SEED VI re CA Sa ade | nh el Re EL al seat an gis Tied # ne, Bata — awn wh asi Moa Steely Sh chy tee tel er ere a acme eet ay tae bots a ha Mee RE a ake NA ae Beg ecb bee tee Reraetie Sheth Feat Ngites tanned Ve Naa De Bra ag fhe ben timp cibow wttalts bE ew Pa Nte Ne ay alate MSA aBe Ss My ine Sg wee TEAM Dey get Ret 5 o ee ae” ny i) ~ | 4] Fi I = i} H H li “all ! i O Ne . yaa ~_ ia) fait ao eh aa = “ 5 8 _ 2 . A ewes ea [e fete See aaa ae ate ieee “ees ee as Ly ae ees “ ees! a a7 ‘ Gio " an . Ne arr i of xe = 24 . i, i. QO, X pa Ap i ae a =, —— Erasers ete Sais \, XS 2 ONS & [ee ca i " i UE 3 F| tt Pa aes ae ne Te Pont econ : vane in 4, Bre 3 ee ifn ie Gy I : he 5) Bo se fy peek as Ce pcos Al San pista Ta, g, eet on sofas Ba sterechie ee ee FP fh Damm eo wi GLOSSARY OF MINERALOGY. o we NEW- i ~ een ie ‘ha STRE ET SQUARE ‘ a! — a ete 7 if PRINTED BY SPOTTISWOODE AND CO, i ae. POX A SLEKA GLOSSARY OF MINERALOGY. : i ey BY ms i HENRY WILLIAM BRISTOW, F.G:S. a hi i OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GREAT BRITAIN. thy LONDON : LONGMAN, GREEN, LONGMAN, AND ROBERTS. 1861. PREFACE. Tars little work was undertaken to supply a want which the Author had frequently experienced. In compiling it he has endeavoured to produce a handy book, combining facility of reference with a concise and familiar account of all the known minerals. In carrying this object into execution, the various names used by different authors have been introduced, as well as certain terms, which, though now obsolete, are, nevertheless, of common occurrence in the works of older mineralogists. To assist those persons who may wish to know something more about minerals than can be learned from books, and who may be desirous of studying our national collections by comparing the printed descriptions with the specimens themselves, references have (when practicable) been made to the Cases in which they will be found both in the British Museum and in the Museum of Practical Geology. The copious list of synonyms used by German and French mineralogists, will, it is to be hoped, prove of great assistance to the student in reading the works of foreign authors,.as well as in studying mineral collections in continental museums, or in private cabinets at home, according to whatever system they may happen to be arranged. The names of the authors printed in Italics are those of the persons by whom the minerals to which they are appended were originally examined and named, or they are those of the authors in whose works the mineral will be found described under the name which they follow in the Glossary. The greater part of the work has been written in the country, in moments snatched from the out-door duties of a field-geologist—and is the result either of wet days when field-work was impracticable, of long winter A 3 vi PREFACE. evenings after a hard day’s work in the open air, or of early hours stolen from the morning before the regular labours of the day began. It only now remains for the author to express his grateful thanks to his friends, Mr. Robert Hunt (Keeper of Mining Records), and, especially, to Mr. Warington Smyth, for their valuable aid in revising the proofs in passing through the press, and for enabling him to avoid many errors, which, but for their advice, would otherwise unavoidably have occurred. The figures of crystals have all been carefully drawn on the wood by Mr. J.B. Jordan of the Mining Record Office, and the whole of the wood-cuts have been executed by Mr. S. J. Mackie. For the tail-piece the author is indebted to Miss Kennedy, by whom it was drawn on the wood; and for the following jeu d’esprit to his colleague, Mr. J. W. Salter, of the Geological Survey. Ist September, 1861. HENRY W. BRISTOW. SS at ge NEG i \ soatttltl A Aw BR iti? ——— = oy i —— ) hz == wT Ah i bis GEO#PASTOS MEPI TON AIOQN oe oh ae as Vii The eae is a list of the principal books which have been referred éo in compiling this work. System of Mineralogy, by Robert Jameson, 3 vols., 1805. Manual of the Mineralogy of Great Britain and Ireland, by R. P. Greg and W. G. Lettsom, 1858. System of Mineralogy, by James D. Dana, 4th edition, 2 vols., 1854. W. Phillips’s Elementary Introduction to Mineralogy, by R. Allan, 4th edition, 1837. Hand-book of Chemistry, by Leopold Gmelin, translated by Henry Watts for the Cavendish Society. Elementary Treatise on Mineralogy for the use of Beginners, by D. Varley, 1849. W. Phillips’s Elementary Introduction to Mineralogy, by H. J. Brooke and W. H. Miller, 1852. Manual of Mineralogy, by James Nicol, 1849. ) Traité de Minéralogie, par A. Dufrénoy, 5 vols. Paris, 1856-9. Mineralogy and Crystallography, by J. Tennant and W. Mitchell, 1856. g Descriptive Guide to the Museum of Practical Geology, by Robert Hunt, F.R.S.; 2nd edition, 1859. Descriptive Catalogue of the Rock Specimens in the Museum of Practical Geology, by A. C. Ramsay, H. W. Bristow, H. Bauerman, and A. Geikie; 2nd edition, 1859. Elements of Mineralogy, by Richard Kirwan ; 2nd edition, 2 vols., 1794. A Treatise on Diamonds and Pearls, by David Jeffries, 1751. Traité élémentaire de Minéralogie, par F. S. Beudant; 2nd edition, 2 vols., 1852. Traité complet des Pierres précieuses, par Charles Barbot. Paris, 1858. Pliny translated into English, by Philemon Holland, Doctor of Phisicke, 1601. Theophrastus’s History of Stones, with an English version by Sir John Hill, 2nd edition, 1774. The American Journal of Science and Arts. New Haven, U.S. Annales des Mines. Paris. Edinburgh Philosophical Journal. Philosophical Magazine, or Annals of Chemistry. Annales de Chimie et de Physique. Paris. Outlines of Mineralogy, by Dr. Th. Thomson, 2 vols., 1836. Reports on the Geology of Canada, by Sir William Logan. Montreal. ra Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London. A4 % 3 eR aoe ¥ ain’. aa ‘ in OT tn patil Te *) * Wa " » . : ; aed FY Ghd Mes - + re = . d oe ek eS. | TABLE OF CONTENTS. “] PAGE PAGE PREFACE . SUN Table of Hardness . Val List or Works ON Migteeteee 2 Val Toughness, Specific Gravity . Xvili INTRODUCTION : Speed Taste . é ib. General Characters of Menerals Sy alle Odour, Adhesion to ate tongue, Physical Characters of Minerals . xii Cold. XIX External Form and Structure . ib. Electricity, Magnetism - ib. Systems of ae Su ile Chemical Composition . - «xX Twinsor Macles_ . . xiii Action of the Blowpipe =D Pseudomorphous Crystals . aul: Action of Acids : - Xxiv Characters depending on Light . xiv | Chemical Formule explained . xxvii Colour, Transparency, Lustre . ib. Classification of Minerals A b-0:d0:< Optical Properties . . xv | List of Minerals. : XXX Refraction, Double Refaotidn at abe Plan of Principal Floor, Mus. of Polarization, Dichroism, Pleo- Practical Geology . xii chroism . : é - Xvi} Contents of Horse-shoe Case . xiii Physical Properties. ‘ =e Ibs List of Symbols and Signs . alive, Phosphorescence, Fluorescence . ib. Technical terms used by Jewellers Streak, Stain. * ib: and Lapidaries : . xiv Frangibility or Dene - Xvil| Errata and Addenda . «| SaLvae Fracture, Cleavage : aonb: GLOSSARY. ; x1 INTRODUCTION. —_——_+———_ Tuts book is not intended, in the strict sense of the term, to be a Manual of Mineralogy, but, believing that a concise description of the modes in use for distinguishing between different minerals will assist the student in recog- nising them, the plan of a mere Glossary has been departed from, and brief hints on the nature of minerals have been introduced. It must be remembered, however, that there is no short cut to a know- ledge of minerals. Mineralogy, like the other sciences, demands industry and attention; and to become an accomplished mineralogist much and care- ful study must be devoted to the subject; an acquaintance with various other branches of science must be Brought to bear on it, while, above all, the eye should be rendered familiar by constant inspection with the forms and appearances of minerals, and with their physical properties. ‘This eye- knowledge (as it may be termed) can only be acquired by long and diligent practice, — by actual examination — and by handling the specimens them- selves, no opportunities of doing which should be neglected. To become well versed in mineralogy involves also a knowledge of Physics and Chemistry. By means of the first we make ourselves acquainted with the physical properties of minerals ; while the second teaches us the nature of their chemical composition. It appears necessary, therefore, to refer to the bearings of these sciences on mineralogy; but in the hmited space to which these remarks must be confined, it is only possible to do so in a very brief manner. GENERAL CHARACTERS. OTHER CHARACTERS. EXTERNAL FORM AND STRUCTURE. Stain. CHARACTERS DEPENDING ON LIGHT. Streak. Taste. Colour. Odour. Transparency. Adhesion to the tongue. ; Lustre. Feel, Optical Properties. Refraction. Double Refraction. Dichroism. CHARACTERS DEPENDENT ON COHESION, Frangibility, or Tenacity. aati Fracture. Polarization. HAriince. Physical Properties. Toughness. Specific Gravity. Phosphorescence. CHEMICAL CHARACTERS, Fluorescence, Electricity. Action of the Blowpipe. Magnetism. ry Action of Acids. xii INTRODUCTION. 1. Or tHe Puysicat CHaracters oF MINERALS. External Form and Structure. Crystallography, or a knowledge of the crystalline forms of minerals, is of the highest importance. It is true minerals frequently occur in an amor- _ phous state ; in which case, the particles of which they are composed are arranged according to no definite law ; but they very often are crystallized, 7. €. assume certain regular and determinate forms called crystals. To one ignorant of the subject the shapes of these seem to be innumer- able; but on closer examination such does not prove to be the case. On the contrary, it is found that all these numerous and sometimes complex varieties of crystals may be reduced to some five or six simple types, of -which the others are only modifications or variations —and even that the - complicated forms of crystals may be sometimes actually converted into the typical form by the mechanical process of cleavage. This simple or elementary form to which each particular crystal is capable of being ultimately reduced, has been called, therefore, its primary form. Various systems of crystallography have been proposed by different authors. The classification adopted here is nearly the same as that employed by Brooke and Miller in their admirable edition of Phillips's Manual, and is a modification of the systems of various other crystallographers. These systems, six in number, are called respectively, the Cubical, Pyramidal, Rhombic, Oblique, Anorthic, and Hexagonal or Rhombohedral.* 1. The Cubical System — has three equal axes, intersecting one another at at right angles. | Thus, in the cube, the regular octahedron and the rhombic dodecahedron, which belong to this system, the height, and the length, and the breadth of the axes are all equal, and are at right angles to each other. In the cube the axes are drawn from the centres of opposite faces; in the regular octa- -hedron they connect the opposite solid angles ; and similarly in the rhombic dodecahedron. 2. Pyramidal System.—In the pyramidal system there are, also, three axes intersecting each other at right angles; but one of these, called the vertical axis, differs in leneth from the other two, or lateral axes, which are equal. The right square prism, and the octahedron with a square base, belong to this system. In the first the axes connect the centres of opposite faces, and are at right angles to one another. In the octahedron with a square base, which bears the same relation to the right square prism as the regular octahedron does to the cube, the axes connect the opposite solid angles. 3. Rhombie System.—In this system there are three unequal axes inter- secting one another at right angles. It includes the right rectangular prism, the right rhombic prism, and the octahedron with a rhombic base. * These correspond respectively with the following systems employed in Dana’s Manual of Mineralogy, 4th edition :—1. Monometric, or Tesseral. 2. Dimetric. 3. Trimetric. 4. Mono- clinic. 5. Triclinic. 6. Hexagonal. ; INTRODUCTION. xiii In the first the axes connect the centres of opposite faces. In the second the vertical axis connects the centrés of the basal faces, and the lateral axes connect the centres of the opposite lateral edges. In the octahedron with a rhombic base the axes, as before, connect the opposite solid angles. 4. Oblique System.—This has three unequal axes. The vertical axis is inclined to one of the lateral axes, and at right angles to the other—the two lateral axes being also at right angles to each other. , It comprises the right rhomboidal and the oblique rhomboidal prisms. In the first the axes connect the centres of opposite faces. In the second the vertical axis connects the centres of the bases, and the lateral axes the centres of the opposite lateral edges. 5. Anorthic System.—In the Anorthic System: there are three unequal axes, all intersecting each other obliquely. It comprises the oblique rhomboidal prism. 6. Hexagonal, or Rhombohedral.—In this system there are three equal lateral axes, intersecting at an angle of 60°, and one vertical axis at right angles to them. ; It comprises the hexagonal prism and the rhombohedron. In the former the vertical axis connects the centres of the bases, and the lateral axes the centres of the opposite lateral edges, or of the lateral faces. In the latter the vertical axis connects two of the solid ‘angles diagonally opposite, and the lateral axes opposite lateral edges. The student will derive great assistance in investigating the primary forms of crystals and their modifications if he make a series of models for himself. Drawings of these, which can be cut out in one piece, and after being stuck on cardboard admit of being fastened together with a very slight degree of trouble, answer the purpose extremely well, and are sold in Germany at a very cheap rate. Besides occurring singly, crystals are sometimes found in éwins or in macles. In that case they are divided into two groups. Ist. Those in which the erystals are united in such a way that the axes of the two separate crystals, so united, are parallel to each other ; and 2nd, those in which the axes are oblique or inclined to one another. In other instances minerals, instead of crystallizing in the forms which are properly their own, assume pseudomorphous forms ; that is to say, forms be- longing to some other kind of mineral. This may have happened in several ways. Hither the original mineral may have been entirely removed and the newer one deposited in the cast (or the mould) of that which has disappeared, or the original mineral may have been gradually removed atom by atom, and for every particle so carried away portions of another mineral sub- stituted. “‘ Pseudomorphous crystals are distinguished, generally, by their rounded angles, dull surfaces, and often granular composition. ‘They either have no cleavage, or the cleavage is wholly different in direction from that of the _ mineral imitated. Their surfaces are frequently drusy, or covered with minute crystals. Occasionally the resemblance to real crystals is so perfect, that they are distinguished with difficulty.”* * Dana’s Mineralogy, vol. i. p. 136. xiv INTRODUCTION. There are other physical characters which furnish extremely useful aids in the identification of minerals. The most important of them will, therefore, now be briefly noticed, nearly in the order in which they are alluded to in the pages of the Glossary, that is as follows :— Colour. The colour of a mineral is not, in general, so much to be relied on as some of the other characters. Certain peculiarities in the arrangement of the colours are of importance, thus :— Play of Colours is said to take place when a mineral, on being turned, presents the appearance of several prismatic colours in rapid succession. Examples of this property,are afforded by the Diamond, and in a less degree by the Precious Opal. A Change of Colours is of a somewhat similar nature to the play of colours, only the succession of colours is less rapid, and each particular one is spread over a larger surface. Labradorite furnishes a very good example of this. Tridescence is when the prismatic colours appear to be reflected from the interior of a crystal. Opalescence is when a milky or pearly reflection is displayed from the in- terior of a mineral, as is the case in some kinds of Opal and Cat’s-Hye. Tarnish signifies that the colour of the mineral is different from that ex- hibited by a newly fractured surface. It is, consequently, merely superficial. When the surface of a mineral (as, for example, Columbite) displays the superficial blue colour of tempered steel, it is said to possess the steel-tarnish ; when, as in the Specular Iron Ore of Elba, it exhibits fixed prismatic colours, it is said to be zrised. Diaphaneity, or Transparency. The following terms are made use of to express the different degrees in which minerals possess the capacity of transmitting light. 1. Transparent: when the object seen through it appears perfectly dis- tinct, as in Quartz and Gypsum. 2. Subtransparent, or semitransparent: when the outlines of objects seen through it do not appear distinct. 3. Translucent: when only light is transmitted, and objects are not seen, as in Oriental Alabaster. 4. Subtranslucent : when light is only transmitted at the edges. 5. Opaque: when no light is transmittted. Lustre. The kinds of Lustre depending upon the nature of the reflecting surface are six in number, viz. :— 1. Metallic, or the lustre of metals; Sudb-metallic, denoting that the mineral only possesses the lustre imperfectly. In the determination of minerals it is very important to distinguish the metallic from the non-metallic lustre. INTRODUCTION. XV 2. Vitreous, or the lustre of broken glass, of which the lustre of Rock Crystal is a good example; Calc Spar, on the other hand, presenting a sub- vitreous or imperfectly vitreous lustre. 3. Resinous, or the lustre of common rosin; of which Opal. and some kinds of Blende are examples. 4. Pearly, or like the lustre of a pearl; as in Talc, Steatite, Brucite, &c. The term metallic-pearly is used to denote when the pearly and sub- metallic lustre are displayed in the same mineral, as in Hypersthene. 5. Silky, or like silk. It is generally the result of a fibrous structure, as is apparent in fibrous Gypsum and Satin Spar. 6. Adamantine, or like Diamond. When combined in the same mineral - with sub-metallic it is called metallic-adamantine, of which Cerusite and _ Pyrargyrite are examples. The different degrees of intensity of lustre produced by a variation in the quantity of light reflected from the surface are four in number :— (1.) Splendent: when the surface of the mineral reflects with sufficient brilliancy to give well-defined images, as is the case with Oxide of Tin and Specular Iron. (2.) Shining: when the image produced by reflection from the surface is . not well defined, as in Celestine. . (3.) Glistening : when the surface reflects the light, but without pro- ducing an image, as in Talc, Copper Pyrites, &c. (4.) Glimmering : when the reflection of the light is imperfect, and appa- rently proceeding from points on the surface, as in Flint, Chalcedony, &c. a aS Ee - Optical and Physical Properties. — The former of these belong, properly, to the science of Optics, and can be only alluded to here. The principal properties dependent on light, besides those already noticed, _ employed in the determination of minerals are Refraction, Polarization, and _ Dichroism. ; 1. Refraction.—It is frequently of importance to know the index of re- fraction, or the ratio between the sine of the angle of incidence, and that of the angle of refraction; for although there is often some variation in the ratio in the same species (frequently corresponding to a change of colour), yet, as a general rule, each mineral refracting the light in an equal degree has its own index of refraction. Those minerals which refract light most powerfully, or in which the rays passing through them deviate the most from their straight path, afford the most brilliant gems. It is to its high refract- ing power (2°439 to 2°755) that the Diamond owes its brilliancy. Double Refraction.—Cale Spar and some other minerals present a double _ image of a point or line seen through them, in every position but one. This is called double-refraction, and a knowledge of whether a mineral possesses _ this property will enable the observer to refer it at once to its proper crys- _ tallographic system. All forms exhibit double refraction, except those be- _ longing to the Cubical System, which have three axes equal to one another. _ In the Pyramidal and Hexagonal (or Rhombohedral) Systems, in which the xvi INTRODUCTION. horizontal axes are equal, there is one axis of double refraction, or one direc- tion in which double refraction is not observable ; but in the Rhombie and Anorthic Systems, in which the horizontal axes are unequal, there are two axes of double refraction. 2. Polarization has the same relation to crystalline form as double refrac- tion, and is displayed by many minerals, of which Tourmaline is a well-known example. 3. Dichroism is when crystals present different colours when viewed by transmitted light in two different directions, of which examples are afforded by Iolite and Mica. Pleochroism is when the above property is exhibited in more than two directions. Phosphorescence. When minerals appear more or less luminous they are said to ve phos- phorescent. ‘That property may be produced either, Ist, by friction, as in Quartz ; 2nd, by heat, as in Fluor Spar ; 3rd, by electricity, as im Diamond, Cale Spar, Apatite, and some other kinds of Fluor Spar; and 4th, as in the case of some Diamonds, by exposure to the light of the sun. Fluorescence. This name has been given to the peculiar phenomenon exhibited by Fluor Spar, of transmitting one colour and reflecting another (according to’ Sir J. Herschel) from a stratum of small but finite thickness, adjacent to the surface by which the light enters. After passing through this stratum, the incident light, though not sensibly enfeebled or coloured, has lost the power of producing the same effect, and therefore may be considered as in some way or other qualitatively different from the original light. This dispersion of the rays, which takes place near the surface, has been called, by Professor Stokes, Fluorescence. It is exhibited by Green and Yellow Uranite and by Chalcolite; as well as by certain specimens of Apatite, Aragonite, Chrysoberyl, Kyanite and Topaz, but in these latter cases (as in Fluor Spar) the phenomenon is due to the presence of some substance accidentally present in small quantity.* ' Streak. This is a test of considerable importance, as the colour of the powder of a mineral is more constant and to be depended on than the colour of the mineral itself, which is liable to be altered by the accidental: admixture of foreign substances. ‘The streak is produced either by scratching the mineral or by drawing it across a piece of white unglazed porcelain; and observing the colour of the powder or of the trace it leaves behind. Stain. This character consists in leaving a mark on paper or linen, and is con- fined to a few soft minerals. Graphite may be distinguished from sulphide of Molybdenum, which it much resembles in other respects, by the mark which it leaves behind when drawn across paper. * Phil. Trans. 18525 partii. 1853: parti. INTRODUCTION. xvii Frangibility, or. Tenacity. The following terms are employed to denote the relative degrees of tena- city in minerals. 1. Britile : when the parts of a mineral separate in grains or powder on attempting to cut it with a knife, as in Cale Spar. 2. Sectile. ‘This character is intermediate between brittle-and. malleable, and is used to denote when pieces may be cut off with a knife without falling to powder, although the mineral, nevertheless, admits of being pulverized under the hammer. 3. Malleable : when slices may be cut off and then flattened out under the blows of a hammer, as is the case with native Gold and Native Silver. 4. Flexible: when the mineral admits of being bent without breaking, and retains the position given to it, as in Tale. 5. Elastic ; when, after being bent, the mineral flies back to its original position on the removal of the force, as in Mica. Fracture. Minerals are said to possess three kinds of fracture, viz. :— 1. Conchoidal, or Shelly: when the fractured surface displays curved concavities bearing more or less resemblance to those in the inside of a bivalve shell. Flint and glass are good examples of this kind of fracture. 2. Even: when the fractured surface is not rendered rough by the pre- sence of any minute elevations or depressions. 3. Hackly : when the elevations are sharp or jagged, as in broken iron. The Cleavage ofa mineral is altogether distinct from the Fracture, with which it must, in no manner, be confounded. Cleavage denotes that a mineral can be cleaved or divided mechanically in certain directions, yield- ing smooth surfaces of fracture (called the cleavage-planes), parallel with the faces or planes of the primary crystal. This may be effected by placing a knife or other sharp edge in a direetion parallel with the natural joints, and then giving it a smart blow with a hammer, _ The minerals which yield to cleavage in one direction only, are said to have a lamellar structure, Hardness. The manner of testing the hardness of a mineral is by seratching it with one of those named in the following list ; or (which is preferable) by trying each with a file, passing it three or four times, with a rather heavy pressure, over the mineral. The following scale of hardness, by Mohs, is that generally adopted :— . Talc: the common laminated green variety. . Gypsum: a crystallized variety. . Cale Spar: a transparent variety. . Fluor Spar; a crystalline variety. . Apatite: a transparent variety. 6, Felspar (Orthoclase) : white cleavable variety. a & & 09 bo XViii INTRODUCTION. 7. Quartz: a transparent variety. 8. Topaz: a transparent variety. 9. Sapphire: cleavable variety. 10. Diamond. Toughness. This quality (which expresses the resistance which a body offers to being broken or torn) must not be considered identical with Hardness. Some soft minerals may be tough, such as sulphate of lime; others, as Flint, though hard, may be easily broken ; while others, of which Jade is an instance, are at the same time both hard and tough. Specific Gravity. — The specific gravity of a mineral is a test of very great importance in the identification of minerals, and in some cases (as in those of polished gems for instance) it is almost the only one which can be had recourse to without occasioning injury to the specimen. In such cases the test of hardness does not admit of being applied, and, for the same reason, chemical analysis is out of the question. When, therefore, the test of colour cannot be relied upon, the determination of the specific gravity will almost always solve the diffi- culty. The mistakes that have been, and are constantly being, made by not determining the specific gravity of polished stones (even by those whose business it is to buy and sell such articles) are remarkable. It will be seen in the body of the work that colourless Jargoons are often sold in the East, and even in Europe, for inferior Diamonds, and similar substitu- tions are frequently made by dealers and jewellers in this country, not from any wilful intention to deceive, but in consequence of their relying solely on colour, lustre, and general appearance in the identification of gems. These mistakes might generally be avoided by ascertaining the specific gravity. The process is very simple, all that is required being an accurately adjusted balance, and care in the use of it. The determination of the specific gravity is effected by first weighing the mineral in the usual manner, and then, in water, suspended by a fine thread or horsehair. As the mineral will be buoyed up by the water in a» degree proportionate to the surface it presents, its weight in water will be less than in air, and the difference between the weight in water and the weight in air, or the loss in weight it has-sustained by immersion, will represent the weight of a quantity of water equal in bulk to the substance operated on. Now, as the specific gravity of a body is the proportion which its weight bears to that of an equal bulk of water, the weight in air divided by the loss of weight (or the difference of the weight obtained in and out of water) which it has sustained in water, will give the desired relation and be the required specific gravity. Taste. This test is, of course, only applicable in the case of minerals which are soluble in water. It is of seven kinds, viz. :— 1. Astringent: as in Sulphate of Iron. 2. Sweetish astringent: as in Alum, INTRODUCTION. p-db.< . Saline ; as jn Common Salt. Alkaline : as in Soda. Cooling : as in Saltpetre. . Bitter: as in Epsom Salts. . Sour: as in Sulphuric Acid. Odour. The odours of minerals may be tested by breathing strongly upon them or by friction. They are of six kinds, as follows, viz. :— 1. Alliaceous, like garlic. Arsenical Iron emits this odour by friction. It may be obtained by heat from all the arsenical ores or salts, and is a sure indication of the presence of arsenic in the substance from which it is evolved. 2. Horse-radish odour. The odour of decaying horse-radish is very per- ceptible on heating the ores of Selenium. 3. Sulphureous. Sulphureous odours are given off by Pyrites when it is rubbed, and by many sulphides when heated. 4, Bituminous, or the odour of Bitumen. 5. Fetid. The odour of sulphuretted hydrogen or rotten eggs is elicited by friction from Quartz and some kinds of Limestone, Anthraconite, &c. 6. Argillaceous. The smell of moistened clay may be detected in Ser- pentine, Clayslate, and some other minerals, by breathing strongly upon them ; and from some, as Pyrargillite, it may be elicited by heat. Adhesion to the tongue Is in some cases a useful character, dependent on the capacity of the mine- _ ral to imbibe moisture. Lithomarge adheres strongly to the tongue, and is a good example of this character, which is also generally sufficient for dis- tinguishing argillaceous from pure limestones. Cold. The cold feel caused by some minerals when taken into the naked hand. Thus various kinds of Rock Crystal and gems may be distinguished from glass, which may be made to imitate them closely, by their relative coolness. Electricity. This property may be produced in certain minerals by friction or by heat, the latter being called Pyro-electricity. Tourmaline, Calamine, and Boracite are examples of pyro-electric minerals, as are also Topaz, Axinite, eect Prehnite, Electric Calamine, Sphene, Rhodizite, Rock Crystal, and arytes. Magnetism. The property of attracting the magnetic needle is most strongly exhibited by Iron and some of its compounds; but Nickel, Cobalt, Platinum, Tita- nium and Palladium, have also been proved, by the experiments of Faraday, to be magnetic in the sense of iron. a 2 -rfumes and oint- ments, because it is thought that they will keepe and preserve them excellently well, without corruption. The same being burnt and calcined, is very good for diverse plas- tres.” —Pliny, book xxxvi. ch. 8. ALALITE. A variety of Diopside from Ala, in Piedmont. M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, Nos. 1032, 1033. ALAUNSTEIN, Werner. See ALUMSTONE. ALBERT COAL, or ALBERTITE. A bitu- minous kind of Coal found in Nova Scotia, and at Hillsborough, in New Brunswick. Analysis by Slessor : Volatile matters. “ 54°39 Fixedcarbon . 4 45°44 Ash . . - ebeimeruy OFLe. Carbon 5 ; By tie Hydrogen . x 5 gd OF BGGTOP ER. aaete hee ALBITE. Oxygen and Sulphur . . “ih Ash “ - : of OE: 106-00 It yields, on distillation, 100 gallons of crude oil per ton. See MELANASPHALT. ALBIN, Werner. A white, opaque variety of Apophyllite, found, associated with Na- trolite, at Aussig, in Bohemia. Brit Mus., Case 27. ALBITE, Beudant, Brooke & Miller, Dana, Phillips, Greg & Lettsom. Anorthie. Pri- mary form a doubly-oblique prism. Occurs generally in flat twin crystals. Colour. Usually white; sometimes grey, green, or brown. ‘Translucent to opaque. Lustre vitreous, pearly on cleavage planes. Streak white. Brittle. Fracture uneven. H. 6. S.G,. 2°59 to 2°65. Fig. 5. mina 19.5, soda: 11-°8=100. Analysis by Abich, from Miask : Silica . : 4 A 68°45 Alumina . : " mailise7 iL Peroxide of iron ‘ 2 SOR Soda . : : . diese Potash : : - - OFGe Lime . : : . - 0°50 Magnesia . : : «lst Protoxide of manganese trace 100,00 BB behaves like Felspar, but imparts a more distinct yellow colour to the flame. Not acted on by hot acids. Localities.— English. Cornwall; at Huel. Friendship on Quartz, and in white translu- cent crystals at Tintagel, near Camelford, Fig. 5; Beverley, Yorkshire; in green- stone. — Welsh: Tremadoc, Caernarvon- shire —Scotch. Near Edinburgh, in green- stone.—Ireland. In very perfect, white translucent twin-crystals at Ross, and in the granite of Slieve Corra, one of the Mourne Mountains. The forms found in the United Kingdom are represented in Fig. 5.— Foreign: The Tyrol, in large transparent, colourless crystals, with Pearl-spar; St. Gotthard, in white translu- cent twins; Arendal, in Norway, with’ ALEXANDRITE. Epidote and Garnet ; Greenland,with Eudy- alite and Hornblende; Massachusetts, U. S., with Tourmaline; Siberia; Norway; Sweden; Bohemia; Oisans, in Dauphiny; and elsewhere. ~ Name. From albus (white), in allusion to its colour. Brit. Mus., Case 30. M. P.G. Horse-shoe Case, No. 953. Albite is a soda Felspar, a small portion of the soda being sometimes replaced by pot- ash and lime. It is frequently a constituent of granite, and, more frequent4y than com- mon Felspar, of syenite and greenstone (as in the rocks round Edinburgh) ; but it often occurs associated with the latter in the same granite, when it may be distinguished by its greater whiteness and translucency. - Thus, in the granite of Pompey’s Pillar, and the block on which the statue of Peter the Great in St. Petersburg is placed, the Albite presents a greenish-white colour, while the Felspar is flesh-red. _ ALEXANDRITE. A variety of Chryso- beryl found in mica-slate with Beryl and Phenacite, 85 wersts from Ekatherinenberg in the Ural. It is of an emerald-green colour by reflected Jight and columbine-red by transmitted light. The colour is sup- posed to be produced by the presence of oxide of chrome.. Named after Alexander I., Emperor of Russia. Brit. Mus., Case 19. - . ALGERITE. An altered form of Scapolite. Occurs in slender square prisms imbedded in Calc-spar. Colour yellowish to grey. Usually dull. Brittle. H. 3 to 3:5: of more altered crystals 2°5. S.G. 2:7 to 2°78. Analysis by T. S. Hunt: Silica . P . i 49-82 Alumina 5 0 24-91 Magnesia “ < 1°15 Potash 3 ‘ 10°21 Carbonate of lime . S 3.94 Water . & ‘ : 7:57 97-60 Locality. Franklin, Sussex co., New Jer- sey. ‘ Name. After Alger, the American minera- ogist. ALGODONITE. A new mineral found in small white lumps and veins, (at first sup- posed to be native silver,) in the silver- mine of Alogodes (whence the name Algodo- nite) near Coquimbo in Chili. Comp. A compound of arsenic and copper in which the proportion of copper is twice that in Domeykite, or Cul? AS, or copper 83°66, arsenic 16°34=100. ALLANITE: 7 Analysis by F. Field: Copper ; 2 . 83°30 Arsenic é F a 16224 Silver . 0.31 99-84. Colour brilliant silver-white; also white, but quickly tarnishes on exposure to the air. Fracture strong granular. Soluble in di- lute nitric acid. ALIsonirE, F. Field. Massive. Colour deep indigo-blue, quickly tarnishing on ex- posure. Fracture slightly conchoidal. H. 2°5 to 8. §.G. 6:1. Comp. Double sulphide of copper and lead or 3Cu2S + Pb S=copper 53°33, lead 28°80, sulphur 17-77 =100. Analysis by Frederick Field : Copper 53°68 Lead - 28°25 Sulphur . 17:00 98°88 Violently acted on by nitric acid with the formation of sulphate of lead and liberation of free sulphur. ¢ Locality. Mina Grande, near Coquimbo, Chili, associated with carbonate of lead and carbonate of copper. Name. After R. E. Alison. ALizITE, Glocker. See PIMELITE. ALKALI MINERALE, Brochant. See NA- TRON. ALLAGITE. A compact variety of Rhodo- nite, altered through the tendency of prot- oxide of manganese to pass to a higher state of oxidation, accompanied with the absorp- tion of water. It is of a greenish-grey colour, verging upon black, and is some- what fibrous, resembling altered Busta- mite. Analysis by Du Menil: Peroxide of manganese 75°0 Silica : : 16°0 Lime 75 98°5 Locality. The vicinity of Rubeland in the Harz. Name. From @dawy4, change; in allusion to its change on exposure. Brit. Mus., Case 26. AuLLANITE. Phillips, Thomson, Nicol, Dana. Oblique. Isomorphous with Epi- dote. Occurs in long and slender, or flat tabular crystals, or in masses and grains. Colour black, passing into reddish- or green- ish-brown. Opaque; feebly translucent and of a yellowish-brown colour in thin splin- ters. Lustre submetallic, inclining to vi- treous or resinous. Streak greenish-grey. B4 8 ALLEMONTITE.* ALLOPHANE. Brittle. Fracture uneven, passing into small '. Locality. Norway ; principally in an iron- conchoidal. H.6. S.G. 2°86 to 2°9. Fig. 6. Comp. 3R3 Sit 2h Sit+10 H. Analysis by D: Forbes, from Naes Mine: Silica 5 ° : . 31:03 Alumina. Weg ai yee) Glucina 371 Protoxide of iron » 20°68 Protoxide of manganese . 0-07 Protoxide of cerium 6°74 Oxide of lanthanium . 435 Yttria i. s 3 = E02 Time; ; : ; . 6°68 Magnesia 2°06 BHO ee at un dank Rosse Soda . 4 : 3 . 0°56 Oxide of copper . . trace Water... . - 12:24 99:33 BB on charcoal swells up, becomes brown- ish-yellow and fuses to a black (somewhat magnetic) glass. Localities.—Scotch. 1 mile west of New Abbey, near Criffel, E. Kirkcudbrightshire ; in syenite.— Foreign. Norway; at Naes Mine about 10 miles east of Arendal; Jotun Fjeld, in porphyry: Snarum, with Albite. Greenland, in granite. Plauensche Grund, near Dresden, in Saxony. Near Suhl in the Thuringerwald, in granite. Moriah, Essex co., New York, with Lanthanite, at the junc- tion of the Sanford magnetic iron with the granite walls. Name. After Thomas Allan, of Edinburgh, by whom it was first noticed as a distinct species. Brit. Mus., Case 38. ALLEMONTITE. A name given to arsenical antimony, found at Allemont in Dauphiny. Analysis by, Rammelsberg : Arsenic . : : . 62°15 Antimony . . - 37°85 100-00 ALLEY STONE. See WEBSTERITE. ALLOCHROITE, a fine-grained, massive va- riety of iron-Garnet of a greyish, dingy yellow, or reddish colour. Opaque. Frac- ture uneven. H. not so hard as Quartz, but strikes fire with steel. §.G. 3:7 to 4'21. BB behaves like Melanite. mine near Drammen. Name. From «aos. other, and xeeix, colour ; in allusion to its variety of colours. Brit. Mus., Case 36. ALLoGoniTE, Breithaupt. RITE. ALLOMORPHITE, Breitnaupt. (From @A%os, other, and “0e¢%, form), A variety of Barytes found in scaly masses in Unterwirbach near Rudolstadt in Schwarzburg. According to Gerngross it contains 1°9 per cent. of sul- phate of limegas impurity. ALLOPHANE. Occurs reniform, massive, encrusting ; occasionally almost pulverulent. Colour pale blue, sometimes green, brown, yellow or colourless. Translucent. Lustre, vitreous or resinous; internally splendent and waxy. Streak white. Very brittle. Fracture flat conchoidal and shining. Ad- heres to the tongue. H. 3. 8.G. 1°76 to1°89. Comp. Hydrated silicate of alumina, or See HERDE- Aj3 Si2+15H.=silica 24:22, alumina 40°39, - water 39°39=100. Analysis by A. B. Northcote, from Wool- wich: Silica A ‘ 3 . 20°50 Alumina . , é » 81°34 . Protoxide of iron 3 « Ost Lime . 5 1°92 Carbonic acid . 4 Sues Water 5 s 42°91 99-71 - BB soon loses colour, and becomes pulver- ulent, causing some intumescence and ting- ing the flame green. Alone infusible; with borax fuses readily to a transparent colour- less glass. Dissolves perfectly in dilute acids; when digested in concentrated acids, leaves a silicious jelly. Localities. Allophane has been lately ob- served at the chalk-pits at New Charlton, near Woolwich, Kent, by the students of the Government School of Mines, and determined by them in the laboratory of Dr. Percy. It occurs abundantly, of a honey-yellow colour, in the chalk of Beauvais in France; also lin- ing irregular cavities ina kind of marl at Saalfield in Thuringia, Schneeberg in Sax- ony, Visé in Belgium and elsewhere. At Richmond, Massachusetts, U.S., it occurs with Gibbsite, forming a hyaline crust, scaly or compact in structure, and brittle; also, at — the Bristol copper mine, Connecticut, U.S. - Name. From «Aros, other, and ¢xivw, to ap- pear ; in allusion to its change of appearance under the blowpipe. ; Brit. Mus., Case 26. ALLOPHANE OPAL. Allophane usually occurs lining small ca- Vities, and in veins in marl or chalk; some- times in little reniform masses with a resi- nous or waxy lustre. ALLOPHANE OPAL. See SCHROTTERITE. Autoy oF IRIDIUM AND Osmium, Wol- laston, Phillips. See IRIDOSMINE. ALLUAUDITE, Damour, Nicol. Occurs massive, with a triple cleavage at right an- gles to each other. Colour clove-brown. Subtranslucent or opaque. Lustre dull. Streak yellowish. Fracture scaly, shining. H. above 4. §8.G. 3°468. Phosphoric acid 41:25 Peroxide of iron 25.62 Protoxide of manganese .. 23°08 Peroxide of manganese 1:06 Soda . - ° 5:47 Silica . : - 0-60 Water Baie 2°65 — 99°73 BB on platina wire fuses to a black mag- netic globule. Forms a solution in muria- tic acid which is black when cold, and yel- lowish-brown when heated. Locality. Chanteloupe, near Limoges in France, associated with Vivianite and Du- frénite. Name. After Mons. Alluaud of Limoges. ALMAGRERITE, Breithaupt. An anhy- drous sulphate of zine occurring in crystals isomorphous with Anglesite and Heavy Spar, at the Barranca Jaroso Mine, in the Sierra Almagrera, Spain. 8.G. 4°53. ALMANDINE, or ALMANDINE GARNET, iS the name given to red transparent varieties of Garnet. It is an alumina-iron Garnet, the composition of which is represented by the 20°5, protoxide of iron 43°2=100. Cubical: occurs in rhombic dodecahedrons,,and, in the same with all the edges replaced by six- sided planes. Lustre vitreous, shining. Streak white. Fracture subconchoidal, uneven. H. 6°5 to 75. §$.G. 3°7 to 4-21. Analysis by Hisinger, from Fahlun: Silica . 3 . 39°66 Alumina P . 19°66 Protoxide of iron. . 39°68 Protoxide of manganese 1:80 100°8U _ BR fuses rather readily to a black magnetic globule; with borax more slowly to a dark glass, affording an iron reaction. Insoluble in acid. ALTAITE. 9 Localities. This stone is found in sand, alluvial soil, and gneiss, in Ceylon, Pegu, Hindostan, Brazil, Greenland ; also at Elie in Fifeshire, at Ala in Piedmont, and in various parts of Bohemia. When of good size, finely coloured, trans- parent, and free from flaws it is used asa gem. It should be cut quite thin on account of its depth of colour, with a pavilion on the under side and a broad table above, bordered withsmall facets. An octagonal Garnet, mea- suring 84 lines by 63, has sold for near 700 dol- lars. Almandine may be distinguished from Corundum or Spinel by its duller colour. Brit. Mus., Case 36. sina M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, Nos. 889 to 893, 897, 898. ALMANDINE Rusy. The name given to violet-coloured varieties of Spinel. ALMANDINE Spar, Mohs. See Evupta- LITE. AtsToniTE, Breithaupt, Nicol, Greg & Lettsom. Rhombic. Primary form a right rhombic prism. Colour snow-white or grey- ish-yellow. Translucent. Lustre vitreous, on surfaces of fracture resinous. Fracture con- choidal, uneven. H. 4 to 4:5. S.G. 3°65 to 3:7. \ Fig. Te Comp. Identical with Barytocalcite. Ba G+Ca C, or carbonate of baryta 66-1, carbo- nate of lime 33°9=100. Analysis by Thomson, from Fallowfield : Carbonate of baryta . 60°63 _ Carbonate of lime . 80°09 Carbonate of manganese 9°18 | 99-90 BB decrepitates and phosphoresces. Dis- solves in acids with effervescence. Localities. Fallowfield, near Hexham, Northumberland ; in small six-sided pyra- midal crystals, of a pinkish tinge. Bromley Hill, near Alston (whence the name Alsto- nite) Cumberland ; of a white or grey colour, in veins with Galena. ALTAITE, Dana, Haidinger, Nicol. Cu- bical. Usually occurs massive in granu- lar aggregates; rarely in cubes. Colour tin-white, with a yellow tarnish. Lustre metallic. Sectile. Fracture uneven, H.3 to 3d. 8.G. 8-10. ALVITE. | Fig. 8. Fig. 9. Comp. Telluride of lead or Pb Te = lead 61:7, tellurium 38-3 = 100. Analysis by G. Rose. Lead . : 4 . 60°35 Tellurium ..- . 4 » 88°37 Silver . B 4 z . 1:28 100-00 BB colours the flame blue: in the inner flame volatilizes, except a minute globule of silver. Soluble in nitric acid. Locality. The Savodinsky mine, near Barnaoul, in the Altai; mixed with telluric silver. AuviTe, David Forbes & F. Dahll. Crys- tallizes like Zircon. Colour reddish-brown, becoming greyish-brown on alteration. Opaque; translucent at the edges. Lustre greasy. Fracture conchoidal. H. 5:5. 8.G. 3°40 to 3°6. BB in the platina forceps infusible: be- comes paler by heat. With borax yields a yellow glass, which becomes colourless on cooling. Comp. An approximative analysis shows it to consist chiefly of silica, yttria, thorina(?), alumina, and glucina, peroxide of iron and water. Localities. Helle and Naresté in Norway. Aum. Under this name are comprised several compounds which have the general cos cee ing different bases, as potash, soda, mag- nesia, protoxide of manganese, &c.) which are described under their respective names, All these compounds crystallize in| octa- hedrons, but they usually occur in nature in fibrous masses, or as a mealy efflorescence, with a’sweetish astringent taste, more or less resembling that of common alum. It is soluble in from 16 to 20 times its weight of cold water, and in little more than its own weight of boiling water. On exposure to heat, it melts easily in its own water of crystallization, and froths up in a remark- able way, and by continuance of heat it is converted into a white spongy mass. Alum is used largely in the manufacture of leather and paper, as a mordant in dyeing, in me- _ dicine, for preserving animal substances from putrefaction, and for various other purposes. The alum of commerce is made either from elay or from alum-slate or shale. Much of ALUMSTONE. the Dorsetshire pipe-clay, which is not of sufficiently good quality for use in the potteries, is converted into alum by being treated with sulphuric acid. The sulphate of alumina which is thus formed, being lixi- viated with water, potash salts are added, and crystals of alum are ultimately obtained by evaporation. At Whitby, in Yorkshire, the ‘alum-shale is mixed with fuel and set on fire; the residue is lixiviated with water, and purified by subsequent evaporation ; potash salts are added, and crystallized alum is finally formed. The best alum is made from the Alum-stone of Tolfa, near Civita Vecchia. Auum, Nicol, Phillips. Native alum. See PotTasH-ALUM. ALUMINE FLUATEE ALCALINE, Haiiy. See CRYOLITE. ALUMINE FLUATEE SILICEUSE, Haiiy. See TOPAZ. ALUMINE HypRATEE SILICIFERE, Levy. Siliciferous hydrate of alumina. ALUMINE-HYDRO-PHOSPHATEE, Haiiy. See WAVELLITE. ALUMINE Macnisiis, Haiiy. See SPINEL. ALUMINE sOUS-SULFATEE. See WEB- STERITE, 4 ALUMINE SOUS-SULFATEE ALCALINE, Haiiy. See ALUMSTONE. ALUMINE SULFATEE, Haiiy. See ALUMINE SULFATEE ALCA- - ALUNO- LINE, Haiiy. GENE. ALUMINILITE, La Metherie. See ALUM- STONE. ALUMINITR, Jameson. See WEBSTERITE. ALUMOCALCITE, Phillips, Bretthaupt. An impure Opal of a milk-white colour inclin- ing to blue, and containing six per cent. of lime. Streak white. Fracture conchoidal. Adheres strongly to the moistened lip. May be crushed between the fingers. §.G. 2°174. Analysis by Kersten: Silica . é : a - 86°60 Alumina i F ‘ Pe eye) Limege. sol) Water . 5 ‘ : - 400 99°10 BB in the platina forceps becomes opaque and grey-coloured. With borax forms a colourless glass. Forms a transparent jelly in concentrated muriatic acid. Locality. Kibenstock, in Saxony ; in clefts in veins of ironstone. Alumocalecite was formerly considered to be a decomposed Opal. Brit. Mus., Case 25. Auumstrong, Phillips, occurs massive and crystallized.in modifications of an obtuse rhomboid. The crystals are minute, shining, ALUNITE. and sometimes brownish externally. Colour white, also greyish or reddish. Transparent to subtranslucent. Lustre vitreous or pearly. Streak white. Brittle. Fracture flat con- choidal, uneven ; of massive varieties, splin- tery, occasionally earthy. H. 3°5 to 4. S.G. 2°08 to 2°78. Fig. 10. Fig. 11. Analysis by Corder, of crystals from Tolfa : Shy GAiouGo Alumina 5 = 9°65 Sulphuric acid . . . 30°50 Potash . : , . 10-02 Water . 5 : ° . 14°83 100-00 BB decrepitates and is infusible alone and with soda: with borax forms a colourless glass. Soluble in sulphuric acid, when reduced to powder. Insoluble in water, but after gentle ignition, gives up alum to it, the ex- cess of alumina remaining undissolved. Localities. Tolfa, near Civita Vecchia, in the Papal States. Musay and Bereghszasz, in Hungary. Milo, Argentiera, in the Grecian Archipelago. The Island of Nevis. Pic de Sancy, in France. Elizabethpol, in Georgia. Silesia, in a eoal-bed. Much of the best alum of commerce is procured from Alumstone by repeated roast- ings, washings, and finally crystallizing by ‘evaporation. Some of the Hungarian va- rieties are so hard and compact as to be used for millstones. Brit. Mus., Case 55. M. P. G. Upper gallery, table-case B, in recess 6, Nos. 179 to 186. _ALUN-AMMONIACAL, Dufrénoy. See Am- MONIA-ALUM. _ ALUN DE PLUME, Dufrénoy. See Hato- TRICHITE, ALUN DE Rome, the commercial name for alum made at Tolfa. See ALUM-STONE. ' ALUN-MAGNESIEN, Dufrénoy. See Mac- NESIA-ALUM. _ALUN SoDIFERE, Dufrénoy. See Sopa _ALuM. _ALUNITE, Necker. See ALUMSTONE., ALUNOGENE, Beudant, Dana, is a hy- drous sulphate of alumina, composed, when pure, of alumina 15:42, sulphuric acid 89°99, water 48°59 = 100:00, corresponding il to the formula Al $3+18 H. It occurs gene- rally in delicate fibrous masses or crusts, either white or tinged with yellow or red, when impure. Translucent. Lustre silky. Taste like that of common alum. H. 1°5 to 2) eG. E-6 to, 1:8. ri intumesces and fuses easily. Very so- uble. Localities. It occurs at Araya near Cu- mana; Socono; Copiapo, in Chili, and other parts of South America; in numerous places in the United States; at Adelaide, in New South Wales, &c. &c. Alunogen results from voleanic action, © and the decomposition of Pyrites in shales. AMALGAM, Dana. S\ausee AMALGAME, Wecker. NATIVE AMALGAME NATIF D’ARGENT, { AMAL- La Metherie. GAM, AMALGAME D’OrR. See ELECTRUM. (A variety of com- pact Felspar (Or- AMANSITE * | thoclase) from A- AMANTICE delfors in Sweden, AMAUSITE, Dufrénoy{ Colour clear grey AMAUTITE passing into grey- AMAUZITE ish-white. Frac- ture perfect con- L choidal. AMAZON Stone. A bluish-green variety of Felspar (Orthoclase). It is slightly trans- lucent at the edges, and possesses a consi- derable amount of varying lustre. The stone brought from Lake Baikal in Siberia is sometimes, though rarely, in pieces suffi- ciently large to be made into small vases and other ornaments; and, when well cut, it forms an Aventurine composed of silvery spangles in a green base. The verdigris- green variety found on the east side of Lake Ilmen is coloured by copper. Brit. Mus., Case 30. M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, No. 955. AMBER is found in irregular masses of all shades of yellow, from the palest primrose to the deepest orange, sometimes brown. It is brittle, yields readily to the knife, affording a white streak, and breaks with a fracture which is more or less perfectly conchoidal. It varies from perfect transparency to com- plete opacity, sometimes, but rarely, being nearly as white as ivory, and has a vitreous or resinous lustre. H. 2 to 2°5 S.G. 1°08. Comp. C19 H8 O=carbon 7896, hydro- gen 10°51, oxygen 10°52. Burns readily with a yellow flame, emitting an agreeable odour, and leaves a black, shining, light, carbonaceous residue. Becomes negatively electric by friction, Soluble in alcohol. b _ Island, Antrim. AMBER. Considerable quantities of Amber are cast ashore during autumnal stérms on the coasts of Pomerania and Prussia Proper, and are carefully collected. Amber is also found along the whole line of the Baltic coast, but the largest specimens are procured from the Prussian shores, and the search for it is an industry exercised from Dantzic to Memel. This is distinguished as marine Amber. The other description, called terrestial Amber, is dug in mines and is generally found in allu- vial deposits of sand and clay, associated with fossil wood, Iron Pyrites, and alum- shale. It is also found on the Sicilian coast, near Catania; at Hasen Island in Greenland ; in clay at Auteuil, near Paris; but more plen- tifully in certain lignite deposits of the Aisne, and occasionally on the sea-coasts of Norfolk, Essex, Sussex, and Kent. It oc- curs in sand at Kensington, near London; in Treland on the coast at Howth, near Dublin; at Craignashoke, in Ulster; and at Rathlin Amber, to a considerable amount, is also said to be taken to China from a northerly part of Upper Burmah. The vegetable origin of Amber is now fully ascertained, by the experiments of Sir David Brewster on its optical properties, as well as from its association with coal, and lignite, and the occurrence in it of the re- mains of insects and plants. According to Goeppert, Amber is the mineralised resin of extinct Conifere, one of which he has named Pinites succinifer, or Amber-bearing Pinetree. The insects inclosed in it, which are mostly, if not all, of extinct species, ap- pear to have been entangled in the then viscous substance while alive, and, in many cases, to have struggled hard to escape, as is evident from the legs and wings which are frequently found separated from the bodies to which they once belonged. Yellow amber, cut in facets, or simply in beads for bracelets and necklaces, was long in fashion, and is sometimes worn at the present day. It is used in the East by Turks, Egyptians, Arabs, Persians, and the natives of India, to ornament their pipes, arms, the saddles and bridles of their horses, and even of their camels; and in the West it is made into beads, necklaces, brooches, earrings, boxes, and small works of art, cane- handles, mouth-pieces of pipes, and occa- sionally into candlesticks, salvers, pipe- tubes, and other larger articles. Four amber mouth-pieces, set with brilliants, exhibited in the Turkish Section of the Great Exhi- bition of 1851 were valued together at £1,000. The estimation in which Amber is held in Turkey for the mouth-pieces of 12 AMBER. pipes, may be in some measure accounted for by the current belief entertained in that country, where it is a great mark of polite- ness to offer the pipe to a stranger, that Am- ber is incapable of transmitting infection. The straw-yellow, slightly clouded, trans- lucent variety is the rarest, and that pre- ferred to all others by the Orientals, who purchase it at extravagant prices. In other countries the orange-yellow transparent variety is decidedly preferred. ‘¢ Sir Plume, of amber snuff-box justly vain, And the uice conduct of a clouded * cane :” Pore, Rape of the Lock. In the Museum of Mineralogy in Paris there is the handle of a cane made of Amber, the colour of which is ef so pure a yellow, and so limpid, that it might almost be mis- taken fora Brazilian Topaz. The principal use of Amber in the Arts is for obtaining, by distillation, succinic acid and oil of amber, which it affords at a lew temperature, leaving an extremely black, shining residue, which is employed as the basis of the finest black varnishes. Amber was known to the ancients, and made by them into various ornamental arti- cles. lt was said by the common fable to consist of the tears of those poplars into which Phaeton’s sisters were transformed. Pliny says, because our ancestors believed that it was the juice of a tree (suceum) they called it (in Latin) suecinum. The Greeks called it ”“Haexzeov, (either from its resem- blance in colour to the alloy of gold and silver of that name, or from ’Haézrwe, a name of the sun), and whence, on account of its electrical properties, the derivation of the word electricity. By some of the ancients Amber was called Lyncurion, and believed to be produced from the urine of the lynx; from that of the males when of a deep and fiery tint; but when of a pale hue from that * These clouded canes were made of fine marbles, richly mounted with gold, silver, amber, &c. Inthe early part of the eighteenth century the most fashionable sorts of walking-sticks were made of certain fine marbles and agates, exhibit- ing either a splendid variety of colour, or a rich semi-opaque plain tint, which was most expres- sively described by the English term “ clouded,”’ These wands were made oi the most slender pro- portions, both on account of their specific gravity, and the quality of the persons by whoin the were to be carried; and they were often richly mounted with silver, gold, amber, or precious stones. Such were the ‘“ clouded canes” of the age of Pope and Gay, which were frequently so greatly valued, as to be preserved in cases of shagreen or sheaths of leather.—(See the Tatler No. 108, 6th December, 1709.) AMBLYGONITE. of the other sex. In common with other stones the ancients attributed particular pro- perties to Amber. Pliny states that it is useful in medicine, and that a collar of Am- ber worn round the neck of a young infant was considered in his time a singular pre- Servative against secret poisoning, and a countercharm te witchcraft and sorcery. “ Callistratus saith, that such collars are very good for all ages, and namely, to pre- serve as many as weare them against fantas- ticall illusions and frights that drive folke out of their wits: yea and amber, whether it be taken in drinke or hung about one, cureth the difficultie of voiding urine.”— Pliny, book xxxvii. cap. 3. The modern name Amber is probably de- rived from that by which this substance is known in the East; anbar or anabar (Per- sian), anbaron (Arabic). Amber is imitated by mixing by degrees, at a moderate and gradually raised heat, rectified oil of asphalt with turpentine in a yellow copper vessel. When, after two or three boilings, it has become sufficiently thick, it is poured into moulds. Amber may be distinguished from Mellite and copal, which are often substituted for it, by spitting and frothing when burning, and when its liquefied particles drop, by their rebounding from the surface on which they fall; while Mellite does not fuse in the same manner when heated, and copal, when heated at the end of a knife, takes fire and melts into drops which flatten as they fall. Amber ornaments, when broken, may be mended with cement composed of linseed oil, gum mastic, and litharge, or by warming the fractured surfaces and pressing them to- gether, after they have been moistened with a solution of potash, or soluble glass,—the pieces being tied round with string for a few | days. Brit. Mus., Case 60. M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, No. 92. AMBLYGONIC AUGITE SPAR, Haidinger ; or AMBLYGONITE, Breithaupt, Dana. Rhom- bic. This mineral occurs massive and in oblique rhombic prisms, which are rough externally and of a greenish-white, a moun- tain- or sea-green colour. Lustre vitreous, in- clining to pearly. Translucent. Streak white. Fracture uneven. H.6. S8.G. 3.0 to 3-11. Comp. Phosphate of alumina and lithia, in combination with double fluoride of aluminum and lithium; represented by the formula (Al5 P5 + R5 P35) + (Al? F5+RF) where R stands for lithium, sodium, and potassium. ~~ AMETHYST. 13 Analysis by Rammelsberg, from Camsdorf : Phosphoric acid - 47°15 Alumina - 38°43 Lithia . ‘ 7.03 Soda . : A % 3°29 Potash . 0:43 Fluorine : 8-11 104-44 BB fuses readily with intumescence, and becomes opaque white on cooling. Forms a transparent colourless glass with borax. Easily soluble in sulphuric acid. Occurs in granite at Chursdorf and Arnsdorf near Pe- nig, in Saxony, associated with Tourmaline and Garnet: also at Arendal, in Norway. The name is derived from éuCrvyavos, having an obtuse angle; (4«6ads, blunt, and yavier, angle). Brit. Mus., Case 54. Ametuyst. A variety of Quartz of a clear purple or violet-blue, of various de- grees of intensity; the colour not unfre- quently passing, in the same specimen, from the richest tint to almost colourless. The colour is supposed to be produced by the presence of a small per centage of man- ganese. Heintz, however, on analysing a very deep purple specimen from the Brazils, obtained in addition to silica, 0:0187 pro- toxide of iron, 0°6236 lime, 00133 magnesia, and 0:0418 soda ; whence he infers that the colour is due to a compound of iron and soda. The’ finest Amethysts are brought from India, Brazil, Ceylon, Persia, Morocco, and Siberia; but inferior, though beautiful specimens are found in Transylvania, Hun- gary, Saxony, the Harz, Brioude in Au- vergne, Murcia and Catalonia in Spain. A vein of Amethyst of a very beautiful colour is said to exist at Kerry Head, in Ireland, and many years ago it was used for jewelry. (F. J. Foot.) It occurs massive, in rolled pieces, and in hexagonal crystals, which are rarely so distinet as those of Quartz, being generally united together for the entire length of the prisms, so that only the pyra- midal terminations are separated from each other. For this reason, when broken in the direction of the prisms, the fracture presents a coarsely fibrous or wrinkled appearance, somewhat resembling that of the skin on the palm of the hand. All the varieties of Rock Crystal having this peculiar wrinkled frac- ture are classed by Sir David Brewster under the head ofAmethyst, of whatever colour they may happen to be. It is also found in veins, or forming the interior coatings of Agates in trap-rocks. The Amethyst varies consi- derably in transparency. It has always 14 AMETHYSTOLINE. been esteemed, on account of its beauty, as a gem, and possesses the advantage of being almost the only coloured stone that can be worn with mourning. It appears to the greatest advantage when set in gold and surrounded with pearls; but when of a vivid tinge it will sustain the presence of the diamond, and may, in consequence, be set round with brilliants. The less gold that is employed in making it up the better. The name Amethyst is derived from the word ézétvers, which the Greeks supposed to be formed of «, neg., and “ebia, to inebriate, from some supposed quality of the stone in resisting intoxication. Pliny mentions an opinion that it takes its name from its colour approaching that of wine, but not reach- ing it. “The reason of the name, Amethyst, is generally thought to be this, that notwith- standing it approach very neare to the colour of wine, yet before it throughly tast thereof, it turneth into a March violet colour: and that purple lustre which it hath is not alto- gether x, but declineth in the end to the colour of wine.” —Pliny, book xxxvii. ch. 9. Brit. Mus., Case 20. M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, Nos. 501 to 504. AMETHYSTOLINE. The name given to the volatile fluid observed by Brewster in cavi- ties of Amethyst. AMIANTH, Jameson, See AmI- AMIANTHE, Brochant. ANTHUS. AMIANTHOIDE, Haiiy. A variety of Ami- anthus from Oisans, in Dauphiny, the fibres of which are somewhat elastic. Brit. Mus., Case 34. AMIANTHOID MaGnesitTE, Nuttall. BRUCITE. AmiantTHus. The name given to the whiter and more delicate varieties of As- Werner. See bestos, which possess a satin-like lustre, owing to the greater separation of the fibres of which they are composed. Amianthus usu- ally occurs in Serpentine. It is found in the Tarantaise in Savoy, in Corsica, Dauphiny, St. Gotthard, Saltzburg, the Tyrol, United States, &c. It is also met with in Corn- wall, near Liskeard, and at the Lizard Point; in Scotland, at Portsoy, in Banff- shire; at Towenrieff in Aberdeenshire; at Glenelg in Inverness-shire; and on the east coast of Balta Islandin the Shetlands. The word Amianthus (from &/avzos, undefiled,) is expressive of the simple manner by which, when soiled, it may be cleansed and restored to its original purity. ‘“ From its flexibility, and its resisting the effects of fire, it is said to have been, by the ancients, wove into a kind of cloth, in which they wrapped the AMOIBITE. * bodies of persons of distinction before they were placed on the funeral pile, that their ashes might be collected free from admix- ture; it was also used for incombustible wicks,” * a purpose to which it is applied at the present day. Brit. Mus., Case 34. M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, No. 1151. AMMIOLITE, Dana. Antimonite of quick- silver mixed with clay and oxide of iron, forming a red powder, found at the quick- silver mines in Chili, accompanied by ores of antimony, copper, and mercury; also at Silbe, near Olpe, in Westphalia. Analysis by Domeyko: Antimonious acid . - - 125 Protoxide of mercury . . 14:0 26°3 22°3 24:7 100°0 Silica . 3 ‘ < Peroxide of iron . - Water and loss : F : Name. From &ueusov, vermilion. AMMONALUM, Beudant, Necker; AMMO- NIA-ALUM; AMMONIAK ALAUN, v. Kobell. Occurs in thin fibrous layers and in octahe- drons, in Brown Coal, at -Tschermig in Bohemia. H.1to2. S8.G. 1:56. Comp. Sulphate of alumina and ammonia, or N H40 8 + Al 8+24 H= sulphate of ammonia 14°6, sulphate of potash 37-8, water 47°6=100. Analysis by Pfaff: Sulphuric acid . 36°00 Alumina : . 12°14 Ammonia . : : . 6°58 Magnesia . . 5 . 0°28 Water . ‘ : 5 - 45°00 100-00 This salt is manufactured and used in France instead of potash-alum. It is prepared by mixing the sulphate of alumina obtained from alum-shale, lignite containing lron- pyrites, or any other aluminous mineral im- pregnated with sulphide of iron, or by treating clay with sulphuric acid with de- composing urine (which contains ammonia- cal salts). The ammonia-alum then sepa- rates, and may be purified by repeated solu- tion and recrystallization. AMMONIAQUE MUBIATEE, Haiiy. See SAL- AMMONIAC. AMMONIAQUE SULFATEE, Haiiy. MASCAGNINE. AMOIBITE, v. Kobell. A variety of Gers- See * Jameson’s Mineralogy, vol. i. p. 445. AMPELITIS. dorfiite, occurring in small octahedrons of a pale steel-grey colour at Lichtenberg in the Fitchtelbirge. H.4. S.G. 6-08. Analysis by Von Kobell: Arsenic B . 45°34 Nickel . . 80°84 Sulphur . 14:00 Tron 3 : 2°50 ead > . 3 2 . 0°82 Cobalt . . trace 100-00 AMPELITIS, Dioscorides. Cannel Coal. _AMPHIBOLE, Haiiy. See HoRNBLENDE. The name is derived from 2¢giloacs, ambigu- ous; because it He been confounded with Tourmaline. AMPHIBOLE BLANC, Haiiy.. See TREMo- LITE. AMPHIGENE, Haiiy, (from ««¢i, double, and ¥és, origin.) See LEUCITE. AMPHILOGITE. See DIpRIMITE. AMPHODELITE, Nordenskiild, Phillips. A reddish-grey or dingy peach-blossom-red variety of Anorthite, occurring both crystal - ‘ized and massive at Lojo in Finland and at Tunaberg in Sweden. It resembles Felspar m crystalline form, and Scapolite in fracture. H. 4:5. §.G. 2° 763. Analysis by Nordenskivld, from Finland: Silica . 3 é . 49°80 Alumina ‘5 . 89°40 Lime . “i F f . 10:15 Magnesia 0°05 Protoxide of iron 1:70 Water . a : 1°85 100.00 Name. From éu¢w, both, and 4:A0s, a spit or pointed pillar. Brit. Mus., Case 31. ANAGENITE. See CHROME OCHRE. ANALCIME, Haiiy, Dana, Nicol, Phillips. Cubical. Primary form a cube. Oc- curs generally in icositetrahedral (or 24- sided) crystals. Colourless and transparent; or white, grey, red and opaque. Lustre shining, be- tween pearly and vitreous. Streak white. Brittle. Fracture imperfect conchoidal. Be- comes feebly electric by friction, H. 5 to 55. §.G. 2-068 to 2:2. be Fig. 12. “ANATASE. 15 Comp. Na? Si+ 8Al Si2+ 6H=silica 54-6, alumina 23-2, soda 14:0, water 8°1=100. Analysis by Connel, from Old Kirkpatrick : Silica . - 09°07 Alumina 3 3 SL LeLe Soda 5 B 5 BZA Water . ; ; 8°22 99-23 BB loses water and becomes milk-white; but when the heat is increased it again be- comes clear, and then fuses quietly to a transparent glass. Readily decomposed by muriatic acid, with separation of viscid sili- ca; after ignition the decomposition is effect- ed with more difficulty than before. Analcime usually occurs in the cavities of amygdaloidal rocks, and is common in the trap rocks of Ireland and Scotland. Localities. — Scotch. | Dumbartonshire; Bowling and Long Craig, above Old Kirk- patrick ; Salisbury Craig, Calton Hill, Ra- tho quarry, Edinburghshire; Elie, Fife- shire; -Campsie Hills, Stirlingshire; Can- na, Kig, Mull and Staffa; Waas in Hoy, Orkney. — Irish. Giant’s Causeway, in small transparent crystals; O’Hara’s Rocks, near Port Stewart ; Gweedore, Donegal, in do- lomite ; Craignashoke, Derry.— Foreign. The most perfectly pellucid crystals are‘tound in the dolerite of the Cyclopean Isles, near Cata- nia, in Sicily ; also from the Seisser Alpe and Fassa in the Tyrol. It is also found in the Faroe Isles, Iceland, the Vicentine, Arendal in Norway, Andreasberg in the Harz, Nova Scotia, &c. Name. From évaazis, weak ; in allusion to its weak electric powery when heated or rubbed. Brit. Mus., Case 29. M.P.G. WHorse-shoe Case, Nos. 1178, 1176. Upper Gallery, Table-case A in re- cess 4, No. 130. ANALCIME CARNEA, the name given by Monticelli. to Sarcolite, from its flesh-red colour. ANALZIM, Haidinger. See ANALCIME. ANATASE. Dana, Haiiy, Greg & Lett- som, Nicol, Phillips. Pyramidal; primary form an octahedron with a square base. Oc- curs in small octahedral crystals of various shades of brown, passing into indigo-blue, which appear greenish-yellow by trans- mitted light. Semi-transparent to opaque. Lustre splendent and adamantine. Struc- ture lameijlar. Streak white. Brittle, Frac- ture sub-conchoidal. Becomes negatively electric by friction. Exhibits a reddish- 16 ANAUXITE. — yellow phosphorescent light when heated. H, 5:5 to 6. §.G. 3°83 to 3°99. Fig. 14. Fig. 15. Comp. Pure titanic acid or Ti=titanium 60°29, oxygen 39°71=100. BB alone infusible. With soda forms a dull yellow globule, which” becomes white on cooling. Dissolves in warm concen- trated sulphuric acid. i Localities—English. Cornwall; at Looe Mills Hill quarry, near Liskeard; and at Tintagel Cliffs. Devonshire; Virtuous Lady mine, near Tavistock, jig. 14.—Welsh. ‘Tre- madoc, Snowdon, fig. 15, with Brookite and Cleavelandite. — Foreign. Bourg d’Oisans in Dauphiny; Brazil, in Quartz, and at Minas Geraes, in detached crystals, which are so splendent as to be sometimes mis- taken for Diamonds. Tavatsch in the Ty- rol. The Grisons in mica-slate. Slidre in Norway. The Ural. Spain. Name. From «vezaois, extension, in allusion to the height of the pyramids of the octahe- dral crystals. Brit. Mus., Case 37. ANAUXITE, Breithaupt. and granular. Colour Translucent at the edges. H.2 to3. S.G. 2°26. Comp. According to Plattner it is com- posed of silica 55:7, with much alumina, a little magnesia ad protoxide of iron, and 11°5 per cent. of water. BB becomes white and fuses at thin edges. Locality. Bilin in Bohemia. Name. From évedénz70s, without augmenta- tion. AnpatusitE, Phillips, Jameson, Dana, Nicol, Haiiy. Rhombic. Occurs in slight- ly rhombic, four-sided prisms ; also massive, when it is exceedingly tough. Structure lamellar. Colour pearl-grey or flesh-red, sometimes purplish-red. Translucent at the edges or opaque. Lustre vitreous, often weak. Streak white. Tough. Fracture uneven. H.7°5. 58.G. 3:1 to 3:2. Occurs massive greenish-white. Lustre pearly. Ee: Fig. 16. ANDESINE. Comp. Anhydrous silicate of alumina or Alt $i3 alumina 59:7, silica 40°3=100. Analysis by Hubert, from the Tyrol: Alumina ; s : . 0949 Silica 3 . 89.24 Peroxide of iron . ‘ - 0°63 Magnesia. < 5 - 0°25 Lime . ; : : » Oat 100.12 BB infusible alone: with borax fuses with difficulty, when reduced to powder, to a transparent colourless glass; and with still greater difficulty and less perfectly in mi- crocosmic salt. With soda swells up, but does not fuse. Insoluble in acids. Localities.— Scotch. Auchindoir, Aber- deenshire; Botriphny, Banffshire; Unst, Shetlands.—Jrish. Scalp mountain, Done- gal; Douce mountain, co. Wicklow; also at Lugganure, Glendalough and Gien Malure.— Foreign. Lisenz valley aboveInnspruck, in the Tyrol, in very large crystals. Near Brauns- dorf in Saxony; Guldenstein, in Moravia; Bavaria ; Siberia. Andalusite occurs in crystalline schists, principally in gneiss, in mica and clay-slate. It may be distinguished from Felspar by its greater hardness and infusibility ; from Co- rundum by its structure and lower specific gravity. Name. It is named after the province of Andalusia, in Spain, where it was first ob- served. See CHIASTOLITE. Brit. Mus., Case 26. ANDESINE, Dana. Anorthic. Resembles Albite. Colour white, grey, greenish, yel- lowish, flesh-red. Lustre subvitreous, in- clining to pearly. H.6. 8.G. 2°65 to 2°74. pes ces ope cee Analysis by Abich, from Marmato: Silica . : . 59°60 Alumina ‘ . 24:18 Peroxide of iron . . a> £58 Lime . 5 ; BAT el Magnesia : 1:08 Potash . a ‘ ‘ 1:08 Soda 6°53 99°82 BB fuses much more readily than Albite, and yields a turbid glass. Imperfectly so- luble in acids. . Localities. Andesine is one of the com- onents of the rock Andesite, which occurs in the Andes (hence the names Andesine a BB fuses to a black globule. Opaque. ANDREASBERGOLITE. and Andesite) of South America. It is also met with in the syenite of Alsace, in the Vosges, and at Vapnefiord, Iceland, in honey -yellow transparent crystals. ANDREASBERGOLITE: ANDREOLITE, or ANDREOLITHE, La Metherie, names for Har- motome; after that of the place where it was first discovered, Andreasberg (in the. Harz) and Aéées, stone. ANGLARITE. A fibrous and compact va- riety of phosphate of iron, of a grey colour inclining to blue. Translucent. Comp. Fe P+4H. Analysis by Berthier : Phosphoric acid . A . 20°3 Protoxide of iron . . 06:0 Water . 16°5 99°8 Locality. Anglay (whence the name An- glarite) in the Haute Vienne, France. ANGLESINE, Beudant; ANG Esit, Haid- inger, v. Kobell; ANGLESITE, Beudant: Greg & Lettsom, Nicol, Dana. Rhombic: is a sulphate of lead, occurring in rhombic prisms with dihedral terminations, but the crystals, when short, assume the general form of the octahedron. Colour white, grey, or yellowish; frequently tinged blue or green by oxide of copper. Lustre adaman- tine, inclining to resinous. Transparent, Very brittle, and yields to the nail. Fracture conchoidal. H.3. S. G. 62 to 6°3. Fig. 17. Fig. 18. Comp. Pb S=sulphuric acid 2674, oxide of lead 73°6 =100. Analysis by Klaproth, from Anglesea: Oxide of lead A 4 Pele) Peroxide of iron . E 5 MLO) Sulphuric acid . 24:8 Water . , - AAD) 98°83 BB decrepitates and melts to a globule, which becomes milk-white when cool: in the inner flame effervesces and is soon re- duced to the metallic state. This ore of lead is derived from the de- composition of Galena, with which it gene- rally occurs. ANHYDRITE. 17 Localities.—Anglesite was first observed as a distinct species at Pary’s mine in Anglesea (whence the name). It is found in brilliant crystals at Rent Tor, near Wirksworth; and in small yellow crystals at Crom- ford in Derbyshire; in Cumberland, at the Mexico mine, near Hesket Newmarket (jig. 17.) In Scotland, large and beautiful crystals were formerly found at Leadhills in Lanark- shire, and at Wanlock Head in Dumfriesshire, sometimes two inches long and with perfect terminations. Small but extremely perfect transparent crystals have been brought from Fondon, in Granada. Brit. Mus. Case 55. M.P.G. Principal Floor, Wall-case 44, No. 72 (British). ANHYDRITE Dana, Greg & Lettsom, Phil- lips, Jameson, Nicol: Rhombic: occurs (but rarely ) crystallized in the form of a rectangu- lar prism, of which the lateral edges are sometimes, though rarely, replaced. Chiefly in granular, or almost compact aggregates, or with acolumnar structure. Colour white, sometimes tinged with grey, blue, violet, or red; also brick-red. Translucent, some- times transparent. Lustre vitreous, inclin- ing to pearly. Streak greyish-white. Frac- ture uneven: of finely lamellar and fibrous varieties, splintery. Exhibits double re- fraction. H.3 to 3-5. 8S. G. 2.899. Fig. 19. Fig. 20. Comp. Anhydrous sulphate of lime, or Ca S=lime 41-18, sulphuric acid 58:82=100. BB becomes white and is finally covered with a friable enamel. With borax dissolves, with effervescence, to a transparent glass, which becomes yellow or brownish-yellow on cooling. Slightly soluble in water and muriatic acid. Localities.— English. Granular and of a pale blue colour, in the gypsum-pits at Aston- on-Trent, near Derby ; Newark, Notts; with Gypsum.— Trish. Cave Hill, near Belfast ; in trap.—Foreign. Bex, in Switzerland; Salz- burg, in the Tyrol; Wurtemberg ; the Harz; Hungary; Bavaria; Aussee, in Upper Aus- fria, of a brick-red colour, in Rock Salt. Anhydrite may be distinguished from Gypsum by its greater hardness and specific c 18 ANHYDROUS SULPHATES. gravity. By absorbing water, which it does very slowly, it becomes changed to Gypsum, At Bex extensive beds are altered in this manner, but by digging to a depth of 60 to 100 feet, the Anhydrite is found unaltered. See also GEKROSSTEIN, MURIACITE, VULPI- NITE. Name. From «, priv., and ddae, water. Brit. Mus., Case 54. ANHYDROUS BINOXIDE OF MANGANESE, Turner. See PYROLUSITE. ANHYDROUS SCOLEZITE : anhydrous lime- Labradorite from Pargas, in Finland. ANHYDROUS SILICATE OF IRON, Phillips, Thomson. See FAYALITE. ANHYDROUS SILICATE OF MANGANESE. See TEPHRONITE. ANHYDROUS SILICATE OF ZINC. See HEBETINE, TROOSTITE, WILLELMINE, WILLEMITE, WILLIAMSITE. ANHYDROUS SULPHATE OF ALUMINA. See THENARDITE. ANHYDROUS SULPHATE OF Lime. See ANHYDRITE, ANHYDROUS SULPHATE OF SODA AND Lime, Cleaveland. See GLAUBERITE. ANKERITE, Dana, Nicol, Phillips, Hai- dinger, Greg & Lettsom. A crystallized va- riety of Dolomite, containing a large pro- portion of iron. Hexagonal. Yellowish, or reddish-white ; becoming brown onexposure. ‘Translucent at the edges. Lustre vitreous, inclining to pearly. Brittle. Fracture uneven. UI. 35 to 4. S.G. 2°95 to 3-1. Comp. Ga C+(Fe, Mg, Mn) © . Analysis by Berthier, from Gollrath : Carbonate of lime 51-1 Carbonate of iron. z - 20:0 Carbonate of magnesia a Ore, Carbonate of manganese . 3° | 99-8 BB becomes black and magnetic; with borax gives the.colour of iron; with soda gives indications of manganese. Dissolves with effervescence in nitric acid. Localities. Near Torness, in the Orkneys, massive and in curved crystals, in amygda- loid; Golrath, Eisenerz, and the Nieder Alp in Styria, with Siderite; Rathhausberg, in the valley of Gastein, in Salzburg, in mica- slate. See also RonwAND. Name. After Prof. Anker, of Gritz. Brit. Mus., Case 47. ANNABERGITE, Dana, Haidinger. Ob- lique. Occurs in capillary crystals of a fine apple-green colour, adhering to, or coating, Arsenical Nickel, of the decomposition of ANORTHITE. which it isaresult. It is soft, and has a greenish-white streak, and an uneven or earthy fracture. H25to3. G. 3-078 to 3131. Comp.. Nis As+8H=oxide of nickel fee arsenic acid 38°41, water 24:00= 100. Analysis by Kersten : Arsenic acid x 38°30 Oxide of nickel . 36°20 » Oxide of cobalt . hss) Water & 23°91 Protoxide of iron trace 99-94 BB on charcoal, gives out an odour of arsenic, and, in the inner flame, fuses to a metallic globule. Dissolves in nitric acid. ; Annabergite occurs, with White Nickel, at Allemont, in Dauphiny, at Annaberg*, and elsewhere. . M. P. G. Principal Floor, Wall-case 20. ANNIVITE, Dufrénoy. A mineral analo- gous to Grey Copper, and according to Kenngott, an impure variety of that ore. It is found in the valley of Annivier with Copper Pyrites. ANORTHITE, Rose, Dana. Anorthic. Pri- | mary form an oblique rhombic prism. Oc- curs in white translucent or transparent crystals, with a vitreous lustre inclining to pearly on the planes of cleavage. Streak white. Fracture conchoidal. H. 6 to 7. 8.G. 2°66 to 2°78, Fig. 21. Comp. Ca? Si+3 Al Si or like Scapolite, | except that small portions of the lime are replaced by magnesia, potash, and soda. Analysis by Abich, from Somma: Silica . : : a 44°12 Alumina . : 4 =) opel Peroxide of iron. 0°70 Lime . 