥσπερ τι κειμήλιον ἀνακείμενον εἶχε τούσδε 
τοὺς ὄρνιθας. Arist. fr. 589, 1574a (Theophr. fr. 179), ap. Athen. 
lc. τῶν φασιανῶν οὐ κατὰ λόγον ἣ ὑπεροχὴ τῶν ἀρρένων, ἀλλὰ πολλῷ 
μείζων. Ulp.ap. Athen. l.c. εἰς τὴν ἀγορὰν πορευθεὶς ὠνήσομαι φασιανικόν, 
ὃν συγκατέδομαί σοι. Arist. Η. A. ix. 49 Β, 633 ὄρνις οὐ πτητικὸς ἀλλ᾽ 
ἐπίγειος, κονιστικός (cf. Arist. fr., and Theophr. fr. ap. Athen. ix. 387 b). 
H. A. v. 31, 557 ἐὰν μὴ κονιῶνται, διαφθείρονται ὑπὸ τῶν φθειρῶν. Ib. 
Vi. 2, 559 κατεστιγμένα τὰ Ga τῶν μελεαγρίδων καὶ φασιανῶν (this error 
is repeated by Buffon, Hist. Ois. iv. 78). 

On Pheasants reared by the Indian kings, Ael. xiii. 18. On the 
breeding and rearing of Pheasants, see Pallad. R. R. i. 29, Colum. 
viii. 8, 10. 

For Latin references to the Pheasant as a dainty, cf. Juv. xi. 139 
Scythicae volucres; Mart. xiii. 45,72, &c.; Stat. Silv. i. 6, 77, il. 4, 27; 
Manil. Astron. v. 376; Suet. Cal. 22; Lampr. Alex. Sev. 37 Iovis 
epulo et Saturnalibus et huiusmodi festis diebus phasianus ; Capitol. 
Pert. 12 phasianum nunquam privato convivio comedit aut alicui misit ; 
Amm. xvi. 5, 3 phasianum et vulvam et sumen exigi vetuit (Iulianus) 
et inferri, munificis militis vili et fortuito cibo contentus; Ambr. 
Hexaem. vi. 5 exquisitum illud et accuratum opipare convivium, 
in quo phasiani aut turturis species apponitur. 


@AXKA’S. Alex. Mynd. ap. Athen. ix. 395 Ὁ. Vide s.v. βασκάς. 
A’XXA, Att. φάττα. 


A Ringdove or Woodpigeon, Columba palumbus, L. Mod. Gk. 
daca: L. palumbus 5. palumbes. Identical with φάψ, g.v. Some- 
times applied also to the Domestic Pigeon, v. infra. Dim. 
φάττιον, Ar. Pl. 1011, Ephipp. 3, 334 (Mein.). An artificial 
masc. form φάττος in Luc. Soloec. 7. Used as an illustration 
of the interchange of oo and tr, Luc. Jud. Voc. 8. [On the 
interchange of o, 7, φάσσα, φάψ, φάβος, cf. J. Schmidt, Philol. 
Anz. Xxv. p. 139, 1881. | 

In Homer, only in the compound φασσοφόνος : otherwise, first 
in Aristophanes. 

N 


178 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


ΦΑΣΣΑ (continued). 

Description—Arist. H. A. v. 13, 544b μέγιστον [τῶν περιστεροειδῶν 
ἡ patra ἐστι: cf. fr. 271, 1527 (ap. Athen. ix. 394 a) ἀλέκτορος τὸ μέγεθος 
ἔχει, χρῶμα δὲ σπόδιον. Alex. Mynd. ap. Schol. Theocr. Id. v. 96 ἡ μὲν 
φάσσα ὑποκυάνεον ἔχει τὴν κεφαλὴν Kat μᾶλλόν γε ἐμπόρφυρον, τῶν δὲ 
ὀφθαλμῶν λευκῶν ὄντων τὸ ἐν αὐτοῖς μέλαν στρογγύλον ἔχει. Arist. Η. A. 
ix. 7, 613 διαγνῶναι δ᾽ οὐ ῥάδιον τὴν θήλειαν καὶ τὸν ἄρρῳψα, ἀλλ᾽ ἢ τοῖς 
ἐντός. ζῶσι δ᾽ αἱ φάτται πολὺν χρόνον' καὶ γὰρ εἴκοσιν ἔτη καὶ πέντε 
καὶ τριάκοντα ὠμμέναι εἰσίν, ἔνιαι δὲ καὶ τετταράκοντα ἔτη. πρεσβυτέρων 
δὲ γινομένων αὐτῶν οἱ ὄνυχες αὐξάνονται" ἀλλ᾽ ἀποτέμνουσιν οἱ τρέφοντες 
(hence φάτται here are Zame pigeons). ἄλλο δ᾽ οὐδὲν βλάπτονται ἐπιδή- 
λως γηράσκουσαι: with this somewhat incredible statement as to 
length of life, cf. ib. vi. 4, 563, Athen. ix. 394 Ὁ, Plin. x (32) 52. Arist. 
H. A. ii. 17, 508 Ὁ πρόλοβον πρὸ τῆς κοιλίας ἔχουσι. Ib. vill. 12, 597 Ὁ 
ἀπαίρουσι, καὶ ov χειμάζουσι [the contrary stated, vill. 3, 593]. ἀγελάζονται, 
ὅταν τε παραγίνωνται καὶ πάλιν ὅταν ὥρα ἢ πρὸς τὴν ἀνακομιδήν. Ibid. 
16, 600 τῶν δὲ φασσῶν ἔνιαι μὲν φωλοῦσιν, ἔνιαι δ᾽ οὐ φωλοῦσιν, ἀπέρχονται 
δ᾽ ἅμα ταῖς χελιδόσιν. Ib. ix. 49 B, 633 τοῦ μὲν χειμῶνος οὐ φθέγγεται, 
πλὴν ἤδη ποτὲ εὐδίας ἐκ χειμῶνος σφοδροῦ γενομένης ἐφθέγξατο καὶ ἐθαυμασ- 
τώθη ὑπὸ τῶν ἐμπείρων" ἀλλ᾽ ὅταν ἔαρ γένηται, τότε ἄρχεται φωνεῖν : cf. Alex. 
Mynd. ap. Athen. 3946. Arist. H. A. vill. 18, 601 οἱ αὐχμοὶ συμφέρουσι 
καὶ πρὸς τὴν ἄλλην ὑγίειαν Kal πρὸς τοὺς τόκους, Kal οὐχ ἥκιστα ταῖς φάτταις. 
Alex. Mynd. ap. Athen. l.c. οὐ πίνειν φησὶ τὴν φάσσαν ἀνακύπτουσαν 


ὡς τὴν τρυγόνα. 


Reproduction, Nesting, ὅο.---Αὐἰϑί. H. A. vi. 4, 562 b ἔνιοί φασιν ὀχεύ- 
εσθαι kal γεννᾶν καὶ τρίμηνα ὄντα, σημεῖον ποιούμενοι THY πολυπλήθειαν αὐτῶν. 
ἔγκυα δὲ γίνεται δέκα καὶ τέτταρας ἡμέρας, καὶ ἐπῳάζει ἄλλας τοσαύτας" 
ἐν ἑτέραις δὲ δέκα καὶ τέτταρσι πτεροῦνται οὕτως ὥστε μὴ ῥᾳδίως καταλαμ- 
βάνεσθαι.... δύο τίκτουσι ἐπὶ τὸ πολύ, τὰ δὲ πλεῖστα τρία' ἐν τῴ ἔαρι 
τίκτει, οὐ πλεονάκις ἢ δίς : Cf. vi. 1, 5.58 b, Plin. x. (58) 79, (53) 74. Arist. 
De Gen. iv. 6, 774 Ὁ τίκτουσιν ἀτελῆ καὶ τυφλά. H. A. ili. 1, 510 ὅταν 
ὀχεύωσι, σφόδρα μεγάλους ἴσχουσιν (τοὺς ὄρχεις)... ὥστ᾽ ἔνιοι οἴονται 
οὐδ᾽ ἔχειν τοῦ χειμῶνος ὄρχεις αὐτά. ix. 7, 613 ἔχει δὲ τὸν ἄρρενα ἡ τρυγὼν 
τὸν αὐτὸν καὶ φάττα, καὶ ἄλλον οὐ προσίενται" καὶ ἐπῳάζουσιν ἀμφότεροι καὶ 
ὁ ἄρρην καὶ ἡ θήλεια. Arist. fr. 271, ap. Athen. ix. 394 Ὁ οὐκ ἀπολεί- 
πουσι δ᾽ ἕως θανάτου οὔτε οἱ ἄρρενες τὰς θηλείας, οὔτε ai θήλειαι τοὺς ἄρρενας, 
ἀλλὰ καὶ τελευτήσαντος χηρεύει ὁ ὑπολειπόμενος : οἴ. Porph. De Abst. iii. 11. 
How it places ἃ branch of laurel, δάφνη, in its nest for a charm, Ael.i. 35, 
Phile, 722, Geopon. xv. 1, cf. Plin. vill. (27) 41. How the Cuckoo builds 
in its nest, and the young Cuckoo, assisted by their parents, casts 
out its foster-brothers, Arist. De Mirab. 3, 830 Ὁ, Ael. iii. 30. 

In Plat. Theaet. 199b λαβεῖν array ἀντὶ περιστερᾶς, is to take 
a wild pigeon for a tame one. Its flesh is mentioned as a dainty, 
Ar. Ach. 1105, 1107 καλόν ye καὶ ξανθὸν τὸ τῆς partys κρέας. Mentioned 


AZZIA—AW 179 


ΦΑΣΣΑ (continued). 


as coming from Boeotia, Ar. Pax 1104. In Anth. Pal. ix. 71 the oak 
is οἰκία φαττῶν. Its capture is difficult, but is effected by means of 
nets and by the aid of blinded decoy-birds, Dion. De Avib. iii. 12. 

A lovers gift, Theocr. v. 133. The Dim. φάττιον, used as a term 
of endearment, Ar. Pl. 1011 νηττάριον ἂν καὶ φάττιον ὑπεκορίζετο : in 
Philip. Obel. fr. ap. Athen. viii. 359 b, a little pigeon, a skinny 
one. 

Proverb.—Plut. ii. 1077 C φάττα harry, as like as two peas. 

Cf. also a, περιστερά, &c. 

ΦΑΣΣΟΦΟΎΝΟΣ, 5. φασσοφόντης. Cf. φαβοτύπος. 
A species of Hawk. 

Il. xv. 238 ἴρηκι ἐοικὼς | ὠκέΐ φασσοφόνῳ. Arist. H. A. ix. 12, 615 Ὁ, 
36, 620 ἡ δὲ κύμινδις μέγεθος ὅσον ἱέραξ ὁ φασσοφόνος καλούμενος. Ael. 
xii. 4 “Eppa τὸν φασσοφόντην ἄθυρμα εἶναι φασίν. 

Commonly translated Goshawk, i.e. Astur palumbarius, L., which 
has moreover a reputation for extreme swiftness: but the Goshawk is 
rare in Greece (Lindermayer, Von der Mile), and there is no definite 
tradition in regard to the name (Scaliger, in Arist. p. 249 certe pericu- 
losum sententiam suam dicere). The above references are all mystical ; 
cf. s.v. πέλεια. 


φαψ. A Wild Pigeon; almost certainly identical with φάσσα, the 
Ringdove. Cf. φαβοτύπος, φασσοφόνος. 

Apparently distinguished from φάσσα in Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 ἃ, 
15, where however, in the catalogue of pigeon-names, some 
MSS. (Aa, Ca) omit pay, and others (Da) φάττα. In the follow- 
ing line, φάττα μὲν οὖν καὶ περιστερὰ ἀεὶ φαίνονται, the MSS. PDa 
read gay, as in Arist. fr. 271, 1527, Athen. ix. 394a. In Arist. 
ap. Athen. 1. ο. there is further confusion in the statements as to 
their size, φάσσα and day being apparently cited as different, but 
the passage is corrupt. 

Supposed to be connected with rt. φοβ. φέβομαι, but the derivation 
is as doubtful as its supposed parallel, τρήρων, τρέω. As var. ll. 
φλάβες, and φλάβων occur in Arist. passim; φαβῶν is specially 
cited in Aesch. Philoct. (fr. 232) ap. Athen. ix. 394 a. 

First in Aesch. fr. Prot. (2) 194, ap. Athen. 394a σιτουμένην δύστηνον 
ἀθλίαν φάβα, μέσακτα πλευρὰ πρὸς πτύοις πεπλεγμένην. 
Description.—Arist. H. A. ix. 7, 613 οὐκ ἀνακύπτουσι πίνουσαι (vide 

s.v. φάσσα, Athen. ix. 394) νεοττεύουσι ἐν τοῖς αὐτοῖς τύποις ἀεί. Arist. 

H. A. vi. 8, 564 ἡ μὲν θήλεια ἀπὸ δείλης ἀρξαμένη τήν τε νύχθ᾽ ὅλην ἐπῳάζει 

καὶ ἕως ἀκρατίσματος ὥρας, ὁ δ᾽ ἄρρην τὸ λοιπὸν τοῦ χρόνου. Ibid. 7, 563 Ὁ, 

Ν 2 


180 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


AW (continued). 
ix. 29, 618. The Cuckoo lays her eggs in its nest (cf. 5. ν. φάσσα, 
Arist. De Mirab. 3, 830b). 
Mentioned also Lyc. 580. 


ΦΕΛΛΙΝΉΑΣ. An unknown water-bird, mentioned, with epithet ταχύς, 
as being captured in nets, Dion. De Avib. iii. 23. 


@H’NH. According to Doederlein, connected with φηνός (= λαμπρόςν, 
φάω, pao, &c., i.e. having τὰ ὄμματα λαμπρά: or according to 
Von Edlinger and others, from root dha-n = φωνεῖν, I incline 
to think the word is an exotic, and probably Egyptian, connected 
with φοίνιξ, Eg. dennu. 


A kind of Vulture. 


Od. iii. 371 ᾿Αθήνη | φήνῃ εἰδομένη. Od. xvi. 216 κλαῖον δὲ λιγέως, 
ἀδινώτερον ἤ τ᾽ οἰωνοί, | φῆναι ἢ αἰγυπιοὶ γαμψώνυχες. Ar. Av. 304. 