2 19-02 | Magnesia . : s -. | 0256 | Soda . 0-27 | Potash 0:25 | 100-04 * Whence the name Annabergite. wail | ANTHOPHYLLITE. BB like Felspar, except that with carbonate of soda, in every proportion, it yields a white enamel, never a transparent glass. Is entirely decomposed by muriatic acid. Localities.—Srish. Carlingford Mountain, co. Down, with Hornblende and syenite, in greenstone dykes, traversing limestone.— Foreign.—Principally at Vesuvius, among the old lavas of Monte Somma, generally oc- cupying the cavities of chloritic masses, pying and associated with Ice-spar, Augite, Mica, and Idocrase; Island of Procida; Faroé Islands; Java; the Konchékowskoi Kamen in the Ural. Anorthite may be distinguished from all the zeolites, as well as from Nepheline and Leucite, by its infusibility before the blow- pipe; from Topaz by inferior hardness and specific gravity; and from Chrysolite by lower degrees of specific gravity. Nitric acid has no effect on Chondodrite, while Anorthite is partly dissolved in it; the for- mer, too, is always yellow or brownish- yellow, the latter is invariably white. Name From «vets, oblique. Brit. Mus., Case 30. AnorTHitic MELANE ORE, Haidinger. See ALLANITE. ; - AnorTHOoTOMOUS FrELsPAR, Mohs. See ANORTHITE. ANTHOPHYLLITE, Phillips. A variety of Hornblende (Tremolite) occurring in masses consisting of acicular fibres, which are often disposed in a radiating form. It has a grey or clove-brown colour, with an occasional blue tinge and a glistening, pearly, pseudo- metallic lustre. ‘Translucent at the edges. H.5 to 55. S.G. 2°94 to 3°16. Comp. Fe Si+ Mg® Si=protoxide of iron 15°5, magnesia 25:9, silica 58°-6=100. Analysis by Thomson, from Perth in Ca- nada E. : Silica . é c 3 57°60 Alumina 3°20 Magnesia . 29°30 Lime . a < 5 BOT Protoxide of iron ; ce 2a) Water. i : 6 BROS 99°30. BB fusible with great difficulty, alone to a blackish-grey glass; with borax to a trans- parent glass coloured grass-green by iron. Not decomposed by acids. Localities. Kongsberg and Snarum, in Norway; Ujordlesoak, in Greenland; Had- dam, Connecticut, U. 8. The name has reference to the resem- ANTHRACONITE. 19 blance of its colour to that of the flower anthophyllum. Brit. Mus., Case 34. M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, 1007. ANTHOSIDERITE, Dana, Hausmann, Nicol. A mineral resembling Cacoxene, occurring in fine fibrous, flower-like aggregates, of an ochreous-yellow, and yellowish-brown co- lour. Opaque or slightly subtranslucent. Lustre silky. Tough. Gives sparks with steel. H.6°5: 8.G. 3°6. Comp. Fe >i5 + H=silica 60:4, peroxide of iron 35°6, water 4:0 =100:0. y BB becomes reddish-brown, then black, and fuses with difficulty to a black, magnetic slag. Soluble in muriatic acid. Locality. Minas Geraes in Brazil, asso- ciated with Magnetic Iron. . Name. From évtoz, a flower, and cidvecs, iron ; in allusion to its occurrence in fibrous tufts, which are sometimes aggregated into feathery flowers. : Brit. Mus., Case 14. ANTHRACITE. A non-bituminous variety of Coal, with a bright and often iridescent lustre, and a sharp-edged, shining, con- choidal fracture. H. 2 to 2°5. $.G. 1:3 to 1°75. The Anthracite of South Wales contains from 88 to 95 per cent. of carbon, 4 to 7 of water, with some earthy impurities. Analysis* from Glamorganshire. 8.G. 1370: Carbon Set fa . 91°44 Hydrogen . 3°46 Nitrogen. : c eer s2 Sulphur Q : 0-79 Oxygen : < : 2°08 Ash . - . - 1°52 a 100-00 Coke left by the Coal 92:9 per cent. This variety of Coal is not easily ignited but when burning it gives out an intense heat, unaccompanied by smoke, and with little flame. It occurs in Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire in S. Wales; Bide- ford in Devon; Binney Craig, Linlithgow- shire; Kilkenny, in Ireland; largely in Pennsylvania, U.S., &c. Brit. Mus., Case 4. ; M. P.G. Upper Gallery, Wall-case 41, No. 164. See also CoAL. ANTHRACONITE. Limestone, which emits * Report’on the Coal suited to the Steam Navy, by Sir H. T. De la Beche and Dr, Lyon Play- fair. C2 20 ANTHRACOXENE. a fetid odour when scraped or struck with a hammer, owing, probably, to its containing sulphuretted hydrogen. It occurs colum- nar, granular, and compact, of various shades of grey, brown and black. The harder varieties, which take a good polish, are used for chimney-pieces, and in orna- mental architecture. It is found in Sweden, Carinthia, &c.; also, in the mountain lime- stone on the banks of the Avon, near Clif- ton; and near Castleton and Matlock in Derbyshire. Most of the Purbeck and Portland Limestones of Dorsetshire and Wiltshire belong to this class, and may be recognised when used for mending the roads, by the strong fetid odour they give out when crushed by the passage of heavy vehicles. See also SWINESTONE. Brit. Mus., Case 46. M.P.G. Upper Gallery, Wall-case, 43. ANTHRACOXENE. A mineral resin of a brownish-black colour from the coal-beds of Brandeisl, in Bohemia. In thin splinters it is hyacinth-red. H. 2°. §.G. 1:181. Jt melts easily with intumescence and burns to a slag, giving off much smoke and an odour which is not disagreeable. It is partly soluble in ether, but not at all so in alcohol, except after exposure, when it absorbs oxygen, and then alcohol takes up a little of it. ANTIEDRIT, Breithaupt. See EDINGTONITE. ANTIGORITE, Schweizer. Rhombic. Oc- curs in foliated masses of a brownish-green colour by reflected light, and leek-green by transmitted light. Transparent in thin laminz. Lustre weak. Streak white. Feel smooth but not greasy. H.2°5. S.G. 2°6. Comp. Hydrated silicate of magnesia, Mg‘ Si2+ H, or more correctly (Mg® Fe) Si3 +H. Analysis by Schweizer : Silica . 46:18 Magnesia : : 35°19 Protoxide of iron r , Kirwan. _~ gonal. BISMUTH GLANCE. BB on charcoal, easily reduced to the me- tallic state, and is volatilized if the heat be continued. Soluble with effervescence in acid. Localities. — English. Cornwall at Cost- all-lost Mine, St. Roach, and at the Roy- al Iron Mine near Lostwithiel. — Foreign. Pulverulent at Schneeberg and Johanngeor- genstadt in Saxony; Joachimstahl in Bo- hemia; with plumbo-cupriferous sulphide of bismuth and native gold at Beresof in Siberia. Bismuth-ochre has been often mistaken for Green Iron-ore, from which it may be dis- tinguished by its external aspect, and by the minerals which accompany it. It occurs with Native Bismuth, and is on accompanied by Quartz and Brown ar. ——_ Guance. See BIsMUTHINE. BismutH SILverR, Dana; BismuTHIC Sttver, Phillips; BismuTHic SILVER-ORB, Probably either cubical or hexa- Generally in amorphous masses; rarely in acicular or capillary crystals. Co- lour tin-white or greyish, subject to tarnish. Lustre metallic. Opaque. Fracture uneven. Sectile. Soft. Analysis by Klaproth: nuth é SAY Lead - SEH) Silver oct Tron P ‘. 5 ee Copper . : : 2 ead Sulphur . afesaans slo sigs 96°5 BB melts readily to a silvery bead, cover- ing the charcoal with the oxides of lead and bismuth, and giving off fumes of sul- phur. Soluble in nitric acid. Localities. With Copper Bgeten’i in small amorphous masses, at Schapbach, in the Valley of Kinzig in Baden; in the cupre- ous shale of Mansfeld in Thuringia, and at the mine of S. Antonio, near Copiapo, Chili. It was formerly worked as an ore of silver. BismutH Oxipk, Haiiy. See BismuTH OcHRE. BismutH SuLFuRE, Haiiy. See Bis- MUTHINE. Bismuth SuLFuRE PLoMBO-ARGENTI- Fare, Levy. See BismuTH SILVER. BismutH SuLFURE PLOMBO-CUPRIFERE, Haiiy. See AIKENITE. BISMUTHINE, Brooke & Miller, Beudant, Greg & Lettsom. Rhombic. Primary BISMUTITE. 43 form a right rhombic prism. Occurs in aci- cular prisms, and in minute crystals deeply striated longitudinally; also massive or coarsely disseminated with a foliated struc- ture like that of Galena, or a fibrous one like Antimony. Colour and streak tin- white or lead-grey, sometimes yellowish- white, with an iridescent tarnish. Lustre metallic. Opaque. Soft and brittle. H. 2 to2°0. §.G. 6-4 to 6°d. Fig. 49. Comp. Bi? S5=sulphur 18-4, bismuth §1°6. Analysis from Cornwall, by Rammelsberg ; Sulphur . 18°42 Bismuth . 78°00 Iron 1:04 Copper. 2°42 99-88 Melts in the flame of a candle. BB melts easily with a blue flame and sulphurous smell; if the heat be continued it is for the most part volatilized, emitting numerous small drops in an incandescent state, cover- ing the charcoal with yellow, and leaving a residue which is reducible with difficulty to the metallic state. Readily soluble in hot nitric acid; and yields a white precipitate on dilution with water. Localities.—English. In Cornwall ( fig. - 49) at Dolcoath, near Camborne; St. Just, Botallack ; Fowey Consols mine; Huei Ar- thur; George and Charlotte mine near Cal- lington; near Tavistock; also in Cumber- land at Brandy Gill, Carrock Fells, &c.—Fo- reign. Joachimsthal, and Schlackenwald in Bohemia ; Johanngeorgenstadt, Schwar- zenberg, Altenberg and Schneeberg in Sax- ony; foliated with Cerite at Bastnaés near Riddarhytta in Sweden; with Chrysoberyl at Haddam, Connecticut, U.S. Tal-ca in Chili. M. P. G. Principal Floor, Wall-case 9 (British). BismutTiTE, Breithaupt, Dana. Occurs in pseudomorphous acicular cry stals; also incrusting and amorphous. Colour white, and dull mountain- -green, occasionally straw- yellow and yellowish-grey. Lustre vitreous when pure, sometimes dull. Streak greenish- grey or colourless. Subtranslucent to opaque. Brittle. H.4to 45 S.G. 6°86 to 7°67. 44 BISULPHURET OF COPPER. Comp. Bit C5H4= oxide of bismuth 90°28, carbonic acid 6.29, water 3-43=100. Analysis, from South Carolina, by Ram- melsberg : Bismuth - 90:00 Carbonic acid 5 e . 6:56 Water . 3°44 100-00 Melts on a burning coal, and is reduced with effervescence to a metallic globule, covering the coal with white oxide of bis- muth. Soluble in muriatic acid, affording a deep yellow solution. Localities. In small amorphous pieces at Joachimsthal in Bohemia, with small long- ish prisms of what are considered to be a new carbonate of bismuth; Johanngeorgen- stadt and Schneeberg in Saxony, with Native Bismuth; near Hirschberg in Reuss Voigtland, with Brown Iron Ore, Native Bismuth, and Bismuth Glance; also, in the gold district of Chesterfield, S. Carolina. Brit. Mus., Case 49. BISULPHURET oF CopPER, Covelli. See CovELLINE. BIsULPHURET OF IRON, Thomson. See Tron PyRires. BITELLURET oF LEAD, Thomson. See NAGYAGITE. BITELLURET OF SILVER, Thomson. See HESSsITE. BITTERKALK, Hausmann. See DoLomMIrE. BirreRsaLz, Werner. See EpsSomMItE. Birrer Spar, Phillips, or RHoMBSPAR. The crystallized or large grained and easily cleavable kinds of Dolomite. Hexagonal. Usually occurring in the form of its primary crystal, an obtuse rhom- bohedron, very nearly allied to that of car- bonate of lime. Colour greyish or yellow. Lustre somewhat pearly. Semitransparent. Very brittle: harder than Calc-spar. Cleaves readily into rhombohedrons of the same form as the crystals. H.3°5to4. 8.G. 2°85 to 2:9. Fig. 51. Comp. Ca C+ Mg C=carbonate of lime 54:35, carbonate of magnesia 45°65 = 10, but the latter is sometimes replaced by a small proportion of carbonate of iron. BLACK BAND. BB not distinguishable from Cale-spar, but it is more slowly soluble in acids, with a very slight effervescence. Localities—The finest and most trans- parent crystals are found at Traversella in Piedmont, at St. Gotthard; and near Gap in France. In England it is a common mineral at many localities. Birrer SpatH. See BiTTER SPAR. Birume AsPHALTE, Brochant. BitTuME DE JUDEE, Romé de I’Isle. See ASPHALT. BiruME ELAstiquE, Haiiy. See ELATE- RITE. BrrumMe GLuTInevx, Hatiy. See EARTHY BrruMEN. Birume LiquipE; BLANCHATRE, Haiiy. See NAPHTHA. PirumMeE LiguIpeE Brun ou NOIRATRE, Haiiy. See PETROLEUM. Brrumen. Includes several distinct varie- ties, as Earthy Bitumen, Compact Bitumen or Asphaltum, Elastic Bitumen, Maltha or Mineral Tar, Naphtha, Petroleum, includ- ing Seneca or Genessee oil, &c. Brit. Mus., Case 60. M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, Nos. 101, 102, 111 to 116. Biruminitrz, Trail. See also CANNEL Coat. BitumMinosEs Houz. Bituminous Wood. Biruminous Coau. Softer than Anthra- cite, less lustrous, and of a more purely black or brownish-black colour. _8.G. varies from 1:14to 1°5. The proportion of Bitumen is very inconstant, varying from 10 to 60 per cent., and the coal is termed Dry or Fat ac- ~ cording to the amount of Bitumen it con- tains. There are several varieties of Bitu- minous Coal, viz. Pitch or Caking Coal; Cherry Coal, Splint Coal, Flint Coal, Parrot or Cannel Coal, Coking Coal, Brown Coal, &e. Buiack AMBER. The name given by the Prussian Amber-diggers to Jet, because it is found accompanying Amber, and, when rub- bed, becomes faintly electric. It is cut into various ornamental articles by the Amber- diggers. Buiack Banp. The most valuable kind of Clay Ironstone, from which the greater part of.the Scotch iron has been made, since its discovery by Mr. Mushet in 1801. Black- band ironstone is distinguished from ordi- nary Clay Ironstone by the large proportion of carbonaceous matter which it contains. It is found in the Upper Coal-measures of Lanarkshire; also in those of South Wales; Staffordshire; and in Ireland, at Roscom- mon and Clonmore. M. P. G. Principal Floor, Wall-cases, 51 See TorBANITE. Ege BLACK CHALK. and 52. Upper Gallery, Wall-case, 45. 154. Brack CuHa.k. A kind of clay containing a large amount of carbon. Colour black. Opaque. Sectile. Soils the fingers and leaves a mark on paper. Streak black and shining. Eigiito To. S.G. 2°1 to, 2-2. Becomes red or white in the fire. Black Chalk is found in England, France, Portugal, Spain and Italy. - The finer kinds are made into artists’ crayons, and used for drawing on paper. Buack Cospa.t Ocure, Allan, Jameson, Kirwan. See EARTHY CoBALT. Biack Copper, Phillips, Buack OXIDE oF CoprEer. An impure, earthy, black oxide of copper, resulting from the decomposition of other ores; being mixed with more or less sulphide of copper, Pyrites, and other impurities. See MELACONITE. iM. P. G., Principal Floor, Wall-cases 1 (British); 15 (Foreign). ~ Biack GARNET; BLACK GARNET OF Frascati. See MELANITE. Buack HEMATITE. See PSILOMELANE. Buack Iron OrzE. See PsILOMELANE. Buack Jack. The name for Blende among English miners. Biack Leap. See GRAPHITE. No. Buack MANGANESE-ORE, Jameson. See HAUSMANNITE. Brack SILICATE oF MANGANESE. See OPpsIMOSE. Buack SILtverR. See STEPHANITE. BLACK SULPHIDE OF SILVER. The name given to an earthy form of Silver Glance found in some of the Cornish mines. BiAck TELLURIUM, Phillips. See Nacya- GITE. Buiack Wap. See Wap. BuAKEITE. The name given to octa-~ hedral crystals, possibly of iron-alum (Co- quimbite) from Coquimbo, analysed by J. H. Blake. _ Analysis : Sulphuric acid. . 41°37 ’ Peroxide of iron . - 26°79 Alumina j p 1-05 Magnesia 0-30 Silica . : . SO o2 ’ Water . . 29°40 i SISETIB: F BuLATTERERZ, BLATTERTELLUR. See f NAGYAGITE. , BLATTERKIES. See MARCASITE. i} BLATTERZEOLITE, Werner. See HeEv- - +~LANDITE. . BuatTrRicER Srtineitr, Hausmann. See HEULANDITE. BLEISCHWEIF. 45 BuAu-BLEIERZ, Werner. See GALENA. BuAve EISENERZ, Werner. See Vivi- ANITE. BLAUEISENSTEIN, Klaproth. See Croci- DOLITE. BuAuspaATH, Werner. See LAZULITE. BLEICARBONAT, Vaumann. See CERU- SITE, BLEIERDE, Werner. See CERUSITE. BLEIFAHLERZ. See BOURNONITE. BLEIGELB, Hausmann. See WULFENITE. BLEIGLANZ. See GALENA. BLEIGLATTE. See PLumMBic OCHRE. BieigummMi. See PuumBo-RESINITE. BLEILASUR. See LINARITE. BLEIHORNERZ, Waumann, v. See CROMFORDITE. BLEIMOLYBDAT. Leonhard. See WULFENITE. BLEINIERE, Hausmann. BLEINIERITE, Nicol. Amorphous, reniform, spheroidal ; also earthy and incrusting. Structure often curved lamellar. Colour white, grey, yel- low, brown. Lustre resinous. Dull or earthy. Opaque to translucent. Streak white, greyish or yellowish. H. 4. 8. G. 3:93 to 5:05. Comp. Antimoniate of lead. Analysis from Cornwall, by Dr. J. Percy. Antimonious acid - - 47°36 Oxide of lead - i . 40°73 Water . a . 11:91 100°00 BB on charcoal fuses to a metallic glo- bule, gives out fumes of antimony, and finally yields a bead of lead. This mineral is, probably, a mechanical mixture of Lead and Antimony Ochres. It occurs at Nertschinsk, in Siberia, where it is supposed to result from the decomposition of other ores of antimony. Also, in large detached masses near the surface of the ground, at Trevinnick mine, near Endellyon, in Cornwall, with Jamesonite and Antimony Ochre; and is the result of the decomposi- tion of the former mineral. M. P. G. Principal floor, Wall-case 20. oa a black, powdery, sulphide of ead. BLEISCHEELAT. See SCHEELETINE. BuLEIscHIMMER. See JAMESONITE. BLEISULPHOTRICARBONAT, Rammels- berg. See LEADHILLITE. BLEIscHwEIr. The name given by Wer- ner to compact Galena, in contradistinction to the crystalline and granular forms of that mineral, It occurs in veins, and is gene- rally accompanied by common Galena. When that is the case, the Bleischweif always forms the sides of the vein. BLEIVITRIOL. BLEIVITRIOL. See ANGLESITE. BLENDE. Cubical, tetrahedral. Primary form the rhombic dodecahedron. Occurs crystallized and amorphous, in macles, and massive, fibrous, and botryoidal. The forms of itserystals are very numerous. Structure perfectly lamellar, and mechanically divi- sible with facility into the dodecahedron, oc- tahedron, obtuse rhombohedron, acute rhom- bohedron, and irregular tetrahedron. Lustre splendent to adamantine. Colour brown, yellow, red, blackish-brown, rarely green ; white or yellow when pure. Translucent or opaque. Streak varying with the colour, from white to reddish-brown. Yields to the knife, is moderately brittle, and easily frangible in the direction of the lamine. H. 35 to 4. 8. G. 3°9 to 4:2. Od A Fig. 52. Fig. 53. Fi g. 54. XN ‘Fig. 55. fear Fig. 56. Comp. Sulphide of zinc, or Zn S = sul- phur 33, zinc 67=100; but part of the zine is often replaced by iron and cadmium. BB infusible both alone and with borax, when strongly heated in the outer flame it emits vapours of zinc, which coat the char- coal. Soluble in nitric acid with the evolution of sulphuretted hydrogen. This mineral (the Black Jack or Mock Ore of the English miners) is of very frequent occurrence, being met with in beds and veins accompanying most of the ores of silver, lead, and copper. It was divided by Werner into three subspecies, Yellow Blende, Brown Blende, and Black Blende. Of these the brown was consid- ered to be the most common, and of inter- mediate age between the other subspecies, of which the yellow is the newest. The value of this ore has considerably increased of late years, but formerly large heaps of refuse were frequently formed in the Cornish mines of the Blende extracted in working for Copper and Tin ores. Although thus looked upon in itself as a worthless sub- stance, it was considered a favourable indica- tion as regarded future prospects; the saying 46 BLUE ASBESTOS. being that “ Jack rode a good horse;” by which was meant that a rich deposit of the ore in request might be expected to occur below it. Localities. — English. In Cornwall at mines near St. Agnes (figs. 54, 55, and 56-) Huel Crofty, Camborne; and white, mam- millated, with a fibrous structure. at Huel Unity and Fowey Consols, Alston, and other places in Cumberland.— Scotch. Ofthe form of jig. 54, with Galena, in the Edin- burgh coal-fields.—Foreign. The black va~ rieties are found in Transylvania, Hungary, and the Harz. Fine black and brown crystals are met with at Sahla in Sweden, Ratieborzitz, in Bohemia, and many Saxon localities. Name. From the German blendena, 6rzl- lant ; from blenden, to dazzle. Brit. Mus., Case 5. M. P. G. Principal Floor, Wall-cases 12, 27 to 29 (British); 21 (Foreign). BLIsTERED CoPpPER-ORE. The name given. in Cornwall to botryoidal and reniform varieties of Copper Pyrites (Chalcopyrite). a is found at Cook’s Kitchen, Huel Basset, c. Buioopstone. A jaspery variety of Quartz of a deep green colour, interspersed with red spots like drops of blood. On account of its beautiful colour and great hardness, it is much used for seals, rings, and such other ornaments as are commonly made of Agate, That which possesses the most translucency, and has the most numerous red spots is the most highly esteemed. _ Inthe middle ages, the red spots were sup~ posed to be the blood of Christ. Bloodstone is also made into burnishers, It is found massive in Bucharia, Tartary, Persia, Siberia; also in Upper Saxony, Ice- land, and the Hebrides. The name Heliotrope (from “As, the sun, and zeézu, to turn) was given to it because, when immersed in a vessel of water, it was said to make the image of the sun to appear in it of the colour of blood. The Ethio- pian Heliotrope especially produced this phenomenon. “Out of the water the sun is seen in if as in a mirror, the eclipses of the sun become visible, and the moon is beheld to pass under the great star.” (Pliny.) Brit. Mus., Case 23. M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, Nos. 551, 552. BLa@pirE, a mineral occurring on Anhy~ drite at Ischl, and proved by analyses of Von Hauer to be identical with Astrakanitc. Colour, orange-yellow. Translucent. Com- pact. §.G. 2:251. Buu AssBestos. See Crocrpo.ite. BLUE CARBONATE. BiuE CARBONATE oF CoppEeR, BLUE CoprEr, Phillips, Jameson. See AZURITE. BiuE Coprrr. See Coveniine, Biuk Fetspar. See LAZuLite. BuivE Iron Eartn, an earthy variety of Vivianite, found in Cornwall, Greenland, Syria, Carinthia, &c. It is frequently white when first dug up, and becomes blue on - €xposure to the atmosphere. Analysis from Kertsch, by Segeth : Phosphoric acid. : 24.95 Protoxide of iron 48°79 Water . i é 26°26 100-00 BuveE Ironstone. See CrRocrpo.ire. Brive Joun. The name by which the com- pact and granular varieties of Fluorspar are known by the miners of Derbyshire. It is turned in a lathe and made into vases, tazzas, and other ornamental articles, the finest varieties for which purposes are found at Tray Cliff, near Castleton. The red and some other tints of the ornaments into which it is converted are not those natural to the stone, but are brought out by expos- ing it to heat. _ M. P. G. Entrance Hall. A beautiful vase of Derbyshire Fluor-spar stands on pe- destal 35. See also Horse-shoe Case on the Principal Floor. BivukE LEAD, or BuuE Org. Names often given by miners to distinguish Galena from Cerussite, Anglesite, &c. BuivE Leap. A variety of Galena pseu- domorphous after Pyromorphite. It occurs massive, and likewise in long, irregular, six- sided prisms, which are superficially dull and rough, and of a colour between lead- grey and indigo-blue. Soft, sectile, and easily frangible. S.G. 5:4. Localities. It has been found in Cornwall, at Herodsfoot Mine, near Liskeard, and at Huel Hope; at Zschopau in Saxony; and at Huelgoet and Poullaouen, in France, ac- companying carbonates of lead and copper. The specimens from Huel Hope, when held in the flame of a candle, burn like the -supersulphuret of lead of Johnston. BuiurE MAvAcuitTE.. See AZURITE. BivueE Spar. See LAZuLITE. Buur Tatc or TABere, in Wermland, Werner. See TABERGITE. Buus VirrioL, Allan. See CYANOSITE. BuutstTein, Hausmann. See HEMATITE. BopeEnitp. Probably a variety of Allanite. It occurs in long prismatic crystals of a rhombic form. Colour brown, reddish- brown, to nearly black, with a somewhat greasy lustre. H.6to 65. 8S. G. 2°53. BOG-IRON-ORE. 47 Analysis by Kerndt : Silica. b ; : 26°12 Alumina : ; : 10°34 Protoxide of iron . 12-05 SVAttnicu te J E i 17°43 Oxide of cerium . : 10°46 Oxide of lanthanium . 757 Lime 4 Fi 3 A 6:32 Magnesia ‘ : : 2°34 Protoxide of manganese . 1°62 Potash . : 3 : WAIL Soda : 5 : : 0°84. Water . 4 : i 3°82 “ 100-00 BB glows like Gadolinite; in platinum forceps fuses at the edges after long heating, and gives to the flame the yellow colour of soda in the outer flame. Locality. Occurs with Oligoclase at Bo- den, near Marienberg, in the Saxon Erz- gebirge. Boe-sutter, Williamson. A variety of Hartite or Guayaquillite, occurring in Irish peat-swamps. It melts at 51° C (124° F.), and dissolves easily in alcohol. Comp. C53 H52 03 + H = carbon 75°03, hydrogen 12:56, oxygen 12°39. BoGHEAD CANNEL CoAL, BOGHEAD COAL, BoGHEAD MINERAL. See TORBANITE. BoG-IRON-ORE is a loosely aggregated form of peroxide of iron (Limonite) occur- ring in low marshy grounds, and frequently found in the peat-bogs of Ireland and the Shetlands. It is of recent formation, result- ing from the decomposition of other varieties of iron, and often takes the form of the leaves, nuts, or stems found in the marshy soil. It varies in composition, containing from 20 to 78 per cent. of peroxide of iron; the protoxides of iron and manganese, from a mere trace to 9 or 10 per cent. of phosphoric and organic acids, from 7 to 30 per cent. of water, with almost always silica in a state of chemical combination. When it occurs in small globular concretions, it is termed Pea-iron-ore. Bog-iron-ore was subdivided by Werner into three species, having reference rather to the conditions under which they are formed than to any particular difference in their characters or composition, viz. 1. Mo- rasterz or Morass-Ore; 2. Sumpferz or Swamp-Ore; and, 3. Wiesenerz or Meadow- Ore, which have been formed, according to that author, in the following manner. “The water which flows into marshy places is im- pregnated with a vegetable acid, formed 48 BOG-MANGANESE. from decaying vegetables, which enables it to dissolve the iron in the rocks over which it flows, er over which it stands. The water having reached the lower points of the coun- try, or being poured into hollows, becomes stagnant, by degrees evaporates; and the dissolved iron being accumulated in quan- tity by fresh additions of water, then follow successive depositions, which at first are yel- lowish, earthy, and of little consistence, and this is Morass-Ore; but in course of time they become harder, their colour passes to brown, and thus Swamp-ore is formed. After the water has completely evaporated, and the swamp is dried up, the swamp-ore be- comes much harder, and at length passes into Meadow-ore, which is already covered with soil and grass.”—Jameson’s Min., vol. li, pp. 338-9. Brit. Mus., Case 16. iM. P. G. Principal Floor, Wall-case 19 (Foreign). BoG-MANGANESE or WapD chiefly consists of oxides of manganese and water, with some oxide of iron, and often silica, alumina, lime or baryta. See Wap. BoHEMIAN Diamonp. A name sometimes given to limpidand transparentRock-crystal, when cut and polished. BouHEMIAN GARNET. CaARBUNCLE. BouEMIAN Topaz. See CIrRIne. BouNeERZ, BEAN-oRE. A variety of Li- monite, or hydrous oxide of iron, occurring in spherical or ellipsoidal concretions, which have a concentric lamellar structure. M. P. G. Wall-case, 18. Bois pE MonraGne, Brochant. Mountain Woop. Bois Perriri£. Brochant, WooD-STONE. See Woop-oPat. Boxe. This substance is closely related to - Halloysite in appearance, and particularly so in the large amount of water which it con- tains; but it is more variable in character. It probably results from the alteration of some felspathic or aluminous mineral, and consists chiefly of hydrated bisilicate of alumina, in which a portion of the alumina is replaced by sesquioxide of iron. From the analysis of Wackenroder it appears to contain either 2 or 4 atoms of water, according to the way in which it is dried. It occurs in solid amorphous masses of a brownish, yellowish, or reddish colour, inclining to blackish- brown, has a greasy feel, and adheres strong- ly to the tongue. It yields to the nail, breaks with a conchoidal fracture, and has a shin- ing streak; subtranslucent to opaque. In water it emits a crackling noise, and sepa- See PyYrRore and See BOLTONTTE. ~ <7 rates into small pieces with the evolution of air-bubbles. H. 1-5. 8. G. 1:4 to 2. BB fuses easily to a yellow or green enamel. Analysis, from Capo di Bove, by C. Von Hauer : Silica z ‘ Z 3 45:64 Alumina z 29°33 Peroxide ofiron . i 8°88 Lime J 5 3 i 0:60 Magnesia : - : trace’ Water . x 5 i 14:27 98°72 Localities. Bole is found in irregular beds or disseminated masses in clayslate and basalt. It occurs at Striegau in Silesia, the Habichtswald in Hessia, near Sienna in Italy. Bole is distinguished from Lithomarge by its fusibility and physical characters. It was formerly employed in medicine as an astringent, and is now used as a pigment. Name. From 640s, a clod of earth. M. P. G. WHorse-shoe Case, No. 1121, Upper Gallery, Table-case B in recess 6, Nos. 202 to 204. BoLocGnesE Stone. A grey or yellowish- grey variety of Barytes forming rounded masses. composed of minute fibrous crystals, diverging from the centre. It becomes phosphorescent when heated, and remains so for some time even after cooling. Bolog- nese phosphorus is made by mixing the powder of this stone with a little gum, and exposing the mixture to a slight red heat, and afterwards for some time to the light of the sun, when itis found to be phosphor- escent in the dark. It is found in elay at Monte Paterno, near Bologna, whence the name. Brit. Mus. Case 52. BoutTonire, Shepard, Geo. J. Brush. A variety of Chrysolite. It occurs disseminated in irregular masses, seldom showing any traces of crystalline form. Colour ash-grey to yellowish-white, the darker colours chang- ing to yellow on exposure to the weather. Lustre vitreous. Fracture uneven or small conchoidal. Fragments colourless and nearly transparent. H. 6 to 63. S.G. 3-21. Comp. Magnesia-chrysolite, or RS Si. Analysis by J. L. Smith : Silica . 2 : 5 . 42°82 Alumina . trace Magnesia - 04°44 Protoxide of iron. A A kost7y BOLUS. Lime . : : ; 0°85 Loss by ignition . : 0°76 100°34 BB in the platinum forceps does not fuse, but becomes pale yellow. With salt of phos- phorus gives a reaction for silica and iron. Partially decomposed by very dilute muyuri- atic acid, when reduced to powder. Locality. Bolton, Massachusetts, U. S. Boltonite differs from other varieties of Chrysolite in being a silicate of magnesia, and not of magnesia and iron. Bouus, or Bote oF Srnops. A variety of Bole, the composition of which, according to the following analysis of Klaproth, is nearly (Fe, Al) Si+ 2H. Analysis : Silica i 3 u 532-0 Alumina ‘ : uy . 26°5 Peroxide of iron . i . 21°0 Chloride of sodium ‘ = mallets Water . - x f S70 BompiteE, Leschenault. A mineral consi- dered by Laugier to be a variety of Touch- stone, of which it possesses all the characters. It has no definite chemical composition or form, but occurs in rounded fragments or amorphous masses, derived apparently from some old formation. Colour bluish-black. Very finely granular. Scratches Quartz. Ge 2:21. Analysis by Laugier : Silica . ; 3 50:00 Alumina 10°50 Peroxide of iron . 25:00: Magnesia 3°50 Lime . 8°50 Carbon 3°00 Sulphur - : si 073 100-80 Locality. The environs of Bombay. BonsporFFITE. ; 3 . 13°86 Soda . 5 : : + ios Magnesia . - 0:25 Loss by ignition . 0°65 100°33 Locality. Chester, Delaware co., U.S. in crystals, often on Dolomite. Brit. Mus., Case 30. CHEVEUX DE VENUS. See VENuS’ HarR- STONE. * Hence the name Chessylite. CHIASTOLITE. CutasTouiTe, Phillips. Rhombic. A variety of Andalusite, occurring crystallized in white or grey right rhombic prisms, which present a black or bluish-black cross in their transverse section. Lustre vitre- ous. Translucent. Streak white. Frac- ture splintery. H. 3 to75. S.G. 2°94 to "S09. Fig. 109. | Comp. Anhydrous silicate of alumina, or Al Si=alumina 63, silica 37 =100. Analysis from Lancaster, by Bunsen : Alumina . 08°96 Silica : . 39°09 Peroxide of manganese Se Oso Lime 5 0:21 Loss by ignition : 0-99 99°38 BB alone infusible, with borax difficultly fusible, forming a clear glass, and with still greater difficulty and less heviootly, in mi- crocosmic salt. Localities.—English. ererand at the top of Skiddaw, and at Carrock Fells, in Slate; Saddleback; Dacre Castle, near Ulls- ee Meeonehire ; Ivy Bridge, and near Okehampton. Fig. 109.—Jrish. Agnavanagh in Wicklow; in mica-slate, near Killiney Bay; Baltinglass Hill, on the borders of _ Carlow.—Fureign. Near Bareges in the Pyrenees; St. Jago de Compostella in Spain ; near Santa Elena in the Sierra Morena; St. Brieux in Basse Bretagne; abundantly in the townships of Lancaster and Sterling, Massachusetts, U.S. Name. From xiarrts, decussated. The name Chiastolite was given by Karsten, on account of the resemblance of the dark lines on the summits of the crystals to the Greels letter x. Brit. Mus., Case 26. PERE) Or. "Horse- shoe Case, No. 1005. CHILDRENITE, Levy, Greg & Letisom. Rhombic. Primary form a right rhombic prism. Occurs in yellow or brownish-yel- Jow crystals or crystalline coats on Siderite, Pyrites or Quartz. ing to resinous. than the colour. tod. §.G, 3:2. Lustre vitreous inclin- Translucent. Streak paler Fracture uneven. H. 4°5 CHILEITE. "7 Fig. 110. Fig. 111. Fig. 112 Fig. 113. Comp. (RS, Al)5 P5+ 15H, or 2(#e, Mn)4 p +Al P+15H. Analysis by Rammelsberg : Phosphoric acid . sone Alumina . 14:44 Protoxide of iron . . 30°68 Protoxide of manganese 9:07 Magnesia . O14 Water . - 16:98 100-28 BB colours the flame bluish-green; with the fluxes affords reaction of iron and man- ganese. Localities. This mineral is nearly a Cor- nish species; it has been found at Crinnis Mine near St. Austell, and at the George and Charlotte Mine, and in the vicinity of Tavistock, at Huel Crebor. Name. It was first distinguished by Levy, by whom it was named after Mr. Children of the British Museum. Brit. Mus., Case 57, M. P. G. ‘Horse- shoe Case, No. 1125. Childrenite may be distinguished from Siderite by the superior hardness and lustre of its crystals. CuILeIr. The name given by Breithaupt to a variety of Géthite from Chile. Analysis by Breithaupt : Peroxide of iron . 83°5 Oxide of copa 1-9 Silica . 43 Water . 10:3 100-0 CHILEITE. The name proposed by Ken- gott for a Vanadate of Lead and Copper de-: scribed by Domeyko, and worked for Cop- per and Silver at the Silver mine, Mina Grande, or Mina de la Marqueza, in Chili, 78 CHILI SALTPETRE. where it occurs in cavities in Arseno-phos- phate of Lead, with amorphous Carbonates of Lead and Copper. It has a dark-brown, or brownish-black colour, and an earthy appearance resembling that of a ferrugi- nous clay or earth. Comp. Pb&V +Cu V. Analysis by Domeyko : Vanadiec acid 13°35 Arsenic acid . - 4°68 Phosphoric acid ..- 0°68 Oxide of copper 16°97 Oxide of lead f ‘ 5 DLO Chloride of lead 0°37 Lime . 0°58 Peroxide of i iron and alumina 3°42 Silica . 3 ‘ ‘ sales Clay. phates Ae emia Water . : A ; ite) Su Or Or CHILI SALTPETRE. See NITRATINE. CHILTONITE, Emmons. See PREHNITE. CHIMBORAZITE. See ARAGONITE. _Cutouite, Hermann & Auerbach. Pyra- midal; occurs crystallized, but generally compact like Cryolite, with a crystalline structure. Colour snow-white. Lustre vitre- ous, slightly resinous. Translucent. H. 4. S:G.2°72: Comp. 3Na F+2 Al? FS, Analysis by Hermann : Sodium ; ; . 2378 Aluminum . 18°69 Fluorine. > : . 01°03 100-00 BB fuses easily, and affords the re-action of fluorine. Effervesces and gives off hydrofluoric acid in sulphuric acid. Locality. Miask, in the Topaz mine No. 5, forming a vein in graphic granite. Brit. Mus., Case 58. CHIVIALITE, Rammelsberg. A mineral re- sembling Bismuth-glance, found accompany- ing Pyrites and Barytes at Chiviato, in Peru. Colour lead-grey. Lustre metallic. 8.G. 6°92. Comp. (Cu, Pb) $+% Bi? 8%, R. Analysis by Raminelsberg Sulphur’ . 18-00 Bismuth . 60°95 Lead 5 1162733 Copper. 2°42 re 1:02 Silver . . : : . trace Insol. . 3 2 - 0:59 100-00 ‘CHLORASTROLITE. BB like Aikenite, to which it is near in composition. CHLADNITE, Shepard. A meteoric mine- ral, forming more than two-thirds (90 per cent.) of the Bishopville stone, in which it occurs in imperfect crystals, very closely approaching, in external form, some of the most common forms of Felspar and Albite. These crystals, whose primary form is a doubly oblique prism, are sometimes nearly an inch in diameter. Colour snow-white, rarely with a tinge of grey. Translucent | (in undecomposed fragments semi-trans- parent). Lustre pearly to vitreous. Very brittle, masses half an inch in diameter, being easily crushed between the fingers, H.6 to 6°5. §.G. 3°116. Comp. Ter-silicate of Magnesia. BB alone, on charcoal, fuses without diffi- culty and with phosphorescence to a white enamel ; with borax, very slowly, to a trans- parent glass. It is named after Chladni, the scientific founder of Astrolithology.* CHLOANTHITE, Breithaupt. The term under which is comprised the Nickel varieties of Smaltine, the latter term being restricted to the Cobaltic varieties. Comp. Ni, As?=arsenic 72:1, nickel 28°3 =100°0. CHLORAPATITE. Voelcker. Si in which R may be Mg Fe Mn Ga alone or in combination. Analysis by Stromeyer (Oriental Chry- solite) : ; Silica ; woos Magnesia. A . 50°13 Protoxide of iron 9-19 Alumina E z 0:22 Protoxide of manganese 0-09 Oxide of nickel 0:32 99°68 Localities. Chrysolite occurs near Con- stantinople, at Vesuvius, and the Isle of Bourbon, in lava. Imbedded in Obsidian at Real del Monte, in Mexico. In pale green transparent crystals among sand at Expailly, in Auvergne. It is also found in Upper Egypt. It is usually found in angular or rolled pieces, rarely crystallized. The crystals (usually 8, 10, or 12-sided prisms) are vari- ously terminated, and often so compressed as to become almost tabular. ‘They are generally very fragile, and therefore unfit for ornamental stones. As a gem, the Chrysolite is deficient in hardness and play of colours, but when the stones are large, of good evlour, and well ‘matched, free from flaws, and well cut and polished, it is made into necklaces, hair- ornaments, &c., with good effect. From its softness, which is not much greater than that of glass, it requires to be worn with care, or it will lose its polish, and wear off at the edges. The best mode of displaying the colours to the greatest advantage is to cut it in small steps. To give it the highest polish, a copper wheel is used, on which a a little sulphuric acid is dropped.” During the process, a highly suffocating smell is given out, produced probably by the action of the acid on the copper and the gem. The Chrysolite or Peridot has been con- founded not only with the Chrysoberyl but with the greenish-yellow varieties bota of Sapphire, Topaz, Aquamarine, and even of Apatite and Idocrase. It is softer than Chrysoberyl, Sapphire, Topaz, or Aquama- CHRYSOPRASE. Fracture conchoidal. | rine, but harder and heavier than Apatite, while its infusibility and non-electrical pro- perties, when heated, distinguish it from green Tourmaline. The Chrysolite is supposed to have been the Topaz of the ancients. The name is derived from eves, gold, and Aifos, stone, in allusion to its colour. Brit. Mus., Case 25. M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, Nos. 925 to 928. CHRYSOLITE COMMUNE. See OLIVINE. CHRYSOLITE DU CAP. See PREHNITE. CHRYSOPHANE, Breithaupt. A name given to Holmesite or Clintonite, the composition of which may be represented by the formula 2(Al Mg) + Ga Si+ H. Analysis by Richardson : Silica . : ‘ : 11935 Alumina ; ean ee . 44:75 Magnesia. : : eset) Lime . ; Z =o 11e4) Peroxide of iron . 4°80 Protoxide of manganese 1°35 Zirconia A 4 5 2°05 Fluorine ; : - 20:20:90 Water é A : 5) 405 98:25 Name. From xevets, gold, and ¢uivw, to seem. CHRYSOPRASE (from xeves, gold, and meaoov, a leek), an apple-green or leek-green variety of Chalcedony, passing into Horn- stone and Chalcedony, and differing from the latter, apparently, in little more than colour. It occurs massive, in thick plates; . never crystallized. Fracture even, or finely splintery, or flat-conchoidal, with a slight degree of lustre. H. slightly less than that of Quartz. Analysis by Klaproth : Silica . i : . 96:16 Oxide of nickel 1:00 Lime . ; : ; 0°83 97°99 This stone is not held in much esteem as an article of jewelry in this country, but on the continent it is more highly valued, and is made into brooches, rings, bracelets, seals, ‘&c., the larger pieces being converted into snuff-boxes, cane-heads, &c. The apple- green variety is the most valuable. It should be cut en cabochon, as it is spoiled if eut in facets, and appears to most advantage by candle-light. Chrysoprase is apt to lose its colour and to become dark and clouded if kept CHRYSOPRASE EARTH. in a dry warm situation, or if it be long ex- | posed to the light of thesun; but the colour may be restored by keeping the stone in a damp place, or in wet cotton or sponge, or even by dipping it into a solution of nitrate of nickel, which also improves the tints of inferior kinds, The kings of Prussia used only to allow the works where it is found to be opened once in three years, and monopolised most of the finest specimens; consequently, semi- transparent stones of a delicate colour, fit for setting in rings, formerly fetched very high prices in Berlin and Vienna. The common people of Silesia wear Chry- soprase round the neck as acharm against pains. It is found at Kosemiitz, in Lower Silesia, imbedded in Serpentine, ard associated with Opal, Quartz, and Chalcedony; also at Belmont’s lead mine, St. Lawrence co., U.S., &c. Chrysoprase was probably the stene called Chrysoberyl by the ancients. Brit. Mus., Case 23. M. P.G. Upper Gallery, Table-case A, in recess No. 138. CuRYSOPRASE EARTH. An earthy form of Pimelite, from Silesia. Analysis, by Klaproth : Silica . A - 30:00 Protoxide of nickel = 15:63 Magnesia. : : 1:25 Peroxide of iron . 4:58 Jiime . 2 é ‘ 0°42 Alumina . : 2 - 590 Water . F : : - oOu2 100-00 Name. From xeveis, gold, and zeerw, a leek. CurysotiL, v. Aobel. An asbestiform variety of Serpentine, allied to Picrolite, of olive-oil, yellowish or brownish colour, and metallic or silky lustre. §.G. 2-2 to 2°49. Analysis from New Haven, U.S., by Brush : Silica . : . 44:05 Magnesia . - 09°24 Protoxide of iron. 2 seniekes Water 5 : 4 . 13-49 99-31 Localities. Anglesey. Reichenstein, in Silesia. Montville, Morris co., and New Haven, Connecticut, U.S. CuHusitge, Werner. An altered form of Chrysolite, occurring in smail, uncrystal- line, wax-, or honey-yellow masses in the basalt of Limbourg. | a CINNABAR. 85 The name is derived from x, to pour ; in allusion to its fusibility. CHIOLITE. A very soft, massive variety of Pyroxene, of a white or greyish colour. It is opaque, dull, and has an earthy frac- ture. Lustre of streak greasy. Yields to the nail and adheres to the tongue. Absorbs water but does not fall to pieces. Often in- closes small grains of Quartz, S.G. 2°18 te 2°3. Comp. Al, 4Si+3H, or hydrated quadro- silicate of alumina. Analysis from Argentiera, by Klaproth : Silica . ! i . 63°00 Alumina : : - 23°00 Peroxide of iron 1°25 Water . : 2 . 12:00 99°25 Locality. Very abundant in the island of Cimolos (now called Argentiera) in the Grecian Archipelago, by the inhabitants of which it is used as a substitwte for Fuller’s earth. Name. From Cimolos, and A/ée:, stone. M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, No. 1119. CINNABAR. Hexagonal. Primary form an acute rhomiehedron, in which it also occurs crystallized; but the crystals are mostly modified by secondary planes: also granular, massive and forming superficial coatings. Colour passing from carmine, through cochineal-red to lead-grey. The red specimens are more or less translucent, and exhibit an adamantine lustre, but when grey it is opaque and has a metallic lustre. Streak bright scarlet. Structure lamellar. Fracture subconchoidal, uneven. M. Descloiseaux has observed circular po- larization in Cinnabar; which previously to this discovery was supposed to be peculiar to Quartz. ) H. 2 to 2-52 S.G.3-99. Fig. 117. Comp. Protosulphide of mercury, or HgS =mercury 86:21, sulphur 13°79=100, but it is sometimes rendered impure by the pre- sence of clay, bitumen, i iron, &c. BB melts and is volatilized with a blue flame and sulphureous fumes. Localities.—The principal localities of this mineral are Idria in Carniola, and Alma- den near Cordova, in Spain, where it is usually massive. Cinnabar, associated with G3 86 CiINNAMON-STONE. Realgar, forms the chief produce of the Eu- genia mine, near Pola de Lena, in Asturia. The vein of ore is in Carboniferous Lime- stone. The tetrahedral pseudomorphous erystals afford on saiees sis, Mercury ¢ wSool? Sulphur : = 2% | Voter alas 100:00 (See Reatcar). It is also abundant in China, and forms extensive mines at New Almaden in California, in a mountain south of San José, between Monterey and the Bay of San Francisco. Cinnabar is the ore from which the Mer- cury of commerce is obtained, by sublima- tion. The pigment vermilion is an artificial Cinnabar, which is also prepared from the crude ore. The name is taken from the ancient Greek term used to denote the same substance, Koyeséer; a word itself derived from «zis, heavy. The ancients derived their supplies from Spain and Colchis. Brit. Mus., Case 9. UM. P.G. Pr incipal floor, Wall-case 23 (Spain), and 25 (Tuscany). CinNAMON-STONE, Phillips. A variety of lime-Garnet of a clear cinnamon-brown tint, commonly occurring in masses which are full of fissures. ‘Translucent, seldom transparent. Lustre vitreo-resinous. Frac- ture flat-conchoidal. H. scratches Quartz with difficulty. §.G. 3:5 to 3°6. Analysis from Cey 10, by Gmelin : Silica - 40°01 Alumina . 23°00 Peroxide of iron 5) BOY ime - . 3 : f . 30°97 Potash . ; ‘ : OKO Loss by heat 0:38 ’ 98°17 BB fuses with ebullition to a darkish- green glass: with borax fuses very readily to atransparent glass, more or less feebly coloured by iron. Localities. — Scotch. At the limestone Quarries at Glen Gairn in Aberdeenshire.— Irish. In large dodecahedral crystals of a rich cinnamon colour in a coarse crystalline Dolomite at Bun Beg near Gweedore; at Kilranelagh, Wicklow, &ce. Foreign.—In masses of considerable size in Ceylon, at Malsjé in Wermland, and at St. Gotthard; also in the United States, in beautiful yel- low crystals (with Idocrase) at Parsons- field, Phippsburg, and Rumford in Maine; in trapezohedrons at Dixon’s Quarry, Wil- mington, Delaware; crystallized and mas- CLAUSTHALITE. sive, at Amity, and on the Croton aqueduct, near Yonkers, in small rounded crystals and a massive variety, the latter when polished forming a beautiful gem. Name. From its resemblance in colour to the spice called cinnamon. When transparent and of good colour and size the Cinnamon-stene from Ceylon is used as a gem: most of the Hyacinths of commerce are in reality Cinnamon-stones. Brit. Mus., Casé 35. M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, Nos. 903 and 904. Crrcre AGATE. Those kinds of Agate in which the stripes are arranged concen- trically round a central point. CITRINE, or Crrron. A name some- times given by lapidaries to limpid and transparent Rock Crystal of a lemon, gol- den, or wine-yellow colour. Brit. Mus., Case 20. , M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, No. 509. CLAUSSENITE. See 100-40 BB like Chlorite: exhibits traces of fu- sion at the edges. Localities. Lengast in Bavaria, in large crystals and plates, with Serpentine. Ach- matowsk in Siberia; and in the United States near Westchester, and Unionville, Chester co., Pennsylvania. M. Descloiseaux refers to this species Tabergite, and the hexagonal Chlorite of Pfitsch, Pfunders, and Zillerthal in the Tyrol, which occurs in bipyramidal hexa— gonal compound crystals; and the Chlorite of Traversella is also, according to him, a talcose Clinochlore. CLINOCLASE. Greg & Lettsom. Arseniate of copper. Oblique. Rarely occurs distinctly crystallized in small oblique rhombic prisms. Colour ‘dark verdigris-green inclining to blue; also dark-blue. Lustre pearly on cleavage planes, elsewhere vitreous to re-: Translu- sinous. Streak verdigris-green. cent at the edges. H. 2°5 to 3. 8.G. 4:2 to 4°36. Fig. 118. Fig. 119. Comp. Cu As+3Cu H=oxide of copper 62°7, arsenic acid 30:2, water 7-1=100. Analysis from Cornwall, by Rammelsberg : Arsenic acid . i 5 29a Phosphoric acid 0-64 Oxide of copper . 60°00 Silica ; 11? Peroxide of iron 0°39 big Abo oe tee 764 100-00 Lime Water . A G4 CLINTONITE. BB deflagrates, emits arsenical fumes, and fuses readily, yielding a globule of cop- per. Soluble in acids and ammonia. Localities. Near St. Day, Cornwall, at Ting Tang Mine, Huel Unity and Huel Gor- land, and at Bedford United Mines, near Tavistock. The crystals usually present a very dark blue colour and a brilliant lustre, but are rarely recognisable, being aggre- gated in diverging groups, or disposed in extremely minute individuals in cavities of Quartz (Allan). Name. From zie, to incline, and zAéa, to break, in allusion to the oblique cleavage. Brit. Mus., Case 56. M. P. G. Principal floor, Wall-case 2 (British). CLINTONITE, Mather. Generally occurs in tabular crystals, or in thinly foliated masses which are micaceous parallel to the base. Colour yellowish, reddish-brown or copper-red, with a pearly submetallic lus- tre. Streak white, or slightly yellowish or greyish. Brittle H.4tod. S.G. 3 tod3-L. Comp. (3R5 +18) Si Al +10. Analysis, by G. H. Brush: 88 Silica . 5 . 20°24 Alumina a A eB 5 Sells: Zirconia : 5 5 5 Ue Lime . 3 : . 13°69 Magnesia - 20°34 Soda L-14 Potash . 5 0:29 Peroxide of iron . u 3°27 Water . 1:04 100°39 BB alone infusible; but whitens, and with borax or soda forms a transparent pearl. Locality. Amity, New York, U.S.; in limestone with Serpentine, associated with Hornblende, Spinel, Pyroxene and Gra- phite. Name. ton. CLoupy CHatcepony. Chalcedony dis- playing dark ana clouded spots in a pale grey transparent base. CLUTHALITE, Thomson. The mineral named Cluthalite by Thomson, which oc- curs in flesh-red, vitreous crystals in amyg- daloid at the Kilpatrick Hills, is Anal- cime, with half of the soda replaced by prot- oxide of iron, and with a larger amount of water. H. 3°5. S.G. 2166. Analysis, by Thomson: Silica . 2 : : Alumina . After the Hon. De Witt Clin- . 51°266 . 23°60 COAL. Protoxide of iron : . 7:506 Soda . : 3 east) Magnesia - 1-233 Water 5 = : 4 eS 99-048 Name. After Clutha, a name by which the valley of the Clyde has been sometimes distinguished. M.P.G. Horse-shoe Case, No. 1185. CoAL isvegetable matter which has become mineralized by certain chemical changes which it has undergone, and by subsequent solidification by compression under the weight of the strata which have been ac- cumulated above it since it was originally deposited. It appears to be composed of terrestrial and aquatic plants and trees, (the decay of which probably reduced them to peat,) which grew in a warm and moist climate of equable temperature, on the areas it now occupies, close to, or perhaps in, the margin of a shallow sea; and the clay ( Underclay) with the roots of plants ( Stig- maria, &c.) supporting each bed of coal, is the soil on which the vegetation grew of which it is formed. Each separate bed of coal, on this supposition, denotes the former exist- ence of an adjoining surface of land, on the depression of which beneath a sea of moderate depth, the vegetable matter growing upon it became covered up by a deposit of sedi- ment which in its turn, by the further deposit of sediment and oscillation of level, supported a fresh growth of vegetation. In this manner, by a series of depressions of mo- derate amount, each bed of coal was formed in succession, while its interstratification with beds of limestone, shale, clay, sandstone and ironstone indicates alternations of ma- rine, estuary and lagoon conditions. Although coal for the most part appears to have been formed in the above-mentioned manner, it is probable that other conditions may have occasionally prevailed, as for instance in the north of England and in the south of Russia, where some of the coal beds are stated to be apparently composed of the remains of broken and drifted plants carried into the sea by inundations, and the freshets of rivers. Coal is composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Sulphur, and earthy matter or Ash, in variable proportions. The greater the proportions of Carbon and Hy- drogen the better is the coal, while sulphur and ash tend to render the coal both un- pleasant to use, and prejudicial in its effects, especially in the smelting of iron and steel. Coals may be divided into two classes— bituminous and nonbituminous or Anthra- anti evet- taining some free arsenous acid. COBALT. cite. These change gradually, and merge one into the other, and in the South Wales coai- field the bituminous coal passes into anthra- cite in a westerly direction. The conver- sion of the vegetable matter into coal was apparently produced by a kind of moist pu- trefaction, accompanied by the exclusion of all access of air. Under those circumstances the oxygen escaped in the form of carbonic acid, while the hydrogen, being disengaged in the form of carburetted hydrogen, the carbon became in consequence more con- centrated. In this manner by the removal of all the hydrogen, bituminous coal be- comes converted into anthracite. $.G. 1°20 to 1°59; mean S.G. of 31 samples 1°3. Analysis * from Graigola in 8S. Wales (S.G. 1:3): Carbon : - : . 8487 Hydrogen . 3°84 Nitrogen = ‘ 5 Pi Sulphur. : : - 0-45 Oxygen : : romps) Ash . . . : 3°24 100-00 Coke left by the Coal 85:5 per cent. The specific gravity of Coal varies from 1:2 to16. Thirty-one varieties examined by Sir Henry De la Beche and Dr. Lyor Playfair gave an average specific gravity of 1°3. See ALBERT CoAL, ANTHRACITE, Coxine Coat, CANNEL CoAL, TORBANITE, &c. CoBALT ARSENIATE, Haiiy. THRINE. CopaLt ARSENICAL, Haiiy. See SMAL- TINE. CoBaALt BLoom. CoBALT-COATING See Ery- See ERYTHRINE. is Cobalt-bloom con- It is pro- duced by the weathering of Cobaltine on which it immediately rests, and may be re- garded as a mixture of Cobalt-bloom and arsenious acid, often with the addition of a small quantity of Cobalt-sulphate. Occurs botryoidal, reniform or massive; scaly or earthy. Colour varying from peach-blos- som-red to pale-rose. Opaque. Analysis«by Kersten, from the Wolfgang- Maassen mine at Schneeberg: Arsenous acid - 51:00 Arsenic acid. é ~ 19-10 Oxideof cobalt . E . 16°60 ' Protoxide of iron 2°10 * Report on the Coals suited to the Steam Navy, by Sir Henry T. De la Beche and Dr. Lyon Playfair ; Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, vol. ii. part 2. COBALTINE. Water . - A 2 L190 Nickel, lime, : : dv Sulphuric acid . - 5 89 traces. 100-70 Localities. Schneeberg, and Annaberg, in Saxony. Brit. Mus., Case 56. CopaLt Crust. A name for earthy va- rieties of Erythrine (Arseniate of Cobalt). CoBALT ECLATANT, Brochant.} See Co- CoBALT GLANCE, Jameson. { BALTINE. CoBaLt-6ris, Haiiy. See CoBALTINE. CopaLt Kiss, v. Leonhard. See Liy- NITE. Copatt Mica. See ERYTHRINE. S Copatt OcuRE, Nicol. hor ee Z Ms r EARTHY CopaLt OxwE norr, Haiiy. (° CoBALT. CoBatt Pyrireux, Necker ; CopaLtT Pr- RITES. See LINNZ#ITE. CoBaLt-ScoropitE. Thename given by Lippmann to a mineral occurring in small bluish crystals, with Hypochlorite and Quartz, at Schneebérg in Saxony. CoBALT SULFURE, Lucas. See LINN#Z- ITE. CopaLt TERREUX RAYONNE ROUGH, Brochant. See ERYTHRINE. CoBALt VirrioL. See BIEBERITE. CoBALTIC GERMINATIONS, Kirwan. ERYTHRINE. COBALTIDE, Leymerie. See WAD, Eartuy CoBatt. CoBALTINE, Beudant, Haidinger. Cubi- cal. Occurs in the eube and its varieties; its crystallme forms resembling those of Tron Pyrites; the planes of the cube are generally striated, those of the modifications smooth. It also occurs arborescent, stalac- titic, botryoidal, and amorphous. Colour silver- or yellowish-white, with a tinge of red; inclining to steel-grey, or greyish- See or black when much iron is present. Lustre metallic. Streak greyish-black. Brittle. Fracture uneven and lamellar. Yields with difficulty to the knife. H.d°5. 8.G. 6 to 63. Fig. 120. Fig. 121. Comp. (Co, Fe, Ni) As. Analysis of massive Cobaltine from Schnee berg, by Hofmann : . Tron. : . - Copper . E Fig. 122. COCCINITE. Nickel . g 5 , ee79 Copper i : : 4 eee) Arsenic : z : 5 (US Bismuth A : ; eee OsOit Sulphur ; : . . 0°66 99-88 BB on charcoal, it gives off copious arseni- eal fumes,.and fuses to a white, brittle, metallic globule, which, after being roasted, imparts a blue colour to glass. Soluble in hot nitric acid, with separation of arsenious acid. Localities. Cornwall: Botallack Mine, in small particles, interspersed in reddish Quartz and Chiorite. Has been found at Dolcoath Mine, and was formerly worked at Huel Sparnon and the Wherry Mine. It is now worked at St. Austell Consols. Foreign.—In large, well-defined crystals at Tunaberg, Riddarhyttan and Hokensbé in Sweden. Modum and Skutterud in Nor- way in mica-slate. Wehna in Sweden. Querbach in Silesia. Siegen in Westphalia, &e. This ore of Cobalt and Smaltine furnislr the greater portion of the Smalt of com- merce, which is employed in glass and porcelain painting, and for imparting a blue tint to paper or linen. It is prepared by roasting the ore, and then melting the oxide of cobalt so pyoduced, in certain propor- tions, with pure potash and pounded quartz, which is afterwards ground to powder and carefully washed: for the most delicate purposes the oxide of cobalt is employed as a pigment. Name. Kobolds in German are malicious spirits haunting mines, and delighting in mischief. The metal was named after them, because its occurrence is unfavourable to the ores more particularly sought for. Brit. Mus., Case 12. M. P. G. Principal Floor, Wall-cases 9 (British) ; 20 (Foreign). CocoiniTEe, Haidinger, is found in red- dish-brown coloured particles on selenide of mercury, at. Casas Viejas, in Mexico. It has an adamantine lustre, and resembles Cinnabar, but the streak is paler than in the latter mineral. Comp. Protiodide of mercury or Hg,I =mercury 44:1, iodine 55°9=100°0. BB fuses and easily sublimes. “Jt forms a magnificent water-colour, known by the name of Scurlet, which, however, fades very quickly when exposed to light, and at the same time destroys the colour of vermilion which may be mixed COLLYRITE. with it. It is likewise used in calico- printing.” — Gmelin. CoccoLitE, Jameson, is of two kinds, white and green. Both are granular, friable | varieties of Pyroxene, the former of which may be referred to the sub-species Diopside. Coccolite consists of small, translucent granules of irregular shapes, and of various shades of green, which are very slightly coherent, but sufficiently hard to scratch glass. Lustre vitreous. Fracture lamel- lar. 8:G. 3:3. BB infusible alone. With carbonate of soda it melts to an olive-green, vesicular, slaggy glass; and with borax, to a pale yellow semitransparent glass. It is chiefly found at the iron mines of Sudermannland and Nerika in Sweden, and of Arendal in Norway. Name from zéxxos, a grain. _ Brit. Mus., Case 34. CocHINEAL RED CoprER ORE, Atrwan. See Rep Coprser, TILE Org, &c. Cocke, Dufrénoy. See TOURMALINE. Cocxk’s-coms BaryTres. x 5 Sale Magnesia A : an OFONL Lime EN is 1-02 Silica A ; 4 - 0:96 Water . 5 fs s 2r86 98°87 BB like sapphire.: Localities. In hexagonal crystals at Carrock Fells in Cumberland, and in small rolled fragments in the bed of astream in the county of Wicklow. Foreign.—In granite rocks in China, Ava, on the coast of Malabar and in the Carnatic: also less abundantly at Gellivara, in Sweden, in ‘Magnetic Iron; near Mozzo in Piedmont, “and at St. Gotthard Largely in Asia Minor. Name. From the Indian, Korund. This is the hardest of all known bodies, except the Diamond. The name Corundum ~ iscommonly confined to the opaque rough crystals and cleaveable masses, generally of _ dingy colours and often dark; while the term Emery embraces the more or less im- COUZERANITE. 97 pure, massive, granular and compact kinds, and Sapphire and Ruby comprise the transparent, brightly- tinted varieties. ‘It is used extensively for polishing steel and cutting gems. See EMERY. Brit. Mus, Case 19. M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, Nos. 783. to 785; Wall-case 41. CoTHAm, Ruin, or LANDSCAPE MARBLE. A light grey argillaceous limestone, occur- ring in thin inegular layers, from two to six inches thick, at Cotham and other places in the neighbourhood of Bristol. Slices of the stone cut at right angles to the bedding exhibit, when polished, fanciful representations of landscapes, and ruins, which have caused it to be called, also, ‘Ruin or landscape marble. According to Charles Moore this stone forms the lowest bed of the “ White Lias ” at Pyile Hill, on the Bristol and Exeter Railway, near Bristol. It is also stated by Phillips to be of common occurrence in the Val d’Arno, near Fiorence. CoTTONSTONE. ‘The name given to Me- solite in Skye. CorunniA, Monticelli & Covelli. Corun- NITE, v. Kobell. Rhombic. In extremely minute, white acicular crystals, with an adamantine lustre inclining to silky or pearly. Streak white. May be scratched with the nail. §.G. 5:23. Comp. Chloride of lead, or Pb Cl=lead 745. chlorine 25°5=100-0, BB fuses easily, colouring the flame blue, and emitting a white smoke which is con- densed on the charcoal. With soda yields a globule of lead. Soluble in about twenty-seven times its weight of cold water. Locality. This mineral was observed by Monticelli and Covelli, in the higher crater of Vesuvius, after the eruption of 1822; next in 1840, soon after the eruption of 1839, in the upper crater, near the Punta del Mauro; and lately in the lava of 1855, which ran into the Fosso della Vetrana. Name. After a medical man in Naples. Brit. Mus., Case 59. M.P.G. Upper Gallery, Table-case A, in recess 4, No. 148. CouPEROSE BLANCHE. See GOSLARITE. CoUPEROSE BLEUE. See CYANOSE. CouPEROSE JAUNE. See CopmaAPiTE. CoupEROSE VERTE. See COPPERAS. CouzERANITE, Charpentier. Occurs in small, but perfect, square prisms imbedded in limestone... Colour greyish-black to indigo-blue. Lustre vitreous or resinous. Upaque, but in fragments transparent and H 98 ~ COVELLINE. brilliant. Fragile. Fracture slightly la- mellar. H.under5. S.G. 2°69. Comp. According to Dufrénoy: Silica 52°37, alumina 24:02, lime 11°85, magnesia 1:40, potash 5°52, soda 3°96 =98°d0. BB fuses to a white enamel. Not affected by acids. Fig. 134. Localities. This mineral was noticed by Charpentier, in the defiles of the valley of Seix in the Pyrenees, called “Des Couze- rans,’ whence the name Cowzeranite. It has been referred to Labradorite; but R. P. Greg suggests that it is a variety of Di- re. Biit. Mus., Case 30. 4 CovVELLINE, Reudant: or COVELLINITE. Hexagonal. Colour indigo-blue; with sub- metallic, somewhat greasy lustre, a little pearly on the cleavage-face. Streak black, shining. Opaque. Sectile: thin leaves flexible. H.15to2. 8.G. 3°8 to 3°85. Comp. ~Gu S?=copper 66:5, sulphur 33°5 =100. Analysis from eae by Covelli : Sulphur 5 . 32 Copper . “ weet) FOO 98 BB before becoming red-hot, burns with a blue flame, and melts with ebullition to a globule, which, with soda, yields a button of copper. Soluble in nitric acid. Localities—English. Huel Maudlin in Cornwall: investing Copper Pyrites —Fo- reign. Leogang in Salzburg. Keilee in Poland. Sangerhausen in Saxony. Mans- feldin Thuringia. In black or greenish-blue incrustations around the fumaroles of the crater of Vesuvius, in the form of a sooty deposit, or net-work like a spider’s web. Name. After its discoverer, Signor Ce- velli of Naples. M.P.G. Principal Floor, Wall-case 17. CRAIE DE Briancon. A subschistous kind of Tale, of a whitish colour and with a scaly texture. It is composed of an inti- mate mixture of scaly Talcand Steatite ; and is met with in the neighbourhood of Brian- con, Dept. of the Hautes- Alpes, in France. CRAITONITE. See CRICHTONITE. CRISTATED QUARTZ. Crayon RovuGe, Brochant. See Rep CHALK. CREDNERITE, Rammelsberg. Oblique. Occurs foliated-crystalline. Colour steel- grey to iron-black. Lustre metallic. Streak brownish-black. H. 4:5. §.G. 4:9 tod‘1. Comp. Cu Mn?=oxide of copper 42°9. peroxide of manganese 57°1=100. Analysis from Friederichsrode, by Ram- melsberg : Protoxide of manganese . 64:24 Oxide of CORBET x -, 2d te Baryta - - 20k Oxygen . : E . S'S 98°81 BB infusible, except on thin edges: with borax gives a dull-violet coloured glass. Locality. Friederichsrode. Name. After Charles Auguste Credner, professor of theology at Giessen. Brit. Mus., Case 13. CRICHTONITE, Bournon, Haidinger. A Titaniferous Iron occurring in small acute rhombohedrons, having their summits re- placed, and being otherwise variously modi- fied by secondary planes. Colour bluish- black, with a brilliant metallic lustre. O- paque. Streak deep black. Fracture con- choidal. H.6. 8.G. 4°79. Fig. 135, Comp. Bi Fe. / Analysis by Marignac : Titanic acid . seis OL 2e Peroxide of iron . : » 1:20 Protoxide ofiron. . . 46°53 100-00 BB alone infusible ; with salt of phosphorus affords a glass, which becomes red on cool- ing. Locality. This variety of Ilmenite is found at St. Christophe, near Oisans, in Dauphiné, on Rock Crystal, and associated with Ana-- tase. Name. In honour of Dr. Crichton. Brit. Mus., Case 37. CrisPirs, Wer. See RuTILE. CristaTED QoaArTz. Cellular Quartz with the plates arranged in a cristated manner, like the comb of a cock. CROCIDOLITE. _ CrocipoLire. Occurs both compact and in long and easily separable fibres, which are flexible and elastic, like those of Asbestos. Colour and streak lavender-blue and leek- green. Lustre silky. Opaque. H. 4. 8.G.3-2. Comp. (Na, Mg) 28i+8(Fe, Si) +5H. Analysis by Stromeyer : Silica - - O1°64 Protoxide of iron . - . 34:38 Soda . , aa 711 Lime . 5 “ - 0:05 Magnesia. : ° - 2°64 Peroxide of manganese 0:02 WWatertien Sr ahi, 4-01 99°85 BB at a strong red heat, even in the flame of a spirit-lamp, fuses to a black, swollen, strongly magnetic glass. With borax forms a transparent green glass, Localities. The Grigna country, beyond the Great Orange River, in South Africa, with Magnetite. Staviarn, in Norway, in Zircon-syenite. Greenland. Golling, in Salz- burg, in Gypsum. Name. From ~¢ozis, wool, in allusion to its ‘woolly, fibrous structure. Brit. Mus., Case 34. Crocoisk, Beudant; CRocoIsiTE, v. Ko- bell. Oblique: primary or cleavage form an oblique rhombic prism. Occurs in very dis- tinct crystals; also massive. Colour various tints of hyacinth-red. Translucent, with strong refracting power and adamantine lus- tre. Streak orange-yellow. H. 2°5 to 3. S8.G. 5:9 to 6:1. Fig. 136. Comp. Monochromate of lead, or Pb Cr= oxide of lead, 68°7, chromic acid 313= 100 0. Analysis by Berzelius : Oxide of lead. . i . 68°5 Chromic acid . 5 ' Aes} i) 100:0 BB decrepitates when heated, assuming for the time a darker colour; but it may be fused to a black shining slag, containing globules of metallic lead. Colours glass of borax green. CROMFORDITE. 99 Soluble in nitric acid, forming a yellow solution. Localities. In narrow veins, traversing decomposed gneiss, at Nischne Tagilsk, near Beresow, in Siberia; and in fine crystals in decomposed granite at Conghonas do Campo, in the Brazils. Rezbanya, in Hungary. The Bannat. Luzon, one of the Philippine Islands. Crocoisite is used as a pigment, but the colour is not permanent. Name. From zeox0s, aurora-yellow. Brit. Mus., Case 39. M. P. G. Principal Floor, Wall-case 21. CROISETTE. See STAUROTIDE. CROMFORDITE, Greg & Lettsom. Pyrami- dal. Primary form a rectangular four-sided prism; in which it also occurs either perfect, or having the lateral and also the terminal edges replaced. Colour white, greyish or yell w. Transparent ortranslucent. Streak snow-white. Rather sectile, and easily frangible. Fracture conchoidal, with a splen- dent adamantine lustre. H.2°75to3. 8.G. 6 to 6°3. Fig. 187. Comp. Chlorocarbonate of lead, or Pb Cl+Pb G=chloride of lead 51, carbonate of lead 49=100. Analysis, by Klaproth, recalculated by Berzelius: Oxide of lead : . 855 Muriatic acid s é . 14:0 Carbonic acid . - 6:0 105°5 BB melts readily in the outer flame to a yellow globule, which on cooling becomes white, and somewhat crystalline; on char- coal yields a globule of lead. Soluble with effervescence in nitric acid. Localities. The finest crystals of this rare mineral were obtained many years ago, in the air-shaft of a mine between Cromford and Wirksworth, in Derbyshire; many of these specimens are deposited in case 57 B, at the British Museum. It has lately been found by Mr. Brice Wright, in minute crystals, at Lossiemouth lead-mine, at Elgin, in Scotland, and has also been met with at Huel Confidence, in Comet ; H 100 CRONSTEDTITE. Name. After that of the locality, Crom- ford. The name Hornblei (Corneous Lead-ore) was not given to this mineral by Karsten in consequence of its resemblance in certain external characters to Kerargyrite or Horn Silver, but from its chemical composition. Cromfordite is principally distinguished from Cerusite or white lead ore, by its colour, crystallization, fracture, inferior hardness, and less specific gravity. Brit. Mus., Case 57 B. CRONSTEDTITE, Steinmann. Hexagonal. Occurs in regular six-sided prisms, tapering towards their summits, and generally adher- ing laterally; also massive in opaque jet- black fibres, having a brilliant lustre. Streak dark leek-green. Thin laminze, somewhat elastic. H.2°5. S.G. 3°35. Fig. 138. Comp. (Fe Mg-Mn)¢ Si+ Fe? Si+ 6H, or more simply Fe? Fe Si+3H=silica 17°68, peroxide of iron 30°63, protoxide of iron 41°36, water 10°33=100. Analysis from Przibram, by Damour : Silica . : ° ; : > 2°47 Water . ‘ : ve jee 100-49 This gives nearly the formule 30(Ca Mg the edges to a grey slag; with borax forms a glass coloured with iron. Localities. Generally occurs with serpen- tine, or forming a constituent of diallage rock. It is found in the serpentine of the Lizard district in Cornwall, and in the ser- pentine of Portsoy in Banffshire. Landlefoot, near Ballantrae. in Ayrshire. The Alic Hills of Aberdeenshire. Baste in the Forest of DIALLAGE CHATOYANTE. Harzburg in the Harz. Massive or disse- minated near Geuieva, and on Monte Rosa in Switzerland. Name. From diwaruyy, difference, alluding to the dissimilar cleavage. Brit. Mus., Case 25. MEPs G.., ‘Horse-shoe Case, 1088. Upper Gallery, Wall-case 5, Nos. 10 to 37. * DrstLAGe CHATOYANTE. See SCHILLER- SPAR. DIALLAGE FIBRO LAMINAIRE METAL- LOIDE, Haiiy. See BRONZITE. DraALLaGeE METALLOIDE, DIALLAGE and HyPERSTHENE. DIALLAGE VERTE, Haiiy, See SMARAG- DITE. DIaLLoGiTE, Beudant. Hexagonal: pri- mary form a rhomb. Occurs very com- monly in saddle-shaped lenticular crystals ; also massive. Colour rose- red and flesh -red. Lustre vitreous inclining to pearly. Trans- lucent. Streak white. Structure lamellar. Searcely scratches glass, and yields to the knife. Brittle. Fracture uneven. H. 3:5 to 45. S.G. 3:4 to 3°6. Haiiy. See Fig. 144, Comp. Mn C=carbonic acid 38-2, protoxide The Mn is usually replaced partially by Ca, Fe, and of manganese, 61:8=100-0. Meg; so that the composition may be repre- sented generally by the formula (Min, Ca, Fe, M g) G. Analysis, from Freiberg, by Stromeyer : Carbonate of manganese . 73-70 Carbonate of lime ; : 13-08 Carbonate of iron“. oO Carbonate of magnesia . 7:26 Water . - s - - 00d 99°85 Decrepitates when heated. _ BB becomes brown or greyish-black, but is infusible without addition. Very slowly soluble in cold, and rapidly in warm muriatic acid. On exposure to the air assumes a brown tint, and the bright rose-red varieties be- come paler. Localities. — English. ‘The mines near Oswestry, in Shropshire. Hartshill, War- wickshire.—Jrish. Glendree, near Tulla, co. DIAMOND. i 109 Clare, &c.— Foreign. Freyberg and other mines in Saxeny. Those of Kapnik, Nagyag, and Offen banya i in Transylvania. Near EI bingerode in the Harz. In a pulverulent form, coating Triplite, at Washington, Con- necticut, U.S. Placentia Bay, Newfound- tand; of a fawn or chestnut-brown colour in Silurian slates. Diallogite may be distingyished from Rhodonite, or Manganese Spar, by its in- ferior hardness. It generally occurs in me- talliferous veins with ores of silver, lead, and copper, as well as with other ores of manga- nese, both massive and in botryoidal con- cretions lining cavities. Brit. Mus., Case 34. M. P. G. Principal Floor, Wall-case 13 (British). DiAMAnt. French for DIAMOND. DIAMANT pD’ALENCON. See QUARTZ. 5 Diamonp. Cubical. Frequently in twin crystals, with faces often convex. Plane of composition octahedral. Cleavage highly perfect. Rarely massive. Lustre brilliant ada- mantine. Colour white or colourless, occa- sionally with tints of yellow, red, orange, green, brown, or black. Transparent to translucent when dark coloured. Fracture conchoidal. H.10. §S.G. 35295 to 3°55. Exhibits vitreous electricity when rubbed. Index of refraction 2-439, being often irre- gular, owing probably to the same cause which has produced the convexity of its forms. Becomes phosphorescent on exposure to the light, and the smaller Diamonds become phosphorescent by a much shorter exposure than those of larger size. ae Smoky Fig. 146. Vig. 147. Comp. Pure carbon crystallized. Burns 110 DIAMOND. at a temperature of 14° Wedgwood, and is wholly consumed, producing carbonic acid gas; also combustible in oxygen gas and in the oxyhydrogen flame, and in the electric arc is converted into coke and graphite. The Diamond has in all ages been held in the highest estimation. The most valuable are perfectly colourless. There is rarely more than one tinge of colour in the same stone, but, while it is consider- ably deteriorated by a dull or faint tint, its greatly enhanced by a well-defined tint of pink, green, or blue. ; Diamonds are weighed im carats (1514 of which make one ounce troy) of 3°16 or 33 grains each. The medium value of a Dia- mond, when rough, is £2, and the value of rough Diamonds of greater. weight is esti- mated by multiplying the square of their weight in carats by 2, which gives the value in pounds. Example:—To find the value -of a rough Diamond 2 carats in weight. The square of the weight 2x2=4, this multi- plied by 2=4x2=£8, the value of a Dia- mond of two carats. The price of polished Diamonds is much greater, for, amongst other reasons, the pro- cess of polishing is so uncertain, that the cutters think themselves fortunate in retain- ing one half the original weight, and the greater number of the Diamonds found are very small in size, their rarity increasing at a rapid rate in proportion to their weight. The average weight and size of Diamonds may be learned from the results of an exa- mination of 1000 stones by Professor Ten- nant, who found that, out of the entire number, one half weighed less than half a carat, 300 less than 1 carat. 80 weighed 13 carats, 119 varied from 2 to 20 carats, and 1 weighed 24 carats. A polished Diamond, of the purest water, well cut, and free from flaws, is worth £8; above that weight the value is calculated by multiplying the square of the weight in carats by 8. ‘Thus: the value of a polished Diamond of 2 carats=2x2x8=£32: the value of a polished stone of 3 carats 3 x 3x 8=£72, and so on. Above 10 carats the price increases in such a rapid ratio, that few persons can afford to purchase the larger stones, and it therefore becomes difficult to sell them at their calculated value. The natural cleavage is taken advantage of by the native jewellers in the East, who form table Diamonds by adroitly striking the stone placed between two sharp-edged tools. The art of cutting and polishing Diamonds DIAMOND. was discovered by Louis van Berquen, a citizen of Bruges, in 1456, previously to which time the Diamond was only known in its rough, or in its cleaved state. The cutting is effected (chiefly by Jews at Amsterdam), by means of a scharf or mill, consisting of an iron wheel about 10 inches in diameter, which is made to re~ volve horizontally with great rapidity, from 2000 to 3000 times in a minute. The stone, : | imbedded in pewter at one end of an arm, is commercial value, on the other hand, is | pressed on the wheel, smeared with diamond- dust and oil, by means of weights varying from 2 to 30 lbs., and regulated according to the amount of pressure it may be considered necessary to produce. The ancients did not possess the art of polishing the Diamond, but its extreme hardness, and the regularity of its form, coupled with its rarity and supposed inde- structibility, caused them to attach a high value to it, and to endue it with many sup- posed virtues. Although Diamonds do not appear to have been so much in request with the Romans as pearls, the former are, nevertheless, de- scribed by Pliny as amongst the most valua- ble of human possessions. From its extreme hardness, which was be- lieved to be sutticient to shiver both the ham- mer with which it was struck, as wellas the anvil on which it was placed, and the impossi- bility of rendering it red hot by the most vio- lent heat, it was called «aus, (or unconquer- able), by the Greeks,a name which has been adopted by the moderns, though applied in- differently to the loadstone as well as the Diamond. It was also imagined to destroy the effect of poisons, and to cure insanity. In the East it is still supposed by the credulous to act as a preservative against lightning, and to cause the teeth to fall out when placed in the mouth; but the last bad quality has been disputed by one author, who supports his objection (with some show of reason), by stating that diamond-powder has been used as a dentifrice without pro- ducing such injurious effects upon the teeth. Owing to the general resemblance be- tween Rock Crystal and Diamond, the former is called in the East kacha, or unripe, and the latter pakka, or ripe Diamond. In addition to its value as a precious stone, the Diamond is employed for engraving and cutting glass, in splinters for drilling, and, reduced to powder, for polishing and cutting other gems. Diamond-powder, being worth £50 per ounce, is too expensive to be used alone; and it is, therefore, generally mixed with emery, and applied to the mill with DIAMOND. oil. Diamonds. have, also, been made into lenses for microscopes, but the advantage resulting from its slight chromatic aberra- tion, and the large field of view it conse- quently affords,:is counterbalanced by an irregularitv of internal structure which ren- ders it unfit for the purpose, even when suf- ficiently clear. The largest Diamond of which there is any record is that described by Tavernier as belonging to the Great Mogul. It was found in 1550 in the mine of Colone, and, in its original state, weighed 900 carats or 2844 grains, but was reduced in cutting to 272°46 carats, or 861 grains. The following are the names and weights of some celebrated Diamonds :—* Russian diamond, 194 carats, £90,000 and an annuity of £4,000. Austrian diamond, 139 carats, valued at £9,250. Regent or Pitt diamond, 1364 carats (430°55 grains), sold for £125,0:'0. Pigott diamond, 49 carats, valued at £40,000. Blue diamond, 443 carats, valued at £30,000. Nassuck diamond, 11:23 carats (354 grains), purchased by the Marquis of Westminster for £7,200. The most celebrated Diamond of modern times is the Koh-i-noor ¢, which became the property of the Queen of England on the annexation of the Punjaub by the E. I. Company in 1850. In addition to its intrin- sic value, this Diamond is highly interesting from its great antiquity and the historical associations connected with it. It is re- puted to be 4,000 years old by Indian tra- ditions; certainly 50 B.c. it is said to have belonged to the Rajah of Mjayin, and to have remained in the possession of his suc- cessors until India was subdued by the Mahomedans. -Itis mentioned by Tavernier in 1665, as the property of the Mogul Emperor. He says it weighed 2799. carats, and was esti- mated to be worth half a million sterling. The original weight is variously stated at 7874 and 793 carats. It was called Koh-i- noor, or “the hill of lustre,’ in allusion to Mount Sinai in Arabia, where God appeared in glory to man. * Models of these and other celebrated Dia- monds are exhibited at the Museum of Practical Geology. See Horse-shoe Case on the Principal Fioor, Nos. 5 to 16. + see M. P.G. Horse-shoe Case, No. 11, for models of tiie Koh-i-noor (and pendants), both in its original and in its present state. sold for DIAMOND. 