Arist. H. A. vill. 3, 592 Ὁ ἀετοῦ μείζων, τὸ χρῶμα σποδοειδές. Ib. ix. 32, 
619 ἀετὸς ὁ γνήσιος μείζων τῆς φήνης. Ib. vi. 6, 563, ix. 34, 619 Ὁ ἐκβληθέντα 
τρέφει τὰ τοῦ ἀετοῦ τέκνα (cf. Ambros. Hexaem. v. 18). ἐπαργεμός τ᾽ ἐστὶ 
καὶ πεπήρωται τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς ( a reference to the blood-red sclerotic of 
the eye). Its maternal affection referred to (cf. αἰγυπιός, &c.), Opp. 
Hal. i. 727 καὶ μέν τις φήνης ἀδινὸν γόον ἔκλυεν ἀνὴρ | ὄρθριον ἀμφὶ τέκεσσιν. 

Arist. De Mirab. 60, 835a ἐξ ἁλιαιέτων φήνη γίνεται, ἐκ δὲ τούτων 
περκνοὶ καὶ γῦπες. 

Ael. xii. 4 φήνην δὲ καὶ ἅρπην ᾿Αδήνᾳ προσνέμουσιν. 

According to Boios ap. Anton. Lib. c. vi, Zeus metamorphoses the 
wife of Periphas into the bird φήνη, καὶ διδοῖ πρὸς ἅπασαν πρᾶξιν ἀνθρώποις 
αἰσίαν ἐπιφαίνεσθαι: cf. Ovid, Met. vii. 399. 

Also φίνις, Diosc. ii. 58 bins τὸ ὄρνεον, ὃ Ῥωμαϊστὶ καλοῦσιν ὀσσίφραγον: 
cf. Phin χ. 2: 

Identified by A'’drovandi, Gaza, and by most moderns, with the 
Aguila barbata of Pliny, N. H.x. 3, that is to say with our Lammer- 
geler, Gyfaétus barbatus, L., which is accurately described by Dion. 
De Avib. i. 4 under the name ἅρπη: The Lammergeier is also 
identical with Lat. ossz/raga (Plin. l.c.), a name accurately descriptive of 
its habits, and Lat. sazgualzs (Festus, 316,317). The brief description 
in Arist. H. A. vili, inclines Sundevall, Aubert, and Wimmer, to identify 
φήνη with Vultur monachus. The references are in the main poetical 
or mythical, and both the name and the stories of the bird’s maternal 
affection seem to me to point to an Egyptian origin. With the stories 
of the Eagle’s bastard brood, cf. the Mod. Gk. name μηλαδέλφι = 
érepoOadns (Coray, ἼἌτακτα, v. 204), said by Heldreich to be applied 
to Aguila Bonelliz. 


SAVY—OOINIKONTEPOS © 18% 


ΦΛΕΓΥΆΑΣ' ὁ ἀετός, Suid. ἀετὸς ξανθός, ὀξύς, Hesych. ~ Gf. Hes. Se: Hi. 
134 (vide infra). 


ΦΛΕΊΞΙΣ. An unknown bird. 


Ar. Av. 882. Perhaps connected with φλεγύας, a name or ep. of 
μόρφνος in Hes. Sc. H. 134, where it seems to mean the ‘ lightning bird,’ 
from φλέγτω, fulg-eo, Sk. bharg, to shine. Cf. Steinthal, app. to 
Goldzieher, Myth. of the Hebrews, p. 384 (ed. London, 1877). 


ΦΟΙΝΙΚΟΊΠΤΕΡΟΣ. The Flamingo, Phoenicopterus antiquorum, L. 

Ar. Av. 271 ἘΠ. οὗτος οὐ τῶν ἠθάδων τῶνδ᾽ ὧν ὁρᾶθ᾽ ὑμεῖς ἀεί, | ἀλλὰ 
λιμναῖος. ΠΕ. βαβαί, καλός γε καὶ φοινικιοῦς. "ED. εἰκότως" καὶ γὰρ ὄνομ᾽ 
αὐτῷ γ᾽ ἐστὶ φοινικόπτερος. This is the only reference to the bird 
in classical Greek, and the identification here is at best doubtful. 
The succeeding reference to the Cock might lead one to suspect that 
under the name Phoenicopterus some bird less unlike the Cock than 
the Flamingo is, was here alluded to: such a bird, for example, 
as Porphyrio hyacinthinus, the Purple Water-hen (vide s.v. πορφυρίων). 
The question, however, is not capable of settlement. The Flamingo 
occurs in Greece only as a rare straggler, though abundant on the 
opposite coast of Asia Minor (Von der Mile, p. 118 ; Lindermayer, 
p- 155, &c.). Cf. Gesner, H. Anim. lib. iii Mirum est huius tam pul- 
chrae et eximiae avis nomen ab Aristoteli taceri, cum Aristophanes, 
qui vixit eadem aetate, meminerit; sed Graecis etiam raram esse hanc 
avem puto. Flamingos were seen, however, by Bory de St. Vincent, 
in the marshes of Osman Aga near Navarino. 

Heliodorus, Aethiop. vi. 3 describes the bird as Νειλῷον φοινικόπτερον: 
and the Scholiast ad Juv. xi. 139 states in like manner, abundans 
est in Africa: it, apparently, is also mentioned as a dainty, by Philostr. 
Vit. Apoll. Tyan. viii. p. 387 (ed. Paris, 1605) as ὄρνις φοινίκεος. 

In Crat. Nem. fr. 4, ap. Athen. ix. 373 d ὄρνις φοινικόπτερος, is probably 
the Cock. 

It has been stated above, 5. v. γλωττίς, that Belon (Hist. des Oyseaux, 
vill. 8) identified that bird with the Flamingo; so also did Aldrovandi 
(Ornithol. iii. 20, 4), with as little reason. To the opinion there ascribed 
to Linnaeus, the following words of Gesner should have been sub- 
joined: ego vero iis quas Gallinulas aquaticas nostri vocant avibus 
Glottidem adnumero, quae omnes fissipedes sunt; cf. also Scaliger 
(in loc. Aristot.) Glottis autem quae sit nondum mihi constat; ridiculum 
quod quidam de Phoenicoptero ausus est pronuntiare. 

In Latin, references to the Flamingo are frequent and free from 
doubt. Cf. Juv. xi. 139 et Scythiae volucres et phoenicopterus ingens ; 
Martial, Ep. iii. 58, 14 nomenque debet quae rubentibus pennis; ib. 
xiii. 71 dat mihi penna rubens nomen; Suet. Cal. 22, &c., &c. 


‘That the Tongue of this Volatile was much commended, and in 


182 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


POINIKONTEPOX (continued). 


great Esteem, for its excellent Taste and most delicious Relish, will 
appear from the following Quotations’ (Douglass, op. infra cit.) : Plin. 
x. (48) 68 Phoenicopteri linguam praecipui saporis esse, Apicius docuit ; 
Martial, xiii. 71 sed lingua gulosis Nostra sapit: quid si garrula lingua 
foret? cf. also Sueton. Vitell. xiii. The brain was also a tid-bit, and 
Heliogabalus (Lamprid. 20, p. 108) exhibuit Palatinis dapes extis et 
cerebellis Phoenicopterorum refertas. Receipts for the cookery of 
Flamingos are given (without mention of the tongue) by Apic. (?) De 
Re Coquin. vi. 7. I am inclined to believe that such costly indulgences 
of the palate were often determined by obscure superstitious motives 
(as are many Chinese luxuries) rather than by real or imaginary 
refinements of taste. Nevertheless the Flamingo’s tongue is said to 
be still appreciated: cf. Von der Miihle, Ornithol. Griechenlands, 
p.118 Ein franzésischer Schiffscapitain brachte mir einige von Smyrna, 
wo sic sehr haufig sind, und von den Jagern den Englandern zum 
Verkaufe angeboten werden, welche die dicke fleischige Zunge als 
Leckerbissen verzehren. (Cf. (int. al.) the interesting paper by 
Dr. J. Douglass in Phil. Trans: v. p. 63, 172%. 


@OINI'KOYPOX. The Redstart, Luscinia phoenicurus, L., and L. tithys 
(Scop.). Mod. Gk. κοκκινόκωλος, γιαννακός, καλαντζῆς (Bikélas). 


Arist. H. A. ix. 49 B, 632 b; Plin. x. (29) 44; vide 5. ν. ἐρίθακος. Cf. 
also Geop: Χν. 1; 22: 


ΦΟΙ͂ΝΙΞ s. φοίνιξ: The Phoenix, an astronomical symbol of the 
Egyptians. Eg. dennu. 
Hirst an wiles: ΕἼ. τ; ἃ: 

Herod. ii. 73 ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἄλλος ὄρνις ipds, τῷ οὔνομα oink ἐγὼ μέν μιν 
> > > ἘΠ ἢ GS ‘ \ \ ‘ , > o Ny, 
οὐκ εἶδον, εἰ μὴ ὅσον γραφῇ" Kat yap δὴ καὶ σπάνιος ἐπιφοιτᾷ σφι, διὰ ἐτέων 
(ὡς ᾿ἩΗλιουπολῖται λέγουσι) πεντακοσίων. φοιτᾶν δὲ τότε φασί, ἐπεάν οἱ 
ἀποθάνῃ ὁ πατήρ. ἔστι δέ, εἰ τῇ γραφῇ παρόμοιος, τοσόσδε καὶ τοιόσδε" τὰ 
μὲν αὐτοῦ χρυσόκομα τῶν πτερῶν, τὰ δὲ ἐρυθρά" ἐς τὰ μάλιστα αἰετῷ περιή- 
ynow ὁμοιότατος, καὶ τὸ μέγαθος. τοῦτον δὲ λέγουσι μηχανᾶσθαι τάδε, ἐμοὶ 
‘ > A ΄΄ > 3 , c I ? \ een a ¢ , 
μὲν οὐ πιστὰ λέγοντες. ἐξ ᾿Αραβίης ὁρμεώμενον ἐς τὸ ἱρὸν τοῦ Ἡλίου. 
κομίζειν τὸν πατέρα ἐν σμύρνῃ ἐμπλάσσοντα, καὶ θάπτειν ἐν τοῦ Ἡλίου τῷ 
ἱρῷ. κομίζειν δὲ οὕτω" πρῶτον, τῆς σμύρνης φὸν πλάσσειν ὅσον τε δυνατός 

> , ὃ \ ι a 5. τίν , αν ea) en a σ 
ἐστι φέρειν μετὰ δὲ πειρᾶσθαι αὐτὸ φορέοντα" ἐπεὰν δὲ ἀποπειρηθῇ, οὕτω 
δὴ κοιλήναντα τὸ ᾧόν, τὸν πατέρα ἐς αὐτὸ ἐντιθέναι, σμύρνῃ δὲ ἄλλῃ ἐμπλάσ- 
σειν τοῦτο κατ᾽ 6 τι τοῦ φοῦ ἐκκοιλήνας ἐνέθηκε τὸν πατέρα" ἐσκειμένου δὲ τοῦ 

\ , ἘΣ A ΄ - 2) , ν , 3°33) at, > 

πατρὸς γίνεσθαι τὠυτὸ βάρος" ἐμπλάσαντα δὲ κομίζειν μιν ἐπ᾽ Αἰγύπτου es | 
τοῦ Ἡλίου τὸ ἱρόν. Cf. Ael. vi. 58, Philostr. Vit. Apollon. Tyan. iii. 49, 
p- 135 (Olear.), Antiph. Com. iii. 96 ἐν Ἡλίου μέν φασι γίγνεσθαι πόλει 
φοίνικας, ἐν ᾿Αθήναις δὲ γλαῦκας. Artemid., Suid., Ovid, Metam. xv. 
392, &c. 


POINIKONTEPOZ—4OINI= 183 


@OINIE (continued). 

An Indian version, Dion. De Avib. i. 32 ἀκήκοα δέ, ὡς παρὰ τοῖς Ἰνδοῖς 
ὄρνις εἴη γονέων ἄτερ καὶ μίξεως χώρις ὑφιστάμενος, φοῖνιξ τοὔνομα, καὶ βιοῦν 
φασιν ἐπὶ πλεῖστον καὶ μετὰ πάσης ἀφοβίας αὐτόν, ὡς οὔτε τόξοις οὔτε λίθοις 
οὔτε καλάμοις ἢ πάγαις τῶν ἀνδρῶν τι κατ᾽ αὐτῶν ποιεῖν πειρωμένων. Ὁ δὲ 
θάνατος αὐτῷ τὴν ἀρχὴν ποιεῖ τῆς ζωῆς" ἣν γάρ ποτε γηράσας πρὸς τὰς πτήσεις 
ἑαυτὸν ἴδῃ νωθέστερον, ἢ τὰς αὐγὰς τῶν ὀμμάτων ἐλασσουμένας, ἐφ᾽ ὑψηλῆς 
πέτρας κάρφη συλλέξας πυράν τινα τῆς τελευτῆς, ἢ καλιὰν συντίθησι τῆς 
ζωῆς, ἣν ἐν μέσῳ καθημένου τοῦ φοίνικος ἡ τῶν ἡλιακῶν ἀκτίνων καταφλέγει 
θερμότης. οὕτω δὲ διαφθαρέντος αὐτοῦ νέος ἐκ τῆς τέφρας αὖθις ἕτερος 
γίνεται φοῖνιξ καὶ τοῖς πατρῴοις ἔθεσι χρῆται, ὥστε ὑπὸ τῆς ἡλιακῆς μόνον 
αὐγῆς, πατρός τε καὶ μητρὸς χώρις, τὸν ὄρνιν γίνεσθαι τοῦτον. Cf. Physiol. 
Syr., c. xvi (who adds that the Phoenix builds its nest in the month 
Pamnuth, s. Faminoth, a Coptic word); Epiphan. in Physiol. c. xi, 
Eustath. Ant., p. 29 (ed. Lugd. 1677), Pseudo-Hieronym., p. 219 (ed. 
Venet. 1772). 

Chaeremon, fr. 16 ἐνιαυτός" φοῖνιξ. Horap. i. 34 ἡλίου ἐστὶν ὁ φοῖνιξ 
σύμβολον... .. ψυχὴν δὲ ἐνταῦθα πολὺν χρόνον διατρίβουσαν βουλόμενοι 
γράψαι, ἢ πλημμύραν, φοίνικα τὸ ὄρνεον ζωγραφοῦσιν : ibid. 35 καὶ τὸν 
χρονίως δὲ ἀπὸ ξένης ἐπιδημοῦντα δηλοῦντες, πάλιν φοίνικα τὸ ὄρνεον ζωγρα- 
φοῦσιν : ib, 11. 57 ἀποκατάστασιν δὲ πολυχρόνιον βουλόμενοι σημῆναι, 
φοίνικα τὸ ὄρνεον ζωγραφοῦσιν᾽ ἐκεῖνος γὰρ ὅτε γεννᾶται, ἀποκατάστασις 
γίνεται πραγμάτων. 

A symbol of long life, Prov. ἢν μὴ φοίνικος ἔτη βιώσῃ, Luc. Hermot. 53 
(1, 793) ; cf. Job xxix. 18, where for sazd read Phoenix. 

Cf. also Nonnus Dion. xl. 394 καὶ ξύλα κηώεντα φέρων γαμψώνυχι 
τάρσῳ | χιλιέτης σοφὸς ὄρνις ἐπ᾽ εὐόδμῳ σέο βωμῷ | φοῖνιξ, τέρμα βίοιο φέρων 
αὐτόσπορον ἀρχὴν | τίκτεται, ἰσοτύποιο χρόνον πάλιν ἄγρετος εἰκών | λύσας 
δ᾽ ἐν πυρὶ γῆρας, ἀμείβεται ἐκ πυρὸς ἥβην. See also the Phoenix of 
Claudian ; Auson. Id. xi; Ovid, Μεί. χν. 402 ; Senec. Ep. xlii; Pompon. 
Mela, iii. 9; Lactant.(?) Carm. Phoenice; Lucian, iii. 27, 276, 350; 
Solin. Polyhistor. c. 36; Clem. Rom. Ep. i ad Corinth. c. 24, p. 120, ἄς. 

Late apparitions of the Phoenix, Plin.x.2; Tacit. vi. 28; Dio (Ὁ. lvii; 
Suidas; Tzetz. Chiliad. ν. 6. A new Phoenix-period is said to have 
commenced A.D. 139, in the reign of Antoninus Pius; and a recru- 
descence of astronomical symbolism associated therewith is manifested 
on the coins of that Emperor. 

Various remedies were to be obtained from its nest, Plin. xxix. 9 
(Irridere est vitae remedia post millesimum annum reditura monstrare). 

For further references, oriental and classical, see Bochart, Hieroz. ii. 
coll. 818, 849. 

On the Phoenix as an astronomical symbol of a cyclic period, see 
(int. al.) Marsham, Canon. Chron. p. 9, 387; Creuzer’s Symb.i. p. 438, 
ii. p. 163; Lewis, Astr. of Anc., p. 283; Kenrick’s Egypt of Herod., 


184 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


POINIE (continued). 


p- 100; Larcher’s Herod. ii. p. 320; Encycl. Metrop., Art. Herodotus 
(8vo ed.), p. 249; Drummond in Class. Journal, xiv. 319; Ideler, 
Enchir. Chron. Math. i. p. 186. See the Bhagavad Gita, viii, for an 
account of the similar cyclical ‘day and night of Brahma.’ For a 
corresponding Chinese tradition, see Martini, Histor. Sinica, cit. Coray 
ad Heliod. p. 201; Creuzer, Symb. ii. 164; on the Persian account, cf. 
Dalberg, ‘Simorg, der Persische Ph6énix,’ in Von Hammer’s Fundgruben 
des Orients, i. p. 199. See also Henrichsen, De Phoenicis fabula apud 
Graecos, Romanos, et populos orientales, Hafniae, 1825, 1827. 

In Aristid. ii. p. 107 (Jebb) the Phoenix is called ᾿Ινδικὸς ὄρνις. 

For representations of the Phoenix, see Jomard’s Descr. de Eg. 
Antiq. i. c. 5. 

The Phoenix has been taken by Cuvier, Lenz, and others, for the 
Golden Pheasant,—a coarse materialising of a mythic symbol (Hehn). 
On the study and interpretation of such sacred enigmas of the ancients, 
see Grote’s Hist. i. c. 16. 

The subject deserves to be studied under many heads; for example, 
the varying terms assigned to the Phoenix-period, and the various 
astronomical cycles thereby indicated; the relation of the Phoenix to 
the Palm-tree (Eg. demnu=qgoinm€ τὸ ὄρνεον, denne = φοῖνιξ τὸ δένδρον, 
Lauth, Sitzungsber. Bayer. Akad., 1876, p. 94) in connexion with the 
whole symbolic imagery of the latter; the relation of the Phoenix to the 
Heron (Lauth, l.c.; cf. supra s.v. βαιήθ), involving also the depicting 
of the Soul as the Phoenix and the question of the term assigned to the 
Soul’s wanderings. The whole subject is of great complexity, and lies 
beyond the scope of this book. 


ΦΡΥΓΙΛΟΣ. An unknown bird, cbscurely referred to in Ar. ἂν. with 
a play on the word ‘Phrygian’; 763 φρυγίλος ὄρνις ἐνθάδ᾽ ἔσται, 
τοῦ Φιλήμονος γένους : and 873 φρυγίλῳ Σαβαζίῳ. I conjecture it 
to be a form cognate to περγοῦλον, σπέργουλος, &c., and to mean 
a Sparrow ; in which case φρυγίλῳ Σαβαζίῳ is an exact parallel to 


στρουθῷ μεγάλῃ μητρὶ θεῶν. Supposed also to be connected with 
Lat. fringilla. 


@PYNOAOTOS, s. ppuvoddxos (φρύνη, a toad). 


A kind of Hawk, probably a species of Harrier, Czrcus sp. 

Arist. H. A. ix. 36, 620 of δὲ λεῖοι καὶ of φρυνολόγοι' οὗτοι εὐβιώτατοι 
καὶ χθαμαλοπτῆται. Vide s.v. ἐλειός. 

Of the various hawks that feed on reptiles, the epithet ‘ low-flying’ 
seems best applicable to the Harriers. 


ΦΩΚΙΏΝ᾽ ὄρνις ποιός, Hesych. 


OINIE—XAPAAPIOZ 185 


ΦΩῪΞ, (MSS. have φώυξ, θῶυξ, Ald. and Camus φώιξ, Schn, πώυξ. 
πώυγξ in Anton. Lib. c. 5; Et. M.) 


A bird of the Heron kind ; supposed to be a name for the Bittern, 
but equally applicable to the Common Heron. 

Arist. H. A. ix. 18, 617 of μὲν οὖν ἐρωδιοὶ τοῦτον βιοῦσι τὸν τρόπον, ἡ δὲ 
καλουμένη φῶυξ ἴδιον ἔχει πρὸς τἄλλα᾽ μάλιστα γάρ ἐστιν ὀφθαλμοβόρος 
τῶν ὀρνίθων. πολέμιος δὲ τῇ ἅρπῃ, καὶ γὰρ ἐκείνη ὁμοιοβίοτος. 

Boios. ap. Anton. Lib. l.c. ἡ δὲ Βουλὶς ἐγένετο πώὐϊγξ, καὶ αὐτῇ τροφὴν 
ἔδωκεν ὁ Ζεὺς μηδὲν ἐκ γῆς φυόμενον, ἀλλὰ ἐσθίειν ὀφθαλμοὺς ἰχθύος ἢ ὄρνιθος 
ἢ ὄφεως, ὅτι ἔμελλεν Αἰγυπτιοῦ τοῦ παιδὸς ἀφελέσθαι τὰς ὄψεις. Etym. M. 
Πώῦΐγγες, αἱ αἴθυιαι, αἱ κληθεῖσαι βοῦγγες, παρὰ τὴν βοὴν καὶ ἰὐγήν. 


ΧΑΛΚΙΔΙΚΟΊΣ εἶδος ἀλεκτρυόνος, Hesych. Vide s.v. ἀλεκτρυών, p. 24. 
ΧΑΛΚΙΣ. Vide supra, 8. ν. κύμινδις. 


ΧΑΡΑΔΡΙΟΣ. A bird conjectured to be the Thick-knee or Norfolk 
Plover, Charadrius oedicnemus, L., Oedicnemus crepitans, auctt. ; 
so identified by Gesner, followed by Sundevall, Aubert and 
Wimmer, &c.. Mod. Gk. τουρλίδα (Erh.). Applied by the 
LXX. to Heb. ABN. The derivation from χάραδρα is more 
than doubtful. 

Ar. Av. 265 ἐς τὴν λόχμην | ἐμβὰς ἐπῴζε, χαραδριὸν μιμούμενος : ib. 1141 
οἱ χαραδριοὶ καὶ τἄλλα ποτάμι ὄρνεα. 

Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 593 Ὁ, mentioned with λάρος, κέπφος, αἴθυια. Ib. 
ix. 11,615 ras © οἰκήσεις of μὲν περὶ τὰς χαράδρας καὶ χηραμοὺς ποιοῦνται 
καὶ πέτρας, οἷον ὁ καλούμενος χαραδριός" ἔστι δ᾽ ὁ χαραδριὸς καὶ τὴν χρόαν 
καὶ τὴν φωνὴν φαῦλος, φαίνεται δὲ νύκτωρ, ἡμέρας δ᾽ ἀποδιδράσκει. 

Proverb, χαραδριοῦ βίον ζῆν, of a glutton, Plat. Gorg. 494 B (ubi Schol. 
ὄρνις τις ὃς ἅμα TO ἐσθίειν ἐκκρίνει). 

Is killed by ἄσφαλτος, Ael. vi. 46. πίπτει χαραδριὸς τιτάνου σπάσας, 
Phile, De An. Pr. 673. 

According to Boios ap. Anton. Lib. c. xv, Agron is metamorphosed 
into the bird χαραδριός, the other characters in the story turning into 
various other nocturnal birds. 

The sight of it is said to cure the jaundice, the bird catching it itself 
through the eyes; hence ἀποστρέφεται τοὺς ἰκτεριῶντας, καὶ Ta ὄμματα 
συγκλείσας ἔχει. [From which we may conjecture that the experiment 
has never been fairly tried. W.H.T.] Plut. Symp. ii. 681 c, Ael. 
xvii. 13. See also Suidas (and Schol. in Ar. Av. 267) Χαραδριός. 
ὄρνεον, εἰς ὃν ἀποβλέψαντες, ὡς λόγος, οἱ ἰκτεριῶντες ῥᾷον ἀπαλλάττονται" 
ὅθεν καὶ ἀποκρύπτουσιν αὐτοὺς οἱ πιπράσκοντες, ἵνα μὴ προῖκα ὠφελῶνται οἱ 
κάμνοντες. “ Kat μὴν καλύπτει, μῶν χαραδριὸν περνᾷς ;᾽᾿ οὕτως Ἱππῶναξ. 
καὶ παροιμία ἐντεῦθεν, Χαραδριὸν μιμούμενος, ἐπὶ τῶν ἀποκρυπτομένων, 


186 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


ΧΑΡΑΔΡΙΟΣ (coztznuwed). 
οὕτως Εὐφρόνιος. ἐπεὶ yap τοὺς ἰκτεριῶντας ὠφελεῖ ὁ χαραδριὸς ὀφθείς, 
καὶ τοῦτον οἱ περνῶντες κρύπτουσιν, ἵνα μὴ πρὸ τοῦ ὠνήσασθαί τις ἰαθῇ 
περιέργως. ἔστι δὲ εἶδος ὀρνέου μεταβαλλόμενον εἰς τὰ προκείμενα, κιτιλ. Cf. 
ἴκτερος. 

In these mythical stories, with which compare Physiol. Syr. xv 
(volucris tota alba, nec ulla in ea nigredo est: reperitur in regum 
palatiis), Epiphan. in Physiol. xxiii, Eust. Hex. p. 32, Bochart, ii. p. 340, 
we have to do with eastern tales of the Stork, Heb. chasad (Lev. xi. 19, 
Deut. xiv. 18) arising from a confusion of names. 

In Babr. lxxxii (Ixxxviii, W. G. R.) Cod. Ath. has χαραδριός for κορυ- 
δαλλός : the word is here perhaps a corrupt connexion of κάλανδρος, 
It. calandra, which occurs in Dion. De Avib. iii. 15. Cf. W. H. 
Thompson’s note on Plat. Gorg. l.c. 


XEIAQ’NEZ* τῶν ἀλεκτρυόνων τινές, Hesych. Cf. 5. v. κάλλων. 


XEAIAQ’N. Etymology very doubtful. Cf. Lat. Azrundo, Sp. golon- 
drina, &c. Supposed by some to be from Sk. rt. far, ‘to catch 
or seize,’ cf. Lat. Azr-udo, a view somewhat akin to one much 
older, Isid. Orig. xii. 7 hirundo dicta est, quod cibos non sumat 
residens, sed in aére rapiat escas et edat. 


A Swallow. The Chimney Swallow, Airundo rustica, and the 
House Martin, HZ. urbica. Mod. Gk. χελιδόνι. See also 5. vv. 
ἄπους, Spetravis, κύψελος, κωτιλάς. 


Dim. χελιδονιδεύς, Eust. 753. 56: χελιδόνιον, Galen. xiv. 386: 
χελιδονίς, Anth. Pal. vi. 160, vii. 210, &c. A Swallow-chick is 
called μόσχος χελιδόνος, Achae. ap. Ael. vii. 47, or ὀρτάλιχος (ᾳ. v-), 
Opp. Hal. v. 579. 

In Homer, Od. xxi. 411 ἡ δ᾽ ὑπὸ καλὸν ἄεισε, χελιδόνι εἰκέλη αὐδήν (of 
the bow of Ulysses). xxii. 240 [᾿Αθήνη] ἕζετ᾽ ἀναΐξασα, χελιδόνι εἰκέλη 
ἄντην : cf. Plut. Is. and Osir. xvi, ii. 357 C, where Isis turns by night 
into a Swallow. 


Epithets and Phrases. —ailo\ddepos, Nonn. Dion. xii. 76. ᾿Ατθὶ 
Κύρα, μελίθρεπτε, λάλος λάλον ἁρπάξασα | τέττιγα (and other epithets), 
Even. xiii, Gk. Anth. 1. 98, δύσγαμος, Lucian, Traged. 49. ἡδυμελής, 
χαρίεσσα χελιδοῖ, Anacr. fr. 57 ap. Hephaest. vii. 39. 4, p. 22. χείλεσιν 
ἀμφιλάλοις | δεινὸν ἐπιβρέμεται | Θρῃκία χελιδών, Ar. Ran.679-681. λάλος, 
Arrian, Nonnus, Babr. ξουθή, Babr. Fab. cxviii (cf. Rutherford’s note, 
and vide supra, s.v. ἱππαλεκτρυών). ὀρθρογόη, Hes. Op. et D. ii. 186. 
ὀρθρολάλος, Philip, xviii, Gk. Anth. ii. 200. Πανδιονίς, Hes. l.c.; Sappho, 
Ρ. 88 (Bergk); freq. in Anthol. πέδοικος, Aesch. fr. 45 ap. Hesych. 