1if When brought to this country it mea- sured about 13 inch in its greatest diame- ter and above 2 of an inch in thickness, and weighed 186}, carats. The beauty of the stone being greatly marred by its irregu- larity of form and the imperfect manner in which it had been cut (the principal face and one or the largest sides having been discovered by Mr. Tennant to be merely cleavage-planes, one, to all appearance, not polished), it was determined to recut it. This was skilfully and successfully accom- plished by the Messrs. Garrard in 38 days, each of 12 hours’ uninterrupted labour. Al- though the weight of the stone has been re- duced from 186), to 103% carats, its bril- liancy and general appearance have been greatly improved. From a careful examination of the stone before it was recut, Prof. Tennant arrived at the conclusion that it had originally formed a portion of a larger Diamond, the form of which -was a rhombic dodecahedron. He also suggested that the great Russian Dia- mond, and another slab weighing 130 carats, had- been taken from it. This division of the original dodecahedron into three, was, most likely, the result of accident, asa very slight blow inadvertently struck in the direction of the planes of cleavage, in set- ting the stone, or a fall, would have the effect of causing it to split in the manner pointed out. Possibly the slab alluded to above may have formed the diamond, with a flat surface, nearly as valuable as the Koh- i-noor, which Forbes, in his Oriental Me- moirs*, describes as being with it in the royal treasury at Ispahan, and called the Doriainoor, “ the ocean of lustre.” Both these jewels formed part of the plun- der seized by Nadir Shah at the taking of Delhi in 1739, when the riches he carried off exceeded £70,000,000 in value. The most celebrated mines of India were those of Golconda, in the territory of the Nizam; and at Raolcondal, near Visiapoor, in the Mahratta empire. The Koh-i-noor was found in the former district at Purteal, between Hyderabad and Masulipatam, but now there are only one or two places of ex- ploration, and the mines have gradually be- come all but valueless, since the discovery of the diamond mines of Brazil in 1728. Dia- monds also occur in Bundelcund, near Panna, and on the Mahanuddy, near Ellore. * Vol. ii. p. 84. + An interesting history of the Koh-i-noor will be found in R. Hunt’s Handbook of the Great Evr- hibition of 1851. See also Ure’s Dictionary of Aris, &c. 5th Edition, vol. ii., p. 17, art. Diamond. 112 DIAMOND. Diamonds, when cut, are called Brilliants, rose Diamonds or rosettes, and table Dia- monds. Of these the brilliant displays the lustre of the stone to the greatest advan- age, and is the most esteemed. iS {\ KA ° DB a O Fig. 150. Fig."151. Fig. 152. Fig. 155. Fig. 157. Fig, 158. Fig. 159. Fig. 160. \\ ~~ Fig. 163. Fig, 164. " Fig. 162. Fig. 148. Oval Brilliant. Fig. 157. Rose Diamond of 1 carat. Fig. 149. Oval Brilliant, under side. Fig. 158. Rose Diamond of IC carats. Fig. 150. Brilliant of 1 carat. Fig. 159. Rose Diamond of 20 carats. ' Fig. 151. Brilliant of 10 carats. Fig. 160. Round Rose Diamond. Fig. 152. Brilliant of 20 carats. Fig. 161. Oval Rose Diamond. _ Fig. 153. Round Brilliant. Fig. 162. Drop Rose Diamond. Fig. 154. Round Brilliant, under side. Fig. 163. Side view of Brilliant. Fig. 155. Drop Brilliant. Fig. 164. Side view of Rose Diamond. Fig. 156. Drop Brilliant, under side. DIAMOND. The following figures (148 to 164) show- ing the different forms and sizes of polished Diamonds, will render intelligible t.e vari- ous modes of cutting them better than a mere verbal description. In figs 148 to 152 the horizontal lines beneath each figure represent the depth of the stone, and the small facets belowthe horizontal lines in figs. 150 to 152 the size of the collet. ' —-~-DIAMOND SPAR. ionds appear to occur generally in where there is a laminated rock [tacolumite. They are procured by washing, either from the soil or from super- ficial deposits. At Minas Geraes in the Brazils, there are two of these Diamond- bearing deposits; the one a gravel composed of broken fragments of Quartz covered with a thin layer of sand or earth—which is called gurgulho, the other called cascalhé, (See MW. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, No. 1) made up of rolled pebbles of Quartz in a base cf ferruginous clays—the whole, as well as the talcose clay on which it rests, being the debris of talcose rocks. The finest Diamonds are found in the gurgulho. There are also mines called Bagugem in the province of Minas Geraes, on the banks of the river Patrocinho, which have pro- duced some large stones: one in 1851 weigh- ing 117 carats, and another more recently of 2473 carats. The most celebrated mines are situated to the north of Rio Janeiro, on the rivers Jequetinhonha and Pardo: it has lately, also, been found in Bahia, at the mines of Surua and Cincora on the river Cachoeira, but the quality of the Cincora Diamonds is inferior to those of Minas Geraes or Cuyaba. The Uralian Diamonds occur in the de- tritus along the Adolfskoi rivulet, where it is worked for Goid, and also at other places. A few Diamonds have also been found in Georgia and N. Carolina, also in Rutherford co. N.C, and Hull co. Ga., in the United States; in Australia, on the banks of the Turon; at Pontiana in Borneo, on the west side of the Ratoos mountain, and on the river Gunil in the province of Constantine in Algiers. Brit. Mus., Case 4. M.P.G. Horse-shoe Case, Nos. 1 to 9. Case 11. (The first diamond brought to this country from Australia.) DIAMOND Spark. See CoRUNDUM. Dianium. A new metallic acid, belonging to the same group with tantalic and niobic acids, discovered by Von Kobellin Euxenite, ZEschynite, Samarskite, and in a Tantalice from Tammela. It also exists, though in a less pure state, in the Tantalite of Greenland, in the Pyrochlore of the Ilmengebirge, and in the brown Wohlerite. The Tantalite from Tammela, which Von Kobell calls Dianite, has a dark, brownish- _ red streak and a specific gravity of 5°5, while other Tantalites vary in density from 7:06 to 7’3, and have a dark grey streak. Zitanic acid is easily distinguished from - BP DIASPORE. 113 other acids of the same group, by boiling it with muriatic acid and tin, and diluting the solution with water. The blue colour then passes to rose-red, and the solution re- tains this colour several days. When Dianic acid is present, the blue colour pre- dominates, but, after standing some hours, the rose colour of Titanic acid appears. BB Dianic acid behaves like the Tantalite of Kimito. DIAPHORITE. See ALLAGITE, DiasporeE, Haiiy, Philips, Nicol. Rhom- bic: usually crystallized in thin flattened prisms, sometimes acicular. Also occurs massive, in slightly curved laminz, which may be easily separated, of a greenish-grey colour, with a shining pearly lustre: also in cellular masses, with a pearly lustre, inter- cepting each other in all directions, and of a brown hue externally, but perfectly colour- less and transparent when reduced to thin laminz. Very brittle. Scratches glass. H. 6°5 to7. §.G. 3°43. Fig. 165. Comp. Hydrate of alumina, or Al H=alu- mina 85:1, water 14:°9=100-0. Analysis from Siberia by Dufrénoy : Alumina : ; A . 7466 Water . _ : . 14:58 Peroxide of iron . . 4251 Silica : - Bee ers\t Lime and magnesia . ~ yiGe 98-29 Heated in a glass tube decrepitates vio- lently, and crumbles into small, white, bril- liant scales, which evolve water when more strongly heated. BB infusible, alone. Not soluble in boiling muriatic acid, which only extracts the oxide of iron mechanically mixed with it. Localities. Near Kosoibrod, district of Katherinenburg, in the Ural. Schemnitz. Broddbo, near Fahlun, in Sweden. St. Gott-. hard, in dolomite. The Grecian archipelago, with Emery. Name. From d:moztign, to disperse; from decrepitating and being dispersed when placed in the flame of a candle or BB. Diaspore may be distinguished from Kya- nite, to some varieties of which it bears a close resemblance, by its superior lustre. I 114 DIASTALITE. _ Brit. Mus., Case 19. Diastauire. DIOPSIDE BACCILLAIRE. . Analysis, from Fassa, by Wackenroder : Lime . Rly geet: ° . Magnesia . « 18°22 Protoxide of manganese 0-18 Protoxide of iron. 2°50 Silica . 45°16 Alumina 0:20 100-00 BB alone fuses to a colourless, almost _ transparent glass. Localities. In translucent crystals, in veins traversing Serpentine at Ala, in Pied- mont, accompanied by Epidote, Hyacinth, red Garnet, and green Talc. The more transparent crystals from this locality are sometimes cut and worn as gems. Nome. From 3.x, through, and és, ap- pearance ; in allusion to its occasional trans- parency. Brit. Mus., Case 34. M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, No. 1033. DIoPsIDE BACCILLAIRE, Dufrénoy. See MussiTE, BREISLAKITE. DiopsipDE ComMpPAcTE, Dufrénoy. SHERZOLITE, KARLIBINITE. DIoPSIDE GRANULIFORME, Dufrénoy. See Cocco.LitE, FUNKITE. Diorrase, Hauiy, Nicol, Dana. of Copper. Hexagonal. Colour emerald- green. Lustre vitreous. Transparent to translucent Streak green. Brittle. Fracture conchoidal. H. 5. $.G. 3°27 to 3:34. See Silicate Fig. 165%. Comp. Silicate of copper or Cu? Si? +3H =silica, 38°3, oxide of copper 50-3, water 11:4=100°0. Analysis by Hess: Oxide of copper . 5 . 45°10 Silica . 2 . 36°85 Alumina. ° . 2°36 Lime . - 3°39 Magnesia. : 3 ~ 0°22 Water . ° . ° sp LL:o2 99°44 BB decrepitates, tinging the flame yel- lowish green; becomes black in the outer red in the inner flame, but does not fuse. With borax fuses to a greem globule, and is finally reduced. : Bas Se Dissolves in heated nitric or muriatic acid, with the formation of a jelly of silica, DIPRISMATIC LEAD BARYT. 115 Localities, ‘This scarce mineral occurs disposed on Quartz in small but well- defined crystals, at Altyn Tiibé, in the Kirghese steppes of Siberia. It is also found between Oberlahnstein and Braubach in the Duchy of Nassau. Name. From orrou0t, to see through, in allusion to the natural joints being visible by transmitted light. ' Tt may be distinguished from Emerald by inferior hardness, higher specific gravity, and by becoming negatively electric by friction. Brit. Mus., Case 26. DioxyLitE, Shepard. See LANARKITE. DieHANITE, Nordenskiold. A mineral allied to Margarite, found in the emerald mines of the Uralian mountains, together with Emerald, Cymophane, and Phenakite, on a brown micaceous slate. It forms regu- lar six-sided prisms with a perfect cleavage at right angles to the principal axes. The crystals appear blue and transparent on one side, and have a vitreous lustre; but on the cleavage-faces the mineral appears white and opaque when in tolerably thick lamin, and has a mother-of-pearl lustre. Very brittle. H.5 to 5:5. S.G. 3-04 to 3:07. Comp. 2(R2 Si) + 8Al2 Si) + 4H. Analysis by Jewreinow : Lime R 3 . Lett Protoxide of iron 3°02 Protoxide of manganese 1:05 Alumina 2 gg Silica . 3 _ - 84:02 » Water . ‘ . 5°34 99°87 BB becomes opaque, swells up, exfoli- ates, and fuses in the inner flame to a smooth enamel, with borax and microcos- mic salt, readily yields a clear glass which becomes yellowish on cooling; whence the name Diphanite—from 2), double, and ¢avis, appearance. DipLocenic KovurHoNnE Spar, Mohs. See EPIsTILBITE. Dieuoire, Breithaupt. A variety of Anorthite. See LATROBITE. | DriprisMATIC COPPER GLANCE, Mohs. See BouRNONITE. | DiprisMATIc Eucuas HaAtoip, Haidin- ger. See HAIDINGERITE. DiprisMATIC IRON ORE, Mohs. See LICORITE. DiprisMATIC Hau Baryt, Mohs. See WITHERITE. DierismatTic Leap Baryt, Mohs. See . CERUSITE, . 12 116 DIPYRE. * DrierisMATIC OuivE Manacuit, Moh ¢ See LIBETHENITE, Dipyre, Haiiy. Occurs in slender, indis- tinctly formed, four-sided prisms, rounded at the ends, and resembling grains of wheat ; also in small fascicular masses. Colour grey- ish-white or reddish-white. Lustre vitreous. Translucent to transparent. Opaque in weathered specimens. Kasily frangible, lon- gitudinal fracture foliated. Scratches glass. H. above 4 when fresh. 58.G. 2°64, Comp. 4 (Ga, Na) Si+3 18} 53°8, alumina 26°2, lime 9°5, soda 10°d= 100-0. Analysis by Delesse : Silica s 5 AER) Alumina 5 : A . 24:8 Lime a : 4 ae!) Soda . 2 3 ; 9-4. Rocastiye al Mee, oe 4 07 99°4 BB fuses with effervescence to a white blebby glass. Attacked with much difficulty by the strongest acids. Localities. A torrent near Mauléon, in the Western Pyrenees, with Talc or Chlorite, in a soft clay-slate; Valley of Castillon, especially at Angomer. Name. From 4s, double, and vg, fire; in allusion to the double effect of fire upon it, by fusing it, and rendering it slightly phos- phorescent. Brit. Mus., Case 31. DIRHOMBOHEDRAL EvToME GLANCE, Mohs. See MOLYBDENITE. _ Discrask&, Leymerie; DIscRASITE, Frobel. Rhombic: occurs in hexagonal prisms and stellate forms; also massive, disseminated, or in grains. The surfaces of the prisms are usually deeply striated longitudinally; but those of other forrms are smooth. Colour and streak between silver-white and tin-white, generally inclining to the former, often tar- nished yellow or reddish. Lustre metallic. Opaque. Structure lamellar. Easily frangi- ble. Fracture flat conchoidal. Soft. Slightly malleable. H. 35 to 40. S.G. 9-44 to 9:8. Comp. Antimonide of silver, or Ag4, Sb =silver 77°01, antimony 22°99=100. Analysis, of a coarse-grained specimen from Wolfach, by Klaproth : Silver . 76 Antimony. ... > . 24 . 100 BB on charcoal, fuses readily, giving off DODECAHEDRAL GARNET. and is reduced to a grey, brittle, metallic globule,’ which becomes white on continu- ing the heats and solidifies, with incan- descence, to a crystalline globule on cooling, which, by further blowing, is converted into pure metallic silver. Soluble in nitric acid, leaving oxide of antimony. Localities. Altwolfach in Baden, and Wit- tichen in Swabia, in veins, with Galena, Native Silver, Iron Pyrites, Blende, and other ores, in granite. In clay-slate, at Andreasberg, in the Harz. Allemont, in Dauphiné. Casalla, near Guadalcanal, in Spain. The Goldberg, in Rauris, Salzburg. Near Coquimbo, S. America, &c. If this mineral were less rare, it would be a valuable ore of silver. It may be distin- guished from Native Silver by its brittle- ness and foliated fracture; from Smaltine by its fracture, which is foliated instead of granular and uneven ; from Arsenical Pyrites by fracture and hardness, the Pyrites hav- ing a fine-grained, uneven fracture, and giving sparks with steel. (Jameson.) Name. From 4s, two-fold, and ~eéo1s, mix- ture, in allusion to its composition. DisomosE, Beudant. See GERSDORFFITE. The name is derived from %%s, twice, and enous, like, because the formula is the same as for Grey Cobalt, where cobalt replaces nickel, and as for Antimonickel where anti- mony replaces arsenic. . DisTERITE, Dufrénoy; DisteRRITE. A variety of Clintonite, occurring in hexa- gonal prisms, in the valley of Fassa, Tyrol. H. of base 5; of sides 6 to 65. S.G. 3°04 to 3°05. Analysis by v. Kobell : Silica. - 5 Alumina . « 43°22 | Magnesia : : . 25°01 Lime . oer ae : . 400 Potash . : 5 4 - 0°57 Peroxide of iron . 5 - 3°60 Water . : 5 4 . 3°60 100-00 - 20:00 See BRANDISITE. DisTtHEne, Haiiy. (from %s, double, and cb:vos, strength.)- A name given by Haiiy to Kyanite, on account of its double electric powers; some crystals acquiring negative, others positive electricity by friction. DopECAHEDRAL CoruNDUM, Mohs. See SPINEL. DopECAHEDRAL DysToME GLANCE, Mohs. See TENNANTITE. DoDECAHEDRAL GARNET, Mohs. See antimonial fumes, which stain the charcoal, | GARNET. DOG’S-TOOTH SPAR. DOMEYKITE. 117 ' DopECAHEDRAL GARNET BLENDE, Mohs. | &c.; at Building Hill, near Sunderland, it See BLENDE. DopDECAHEDRAL IRON ORE, Mohs. FRANKLINITE. DoDECAHEDRAL KOUPHONE SPAR, Mohs. See SoDALITE. DopECAHEDRAL Mercury, Mohs. See Native AMALGAM. Doe’s-tootH Spar. The name given to certain crystals of Calcite, from their fancied resemblance to the tooth of a dog. They have been found principally at Kcton, in Staffordshire, and in Derbyshire. Fig. 166. See Fig. 166. Dotomiz, Leymerie. Dotomite. The name applied to white crystals and granular varieties of carbonate of lime and carbonate of magnesia. H. 55 to 4. 8S.G. 2°95 to 3:1. Fig. 169. Comp. Ca C+Mg C=carbonate of lime 54°39, carbonate of magnesia 45°65=100-00, but carbonate of iron or carbonate of man- ganese, or both together, are generally pre- sent. ' BB like Calcite; some varieties become darker and harder. - Soluble in acid, but more slowly than Cal- cite. Localities. Crystallized at Leadhills, in Lanarkshire (fig. 167). Jena, &c.; also in the United States, at Richmond co., New York, and at Hoboken, New Jersey. Matea, a coral island near Tahiti. Granular Dolo- mite or magnesian limestone is found in the Pyrenees, Saxony, France, Sweden, and in Somersetshire, Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, {forms globular and radiated earthy-like concretions; and at Marsden, in the same neighbourhood, a schistose Dolomite, of a pale brownish-yellow colour is found, which, when split into thin pieces, is very tlexi- ble. This quality is supposed to be owing to the water it contains, as it is nearly lost when the stone dries. Dolomite is said to be best suited for a building-stone, when it has a crystalline structure. Name. After Dolomieu, the geologist. For varieties of Dolomite, see Pearl Spar, Brown Spar, Ankerite, Miemite, Gurhofite, and Brossite. Brit. Mus., Case 47. M.P.G. Horse-shoe Case, No. 438 (cry- stals); No. 215 (granular). DOLOMITE SINTER, v. Kobel. See HyprRo- DOLOMITE. A variety of Hydromagnesite, with part of the magnesia replaced by lime. It occurs on Somma, in isolated globular or stalactitic earthy masses, resembling Sin- ter, and of a white or yellowish colour. Comp. According to Rammelsberg 3[(Mg, Ga) 6+H]+Mg H. © Analysis by v. Kobell: Carbonic acid F - 33°10 Lime . ; 5 a, Maznesia . : 3 . 24°28 Water . ‘ @ ‘ . 17-40 100-00 DoLoMITE SPAR, Jameson. See BITTER SPAR. Dotomitic OpHIOLITE. The name given by T. Sterry Hunt to the varieties of Ser- pentine which contain intimate admixtures -| of Dolomite. DomrykiTE, Haidinger.. Occurs reniform and botryoidal; massive and disseminated. Colour tin-white; often with a slightly yellowish or iridescent tarnish. Lustre metallic. Fracture uneven. Also black and soft, soiling the fingers, when impure or de- composed. See ConDURRITE. H. 3 to 3°0. S.G. 4°5. Fig. 170. Comp. Arsenide of copper or Gu3 As? = copper 71°63, arsenic 28°37 = 100-00. Analysis, from Calabazo in Chili, by Domeyko: . 13 118 DONACARGYRITE. Arsenic . 28°36 Copper . ‘ . 71°64 100-00 BB fuses easily, with the odour of arsenic. Not soluble in muriatic acid. Localities. The Calabazo Mine near Co- quimbo; Antonio Mine, Copiapo, Chili. Name. After M. Domeyko, Professor of Chemistry at Coquimbo. DoNACARGYRITE. A scarce mineral con- sisting probably of a mixture of several sulph-antimonides of silver and lead. Brit. Mus., Case 10. DorpLespat. See CALCITE. DoprLERitE, Dufrénoy. An organic compound, occurring in thin plates or mas- sive, in peat, near Aussee, in Styria. It has a brownish-biack colour, with a dull brown streak and greasy subvitreous lustre, when fresh; and a reddish-brown colour by transmitted light when in thin plates. Comp. C8 H5 05, or, according to Schrét- ter, it is a homogeneous peaty substance, from whose cellulose two parts of water have been removed. Analysis by Schritter ; Carbon. - g : - 51°63 Hydrogen . ; . O84 Oxygen. A . 43:03 100-00 Name. After Mr. Doppler. DoranITE, Thomson, Greg & Lettsom. A zeolitic mineral, probably allied’ to Anal- cime, in which the soda is replaced by mag- nesia. Occurs in aggregated translucent crys- tals of a yellowish-white colour. §.G. 2°15. Analysis by Thomson : Silica . 4 “ 3 . 48°00 Alumina. 5 . 22°00 Protoxide of i iron . 2°75 Lime . 5 : . 6:00 Magnesia . ‘ : . 13 00 Water . i eiite ° 770 99-45 Locality. Two miles W. of Carrick- fergus, co. Antrim, Ireland; in basalt. Name. After Pat. Doran, late fossil col- lector to the Geological Survey of Ireland. DovusLe FLuATE oF CERIUM AND Yrrri1a, Phillips. Spark. See CALcIrE. DoUBLE REFRACTING SPAR. GELF, Kir- wan. The name given in Hungary to “a par- ticular sort of Argentiferous Copper Pyrites.’ DraGEges DE Tivo. Pisolite, which, when broken, exhibits calcareous matter covering a nucleus composed of some other DouBLE REFRACTING | DUFRENITE. | substance, and thus acquiring the appearance of confectionary comfits. DREELITE, Dufrénoy. Hexagonal: occurs in small truncated rhombohedrons. Colour and streak white. Lustre pearly; externally dull, splendent on surfaces of fracture. H.- 35. 8.G. 33. Comp. Sulphate of lime and baryta, or Ca $+2Ba S. Analysis, by Dufrénoy : Sulphate of baryta . 61°730 Sulphate of lime : . 14275 Carbonate of lime 8:050 Silica . i 9-710 Alumina . : 3 - 240d Lime . ; ; 1°520 Water ; : 2°310 100-000 BB fuses to a white blistered glass, which is coloured blue by nitrate of potash. Localities. In small rhombohedral crystals, disseminated over the surface, and in the cavities of a quartzose rock, near Beaujeu, Dep. of the Rhone, in France. Badenw oe Baden. Named after the Marquis de Dree. Drop-stTones. Stalagmite. See also DRAGEES DE TIVOLI. DucktowniTE. The name proposed by Prof. C. U. Shepard for a substance which is stated by Prof. G. J. Brush, by whom it has been examined, to be “a mixture of Iron Pyrites, and a rich sulphide of copper, which, if obtained pure, would probably prove to be Copper Glance.” It is found at the Ducktown Copper mine, in Eastern Ten- nessee, U.S. DurreEnite, Brongniart. Rhombic: dull leek-green, or blackish-green, in needles, ar- ranged in small radiated masses, with a weak silky lustre. The colour changes on exposure to yellow and brown. Streak olive- green. Slightly translucent. H. 3°5 to 4. 8.G. 3:2 to 3:4. Comp. Phosphate of peroxide of iron, or He? P+3H=peroxide of iron 61°32, phos- phorie acid 28:07, water 100-00. Analysis, from Haute Vienne, by Bane quelin : Peroxide of iron . . 56°20 Protoxide of manganese . 6°76 Phosphoric acid . . 27°84 Wraterina\ a anit 9°20 100-00 Extremely fusible, melting even in the flame of a candle, DUFRENOYSITE. BB fuses easily to a black opaque glass. Localiiies. Department of la Haute Vienne, in France; at Anglar, near Limoges. Siegen, in Prussia. (See GREEN IRON ORE.) Name. Named after Dufrénoy, Professor of Mineralogy. DurreEnoysire, Damour. Cubical. Colour steel-grey. Lustre metallic. Streak reddish- prown. Brittle. Fracture uneven. 8.G. 5:074 to 5 5d. Comp. 2PbS+ AsS%=lead 57-2, sulphur 22:1, arsenic 20-7 =100. Analysis, by Damour : Lead ‘ ‘ 3 . 56°61 Sulpmir a te ft) 2 22°30 Arsenic é : ‘ . 2087 iron » f 7 a = (e334 Copper 2 5 4 a 0:22 Silver . 5 ‘ : 5 Or tks 100-49 BB fuses easily, yielding sulphurous and arsenical fumes and a globule of lead. Dissolves in acids. Localities St. Gotthard in small veins in Dolomite, with Realgar, Orpiment, Blende and Pyrites. Valley of Binnen in the can- ton of Valais, in Dolomite, with Realgar. Name. After Dufrénoy, late Professor. of Mineralogy at the Museum of Natural His- tory, Paris. Brit. Mus., Case 11. Duneiven Crysrats. Yellow or smoky Rock Crystal, found in large, and sometimes very perfect, detached crystals, imbedded in the soil at Finglen Mountain, close to Dun- given, in the parish of Banagher, in Jre- land. DusopiLe. See DysopiLe. Dyoxy ite, Shepard. See LANARKITE. DyscuasirE, Connel, This mineral was formerly supposed to be a variety of Meso- type, but was subsequently described as a distinct species by Connel. It is now re- garded as a kind of Okenite. §.G. 2°362. Analysis by Connel : Siliea . : : a 2 OM69 Lime . ‘ J - 26°83 Protoxide of manganese 0-22 Potash . > , a - 0°23 Soda . : 3 3 - 0°44 Peroxide of iron . : 0:32 100°44 Locality. The Faroe Isles. Name. From %:, difficultly, and Auta, to break, in allusion to the time and labour required to break a mass into smaller frag- ments, in consequence of its extreme tougn- ness. DYSYNTRIBITE. 119 DyskKOLiTE. See SAUSSURITE. Dystuire. A Zinc-Manganese-and-Iron- Spinel of a yellowish-brown or greyish- brown colour, occurring at Sterling, in New Jersey, U. S., with Franklinite and Wille- mite. S.G. 4-55, Comp. (Zn Mn) (Al Fe). DystytiTE, Shepard. Occurs as a black- ish-brown powder in many meteorites, of which it generally constitutes from 0°25 to 2:25 per cent. It is supposed to be a phos- phide of iron, nickel, and magnesium. Name. From ®veatses, insoluble. DysopiLe, Cordier, Phillips. A combus- tible mineral, found in secondary limestone, at Melili, near Syracuse, in Sicily, of a yel- lowish or greenish- grey colour, either com= pact or in foliated masses, composed of thin paper-like thin and flexible leaves, contain-- ing impressions of fish and dicotyledonous plants. It is extremely fragile, and emits an argillaceous odour when breathed on. It burns with a crackling noise, and consider- able flame and smoke, and gives out a very fetid smell; whence it has acquired the name of Stercus Diaboli or Merda del Diavolo in Sicily. Macerated in water, it becomes translucent, and its laminze acquire flexi- bility. S.G. 1146. It is also found in France, at Chateau Neuf, near Viviers, Dept. du Rhone; Saint- Amand, in Auvergne, and in the. neigh- bourhood of Narbonne. Dystomic AvuciTz SPAR, See BUCKLANDITE. Dystomic HABRronEM MatwaAcuit, Mohs. See ERINITE. DyssnitE, v. Kobell. A kind of Fowlerite, resembling Marceline, but less hard. It is an aluminate of iron and manganese, oc- curring in granular metallic masses, at Franklin, New Jersey, U. 8. DysyNTRIBITE, Shepard. A massive, granular, or slaty and tough variety of Agalmatolite, somewhat resembling ‘Ser- pentine in appearance, but of very variable composition. Colour dark green, greyish, or yellowish, sometimes mottled with red and black. Almost dull. Tough. Fracture Haidinger. even, splintery, H. 3 to 33. S.G. 2°76 to 2°81. Analysis, by Smith & Brush : Silica . 5 . - 44:80 Alumina . - 34:90 Peroxide of iron . P «301 Lime . : ‘ : - 0°66 Magnesia . ° ° ~ 0-42 Potash . « ’ 6 Sn GrS7, Soda . . . ‘ e 3°60 14 120 EAGLE STONE. Protoxide of manganese Water . . 2 A i 0°30 5°38 , 99-94 BB fuses in thin fragments to a white porcellaneous mass. Localities. Rossie and Natural Bridge in Diana, St. Lawrence co., New York; gene- rally with Specular Iron. E. EAcuie Stone. Pliny. According to Kir- wan a kind of iron ore, consisting of a reniform crust of the oxide investing an ochreous kernel, which is sometimes loose. EHartTH Fiax, Woodward. See AMIAN- THUs and ASBESTOS. EArTH-FOAM, Phillips. See APHRITE. EARTHY BituMEN. Occurs massive, of a dull, blackish-brown colour, and an earthy and uneven fracture. It has a shining streak, and is so soft as to receive an impression from the nail. Smell strongly bituminous. Feel greasy. Burns with a clear and brisk flame, emits an agreeable bituminous smell, and deposits much soot. H.2. S.G. 1:15. Localities.— Scotch. THurlet, near Glas- gow, with Calcite; and in freestone at Binney quarries, near Edinburgh, where it is so abundant that the workmen make candles of it, and use it for domestic pur- poses; also in East Lothian, Caithness, the Orkneys, &c.— Foreign. Persia, between Schiraz and Bender Congo. The valley of Travers, in Switzerland. The Harz; and near Prague, in Bohemia. Analysis of a specimen from Auvergne, by Lbelmen : Carbon . ‘ . ‘ Sep eis) Hydrogen . 5 . Anau Oxygen > ° 4 . 10°34 Nitrogen . . 2°32 Aphi ea » . 1°80 100-00 Eartuy CARBONATE OF Phillips. See MrERsScHAUM. Eartuy Copatt, Phillips, or AspBo- LAN. A Wad, of which oxide of co- balt forms a. large proportion. Colour vari- ous shades of brown, ash, and bluish-black. Amorphous, massive, mammillary, botry- oidal, disseminated as a coating, and pul- verulent. .The. fracture of the massive varieties is earthy and dull, but the streak is black, shining, and resinous. Soils some- MAGNESIA, what. Yields easily to the knife. H.1 to| 49. 'S.G. 2°22. EDELITE. Comp. Protoxide of cobalt with Oxide of manganese, Analysis of ore from Saalfeld, by Ram- melsberg : Potash’. 3 : . sa tod Baryta . 5 ° . - 0°50 Protoxide of cobal . . 19°45 ime oe | ai een Protoxide of manganese . 40:05 Oxygen : ‘ : » Oa Peroxide ofiron . .+ . 4:06 Water . ‘ : ° » 21:24 99-99 According to Rammelsberg, the foregoing analysis would give the formula (Co, Cu)2 En +4 H for the ore from Saalfeld. BB oncharcoal does not fuse; with borax forms a deep cobalt-blue coloured globule. Dissolves in cold, strong, muriatic acid, with copious evolution of chlorine, forming a brown solution, which turns blue when heated, and becomes red on cooling. Localities.— English. Cornwall, at Huel Unity, Huel Gorland. Alderley Edge, in Cheshire, in red sandstone.-—Scotch. Lead- hills and Preston, in Stirlingshire.—Jvrish. Roscommon Cliffs, in the peninsula of Howth, near Dublin, in clay-slate.— Foreign. It also occurs at Nertschinsk, in Siberia; at Riechelsdorf, in Hessia; at Schneeberg and Saalfeld, in Saxony; in Bohemia; Swabia;. Kitzbiichl, in the Tyrol; Allemont, in Dau- phiné; the valley of Gistain, in Spain, &c. The brilliancy of the streak afforded by this mineral, or which its surface attains when rubbed against a hard body, is very characteristic. Brit. Mus., Case 17. M.P.G. Principal Floor, Wall-case 20. Eartuy MANGANESE, Phillips. See Wap. Eartuy Minera Pircn, Jameson. See Eartay BiruMeEN. ‘ Ecume ve Mer, Brochant. See MEER- SCHAUM. . Ecume DE TERRE, Brochant. See APH- RITE. EDELFORSITE. EpELITE or EDELITH. Prehnite, from Edelfors. Analysis by Walmstedt : See ALDELFORSITE. A variety of Silica “ - 43°03 Alumina é i . 19°30 Peroxide of iron . é - 681 Peroxide of manganese 0-15 Lime . “4 5 . 26°28 Water . A : é 4-43 100:20 EDENITE. Epenite, Breithaupt. A whitish alu- minous Hornblende, from Edenville, in the | Streak white. United States. §$.G. 3-059. Analysis by PEE Silica . 3 : - 51°67 Alumina ; A 5°75 Peroxide of iron . ‘ : 2°86 Lime . : , 5 a) 12-42 Magnesia . 23°37 Soda . s ‘ 0:75 Potash . p , 0°84 0:46 98°12 Epinetonit, Haidinger, Hausmann, Nau- mann; HDINGTONITE, Dana, Phillips, Greg & Letisom. Pyramidal, hemihedral: primary form an octahedron, with a square base. Oc- curs in extremely distinct, greyish-white, translucent crystals, none of which are known Loss by ignition . Naalien to exceed 3ths of an inch across. Lustre vitreous. Streak white. Brittle. Fracture imperfect-conchoidal, uneven. H. 4 to 4°d. 8.G. 2°69 to 2°71. Fig. 171. Fig. 172 Comp. 3 Ba Si+4Al Si+12 H=silica 37-263, alumina 23°751, baryta 26°524, water 12-462 = 100. Analysis by Hedsle' Silica ‘i - 36:98 Alumina 4 A é . 22°63 Psabyids ie a a. ye 26r0d Lime e . Py . 0.22 Strontia 5 3 3 « 008 Soda . F a ‘ . trace Water . < ‘ : . 12°46 98°91 _ BB fuses with difficulty to a colourless glass, after having given off water, and be- come white and opaque. Locality. This rare mineral is met with near Old Kilpatrick, in Dumbartonshire, and is named after Mr. Edington, by whom it was first discovered in 1823. Brit. Mus., Case 28. EpLER Opa, Werner. OPAL. See RREcIoUS EGYPTIAN PEBBLE. 121 Lustre vitreous to adamantine. H. 4:5. S.G. 4:2 to 4:6. Comp. Sesquiphosphate of cerium. Analysis : lucent. Protoxide of cerium . - 56°53 Phosphoric acid . - 26°66 Zirconia 3 - F Rmmaeddl Alumina. 4 2 . 444 Silica . : 5 3:33 Glucina, ee protoxide of iron . traces 98°73 BB in minute fragments, loses its red colour, and becomes pearl-grey, with a tinge of yellow, and fuses with difficulty at the edges to a transparent glass. In a powdered state slowly soluble in aqua- regia. Locality. Disseminated through Buchol- zite, in gneiss, at the falls of the Yantie, in Norwich, Connecticut, U.S. Name. After Henry W. Edwards, governor of the State. Brit. Mus., Case 57. : EFFLORESCENT ZEOLITE. Aname formerly given to Laumontite, in consequence of its efflorescing, and becoming opaque and crum- bling on exposure to the air, probably owing to the loss of water. Eeeran. A variety of Idocrase, of a liver-brown colour, occurring in diverging groups of crystals, whose form is that of a right rectangular prism, having its lateral edges replaced. Analysis, by Karsten: Silica. - . - 39°70 Alumina. - ° . 18°95 Protoxide of iron . . 2°90 Lime - 34°88 Protoxide of manganese 0°96 DOCM le ao ne) 5 6 eee 99°49 BB fuses with intumescence to a greenish blebby glass. Localities. Haslau, near Eger (whence the name Egeran), in Bohemia; sometimes ac- companied by Quartz and Tremolite. Brit. Mus., Case 35. EGyprian JASPER; EGYprran PEBBLE. A variety of Jasper occurring in roundish EDWARDSITE, Shepard. A variety of| pieces scattered over the surface of the Monazite. Occurs in oblique rhombic prisms. Colour hyacinth-red. Transparent to trans- Sea. desert, chiefly between Cairo and the Red The surface of these masses is rough, 122 EHLITE. and of a yellowish or chestnut-brown colour, but internally the brown colour forms irregu- lar concentric zones, between which are black spots, and small black dendritic markings in a base of a pale yellowish- brown colour. Towards the centre the colour becomes yel- Jowish-grey, often passing into cream-yel- low. S.G. 2°56 to 2°6. Egyptian Jasper, when cut and polished, is used as a brooch-stone and for other orna- ments. A specimen in the British Museum (Case 24) is remarkable for the resemblance which the markings on its fractured surface bear to the portraits of the poet Chaucer, the effect being similar to a drawing done in sepia. M. P. G. Dorse-shoe Case, Nos.565 to 567. See foot-note to Agate. Exnuite, Breithaupt, Hermann. A mineral nearly allied to Phosphorochalcite and to Libethenite. Jt occurs amorphous; also in reniform or botryoidal masses, with a radi- ating foliated structure. Colour verdigris- to emerald-green. Lustre pearly. Streak paler than the colour. Fracture conchoidal. H. 15 to 2. 8.G. 38 to 4°27. Comp. Cu p +8 H=oxide of copper 66- 9, phosphoric acid 24:0, water 9:1 =100°0. Analysis from Tagilsk, by Hermann : Phosphoric acid . - . 23°14 Oxide of copper . 5 . 66°86 Water . 5 . . - 10:00 100-00 BB in the matrass gives off water, and flies into powder with great vivacity. Locality. Ehl, in Prussia (whence the name). Nischne Tagilsk in concretionary masses, with a radiating concentric structure. EHRENBERGITE, NO6ggenrath. An amor- phous variety of Epistilbite, of a rose-red colour. Fracture granular. Analysis by Schnabel : Silica . ‘ Fs » 56°77 Alumina . 5 ‘ Saloni Peroxide of iron . > = kos Protoxide of manganese 6°80 ame: 5 3 3 SEG Magnesia . ° yreics(( Potash and soda . ‘ : Pa Water and organic matter . 17-11 100-00 Locality. Steinbruch, in Hungary, form- ing nodules in trachyte. ‘The Siebenge- birge, near Bonn. _ Name. After Professor Ch. G. Ehrenberg, of Berlin. EISENALAUN. See HALOTRICHITE, EISENNATROLITH. EISENAPATIT, Fuchs. EIsENBLAU. See VIVIANITE. EIsENANATAS. The name given by Vol- ger to Martite, on the supposition that, it is a pseudomorphous form of the deutoxide of iron, which he supposes to be isomorphous with Anatase. EISsENCHLORITE. See DELESSITE. EIsENCHROM. See CHrRomic IRon. EISENGLANZ. See Hema- EISENGLIMMER., Werner, TITE, EISENGYMNITE. See HyDROPHITE. EIsenkiges, v. Leonhard. See Iron PyRITEs. EISENKIESEL, Werner. A _ variety of Ferruginous Quartz, found in Bohemia, in iron-stone veins in the Harz, and at Alten- berg in Upper Saxony. EISENKOBALTERZ, HISENKOBALTEIES. See SAFFLORITE. It is identical in composition with Chathamite. EsenMutm. An earthy variety of Mag- netite, occurring at the Alte Birke Mine, in the neighbourhoud of Siegen, in Prussia, where a vein of Spathic Iron is broken through by basalt and partially converted into Magnetic Iron-ore. It is a black, pul- verulent mass, which attaches itself closely to anything on which it is rubbed, and is strongly attracted by the magnet. S. 'G. 3-76. Comp. #e (Fe Mn) or Magnetite, in which about half the pr otoxide of iron is replaced by protoxide of manganese, which is isomorphous with it. Analysis, by Genth: Peroxide of iron . 5 - 66°20 Protoxide of iron . Py GI Sy// Protoxide of manganese . 17°00 Oxide of copper 5 : - 0°09 Sand, &e. ‘ 5 F a 9) 98-91 EIsENNATROLITH. An _ Iron-Natrolite occurring in dull green, opaque prismatic crystals, and semicrystalline plates, with the Brevicite of Brevig in Norway. It has one~« fourth of the alumina replaced by peroxide of iron. H.5. 8.G. 2°35. Analysis, by C. Pees: é Silica. : 46°54 Alumina 3 . . . 18°94 Peroxide of iron . A ee) Soda (and a little potash) . 14:04 Protoxide of iron . . 240 Protoxide of manganese . 0°55 Water . ‘ . 4 5) Bm —— 99°33 See ZWIESELITE. - EISENNICKELKIES. EISENNICKELKIES, Scheerer. See Iron- nickel Pyrites. EISENNIERE, Werner. from Coal-measures. KISENOPAL. Hausmann. variety of Opal. . Hisenoxyp, Leonhard. See HEMATITE. EIsENOXYDHYDRAT. See LIMONITE EIsENPECHERZ, Werner. See TRIPLITE and PI1TIcITE. EIsENPERIDOT. See FAYALITE. EIsENPHYLLIT. See VIVIANITE. KIsENRESIN, Breithaupt. See OXALITE. HISENSINTER. See IRONSINTER. EIsENSPATH. See CHALYBITE, Clay Ironstone A ferruginous EIsENRAHM. See RED OCHRE. EISENROSEN, or IRON-ROosES. See Ba- SANOMELANE. EisenRutTiIL. See GOrHITE. E1sencHtssia Kuprer@rtn, Werner. See CHRYSOCOLLA. EISENSTEINMARK. See TERATOLITE. EIsENTITAN, Hausmann. See RuTILE. Essen Virrion, Werner. See CoprERAS. Eis-spatH, Werner. See lck-spar. Eiis-sTEin. (Ice-stone.) See CRYOLITE. EKEBERGITE, Berzclius. A massive and subfibrous variety of Scapolite of a greenish, greyish or brownish colour. Transparent. Lustre vitreous or resinous. Harder than Scapolite. S.G. 2:746. Analysis by Hermann: Silica. ‘ : 5 ~ 53°11 Alumina 5 ° 2st Peroxide of iron . : - 2°84 Potash ‘ - 5 - 0°86 Soda . ‘ 5 4 - 4:83 Lime . . 5 - oa ae Magnesia : ‘ » 0°39 Protoxide of manganese . 0:27 100-00 BB whitens and fuses to a blistered glass like Wernerite. Localities. Arendal in Norway. Hessel- kula in Finland. Name. After Ekeberg, the Swedish voyager. Ex.zouite. a . eekly) Magnesia . ° a ye 20. Oxide of lead fs a . 462 Carbonic acid é ‘ 252 Phosphoric acid . 4 - 0°84 Water . : é 4 . 10°68 Arsenic * a : . trace 93°30 BB like Pitchblende. Decomposed by muriatic acid. Locality. The Elias Mine, Joachimstahl; with Fluor, Dolomite, Quartz, &c. Evie Rusy. A variety of Pyrope found in trap-tufa at Elie in Fife. Analysis by Connell : Silica . | ‘ A - 42°80 . Alumina . j 5 - 28°65 Peroxide of iron . 9-3 Protoxide of manganese . 0°25 Magnesia . . . - 10°67 Lime . 5 s ‘ - 478 Chromic acid ‘ ‘ . trace 96°46 EMERALD. ELLAGITE, Nordenskidld. Colour vellow, yellowish- brown, to yellowish-red. Opaque or feebly translucent. Lustre of cleavage- surface pearly, shining. Streak white. EMBOLITE, Breithaupt. Cubical: in cubes, and cubo-octahedrons. Colour varying from asparagus- to greyish-green. Lustre resinous. H. 1 to 15. 8.G. 5°31 to 5°8i. Comp. Chlorobromide of silver, or 3 Ag Cl+2 Ag Br=chlorine 13-2, bromine 19:8, silver 67-0=100-0. _ Analysis, mean of three, by Domeyko: Chloride of silver . ~ DIR Bromide of silver . : 48-4 100:0 Localities. Abundant in Chili, at Quillota and Chanarcillo; found also at Eulalia, in Chihuahua, Mexico; and at Colula, in Hon- duras. It is stated by Domeyko, that “the chloro- bromides vary in colour from greyish-green or yellow to asparagus- and pistachio-green. In general the specimens that have a yellow colour have more bromine, and consequently less silver, than those of a grey or pearly- green colour.” EMBRITHITE, Brochant. See BOULANGE- RITE. EMERALD. Hexagonal. Colour green, passing into light blue, impure yellow, and white for the Beryl. Lustre vitreous, some- times resinous. Transparent to subtranslu- cent. Streak white. Brittle. Fracture con- choidal, uneven. H.7:°5to80. S.G. 2°67 to 2°732. -Fig. 174. Fig. 175. Comp. ®+41+4 Si=(B+ Al Si?=glu- cina 14:1, alumina 19-0, silica 66°9=100°0. Analysis of Emerald of Muzo: Silica . Alumina F é : , 181 Glucina . 3 5 - Pag) be Magnesia . ° ° 2 “O°9 Soda Pi % ; - Ae Tantalic acid . 4 . . trace 99°8 In the above analysis, by M. Lewy, traces of chromium are reckoned with the mag- nesia, and perhaps there is a little Titanic acid with the alumina. In previous trials, EMERALD. he had found 1°65 to 2°15 of water, and 0°3 to 0°35 carbonic acid, corresponding to some organic matter present. BB alone, unchanged or becomes clouded : at a high temperature, becomes rounded at the edges, and ultimately a vesicular scoria is formed. With borax forms a fine green glass, which is colourless for Beryl. Slowly dissolves with salt of phosphorus, leaving a siliceous skeleton. Not acted on by acids. Emerald and Bery] are varieties of the same mineral, under the former name being com- prehended the rich green transparent speci- mens, and those of other colours under the latter. Until very lately, the colouring matter of the Emerald was supposed to be due to the presence of 1 or 2 per cent. of oxide of chro- mium. This has, however, been proved to be incorrect by M. Lewy’s recent chemical investigations into the formation and com- position of the Emerald of Muzo. The quan- tity of chromic oxide obtained by analysis was so small as to be inappreciable, in fact, too minute to be weighed separately, and the beautiful tint of the Emerald is shown by M. Lewy to be produced by an organic sub- stance, which he considers to be a carburet of Hydrogen, similar to that called chloro- phylle, which constitutes the colouring mat- ter of the leaves of plants. Those Emeralds are of the darkest tint which contain the greatest amount of organic - matter, and the colour is completely de- stroyed at a low red heat, which renders the stone white and opaque; while, on the other hand, heat produces no loss of colour on those minerals which are coloured by oxide of Chrome. (See OuwARoviITE ) The organic colouring matter of the Emerald is probably derived from the decomposition of the animals whose remains are now found fossilized in the rock which forms the matrix of the stone. This rock, which is a black limestone, with white veins, con- tains ammonites ; and specimens of Emerald in fragments of the rock, shewing ammonites, are exhibited in the mineralogical gallery of the Jardin des Plantes, in Pie, Besides the organic colouring matter, M. Lewy obtained from 1°65 to 2°15 of water; from which, in conjunction with the pre- sence of fossil shells in the limestone in which they occur, he has arrived at the conclusion that Emeralds have been formed in the wet way, that is to say, that they have been deposited from a chemical solution. According to the account of M. Lewy, whe personally visited the mine at Muzo, pe EMERALD. 125 Emeralds, when first extracted, are so soft and fragile that the largest and finest speci- mens can be reduced to powder merely by rubbing them between the fingers, and the crystals often crack and fall to pieces after being removed from the mine, apparently from the loss of water. When they are first found, it is necessary ‘to place them aside carefully for a few days, until the water has evaporated from them. M. Kuhlmann has endeavoured to prove that the hardening of rocks and minerals is not owing solely to the evaporation of quarry-water, but that it depends upon the tendency which all earthy matters possess to undergo a spontaneous crystallization, by slow desiccation, which commences from the moment the rock is exposed to the air. The hardening of the Emerald by ex- posure to the air does not appear to have been known to the ancient inhabitants of the portion of America more immediately under consideration ; for their mode of test- ing the value of a stone was by striking it a smart blow with a hammer, when it was first taken from the mine. If it bore the blow without injury, it was considered a perfect stone, but if it broke, it was deemed worthless. Under this rude mode of experi- menting many valuable stones must neces- sarily have been destroyed. As a precious stone, the Emerald ranks next to the Ruby in value. It may be dis- tinguished from all the other gems by its colour, a pure green, without any admix- ture of blue or yellow. It appears to the greatest advantage when table-cut, and surrounded by brilliants, the lustre of which contrasts agreeably with the quiet tint of the Emerald. Imitations are made with great success, both with respect to colour and the flaws from which real stones are seldom free. The last are pro- duced by means of a sharp tool, after the paste imitation has been polished. The Emerald is more valued in India than in many other parts of the world, on account of its foreign origin. In the East, advantage is taken of the facility with which it may be broken at right angles to its axis; and slices of prisms, sometimes polished, but frequently with the natural planes of cleavage preserved, are mounted, surrounded with diamonds. This was the usual mode of mounting them prior to 1496. The Emerald was believed byt the ancients to be “excellent in its virtues.” Amongst other good qualities attributed to it, it was supposed to be good for the eyes, on which, 126 EMERALD. account they were in the habit cf wearing it about their persons engraved as a seal, that they might have it to look at. It is doubtful, however, whether the eyes of the ancients derived any other benefit from its use in this way beyond the pleasure they experienced in beholding such a beautiful object, and the assurance they conveyed of the possession of an ornament of such rarity and value as we are told the Emerald was in those days. It was, also, said to possess the peculiar property of causing water to appear of its own colour, “Astone of a middling size will do this to a small quantity only of the water into which it is put, a large one to the whole; but a bad one to no more thana little of it, which lies just about it.” (‘Theo- phrastus.) - Reduced to powder, and taken internally, in a dose of from 4 to 10 grains, it was ac- counted a certain antidote for poisons, and the bites of venomous animals, as well as a remedy for fluxes, the plague, infectious fevers, hemorrhages, and dysentery. Worn externally, as an amulet, it was also regarded by the. ancients as a cure for epilepsy, to possess the power of assuaging terror, and driving away evil spirits; and when tied to the belly or thigh of pregnant women, of delaying or hastening delivery ; they also thought it an infallible preserva- tive of chastity, to the violation of which it possessed such an innate antipathy as to fly to pieces if worn in a ring on the finger of any person transgressing. Whether the Emerald has lost its virtues, or more powerful remedies have superseded it, at all events, amongst the more civilised nations of the world, it has long since ceased to be used as a medicine. By the more im- aginative people of the East, it is still be- lieved to be endowed with certain medical and talismanic properties, to avert bad dreams, cure palsy, and the cold and bloody flux, and to impart courage to the wearer. In the ‘commentaries of the kings of Egypt, according to Theophrastus, it is re- corded that an Emerald four cubits in length and three in breadth was sent as a present from a king of Babylon: and that in their temple of Jupiter there was an Obelisk, composed of four Emeraids, which was forty cubits long, and in some places four and in others two cubits wide. As, how- ever, the author describes the Emerald to be a stone both scarce and small, and speaks, elsewhere, of Bastard Emeralds or the pseudo-Smaragdus, most likely the stones mentioned above were only Beryl, EMERALD. and not true Emerald. Aft all events there can be no doubt many stones (of a green tint) were confounded under the term Zueexyd Or Emerald, by Theophrastus and other old writers on minerals. Necklaces of Emerald have been found at Herculaneum and in the Etruscan tombs. The largest known Emerald is the pro- perty of the Duke of Devonshire. ‘This magnificent stone, which was brought to England by Dom Pedro, measures two inches in length, and 24, 24, and 1% inches across the three diameters. It is a six- sided prism, weighing 8 oz. 18 dwts, but there is a small piece of quartz attached to it, which would diminish that weight by 3 or 4 dwts. Owing to flaws it is but parti- ally fit for the purposes of the jeweller. It was obtained from the mines at Muzo. A smaller but more splendid specimen is in the possession of Mr. Hope. It cost £500, and weighs 6 ounces. Emeralds of less beauty but of larger size are found in Siberia, A specimen in the Royal collection measures 143 inches in length and 12 in breadth, and weighs 163 lbs. troy. Mount Zabarah in Upper Egypt affords a less distinct variety, and was largely worked by the ancient Egyptians. ‘Theophrastus states that the ancient locality of the true Kmerald was the copper mines of Cyprus, and an island over against Carthage. It was believed to be produced from the Jasper, for it was said there had been found in Cyprus a stone, one half of which was kmerald, and the other Jasper, as yet not changed. In Ezekiel, chap. xxvii. 16, it is written : “ Syria was thy merchant by reason of the multitude of the wares of thy making: they occupied in thy fairs with Emeralds, purple, and broidered work, and fine linen, and coral, and agate.” (See also chap. xxviii. 13.) In Exodus, chap, xxviii. 18, the Emerald is mentioned as occupying the fourth place amongst the twelve stones representing the twelve tribes of Israel, which formed the pectorate of the Jewish high-priest, and was symbolical of the tribe of Judah, the name of which was engraved upon it. : Localities. The most celebrated modern locality is the famous mine of Muzo in New Grenada. This mine is situated 4 miles west of Muzo (in lat. 5° 39’ 50” N. and 76° 45’ west of Paris), in the eastern Cordillera of the Andes, about 75 miles N.N.E. of Santa-Fé-de-Bogota. The matrix in which the Emeralds occur is a limestone contain- ing ammonites, and is composed of: EMERALD NICKEL. Carbonate of lime : . 47:8 Carbonate of magnesia ey L677 Carbonate of manganese . 0°5 Silica . : . : . 244 Alumina ,. : : = ORD Glucina : : . «) OP Peroxide of iron . : oft 256 Pyrites. : A : = ONE Alkali . ; ; hea De 101-2 Other localities are Columbia in a black bituminous limestone of comparatively re- cent age. Cundina-Marca, N.E. of Santa- Fé in Old Columbia. Peru*, in the valley of Tunca, between the mountains of New Grenada and Popayan. Norway. The hill of Barat near Limoges. Canjargum in Hin- dostan. Salzburg, imbedded in mica-slate. ' Brit. Mus., Case 37. , M.P.G.*Horse-shoe Case, Nos. 818, 825 to 830. EMERALD NICKEL, Silliman, Jr. Occurs in the form of small stalactitic or mammil- lary crusts; sometimes appearing prismatic, with reunded summits; also massive and compact. Coleur emerald-green. Lustre vitreous. Transparent to translucent. Streak yellowish-green. Brittle, with an un- even, somewhat scaly tracture. H. 3 to 3:25. S.G. 2°57 to 2°69. Comp. Ni’ C+6 H, or Ni G+ 2(Ni, 3 H) =oxide of nickel 59°72, carbonic acid 11°66, water 28°62 =100-00. ' Analysis from Texas, by Silliman, Jr.: Oxide of nickel . “ . 58°82 Carbonic acid s . 11°69 Water . 5 é uy . 29:49 100-00 Heated in a flask gives of water, and turns blackish-grey. BB with borax yields a transparent glo- bule of a dark yellow or reddish colour when. hot, but nearly colourless when cold. Readily soluble in muriatic acid, leaving a residue of chrome iron. Localities. This rare mineral is found forming a crust on Chromic Iron at Texas, Lancaster co., Pennysylvania, U. S.; and at Swinaness, in Unst, one of the Shetlands. Brit. Mus., Case 49. * In the collections of the Museum of Natural History in Paris, there are Emeralds known to have formerly adorned the Tisra of Pope Julius IT. (1503 to 1513), who died thirty-two years before the conquest of Peru by Pizarro. ‘EMERY. De 0 EMERAUDE VERT, Haiiy. See EMERALD. EMERAUDE DU PEROU, Romé de Lisle, See EMERALD. EMERALD CoppPER, Phillips; EMERALD Mauacuite, Mohs. See Dioprase. EmeErRIL, Hatiy. Emery. An amorphous form of Corundum. Occurs massive, gran- ular, or compact. More or less impure. When compact, exceedingly tough. Frac- ture conchoidal to uneven. Streak white. H. 4:0 to 5-7. S.G. 3°89 to 4:28, Comp. Pure alumina, or ‘Al. Analysis: afrom Naxos; 6 from Gumush- dagh, by J. Lawrence Smith : a 6 H. e e e e 46 47 S.G. . 9 % 5 SIG) BS Alumina . . 68°53 77°82 Peroxide of iron . 2410 8-62 Silica ‘< F a aril) S88: Lime 5 Fs . O86 1°80 Water ‘ P 5 SR Sn 101°31 99:48 The column of hardness gives the effec- tive abrasive power of the powdered mineral, that of Sapphire being 100. BB unaltered both alone and with soda; fuses entirely with borax, though with great difficulty ; and also, if powdered, with salt of phosphorus. Not affected by acids. Localities. Emery-stone is said to occur in Jersey; at Madron, in Cornwall; and at the base of one of the Mourne mountains, co. Down.—Foreign. In large boulders at | Naxos, Nicaria, and Samos, in the Grecian Archipelago. In granular limestone in Asia Minor, near Gumush-dagh, 12 miles E. of Ephesus, associated with Margarite, Chloro- toid, Pyrites, Calc-spar, &c.; also at Kulah, Adula, and Mauser, 24 miles north of Smyrna. With talcose-slate at Ochsenkopf in Saxony, of a dark blue or black colour, much resembling fine-grained basalt. Italy. Spain, &c. The Emery generally used in this country is found in the Island of Naxos, in the Grecian Archipelago, where it occurs in large blocks imbedded in a red soil, and sometimes in white marble. These blocks are so abundant that, notwithstanding the im- mense quantities carried off, itis not yet requi- site to quarry the rock itself. This substance is of somuch value inthe arts, that an English merchant found it advantageous to obtain a monopoly of it from the Greek govern- 128 EMERYLITE. ment, in consequence of which its price in this country has been greatly enhanced, and at one time was as high as 30J. per ton. The largest quantity is used in grinding and polishing plate-glass, but it is also very extensively employed in the metal-trades, and for various other purposes. Its prepa- ration from the original blocks, as imported into this country, is effected by first break- ing with large hammers, and then reducing to grains with steel-headed stamps driven by steam power. It is afterwards passed through various sieves, which assort it into the different sizes required and known as “flour,” “corn,” and. “ grinding emery,” &c. &c. Much of it is used in the manufacture of emery-cloth and paper, in both of which articles it is frequently largely adulterated with iron slag, and other hard substances. Name. The name emery is derived from Cape Emeri, in the island of Naxos, where it is found. Brit. Mus., Case 19. M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, No. 782. EMERYLITE, Smith. See MARGARITE. EMMONITE, Thomson. A snow-white variety of Strontianite, with an obscurely foliated structure, and a scaly appearance, not unlike some varieties of Gypsum. Trans- lucent at the edges. Very easily reduced to powder. Fracture flat, and smooth in the direction of the cleavage-planes. i. 275. S.G. 2°94, It contains 82°7 per cent. of carbonate of strontia, and 12°5 per cent. of carbonate of lime. Name. After Prof. Emmons, of William’s College, Massachusetts, U. S. ENARGITE, Greithaupt. Rhombic. Colour iron-black, with a metallic lustre. Streak black. Brittle. Fracture uneven. H. 3. S.G. 4°36 to 4:45. Comp. (€u, Fe, Zn) $+3(As, Sb)? S® =sulphur 32-5, arsenic 19-1, copper 48°4= 100-0. Analysis by Plattner : Sulphur 2 Rasy ar" Arsenic 5 F - o eo Antimony A 1°61 Copper. - ; . 47°20 ironeues ; , A 29 0;56 Zine . . 0:22 Silver . . 4 0-01 99°44 BB with borax, in the reducing flame, affords a globule of copper. Locality. associated with Tennantite, at Morococha, EPIDOTE. — at an elevation of 15,000 feet in leras of Peru. ENCELADITE, 7. Sterry Hunt. - See War WICKITE. ay Named after Enceladus, one of the Titans F of ancient mythology. ENDELLIONE, Bournon; ENDELLIONITE. This mineral was originally described by Count Bournon, and named by him after the locality, Endellion, in Cornwall, where it was first discovered. It was subsequently called Bournonite: which see. M.P.G. Principal Floor, Wall-case 14, No. 647. ENHYDROS, J. Woodward. ENHYDRITE, (From év, within, and %we, water), the name given to crystals or nodules containing water. Brit. Mus., Case 22. Enromous Cospatt Pyritss, Mohs. Ull- mannite (in part). Eruesite, J. £. Smith. A rannotal allied to Margarite. It has a pearly-white colour, and a lamellar structure, and resembles white Kyanite. Scratches glass. §8.G. 3:19 to 3°2. Analysis Ne of ine), by Smith: Silica . «swe Alumina. - a = OC Lime . - - “ «| 2:00 Protoxide of iron . . oie Soda and a little potash . 441 Water . 2 eee 98°63 Locality. The emery locality of Gumush- dagh, near Ephesus, on Magnetite. EPICHLORITE, Rammelsberg. A fibrous or columnar mineral between Schiller Spar and Chlorite. Colour dull leek-green; bottle- green and translucent when in thin columns. Lustre greasy. Streak white to greenish. H.2to2°5. §S.G. 2°76. Comp. 3R3 Si+#2 Si3 + 9H. Analysis by Rammelsberg : Silica . ; 3 . 40°88 Alumina . 10°96 Peroxide of iron . 4 Lae Protoxide of iron. . 8°96 Magnesia . - : . 20°00 ‘Lime ee : 5 . 068 Water . : ; ; . 10°18 100°38 BB fuses with difficulty in thin fibres. Locality. Radauthal. Harzbugh in Brans- | In large masses, in limestone, wick Eriwwore, Haiiy, Phillips. gone / EPISTILBIT. ups: 1. Lime-and-iron-Epidote ; ; Bucklandite; Pistacite or Epi- Fig. 177. dote proper; Puschkinite. 2.. Lime Epi- dote; Zoisite. 3. Manganesian Epidote. 4. Cerium Epidote; Allanite; Thulite, Withamite. These are described under their various names. ; The general formula for Epidote, accord- ing to Hermann, is (R5 ®) Sitn R H, as translated by Dana. BB fuses more or less easily, according to the amonnt of iron or manganese. In powder, after fusion or ignition dissolves in muriatic acid, and forms a jelly of silica. Name. From izidocts, increase; because the base of the primary form undergoes an increase in some of the secondary forms. Epidote occurs in granite and other igneous rocks, and in various crystalline slates in attached crystals, generally grouped in druses, and in granular or columnar masses. Colour generally green, yellow and grey; sometimes red and black. Semi-transparent to transparent at the edges. Lustre vitreous; pearly on cleavage planes. Streak grey; except in the man- ganese variety from St. Marcel, whichis red. Brittle. Fracture uneven—splintery. H. 6 to 7. S.G. 3 to 35. Brit. Mus., Case 35. M.P.G. Horse-shoe Case, Nos. 1030 to 1032. EpistitBit, Rose; EpisTILBitE, Phillips. Rhombic: primary form a right rhombic prism. Commonly occurs in macled crystals. Colour white, bluish or yellowish-white ; varying from transparent to translucent only at the edges. Lustre vitreous: on the faces of cleavage pearly. Fracture uneven. H. 3°5 to 4. S.G. 2°249 to 2°363. Fig. 176. | difficultly fusible. EPSOMITE. 129 one atom less of water; or, (Ca, Na) Sid + lime 9:2, water 14°7 =100°0. Analysis, from Berufiord, by Rose : Silica aL 3 oof ciao Alumina. - elita2 Lime . 7°56 Soda . TS Water . . 14:48 99-93 When heated swells up strongly and evolves water. BB alone, becomes white, intumesces and yields a highly blistered enamel, which does not run into a globule: with soda fuses to a transparent blistered glass. Dissolves in concentrated muriatic acid, with separation of silica in the form of a granular powder. Localities. The Isle of Skye, in small flesh-coloured crystals, in cavities in amyg- daloid. In large distinct crystals in the trap rocks of Iceland (Berufiord), and the Faré Islands. Poonah in India. Bergen Hill New Jersey, &c. : Bae Mus., Case 38. . PSOMITE, Beudant; Epsom §S Kirwan. Rhombic: primary form a ieee bic prism of 90° 30’ and 89° 80’. Occurs in botryoidal masses, and capillary efflores- cences. Colour and streak greyish-white. Transparent to translucent. Taste bitter ae ean Very brittle. H. 2:25. SG 751. Comp. When pure, Mg S + 7H=mae- nesia 16:26, sulphuric acid 3252, water 51:22—100-00. BB dissolves very easily by the assist- ance of its water of crvstallization, but is Soluble in less than double its weight of cold water. Localities. Britishi—Is a common in- gredient in many mineral waters, as in those of Epsom, in Surrey; and appears as an efflorescence on the surface of certain: rocks, as at the old coal-wastes and alum mines at Hurlet near Paisley, where it forms white capillary crystals. Foreign.—The quicksilver mines of Idria in Carniola. The gypsum quarries of Montmartre, near Paris. Aragon and Catalonia, in Spain. The mines at Clausthal in the Harz. The Cordillera of St. Juan, in Chili. Mammoth Cave of Kentucky, adhering to the roof in loose masses like snowballs. Brit. Mus., Case 59. K 130 ERCINITE. When purified, the salt is used as a pur- gative medicine: the greater part of the Epsom salts of commerce, however, is manufactured from the Magnesian Lime- stone of Yorkshire. Ercinite. See HARMOTOME. Erpicer Tatc, Werner. See NACRITE. Erpieces Erprecu, Werner. ERDIGES Bererecu, Reuss. See EARTHY BITUMEN. ERDKOBOLD, Werner. See Eartuy Co- BALT. ERpDMANNITE. A name which has been given to Zircon found near Brevig in Nor- way. It is composed of Silica 33°43, Zir- conia with some iron and manganese 65°97, loss by ignition, &c., 0°70=100°10. Erpou, Werner. See NAPHTHA AND PETROLEUM. Erpprrecu, Werner. See BITUMEN. Erpwacus, Rammelsberg. See Ozo- CERITE. Eremitre, Shepard. A variety of Mona- zite, found in minute crystals in a boulder of albitic granite, in the north-eastern part of Watertown, Connecticut, U.S. Colour between clove- and yellowish-brown. Semi- transparent. Lustre resinous to vitreous. Streak paler than the colour. Brittle. Fracture conchoidal to uneven. H. 5 to 555. $.G. 3-714. Fig. 180. Name. From tenia, solitude, in allusion to the isolated manner of its occurrence with re-: spect to other individuals of the same species. | This name has been applied by Haidinger and Thomson to two minerals of very dif- ferent composition. Erinite, Haidinger. Occurs in mammil- lated crystalline groups, consisting of con- centric coats, with a fibrous structure, and rough surfaces formed by the ends of very minute crystals. Colour brilliant emerald- green, inclining toapple-green. Dull. Faintly translucent at the edges. Streak same as the colour, but paler. Brittle. Fracture un- even, or imperfect conchoidal. H. 4-5 to 5. S.G. 4043. Comp. Cu> As+2 H=arsenic acid 34:7, oxide of copper 59°9, water 5°4=100°0. Analysis, by Turner : Oxide of copper Arsenic acid. . 59°44 . 33°78 ERUBESCITE. Alumina , , Pee rir Water... +... sel wen paReue 100-00 BB emits fumes of arsenic and melts. Soluble in nitric acid. Locality. County of Limerick, in Ireland. Name. The name bears reference both to the locality as well as to the characteristic emerald-green colour. Only two specimens of this mineral have been preserved, one of which is in the col- lection of Mr. Greg. ERINITE, Thomson. A compact, fine-grain- ed variety of Bole, of a yellowish-red, or sometimes greenish colour. Lustre slightly resinous. Opaque. Feel soapy. Fracture small-conchoidal. H.1°75. §.G. 2°04. Analysis, by Thomson : Silica . - 5 . 47-0 Alumina 4 . 18°0 Protoxide of iron , : . 64 Woater,,. oo: bes ig see 96:4 BB whitens, but does not melt. Localities—TIrish. In Co. Antrim, four miles east of the Giant’s Causeway, in amyg- daloid; Magee Island, at Dunluce Castle. Name. After Erin, the name for Ireland in the native language. ERLAMITE, Breithaupt; ERLAN. Gene- rally occurs in small and fine granular con- cretions of a pale greenish-grey colour, with a dull or feebly shining lustre. Streak white and shining, with a resinous lustre. Fracture foliated, sometimes splintery. H. 5. S G. 3:0 to 3:1. Analysis, by Gmelin: Silica . A F - 53°16 Alumina . 14:03 Lime . 14:39 Soda 2°61 Magnesia . 0°42 Oxide of iron 7:14 Oxide of manganese 0°64 97°39 BB fuses readily to a slightly coloured, transparent globule; with borax yields a clear greenish’ glass. Locality. The Saxon Erzgebirge, in gneiss. Erlamite strongly resembles Gehlenite in appearance. It is probably only a mechani- cal mixture. ErsByITE. The name given by A. E. Nordenskidld to the anhydrous Scolecite of Nordenskiéld, the father, from Ersby, in Finland. Eruspescire, Dana. Purple Copper. Cu- ERUSIBITE. bical. The crystals are generally cubes, of which the solid angles are replaced, and the faces are mostly curvilinear. Occurs both erystallized and massive. Colour of the lat- ter, when recently fractured, between copper- red and tombac-brown, but it soon acquires an iridescent tarnish. Lustre metallic. Streak greyish-black,and somewhat shining. Slightly sectile. Easily frangible. Fracture imperfect conchoidal. H.3. S.G. 4:4 to 5. Fig. ¥81'. Fig. 182. Comp. FeS+2€uS, or (Fe,€u)S, (Ber- zelius) =iron 13°8, sulphur 23°7, copper 62°5 =100°0. _ Analysis of a crystallized specimen from the Condurro Mine, in Cornwall, by Plattner : Sulphur = F . 28°24 Copper. : : : . 56°76 iron! 4. Le 3 . 14:84 99°84 BB on charcoal acquires a dark tarnish, then becomes black, and, on cooling, red; at a higher temperature, fuses easily to a brittle globule, which is magnetic, and ap- pears greyish-red on the fractured surface. When roasted for a considerable time, and then treated with a sma!}] quantity of borax, affords a globule of metallic copper. Soluble in nitric acid. Localities—Einglish. Cornwall, crystal- lized at Carn Brea, Tincroft, Cook’s Kit- chen, Dolcoath, Huel Jewel, Huel Falmouth, South Tolgus; Somersetshire, massive at Broomfield Consols.—Jrish. The copper mines of Kerry and Cork.—Foreign. Mas- sive and compact varieties occur at Arendal in Norway, Monte Catini in Tuscany, Siberia, Hesse, Silesia, Hungary, and the Bannat. Name. From “erubesco,” to turn red; given by Dana in allusion to its tendency to be- come tarnished, and acquire a reddish hue. Brit Mus., Case 7. M.P.G. A. 51 in Hall; mass from near Disco. Greenland. Principal Floor, Wall- cases 7 (British); 16 and 17 (Foreign). Erustpire. The name proposed by Prof. C. U. Shepard for a rusty, insoluble, ferric sulphate, met with at the Ducktown Copper Mine, in Eastern Tennessee. ErytHrine, Beudant. Cobalt Bloom. Oblique. Is found in small botry oidal masses, ERYTHRINE. 131 and acicular diverging crystals, modified at the edges, and whose form is a right oblique- angled prism. Colour carmine and peach- blossom red, sometimes whitish, or greyish- white, or greenish-grey. _ Lustre pearly, on some faces inclining to vitreous. Varies from translucent to transparent. Streak the same as the colour, but paler. The dry powder deep lavender blue. Flexible. Sectile. H. 15 to 2°. SG, 2-948, Fig. 183. Fig. 184. Comp. Co? As+8H=arsenic acid 38-43, oxide of cobalt 37°55, water 24:02=100 00. Analysis, from Joachimsthal, by Lindaker : Arsenic acid. 2 . 36°42 Sulphuric acid 0°86 Oxide of cobalt . . . 23°75 Oxide of nickel . 11:26 Protoxide of iron orale Lime 5 Quy. Water . 2a og 99:74 BB on charcoal emits fumes of arsenic, and melts in the inner flame to a green glo- bule of arsenide of cobalt; with fluxes yields a fine blue-coloured glass. Soluble in muriatic or nitric acid, forming a red solution. Localities. — English. Several Cornish mines; at Botallack, Polgooth, Huel Unity, Dolcoath, Huel Sparnon, Huel Trenwyth, &c.; Wilsworthy Mine, Devonshire; Tyne- bottom Mine, near Alston, in Cumberland. —Foreign. The principal foreign localities are Schneeberg, in Saxony (in micaceous radiating scales). Saalfeld in Thuringia, and Riegelsdorf in Hessia (in minute aggre- — gated crystals). Dopschau, in Hungary. The earthy peach blossom varieties are met with in Cornwail, Alston, Dauphiné, and Allemont; and a perfectly green variety occurs at Platten, in Bohemia; sometimes tinges both of red and green may be ob- served on the same crystal. Name. From éev{ess, red. Cobalt-bloom is used for the manufacture of smalt. Brit. Mus., Case 56. M. P. G. Principal Floor, Wall-cases 9 (British) ; 20 and 40. K 2 132 ERYTHRITE. ERyYTHRITE, Thomson. A flesh-coloured Felspar, found in amygdaloid, near Kil- patrick, in Dumbartonshire. §.G. 2°541. Analysis, by Thomson : Silica 4 < . 67:90 Alumina : < 3 . 18:00 Peroxide of iron . : 5 Ze Potash . 7°50 Lime . ‘ 5 1-00 Magnesia 3°25 100°35 Jame. From éevbeds, red. Erz. German for Ore. EscARBOUCLE, French. See CARBUNCLE. EscHENITE. See AUSCHYNITE. EscHWEGITE, Dufrénoy. A variety of Anthosiderite, occurring in brownish fila- ments, associated with Specular Iron. EsMARKITE, Erdmann. A hydrated Iolite from Braékke, near Brevig, in Norway, cor- responding in composition to Ilonire+ 3 H. 8.G. 2°709. It occurs in large rounded prisms, with a cleavage parallel to the terminal face. H. between Calc-spar and Fluor. BB fases at the edges to a grey glass. Name. After M. Esmark. EsMARKITE, Hausmann. LITE. Essonivre, Haiiy. See CINNAMON STONE. Eran Oxypb8, Haiiy. See CasstTeRire. Erain PyRITEvx, ) See Datuo- Brochant. Eran Suururk, See Trin PyRrireEs. Haiiy. Eran Vitrevux, De Born. See Casst- TERITE. Erires. Kidney-form hydrous peroxide of iron. Evucatrite, Berzelius. Massive; in thin superficial black films, staining the calcare- ous spar in which it is contained. Colour between silver-white and lead-grey. Lustre metallic. Texture granular. Streak grey and shining. Soft; easily cut with the knife. Fracture fine-grained. Comp. Selenide of silver and copper, or Gu Se + Ag Se = (Gu, Ag) Se = copper 25°3, silver 43:1, selenium 31°6=100-0. Analysis, by Berzelius : Selenium - 26:00 Copper . . 23°05 Silver .. 5 . 38°93 Gangue : - 8:90 Carbonic acid and loss. 3°12 100-00 EUCLASE. BB gives off a strong odour of selenium: on charcoal fuses readily to a grey metallic globule, which is not malleable. Soluble in boiling nitric acid; on the addition of cold water to the solution a white precipitate is formed of selenite of silver. Locality. This very rare mineral has only been met with in Norway, at the copper mine of Skrickerum in Smaoland. It was discovered and analysed by Berze- lius, who named it Eukairite (from «3, well, and za:g6s, opportune) in allusion to its dis- covery soon after the completion of his examination of the metal selenium. Brit. Mus., Case 4. Eucuroitt, Breithaupt. Rhombic. Pri- mary form a right rhombic prism. Colour bright emerald-green, with a vitreous lustre, _and considerable double refraction. Trans- parent to translucent. Streak pale apple- green. Rather brittle. Fracture uneven to small conchoidal. H.35to4. 8.G. 5°389. — Fig. 185. Comp. Cut As+7H=oxide of copper 47°15, arsenic acid 34:15, water 18°70 =100. Analysis, by Turner: Oxide of copper ‘. » 47°85 Arsenic acid 5 - ao'02 Watters. 5. in ey) oe 99°67 BB on charcoal fuses readily, giving off arsenical odours and deflagrating immedi- diately; after long continued blowing, it yields a globule of malleable copper, with white metallic particles disposed through it. Easily soluble in nitric acid. Locality. This rare mineral is found in large crystals at Libethen, in Hungary, in quartzose mica-slate. It bears considerable resemblance to Dioptase. Name. From xeoi«, beautiful colour. Brit. Mus., Case 56. EUCHYSIDERITE. See PYRoOXxENE. _Euctase. Haiiy, Phillips, Dana. Ob- lique. Primary form aright oblique-angled prism. Occurs in oblique four-sided prisms with each of the lateral edges bevelled, and variously modified and terminated. Colour- less and nearly transparent, or various shades of pale or bluish-green. Lustre vitreous. EUCLASTIC. Possesses double refraction. Rendered elec- tric by pressure, a property which it retains for many hours. Very brittle. Fracture conchoidal. H.7°5. 8.G. 3:03 to 3:09. Comp. 2Be> Si + Al Si? = silica 43°68, alumina 32°40, glucina 23:92=100. Fig. 186. Analysis, by Berzelius: Silica 43°22 Alumina 30°56 Peroxide of i iron 2°22 Glucina ‘ é . 21°78 Oxide of tin F ; 5 20270 98-40 BB becomes opaque, swells up into a cauliflower-like mass, and then melts to a white enamel at the edges. Not acted on by acids. Localities. Euclase was originally brought from Peru by Dombey; it has since been procured from Boa Vista and from Capao in the mining district of Villa Rica, in Brazil, where it occurs in chloritic slate resting on sandstone. It is also found in the gold- stream-works of the 8. Ural, near the river Sanarka, associated with Emerald, red Corundum, Disthene, &ec. Peru. Name, From +, easily, and xAuiw, to break, in allusion to its easy frangibility. On that account, and from its rarity, it is very seldom used in jewelry, for which it is otherwise well suited from its hardness (which exceeds that of Topaz) and the high polish of which it is susceptible. Brit. Mus., Case 37. Evcrastic DistHene Spar, Haidinger. See DIASPORE. Evuprauire. Stromeyer; EUDYALITE, Phillips. Hexagonal. Primary form an ‘acute rhombohedron. Occurs in crystalline masses sometimes exhibiting a tolerably distinct double cleavage, and in crystals de- rived from a rhombohedron; but the crystals are generally small and irregular. Colour red or brownish-red, presenting tints like those of different varieties of Almandine Garnet. Lustre vitreous. Sometimes trans- parent, but usually cracked in every direc- tion, and only transparent at thin edges Streak white. Fracture Tie Bea a or splintery. H.6. S.G. 2-9. pe eee ~ Comp. 2K $i2+ Zr v2 EUKOLITE. Analysis, by Damour : 133 Silica . f 6 . 50°38 Tantalic acid - 0°35 Zirconia . 15°60 Protoxide of i iron. 6°37 Protoxide of manganese 1°63 Lime ; i . 9:23 Soda - . 13°10 Chlorine : ‘ 1:48 Volatile matters . 1-25 99:37 BB fuses tolerably easily to a greyish- green enamel. When pulverized, soluble in muriatic acid with the formation of a thick jelly of silica. Locality. Kangardluarsuk on the west coast of Greenland, associated with Arfved- sonite and Sodalite, or imbedded in white Felspar. Name. From w, easily, and dieato, to dissolve ; in allusion to its easy solubility in acids. Brit. Mus., Case 31. Eupnopuite, Weibye. A variety of Analcime, found in white and greyish crys- tals on the island Lamé, in Norway. It occurs in syenite, associated with Leuco- phane and Mosandrite. H. 5:5. 8S.G. 2:27. Analysis (mean of two), by v. Borck & Berlin : Silica . - 55:00 Alumina . 24:36 Soda . & 3 . 1406 Water : 3 8:23 101°65, Name. From ©, well, and 7630s, a cloud, or darkness. Brit. Mus., Case 28. EUGENESITE, See SELENPALLADITE. EucGreneianz. See PoLyBasitTE. KuKuas, Werner. See KucLAseE. Evxk.astic DistHENE Spar, Hatdinger. See DIASPORE. Evuxouitze, Scheerer. Is found in reni- form masses of a brown colour at Brevig, and at Rédkindholm, near Fredericksvarn, in Norway. §.G. 3:01. Comp. 6R+2%+ 6Si. Analysis, by Damour : Silica . 45°70 Tantalic acid 2°35 Zirconia 14:22 Protoxide of i iron. - 6:63 Lime : . 5) BRIG Oxide of cerium . : - 249 Oxide of lanthanium . oy alicia : Sodas. Vx. : 2 » 11°59 Ko 134 EULYTINE. Protoxide of manganese . 2°35 Chlorine. : : aw ovgtl cial Volatile matters . , = 4383 99-24 Eukolite is a variety of Eudialite, but dif- fering from it in containing small quantities of oxides of Cerium and Lanthanium. From its crystallographic and optical properties Descloiseaux regards it as hexagonal, and near Eudialite, the axis being negative, in- stead of, as in the latter mineral, positive. EvLyTIne. Breithaupt. Cubical; tetra- hedral. Usually occurs in minute trigonal dodecahedrons, or in implanted globular masses rarely exceeding a pin’s-head in size. Colour dark hair-brown, yellowish-grey, greyish-white or wax-yellow. Lustre resi- nous or adamantine. Semitransparent or opaque. Streak yellowish-grey. Rather brittle. Fracture uneven. H. 45.58.G.5'9 to 6. Comp. Bi? $i5, with fluoride and phos- phate of iron. Analysis, from Schneeberg, by Kersten ; Oxide of bismuth : . 69:38 Silica . 7 : - 22-25 Phosphoric acid . - . 331 Peroxideofiron . : . 2°40 Peroxide of manganese . 0°30 Hydrofluoric acid and water 1-01 98°60 BB decrepitates, gives off arsenical fumes, and fuses to a dark yellow mass, Localities. Braunsdorf, near Freiberg ; and the neighbourhood of Schneeberg in Saxony, in Quartz, accompanied by Cobalt and Native Bismuth. Schemnitz in Hungary, of a vellowish-green colour; disseminated in oxide of iron. Brit. Mus., Case 26. EuMANITE, Shepard. A_ variety of Brookite found in the albite vein at Ches- terfield, Massachusetts. EUPHOTIDE-JADIEN. The term applied by Brongniart to a mixture of Saussurite (the Jade of De Saussure) with grass- green Smaragdite. EvpHYLuiTEe, Silliman, Jr. A pearly- white mineral, forming apparently hexa- gonal laming, not so easily separated as in Mica. Laminez rather brittle, inelastic, and transparent. Lustre pearly; of basal plane very brilliant, resembling MHeulandite. Colour of cleavage-face pure white, of sides greyish, sea-green or whitish. H. 3. S.G. ‘963. Comp. R Si+ 2415 Si2 + 3H. EXANTHALOSE. Analysis, by J. J. Crooke: Silica . . S * . 39°04 Alumina. 4 x - 07°38 Lime . ; 3 oh REO Magnesia. : 1-09 Soda 3 2 0°87 Water . * i A 264-56 100-10 BB exfoliates; fuses at the edges of thin laminz, and emits. a strong light. Localities. Unionville, Pennsylvania, asso- ciated with black Tourmaline and Corundum. Name. From ¢. beautiful, and ¢4aAv, a leaf; in allusion to its beautiful foliz. Brit. Mus., Case 19. EvupPyrcCHROITE, Emmons. A compact, concretionary, and subfibrous variety of Apatite, found at Crown Point, Essex co., U.S. 8.G. 3°053. Evutomovs ConaLt Pyrites, Mohs. See BREITHAUPTITE. Evuxenite, Scheerer, Dufrénoy. Rhom- bic? Qccurs in rectangular prisms, with the lateral edges replaced, but commonly massive, without any traces of cleavage. Colour brownish-black, with a metallic, waxy lustre. Streak reddish-brown. Trans- lucent in thin splinters, showing a reddish- brown colour, paler than the streak. Frac- ture conchoidal. H.65. S.G. 4°6 to 4:76. Comp. About 4(Ca, Mg, Ce, La, Xe U) Ti, Ta. (Gmelin. ) Analysis, by Scheerer : Titanic and columbic acid . 57-60 Yttria . . . 25:09 Protoxide of uranium . SyeGere: Protoxide ef cerium . alas Oxide of lanthanum . - 0:96 Lime .¢*#. j . 2°47 Magnesia . : . - "0-28 Water . : 5 5 oe 98°90 BB infusible: with borax, in the outer flame, yields a brownish- yellow glass, which, if a sufficient quantity of the mineral is dissolved, retains its colour on cooling, and also in the inner flame; by flaming it is converted into a yellowish enamel. Localities. Norway, at Jélster, and near Tvedenstrand. a Name. The name Euxenite, from «4, wel- come, and 4évoz, guest, was given by Scheerer, in allusion to its rarity. Brit. Mus., Case 38. Evzreo.uitH. See HEULANDITE. EXaNTHALOSE, Beudant. A variety of EXITELE. Sslauber Salt from Vesuvius, containing only two atoms of water instead of ten. Comp. NaS+2H. Localities. Important deposits of this salt occur near Lodosa in Navarre, and other parts of Spain, especially at Calatayud, in Catalonia; it also forms veins at the salt mines of Villafranca (Basses Pyrenees). Name. From tée,béw, ¢o effloresce, and #Aos, salt. Exirkie, Bendant. From rues, vaporis- able. See VALENTINITE. Evre-AGATE, or Eyvgestone. The name given to those kinds of circle-Agate in which the central part shows spots more highly coloured than the other portions of the mass. The name Eyestone is also ap- plied to stalactitic carbonate of lime, where slices, cut at right angles to the axis, display a darker coloured spot in the centre, presenting a fanciful resemblance to the pupil of the eye. i M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, No. 387, from the Roman states, F. FAHL-ORE, Jameson; FAHLERZ, Werner. See TETRAHEDRITE. FAHLES ROTHGILTIGERZ, Hausmann. A variety of Miargyrite, from Andreasberg, in the Harz, in which part of the antimony is replaced by arsenic. Fanuvnite. A hydrated variety of Jolite, occurring massive and in six-sided prisms. Colour dark reddish-brown, sometimes green or black, and opaque, but yellowish-brown by transmitted light, and translucent in thin fragments. H.3. S.G. 2°74. Comp. 2(K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe), 2 Al, 5 Si, 3 H. (Gmelin.) According to Dana, Fahlun- ite is equivalent to (Iolite+6 H), but the water is not a constant quantity. Analysis, from Terra Nova Mine, by Wachtmeister : meta aie! Ef. 5 ae Alumina. oo We . 44°60 - 30°10 Protoxide of iron . 3°86 Potash . 3 : = = 98 Magnesia . : : » 675 Protoxide of manganese . 2°24 Lime . : ‘ : 1°35 Soda, hydrofluoric acid . trace 100-23 _ BB becomes colcurless, cracks and swells FAROELITE. 135 up slightly, fusing at the edges to a glass; with borax or salt of phosphorus melts slowly to a glass, which is slightly coloured by iron. Locality. Fahlun, in Sweden (whence the name, Fahlunite), with Iolite, in Chlorite Slate. Brit. Mus., Case 32. FaLtLtow Copper Orz, Kirwan. See TE- TRAHEDBITE. Fatse Topaz, A name given by lapi- daries to a light yellow pellucid variety of Quartz-crystal, ranking next to Amethyst in value. It may be distinguished from yellow Topaz (for which, when cut, it is frequently substituted), by the difference of its crystalline form, the absence of cleavage, inferior hardness, and lower specific gravity. The colour is of different degrees of inten- sity, and is frequently combined with a smoky brown, forming a tint of much warmth and richness when not in excess. In this respect it is equal to the Saxon Topaz, though inferior to the Brazilian. It is generally made into seals and brooches, and appears to the greatest advantage when cut in steps. The breadth of the table should be in porportion to the fulness of the colour, and, if deficient in the latter respect, it should be carefully set with a proper foil. (Mawe.) It is found in the-Brazils, and is some- times called False Cairngorm of Brazil. M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, No. 509. Far6evite, Heddle, Greg & Lettsom. A mineral intermediate in composition be-_ tween Soda-Thomsonite and Mesolite. Rhom - bic: primary form a right rhombic prism. Colour white, bluish, yellowish, greyish. Lustre pearly or vitreous. Cleavage perfect. Comp. Mesolite with one equivalent less 20m oe soda 5‘75, water 13°24= 100-00. | Fig. 186%. i { { Localities— Scotch. Isle of Skye (fig. 186*.) at Portree in confused white globules; Storr in bluish-white implanted spheres with Mesolite; near Talisker in white radiated and implanted globules, with Laumonite and Tesselite ; at Uig, in white radiated globules, lining cavities in trap. Irish. Antrim; at Agnew’s Hill at Portrush in greenstone. Black cave near Larne, at the N.W. of Rathlin Island. K4 FASERZEOLITH. 136 Farée in stalactites, sometimes 3 inches | long. Name. From the locality where the finest specimens are found: Farie, and Aiboe, stone. FASERZEOLITH, Werner. See NatRo- LITE. FassaiTE. A variety of Pyroxene of a beautiful grass- green colour, with a high lustre. It is found in the Valley of Fassa, in the Tyrol, whence the name Fassaite. Brit. Mus., Case 34. M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, No. 1042. Fat Quartz, Kirwan. See GREASY QUARTZ. FavgasiTE, Damour; FAUJASSITE, Du- frénoy. Dimetric. Occurs in octahedrons. Colourless to brown, with a vitreous and uneven fracture. H.5. 8.G. 1:923. Fig. 187. i eG eco cee Comp. k Si+Al Si2+ 9 H=silica 46, alu- mina 17, lime d, soda 5, water 27= 100. Analysis, by Damour : Silica . 46°12 Alumina . 16°81- Lime . 4:90 Soda . - 95:09 Water . 5 AIRY 99°83 BB intumesces and fuses to a white blebby enamel. Soluble in muriatic acid. Locality. Kaiserstuhl, in Baden, with black Augite. Name, by Damour, in honour of Faujas de Saint: Fond, a celebrated naturalist. Brit. Mus., Case 29. FAYALITE, is a pure Iron-Chrysolite, or an anhydrous silicide of iron, in which a large quantity of the protoxide of iron is replaced by magnesia and other bases. It is sometimes fused and blistered, sometimes with a crystalline structure. Colour greenish or brownish-black. Sometimes iridescent. Opaque. Lustre semi-metallic in places. Strongly attracted by the magnet. H. 6-8. S.G. 4138. F Comp. (Of the soluble portion) Fe? Si= protoxide of iron 70°45, silica 29°55 = 100-00. Analysis, by Fellenberg: Silica . 31°04 Protoxide of i iron. a SARI Lime . s 0:43 FELDSPATH BLEU. Protoxide of manganese . 0°79 Oxide of copper . 4 . 0°32 Oxide of lead : . er Alumina. oh oe Sulphur and chlorine . . traces 100°13 BB fases very easily and quietly, with evolution of sulphurous acid, to a black me- tallic globule, which is magnetic. Strong-fuming nitric acid converts it into a jelly. Localities. — Irish. In small detachell masses at Slievecarrach, one of the Mourne mountains. Tullybrick, Ballinascreen. Tae foot of Slieve Gallion, in Londonderry. It is also met with in volcanic rocks at Fayal, whence the name Fayalite. Brit. Mus., Case 26. FEATHER-ALUM, or FEDERALAUN. See ALUNOGEN and HALOTRICHITE. FEATHER-ORE, or FEDERERZ. See HE- TEROMORPHITE. FEATHER ZEOLITE. See NATROLITE. FELDsSPATH, Haiiy; FELDSPAR; FELD- STEIN, Hausmann; FrEtspar, Phillips. Under this head are comprised several mi- nerals, varying much in appearance, and presenting numerous and complicated erys- talline forms. It has been divided into several species and varieties, the principal of which are described under the following names :— Adularia, Albite, Amazon-stone, Andalusite, Andesine, Anorthite, Cancrinite, Erythrite, Haiiyne, Labradorite, Lapis-lazuli, Leucite, Moonstone, Murchisonite, Nosean, Oligo- clase, Orthoclase, Petalite, Ryacolite, Soda - lite, and Variolite. The word Felspar is derived from the German name Feldspath, or field-spar, in allusion probably to the crystals being found loose on the surface of some parts of the country.* Several varieties of Felspar are used in jewelry; but. all of them are indebted for this distinction, not on account of their possessing any trans- parency, but for their mutable reflection of * light, or to their being chatoyant. Brit. Mus., Case 29. M.P.G. Horse-shoe Case, Nos. 944, 955 to 959, 965, 972, 973, 1039. Upper Gallery, Wall-case 6, Nos. 3 & 3a. FELDSPATH Apyre, Hatiy. See ANDA- LUSITE. FELDSPATH ARGILLIFORME, Haiiy. See KAo.tn. FELDSPATH BuieEvu, Haiiy. LITE. See Lazu- * Kirwan states that the word Felspar is de- rived from fels (a rock), from the common occuys rence of the mineral in granite. FELDSPATH OPALIN. FreLpspATH OpaALin, Haiiy. See LABRA- DORITE. FELDSPATH TENACE, Haiiy. See Saus- SURITE. FELSOBANYITE. See GIBBSITE. FEMININE. See Gem. Fer. French for [Ron. ‘Fer ArsENIATE, Haiiy. COSIDERITE. Fer ARsSENICAL, Haiiy. See MIsPICcKEL. (See also LEucoPyYRITE.) Fer ArRsENICAL AxoTOoME, Dufrénoy. See LEucopyRITE. See PHARMA- FERROCOBALTINE. 137 Fer SuLFURE BLANC, Haiiy. See Mar- CASITE. Fer SuLFURE CAPILLAIRE, Haiiy. MILLERITE. Fer SuLtFurE EPIGENE. See See HEPATIC | PyRITEs. Fer SuLFURE FERRIFERE, Haiiy. See PYRRHOTINE. Fer SutFrurE JAuNE, Dufrénoy. See ‘PyRrirEs. Fer Azurt, Haiiy; Viviantre. See BLvE [RON-EARTH. FER CALCAREO-SILICEUX, Haiiy. See | LIEVRITE. ‘Fer Carsonath, Dufrénoy, Levy. See CHALYBITE. Fer Carsurt, Haiiy. See GRAPHITE. Fer CuromatsE, Hatiy, brochant See Crromic Iron. Fer Hypro-oxivk, Bournon. See Limo- NITE. 5 FER MAGNETIQUE, Brochant. NETITE. Fer Muriatt, Haiiy. See PYROosMALITE. Fer Natir, Haiiy. See NATIve Iron. Fer Ouiciste, Haiiy. See SPECULAR Tron. Fer Oxanate, Levy. See OXALITE. See MAac- Fer Oxipk, Berzelius. See SPECULAR Tron. Fer OxmwE CARBONATE, Haiiy. See CHALYBITE. Fer OxinEe Hematite, Haiiy. See _ Brown Hematite (Limonirte). Fer OxipE Hypraté, Haiiy. See GoETHITE and Limonite. Fer Oxipk Resinite, Haiiy. See Prrri- CITE. Fer Oxms Rupicineux Massive, Haiiy; Morass-ore. See Boe IRon-ore. FER OXxIDULE Tirank, Haiiy. See Cricu- TONITE. Fer Oxypvutk, Haiiy. See MAGNETITE. FER OxypULE TITANIFiRE, Haiiy. See ISERINE. ’ Fer PuHospHate, Haiiy. See VivIANITE. FER SPATHIQUE, Brochant. See CHALY- BITE. Fer SPECULAIRE, Brochant. CULAR IRON. Fer Sutrurs&, Haiiy. See Pyrtres. Fer SULFURE ACICULAIRE Ravi, Haiiy. See MARCASITE. Fer Sutruré ArsENIcALs, Haiiy. See ARSENICAL PYRITES. ‘Fer SutrurE Avuririre, Haiiy. See AURIFEROUS PyYRITEs. See SPE- Fer SuLFURE MAGNETIQUE, Haiiy. See PYRRHOTINE. Fer SuLpHAT#, Haiiy. See Copperas. Fer SutpHatEé Rouce, Dufrénoy. See ‘BoTRYOGENE. Fer TiraNnk, Cordier. See ILMENITE. FEercGusonitE, Haidinger. Pyramidal : he- mihedral. Occurs in pyramidal crystals of a brownish-black colour. Opaque, but in thin lamine translucent, and of a pale liver-brown by transmitted light. Lustre dull externally; of fractured surfaces bril- liantly vitreous and submetallic. Streak pale brown. Fracture imperfect-conchoidal. H. 55 to 6. 8.G. 5°8 to 5°86. Fig. 188. Comp. 6(Y, Ce) Ta. Analysis, by Hartwall ; Tantalic acid ‘ 5 . io Yttria . : Z fi per4l-OD: Oxide of cerium . ‘ . 468 Zirconia A 3 ‘ 5 GX: Oxide of tin 3 A 2 00 Oxide of uranium é 5 (URS Peroxide of iron . ‘ . 0:34 99-65 BB alone infasible, but becomes deep yellow, and subsequently pale yellow. Dis- solves slowly in borax, forming a glass which is yellow while hot; but if saturated, is rendered turbid by flaming, and acquires a dingy yellowish-red colour. . Locality. This rare mineral was dis- covered by Giesecké, disseminated in Quartz at Kikertaursak, near Cape Fare- well, in Greenland. Name. In honour of Robert Ferguson of Raith. FERROCOBALTINE. A variety of Cobaltine in which three-fourths of the cobalt is re- placed by iron. It is met with at the Ham- burg Mine, Siegen, in Westphalia. FERROTANTALITE. 138 Analysis of a plumose specimen, b Schnabel : 5 met Sulphur - : - . 19-98 Arsenic “ . - - 42°53 Cobalt . + . : Se GT iron). a : - - 25°98 Antimony . : . 284 100-00 FERROTANTALITE. The name given toa variety of Tantalite, in consequence of the large quantity of iron which it contains. FERRUGINOUS PHOSPHATE OF MANGA- NESE. See TRIPLITE. FERRUGINOUS QUARTZ, OR IRON FLINT. A variety of Quartz forming the transi- tion to Jasper. It occurs both massive and in distinct crystals, which are sometimes minute and aggregated into masses like the grains of sand in sandstone, and contains an admixture of about 5 per cent. of iron as red or yellow ochre, or Géthite It is opaque, and of various shades of red, yellow, or blackish-brown. Gives sparks with steel. Localities. St. Just and Marazion in Cornwall. Clifton, near Bristol. Stocking Moor, near Glasgow. Dunbar in Hadding- tonshire, in trap. Rathlin Island, N.An- trim. Massive and in minute yellow crys- talsat Benbradagh Hill, Londonderry. (See EISENKIESEL. ) Brit. Mus., Case 21. M. P.G. Horse-shoe Case, Nos. 525, 526. FERRUGINOUS SILICATE OF MANGANESE, Thomson. See TRoostite. Ferrvucinous Zinc-spAr. The name proposed by Monheim for the light-green varieties of Zinc-spar, rich in zine. See KAPNITE. Fretip CARBONATE OF Limes, Cleaveland. See SwINESTONE. Fretip SULPHATE OF BArRyYTEs, Cleave- land. See HEPATITE. FETTSTEIN, Werner. FEUERBLENDE, Breithaupt. BLENDE. FEvERSTEIN, Werner. See Firnt. FiprorerRRITE, Prideaur. A variety of Copiapite, found investing Coquimbite. It is warty, separates in scales, and is fibrous in a direction perpendicular to the plane of separation. Colour pale greenish grey, affording a yellowish powder. Fibres translucent. Taste rough and somewhat sour. §.G. 2°5 about. Comp. Sesquisulphate of*iron or Fe2 $3 +18H. See ELAOLITE. See Frire- FICHTELITE. Analysis, by Prideauz ; Peroxide ofiron. . . 34°44 Sulphuric acid . 5 . 28°89 Water . ° 2 > - 36°67 100-00 BB on charcoal, decrepitates violently ; emits an odour of sulphur, and leaves peroxide of iron. Locality. Chili, South America. FIBROLITE, Bournon. A fibrous, massive variety of Sillimanite. Colour whitish or greenish-grey, with a lustre approaching to adamantine. The fibres are obliquely tra- versed by cracks, and sometimes approach to distinct prisms. Acquires resinous elec- tricity by friction, and emits a reddish phos- phorescent light when two pieces are rubbed together. Rather harder than Quartz, giving sparks with steel. 8S.G. 3-214. Analysis, from the Carnatic, by Chenevix; - 58°25 - 38°00 0°75 97-00 Alumina . 3 2 Silica se es ee s iron . . c 2 BB infusible. Locality. The Carnatic, accompanying Corundum, and as a component part of the granite which is the matrix of the Corun- dum. : Name. From ¢ifeov, a fibre, and Azbos; stone ; in allusion to its fibrous structure. Brit. Mus., Case 26. Frsrous Brown Iron Orr. A variety of Brown Hematite. Frprous Gypsum. See SATIN-SPAR. Frprous Quartz. The name given to Quartz possessing a fibrous structure. It is found in Cornwall at Huel Virgin, near Scorrier, and at Tolcarn, near Truro; at the slate quarries at Bangor, in North Wates; in South Stirlingshire at the Campsie Hills, in small fibrous tufts on Heulandite; and in Ireland at Holy Park, near Rathfarn- ham, 8S. Dublin. A delicate variety occurs at Orange River, near the Cape of Good Hope. Fisrous Rep CoprrER-oRE, Avrwan. See CHALCOTRICHITE. Frsrous Tin: Frsrous Tin STONE, Kirwon. A fibrous and radiated variety of Cassiterite. See Woop-TIN. FICHTELITE, Bromeis. A fossil resin, occurring chiefly in the form of shining transparent scales between the annual rings of growth of a species of pine-tree (Pinites sylvestris), which have separated from one another, or are still loosely united. The scales form layers (often 4, of an inch thick) ® FIGURE STONE. of a yellowish tinge, and lapping one over the other. If the wood is split in any direc- tion, numerous shining points appear, show- ing that it is completely saturated with the mineral. Distils without being decomposed. Boiling point above 320°C. (608°F.) Comp. C8 H7’, or carbon 87-27, hydrogen 12 73=100. ; Localities. The turf beds of Redwitz. The Fichtelgebirge of North Bavaria. FicgurE Stronger. A name given to Agalmatolite, from its being frequently carved into figures by the Chinese. Froritre, or PEARL SINTER. A hydrated form of silica (variety of Silicious Sinter), occurring in smooth and shining, globular or botryoidal masses with a pearly lustre. Colour white, yellowish-white, or greyish.” Translucent at the edges. Fracture flat conchoidal. H. not so hard as Quartz. Analysis, from the Geyser of Iceland, by Damour: Silica . : ; ‘ . 87°67" Alumina and peroxideofiron 0-74 Lime . : ; - 0°40 Soda . : ; 0-82 Potash . : a . . trace 100-00 Localities. Santa Fiora (whence the name Fiorite), in Tuscany, incrusting vol- canic tufa. The volcanic districts of Italy. Auvergne. Iceland. FIREBLENDE, Dana. Oblique. Occurs in delicate crystals which are grouped like those of Stilbite. Colour hyacinth-red, with a pearly adamantine lustre. Trans- lucent. Sectile and somewhat flexible. H. 2. 8.G. 4:2 to 4°3. . Comp. Sulphur, antimony, and 62:3 per cent. of silver. BB \ike Pyrargyrite. Localities. Andreasberg, in the Harz. The Kurprinz mine, near Freiberg. Brit. Mus., Case 11. FIRE GARNET. GARNET. Fire Marsie. See LUMACHELLO. Fire Opan. A variety of Opal present- ing hyacinth-red and yellow reflexions, Analysis, from Farde, by Forchammer ; See PyYRopPE: also Silica - 88°73 Alumina : 0-99 Soda and potash . 0°34 ee ee OS Lime Magnesia 1°48 Water . 2 7:97 99-96 Localities —English. Cornwall at Huel FLEXIBLE SILVER ORE. 189 Spinster, Rosewarne Mine, and near St. Just.— Foreign. Zimapan in Mexico. Guate- mala. Farée Islands. Washington co., Georgia, U.S. Brit. Mus., Case 24. FIsCcHAUGENSTEIN, | See Werner. THALMITE. FISH-EYE-STONE, te, a fish, and Jameson. J 20barucs, an eye. FiscHERITE, ‘Hermann. Rhombic. Oc- curs both crystalline and massive. Colour- less, and translucent; dull green when mas- sive. 8.G. 2°46. Comp. Al2 P + 8H=alumina 41°82, phos- phoric acid 28°88, water 29°29=100. Analysis, by Hermann : Alumina. - . . 38°47 Phosphoric acid . - 29:03 Peroxide of iron and man- ganese. : : oo L220 Oxide of copper . , . 0:80 Phosphate of lime and gangue 3:00 Wratten devas avian ee at ManatcoO IcHTHYOPH- From ———— 100-00 BB turns white, with blackish spots; and gives off much water. Locality. Nischne Tagilsk, in veins in ferruginous sandstone and clay-slate. Name. By Prof. Tschuroffsky, after Mons. Fischer of Waldheim, V. P. of the Im- perial Society of Naturalists of Moscow. FLABELLIFORM KoUPHONE Spar, Hai- dinger. See MESOLE. FLECHEs D’AMouR. See VENuS’ Hatr- STONE. FLEURS DE COBALT, ERYTHRINE. FLEw Coat. 0°50 Alumina i . i 0°25 Oxide of iron 0:25 Loss . 1:00 100-00 BB alone infusible; but whitens and be- comes opaque when exposed to heat. Localities.— British. Flint oecurs in the Chalk formation of England, and the north of Ireland, mostly in layers which are pa- rallel with the stratification, and consist of irregularly shaped nodules, or flat tabular bands. The former is the most usual mode of occurrence, and the flints are in general most numerous in the Upper Chalk, where they contain the remains of sponges, alcyonia, echini, and other fossils, sometimes in a sili- cified state, sometimes in the form of casts. “We find numerous flints in the Chalk, and indeed in the gravels above it, which, when cut and polished, have a good appear- ance if worked into snuff-boxes and articles of the like kind, particularly when the spongiform. bodies included in them. are marked by any varieties of colour. In the Greensand the Chalcedony is often extremely beautiful, and pieces sufficiently large to form small cups or vases might be sometimes obtained. Portions of this mineval when worked into seals cannot be distinguished FLOATSTONE. from the finest white Carnelian, which, in fact, they then are. Chalcedony are found on the coast between Lyme Regis and Sidmouth, where also are discovered some varieties of Jasper (from the Greensand), many species of which closely approach to those known as Egyptian Pebbles, and, indeed, are quite as beau- tiful. Some of the silicified fossil wood is extremely handsome when worked into ornaments.”— Report on the Geology of Cornwall, Devon, and W. Somerset, by Sir Henry T. De la Beche, p. 496. Flints are also found forming tabular bands and irregular masses in the Purbeck strata, and in Portland Stone: in the former case inclosing remarkably perfect casts of freshwater, and in the latter of marine shells. The lower part of the Portland Stone of Dorsetshire consists in a great degree of Flint. Flint is also found (but rarely) in Scotland, on the shore by Burnt- island, S.W. of Fife. — Foreign. France. The Danish Islands of Rugen and Zeeland. Spain; and elsewhere. Flint, after having been calcined and ground, is often employed as a substitute for sand in the manufacture of glass, porcelain, and smalt. Formerly it was used in large quantities for making gun- -flints; and be- fore the invention of lucifer matches had superseded the old-fashioned tinder- boxes, it was in universal use for obtaining a light, by means of the sparks given off when it was struck against steel ; hence the French name of pierre a feu. In Chalk districts it is employed as a building material, either in its natural rough state or squared and dressed, good examples of which latter ap- plication are afforded by houses at Lewes in Sussex, and elsewhere. Flints also furnish an excellent road material ; when employed for this purpose they should not be used immediately on being extracted from the quarry, as they acquire additional toughness by the evaporation of the water contained in them. Brit. Mus., Case 22: M.P.G. Horse-shoe Case, Nos. 703 to 730, 736, 739 to 748. 42, Nos. 1 to 16. Fuunt Coat. A kind of Coal resembling Anthracite. It contains Bitumen, though not to so great an extent as is the case with Carinel Coal. FLOATSTONE, Jameson. A variety of Quartz, of a spongy or porous description, which possesses the property of floating in water, until the air contained in its numer- ous cavities is displaced. Upper Gallery, Wall-case Both such flints ar) FLORID RED COPPER. Localities. It is found at Huel Alfred, in Cornwall; and in beds of Flint, in chalk, at St. Omer, St. Ouen, and Menil Montant, near Paris. Comp. According to Vauquelin it con- sists ef carbonate of lime 2, silica 98=100. Fiorip or CocHINEAL RED COPPER, Kirwan. See Rep Copper ORE and CHAL- COTRICHITE. 'Fuos Ferri, or “FLrowrer oF IRon.” The name given to the branching or coral- loid forms of Aragonite by the older mine~ ralogists, by whom it was considered to be an ore of iron. It occurs in beds of iron- ore, and very beautiful specimens are found associated with Spathic Iren, in the Styrian mines of Hisenerz, and at Hiittenberg in Carinthia, coating the roofs and sides of considerable cavities. It is also found at Dufton, in Cumberland, and at Halwell Cavern, Broomfield, near Taunton in Somer- setshire. Brit. Mus., Case 42. M.P.G. Horse-shoe Case, Nos. 429a to 432. FLUATE oF Cerium. See FLUOCERITE. Fiuuate or Lime, Phillips. See Fuuor. FLUATE oF YTTRIA AND CERIUM, Berze- lius. See YTTRO-CERITE. Fiucerine, Beudant. See FLUOCERITE. Fuvewuitr, Levy, Wollaston. Rhombic: primary ferm a right rhombic prism, whose base is to its height in the proportion of 1 to 3. Occurs in small acute rhombic octa- Fig. 189. hedrons, with the solid angles generally re- placed. White, aud transparent or trans-— lucent, with a vitreous lustre. H. 3. Localities. On a grey quartz-rock, asso- ciated with acicular Wavellite and Uranite, at Stenna Gwyn, near St. Austell in Corn- wall. This is a very scarce mineral. It was discovered 'by Levy, but examined and named by Wollaston, according to whom it is composed of flucrine and aluminium. Brit. Mus., Case 58. Fiuocerine, Hausmann. Generally found massive, but is supposed to show traces of a rhombic dodecahedron. Colour a fine yellow, with a tinge of red; brownish- yellow when impure. Lustre vitreous or resinous. Streak yellow, brownish. Sub- translucent to opaque. H. 4°d to 3. FLUOR. 141 Comp. Ce? F5+3-Ge, H.=cerium 17°56, fluorine 10°88, peroxide of cerium 66°41, water 5°15=100-00. Locality. Finbo in Sweden. FLUOCERITE, Haidinger. Hexagonal. Occurs in hexagonal prisms and plates: also massive. Colour dark tile-red, or nearly yellow, with a feeble lustre. Sub- translucent to opaque. Streak white or slightly yellowish. H.4to5. S.G. 4:7. Comp. Peroxide of cerium 82°64, yttria 1°12, hydrofluoric acid 16:24 = 100:00. (Berzelius. ) BB alone, infusible; but darkens. Fuses slowly but completely in borax and salt of phosphorus, affording a globule which is blood-red in the exterior flame, but becomes colourless on cooling. Localities. Finbo and Broddbo, near Fahlun, in Sweden; imbedded in Quartz and Albite. FLUOCERIUM BASISCHES. See FLUOCE- RINE. FLUOCERIUM NEUTRALES. See FLUOCE- RITE. FLUOCHLORE, Hermann, See Pyro- CHLORE. FLUOPHOSPHATE OF MaGnesia, Thom- son. See WAGNERITE. Fiuor, Dana; Fuvorip oF CALCIUM; FLUORINE, Beudant; FLuoR Spar; FLuo- RID OF Catcium; Ftuss, AHaidinger, Hausmann, Werner; FUUSSAURER-KALK; Fiuss SpatTH, Werner, Naumann. Cu- bical: primary form the regular octahedron. Occurs crystallized in cubes, octahedrons, | rhombic dodecahedrons and their moditica- | tions; also nodular, compact and earthy. Colour white, grey, and various tints of blue, Fig. 190. Fig. 191. Fig. 192. Fig. 193. green, yellow, purple, and red. Perfectly limpid and transparent to subtranslucent. Lustre vitreous; sometimes splendent ; 142 FLUOR. usually glimmering in massive varieties. Streak white. Brittle; fracture more or less perfectly foliated. Easily cleaved into the tetrahedron, acute rhombohedron, and octahedron. H.4. S.G. 3°14 to 3°2. Mean of 60 experiments by Kengott, 37183. Fig. 196. Fig. 197. Comp. Fluoride of calcium or CaF= calcium 51°3, fluorine 48-7 =100. When pounded and placed on ignited coal it exhibits a phosphorescent light, which ceases at a high temperature, but may be partially restored by an electric dis- charge. Fragments rubbed against each other in the dark become luminous. BB decrepitates and ultimately melts without addition to an opaque greyish~ white enamel. Localities.—English. Cornwall at several mines; at Huel Cupid and North Grambler, near Redruth ; Huel Mary Ann, Menhenniot, in fine blue beveled cubes; near St. Agnes in translucent crystals of arich lilac colour, figs. 190 and 197. Other Cornish forms are repre- sented in figs. 194 and 195. Cumberland: at Cleator Moor, in fine, yellow, transparent crystals, the prevailing colours of which are lilac and green: at Alston in the cube and of the forms shown in figs. 196 and 192. A variety occurs at this locality which appears green by transmitted light and blue by re- flected light. Crystals possessing a similar peculiarity also occur at Weardale, in Durham, but the colours exhibited by the latter are grey by transmitted and purple by reflected light. According to Professor Stokes this effect, termed by him Fluorescence, is due to a peculiar refracting power of the first surface on which the light falls. Cromford near Matlock Baths, Derbyshire. In Derby- shire compact and granular varieties of Fluor are abundant: the finest specimens for orna- mental purposes come from Tray Cliff, and FETID QUARTZ. are called Blue John. Beeralston in Devon- shire, in cubic and octahedral forms, 193, 195, 197, 194, and 191; also fibrous and compact. —N. Welsh. Moel-y-Cria, and Halkin Moun- tain, near Holywell.—Scotch. Balater House, Glenmuick, Aberdeenshire. Dumbarton; Gourock near Greenock in Renfrewshire. — Trish. Several mines in Clare county. The Glendalough lead-mines, both crystallized and massive, of a pale violet-blue colour. Foreign. Mont Blanc and St. Gotthard ; on the latter in beautiful rese-coloured octa- hedronsin Dolomite. Saxony. The Bannat. Munsterthal in Baden, in hexakisocta- hedrons. Zinnwald in Bohemia, also at Schlackenwald in green octahedrons and violet-blue rhombic dodecahedrons — the latter with white stripes in the position of the longer diagonal. The Lombardian Alps at Monte Presolana, in the Val di Scalve, N.W. of Lago Palzone, in a vein 21 inches wide imbedded in the New Red Sandstone of Val Torgola, a branch of Val Trompia. Besides the use of Blue John in the manu- facture of ornamental articles, as tazzas, vases, obelisks, &c., Fluor-spar is employed for etching on glass. This is effected by ex- posing a plate of glass coated with wax (on. which the required design has been previously drawn with an etching point, as in the ordinary process) to the action of the gase- ous hydrofluoric acid obtained by treating Fluor-spar with sulphuric acid. Those parts of the plate which are covered with wax will remain unaffected, but wherever the. wax has been removed the glass will be cor- roded, and in this manner drawings on glass may be produced without much difficulty. Fluor-spar is also used in considerable quantities as a flux for metallic ores: hence its name from the Latin fluo, to flow, or probably the name may have originated in a belief that it was formed ex fluido, or out of water. Ozone has lately been discovered by Prof. Schrétter, in the darkish blue variety of Fluor, which is found at Wulsendorf. The quantity was found to amount to 0:02 per cent. Brit. Mus.. Case 58. M. P. G. Vase on pedestal 35, in Hall, from Derbyshire. Horse-shoe Case, Nos. 331 to 364. Wall-cases 27 and 30. Fiuss-SaurEs CERIUM, German, FLUOCERITE. Foamine Eartu, Jameson. RITE. Fatip Quartz, Bakewell. A kind of Quartz yielding a peculiar odour of sulphu- See See ApPH- _ vetted hydrogen when struck with a hammer FOLIATED COPPER. on the angles or edges. This property is destroyed by exposure to a red heat. In all other respects this variety resembles com- mon Quartz. It is found near Nantes in France, and in various parts of the United States. Fo.LtATED ARSENIATE OF CopPEr. Cleave~ land. See CHALCOPHYLLITE. FouiATED Biack ManGANESsE ORE, Jameson. See HAUSMANNITE. FoutatEpD TELLURIUM, Allan. NAGYAGITE. Fouiatep ZEOLITE, Jameson, See HEULANDITE. Fouiatep ZECLITE, Jameson. LIATED STILBITE. FONTAINEBLEAU LIMESTONE. See Werner. See Fo- Aggre- gations of secondary rhombohedrons of: Calcite, which contain a large amount of sand, mechanically mixed with them. The similar variety of Calcite which occurs in great quantities in the sands on the African coast, between Sandanha Bay and Ichaboe Island contain as much as 15 or 20 per cent. of sand. ForsTeriteE, Levy. A variety of Chryso- lite, occurring in small, brilliant, white or colourless, translucent crystals at Vesu- vius, where it is associated with Pleonaste and olive-green Pyroxene. H. about 7. Fig. 198. Fossit Copat, Phillips. See CoPALiNe. Foss Ligutnine. See FULGURITE. Fossin Orn, Jameson. See NAPHTHA and PETROLEUM. _ Fowuerire. The variety of Rhodonite which occurs in large crystals, with Frank- linite, at the Franklin Furnace, at Stirling, in New Jersey. It is often black externally from alteration, the action of the air con- verting the protoxide of manganese into peroxide. Analysis, by W. Camac : Silica . eth ips . 42°20 Protoxide of manganese’. 28°37 Protoxide of iron . - . 11:00 Oxide of zinc : - . 4105 Lime . ar ie Pe ORD Magnesia. - : 3 Ora Felspar - ° . 5°06 101-20 Name, After Mr. 8. Fowler. FRANKLINITE. Brit. Mus., Case 26. FrANcOLITE, Henry. ago, which yielded about 70,000 lbs of the purer black-lead, worth about 30s. a lb. Graphite is also found at Bannerdale, near Keswick; in Cornwall, near Penryn, and at Grampound and Boscastle; at Beary, in the Isle of Man; in detached pieces, fit for com- mon uses, at Killimore, in the Island of Mull. —Trish. Kilkenny.—Foreign. It also occurs in Greenland. At Pargas, in Finland. Aren- dal, in Norway. Passau,in Bohemia. Prus- sia. France; at Pontivy, in Brittany; in Aveyron, &c. Spain. Constantine, in Algeria. Ceylon. Travancore. Canada, at Grenville and Burgess. Mines are worked for this mineral in the United States, at Sturbridge, Massachusetts ; Ticonderoga and Fishkill, N.Y., Brandon, Vt., and Wake, N.C. There is also a large deposit at St. John’s, New Brunswick. Name. ‘The name Graphite is derived from 7%, to write, in allusion to the pur- poses to which it is frequently applied. Graphite is largely employed under the name of Plumbago, or Black ~-lead, for brightening iron, and protecting. it from rust, and for diminishing friction in ma- chinery. Crucibles are also made of it, which are capable of sustaining intense heat, and possess greater tenacity and ex- pansibility than those made from ordinary clays. Its principal use, however, is in the manufacture of black-lead pencils. Brit. Mus., Case 4. M. P. G. Principal Floor, Wall-cases 39 (Ceylon and Travancore); 41 (Canada). Horse-shoe case, Nos. 17 to 54. GRAUBRAUNSTEIN, Haus- Manganite. mann. re GRAUBRAUNSTEINERZ Sg NSTEID ; Hausmann, Werner. SELLS GRAUCOBALTERZ. See SYEPOORITE. GRAUERZ. See GALENA. GRAUGILTIGERZ. A dark grev copper (Tetrahedrite), rich in silver, from Wolfach, forming dodecahedrons with tetrahedral and cube-faces. §.G. 5-007. auently engaged for a long period in seeking for the graphite. Some years since a very large quan- tity of plumbago was obtained from Borrowdale ; this has been stored by the proprietors, and sold in small parcels from time to time. The mine has not been worked for several years; it was examined by some skilled miners since the cessa- tion of the work, and their opinions were not such as would lead us to believe that any large quantity of black lead would be discovered by any extension of the workings.”—R. Hunt’s Descriptive Guide. Workings have been again commenced, and, it is said, with some prospect of success. + Cu? S, Sb $5. (Gmelin. ) Analysis, by H. Rose: ZiBC 5 : 3 lO fron’); E : 5 ae Silver . : : : bee (gril Copper . 4 : - . 25°23 Antimony .° .) /. ))enagee Sulphur BN ir > . 23°52 99°91 GRAUKUPFEREZ. See TENNANTITE. GRAULITE. See TECTIZITE. GRAUSILBER. See SELBITE. — GRAUSPIESSGLANZERZ, Hausmann. Grey Antimony. GRAUSPIESSGLASERZ, See STIBNITE. Werner. Greasy Quartz. Those varieties of Milk-Quartz which display a greasy lustre. GREEN CALAMINE, Patrin. Aurichalcite, found in cavities near Klopinski. GREEN CARBONATE OF CopPpER, Phillips. See MALACHITE. GREEN DraLLAGE, Haidinger. Consists in some cases of laminz of Amianthus, alternating with lamin of Augite, both frequently of bright green colours, and forming a curious mixture in some of the rocks of Corsica, Monte Rosa, and the Bacher. In some specimens the passage from black crystallized Hornblende into white, silky Asbestos is distinctly visible. (Allan.) Green Eartu, Kirwan, Jameson, Phil- lips, Greg & Lettsom. An altered form of Pyroxene, produced by the action of alka- line carbonates in solution; in which case alkalies take the place of the removed bases, and an alkaline silicate of alumina, or of iron and alumina, is formed. Green Earth is met with in small masses of an earthy or minutely crystalline appearance in, or lining” cavities of, amygdaloid. Colour dark olive- green, with an unctuous feel. The Green Earth from Mount Baldo approaches to apple- green. Opaque. Soft: yields to the nail. Fracture generally earthy, glimmering, dull. S.G. 2:79 to 2°83. Analysis, from Fassa, by Rammeisberg : Silica Preset Alumina f : . Pai bs LI Ls) Protoxide of iron . E . 24°63 Magnesia . = . 0°28 Lime . > : A alco Potash and soda . ; » 162 Water . A A - a O8e 100°00 GREEN IRON EARTH. Localities.— Scotch, Near Old Kilpatrick, S. Dumbarton. Kinnoul Hill near Perth. Little Cambray in the Isle of Arran.— Irish. In the trap and amygdaloidal rocks of Antrim.— Foreign. Farée Isles. Saxony. Bohemia. Fassa in the Tyrol. Monte Baldo near Verona, &c. The Greén Earth of Iceland occurs with Zeolites, and affords a trace of Vanadium. (S.G. 2°677.) Brit. Mus., Case 32. Green Iron Eartu, Phillips. See Hy- POCHLORITE. GREEN [RON ORE; GREEN IRON STONE, Karsten. A mineral of similar nature to Dufrénite (which see). Analysis, from Siegen in Prussia, by Karsten: Peroxide of iron . - . 63°45 Phosphoric acid A he Water . : : Ao ob VaR ELS 99°73 GREEN LEAD ORE, Jameson. Mimetite. GREEN MALACOLITE. See PYROXENE. GREEN MARTIAL Eartu, Kirwan. See HyPocHLORITE. GREEN VITRIOL, Allan. See CoPprERAS. GREENLANDITE. The name given to the Precious Garnet of Greenland. Aga by Karsten : Silica - 39°85 Alumina - : . 20°60 Protoxide of iron . ', 24°85 Protoxide of manganese 0°46 Magnesia . : - 1 OSE Lime . : 3°51 99-20 GREENLANDITE. The name given by Breithaupt to Columbite crystals from the Cryolite vein of Greenland. GREENOCKITE, Brooke & Connel, Brei- thaupt, Greg § Letisom, Dana. Hexagonal ; hemimorphous, that is to say, with the op- posite extremities of the crystal dissimilar. Colour honey-yellow, orange-yellow, brown, veined parallel with the axes. Translucent, sometimes transparent or opaque. adamantine inclining to resinous. between orange-yellow Strong double refraction ; tion 2688. HH. 3 to 3:5. lange Streak and _ brick-red. index of refrac- 8.G. 4°8 to 4:9. Fig. 219. GRENAT BLANC. 163 Comp. Sulphide of cadmium, or Cd S= cadmium 77-77, sulphur 22°23. =100. Analysis, by Connel : Cadmium : é BS Sulphur : . . 22°56 Tron . trace 99°86 Decrepitates, when heated, somewhat strongly. Becomes carmine-red whenever it is heated, recovering its yellow colour on cooling. BB on charcoal decomposed, and a yel- lowish-red ring of oxide of cadmium is de- posited. Soluble in strong muriatic acid, with vio- lent evolution of sulphuretted hydrogen, and without separation of sulphur. Localities.— Scotch. This rare mineral was first found in short hexagonal crystals in a railway cutting, at Bishoptown, near Pais- ley, in Renfrewshire. Jt occurred in small, but very perfect and brilliant, short hexa- gonal crystals, in a porphyritic greenstone, on Prehnite, and associated with Calcite and Natrolite. It has also been met with on the north of the Clyde, at Bowling quarry, near Old Kilpatrick, and elsewhere. It has also been obtained as a furnace pro- duct. Name. Jn compliment to Lord Greenock, now Earl Cathcart, by whom it was first noticed. Brit. Mus., Case 6. M. P.G. Principal Floor, Wall*case 12, Nos. 5438, 544 (British). GREENOVITE, Dufrénoy. A dark rose- coloured variety of Sphene, from St. Marcel, in Piedmont, in which a portion of the lime is replaced by protoxide of manganese. 8.G. 3°527. Fig. 221. Analysis, by Delesse : Silica 30°4 Titanic acid . : 42-0 Protoxide of manganese . 3°6 Lime : 24:3 Brit. Mus., Case 37. 100°3 GRENAT, Brochant, Haiiy. See GARNET. The French word Grenat is in allusion to the resemblance of the stone in colour to the seeds of the pomegranate. GRENAT BLANC, Dufrénoy. See LEuCITE. M 2 164 GRENAT BRUN. GRENAT Brun, &c., Haiiy. Garnet. Common GRENAT MANGANESE, Brochant. See MANGANESIAN GARNET. GRENAT MELANITE, Brochant. See Mz- LANITE. GRENAT NOBLE, Brochant. See ALMAN- DINE, PRECIOUS GARNET. Geenat Norr, Haiiy. See MELANITE. GRENAT RESINITE, Hatiy. See CoLoPHO- NITE. GRENAT RovuGE DE FeEv FORME, Haiiy. See PYrope. GRENAT DU VESUVE, Dufrénoy. LEUCITE. GRENATITE, Jameson. A name given to Staurotide, in allusion to its (occasional) garnet colour. GRENGESITE, Hisinger. A dark green variety of Delessite, occurring in hemi- spherical masses, with a radiated structure. Streak greyish-green. H.2. 8.G. 3:1. Analysis, by Hisinger : GRANULI- See Silica . : : : oat OL Alumina : - . 14°51 Peroxide of manganese 2718 Protoxide of iron. . 25°63 Magnesia . : . 14:31 Water . : . 12°53 95:97 Name. After the locality where it is found, Grengesberg, in Dalecarlia. GREY ANTIMONY, Jameson. See STIBNITE. Grey CoBaLt, Allan. See SMALTINE. Grey Copper, Phillips. See Grey CoPpPER-ORE, Jameson, TETRA- Kirwan. HEDRITE. Grey MANGANESE, Allan.) Grey MANGANESE - ORE, Jameson. Sag GREY Orn or MANGANESE; } yang eared Kirwan. Grey Oxipe oF Man- GANESE, Phillips. Grey SILVER ORE, Jameson. See SEL- BITE. GRINDING SPAR. Madras to Corundum, GROPPITE, Svanberg. A mineral sug- gested by L. Semann to be altered Parga- site. . Colour rose-red to brownish red. Translucent in thin splinters. Streak paler than the mineral. Fracture splintery. H. 2:5. S8.G. 2°73. Comp.. R3 Si2 +241 Si+3H (Svanberg)*, eee see A name applied in * See Ottrelite. GROSSULAR. Analysis, by Svanberg: Silica 4 3145-08 Alumina 3 3 3 . 22°55 Peroxide of iron . 3°06 Lime . . . ; ot 455 Magnesia ; « 1228 Potash . - 5°23 Soda . zg : 0:22 Water . fs 3 3 Gets Undissolved . 3 0:13 100°13 BB becomes white, and on thin edges shows only incipient fusion. Dissolves in borax, with intumescence. Locality. In limestone, at Gropptorp, in Sweden, whence the name Groppite. GROROILITE, Berthier, A variety of Wad, occurring in roundish masses, of a brownish- black colour, and with a reddish-brown streak. H. sometimes 6 to 6°d. Analysis, by Berthier : Protoxide of manganese _. 62°4 Oxygen. 12°8 Peroxide of iron 3 - J6FB Water . - ‘ 2 . 15°8 Clayuia. ‘ 4 j 3°0 100-0 Localities. Yicdessos and Cautern, in France. Name. After a locality in Groroi, in Mayenne. GrossuLAR, Phillips; GRosSUfARITE. A variety of calcareous Alumina-Garnet. Co- lour pale olive-green or greenish - white. Translucent. Brilliant. Hard. Fracture con- choidal, with a vitreous lustre. S.G. 3:42. eos soe Analysis, from the Sludianka River, by. NV. v. Lwanow : Silica . : ; » ye Ae Alumina . 14:90 Peroxide of iron . . 10°94 Protoxide of manganese’... _ trace Lime - » 82°94 Magnesia . E oe MORES 100°15 BB like Almandine, but affords a brown- ish-coloured glass. Localities. Near the river Wilui, in Si- beria, in a greenish-coloured serpentinous rock. (See Wiluite.) Tellemark, in Norway. Name. From grossula (a gooseberry), in allusion to its colour, which is similar. to that of a green gooseberry. GRUNAUITE. Brit. Mus., Case 386. M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, No. 901. GRUNAUITE, Nicol, Dana. Cubical. Oc- curs in very small crystals, also granular and disseminated. Colour pale steel-grey, inclining to silver-white, with a yellow or greyish tarnish. Lustre metallic. Streak dark grey. Brittle. H.45. S.G. 5-13. Comp. Ni S (Ni 83, Bi 8%), or Bi S+ 4Ni S$=nickel 45°40, bismuth 15:76, sul- phur 38°84=100. (v. Kobell.) i aoe (a) by v. Kobell, (6) by Schna- ele a (6 Nickel . : aes ne Bismuth . é ~ 14:11 10-41 Sulphur - 38°46 33°10 Iron . - 3) 848 6:06 Cobalt 0:28 11:43 Copper . - 168 11°56 Lead. y : 158 4:36 100-24 100-00 BB gives off sulphurous odours, and fuses to a brittle, magnetic globule, colouring the charcoal yellow; with borax gives a nickel- reaction. Forms a green solution in nitric acid, the sulphur being precipitated. Locality. Griinau, in Sayn-Altenkirchen, in Prussia, usually mixed with Quartz and Copper Pyrites. Griinauite is distinguished from Arsenical Tron, which it greatly resembles, by lower Specific gravity, and very easily by its be- haviour with acids. GRUNBLEIERZ, Hoffmann, Werner. See PYROMORPHITE, and MimEetitE. Grune EisenerDE, Werner. See Hyro- CHLORITE. GRUNEISENSTEIN. STONE. GRUNERDE, Werner. See GREEN EARTH. 3 PEsn ae. A pure Iron-Augite. 8.G. 713. Comp. Fe? ‘Si? = protoxide of iron 54:3, silica 57:1=100. Analysis, from Collobriéres, by Griiner : See Green [Ron- Silica . : 6 > 43°9 Alumina ‘ 1:9 Magnesia 4 ‘ 11 Lime . ; 2 ‘ . 0 Protoxide of iron . ; Boeke 99°6 Locality. Collobriéres, Dept. de l’Aude, France. Name. After Griiner, by whom it was analysed. GURHOFIAN. 165 Grines URANERZ. See CHALCOLITE. GUANITE, L. F’. Teschemacher. See StRU- VITE. The name Guanite is in allusion to its occurrence in guano. GUARINITE, G. Guiscardi. A mineral nearly allied in composition to the Sphene of Piedmont (Greenovite). It occurs in pyramidal crystals, with a difficult cleavage. Colour honey-yvellow. Translucent to trans- parent. Lustre subadamantine: adaman- tine on cleavage faces. H. 6 to 65. S8.G. 3°487. Comp. Silica 33°64, titanic acid, 33°92, lime 28°01, iron and peroxide of manganes trace = 95°57. Locality. Vesuvius. Name. After Prof. G. Guarini, of Naples. GuM-LEAD. A name given to Plumbo- Resinite, because of its resemblance, in ap- pearance, to gum-arabic. Gummi Funerum, Serapion. See As- PHALT. GUMMIERZ, Breithaupt. An amorphous variety of Pitchblende, containing Vana- dium and Selenium. Colour hyancith-red, © yellowish, and reddish-brown. Lustre resi- nous. Soft: breaks between the fingers. Fracture conchoidal. H. 2°5 to 3. 8.G. 3°9 to 4:18. Comp. %++4H (Dufrénoy); Cad P+ 4 H? (Kersten). Analysis, by Kersten : Peroxide of uranium 72°00 Peroxide of manganese 0-03 Silica . : é - . 4:26 Phosphoric acid . . Beto Lime : 6:00 Arsenic c trace Hydrofluoric acid trace Water . : 14°75 99°36 Locality. Tohanngeorgenstadt, in Saxony. Name. The name is in allusion to its gum-like appearance. GuMMIsPATH. See GUM-LEAD. GURHOFIAN. GURHOFITE. A snow-white and subtranslucent compact variety of Dolo- mite, bearing, in some respects, a strong remblance to Semi-opal. Fracture flat-con- choidal, with sharp edges. Analysis, by Klaproth : Carbonate of lime . 70°50 Carbonate of magnesia ea 100-00 Locality. Near Gurhof, in Lower Austria, M 3 2 166 GURHOLITE. in veins traversing Serpentine; whence the name Gurhofian. Brit. Mus., Case 47. GURHOLITE, Anderson. See GYROLITE. GuyacaAniTE, F. Field.. A variety of Enargite, from the Cordilleras of Chili. H. 3°59 to4. 8.G. 4:39. Name. The name Guyacanite was given to this variety in consequence of its having been first brought to the large copper-smelt- ing works of Guyacana. GUYAQUILLITE, James, F. W. Johnston. An acid-resin. Amorphous. Colour pale yellow, with a lustre not resinous, or imper- fectly so. Opaque. Yields easily to the knife, and may be rubbed to powder. 8.G. 1-092. Comp. C29 H15 Q5=carbon 76°665, hydro- gen 8174, oxygen 15:161=100. Very slightly soluble in water, and largely in alcohol, giving a yellow solution, which has an intensely bitter taste. Melts at 157° Fahr., but remains viscid, and does not flow easily until heated to nearly 212°. The action of liquid ammonia on this substance is very characteristic: the pale yellow solutions, by the addition of a few drops of ammonia, becoming gradually dark, and ultimately dark brownish-red. Locality. Guyaquil, in S. America. Guyaquillite, like Amber, is probably of vegetable origin; it occurs on the site of ancient forests of resiniferous trees. GyMNITE. The name given by Thomson to Deweylite, from 724s, naked, in allusion to the locality, Bare Hills, Maryland, U.S. Analysis, from Bare Hill, by Thomson : Silica ; y - 40°16 Alumina > a . trace Peroxide of iron . Bo iliG Magnesia . - 5 . 36°00 Lime : 5 . 0°80 Water . 5 ; . 21°60 99°72 Gyps, Jameson, Haidinger, Hausmann. Gypsum, Kirwan, Phillips. Comp. Bibydrated sulphate of lime, or Ca S+2H=lime 32°56, sulphuric acid 46°51, water 20°95 =100. There are several varieties of Gypsum, which are described under their respective names. The transpareut crystals are called Selenite, the fibrous varieties Satin Spar, and the fine massive kinds Alubaster. See also SCHAUMKALK, Satin Spar and Alabaster are manufac- tured largely into ornamental articles, and works of art. Gypsum is also used in the manufacture of glass and porcelain, and the GYPS. coarser kinds are employed in agriculture as a top-dressing for grass-lands. Perhaps, however, the largest consumption of Gyp- sum is in the form of Plaster of Paris (or stucco), a name which is derived from the circumstance of its being found in large quantities in the Paris Basin. Gypsum loses its water far below a red heat, splitting into layers, and crumbling to a white powder, which is Plaster of Paris. Moderately burned Gypsum, when ground up and mixed with water, forms a paste in the first instance, but this quickly hardens (into what is called stucco), heat being evolved, and the water passing into the solid condition of water of crystallization. The harder the Gypsum is before it is burnt, the more solid it becomes when subsequently mixed with water. Localities.—Finglish. Staffordshire ; Not- tinghamshire; Chellaston Hill, and else- where, in Derbyshire; on the coast of Glamorganshire, as well as in the cliffs between Pennarth and Lavernock; in the New Red Marl of those counties, and in the salt districts of Cheshire and Worcester- shire. It occurs also in the New Red Marl ~ of the vicinity of Watchet, in Somerset- shire, where it is occasionally collected on the coast, and sent to Bristol, Swansea, and some other places in the Bristol Channel. The Isle of Purbeck, in Dorsetshire, forming large concretions in the Lower Pur- beck Beds.— Foreign. France, in the lacus- trine basins of Auvergne and Aix, in the latter containing an admixture of eight per cent. of carbonate of lime; in the fresh-water clays of the Paris basin, at Montmartre, Pantin, &c., with Sulphate of Strontia. Spain: near Madrid, in tertiary clays, ac- companied by beds of Chert and of Magne- site; abundantly in the sandstones under- lying Jurassic limestones both near Malaga and near the Sierra Nevada, in Andalusia.. The Alps and Pyrenees, interstratified with crystalline schists. Switzerland, at Bex. The south foot of the Harz: Salzburg salt formations in Austria. Sicily with Sulphur. Italy, at Pomarance, Matarano, and Jano, in Tuscany, where Serpentine is found piercing limestones. Bologna, in miocene clays with flints, sulphates of baryta, and strontia, together with Pyrites and Sul- phur. Algiers, associated with crystalline limestone, gneiss, Amphibolite, and Serpen- tine. Sweden, at Fahlun, associated with Dolomite and Serpentine in the chloritic bands of the oldest crystalline rocks of Scandinavia. Asia Minor. Nova Scotia, in rocks of the carboniferous series, with sul- GYPS. phate of soda and Boro-calcite. America: the oldest Gypsums in America occur near the base of the Palzozoic series in the so- called Calciferous Sand-rock of Canada; itis occasionally met with in the Clinton and Niagara groups, and in the Onondaga salt-group in the Upper Silurian rocks of Canada and New York, sometimes accom- panied by sulphur.* Name. The word Gypsum is derived from yéyos, the name by which the substance, both in its burnt and native state, seems to have been known to the ancients, who ob- tained their supplies chiefly from Cyprus, Pheenicia and Syria, and applied it to the Same purposes as the moderns. ‘Theo- phrastus says, “The stone from which Gypsum is made, by burning, is like Alabaster; it is not dug, however, in such large masses, but in separate lumps. Its viscidity and heat, when moistened, are very wonderful. They use this in buildings, casing them with it, or putting it on any particular place they would strengthen. They prepare it for use, by reducing it to powder, and then pouring water on it, and stirring and mixing the matter well together with wooden instruments: for they cannot do this with the hand because of the heat. They prepare it in this manner immediately before the time of using it; for in a very little while after moistening, it dries and becomes hard, and not in a condition to be used. “This cement is very strong, and often remains good, even after the walls it is laid on crack and decay, and the sand of the stone they are built with moulders away: for it is often seen, that even after some part of a wall has separated itself from the rest, and is fallen down, other parts of it shall yet hang together, and continue firm and in their place, by means of the strength of this matter which they are covered with. “ This Gypsum may also be taken off from buildings, and by burning, again and again, be made fit for use. It is used for the casing the outsides of edifices, principally in Cyprus and Pheenicia; but in Italy, for whitening over the walls, and other kinds of ornaments within houses. Some kinds of it are also used by painters in their business; and by the fullers, about cloths. “Tt is also excellent, and superior to all other things for making images; for which it is greatly used, and especially in Greece, * See Memoir on the Formation of Gypsum and Magnesian Rocks, by T. Sterry Hunt. Am. Jour. Science and Arts, vol. xxviii. HACKED QUARTZ. 167 because of its pliableness and smoothness.” — Theophrastus, cxii. to cxvi. Brit. Mus., Case 54. M. P. G. (See ALABASTER, and ARAGO- NITE ), Case 10 in Hall. Horse-shoe Case, Nos. 216, 281 to 311, No. 286 specimen from Rein- hardtsbrunn in Gotha, presented by H.R.H. Prince Albert. Upper Gallery, Wall-case 40, Nos. 33 to 42. GyYPsuM SELENITES, Waillerius. See Sz- LENITE. GyRAsoLE of Kirwan. A variety of Oriental Sapphire. “Its colour is white with a slight tinge of red, and a still lighter of blue, which gives it some resemblance to Chalcedony.” GYROLITE, Greg & Lettsom, Brooke & Miller. GyrowirH, v. Kobell, Naumann. Occurs in spherical lamellar radiations, which are translucent when first found, but soon become opaque, or are only translucent in thin plates. Colour white, with a vitre- ous lustre when fresh, which turns to pearly on exposure to the air. Very tough. H. 3 to 4. Comp. 3Ca Si+4H=silica 5329, lime 32°86, water 13°85=100. Analysis, by Anderson : Silica . ‘ ‘ : + 50°70 Alumina : 5 ‘ 1:48 Lime . 5 2 : - 00°24. Magnesia . : : a MOPS Water . c . i . 14:18 99°78 Localities. —British. The Storr, nine miles from Portree, in Skye, in the cavities of a very compact basalt; also Quirang and Lyndale; near Loch Screden, in Mull.— Foreign. Greenland, at Karartut; Disco Island, near Godhavn; and at Niakomak, Omensnaksfiord, Faroe. Name. The name, derived from yieos, a circle, and A<6os, stone, has reference to the spherical disposition of the mineral. Brit. Mus., Case 28. Ef. HAAR SAuz, Werner. MacnestA-ALuMm. See ALuNOGEN. See also Hair SALT. HAARFORMIGES ROTHKUPFERERZ, Wer- ner. See CHALCOTRICHITE. Haarkiss, Mohs, Werner. See MiriE* RITE. HABRONEME, from &€¢és, delicate,and viue, thread or fibre. HacKkED QUARTZ, Bakewell. A variety M 4 168 . HEMACHATES. of Quartz presenting incisions, as if pro- duced by hacking it in various directions with a knife or other sharp instrument. These indentations are occasioned by lamin _ or laminar crystals of other minerals once imbedded in the Quartz, the casts of which only are now left, the included minerals themselves having decomposed or been otherwise removed. HaMAcHATES (from «ius, blood, and “Axyornz, agate), the name given by the ancient Greeks to Agate sprinkled with spots of red Jasper. Hamatite. See HEMATITE. HAFNEFJORDITE. A variety of Oligo- clase from Hafnefjord, in Iceland. Analysis, by Forchhammer : Silica . e : : . 61°22 Alumina . B 5 BBY Peroxide of iron . 2°40 Lime . is 8°82 Magnesia 0°36 Soda 2°56 Potash . . trace 98°68 HAIDINGERITE, Berthier. See BERTHIE- RITE. HAIDINGERITE, Turner. Rhombic: pri- mary form a rectangular four-sided prism. Usually occurs in minute crystals aggre- gated into botryoidal forms and drusy crusts. Colour and streak white, with a vitreous lustre. Transparent to translucent. Sectile. Slightly flexible in thin lamine. H.1:5 to25. S.G. 2°848. Fig. 222. | Comp. Di-arseniate of lime or Ca2 As+ 3H=lime 28-28, arsenic acid 58-08, water 13-64=100. Analysis, by Turner : Arseniate of lime . 89°68 Water . 5 5 {lao 100-00 Dissolves readily in nitric acid. BB it is almost entirely volatilized with a dense white arsenical vapour. . Locality. Joachimsthal, where it occurs associated with Pharmacolite, from which it may be distinguished by its form and lustre ; and by containing only half the quantity of water. HALLOYLITE. Name. After Herr W. Haidinger of Vienna, by whom it was first noticed. It is a very rare mineral. Hair PyritEes, Jameson. RITE. ' Harr Sart, Jameson. See ALUNOGEN. See MILLE- Magnesia Alum. . Comp. Tersulphate of alumina, or Al $3 + 18H. Analysis, from Bilin, by Rammelsberg : Silica . : 3 . bd:31 Alumina < : ~, 15°86 Water . S e 5 . 48 83 100-00 Brit. Mus., Case 55. . : Hair Stone. Rock Crystal inclosin capillary crystals of Rutile, crossing each other and traversing it in various directions. HALBAZURBLEL, Rammelsberg. See CALE- DONITE. HALBOPAL. See SEMIOPAL. Hauuire. A variety of Websterite found with Gypsum, in Plastic Clay, at Halle in Prussia. Comp. AlLS+9H. Analysis, by Stromeyer : : . 20°26 Alumina Sulphuric acid . 23°36 Water . - 46°38 10000 HALLOYLITE; Hawioysitz, Berthier. Hatitoyts. A siliciferous hydrate of alu- mina or Kaolin, occurring in soft, smooth, compact amorphous masses, having the ap- pearance of Steatite. Colour white, gene- rally with a slight tint of blue, and a waxy lustre. Translucent at the edges or becomes so in water, which it imbibes, giving off numerous globules of air. Adheres to the tongue. Yields to the nail, and affords a shining streak. Fracture conchoidal, like that of wax. 8.G. 1°8 to 2:1. ees tee ° Comp. Al Si+3H. Analysis, from Housscha, by Berthier : Silica ARS Alumina 3 5 . 30°49 Water . a s ‘ AUG EAS 100:00 Loses weight when exposed to a high temperature, and becomes much harder, and of a milk-white colour. Decomposed by sulphuric acid, with sepa- ration of gelatinous silica. HALLOYSITE. Locality. The neighbourhood of Liége and Namur; with ores of zinc, lead, and iron. Housscha near Bayonne, in graphic granite. Miloina pumiceous tufa. Upper Silesia. Guateque in New Granada, &c. Name. Named by Berthier after his uncle Omalius d’Halloy, by whom it was first noticed. Brit. Mus., Case 26. Halloysites are richer in alumina than Smectite, and contain like it 24 to 25 per cent. of water. HALLoysITE OF ST. JEAN-DE-CoLE. A rose-coloured Nontronite, found at Thiviers. HALOTRICHINE, Scacchi. A silky variety of Iron-alum from the Solfatara. eco cee Analysis : Alumina . ; : 5 Bas Protoxide of iron. . 10°20 Sulphuric acid . 34:12 Water . i ‘ y Age 100-00 HALOTRICHITE, Brooke & Miller. An Iron-alum. Occurs in fibrous, silky masses of a yel- lowish-white colour. Taste sweet and al somewhat resembling that of ink. veo see Analysis, from Morsfeld, by Rammelsberg : Alumina . . ° - 10-914 Protoxide of iron I . . 9'367 Sulphuricacid . . 36:025 Magnesia . s - « 0:2385 ‘Potash .. : 0-434 Water : : ‘ 43:025 100:000 Soluble in water, Turns red, and parts with its water when heated. : Localhties.—British. Abundantly in the shale of exhausted coal-beds at Hurlet and Campsie, near Paisley, probably mixed with Melanterite or sulphate of iron.—Foreign. Bodenmais and Morsfeld in Rhenish Bava- ria. Oroomiah in Persia, where it is used for making ink of a fine quality. Name. From as, sult, and i, hair. Brit. Mus., Case 55. Himatir, Haidinger, Hausmann. See HEMATITE. HAMPSHIRITE, Hermann. The name \ HARMOTOME. 169 pseudomorphs (mostly after Quartz), de- scribed and analysed by Dewey. Analysis: il Silica . 50°60 Alumina » Oo Magnesia . ; . 28°83 Protoxide of iron . 2°59 Protoxide of manganese 1:10 Water . : . 15°00 97:27 Locality. Middlefield, Hampshire co., U.S.,; in a great bed of Serpentine. Harp Coat. Those kinds of Coal which burn without caking, and leave a white ash. Harp Fanuunits, Berzelius. A brown- ish-yellow variety of Iolite, which owes its peculiar colour and opacity to accidental ad- mixture. Locality. Fahlun in Sweden. Harp LirHomarGE. See TERATOLITE. HARD SPAR, Jameson. See ANDALUSITE. Harmotome, Dana, Greg & Lettsom, Haiiy, Phillips. Rhombic. Sometimes oc- curs in flattish rectangular prisms, termi- nated by rhombic planes, replacing the solid angles of the prism; these crystals often cross each other lengthwise and at right angles, so that their axes coincide; hence the name Cross-stone, applied to it by Jameson and others. Colour generally grey- ish-white, passing into grey, yellow, red, or brown. .Translucent. Lustre pearly. Streak white. Brittle. Fracture uneven, imper- fectly conchoidal. H. 45. 8.G. 2°39 to 2°498. Fig. 228. Fig. 224 Fig. 225. alumina 16-6, baryta 24°8, water 14°6=100. Analysis, from Strontian, by Kohler: Silica . 5 6 . 46°10 Alumina . 16°41 Baryta . “| . 20°81 Lime a ° e 0:63 Potash . . 0:90 Water . ; « Lod 99°96 BB on charcoal, melts easily, without in- given to the Steatite of certain steaticic | tumescence, to a clear glass. 170 HARRINGTONITE. When finely pounded, perfectly decom- posed by muriatic acid, fhough with diffi- culty, silica being separated i in the pulveru- lent state. When powdered and thrown on charcoal emits a greenish-yellow phospho- rescent light. Localities. — Scotland. Abundantly at Strontian in Argyleshire, in fine white and translucent crystals, with Calcite and Barytes, i in mineral veins in granite near its junction with gneiss. (See MORVENITE.) Figs. 223, 224, 225. Near Old Kilpatrick in Dumbartonshire, in small colourless crystals associated with Edingtonite and Cluthalite. Campsie Hills, Stirlingshire, fig. 223.—Jre- land. The Giant’s Causeway, in basalt, jig. 223.— Foreign. The cruciform varieties chiefly occur at Andreasberg in the Harz, in metal- liferous veins, traversing clay-slate, gener- ally in druses. Oberstein in Deux-ponts, in single crystals in the hollows of siliceous geodes. Kongsber g, in Norway, on gneiss. Name. From éeuss, a joint, and tiv, to cut; in reference to the division of which the crystals are susceptible at the junction of the planes of the pyramid. Brit. Mus., Case 29. M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, Nos. 1162, 1163. HARRINGTONITE, Thomson. An amor- phous variety of Mesolite. Occurs massive, of a chalky white colour. Opaque. Earthy. Very tough. H.52d. S.G. 2:21. ° seo sca Comp. (Na, C Ca?) 389i +3Al Sit 6H. Analysis, by Thomson : Silica . * . é 5 . 44°84 Alumina 4 . . 28:48 Lime . é : é . 10°68 Soda . F 5 : - 5°56 Water . “ ‘ § - 10:28 99°84. Localities.—Irish. In veins and layers traversing greenstone at Portrush, and at the Skerries, co. Antrim, Magee Island, and Agnew’s Hill, west of Larne. Harrisire, Genth A Vitreous Copper with cubical cleavage, from the Canton mine in Georgia, U.S. HARTERAUNSTEIN, See BRAUNITE. Harting, Schritter. A resinous mineral resembling Hartite. It occurs massive, of a white colour, and is without taste or smell. Pulverises between the fingers. Melts at 210°C. a F.), and distills at 260° C. (500° F Comp. "C20, H1%, 02, Hausmann. HATCHETTINE. Analysis, by Schritter : Carbon.” ..) Ne ae 2G Hydrogen . - 2 « LO-92 Oxygen : . 10°82 100-00 Locality. Oberhart, in Austria, in Brown Coal. HARTITE, Haidinger. A fossil resin re- sembling wax in appearance. Colourless or greyish-white, with a somewhat greasy lus- tre. Translucent. Brittle. H. 1. S.G. 1:04 to 1:06. Comp. C®, H5=carbon 87-473, hydrogen 12:048=100. Fuses at 165° F. to a clear fluid, and ata high temperature distills. Easily soluble in ether, less readily in alcohol, and crystallizes from each on eyapo- ration. Localities. Oberhart, near Gloggnitz, in Lower Austria, in small tables with six faces, in Brown Coal. Rozenthal, near K6f- lach, in Styria, in comparatively large, irre- gular, perfectly transparent, and cleavable pieces, showing, in the polarising apparatus, very distinct systems of elliptical coloured rings; and, still more frequently in the lig- nite, in small veins, incrustations or angular fragments. Hartite is distinguished from Scheererite by its crystallization, and by AESTE at a higher temperature. Brit. Mus., Case 60. HARTKOBALTERZ, HARTKOBALTKIES. t See SxurrERUDITE, HARTMANGAN, Wwe. Leek Sce PsILtoMELANE. HARTMANNITE. See ULLMANNITE. HARZIGE STEIN-KOHLE, Haidinger. Bi- tuminous Coal. See Coat. HARZLOSE STEIN-KOHLE, Mohs. See ANTHRACITE. HATCHETTINE, Conybeare, Phillips. A Mineral Tallow. Occurs either flaky like spermaceti, or subgranular like bees-wax. When flaky it has a slightly glistening and pearly lustre, and a considerable degree of translucency; when subgranular it is dull and opaque. Colour yellowish-white, to wax- and greenish-yellow, but becomes darker and more opaque on exposure. Feels greasy. About the consistency of soft tal- low. 8.G. at 60° F. 0-916. Melts at 115° F. into a transparent colour- less liquid, which becomes opaque and white on cooling. Slightly soluble in cold ether, more so in hot ether; on cooling the solu- tion coagulates into a mass of minute pearly fibres. Bpaney soluble in boiling alcohol, HAUERITE. from which it precipitates again on cooling. Heated cautiously, it distills over without change. Comp. (C, H). onal ais, from Merthyr-Tydvil, by John- ston : Carbon 5 3 . 85:910 Hydrogen . . 14624 100°534 Localities. — British. Ebbw Vale, and neighbouring works, near Merthyr-Tydvil, in Glamorganshire; in masses, resembling wax or train-oil, in the crevices of coal- measure Clay Ironstone. Near Loch Fyne, in Argyleshire. Belowthe Hutton seam, at Pelton Colliery, Chester-le-Street. Urpeth Colliery, near Newcastle, in cavities near the side of a fault, and sometimes in the solid sandstone rock, at a depth of about 50 fathoms from the surface.—Foreign. Ros- sitz, in Moravia. Name. In honour of the eminent chemist, Hatchett. Brit. Mus., Case 60. M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, No. 103. HAvERITE, Haidinger. Cubical; hemi- hedral like Pyrites; octahedral the most common form. Sometimes occurs in crystals clustered into spheroidal forms. Colour reddish-brown to brownish-black. Lustre metallic-adamantine. Streak brownish-red. H. 4. §.G. 3-463. Comp. Mn 8?=manganese 46:3, sulphur 53°7 = 100. * Analysis, by Patera: Sulphur . 53°64 Manganese . . 42°97 ROM ei 4, ea) < 1-30. Silica . 1-20 99°11 BB is reduced to a simple sulphide (Mn 5), with the evolution of much sulphur; with soda affords a manganese reaction. Locality. The sulphur pits at Kalinka, near Neusohl, in Hungary, in clay, asso- ciated with Gypsum and Sulphur. Name. After Privy Councillor Von Hauer, and because of the part which his son, F. v. Hauer, took in the determination of the species. Brit. Mus., Case 5. HausmMAnnitE, Dana, Phillips. Pyra- midal. Occurs crystallized in acute, square- based pyramids; also massive. Colour brownish- or iron-black. Lustre semi-me- tallic. Opaque. Yields a reddish- or chestnut- brown powder, which dissolves in cold con- centrated sulphuric acid, forming a red HAUYNA. 171 solution. Very hard. Fracture uneven. I. 5 to 55. $.G. 4:72. Comp. Mn Xn, or Mn 31-03, ¥en 69:07 = | manganese 7271, oxygen 27°9=100. Analysis, from Ihlefeld, by Turner : Protoxide and peroxide of manganese . 98°09 Excess of oxygen 0°22 Baryta. ‘ : 0-11 Silica: g sj Qsaes Metallic chloride . . trace Water . 0:44 100-00 BB on charcoal fuses at the edges; with borax readily forms a deep violet-blue or nearly black globule, with soda a green slag. Dissolves in heated muriatic acid, with the evolution of chiorine. Localities. AXhrenstock, near Ilmenau, in Thuringia, in veins of porphyry, with other ores of manganese. Ihilefeld, in the Harz. Framont, in Alsace. Lebanon, Pennsylvania, Us: Name. Gottingen. See RANCIERITE. Brit. Mus., Case 13. M.P.G. Principal Floor, Wall-cases 13 After Professor Hausmann, of (British). Hawtyna, Karsten. HAtyne, Phillips. Cubical. Occurs often in distinct rhombic dodecahedrons, but generally in crystalline grains, and massive. Colour indigo-blue and epaque, or blue or bluish-green and transiucent. Lustre vitreous to greasy. Streak bluish-white. Very brittle. Frac- ture flat-conchoidal, and very splendent. H. 5°. 8.G. 2°4 to 3:0. Comp. Nad Si+3Al Sit+2Ca S=silica 32:1, alumina 27-3, lime 9'9, soda 16°5, sul- phuric acid 14°21=100. Analysis, from Monte Albano, by Whit- ney : Silica . . 82°44 Sulphuric acid eh sO8 Alumina 5 AD Lime . 9°96 Potash . ‘ : . 2°40 Soda . : , 5 . 14:24 99°71 BB alone, on charcoal, decrepitates, and melts slowly to an opaque white or green- ish-blue blebby glass; with borax effer- vesces and forms a transparent glass, which becomes yellow on cooling. 172 HAYDENITE. In heated muriatic acid forms a white transparent jelly. Localities. ‘The older lavas of Vesuvius, and the Papal States. Niedermendig, in basalt. Near Andernach, on the Rhine, in lava or pumice. Name. In honour of the French mineralo- gist, René Just Haiiy. Brit. Mus., Case 59. M. P.G. Horse-shoe Case, Nos. 1013, 1014. Upper Gallery, Table-case A, in re- cess 4, Nos. 75 to 78. Haypeyire, Cleveland. A yellowish va- riety of Chabazite, occurring in reddish or garnet-coloured scalenohedrons, which dif- fer slightly from the rhombohedron. The crystals are often in twins, and incrusted with Chlorite. It is very liable to decom- position, becoming spongy or porous, but still retaining its form. Analysis, by Delesse : licas (iil 0 . 49°5 Alumina and peroxide of iron 23°5 Lime . : “ 5 Dei Potash . - 5 2°5 Magnesia. ° =| trace Water 21:0 99-2 BB fuses with some difficulty to a yel- lowish enamel. Soluble in hot sulphuric acid: while dis- solving, it produces a curdled mass, but afterwards the solution is clear. Locality. Jones’s Falls, Maryland, U.S., in fissures of gneiss. Name. After the discoverer, Dr. Hayden, of Baltimore, U.S. HAYESINE, Dana. Occurs in masses, hav- ing a globular or mammillated form, which, on being broken, present the appearance of a lustrous mass of fine interwoven silky fibres of a brilliant snow-white colour. Opaque. Tasteless, but with a peculiar odour. H. 1. S.G. 1°65. Comp. Na B2+Ca? B5+10H. Hayes states that the soda is animpurity, and that the compesition of the pure mineral is repre~ 4 ° see ° sented by the formula Ca Bb? + 6H =boracic acid 45°95, lime 18°45, water 35°57=100. Reichardt gives the formula Ca B4+10H. Analysis, by Reichardt ; Boracic acid. A . 52°05 P Lame . 5 : A erate 65 Soda . 3 é E . trace Chlorine . F ‘ 0:94 HEDIPHANE. u Sulphuric acid “4 %)) @ 4, Orbe Water . f . 34°91 99°99 Localities. Nova Scotia, in narrow veins, in Gypsum, with Glauber Salt. At the Tus- can lagoons, as an incrustation. In white reniform masses, called ¢iza, on the dry plains near Iquique, in the province of Tarapaca, in Southern Peru, whence it has of late years been imported to Liverpool. (See T1zA.) Named after Hayes. Brit. Mus., Case 39. M, P. G. Horse-shoe Case, No. 229. Haytoritre. Pseudomorphous Chalcedony in the form of Datholite, found at the Hay- tor Iron Mines in Devonshire; fig. 226. Fig. 226, Also at N. Roskear Mine, Cornwall; and in cavities of compact radiating Prehnite i in the Isle of May, Frith of Forth ,_fig. 226. Brit. Mus. .» Case 22. ( M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, No. 534. HeEAvy Spar, Jameson. A name given to Barytes in consequence of its great specific gravity. HeEBETINE. An impure variety of anhy- drous silicate of Zinc or Willemite. HEDENBERGITE. A black variety of Augite, containing a large proportion of iron, little or no magnesia, and no alumina. 8.G. 3°5 ans (Ca, Fe) Siz. Analysis, by H. Rose: Silica . 5 3 - 49°01 Protoxide of i iron. . 26°08 Lime . P ‘ 5 . 20°87 Magnesia 5 B29S Pr otoxide of manganese . trace 98°94. BB fuses readily to a shining black glass. Locality. Tunaberg in Sweden. Name. After L. Hedenberg, the Swedish Chemist. HEDGEHOG-STONE. See STACHELSWEIN- STEIN. HEDIPHANE, Dufrénoy. HEDYPHANE, Breithaupt. A whitish variety of Mimetite, usually occurring in amor ‘phous masses, with a subadamantine or resinous lustre in- clining to greasy. H.3to4. 58.G.5°3 too. HELIOTROPE. ; Analysis, by Kersten: Arseniate of lead . sy - 60°10 Chloride of lead . bs . 10:29 Phosphate of lime . 15°51 Arseniate of lime . : . 12°98 98°88 BB forms a white friable mass, but affords no arsenical odour. Locality. Longbanshytta, in Sweden. HeEiotrore. See BLoopsTone. HELLEFLINTA of the Swedes. A compact ard massive variety of Felspar, of a deep flesh-red colour, and with a peculiarly waxy texture, from Gryphyttan in Sweden. Heumintu, G. H. Otto Volger. A variety of Chlorite, occurring in Felspar and Quartz. HEtvin, or HEtvine, Haiiy, Phillips, Wer- mer. Cubical. Primary form a regular tetrahedron. Occurs in small tetrahedrons, with their solid angles replaced. Colour wax-yellow, inclining to yellowish-brown or siskin-green. Subtranslucent. Lustre vitreous inclining to resinous. Streak white. eure uneven. H. 6 to 65. S.G. 3:1 to S p Fig. 297. Fig. 228. Comp. Silicate of glucina, and protoxide of manganese. Analysis, by C. Gmelin: Silica . 4 4 ; - 83°25 Glucina and alumina . - 12°03 Protoxide of manganese . 31°82 Protoxide of iron. - 5 OS Sulphide of manganese * 14:00 Water . : 4 ; CG 97-82 BB in the inner flame fuses with ebulli- tion, and forms a turbid yellow globule; in the outer flame fuses with greater difficulty, and acquires a deeper colour. Dissolves slowly in borax. forming a clear glass, which, till the whole of the substance is dissolved, hasa yellowish tinge arising from the presence of sulphide of sodium, but after the solution is complete, it appears colourless in the inner flame, and amethyst-red in the outer. Dissolves in muriatic acid with evolution of sulphuretted hydrogen gas and separation of gelatinous silica. Localities. Schwarzenberg in Saxony, HEMATITE. with Garnet, Quartz, Fluor and Cale-spar. Hortekulle, near Modum in Norway. Name. The name was given by Werner, in allusion to the colour; from “Ass, the sun. Brit. Mus., Case 37. M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case. Hematite. Dana, Brooke & Miller. Hexagonal; primary form an acute rhom- bohedron: also occurs columnar; granular, botryoidal, and stalactitic: lamellar; friable or compact. Colour dark steel-grey or iron- black; of earthy varieties red.* Lustre metallic, sometimes splendent, or earthy. Opaque, but faintly translucent, and of a blood-red colour by transmitted light when in very thin laminz, as it occurs in mica- ceous iron-ore. Streak cherry-red or reddish brown, which serves to distinguish it from Magnetite. Fracture subconchoidal, uneven. Sometimes feebly magnetic. H. 5°5 to 6°5. SG. 4:5 to 5:3. Distinguished from Magnetite by its cherry-red or reddish-brown streak. Comp. Peroxide (sesquioxide) of iron, or Fe=iron 70, oxygen 30=100. BB alone infusible; with soda on char- coal, it sinks together with the soda into the charcoal, and is easily reduced to a metallic powder, which may be separated from the charcoal*by pounding and leviga- tion: with borax forms a green or yellow glass. Readily soluble in hot muriatic acid, when reduced to powder. Localities— British. This ore is largely worked, and affords much of the iron manu- factured in this and other countries. The Hematite of North Lancashire and West Cumberland produces not less than a mil- lion tons per annum. It is supposed that the Hematite which occurs in the Carboni- ferous- Limestone of the Mendip Hills in Somersetshire, and the so-called brown He- matite of the Forest of Dean in Gloucester- shire were worked by the Romans during the period when they held possession of these islands. It is obtained also in Cornwall; Devonshire; in Glamorganshire, in the dis- tricts of Llantrissant and Llanhary, near Cowbridge, and at Newton Nottage, near Bridgend ; in North Wales, and in the neigh- bourhood of Glasgow.—Foreign. Hematite is found in France, Spain, Germany, and Russia, where the mines of Goumeschefskoi contain much of it. The mines of Elba have been worked from a very remote period, and the island is described by Virgil as being “Insula in- exhaustis chalybdum generosa metallis.” 1738 = ‘WTA HEMATITE. The several varieties of iron-ore com- prised in the species of Hematite, are described under their respective names. Specular Iron includes the specimens pos- sessing a perfect metallic lustre, and is called Micaceous Iron when the structure is mica- ceous: Red Hematite, Fibrous Red Iron-ore, include the varieties with a sub-metallic or non-metallic lustre, which if soft and earthy are termed Red Ochre, Reddle, or Red Chalk, and when consisting of slightly coherent scales, Scaly Red Iron-ore, or Red-Iron Froth. There are very remarkable deposits of Hematite in Missouri, ninety miles south of St. Louis, which are thus described by Dana: “The Iron Mountain is 300 feet in height, and consists wholly of massive per- oxyd of iron lying in loose blocks, which are largest about the summit, many 10 to 20 tons in weight. The Pilot Knob is esti- mated by J. D. Whitney at 650 feet in height; it is made up of a quartzose rock of the azoic period, and is capped with specular iron, which has the appearance of stratification, and is micaceous in structure.” Dana’s Mineralogy, vol. ii. p. 114. Hematite is sometimes hard enough to take a very fine polish, and is then used for polishing glass, gold, steel, and, in fact, nearly all metals: it also possesses the valuable property of laying on metals gold- and silver-leaf, without fraying, tearing, or detaching them. The highly-esteemed bur- nishers of gilders, goldsmiths, gunsmiths, and cutlers are made of Hematite, strongly fastened in wooden handles, guarded by a -ring. The Hematite suited for this pur- pose is of a very dark red colour, and should have a fine grain, free from the slightest cracks, and above all should be susceptible of.a high polish. Gallicia in Spain is the chief locality whence this description is ob- tained; and the people of Compostella, who specially devote themselves to the search for it, supply nearly the whole of Europe. Reduced to powder Hematite is used for polishing tin, silver, and gold; and also as a colouring material. Name. The name Hematite is derived from «ize, blood. “And the Hematites or Blood-stone, which is of a dense, solid tex- ture, dry, or, according to its name, seeming as if formed of concreted blood.”—Theo- phrastus, chap. lxvi. Five varieties of Hematite were known to the ancients, of which the most esteemed, and probably that referred to above, was obtained from Ethiopia. Brit. Mus., Cases 14 and 16. M. P.G. : Ae 583 Magnesia . - : - eG Soda . g 4:05 Potash ‘ oe el, Water . i . 15°93 100-00 HypRARGYLLITE, G. Rose. The name which has been given to crystallized Gibb- site. Occurs in regular six-sided prisms, or in prisms with twelve faces, resulting from the combination of two hexagonal prisms. Colour reddish-white. Translu- cent or transparent in thin lamine. Lustre vitreous; on cleavage-faces pearly. H. 2°d. SG 2 Ohan. ; N 4 184. HYDRATE OF ALUMINA. Comp. Hydrate of alumina, or Al H5 =alumina 65:56, water 34°44=—100. Analysis, from the Ural, by Hermann : Alumina Sf oes - 64°03 Phosphoric acid . ‘ . 1438 Water . - = . 34°54 100-00 BB whitens, becomes opaque, emits a brilliant light, but does not fuse. In powder dissolves, but with difficulty, in muriatic acid. Localities. The Schischimskian moun- tains, near Slatoust, in the Ural, where it was first discovered by Lissensko. Gumush- dagh in Asia Minor, associated with Corun- dum, Unionville, Pennsylvania, U.S. Bra- zil, resembling Wavellite. Name. From we, water, and eeyiaros, clay. Hydrargyllite bears some resemblance in form to phosphate of lime; but is easily distinguished from it by inferior hardness. Brit. Mus., Case 19. HypRATE. oF ALumMINA. See DIAspore. HypratE OF MAcnesiA, Allan, Phillips. See Brucite. HypratED DEUTOXIDE OF MANGANESE, Turner. See MANGANITE. HypRATED IJoLiTE, or BONSDORFFITE. See Hyprous Io.itE. Hypro-aLuMiINous LEAD. See PLUMBO- RESINITE. HypRo-APATITE. Occurs in semi-trans- parent mammillary concretions, somewhat resembling Chalcedony. Hoo SG. 31. Comp. Ca3 P+Ca F+H. - Analysis : Phosphoric acid . : . 40:00 Lime . 4 . 5 ~ 4731 Calcium : : : 3°60 Fluorine 3°33 Phosphate of iron 0°43 5°30 100-00 Heated in a tube, decrepitates and disen- gages ammoniacal water. Locality. The Pyrenees, in fissures of a ferruginous-brown argillaceous rock. Name. From “we, water, and apatite. HyYDROBOROCALCITE, or HAYESINE. The mame (derived from we, water, boron, and calcium, lime), has reference to its che- mical composition. See HAYESINE. HYDROBORACITE, Hess, Dufrénoy, Brooke & Miller. Resembles in appearance a worm- eaten wood, and is riddled with small holes, Water . 4 - * P HYDROCARBONATE OF MAGNESIA. | which are filled with a mixture of clay and salt. Colour white, with red spots caused by the presence of iron. Structure radiating foliated, and resembling fibrous and foliated Gypsum. Transparent in thin plates. Hi. 2. S.G. 1°9 to 2. Comp. Hydrated borate of magnesia and” lime, or Cad B4 +Mg B4 +18H=lime 14:3, magnesia 10°3, boracie acid 47°7, water 27-7 =100°0 Analysis, by Hess: * time). i 13:30 Magnesia . : : . 10°45 Boracic acid q ‘ . 49°92 Water . 3 2 é - 26°33 100-00 BB fuses readily, with considerable loss - of water, to a clear glass, imparting at the same time a greenish colour to the flame. Yields borate of magnesia to boiling water, imparting to it an alkaline reaction. Very soluble in warm muriatic acid. Locality, The Caucasus. Name. The name (from we, water, and Boracite), has reference to its chemical com- position. “Hydroboracite may be distinguished from Gypsum, to which it bears a strong resem- blance, by its fusibility. HYDROBUCHOLZITE. Probably an altered or hydrous Kyanite, from Sardinia. HyprocatciTEe. Occurs in small rhom- bohedral crystals, and forming an incrusta- tion on wood under water. Colour whitish, bluish, greyish. Translu- cent. Easily broken. Fracture splintery. S.G. 2°58. Comp. CaC +5H=carbonate of lime 52°4, water 47°6=100. Analysis, from the Giants’ Causeway, by Da Costa: Lime . s ; 2 Carbonic acid 5 z : Silica . : é é se Alumina ‘ Water . 5 ‘ - oe e mn SoS 100°0 The water passes off, and the mineral be- comes anhydrous on exposure to the air. Locality, The Giant’s Causeway, on basalt. Name. From ¢éae, water, and calcite, Cale Spar. HyDROCARBONATE OF MAGNESIA, Thom- son. See HypDROMAGNESITE. ti HYDROCHLORE. HyYDROCHLORE, Hermann, CHLORE. Hyprowatite, Mitscherlich. A hydrous chloride of sodium. Comp. Na, Cl+4H= 62:0, water 38:0 = 100. The name is derived from #54, water, and &As, salt. Hyprouitt, Beudant, De Dree. HypDRo- LitH, Leman. Soda-Chabasite, or Gmelin- ite. See GMELINITE. See Pyro- chloride of sodium Fig. 239. The name (from 48a, water, and A/bos, stone) has reference to the large amount of water contained in the mineral. Brit. Mus., Case 27. HYDROMAGNESITE, v. Kobell. Oblique; in small crystals, which are generally aci- cular, or bladed and tufted. Also amor- phous or in chalk-like crusts. Colour and streak white. Lustre vitreous to sub- pearly; also earthy. Brittle. H. 3-3. 8.G. 2°14 to 2°18. Comp. 3(Mg G+H)+Mg H=magnesia 43°9, carbonic acid 36°3, water 19°8=100. Analysis, by Wachtmeister : Magnesia . 42°41 Carbonic acid . 36°82 Silica, oxide of iron, &c. 2°24 Water . : : . 18°53 100-00 BB infusible; gives off moisture, and is finally converted into pure magnesia. Dissolves in acids with effervescence. Swinaness, Isle of Unst, in the Shetlands, associated with Brucite. Hrub- schitz in Moravia, in Serpentine. Negro- pont, near Kumi. United- States, with Serpentine and Brucite, at Wood’s and Low’s Mines, near Texas, Pennsylvania. Hoboken, New Jersey, in acicular crystals like Natro- lite, and in earthy crusts. Name. From +e, water, and magnesite. Brit. Mus., Case 47. Hypromacnocatcit, Rammelsberg. A kind of Hydromagnesite, in which the mag- nesia is partly replaced by lime. It is found in spherical masses on Vesuvius. HyYDRO-NICKEL-MAGNESITE, Shepard. See PENNITE. HypropHANe. A variety of Opal which Localities, readily imbibes water and (though not } HYDROSILICITE. 185 naturally transparent) becomes so on being immersed in it. It is found in Hungary, and in Ireland. in small roundish masses in amygdaloid, of a brownish-white colour, near the Giants’ Causeway, and at Cross- reagh, parish of Ballywillin. Name. The name is derived from 42dee, water, and ¢uivw, to appear. It has also been called oculus mundi. Brit. Mus., Case 24. / HyYDROPHILITE, Glocker. A kind of Chlo- ride of Calcium, found occasionally in Kar- stenite and Gypsum, and in the matrix con- taining Boracite at Liineberg in Hanover, and also especially accompanying Rock Salt. Comp. CaCl, or chlorine 63°79, calcium 36:21 =100. Name. From ae, water, and ¢:20s,a friend. HYDROPHITE, Svanberg. Massive, some- times fibrous. Colour mountain-green to blackish-green, with a feeble subvitreous lustre. Translucent to opaque. Streak paler than the colour. H. 2-5. 8.G. 24 to 2°66. Comp. (Mg, Fe) Si+ Mg H. Analysis, from Hahee by Svanberg: Silica . : - - 36°29 Alumina 22 90 Protoxide of i iron 5 IPTG Protoxide of manganese 1°66 Magnesia - 21:08 Vanadic acid F sen Ostelt Water . 