XAPAAPIOZ— XEAIAQN 187 


XEAIAQN (continued). 
τανυσίπτερος, ποικίλος, Ar. Av. 1411 (cf. Alcaeus, fr. 84, ap. Schol.). 
φιλόπαις, φιλότεκνος, Anth. Φοιβόληπτος, Lyc. 1460. 

Description.—Arist. H. A. vi. 5, 563, viii. 3, 592 Ὁ ὄρνις σαρκοφάγος. 
Ib, ili, 12, 519 povdxpoos. Ib. i. 1, 487 Ὁ, ix. 30, 68 ὅμοιος τῷ ἄποδι" εὔπτερος 
kal κακόπους. Ib. ix. 30, 618 τὴν κνήμην οὐκ ἔχει δασεῖαν. Ib. ii. 17, 509 οὔτε 
τὸν στόμαχον οὔτε τὸν πρόλοβον ἔχει εὐρύν, ἀλλὰ THY κοιλίαν μακράν. Ib. 1]. 15, 
506 Ὁ πρὸς τοῖς ἐντέροις ἔχει τὴν χολήν. The Swallow is said, like the 
Nightingale, to have no tongue, Aes. Fab. 416, &c. 

Nest and Reproduction.—Arist. H. A. ix. 7,612 b συγκαταπλέκει yap 
τοῖς κάρφεσι πηλόν" κἂν ἀπορῆται πηλοῦ, βρέχουσα αὑτὴν καλινδεῖται τοῖς 
πτεροῖς πρὸς τὴν κόνιν. ἔτι δὲ στιβαδοποιεῖται καθάπερ οἱ ἄνθρωποι, τὰ σκληρὰ 
πρῶτα ὑποτιθεῖσα καὶ τῷ μεγέθει σύμμετρον ποιοῦσα πρὸς αὑτήν. περί τε 
τὴν τροφὴν τῶν τέκνων ἐκπονεῖται ἀμφότερα" δίδωσι δ᾽ ἑκατέρῳ διατηροῦσά 
τινι συνηθείᾳ τὸ προειληφός, ὅπως μὴ δὶς λάβῃ. καὶ τὴν κόπρον τὸ μὲν 
πρῶτον αὐταὶ ἐκβάλλουσιν, ὅταν δ᾽ αὐξηθῶσι, μεταστρέφοντας ἔξω διδάσκουσι 
τοὺς νεοττοὺς προϊέναι. (This accurate account evidently refers in par- 
ticular to the House Martin.) Cf. Ael. iii. 24, 25, Antig. Mirab. 37 (43), 
Plut. De Soll. An. ii. 966d. Arist. H. A. vi. 5, 563 μόνον τῶν σαρκοφάγων 
δὶς νεοττεύει. The nests of the Swallow, House Martin and Sand Martin 
are adequately described by Plin. x. (33) 44. 

Phile, De An. Pr. (20) 454 ἐναντίαν δέ φασι τῇ τῶν ὀρνέων, | τὴν μίξιν 
αὐτῶν εὑρεθῆναι καὶ ξένην. 

For poetic references see (Ζ7)Ζ. a/.) Ar. Av. 1151 (which quotation is, 
however, by a recent emendation, no longer apt: cf. Rutherford, Class. 
Rey. 1891, p. 90); Antip. Sid. Ixili, Gk. Anth. 11. 23 χελιδόν, μητέρα 
τέκνων | ἄρτι σε θάλπουσαν παῖδας ὑπὸ πτέρυγι: Agath. lvii, Gk. Anth. 
iv. 23 ἐπιτρύζει δὲ χελιδών, | κάρφεσι κολλητὸν πηξαμένη θάλαμον : Theaet. 
Schol. ii, Gk. Anth. iii. 214 καὶ φιλόπαις ὑπὸ γεῖσα δόμους τεύξασα 
χελιδών | ἔκγονα πηλοχύτοις ξεινοδοκεῖ θαλαμοῖς : Marc. Argent. xxiv, Gk. 
Anth. ii. 248 ἤδη καὶ φιλότεκνος ὑπὸ τραυλοῖσι χελιδών, | χείλεσι καρφίτην 
πηλοδομεῖ θάλαμον: Anth. Pal. x. 2 ἤδη δὲ πλάσσει μὲν ὑπώροφα γυρὰ 
χελιδών, | οἴκια. Nonn. Dion. ii. 132 καὶ ῥόδον ἀγγέλλουσα καὶ ἀνθε- 
μόεσσαν ἐέρσην | ἔσσομαι εἰαρινοῖο φίλη Ζεφύροιο χελιδών, | φθεγγομένη, 
λάλος ὄρνις, ὑπωροφίης μέλος ἠχοῦς, [ ὀρχηθμῷ πτερόεντι περισκαίρουσα 
καλιήν : cf. ibid. xlvii. 30. Opp. Hal. i. 729 ἠὲ καὶ εἰαρινῆσι χελιδόσιν 
ἐγγὺς ἔκυρσε | μυρομέναις ἑὰ τέκνα, Tate σφίσι ληΐσσαντο | ἐξ εὐνῆς ἢ 
φῶτες ἀπηνέες ἠὲ δράκοντες : cf. ibid. v. 579. See also the Fable of the 
Nightingale and the Swallow, Babr. xii (ed. Rutherford). 

Migration.—Arist. H. A. viii. 16, 600 φωλοῦσι δὲ πολλοὶ καὶ τῶν dpvi- 
θων, καὶ οὐχ ὥς τινες οἴονται, εἰς ἀλεεινοὺς τόπους ἀπέρχονται πάντες" ἀλλ᾽ οἱ 
μὲν πλησίον ὄντες τοιούτων τόπων, ἐν οἷς ἀεὶ διαμένουσι, καὶ ἰκτῖνοι καὶ 
χελιδόνες ἀποχωροῦσιν ἐνταῦθα, οἱ δὲ πορρωτέρω ὄντες τῶν τοιούτων οὐκ 
ἐκτοπίζουσιν ἀλλὰ κρύπτουσιν ἑαυτούς. ἤδη γὰρ ὠμμέναι πολλαὶ χελιδόνες 


188 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


XEAIAQN (continued). 


εἰσὶν ἐν ἀγγείοις ἐψιλωμέναι πάμπαν. Cf. Plin. x. (24) 34 in vicina abeunt 
apricos secutae montium recessus, inventaeque iam sunt ibi nudae atque 
deplumes ; Claudian, Eutrop. i. 118 Vel qualis gelidis pluma labente 
pruinis Arboris immoritur trunco brumalis hirundo. In reference to 
the migration, see also Aesch. fr. 48 πέδοικος (i. €. μέτοικος) χελιδών. 
Arch. xxvi, Gk. Anth. ii. 86 αἶαν ὅλην νήσους τε διιπταμένη σὺ χελιδών. 
The Swallow as the bird of returning Spring : Hes. Op. et D. 568 (ii. 
186) τὸν δὲ μετ᾽ ὀρθρογόη ΠΙανδιονὶς ὦρτο χελιδών | ἐς φάος ἀνθρώποις, ἔαρος 
νέον ἱσταμένοιο. Simon. 74 (121) ap. Schol. Ar. Av. 1410 ἄγγελε κλυτὰ 
ἔαρος ἀδυόδμου, | kvavéa χελιδοῖ. Stesich. fr. 45 (Bergk) ap. Eust. 1]. το. 
I ὅταν ἦρος ὥρᾳ κελαδῇ χελιδών. Ar. Pax 800 ὕμνειν, ὅταν ἠρινὰ μὲν φωνῇ 
χελιδών | ἑζομένη κελαδῇ. Id. Eq. 419 σκέψασθε παῖδες" οὐχ ὁρᾶθ᾽ : ὥρα 
vea, χελιδών. Id. Av. 714, ὅς. ΔΕΙ͂. 1. 52. Babr. 131. Cf. Ovid, Fasti, 
il. 853 Fallimur an veris praenuntia venit hirundo: Hor. Ep. i. 7, 13, 
&c. Cf. also a well-known vase (first figured in Mon. Inst. Corr. 
Archeol. ii. pl. xxiv) with the inscription ᾿Ιδοὺ χελιδών, Νὴ τὸν “Ηρακλέα. 
Atrni. ”“Eap ἤδη. 

How the Swallows come with the wind χελιδονίας or Favonius, Theophr. 
ἘΠῚΡ νὰ 05.0, Eline ais 27. 

Artemid. p. 153 ὅταν δὲ τὸ ἔαρ παραβάλῃ πρώτη πρόσεισιν" ws ἂν εἴποι 
ἀποδεικνύουσα τῶν ἔργων ἕκαστα, καὶ ὅταν γε φαίνηται οὐδέποτε ἑσπέρας 
adet, ἀλλ’ ἕωθεν ἡλίου ἀνίσχοντος οὺς ἂν ζῶντας καταλαμβάνοι ὑπομιμνή- 
σκουσα τῶν ἔργων : cf. Nonn. Dionys. iii. 13 καὶ λιγυρή, μερόπεσσι συνέσ- 
τιος, εἴαρι κῆρυξ, | ὄρθριον ὕπνον ἄμερσε λάλος τρύζουσα χελιδών | ἀντιφανής : 
Apul. Florid. ii. 13 cantum hirundinibus matutinum ; &c., ἅς. 

Hence invoked at the Spring festival of the Thesmophoria: Ar. 
Thesm. I ὦ Ζεῦ, χελιδὼν dpa ποτε φανήσεται : cf. Ar. fr. 499 πυθοῦ χελιδὼν 
πηνίκ᾽ ἄττα φαίνεται (Eratosth. ap. Schol. Plat. p. 371; vide also Suid. 
Ss. V. ἄττα). 

How the Swallow is visible in Egypt all the year, Herod. ii. 22, 
Pausan. x. 4,9; but never stays to nest in Daulis, the country of Tereus, 
Pausan.1.c. Neither does it visit Thebes, quoniam urbs illa saepius 
capta sit; nor Bizya, in Thrace, propter scelera Terei, Plin. iv. (11) 18, 
x. (24) 34; it goes, however, to τὰς κάτω Θήβας, Babr. Fab. cxxxi. 

On Swallows used as messengers, Plin. x. (24) 34. 

Proverb.—pia χελιδὼν ἔαρ οὐ ποιεῖ, Arist. Eth. Nic. i. 6. 1098 (from 
Cratin., according to Cramer, An. Par. i. 182) ; cf. Ar. Av. 1417. 

The Rhodian Swallow Song, χελιδόνισμα, sung in the month Boe- 
dromion (?), Athen. viii. 360c 76’, ἦλθε χελιδών, | καλὰς pas ἄγουσα,] 
καλοὺς ἐνιαυτούς, | ἐπὶ γαστέρα λευκά, ἐπὶ νῶτα μέλαινα |... ἄνοιγ᾽ ἄνοιγε] 
τὰν θύραν χελιδόνι" | ov γὰρ γέροντές ἐσμεν, ἀλλὰ παιδία : emended by 
Ilgen, Opusc. Phil. i. p. 165, Bergk, P. Lyr. iii. p. 671. Cf. Eustath. 
1914, 45. 


XEAIAQN 189 


XEAIAQN (continued). 


In Sappho, fr. (52) 88 τί pe Πανδιονὶς ὠράνα χελιδών, we have perhaps 
a fragment of a ‘Swallow-song.’ This difficult line is variously read 
and interpreted : Hesychius gives ὦ ᾽ράννα χελιδών" ὀροφή, but the gloss 
is, in my opinion, fragmentary and meaningless: Bergk, after Is. 
Vossius, reads ”pavva; I venture to suggest ὥρα νέα, as in Ar. Eq. 419, 
which latter line is itself probably a fragment of a Swallow-song. 
Another fragment of a Swallow-song perhaps exists in Hom. Carm. 
Min. xv. 11 νεῦμαί τοι, vedpar ἐνιαύσιος, ὥστε χελιδών | ἔστηκ᾽ ἐν προθύροις 
ψιλὴ πόδας. In the Rhodian Swallow-song already referred to, two very 
curious features are the alternate balance or ‘ parallelism’ of successive 
lines and the apparent influence of accent on rhythm: the text has 
been much emended by commentators, in order to obtain a more 
accurate scansion than the song ever, perhaps, possessed. It is easy to 
suggest yet other emendations: for instance in 1]. 17, 18 ἂν δὴ φέρῃς te, | 
μέγ᾽ ἄν τι δὴ φέροιο seems better than the common reading μέγα δή τι. At 
the very best some of the lines (in their present state) seem to have little 
rhythm and not much sense. 

A modern χελιδόνισμα, Fauriel, Chants de la Gréce mod., i. p. xxviii 
χελιδόνα ἔρχεται | ἀπ᾿ τὴν ἄσπρην θάλασσαν" | κάθησε καὶ λάλησε. | Maptn, 
Μάρτη μου καλὲ | καὶ φλιβάρη φλιβερὲ | κ᾿ ἂν χιονίσῃς, κ᾿ ἂν ποντίσῃς | πάλε 
ἄνοιξιν μυρίζεις. 

According to Bent (Cyclades, 1885, p. 434) the Swallow-song is still 
sung in Kythnos (Thermia) and in Macedonia, on March I. Cf. 
Grimm, D. Myth. p. 723; Swainson, Prov. Names of British Birds, 
p. 50, &c., ἄς. Cf. also the κορώνισμα, supra, 5. v. κορώνη. 


A Melancholy Bird.—The myth of Itylus. Agath. xii, Gk. Anth. 
iv. 8 ἀμφιπεριτρύζουσι χελιδόνες, ἐς δ᾽ ἐμὲ δάκρυ βάλλουσι. ... ἀλλ᾽ 
Ἴτυλον κλαίοιτε κατ᾽ οὔρεα, καὶ γοάοιτε | εἰς ἔποπας κραναὴν αὖλιν ἐφεζόμεναι. 
Mnasale. ix, Gk. Anth. i. 125 τραυλὰ μινυρομένα, Πανδιονὶ παρθένε, φωνᾷ] 
Tnpéos οὐ θεμίτων ἁψαμένα λεχέων. | τίπτε παναμέριος γοάεις ava δῶμα 
χελιδόν : Anth. Pal. ix. 57 Πανδιονὶ κάμμορε κούρα, | μυρύμενα : Mosch. iii. 
39 οὐδὲ τόσον θρήνησεν ἀν᾽ ὥρεα μακρὰ χελιδών. Nonn. Dion. passim, 
&c., ὅζα. 


The Itylus-myth has been already discussed 5. vv. ἀηδών and ἔποψ. 
In the association together of the Swallow and the Nightingale, a curious 
feature is the similarity of the poetical epithets applied to both. The 
epithet Πανδιονίς, and the inclusion of Pandion in the myth, whatever 
they may exactly mean, seem to me to have something to do with 
the festival of the Πανδία, which took place at Athens pera τὰ Διονύσια 
(Photius) ; that is to say, at or near the Vernal Equinox, and not far 
from the time when the χελιδόνισμα is still sung. The statement of 
Photius that Πανδία is a name for the Moon, is also of great interest, 


190 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


XEAIAQN (continued). 
especially in connexion with the Swallow’s relation towards the un- 
doubtedly solar ἔποψ. 


Deprived of Sleep.—Hesiod ap. Ael. V. H. xii. 20 τὴν δὲ χελιδόνα 

> > \ ‘ > ΄ ‘ , > , . ao ‘ 
οὐκ ἐς TO παντελὲς ἀγρυπνεῖν Kal ταύτην, ἀποβεβληκέναι δὲ τοῦ ὕπνου τὸ 
ἥμισυ" τιμωρίαν δὲ ἄρα ταύτην ἐκτίνουσι διὰ τὸ πάθος τὸ ἐν Θράκῃ κατατοὰλ- 
μηθὲν τὸ ἐς τὸ δεῖπνον ἐκεῖνο τὸ ἄθεσμον. Cf. Himerius, Orat. iii. 3, p. 432 
ἀφίημι δὲ καὶ ταῖς χελιδόσι ταῖς ᾿Αττικαῖς τὸν μῦθον ἐκεῖνον τὸν Θράκιον. 


Other Myths and Legendary Allusions.—How the mother brings to 
her young, being blind at first, sight by means of a certain herb 
(χελιδόνιον), for which men have often sought in vain; ΑΕ]. ii. 3, iii. 24, 
Phil. 20. Cf. Arist. H. A. il. 17, 508 b, vi. 5, 563 τῶν δὲ νεοττῶν av τις 
ἔτι νέων ὄντων τῆς χελιδόνος τὰ ὄμματα ἐκκεντήσῃ, γίνονται ὑγιεῖς καὶ βλέ- 
πουσιν ὕστερον : also De Gen. iv.6. 774 Ὁ ; Antig. Mirab. 72 (78), 98 (106); 
Plin. vill. 27. On the χελιδονία or ‘ Swallow-stone,’ a cure for blindness, 
epilepsy, &c., see Theoph. Nonn. 36, Diosc. 11 de hirundine, Plin. xi. 
79, xxxvil. 56; cf. Evangeline, I. ii. 133 ‘the wondrous stone which the 
Swallow Brings from the shore of the sea to restore the sight of its 
fledglings’; Baring-Gould, Myths of the M. Ages; Lebour, Zoologist, 
XXIV. p. 523, 1866, &c. Hence the ashes of Swallows are a remedy 
for cataract, Plin. xxix. 38; Galen, De Fac. Simpl. Med. Ch. Boiled 
swallow, a remedy for the bite of a mad dog, Plin. xxviii. (10) 43. 

How the mother immolates herself over the bodies of her dead 
children: Opp. Hal. v. 579 ὡς δ᾽ ὁπότ᾽ ὀρταλίχοισι χελιδόσι νηπιάχοισι] 
νέρθεν ὑπὲξ ὀρόφοιο τυχὼν ὄφις ἄγχι πελάσσῃ | καὶ τοὺς μὲν κατέπεφνε... 
μήτηρ δὲ πρῶτον μὲν ἀτυζομένη δεδόνηται | λοίγια τετριγυῖα φόνου γόον" ἀλλ᾽ 
ὅτε παῖδας ἀθρήσῃ φθιμένους, ἡ δ᾽ οὐκέτι φύξιν ὀλέθρου | δίζεται, ἀλλ᾽ αὐτῇσιν 
ὑπαὶ γενύεσσι δράκοντος | εἱλεῖται μέσφ᾽ ὄρνιν ἕλῃ παιδοκτόνος ἄτη. 

The twittering of Swallows likened to the Speech of barbarous 
tongues, Aesch. Ag. 1050 χελιδόνος δίκην ἀγνῶτα φωνὴν βάρβαρον κεκτη- 
μένη. Ar. Av. 1681 εἰ μὴ βαβράζει (s. βαβάζει, βατίζει, βαύζει, τιτυβίζει, 
ἃς.) γ᾽ ὥσπερ αἱ χελιδόνες. Hence ὁ χελιδών -- ὁ βάρβαρος, cf. Ion. ap. 
Schol. Ar. Av. 1680; Ar, Ran. 680. Similarly, Eur. Alcmen. fr. ΟἹ 
χελιδόνων povoeia, explained by Hesych. ὡς βάρβαρα καὶ ἀσυνετὰ ποιούν- 
Tov τῶν τραγικῶν: Cf. Ar. Ran. 93 χελιδόνων μουσεῖα, λωβηταὶ τέχνης. See 
also Suidas. Cf. Nicostr. 3. 288 (Mein.) εἰ τὸ συνεχῶς καὶ πολλὰ καὶ 
ταχέως λαλεῖν | ἦν τοῦ φρονεῖν παράσημον, αἱ χελιδόνες | ἐλέγοντ᾽ ἂν ἡμῶν 
σωφρονέστεραι πολύ. 

The Pythagorean injunction χελιδόνα ἐν οἰκίᾳ μὴ δέχεσθαι, Pythag. 
ap. lambl. Adhort., xxi, may be thus understood of foreigners: 
Arist. fr. 192, 1512 Ὁ, Hesych. τουτέστι λάλους ἀνθρώπους ὁμωροφίους μὴ 
ποιεῖσθαι. Other explanations in Plut. Symp. viii. 7 χελιδὼν τῇ φύσει 
μισάνθρωπος, παράδειγμα τοῦ ἀβεβαίου καὶ ἀχαρίστου : Diog. Laert. viii. 17, 


ΧΕΛΙΔΩ͂Ν. 191 


XEAIAQN (continued). 


p. 578, Clem. Alex. Strom. v. p. 238, &c. Vide Class. Rev. 1891, pp. 
I, 230. 

On Swallows commonly building within the house, consult Darnel, 
Tour through Greece, p. 40, 1819, and recent travellers: on their 
entering ancient temples, cf. Clem. Alex. Protrept. iv. 52. 

How the Swallows restrain the overflow of the Nile: Thrasyllus in 
Aegyptiac. ap. Plut. De Fluv. Nil. ii. 1159 γεννῶνται δὲ καὶ ἄλλοι λίθοι, 
κόλλωτες καλούμενοι" τούτους, κατὰ τὴν ἀσέβειαν τοῦ Νείλου, συλλέγουσαι 
χελιδόνες, κατασκευάζουσι τὸ προσαγορευόμενον χελιδόνιον τεῖχος, ὅπερ ἐπέχει 
τοῦ ὕδατος τὸν ῥοῖζον, καὶ οὐκ ἐᾷ κατακλυσμῷ φθείρεσθαι τὴν χώραν. Cf. 
Plin. x. (33) 49. Cf. also Ogilby’s Fables of Aesop, 1651, p. 54, “22. N. 
and Q. (7) v. p. 346. 

There is perhaps an allusion to this legend in the story of the building 
of the τεῖχος in Ar. Aves, in which account we may note the references 
not only to the Swallow but to Egypt and Egyptian birds. This con- 
jecture is partly based on Rutherford’s demonstration (supra cit.) that 
there is no distinct reference to mud-ves¢-building on the part of the 
Swallow in v. 1151. 

White Swallows. Arist. H. A. ili. 12, 519 ὅταν Ψυχὴ γίγνηται μᾶλλον, 
λευκὸς γίνεται. Cf. De Color. vi. 798, Theophr. De Sign. vi. 2, Alex. 
Mynd. ap. Ael. x. 34. A White Swallow in Samos (connected with 
the story of recovered sight), Arist. ap. Ael. xvii. 20, Antig. Mirab. 
120 (132). 

Is hostile to bees, Ael. i. 58 (cf. ibid. v. 11, Phile, 650) of δὲ [μελιττουρ- 
yor] τὴν χελιδόνα αἰδοῖ τῆς μουσικῆς (cf. ΑΕ]. vi. 19) οὐκ ἀποκτείνουσι, καίτοι 
ῥᾳδίως ἂν αὐτὴν τοῦτο δράσαντες" ἀπόχρη δὲ αὐτοῖς κωλύειν τὴν χελιδόνα 
πλησίον τῶν σίμβλων καλιὰν ὑποπῆξαι. Cf. also Virg. G. iv. 15 ; Chaucer, 
P. of Fowles, 353, ‘the swalow, mordrer of the beés small,’ &c. Cap- 
tures τέττιγες, ΑΕ]. viii. 6, Plut. ii. 976 C, Phile, 713; cf. Even. xiii, supra 
cit., p.186. Hostile to σίλφαι : Ael. i. 37 ai σίλφαι τὰ φὰ ἀδικοῦσιν" οὐκοῦν 
ai μητέρες σελίνου κόμην προβάλλονται τῶν βρέφων, καὶ ἐκείναις τὸ ἐντεῦθεν 
ἄβατά ἐστιν : cf. Phile, 738, Geopon. xv. 1. Is fond of ivy (a Dionysiac 
plant) Eurip. Alcm. fr. 91 πολὺς δ᾽ ἀνεῖρπε κισσός, εὐφυὴς κλάδος, | χελιδόνων 
μουσεῖον. 


In Augury.—Ael. x. 342 τιμᾶται δὲ ἡ χελιδὼν θεοῖς μυχίοις Kat’ Adpodirn. 
Swallows nesting in the general’s tent were (very naturally) an evil 
omen, as in the cases of Alexander, son of Pyrrhus and Antiochus, Ael. 
l.c.: but by returning to the citadel foretold the safe home-coming of 
Dionysius (l.c.). See also Ar. Lys. 770 ἀλλ᾽ ὁπόταν πτήξωσι χελιδόνες 
εἰς ἕνα χῶρον | τοὺς ἔποπας φεύγουσαι, ἀπόσχωνταί τε φαλήτων | παῦλα κακῶν 
ἔσται, τὰ δ᾽ ὑπέρτερα νέρτερα θήσει | Ζεὺς ὑψιβρεμέτης |... ἢν δὲ διαστῶσιν 
καὶ ἀναπτῶνται πτερύγεσσιν | ἐξ ἱεροῦ ναοῖο χελιδόνες, οὐκέτι δόξει | ὄρνεον οὐδ᾽ 
ὁτιοῦν καταπυγωνέστερον εἶναι : the above passage is entirely mystical 


192 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


XEAIAQN (continued). 
and obscure. How Swallows that had built in Cleopatra’s galley were 
expelled by others before Actium, Plut. Anton. Ix, i.944a; cf. Ant. and 
Cl., ‘Swallows in Cleopatra’s sails Have built their nests.’ The Swallow 
that fluttered round Alexander’s head as an omen of treachery, Arr. 
Anab. i. 25 τὴν yap χελιδόνα σύντροφόν τε εἶναι ὄρνιθα καὶ εὔνουν ἀνθρώποις 
καὶ λάλον μᾶλλον ἢ ἄλλην ὄρνιθα. See Class. Rev. 1891, p. 231. 

A Sign of Rain.—Arat. Phen. 944 ἢ λίμνην πέρι δηθὰ χελιδόνες ἀΐσσον- 
ται | γαστέρι τύπτουσαι αὕτως εἱλεύμενον ὕδωρ: cf. Theoph. Sign. vi. 1, 
Wire G. 1. 377- 

Fables.—The Swallow and the Nightingale, vide s.v. ἀηδών. The 
Swallow and Eagle, Plut. ii. 223 F. The Wise Swallow and the Hen, 
Aes. 342 (ed. Halm). The Crow and the Swallow, τὸ μὲν σὸν κάλλος 
τὴν ἐαρινὴν ὥραν ἀνθεῖ, τὸ δὲ ἐμὸν σῶμα Kai χειμῶνι παρατείνεται, Aes. 415. 
The Crow (or the Swans) and the Swallow, τί ἂν ἐποίησας, εἰ τὴν γλῶτταν 
εἶχες, ὅπου τμηθείσης τοσαῦτα λαλεῖς, Aes. 416, 416b. The Swallow and 
other Birds, Aes. 417, 417 b. The Swallow building in the Law-court, 
οἴμοι τῇ ξένῃ, ὅτι ἔνθα πάντες δικαιοῦνται, μόνη ἔγωγε ἠδίκημαι, Aes. 418, 
418 b: cf. Babr. 118. The Swallow out of due season, Babr. 131. 

ΧΕΛΩΝΟΦΑΊΓΟΣ. A kind of Eagle or Vulture, Hesych. The name 
suggests the Laimmergeier. In Sparta the name χελωνιάρης is 
said to be now applied to Aguzla imperzalis, but surely not to 
the exclusion of the Lammergeier. 


The Lammergeier does indeed eat tortoises, as has been mentioned 
above ; and it may accordingly be held that the name χελωνοφάγος 
is manifestly so simple a descriptive term as to throw doubt on 
my astronomical interpretation of the Eagle that slew the Serpent 
or the Swan. But it is curious to note that the constellation of 
the Tortoise is placed in very much the same relation to that of 
the Eagle as is that of the Swan: moreover the Tortoise forms 
part of the constellation Lyra, another name for which is the 
Vulture, and to the latter ‘bird’ the Eagle is said also to be 
hostile. It is only natural that those astronomical ‘ hostilities ’ 
should be the most commented on, which are somewhat akin to 
zoological fact or possibility. 


XE’NNION, s. χεννίων. 
A kind of Quail, eaten pickled by the Egyptians. 
Athen. ix. 393¢ μικρὸν δ᾽ ἐστὶν ὀρτύγιον : cf. Cleomen. and Hipparch. 
2621 cttt., &c. Pall. Alex. xxi, Gk. Anth. iii. 119 ἡμεῖς δ᾽ ἐσθίομεν Kexdy- 
μένοι ἁλμυρὰ πάντα | χέννια καὶ τύρους, χηνὸς ἁλιστὰ Aimy. According to 
Bent (Cyclades, 1885, Ρ. 128) potted or pickled quails are still eaten in 


XEAIAQN—XHN 193 


XENNION (continued). 