2 ‘ P - 16:08 100-75 BB turns black and becomes magnetic, and finally melts to a black globule. Locality. Taberg, in Smaoland, with Pi- crolite. Name. From 4we, water, and ophite. See also JENKINSITE. Brit. Mus., Case 35. HYDROSILICATE OF MANGANESE, Phillips. See OFSIMOSE. HYDROSILICITE, v. Waltershausen. A calcareo-magnesian form of altered Augite, occurring as a very thin snow-white and amorphous crust (with Herschelite, Phillip- site, and Calcite), coating cavities and cracks in tufa at Palagonia, and Aci Castello in Sicily. Fracture dull and uneven. H. scarcely that of chalk. S.G. 2°2. Comp. Hydrous Augite, or R5 Si2+ 3H. Analysis, by Waltershausen : Silica . 42°02 Alumina - 495 Lime . 27°19 Magnesia . : > 3°41 Soda . E y DST Potash . : “ ‘ a7 2°60 186 HYDROSTEATITE. Water and carbonic acid . 5:06 Insoluble . J ‘ Be ES) 100-0 Name. From dae, water, and silex. The name Hydrosilicite has also been given to Kerolite. HyprostEatite. A Steatite from Gép- fersgriin, containing, according to Klaproth, only 59°5 per cent. of silica. This variety is remarkable for containing pseudomor- phous crystals, probably after Quartz. Hyprotatrec, Necker. See PENNINE. Hyproracite, Hochstetter. A variety of Volknerite, in which part of the alumina is replaced by peroxide of iron. It is foli- ated pearly, with a greasy feel. Translu- cent, or transparent in thin folia. H. 2. Analysis, by Hochstetter : Alumina A A : - 12:00 Peroxide of iron . - . 6°90 Magnesia . : 5 - 36°20 Carbonic acid ‘ 4 . 10°54 Water . 5 : i . 32°06 Insoluble . 1-200 99-60 Locality. Snarum, in Norway. Name. From %0we, water, and talcite. Brit. Mus., Case 19. Hyprous ALUMINATE of LEAD, Smith- son. See PLUMBO-RESINITE. Hyprous ANTHOPHYLLITE, Thomson. This mineral has been re-examined by Smith & Brush, who found it to contain only 2°26 per cent. of water, instead of 11°45 per cent. as stated by Thomson. According to Dana, it is altered asbestiform Actinolite. Analysis, mean of two, by Smith & Brush : Silica . . : . 08°43 Magnesia : - . 29°34 Protoxide of iron. B 8-76 Soda . 0°88 Potash . . trace Alumina 5 : r . trace Water . A é i 2°26 99 67 Locahties. Girvan, in Argyleshire, in fibro-columnar masses, of a greyish-brown colour. New York Island. Hyprovus APATITE. See HYDRO-APATITE. Hyprovus Borate oF Live AND MAc- NESIA. See HyDROBORACITE. Hyprovus CARBONATE OF LIME, Scheerer. See HypROCALCITE. Hyprovus DipHosepHaTE or ALUMINA AND Maenesia, Thomson. See LAZuLire. Hyprovus louire, Bonsdorff. A variety HYPERSTHENE. of altered Iolite, occurring in regular six- sided and twelve-sided prisms, with a basal cleavage, which is sometimes perfect. Co- iour greenish-brown, with a pearly lustre. Translucent. Folia brittle. Rather harder than Calc-spar. Comp. Iolite + 6H. Analysis, by Bonsdorff : Silica . . : . 45:08 Alumina . ? 2 . 830-05 Magnesia . - 9-00 Protoxide of iron. . 25380) Water . : . 10°60 100-00 BB becomes paler but does not fuse. is not.completely decomposed by acids. ‘It Locality, Abo. Hyprovus Muscovire. See MARGARO- DITE. Hyprovus Ox1DE oF Iron, Phillips. See LIMONITE. Hyprous PHospHATE OF CopPER, Allan. See PHOSPHOCALCITE. Hyprovus Pyrites. A variety of white Iron Pyrites (Marcasite) containing water in a state of chemical combination. H. 3 to 4, §.G. 4:925 to 5. Locality. Moravia, Upper Silesia. Hyprous STeaTiTe. See SAPONITE. Hyprozincite. See Zinc BLoom. HyYPARGYRONBLENDE, JBreithaupt, or HyparGyriteE. i . trace Gold-sand, &c. . ! 2°34 98-45 Locality. The Alte Birke Mine, in the neighbourhood of Siegen, in Prussia, where a vein of Spathic Iron is broken through by basalt, and partly converted into Magnetic Iron-ore. (Gmelin. ) IRON- FLINT, Jameson. See FERRUGINOUS QUARTZ. See Micacrous [Ron-oRE. See SPECULAR TRON: FOAM. ITRON-GLANCE, Jameson. Tron. Tron Mica, Jameson. Micaceous Iron-ore. Sometimes found in small and extremely thin six-sided plates, which are translucent and display a dark red colour by trans- mitted light. The principal locality is Cattas Altas, in the Brazils. It generally, how- ever, occurs massive, and constitutes a valu- able ore of iron. Brit. Mus., Case 15. Tron Natrouite. A variety of Natrolite in which one-fourth of the alumina is re- placed by peroxide of iron. It occurs in dull green opaque prismatic crystals and semi-crystalline plates, with the Brevicite of Brevig, in Norway. H.5, S.G. 2°353. Analysis, by C. Bergemann : Silica . : : - Alumina . 18°94 Peroxide of iron . : mt tc49 Soda with a little potash .. 14:04 . 46°54 ISERINE. — Protoxide of iron. . . 2-40 Protoxide of manganese . 055 Water . gee 2 O37 99°33 TRON-NICKEL PyritEs. See SULPHIDE oF Iron and NICKEL. ‘ Tron OcurRE, or OcHREOUS IRON-ORE. See HEMATITE and LIMONITE. M. P. G. Principal Floor, Wall-cases 38 (EK. Indies) 49, No. 335. Tron Pyrites, Phillips. See Pyrires. Iron Roses. (Eisenrosen.) See Basano- MELANE. Iron Rotite. See GOruite. IRonsHOT CoPpPER GREEN, Jameson. An impure Chrysocolla. When the colour in- clines to brown the mineral is impure, - Tron Sinter, Allun. See PirricitTs. Iron Spar. An anhydrous carbonate of protoxide of iron. It occurs in rhombohe- dral forms, and is isomorphous with Calc- spar. See CHALYBITE. Iron VITRIOL, Jameson. See COPPERAS. IsERIN, Werner; ISERINE, Jameson, Bro- chant, Phillips. Cubical: in octahedrons, with the faces of the crystals uneven and rounded. Occurs in small obtuse angular grains, and in rolled pieces, with a some- what rough surface, or in the form of black sand in alluvium or in the beds of rivers; also massive and disseminated in basalt. Colour iron-black. Lustre submetallic. Opaque. Streak black. Brittle. Some grains of this mineral are strongly magnetic, some slightly, others not at all. H. 6 to 6:5. 8.G. 4°85 to 5:1. . Comp. 3Fe Ti+¥#e. Analysis, from Iserwiese, by Rammelsberg (small grains, §8.G. 4745): Titanic acid . 41°64 Oxide of iron . 26:82 Protoxide of iron . ‘: . 26°85 Do. of manganese : -. 1:00 Magnesia. = ° . 4°66 100:97 BB alone infusible. Localities. — British. The shore of the Mersey, nearly opposite Liverpool, and at Hunstanton, in Norfolk, mixed with Mag- netite; near the mouth of the river Don, Aberdeenshire ; in minute octahedrons among boulders at Ballygrogan, Mull of Can- tyre. Inthe trap rocks of Arthur’s Seat, near Edinburgh; on the shore of Loch Trista, one of the Shetlands.—foreign. Unkel, on the Rhine, and on Etna, in basalt; also in ISOMETRIC COBALT PYRITES. Bohemia, Saxony, Calabria, and near Puy- de-Dome, in France. This mineral was first found disseminated in granite-sand, in the Risengebirge of Silesia, near the source of the stream called the Iser, whence the name Iserine. Brit. Mus., Case 37. IsoMETRIC CoBALT PyxRITEs, Mohs. LINNAITE. IsopHANE, Berthier. See FRANKLINITE. IsopyRE, Turner, Phillips; IsopyRic QuaRTz, Haidinger. Occurs in compact amorphous masses, of a greyish or velvet- black colour, and occasionally spotted red like Heliotrope. Lustre vitreous. Opaque, or faintly translucent at the thinnest edges. Streak pale greenish-grey. Brittle. Frac- ture flat-conchoidal. Slightly magnetic. H. 6 to 6°5. S.G. 2°9 to 8. Comp. Ca Si+(Al, Fe) Si=silica 49°66, alumina 13°78, peroxide of iron 21-51, lime 15:05=100. Analysis, from Cornwall, by Turner : Silica . : F 09 See Winns <<... 1891 Peroxide of iron . ‘ . 20:07 ime: . ‘ f ; 5 liek: Oxide ofcopper . . 1:94 98°44. BB fuses readily to a magnetic globule. On platinum colours the flame green. De- composed by the acids imperfectly and with difficulty, but easily and completely decom- posed by alkaline carbonates. Localities. Near St. Just and Penzance, in Cornwall, forming compact masses, some- times two inches thick, in granite. It is associated with Tourmaline and Tin Stone. Name. From ‘cs, equal, and ze, fire, the effect produced on it B.S being similar to that produced on several other minerals. Isopyre bears a strong resemblance to Obsidian, but may be distinguished from it by a fainter and less vitreous lustre. IspADRAN. A name that has been given to Copper Pyrites, from the district of the Keradagh, in Persia, between Tabriz and the Caspian. | TTaLIAN CHRYSOLITE. The name by which the Italian Idocrase, which is cut at Naples, is commonly called. IrTNERITE, Gmelin, Leonhard. Cubical: IXOLYT. 198 Comp. (Na, Ca)s Si+3Al Si+ 6H, with some Na Cl and Ca 8. Analysis, by Gmelin : Silica . ; : A . 34:02 Sulphuric acid “hye Se a 2:86 Alumina § ‘ - 28°40 Peroxide of iron . - - 0°62 Lime . Q A i fe Soda . F 2 Beis 5s Potash . A : 1:56 Muriatic acid ; 0°75 Water and sulphuretted hy- drogen. - < . 10°76 98°36 BB when gently heated it becomes covered with blue spots like stars. Alone, on charcoal, swells up strongly, and fuses readily, with evolution of sulphurous acid, to a blistered enamel. With borax and mi- crocosmic salt, it yields a transparent glass, in the latter case containing a skeleton of silica. Dissolves quickly in: muriatic acid, with evolution of sulphuretted hydrogen, and for- mation of a siliceous jelly. (C. Gmelin.) Localities. The Kaiserstuhl, near Frei- burg, in dolerites; also at Sasbach and Thringen. Name. After the discover, Von Ittner. IwAARITE, Nordenskiild. A mineral hay- ing apparently the characters of Schorlo- mite. It occurs either in cubical crystals or massive, and contains much titanium. Colour lustrous iron - black, like black or crystallized Melanite, with a grey streak. Comp. Ca3 Sit ¥e Si+31 12. BB fuses to a black glass. Locality. Twaara, in the Kunsamo Kirch- spiel, in Finland. Ix10LITE. The name given by Nordens- kidld to the variety of Tantalite found only near Skogbéle, in the diocese of Kimito in Finland. It usually occurs in rectangu- lar prisms of a blackish-grey to steel-grey colour, with a weak metallic lustre. Streak brown. H.6 to 65. 8.G. 7 to 7°25. It was formed into a separate species in consequence of the large quantity of tin and manganese it contains. Ixoiyt, Haidinger. IxotyTE, Dana. A bituminous mineral closely resembling Har- ___ primary form a rhombic dodecahedron. Oc- curs granularly massive, with an indistinct _ dodecahedral cleavage. Colour dark bluish- orash-grey. Lustre resinous. Translucent. racture imperfect-conchoidal. H. 5d. 8.G. tite, but differing in the temperature at which it fuses, as well as in other respects. Amorphous. Colour hyacinth-red. Lustre greasy. Subtranslucent in thin fragments. Crumbles to powder between the fingers, becomes ochre yellow and yellowish-brown, oO 194 JACINTH. Fracture imperfect-conchoidal. H.1. S.G. 1008. At 169° F. becomes soft, retains its tena- city at 212° F., whence the name 4, glue, and av, to dissolve. Locality. A bed of bituminous coal at Oberhart, near Gloggnitz, in Austria. Brit. Mus., Case 60. ip : JACINTH, or JACYNTH. See HYACINTH. JADE, JADE ASCIEN, JADE DE LA CHINE, JaDb NEPHRITIQUE, Haiiy. See NEPHRITE. JADE DE SAUSSURE. See JADE TENACE, Haiiy. § SAUSSURITE. The French word Jade is supposed by Estner to be derived from the name Jyzda, by which it is called in India. Jas, French. See JET. JALPAITE, Breithaupt. Cubical. Colour blackish lead-grey. 8.G. 6°877 to 6°89. Comp. Cupriferous Silver Glance, repre- sented by the formula (Ag +4Cu) S. Analysis, by RB. Richter :. Sulphur : . 5 . 14:36 Silver . ». Lol Copper . . 13:12 Iron. : E : ny RORAO 100-00 Name. From Jalpa. its locality in Mexico. JAMESONITE, Dufrénoy, Greg & Letisom, Haidinger, Phillips. _Rhombic: _ primary form a right rhombic prism. Occurs in acicular crystals, or in fibrous masses, with a columnar structure, and composed of straight and parallel or divergent particles. Colour and streak steel-grey. Lustre metallic. Opaque. Sectile, H. 2 to 2°5. $.G. 5° to 58. Fig. 245. Comp. Sulphantimonite of lead, or 3Pb S 2Sb'S, or Pb3, Sb2=sulphur 20-2, anti- mony 36:2, lead 43°6=100. Analysis, from Cornwall, by H. Rose: Sulphur : 5 app) Antimony . : . 34:40 eae sh, oe ee SOLO fron : : 2°30 Copper . rs ° 0°13 99°73 JARGON. BB in an open tube affords dense white fumes of oxide of antimony. On charcoal, decrepitates, fuses readily, and almost en- tirely passes off in fumes, depositing a subli- mate of the oxide of lead and antimony, and leaving a slag containing iron. Soluble in warm muriatic acid. Localities.— English. Cornwall ; near Pad- stow; Huel Lee, near Calstock; Port Quin Cliffs and Trevinnock, near Endellion; Port: Tsaac, Pendogget.—Foreign. Siberia. Hun- gary, disseminated in Cale Spar. Spain. Brazil, &c. Name. After Professor Jameson, of Edin- burgh. The perfect cleavage at right angles to the axis of the prism is very characteristic of Jamesonite, and is sufficient to distin- guish it from those minerals which it may resemble in other respects. Brit. Mus., Case 11. M. P. G. Principal Floor, Wall-case 14 (British). JANOLITE, La Metherie. See AXINITE. JARGIONITE *, C. Bechi. A variety of Ga- lena, from Tuscany, containing antimony and silver. It is near the Bleischweif of the Germans, and may be identical with Stein- mannite, like which it occurs crystallized in octahedrons. Analysis, from Argentiera, in the Val di Castello, by Becht: Sulphur : ° 5 . 15°62 Lead . 3 4 . 62:90 Antimony . 5 . . Ome Iron . é = UZ Coppet <4. A 111 Zime . é ; 2 1:33 Silver . : 4 z <. Ora 98°22 JARGON, or JARGOON. The name given Fig. 246. to a Cingalese variety of Zircon. It isseldom perfectly transparent, and is either colour- less or grey, with tinges of green, blue, red, * The first notice of this mineral appeared in the American Journal of Science and Arts ([2] vol. xvi. p. 60), spelt as above. Most likely (as suggested by Mr. Warington Smyth), the name ought to be Targionite (after Targioni Tozzetti, the Italian geologist), in which case the error pro- bably originated ina mistake on the part of the printer, in misreading Jinthe MS.for T., — JAROSITE. and yellow of various shades, but generally smoky and ill-defined. It occurs in worn angular pieces, or in small detached crystals, rarely exceeding 6 or 8 carats in weight, chiefly in the sand of a river in Ceylon, ac- companied by Sapphire, Spinelle, Tourma- line, &c. _ The surfaces of the crystals are smooth, and possess a lustre approaching nearer to that of the Diamond than any other gem. About the commencement of the last cen- tury, when the Jargoon was supposed to be an inferior variety of Diamond, it was in great request, especially for mourning orna- ments, for which it was considered to be peculiarly appropriate, on account of its sombre tone, and almost adamantine lustre. Ait the present day, though out of fashion, and in no request, it is still occasionally sold for inferior diamonds. Dr. J. Davy says, that the very light grey ‘varieties of the Zircon are sold by the in- habitants of Ceylon as imperfect diamonds, the natives being altogether ignorant of the true nature of the mineral. It is most abundant in the district of Matura, whence it has its common name in Ceylen of Ma- tura diamond. The colourless Zircon is also cut and sold as a false diamond in the bazaars of India. (Prinsep.) MM. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, No. 846. JAROSITE, Breithaupt. A potash copperas. Hexagonal. Cleavage basal. Colour yel- ‘lowish. Comp. KS+4¥eS+ 6H (+ eH). Ram- melsberg. Analysis, by Richter : Sulphuric acid . “ Be) Peroxide of iron . , + 6 Alumina : ae Potash with a little soda ‘ Water . < 2 F é Locality. Baranco Jaroso, in the Sierra _ Almagrera, in Spain. JASP-OPAL. See OPAL-JASPER. JASPACHATES, The name by which Jas- per-agate was known to the ancients. -JAsPE RuBANE, Brochant. See Rippon JASPER. JASPER. A compact variety of Quartz, usually of a dull red, yellow, brown, or green colour, sometimes blue or black, and distinguished from other varieties of Quartz by its complete opacity, even in very thin slices. Jasper is frequently merely a form of silex rendered opaque either from alteration or JEFFERSONITE. 195 by the addition of a certain quantity of red oxide of iron, or the hydrate of that oxide. When the colours are arranged in stripes, it is called striped or ribbon- jasper. Egyptian Jasper occurs in the form of peb- bles on the banks of the Nile, and is zoned with red and various shades of wood-brown fancifully intermixed with, and contrasted by, paler cream-coloured portions. Porcelain Jasper is altered (or baked) clay, differing from true Jasper in being fusible at the edges BB. Yellow Jasper is found at Vourla, in the Bay of Smyrna, and pebbles of Red Jasper on the plains of Argos. Jasper is susceptible of a brilliant polish, and is manufactured into brooches, brace- lets, snuff-boxes, vases, knife-handles, and other ornamental articles. It occupied the twelfth place amongst the precious stones which were ordered to be placed on the breast-plate of the High Priest of the Jews, and bore the name of Benjamin engraved upon it. (Exodus XXvili. 20.) See also Hzekiel xxviii. 13; Revives Sexa- der 20: Name. The word Jasper is derived from “Iaonss, the name given by the ancients not only to the Jasper of the moderns, but to some other stones not of the true Jasper kind. “* Bright are the jasper’s* tints, with clouds, And spots, and diverse stripes, and splendid veins Of green and various hues ; in mass opaque, But in thin fragments pervious to the light : With earthy fracture angularly sharp, Less hard than flint, but striking fire with steel. Jasper in large elliptic masses oft Occurs, or nodes detached, or rocks entire, To which Egyptian pebble’s near allied.” Brit. Mus., Case 24, M. P.G. Horse-shoe Case, Nos. 563 t 068. JASPERY JRON ORE, or JASPERY CLAY- IRON. An earthy variety of Hematite, hav- ing a firmer structure than Reddle or Red Chalk, and a large and flat conchoidal frac- ture. JAULINGITE. A mineral resin, found be- tween the layers of a kind of pine-tree at the lignite mine of Jauling, near Saint Veit in Austria. JAy. A name given by the colliers in Derbyshire to Cannel Coal. See Jer. Jayet, Haiiy. See JEr. JEAT, Woodward. See Jer. JEFFERSONITE, Phillips. A variety of Pyroxene, occurring in foliated or crystal- * Werneria, or Short Characters of Earths, Terre Filius. 1805. a O by 196 J EFREINOWITE. line masses, of a dark olive-green colour, passing into brown, with a semimetallic lustre on the planes of cleavage, on the cross fracture resinous. Translucent at the edges. Yields to mechanical division in three di- rections. H. about 4°5. S.G. 3:6. Comp. (Ca, Fe, Me, Zn)s Siz, Analysis, by Hermann : Silica . ° . 49°91 Alumina. ; 5) ees Lime . 15°48 Protoxide of manganese 7:00 Oxide of zinc . - 4:39 Protoxide of iron - 10°53 Magnesia 0 8:18 Loss by ignition. 5 a0 98°62 BB fuses readily to a black globule. Par- tially soluble in heated muriatic acid. Locality. Mine Hill, and Franklin iron- works, near Sparta, in Sussex County, New Jersey, associated with Franklinite and Garnet. Name. In honour of Jefferson, President of the United States. Brit. Mus., Case 34. JEFREINOWITE. - 20°49 ,') Oxygen 5:29 a 100-23 or. KIDNEY-STONES. 201 BB fuses very readily, sinking into the pores of the charcoal, and volatilizing in dense clouds. Becomes covered with a white coating when immersed in nitric acid. Localities.— British. New Cumnock, Ayr- shire, in capillary fibres, with Grey Anti- mony.—Foreign. Malaczka, near Posing, in Hungary, in veins with Quartz and Grey and White Antimony. Braunsdorf, near Freyberg, in Saxony. Allemont, in Dau- phiné. ; Kermesite results from the decomposition of Grey Antimony. Brit. Mus., Case 38. Kerouits, Breithaupt. Is found in kid- ney-shaped masses, which have a lamellar or compact structure, and a white, yellow, or green colour. Lustre vitreous or resinous. Transparent or translucent at the edges. Feels greasy, but does not adhere to the tongue. Streak white. Fracture conchoi- dal. H. 2 to 2°5. S.G. 2 to 2:4. Comp. Sesquihydrate of silicate of mag- nesia, or 2Mg Si+ 3H. Analysis, from Zoéblitz, by Kuhn : Silica . . 46°96 Magnesia . . 31:26 Water . 5 PY 99°44 BB becomes black, but does not fuse. Localities. Zoblitz, in Saxony, and Fran- kenstein, in Silesia, asseciated with Serpen- tine. Name. From zxes, wax, and Aisles, stone. Brit. Mus., Case 25. Kevin. A Derbyshire mining term for a sparry substance found in the vein and com- posed of Cale-spar, Fluor, and Barytes. KIBDELOPHAN, Beudant, Hausmann. A titaniferous iron from Gastein. Occurs in crystals, having the form of IImenite and Tron Glance, but generally massive or in thin plates or lamine. Slightly magnetic. H. 5 to 55. S8.G. 4°66. Analysis, by v. Kobell : Titanic acid . - 59:00 Protoxide of iron , . 36°00 Peroxide of iron .. 4:25 Protoxide of manganese . 165 100°90 Kibdelophane is the Axotomous Iron of v. Kobell. See ILMENITE and TITANATE OF IRON. Brit. Mus., Case 37. Kipneéy-stTones. A local name for small | hard nodules, not unlike septaria, composed 202 KIESEL. of reddish-brown clay, with veins of Calc Spar, which are washed out of the cliffs on the north shore of Weymouth, in Dorset- shire. KigsEL, German for silica or flint. KIESELGALMEY. Siliceous oxide of Zinc. See SMITHSONITE. KIESELKUPFER, v. Leonhard. ) See CHRY- KIESELMALACHIT, Hausmann. } SOCOLLA. KIESELMANGAN. See RHODONITE. KIESELSINTER, Werner. See SILICEOUS SINTER. KIESELSPATH, Hausmann. See ALBITE. KIESELWISMUTH, Leonhard. See Euty- TINE. KIESELZINKERZ, G. Rose. Siliceous oxide of Zinc. See SMITHSONITE. KILBRICKENITE, Apjohn. A bluish-grey variety of Geocronite, from Kilbricken, Clare co., Ireland. H. 2 to 2°5. S.G. 6-407. Analysis, by Apjohn : JE CENO ET AOE ahs cites - 68°87 Antimony . 14:39 Tiron, 3... ; : 5 - 0°38 Sulphur : . 16°36 100-00 Dissolves slowly in warm muriatic acid. KILKENNY Coat, Brochant. See ANTHRA- CITE. KILuiniteE, Thomson. acme massive, with the occasional appearance of prisms. Colour pale green, sometimes stained brown or yellow. ‘Lhe coating which arises from decomposition yields an argillaceous odour when breathed on, and imparts a brownish- yellow stain to the granite. Structure Jamellar. Lustre glimmering. Translucent. Yields to the knife. Brittle and easily fran- gible. Fracture fine-grained. H. 4, S8.G. 2° ie to 2°75. ‘Comp. (R Si+ Al Si3) + 8H =silica 51°12, alumina 28°37, potash 13°04, water 7: AT == 100) _ Analysis, from Victoria Castle, near Kil- liney, by Galbraith : Silica .- i 6 . 50°45 Alumina 5 i G . 30°13 Protoxide of iron. 5 Bays: Magnesia . : 1:09 Potash. a ‘ A-81 Soda . : 5 5 0°95 Water . é 3 : 7°58 98°54 . BB loses colour and whitens, intumesces, and fuses to a white enamel. Localities.—TIrish. Killiney Hill, and near Dalkey and Scalp, near Dublin. KNEBELITE. Killinite is considered by Dana to be an altered form of Spodumene, and by Blum and Haidinger an altered Iolite. The ab-. sence cf a basal termination distinguishes, itfrom Iolite, and the absence of lithia from. Spodumene. KILPATRICK QUARTZ, Thomann: Quartz found in the amygdaloid of the Kilpatrick hills, near Dumbarton. It occurs in small,’ white and translucent spherical masses, con- sisting of fibrous and radiated crystals, which are terminated at their outer ex- tremities; also fibro-massive, and of a pale’ flesh-colour, accompanied by Stilbite, Na- trolite, and other zeolitic minerals. KirWANITE, Thomson. Probably a variety of Green Earth. Occurs in small nodules of a dark olive green colour, with a fibrous tex- ture, and a somewhat radiated structure. Opaque. H.2. 8.G,. 2-941. Comp. 8R2 Si+Al Si+2H. Rammelsberg.: Analysis, by Thomson ; Silica . 6 Hi 4 . 40°5 Alumina ‘ P = dee Protoxide of iron . . 24:0 Lime . , 3 . 19°38 Water . : f A 4:3 : 100°0 BB blackens and partially fuses; with’ soda or borax forms a dark brown glass. Localities.—Irish. Antrim, in basalt and’ amygdaloid; Glasdrumman, Kilkeel, and. Dunmore Head, Co. Down. — Name. ‘After Richard Kirwan, of Dublin,. a distinguished mineralogist of the latter part of the last century. ; KLAPROTHINE, Brooke & Miller, Beudant. See LAZULITE. Kuinocias, Breithaupt. Kiinocuasb, Brooke Miller, Nicol. *f Cravoctase, KwNAuFFITE. See VOLBORTHITE. KNEBELITE, Lenz. Probably a ferru- ginous Tephroite. Massive, with an uneven and cellular surface. Colour grey, spotted with dirty white, brownish-red, brown, and green. Lustre glistening to dull. Opaque. Brittle, and difficultly frangible. Fracture subconchoidal. Hard. §.G. 3°714. Comp. (Fe, Mn)3 ‘Si=where Fe and Mn are in equal proportions. Analysis, by Dobereiner ; See Silica - 825 Protoxide of manganese . 30°0 Protoxide of iron . . 32°0, 99°5 KNITS. _ BB alone unaltered; with borax fuses to a dark olive-green pearl. Decomposed by muriatic acid, with sepa- ration of silica. Locality. Unknown. Name. After Major von Knebel, who gave the mineral to Dobereiner. Knits.. A mining term in Derbyshire for small particles of lead ore. KoBALDINE, KoBoLDINE, Beudant. LINNAITE. KoBALT - BESCHLAG, Kersten. CoBauT CoaATING. KoBaLt- BLUTHE, Buioom. See EryTHRINE. KoBALTGLANZ, Hausmann. See CoBAL- TINE. KOBALTSULFURET, Rammelsberg. See SYEPOoRITE. KopeE ite, Sdtterberg. Colour dark lead- grey, like Grey Antimony, but with a brighter lustre. Streak black. Structure radiated. Soft. §.G. 6:29 to 6°32. Comp. Sulphobismuthate of lead, or 2Pb3, Sb+3Pb3, Bi ( Rammelsberg). Analysis, from Nerike, by Satterberg : Sulphur. i : 17°86 Antimony . . « 924 Bismuth . ss fs . 27°05 Lead : : « 40°12 icon: *. ¢ , 5 2a 2596 Copper. : 0°80 Matrix. F A 5 . 1:45 99-49 BB fuses with strong intumescence at first, but afterwards quietly, and becomes surrounded with a yellow glass. Jn the inner flame fumes strongly, and yields a white metallic globule. Soluble in concentrated muriatic acid, with evolution of sulphuretted hydrogen. Locality. The Cobalt mines of Sweden. _ Name. After Von Kobell. Brit. Mus., Case 11. KoBoLDBLUTHE, THRINE. Kocusauz, Werner. See Rocksaut. Konur, German. See Coat. KoHLENBLENDE, v. Leonhard. See An- THRACITE. Werner. See Ery- Kou Lensaures Bet, v. Leonhard. Car- | bonate of lead. See CERUSITE. _ Kowuensaures MancGan, v. Leonhard. Carbonate of manganese. See CALAMINE. Koxxouitu, Werner. See Cocco.rrs. Koxscyarovite, WN. Nordenskiild. A See Cobalt Bloom, containing free arsenous acid. See Hausmann; COBALT KOREITE. » 203, mineral occurring in crystalline masses, with cleavage in two directions. Colourless to brown. Lustre approaching to adaman-. tine, when colourless. H. 5 to 5:5. Name. After Nicolai von Kokscharow, the crystallographer of St. Petersburg. Kouuyrite, Friesleben. See CoLLYRITE. KoLopHoNIT. See COLOPHONITE. KonicHatcit, Breithaupt. See Cont- CHALCITE. Konieine, Levy; Konicire, Beudant. A variety of Brochantite. Colour emerald- or blackish-green. ‘Transparent. Cleaves with facility parallel to the base of a rhom- boidal prism, which is the primary form. H. 2 to 3. Comp. Sulphuric acid, oxide of copper, — and water. Localities. Watherinenburg and Wer- choturi, in Siberia. Name. After Konig, late keeper of the Minerals in the British Museum. Brit. Mus., Case 58. Konuite, Schritter ; KONLEINITE, Kenn- gott. A mineral resembling Scheererite, oc- curring in thin white plates and grains, composed of an aggregation of crystalline scales, in Brown Gell Soft. S.G. 0°88. Comp. C? H. Analysis, by Trommsdonif Carbon A Hydrogen . 6 ° . 100-00 Localities. Near Redwitz, in Bavaria; and at Uznach, near St. Gallen, in Switzerland ; in Brown Coal. Koopiuirz, Dufrénoy. Is merely Thom- sonite mixed with silica. Occurs in isolated grains, cemented together, and of a reddish- grey colour. Korkire, Beudant, Dufrénoy ; Korire. A hydrous Labradorite, occurring in dull brown grains. It has the same composition as Sideromelane, with which it is associated, except that it contains water. Comp. R Si+® Si+3H. Analysis, by v. TRACY 3 : - 44:07 Silica - i Alumina : 3 é . 12:00 - Peroxide of iron . < . 19°47 Lime . : : : a) Osos Magnesia... . 4:95 Soda . ; 0 $ - 0-70 Potash . 3 5 ‘ . O44 Water . a 6 5 « eee °100°00° Localities. Nagyag. China. 204 © KORUND. KoruND, Werner. See CoRuNDUM. Korticire, Dana. Oblique: occurs mas- sive, or in fibrous crusts. Colour various shades of pale carmine and peach-blossom red. Lustre of surface of fracture silky. Translucent. Streak reddish-white. H. 2°5 tols: 8-G..371: Comp. Analogous to Cobalt Bloom, with which it is likewise isomorphous. (Zn, Co, Ni)> As+8H. Analysis, by Kottig: Arsenic acid (by pede wold, Oxide of zinc 5 BURY Oxide of cobalt . 3 6°91 Oxide of nickel 2°00 Lime . A : ° trace Water . 5 5 é : 23°40- 100-00 BB on charcoal in the outer flame changes colour and fuses to a pearl, gives off arseni- cal fumes, and leaves a slag of oxide of zinc. Readily soluble in dilute acids. Locality. The Cobalt mine Daniel, near Schneeberg, in Saxony. Name. After the discoverer, Otto Kottig. KovupHo.ite, Vauquelin. A variety of Prehnite, often containing dust or vegetable matter, which cause it to blacken and emit a burnt odour BB. Analysis, by Walmstedt ; Silica . P “ : . 44-71 Alumina s2a99 Peroxide of manganese 0-19 Protoxide of iron . 1:25 Lime . 25°41 Water . ; 3 x 5 ges 100°00 Locality. Mont Blanc. Name. From e¢os, light, and Aits, stone. Brit. Mus., Case 28. KRABLITE, Forchammer. A siliceo-fel- spathic mineral allied to Spherulite, and forming the basis of the trachyte, Pitch- stone, and Obsidian of Iceland. H. 6. S.G. 2°57 to 2°65. Comp. (R+Al) Si®. Analysis, by Fores (S.G. 2°389) : Silica . 74°83 Alumina 5 . 13°49 Peroxide ofiron . : - 4:40 Lime . 4 5 1:98 Magnesia . : . ye UR Ee Soda 5 5°56 Potash . A - 3 . trace 100°43 KUBIZIT. KRaAnTzitTE, C. Bergemann. A fossil resin, occurring in grains and roundish pieces in the Brown Coal of Lattorf. Colour yellow- ish, but mostly brown to black, owing to the presence of earthy impurities. Elastic. Easily cut. §.G. 0-968; of the crust 1-002. Fuses at 225° C. (437° F.) without changing colour; becomes fluid at 288° C. (550°4° F.) and at 300° C. (572° F.), then distils over a brownish oil, having a very disagreeable and penetrating odour. Name. After Dr. Krantz, of Bonn. KRAURITE, Brochant, See DUFRENITE. KreittTonitE, A black Spinel. §.G. 4°49. Comp. Zn Al + Fe ¥e, or (Zn, Fe) (Al ¥e). Analysis, by v. Kobell: Alumina - 49°73 Peroxide of iron . - / Oa0 Oxide of zine - 26°%2 Protoxide of iron . 804 Protoxide of manganese 1:45 Magnesia . - “ . 341 98°05 Locality. Bodenmais, in Bavaria. KremersiTe. A mineral allied to Syl- vine, occurring in ruby-red octahedrons on Vesuvius. Comp. 2(K, Am, Na) Cl+Fe Cl5+2H. Analysis, by Renae Chlorine » ood Tron ; B - 16°89 Potassium . Z y 220m Sodium is A 0°16 Ammonium . 6°17 Water . 3 - 5 9°56 100-00 Jame. After Kremers. KREUZSTEIN, Werner. Cross-stone. HARMOTOME. KRISOBERIL, BERYL. KrisoniruH, Werner. See CHRYSOLITE. KRISUVIGITE, Forchammer. 4-682 Lime . é 3 2) UZ Protoxides of iron and man- ganese . : : - 0°430 Muriatic acid 0°604 Water 5 . 45°450 99-740 Locality. Near Iquique, in Peru. South Africa. MAGNESIA-GLIMMER, BIOTITE. MAGNESIA-HYDRAT, Macynesta-mica, WVicol. MAGNESIAN CARBONATE OF LIME. DOLOMITE. MAGNESIAN PHARMACOLITE. See Kunn- ITE: MAGNESIE BoratEs, Haiiy. See Bora- CITE. Macnyksize HypRrATe&eE, Haiiy. See Bru- CITE. Naumann. See See Brucire. See BIoTITE. See MAGNETITE. MAGNESIE HYDRATEE cea ISE See MARMOLITE. MaeneEste NITRATEE, Dufrénoy. NITROMAGNESITE. Macnisip PHOSPHATEE, Dufréncy. WAGNERITE. MAGNESIE SULFATEE, Haiis y. See Epsom- ITE. MAGNESITE, Thomson. See MEERSCHAUM. MAGNESITE, v. Leonhard. Hexagonal. Cleavage rhombohedral, perfect. Also amor- phous, massive, compact, and sometimes in radiating groups. Colour white, greyish- ‘white, or yellowish, with blackish-brown markings. Lustre vitreous. Transparent to opaque. Somewhat meagre to the touch. Adheres to the tongue. Fracture flat-con- choidal. H, 3:5 to 4°5. 8.G. 2°8 to 3056. Comp. Carbonate of magnesia, Mg C= magnesia 47°62, carbonic acid 52°38=100. Analysis, by Stromeyer + Magnesia. : - 47°64 Carbonic acid : sy . D0RtS Water and impurities . meee bcs | 100-00 BB infusible. Dissolves slowly, with slight effervescence, | in nitric or dilute sulphuric acid. Localities. Gulsen Mountains in Upper Styria, in Serpentine, with Bronzite. Hrub- schitz in Moravia. Baumgarten in Silesia. Baldissero and Castellamonte in Piedmont. »| Vallecas, near Madrid. Madras. United States. Canada, forming an immense bed at Bolton. Brit. Mus., Case 47. MaGnesitic OPHIOLITE. The name pro- posed by T. Sterry Hunt for those varieties of Serpentine which contain Magnesite in- timately mixed with the rock. MAGNETEISENSTEIN, Werner. MAGNETIC: Tron, Allan. MAGNETIC IRoN-ORE; MAcG- NETIC IRON-STONE, Jameson, Kirwan. See MAGNETITE. MaGnNetic Pyrires, Jameson, Kirwan, Phillips. See PyRRHOTINE. MaAGnetitE, Haidinger. Cubical. Occurs in regular octahedrons ; structure imperfectly 2S AS | os SES 270 _ Fig. 272. _ Fig. 273. lamellar, parallel to the planes of the oct dron. Also earthy, compact, g granular See. pt) GNETKIES. ellar. Colour iron-black. Lustre metal- or submetallic. Opaque. Streak black. Brittle. Fracture uneven or conchoidal, with a spiendent lustre. Strongly magnetic, especially when massive, and sometimes ex- | hibits polarity. H. 5°5 to 6°d. 8.G, 4°9 to 5:2. Comp. Fe Fe=protoxide of iron 30:97, peroxide of iron 96:03, or iron 71°68, oxygen 28°32 =100. BB turns brown and loses its influence on the magnet, but fuses with difficulty. Soluble in heated muriatic acid, but not in nitric acid. Localities —English. Cornwall: Trelus- well, near Penryn; Roche and occasionally at St. Agnes, Huel Harmony and Fowey Consols. Haytor in Devonshire, with Felspar and Hornblende. — Scotch. Portsoy in Banffshire. Unst and other places in the Shetlands. East Rona, one of the He- brides, in granite, fig.272. Near Loch Long, &c.— Jrish. Ballycoog, co. Wicklow. In amygdaloid at Muck and Magee Islands, co. Antrim, figs. 271, 273, containing 2-00 per cent. of magnesia and 0:23 oxide of manganese. (Dr. Andrews). — Foreign. The ore of Arendal in Norway, and of nearly all the celebrated iron mines of Sweden, con- sists of massive Magnetite. Dannemora, and the hill of Taberg in Smaoland, are almost entirely composed of it; and it is stated by Jameson that the loose masses found at the base of the latter hill have fur- nished materials for extensive iron-works for upwards of 150 years. Kurunavara and Gellivara in Lapland. Normark in Wermland in splendid dodecahedral crystals. Neudeck in Bohemia. Hungary. The Tyrol. Saxony. Silesia. The Harz. Traversella in Piedmont. St. Gotthardt, Switzerland. Puy in France. Vesuvius, in ejected masses. Elba. Corsica. The East Indies. PuchamancheinChili. United States. The Canadas, &c. New Zealand, in the form of sand, derived from the de- composition of trachytic rocks, The most powerful natural magnets are found in compact or earthy amorphous masses in Siberia, Sweden, Elba, and the Harz. See LopDESTONE. Brit. Mus., Case 14. M. P. G. Principal floor, Wall-cases 47 (British) ; 18 (Foreign); 39 (KE. Indies). Maaenerxizs, Werner. See PyRRHOTINE. MaGNOFERRITE. The name given by _.Rammelsberg to the octahedral iron which oceurs interlaminated with Hematite, in the fumaroles formed at Vesuvius after the tion of 1855. S8.G. 4°56 to 4°838. ' MALACHITE. Comp. Mg? ¥et. Analysis, by Rammelsberg : Peroxide of iron . Magnesia . : - 82°91 . 13°60 Oxide of copper . i = 10:99 Insoluble. : ‘ 2°51 10001 MALaAcuitE, Jameson, Brochant, Kirwan, Beudant. Oblique. Primary form a right rhombic prism, in twins, fig. 274. Rarely occurs crystallized, but generally massive, with a globular, reniform, botryoidal or stalactitic surface; frequently fibrous and banded in colour; often granular or earthy. Colour various shades of bright green, ex- hibiting all degrees of translucency down to complete opacity. Lustre of crystals ada- mantine, inclining to vitreous; of fibrous varieties, silky. Streak paler than the co- lour. Brittle. Fracture imperfect-conchoi- dal touneven, H.35to4. S.G. 3-7 to 4. Fig. 274, Comp. Carbonate of copper, Cu2 C =prot- oxide of copper 71:9, carbonic acid 19-9, water 8°2=100, Analysis, by Phillips : Carbonic acid - : 3 Soo Protoxide ofcopper . 22 Water . hirer Fides! ah bei 100:0 BB alone infusible ; decrepitates and turns black. With borax readily affords a glo- bule of copper, and colours the flux green. Soluble with effervescence in acids, and forms a blue solution with ammonia. Localities.— English. Common in Corn- wall, associated with Red Oxide of Cop- per. Cumberland; botryoidal at Huel Ed- ward; crystallized (fig. 274), acicular, and fibrous, at Red G#ll, Haygill, and Roughten Gill, near Hesket Newmarket, and at Mex- ico Mine.— Scotch. The old copper mine, Sandlodge, in Mainland, one of the Shet- lands, in fine acicular crystals, &c.— Irish. Audley Mines, and Coosheen, near Skull, co. Cork. Limerick, &c.— Foreign. Compact at Schwatz in the Tyrol. Fibrous abund- antly in Siberia, Chessy in France, Crys- tallized near Siegen in Prussia, Spain. Q 226 MALACHITE. United States. Cuba. Chili. §S, Africa. Mines at Bembe in Western Africa. Name. From “eréyn, the marsh-mallow ; on account of its resemblance in colour to the leaves of that plant. Malachite is a copper-stalactite, or stalag- mite. Independently of its value as an ore of copper, Malachite is used as a green pig- ment under the name of emerald-green. It is also in great request for ornamental pur- poses, on account of the variety and beauty of its markings, and the high degree of polish of which it-is susceptible. Its soft- ness, however, renders it of less value than it otherwise would bein jewelry. The com- pact specimens are worked into snuff-boxes, vases, &c.; and at St. Petersburg large tables are made by joining pieces of the stone so as to render the concentric lines continuous. Very fine specimens of Mala- chite ornaments were contained in the Rus- sian department of the Great Exhibition of 1851. The handsomest masses of Malachite are procured from Siberia, about 100 miles south of Bogoslofsk, and at Nijny-Taguilsk. At the latter locality an enormous mass of solid Malachite was met with, 18 feet long by 9 in'width, which was estimated to contain 500,000 lbs. of pure and solid Malachite. Fine specimens are also found in Australia at Burra Burra; and on the west coast of Africa. Sir Roderick Murchison, in his work on the Geology of Russia, in noticing the above- mentioned mass, states that it affords a strong indication that Malachite has been formed by a cupriferous solution, in the manner of ordinary stalagmites, and adds that “on the whole, we are disposed to view it as having resulted from copper solutions emanating from all the porous, loose, sur- rounding mass ; and which, trickling through it to the lowest cavity upon the subjacent rock, have, in a series of ages, produced this wonderful subterranean incrustation.”— Geology of Russia, p. 374. Pliny, writing of the Malachite, or Molo- chites, says : — “ Commended it is highly in signets for to seale faire: and besides it is supposed to be, by a naturall vertue that it hath, a countercharme to preserve little babes and infants from all witchcrafts and sorceries.” — Pliny, book xxxviii. chap. 8. Brit. Mus., Case 51. M.P.G. Principal floor, Case 11 (Burra Burra); Wall-cases 2 (British); 15 and 16 (Foreign); 87 and 38 (Burra Burra); 39 (W. Africa). MALTHACITE. MALACOLITE. MALACOLITHE, AHaity, Hausmann. A variety of Augite (Sahlite). Analysis, from Orrijerfvi, by H. Rose: Silica . ° 3 5 - 54°64 Time’ = +3) /14e. : oe. ai as Magnesia . ; x . 18-00 Protoxide of manganese 2:00 Protoxide of iron : “OS 100-66 Name. From uarexos, soft, and A#os, stone. Brit. Mus., Case 34. MALACONE, Scheerer. MALAKON. Pro- bably an altered Zircon, from which it differs only in somewhat less density and hardness, and in containing 3 per cent. of water. Colour brown. Lustre vitreous to subresinous. Streak white or reddish-brown. H. 6°5. 8.G. 3:9 to 4. eee ese ° Comp. Zr si+3H. Nt Fig. 275. Analysis, from Hitteroe, by Scheerer : Silica . , . 81°31 Zirconia b 5 - 63°40 Peroxide of iron . i OAL Yttria . : : : - 0°34 Lime . : - : - 0:39 Magnesia. “ : 0-13. Water cucu. : : 3°03 98-99 BB gives off water and behaves like Zircon. Localities. Il1men Mountains, in Siberia. Hitteroe, in Norway. Chanteloube, Haute Vienne, France. Name. From peruzis, soft. Brit. Mus., Case 26. MautHa, Kirwan, Earthy mineral pitch. See HartHy BriruMEN. MALTHACITE, Breithaupt. A clayey sub- stance occurring massive and in thin plates. Colour white or yellowish. Translucent. Soft, like wax; or friable. SG. 1:99 to 2. Comp. Hydrated octosilicate of alumina, or Al 8i8 + 20H. Analysis, by Meissner : Silica . ‘ i A 5 024 Alumina 5 : - Hoaktd)e7e Peroxide ofiron . : se ypiL Lime . : 3 02 Water . . 30°38 100:0 my. _ MALTHE. Localities. Steindorfel, in basalt. Beraun in Bohemia, in greenstone. Brit. Mus., Case 26. Marne, Beudant. TUMEN. MancinitE. A brown silicate of zinc from Mancino, near Leghorn. | MANGAN-AMPHIBOLE. The name given by Hermann to Manganese-spar from Cum- See Eartuy Br- mington, Massachusetts, U.S. S.G. 3°42. Analysis, by Hermann : Silica : 2 . 48°91 Protoxide ofmanganese . 46°74 Lime 5 ; 3 a 9 BBD) Magnesia. : : - 2°00 Protoxide of iron : . trace 100-00 MANGANBLENDE, Breithaupt. MANnGA- NESE BLENDE, Jameson. Cubical. Occurs in cubes and octahedrons. Cleavage perfect, parallel to the faces of a cube. Generally occurs massive, sometimes botryoidal. Co- lour iron-black, acquiring a brown tarnish by exposure. Lustre submetallic. Streak dark green. Opaque. Fracture fine-grained. H. 3°5 to 4, 8.G. 4. Comp. Sulphide of manganese, or Mn S= manganese 63°3, sulphur 36°7=100. Analysis, from Mexico, by Del Rio: ‘Manganese. 5 . 54:5 Sulphur . : : Ueto) Quartz 5 6°5 100-0 BB fuses with difficulty at the thinnest edges. Soluble in acids with the evolution of abundance of sulphuretted hydrogen. Localities. The gold mines of Nagyag in - Transylvania, with Tellurium, &c. Preciosa Mine, Puebla, in Mexico; with Tetrahe- drite. Brit. Mus., Case 5. M. P. G. Principal Floor, Wall-case 20. MANGANESE ARSENICAL, Dufrénoy. See KANEITE. MaAnNcANtSE HypratE Curririre. See MELACONITE, KUPFERSCHWARZE, and PE- LOKONITE. MANGANESE Notr, Brochant. See HAus- MANNITE. MANGANiSE OxIDE CARBONATE, Haiiy. See DIALLOGITE. ManeanisE OxipE Hypratt, Haiiy. See HAUSMANNITE. Maneanise Oxipk Hyprate Concre- TIONNE, Haiiy. See PstLoMELANE. MANGANITE. 227 MANGANESE OxyDE METALLOIDE, Haiiy, See MANGANITE. MANGANESE PHOSPHATE. See TRIPLITE. MANGANESE SILICATE ROSE, Dufrénoy. - MANGANESE SILICI- FERE, Haiiy. See RHoDo- NITE. MANGANESE SPAR, Jameson. See RHo- DONITE. MANGANESE SULFURE, Aniiy. . See MANGAN- MANGANGLANZ, Leon- BLENDE. hard. Maneanite, Haidinger, v. Kobell, Nicol. Rhombic: primary form a right rhombic prism. Occasionally hemihedral. Occurs in columnar crystals striated vertically, and often grouped in bundles; also fibrous and massive, or radiating; granular. Colour dark steel-grey, passing into iron-black. Opaque; sometimes brown by transmitted light, in very thin fragments. Lustre submetallic. Streak reddish-brown; black in massive varieties. Rather brittle. Frac- ture uneven. H.3:5 to4. 8.G. 4:2 to 4:4, Fig. 276, _ Comp. Hydrated peroxide of manganese, Hin, H =peroxide of manganese 89-79 (man- ganese 62°78, oxygen 27:22), water 10-21= 100. Analysis, from Ihlefeld, by Turner : Manganese . . 62°77 Oxygen 5) AGRI Waiter . 10:10 100-00 BB alone infusible: with borax affords a violet-blue globule. Completely soluble in muriatic acid, with evolution of chlorine. Localities —English. Upton Pyne, Devon- shire: fig. 276. Mendip Hills (at Churchill, &c.) Somerset. Cornwall; Botallack Mine, St. Just; Restormel Iron-mines, acicular; massive at Trebartha; Veryan and Indian Queen Mine. Hartshill, Warwickshire, la- mellar and compact. — Scotch. Granam in Aberdeenshire, fig. 276.—Jrish. Near Howth, co. Dublin. Cork; Ross, Leap, Noharval, Castleventry. Kilfaunabeg near Ross.— Foreign. Ahlefeld in the Harz, associated with Cale Spar and Pees in veins tra- Q MANGANKTESEL. Thuringia. 228 versing porphyry. Bohemia. MARCASITE. of coal. LEnglish.— Cornwall; Crowndale, Saxony. Undenaes in Sweden. Christian- | Cook’s Kitchen, Huel Unity, Fowey Consols, sand in Norway. Manganite is the purest and most beauti- fully crystallized ore of manganese. It is distinguished from Pyrolusite by its greater hardness and brown streak, which some- times appears black until a portion has been abraded. Brit. Mus., Case 13. MANGANKEIESEL. See RHODONITE. MANGANKUPFERERZ, Credner. See CRED- NERITE. MANGANKUPFEROXYD, Hausmann. See CREDNEBRITE. MANGANOCALCITE, Breithaupt. A mineral bearing the same relation to Diallogite which Aragonite does to Gale Spar. Occurs in rhombic prisms, like Aragonite, with a lateral cleavage. Colour flesh-red to reddish- white. lustre vitreous. Translucent. H. 4tod. 8.G. 3-037. Comp. Like Diallogite or (Mn, Fe, Ca, Mg) 6. Analysis, by Rammelsberg : Carbonate of manganese. . 67°48 Carbonate of iron ~ oon Carbonate of lime : . 18°81 Carbonate of magnesia 9:97 99°48 Locality. Schemnitz in Hungary. MANGANSCHAUM, Hausmann. See WAD. MANGANSPATH, Werner. GITE. MANGAN-VITRIOL, Glocker. See SuL- PHATE OF MANGANESE. MaArasmouiTEe, Shepard. A_ partially decomposed Marmatite, containing some free sulphur; from Middletown, Connecti- cut, U.S. Marcasite, Haidinger. Iron Pyrites. Rhombic: primary form a right rhombic prism, Occurs crystallized in modified rhombic prisms; also stalactitic, reniform, and botryoidal. Colour pale bronze-yellow or nearly tin-white, with a tinge of yellow or grey. Lustre metallic. Streak dark greenish-grey. Brittle. Emits a smell of sulphur when triturated. Very liable to decompose. Fracture uneven. H. 6 to 6:5. S.G. 4°65 to 4°88. Comp. Bisulphide of iron, or Fe $?=iron 467, sulphur 63°3=100. BB behaves like Pyrites. Localities. Often in the joints or “backs” See DIALLO- |. Fig. 278. Fig. 279. East Huel Rose, stalactitic and radiated. Devonshire: on crystallized Quartz at Virtuous Lady Mine, jfi7. 279; Tamar Sil- ver-lead Mines, near Tavistock ; Combmar- tin. Kent:in grey chalk marl near Folke- stone and Dover, fig. 278; Isle of Sheppey. Devizes, in Wiltshire. Near Castleton, Derbyshire, jigs. 277 and 279. On crystals of Cale Spar at Garrigill in Cumberland, Jig. 278. — Scotch. Alva mine, Stirlingshire. —ZTrish. Near Dublin: in lance-shaped erys- tals at Kilkee, co. Clare.— Foreign. In the plastic clay of the Brown Coal forma- tion at Littmitz and Alsatell, near Carlsbad in Bohemia (Spear and Radiated Pyrites). Joachimsthal and various parts of Saxony. Name. The word Marcasite is stated by Koch to be derived from an Arabic word, mawr kjass idd, signifying “like a shining, fire-giving stone.” Brit. Mus., Case 16. M.P.G. Horse-shoe Case, No. 150. Under the term Marcasite are included several varieties, which have been named after the forms they present: viz. Cellular Pyrites, Cockscomb Pyrites, Hepatic Pyrites or Leberkies, Lonchidite, Radiated Pyrites, Spear Pyrites, &c. Marcasite is more liable to decomposition than ordinary Pyrites, and is of a much paler colour. It is used in the manufacture of sulphur, sulphuric acid, and sulphate of-iron, but not to so great an extent as ordinary Pyrites. It is also em- ployed for ornamental purposes. Formerly it was made into shoe- and knee-buckles, and set in pins, bracelets, watch-cases, &c. ; but the demand has very much diminished of late years, owing probably to the mineral being so common. The taste revived to some extent in 1846, when a great quantity of these stones, having reached Paris, were mounted after the manner of old- fashioned jewelry, and had a great run at MARCELINE. the time. Although less in request than formerly, large quantities of this stone are cut and polished in Geneva and the French Jura, and exported thence all over the world. It takes a good polish, and is cut in facets like rose-diamonds. In this state it possesses all the brightness of the polished steel, which is now so fashionable, without its tendency to become oxidised by exposure to the atmosphere. The Marcasite of cominerce (which includes, Pyrites pro- per) is generally small, rarely “attaining the size of a stone of two carats. The stone which the ancient Peruvians polished and used for mirrors was a variety of Marcasite which occurred in large plates, none of which are found now. See PIERRE DES INOAs. MARCELINE, Beudant. An impure variety of Braunite. §8.G. 4°75. Analysis, by Damour : Peroxide of manganese” . 67°37 Protoxide of manganese . 19:17 Peroxide of iron . : . 1:45 Silica. aM oat CCR Lime . 5 : A ele22 Gangue eet hemeam ate anid a 99°54 Locality. St. Marcel in Piedmont. Brit. Mus., Case 13. Marexanite. A variety of Pearlstone occurring in the form of pearly-white grains composed of thin concentric layers. Locality. Marekan, in the Gulf of Kamts- chatka. Brit. Mus., Case 30. Mnednirn. Fuchs, Philips. Rhombic; hemihedral, with an oblique aspect. Basal cleavage perfect. Qccurs in thin crystal- line lamine, which intersect each other in all directions, and have the lateral planes striated horizontally. Colour pale pearl- grey. passing into reddish- and yellowish- white. Translucent. Lustre pearly on the terminal planes, vitreous on the others. Streak white. Lamine rather brittle. In thin leaves slightly elastic. H. 3:5 to4°5. 8.G. 2°99. Comp. R35 Si+3Al2 Si+ 8H =silica 30:1, le 51-2, lime 11°6, soda 2°6, water 4°5 Analysis, by Smith $ Brush : Silica . a . 28°47 Alumina. a Gees - 60°24 Peroxide of iron . é Ballets Lime . é ‘ 3 ANA ING) Magnesia . wn O20 Soda, with a trace of potash 1:87 MARIATITE. 229 Water 3 A 5 - 95:00 99:26 BB intumesces and fuses. Is attacked by acids. Localities. —Sterzing in the Tyrol, in foliated Chlorite. Greinerberg, Zillerthal, with Chlorite. With Corundum at Kathe- rinenberg in the Ural. ‘The emery localities in Asia Minor and the Grecian Archipelago. Pennsylvania, North Carolina, &c., U.S. Name.—From Margarita, a pearl; be- cause of its peculiar pearly lustre. Brit. Mus., Case 32. MARGARODITE, Dufrénoy, Schaffhauit. A hydrated Mica; rarely occurring in fine- grained laminz, in which case it bears a great resemblance to Mica. Colour dull green, passing into bright green. Lustre sometimes opalescent, sometimes like mo- ther-of-pearl. Slightly translucent at the edges. Kasily pulverised. H. 2°5. §.G. 2°87. peo cee Comp. RB Sit 2i Sit 2H, or 12(A13 Si?) + 3(Mg, Si2) + Fe Si + 6Na Si+ 9K Si. Analysis, from Pfitsch, by Hlaswittz ; Silicany. ‘ j . 45°50 Alumina 4 : 3 . 33°80 Peroxide of iron. f 56520 Potash . ‘ ‘ 4 uuieole Soda . ‘ , < BR ie Lime . : : . 0748 Loss by ignition ‘ : - 0:36 99:90 BB in fine lamin fuses, emitting a vivid light and yielding a white enamel. With borax yields a colourless glass. Not affected by acids. Localities. The S.E. of Ireland, in gra- nite. The Zillerthal, forming the matrix of black Tourmaline. St. Etienne in*France, in graphic granite. Poorhouse Quarry, Chester co., Pennsylvania, U.S.; Munroe, associated with Topaz and Fluor. Marcope. A bluish-grey stone resem- bling clay in external appearance, but so hard as to cut spars and zeolites. (Nicholson). MARIALITE, Ryllo. See HAUYNE. Martatire, A variety of Blende, in which part of the zinc is “replaced by iron and sometimes by cadmium. Occurs in tetrahedrons and massive. Comp. 3Zn, S+Fe, 8. Analysis, by Boussingault ; Sulphide of zinc . : - 768 Sulphide of iron . Pa a 857 Q3 230 MARIONITE. Localities. Marmatoin Popayan. Bottino near Serravezza in Tuscany. MaRionitE, Elderhorst. The variety of Zine-bloom from Marion co., Arkansas. MARMOLITE, Nuttall, Beudant, Dufré- noy, Allan. 5:40 Water . J % . 12°93 100°65 BB becomes opaque and curls up, and finally fuses to a porous and almost opaque globule. Localities. — Scotch. Near Edinburgh. Near Kinross. Isle of Skye, at Talisker, Storr, Quirang and Kilmore.— Irish. Giant’s Causeway, in fine acicular crystals. Down and from Apophyl-. METAXITE. Hill, Londonderry. — Foreign. Berufiord, Iceland, in diverging or interlacing crystals, often above two inches in length. Vindhya mountains of Hindostan. Greenland. Bo- hemia. Pargas, in Finland. Nova Scotia, in large masses with Mesole. North Moun- tains of Annapolis. © Name. From vécos, middle, and Aibos, stone, because it is intermediate between Natrolite. and Scolezite. Brit. Mus., Case 27. MesotypPg, Phillips. ScoLEZITE, MESOLITE. MesotyPk, Haiiy. See STILBITE. The name is derived from cos, middle, and tires, form; because the primary form may be regarded as intermediate between those of Analcime and Stilbite. MESOTYPE EPOINTEE, Haiiy. See Apo- PHYLLITE. Meracuuiorite, K. List. A Chlorite-like mineral occurring in aggregated crystals like Pennine. Colour dull leek-green. Lustre vitreous to pearly. Structure foliated-colum- nar. H.2°5. S.G. 2°64. Comp. 4R5 Si+ 38 Sit 14H. Analysis, by List: See NATROLITE, Silica 23°77 Alumina ‘ . 16°43 Protoxide of iron . ‘ - 40°36 Magnesia . 3 2 « dd Lime . 0°74 Potash . Sif Soda 3 4 P . 0:08 Water . : A : pee) 99:60 BB fuses at the edges to a dark enamel. Forms a jelly with muriatic acid. Locality.—Biichenberg, in the Harz. METASTIQUE, Hatiy. See Doc’s-TOoTH SPAR. METAXITE, Dufrénoy. Asbestos mixed ° with Serpentine. Brit. Mus., Case 25. MeErTAxitE, Delesse. See CHRYSOTILE. 4 Analysis, from Reichenstein in Silesia, by Delesse : Silica . 421 Magnesia 41-9 Protoxide of iron 3°0 Alumina 5 j =) ORE Water . 3 5 3 ohors 100-00 MeETAxITE, Breithaupt. A fibrous variety of Serpentine, of a greenish-white colour, METEORIC IRON. and a weak pearly lustre. Massive. H. 2 to 25. §.G. 2°52. Comp. 2Mg S+Mg+2H. Analysis, by Piattner : Silica . : : : . 4 Alumina. ‘ - paar Magnesia . é a8 Protoxide of iron : : Lime . . - . Water . A s : . 12°6 99-5 Localities. Schwartzenberg in Saxony. Windisch Matrei, in the Kalser Valley, Tyrol. Name. From peréin, silk, ' Brit. Mus., Case 25. Merteroric [Ron is principally an alloy of iron and nickel. It generally contains from 1 to 20 per cent. of nickel, with small quantities of cobalt, chromium, copper, man-- ganese, and tin; also carbon, chlorine, phos- phorus, sulphur, &c. Analysis of the Pallas Meteoric Iron from Siberia, by Berzelius : from. 3 - : - 88:04 Nickel . , P . 10°73 Manganese . - : 2 O43 Cobalt . : : < - 0°46 Copper and tin . ‘ au O00 Magnesium . : A «, 0:05 Carbon : : 3 - 0:04 - Sulphur : by i mii sp URACC Insoluble . A 5 - 0-48 100-00 Analysis of the insoluble residue left on ' dissolving the Pallas iron in dilute muriatic acid : mon’) *: - . : - 48°67 Nickel . . 18°33 Phosphorus . 18°47 Magnesium . : é =, Gi06 Copper and tin . trace Carbom and loss)... sy 4-87 100-00 Analysis of Meteoric Iron from Zacatecas, in Mexico, by Hugo Miiller : MoI et er aes he ee GORE Nickel . : SMe vaca) Cobalt . 3 2 ett ou ORD Phosphorus . : - mo O23 Sulphur : Pepin 6 UDG: mlincane rs |. Lali she 0750 Copper . 5 PES Peroxide ofiron . ou Ore Lime . . : See NOLGE Soda. : ; : sno sotash A ee . 83 Magnesia - - . trace 100°6 Localities. Kangerdluarsuk, in Greenland, with Sodalite and Eudialyte. Norway, at Laurvig, Arendal, and Fredericksvarn, in Zircon-syenite, associated with Sodalite and Eukolite. Name. From wixeos, little, and zd‘, to ancline. Microcosmic SAut, Dana. See StrEeR- CORITE. Microuite, Shepard. A mineral proved by A. Hayes to be identical with Pyro- chlore. Colour pale yellow to brown. H. 5:5. 8.G. 5:4. ; Analysis, by Hayes: Columbic acid . 79°60 MIKROBROMITE. 239 Peroxide of iron . 4 5 Ue) Oxides of uranium and man- gamese . ° : Su cael TOG Nas 3 wr lOss 7 Lead . é : : 00) ame." : . 3 - 0-40 95:97 The light coloured crystals seem to be nearly pure columbate of lime. Locality. The Albite vein, Chesterfield, Massachusetts, U. S., associated with red and green Tourmaline. Name. From “izecs, small, and A‘bos, stone. Brit. Mus., Case 88. Mippieronire, J. F. W. Johnson. A Mineral Resin, occurring in layers, or in rounded masses seldom larger than a pea. Colour reddish-brown ; by transmitted light deep red. Lustre resinous. Transparent in thin splinters. Streak light brown. Brittle, but easily cut with a knife. -Blackens on exposure to air. No taste nor smell. S.G. 1-6. Comp. C?0H1° + HO = carbon 86°57, hy- drogen 7°77, oxygen 5°66=100. Analysis, by Johnson: Carbon : A . . 86:43 Hydrogen . < ‘ 6 orl Oxygen - . - 9°56 100-00 BB not altered at 400° F. (210° C.); on a red cider burns like resin. Softens and melts in boiling nitric acid, with the emis- sion of red fumes; affords a brown floccu- lent precipitate on cooling. Localities. Middleton Collieries, near Leeds, between layers of coal, about the middle of the main coal, or Haigh Moor seam. Newcastle. Miemire. A variety of Rhomb-spar, from Miemo, in Tuscany. Brit. Mus., Case 47. Mirsrre, Beudant. A brown variety of Pyromorphite, from Mies, in Bohemia. Analysis, by Kersten: Phosphate of lead : soouen Chloride of lead . < TOG Phosphate of lime 5 5 WSS Fluoride of calcium =. Ay Oe 100-00 MikRopromire, Breithaupt. Crystalline form cubic. Colour between asparagus- green and greenish-grey, becoming ash- grey and opaque on exposure. Translu- cent. Lustre adamantine. Streak white. Very sectile and malleable. Fracture irre- gular. H. 2°5 to 3. S.G. 5:75 to 5-76. Comp. Ag Br+3Ag Cl. 240 MIKROKLIN. Analysis, by Richard Muller : Silver . - 5 es - 70°28 Bromine 235 Chlorine . : 4 S eye 100-00 Locality. Copiapo, in Chili, in a yellow- ish-red compact limestone, with Native Silver. MiKrok.Lin, Breithaupt. CLINE. Mitce Quarz, Werner; MILK Quartz, Phillips, Jameson. Is one of the vitreous varieties of Quartz. It occurs massive, of a milk-white colour, chiefly in Greenland. When, as is sometimes the case, it has a greasy lustre, it is called Greasy Quartz. When cut and polished it opalesces into wine-yellow. Brit. Mus., Case 21. Mitteritse, Haidinger. Hexagonal. In delicate, capillary, six-sided prisms, and sometimes in diverging filaments. Colour brass-yellow, inclining to bronze-yellow, with a grey or iridescent tarnish. Lustre metallic. Opaque. Streak bright. Brittle. H. 3 to 33. 8.G. 5-278. Comp. Sulphide of nickel, or Ni, S= nickel 64°9, sulphur 35-1=100. Analysis, from Kamsdorf, by Rammels- See Muicro- . 61°34 » 80°79 1°73 114 g: Nickel . A ' Sulphur - - - NTO sy ie > E = ‘ Copper. f - 100-00 BB on charcoal gives off sulphurous acid, and fuses to a coagulated, ductile, mag- netic mass of nickel (Berzelius); a black bead (Kobell). Dissolves with difficulty in nitric acid, easily in aqua-regia. Localities. — English. Ebbw Vale, Nant- y-glo, and Merthyr-Tydvil, Glamorgan- shire, South Wales, in nodules of Clay drone stone. Devon; near Ilfracombe, and at Combe Martin. Cornwall; at Fowey Con- sols, Huel Chance and Pengelly Mine. — Foreign. Johanngeorgenstadt, in Saxony. Joachimsthal, in Bohemia. Andreasberg, in the Harz. Sterling Mine, Antwerp. New York, U. 8. ane After W. H. Miller, Professor of Mineralogy in the University of Cambridge. Brit. Mus., Case 6. M. P. G. Principal Floor, Wall- case 9, Nos. 475, 476 (British). Micoscuine,* Herder. A chromiferous widiea blue to celandine-green colour. Translucent at the edges. Adheres to the tongue. Fracture conchoidal or earthy. H. 2. 8.G. 2°031. Comp. Hydrated silicate of alumina, or (Al, Gr) Si+8H. Analysis, by Kersten : Alumina . : . - 45:01 Silica . . ‘ . 27°50 Oxide of chrome . . USKGe Lime . é . ~ 0250 Magnesia . 5 5 =, 0:20 Water . . - : . 23°30 99-92 BB infusible; decrepitates and falls i pieces in water. Only partially soluble in muriatie acid. Locality. Rudniak, in Servia, associated with Quartz and Brown Iron-ore. Name. After Milosch Obrenowitsch, Prince of Servia. MiIMeETENE, Dana. Mimétisn, Beudant. MIMETrESsITE, Breithaupt, Nicol. MiMErire. Hexagonal: occurs in regular six - sided prisms, either perfect or with the terminal edges replaced; also fibrous and mammil- lary. Cleavage parallel to the planes of the prism, indistinct. Isomorphous with Pyro- morphite. Colour various tints of yellow, passing into brown. Lustre resinous. Trans- lucent. Streak white, or nearly so. Sectile. Brittle. Fracture imperfect-conchoidal, or - uneven. H.85to4. 8.G. 7:19 to 7-25, | Fig. 290. Comp. Pb Cl+3Pb | AS P Analysis, from Johanngeorgenstadt, by Wihler : Arseniate of lead . - . 82°74 Chloride of lead . 9°60 Phosphate of lead 7°50 99°84 BB on charcoal emits arsenical vapours, ey with difficulty, and yields a globule of ead. Dissolves readily in nitric acid, especially if heated. Gives a precipitate of as = . the solution on a zinc bar. Localities. — English. Cornwall, MINE CORNE, Unity, in thick, light-brown, translucent crystals; North Downs Mine; Huel Gor- land; Huel Alfred; Endellion. Beeralston, Devon. Cumberland, Roughten Gill, in wax-yellow crystals; Mexico-Mine; Dry- gill (Kampylite); Brandygill; Carrock Fells; Saddleback. Allendale, Grasshill, Teesdale, Durham. Grassington, Yorkshire. —Foreign. Johanngeorgenstadt, in Saxony, in fine yellow crystals. St. Prix, Dept. of the Saone, in France, in capillary crystals. Zinn- wald, Badenweiler. Nertschinsk, in Siberia. Name. From “ienzis, imitator, from its resemblance to Pyromorphite, with which it also occurs, mixed in all proportions. For varieties of Mimetite, see HEDYPHANE and KAMPYLITE. M. P. G. Principal Floor, Wall-case 45, No. 191 (British). This mineral was worked at Drygill, in Cumberland, as an ore of lead, and was used as an ingredient in the manufacture of flint- glass, to which it imparted a peculiar bril- liancy. (Greg & Lettsom.) Mine Cornet, Beudant. RITE. Mine p’Acirer, Leymerie. A name for Siderose, from its fitness for making steel. MInE D’AMADODV. See TINDER ORE. Mine D’ETAIN CommuNE, Brochant. See CASSITERITE. MINE DE CUIVRE COULEUR DE BRIQUE, Brochant. See TILE ORE. MinE bE Cuivre PanacuKE ov Vi0- LETTE, Brochant See ERUBESCITE. Mine DE FER BLANCHE,” See KERARGY- von Born. See MINE DE FER SPATHIQUE, ( CHALYBITE. Brochant. Mine DE Mercure CornEsg, Brochant. See CALOMEL. Mine DE MERcuRE HEPATIQUE, Bro- chant. See Hepatic CINNABAR. MINE DE PLoMB BLANCHE, Brochant. See CERUSITE. Mine DE Pioms Brune, Brochant. PYROMORPHITE. Mine DE Pioms Norre. See GRAPHITE. Mine DEs LiEux BouRBEUX, See Brochant. Swamp-ore. eee Mine pes Marais, Brochant. ie Morass-ore. Mine pes Prairiss, Brochant. Meadow- ore. See Boe [RON-ORE. Minerat ALKALI, Kirwan. See NATRON. Minerat Buur. The name given to Azurite when ground, to an impalpable powder. From its liability to turn green it is not of much value as a pigment. MISENITE. 241 MINERAL CaAHouTCHOU, Kirwan. See ELATERITE. MINERAL CARBON, or CHARCOAL. The name given to the thin fibrous layers of a silky-black colour which occur in the Coal- measures of this country, at Whitehaven in Cumberland; and at Vogtsberg in Styria. Disko Island, Greenland, and elsewhere. It is nearly pure carbon, and is called by colliers “ mother of coal.” MINERAL O11, Phillips. See NAPHTHA, and PETROLEUM. : MINERAL PEA. See PISOPHALT. MINERAL Pircu, Jameson, Kirwan. AspPHALT and BiruMEn. MINERAL Resin. See AMBER. MiInERAL TALLow. See HAtTcHETTINE. MinerRAL Tar. A more viscid variety of Mineral Pitch than Petroleum. MINERAL TurRQUOIS, Jameson. QUOIS. MiInERAL Wax. See HATCHETTINE. Minium, Brooke & Miller, Dana. Red Lead ore. Occurs amorphous and pulveru- lent, exhibiting a crystalline structure under the microscope. Colour bright red. Lustre feeble. Opaque. Streak orange- yellow. H. 2°5. 8.G. 46. Comp. Oxide of lead, or Pb3,04=2Pb, Pb =lead 90°7, oxygen 9:°3=100. BB on charcoal it is first converted into litharge and becomes yellow, and then is reduced to metallio lead. Localities. English.—The Parys Mine in Anglesea. Merionethshire. Snailbeach Mine, Shropshire. Alston, Cumberland. Gras- ° sington Moor, Yorkshire; and Weardale, Durham.— Scotch. “Leadhills, Lanarkshire. — Irish. Lugganure, Wicklow co.— Foreign. Near Badenweiler, in Baden. Bleialf in the Eifel. Brilon, Westphalia. Austin’s Mine, Virginia, U.S. Brit. Mus., Case 18. Minium is not a very common ore of lead. It is generally associated with Galena, of the decomposition of which it is probably a result. MirsABiLitE, Haidinger, Brooke & Miller. See GLAUBER SALT. Miroir p’ANE. See SELENITE. Mrroir DEs IncAs. See PIERREDES INCAs. Misenire, A. Scacchi. A hydrous sul- phate of alumina, occurring in white silky fibres, in a hot cavern, near Misene in the Campagna. Taste acid and bitter. Comp. KS +H 5, or hydrated sulphate of potash. See See TuR- R 242 MISPICKEL. Analysis, by Scacchi: Sulphuric acid - 56°93 Potash . . 36°57 Alumina 0:38 Water . 6:12 ~ 100-00 MispickeL. Rhombic. Occurs crystal- lized in right rhombic prisms, parallel to whose planes it may be cleaved; also massive, acicular, and columnar. Colour tin-white. Lustre metallic, Streak black- ish-grey. Brittle. Fracture uneven. Gives a few sparks with steel, emitting an arseni- cal odour. H. 55 to6. S.G. 6:13, Comp. Arsenide with bisulphide of iron, or Fe As+ Fe S?=iron 33°54, arsenic 46°58, sulphur 19°88=100. Analysis, by Stromeyer, of crystals from Freiberg : Tron . 36°04 Arsenic - 45°42 Sulphur . 21:08 100-00 BB on charcoal emits strong arsenical fumes, and fuses to a globule which behaves like Magnetic Pyrites. Dissolves in strong nitric acid or aqua- regia, with separation of sulphur and arseni- ous acid. Localities. English Common in Corn- wall at Botallack, Levant, Cook’s Kitchen, Huel Tolgus, Dolcoath, Carn Brea, Huel Vor, Calstock, United, Huel Martha, and other mines. Several mines near Tavistock, Devonshire, in very fine crystals. Brandy Gill, Carrock Fells, and Goldscope Mine, Cumberland.— Scotch. Near Loch Ness; Stonehaven, Aberdeenshire. — Foreign. Abundant at Freiberg and Munzig in Sax- ony. Andreasberg in the Harz. Joachims- thal in Bohemia. Tunaberg in Sweden. In gneiss at, Franconia in New Hampshire, and at Tennessee, U.S. Mispickel occurs chiefly in lodes in crystalline rocks, associated with Iron and Copper Pyrites, Blende, and ores of silver, lead and tin. It was formerly worked in Cornwall as an ore of arsenic, much of the white arsenic of commerce being obtained from it. MOCHA-STONE. For varieties of Mispickel see DANAITE, and PLINIAN. Brit. Mus., Case 12. M. P. G. Principal Floor, Table-case 14; Wall-case 14 (British) ; 19 (Foreign), Misy, Hausmann. An impure sulphate of peroxide of iron, mixed with other sul- phates, occurring in opaque, pulverulent masses of a sulphur- or lemon-yellow colour. Comp. 4#e S+KS+ 9H. Analysis, by List : Sulphuric acid - 42:922 Peroxide of iron . 00°066 Oxide of zinc 2-491 Magnesia . : “ sy Joke Potash ‘ . 0°318 Water . 21:391 100-000 Locality. Rammelsberg Mine, near Gos- lar in the Harz. Name. Used by the miners. Brit. Mus., Case 55. Mysy is a stone or ore described by Pliny to be a kind of Pyrites. “You shall know it by these signes: breake it (for crumble it will) there appeare within it certain sparkes shining like gold: and in the braying or stamping, it run~ neth into- Chalcitis. This Mysy is the mi- nerall that they put to gold ore, when it is to be tried and purified. .. The best is that which is found in the mines and forges of Cypresse.”— Pliny, book xxxiv. MizzonitTE, Scacchi. A variety of Meio- nite, from which it differs principally in not intumescing so much before the blowpipe, and in being acted on by acids in a less de- gree. Locality. Monte Somma, near Naples. MocuHA-sTong. MocHo-SToNne, O- cHos, Kirwan. A white translucent variety of Agate, containing brown markings re- sembling trees and vegetable filaments, occasioned probably by the infiltration of iron or manganese. It is chiefly brought from Arabia, whence the name Mocha-stone. “The variegated stones with landscapes, trees and water, beautifully delineated, are found at Cubberpunj (the five tombs), a place sixty miles distant” from Rajpipla in Guzerat.—Forbes’ Oriental Memoirs, vol. ii. p. 20. This stone is also met with in Wicklow. Name. Perhaps the name Mocha-stone or Mochos-stone is a corruption of Moschus- (or moss-) stone. Brit. Mus., Case 23. MOCK LEAD. M, P. G. Horse-shoe Case, No. 561. Mock Leap. A name formerly given by Cornish miners to Blende. MopumitE, Nicol. See SKUTTERUDITE. Mornte DE PrerRRE, Brochant. See LITHOMARGE. MorrrasitTE, Leymerie. A kind of Blei- neierite, composed of shelly masses form- ing alternating bands, some of which are coloured brownish-grey, others yellowish- brown. Fracture vitreous, with a somewhat brilliant lustre. H. 5°5, does not scratch glass. S.G. of yellow 4:25, of brown 5°46. Comp. Antimonite of lead. BB on charcoal fuses, giving off white fumes and yielding globules of lead. Dissolves in nitric acid. Locality. Zamera in Spain, forming a strong vein. Name. After M. de Moffrah, attaché to the French embassy in Madrid. . Mousine. The name given to Leuco- pyrite by Chapman, in compliment to the late Professcr Mohs, Aulic Councillor, of Vienna. Mousirre. Levy. A Titaniferous Iron from Dauphiné, named after the late Professor Mohs, Aulic Councillor, of Vienna. Fig. 292. Mo.uocuirss, Pliny. See MALACHITE. MoLyBpiNnGLANz, v. Leonhard. See MoLyYBDENITE. Motyspantit, Haidinger. See Morys- DENITE. MotysBpAnocHeEr, Karsten. See MoLyB- DINE. MoLysBpansILBeR, Mohs. An argenti- ferous variety of Tetradymite (Telluric Bis- muth) from Deutsch- Pilsen, in Hungary. Analysis, by Werhle: Tellurium . , : 3) 29304. mismuth; — ..-/...6 ; . 61:15 Silver . : : : SADE Sulphur : 3 : + 2iBo 95:29 MotyspATE or Iron. Occurs in sub- fibrous or in tufted crystals of a deep yellow colour; also pulverulent ; near Nevada City, California. Motyspate oF Leap, Phillips. See WULFENITE. MOLYBDENITE. 943 MoLyBDENA, Jameson, Kirwan. MoLyBpENA See Motys- GLANCE. DENTE MoLyBDENA OcHRE, Nicol. See Motyz- DINE. MoLyBDENE SuLFURE, Brochant, Haiiy. See MoLYBDENITE. Mo.yBpENITE, Haidinger, Beudant, Ni- col, Hexagonal. Occurs in flat hexagonal tables, with a cleavage parallel with their terminal pianes; generally massive with a foliated structure, or ig scales. Colour closely resembling that of fresh-cut metallic lead. Lustre metallic. Opaque. Lamine highly flexible, but not elastic. Streak like colour, inclining to greenish. Leaves a metallic-grey trace on paper, a greenish streak on porcelain, Unctuous to the touch. Yields to the nail. H.1to 15. 8.G. 4-44 to 4°8. Comp. Bisulphide of Molybdenum, or Mo, S?=molybdenum 60, sulphur 40=100. BB on charcoal infusible; gives off sul- phurous acid, covering the charcoal with a -yellowish-white incrustation. On platinum wire colours the outer flame green. Dissolves in boiling sulphuric acid with evolution of sulphurous acid, and forms a blue solution. Localities.—English. Cornwall: Gwinear and Gwennap, in Chlorite; in old heaps at Huel Gorland and Huel Unity; Huel Friendship, Huel Mary, Drakewalls Mine. Cumberland: near the source of the Caldew, in granite; Caldbeck Fell.— Scotch. Mount Coryby, at the head of Loch Creran, in Argyleshire. Perthshire. At Tomnadashan, on the S. side of Loch Tay, in abundance, with Copper-Glance and Molybdic Ochre in a dyke of syenite.— Foreign. Greenland. Arendal in Norway. Numedahl in Sweden, in hexagonal prisms. Saxony and Bohemia with tin. Silesia in granite. Chessy in France, in syenite. Near Mont Blanc, in grey gra- nite. Haddam, Connecticut; Westmore- land, New Hampshire; Chester, Pennsyl- vania, U.S. Peru. Brazil. Name. From orsGdanve, a mass of lead. Brit. Mus., Case 12. M. P.G. Principal Floor, Wall-case 13 (British); 20 and 40 (Foreign). Molybdenite is generally found imbedded in or disseminated through granite, gneiss, zircon-syenite, and other crystalline rocks. It is distinguished from Graphite by higher specific gravity, difference of streak, lustre and fracture, and behaviour before the blow- pipe. R 2 244 MOLYBDIC OCHRE. Motyspic Ocure, Shepard. See MoLys- DINE. MotyspDINE, Greg & Lettsom. Occurs as an incrustation or pulverulent. Colour va- rious shades of yellow, to pale green. Dull. Earthy. Opaque. Comp. Molybdic acid, or Mo=oxygen 33°3, molybdena 66°7 =100. BB on charcoal fuses to a slag; with salt of phosphorus affords a green glass. Dissolves readiJy in muriatic acid, and the solution is turned blue by metallic iron. Localities. — English. Caldbeck Fells, Cumberland, massive and disseminated on Molybdenite.— Scotch. Mount Coryby, Argyleshire. East Tulloch, Perthshire.— Foreign. See those of Molybdenite with which it occurs. At Altenberg in Saxony, it is found crystallized in rhombic prisms. (Breithaupt.) Molybdine is only used in laboratories for extracting molybdenum, and for making molybdic acid. Brit. Mus., Case 39. MonazitE, Breithaupt. Oblique. Occurs in oblique rhombic prisms, generally small and tabular, or very short, with an imper- fect basal cleavage. Colour hyacinfh-red, clove-brown, or brownish-yellow. Translu- cent at the edges. Lustre dull-resinous. Streak white. Brittle. H. 5 to55. SG. 4:9 to 5:02. Fig. 293. Comp. (Ce, La, Th) P, Analysis, by Kersten : Sesquioxide of cerium. . 2600 Oxide of lanthanum’ . . 23°40 Thoria . : . 17°95 Protoxide of manganese 1°86 Binoxide of tin 2°10 Lime . ; . ip ih} Phosphoric acid . - 28°50 Potash and binoxide of tita- nium ein fey |). traces 101:49 BB infusible, but turns grey, or greenish- yellow. Dissolves in muriatic acid with evolution of chlorine, leaving a white powder undis- solved. MONTICELLITE. Localities. Near Slatoust in the Ural, in granite, with flesh-red Felspar. Yorktown, Westchester county, New York, with Silli- manite. The gold-sand of Rio Chico in Antioquia. Halle, Norway. Brit. Mus., Case 57. Name. From povela, to live alone. MonaziroipE, Hermann. Probably only | a variety of Monazite, with which it is identical in crystallization and external characters. Colour brown. H. 5. 8.G. 5-281. MonuHErMitTE. A name given to Kapnite, in honour of Von Monheim, by whom it has been analysed. See Kapnire. MonopHaneE, Dufrénoy, is Epistilbite: it occurs on Quartz in small white crystals, apparently derived from oblique rhombic prisms. Scratches phosphate of lime. 8.G. 2°05, BB fuses. Locality. Unknown. MonrapitTe, Lrdmann. Massive, gran- ular; also foliated. Colour yellowish, with a tinge of red. Lustre vitreous. Translu- cent. H.6. S.G. 3267. Comp. (Mg, Fe)5 Si2+ H. | Analysis, by Erdmann : Silica . é é 2 . 56°17 Magnesia . . ° . 31°63 Protoxide of iron 8:56 Water . 4:04 100-40 BB alone infusible: with borax affords an iron reaction. Locality. Bergen in Norway. Name. After Mons. Monrad. Mownro.ite, Silliman. A variety of Ky- anite from Monroe, Orange co., New York. Analysis, by Smith & Brush : Silica . . 37°20 Alumina . 59°02 Peroxide of iron . 3 . 2°08 Loss by ignition . 1:03 99:33 Brit. Mus., Case 32. MontTIceLuitE, Brooke. A variety of Chrysolite found in small imbedded crystals, having the general aspect of Quartz. Colour Fig. 294. <4 yellowish: sometimes colourless and nearl transparent. H. 5 to 6. 8.G. 3:245 to 3:27 Or MONTMORILLONITE. Comp. (Ca3+ Mg’) Si. Locality. Vesuvius, imbedded in crystal- line carbonate of lime with black Mica and ‘minute crystals of Pyroxene. Name. After Monticelli, the Neapolitan mineralogist. Brit. Mus., Case 25. MonrTMoRILLONITE, Salvetat. A hydrous silicate of alumina, &c., of a rose-red colour. Fragile. Analysis, by Damour : Silica . < : . 50°04 Alumina. “ . 20°16 Peroxide of iron . : . 0°68 Lime . 9 5 : . 1°46 Magnesia . . : . 0°23 Potash . : : . NTC, Water . - . 26°00 99°84 Localities, Confolens in Charente. Near St. Jean de Colle, in Dordogne. Montmo- rillon, Dept. of La Vienne. Moonstong. A transparent or translu- cent variety of Adularia. It contains blu- ish-white spots which, when held to the light, present a pearly or silvery play cf colour not unlike that of the moon. It is held in considerable estimation as an orna- mental stone, but is more prized on the continent than in England. When set in rings and brooches surrounded by small rubies and emeralds, it forms an agreeable contrast to the latter. Fine stones are scarce; the most valued are those, which when cut in a very low oval, present the silvery spot in the centre. This (and the other varieties of Felspar) is so soft com- pared with other gems and precious stones, that few lapidaries know how to work it to the greatest advantage. (Mawe.) The finest stones are brought from Ceylon. Brit. Mus., Case 29. M. P. G. UHorse-shoe Case, Nos. 955 to 997. Moontons. A provincial name for Pea- cock coal. MoraAss-ORE, Jameson. Morassy IRon- ORE, Kirwan. MoRAsTERZ, Werner. See BoG-IRON-ORE. __ Morton. The name given by lapidaries to Rock Crystal of a brownish-black or char- coal-black tint. Brit. Mus., Case 20. M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, No. 480, Moroxitr. An opaque, greenish-blue variety of Apatite from Arendal in Norway, ' MOSS AGATE. 24d and Pargas in Finland. The name is de- rived from /cgszes, an Egyptian stone used in the bleaching of linen. Brit. Mus., Case 53. MoRVENITE, Thomson. A variety of Harmotome occurring in small transparent crystals in mineral veins in granite, near its Junction with gneiss, at Strontian in Ar- gyleshire. —— Fig. 295. | Analysis, by Damour: Silica. : : : - 47°60 Alumina. - . - 16°39 Peroxide of iron . : - 0°65 Baryta : - - 20°86 Soda . : 5 : - O74 Potash : - : - 0-81 Water . : - 14:16 101:21 Brit. Mus., Case 29. Mosanpritz, Erdmann. In large flat prisms, with the lateral edges replaced by planes; also massive and fibrous. Colour dull greenish- or reddish-brown. Lustre resinous; of cleavage-face between vitreous and greasy. Translucent in thin splinters. deep-red by transmitted light. Streak grey- ish-brown. H. 4. S.G. 2:98 to 2:98, Comp. R5 Si+2R5 Si+ 42H. Analysis, by Berlin: ilicay:. s 3 = BASSE: Titanic acid 5 3 ae 990) Peroxide of cerium, Peroxide of lanthanum, Peroxide of didymium - : - 26°56 Peroxide of iron, with some Peroxide of manganese . 1:83 Magnesia . : : at OF0S Lime . 5 é . . 19:07 Potash . 4 A : Be RG: Soda . 5 - : a 2M Water . : : : . 8:90 100-33 Locality. Brevig in Norway, with Albite and violet Fluor. Name. After the Swedish chemist, Mo- sander. Brit. Mus., Case 37. _ MossAcare. A variety of Chalcedony inclosing dendritic or moss-like markines of various shades, and occasionally traversed by irregular veins of red Jasper. R 3 246 MOSSOTTITE. Brit. Mus., Case 23. M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, Nos. 658, 659. Mossorritr, Luca. A variety of Ara- gonite, occurring as prismatic fibrous radi- ated aggregations, of a pale green colour. 8.G, 2°884. : Analysis : Lime . 90:08 Strontia 5 4-69 Carbonic acid 3 . 41°48 Oxide of copper . 0-95 Peroxide of iron . 3 - 0°82 Fluorine . trace Water . 1°36 99°33 Localities. Gerfalco in Tuscany, in Lias: also in the province of Messina. Mountain Biur. Pulverized Blue Cop- per Ore. See AZURITE. Mountain Cork. Asbestos in which the fibres are interlaced so intimately, as not to be perceptible, or capable of separa-. tion. Sectile. Somewhat elastic. So light, as to float on water. Opaque. Feels meagre,. and resembles cork in feel and texture. Localhties. Norway, Saxony, Spain, &c. MounTAIN CRYSTAL, Jameson. Rock Crystal (which see). MountTAIN GREEN, Kirwan. See CHRY- SOCOLLA. Mountain LEATHER. A variety of As- bestos, from which it principally differs in the fibres of which it is composed being interlaced like those of felt, instead of being even and parallel. It occurs in flexible flat pieces, much resembling leather in appear- ance, of a whitish or yellowish-white colour, and is meagre to the touch. Localities. Near the Lizard Point, Corn- wall. Strontian, Argyleshire. Aghanloo and Slieve Gallion, Londonderry. Coagh and Curley Hill, Tyrone. (See MounrAin PAPER.) M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, No. 1143. Mountain Mat, or BERGMEHL. An earthy mineral composed of silica 79, alu- mina 5, oxide of iron 3, water 12. (Klap- roth.) It occurs at Santa Fiora, between Tuscany and the Papal States, and has been made into bricks, which are so light as to float in water. MountTAtn PAPER, The name given to Mountain Leather, when in very thin lamine. M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, No. 1143. Upper gallery, Wall-case 41, No. 138a, from Seaton, Devon. Mountain TALLow. See HATCHETTINE. MURIATE OF COPPER. Mountain Tar, Haichett. See PETRO- LEUM. Mountain Woop. A harder variety of Asbestos than Mountain Leather or Moun- tain Cork, somewhat resembling wood in appearance. The fibres of which it is com- posed are slightly curved, and easily sepa- rated: they are not elastic. 8.G. about 2. Localities. — Scotch. Auchindoir, Aber- deenshire, in Serpentine. Portsoy, Banff- shire. Glen Tilt, Perthshire. — Foreign. Schneeberg, near Sterzing in the Tyrol. Dauphiné. Styria. Maryland, U.S. Brit. Mus., Case 34. Mucks. See Smut. Muuer’s Guass. See HYALITE. MULurrine, Beudant. MULLERITE, Hai- dinger. Yellow Tellurium. See S¥YLVANITE. Name. After Miiller, the German chemist, discoverer of Tellurium. Mouwurcirte, Thomson. : ‘ . 26°91 Soda . : A 4 . 12°83 iumrer = ; : 8°76 Water . 9°50 99:96 BB on charcoal fuses quickly to a trans- parent glass, full of small air-bubbles. » Dissolves in muriatic acid, with the for- mation of a jelly of silica. Localities. — English. Cornwall: Huel Carne, near St. Just; between Botallack and Huel Cock; Stenna Gwynn, near St. Austell.