Santorini. Jablonsky, De Voc. Egypt., ap. Steph. Thes., suspects χέννιον 
to have been a locust, Eg. sche. See also Hercher in Jahn’s Annal. 
1856, Suppl. i. p. 285. 


XH’N. A Goose. 

Sk. hansa, hamsa, L. (h\anser. χὴν = χανς or xevs (cf. μην = pevs) ; 
Ger. Gans. Lat. ganfa (the small wild northern species, Plin. x. 
(22) 27; also Venant. Fortunat., Miscell. vii. 4, 11, /esfe Keller) is 
a borrowed word; cf. O.H.G. ganzo (Keller), Engl. gannet. 
The connexion with χαίνω is doubtful (Curt.). An irreg. plur. in 
Gk. Anth. iv. 258 (A. P. vii. 546) ᾧ πτηνὰς ἠκροβόλιζε xévas. Dim. 
χηνάριον, Hdn. Epim. 1503; χηνιδεύς, Ael. vii. 47, Eust. 753. 56; 
χηνίον, Menipp. ap. Athen. 664 €; χηνίσκος, Eubul. 3. 211. 

In Hom. frequent; usually with the epithet ἀργός : cf. χαροπὸν χάνα, 
Antip. Sid. Ixxxvili, Gk. Anth. 11. 31. The Geese in the Odyssey are 
tame birds, Od. xv. 161, 174, xix. 536, in the Iliad always wild, I]. ii. 460, 
xv. 690. Remains of the bird are not known from ancient Troy or 
Mycenae (Schliemann and Virchow, Zes¢e Keller, Th.d. cl. Alt., p. 288). 

Description.—Arist. H. A. ii. 1, 499 ἔχουσί τι διὰ μέσον τῶν σχισμάτων 
πόδος. Ael. xi. 37 ὄρνις στεγανόπους καὶ πλατυώνυξ. Arist. H. A. ii. 17, 509 
στόμαχος εὐρὺς Kal πλατύς, ἀποφυάδες ὀλίγαι κάτωθεν κατὰ τὴν τοῦ ἐντέρου 
τελευτήν, αἰδοῖον φανερώτερον ὅταν ἡ ὀχεία πρόσφατος ἧ. Ib. vi. 2, 560b 
ὀχευθεῖσαι κατακολυμβῶσιν : ibid. 8, 564 αἱ θήλειαι ἐπῳάζουσι μόναι, καὶ δια- 
μένουσι διὰ παντὸς ἐφεδρεύουσαι, ὅτανπερ ἄρξωνται τοῦτο ποιεῖν : ibid. 6, 563 
ἐπῳάζει περὶ τριάκονθ᾽ ἡμέρας: cf. Varro, De R. R. iii. 10, Colum. viii. 
7,1. Their splay feet alluded to, Ar. Av. 1145. The goose’s cackle is 
expressed by χηνίζειν, Diphil. 4. 413, παππάζειν, J. Pollux, Lat. gingrire, 
Festus; its splashing movements in the water by πλατυγίζειν, Eubul. 
3. 260. 

Eges.—Eriph. ap. Athen. ii. 58b ῳὰ λευκά ye | kal μεγάλα. B. χήνει᾽ 
ἐστίν, ὥς γ᾽ ἐμοὶ δοκεῖ" οὗτος δέ φησι ταῦτα τὴν Λήδαν τεκεῖν. (Cf. Sappho, 
ἘΠ 56B, ap. Athen. 1. c., Clem. Alex. Homil. v. 14.) Simon. fr. 11 B 
(l.c.) οἷόν τε χηνὸς ὥεον Μαιανδρίον. Were not eaten by the Indians, 
Ael. xiv. 13. The Fable of the Golden Egg, Aesop, ed. Halm 343b; 
cf. Keller, Gesch. d. Gr. Fab. p. 346 et seq. 

Migrations.—Ael. v. 54 of δὲ χῆνες διαμείβοντες τὸν Ταῦρον τὸ ὄρος 
δεδοίκασι τοὺς ἀετούς, καὶ ἕκαστός γε αὐτῶν λίθον ἐνδακόντες, ἵνα μὴ κλάζωσιν, 
ὥσπερ οὖν ἐμβαλόντες σφίσι στόμιον, διαπέτονται σιωπῶντες, καὶ τοὺς 
ἀετοὺς τὰ πολλὰ ταύτῃ διαλανθάνουσι. Cf. Dion. De Avib. ii. 18; Plut. 
De Soll. Anim. p. 967 B ; Phile, De An. Pr. xv. 

Sacred to Osiris and Isis, Pausan. x. 32, 16; cf. Juv. vi. 540; see 
also Philip. Thess. 10 (Gk. Anthol. ii. 197) πολιὸν χηνῶν ζεῦγος ἐνυδρο- 

O 


194 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


XHN (continued ). 


βίων : whose priests used it as food, Herod. ii. 37; as did the 
Pharaohs, Diod. Sic. i. 70, and the sacred cats, ibid. i. 84. 

The Geese of the Capitol, sacred to Juno, Diod. Sic. xiv. 116; Ael. xii. 
32; cf. Liv. v. 47, Cicero pro Roscio, 20, Virg. Aen. viii. 655, Plin. x. 26, 
xxix. 14, Ovid, Fasti, i. 453. Cf. ref. to the bird’s watchfulness, Arist. 
H. A. i. 1, 488 Ὁ ὄρνεον αἰσχυντηλὸν καὶ φυλακτικόν : also noted in the 
Vedas (Zimmer, Alt.-ind. Leben, p. 90, ci¢. Keller) ; cf. also Chaucer, 
‘the waker goose.’ Its wisdom, Ael. v. 29, cf. Ovid, Met. viii. 684, 
xi. 599 canibus sagacior anser. 

Sacred to Venus in Cyprus (Cesnola, Cyprus, pl. vi) and to Priapus, 
Petronysat.ns0 197: 

The Goose was sacrificed to Isis and Osiris in Autumn (Paus. l.c.), as 
by the ancient Germans to Woden at Michaelmas (Keller, op. c. p. 301). 

An erotic bird ; a goose enamoured of a boy, Ael. v. 29; of a musi- 
cian, ibid. i. 6; and of a philosopher, ibid. vii. 41. Cf. Ael. iv. 54; 
Athen. xiii. 606c; Plut. Mor. 972F. A lover’s gift, Ar. Av. 707. 
Hence, in Mod. Gk., a term of endearment, χήνα pov, παππία μου 
(παππία meaning a duck, but cf. Ar. Vesp. 297, &c.). Portends, in 
dream-prophecy, the birth of a wanton maid, Artemid. Oneirocr. iv. 83. 
Goose-fat as an aphrodisiac, Plin. xxviii. (19) 80, &c. On sacrifices of 
the Goose vide Gust. Wolff, Porphyr. De Phil., Ex Orac. Haur. Libr. 
Reliq., Berlin, 1856; cf. Philologus xxviii. p. 189, 1869. On the erotic 
symbolism of the Goose, see (2712. al.) Creuzer, Symb. iv. p. 423. 

Tame Geese also mentioned, Soph. Fr. 745 τιθασὸν δὲ χῆνα καὶ περισ- 
τεράν, ἐφέστιον οἰκέτιν τε. Eubul.ap. Athen. xii. 519 καὶ yap πόσῳ κάλλιον, 
ἱκετεύω, τρέφειν | ἄνθρωπον ἔστ᾽ ἄνθρωπον ἂν ἔχῃ βίον, | ἢ χῆνα πλατυγίζοντα 
καὶ κεχηνότα : cf. Plut. Mor. 958 Ε. They were kept in the temples; 
Artemid. l.c. ἱεροὶ yap οἱ χῆνες of ἐν ναοῖς ἀνατρεφόμενοι. Brought as 
gifts to the Indian king, Ael. xiii. 25. 

Fatted Geese, Epigen. ap. Athen. ix. 384 ὥσπερ χῆνα σιτευτὸν ἔτρεφέ 
με, ἄς. Eubul. Στεφ. ibid. εἰ μὴ σὺ χηνὸς ἧπαρ ἢ ψυχὴν ἔχεις : Pall. Alex. 
xxl, Gk. Anth. ill. 119 χηνὸς ἁλιστὰ Aimy: cf. Juv. ν. 114, Colum. xiv. 8, 
&c. A favourite food of the younger Cyrus, Xen. Anab. i. 9, 26. 
Given by the Egyptians to Agesilaus, Athen. lc. Brought from 
Boeotia to the Athenian market, Ar. Ach. 878, Pax 1004; kept like- 
wise in Macedonia and in Thessaly, Plat. Gorg. 471 C, Polit. 264 Ὁ. 
Cf. Plut. τος, Plin: x5 (22) 27, &ec. 

They were kept, but not eaten, by the Celtic inhabitants of Britain, 
Caes. Bell. Gall. v.12; very much as at the present day. 

On goose-livers χήνεια ἥπατα, cf. (1717. al.) Athen. ix. 384, Plut. ii. 965 ἃ 
Geopon. xiv. 22, Plin. x. 52, Hor. Sat. ii. 8, 88, Juv. v. 114, Mart. 
xiii. 58, and many Comic fragments. A goose-herd, χηνοβοσκός, Cratin. 
ap. Athen, l.c., Diod. i. 74; a goose-farm or goose-pen, χηνοβοσκεῖον, 


— μα 


XHN—XHNAAQMH= 195 


XHN (continued). 
Varro, R. R. ili. 10, 1, χηνοβόσκιον, Geopon. xiv. 12, I, χηνοτροφεῖον, 
Colum. viii. 1, 33 cf. χηνοβωτία, Plat. Polit. 264 Ὁ. 

On goose-fat, or goose-flesh, in medicine, Plin. xxix. 38, Nicand. Alex. 
228, Celsus, ii. 18, &c.; the blood, in medicine, ibid. xxix. 33, cf. Diosc. 
Alexiph. c. 30, Galen, Comp. Medic. xi. 1. On the use and value of the 
feathers and down, Plin. x. 53; cf. Hesych, μνοῦς" τὸ λεπτότατον πτερόν, 
κυρίως δὲ τῶν χηνῶν. 

Eubul. Πρόκρ. i. 5 (3. 247 M), γάλα χηνός, ‘pigeons’ milk,’ of an un- 
known luxury. 

Destructive to the crops, Babr. 13, Aesop, 76. 

A weather prophet, Arat. 1021 καὶ χῆνες κλαγγηδὸν ἐπειγόμεναι βρωμοῖο | 
χειμῶνος μέγα σῆμα. Cf. Theophr. Sign. vi. 3; Geopon. i. 3,9; Avien. 
Aratea, 432 ; Suid. 

Capture by decoys, Dion. De Avib. iii. 23: see also Nemes. Cyn. 314. 

Killed by laurel, δάφνη and ῥοδοδάφνη, Ael. v. 29, Phile, De An. xv. 
Use the herb szderztis as a remedy, Plin. viii. 27. 

The Oath of Socrates, νὴ τὸν χῆνα, probably for νὴ τὸν Ζῆνα ; cf. Ar. 
Ay. 521; an oath prescribed by Rhadamanthus (Suid.). Cf. Philostr. 
vi, De Vita Apoll. c. 9; Cratin. 2. 155 (Mein.) ois ἦν μέγιστος ὅρκος] 
ἅπαντι λόγῳ κύων, ἔπειτα χήν. 

Associated with Aquarius, in a representation of the month of 
February (doubtless with reference to Juno, cf. 5. ν. ταῶς), Graev. Thes. 
Ant. Rom. viii. 97; cf. Creuzer, Symb. ili. p. 626. 

See for a further account of the Goose in classical art and mythology, 
O. Keller, Thiere d. Cl. Alterth., pp. 286-303. 

XH’N’ 6 μικρός, ἀγελαῖος. 
A wild species, unidentifiable, mentioned in Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 

593 b, 12, 597 Ὁ. 


XHNAAQ’TIHE, s. χηνάλωψ, s. χηνέλωψ, Hesych. Dim. χηναλωπεκιδεύς, 

Ael. Vil. 47. 

The Egyptian Goose, Chenalopex aegypiiaca, Steph. This and 
mmvehow are both probably renderings of an Egyptian word, cor- 
rupted by false etymology. 

Arist. H. A. vill. 3, 593 Ὁ, mentioned among the heavier web-footed 
birds, after ὁ μικρὸς χὴν ὁ ἀγελαῖος. Ael. v. 30 ἔχει μὲν γὰρ τὸ εἶδος τὸ τοῦ 
χηνός, πανουργίαν δὲ δικαιότατα ἀντικρίνοιτο ἂν τῇ ἀλώπεκι. καὶ ἔστι μὲν 
χηνὸς βραχύτερος, ἀνδρειότερος δέ, καὶ χωρεῖν ὁμόσε δεινός. ἀμύνεται γοῖν 
καὶ ἀετὸν καὶ αἴλουρον καὶ τὰ λοιπά, ὅσα αὐτοῦ ἀντίπαλά ἐστιν. Reverenced 
in Egypt for parental affection, Ael. x. 16, xi. 38 φιλύτεκνον δὲ ἄρα ζῴον 
ἦν καὶ ὁ χηναλώπηξ, καὶ ταὐτὰ τοῖς πέρδιξι Spa. καὶ yap οὗτος mpd τῶν 
νεοττῶν ἑαυτὸν κυλίει, καὶ ἐνδίδωσιν ἐλπίδα ὡς θηράσοντι αὐτὸν τῷ ἐπιόντι" 
οἱ δὲ ἀποδιδράσκουσιν ἐν τῷ τέως. As an hieroglyphic symbol, meaning 

O 2 


196 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


XHNAAQNIHE (contened ). 


‘son,’ Horap. i. 53; cf. Bailey in Class. Journ. xvi. p. 320, and especially 
Lauth, Sitzungsber. Bayer. Akad., 1876, p. 105, who cites from the 


Rosetta stone &° su-ra=vios Ἡλίου. Sacred to the Nile, Herod. 


ii. 72. With cognomen Θεογενής, Ar. Av. 1295. Its eggs second only 
to the peacock’s, Athen. ii. 586. ὑπηνέμια τίκτει, Arist. H.A. vi. 2, 559 Ὁ. 
Mentioned also Plin. x. (22) 29. 


XHNE’PQS. A small kind of Goose, Plin.x. (22) 29 et quibus lautiores 
epulas non novit Britannia, chenerotes, fere ansere minores. 