— Scotch. Arbuthnott and St. Cyrus, Kincardineshire, in decomposed basalt. Stir- Carbeth, &c. lingshire; Campsie Hills, Dumbartonshire; at Bowling, Cochnay, Duntocher, Dumbarton Moor, &c. near Burntisland, Fifeshire; also at Glen Farg, in flesh-red and colourless crystals (fig. 308). Trish. Cave Hill, Belfast, fibrous and com- pact. Londonderry, Portsteward, and Ma- gilligan. hemia. Puy de Mouton, in Auvergne, in most brilliant crystals, in amygdaloid and in cavities in peperino. Nova Scotia. Cop- per Falls, Lake Superior, N. A. Name. From Natron, soda, and ‘bs, stone. It was so named by Klaproth, by whom it was first described, on account of the great quantity of soda he found it to contain. For varieties of Natrolite, see BERGMAN- NITE, LEHUNTITE, RADIOLITE, BREVICITE, GALACTITE. Brit. Mus., Case 27. M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, No. 1183. NATROLITE DE HESSELKULA. See EKE- BERGITE. Natron, Kirwan, Beudant. Oblique. Occurs crystallized, massive, fibrous, and sometimes radiated, in crusts and efflores- cences. Colour grey or yellowish-white. Lustre glistening. Translucent, but becomes opaque by exposure. Taste alkaline. H. 1 told. 8.G. 14. ; Fig. 309. Comp. Na ©+10H, or hydrated carbo- nate of soda=carbonic acid 26-7, soda 18°8, water 54:5=100. Blin, Bishoptown, Renfrewshire. — Antrim; Craignashoke, Magee Island near Larne, in fine crystals, and radiating masses.—Foreign. Aussig, in Bo- NEOCTESE. Localities. The sodadakes of Egypt. The hot springs of Carlsbad, in Bohemia; and Rykun, in Iceland. The plains of Debreczin, in Hungary. Vesuvius. Etna. Various parts of Asia, Africa, and America. Name. From the name of the Desert Natron, whence it is supposed to have been procured in ancient times. This salt, the nitre of the Bible, is used in bleaching, washing, dyeing, and in the manufacture of glass and soap. The ancient Egyptians are said to have prepared dead bodies for the process of embalming, by previously macerating them for several months in a solution of this salt. Brit. Mus., Case 41. Natron ALAuN, v. Kobell. ALUM. NATRONALAUN. See SopA ALuM. NATRON-CHABAZIT. See GMELINITE. NaTRON SALPETER, Leonhard. See NI- TRATINE. NATRON-SPODUMENE, Berzelius. See Oxt- GOCLASE. NATURAL SopA, Jameson. See TRONA. NATURLICHES BITTERSALZ, Werner. See EPSoMITE. NaAuMANNITE, Haidinger. Cubical. Oc- curs in cubes, with a perfect cubic cleavage ; also massive, in thin plates, and granular. Colour and streak iron-black. Lustre me- tallic. 4-H. 2:5. S:Ge: Comp. Ag, Se, or selenide of silver=sele- nium 26°8, silver 73°2=100. BB on charcoal, fuses easily; with soda and borax yields a globule of silver. Locality. Tilkerode, in the Harz. Name. After Dr. C. F. Naumann, the Saxon mineralogist. NECRONITE. (From »e0s, a corpse.) A variety of Orthoclase, which gives off a tetid smell when struck. . Nectic Quartz. See FLoAtT STONE. * NEEDLE ORE, Jameson. See AIKENITE. NEEDLE Spar. A name for Aragonite (which see). NEEDLE STONE, NEEDLE ZEOLITE, Jame- son. Names given to acicular varieties of Natrolite and Scolecite. Brit. Mus., Case 27. NeFeina, Monticelli. See NEPHELINE. NEMALITE (from »4s, a wood, and Aibos, stone.) A fibrous variety of Brucite (which see). Brit. Mus., Case 47. Neoctsssz, Beudant. A variety of Scoro- dite from St. Antonio Perreira, near Villa Rica, in Brazil, and near Edenville, New York. Colour green. See Sopa NEOLITE. Comp. Hydrated arseniate of iron, or ¥e ‘As +44, Analysis, from Brazil, by Berzelius : Arsenic acid - . 50°78 Peroxide ofiron . . 84°85 Phosphoric acid . 0:67 Oxide of copper . . trace Water . 15°55 101:85 BB gives off moisture when heated, and turns yellow. Imparts the colour of iron to the fluxes, and emits a strong odour of arsenic. Name. sition. N EOLITE, Scheerer. of Talc, in which a portion of the silica is replaced by alumina. Occurs either in small crystalline laminz and silky fibres grouped, or in apparently. an amorphous state. Colour brownish- and blackish-green,passing almost into black. Lustre silky or earthy. Unc- tuous to the touch, and may be cut like soap. H.: the crystalline variety is nearly as hard as Tale; the amorphous variety is softer. $.G. when perfectly dry 2°77. Comp. R Si, or (Fe Mg) Si+H nearly. Analysis oe of two), by Scheerer : From 2s, new, and #riois, acqui- Silica - 48°81 Alumina «Seo: Magnesia - 26-99 Protoxide of i iron. . 5°86 Lime . , 0:14 Protoxide of manganese 1:75 Water . , 5:10 99°52 Loses water and Becomes nearly white at a temperature of 100°. When dried and im- mersed in water gives out bubbles of air, and reabsorbs water so rapidly as to fall in pieces soon after immersion. Locality. Aslak Iron Mines, near Arendal in Norway. Name. From »¢0s, new, and Aibos, stone, in allusion to the belief in its being newly formed by the infiltration of waters which have passed over rocks containing magnesia. NEopuAsE, Beudant. From vs, new, and hase, formation. See BoTRYOGENE. Nerotoxitre. Probably an altered form of Rhodonite, allied to Stratopeite. Amor- phous. Colour black to brownish-black. Opaque or feebly translucent. Streak brown. H. 30 to 4, §8.G. 2°7 to 2°8. NEPHELINE. Comp. Mg Si+ (AEn #e), Si+ 8H. BB yields water, but is infusible. Locality. Gaosbéle in Finland, Name. From 0s, new, and zéxos, a birth. Nrorype, Breithaupt. A variety of Calcite containing Barytes. 8.G. 2°82 to 2°83. Name. From és, new, and rizos, a form or type. NEPHELINE, Hatiy. Hexagonal. Occurs crystallized in regular six-sided prisms (the primary form), which have their terminal edges sometimes replaced; also compact, massive, and columnar. (See ELMOLITE.) Colourless, or greyish-white: when massive greenish or bluish, brownish and brick-red. Lustre vitreous, shining. Transparent to opaque. Brittle. Fracture subconchoidal. 257 A massive variety | FH. 5-5 to 6. S.G. 2°5 to 2°6. — ————_ - Fig. 311. Fig. 312. Si+5Al Si (Scheerer). Analysis, from Vesuvius, by Scheerer : Silica . . 44:04 Alumina ‘ - 34:06 _ Peroxide ofiron . 5 - 0-44 Soda . 5 é x . 15°91 Potash 4°52 Lime . d : 4 2°01 Magnesia : . trace Muriatie acid F é 0°14. Sulphuric acid . * - O14 Water . 3 Pp F SEAL 101°38 BB fuses to a colourless blistered glass. _ In fragments in nitric acid, the latter be- comes turbid. In a powdered state, com- pletely decomposed by muriatic acid, and converted into a gelatinous mass. Localities. Monte Somma, in fine white crystals in cavities of the older lavas, with Idocrase, Mica, Hornblende, &c. Capo di Bove, near Rome, in lava. Katzenbiichel, near Heidelberg, in clinkstone. Name. From »¢éAn, a cloud; in allusion to the clouded appearance assumed by a translucent fragment when immersed in nitric acid. Brit. Mus., Case 31. S 258 NEPHRITE. M. P. G. Upper gallery, Table-case A in recess 4, Nos. 84 to 88. NEPHRITE, Jameson. JADE, or AXE- STONE. Occurs in compact masses of a leek~ green colour, passing into grey and green- ish-white. Translucent. Very tough, break- ing with a coarse splintery fracture. H. 7. 8.G. 2°9 to 3:1. Analysis, by Forchammer : Silica . : cgheias 58°88 Alumina : 1:56 Peroxide of iron . 2°81 Peroxide of manganese 0°82 Magnesia . 5 : 22°38 Potash 0°80 Lime . : : 12°15 Water 0°26 99°69 BB alone infusible (or with difficulty at the thinnest edges), but becomes white: with borax forms a transparent glass. Localities. The Harz. Corsica. Egypt. Northwest America. New Zealand. Name. From »¢e0s, a kidney; in allusion to the belief entertained in former times, of its influence in preventing and curing diseases of the kidneys. Brit. Mus., Case 29. M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, Nos. 1017 to 1026. The hardness of this stone renders it ex- ceedingly difficult to cut and polish. It is carved into handles of swords and daggers in Turkey, and the natives of New Zealand and other islands in the Pacific fashion it into clubs, hatchets, and other implements. In India it is sometimes worn as a talisman. Nevxiecuite. A kind of Wad occurring in brilliant black needles forming a coating on red Hematite, at Neukirchen, in Alsace. NEvROLITE, Thomson. Occurs massive and fine-columnar. Colour greenish-yellow. Translucent to opaque. H. 4°25. 8.G. 2°47. eco see Name. stone, because of its fibrous structure. NEUTRALES SCHWEFELSAURES L[EISEN- oxyp. See CoQuIMBITE. NEWJANSKITE, Haidinger. A name for IRIDOSMINE (which see). NickeL ANTIMONGLANZ. See ULLMAN- NITE. Nicken Awntimontst, Dufrénoy. See BREITHAUPTITE. p Nicket ArsEniATE, Hatty. See NickEL OCHRE. NICKEL OCHRE. NickEL ArsENICAL, Haiiy. See Copper NIcKEL. NickEL ARSENICAL ANTIMONIFERE. See NickEL OcHRE. NICKELARSENIC-GLANCE, NICKELARSENIKGLANZ, See Gurs- NICKELARSENKIES, Nau- ( DORFFITE. mann, NICKEL-BISMUTH, Dana, See Gru- x ICKEL-BISMUTH-GLANCE, § NAUITE. BES LOOM, See NickEL- NICKEL-BLUTHE, Haus- ooHn mann. 4 NICKEL-BOURNONITE, Fammelsberg. A variety of Bournonite, from Wolfsberg, having part of the lead replaced by cobalt and nickel. NICKEL-GLANCE, Dana, ) See GERSDORF- NICKEL-GLANZ, Hw FITE, and mann. AMOIBITE. NICKEL-GREEN, Dana. See NIcKEL- OCHRE. ' NICKEL-GYMNITE, Genth. Occurs amor- phous, reniform, or stalactitic. Colour pale apple-green or yellowish. Lustre resinous. Opaque to translucent. Streak greenish- white. H.3to4. 8.G. 2-4. Comp. (Ni, Mg)? Si+3H=silica 35:36, oxide of nickel 30°64, protoxide of iron 0°24, magnesia 14°60, lime 0°26, water 19:09= 106:19. Locality. Texas, Pennsylvania; Michi- picoten Island, Lake Superior, U.S. NIcCKELIFEROUS GREY ANTIMONY, Allan. See ULLMANNITE. NickELINE, Nicol. See NICKEL-OCHRE. NICKELKIES, Hausmann. See MILLERITEH. Nicket Natir, Hatiy. See MiLLERITE. Nickeu Ocure, Kirwan, Phillips. Occurs massive, earthy, friable, and in short capil- lary crystals of an apple-green colour. Streak greenish-white. Fracture uneven or earthy. H.2 to 2:5. S.G.3 to 31. Comp. Arseniate of nickel, or Ni5 As+ 8H =nickel 37°6, arsenic 38°4, water 24= 100. Analysis, from Riechelsdorf, by Stromeyer : Oxide of nickel 5 BBS Peroxide of iron . 113 Sulphuric acid 0°23 Arsenic acid . 36°97 Water . 24:32 100:00 BB on charcoal, gives off strong arsenical fumes, and fuses in the inner flame to a metallic globule containing arsenic. i Ite a \. iv NICKELOXYDE. ~ Readily soluble in muriatic or nitric acid. Localities. — English. Pengelly Mine, St. Austell Consols, and Huel Chance, in Corn- wall. — Foreign. Allemont in Dauphiné, coating White Nickel. Annaberg, Kams- dorf, and Schneeberg, in Saxony. Michi- picoten Island, Lake Superior, mixed with arsenide of copper. Brit. Mus., Case 56. NicKELOXxYDE, Brochant. See PIMELITE. NICKEL-SMARAGD. See EMERALD NICKEL. NICKELSPIESGLASERZ, \ Cam TORT Ge Hausmann. init. NICKEL-STIBINE, Dana. NICKEL-SULFURE, Levy. See MILLERITE: Nicke, Virriot, 7. S. Hunt. A hy- drated sulphate of nickel, occurring generally as a greenish-white efflorescence, upon a sulphide of nickel and iron at Wallace Mine, Lake Huron. NICKELWISMUTHGLANZ. See GRUNAUITE. Nicoto. See ONICOLO. Nicringe. | a1) Hae Qe 266 ONOFRITE. Alumina . 30°88 Magnesia 3°82 Potash 4 6°38 Protoxide of iron 0°80 Water . 4-60 101-90 BB swells up and fuses to a white blebby glass. ag in sulphuric, but not in muriatic acid. Locality. Posseggen, near Tamsweg in Salzburg, disseminated in slightly micaceous dolomite. Brit. Mus., Case 26. ONOFRITE, Haidinger. Occurs massive with a compact granular texture, and no cleavage. Colour steel grey to blackish- lead-grey, resembling that of Grey Copper. Lustre metallic. Streak shining. H. 2-5. Ga 0 4017-37. Comp. Selenide of mercury, or Hg, Se= quicksilver 71-7, selenium 28°3=100. Analysis, from Clausthal, by Kerl: Selenium . 24:05 Quicksilver . . 12:26 Quartz 2°86 Sulphur 0:12 99°74 BB on charcoal gives off the odour of selenium; with soda yields metallic mer- cury. Localities. Near San Onofre in Mexico, with other ores of mercury. Clausthal and Zorge in the Harz, with Copper Pyrites. Brit. Mus., Case 4. Onyx. A chalcedonic variety of Quartz, resembling Agate, and composed of alter- nate parallel layers of different colours— usually of a clear light brown, and an opaque white. Those with alternate bands of white and red and green and white are held in great esteem. The Onyx is mentioned in Exodus, chap. XXvill. 17—20, amongst the twelve pre- cious stones which were set on the breast- plate of the high-priest, each one of which was engraved with the name of one of the sons of Jacob. Being the eleventh stone, it bore, in consequence, the name of. Joseph. The two stones, also, set in ouches of gold, and piaced on the shoulders of the ephod or short sleeveless cloak of the high- priest, with the names of the children of Israel engraved upon them: six of their names on one stone and the other six names on the other stone, according to their birth, were likewise ordered to be Onyx. ; OPAL. © See also Genesis ii, 12; Exodus xxxix. 6; and Job xxviii. 16. The Onyx was highly prized by the ancients, who took advantage of the differ- ence in colour to engrave it into what are called cameos. In these the figure in relief is carved out of one layer of the stone, generally the paler of the two, while the darker part forms the back ground. These fetch very high prices even at the present day, and are highly prized, not for their rarity only, but for their beauty as works of art. See OnIcoLo, also SARD. The tints of the Onyx may be heightened by boiling it for several days in honey and water, and then soaking it in sulphuric acid to bring out the black and white layers; or in nitric acid, to heighten the colours of the red and white layers. Localities —Onyx is found in Perthshire, in the Isle of Skye; in Antrim, at the Giant’s Causeway, in amygdaloid; and in Rathlin Island, and on the shore of Lough Neagh. - Foreign. Oberstein in Saxony. The De- serts of the Nogai Khirghiz in the 8S. of Russia. Yemen in Arabia. Guzerat. Name. The word Onyx is derived from dyvz, a nail; “ because it hath a white in it resembling that in the nail of a man’s finger.” (Pliny.) : Brit. Mus., Case 22. M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, Nos. 580 to 582, 589. OosttE. A mineral related. to Pinite, found near Baden. Brit. Mus., Case 32. Opau. A kind of resinous or uncleavable Quartz. Occurs amorphous, massive, some- times small-reniform, stalactitic, or large tuberose. green, and pearl-grey; generally pale, but sometimes dark, owing to the admixture of other substances. Lustre vitreous, often inclining to resinous and sometimes to pearly. Some varieties exhibit a beautiful play of colours, or different colours by re- fracted and reflected light, which are the more beautiful owing to their not being the result of any particular tint in the stone itself, but from their being produced by re- flected light. Semi-transparent or pellucid. Streak white. Very brittle. Fracture con- choidal. H. 5-5 to 65. 8.G. 1-9 to 2:3. The play of colours in the Opal is not satisfactorily accounted for. By Brewster it is attributed to the presence of internal fissures and cracks of a uniform shape. - Colour milk-white, red-brown, | TS ORLA F OPAL. Haiiy ascribes it to thin films of air filling cavities in the interior of the stone, and re- flecting the light agreeably with the law of Newton’s coloured rings; Mohs, however, considers that these would produce irides- cence only. me Comp. Amorphous silica or Si, frequently accompanied by small quantities of potash, soda, lime, magnesia, alumina, and peroxide of iron, together with between 5 and 10 per cent. of water. The water seems to be only mechanically mixed with the silica, and varies much in the different kinds of Opal. BB infusible, but gives out water and becomes opaque: some varieties, containing iron, turn red, i : Localities. Opal occurs in short irregu- lar veins in porphyry, and in vesicular cavi- ties of amygdaloid. The chief localities are Hungary, Mexico, the Farée Islands, and Iceland. The Opals exported from Hondu- ras are obtained at the mines of tne depart- ment of Gracias, which lies between that of Comayagua and the Republic of Guate- mala. Name. From opalus, or opalum, the an- cient Latin name for the stone. For varieties of Opal, see Precious OPAL; FirE-OPpAL, or GrrAsoL; Common Opa.; SEMI-oPAL; HypDROPHANE; CACHOLONG; Hyatt, or Mutier’s GuAss; MENILITE; Opau JASPER; MICHAELITE; ALUMOCAL- CITE; RANDANITE; &c. Brit. Mus., Case 24. M.P.G. Horse-shoe Case, Nos. 767 to 771. Opal, or OPALINE ALLOPHANE. See SCHROTTERITE. OpaL Jasper. A kind of Opal contain- ing several per cent. of iron. OPALE DE Fru. See Frre-Opat. OpALE TERREUSE. See GEYSERITE. OPERMENT, Huidinger. See ORPIMENT. OPHIOLITE (from 4¢:s, a snake, and A/bos, stone). A name given to include the various serpentine rocks. The purer Serpentines are called by T. Sterry Hunt Normal Ophio- lite, and other varieties Calcareous, Dolo- mitic, or Magnesitic, according to the nature of the foreign admixtures which may be intimately mixed with them. OPHITE (from ogis, a snake, because of its spotted appearance like the skin of a snake). See SERPENTINE. Oprstmosp, Beudant. Partially altered Fowlerite (crystallized Rhodonite), from Franklin, New Jersey, and Klaperude, Dalecarlia. meat.” ORIENTAL ALABASTER. 267 Or Brane. Gold Amalgam. See ELkc- TRUM. Or pe CHAT. A name sometimes given to the small spangles of lamellar Mica as they occur in granitic rocks. Or Natir. Native Gold. See Goup. ORANGITE, Bergemann. forming a transparené glass. Not acted on by acids. Localities. — English. Cornwall, in large opaque-white crystals, in the granite ge- nerally: in irregular crystalline mass, St. Stephens; near the old Lizard Head, in green Talc; St. Michael’s Mount; Huel Coates, near St. Agnes, in twin crystals, converted into Cassiterite (figs. 317, 319) — Scotch. Rubislaw, Aberdeenshire; Drumi- doon, or Drimadoon, in Arran, in claystone porphyry (fig. 518).— Irish. Slieve Corra, ourne Mountains, in opaque-white crystals (figs. 316, 317), and in twins like those from St. Gotthard. — Foreign. Ekatherinenburg, in Siberia, and in many parts of the Ural; Arendal, in Norway; Carlsbad and EIn- bogen, in Bohemia; Baveno, on Lago Mag- giore, in Piedmont; Lomnitz, in Silesia; St. Gotthard (jigs. 316, 317); United States, at Rossie, in New York; Brazil, &c. OSTEOLITE. Name. From ée6ts, straight, and zAéo, to cleave. Orthoclase, or Potash Felspar, enters into the composition of many rocks, and is one of the ordinary ingredients of granite, of which it commonly constitutes about 45 per cent. This mineral is very liable to decomposi- tion. In that process the potash enters into combination with a portion of the silica, and is carried off in a soluble form; while the residue, consisting of a white earth, composed of silicate of alumina, is the Kaolin or China-clay, which is used in the manufacture of porcelain and earthenware. For varieties, see ADULARIA, AMAZON STonE, AVENTURINE FELSPAR, CHESTER- LITE, ERYTHRITE, GLASSY FELSPAR, HEL- LEFLINTA or LEELITE, IcESPAR, Loxo- CLASE, MiIcrocLinE, Moonstone, Mur- CHISONITE, PERTHITE, RHYACOLITE, SANI- DINE, SUNSTONE, VALENCIANITE. Brit. Mus., Case 29. M.P.G. Horse-shoe Case, Nos. 944, 955— 959, 965, 972, 973, 1039. Upper Gallery, Wall-case 6, No: 3, &c. &c. ORTHOTOMOUS KoUPHONE SPAR, Mohs. See THOMSONITE. OsERsKITE, Breithaupt. Aragonite, from Nertschinsk. OsMELITE, Breithaupt. Occurs in thin prismatic concretions, radiated or stellar. Colour greyish-white, inclining to smoke- grey. Lustre between pearly and vitreous. Translucent. Feel greasy. Fracture fibrous and conchoidal. H. 4 to 5. $.G. 2°8 to 2°83. Analysis; by Adam : A variety of Silica . 52-91 Lime . é . 32°96 Soda i i 8°89 Potash . if : : -' 401 Oxide of iron 0:54 100°‘75 Locality, In trachyte, at Niederkirchen, near Wolfstein, on the Rhine, on Cale Spar. Name. From éev%, smell, in allusion to the argillaceous smell given out by it when breathed upon. j OsMIDE oF IRIDIUM, OSMIUM-IRIDIUM. OsTBOCOLLA. (From éazeoy, a bone, and xorr«, glue.) Calc Spar incrusted on sticks, stones, and other bodies. See OSTREOCOLLA. Osteo.ite, Bromeis. An earthy form o/ Apatite, occurring in altered dolomite, be- tween Ostheim and Hichen, near Hanau ; and at Amberg, in the Erzgebirge. i See IRIDOSMINE. rae ~ OSTRANITE. OstRANITE, Breithaupt. A Zircon of a greyish- or clove-brown colour. Lustre vitreous. Very brittle. Locality. Fredericksvirn, in Norway. Named after Ostera, the German goddess of spring and morning. Brit. Mus., Case 26. Fig. 320. OsTREOCOLLA. (From ¢czeov, an oyster, and zéaaw, glue.) The name given to calca- reous incrustations deposited om roots, twigs, or small branches of trees, the vegetable matter of which being eventually destroyed, the lime is left in a tubular form, resembling small bones. Hence the name Osteocolla (which see), and the vulgar belief in their efficacy in uniting broken limbs. OTTRELITE, Haiiy. Occurs in small shin- ing scales, disseminated through clay-slate. Colour greenish- or blackish-grey. Lustre vitreous. Translucent. Streak pale green, Scratches glass. 8.G. 44. Comp. (Fe, Mn) Si+2Al Si+3H. Analysis, by Damour : Silica . , . 43°34 Alumina . 24°63 Protoxide of iron . . 16°72 Protoxide of manganese 8°18 Water . A 5°66 98°53 BB fuses with difficulty at the edges to a black magnetic glass. Decomposed only by heated sulphuric acid. Localities. British. Ottrelite has been found by Mr. Warington Smyth on Snow- don and in the Isle of Man. Name. After the locality, Ottrez, a vil- lage in Belgium, on the borders of Liege and Luxembourg. OuTREMER, Leymerie, Beudant. A name for Lapis Lazuli, after that by which the finer pulverised portions used by painters are known in France. OuvaRoviTE. See UWAROWITE. OwENITE, Genth. A mineral resembling Thuringite, named after Dr. David Dale Owen, U.S., geologist. Occurs massive, as an aggregation of minute scales. Colour olive-green. Lustre pearly. Streak paler OXIDE OF TUNGSTEN. 971 than the colour. Very tough. Fracture sub- conchoidal. Powder greasy to the touch. Odour argillaceous. H. 2°5. S.G. 3197. WELLITE. OxALATE oF IRon, Phillips. See Oxa- LITE. OXALATE OF Limz, Hl. T. Brooke. WHEWELLITE and THIERSCHITE. OxaLiTE, Hausmann. Occurs in capil- lary crystals; also botryoidal, fibrous, gran- ular, or earthy. Colour yellow. Lustre dull. Opaque. Slightly sectile. Fracture uneven, earthy. H.2. 8.G. 2°13 to 2°. Comp. 2Fe-6-+3H=protoxide of iron 41-4, oxalic acid 42°7, water 16-1=100. BB on charcoal, yields a vegetable odour, and becomes successively yellow, black, and red. Forms a yellow solution without effervescence in nitric aid. Localities. Kolosoruk, near Bilin, in Bohemia, in Lignite. In Brown Coal, at Gross Almerode, and Duisburg, in Hesse. Potschappel, near Dresden. Cape Ipperwash, Canada, in shales. OXHAVERITE, Brewster. A pale-green translucent variety of Apophyllite, found in- distinctly crystallized on calcified wood, at Oxhaver springs, in Iceland. OXIDE oF ANTIMONY, Phillips. See CrrR- VANTITE. OxipDE oF Antimony, Phillips. LENTINITE. OxiIDE oF ArsENIC, Phillips. See ArsrE- NOLITE. OxIpDE oF+BismuTH, Phillips. MUTH OCHRE. OXIDE oF CHROME, Phillips. See CHROME OCHRE. OxibDE oF CoBALT. See EARTHY COBALT. OXIDE OF CoprER. See CHALCOTRICHITE, MELACONITE, RED CoprER, TENORITE. OxipE oF Iron. See BoG-irRon ORE, GOTHITE, HEMATITE, LEPIDOKROKITE, Li- MONITE, MAGNETITE, SPECULAR IRON, STIL- NOPSIDERITE, TURGITE, YELLOW OCHRE. OxIDE oF LEAD. See Menpirits, Mr- NIUM, PLATTNERITE, PLUMBIC OCHRE. OxIDE OF MANGANESE. See BRAUNITE, HAUSMANNITE, MANGANITE, PSILOMELANE, PYROLUSITE. OxipE or Motyspena, Phiilips. MoLyBDINE. Oxipr oF Nicket. See ANNABERGITE. OxIDE or Tin, Phillips. See CASsITERITE. OxIDE oF TuNGSTEN, Phillips. See Wou- FRAMINE. See See VA- See Bis- See 9/2 OXIDE OF URANIUM. OXIDE oF URANIUM. See P1rrcHBLENDE. OXIDE oF Zinc. See ZINCITE. OxipE RouGE DE Titanium, La Metherie. See RuTILE. OXYCHLORIDE OF CoPpPER. MITE. OXYCHLORIDE OF LEAD. See MENDIPITE and MATLOCKITE. -OxYDE ZINCIQUE. See ZINCITE. OXYDULATED CoprEeR. See RED CoPpPER. OxXYDULATED Iron, Phillips. See Mac- See ATACA- NETITE. OXYSULPHIDE OF Zinc. See VOLTZITE. OZARKITE. An amorphous or fibrous- radiated form of Thomsonite. It occurs as~ sociated with Elzolite and Apatite at the Ozark mountains, Arkansas. OZOCERITE, or OZOKERITE, Glocker, Phil- lips, Dufrénoy. A mineral resin, resembling a resinous wax in consistence and trans- lucence. Amorphous, sometimes fibrous or foliated. Colour yellowish-brown by trans- mitted light, dark leek-green by reflected light. Lustre glimmering, glistening on principal fracture. Subtranslucent. Has an agreeable aromatic odour. Softens by the heat of the hand, and may be kneaded like wax. Structure sometimes foliated. Fracture flat-conchoidal in one direction, in another splintery : can be reduced to powder -inamortar. §.G. 0°955. Comp. CH, or carbon 86, hydrogen 14 =100. Fuses at 140° F., and boils at from 121° to 210° C. (249:8° to 410° F.), distilling to a clear oily fluid, which becomes solid on cooling. Burns with a bright clear fame, without leaving any residue. Forms a yellow solution readily in oil of turpentine; with. difficulty in ether or alcohol. Not acted on by acids. Localities —British. Urpeth Colliery, near Newcastle-on-Tyne; Uphal, Linlithgow- shire. — Foreign. Moldavia; at Slanik and Zietrisika, in sandstone, in sufficient quan- tity to be used for economical purposes ;. in Austria, at Truskawiezi, in Galicia, and Gresten, near Garning. Wettin in Prussia. Name. From ew, to smell, and 720s, waz. M.P.G. Horse-shoe Case, Nos. 95 to 97. Magnus, Schrotter, and Malaguti agree in ‘representing Ozocerite as a mixture of several substances, differing in their physical properties, yet possessing the same ultimate chemical constitution. PALAGONITE. Pp, ~ Paco, or PAcos. The Peruvian name for an earthy-looking ore, composed of Brown Oxide of Iron, with almost imperceptible particles of Native Silver, or chloride of silver, disseminated through it. The greater part of the silver extracted by mining in Peru is found in this species of ore. This mineral is the Argentiferous Gossan of the Cornish miners. PaGopA STonE, Muirhead. The Chinese name for a dark brown limestone containing Orthoceratites. These when polished and framed are held in great estimation in China as ornaments for state apartments. They are said to be common at Yunnan. The Chinese name of “ pagoda-stone ” owes its origin to the general belief that the Orthoceratites (which show, in their al- veoles and in the septa passing through them, a certain resemblance to a Pagoda) have been formed underground in places where the towers of the buildings in ques- tion have cast their shadows on the surface of the ground. PacopiTe. See AGALMATOLITE. PAISBERGIT, Igelstrém. A variety of Rhodonite from Paisbergs Iron Mine, in Phillipstadt, Sweden. S.G. 3°63. Analysis, by Igelstriim : Silica . . 46°46 Protoxide of manganese . 41-88 Protoxide of iron. . ‘ore Lime $13 Magnesia 0-91 100°69 PALAGoNITE, v. Waltershausen. A hy- drous Scapolite. Amorphous, in grains and fragments. Colour amber-yellow to yel- lowish-brown, and blackish. Lustre vitre- ous to resinous. Transparent to translucent. Streak yellow. Easily frangible. Fracture conchoidal, or uneven. H. 4 to 5. S.G. 2°4 to 2°7. Comp. 2(Al, #e) Si+(Ca, Mg, Na) Si2 + 6H. Analysis, by v. Waltershausen Silica - 41°90 Alumina f P ok 2ae Peroxide of iron . . 16°74. Lime 6°71 Magnesia . : 5 6°86 Soda . A 1:92 ‘PALLADIUM. Potash. 6 é J . 0:99 Water . ‘ : . 12°16 100-00 BB fuses readily to a shining magnetic globule. Dissolves easily in acid. Localities. Forms the basis of basaltic tufa and conglomerate in Iceland, France, Germany, the Azores, the Canary, Cape de Verde, Galapagos and Tortugas Islands. Name. After one of the localities, Pala- gonia, in the Val di Noto, Sicily. Palagonite is considered by Bunsen to have resulted from an alteration of pyroxene rocks, the iron in which has become con-: verted into peroxide. Patuapium. See NatTivE PALLADIUM. PALLADIUM GoLp. See PORPEZITE. PALLADIUM OCHRE, or PALLADIUM Oxipe. A brown ochreous substance asso- ciated with the Palladium-gold of Brazil. PANABASE, Beudant. (From 7», ail, and Béois, base.) See TETRAHEDRITE. PANTHER-AGATE. See LEONINE. PApPER-CoAL, or PAPIER-KouHLE. The name given to certain layers of Lignite in consequence of their leaf-like structure. PARACOLUMBITE, C. U. Shepard. mineral occurring in grains and short irre- gular seams of an iron-black colour, very sparingly disseminated through a large boulder, near Taunton in Massachusetts. Jt consists probably of oxides of iron and uranium, combined with a metallic (not titanic) acid. ParAaconite, Schafhaiitl. Allied to biaxial Mica (Damourite). Colour yellow- ish and greyish-white. Glittering. Trans- lucent at the edges. Slightly unctuous to the touch. Somewhat harder than Rock Salt ; easily scraped with a knife. Analysis, by Schafhéutl : Silica ° é 3 J) 1 1595020 Alumina. . A 2 - 89°90 Peroxide of iron . a 2310 Soda . 3 5 : . 8:45 ; Water . 2°45 99°36 BB alone, unchanged; with borax forms a clear glass. Not acted on by acids. Locality. St. Gotthard, in mica-slate. Paratocite, NW. Nordenskisld. Occurs | Occurs disseminated PARGASITE. 278 white, blue, or reddish-blue. Lustre vitreous. H.7°5. S.G. 2°6. Analysis, by Thoreld : Silica . : . 44:95 Alumina . 26°89 Lime . : . 14:44 Magnesia ° : ache O: Soda . - - - . 10°86 Protoxide of manganese . trace Loss by ignition . 1°85 100-00 BB fases easily to a colourless blebby glass. Locality. Bucharei in Siberia, associated with Lapis Lazuli and Felspar. PARALUMINITE, Steinberg. Probably an impure Websterite. Comp. AlS+15H=Websterite+Al Hé. Analysis, by Martens: Alumina - 30°96 Sulphuric acid . 14:04 Water . é F - 50:00 100-00 Localities. Wallé and Morl in Prussia. PARANTHINE, Haiiy. A name for certain A | compact varieties and crystals of white and pale blue Scapolite. Analysis, from Malsjé, by v. Rath : Silica . E 4 - 47°54 Alumina P . 24°69 Peroxide of iron . . trace Lime . ; F . 16°84 Soda . , 3 ; 3°55 Potash 5 4 Q 0°85 Magnesia . : . 2°18 Water . é “ A a dle 97-06 Locality. The limestone quarries at Mals- 36,in Wermland, Sweden. Name. From ragévéew, to glance on. PARASTILBITE, v. Waltershausen. A mineral from Borgarfiord, resembling Stil- bite, but differing from it in the measure- ment of its angles. PAaRAToMOUS AUGITE SPAR, Mohs. See AUGITE and PYROXENE. PARATOMOUS KoUPHONE Spar, Mohs. See HARMOTOME. , Paratomous Leap BaryTE, Haidinger. See CALEDONITE. PARATOMOUS Mohs. See ANKERITE. PARGASITE, or NoBLE HoRNBLENDE. in roundish semi- Lime HAtorp, in four- and eight-sided prisms. Colour | crystalline masses and in six-sided prisms RES 274 -PARISITE. with dihedral summits. Colour paler than Hornblende; generally olive- or bottle- green. Somewhat translucent. Lustre vitreous or pearly. Harder than Fluor, but softer than Quartz. 8.G. 3°11. Analysis, from Pargas, by Bonsdorff : Silica . . ° : . 45°69 Alumina . 5 URIS Magnesia . . 5 5 key) Lime . 13°83 Protoxide of iron . 7°32 Protoxide of manganese 0:22 Hydrofluoric acid . . 1:50 99°53 BB like Hornblende, but yields a paler glass. Locality. Pargas (whence the name), near Abo in Finland; in Calc Spar. Brit. Mus., Case 33. The name Pargasite is applied to certain varieties of Hornblende of high lustre and rather dark tints of green, but paler than common Hornblende. , The crystals are generally thick and short. ParisirE, L. di Medici-Spada. Hexa- ‘gonal. Occurs in elongated double six- sided pyramids, with truncated apex and very perfect basal cleavage. Colour green- ish- or browish-yellow with a tinge of red. Lustre vitreous; pearly on cleavage planes. Translucent at the edges; transparent in thin lamine. Streak yellowish-white. Fracture slightly conchoidal. H. 4:5. 8.G. 4°35. Comp. 8(Ce, La, D, Ga) G+ (Ge, La, D) H+2Ca F. Analysis, by Bunsen (mean of two): Protoxides of cerium, lan- thanum and didymium . 59°85 Carbonic acid . 23°58 Lime . 4 a 3°16 Fluoride of calcium . 11:02 Water . ; ° 2°40 100°01 BB infusible and incandescent ; but turns brown. Difficultly soluble in muriatic acid with effervescence. Locality. Emerald mines of the Musso Valley, New Granada. Name. Inhonour of the discoverer, J. J. Paris. PEA-IRON ORE. Brit. Mus.. Case 49. ee M.P.G. Horse-shoe Case, Nos. 8839—843. Parrot-Coau. . 2°84 Magnesia . 2°09 Lime . 0-71 100-08 Locality. Poorhouse Quarry, Chester co., Pennsylvania. . PEKTOLITH, v. Kobell. See PECTOLITE. PELE’s Harr. Lava blown by the wind, when in a very fluid state, into hair-like fibres. It is called by the natives of Ha- wail Pélé’s Hair, after the principal goddess of the volcano of Kilauea. In chemical composition it closely resembles Audgite. The following analysis is given by Dana: Silica . : : ; ast): Alumina. 2 210255 Protoxide of iron . 22°29 Lime - 2°74 Magnesia : . 2°40 Soda ; . 21°62 99°34 Dana describes the mode of formation of this substance from actual observation, as follows :—“ lt covered thickly the surface to leeward, and lay like mown grass, its threads being parallel and pointing away from the pool (of melted lava). On watch- ing the operation a moment, it was apparent that it proceeded from the jets of liquid lava thrown up by the process of boiling. The currents of air blowing across these jets bore off small points and drew out a glassy fibre, such as is produced in the com- mon mode of working glass. The delicate fibre floated on till the heavier end brought it down, and then the wind carried over the lighter capillary extremity. Each fibre was usually ballasted with the small knob which was borne off from the lava-jet by the winds.” — Geology of the United States’ Exploring Expedition, 1828-42, p. 179. Locality. Kilauea, Island of Hawaii. Also in Iceland. The modern lava and volcanic glass of Kilauea are composed of silica, protoxide of iron, alumina, soda, potash, and lime, but these vary much in their relative propor- tions. They contain a large amount of oxide of iron. Professor Silliman, jun., asserts that soda is present to the exclusion of potash ; but this is not borne out by Mr. Peabody’s analysis of Pélé’s Hair, in which both potash and soda are given. M.P.G. Upper Gallery, Wall-case 1, Nos. 20, 20a. PELICANITE, Ouchakow. A product of the decomposition of Felspar, and related to | ring in acute rhombohedrons, truncated at PENNINE. Cimolite or Steiermark, and other minerals of the same kind. Colour’ pale greenish. Translucent at the edges. Amorphous. Fracture conchoidal. H. 3°5. S.G. 2:°256. | | eee see ° | Comp. Al Si3 +2H, or Cimolite + H. | Analysis, by Ouchakow ; | Silica . 4 4 - 58°90 Alumina 5 3 - 20°49 Peroxide of iron . 0°39 Lime . 5 ; 5 . trace Magnesia . 0-50 Potash . < : 4 . O29 Phosphoric acid . 0-16 Water . : z E « (SD Quartz. : i . 10:33 99-41 In a matrass gives water. BB burns white, but does not fuse even at the edges. With cobalt turns dark blue. Insoluble in muriatic acid. Locality. The government of Kiew in Russia, as the base of a granitic rock. PELIoM. The name sometimes given to Tolite from Bodenmais in Bavaria; from weAios, smoky-blue, in allusion to its colour. Analysis, by Stromeyer ; Silica phere - « 48°35 Alumina. 4 . - DLE Magnesia : . 10°16 Protoxide of manganese 0°33 Protoxide ofiron. . 8°32 Waters. "ree eee 0°59 99°46 Brit. Mus., Case 36. M. P. G. Upper Gallery, Wall-case 1, No. 20. PELOKONITE (from 7#Aés, ash-coloured, and és, powder). A variety of Cupreous Manganese, found associated with Chryso- colla, in Chili. H.3. S.G. 2°5 to 2°6. PENCATITE. The name given by Roth to a variety of Predazzite. It is, however, a doubtful species. Comp. Ca C+ Mg H. Analysis, by Roth: Carbonic acid . > nee Lime . : LR. ome Magnesia . 23°27 Alumina and peroxide of iron 2°88 Silica . - Ec Phin ys |.) Water.) 20) ME Rees ‘ 100-67 Locality. Predazzo, in the Southern Tyrol. Pennine. A species of Chlorite, occur- a eg oo, PENNITE. the extremities, and often tabular. Colour bluish,and bluish-green by reflected light ; by transmitted licht, emerald-green in the direc- tion of the axis, and brown at right angles to it. ee paent bo bseeas Ga 8. . 2°67. Analysis, from Monte ie oy Schweizer : Car wie oh Seid So's se BOOM Alumina i ‘ . 9°69 Magnesia . 32°34 Protoxide of iron. - 11°36 Water . - ‘ s . 12°58 99:04 BB swells up and fuses at the edges to a yellowish-white enamel. Dissolves in muriatic acid, with separa- tion of silica in a flocculent state, and with still greater facility in sulphuric acid. Localities. Ala, in Piedmont. Zermatt, in Valais. The Tyrol. Name. After the Pennine Alps. Brit. Mus., Case 32. M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, No. 1170. PENNITE, Hermann. Occurs in whitish or pale green incrustations, having a sur- face of minute spherules. Lustre weak. H. 3. S.G. 2°86. Comp. Ca C+2Mg G+H. Analysis, from Texas, by Hermann : Carbonic acid . 44°54 Magnesia . - . 27°02 Lime . ‘ 3 . 20°10 Oxide of nickel 5 1:25 Protoxide of iron , p . 0°70 Protoxide of manganese 0:40 Alumina : ; ‘ 0°15 Water . . 5 ‘ - 6°84 100°00 BB alone, infusible. Localities, — British, The Shetlands: Swinaness, on chromate of iron with Eme- rald Nickel; Haroldswick, in Unst, mas- sive-foliated. — Foreign. ‘Texas, Lancaster co., Pennsylvania, U.S. PENTAKLASIT, Hausmann. See Pyr- OXENE. ie PENTLANDITE. A variety of Hisen-nic- kelkies, from Craignure. Name. After J. B. Pentland. Prriouite. A pseudomorph, after Iolite, from Ramsberg, in Sweden. H. 3 to 3:5. S.G. 2°68 to 2°75. Analysis, (mean of puna Silica . : P - 45°95 Alumina . . 80°51 Protoxide of iron. 6°77 PERICLASE. 277 Magnesia 5. 7°99 Lime . c 0:50 Protoxide of manganese . trace Water . Stale: : 8°30 100:02 Name. From zéxi0s, a cover, and Aibos, stone. Preponire. Dufrénoy. A variety of fibrous, acicular and radiated Tremolite, forming kidneys in a serpentinous rock, mixed with oxydulated iron, at Berggies- Shiibel in Saxony. It has a more decided green tint than Calamite, the result, doubt- less, of its association with Serpentine ; and its lustre is, also, very slight. Percyiitge, H. J. Brooke. A Chloride (perhaps oxychloride) of lead and copper. Occurs in minute cubes. Colour and streak sky-blue. Lustre vitreous. H. 2°5. Comp. (Pb, Cl+ Pb) + (Cu, Cl + Cu) +H. BB fuses readily; on charcoal, in the inner flame, affords metallic globules, which dissolve without residue in dilute nitric acid, Locality. a Sonora, in Mexico, accom- panying Gold, in a matrix of Quartz and Red Oxide of Iron. Name. After John Percy, M.D., Pro- fessor of Metallurgical Chemistry in the Government School of Mines. Brit. Mus., Case 57 B. PERICLASE; PERICLASIA, Scacchi. PERI- KLASE. Cubical. Occurs in octahedrons, with a perfect cubic cleavage, and in grains. Colour dark-green. Lustre vitreous. Trans- parent to translucent. H.6. S.G. 3°75. Comp. Mg, or magnesia with 5 to 8 per cent. of protoxide of iron. Analysis, by Damour : Magnesia : . 93°86 Protoxide of jron. ‘ s OOF 99:83 BB infusible. Slowly soluble in nitric acid when re- duced to powder. Locality. Monte Somma, in ejected masses of white limestone. Name. From ze, around, and Arcos, ane age, in allusion to the cleavages at the angles. Periclase is most surely distinguished by cubical cleavage from the white Peridot- olivine with which it is associated. It is distinguished from Fluor and Scheelite (Tungsten), which it resembles in external characters, by cleavage ba hardness. T 278 PERICLINE. PERICLINE, Phillips. PERIKLIN, Breit- haupt. A variety of Albite, in which a por- tion of the soda is replaced by potash. In twins like those of Albite. Generally more _ opaque, and of less specific gravity, than ordinary Albite or Felspar. H. 6. 8.G. 2°64. Fig. 324. | Fig. 325. Comp. (Na, K+ Al) Sis. Analysis, from Pantellaria, by Abich : Silica . , A - 68°23 Alumina . 18°30 Peroxide ofiron . 1°01 Soda . > A . ae es)) Potash . A 3 3 PAE? Lime . ‘é 5 1:26 Magnesia . ‘ 2 0°51 99°83 BB fuses more readily than Albite. Localities. St. Gotthard, in Switzerland, in large distinct crystals. Zoblitz, in Saxony. The Pfundersthal and Schmierner- thal, in the Tyrol. The Sau-alpe, in Carinthia. Name. From zépizaivas, inclined about (the end). Brit. Mus., Case 30. PERIDOT, Haiiy; PERIDOT-OLIVINE. See Curysouire. The name Peridot is derived from the Arabic feridet, a precious stone. PERIDOT BLANC, Scacchi. white, or colourless Chrysolite, from Vesu- vius. See MonrIcELLITE. PERIDOT GRANULIFORME, Haiiy. OLIVINE. PERISTERITE, T. S. Hunt. A variety of Albite containing disseminated grains of Quartz, or in fine cleaveable masses free from Quartz. Lustre vitreous. Exhibits a fine play of colours analogous to that of Labradorite. H.6. S.G. 2625 to 2°627. Analysis, by T. S. Hunt: Silica . 66°80 Alumina. . z - 21°80 See Peroxide of iron . ; - 0°30 Soda . é 4 ° a 2:00 Potash . . . 0°58 Lime . 2 s ; e 2°52 Magnesia . . pie 6 0720 Loss by ignition . 0°60 99°80 Locality, Bathurst, in Canada. Translucent, | PEROWSKITE. Name. From zteiosegz, a pigeon, from the resemblance of its colours to those on a pigeon’s neck. When cut in a proper direction, Peri- sterite exhibits a delicate celestial-blue opal- escence, which is very beautiful. PERIToMous ANTIMONY GLANCE, Mohs. See FREIESLEBENITE. PEritomous AuGiITE Spar, Mohs. See ARFVEDSONITE. PERIroMouS HAL-BARYTE, Mohs. See STRONTIANITE. Preriromous KoupHone Spar, Mohs. See Mrsorypr. PERITOMOUS LEAD BAryTE, Mohs. See MENDIPITE. Preritomous Rupy BuenpE, Mohs. See CINNABAR. Preriromous Tirantum Ore, Mohs. See RUTILE. PERLAIRE, Haiiy. PERLIT, or PERLSTEIN, Werner. See PEARLSTONE. PERLGLIMMER, Leonhard. See MARGA- RITE. ; PERL-STEIN, Werner; or PEARL-STONE, Jameson. When felspathic rocks have un- dergone perfect fusion, those portions of the mass which have cooled, the least rapidly assume the form of Pearlstone. This has a pearly lustre, inclining to waxy, and is of various tints of grey, yellow, brown or red. It is translucent at the edges or opaque, and has a small-conchoidal fracture. H. 6. 8.G, 2:25, to 2°38. The material (Pitchstone) forming the paste or main mass of the rock, contains rounded or completely spherical, nodules of a clear grey colour, and easily detached from the matrix. These have been compared to pearls, and have given the name of Pearlstone to the rock, while the kernels in question have received the name of Spherulite, from their spherical shape. BB swells up violently, and forms a white, spongy slag. See OBSIDIAN. Brit. Mus., Case 31. M. P. G. Upper Gallery, Wall-case 1, Nos. 48 to 55; Wall-case 2, Nos. 14 to 25. PEROFSKITE, G. Rose. See PEROWSKITE. PmeROWSKINE. See TETRAPHYLINE. PEROWSKITE, Kenngot. First discovered by Butzengeiger in the granular limestone of Vogtzburg, on the Kaiserstuhl, and de- scribed by Walchner in 1825. Crystallizes in cubes and individual crystals, made up of an aggregation of smaller cubes, between which there are sometimes delicate films of Cale Spar, as may be ascertained by treat- ment with acids. Cleavage very distinct, parallel to the faces of the cube, Colour PEROXIDE OF IRON. iron-black, Lustre brilliant-metallic ; glassy on cleavage face. Streak white or greyish. H. 55. $.G. 4:02, Comp. Titanate of lime, or Ca Ti=titanic acid 59, lime 41=100. Analysis (mean of two), from Schelingen, - by Seneca: Titanic acid . - 59°12 Lime . : 5 . 36°81 Water . r 3 6-11 101-04 BB alone, infusible. Localities. Achmatovsk, near Slatoust, in the Ural, in crystals, or druses of crystals, the largest of which do not exceed 6 lines in length, associated with crystallized Chlo- rite and Magnetic Iron, in Chlorite Slate. Schelingen, in the Kaiserstuhl, in small black cubes, with Mica, Magnetite, &c. iVame. After Count L. A. von Perowski, of St. Petersburg. Brit. Mus., Case 37. PEROXIDE OF IRon. See MAGNETITE, Martirze, HEMATITE (Red Iron Ore, Spe- cular Iron). PEROXIDE OF TiN, Thomson. SITERITE. PERTHITE, Thomson. A flesh-red va- riety of Orthoclase from Perth, in Upper See Cas- Canada. S.G. 2°576 to 2°579. : Analysis, by T. S. Hunt: Silica a ‘ . 66°44 Alumina . 3 i . 18:35 Peroxide of iron . F . 1:00 Lime . é z é . 0°67 Potash . F : . aw 6:30 Soda . P 5 5°56 Magnesia . ‘ F . 0:24 Loss by ignition . 0°40 99°01 Brit. Mus., Case 29. ‘PEetra.it, Haidinger, Hausmann, PETALITE, Phillips, Dana, Brooke & Miller. Massive: three cleavages; structure perfectly lamellar in one direction. Colour white, greyish or greenish; frequently with a tinge of red. Lustre glistening; pearly on the face of perfect cleavage. Translucent. Streak white. Fracture imperfect-conchoidal. H. 6. 8.G. 2°4 to 2°45. Analysis, from Ut6, by Hagen : Silica 6 é . - (081 Alumina. : - 17:20 PETROL. 279 Soda . 2°30 Lithia . : 2°69 100:00 BB fuses readily and quietly to a turbid and rather blistered glass, colouring the flame red, especially when powdered and mixed with fluor-spar and bisulphate of potash. Not affected by muriatic or sulphuric acid. Localities. The iron mine of Uto, S. E. of Stockholm, accompanied by Lepidolite, Tourmaline, Spodumene and Quartz. Near York, on Lake Ontario. Bolton, Massachu- setts, U.S. Elba (var. Castor). Name. From zézadov, a leaf, in allusion to its lamellar structure in one direction. PETRE SALT. Nitre in its native state (see Nirre). When refined, it is called salt-petre. Brit. Mus., Case 31. Petro, Hatchett, Brochant. PETROLE, PrTrouteum. A blackish or reddish-brown viscid variety of Asphaltum, containing much Naphtha. Rather thicker than com— mon tar. Generally translucent. Odour strongly bituminous. Lasily inflames, and burns with a bluish flame, giving off a thick black smoke, and leaving a very small earthy residue. Soluble in ether and alcohol. 8.G. 0°7 to 0°85. Comp. C H?. Analysis, from Alsace, by Boussingault ; _ Carbon . < : . 88°7 Eivdresen tas day 26 101°3 Localities.—British. Cornwall; at Huels Unity and Jewel, and Carharrack. Chud- leigh, Devonshire. Shropshire: Coal Port, near Colebrook Dale, Madeley, Pitchford, Penalley lead mine. Ormskirk, Lanca- shire. St. Catherine’s Well, near Edin-— burgh.—Foreign. Tegernsee in Bavaria. Near Neufchatel in Switzerland. Amiano in Italy, and Pietra Bianca, on the south- ern foot of Vesuvius. Sicily. Near the volcanic isles of Cape de Verde, the sea is sometimes covered with it. Parma. Alsace in France, and at Beziers (Dep. Herault), and Clermont (Puy-de-Dome). Oil Creek, Venango co., Pennsylvania; and in Kentucky, Ohio, Virginia, &c., in the United States. Inniskillen, Canada West, where there is a deposit of Mineral Pitch, or Mineral Caoutchouc, extending over several acres, and also springs. The lonian Islands; Zante, &c. Trujillo and Cumana (Gulf of Cariaco). Antilles, In the provinces T4 280 PETROL. of Merida and Coro, and especially in that of Maracaybo, where it is used for paying the ships which navigate the lake. Mexico: in the interior, bubbling up to the surface of freshwater-lakes. In Texas, within 100 miles of Houston, there are springs of Pe- troleum, which in the summer months con- tinually boil up from the bottom, near the centre of a small lake about a quarter of a mile in circumference. The Petroleum hardens on exposure, and becomes converted into Bitumen or Asphaltum. In Canada there are springs on the River Thames, near its right bank. The Petro- leum is frequently collected on cloths from off the surface of the water, and is very gene- rally used in the neighbourhood as aremedy for cuts and cutaneous diseases in horses. There are numerous Petroleum-wells in Burmah. The principal wells are situated about three miles from the town of Ye-nan-gyoung ( fetid -water -rivulet, from the Petroleum which is so called in Burmese), upon a plateau or irregular table-land, with a gently rising surface, forming a sort of peninsula among the ravines. The wells are frequent along its upper surface, and on the sides and spurs of the ravines which bound ‘ it on the north and south-east. They are said to be about 100 in number, but of these some are exhausted or not worked. The depth of the wells appears to vary in tolerable proportion with the height of the mouth of the well above the river-level. ‘Those measured by Prof. Oldham were 189, 190, and 270 feet in depth to the oil, and one was said to be 306 feet deep. The area in which the wells stand, does not seem to exceed half a square mile. They are in some places pretty close together ; less, that is, than a hundred feet apart. They are all exactly alike; rectangular orifices about 45x34 feet, lined with horizontal timbers the whole way down. ‘The oil ap- pears to be found in a stratum of impure Lignite, with a good deal of sulphur. In one of the valleys, a stratum of this was seen cropping out, with the oil oozing out between the laminz. There is another group of oil wells about a mile to the south of those just described. The northern group contains about eighty wells now yielding oil: the southern group about fifty, which yield an inferior kind of oil mixed with water. The yield of the wells varies greatly. Some afford no more than five or six viss, while others give 700, 1000, and even it is said 1500 daily. The average in the northern group seems to be PETUNTZE. about 220 viss—in the southern 40 viss’ (viss=3°6516 lbs. avoirdupois) daily: or 6,424,000 viss annually in the north group, and 730,000 in the south: making a total quantity of 7,154,000 viss, equal to about 11,690 tons. _ Generally the supply from a well deterio- rates the longer it is worked, and, if it be - allowed to lie fallow for a time, itis said that the yield is found to be diminished on the recommencement of work. The oil is described by the people as gushing like a fountain from openings in the earth. It accumulates in the well during the afternoon and night, and is drawn off in the morning. The oil is conveyed to the river-side in carts loaded with earthen pots, containing ten viss each. Purchasers generally buy at the river side. The ordinary price used to be one takal the 100lbs. or about 16s. a ton. Lately, in consequence of the demand from Rangoon, it has risen to about 35s. per ton. The oil looks like thin treacle of a green- ish colour, and the smell is not unpleasant in the open air and in moderate strength. The Petroleum from the pits is very gene- rally used as a lamp-oil all over Burmah. It is also used largely on the woodwork and. planking of houses, as a preservative from insects, and for several minor purposes; as a liniment, and even as a medicine taken in- ternally. The Chinese geography, trans- lated in Thévenot’s “ Voyages curieux,” says that it is a sovereign remedy for the itch, which its sulphureous affinities render highly probable. There isnow a considerable ex- port of the article from Rangoon to England. Paraftine is obtained from it, which is used in the manufacture of candles; also Bel- montine and Sherwodole, which are used for burning—and a heavier fluid employed as a lubricating oil. It has been sold in the London markets at from £40 to £40 a ton. (See “Narrative of Mission to Court of Ava, in 1855, by Captain Henry Yule,” p. 23.) See NAPHTHA. Name. From 7éreov, a rock, and oleum, oil. Brit. Mus., Case 60. PETROSILEX. Compact impure Felspar, often resembling Jasper in appearance, but distinguishable from it by being fusible BB. S.G. 2°6 to 2°66. PETROSILEX RESINITE, Hatiy. See PircH- STONE. PETUNTZE or PEH-TUN-TSZ. A quartz- ose felspathic rock, consisting largely of Quartz. Itisused in China, when mixed with Kaolin, in the manufacture of por- celain. 8 PETZITE. “‘ Grind with strong arms, the pond’rous quartz betwixt, The soft kaolin with petuntze mix’d.” Perzite, Haidinger; or TELLURGOLD- SILBER. A variety of Telluric Silver (Hessite), in which part of the silver is re- placed by gold. 8.G. 8:72 to 8°83. Analysis, from Nagyag, by Petz; UIVCEy cunetysn women ie tr 4O400 Tellurium . : . . 34:98 Gold . b ‘ F . 18:26 Tron, lead, sulphur . traces 100-00 Brit. Mus., Case 3. PFEIFENSTEIN. See PIPESTONE. PHACOLITE, Breithaupt. A variety of ‘Chabasite. Analysis, from Leipa, by Anderson : Silica . A 3 45°63 Alumina 2 . 4 - 19°48 Peroxide of iron . : = (083 Lime . : ‘ 3 - 13°30 Soda . 3 é F - 1:68 Potash. js ; : 1:31 Magnesia . - 014 Water . i : . 17:98 99:95 Fig. 326. Localities. — Irish. Giant?s Causeway, and Castle Rocks, Magilligan, Derry, fig. 326, in translucent to opaque, greyish- white or pinkish crystals, in cavities of amygdaloidal greenstone.—Foreign. Leipa in Bohemia. New York Island. Name. From ¢axés, a bean, and Aélos, stone. Brit. Mus., Case 37. WM, P. G. Horse-shoe Case, No. 1181. PHARMACOCHALZIT, Hausmann. See Our- VINITE. PHARMACOLITE, Phillips, Nicol, Haus- mann. Oblique. Generally occurs in deli- vate silky fibres or acicular crystals forming stellated groups: also botryoidal, or globu- lar and stalactitic. Rarely in distinct erys- tals. Colour white or greyish: often super- ficially tinged red or violet by arsenate of eobalt. Lustre vitreous. Translucent to k Naas CS Fig. 327. 4h PHARMACOSIDERITE. 281 opaque. Streak white. Fracture uneven. H. 2 to 2°5. §.G. 2°64 to 2°73. Comp. Arseniate of lime, or Ca? As+6H= arsenic acid 51°11, lime 24°89, water 24:00= 100. Analysis, from Wittichen, by Klaproth ; Arsenic acid. : B . 00°54 Lime . 25:00 Water . ge 24°46 100-00 BB is almost wholly volatilized, with dense white arsenical fumes. Readily soluble, with effervescence, in Nitric acid. Localities. Andreasberg in the Harz. Riegelsdorf and Gliicksbrunn, in Thuringia. St. Marie-aux-Mines, in the Vosges. Wit- tichen in Baden, Joachimsthal in Bohemia. Hesse. Name. From ¢éeu«xov, poison, and Ailes, stone ; in allusion to its containing arsenic. Brit. Mus., Case 56. PHARMACOSIDERITE, Hausmann, or ar- seniate of iron. Cubical: primary. form the cube. Cleavage cubic, imperfect. Ge- nerally occurs crystallized in cubes: rarely massive. Colour various shades of green, inclining to yellowish-, and brownish green. Lustre vitreous. Semi-transparent to opaque. Streak pale olive-green or yellow. Pyro- electric. Fracture uneven or imperfect- conchoidal. H.2°5. 8.G. 2°9 to 3. oo vee Analysis, from Cornwall, by Berzelius : Arsenic acid . 38°00 Phosphoric acid . Meare eter) Peroxide of iron . 5 . 40°56 Oxide of copper. . « 0°60 Water . ee . 19°57 Matrix. 0°35 99°78 BB on charcoal, gives off strong arsenical odours, and fuses to a metallic, grey mag- netic slag, which dissolves in borax or microcosmic salt, emitting an arsenical odour, and exhibiting an iron reaction. Readily soluble in muriatic or nitric acid. 9 282 PHENACITE. Localities—English. Cornwall, figs. 327, 328, in tetrahedral crystals at Huel Jane; Huel Gorland; Huel Unity; Carharrack Mine; Carn Brea; Botallack. In cubes. at Burdle Gill in Cumberland, on Quartz.— Foreign. St. Leonard in France. Schnee- berg and Schwartzenberg in Saxony. Aus- tralia. Name. From ¢éeuxxov, poison, and sidueos, iron. Brit. Mus., Case 56. PHENACITE, Dana. PHENAKITE, Nor- denskiild. Hexagonal, often hemihedral. Primary form a rhombohedron. Colourless or bright wine-yellow, inclining to red. Lustre vitreous. Transparent to opaque. Refracts doubly. Fracture conchoidal, like that of Quartz. H.7°5. §S.G.2°966 to 2°99. Fig. 329. ene from Perm, by Hartwall : Silica . 00°44 Glucina - 44:47 Magnesia and peroxide of iron . ; J . traces 99°61 BB alone infusible: with borax slowly forms a clear glass; with carbonate of soda affords a white enamel. Ignited with solu- tion of cobalt assumes a dull bluish colour. Localities. Siberia: in mica-slate at the emerald- and chrysoberyl-mine of Ka- tharinenburg, in crystals sometimes nearly four inches across; in small crystals, on the east side of the Ilmen mountains, north of Miask, with Topaz, &c. In brown Iron Ore at Framont in Alsace. Durango in Mexico. Name. From ¢évw%, a deceiver; from its resemblance to Quartz, for which iit may be mistaken. Brit. Mus., Case 26. PHENGITE, v. Kobell. See Muscovite. PHILLIeSITE, Beudant, Dufrénoy. Purple Copper. See ERUBESCITE. Puiuuipsite, Levy. Rhombic: primary form a right rectangular prism. Occurs in twin or compound crystals resembling those of Harmotome. Colour white, inclining to grey and sometimes pink. Lustre vitreous. Fig. 330. PHLOGOLITE. Translucent to opaque. Streak white. Brittle. Fracture uneven, conchoidal. H. 45. §.G, 2°16 to 2°21. : aN LY Comp. K Si+2Ca Si+4Al Si5+ 18H. Analysis, from Mea by L. Gmelin: Silica . . 48°51 Alumina . . 276 Peroxide of iron . 5 -' 0:99 Potash . : 3 6°33 Lime . é : 4 - 6:26 Water . - . < . 1725 101-08 BB gives off water, swells slightly, and fuses to a translucent glass. . Readily and completely decomposed by muriatic acid, with the formation of a jelly of silica. Localities —Irish. Plaiskins, a headland near the Giant’s Causeway, in white trans- lucent crystals, in cellular trap rock, fig. 331. Magee Island, Londonderry, in minute flesh- coloured crystals in amygdaloid.—Foreign. Capo di Bove, near Rome, in groups or sheaf-like aggregations. Aci Reale. Among the lavas of Vesuvius. Stempel near Mar- burg. Cassel. Giessen. Saint-Pancrace, Dept. de l’Aude, in France. Iceland. Name. After the late William Phillips, author of “ An Elementary Introduction to Mineralogy.” Brit. Mus., Case 29. PHLoGouitE, or PHLOGOPITE, Breit- haupt. A uniaxial magnesian Mica belong- ing to the Biotite group. Rhombic. Oc= curs in rhombic or hexagonal prisms. Cleavage basal. Colour yellow or copper- red; also colourless, white or brown. Comp. 241 Sit 3(Meg, K, Na) Si. Analysis, from the Vosges, by Delesse : Silica . : . 37°04 Alumina a E . . 19°80 Protoxide of iron. é « #6f Protoxide of peace Ppa Uetkl Magnesia . 5 . 80°32 Potash ‘ é j Fae AN? Soda .- . . : 1:00 Fluorine ; 0:22 Loss, ignition, &e. 151 99°97, PHENICITE. BB like common Mica; fuses to a white enamel. Localities. Found in limestone. Alt- Kemnitz, near Hirschberg, in Prussian Sile- sia, with Garnet and Idocrase. The Vosges Mountains. Sala, in Sweden. Edwards and Rossie, New York, St. Lawrence co., and other places in the United States. Name. From gieywz7is (of a fiery appear- ance), on account of its colour. Brit. Mus., Case 32. PH@NICITE, or #PH@NIKOCHROITE, Glocker. See MELANOCHEOITE. PHoueritE. P, or identical in composition (though not in crystalline form) with Crypftolite. Analysis, by Watts: Protoxides of cerium, lan- thanum, and didymium . 64°68 See Oxide of copper . 2°83 Oxide of cobalt, silica, &c. . 3°41 Phosphoric acid . é . 28°46 99°38 BB vitrifies partially at the edges and surface, and colours the flame slightly green, PHOSPHOCHALCITE; PHOSPHOROCHAL- CITE, v. Kobell. Rhombic. Occurs crystal- lized in extremely minute individuals, and in fibrous and earthy masses. Colour eme- rald- or verdigris-green, often externally blackish- green at the surface, and dull. Lustre vitreous or adamantine. Translu- cent generally at the edges only. Streak slightly paler than the colour. Brittle. Frac- ture small-conchoidal to uneven. H. 9. S.G. 4 to 4:4, Fig. 332. 3 Comp, Phosphate, of copper, or Cu5 p fs 284 PHOSPHORBLEI. 22H =oxide of copper 68-0, phosphoric acid 20°3, water 7°07=100. According to Hermann, Phosphochalcite is a compound of Dihydrite (Cu’ P+2H), and Ehlite (Cu3 P+3H); Nordenskidld, on the contrary, concludes that Ehlite and Phosphochalcite are identical, and repre- sented by the formula Cu5 P+2H. Analysis, from Rheinbreitenbach, by Her- mann. §.G. 4:4: Oxide of copper. - ~~. 67°25 Phosphoric acid . . 24:58 Water . 8°20 100-00 BB alone when suddenly heated falls to powder; heated slowly on charcoal, turns black and fuses to a black globule, contain- ing a small granule of copper. Easily soluble in nitric acid and ammonia. Localities. Rheinbreitenbach, Virneberg, and Linz, on the Rhine. Nischne Taguilsk, in the Ural. Hungary. The Phosphochalcite from Taguilsk and Hungary contains a small quantity of arsenic, and Bergemann has found arsenic in all the native phosphates of copper. For varieties, see DIHYDRITE, EHLITE, COPPER-DIASPORE, TAGILITE, PRASIN. PHOSPHORBLEIL See PYROMORPHITE. PHOSPHOREISENSINTER, Rammelsberg. See DIADOCHITE. PHOSPHORITE, Werner. See APATITE. PHOSPHORSAURE YTTERERDE. See XE- NOTIME. PHOSPHYTTRIA, Berzelius. See XENO- TIME. PuorTicirE, or PHotizitE, Dumenil. A mixture of Rhodonite (silicate of man- ganese) and carbonate of manganese, from the neighbourhood of Riibeland, in the Harz. It has frequently a fibrous texture, and presents various tints of red, green, and grey, which become darker on exposure to the air. Analysis, by Dumenil: Silica . . A “ - 39°00 Oxide of manganese . - 49°87 Carbonic acid ; - 4:00 Alumina . : 0°12 Oxide of iron 0:25 Water . 6°00 99-24 PHOTOLITH, Breithaupt. See PECTOLITE. PICKERINGITE. PHYLLITE, Thomson. 5H? = carbon 88°88, hydrogen 9°22=100. PHYSALITE, Hisinger. A coarse, almost opaque, variety of Topaz, found in yellowish- white crystals, occasionally of considerable dimensions, in Sweden, at Broddbo, and in a granite quarry at Finbo, near Fahlun. This variety intumesces when heated, whence the names Physalite, from guzéw, to blow, and Pyrophysalite from zi,, fire, and gucéu. PrauzitE, Haidinger. An earthy Mine- ral Resin of a brownish-black colour, much resembling slaty and lamellar black Coal. Texture never crystalline. Lustre resinous. Feebly translucent at the thinnest edges. Streak yellowish- brown. Sectile. Fracture imperfect-conchoidal. Fuses to a black mass like pitch at 600° F., and burns with a lively yellow flame, giving out an aromatic odour and a dense smoke. Soluble in ether, alcohol, and caustic potash. H, 1°d, SG. 1:22. Localities. Piauze, near Neustadt, in Car- niola; the lignite mine of Mount Chum, near Markt Tiiffer, in Styria. It is met with in small lumps, and very thin layers, in nearly all the mines in which the carbo- niferous strata are worked from Tiiffer to Trifail and Sagor. PICKERINGITE, Hayes. A variety of Mag- nesia Alum, occurring in masses, composed of long parallel fibres, generally afford- ing rhombic forms. Colour white; pale rose- red or delicate green in the direction of the fibres. Lustre like that of the finest Satin- spar, which it much resembles. Trans- parent to translucent. Tastes like alum. 8.G. 1°78 to 1°8. Comp. Mg $+Al 83 +22H. PICRANALCIME. Analysis: Water of crystallization . 45°45 Sulphuric acid . 36:32 Alumina. : . 12°13 Magnesia 4°68 Protoxide of iron and man- gamese . : : 0°43 Lime . 4 : B 5 (Se Muriatic acid . : . O61 Loss . 3 : : - 0°25 100-00 Entirely soluble in cold water, forming a solution which has an acid reaction. Locality. Near the port of Iquique, S. Peru. Name. After John Pickering, President of the American Academy of Sciences. Brit. Mus., Case 55. PICRANALCIME, Meneghini. Bechi. An altered form of Analcime. Occurs in tra- pezohedral and cubo-trapezohedral crystals. Colourless to flesh-red and colophonite-red. Lustre vitreous. H.5. S.G. 2°257. eco fee Analysis, by Meneghini : Silica . . ° . Alumina. ° Magnesia . . 9°35 . 22°08 - 10°25 ces te ke AD Potash . . ‘ e 0°15 Water . A 7°65 99°93 BB fuses with difficulty. Soluble in acids. Locality. Tuscany, covering the interior of geodes in Gabbro-rosso, or the surfaces of contact of Gabbro and Ophiolite; often ac- companied by Calcite, Caporcianite, and Picro-Thomsonite. PicRoLiTE, Hausmann. A fibrous variety of Serpentine, somewhat resembling As- bestos. Massive. Structure radiated. Co- lour leek-green, passing into yellow. Trans- lucent at the edges. Streak somewhat shin- ing. H. 3:5 to 40. Analysis, from Wermeland, by Stromeyer ; Silica “| - 41°66 Peroxide of manganese 2°25 Magnesia . . : - 87°16 Protoxide of iron . - 4:05 Water . 5 4 a . 14:72 99°84 BB with borax, affords a green glass, which loses its colour on cooling, Localities. The Taberg of Smaoland, in PICROSMINE. 285 Sweden, in irregular veins traversing beds of Magnetic Iron Ore. Wermeland; Silesia. Name. From 716s, bitter, and 4/os, stone. Brit. Mus., Case 25. PICROPHARMACOLITE, Stromeyer. A hydrated arseniate of lime and magnesia, with a large excess of magnesia: probably an impure Pharmacolite. Comp. (Ca Mg)> As? + 12H. Analysis : Arsenic acid - 46°97 Lime . . 24°65 Magnesia . 5 2 3°23 Oxide of cobalt 70°99 Water . 3 : : 1123797 99°31 Locality. Riechelsdorf in Hesse. Name. From zizeos, bitter, poison, and Aébos, stone. PICROPHYLL, or PIKROPHYLL, Svanberg. According to Breithaupt is an altered Au- gite. -It occurs massive and foliated-fibrous, resembling Serpentine in appearance. Co- lour dark greyish-green. H.2°5. 8.G, 2°75. Comp. (Mg Fe)5 Si? + 2H, Analysis, by Svanberg: Pee mozoy, Silica . 4 E . 49°80 Alumina : 5 ; eet Magnesia. : . - 30°10 Lime é 0:78 Protoxide of iron . A - 6°86 Protoxide of manganese _. _ trace Water . 2 2 A 9°85 98°50 BB infusible but becomes white; ignited with cobalt solution, assumes a dingy red tint. Locality. Sala, in Sweden. Name. From eis, bitter, and dAdo, a leaf. PIcROSMINE. Rhombic: primary form a right rectangular prism. Not found in crystals, but only massive, in granular or fine columnar aggregates. Colour greenish- white, or greenish-grey; sometimes dark green. Translucent at the edges, or opaque. Fig. 333. Lustre vitreous; on cleavage - surfaces pearly. Streak white and dull; very sec- tile. H.2°5to3. S.G. 2°66. 286 PICROTHOMSONITE. Comp. Hydrated silicate of magnesia, or Megs Si2 + H & silica 55°9, magnesia 36, water 8-1. Analysis, from Paconitz, by Magnus : Silica : . 64°89 Alumina . 0 5) RES) Peroxide of iron . : ap lle40 Magnesia - 33°39 Protoxide of manganese 0°42 Water . 4 A : 7:30 98°15 BB does not fuse, but increases in den- sity, becomes black and afterwards white and opaque. Dissolves in borax and mi- crocosmic salt, in the latter case leaving a skeleton of silica. Assumes a pale red colour when ignited with a solution of cobalt. Localities. In the iron mine of Engels- berg, near Presnitz in Bohemia, in a bed in gneiss, associated with Magnetic Iron Ore. Greiner in Tyrol. Waldheim in Saxony. |; Wame. ‘From zizees, bitter, and sony, smell; in allusion to the bitter argillaceous odour it gives out when breathed on. PICROTHOMSONITE. A mineral resembling - Thomsonite in form, but differing from it in having the soda replaced by magnesia, Occurs in radiated masses with a laminated structure. Colour white. Lustre pearly. Transparent in thin fragments. Very fra- gile. H. 5. she 2:278 Comp. (Ca, Mg)s Si+22Si Al+ 42H. Analysis : Silica . , + - 40°36 Alumina . 81°25 Lime . 10°99: Magnesia . > oeOr26 Soda and potash . 0:29 Water . ° . 10°79 99-94 BB intumesces and fuses to a white enamel. Dissolves in cold acid with the formation of a jelly of silica. Locality. Tuscany, associated with Ca- porcianite, in gabbro rosso. Name. From zzeds, bitter, and Thom- sonite; in allusion to the presence of mag- nesia. Fig. 334. PIERRE CALCAIRE. Pictitr. A name under which Tur- nerite (Fig. 334) has been occasionally brought to this country. PIDDINGTONITE, Haidinger. A mineral substance composing nearly the whole of a large meteorite of a breccia-like aspect, which fell at Shalka in the East Indies, with the usual phenomena of light and de- ‘tonations, on the 30th of November 1850. The Piddingtonite is of an ash-grey colour, more or less fine-grained, very fragile, (though of considerable hardness), more or less translucent, of oil-like brightness, im- perfectly cleavable in two directions inter- secting at angles of about 80° and 100°, and without magnetic action. H. 6°5. Name. In honour of the late Mr. Pid- dington, Curator of the Calcutta Museum of Practical Geology. PiEpDMONTITE. A name for Manganesian Epidote from Piedmont. PIERRE ALUMINEUSE, Beene ALUM-STONE. PIERRE A BRIQUET, PIERRE A FEU, borane to ordi- PIERRE A FUSIL. nary Chalk-flints, and having reference to the purposes to which they were applied before the intro- duction of percussion locks to fire-arms, and the invention of more ready ways of ob- taining a light than by means of the old- fashioned tinder-box. PIERRE A Jésus. According to Beudant, aname given to transparent lamellar va- rieties of Gypsum (Selenzte), in consequence of their being sometimes used, when di- vided into thin lamin, instead of glass, for covering small images. Most likely, as suggested by Mr. War- rington Smyth, the term is merely a cor- ruption of the Italian Gesso, or Spanish Yeso ; words themselves derived from yufas, the Greek name for Gypsum. PIERRE A LANCETTE. A name given to green Jasper on account of its being used for sharpening lancets in Java. Itis, also, found in France, in the Dept. of Isére, and in Sicily. PIERRE A MAGOT. See AGALMATOLITE. PIERRE A NOYAUX. See CoccoLireE. PIERRE A PLATRE, or Plaster-stone. See GYPsUM. PIERRE A POT. See POTSTONE. PIERRE CALAMINAIRE. See CALAMINE. PIERRE CALCAIRE D’EDELFoORS. See AL DELFORSITE. PIERRE CALCAIRE PUANTE, La Metherie. See STINKSTONE. See Names given in PIERRE CRUCIFORME. PIERRE CRUCIFORME, Brochant. Cross- stone. See HARMOTOME. PIERRE D’ALUN. See ALUMSTONE. PIERRE D’AMADOU. See TINDER-ORE. PIERRE D’ARMENIE, Beudant. Compact earthy Augite, mixed with foreign matters. PIERRE D’ARQUEBUSE. Iron Pyrites, (Marcasite). In the earlier times of the invention ef fire-arms,'Pyrites was used instead of Flint (see PIERRE A FUSIL), by which it was subsequently superseded. Hence it obtained the name of Prerre d’ar- quebuse, by which it was sometimes called. PIERRE D’ASPERGE, Brochant. See As- PARAGUS STONE. PIERRE D’AzuR, Brochant. Sce LApPis LAZULI. PIERRE DE BARAM. A name for Pot- stone, which is made into culinary vessels in Upper Egypt. PIERRE DE BOLOGNE. STONE. PIERRE DE CARABINE. Marcasite. PIERRE D’ARQUEBUSE. PIERRE DE CASSE-TETE. Jade. See NE- PHRITE. PIERRE DE Céme. A name for Potstone, after the quarries at Como in Italy, which have been worked from time immemorial. PIERRE DE CosnE. Potstones from the Grisons. PIERRE DE CorRNE. See HORNSTONE. PIERRE DE CROIX. See STAUROTIDE. PIERRE DE FOUDRE. See METEORITE. PIERRE D’ETAIN, Brochant. 'Tin-stone. See CASSITERITE. PIERRE DE GALLINACE. A name ap- plied in Peru to greenish- or greyish-black Obsidian. PIERRE DE HACHE, Axe-stone. PIERRE DE Iv of the Chinese. See BoLOGNESE See Jade. pee NEG PIERRE DE LA CIRCONCISION. ; Jade. PIERRE DE LABRADOR, Brochant. See LABRADORITE. PIERRE DE LARD. Lardite. See AGAL- MATOLITE. PIERRE DE LUNE. See Moonstone. PIERRE DE LUNE ARGENTINE. A name given by French lapidaries to Adularia (Moonstone), from Mt. Stella, St. Gotthard, where the finest stones are obtained. PrerRRE DE Lynpisg. See LypIAN STONE. PizRRE DE MARMAROosCH. A pulverulent phosphate of lime from Marmaros, in Eastern _ Hungary, in which Klaproth detected the presence of fluoric acid. PIGOTITE. PIERRE DE MIEL, Brochant. LITE. ; PIERRE DE PAILLE. See CARPHOLITE. PIERRE DE Porx. The named used by Daubenton, to comprehend all the varieties of resinous Quartz. PIERRE DE PoRc. Lardite. MATOLITE. PIERRE DE SAvoNn, Haiiy. See Sapro- NITE. PIERRE DE SERIN, Haiiy. Epidote from Arendal. See ARENDALITH and ACANTI- 287 See Mrt- See AGAL- » CONITE. PIERRE DE SOLEIL. See SUNSTONE. PIERRE DE THuM, Brochant. Thumer- stone. See AXINITE. PIERRE DE TRIPES, Beudant. A concre- tionary variety of Anhydrite, assuming the appearance of an intestine several times folded on itself. It is found at Wielickza in Poland, imbedded in Rock Salt. PIEERE DE TOUCHE. See ToucHSTONE. PIERRE DES AMAZONES. See AMAZON STONE. PierRRE DES Incas. A kind of Marcasite, having a brilliant lustre, and a colour some- what approaching to tin-white, when first found, and bearing the same relation to European Marcasite, which is generally of a bronze colour, that white gold does to ordinary gold. The Incas; or ancient kings of Peru, at- tributed many virtues to this stone, and wore it in rings and as amulets, which were buried with them after death. Some of these are said to have been taken from the tombs of princes who had been buried 400 years, without appearing to have undergone any alteration. It is said that .the only mirrors in use amongst the ancient Peru- vians were formed of this stone, until the reign of the Inca Huaynacapac, who was defeated by Pizarro in 1532. PIERRE DU LEVANT. See DoLomirTs. PIERRE EN TIGE. See SCAPOLITE. PIERRE GRANULAIRE. See SUGARSTONE,. PIERRE GRASSE, Levy. See ELMOLITE. PIERRE OLLAIRE. See POrstrone. PIERRE PONCE. See PUMICE. PIERRE PUANTE, Brochant, La Metherie. See STINKSTONE. PIERRE SANGUINE. A name given by the French to Hematite, because of its blood-red streak. PicorTItTE, Johnston. A mineral compound of alumina and mudeseous* acid, forming an * From pudyois, decay through excess of motsture. 288 PIHLITE. incrustation on the sides of certain caves, in the granite cliffs on the coast of Cornwall. It is of a brown colour in mass, and in powder of a yellow colour. Insoluble in water and alcohol. In the air, at a bright red heat, this mass burns very slowly, and leaves a grey or white ash, consisting of alumina with some slight foreign ad- mixtures. Comp. 4A1+C12 H5 08+27H. Name... After the Rev. M. Pigot. The organic constituent of Pigotite is considered by James F. Johnston to be de- rived from the decay of the various plants which grow on the moist moorlands ahove, and which being carried by the waters into fissures in the granite beneath, combines with the alumina of the decomposed Felspar, and when it reaches the air, deposits itself over the roof and sides of the caverns in the form of layers varying from two to three inches in thickness. Brit. Mus., Case 60. PIHLite, Seftstrom. A doubtful mineral species between Talc and Mica, from Fah- lun in Sweden. Colour green. Lustre dull. Structure lamellar. PixrosMin, Haidinger. PimmE.itE, Karsten. Massive or earthy. Colour apple-green or yellowish green. Translucent, with a dull greasy lustre. Feels greasy. Does not adhere to the tongue. Streak greenish-white. H. 2:5. 8.G. 2°23 to 2:3. Silica . - 30°80 Alumina 2 : ¢ . 23°04 Peroxide of iron . 2°69 Oxide of nickel — Magnesia . - 14°66 Water. : 4 5 OE 100°00 BB fuses to a slag only at thin edges: with borax gives a reaction of nickel. Locality. Frankenstein, &c., in Silesia. Name. From 7iv:27, fat, and 2/0, stone. Brit. Mus., Case 25. Prinevuite, Berthier, Breithaupt. A va- riety of Chloropal, resembling Bole. Oc- curs im masses of a siskin- or dark oil- green colour. Opaque or semitranslucent. Lustre slightly resinous. Streak paler than the colour. Feels greasy. Does not ad- here to the tongue. Gives off a slight argillaceous odour when struck. Very soft, like newly made soap; does not be- PINITE. come softer by immersion in water. Very sectile. Fracture flat-conchoidal or uneven- splintery. H.1. 8.G. 2°15. Comp. Fe Si+ #e? Si5+15H. Analysis, from Wolkenstein, by Kersten : Silica . : ‘ E . 36°90 Alumina : 1°80 Peroxide of manganese . 4s Peroxide of iron . . 4. Cie Protoxide of iron . 30 Magnesia : - 0°45 Water . i . 25°10 100°00 BB becomes black, and fuses at the edges only; with carbonate of soda fuses to a black slag; dissolves in borax, exhibiting the reaction of iron. Readity decomposed by warm muriatic acid, with separation of pulverulent silica, which retains the greenish colour of the mineral till it has been digested a consider- able time. Localities. Wolkenstein and Geilsdorf, in Saxony, in veins of Heavy Spar in gneiss. Tannhof, near Zwickau. Suhl, in the Thii- ringer Wald. Name. From pinguis, fat, or grease. Brit. Mus., rae 36. f Z PrintreE, Werner. Pryite, Haiiy. An alkaline variety of altered Iolite. Occurs in six-sided or twelve-sided prisms, of which the lateral, and sometimes the terminal, edges are replaced. Cleavage sometimes basal, but often indistinct. Colour dirty grey, greyish-green, or brown. Slightly translucent or opaque. Lustre feeble. Yields easily to the knife. Streak white. Fracture uneven and splintery. H,2°5. §S.G. 2-78. Fig. 335. Analysis, from Auvergne, by C. Gmelin; Silica . : : - 55°96 Alumina : . 25°48 Protoxide of iron. Oy 551 Magnesia . : 3°76 Potash . 7°89 Soda . : : 0°39 Water . S : é - aay 100°40 BB becomes colourless, and fuses at the edges to a blistered glass, which is either PIOTINE. colourless or black when a large proportion of iron is present. Only imperfectly decomposed by muriatic acid. Localities.—English. Cornwall: Lamorna Cove, in small dark brown crystals, fig. 335 ; in granite, near Breage, and at Tol Pedn Penwith, near the Land’s End; near St. Just; Mulvra Hill, near Sancreed.— Scotch. Aberdeenshire. — Foreign. Auvergne, at the Puy-de-Déme, in a felspathic porphyry. Penig, in Saxony. The Harz. United States. Name. After Pini, the name of the mine near Schneeberg, in Saxony, where it was first discovered in granite. Brit. Mus., Case 32. PiotTingE. From zrzs, fat. NITE. PIPESTONE, Thomson. A variety of clay- slate, or Argillite, of a dull greyish-blue or black colour, found in Northern Oregon, and carved by the Indians into the bowls of tobacco-pipes. Tender and soft to the touch. Easily moulded and cut. H. 15. 8.G. 2°6. See SAro- eqer Nees o ieph eden i ler!) Wee) | sale: pees +(Na Ca Mg) Si+H., Analysis, by Thomson : Silica . . a bork Alumina i : Alay! Peroxide of iron . - 6°96 Soda . 12°48 Lime DAVE Magnesia 0:20 Water. 4:58 99-81 PIRENEITE. See PYRENEITE. Prrop. See Pyroreg. PIsoPHALT. (From zico, a pea, and as- phalt.) A soft Bitumen, formmg a passage between Petroleum and Asphalt. PIsSASPHALT. Wicrtogurros, Dioscorides. (From ziccu, pitch, and %7¢«Aro:, asphalt.) See EARTuy BirrumMEN. The ancient Greeks gave the name to the liquid as well as the solid Bitumen, both of which, according . to Dioscorides, they obtained from the Ceraunian mountains, near Apollonia. PissoPpHANE, Breithaupt. Stalactitic, or amorphous. Colour olive-green to liver- brown. Lustre vitreous. Transparent. Streak greenish- white topaleyellow. Rather sectile. Easily frangible. Fracture con- choidal. H,1°5. 8.G. 1:98 to 1:98. PISTACITE. 289 Comp. Sulphate of alumina, and per- ide of i ae 3 oxide of iron, or ee S 4 1511. Analysis, of green variety, by Erdmann: Alumina —. - : . 39°30L Peroxide of iron. 9°799 Sulphuric acid . 12°487 Water ; : : . 41°700 Gangue and loss 0-709 99-996 BB pblackens, and with the fluxes gives a reaction for iron. Dissolves readily in muriatic acid. Localities. Garnsdorf, near Saalfeld, and at Reichenbach, in Saxony, on alum-slate. Name. From ziccu, pitch, and ¢xivw, to seem. Probably Pissophane is not a simple mine- ral, but a mixture of various salts, formed by the decomposition of alum-slate. PIsTACITE. PisTAZITE, Werner. Occurs in prismatic crystals, also granular, earthy, . and in crusts. Colour pistachio-green, pass- ing to olive- and blackish-green, also brown or yellow. Transparent. Lasily frangible. S.G. 3°35 to 3°5. Fig. 336. Comp. Iron-and-lime Epidote, in which a large quantity of the lime is replaced by protoxide of iron, and a large proportion of the alumina by: peroxide of iron. Analysis, from Dauphiny, by Descoéils : ilicar (Ps 6%. Ys pew 3 t0 Alumina , 70) Peroxide ofiron . 5 AED) Peroxide of manganese . 15 Lime: . iui aie E40 96°5 BB fuses at the edges, and subsequently swells up, forming a dark brown mass, which, by exposure to a more powerful blast, becomes black and somewhat rounded. Localities—Scotch, Shetland, in syenite. Rona, in Quartz. Mulland Skye, intraprock. Arran.—Foreign. Arendal, in Magnetic Iron (Arendalite), in very fine crystals.. The Ural. Finland. Greenland. Mont Blanc, and other parts of the Alps. The Pyrenees. Bourg d’Oisans, in Dauphiny. Grossarl, in Austria. The Fichtelgebirge. The Harz. North America. U 290 PISTOMESITE. Name. From its pistachio-green colour. Brit. Mus., Case 35. M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, Nos. 1030 to 1032. - PisToMESITE, Bretthaupt. A variety of Breunnerite, composed of one atom of each of the carbonates of magnesia and iron. 8.G. 3°415. Comp. Mg © +e C, Analysis, by Fritzsche : Carbonate of magnesia . 44:96 Carbonate of iron - 99°27 100-23 Locality. Thurnberg, near Flachau in Salzburg. PitcH Coat, Jameson. A name for Jet, having reference to its pitch-like aspect. Pitch Opau. An inferior variety of Common Opal. PITCHBLENDE, Phillips. Pircu Ors, Jameson. Amorphous: generally occurs massive and disseminated, also botryoidal and reniform, with a columnar or curved lamellar structure. Colour greyish-, green- ish- or brownish-black. Opaque. Lustre dull or submetallic. Streak greenish-black. Very brittle. Fracture uneven or small- conchoidal. H. 5:5. S.G. 6°468 to 8. Comp. Proto-peroxide of uranium, or UtG=uranium 84°78, oxygen 15:22=100. Analysis, from the Tanne Mine, Joachims- thal, by Rammelsberg : Proto-peroxide of uranium . 79°30 Silica . ‘ 5 30 Protoxide of iron. 3°03 Lime . < , ° 2°81 Magnesia . 5 = - 0-46 Lead . A * ‘ . 6:20 Arsenic ‘ 5 Fi op Ll Bismuth, with lead and cop- per . “ : 4 - 0°65 NV GterRt nae im) -) et). oe, O30 99°09 BB alone, infusible: with borax and salt of phosphorus forms a yellow glass in the outer flame; a green glass in the inner flame. Easily soluble in warm nitric and nitro- muriatic acid. Localities.