ΧΗΝΟΣΚΟΙΠΟΣ. Name of an Eagle, Phile, De An. Pr. (15) 376. Cf. 
νηττοφόνος. 

ΧΛΩΡΕΥΣ. An unknown bird, the statements regarding which are 
all fabulous. 

Hesych. ὀρνιθάριον χλωρόν. Arist. H. A. ix. 1,609 πολέμιοι τῶν ὀρνίθων 
ποικιλίδες καὶ κορυδῶνες Kal πίπρα καὶ χλωρεύς, τρυγὼν Kal χλωρεύς" ἀπο- 
κτείνει γὰρ τὴν τρυγόνα ὁ xAwpevs. Hostile to τρυγών, also in ΔΕ]. v. 48 ; 
to τρυγών and κόραξ, Phile, De An. Pr. 690; to corvus, Plin. x. (74) 95 
noctu invicem ova exquirentes. Supposed by Gesner and Sundevall 
to be identical with χλωρίων, and by Gaza with χλωρίς, q. v. 


ΧΛΩΡΙΣ. The Greenfinch, /ringilla chloris, L. Mod. Gk. φλόρι, 
φιώρι (Erh., p. 44, Von der Miihle, p. 47), inAttica σπιγγάριος (Heldr.). 
Cf. It. verdone, &c. 
Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592 Ὁ ὄρνις σκωληκοφάγος. Ib. ix. 13, 615 Ὁ τὰ κάτω 


ἔχει ὠχρά" ἡλίκον ἐστὶ κόρυδος" τίκτει Oa τέτταρα ἢ TEVTE’ νεοττίαν ποιεῖται 
ἐκ τοῦ συμφύτου ἕλκουσα πρόρριζον, στρώματα δ᾽ ὑποβάλλει τρίχας καὶ ἔρια. 
The cuckoo lays in its nest, which is placed in a tree, ibid. 29, 618. 

ΑΕ]. iv. 47 Χλωρὶς ὄνομα ὄρνιθος, ἥπερ οὖν οὐκ ἂν ἀλλαχόθεν ποιήσαιτο 
τὴν καλιὰν ἢ ἐκ τοῦ λεγομένου συμφύτου" ἔστι δὲ ῥίζα τὸ σύμφυτον εὑρεθῆναί 
τε καὶ ὀρύξαι χαλεπή. στρωμνὴν δὲ ὑποβάλλεται τρίχας καὶ ἔρια. καὶ 6 μὲν 
θῆλυς ὄρνις οὕτω κέκληται, ὁ δὲ ἄρρην, χλωρίωνα καλοῦσιν αὐτόν, καὶ ἔστι τὸν 
βίον μηχανικός, μαθεῖν τε πᾶν ὅ τι οὖν ἀγαθός, καὶ τλήμων ὑπομεῖναι τὴν ἐν τῷ 
μανθάνειν βάσανον, ὅταν ἁλῷ. καὶ διὰ μὲν τοῦ χειμῶνος ἄφετον καὶ ἐλεύθερον 
οὐκ ἂν ἴδοι τις αὐτόν, ἠριναὶ δὲ ὅταν ὑπάρξωνται τροπαὶ τοῦ ἔτους, τηνικαῦτ᾽ 
ἂν ἐπιφαίνοιτο. ᾿Αρκτοῦρός τε ἐπέτειλεν, ὁ δὲ ἀναχωρεῖ ἐς τὰ οἰκεῖα, ὁπόθεν 
καὶ δεῦρο ἐστάλη. 

According to Nicand. ap. Anton. Lib. c. ix, one of the Emathides, 
daughters of Pierus, was metamorphosed into the bird χλωρίς. 

On the plant σύμφυτον see also Diosc. iv. 10, Fraas, Fl. Cl., p. 163. 
Lindermayer, l.c., p. 62, says that the Greenfinch builds abundantly in 
the olive-groves of Attica, making its nest always of the same material, 


ΩΝ 


XHNAAQNH=E—XYPPABOZ ΤΟ 


ΧΛΩΡΙΣ (continued). 


the roots of a species of Symphytum (?), lined with black goats’ hair. In 
Ael. l.c. the bird is confused with the Golden Oriole, χλωρίων, which 
migrates in winter, while the Greenfinch does not. 


ΧΛΩΡΙΏΝ, s. χλωρεῖον, Suid. 
Cf. Lat. galdula (galbus = gelb = yellow): orzolus qu. aureolus; It. 
rigogolo, from auri-galbulus (Diez, p. 152). 
The Golden Oriole, Orzolus galbula, L. Mod. Gk. συκοφάγος 
(Von der M.), κιτρυνοποῦλι (Cyclades, Erh.), σοχλαῖος (Krtiper). 


Arist. H, A. ix. 1,609 b κρὲξ πολέμιος τῷ χλωρίωνι, ὃν ἔνιοι μυθολογοῦσι 
γενέσθαι ἐκ πυρκαϊᾶς. Ibid. 15,616b χλωρίων δὲ μαθεῖν μὲν ἀγαθὸς καὶ βιομή- 
χανος, Κακοπέτης δέ, καὶ χρύαν ἔχει μοχθηράν. Ibid. 22, 617 ὁ δὲ χλωρίων 
χλωρὸς ὅλος" οὗτος τὸν χειμῶνα οὐχ ὁρᾶται, περὶ δὲ τὰς τροπὰς τὰς θερινὰς 
φανερὸς μάλιστα γίνεται, ἀπαλλάττεται δὲ ὅταν ᾿Αρκτοῦρος ἐπιτέλλῃ, τὸ δὲ 
μέγεθός ἐστιν ὅσον τρυγών. Cf. Ael. iv. 47, supra s.v. χλωρίς : Plin. x. 
(29) 45. 

The Oriole arrives in Greece in April, and appears in great numbers 
among the figs in August (Von der Miihle, &c.). Of the above accounts 
in Aristotle, the first is clearly mythical, and contains a suggestion of 
the Phoenix myth: the second is equally obscure, though Aubert and 
Wimmer see in βιομήχανος an allusion to the Oriole’s surpassing skill 
in nest-building ; while the third, though undoubtedly referring to the 
Golden Oriole, is far from accurate: cf. Buffon, M. des Ois. v. 351 ‘Je 
me contenterai de dire ici que, selon toute apparence, Aristote n’a connu 
le loriot que par oui-dire.’ 


ΧΡΥΣΑΈΤΟΣ. The ‘Golden Eagle,’ a mystical name, already dis- 
cussed 8. v. ἀετός. 

A fabulous account in Ael. ii. 39 χρυσάετος" ἄλλοι δὲ ἀστερίαν τὸν αὐτὸν 
καλοῦσιν. ὁρᾶται δὲ ov πολλάκις. λέγει δὲ ᾿Αριστοτέλης αὐτὸν θηρᾶν καὶ 
νεβροὺς καὶ λαγὼς καὶ γεράνους καὶ χῆνας ἐξ αὐλῆς. μέγιστος δὲ ἀετῶν 
εἶναι πεπίστευται, καὶ λέγουσί γε καὶ εἰς τοὺς Κρῆτας καὶ τοῖς ταύροις ἐπιτί- 


θεσθαι αὐτὸν κατὰ τὸ καρτερόν, κ.τ.λ. 
ΧΡΥΣΟΜΗΎΡΙΣ. ν. Il. ῥυσομῆτρις, χρυσομίτρης. Transl. Aurivitts, 
Gaza. 


The Goldfinch, Fringzlla carduelts, L. 
Arist. H. A. viii. 3, 592b, mentioned with ἀκανθίς, θραυπίς. ταῦτα 


yap πάντα ἐπὶ τῶν ἀκανθῶν νέμεται, σκώληκα δ᾽ οὐδὲν οὐδ᾽ ἔμψυχον οὐδέν" 
ἐν ταὐτῷ δὲ καθεύδει καὶ νέμεται ταῦτα. It is remarkable that we have 
so little definite record of the Goldfinch, which in Greece is now, 


according to Lindermayer, next to the Sparrow the commonest of birds. 


XY’PPABOX: ὄρνις τις ποιός, Hesych. 


198 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


WA’P, 5. Wap: also ψάρος, 5. Wapos. Ion. Wp. wWaptxos, Hesych. 
A Starling, S/urnus vulgaris, L. Mod. Gk. ψαρόνι, μαυροποῦλι. 
The Etymology is confused and doubtful. Von Edlinger (op. c. 

p- 103) finds in Gk. pap, O. H. 6. sprd, Lith. spakas, a connexion 

with the root of mépx-vos, Lat. spar-gere, i.e. variegated, speckled. 

But there also seems to be a connexion of Gk. Wap or σπαρ- 

with the various names for sparrow, Goth. sparwa, O. Pr. sperglo, 

&c., as Engl. sfarling, stare. Ger. Staar, L. sturnus, form 

another series together with orp-ovéés. The Hebr. szppor is 

perplexingly similar. 

In Hom. always coupled with the Jackdaw, I]. xvi. 583 ἴρηκι ἐοικώς | 
ὠκέϊ, dor ἐφόβησε κολοιούς τε, ψῆράς TE. XVII. 755 ὥστε Ψαρῶν νέφος, ἠὲ 
κολοιῶν. Arist. Η. A. ix. 26, 617 Ὁ ὁ δὲ ψάρος ἐστὶ ποικίλος" μέγεθος δ᾽ 
ἐστὶν ἡλίκον κόττυφος. Ib. viii. 16, 600 φωλεῖ. Antipat. Sid. cv ap. Suid. 
ὃ πρὶν ἐγὼ καὶ ψῆρα καὶ ἁρπάκτειραν ἐρύκων | σπέρματος ὑψιπετῆ Βιστονίαν 
γέρανον. Anth. Pal. ix. 373 Ψᾶρας, ἀρουραίης ἅρπαγας εὐπορίης. Diosc. 
ii ψᾶρας ὀρύζῃ τρέφοντες. Is killed by σκόροδον, ΑΕ]. vi. 46, Phile, 
De An. Pr. 660. Used as food, Antiph. ap. Athen. ii. 65 e. 

On talking starlings, Plut. ii. 972 F, Plin. x. 59 (43), Aul. Gell. 
xiii. 20. Stat. Silv. ii. 4, 18 auditasque memor penitus demittere voces, 
Sturnus, &c. 


ΨΗΓΛΗΚΕΣ᾽ τῶν ἀλεκτρυόνων οἱ voboyevva, Hesych. Possibly akin to 
σέλκες, vide 5. ν. σέρκος (Schmidt, ad Hesych.). 


WITTA’KH. Also ψιττακός (Paus., Ael., &c.), σιττακός (Arr.), σιττάκη 
(Philost.), βίττακος (Ctes.). A Parrot. 


Arrian, Ind. i. 15, 8 σιττακοὺς δὲ Νέαρχος μὲν ὡς δή τι θῶμα ἀπηγέεται 
ὅτι γίνονται ἐν τῇ ᾿Ινδῶν γῇ, καὶ ὁκοῖος ὄρνις ἐστὶν ὁ σιττακός, καὶ ὅκως φωνὴν 
ἵει ἀνθρωπίνην. ἐγὼ δὲ ὅτι αὐτός τε πολλοὺς ὀπώπεα καὶ ἄλλους ἐπιστα- 
μένους ἥδεα τὸν ὄρνιθα, οὐδὲν ὡς ὑπὲρ ἀτόπου δῆθεν ἀπηγήσομαι. 

Arist. H. A. viii. 12, 597 Ὁ (spurious passage, A. and W.) ὅλως δὲ τὰ 
γαμψώνυχα πάντα βραχυτράχηλα καὶ πλατύγλωττα Kal μιμητικά" Kal yap τὸ 
᾿Ινδικὸν ὄρνεον ἡ Ψιττάκη, τὸ λεγόμενον ἀνθρωπόγλωττον, τοιοῦτόν ἐστι" καὶ 
ἀκολαστότερον δὲ γίνεται ὅταν πίῃ οἶνον. (Cf. Plin. x. (42) 58.) 

Pausan. ii. 28, (on animals of restricted geographical range), παρὰ 
δ᾽ ᾿Ινδῶν μόνων ἄλλα τε κομίζεται, καὶ ὄρνιθες of ψιττακοί. Diod. Sic. ii αἱ 
δὲ τῆς Συρίας ἐσχατιαὶ ψιττακοὺς καὶ πορφυρίωνας καὶ μελεαγρίδας [ἐκτρέ- 
φουσι]. Philostorg. 3 καὶ μὲν δὴ καὶ τὴν σιττάκην ἐκεῖθεν ἴσμεν κομιζομένην. 

Ctes. ap. Phot. περὶ τοῦ ὀρνέου τοῦ βιττάκου, ὅτι γλῶσσαν ἀνθρωπίνην ἔχει 
καὶ φωνήν : cf. Plut.ii.272F; Porph. De Abst. iii. 4; Stat. lc. humanae 
solers imitator, Psittace, linguae. 

Athen. ix. 387d, parrots carried in Ptolemy’s procession at Alexandria ; 
ibid. 391 b, mentioned as a mimic, with κίττα and σκῶψ. 


VAP—QTIE 199 


WITTAKH (condéinzed ). 

ΔΕ]. vi. 19, xvi. 2, 15, its wisdom and vocal powers; xiii. 18, is 
reckoned sacred among the Brahmins ; xvi. 2, is of three species. 

Dion. De Avib. i. 19 τοῖς ψιττακοῖς δέ, ods οὐκ ἐν ξυλίνοις κχωβοῖς ἀλλ᾽ 
ἐν σιδηροῖς φρουρεῖν ἀναγκαῖον, μέχρε καὶ τῆς ἡμετέρας γλώσσης ὡδήγησε τὰς 
μιμήσεις ἡ φύσις. 

Is friendly to the wolf, Opp. Cyn. ii. 408, 409 ψιττακὸς αὖτε λύκος τε σὺν 
ἀλλήλοισι νέμονται" | αἰεὶ yap ποθέουσι λύκοι ποεσίχροον ὄρνιν. 

The Indian parrots above alluded to are the common parrots of 
Northern India, Pse¢tacus (Palaeornis) Alexandri, L. (Cf. Val. Ball, 
Ind. Antiq. xiv. p. 304, 1885.) The parrots seen by Nero’s army at 
Meroé (Plin. vi. (29) 35) must have been another species, P. cubécularis, 
Hass, and probably all the parrots described by Roman writers (Ovid, 
Amor. li. 6, Statius, Silv. ii. 4, Apul. Florid. 12, Persius Prologue, and 
even Plin. x. (42) 58) came from Alexandria and belonged to that 
species. They are described as green by Stat., ille plagae viridis 
regnator Eoae ; Ovid, Tu poteras virides pennis hebetare smaragdos, 
Tincta gerens rubro Punica rostra croco, &c. Cf. Sundevall, op. cit., 
pp. 126; 127- 

WIPAION: μικρὸν ὀρνιθάριον, Hesych. 
ὮΚΥΠΤΕΡΟΣ. An epithet of a Hawk, used specifically in Ael. xii. 4. 