—English. Cornwall: St. Aus- tell Consols; Huel Basset and Huel Buller; Ting Tang Mine; Tolcarne; Tin Croft Mine, in reniform masses; Huel Trenwith; Huel Providence.—Foreign. Kongsberg, in Norway. Marienberg, Schneeberg, Johann- georgenstadt, and Wiesenthal, in Saxony, in PITTICITE. botryoidal masses accompanying various ores of silver and lead. Joachimsthal and Przibram, in Bohemia. Retzbanya, in Hun- gary. Adrianople, in Turkey. Pitchblende is distinguished from brown Blende by colour, specific gravity, fracture and streak; from Wolfram, by streak and fracture. Oxide of Uranium (prepared from an acid solution of Pitchblende) is used under the name of Uranium yellow, for colouring glass, to which it imparts a pale opalescent sea-green colour, much ad- mired in Turkey, and used by the Turks and Egyptians for mouth-pieces to pipes. It is also very valuable in porcelain paint- ing, affording an orange tint in the enamel- ling furnace, and a black colour in that in which it is baked. Brit. Mus., Case 17. M. P. G. Principal Floor, Wall-cases 13 (British), 20 (Foreign). Pircustone. Fig. 352. SiS =7 Comp. Chlorophosphate of lead, or 83Pb3 P+PbCl, but sometimes the chloride of lead is partly replaced by fluoride of calcium, and the triphosphate of lead by triphosphate of lime, or triarseniate of lead. x2 308 PYROPE. Analysis, from Zschopau, by Wohler : Oxide oflead - . S . 82°29 Phosphoric acid . . 15°73 Chlorine : - : . 1:98 Peroxide of iron . ; . trace 100-00 BB fuses easily; on cooling, solidifies with vivid incandescence to an angular crystalline mass. On charcoal, with car- bonate of soda, yields metallic lead. The arsenical ores also fuse on charcoal, and yield metallic lead. Soluble in nitric acid, giving a turbidity with nitrate of silver. Localities— English. Cornwall; at Huel Penrose, Huel Golden, Huel Alfred, Pen- berthy Croft Mine. Beeralston, Devonshire. Derbyshire; Bonsall Moor, Brassington, , and near Wirksworth. Cumberland ; Mexico Mine, Driggeth Mines, Brandygill.—Scotch. Strontian Mine, Argyleshire. Leadhills, coloured red and orange by oxide of chrome. — Trish. Glenmalure, co. Wicklow. Lord Londonderry’s Park, co. Derry, on ochreous sandstone.— Foreign. Zschopau and other places in Saxony. Przibram, Mies, and Bleistadt, in Bohemia. Szaszka, in the Bannat. Clausthal, inthe Harz. Poul- laouen, in Brittany. Beresowsk, in Siberia. Mexico. Name. From 7%e, fire, and “oegi, form; in allusion to the crystalline form assumed in cooling by the fused globule BB. Brit. Mus., Case 574. M.P.G. Principal Floor, Wall-cases 45 (British); 21 (Foreign). For varieties, see Missit&, NUSSIERITE, PoLYSPHZRITE. Pyromorphite is now utilised as an ore of lead, by careful roasting with charcoal. Pyrope, Karsten, Phillips. A dark-red variety of Iron-Garnet, rarely found crys- tallized, but generally in rounded or angular grains, loose or imbedded. Transparent or translucent. Lustre vitreous. Fracture con- choidal. H.7°5. 8S.G. 3°69 to 3°8. Comp. (R +8) Si. Analysis, from Bohemia, by Klaproth : Silica . . 40°00 Alumina : : . 28°50 Peroxide of iron . 4 . 16°50 Peroxide of manganese 0°25 Chromicacid . ou whew 200 Magnesia . 10°00 Lime 3°50 100°75 PYROPHYLLITE. BB fuses with difficulty to a black glass: with borax gives an emerald-green globule. Brit. Mus., Case 36. This variety of Precious Garnet, which is of a full crimson-red colour, approaching to that of a ripe mulberry, is sometimes also called Fire-Garnet, from the resemblance of its hue, when held between the eye and the sun, to that of a burning coal; hence the name, derived from 7ve, fire, and ¢zo1s, ap- pearance. For the same reason, the ancients called it évfexZ, and also Carbuncle. The Carbunculus Garamanticus, or Garamantine Carbuncle, possessed this property in the. greatest degree, and is the true Garnet of the moderns. When perfect and of large size, this stone constitutes a valuable gem. The best way of cutting it is en cabochon, with one or two rows of small facets round the girdle of. the stone. When cut in steps, the colour is apt to appear more or less black; but when cut en cabochon, the point on which the light falls displays a brilliant fire-red. The ancients used the carbuncle for en- graving seals on, and prized it so highly, that a very small stone was valued at 40 Aurei (£42 5s.). They obtained it from Carthage and Massilia. Atthe present day Pyrope is found in Ceylon in alluvial de- posits, accompanied by Hyacinth and Sap- phire; in serpentine at Zéblitz in Saxony, and on the mountains on the south side of Bohemia. Pyrope may be distinguished from Corun- dum or Spinel by the greater dulness of its colour, and by inferior hardness. PyYROPHANE, Von Born. Hydrophane im- mersed in melted wax, by absorbing which it is rendered transparent. Opal impreg- nated with wax in a similar manner becomes opaque on cooling. PyRoPHANE. A variety of Semi-Opal, so called (from ze, fire, and gaivw, to appear) because when heated in a spoon it becomes transparent, but returns to its opaque state when cold. It is said that some Pyro- phanes are found in Armenia, which are transparent while exposed to the sun, and opaque at night.— Kirwan, Min. vol. i. p. 291. PYROPHYLLITE, Hermann. Foliated like Tale; often in fibrous radiated masses, and small elongated prisms. Colour white or pale green. Subtransparent, or transparent and flexible in thin laminz. Lustre pearly. Sectile. H.1. S.G. 2°7 to 2°8. Comp. Al? Si5 + 2H=silica 65:2, alumina '29°6, water 5°2=100. PYROPHYSALITE. Analysis, from Siberia, by Hermann: Dilica ©." A - 5 OGHEe) Alumina. 5 5 . 29°46 Peroxide of iron . . ect Magnesia . 4 | - 4:00 Silver . x : . trace Water . v : y - 062 100-67 BB infusible, but exfoliates into white leaves, and increases to about twenty times its original size. Partly soluble in sulphuric acid. Localities. Between Pyschminsk and Bere- sow, in the Ural. Westana, Sweden. Cot- tonstone Mountain, New Carolina, U.S. Name. From 7ve, fire, and 90AAoy, a leaf’; in allusion to its behaviour before the blowpipe. Brit. Mus., Case 32. PYROPHYSALITE, Hisinger. A coarse and nearly opaque variety of ‘lopaz, found occa- sionally in yellowish-white crystals of con- siderable dimensions, at Finbo and Broddbo, in Sweden. A single crystal in the College of Mines at Stockholm weighs 8(0|bs. Name. Derived from zie, fire, and gorau, to blow: has reference to the manner in which it swells up when heated. Brit. Mus., Case 58. ; PYROPISSITE, Kengott. A Mineral Resin, resembling earthy Brown Coal in appear-. ance, forming a layer six to eight inches thick in Brown Coal at Weissenfels, in Prussia, It is of an opaque, dull yel- lowish-brown colour, with a shining and greasy streak, and an earthy fracture. S.G. 0°49 to 0°52. Burns like Bitumen, with a brownish- yellow flame and a weak aromatic odour. Largely soluble in sulphuric acid. Affords on distillation 62 per cent. of paraffine. PyRorTHITE, Berzelius. Probably a de- composed Orthite, containing bituminous matter, H.275. §S.G: 2°19. Locality. Kararfvet, near Fahlun, in Swe- den, associated with Gadolinite, in granite. Name. From zve, fire, and Orthite: be- cause if gently heated on one side it takes fire and burns (without either flame or smoke). . Brit. Mus., Case 38. PYROSCLERITE, or PYROSKLERITE, v. Ko- bell. Massive; foliated and fibrous. Perfect, basal cleavage. Colour apple-green, pale greenish - grey, or reddish. ‘Translucent, Lustre dull; pearly on cleavage planes. Sec- tile. Fracture uneven and splintery. H. 2:5 tod. 8.G. 2°74, PYROSMALITE. 309 Comp. 2Mg Si+Al Si+4H=silica 37°6, alumina 14:2, magnesia 33:2, water 14°9=100. Analysis, from Elba, by v. Kobell : Silica . i 3 u . 37:03 Alumina s i . 13°50 Oxide of chrome . i 2 ls Protoxide of iron. ‘ 5 Be Magnesia. 4 . - 31°62 Water . 3 i S . 11:00 98°10 BB fuses with difficulty to a grey glass: with borax yields a glass-coloured green by chromium; and with solution of cobalt, a greyish mass. Decomposed, in the state of fine powder, by concentrated muriatic acid, with separa- tion of silica, though not in a gelatinous State. Localities. Elba, with Chonikrite. Aker, in Siidermanland: 8.G. 27605. Name. From 7g, fire, and cxAneis, hard; in allusion to its refractory comportment be- fore the blowpipe. Descloiseaux considers Pyrosclerite to be a mixed mineral. Scheerer joins Pyroscle- rite with Chonikrite. PYROSIDERITE (from 7, fire, and cidxges, tron). A variety of Gothite from Hiserfeld, in Nassau. Comp. Fe H. Analysis, by v. Kobell : Peroxide of iron . - 86°35 Peroxide of manganese - O51 Silica . ° : 5 - 0°85 Oxide of copper . z 3 0:98 Lime . . trace Waiter hess 10000 PyrosMAuiIte, Hausmann. PyYROSMA- LITH, Karsten. Hexagonal. Occurs in six- sided prisms, of which the terminal edges are sometimes replaced ; with a perfect basal cleavage; also massive. Colour liver- brown or pistachio-green: generally yel- lowish - brown without, greenish - yellow within. ‘Translucent at the edges. Lustre of the terminal planes pearly ; of other planes shining. Structure lamellar. Streak green, paler than the colour. Rather brittle. Frac- ture uneven and somewhat splintery. H. 4 to 4°50. 8.G. 3-081. Comp. (Fe, Mn) Si? + (Fe? Cl + Fe 6H). Analysis, by Hisinger : Silica . : a Peroxide of iron . x3 - 39°8d - 30°48 310 PYROSTIBITE. Peroxide of manganese ~ Lime . : 4 - . Chlorine. : Water . 4 : . 24:26 1°21 < 3°77 - undetermined 100-57 BB assumes a blackish-brown colour, gives off vapours of water, muriatic acid, and sesquichloride of iron, and fuses to a black magnetic globule. y Dissolves in nitric acid, with separation of silica. Localities. Sweden: at Nya Kopparberg in Westmanniand, and Bjelkeygrube, one of the iron mines of Nordmark, near Phillip- stadt, in Wermland. Name. From z%e, fire, and éeu%, odour; in allusion to the smell given off when heated. Brit. Mus., Case 57s. PyRostIBiTE, Glocker. See KERMESITE. PYROXENE, Haiiy. Oblique; primary form an oblique rhombic prism. Generally occurs in short, thick crystals, and often in twins: also amorphous, coarsely laminar, granular and fibrous. Colour various shades of green, grey and black; but sometimes colourless or even white. Transparent to opaque. Lustre vitreous or inclining to resinous. Streak white to grey. Brittle. Fracture conchoidal to uneven. H. 5 to 6. 8.G. 3°23 to 3°5. Fig 353. ( | Fig. 354. Comp. Bisilicate of various bases, repre- sented by the general formula (RB) Siz (Dana), in which R may be Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn. When R=(Ca Mg) the colour is white or pale green; when R=(Ca, Fe) the colour varies from green to black; and when iron forms an abundant ingredient the colour becomes very dark green or black. In the aluminous species, which all contain alkalies, a portion of the silica is replaced by alumina (Dana). BB the dark varieties, containing iron, afford an iron reaction. The paler varieties fuse with effervescence to a colourless glass, and with borax yield a clear glass. Localities. — English. Teesdale, Durham, in basalt. — Welsh. Anglesea, in trap dykes. Caernarvon : near Bangor, in trap rock. Moel PYRRHITE. Siabod. Summit of Penmaen Mawr.— Scotch. Islands of Canna, Mull, and Rum, Argyle- shire; in basaltic rocks. Isle of Arran. Isle of Skye. Long Row and Lion’s Haunch, Arthur’s Seat, Edinburgh, in basalt. Island of Tiree, in Limestone. Ful- ford lime-quarry, near Raith, in Fifeshire. Blaikie Heugh, five miles east of Hadding- ton, in felstone porphyry. North Berwick. — Irish. Antrim co., Portrush. Fairhead. -Culfeightown, Tor Head. Near Clogher, Tyrone. Tullyreagh, in Derry. — Foreign. Aussig and Téplitz, in Bohemia; also at Oberrochlitz (compact white). Greenland. Arendal, in Norway. Hungary. Transyl- vania. Hesse. Auvergne. Monte Rossi, on Etna. Vesuvius. Stromboli. Teneriffe. Bourbon. Hawaii, in basaltic lava. Laacher- see, &c., on the Lower Rhine, in basaltic lava of the extinct volcanos of the Eifel. Ascension, in basaltic lava. White Island, New Zealand. : Name. From ze, fire, and v0, a guest ; meaning a guest in the domain of fire; in allusion to its mode of occurrence, as though it had formed an original part of the lava in which it is found, which had escaped fusion, and was not, therefore, a result of crystal- lization consequent on the cooling of the mass. Pyroxene is, according to Dana, isomor- phous with Hornblende; and this opinion has been confirmed by the late researches of Rammelsberg, who also states that both are bisilicates. It differs from Hornblende, however, in containing a smaller quantity of Silica, in being less fusible, and in having a higher specific gravity. For varieties of Pyroxene, see ALGERINE, AUGITE, BAIKALITE, CoccoLiITE, DioPsIDE, FassAITE, HEDENBERGITE, J EFFERSONITE, MALACOLITE, SAHLITE. Brit. Mus., Case 34. M.P.G. Horse-shoe Case, Nos. 1035, 1042. PYROXENE FERRO-MANGANESIEN, Beu- dant. See PYROSMALITE. PYROXENE GRANULIFORME, Haiiy. CoccoLitE. PyRRHITE, G. Rose. Cubical. Occurs in minute octahedrons. Colour orange-yellow. Subtranslucent. Lustre vitreous. H.6. — Comp. Probably Columbate cf zirconia, coloured with oxides of iron, uranium and manganese. BB infusible. In small splinters blackens, and colours the flame deep yellow. Locality. Alabaschka, near Mursinsk, lining drusy felspar-cavities. ‘The Azores. Name. From zveess, yellow. PYRRHOSIDERITE, Hausmann. See _ From PYRRHOSIDERITE. zveceds, yellow, and cidueos, iron. See PYROSI- DERITE. PyrRHoTINe, Breithaupt. Hexagonal. Rarely crystallized, in irregular six-sided prisms, variously modified. Perfect basal cleavage. Generally occurs massive and amorphous. Structure granular. Colour bronze-yellow, reddish, or brownish: lable to speedy tarnish on exposure to the air, Opaque. Lustre metallic. Streak greyish- black. Brittle. Fracture uneven, passing into small imperfect-conchoidal. Acts slightly on the magnet. H. 3:5 to 4°5. 8.G. 4-4 to 4°7. Comp. Sulphide of iron, or Fe? 88=iron 60°5, sulphur 39°5=100. Analysis, from Bodenmais, by H. Rose : Ison. SHA ake - - 60°95 Solphur ys) i .) . 89°05 100-00 BB on charcoal, fuses, forming a greyish- black magnetic globule. Roasted in the state of fine powder, it is converted into pure peroxide of iron. Soluble in muriatic acid, leaving a residue of sulphur. Localities. — English. Cornwall: Botal- lack, near St. Just; Huel Maudlin (cleav- able). Beeralston, Devonshire. Several mines near Aldstone, Cumberland.— Welsh. Near the base of Moel Elion, and Llanrwst, Caernarvonshire. With Copper Pyrites, Clogau Mine, near Dolgelly, Merionethshire. — Scotch. Appin, Argyleshire, massive. Near Inverary. Galloway Hills. — Zrish. Near Leahtown, Donegal, of a bronze colour, —Foreign. Kongsberg, Norway; and An- dreasberg, in the Harz, in crystalline plates. Bodenmais, in Bavaria (cleavable). Kupfer- berg, in Bohemia, Bernkastel, on the Mo- selle. Saxony. Silesia. Salzburg. Siberia. St. Jerome, Canada, in large veins. United States. Minas Geraes, Brazil, in very large crystals, Name. From zegorns, reddish, in allusion to its colour. ’ Brit. Mus., Case 14. M.P.G. Principal Floor, Wall-case 19 (Foreign). Pyrrhotine may be distinguished from common Iron Pyrites by inferior hardness. Q. Quartz, Haiiy. See Rock CrysTat. Quartz, Kirwan. Common Quartz. Quartz. Hexagonal. Occurs in hexa- gonal prisms, sometimes terminated at both QUARTZ. 311 ends by six-sided pyramids. (See Rock CrysTAL.) Colourless, when pure; various shades of yellow, red, brown, green, blue, violet and black. Transparent to opaque. Lustre vitreous, sometimes inclining to resinous. Streak white; of impure varie- ties the same as the colour, but paler. Tough, brittle, or friable. Uncleavable. Fracture conchoidal. H.7. 8.G. 2°5 to 28. Fig. 355. Comp, Si; pure silica in the insoluble state, or that cannot be taken up by a potash solution. LB alone, undergoes no change; with soda fuses readily with efflorescence to a transparent. glass, a ee in all acids except hydrofluoric acid. Name. Probably a German word, signi- fying the grating sound made by clay in kneading it. The Quartz family is divided into three groups, viz.: I. The Vitreous, comprising those varieties which present the bright, glassy lustre of broken Rock Crystal; and including Ame- thyst, Aventurine, False Topaz, Ferruginous Quartz, Milky (and greasy) Quartz, Rock Crystal, Rose Quartz, Siderite, Smoky Quartz, or Cairngorum. II. The Chalcedonic, including those va- rieties which display the glistening sub- vitreous or waxy lustre, and the translucency or transparency of Chalcedony; as Agate, Carnelian, Cat’s Eye, Chalcedony, Chrysoprase, Flint, Hornstone, Mocha Stone, Onyx, Sard, Sardonyx, &c. Ill. The Jaspery, or the varieties pre- senting the dull colours, lustre, and opacity of Jasper ; as Bloodstone or Heliotrope, Jasper, Lydian Stone, Touchstone, or Basanite; also Fibrous Quartz, Floatstone, Granular Quartz, Haytorite, Phthanite (Kieselschiefer), Sandstone, Siliceous Sinter, Silicified Wood, &e. Brit. Mus., Cases 21 and 22. M.P.G. In Hall—Auriferous Quartz from the Grass Valley, Nevada county, California. Mass of crystallized Quartz from a mine in Weardale, Durham. Large crystal from Brazil, under Case III., in Entrance Hall. x 4 312 QUARTZ. QuARTz AEROHYDRE, Dufrénoy. Quartz containing drops of liquid, because they were originally supposed to be water. QuARTZ AVENTURINE. See AVENTU- RINE. QUARTZ EN CHEMISE. Crystallized Quartz, opaque and white on the surface, but transparent within. Quartz ENFUMEE, or Diamant d’ Alengon. Smoky Quartz. See CaIRNGorRM. Quartz HEMATOIDE. See CoMPOSTELLA HYACINTH. QUARZ-HYALIN AMORPHE, Haiiy. Com- mon Quartz. Quartz Hyatin ENFUMEE. Quartz. See CAIRNGORM. QuarTz Hyain JAUNE. See CITRINE, Fase Topaz, &c. QuaRTZ HyYAuin LAITEux, Haiiy. See MILK QUARTZ. QuARTZ HYALIN VERTE OBSCURE. See PRASE. QuARTz HyaAtIn VioLET. See AME- THYST. QuaRTZ JASPE, Haiiy. See JASPER. Quartz LairEux, Brochant. See MILK QUARTZ. Quartz Limpin—E AERonyprE. Limpid Rock Crystal, with internal cavities con- taining air and water. See Rock CrysTat. Quartz N ECTIQUE, Haiiy. See FLoat- STONE. Quartz Opaque Noir. STONE. QuaRTz R&siniTE, Huiiy. See OPAL. Quartz Re&sinirE Commune, Haiiy. See Semi-Opat. QuARTZ RESINITE GIRASOL, Haiiy. See Fire OPAt. Quartz R&stntrE HypRoPHANE, Haiiy. See HyDROPHANE. Quarrz ResinirE Meniire, Haiiy. See MENILITE. Quartz REsrInITE OPALIN, Haiiy. See PRECIOUS OPAL. QuaRTz R&EstnITE SUBLUISANT, Brun- ATRE, Haiiy. See MENILITE. Quartz RosE, Brochant. QUARTZ. QuARTZ THERMOGENE. See GEYSERITE. QUARZ-AGATHE-CALCEDOINE, Haiiy. See CHALCEDONY. QUARZ-AGATHE-CORNALINE, Haiiy. See CARNELIAN. QUARZ-AGATHE GRosSEUR, Haiiy. See HorRNSTONE. QUARZ-AGATHE PyRoMAQUE. Haiiy. See FLINT. Smoky See LyDIAN See RosE RADIATED ZEOLITE. QUARZ-AGATHE XYLOIDE, Haitiy. See Woop OPAL. QUARZ ALUMINIFERE TRIPOLIEN, Haiiy. See TRIPOLI. Qursec Dramonps. Rock Crystal from Quebec, in Lower Canada. QUECKSILBER. German for Quicksilver. QUECKSILBERBRANDEBRZ, or nie Cinnabar. See IDRIALITE. QUECKSILBERFAHLERZ. See SraNrontng, QUECKSILBER. HORNERZ, Werner. See CALOMEL. QUECKSILBER LEBERERZ, Werner. See HEPATIC CINNABAR. QUELLERZ, Hermann. KERME-~ mann. SITE. RoTHZINKERZ. See ZINCITE. RotTreNn-sTONE. A soft and earthy kind of stone, used in a state of powder, for polishing brass, silver, Britannia metal, glass, &c. Colour dirty-grey or reddish- brown, passing into black. Dull. Gives out Y 324 RUBACE. a disagreeable odour when rubbed. Meagre to the touch. Analysis, by Richard Phillips : Alumina . i ‘ . 8&6 Silica 3 : A 5 5 4 Carbon . ‘ ‘ . 10 100 Localities. Near Ashford and Bakewell, in Derbyshire. South Wales, in Caermar- thenshire and Breconshire. Albany, near New York, U. 8S. Rotten-stone is nearly peculiar to this country, and is supposed to be derived from the decomposition of shale or siliceous lime- stone. Rupace, or Rupasse. Names given by French lapidaries and jewellers to a variety of Rock Crystal with rose-coloured cracks. These fissures, which characterise the stoneas well as their colour, are artificially produced by heating the crystal red-hot, and then plunging it into a solution of purple of cassius or carmine. By these means it is made full of cracks, which become filled with the colouring matter. The great difficulty to be surmounted in the process is, that the stone should only be cracked in the interior, allowing a free passage to the colouring liquid from the outside, which it is difficult to understand. The French jewellers also apply the name to cut and polished Quartz, slightly tinged with violet, and besprinkled internally with minute brown spangles of Specular Iron, which reflect a bright red light, equal to that of the most brilliant Ruby. These stones are very rare. They are brought from Brazil, but inferior kinds are found in the iron mines of Nassau Ussing. RvueeELuAN, Breithaupt. Probably an altered Biotite, occurs in small, reddish- brown, hexagonal tables, which are not flexible. Exfoliates in the flame of a can- dle. H.lessthan 3. S.G. 2°5 to 2°7. Analysis, by Klaproth : Silica . é 4 . 51) 45 Alumina. : > . ay 210 Oxide of iron . 5 5 - 20 Lime c 5 5 : - 10 Soda and potash . 5 - 10 Volatile matter " : pape) 100 Localities. With Mica and Augite at Schima, in Bohemia; and also in Saxony. Brit. Mus., Case 32. Ruseuite, Kirwan. Red Tourmaline, containing a considerable proportion of RUBY. manganese. It generally occurs in closely aggregated crystals, varying in colour from a slight tinge of red to a fine pink. Analysis, from Sarapulsk, by Hermann: Silica . : : : peo art Alumina ©. A 2 - 40°29 Peroxide of manganese - 2°30 Boracic acid : ; . 6:65 Lithia . . a 3°02 Magnesia . - - -' O46 Soda . : : 7°88 100°00 BB alone on charcoal, turns milk-white, intumesces, splits, and vitrifies at the edges, but does not fuse: on platinum, with soda, exhibits in the outer flame the bluish-green colour indicative of manganese. : Localities. — Irish. Ox Mountain, near Sligo; of ared and green colour. — Foreign. Near Katherinenburg and Sarapulsk, near Mursinsk, in Siberia. Elba. Rozena, in Moravia. Very fine specimens have been found at Paris, Maine, U.§8.: “some crys- tals over an inch in diameter, transparent, ruby-red within, surrounded by green, or red at one extremity, and green at the other.” (Dana.) “Some of the Siberian specimens exhibit internally a brown or blue colour, surrounded with carmine-red, or some other lighter tinge, or internally a red hue bordered with pistachio-green.” (W. Phillips.) A specimen of uncommon form and di- mensions, which was presented by the King of Ava to the late Colonel Symes, when ambassador to that country, and afterwards presented to the British Museum by the | Hon. Mr. Greville, is stated by Jameson to have been valued at £1000. Brit. Mus., Case 40. : RuBIcELLE. The name given to yellow or orange red varieties of Spinel. Ruziz Erorte. Star Ruby. See ASTERIA. Rupin. See Rupy. RUBINBLENDE, Hausmann. See PRoust- ITE. RUBINE D’ARSENIC, Von Born. See RE- ALGAR. RUBINGLIMMER, Hausmann. A variety of Géthite, occurring in foliated crystalliza- tions of a hyacinth-red colour, with Brown Hematite, at EHiserfeld, in the country of Nassau; and in the Hollerter Zug, in the Westerwald, in veins of Limonite. It is also met with in translucent scales at Kil- patrick in Dumbartonshire, with Zeolite. Rupis DE Bouéme. Rose Quartz. Ruspy. Under the general term Ruby aes Sete RUBY. lapidaries class several stones, of very different chemical composition, &c., which they distinguish chiefly by their colours. Thus, when of a full carmine-red, it is known by the name of Spinel Ruby; when the tinge verges upon rather pale rose-red, it is called Balais or Balas Ruby; when the red has a decided shade of orange, it usually goes by the name of Vermeil or Vermeille; when ot a yellowish-red, it is called Rubicelle. The Ruby is considered by jewellers to approach perfection the more closely it resembles the colour of pigeon’s blood. The name Ruby should, however, be restricted to the oriental Ruby, or the red varieties of Sapphire. When perfect, both in colour and transparency, Rubies are much less common than good Diamonds, and are more valuable when of 3 or 4 carats. A perfect Ruby of 1 carat is worth 10 guineas, of 2 carats £42, of 3 carats 130 guineas, and of 6 carats above £1000. The Ruby very seldom exceeds 8 or 10 carats, but Tavernier mentions one of 50 carats, and Gustavus III., king of Sweden, had one the size of a small hen’s ege, and of the finest water, which he gave to the Emperor of Russia when he visited St. Petersburgh. -The Ruby is generally set in rings and brooches, surrounded with brilliants. It is _ stated in Prinsep’s “ Oriental Accounts of the Precious Minerals,”* that ‘ not to be deceived in rubies is a work of difficulty, because there are spurious ones of polished crystal, which much resemble the true gem; these are called dyn-ul-rajan; but a skilful lapidary will easily recognise them. When placed in the fire, a true ruby be- comes invisible, but when immersed in water it appears to glow with heat: it also shines like a coal in the dark.” The Ruby is imitated by Spinel, from which it is easily distinguished by superior hardness. The finest stones are found in the sand of rivers in Ceylon, in the sand of certain streams, and in the Capelan moun- tains near Syrian, the capital of Pegu, and in Ava. ’ The Ruby mines of the latter country are guarded most jealeusly from Europeans. Professor Oldham, who visited Ava in 1835 with the embassy from this country, could not hear of any well-authenticated instance of their ever having been visited by a British subject, except by one person who, having deserted into the King of Burmah’s dominions, was sent by the king to super- * Journal of Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol.i. p. 353. RUBY. 325 intend the intercepting of some drains and other appliances for regulating the supply of the mines. In the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol. ii. p. 75, it is stated that the ruby mines of Burmah have long been known, and they are said to be situated about 60 to 70 miles from the capital, in a north- easterly direction. ‘The mode of seeking for them is described as consisting simply in sinking pits until the gem-bed or ruby- earth is met with. The gem-bed is met with at very various depths, sometimes not more than two or three feet from the surface, at other times more than forty feet, and occasionally not at all. When the layer of earthy sand containing the rubies is met with, lateral openings are driven in on it, and the bed foilowed up until it either becomes necessary to sink another pit on it, or it becomes exhausted. It varies in thickness from a few inches to two or three feet. * The rubies are for the most part small, not averaging more than a quarter of a rutty, and when large, are generally full of flaws. Well marked crystals occasionally occur, but the vast majority of the stones are well rounded and ground down. It isa very rare case to find a large Ruby without flaws; and Mr. Spears states that he has never seen a perfect Ruby weighing more than 4 rupee. The Sapphires are found in the same earth with the Rubies, but are much more rare, and generally of alarger size. “ Stones of 10 to 15 rutties without a flaw are com- mon, whereas a perfect Ruby of that sie is hardly ever seen. The largest perfect Sap- phire I ever saw weighed | tikal. It was polished, but I have seen a rough one weighing 20 tikals.” “For every 500 rubies, I do not think they get one sapphire. You see very few small sapphires in the market, while small rubies are abundant and cheap.” The value of Gems, Rubies, and Sapphires obtained in a year, may be from 14 to 14 lac, from £12,500, to £15,000. They are considered solely the property of the king, and strictly monopolized; but notwithstanding the care that is taken, con- siderable quantities are smuggled. There are about twenty lapidaries or po- lishers of these stones in Amarapoora. They are not allowed to carry on their trade at the mines. In polishing, “small rubies and worthless pebbles brought from the mines, pounded fine, and mixed up with an adhesive- substance, and then made into cakes, some 10 inches long by 4 inches broad, are used to rub down the gem on; after it has been y¥3 326 RUBY SILVER. brought to the form and size required, another stone of fine grain is required.” The last process is performed by rubbing the Ruby on a plate of copper or brass, until it is thoroughly polished, when the gem is ready for market. Rubies are imitated by Spinel, Garnet, Hyacinth, red Quartz, calcined Amethyst, red burnt Brazilian Topaz, and by red Tourmaline. . The Ruby has been valued as a gem from the earliest times of which we have any re- cord, The Sardius, mentioned in Exod. XXvill. 17, and supposed to mean the Ruby, held the first place amongst the twelve stones which were ordered to be placed on the ephod of the Jewish high-priest, and was engraved with the name of Reuben. In Proverbs iii. 13, 15, Solomon says, “ Happy is the man that findeth wisdom . ... she is more precious than rubies, and all the things thou canst desire are not to be compared unto her.” See also Job XX Vill, 18. Prova cyait hls xx. ds xexxi 10. Lam. iv. 7. Brit. Mus., Case 19. M.P.G. MHorse-shoe Case, Nos. 786, 787, 797—804. Rusy SItver. See PYRARGYRITE. Rusy SuLpHurR, Jameson. See REAL- GAR. Ruppie. See RENDLE. Ruin Acarre. See BRECCIATED AGATE. Rury Marsie. See CorsaAm MARBLE. RuTHERFORDITE, C. U. Shepard. Ob- lique. No cleavage. Occurs in crystals and grains. Iron-black externally, and not at first sight distinguishable from Samarskite. Colour of fresh surface, blackish- or yel- lowish-brown. Earthy. Opaque or trans- lucent in thin fragments, and transmitting a smoky orange-brown light. Lustre vitreo- resinous, shining. Yields to the knife with difficulty. Streak yellowish - brown, ap- proaching to fawn-colour. Very brittle. Fracture perfectly conchoidal. H. 5:5. 8.G. 55. Comp. ‘Titanic acid and lime. BB alone infusible; with borax forms slowly a clear yellow glass. Exposed to heat in a glass tube, it de- crepitates slightly, and gives off a little water; the mineral on cooling is dark yel- lowish-brown, with a resinous adamantine lustre, in appearance resembling some varie~- ties of Blende. Decomposed by prolonged boiling with concentrated sulphuric acid, and is then completely soluble in a very large volume of warm water. RUTHILE. Locality. The gold-washings of Ruther- ford co., North Carolina; with Samarskite, Rutile, Brookite, Zircon, and Monazite. Rutherfordite is easily distinguished from Samarskite, which it otherwise closely re- sembles, by the streak and by its trans- lucency. Rurwite, Brochant. Ruri, Werner. Rutite, Dana, Nicol, Phillips. Pyramidal. Occurs in four- or eight-sided prisms, ter- minated by pyramids, either single or geni- culated, and often striated longitudinally: also in reticulated masses formed by acicular and capillary macled crystals: also massive and imbedded. Structure lamellar. Colour usually reddish - brown and opaque; or blood-red and translucent or transparent: sometimes yellowish or black. Lustre metal- lic-adamantine. Streak very pale brown. Brittle. Fracture imperfect-conchoidal or uneven. Acquires negative electricity by friction. H.6 to 6d. 58.G. 4:18 to 4:20. _/\ Fig 368, Comp. Binoxide of titanium or titanic hy Ti = titanium 60°98, oxygen 39:02= 100. Analysis, from St. Yrieix, by H. Rose: Titanic acid . - 98°5 Peroxide of iron . 5 apes) 100-0 BB alone infusible, with borax yields a transparent reddish-yellow glass in the outer flame, which assumes a dirty violet- colour in the inner flame. Localities. — Scotch, Glen Finnart, Ar- gyleshire. Perthshire. Crianlarich, in large striated prisms and in fibrous masses; Craig Cailleach, near Killin, Fifeshire. Hills- wick, Shetlands.—Jrish. Co. Donegal; near Dunfanaghy, and at Malin Beg, in white crystalline Quartz.— Foreign. St. Yrieix, near Limoges, in France, and in Castile, in geniculated twin crystals, which are often of large size. The Alps. , St. Gotthard, in Switzerland, reticulated on crystals of Specular Iron. Rosenau, in Hun- gary. Brazil, in acicular crystals imbedded in limpid Quartz, which, when polished, exhibits hair-like crystals of Rutile, of a blood-red colour by transmitted light: ( Venus’ Hair-stone.) Ohlapian, in Tran- or translucent. H. 6. RUTILITE. sylvania. Horcajuelo, near Buitrago, in Spain. Giungehiinsel, near Petschau in Bo- hemia (massive). Near Brevig, in Norway, in gneiss. The Ural. Massachusetts, and other parts of North America. Canada. Name. From rutilus, signifying shining red. Brit. Mus., Case 37. M. P.G. Principal Floor, Wail-cases 13 (British); 20 and 42 (Foreign). For varieties of Rutile, see CrRISPITE, GALLICINITE, ILMENORUTILE, NIGRINE, SaGENITE, TITANE OxyDE CHROMIFERE. See also DIANIUM. Rutiwire, Jameson. See SPHENE. Ryacouire, G. Rose. Occurs in thick tabular, or short prismatic crystals, re- sembling Glassy Felspar, of which it may, possibly, be only a variety. Colour white or grey, with a vitreous lustre. Transparent S.G. 2°618 (Kose). Comp. (K, N, Ca) Si+Al Si. Analysis, by G. Rose: Silica -. ; : - 50°31 Alumina. < . . 29°44 Peroxide of iron . ‘ 4) 0-28 Magnesia . . 0:23 Lime ‘ “4 1:07 Soda . Fs F . 10°56 Potash § ° E a oe D 97-81 BB fuses rather more readily than Adu- laria, and colours the flame of a more in- tense yellow. Decomposed imperfectly by muriatic acid, with separation of pulverulent silica. Localities. Vesuvius, in ejected blocks, associated with Nepheline, Augite, and Mica. Lake Laach. Name. From fix, a lava stream. * Brit. Mus., Case 31. S. Saccuarits, Glocker. Occurs in finely granular masses, with traces of cleavage in one direction. Colour white or greenish. Lustre vitreous. Translucent at the edges. Very fragile. Fracture splintery, uneven. -H.6. 8.G. 2°668. Comp. A hydrated Andesine, or R Si+ 3Al Si2+H. Analysis, by Schmidt : Silica . : : - 58°93 Alumina : . : » 23°50 SAHLITE. Bon Peroxide of iron . J Se Vow? Oxide of nickel . j . 0°39 Lime . § : 2 2 367 Magnesia . : ° . 0°56 Potash . ; F 3 . 0:05 Soda . : < “ wi GA Water . : ‘ ; sotZ2i 100-00 BB becomes opaque, and fuses only at thin edges: with borax forms aclear glass. Localities. ‘The Serpentine mines near Frankenstein in Silesia, 1 in veins in Serpen- tine. Chateau Richer in Canada, of a flesh- red colour, with Hypersthene and Ilmenite. Name. From cézxae, sugar; from its sac- clearine appearance, resembling that of loaf- sugar. SAFFLORITE, Brooke & Miller, Haidin- ger. A variety of Smaltine, containing 11 to 19 per cent. of iron, from Schneeberg, in Saxony. (See CHATHAMITE and ae KOBALTEIES.) H. 55. §8.G. 6:92 to 7 Analysis, by v. Kobell : Arsenic ; - . 71:08 Cobalt . : - : - 9:44 Lrony) i 5 . . 18:48 Bismuth . - e00 Copper and sulphur . traces 100°00 SAGENITE, Saussure. (From ceva, a net.) A reticulated variety of Rutile. SAHLITE, Werner. SAHLITE, Jameson, Phillips. A greenish-grey variety of Pyr- oxene, resembling Diopside. Massive, with a lamellar structure; seldom crystallized (see BAIKALITE). Translucent at the edges. Lustre vitreous, inclining to pearly. Streak white. Brittle. Fracture foliated. H. 5 to 6. S. G. 3236. Fig. 369. Analysis, from pace by H. Rose: Silica . . , . 54:86 Alumina A F : Oe Peroxide of iron . y . 444 Peroxide of peer - 0°42 Lime . i , A PEEL Magnesia. : : . 16°49 99-99 BB fuses, with a slight effervescence, to a translucent glass; with borax and soda forms a clear glass. ¥4 828 ST. STEPHEN’S STONES. Localities. Sahblberg, in Westermann- land, with Galena, and in many other parts of Sweden. Arendal, in Norway. Harris, in Scotland. The Tyrol. North America. Name. From Sahla, and Abs, a stone. Brit. Mus., Case 34. St. STEPHEN’s STonEs. White Chalce- dony, containing blood-red spots. Sat AmMonrac, Kirwan, Dana. Cubical, with an octahedral cleavage. Occurs in minute octahedrons. Generally stalactitic, in crusts, or as an efflorescence. Colour, when pure, white; often greyish or yellowish. Transparent to opaque Lustre internally vitreous; externally dull. Streak white. Fracture conchoidal. Taste pungent, cool, and saline. H.1°5 to 2. 8.G. 1°52. Comp. Muriate of ammonia, or NH* Cl= chlorine 66°3, ammonium 33°7=100. Analysis, from Vesuvius, by Klaproth : Muriate of ammonia. - 99:5 Sulphate of ammonia . - O96 100°0 BB sublimes at a high temperature, but does not fuse. Pulverised with soda or quicklime gives out the odour of ammonia. Soluble in 2°7 parts of water, at 66° F., and in about its own weight of boiling water. Very sparingly soluble in alcohol. Localities—English. Near Newcastle, in Northumberland; and Bradley, Stafford- shire. — Scotch. Hurlet, near Paisley. — Foreign. - In the neighbourhood of volcanoes, as at Etna; the Solfatara, near Naples; Vesuvius; Kilauea, in Hawaii; Hecla, in Iceland; Isle of Bourbon; Tuscany; St. Etienne, in France; Duttweiler, in Saar- briick ; Thibet ; Persia; Bucharia, in Tartary. Name. From sal (salt), and hama nijak (Arabic): i.e. Salt from the dung of camels. Sal Ammoniac is found native near vol- canoes, in the vicinity of ignited beds of coal (as in Great Britain), and, in very small quantity, in sea- and certain mineral waters. It is supposed to have been one of the salts included by the ancients under the name of nitre (nitrum). The Sal Ammo- niac (4As auuovax0s), of Dioscorides and Pliny, has been proved to be common salt, dug near the temple of Ammon, in Egypt, and the name to have been subsequently transferred to the muriate of ammonia, pre- pared in that country by sublimation, from the soot obtained by burning camel’s dung. Sal Ammoniac is easily recognised by its SAMARSKITE. urinous and pungent odour, and its com- plete volatility by the action of heat. Both the natural and artificial salt are used in medicine, dyeing, and in metallur- gical operations. Brit. Mus., Case 59. M. P. G. Upper Gallery, Wall-case A, in Recess 4, No. 146. SAL Gem, Kirwan. SAL GEmMMa&, We eri Sau Mare, Beudant. Sau MIRABILE, Wallerius. See GLAUBER SALT. Sat NeutrRuM AcIDULARE, Waillerius. See Rock SAtr. SALAMANDER’s Harr, Woodward. Ami- anthus and Asbestos (which see). SALAMSTEIN, or SALAMSTONE. The name given by Werner to blue Sapphire from Ceylon. It occurs in small transparent crystals, generally six-sided prisms, of pale reddish and bluish colours. SALMIAK, Reuss, Werner. AMMONIAC. SALPETER, Werner. See NITRE. SaLPeterR, Leonhard. Nitrate of Soda. See NITRATINE. SaLt CiAy, Humboldt. A grey mass, in= terspersed with salt, separated mechanically from the so-called Haselgebirge (which see), occurring in certain salt formations, It is a tersilicate of alumina, mixed with carbonate of magnesia and other substances, See Rock SALT. See SAL Analysis, by Schafhautl: Silica. : 5 A 45°5 Alumina 4 ‘ 15-0 Carbonic acid : . ene 7h Magnesia - - . J2°8 Tron < s : I SG Manganese . 3 - o) Ore Sulphur .. oO) ae Chloride of sodium > ae Bitumen ° ‘ 5 . 24 99°9 SALT oF PHospHoRus, Dana. See STER- CORITE. SALTPETRE. See NITRE. Sauz, Kenngott. See Rock SAtt. SALZSAURES BLEI VON MENDIP. MENDIPITE. SALZSAURES QUECKSILBEROXYDUL. See CALOMEL. SALZSAURESKUPFER. See SALZKUPFERERZ, Werner. | ATACAMITE. SaLzTHon, Humboldt. See SALT CLAY, SAMARSKITE, H, Rose. Rhombic. Usually See | f SAMMETBLENDE. ‘occurs in flattened and somewhat polygonal. grains. Colour externally dull iron-black. Opaque even at the edges. Streak dark reddish- or clove- brown. Very brittle. Fracture subconchoidal, exhibiting a velvet- black colour, and a splendent vitreous lustre like Obsidian. H.5°5. S.G. 5-614 to 5°746. Comp. A mixture of niobic and scheelic acids (H. Rose). Analysis, from Siberia, by Peretz : Metallic acid : . 50°91 Peroxide of uranium . . 16°77 Yttria i - 8:36 Protoxide of iron . 15°94 Protoxide of manganese and lime 1‘88 Magnesia . : : . 075 99-61 BB decrepitates and loses density when heated ; exhibiting vivid incandescence, and is afterwards perfectly insoluble in muriatic acid. When pulverised, readily and completely decomposed by boiling concentrated muriatic acid, forming a greyish and gelatinous mass, which yields with cold water an opalescent solution. Localities. The Ilmen mountains, near Miask, in the Ural, in pieces not larger than ahazel-nut, imbedded in reddish-brown Felspar, Rutherford co., North Carolina, in auriferous gravel. ’ Name. After the Russian officer of mines, ‘Von Samarski. Brit. Mus., Case 49. The metallic acid in Samarskite consists almost wholly of niobic acid, with small quantities of tungstic and pelopic acids: hence niobic acid may be obtained from it in a state of greater purity than from the Columbites of Bodenmais and North America. The large quantity of magnesia found in the Siberian Columbite distinguishes it from all other tantalites. (L. Gmelin.) See also Yttro-Ilmenite. SAMMETBLENDE, A capillary variety of Gothite, found in veins at Przibram in Bohemia, at Hiittenberg in Carinthia, and near Ulefoss in Norway. Samorre. A mineral occuring in thin and broad colourless tables, with a glassy lustre, thickly disseminated through a dark co- loured, cellular, porphyritic basalt, on Upolu, one of the Samoan, or Navigator Islands. “H. 5:5 to 6. S.G. 2°8 to 2°85. Comp. 2 (Ca, Mg, Na) Si+ (Al, #e) Si. Analysis, by Silliman, Jr.: SCE ie ae . 03°79 SAPHIRINE. o29 Alumina. : a . 1879 Peroxide of iron . 4:23 Magnesia 8°87 Lime 9:86 Soda - < are Water and loss : : edleao 100:00 SANDARACA, Pliny, Strabo. SANDARACH, Zavdacexn, Theophrastus. See REALGAR. Probably the name may be a corruption of the Arabic, Zarnich- Ahmer. Sanpastros. A kind of Aventurine, described by Jean de Saét, of a rufous red colour, and containing in the interior small brilliant grains. The Sandastrum of Pliny is a gem now wholly lost. SanipineE. A name for Glassy Felspar (from cevis, a board), on account of the tabular form of the crystals. Sapuir. French for Sapphire. SapHir ASTERIE. See ASTERIA. SapHir D’Eau. A name given by jewellers to a transparent variety of Iolite, of an intense blue colour, found in small rolled masses in Ceylon. Sometimes they are of a clear white, mingled with celestial blue, forming a mixed colour. This stone should be cut in the form of a brilliant. SAPHIR DE CHAT, or Cat Sapphire. A name applied to Star Sapphire by French lapidaries. See ASTERIA. SAPHIR DE FRANCE, or SAPHIR DE Puy- EN-VELAI. Names given to water-worn pebbles of Rock Crystal, of a beautiful blue colour, which are found, in France, in the stream Rioupezzouliou, near Expailly in Auvergne. They may be easily distin- guished from true apni) by their greatly inferior hardness. 8.G. 2 SAPHIR DU BresIL. Greenish blue Tour- maline, Sapuirn Erory. ASTERIA. SAPHIR FEMELLE. The name given by French lapidaries to clear blue Sapphire, the colour of which is so faint that it might almost be considered a limpid Sapphire, slightly tinged with blue. See GEM. SapHirn MAte. The name applied by French lapidaries to indigo-blue Sapphire. The tint of this stone is of a very agreeable kind, being neither too pale nor too dark. SAPHIR OCCIDENTAL. See SAPHIR D’ EAU. Sapuir PromBb. A name by which bluish- green varieties of Sapphire are known to French jewellers. SAPHIRINE, Phillips, Gisécké, Levy. A variety of Spinel, occurring disseminated in Star Sapphire. See 330 SAPONITE. pale blue or green translucent grains. Lus- tre vitreous. Streak white. Fracture im- perfect-conchoidal. H.7 to 8. S.G. 3°42. Analysis, by Stromeyer : Alumina : . 63-11 Silica. : : . 14°50 Magnesia 5 . 16°85 Lime . : 5 : . 0:38 Oxide of iron 3 3°92 Oxide of manganese . - 0°53 Water . 0-49 99°78 BB unaltered either alone or with borax. Localities. Aker iron-works, Séderman- land, in Sweden. Akudlek, in Greenland, associated with Mica and fibrous brown Anthophyllite. The name Saphirine, or Sapphirine, is also applied by French Japidaries to the varieties of Chalcedony which approximate in colour to smalt-blue. Brit. Mus., Case 19. SAPONITE, (from sapo, soap,) or Soap: stone. Amorphous, massive. Very soft and soapy, almost like butter when first dug, but hardens and becomes brittle on exposure. Colour various shades of white, grey, yel- low, blue, and red; also mottled. Slightly translucent at the edges. Streak shining. Does not adhere to the tongue. [Feels unctuous. Yields to the nail. Rather diffi- cultly frangible. Fracture splintery. H. 1°d. 8.G. 2°65. 45°56, alumina 1084, magnesia 24-95, water 18:15=100. Analysis, from the Lizard, by Svanberg: Silica . : ; 45:00 Alumina 3 é 5 AS) Peroxide of iron . 1:00 Magnesia ; : - 24°75 Lime, soda, and potash 0-75 Water . > H . 18-00 98°75 BB shows traces of incipient fusion and blistering, but is infusible (except at the edges) without addition. Dissolves in borax, forming a turbid glass, and also in microcos- mic salt, with separation of a skeleton of silica. Soluble in sulphuric acid. Localities. — English. Cornwall: near the Lizard Point, in a vein in Serpentine.— Irish. In the amygdaloids of Antrim, in greyish, yellowish, or brownish nodules. Magilligan, co. Derry. — Foreign. Svardsjo, in Delarne, Sweden (Piotine). Northern shore of Lake Superior (Thalite). SAPPHIRE. SAPPARE. A name given to Kyanite, by De Saussure, owing to a mistake in reading a label on which it had been incorrectly called Sapphire. The name is used by French jewellers for the specimens of that mineral which are brought ready cut and polished from India, and sold as a variety of blue transparent Corundum (or true Sap- phire). Although not held in any great estimation, and deficient in hardness, some of the crystals, owing to their good colour and play of light, might vie in appearance with the Oriental or true (or Corundum-) Sapphire. q SappHir CHAToyANT. A French lapi- dary’s name for a kind of Sapphire, which displays very brilliant pearly reflections on a red or blue ground. SaPPHirE. The name given to brightly coloured varieties of Corundum. The blue are generally called Oriental Sapphire; the red, Orientul Ruby; the transparent or translucent yellow, or white, Oriental Topaz ; the green, Oriental Emerald; the violet, Oriental Amethyst; the hair-brown, Adaman- tine-spar ; the asteriated crystals, Asteria ; when transparent, with a pale reddish or bluish reflection, Girasol Sapphire; with pearly reflection, Chatoyant or Opalescent Sapphire. Fig. 371. Sapphire is the hardest of all known sub- stances, except the Diamond. It occurs crystallized in variously terminated six- sided prisms and in rolled masses, and is found in the beds of rivers or associated with crystalline rocks. It possesses double refraction, and becomes electric by friction. Is not acted on by acids, and remains un- altered by the fire; red and yellow varieties, if anything, being improved in colour by heating. With borax BB fuses slowly, but perfectly, to a colourless glass. Localities. Sapphire is chiefly brought from Ceylon and Pegu, but it is also found in Bohemia; in France, in the brook Riou- pezzouliou, near Expailly in Vélay, and in New South Wales. -See Ruby. SARCOLITE. In Prinsep’s “Oriental Accounts of the Precious Minerals,” it is stated, that under the name of Sapphire or Yaquit are comprised all those stones of the Sapphire and Ruby species which are distinguished (or rather connected, as being chemically one) by the epithet Oriental, in English books of mi- neralogy, and are now classed together under the general head of Corundum, because they are composed of the same earth, alu- mina, asthe Corundum, or Atirtéin of the Indians. The natives, like our own mine- ralogists, distinguish four principal species of yagét; red ( Oriental Ruby), blue ( Orien- tul Sapphire), yellow, white, or colourless (Oriental Topaz), and green (Oriental Emerald). The medical properties of the yaqtit are remarkable: “it purifies the blood, strengthens, quenches thirst; it dispels melancholy reflections; and as a talisman averts dangers, and insures honours and competence.” —Prinsep, Jl. Asi. Soc. Bengal, vol. i. “From the earliest period of the Middle Ages, the symbol of investiture with the office of bishop, has been a ring set with a Sapphire or Ruby, and worn on the fore- finger. The reason for this choice was its violet colour, agreeing with the vestments appropriated to the episcopal office.” * Sapphire is cut by means of diamond- dust, and is polished on copper and lead wheels with emery powder. Blue Sapphire is imitated with [Tolite, Kyanite, &c.; hardness affords the best test of the genuineness of the stone. A good sapphire of 10 carats is valued at 50 guineas, and one of 20 carats at 200 guineas. Under 10 carats the price may be estimated by multiplying the square of its weight in carats into half a guinea; thus, one of 4 ca- rats would be worth 4x 4x 10s. 6d.=£8. &s. Name. The word sapphire is derived from cergeeos, the name of a blue- stone amongst the ancients. Most probably the cungeeds Of the ancients, however, was not our sapphire, but Lapis Lazuli. ’ See Lam. iv. 7. Isaiah liv. 11. Brit. Mus., Case 19. M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, Nos. 786, 787, 792 — 794. Case 11 (W. Bathurst, N.S. Wales). SARCOLITE, Thomson. SARCOLITHE DE THomson, Haiiy. Pyramidal. Occurs in small, pale, flesh-red or brownish-white crystals. Semi-transparent. Lustre vitre- * Antique Gems, fem origin, uses, and value by Rev. C, W. King, M.A. p. 296, SARD. 331 ous. Extremely brittle, and full of flaws; falling to pieces unless carefully handled. H. 6, 8.G. 2°545. Comp. (Na Ca)3+ Al Si. Analysis, by Scacchi : Silica . 5 4 4 Aa Alumina . 5 . 24:50 Lime . 3 . 0243 Seales, Mami de des woehicen re cllk EGS 101:97 BB fuses to a white enamel. Forms a jelly with acids. Locality. Vesuvius, at Monte Somma, associated with Wollastonite, Hornblende, and other Zeolites. Name. From céeé, flesh, and fo, stone ; in allusion to its colour. SARD. 2a#ediv, Theophrastus. A deep brownish-red Chalcedony, of a blood-red colour by transmitted light. It is difficult to draw the line of dis- tinction between Sard and Carnelian; the former, however, when in its greatest per- fection, is of a full, rich brown cclour, approaching more or less to orange or yel- low, and when held between the eye and the light exhibits a deep ruby colour, ap- proaching to cherry-red or blood-red. Sard, though found under the same circumstances, is extremely rare compared with Carnelian, and obtains a much higher price, especially when of a very dark tint. It is procured from the shores of the Red Sea; and is found also in Perthshire. The name Sardus, or Sarda, is believed by some to be derived from Sardinia (the ancient Sardis), where it is said to have been originally found (Hill’s Theophrastus, p. 96); by others it is supposed to be de- rived from c&eé, flesh, because of its colour, The Sard was the precious stone ordered to be placed first on the breast-plate worn by the high- priest of the Jews, and to be engraved with the name of Reuben, but probably the word Odem (redness), rendered Sarde in the Bible, may have meant Carne- lian, or possibly Ruby, rather than the Sard of the moderns. The Sard of the ancient Greeks and Romans was certainly our Car- nelian, See Exod. xxviii, 17. Ezek. XXviii. 13. “ The Sard and Onyx in one name unite, And from their union spring three colours bright. O’er jetty black the brilliant white is spread, And o’er the white diffused a fiery red: If clear the colours, if distinct the line, Where still unmix’d the various layers join, Such we for beauty and for value prize, Rarest of all that teeming earth supplies: _ 332 SARDACHATES. Chief amongst signets, it will best convey The stamp impress’d, nor tear the wax.away.”* The Sard is said by Marbodus to be good to be worn, and makes the person beloved by women. It should have engraved upon it a vine, and ivy twining round it. eee P. G. Hotse-shoe Case, Nos. 592— 5. SARDACHATES. The name given by the ancients to varieties of Agate partaking of the nature of Carnelian, or which contained layers of Sard or Carnelian. SARDONYX is the name applied to those varieties of Onyx which are composed of alternate layers of Sard and nearly opaque white Chalcedony. It is the most beauti- ful, the rarest, and the most valued form of Onyx, and was the most esteemed for en- graving into cameos by the ancients. “©The man of humble heart, and modest face, And purest soul, the Sardonyx* should grace; A worthy gem, yet boasts no mystic powers : ‘Tis seut from Indian and Arabian shores.” * Scipio was the first Roman who wore Sardonyx, which he did in a ring. The precious ring, also, thrown into the sea by Polycrates, tyrant of Samos, to defy fortune, was a Sardonyx. The fakirs of India still wear at the present day, as thev did in the time of Pliny, long chaplets of Sardonyx and other kinds of agate. The stones dril- led for stringing like beads were called by the ancients Indian Sardonyz. A cameo of the unusual size of 73 inches by 6 inches, formed of Sardonyx, sold at the sale of the Hertz collection, in 1859, for £126. It was an admirably executed cinque- cento work, the subject of which was “ Thetis entreating Jupiter to give weapons to her son Achilles.” Another cameo, 18 by 13 inches, representing a “ Bacchanalian Mask,” crowned with ivy, was also sold at the same sale for £31. The Sardonyx is found in Perthshire. The Sardonyx mountains of Ptolemy are, doubtless, the Cupperwange, or Cubberpunj hills, still famous for Carnelians, Agates, ana the sprig-stones generally called Mocha- stones. — Forbes’s Orl. Memoirs, vol. iii. . 68. e M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, Nos. 588, 628. SASSOLIN, Jameson, Hausmann, Nicol. Anorthic. Generally occurs in small scales, apparently six-sided tables, and in stalac- titic forms, which are also made up of small scales. Colour white, sometimes greyish- white, sometimes yellowish-white from the _* Lapidarium viii: of Marbodus. From ‘‘ An- tique Gems, &c.” by Rev. C. W. King, M.A. SATIN SPAR. presence of sulphur. Translucent to trans- parent. Lustre pearly. Streak white. Feel smooth and unctuous. Taste acidulous, and slightly saline and bitter. Sectile and flex- ible. H.1. S.G. 1°48. Comp. Hydrated boracic acid, or BH3= boracic acid 55:4, water 43°6= 100, Sulphate of magnesia and iron, sulphate and carbonate of lime, silica and alumina, are, according to Klaproth, mechanically mixed with the native stalactitic salt. Erdmann states that Sassolin contains 3°18 per cent., by weight, of ammonia, and_ that, instead of being pure boracic acid, it is a borate of ammonia. BB fuses in the flame of a candle, ting- ing the flame green, until the water of crys- tallization is evaporated. The cooled globule is glassy, and opaque if gypsum be present. Soluble in water and in alcohol. When dissolved in alcohol colours the flame green. Localities. Abundantly in the crater of Vulcano, one of the Lipari Isles, mixed with sulphur; and around the fumaroles (or outlets of the sulphureous exhalations) of Tuscany. The hot vapours at the lagoons of Tuscany — small hot lakes, into which vapours rise from the volcanic bottom — consist largely of boracic acid, which crys- tallizes on the edges of these lakes in the form of Sassolin. Also in South America, in the Andes of Atacama. It is used for manufacturing borax. Name. After Sasso, near Sienna, the first locality known, where it occurs in the hot springs. Brit. Mus., Case 39. M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, Nos. 221 and 222. SATERSBERGITE, Kenngott. A variety of Leucopyrite, from Fossum, in Norway. 8.G. 7:09 to 7:2. Analysis, by Scheerer : Arsenic P ‘ p a Thu pr. icone 5 5 . 28:14 Sulphur 4 : 1:28 99°64 Satin Spar. The name usually applied to the fibrous varieties of Gypsum, occurring at Red Hill and Newark, in Notting- hamshire; at Chellaston, near Ashbourne, in Derbyshire; and near Carrickfergus, co. Antrim, in Ireland. It is also found in Gloucestershire, of a pale blue colour. This variety of Gypsum is much used for orna- mental purposes, and when cut en cabochon and polished, it bears a certain outward re- SO EES s dant. a IE LL ee TE - “FD : R SAUALPITE. semblance to Cat’s Eye, but is of a much softer nature. The name Satin Spar is also given toa fibrous variety of Aragonite, which, when polished, has a satiny lustre, and is on that account employed in the manufacture of ornaments. It is found at Dufton, in Cum- berland, in thin veins, traversing shale, and generally accompanied by Iron Pyrites. The spar from this locality contains 4:25 per cent. of carbonate of manganese, which sometimes communicates to it a roseate tinge. It is also met with, of snowy white- ness, in Buckinghamshire; Devonshire; and at Leadhills, in Scotland ; in Dirk Hatterick’s Cave, in Galloway ; and in the Orkneys; in the island of Pharay, and at Rackwick, in Hoy. Brit. Mus., Case 45. ; M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, Nos. 295 to 300. SAUALPITE. A name proposed for the so- called Zoisite, from the Saualp, in Carin- thia, which has been separated from Epidote, by Brooke, on crystallographic grounds, and formed into a separate species. SAVITE, Meneghenit. Pyramidal. Occurs in radiating, acicular, rectangular prisms, which are either truncated or with pyrami- dal terminations. Colourless, and trans- parent, with a vitreous lustre. 4H. 3. 8.G. 2°45, Analysis, by Bechi: Silica . 3 3 : . 49°17 Alumina i i - 19°66 Magnesia . nedhivatitn . 13°50 Soda . A . 10°52 Potash . ; s ‘ a eas Water . 3 a I 7h 100°65 Locality. Tuscany, in gabbro rosso, as- sociated with Picranalcime. Name. After Mons. Savi. Savite, according to Q. Sella, has the same angles and crystalline form as Natrolite, of which mineral it is, probably, only a variety. Savon DE Montaene, Brochant, Beu- See Rock Soar. SAVON DE VERRIERS. A name given by the French to Pyrolusite, in consequence of its being largely used in the manufacture of glass, for the purpose of getting rid of the brown and green tints and the colour- ing matters contained in the materials em- ployed. SaussurirgE. Si2 + Ais Si? + 3H. Analysis, by Bechi: See EMERALD. See DIpYRE. Silica . A Z . 47°79 Alumina 5 : 5 . 19°38 Lime . : & seb Magnesia . 4 - . 11:03 Potash and soda . s 2 EG Water . ‘ 3 e 348 100-00 BB swells up and fuses to a blue enamel. Soluble in acids, with the formation of a jelly of silica. Locality. Tuscany, with Sloanite, in gabbro rosso. Name. In honour of Hen. Schneider, director of the mines of Monte Catini, in Tuscany. ScuorLt, Werner. Scuoryt, Kirwan. ScHorRL Noire, Brochant. The name given to black opaque varieties of Tourma- line. oe Fig. 373. Fig. 374. Comp. (R3 4B) Si. Analysis, from Bovey Tracey, by Ram- melsberg : Silica . : 5 . 37:00 Alumina x - 83°09 Boracic acid 4 7°66 Peroxide of iron . 9°35 SCHORL. Protoxide of iron ; = 16sl9 Magnesia . - c a 208 Lime : f a Osa0) Soda . . by iiee® Potash ; . 065 Phosphoric acid . 0°12 Fluorine : a 1:49 100°00 According to Gmelin, the Bovey Tour- maline consists of 2N a, Ga, Mg, 14Fe+ Fe, 22Al + 248i + 4B. BB intumesces and forms a black scoria- ceous mass. With borax fuses to a trans- parent glass, and gives the reaction of iron. With soda yields a manganese reaction. With Fluor colours the flame green. * Decomposed by concentrated sulphuric acid, after fusion. Localities. — English. Cornwall: Bos- cawen Cliffs and Botallack mine, near St. Just (figs. 374 and 376), St. Michael’s Mount, &c.; Devonshire, at Chudleigh, near Bovey Tracey (jig. 375), in granite, associated with fine translucent crystals of white Apa- tite.— Scotch. Portsoy, in Banffshire, in large curved crystallized prisms, imbedded in granite.— Jrish. Stillorgen, co. Dublin. — Foreign. Karosulik, in Greenland. The Ural. Arendal, in Norway. Hoérlberg, near |, Bodenmais, in Bavaria. Kdarinbricka, in Sweden. The Harz. The Tyrol. The Py- renees. Saxony. Haddam, Connecticut, U.S. Madagascar. Name. After Schorlau, a village in Saxony, near which it was first found. According to v. Kobell, the name is de- rived from the old word Schor, meaning uncleanness (impurity); because Schorl ap- pearing in a deposit of Stream Tin renders the Tin Stone impure. Kirwan, on the other hand, states the word Schorl to be derived from the Swedish Shorl (brittle), and to have been “ first used by Cronstedt, to denote a class of stones of a columnar form, and considerable hardness and density, their specific gravity being from 3 to 34.” «Tt seems that the word Shorl has often been applied to stones of various species, not only by different writers, but often by the same author. Cronstedt, Wallerius, Berg- man, Saussure, Romé de Lisle, and the older mineralogists, included several distinct minerals under the common name of Shorl. Cronstedt translated the word into Latin by basaltes, which increased the confusion ; an instance of which is afforded by the mis- take made by Wallerius, who, deceived by SCHORLOMITE. 337 the name (basaltes crystallisatus, by which Cronstedt translated Shorl crystal), com- prehended also the columns of the Giant’s Causeway under that species. Romé de Lisle constantly confounds Schorls, Actino- lites, Tourmalines, and Basaltic Horn- blendes.” — Airwan’s Min. vol. i. Schorl was confined by Rammelsberg to varieties of Iron Tourmaline. Hermann, how- ever, divides Tourmaline into three groups, and only includes under the name Schorl those varieties which polarise light. Brit. Mus., Case 40. M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, Nos. 844, 866—871. ' ScHorL AIGUE-MARINE. The name given by Saussure to crystallized olive- green Epidote (Delphinite), from Dauphiny, on account of the very brilliant lustre re- flected from its surface, and the high polish of which it is susceptible. ScHorL~ Buanc, Romé de Lisle. See ALBITE. ScHorL CRYsTALLISE OPAQUE RovGE, von Born. See RUTILE. Scuoru ELEcTRIQUE, Hatiy. See Tour- MALINE. ScHoru Noire, Brochant. See ScHort. ScHORL Rovucs, Saussure. See RUTILE. ScHORL. TRANSPARENT LENTICULAIRE, Fiomé de Lisle. See AXINITE. ScHORL TRANSPARENT RHOMBOIDAL, Romé de Lisle. See TOURMALINE. ScHorL VIOLET, Dujfrénoy. See Axt- NITE. SCHORLARTIGER BERIL, Werner. See Topaz. ScHORLITE. A name that was given to Pycnite, in the belief that it was a white variety of Schorl. SCHORLOMITE, Shepard. Massive, with indistinct cleavage; also in hexagonal prisms, the lateral edges of which are trun- ~ cated by narrow and brilliant planes. Colour black, often with a blue tarnish and pavonine tints, causing a resemblance to Specular Iron, for which it has been some- times mistaken. Lustre vitreous. Streak grevish-black, inclining to lavender. Frae- ture conchoidal. H.7 to 7d. S.G. 3:8. Comp. Ca5 Si+ #e Si+Ca Ti® = silica 24-9, oxide of iron 21°9, lime 30°7, titanic acid 22°5=100. Analysis, by Rammelsberg ; Silica. : - : . 25:24 Peroxide of iron . > 2 2011 Titanic acid . ~ . 22°34 ame. . -. «bel + Paes Z sme CL 338 SCHORLOUS BERYL. Magnesia : : 1:36 Protoxide of iron rm ed, 100-00 BB fuses, with difficulty, at the edges to a black mass; with borax yields a pearl which is yellow in the outer flame, and be- eomes colourless on cooling. Locality. The Ozark Mountains, Magnet Cove, Arkansas, U.S., in small masses, with Elzolite and Brookite. Name. From Schorl, and eos, like, from its resemblance to Schor! in colour, fracture, and crystallization. Scuortous Beryt. See PYcnire. SCHREIBERSITE, Haidinger. A substance eommon in meteorites, in the form of steel- grey folia and grains, which are often mis- taken for Iron Pyrites. Magnetic. Folia flexible. H. 6:5. S.G. 7:1 to 7-22. Comp. P,Ni?, Fet = phosphorus 15:47, nickel 29°17, iron 55°36=100. (Communi- eated by Dr. J. Lawrence Smith to Pro- fessor Dana.) Analysis, by J. Lawrence Smith ; Phosphorus . . 13°92 icon a : a O22 Nickel . . 20°82 Cobalt . 0:32 Silica é 1°62 Alumina. 4 A 1°63 Chlorine . ‘ 0:13 Copper. A 5 “ . trace ,Lime . 3 . trace 100-66 Name. After Carl v. Schreibers, Director of the Imperial Cabinet at Vienna, and an author on Meteorites. For further details, see Metroric Iron. ScHREIBERSITE, C. U. Shepard. See SHEPARDITE. SCHRIFTERZ, Naumann. See ScHRIFTELLUR, Hausmann. § SYLVANITE. ScurorrerirE, Glocker. Amorphous. Colour greenish, yellowish, brownish, some- times with brown spots. Lustre vitreous. Fracture conchoidal. H. 3 to 3:5. 8.G. 1:95 to 2°06. Comp. Hydrated silicate of alumina, or ‘Alt Si+ 20H. Analysis, from Alabama, by J. W. Mallet : Silica . . 10°53 Alumina : . 46°48 Oxide of zine , 0-77 Protoxide of iron and mag- nesia . : - . trace SCHWARZGILTIGERZ. Sulphuric acid . 3 0-80 Water . . 41:09 99°67 BB infusible, but swells up and becomes white. Dissolves in warm muriatic acid, with separation of gelatinous silica. Localities. Dollinger Mountain, near Freienstein, in Styria Falls of Little River, on the Sand Mountain, Cherokee county, Alabama, U. §., forming a faintly brownish incrustation, above half an inch thick, and partly stalactitic. It is translucent, and, when broken, resembles gum-arabic. Name. In compliment to Jean-Samuel Schrétter, Superintendent of the Cabinets of Natural History at Weimar and Buk- stadt. Brit. Mus., Case 26. ScHuLziTE, Brooke & Miller. A variety of Geocronite found in Spain, in nodules in Galena, at Meredo in Galicia. Colour and streak lead-grey. Opaque. Lustre metallic. Brittle. Fracture conchoidal, even. H. 2°5 to 3. $.G. 6°43. Comp. Sulphantimonide of lead, or 5PbS +Sb $5. Analysis, by Sauvage: Sulphur . 16°90 Lead . 64°89 Antimony . 16:00 Copper . 1°60 99°39 Scuttzir. See CELESTINE. SCHWARZBLEIERZ, Werner. Black lead- ore of Jameson. See CERUSITE. ScHWARZBRAUNSTEIN, Hausmann. See PsILOMELANE. SCHWARZBRAUNSTEINERZ, Werner. See HAUSMANNITE. ’ SCHWARZEISENSTEIN, Werner. See Pst- LOMELANE, SCHWARZER ERDKOBOLD, Werner. See Eartuy Cosatr. ScHWARZER GLASKoPF, Werner. See PSILOMELANE. SCHWARZERZ, Hausmann. See MAnN- GANESE BLENDE. SCHWARZER MANGAN-KIESEL. Hydro- silicate of manganese. See OpsImMosn. SCHWARZERZ, Werner. An iron-blaek variety of Spaniolite (see TETRAHEDRITE), principally found at the old mine of Schwatz, in the Tyrol, and at Kapnik, in Transyl- vania; also at Clausthal, in the Harz, im- bedded in red manganese. SCHWARZGILTIGERZ. Dark varieties of SCHWARZGULTIGERZ. Grey Copper (see TETRAHEDRITE), con- taining little or no arsenic. They occur at Clausthal, in the Harz; Kamsdorf and Frei- berg, in Saxony; Angina, in Tuscany; Durango, in Mexico, &c. SCHWARZGULTIGERZ, v. Leonhard. The name applied to the compact and massive variety: of brittle sulphide of silver. See STEPHANITE. SCHWARZKOHLE. CoaAL. SCHWARZMANGANERZ, v. Leonhard. See PsILOMELANE. SCHWARZSPIESSGLASERZ, Werner. See BouRNONITE. SCHWATZITE, Kenngott. See SCHWARTZ- ERZ. ScHWEFEL. German for Sulphur. Pro- bably derived from the Arabic Schail, 1. e. lightning. SCHWEFEL UND KOHLENSAURES BLEI. See LANARKITE. SCHWEFEL UND KOHLENSAURES BLEI unD Kuprrer. See CALEDONITE. SCHWEFELANTIMONBLEI See BouLAN- GERITE. c SCHWEFELKIES, Werner. See Pyrites. SCHWEFELKOBALT, Berzelius. See Lin- NITE. SCHWEFELKOHLE. Friable pulverulent Lignite, impregnated with Pyrites, found in Picardy. (See Cenpres Norres.) It has been used with suctess to preserve timber, more especially that employed in railway constructions. ; SCHWEFELNICKEL, v. Leonhard. See MILLERITE. SCHWEFELSAURES BLEI UND KUPFER, v. Leonhard. See LINARITE. SCHWEFELSILBER UND ANTIMON,v. Leon hard. See FREIESLEBENITE. _ ScHWER SpaAtu, Werner. See BARYTES. SCHWERBLEIERZ, Breithaupt. See PLATT- NERITE. SCHWERSTEIN, Werner, See SCHEELITE. Common Coal. See ScHWIMMKIESEL, See FLoat- ScHWIMMSTEIN, Werner. § STONE. SCLERETINITE, J. W. Mallet. A mineral resin, occurring in small round and oviform drops, varying in size from a pea to a hazel- nut. Colour black. ‘Translucent in thin splinters; reddish-brown by transmitted light. Lustre brilliant, vitreo- resinous. Streak cinnamon -brown. Gives out a slight- ly resinous odour when pulverised. Brittle. Fracture conchoidal. H.3. 8.G, 1:136. Comp. C10 H70. Analysis, by J. W. Mallet : Carbon os ok Se sere lies eagle SCOLECITE, 339 Hydrogen . : : . 9°05 Oxygen : : : 2 LOE Ashe. ‘ : - . 368 100-00 BB on platinum foil, swells up, burns (like pitch) with a disagreeable smell and smoky flame, leaving a coal rather difficult to burn, and finally a little grey ash. insoluble in water, ether, alcohol, caustic alkalies or dilute acids. Slowly acted on by strong nitric acid. Locality. The coal-measures of Wigan, in Lancashire. Name. From czazeds, hard, and purivn, resin, because of its hardness, which exceeds considerably that of other minerals of the same class. Scleretinite more nearly approaches Am- ber (C49 H52 O4) in composition than any other fossil resin. SCOLECITE, Dana. ScoLezitre, Fuchs, Beudant, Greg & Lettsom. Oblique. Occurs in long or short prismatic or acicular ctys- tals; very often in twins: also massive, with a fibrous and radiating structure. Colourless; snow-white, greyish, yellowish and reddish. ‘Transparent to translucent at the edges. Lustre vitreous; of fibrous va- rieties silky. Brittle. Fracture uneven. Pyro-electric. H.5 to 55. S.G. 2:2 to 2°7. Fig. 376. Comp. Ca Sit+Al Si+3H=silica 46-64, alumina 26°78, lime 14:04, water 13:°54= 100-00. Analysis, from Staffa, by Fuchs & Gehlen : Silica . 3 f . 46°75 Alumina 5 D2 Ano Lime . F . 14:20 Soda . : : - =) 0:39 Waiter . - : . 15°64 99°80 BB twists and curls up at first in a ver- micular shape, and then fuses readily toa blistered glass. With muriatic acid behaves like Sodalite: dissolves in oxalic acid, with separation of oxalate of lime. Localities. — Scotch. Staffa, in Argyle- shire, in delicate white fibrous tufts, in trap rock and basalt. Near Loch Screden, in Z2 340 SCOLERITE. the Isle of Mull. Talisker, in Skye.—Forezgn. Burufiord, in Iceland. Greenland. The Farée Islands. The Tyrol. Vindhyah mountains, in Central India. Name. From cz#»%, a worm, in reference to its behaviour before the blowpipe. Brit. Mus., Case 27. For varieties of Scolezite, see ANTRIMO- LITE, POONAHLITE, &c. Scotzeritr, Dufrénoy. See ScoRILITE. ScOLEXEROSE, Beudant, or Anhydrous Scolezite A Lime Labradorite, from Pargas in Finland. It has been referred to Scapo- lite. Analysis, by Nordenskiéld : Silica . . : 4 . 54:13 Alumina c 3 5 5 BEPEE Lime : . 15°45 Water. 5 - : Se lgiye 99-88 ScoriILite, Thomson. Occurs in reddish- brown masses, full of cavities, like a scoria. Easily reduced to powder. Colour of pow- der white. 8.G. 1-71. Locality. Mexico. Name. From scoria, cinder, and Asths, stone. ScoropiTE, Breithaupt, Dufrénoy, Phil- lips. Rhombic: primary form a right rhom- bic prism. Generally occurs in druses or globular groups of small prismatic crystals, terminated by four-sided pyramids. Colour pale leek-green or liver-brown. Transparent or translucent. Lustre vitreous. Streak white or pale greenish-grey. Rather brittle. Fracture uneven. H. 3:5 to4. 8.G. 3-1 to 3°3. Fig. 377. ee eeu see © Comp. 2¥e As+2¥e As + 12H (Berzelius), iron 34:7, arsenic acid 49°8, water 15-5=100. Analysis of bluish crystals, from Corn- wall, by Damour : Arsenic acid : . 51:06 Peroxide of iron . a 4 32°74 Water . s : s . 15°68 99-48 BB behaves like Cube-ore: on charcoal fuses to a grey magnetic slag with metallic iustre, giving off arsenical fumes. SEL AMERE NATIF. Caustic potash takes up the arsenic acid, and precipitates the peroxide of iron Readily soluble in muriatic acid. Localities. — English. Formerly at Huel Gorland, Huel Unity, and several other mines near St. Day in Cornwall; on Fer- ruginous Quartz. and in pale bluish-green radiating groups, lining the interior of cavities.— Foreign. France: Vaulry; Chan- teloube, near Limoges. Schwartzenberg, in Saxony (brown). Lolling, in Carinthia. Schlackenwald and Schénfeld, in Bohemia, in tin-ore. Antonio Pereira; Minas Geraes; in Brazil. Loaysa, near Marmato, in Po- payan. Name. From ¢zégode, garlic, in allusion to the smell of the arsenical fumes given off before the blowpipe. Probably Scorodite is a result of the de- composition of Mispickel or other ores con- taining arsenic and iron, with which it is frequently associated. See Nzocrzse. Brit. Mus., Case 56. Scorza, or SkorzA. The name given by the people of Transylvania to the gran- ular Epidote, which occurs in the form of sand near Muska, on the banks of the river Aranyos. ScorcH PEBBLE. Glandular concretions of Agate, displaying two or more colours, arranged in concentric lamine. They are found abundantly in the amygdaloid of Dunbar, and the hill of Kinnoul, near Perth. See also AGATE, CAIRNGORM, CITRINE. : Scottish Marpie. A name given in Scotland to the Serpentine of Portsoy. SCOULERITE, Dana, Dufrénoy. A bluish- grey kind of Pipestone, used by the North American Indians for making tobacco- - pipes, and brought. by Dr. Scouler from a locality which is unknown. SCOULERITE, Thomson. A variety of Thomsonite, but containing less alumina and water, and as much as 6% per cent. of soda. Occurs in small spherical concretions, com- posed of short fibres radiating from a centre, which are externally brownish-white, and reddish-brown internally, and pass into the compact variety Chalilite (which see). Localities. — Irish. Portrush, Antrim co. Downhill, and Magilligan, Londonderry. Name. After Dr. Scouler. SEEERZ. See LIMONITE. SEESALZ, Werner. See Rock SAtt. SEIFENSTEIN, Werner. Soapstone. SAPONITE. SEL ADMIRABLE. See GLAUBER SALT. SEL AméRE NatiF, Brochant. See Ep- SOMITE. — See t SEL AMMONIAC. Set Ammonrac, Romé > de Lisle. See San Am- SEL AMMONIAQUE, MONIAC. Brochant. SEL CAPILLAIRE, Brochant. See Hair SALT. SEL D’ANGLETERRE, Homé de) Lisle. | a ae SEL D’Ersom, Romé de Lisle. Set bD’Ersom Natir, Bro- chant. Set DE GLAuBER, Brochant, Romé de Lisle. See GLAUBER SALT. SEL DE SEDLITZ, Romé de Juisle. See EPSOMITE. Set Marin, Romé de Lisle. See Rock SALT. ‘SSELADONITE. See GREEN EARTH. SELBITE, Haidinger. A massive mineral, probably only a mechanical mixture, but considered by Hausmann to be identical with the Plata Azul of Mexican miners. It is of an ash-grey to a black colour, and very soft. Analysis, by Selb: ‘ Silver : aves Carbonic acid ‘ « £2°0 Carbonate of antimony with oxide of copper . : . 15°5 100-0 [ SOMITE. BB easily reduced. Localities. Altwolfach, in Baden. Mexico. Name. In compliment to Selb, by whom it was analysed. M.P.G. Wall-case 14.0n principal floor. SELENBLEI, H. Rose. Selenide of lead. See CLAUSTHALITE. SELENBLEIKUPFER. Selenide of lead and copper; a variety of Clausthalite found in small fragments. Colour on a recent fracture between lead-grey and violet, or perfectly violet. Very soft. Somewhat malleable. §.G. 5°6. Comp. Pb Se+Cu Se. Analysis, from Tilkerode, by H. Rose: Lead . F : - 47°43 Selenium . : . 34:26 Copper : K . 15°15 Silver . ‘ : : a e293 Peroxide of iron andlead . 2:08 — ——_— 100-21 BB like Selenkupferblei, but fuses with greater facility. See SELENKUPFERBLEI. SELENBLEISPATH, Kersten. See SELE- NATE OF LEAD. SELENITE. 341 SELENCOBALTLEAD, JVicol. See TILKER- ODITE. SELENCOPPERLEAD, JVicol. See SELEN- KUPFERBLEI. SELENCOPPERSILVER. FERSILBER. , SELEN CupritE, Shepard. See BERZE- LIANITE. SELENIC SILVER. See NAUMANNITE. SELENIC SULPHUR. See SELENSULPHUR. SELENIDE OF CoPpPER. See BERZELI- ANITE. SELENIDE OF LEAD. See CLAUSTHAL- ITE. SELENIDE OF Mercury. See ONOFRITE. SELENIDE oF Mercury AND LHAD. See LEHRBRACHITE. SELENIET oF LEAD. See CLAUSTHALITE. SELENITE, Jameson, Brochant. The name generally applied to the transparent varieties of Gypsum. Occurs generally in flattish crystals, the primary form of which is a right oblique angled prism. Cleaves with ease and brilliancy into thin laminz, which are flexible but not elastic. Colour white, or various shades of yellow, grey, red, brown and violet. Lustre shining, some- times pearly. More or less transparent. Yields to the nail. Streak white. H. 1°5 to 2. S.G. 2:28 to 2°33. Fig. 378. lim SS Fig. 379. Fig. 380. \ ill Fig. 381. Comp. Hydrated sulphate of lime, or Ca S+2H=lime 32°56, sulphuric acid 46-51, water 20:93=100. BB becomes white and opaque, and fuses with difficulty to a white enamel. Does not effervesce with acids, when pure. Localities. —English. In the London Clay of London and Surrey; the Isle of Sheppey ; of Walton-on-the Naze, in Essex. The Eocene clays of the Isle of Wight, at Alum Bay, and on the north coast between Newton and Cowes. Shotover Hill, Oxfordshire, in clay, in large transparent greyish-white crystals, figs. 379 to 381. Newhaven, in flattish crys- tals, 6 to 8 inches ee Telstord, Wilts. Z See SELENKUP- a 542 SELENIUM. Gloucestershire, in Lias. Aust Passage and Pyle Hill, near Bristol; and at Penarth and Cardiff, Glamorganshire. Cheshire. Alston Moor, Cumberland, fig. 378. Near Folkstone, in Kent, in gault. Epworth, in Lincolnshire. Somerset. © Warwickshire, &e. &c.— Scotch. Banks of the Whit-~- adder, Berwickshire, in red clay. Moffat, Dumfries-shire. Hurlet, near Glasgow. — trish. Kilroot, near Carrickfergus, co, An- trim. Ulster—Foreign. Salt mines of Bex, in Switzerland. Hall, in the Tyrol. Sulphur mines of Sicily. Near Ocana, in Spain. Montmartre, near Paris. Near Lockport, in New York; Washington co., Virginia, and in other parts of the United States. Name. From «Azvx, the moon, in allusion to the reflection it gives of the moon, as in a mirror; or rather from the vulgar belief formerly entertained in its being water con- gealed by the influence of the moon. See GYPSUM. “The plates of this body were split, and anciently employed for the lights of win- dows, and when glass came afterwards to be more commonly made, and generally to obtain, they cut it into rhomboidal planes, im imitation of those plates, and framed them together with lead.”—J. Woodward, AAS At Berenguela, in South America; some of the slabs of Alabaster quarried there are said by David Forbes* to be so transparent that tablets of it, until very lately, have been in general use in that part of Bolivia as a substitute for window-glass. He noticed that the windows of the church at Pisacoma were formed of this material, in slabs of about two inches thick. See Gypsum, ALABASTER, LAPIs SPECU- LARIS, Brit. Mus., Case 54. M. P. G. Uorse-shoe Case, Nos. 286 — 299. SELENIUM. See NATIVE SELENIUM. SELENIUM SULPHUR. See SELENSUL- PHUR. SELENIURE D’ARGENT, Beudant. See NAUMANNITE. SELENIURE DE CUIVRE, Berzelius. B See SELENIURET OF COPPER. Seen a ITE. Phillips. SELEN1URET OF LxEaD, Phillips. See CLAUSTHALITE. SELENIURET OF .LEAD AND COoBAL1, Phillips, See TILKERODITE. * Quarterly Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xvii. p. 38. SELENQUECKSILBERBLEI. SELENIURET OF LEAD AND COPPER, Phillips. See SENENBLEIKUPFER and SE- LENKUPFERBLEL. . SELENIURET OF LEAD AND MERCURY, Phillips. See LEHRBACHITE and SELEN- QUECKSILBERBLEI. SELENIURET OF SiLvER, Phillips. See NAUMANNITE. SELENIURET OF SILVER AND COPPER, Phillips. See Evcatrire. SELENKOBALTBLEI. Selencobalt lead. Clausthalite, in which cobalt replaces, part of the lead. It is the Tilkerodite of Hai- dinger, and the Zorgite (in part) of Brooke & Miller. SELENKUPFER. Selencopper. See BER- ZELIANITE. SELENKUPFERBLEI. Selen-copper-lead. Occurs massive, of a paler lead-grey colour, and with a fainter lustre, than selenide of lead (Clausthalite). Often tarnished brass- yellow or violet. H. 2:5. 8.G. 6°96 to 7-04. Comp. Selenide of copper and lead, or 2Pb Se + Cu Se. Analysis, by H. Rose : Lead . : 4 : . 59°67. Copper. : : s 7°86 Selenium . ‘ ; 20-96 Ibyea . . O33) Tron and lead 0:44 Undecomposed ore : 1:00 99:26 Localities. 'Tilkerode and Zorge, in the Harz, associated with Clausthalite. Glas- bachgrund, in Thuringia. Selenbleikupfer and Selenkupferblei are the names given to varieties of Clausthal- ite, in which a portion of the lead is re- placed by copper. These have been called — Raphanosmite by von Kobell, and Zorgite by Brooke & Miller. i - SELENKUPFERSILBER, v. Leonhard. Se- len-copper-silver. See Eucarrite. SELENMERCUR. Selenide of Mercury. See ONOFRITE. SELENPALLADITE, Zinken. Native Pal- ladium, occurring in small, bright, hexago- nal tables, of a pale steel-grey colour, at Tilkerode, in the Harz. SELENQUECKSILBER. cury. See ONOFRITE. SELENQUECKSILBERBLEI. A mechanical: mixture of Clausthalite and Selenide of Mercury, having the structure and colour of the former. 8.G. 7:3. © Localities, Tilkerode and Lehrbach, in the Harz. Selenide of Mer- eat SELENSCHWEFELQUECKSILBER. _ SELENSCHWEFELQUECKSILBER. See ONo- FRITE. SELENSILBER, Rose. See NAUMANNITE. _ SELENSULPHUR, Dana, Stromeyer. é é 2 0525 Water . : Sn ic = 10:00): 99-50 Localities—FEnglish. Cornwall: at Huel Buller, near Redruth; near St. Ives and * St: Just. Oakhampton, in Devonshire. — Foreign. Farée Isles. Iceland. Steinheim, near Hanau. Schiffenberg, near Giessen. Seen Ne ay SEPTARIA. 