Cf. Il. xiii. 62, &c. 


ὮΡΙΏΝ, s. ὡρίων. An unknown and mystical bird. 

Clit. ap. Ael. xvii. 22: an Indian bird, like a Heron, red-legged, 
blue-eyed, musical, amative. Nonn. Dion. xxvi. 201 ὠρίων, γλυκὺς ὄρνις, 
ὁμοίίος ἔμῴρονι κύκνῳ. Cf. Strab. xv. 718. 

This bird, always associated with the equally mysterious κατρεύς, is 
evidently a poetic and allegorical creation, but what it signifies is 
unknown. 


RTI. Also οὐτίς, Galen, Hesych. 

The Bustard, Οἷς farda, L.; including also the Houbara, Ο. 
Floubara. Mod. Gk. ἀγριόγαλλος, Erh. ; ὀτίδα, Von der Miihle. 
Lat. farda, whence Lustard, i.e. avis Tarda, Plin. x. (22) 29 
Proximae eis (tetraonibus) sunt quae Hispania aves tardas appellat, 
Graecia otidas. 

Description.— Arist. H. A. ii. 17, 509 τὸν στόμαχον ἔχει εὐρὺν καὶ πλατὺν 
ὅλον᾽ ἀποφυάδας ἔχει. Ib. v. 2, 539 Ὁ συγκαθείσης τῆς θηλείας ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν 
ἐπιβαίνει τὸ ἄρρεν. Ib. vi. 6, 563 ἐπῳάζει περὶ τριάκονθ᾽ ἡμέρας (like other 
large birds, e.g. goose and eagle). Arist. Fr. 275, 1527 b, ap. Athen. ix. 
300 C ἐστὶ μὲν τῶν ἐκτοπιζόντων καὶ σχιδανοπόδων καὶ τριδακτύλων, μέγεθος 
ἀλεκτρυόνος μεγάλου, χρῶμα ὄρτυγος, κεφαλὴ προμήκης, ῥύγχος ὀξύ, τράχηλος 
λεπτός, ὀφθαλμοὶ μεγάλοι, γλῶσσα ὀστώδης, πρόλοβον δ᾽ οὐκ ἔχει. (This 


200 A GLOSSARY OF GREEK BIRDS 


QTIZ (continued). 


last description is perhaps taken from the Little Bustard, O. ¢e¢rax, 
Mod. Gk. xaporida.) Paus. x. 34, 1 αἱ δὲ ὠτίδες καλούμεναι παρὰ τὸν 
Κηφισὸν (τὸν ἐν Φωκίδι) ᾿έμοντ.ι μάλιττα ὀρνίθων. 

Capture by Coursing, with horse and dog. Xen. Anab. i. 5, 3 τὰς δὲ 
@ridas ἄν τις ταχὺ ἀνιστῇ ἔστι λαμβάνειν" πέτονταί τε yap βραχὺ ὥσπερ ot 
πέρδικες καὶ ταχὺ ἀπαγορεύουσι τὰ δὲ κρέα αὐτῶν ἡδέα ἐστιν (but cf. Plin. 
l.c.). Athen. ix. 393d, quoting Xenophon, adds from Plutarch, ἀληθῆ 
λέγειν τὸν Revopavra’ φέρεσθαι yap πάμπολλα τὰ Coa ταῦτα εἰς τὴν 
᾿Αλεξάνδρειαν ἀπὸ τῆς παρακειμένης Διβύης, τῆς θήρας αὐτῶν τοιαύτης γινο- 
μένης. Alex. Mynd. ap. Athen. l.c. προσαγορεύεσθαι αὐτὸν λαγωδίαν. 
Synes. Ep. iv. p. 165 ἤδη δέ τις καὶ ὠτίδα ἔδωκεν, ὄρνεον ἐκτύπως ἡδύ. 

Friendship for the horse. Ael. ii. 28 τὴν ὠτίδα τὸ ζῷον ὀρνίθων εἶναι 
φιλιππότατον ἀκούω... ἵππον δὲ ὅταν θεάσηται, ἥδιστα προσπέτεται. Alex. 
Mynd. l.c. φασὶ δ᾽ αὐτὸν καὶ τὴν τροφὴν ἀναμαρυκᾶσθαι ἥδεσθαί τε ἵππῳ, εἰ 
γοῦν τις δορὰν ἵππων περιθοῖτο, θηρεύσει ὅσους ἂν θέλῃ προσίασι γάρ. 
Cf. Plut. Sol. Anim. xxxi. 7 (ii. 981 B); Opp. Cyn. ii. 406; Dion. De 
Avib. iii. 8. 

Hostile to the dog, Ael. v. 24, and grossly deceived by the fox, 
ib. vi. 24. 

Buffon and others have supposed from the name ὠτίς that the 
Houbara (which is very rare in Greece) is chiefly meant: but the 
etymology is doubtful; the ‘ears’ are not mentioned save by Oppian, 
Cyneg. 11. 407 ὠτίδες, αἷσι τέθηλεν ἀεὶ λασιώτατον ovas: and besides the 
cheek-tufts of the Common Bustard might suggest ears as well as the 
crest of the Houbara. It is however the Houbara, as the common 
African species, which is alluded to in Plutarch ap. Athen. l.c. 


ὮΤΟΣ, 5. ὠτός. 


A Horned Owl, especially the Short-eared Owl, Strix brachyotus 
or Asto accipitrinus. 


Arist. H. A. vili, 12, 587b, mentioned along with ὀρτυγομήτρα and 
κύχραμος aS a migratory bird, in connexion with the migration of the 
quails. Further (loc. dub., A. and W.) ὁ δ᾽ ὠτὸς ὅμοιος ταῖς γλαυξὶ καὶ περὶ 
τὰ ὦτα πτερύγια ἔχων᾽ ἔνιοι δ᾽ αὐτὸν νυκτικόρακα καλοῦσιν (cf. Hesych.). 
ἔστι δὲ κόβαλος καὶ μιμητῆς, καὶ ἀντορχούμενος ἁλίσκεται, περιελθόντος 
θατέρου τῶν θηρευτῶν, καθάπερ ἡ γλαύξ. Cf. Arist. ap. Athen. ix. 390f 
ὁ ὠτός ἐστι μὲν παρόμοιος τῇ γλαυκί, οὐκ ἔστι δὲ νυκτερινός .. . μέγεθος 
περιστερᾶς, K.T.D. 

In Athen. ix. 390d, a ridiculous story of its capture by mimicry: 
οἱ δὲ στάντες αὐτῶν καταντικρὺ ὑπαλείφονται φαρμάκῳ τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς, 
παρασκευάσαντες ἄλλα φάρμακα κολλητικὰ ὀφθαλμῶν καὶ βλεφάρων, ἅπερ 
οὐ πόρρω ἑαυτῶν ἐν λεκανίσκαις βραχείαις τιθέασιν" οἱ οὖν ὦτοι θεωρούμενοι 
τοὺς ὑπαλειφομένους τὸ αὐτὸ καὶ αὐτοὶ ποιοῦσιν, ἐκ τῶν λεκανίδων λαμβά- 


QTIZ—QTOX 201 


QTOE (continued). 


νοντες᾽ καὶ ταχέως ἁλίσκονται. A less absurd version, ibid. 391 a; cf. 
Plut. Mor. 11. 961 E. Hence ὠτός, one easily taken in, a ‘ gull.’ 

Plin. x. (23) 33 Otus bubone minor est, noctuis maior, auribus plumeis 
eminentibus, unde et nomen illi; quidam Latine asionem vocant : 
imitatrix avis ac parasita, et quodam genere saltatrix, &c. 

Casaubon and others, followed by Lidd.and Sc., state that Athenaeus 
confounds @ros with @ris. There is indeed a confusion in the text, due 
to the interpolation in 360d μιμητικὸν δέ ἐστι, κιτ.λ., between two state- 
ments referring to ὠτίς ; but the respective statements as to ὦτος and 
ὠτίς are correct. 

The Short-eared Owl is indicated in the following statements : 
(1) as a migratory bird; (2) as associated with the quails, i.e. a bird 
of the open country; (3) as being diurnal and not nocturnal. The 
commentators have often fallen into error from ignorance of the habits 
of the Short-eared Owl: e.g. Gesner, zz gallinzs, de otide, ‘nocturnam 
avem aut noctuae similem nullam migrare arbitror.’ (Certain other 
species are, at least, partially migratory; cf. (2,2. a/.) Giglioli, Avif. 
Ital., 1886, pp. 227, 228, &c.) 

In Arist. H. A. viii. 12, and in Plin. l.c. there appears to be some 
confusion with the Long-eared or Common Horned Owl, S¢vix o¢us, L. 


ΓΣ 7 ite Τὰ ἐν 

᾿ Roi os 4 Ti ὃν Suir 

a - : anes 
= " ἀν, oo) δι 
tor ὦ le i ψ ᾿ AY ἬΝ pe ey 
ae) oe 


er Se ane ae: 
ae BAe « 


ADDITIONAL. NOTES 


"AETO’S. 

Add the following references, concerning the Eagle in connexion 
with the sacred Olive : Nonn. Dion. xl. 523 ἐφέστιον ὄρνιν ἐλαίης, cf. ibid. 
470; ibid. 493 ὁμόχρονον (5. ὁμόχροον) ὄρνιν ἐλαίης. The Eagle sacrificed 
to Neptune, ibid. 494. Add also the epithet χάρων, Lyc. 260. 


*AHAQ’N. 

Hesychius states that ᾿Αηδών was a surname or epithet of Athene 
among the Pamphylians. ‘The connexion between Athene and the 
Nightingale or the Adonis-myth, lies perhaps in the fact that Athene 
or Minerva was associated, as for instance in the cylindrical zodiac of 
the Louvre, with the sign and month of the vernal equinox. Just as 
Adonis or Attis was, in like manner, a Spring-god and god of the 
opening flowers; Porph. ap. Euseb. P. E. iii. 11, p. 110 et seq. 

While I am still convinced*of a connexion between the attributes of 
ἀηδών and the veiled allusions to the mysteries of Adonis, I am inclined 
to admit that some of the minor arguments adduced by me in support 
of this hypothesis are overstrained: in particular the interpretation 
given (pp. 13, 14) of Thue. ii. 29, and the suggested connexion between 
Daulis, δασύς, Dust. 


"AAEKTPYQ’N. 

In preparing the article ἀλεκτρυών, I neglected to consult Baethgen, 
De Vi et Signific. Galli in Relig. et Art. Gr. et Romanorum, Diss. 
Inaug., Gotting. 1887, in which paper will be found (among other 
matters) a valuable account of monumental and numismatic representa- 
tions of the Cock. 

The Cock on coins of Himera (vide supra, p. 26) is traced by 
Baethgen (p. 35) to an association with Aesculapius; cf. C. I. Gr. 
Nr. 5747 ᾿Ασκλαπιῷ καὶ ‘Ipépa ποταμῷ ὁ δᾶμος. .. Σωτῆρσιν. See also 
Head, Hist. Numorum, p. 125. 


TE’AAXOX, a name for the Hoopoe; vide s. v. μακεσίκρανος. 


204 ADDITIONAL NOTES 


γυψ. 
The Βαρκαῖοι (vide supra, p. 49) are probably the Βαρκάνιοι (? Parsees) 
of Ctes. xi, Tzetz. Chil. i. 1, 82; cf. J. Macquart, Philologus, Supple- 
ment-bd. vi. p. 609, 1893. 


APYOKOAA‘TITHE. 

The eastern legend of the Woodpecker’s imprisoned young is so 
suggestive of the walled-up nest of the Hornbill, that one is almost 
tempted to suspect a dim tradition, far-travelled from Africa or India, 
concerning the extraordinary nesting-habits of the latter bird. 


ti a ie i ae 


BUpPLOGRArMHICAL REFERENCES 


The following works, in addition to the Natural Histories of Pliny, 
Aelian, and Phile, are referred to merely under their authors’ names :— 


AUBERT UND WIMMER. Aristoteles’ Thierkunde, 2 vols. Leipzig, 
1868 (especially 7hzerverzeichniss, vol. I., pp. 77-113). 


BIKELAS, O. La nomenclature de la Faune Grecque. Paris, 1879. 
ERHARD, DR. Fauna der Cykladen. Leipzig, 1858. 


KRUPER, DR. Zeiten des Gehens und Kommens und des Briitens 
der Végel in Griechenland und Ionien; in Mommsen’s 
Griechische Jahreszeiten, 1875 (mit Citaten und Zusatzen 
von Dr. Hartlaub). 


LINDERMAYER, DR. A. Die Végel Griechenlands. Passau, 1860. 

MUHLE, H. VON DER.  bBeitrage zur Ornithologie Griechenlands. 
Leipzig, 1844. 

SUNDEVALL, C. J. Thierarten des Aristoteles. Stockholm, 1863. 


It is perhaps desirable that I should point out that I have several 
times in this book, quite with my eyes open, quoted authors whom 
scholars now look upon with distrust or even altogether reject. The 
student who is not ashamed to consult Creuzer, nor afraid to peep now 
and then even into Bryant, will not only find there a great useless 
mass of theories now deservedly repudiated, but will also find a great 
store of curious learning and will be guided to many obscure sources 
of useful knowledge. 


BRRATA 


Page τό, line 20, for εἰσι read ὄντας 
5) 203 5 245/07 Scut. read, sent: 
» 44, 5, 6, for πέτονται read πέτωνται 
» 45,» 15, for avexpayn read avaxpayn 
5 63, 5, 21, for πεπιστεύεται read πεπίστευται 


For the detection of most of the above errors, and for infinite 
kindness in reading the final proofs of the whole book, I am indebted 
to my friend Mr. W. Wyse. I must record my debt also, for the 
like scholarly services, to Mr. P. Molyneux of the Clarendon Press. 
Lastly, I must pay a debt which should have been acknowledged more 
prominently than here, to Mrs. W. R. H. Valentine, of Dundee, for three 
beautiful wood-cuts, the work of her hands. 


Orford 


PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 


BY HORACE HART, PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY 


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