343 SENARMONTITE, Dana. Cubical. Occurs in octahedrons, with an octahedral cleav- age; also often in cavernous masses composed of capillary filaments, parallel or slightly divergent. Colourless or greyish. Transparent to translucent. Lustre pearly ; resinous or adamantine on the natural faces, and especially so in the fracture. Streak white. Strongly refracting. Fracture un- even, often lamellar. H. 2 to 2'5. S.G. 5:22 to 5°3. Comp. Teroxide of antimony, or Sb= antimony 84:32, oxygen 15°68=100. BB like Valentinite. Insoluble in nitric acid; soluble in con- centrated muriatic acid. Localities. Sensa, near the sources of Ain-el-Belbouch, in the province of Con- stantina, in Algeria; at another mine, Mimina, in saccharoid masses, granular or compact, covered with cctahedral crystals. Perneck, in Hungary. Name. After H. de Senarmont, Professor of Mineralogy at the Ecole des Mines, Paris. SENECA Ort, The name given in some parts of North America to a kind of Petro- leum, which exudes from the rocks, or floats on the surface of springs. It was named after the Seneca Indians, a tribe famous in the confederacy, known as the Six Nations, by whom the oil in Pennsylvania was dis- covered and used. A similar oil is found in abundance at Amiano, in Italy; Burmah; on the borders of the Caspian Sea; Trinidad. Along the shore of the Kenawha, in Virginia; Ken- tucky, near Seneca Lake, New York; Duck Creek, Ohio co.; and in great abundance at Oil Creek, in Venango co., Pennsylvania. In the north-western part of Pennsylvania there is a subterranean spring of this oil, at a depth of 71 feet from the surface, yielding from 400 to 1600 gallons per day. It is used as a medicine, both internally and externally; and is an excellent stimu- lating embrocation for chilblains, chronic rheumatism, affections of the joints, para- lysis, &c. It is also burned instead of oil in lamps, and is one of the best lubricators for machinery known. See PETROLEUM. SEPIOLITE, Glocker. See MrERSCHAUM. SEPTARIA. Rounded, and in most cases somewhat flattened, nodular concretions of argillaceous limestone, occurring at inter- vals in most clay formations, in layers parallel with the stratification. During the consolidation of the beds, the calcareous matter contained in them ap- pears to haye We from the muddy Z a44 SERBIAN. sediment forming the clays in which the septaria are found,frequently collecting round shells, plants, or other organic substances. In the contraction undergone by these con- cretions during the process of solidification, they became traversed by cracks, which in many cases have subsequently become filled with an infiltration of carbonate of lime or Cale-spar, and it is from these septa, or divisions, that the concretions have derived their name of Septaria. The cracks gene- rally form regular figures, all more or less partaking of a pentagonal shape, and the tendency of clayey matter to assume such figures in the contraction consequent on drying, may be observed on the surface of the mud of any shallow pool or puddle from which the water has dried off. In consequence of the regularity of the patterns produced by the septa, Septaria are sometimes called “ Turtle-stones,” from their fancied resemblance to the plates forming the shell of a tortoise or turtle, the fossil remains of which they have been sometimes supposed to be by the ignorant. The turtle- stones from the Oxford Clay, of the neigh- bourhood of Weymouth, when cut and polished, form very handsome circular slabs for tables, examples of which may be seen in the entrance hall of the Museum of Practical Geology. (A 22, A 25.) Septaria, when burned and ground, afford the best kind of Roman cement, and are in great request for that purpose. They are chiefly procured by dredging off the coasts of Essex, Hampshire, and Sussex, where they have accumulated at the bottom of the sea, after the softer materials forming the mainland have, by its destruction, been carried away. The septaria obtained from Harwich and Essex, as well as those from Chichester Harbour, on the coast of Sussex, have been derived from the London clay, while those found in Christchurch Bay be- long to the Barton clay formation. M. P. G. Table-case vi. in Hall: from Oxford clay, Upper Gallery, Wall-case 44. Fig. 384, SERBIAN, Breithaupt. See MILoscHINE. The name is derived from that of the locality (Serbia) in which it is found. SERPENTINE. SericitE, K. List. A variety of Mar- garodite, allied to Damourite, occurring in undulating foliations. Colour greenish or yellowish-white, with a silky lustre. Found at Nerothal, near Wiesbaden, in slate, with Quartz and Albite. H.1. §8.G. 2°89. SERIKOLITE. See Satin SPAR. SERPENTINE, Jameson, Haiiy, Phillips, Werner. Usually occurs massive, granu- lar, fibrous, or foliated; also as pseudomor- phous crystals after Chrysolite, Augite, &c. Colour chiefly green; ieek-green passing into greenish-black and _ blackish-green, sometimes oil- and olive-green, or yellow, rarely yellowish-brown. ‘The colour is sel- dom uniform, but generally consists of several tints, arranged in dotted, striped, and clouded delineations. Faintly trams- lucent at the edges to opaque. Lustre dull, or faintly glimmering. Streak white. Sec- tile. Tough. Fracture splintery, or con- choidal. Slightly unctuous to the touch. H.3to4. S.G. 25 to 2°6. Comp. Hydrated silicate of magnesia, or’ Mg? Sit H6=magnesia 43:35, silica 48°64, water 13:°01=100. Analysis, from Ballinahinch in Galway: Silica . . p 40°12 Magnesia . : . . 40°04 Alumina 2-00ee Protoxide of iron s 547 Water : . 3 13°36 + — 98°99 BB on charcoal, fuses with difficulty at the edges: with borax dissolves readily, usually giving an iron reaction. Soluble in muriatic and sulphuric acids. Localities— English. Kynance Cove,Goon- hilly Downs, Cadgwith, and other places in the Lizard district. Anglesea; Pary’s mine and Bullock’s quarry.—Scotch. Alie Hills, Aberdeenshire. Portsoy, in Banffshire. Kil- lin, Perthshire (fibrous). Swinaness, in the Shetlands. — Zrish. Ballynahinch quarries, co. Galway. Co. Wicklow, near Westport. Co. Mayo.— Foreign. Zéblitz, in Upper Saxony. Bohemia. Silesia. Corsica. Italy. Siberia. Canada, at Gaspé Mount, &c. Name. From its fancied resemblance to the markings on the skin of a serpent. Serpentine has been divided into Precious or Noble Serpentine, comprising the purer translucent and massive varieties, with a rich oil-green colour. 2nd, Common Ser- pentine, or the opaque varieties forming ex- tensive rock masses like those of the Lizard, Portsoy, Anglesea, and Zéblitz. 3rd, Fibrous SESQUIARSENIET. Serpentine, including Baltimorite, Chrysotile, Metaxite, Picrolite. 4th, Foliated Serpentine, comprising Antigorite, Marmolite, &c. The purer forms of Serpentine are called by T. Sterry Hunt Normal Serpentine, and other varieties Calcareous, Dolomitic, and Magnesitic Ophiolite, according to the nature of the ingredient which may be present in the Serpentine. Serpentine, though soft, takes a good polish, and forms a very beautiful orna- mental stone. It has long been converted into various objects at Zoblitz; and, within the last few years, works have been esta- blished in Cornwall, where, by the aid of machinery, it is made into columns, chimney- pieces, vases, and other ornamental articles. Formerly it was sent to Bristol in consider- able quantities, where it was used in the manufacture of carbonate of magnesia. Brit. Mus., Case 25. M. P. G. Irish Serpentine (Connemara marble) in Hall; Pilasters 2, 7; Pedestal 43; Columns 24, 37; Tazza on column of alabaster, 34; Cornish serpentine in Hall, Pedestals 28, 36; Columns 30, 57; Screen on eastern wall; Table-top A 24; Tazza on Pedestal 52; Inlaid Table-top A 11, under Case IV. MHorse-shoe Case, Nos. 1066 to 1077, 1081 to 1084, 1092, 1093; Upper Gallery, Wall-case 5. SESQUIARSENIET OF BRON, Thomson. Sees LEUCOPYRITE. SESQUICARBONATE of Sopa. See TRONA. SEVERITE. Sit H= oxide of zinc 67-4, silica 25:1, water 7:5. Analysis, from Limburg, by Berzelius: Oxide of zinc : a . 66°37 Silica . 3 2 a 2or20 Water é E 7-40 100-00 BB decrepitates ; does not fuse, but swells up when strongly ignited; intumesces slightly with carbonate of soda, but does not dissolve in it, and gives, though not readily, a deposit of Zinc-oxide. Dissolves readily in acids, with separation of a siliceous jelly; dissolves for the most part in caustic potash. Localities. — English. Cumberland, at Roughten Gill, and Alston Moor. Derby- shire: at the Rutland Mine, fig. 394; near Matlock, at Masson Hill and Castleton. Mendip Hills, Somersetshire.— Welsh. Near Holywell, in Flintshire. — Scotch. Lead- hills, in Lanarkshire. — Foreign. Nert- schinsk, in Siberia. Aix-la-Chapelle. Rai- bel, in Carinthia. Tarnowitz, in Silesia. Olkuez, Miedziana-Gora, in Poland. Rez- banya, Schemnitz, in Hungary. Jefferson co., Missouri. Austin’s Mines, Wythe co., Virginia. Wame. After the chemist, Smithson. Brit. Mus., Case 26. M.P.G. Principal Floor, Wall-case 12 (British). Smoke Quartz, Bakewell, or Smoky Quartz. Has a brownish, smoke coloured tint, and comprises the wine-yeliow and clove- brown crystals, which are the true Cairngorm. It is found in Scotland, Bohemia, Pennsylvania, Brazil, &c. See Carrncorm, FALtsE Topaz, Moron, and TOPAZINE QUARTZ. Brit. Mus., Case 20. M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, Nos 507, 508. Smut, or Mucxs. Names given by SODALITE. 351 Derbyshire miners to bad, soft coal, con- taining much earthy matter, found in the immediate neighbourhood of faults, or de- composed near the surface by the influence of atmospheric causes. SoApsToNe, WVicol, Phillips. See Sapo- NITE. The name is also applied to Steatite (which see). Sopa Axum, Phillips, Thomson. Occurs in. white fibrous crusts or magses, exhibiting a glossy aspect internally. H.2 to 3. S.G. 1:88. Resembles potash-alum in taste, but is more soluble in water. Comp. § Na+ A! S% 24H, or sulphate of soda 15:5, sulphate of alumina 37 “4, water 47-1=100. Analysis, from pine by Thomson: Sulphuric acid 37°70 Alumina . é 2 12100 Soda . : i £ 7°96 Water P 3 i 41-96 99-62 Localities. — St. Juan, near Mendoza, in S. America. Near the Solfatara, Naples. Island of Milo. Brit. Mus., Case 55. SoDA CHABAZITE. See GMELINITE. SopDA COPPERAS. A mineral from Bo- hemia, related to Jarosite. Analysis, by Scheerer: Sulphuric acid . 32°42 Protoxide of iron 49°37 Soda . - : : oe 408 Water ; - - Stare 98:95 SODA MESOTYPE. See NATROLITE. SopA NITRE. See NITRATINE. SoDA SPODUMENE. See OLIGOCLASE. SODA TABLE-SPAR, Thomson. A variety of Pectolite, met with at Kilsyth, in Stir- lingshire. SoDA* WALLASTONITE, Thomson. See PECTOLITE. SoDAITE. See EKEBERGITE. Sopa.itE, Phillips, Thomson, Haiiy, Nicol. Cubical. Generally occurs crystallized in Fig. 395. Pa rhombic dodecahedrons, with a dodecahedral cleavage: also massive. Colour white, grey, SOFT COAL. $52 yellowish, greenish, blue. Translucent. Lustre vitreous. Yields with difficulty to the knife. Fracture conchoidal. H. 5:5 to 6. S.G. 2°26 to 2°37. Comp. NaS Si+3A1 Si + Na Cl = silica 37°2, alumina 31°7, soda 19:1, sodium tl Ths chlorine 73=100. Analysis, from Fee wy Ekeberg: : 36°60 Silica . Alumina 32°00 Soda . 2 25:00 Peroxide of i iron 0-15 Muriatic acid 6°75 99-90 BB fuses easily, sometimes tranquilly, sometimes swelling up and forming a blis- tered glass. With muriatic acid, readily yields a sili- ceous jelly. Localities. —The Kangerdluarsukfiord, W. Greenland, of a green colour. Ilmen Moun- tains, in the Ural. Near Brevig, in Norway. The Kaiserstuhl, in the Briesgau, massive, of a grey colour,in traprock. Vesuvius, in large white dodecahedralcrystals. Val di Nvto, in Sicily. Riden, near Laach. United States: at Lichfield, Maine, in a granitic yock; Salem, Massachusetts, in a vein six feet wide, in syenitic porphyry. Name. From soda, and Aibs, stone, in al~ lusion to the soda it contains. Brit. Mus., Case 31. Sorr Coat. See Caxine Coat. Sormonite. See CoRuNDUM. SOLFATARITE, Shepard. Soda alum. The name is in allusion to its occurrence at the - Solfatara, near Naples. SOMERVILLITE, Brooke, Phillips. A va- riety of Mellilite, of a dull yellow colour, occurring among the older scoria of Vesu- vius, associated with black Mica, &c. It may be distinguished from Idocrase by decrepitating before the blowpipe, and by yielding alone, a grey globule. It was named by Brooke after Dr. Somerville, from whom he obtained his specimens. Brit. Mus., Case 39. Sommit, Karsten. A name for Nephe- Sommits, Phillips. § line, in allusion to its occurrence at Monte Somma, the ancient crater of Vesuvius. SONNENSTEIN. See SUNSTONE. Sooty SILVER ORE, Kirwan. See SILVER BLACK. SorpDAWALITE, Wordenshisld. A variety of Wichtyne, resembling Pit-coal in appear- ance, found in greyish or bluish-black SPANIOLITE. opaque masses, without any apparent cleav- age. Lustre vitreous. Streak liver-brown. Brittle. Fracture conchoidal. H. 2°5. §8.G. 2°53 to 2°58. Comp. (Mg Fe)3 Sit Al Si. Analysis, by Nordenshivld ; Silica . 49°40 Alumina : . 13°80 Protoxide of iron. : 164% Magnesia : . 10°67 Phosphoric acid . 2°68 Water . F : SS Fig. 399. Fig. 400. Comp. Sesquioxide of iron, or Fe=iron 69-23, oxygen 30°77=100. BB alone infusible, but in the inner flame becomes black and magnetic; with borax forms a green or yellow glass. Localities.— English. Cornwall: at Botal- lack, fig. 399, implanted on crystals of Quartz; Carnyorth, near St. Just. Near Ulverstone in Lancashire, jig. 400.—Scotch, AA 354 SPEERKIES. Salisbury Craig, near Edinburgh. Dunkeld and Ben More, Perthshire. Hilleswick, in ‘Mainland, one of the Shetlands. — Jrish. Bennevenagh, in greenstone, associated with Stilbite. Kerry Head.— Foreign. Island of Elba, in very fine crystals, frequently pre- senting beautiful tarnish-colours, and occur- ring in druses of the massive variety. Arendal, in Norway. Katherinenburg and Nijni-Taguilsk, in the Ural. Langbans- hyttan, in Sweden. St. Gotthard. Fra- mont, in the Vosges. Tilkerode, in the Harz. Capas, in Brazil, associated with Quartz. Fowler, Hermon, Rossie Iron Mines, St. Lawrence co.; and at Antwerp, Jefferson co., in New York. Canada: in the Huronian series; also at the Bruce Mine, on the N. shore of Lake Huron, in Huronian Limestone. In the volcanic rocks of Auvergne, Vesuvius (especially on Monte _ Somma), Etna, the Lipari Islands (especially Stromboli), Island of Ascension, &c. Brit. Mus., Case 14. M. P. G. Principal Floor, Case 48 (British) ; Upper Gallery, Table-case A, in Recess 4, Nos. 72 to 74. Specular Iron constitutes a highly valu- able ore, which has been extensively worked in the Isle of Elba for upwards of 2000 years. It occurs in large beds or veins, chiefly in crystalline rocks, and is also met with among the ejected lavas of Vesuvius, and other volcanos. It has lately been proved by Rammels- berg that some of the specimens from Elba contain titanic acid, and that all of them (as well as the Specular Iron from Vesuvius), invariably contain protoxide of iron, and an essential per centage of magnesia. Brit. Mus., Case 19. M. P. G. Principal Floor, Wall-cases 18 (Foreign) ; 41 (Ascension). SPEERKIES. See SPEAR PYRITEs. SPEISKOBALT, Werner. See SMALTINE. SPEISKOBOLD, Werner; or SPEISSKO- BALT, Hausmann. Tin-white Cobalt. See SMALTINE. Spetter. A commercial name for Zinc. SPESSARTINE, Beudant. A Manganese- alumina-Garnet, occuring in dodecahedral crystals and massive. Colour deep hyacinth or brownish-red. Slightly translucent at the edges. Fracture imperfect-conchoidal, and presenting a vitreous lustre. H. 7 to 75. 8.G, 3°7 to 4-4, Comp. (Mn3+Al) Si. Analysis, from Miask, by Lissenko. 4°38. 36°30 S.G. Silica. SPHZROSTILBITE. Alumina . F 5 . 17°48 Protoxide of manganese . 30°60 Protoxide of iron ‘ ARS, Lime . i 5 b ete Ua) | 99-91 BB alone, fuses: with soda, on platinum foil, exhibits a decided green colour, indica- tive of the presence of manganese. Localities. Aschaffenburg, in Franconia, in granite. Finbo and Brodbo, near Fah- lun, in Sweden. Haddam, in Connecticut, — in large brittle trapezohedrons, often two inches through, with Chrysoberyl. Name. After that of the locality, Spessart, in Germany. SPH#ZROLITE. See SPH#RULITE. SPHEZROSIDERITE, Or SPHAROSIDERITE, Hausmann. A spheroidal and radiated variety of Sparry Iron (Chalybite), found in greenstone, at Hanau, in Western Germany, and inthe circle of Jaslo, in Austrian Ga- licia. Analysis, from Steinheim, near Hanau, by Stromeyer : Carbonic acid . -. « 38°04 Protoxide of iron. - 59°63 Protoxide of manganese . 1°89 Lime . : - : 0-20 99°76 Many kinds of Brown Iron Ore appear to be formed by the deposition of hydrated per- oxide of iron from water containing carbo- nate of iron in solution, as it issues out of the earth and evaporates in the air. If this water give off its carbonic acid out of con- tact of air, it deposits monocarbonate of protoxide of iron, in the form of Sphzro- siderite. — (Bischof, quoted by L. Gmelin, vol. v. p. 196.) Brit. Mus., Case 48. SPHEROSTILBITE, Beudant. A variety of Stilbite, occurring in minute crystals upon delicate radiated tufts of Mesolite, which cause it to assume a globular form. The crystals, which give it the appearance of having a radiated structure, are flexible, and the surfaces of the globules may be scratched with the nail. H.above 3. S8.G. 2°31. Analysis, from Skye, by Heddle ; Silica . : P ‘é . 56°54 Alumina 5 A ; - 16°43 Lime ‘ : s . 890 Soda . 7 = . 0-46 Water . ; : . 1708 es 99°38 SPH ARULITE. BB fuses, with exfoliation and intumes- cence. Forms a jelly with acids, owing to the presence of the Mesolite. Localities. Iceland. The Farée Islands. Skye: at Storr, in minute spheroids on Faréelite; and at Quirang, in globules the size of a pea. SPHEZRULITE, Jameson, Phillips; or SPHZRULITH. A form of Pearlstone, occur- ring in small roundish or spherical concre- tions, of a brown, yellow, and grey colour; Opaque, and without any regular cleavage. The composition of the concretions is fel- spathic, but they contain mixed Quartz, which is most abundant at the centre and in the outer layers. Analysis, by Delesse : Silica. . 2 é ‘ . 88:09 Alumina 4 6 3 6:03 Peroxide of iron . ; - 0°58 Lime . - 6 : - 0°28 Magnesia . . . . 165 Sodaand potash. . . 2°53 Water . = ‘ . 0°84 100:00 _ BB almost infusible, the edges becoming covered with a sort of enamel. Localities. The Shetlands, in soft friable clay. Arran, with Pitchstone. Tharand and Meissen, in Saxony, in Pitchstone. Brittany, in bright yellow, botryoidal masses. Hun- gary ; at Hlinik and Glashiitte, near Schem- nitz, in ash-grey Pearlstone. Santorin in Obsidian. Mexico. Brit. Mus., Case 38. M. P. G. Upper Gallery, Wall-case 1, Nos. 52 and 53; Wall-case 2, Nos. 22 and 23. SPHALERITE, Glocker. (From c¢aAcgos, weak.) Sulphide of zinc. See BLENDE. SpHen, Karsten; or SPHENE, Phillips, Hausmann, Haiiy. Oblique: primary form an oblique rhombic prism. Occurs crystal- | lized, and sometimes in granular or foli- ated masses. Colour brown, grey, yellow, green, and black. Opaque, or translucent at the edges to transparent, Lustre ada- mantine, often inclining to resinous. Streak |, greyish-white. Brittle. Fracture imperfect. conchoidal. H.5 to 5°5. 8.G. 3:49 to 3°56. Fig. 401. Fig. 402. Comp. Titanate and silicate of lime (or SPHRAGITE. 305 a Silicate of titanium, in which a part of the latter is replaced by lime) =Ca3 Sit Ti8 Si =titanic acid 41°33, silica 30°45, lime 28°22 =100. Analysis, from Schwartzenstein, by Fuchs : Silica . y p a . 82°52 . Titanic acid. 2 P . 43°21 Lime . f A 4 . 24°18 99:91 BB swells up slightly, and fuses at. the edges to a dark glass; in borax dissolves rather easily, forming a transparent yellow glass; with carbonate of soda yields a tur- bid glass. Soiuble in muriatic acid, which separates silica in a bulky form, and containing titanic acid—the lime, together with a portion of the titanic acid, being dissolved. Localities.—English. Virtuous Lady Mine, near Tavistock, in Devonshire, in Chlorite. — Welsh. Fronolen, near Tremadoc. — Scotch. Strontian,in syenite, figs. 401 and 402, ,in small hair-brown, or reddish-brown crys- stals. King’s House and Inverary, Argyle- shire. Criffel Hills, Galloway. Craig Cail- leach, Perthshire. The Shetlands. — Jrish. Co. Down, at Carriglinneen, and at Crow Hill, near Newry. — Foreign. Arendal, in Norway, brown, and nearly opaque, in iron ore. Malsjé, in Wermeland, Sweden. Sar- _ -lut, in Greenland. Near Slatoust, in the Ural. Graubiindten, in the Grisons. St. Gotthard,.in mica-slate. Val Maggia, Pied- mont, in brownish crystalson Chlorite. Mont Blanc, and in many parts of the Alps. Laacher See and Andernach, on the Rhine, in volcanic rocks. (See SEMELINE and SPINELLINE.) Grenville, and other places ‘in Canada. Sanford and Thurston, in Maine; Lee, Massachusetts, U.S. Brazil. Name. From civ, a wedge, in allusion to the shape of the crystals. Brit. Mus., Case 37. Sphene occurs in the granites of Nor- mandy,which are used for the Paris trottoirs. The Obelisk of Luxor, formed of red syenite, also contains numerous small yellowish crys- tals. See also SEMELINE. SPHENOMISE, C. U. Shepard. Occurs in brownish-grey (with. a tinge of yellow) thin tabular crystals, implanted on crystals of black Pyroxene, and associated with Anor- thite, in the Juvenas Meteorite. SPHEROSTILBITE, Phillips. ROSTILBITE. SPHRAGIDE, Hausmann. SPHRAGITE, Dufrénoy. LEMNIAN EArtH. See SpHz- (From c¢gnyis, a seal.) See AA2 356 SPIESGLAS. SpresaLas, Werner. Antimony. See Native ANTIMONY. SPIESGLAS-SILBER, Werner. Antimonial silver. See DIscRASITE. SPIESSGLANZ-BLEIERZ, Hausmann. Cu- preous sulphide of antimony and lead. See BouRNONITE. SPIESSGLANZ - OCHER, Hausman, Mohs. Antimony-ochre. See STIBICONISE. SPIESSGLANZ-WEIss, Hausmann. White Antimony. See VALENTINITE. SPINEL, Kirwan, Phillips. SPrINELL, Wer- ner, Haiiy, Brochant ; or SPINELLE. ‘Cubi- cal: cleavage octahedral. “Occurs in octa- hedrons, the edges of which are occasionally replaced, and sometimes in rhombic dode- cahedrons, owing ‘to the replacement of all the edges of the octahedron; also in macles. Structure lamellar. Colour various tints of red, violet, and -yellow, sometimes black, occasionally nearly white. Transparent to almost opaque. Lustre vitreous. Streak white. Fracture flat-conchoidal H. 8. §.G. 3°35 to 4:9. Rey Fig. 403. Comp. Anhydrous aluminate of magnesia, Fig. 404. Fig. 405. or Mg Al when pure=alumina 71:99, mag- nesia 28°01=100; but a portion of the mag- nesia is often replaced by lime and the protoxides of zinc, manganese and iron, and the alumina sometimes by peroxide of iron. Analysis of Red Spinel, from Ceylon, by Abich: Alumina . 5 3 - 69:01 Magnesia . . 5 - 26°21 Silica . : 5 . e02 Oxide of chrome . A . Lct0 Protoxide of iron 2 Srvcral 99:05 BB infusible: the red variety from Cey- lon, on cooling, becomes green, then nearly: colourless, and lastly resumes its original red colour. When reduced to powder, turns blue on ignition with nitrate of cobalt. Very slightly soluble in muriatic acid; when heated in oil of vitriol, till the latter begins to evaporate, about one-third of it dissolves, Localities. — Trish. Wicklow, in small rounded grains, in the sands of mountain oriental authors. ‘SPINEL. streams.— Foreign. Ceylon, Siam, Pegu, an@ other eastern countries, in rolled pebbles, in the beds of rivers. Amity, New York, Frank- lin, New Jersey. Burgess, Canada West. Spinel may be readily distinguished from the Oriental (or Sapphire) Ruby, for which it is often sold, by inferior hardness and specific gravity, and also by its crystalliza- tion. A fine stone, of 24 to 30 carats, is worth from £8 to £16. There is considerable incertitude, accord- ing to Prinsep, concerning this gem amongst Jewellers in the east ap- ply the term dal to all rubies of a fine red colour, but the /al rwmani (scarlet or pome- granate ruby) is probably the true spinelle. The bright-red spinelle ruby, lal rumani, is called by modern jewellers yaqiét narm, or simply in Hindostani, narmah, also labrz; it comes from Pegu and Ceylon, and less fre- quently from the north. Modern physicians ascribe the same medicinal properties to Spinelle as to the Oriental Ruby. Persian authors are particular in their description of the locality and origin of Spinelle. “The mine of this gem was not dis- covered until after a sudden shock of an earthquake, in Badakshan, had rent asunder a mountain in that country, which ex- hibited to the astonished spectators a num- ber of sparkling pink gems of the size of eggs. The women of the neighbourhood thought them to possess a tingent quality, but finding they yielded no colouring matter, they threw them away. Some jewellers dis- covering their worth, delivered them to the lapidaries to be worked up, but, owing to their softness, the workmen could not at first polish them, until they found out the method of doing so with mark-i-shésé (mar- casite). This gem was at first esteemed more than the ruby, but as its colour and hardness were’ found to be inferior to the latter, it became less prized.” In a MS. history of Cashmire, and the countries adjacent, by Abdul Qadir Khan, Benares, 1830, is the following descrip- tion of the manner of extracting Rubies from the Badakshan mines: it professes to be taken from an oral account by Mirza Nazar Baki Bég Khan, a native of Badak- shan, settled at Benares, ‘ Having col- lected a party of miners, a spot is pointed out by experienced workmen, where an adit is commenced. The aperture is cut in the rock large enough to admit a man upright; the passage is lighted at intervals by cotton mahéls placed in niches. As they proceed SPINEL RUBY. with the excavation, the rock is examined _until a vein of reddish appearance is dis- covered, which is recognised as the matrix of the precious gem. This red coloured rock or vein is called rag-i-/al, or the vein of rubies; the miners set to work upon this with much art, following all its ramifica- tions through the parent rock. The first rubies that present themselves are small, and of bad colour; these the miners call piedehs (foot - soldiers); further on, some larger and of better colour are found, which are called sawars (horse-soldiers); the next, as they still progress in improvement, are called amirs, bakshis, and vazirs, until at last they come to the king jewell, after find- ing which they give up working the vein, and this is always polished and presented to the king.” The author proceeds to describe the finest Ruby of this kind that had ever fallen under his observation. It belonged to the Oude family, and was carried off by Vizir Ali, from whom the author was after- wards employed to recover it. It was of the size of a pigeon’s egg, and the colour very brilliant. The weight was about two tolas. There was a flaw in it, and to hide it the name of Juldl-ud-din was engraved over the part, hence the jewel was called lal-i-jalah. A similar Ruby to this, but considerably larger, was in the possession of Runjit Sing, and has the names of five emperors engraved upon it.—Prinsep. The scarlet Spinel is termed Spinel Ruby by lapidaries; the rose-red, Balas Ruby; the yellow or orange-red, Rubicelle; the violet- coloured, Almandine Ruby. For varieties of Spinel, see AUTOMALITE; CANDITE, CEYLANITE, CHLOROSPINEL, Dys- LUITE, GAHNITE, HERCINITE; KREITTONITE, PLEONASTE, SAPHIRINE, ZEILANDITE. Brit. Mus., Case 19. M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, Nos. 929 to 934. Upper Gallery, Table-case A, in Recess 4, Nos. 66 to 71. SPINEL Ruspy. The name applied by lapidaries to the searlet varieties of Spinel (which see). br P. G. Horse-shoe Case, Nos. 931 to Fig. 406. Fig. 407. SPINELLANE, Huatiy, Dufrénoy, Phillips. SPODUMENE. 357 See NosEAN. This name was-also'given by Rose to the variety of Sphene (Séméline), from Lake Laach. See figs. 406 and 407. SPINELLE,. Jameson. See SPINEL. SPINELLE PLEONASTE. The name given to a black variety of Spinel, which occurs in small octahedral crystals in some of the lavas of Etna and Vesuvius. SPINELLE’ ZINCIFERE, Haiiy. See AuTO- MALITE. SPINELLINE. See SPINELLANE. SPINTHERE, Haiiy. A greenish variety of Sphene, occurring crystallized in very irregular double four-sided pyramids, which are obliquely truncated. Slightly trans- lucent at the edges. Lustre’ splendent. Fracture foliated, : ———— 7 Fig. 408. BB fuses readily. Locality. Dauphiné, in France, adhering to crystals of Cale Spar, in small crystals which, at first sight, strongly resemble green crystals of Axinite. Splenr Coan. See Suave. Coat. Sprint. A miner’s name in Derbyshin for coarse, grey Coal. Spuint Coat. A. variety of Bituminous (Cannel) Coal with a slaty structure, and of a harder and tougher nature than Cherry Coal. SPLINTERY GARNET. See ALLOCHROITE. SpopuMEN, Haidinger, Werner. SPopdu- MENE, D’ Andrada, Phillips. Oblique. Pri- mary form an oblique rhombic prism. Isomorphous with (9:20 Water . 4 ‘ - 16°40 . 99°70 BB swells up strongly and fuses with difficulty to a blistered glass. Slowly but completely decomposed by concentrated muriatic acid, with separation of silica in the form of a viscid powder. Localities.— English. Cornwall: between Botallack and Huel Cock.— Scotch. Garbh Corre Du, Isle of Arran, jig. 414, in.granite. Long Craig, Dumbarton Muir, fig. 414. Skye: at Storr,Talisker, fig. 415 ; Quiraing, Snizort. Stirlingshire ; Campsie and Fintry, in fine red crystals, fig. 415, in porphyritic amygdaloid. At Kilpatrick, Kilmalcolm, Kincardine, in sheaf-like aggregations. Call Hill, near Aber- deen, plumose.—/Jrish. Giant’s Causeway, in geodes. Mourne Mountains, in sheaf-like ag- gregations, in granite. Ballintoy. Port Rush. Bruce’s Castle, Rathlin Island, in greenstone. Bengore Head.— Foreign. Iceland. Farée - Islands. Konigsberg and Arendal,in Norway. Gustafsberg, near Fahlun, in Sweden. Fassa Valley, in the Tyrol. Andreasberg, in the Harz. Dauphiny. Vindhya Mountains, in Hindostan. Partridge Islands, Nova Scotia, white and flesh-red. United States. Name. From 77iax, lustre, in allusion to the pearly lustre of some of the faces of the crystals. Brit. Mus., Case 28. ‘ M. P. G. Horseshoe-Case, No. 1166. | Stilbite occurs chiefly in cavities in amyg- daloidal rocks; also in some metalliferous veins, and in granite, gneiss, and slate. It should be remarked that German mi- neralogists call our Stilbite Desmine, and our Heulandite Stzlbite. STILBITE ANAMORPHIQUE, Haiiy. See HEULANDITE, STILLOLITE. See OPAL. STILPNOMELAN, Glocker, Nicol; or Strup- NOMELANE, Dana. Occurs. massive. and disseminated, with a granular or radiating and foliated structure. Colour blackish-green to greenish-black. Opaque. Lustre vitreous, inclining to pearly on the planes of cleavage. Streak greenish. Rather brittle. H. 3 to 4. 8.G. 3 to 3°4. 364 STILPNOSIDERITE. Comp. Fe3Si2 + AlSi?+ 7H=silica 46°5, alumina 8:5, protoxide of iron 36-0, water 9=100. Analysis, by Rammelsbery 2 Silica . $ 2 - 45:02 Alumina 3 - 6°75 Protoxide of i iron j - 06°04 Magnesia . : . < PEaN) Lime . 5 ORY Potash, with. a trace of soda 5210275 Water . ; C eT OG 99-43 BB fuses with difficulty to a black shining globule: with borax dissolves completely, and gives an iron reaction; and with micro- “cosmic salt, with separation of a siliceous jelly. Only partially soluble in warm and con- centrated muriatic acid. Locality. Zuckmantel, in Austrian Silesia, in clay~slate, with Cale Spar and Quartz. Name. From ocitzvws, shining, and “aus, black. Brit. Mus., Case 26. STILPNOSIDERITE, Ullmann. peroxide of iron, referred by Ullmann to Limonite, and by Von Kobell to Géthite. It occurs massive, or in stalactitic, botryoidal and dendritic forms. Colour pitch-black to blackish-brown. Opaque. Lustre splendent. Streak yellowish-brown, Brittle. Fracture conchoidal. H. 4:5 to 5. 8S.G. 3°6 to 3°8. Analysis, from Amberg, by v. Kobell : Peroxide of iron . . 86°24 Silica : 5 = 2-00 Phosphoric acid . 4 Vilas Water . 5 . : . 10°68 100:00 BB infusible, but turns black. Localities, — English. Tincroft, in Corn- wall.— Foreign. Scheibenberg and Rashau, in Saxony. Thuringia. The Harz. Nassau. Amberg, in Bavaria. Siegen, in Prussia. Name. From eriarves, shining, and cidneos, iron. STINKSTEIN, Werner.) 'The name given STINKSTONE, Fat those varieties son. of limestone which give off a fetid odour when rubbed or struck with a hammer. Amongst other localities it is met with at Matlock, in Derbyshire ; near Clifton, in the mountain limestone on the banks of the Avon; near Sunderland; and in the isles of Purbeck and Portland, in limestones of the Purbeck and Portland beds. In the latter localities, where the limestones in question A hydrated |, STRAKONITZITE. are used as a road material, a very strong odour is frequently perceptible when the stones are crushed bya heavy vehicle passing — over them. “« Swinestone, when scraped or pounded, offen- Sive Smells from rank petroleum’s fossil oil, And yet the smell is not the same, but more Like bluefohn newly broke; and in swine- stone Bitumen is not always found, that can From distillation be obtain’d ; from whence We safely may conclude the swinish smell, Most fcetid, to some other cause is owed.” * Brit. Mus., Case 48. M.P.G. Upper Gallery, Table-case B, in Recess 6, Nos. 197, 207. STINKZINNOBER LEBERERZ, Hausmann. See CINNABAR. STOLPENITE, Kenngott. The Bole of Stol- pen, in Saxony. SrouzitE, Haidinger. Tungstate of lead. Named after Dr. Stolz, of Teplitz. See SCHEELETINE.. Srone, A miner’s name in Derbyshire for Ironstone. STONE-BUTTER. See STEINBUTTER. Stone CoaL, See ANTHRACITE. STONE SALT, Jameson. See Rock SALT. Stony Coat. The name given by Berger to bituminous Kimmeridge Shale. Stony Comrits. See DRAGEES.DE TI- VOLI. Stony Icictz, Woodward. Stalactite (which see). SrraHLt ScHort, Werner. Crystallized common Actinolite. STRAHLENKUPFER, STRAHLERZ, Allan, Hoffmann, Werner: Arseniate of Copper. See APHANESITE. STRAHLKIES, Werner. PYRITES, STRAHLSTEIN, Werner. See ACTINOLITE. STRAHLZEOLITH, Werner. See STILBITE. STRAKONITZITE, v. Zepharovich. A yel- lowish-green steatite-like mineral, found in pseudomorphous crystals,.at Mutenitz, near Strakonitz, in Bohemia. It is soft, feels greasy, and yields a pale yellowish powder, which becomes of a dull brown colour on being heated. S8.G. 1:91. Analysis, by v. AT See RADIATED Silica . . é - 53°42 Alumina . ; - 2 2ye00 Protoxide of iron A » Al Lime . : c A Hen £37 Magnesia . - : - 2°94 Water A A 5 . 19°86 100 00 * Werneria, by Terre Filius. RE STRATOPEITE. STRATOPEITE, Igelstrim. Probably an altered form of Rhodonite (Manganese Spar). Occurs amorphous-massive, of. a pitch-black colour, or brown, or brownish-red, in thin splinters. Yields to the knife, and affords a brown streak. Fracture flat-conchoidal. S.G. 2°64. ~ Comp. Mg? Si2+4 (Rn, Fe) Si +12H. Analysis, by Igelstrim : Silica. . 35°43 Peroxide of manganese . 32°41 Peroxide of iron. : So Or Magnesia . : : aout Water eye rere 13°75 100-00 BB fuses to a black transparent globule. Locality.—Pajsberg’s iron mine, Philip- stadt, Sweden. STREAM Tin. Rounded fragments of Oxide of Tin (Cassiterite). They are so called from the circumstance of their being ob- tained-by washing the deposits formed, in the valleys, by the disintegration of the rocks constituting the neighbouring hills. M.P.G. Principal floor, Wall-case 8, Nos. 413 to 435 (British) ; 39 (East Indies) ; 37 (Victoria and Australia). STRIEGESAN, Breithaupt. A variety of Wavellite, from Striegis, in the Erzgebirge. STRIPED JASPER, Kirwan. See RiIpBon JASPER. STROGANOWITE, Hermann. An altered form of Scapolite, which it much resembles both in form and appearance. Colour clear, pale oil-green, or yellowish green. Lustre subvitreous, inclining to greasy. Cleaves in two directions, nearly at right angles to each other. H.5°5. 8.G. 2°79. Analysis, by Hermann: Silica . 3 : 4 - 40°58 Alumina . A : = ASSBYE Lime . : : s - 11°05 Chloride of lime . , . 14:55 Soda . j : 3.00 Protoxides of iron and man- ganese ° : : MASE, 100°14 Locality. Found in loose blocks near the river Sljudenka, in Dauria. Name. After Count Stroganow. Stroganowite agrees with Cancrinite, ex- cept that a considerable proportion of lime replaces a corresponding proportion of soda. It was subsequently united by Dufrénoy to Wernerite, in consequence of its rectangular cleavage. STROHSTEIN, Werner. See CARPHOLITE. STRONTIANITE. 365 StromBoLo. See LIGNITE. STROMEYERINE, Beudant, or STROMEY- ERITE, Haidinger. Rhombic: isomorphous with Copper Glance. Occurs also compact. Colour dark steel-grey. Lustre strong me- tallic. Streak shining. Sectile. Very brittle. Fracture brilliant, granular and imperfect- conchoidal. H. 2:5 to 3. S.G. 6:25. Comp. Sulphide of silver and copper, or Cu2S + AgS= sulphur 15-7, silver 52:9, copper 31°-4=100. Analysis, from Rudolstadt, by Sander ; Sulphur < dio°92 Silver ast ss 52-71 Copper. Sie howe Iron . : oS Ph O24 99°82 BB gives off an odour of sulphurous acid, and fuses readily to a grey semi-malleable globule, having a metallic lustre. Colours fluxes green by the copper it contains. Cu- pelled with lead, yields silver. Dissolves in nitric acid, with separation of sulphur. Locality. Schlangenberg, or Zmeino- gorsk, south of Barnaoul, in Siberia, asso- ciated with Copper Pyrites, Cale Spar, and Hornblende. Rudolstadt, in Silesia. Co- piapo, in Chili. Combarvalla, in Peru. Name. After Stromeyer, by whom it was first distinguished and described as a new species. Brit. Mus., Case 10. Stromitgs. A variety of Diallogite, na- med after the Director of Mines, Strom. STrRoMNI1E. A name given by Traill to the Strontianite from Stromness, in the Orkneys. See BARYSTRONTIANITE. STRONTHIAN, Werner. STRONTHIANITE, ~ Kirwan. STRONTIANE, Jameson. STRON- TIANE CARBONATEE, Haiiy. See Srron- TIANITE. STRONTIANE SULFATEE, Haiiy. See Cz- LESTINE. STRONTIANIT, Hausmann, v. Kobell, Nau: mann. STRONTIANITE, WVicol, Dana, Greg & Letisom. Rhombic: primary form a right rhombic prism. Occurs crystallized in hexa- -hedral prisms, which are modified on the era, rN Fig. 417. AL) edges, or terminated by pyramids: also in fibrous, stellated, columnar-globular, and 366 STRONTIANOCALCITE. granular masses. Colour pale asparagus- green, or apple-green; also white, yellow, grey, or brown. Transparent to translucent. Lustre shining, pearly. Yields easily to the knife. Streak white. Brittle. Fracture uneven. H.35to4. S.G. 3°6 to 3:71. Comp. Carbonate of strontia, or Sr C= strontia 70°27, carbonic acid 29-73=100. Analysis from Strontian, by Thomson : Carbonate of strontia 5); 193743 Carbonate of lime As n6328 Protoxide of iron A 5 (OH 99°72 BB fuses at the edges, then rapidly swells up and forms a cauliflower-like mass, which becomes highly incandescent, imparting a reddish colour to the flame, ané giving an alkaline reaction. Effervesces in nitric and muriatic acids. Soluble in 18,045 parts of pure water at ordinary temperatures, and in 1536 parts of boiling water. Localities. — English. Yorkshire; Pately Bridge and Nidderdale, in snow-white translucent crystals, fig. 416.— Scotch. Stron- tian, in Argyleshire, sometimes asin fig. 417, but generally in acicular, diverging groups. —Foreign. Braéunsdorf, in Saxony. Hamm, Westphalia. The Harz. Leogang, in Salz- burg. United States, at Schoharie, &c. Name. After the locality, Strontian, where it was first found. Brit. Mus., Case 41. MM. P. G. Horse-shoe Case,Nos. 275 to 278. Dr. Hope first discovered the earth Stron- tian in this mineral, and named it after the locality where the specimens had been ob- tained. STRONTIANOCALCITE, Genth. A variety ‘of Calcite containing strontia. StrontitTes, Allan, Hope, Phillips: See STRONTIANITE. StruvEItE, Dufrénoy. Srruvirr, Ulex. Occurs in regular six-sided prisms, with dihedral terminations. Primary form a right rhombic prism. Colour pale yellow, and Fig. 418. sometimes transparent, but generally ren- dered black and opaque by the interposition of organic matter. Lustre vitreous. Brittle. Tasteless, and very slightly soluble in water. H. 2. §.G. 1-7. SUBSESQUICHROMATE. Comp. Phosphate of magnesia and am- monia, or Mg P + NH40 + 13H =phosphoric acid 29:9, magnesia 16:3, ammonia 10:6, water 44:0=100. Analysis, by Ulex : Phosphoric acid . . . 28°56 Magnesia . : 5 . 13°46 Protoxide of iron. . . 3:06 Protoxide of manganese elas Ammonia and water . . 53°76 99:96 BB falls to powder, giving off water and ammonia, and fuses to a colourless glass which, when cool, forms a white enamel. Readily soluble in acids. Locality. Saldanha Bay, on the coast of Africa, in guano. Numerous crystals, some of which were from an inch to an inch and a quarter long, and a quarter of an inch thick, were found, in 1845,in digging the foundations of the church of St. Nicholas, at Hamburg. The soil in which they occurred was a bed of peat or turf, formed by the putrefaction of organic matter (stable litter), and the rub- bish from an old chateau, which was de- stroyed by fire in 1072. The same salt exists in certain animal secretions, and is deposited from decomposing urine. Name. After the Russian Councillor of State, von Struve. Brit. Mus., Case 60 A. Srvemite. A beautiful variegated variety of Carnelian, of a reddish-yellow or yellow- ish-red colour, traversed by numerous white lines. STyLOBATE. (From crvacbirns, the foot of a column.) See GEHLENITE, SrypticitE. The fibrous form of yellow copperas (Copiapite). eee evo ° Comp. 2¥e 82+ 21H. Analysis, by H. Rose: Sulphuric acid . ° . 81°73 Peroxide of iron . ; . 28:11 Silica . ‘ : ». 143 Magnesia . - - 0°59 Lime . 5 5 c 1:91 Water . 3 A 5 - 36°56 100°53 SuBFLUATE OF CrERIuM, Phillips. See FLUOCERINE. SUBPHOSPHATE OF ALUMINA. See WAVELLITE. SUBSESQUICHROMATE OF LEAD, Thom son. See MELANOCHROITE. - — mee Tee SUBSULPHATE OF ALUMINA. SuBsULPHATE OF ALUMINA, Phillips. See WEBSTERITE. Succin, Haiiy. Succinite, Breithaupt. See AMBER. SucctIrtE, Bonvoisin. An amber-coloured variety of Topazolite (Lime-Garnet), found in small, rounded, translucent masses, in a serpentine rock in the Vin valley, which forms part of the great valley of Lans, in Piedmont. SULFATE VERT D’URANE, Beudant. JOHANNITE. SULPHATE DE PLOMB CUIVREUX, Beu- dant. See LINARITE. SULPHATE oF ALUMINA, Phillips. See ALUNOGENE. SULPHATE oF ALUMINA (ANHYDROUS). See THENARDITE. SULPHATE OF ALUMINA AND AMMONIA, Phillips. See AMMONIA-ALUM. SuteHaTEe oF Barytess, Phillips. See BARYTES. SULPHATE OF CoBALT. See BIEBERITE. See SULPHATE oF CoprER, Phillips. See _CYANOSITF. SuLPHATE oF IRon, Phillips. See Cor- PERAS. SULPHATE OF LEAD, Phillips. See An- GLESITE. SULPHATE OF Lime. SeeALABASTER, AN- HYDRITE, GYPSUM, SATIN-SPAR, SCHAUM- KALK, SELENITE. SULPHATE oF MAenestA, Phillips. EPsomireE. SULPHATE OF PorasH, Phillips. GLASERITE. SULPHATE oF SopA, Phillips. See GLav- BER SALT. See See SULPHATE oF SrrontiA. See CELEs- TINE. . SULPHATE OF URANIUM. See JOHANN- _ ITE. SULPHATE OF URANIUM AND Lime. See ' MEDJIDITE. SULPHATE OF ZINC, Phillips. See Gos- LARITE. ; SULPHATO - CARBONATE OF BaryTaA, Thomson. Carbonate of baryta ( Witherite), incrusted more or less with minute crystals of Barytes, and found at Brownley Hill, near Alston in Cumberland, jig. 419. SUNSTONE. 367 SULPHATO-CARBONATE OF LEAD, Phillips. See LANARKITE. SULPHATO-CHLORID OF COPPER, Connel. See CONNELLITE. SULPHATO - TRICARBONATE OF LEAD, Brooke, Phillips. See LEADHILLITE. SuLPHIDE, Syn. Sulphuret. SULPHIDE oF ANTIMONY AND LEAD, Boulanger. See BOULANGERITE. SULPHIDE OF COPPER AND ANTIMONY. See WoLFSBERGITE. SULPHURATED BismuTH, Kirwan. See BISMUTHINE. SULPHURATED NICKEL, Kirwan. See CorrErR NICKEL. SULPHURATED SILVER-ORE, Kirwan. See SILVER GLANCE, SULPHURET, Syn. Sulphide. SULPHURET OF ANTIMONY, Phillips. See STIBNITE. SULPHURET OF ARSENIC, Phillips. See ORPIMENT AND REALGAR. SULPHURET OF BismutH, Phillips. See BISMUTHINE. SULPHURET oF CADMIUM. See GREEN- OCKITE. SULPHURET OF CoBALT, Phillips. See LINNAITE. SULPHURET OF CopPER, Allan, Phillips. See CoprpER GLANCE. SULPHURET OF LEAD, Phillips. GALENA. SULPHURET OF LEAD AND ANTIMONY, Phillips. A variety of Galena, containing antimony. SULPHURET OF MANGANESE, Phillips. See MANGANESE BLEND#. SULPHURET OF MercourRY, Phillips. See CINNABAR, SULFHURET OF MoutyxppeEena, Phillips. See MOLYBDENITE. See SULPHURET OF NicKEL, Phillips. See MILLERITE, SULPHURET OF SILVER, Phillips. See SILVER GLANCE. SULPHURET OF SILVER and ANTIMONY, Phillips. See FREIESLEBENITE. SULPHURET oF SILVER AND COPPER, Phillips. See STROMEYERITE. SuLeHuRET oF TIN, Phillips. PYRITES. See Tin SuLPHURET OF Zinc, Phillips. See BLENDE. SuMPFERZ, Brochant, Werner. Swamp- ore. See BoG IRON-ORE. SuNDOIKITE, A. EH. Nordenskitld. An altered Anorthite. Sun-opau. See FIRE-OPAL. Sunstone. A variety of Adularia, of a very pale yellowish colour. It is almost 368 SUPEROXIDE OF LEAD. perfectly transparent when viewed in one direction, but by reflected light it appears full of minute golden spangles, owing to the presence of scales (or, according to Scheerer, crystals), of oxide of iron, or Gothite, disseminated through the mass. The principal localities are, Lake Baikal, in Siberia; Archangel; Tvedestrand, on the Christiana-fiord, in Norway; and Ceylon. Brit. Mus., Case 29. ' SUPEROXIDE OF LEAD, Dana. See PLATTNERITE. SUPERSULPHIDE OF LEAD, See Joun- SUPERSULPHURETTED LEAD. § STONITE. _. SURTURBRAND. The name given in Ice- land to the fibrous Brown Coal, or bitumi- nous wood which is found in that country. See LicnirE and Brown Coat. SusANNITE, Dana, Greg & Lettsom. SuZzANNItT, Haidinger. Hexagonal. Colour pale green, yellow, grey, dark brown. Trans- parent to opaque. Lustre resinous, or pearly~ adamantine. Streak white. H. 2°5. S.G. 6°00. Fig. 419.* Comp. Similar to Leadhillite, or Pb $+ 8Pb C. Analysis, by Brooke ; Sulphate oflead . . 5 2 Carbonate of lead . Z 100°0 Localities.—Scotch. In attached crystals on the Susanna lode at Leadhills, in Lanarkshire, associated with Lanarkite, Leadhillite, and Cerussite. — Foreign. Mol- dawa, in the Bannat, on Brown Iron-ore and Galena. Brit. Mus., Case 55. Susannite may be distinguished from Leadhillite, to which it otherwise bears a close resemblance, by the rhombohedral form of its crystals, and its higher specific gravity. SVANBERGITE, Igelstrim. Occurs mas- sive. Colour pale red. H.5. S.G. 3:3. Analysis : Sulphuric acid . - pe dcon Phosphoric acid . is SL SYLVANITE, Alumina ; 3 ‘ - of 84 Lime . “ ‘ P=) A600 Protoxide of iron. 3 . 440 Soda . x < NS as 45 Water . : i : - 6:80 Chlorine . 5 : . trace 100-00 Locality. Wermland, in Sweden, with Cyanite, Mica, Quartz, and Hematite. The name Svanbergite has also been ap- plied by Shepard to Platiniridium. Swaca. See Borax. SWAMP-ORE, Jameson. See Boe Swampy IKon-orE, Kirwan. § IRON-ORE. SWIMMING QUARTZ, Bakewell. See FLOAT- STONE. SWINESTONE, Kirwan. See STINKSTONE. SyEepooritsE, Nicol, Brooke & Miller. A Sulphide of Cobalt, occurring in consider- able quantities in grains or veins, in pri- mary schist, mechanically mixed with Magnetic Pyrites, at Saipoor, near Raj- pootanah, in North Western India. It is of a steel-grey colour, inclining to yellow. S.G. 5°45. Comp. Co? S. Analysis, by Middleton : Sulphur . Pie 2 . 35°36 Cobaltic. acu) re - . 64°64 100-00 It is used by Indian jewellers for impart- ing a delicate rose colour to gold. SyLvAn, Werner. Tellurium. SYLVANITE, Kirwan. The name originally given to Native Tellurium, from its being first found in Transylvania. SYLVANITE, Dana. Rhombic: primary form a right rhombic prism. Generally occurs in indistinct and minute circular crystals, modified at the edges and angles, and often grouped in rows, forming trian- gular figures like letters. Cleavage in two directions, nearly at right angles; one very Fig. 420. Fig. 421. perfect. Colour steel-grey to tin-white, and brass-yellow. Opaque. Lustre metallic; sometimes with a slight tarnish. Streak like the colour. Yields easily to the knife. Soft Si sf SRST SYLVIN. and very sectile. Brittle. Fracture semi- conchoidal. H. 15 to2. S.G. 7°99 to 8:28. Comp. Telluride of gold and silver, or Ag Te4+Au Te3=silver 13°8, gold 20°5, tellurium 59°7=100. Analysis, from Offenbanya, by Petz: Silver . : 5 : . 11°47 Gold . : : 5 = 259% Tellurium. . x 5 OES Th Lead . : 4 - 0°25 Copper. x 3 (ORZG: Antimony . - - 0°58 100-00 BB on charcoal fuses, emitting a slightly acid odour, covers the charcoal with a white deposit, and is reduced to.a dark grey me- tallic globule, which is converted, by long blowing, into a pale yellow alloy of gold and silver, exhibiting incandescence at the ‘moment of solidification.—( Berzelius.) Dissolves in aqua-regia, with separation of chloride of silver, and forms a solution which gives a white precipitate on dilution with water. Localities. Offenbanya, in Transylvania (Graphic Tellurium of Phillips), associated with Gold, in narrow veins traversing por- phyry. Nagyag, in Transylvania ( Yellow Tellurium of Phillips). Gold Hill, North Carolina, U. S. Brit. Mus., Case 3. Sylvanite constitutes a valuable ore of gold and silver. Syxvin, Nicol, Vogel. Sytvine, Dana. SYLVYNE, Beudant, Phillips. Cubical. Oc- curs crystallized in cubes, with a.cleavage parallel to the faces of the cube. Colourless, or white. Lustre vitreous. Soluble. Tastes like Common Salt. §S.G. 1:91 to 1-99. Comp. Chloride of potassium, or K Cl= potash 52°6, chlorine 47-4= 100. Decrepitates when heated, fuses at a low red heat, volatilizes at a higher temperature unchanged. It is somewhat more volatile than Common Salt; in a covered crucible, it may be kept in a state of fusion without loss; in open vessels, it volatilizes gra- dually in the constantly renewed current of air.—(H. Rose.) Localities ‘The mines of Hallein in Salzburg, and Berchtesgaden in Bavaria, with Common Salt (Vogel). Vesuvius, in a state of sublimation about the fumaroles.— (Smithson). Name. The name Sylvine was given to this mineral in consequence of its being the digestive salt of Sylvius de la Boé. SYMPLESITE, Breithaupt. Oblique. Oc- TABERGITE. © 569 curs in very minute prismatic crystals, and . also in acicular radiations. Colour pale indigo, inclining to celandine-green. Trans- parent to translucent. Lustre vitreous; of cleavage-planes pearly. Streak bluish-white. Rather sectile. H.2°5. 8.G. 2°957. Comp. Hydrated arseniate of protoxide of iron, or 3Fe As? + 8H. BB gives off strong arsenical odours, be~ comes black and magnetic, but does not fuse. Locality. Klein-Friesa, near Lobenstein, in Reuss, with Sparry Iron and Cobaltic Pyrites. Name. From cvyprayoiega, to draw close together. de TABASHEER. A _ siliceous concretion, bearing some resemblance to Hydrophane, found in the interior of the stem of the large Indian bamboo. It is imperfectly trans- parent, and sometimes altogether opaque, but, when immersed in water, it gives out a quantity of air-bubbles, and becomes more transparent, returning to its original opacity on exposure to the air. S.G. 2°059 to 2-412 (Brewster) when completely saturated with water, when its weight is more than doubled. Analysis : Silica . , 6 . 96°94. Potash and lime . EN OAs Water . < : < ~ 209 Organic matter . . . trace 100-00 Silica enters into the composition of the stem of the Indian bamboo, in the same way that it does into that of ordinary wheat- straw. In the former case, the silica is found to occur in different quantities in the different parts of the cane. Thus, the pith contains 0:448 per cent.,the inner wood much less, and the greater proportion is found in the external wood. Reasoning on this fact, the formation of Tabasheer is explained by Mons. Guibourt in the following manner: “ At the time when the straw is developed, the outer wood has no longer any necessity for silica, which is carried inwards and de- posited in the cavity of the straw.” The Orientals regard Tabasheer as one of the most valuable of medicines. In India it is called Vedroo-paloo (bamboo - milk), Vedroo-carpooram (bamboo - camphor), and Manzil-upoo (bamboo-salt). TABERGITE, Hose. The name given to the Pyrosclerite of Taberg, in Wermland. BB 370 — TABLE SPAR. Analysis, by Svanberg: Silica . 5 4 . 35°76 Alumina. . . - 13°03 Magnesia sueo DT Protoxide of iron . 6:34 Protoxide of manganese . 1°64 Potash : : 5 » oO Fluoride of magnesium 1:10 Water ; Hey awe ; a 1176 100-97 TABLE SPAR, See WoLLAS- TABULAR Spar, Phillips. TONITE. TABULAR QUARTZ. Thin plates of Quartz, either arranged parallel to or cross- ing one another, so as to form open cells. TACHYAPHALTITE, Berlin. Probably an altered Zircon. Occurs in short thick prisms of a dark reddish-brown colour, with a lustre varying from submetallic to vitreous. Subtranslucent. Streak dirty yel- low. Fracture conchoidal. H. 5°5. 8.G. 3°6. Analysis, by Berlin : Silica . 34°58 Zirconia A - 38°96 Peroxide of iron . ; LP S72 Alumina 1°85 Thoria ? $l ey Water 8°49 99:92 BB infusible, but. becomes dirty white: with borax dissolves wlth difficulty. Locality. Krageroe in Norway, in granite veins traversing gneiss. Name. From rexis, quick, and “purzes, springing off ; in allusion to the readiness with which the mineral flies from the gangue when struck. TACHYDRITE, Rtammelsberg. An ex- tremely deliquescent salt, resembling Car- nallite, occurring in round masses in com- pact Anhydrite. Colour yellow. Trans- parent or translucent. Cleavable in two directions. Comp. 2Mg Cl+ Ca Cl+12H. Analysis (mean of two): Calcium ‘ a ; 7:46 Magnesium 5 5 peo Chlorine » . . 40°34 Water . 42°69 100-00 Locality. Stassfurt. Tacuy ite, Breithaupt, Mohs. The name proposed by Breithaupt for a kind of Iso- pyre. Amorphous-massive or in plates. Colour velvet-brown or black. Opaque. TALC. ; ; Lustre vitreous to greasy. Streak dark+ grey. Fracture conchoidal. H. 65. S.G. 2°90 to 2°7. Comp. (RS +Al) Si, or 2(K, Na, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe) (¥e, Al,) Sit. Analysis, from Sasebiihl, by Schneder- mann - Silica . : ‘ SDD Mtee Alumina . 12°40 Protoxide of iron . 13:06 Limes: : 5 5 = teas Magnesia 4 - 5°92 Soda . 5 : i . 388 Potash 4 , 5 - 0°60 Protoxide of manganese . 0°19 Water . 6 6 2 eS 101-80 BB fuses very readily to an opaque glass. Decomposed completely by concentrated muriatic acid in the cold. Localities. On the Sasebiihl near Drans- feld, and at Héllengrund. near Miinden; . forming small masses in basalt and wacke. The Vogelsgebirge in igneous rocks. See SIDEROMELAN. Name. From rexus, quick, and Atm, to fuse. Brit. Mus., Case 33. Tachylite is stated by Naumann & Ram- melsberg to be a basaltic glass, and, con- sequently, to have no definite composition. TAFELSPATH, Stutz. Table-spar. See W OLLASTONITE. TaGiLitEe, Hermann. Occurs in fungoid or botryoidal masses, with a rough and earthy surface. Structure radiating- fibrous and earthy. Colour emerald-green, or mountain-, green when weathered. H.3. S.G. 430, Comp. (Libethenite + 2H), or phosphate of copper: =Cut P+8H, with a trace of arsenic. Analysis, by Hermann : Phosphoric acid . 5 . 27°70 Oxide of copper . >. 19 fBEESQ Water pnb F - 10°50 100-00 Locality. Nijni-Taguilsk, in the Ural; on Brown Jron Ore. The Mercedes Mine, abeut 20 miles E. of Coquimbo, in Chili, forming stellated and fibrous masses in Brown Iron Ore. Brit. Mus., Case 57. Tatc, Haiiy. Occurs rarely in rectan- gular prisms, and in thin hexagonal plates, with a perfect basal cleavage. Generally massive, foliated, and granular; also slaty and earthy. Colour apple-green to silver- I IIT TSI TALC-APATITE. white, grey, dark-green, brown, and red. Lustre pearly. Semi-transparent to sub- translucent. Highly sectile. In thin lamine flexible, but not elastic. Yields to the nail. Streak white, or in dark-green varieties paler than the colour. More unctuous to the touch than Chlorite. H.1to1°5. S.G. 2°65 to 2°74, Comp. Silicate of magnesia, or Mgé ‘Sid + 2H =silica 62:14, magnesia 32°92 =100. Analysis, from Greiner, by v. Kobell : Silica . . A ‘ . 62°38 Magnesia. Sore » d2°4 Alumina ~ . u 3 5 LO) Protoxide of iron, with oxide of titanium i . i) Water . : s i OID 100-1 BB splits up into lamine, and hardens without fusing. With microcosmic salt yields a turbid glass, together with an in- soluble skeleton of silica. Not acted on, to any perceptible degree, either before or after ignition, by muriatic acid or oil of vitriol. Localities. Greiner, in the Tyrol. Sala, Fahlun, and other places in Sweden. Py- renees. United States, &c. Brit. Mus., Case 32. Tale is a very generally diffused mineral, and not only enters into the composition of many crystalline rocks, but some of its va- rieties form extensive beds in districts occupied by crystalline rocks. The common variety forms the basis of the rouge used by ladies — the Tale being coloured by an ex- tract from the Carthamus tinctorius, or Safflower. In a powdered state it is also employed to make new boots and gloves slip on easily, and to diminish friction in machinery. In its natural state it is used by tailors for drawing lines on cloth. For varieties of Tale and localities, &c., see INDURATED TALC, TALCOSE SLATE, SOAP- STONE or STEATITE (Speckstein), VENE- TIAN TALC. Brit. Mus., Case 32. M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, No. 1170. TALC-APATITE, Hermann. A variety of Apatite containing magnesia. It occurs in six-sided crystals in Chlorite-slate, on the Schischimskian mountains, near Slatoust, ‘in the Ural. Comp. 3Ca% P+ Mg? P. Analysis, by Hermann : ‘ Lime . ° 2 - Phosphoric acid . : TALKOID. © 371 Magnesia - dele Sulphuric acid . : 943 99°77 Hausmann, See NaA- TALKARTIGER See DIALLAGE. TALKERDE, Werner. Magnesia. TALKERDE-ALAUN, v. Kobell. See Maq- NESIA ALUM. TALKHYDRAT, v. Leonhard, Native Mag- nesia. See BRUCITE. TALKOID. The name given by Naumann to sparry crystalline Tale from Presnitz, where it occurs in snow-white, broad folia- tions, with Magnetite. $.G.248 . F DIALLAG, Comp. *Mg3Sis + a BB 372 TALKSPATH. TALKSPATH, Hartmann, Naumann. Na- tive Carbonate of Magnesia. See Macnr- site. The name Talkspath is also used by G. Rose and others for carbonate of mag- nesia-and-iron (Bitter Spar and Brown Spar in part). See BREUNNERITE. TALKSTEINMARK. See Mye.in. A va- riety of Lithomarge, from Rochlitzin Saxony, TAMARITE, Greg & Lettsom. The name proposed by Brooke and Miller for Copper- Mica (Chalcophyllite), from its occurrence, amongst other localities, at Huel Tamar. TAMMELA-TANTALITE. A variety of Tan- talite, from Tammela, in Finland, containing only a small quantity of tin. Colour black, Lustre submetallic. Streak blackish-brown to cinnamon-brown. 8.G, 7311 to 7:948. Analysis, by Weber: Tantalic acid . 83°90 Oxide of tin ‘ ; 0°66 Protoxide of iron . 13°81 Protoxide of manganese 0-74 Oxide of copper O11 99:22 See SkoGBOLITE and TANTALITE. TANKITE. See CHIASTOLITE. TANNENITE, Dana. A sulphide of bismuth and copper, occurring in thin striated prisms, of a colour varying from greyish to tin- white, with a bright metallic lustre, Comp. GuS+ BitS®. ; Analysis, by R. Schneider : Sulphur . 18°83 Bismuth 5 62-16 Copper % . 18:72 S978 BB on charcoal, swells up and fuses readily ; with soda yields a globule of copper. With nitric acid forms a deep bluish-green solution, which becomes dark blue on the _-addition of ammonia. Locality. Tannenbaum, near Johanngeor- genstadt in Saxony. : TANTALE OXxIpDE, Haiiy. See CoLuMBITE. TANTALE OXIDE FERRO-MANGANESIEFERE, Haiiy. See COoLUMBITE. TANTALE OXIDE YTTRIFERE, Haiiy. See YTTROTANTALITE. TANTALATE OF Iron. See TANTALITE. TANTALITE, Hckeberg, Jameson, Phillips. Rhombic: primary form a right rectangular prism. Occurs in single crystals and in small crystalline masses; the crystals are mostly incomplete, but posse$s the general form of quadrangular prisms, striated longi- tudinally, and variously modified. Opaque. Colour iron-black, with a nearly*pure me- TANTALITE. It scratches glass and gives Streak reddish-brown, or tallic lustre. sparks with steel. i Fig. 423. Fig. 424. cofiee-coloured. Brittle. Fracture uneven or cenchoidal. H.6to 6-5. §.G. 7-1 to 7°96. Comp. (Fe Mn) (‘Ta Cb). Analysis, from Kimito, by Weber : Fig. 422. Tantalic acid 2 : Dail “Oxide of tin ; ; oP eo Gui Protoxide of iron . - 9°80 Protoxide of manganese 4:32 99:50 BB alone, unchanged: with borax, the varieties containing large proportions of tantalum dissolve slowly but perfectly, im- . parting to it a faint green colour. Those with less tantalum fuse readily to a black or dark green glass, which is nearly opaque. Partly soluble in heated sulphuric acid. Lecalites— Finland: at Skogbéle, in the diocese of Kimito, and Hark&saari in that of Tammela; also at Bjértboda. The metal Tantalum was discovered by Eckeberg, in specimens from Kimito. The tantalites from Finbo and Broeddbo, as well as some of those from Kimito con- tain a large quantity of oxide of tin (see CASSITEROTANTALITE), and in those from the latter locality, part of the iron is re- placed by manganese. ‘Tantalite was first found in America, at Haddam, in Connecti- cut: it aiso.occurs at Bedenmais in Bavaria, associated with Beryl, and remarkable for containing niobic acid; likewise in France, at Chanteloube near Limoges. The two first localities are properly for Columbite (which see). The following is an analysis by Jenzsch from Chanteloube, (8.G. 7-703) which is Tantalite proper. Tantalic acid zg . 83°00 Oxide of tin 6 ‘ . 142 Zirconia : 4 3 1°54 Protoxide of iron A . 14:48 Oxide of manganese . trace 10059 The name Tantalite was restricted by Nordenskiéld to the varieties containing only a small quantity of oxide of tin, from Tammela, Bjértboda and Kimito in Fin- - TARNOWITZITE. Yand. See also Ixtorarn, Kimiro-TANTA- “LITE, SkOGBOLITE, TAMMELA-TANTALITE, and CoLUMBITE. Brit. Mus. Case 38. TaRNow!tzitE. Si=protoxide of manganese 70:2, silica 29°3=100. Analysis, from Sparta, by Rammelsberg : Silica. . . 28°66 Protoxide of manganese . 68°88 Protoxide of iron 3) Sy a2 100-46. BB fuses readily to a black slag. Soluble in muriatic acid (without evolu- tion of chlorine), forming a jelly of silica. Localities. Stirling, Sparta, and New Jersey, with Franklinite and Red Zinc. Name. From ¢¢0s, asli-grey. Brit. Mus., Case 26. TERATOLITE, Glocker. Compact and earthy. Colour pale violet to bluish-grey ; often with reddish-white veins and spots. Opaque. Dull. Rough and meagre to the touch. Fracture uneven, earthy to flat- conchoidal. H. 2:5 to 3. §S.G. 2°5. Analysis, by Schiiler : : Silica . ; ‘ « 41°66 Alumina . ‘ . 22°85 Peroxide of iron a 28s Peroxide of manganese . 1°68 Lime . Lae ‘ 3°04 Magnesia . : : 2°56 Potash F ‘ P oo O85 Water ‘ “ soe ple 99°89 BB infusible. With borax gives an iron. reaction. Locality. Planitz, near Zwickau, in Saxony; in beds in the coal formation. Brit. Mus., Case 25. Teratolite is the Terra Miraculosa Saxonie of old authors; which was valued on ac- count of its supposed medicinal properties. TERENITE, Emmons, Dufrénoy. (From réen, tender.) An altered form of Scapolite. TERNARBLEIERZ. See LEADHILLITE. TERRA CimoLitA, See CIMOLITE, TERRA DI SIENNA. _ TERRA DiI Srenna, 7. H. Rowney. A kind of Ochre, of a brownish-yellow colour, which acquires a fine and rich chestnut colour by ignition, in which state it is used as a paint, under the name of burnt Sienna. Adheres to the tongue, and absorbs much water without appearing moist. Fracture earthy and conchoidal. Easily scratched with the nail. §.G. 3°46. Comp. 48 Si+ 6H. Analysis, by T. H. ae : Silica . P . 11:14 Alumina P : ~ 947 Peroxide of iron . - . 65°35 Lime 3 4 . OES Magnesia . ; - - 0°03 Water . F ° A . 13:00 99°52 BB with borax and microcosmic salt gives a transparent globule, with an iron reaction. Not in the least degree attacked by con- centrated muriatic acid. . Loecahty. The neighbourhood of Sienna, in Italy. Terra MrracutosaA Saxonrm. See TE- RATOLITE. Teere A Fouton. See FULLER’s EARTH. TERRE A PoRCELAINE, Brochant. See KAOLIN. TERRE DE Lemnos. See LEMNIAN EARTH. TERRE D’OMBRE, Haiiy. See UMBER. -TerRE SIGILLEE. See Lemnran Earru. TESSELITE, Brewster. A cube-like variety of Apophyllite which, when optically ex- amined, exhibits a peculiar tesselated or mosaic-like structure. Analysis, from Farée, by Berzelius : Silica . : : - 92°38 Lime . < - - . 24:98 Potash . 5°37 Hydrofluoric acid. 0°64 Water . . eg 2 Or20 99°57 Localities. Near Talisker, in Skye, in fine white and nearly opaque crystals, associ- ated with Scolezite. Naalsoe, in the Farée Islands, with Mesole and Chabasie. Brit. Mus., Case 27. TESSERALKIES, Bretthaupt. TERUDITE. TETARTIN, Breithaupt. (From téraegres, the fourth part, because a fourth part only of a certain group of faces occurs in the crystals. ) See ALBITE. See Sxut- TETRAHEDRAL BORACITE. 375 TETARTO - PRISMATIC FrusparR, Mohs. See ALBITE. TETARTO - PRISMATIC VITRIOU SALT. Mohs. Sulphate of Copper. See CYANOSITE. TETRADYMITE, Brooke & Miller, Hai- dinger, Hausmann. Rhombohedral:_pri- mary form an acute rhombohedron. Gene- rally occurs massive, with a foliated structure; sometimes in tabular crystals, with a very perfect basal cleavage. Colour pale lead-grey, inclining to tin-white; in- ternally splendent and shining. Lustre me- tallic. In thin lamine, flexible and slightly elastic. Soils paper. Sectile. H. 1°5 to 2. 8.G. 7-2 to 8°44. Comp. Sulphotelluride of bismuth, or 2Bi Te5+ Bi S5=bismuth 59°66, tellurium 35°86, sulphur 4-48=100. Analyses, (a) from Schubkau, by Wehrle ; (6) from Cumberland, "he Rammelsberg : GPL) Bismuth . 60:0 84:33 Tellurium . P 5 BYRD. (Gee Sulphur e - 48 6:43 Selenium . trace — 99-4 97°49 Analysis (6) gives the formula Bit+Te S4 +54, Heated in a glass tube, yields metallic’ tellurium, which sublimes in drops. BB fuses readily, exhaling odours of sul- phur and selenium; burns with a bluish flame, forms a yellow film, with a white border on the charcoal, and leaves a shining metallic globule, which, on cooling, becomes covered with a reddish film. The reduced metal is brittle, and has a granular fracture. Dissolves readily in nitric acid, deposit= ing flakes of sulphur. Locaiities. —English. Brandy Gill, Car- rock Fells, Cumberland, in foliated masses in quartz rock.— Foreign. Hungary, at Schubkau, near Shemnitz, in trachytic con- glomerate, and Deutsch-Pilsen (Molybdan silver). Tellemark, in Norway. Bastnaes, in Sweden. San José, in Brazil (Bornite). Tellurium Mine, Fluvanna co., Virginia, in mica-slate; near Pioneer Mills, Cabarras co., North Carolina, &c. U. S. Name. From zerezdvuos, fourfold, because of the occurrence of quadruple crystals, Brit. Mus., Case 3. M. P. G. Principal Floor, Wall-case 13. (British). TETRAEDRIT, Haidinger, v. Kobell.@Grey Copper. See TETRAHEDRITE. TETRAHEDRAL BoRACcITE, Mohs. BorAcItE, See BB4 376 TETRAHEDRAL COPPER. TETRAHEDRAL CoprpER GLANCE, Mohs. See TETRAHEDRITE. TETRAHEDRAL GARNET. See HELVINE. TETRAHEDRITE, Dana, Greg & Lettsom. Grey Copper or Fahlerz. Cubical. Occurs crystallized in tetrahedrons; also massive and disseminated, Cleavage imperfect, oc- tahedral, Colour between steel-grey and Fig. 427. Fig. 428. Fig. 429. iron: black. Opaque ; in thin splinters cherry-red by transmitted light. Lustre metallic. Streak like the colour, or inclin- ing to brown. Rather brittle. Fracture fine-grained, uneven, or imperfect-conchoi- dal. H.3to4. §.G. 4:5 to 5:2. Comp. (€u, Ag, Fe, Zn) $+ (Sb, As) 83. Analysis, from Andreasberg, by C. Kuhle- mann ; Sulphur “ - ° . 25°22 Copper. 5 : 5 . 37:18 Antimony . ° ~ 27°38 Zine 3 5°00 iron) . 3 3 94 Silver . 4 3 i Bes: Arsenic : 4 : 2 20:67 100°97 BB gives off arsenical and antimonial vapours; with borax affords the deep-green reaction of iron; with soda, after much roasting, yields a globule of metallic copper. When reduced to powder, it is decomposed by nitric acid, affording a green solution. Localities. — English. Various Cornish mines: Crinnis, Levant, Condurrow, Huel Prosper (figs. 427 and 429), Herodsfoot, &c. Combe Martin, Devonshire. — Scotch. Fass- ney Burn, E. Lothian. Airthrie, in the Ochil Hills. Mainland, Shetlands, at Sand- lodge Mine. — Jrish. Audley and Ardtulley, and several other mines in Cork and Water- ford. — Foreign. Andreasberg, in the Harz. Kremnitz, in Hungary. Freiberg, in Saxony. Kapnik, in Transylvania. Dillenburg, in Nassau, Name. The name Tetrahedrite alludes to the tetrahedral form of the crystals, in which it ordinarily occurs. Brit. Mus., Case 12. M*P. G. A 19, in Hall; mass of ore with Iron Pyrites and Quartz, from Toman- dashan copper mine, Loch Tay, Perthshire. Principal Floor, Case 7 (Tuscany); Case 15 THALITE. (Cornwall) ; Wall-cases 7 and 28 (British) ;_ 16 and 17 (Foreign); with antimony and silver, 16 (Spain). Some varieties of Tetrahedrite contain a large proportion of silver, amounting some- times to as much as 31 per cent. ( Weiss- giiltigerz) ; others, especially those of North Hungary and Schwatz, contain mercury, up to 15 per cent. (Schwarzerz.) A new variety of Tetrahedrite, from Ar- dillats (Dept. du Rhone), in France, has been described by Charles Mine, under the name of Fournelite. It occurs with Galena in a quartzose porphyry, and hasa 8.G. from 4°3059 to 4320. Its composition calculated from the mean of three analyses is, copper 32-00, lead 12°60, sulphur 23:00, iron 3-00, arsenic 8:00, antimony 22°00 =100. Tetrahedrite is distinguished from Mag- netic and Specular Oxides of Iron by its total want of action on the magnetic needle ; from Arsenical Iron by inferior hardness, usually by its darker colour, and by not yielding the odour of arsenic when struck. For varieties of Tetrahedrite, see APH- TONITE, FAHLERZ, POLYTELITE, SCHWARZ-~~ ERZ, SILBERSCHWARZERZ, SPANIOLITE. TETRAKLASIT, Hausmann. See ScAPo- LITE. TETRAPHYLINE. A variety of Triphyline, from Keiti, in Finland. Is is of a yellow colour when fresh broken, but becomes black on exposure; in other respects it resembles Triphyline in outward aspect. It likewise gives a stronger manganese reaction before the blowpipe. Comp. 3(Li, Me, Mn, Fe) P. Analysis, by Berzelius and Nordenskivld : Phosphoric acid . 42°6 Protoxide of iron . . 38°6 Protoxide of manganese Pie sa Lithia . =i alee ° ,, Oe Magnesia : - Pet 103:2 BB with carbonate of soda on platinum colours the flame red; with boracic acid and iron wire yields phosphide of iron. TEXASITE, Kenngott. A variety of Emerald Nickel found on Chrome-Iron, in Serpentine, at Texas, Lancaster co., Pennsylvania. THALITE, Owen. A kind of Saponite. Does not occur crystallized, but diffused in the amygdaloidal trap rocks of Lake Su- perior. Colour pale yellowish-green, of the consistence and hardness of wax. S8.G. 2°548. BB tinges the outer flame slightly green ; in thin splinters fuses at the edges. ‘ THALLITE. When first noticed, this mineral, which is’ identical with Saponite, was supposed to contain a new metal, to which the name Thalium was given. The earth of this base was called. Thalia, and the mineral from which-it was extracted Thalite. Locality.. Between Pigeon .Point and Fond-du Lac, on the north shore of Lake Superior. . THauuite, Karsten. (From Ado, to grow green.) Acicular crystals of Epidote, met with in the Department of Isere, m France; at Bourg d’Oisans, in Dauphiny ; the Alps, &c. Beaudant also applies the name to the Epidote from Logrosan, on the slope of the Sierra de Toledo, in Spain. . Brit. Mus., Case 35. THARANDITE, Kiihn. only Topaz which have been successfully | operated upon in this manner. It is, how- ever, rather a hazardous experiment to | perform, the Topaz being very apt to crack and flaw by the action of fire. The finest _ Brazilian yellow Topazes come from Villa Rica, where they are found in the form of | loose crystals or rounded pebbles, or in | veins or nests imbedded in Lithomarge. | The Saxon Topaz is generally of a pale yellow bordering on canary colour. It oc- curs in quadrangular prisms, terminated by a truncated pyramid with unequal faces, Sometimes (but rarely) it possesses bril- liancy, but, unless of extraordinary size and — beauty, this variety is of scarcely any value, | The colour of this variety disappears in proportion as it is heated, and returns as — gradually on cooling. Itis found in the rock of Schneckenstein, in the valley of Damberg, Mexican Topaz is nearly similar to the last in qualities and defects, only that it is — more variable in its different tints. That from Siberia is very limpid, of a | beautiful jonquil-yellow when fine, but it more frequently resembles Aquamarine than | Topaz, at least in colour. It is brought from the Uralian and Altai mountains; Miask, in © Siberia; and from Kamschatka, of green ang | blue colours, II. The Blue or Brazilian Sapphire, as Ieee a a a acre a oe! ee — ~ —ce cee e opre TOPAZ. ‘size from 1 to 2 carats to 3 ounces and more. The utmost skill on the part of the lapidary is required to display this stone to the greatest advantage. Its proportions must be very exact; the table should be somewhat small, the bizel deep, and the under parts, from the girdle to the collet, graduated into fine and delicate steps, with equidistant ribs. Cut in this manner, it reflects a full celestial blue colour through- out the stone, especially round the girdle. Sometimes it requires a foil. III. White or perfectly colourless varieties are much esteemed in the Brazils, where ‘they are called Minas Novas, after the locality from which they are brought. They are generally of small size, and are used for circular ear-rings, or for setting round the yellow Topaz. In lustre they far surpass Rock Crystal. The most advantageous way of cutting them is like a brilliant with a small table, in which case the setting should be open. The purest varieties, called Gouttes-d’eau (Pingos d’agoa, or water- drops), from their peculiar limpidity, when cut in facets, like the Diamond, bear a close resemblance to it both in lustre and bril- lianey. Coarse varieties of Topaz may be employed as a substitute for Emery. Localities.— English. The Topaz is found in Cornwall, at St. Michael’s Mount (fig. 437), at the granite quarries of Constantine and Mabe, at St. Austell Hill Mine, at Kea, and at Huel Kind and Huel Trevaunance, near St. Agnes.—Scotch. Fine specimens have been found in Scotland, in Aberdeenshire and Banffshire; near Cairngorm, they occur sometimes in transparent rolled crystals and masses, three or four inches in diameter. The colour of the Scotch Topaz is generally pale blue, with a tinge of reddish-brown along the acute edges of the prism. Good crystals also occur in the Hebrides, in the part of Lewis called Harris. — Lrish. In the Mourne Mountain district of Ireland, To- pazes are found on Slieve Carragh, gene- ‘rally in doubly terminated colourless crys- tals, or with faint tinges of blue, green, or pink. — Foreign. Brazil. Siberia. Ala- baschka, near Mursinsk, the [Imen moun- tains, Adon-Tschelon, and the mountains near Nertchinsk. A Topaz, weighing nearly 20 lbs., was lately found in the river of Uralga, in the province of Nevansk, in Russia, and was presented by the finder, a tradesman, to the Emperor Alexander. Kamschatka. Asia Minor. Pegu. Ceylon. New Holland. Victoria. Bohemia. Saxony. Peru. Trumbull and Middleton, Connecti- cut, U.S. Tasmania, of the finest water and TOPAZOLITE, 388 of brilliancy scarcely inferior to that of the Diamond. Name. Thename is derived from Térafos, an island in the Red Sea, whence the ancients procured their Topazes; but it is supposed that the stone called Topaz by them was that called Chrysolite now, and vice VETSA. ~ Even at the present day, in the East, the name Zabarjad is applied indiscriminately to varieties of the Topaz, Chrysolite and Beryl. This confusion may be accounted for by the ignorance of the lapidaries of eastern coun- tries, of chemistry, and of the mode of distinguishing between substances resem- bling one another in other respects, by determining their specific gravity. Beryl and Aquamarine pass from pale green into yellow, while the striated prisms of Topaz pass from a deep yellow to pale green; their hardness is nearly the same, and they occur in the same mines in Egypt and else- where; indeed, the term Beryl was applied to both by Werner. Aquamarine and Chrysolite are sometimes substituted for Topaz, but may easily be distinguished by difference of hardness, specific gravity, and especially by not be- coming electric by friction. Brit. Mus., Case 58. M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, Nos. 995 to 920, 996. TopazE BACCILLAIRE. See PYCNITE. Yellow Rock Crystal. See Crr- RINE and FALSE TOPAZ. smoky Quartz. See TOPAZE D’INDE,* TopPpAZzE DE BOHEME, | TOPAZE DE SAXE. I TopazE ENFUMEE. CAIRNGORM. TorpazE GRENUE, Beudant. Granular Topaz, forming veins in what is called the Topaz rock. ToPAZE OCCIDENTALE. Crystal. See Fausz Topaz. ToPAZINE QUARTZ. See Fase Topaz, also SMOKY QUARTZ. ToPAZOLitTE, Bonvoisin. A variety of Lime- Yellow Rock Fig. 438. Garnet, occurring in translucent and well- * This name is also applied by jewellers to the False Topaz brought from Brazil. a 384 TOPFSTEIN. ' TOURMALINE. defined dodecahedrons of.a honey-yellow, | . The Torbane-Hill Coal sometimes “passes (sometimes of an olive-green) colour, at | into Black-band Ironstone and into ordinary Mussa, in Piedmont. Cannel Coal. Analysis, by Bonvoisin : This- remarkable mineral is the most Silica : . 37 valuable Coal hitherto discovered for mak- Lime : . : : 329 ing gas and oil (paraffine). Dr. Andrew Tron 3 : . 25 Fyfe, from a ton of the Coal, obtained Glucina . 4 .| 760 Ibs. of coke, and 14,880 cubic feet of Alumina . . : : ye gas, the illuminating power of which was Manganese. : : =~ 2 equal to the light of 7-72 spermaceti can- -— dles. It also yields, on distillation, 125 gal- 99 lons of crude oil per ton. — (See Ure’s Dict. The name (from Topaz, and Aitos, stone) is in allusion to the resemblance of its colour to that of yellow Topaz. TopFSTEIN, Werner. See PoTSTONE. TORBANE-HILL CoAL; TORBANE MINE- RAL, or TORBANITE, Greg & Letisom. A kind of Brown Cannel Coal. Amorphous. Compact. Colour clove-brown, without lus- tre, becoming darker (deep brown or brown- ish-black) on exposure to airand moisture. Streak light brown or yellow. Brittle but very tough. Fracture subconchoidal. Comes out of the mine in cubical masses like ordi- nary coal. ‘Takes fire easily, splits, and burns with an empyreumatic odour, giving out much smoke, and leaving a considerable quantity (about 20 per cent.) of white ash. 25. S.Ge 152)" Analysis, by O. Mather : Carbon. fk pad . - 60°81 Hydrogen . : - 918 Nitrogen. . : Sites Oxygen : - 5 . 4:39 Silica . : - : laa Alumina. : 5 . 9°90 of Arts, &c.) M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, No. 78. ToRBERITE, Brooke & Miller. Copper- Uranite. See CHALCOLITE. ToORRELITE, Thomson. See COLUMBITE. Named after Dr. John Torrey. ToucusTongeE. See Lyp1an STONE. TOURMALINE, Werner. Hexagonal. Oc- curs in crystals, which are usually termi- nated differently at the opposite extremities, and the prisms often assume triangular forms, owing to the absence of alternate faces. Sometimes occurs massive, compact ; also columnar, coarse or fine, parallel or divergent; also in detached crystals. Co- rarely white or colourless. Exhibits di- chroism. Some specimens are red inter- nally and green externally; others are red at one end, and green, blue, or black at the other. Of every variety of transparency, from perfect clearness to opacity. Differs in transparency across the prism, and in the line of its axis. Streak uncoloured. Brittle. Fracture subconchoidal, uneven. H. rather greater than Quartz, 7 to 75. S.G. 2°94 Peroxide of iron + 4. 7s 1:22 to 3°3. - Water . ce oye) Semueee Pyroelectric. SBNET ew a ee O82 , hepa , AEG Ls . 0:27 BB swells up and fuses to a slag. 100-05 Localities. 'Torbane, Inchcross, Boghead, Capper’s and Bathvale, near Bathgate, in Linlithgowshire; in the upper Coal Mea- sures of Scotland, immediately above the - Millstone Grit. The Torbanite occurs in a bed varying in thickness from 16 inches to 2 feet, in contact with shales and Clay Iron- stone, and resting on a bed of underclay, after the manner of ordinary Coal. It occa- sionally contains casts and impressions of the stems of large sigillaria and other fossil plants, which are also found in the accompanying shales. The mass is also traversed by the roots of Sigillaria (Stig- maria), which penetrate the bed of “ under- clay ” on which the coal is based. ‘Fig. 439. Fig. 440. Fig. 441. ese ere ose Rammelsberg has divided Tourmaline in- to five sub-groups, viz. I. Magnesia Tour- maline. 11. Lron-magnesia Tourmaline. III. Iron Tourmaline, black. IY. Jron-man- ganese-lithia Tourmaline. V. Lithia Tour- maline. lour black, brown, blue, green, red, and’ | TOURMALINE, TOURMALINE. R85. T. Magnesia Tourmaline. Comp. B35 Si|Gilica . 2. Ae ae Gap « ‘ 55 ip a: 2 Alumina : : Bs ii by 39:16 Lee Bee ak Ge Ck) S Coe a2 t Baraciciacide sey rh) 632 7:10 | 3 Peroxide ofiron . . 6°35 3°14 Analyses, by Rammelsberg. (a) Brown, | Protoxide of iron . . 3°84. 474. j from W. Kappel, Carinthia. S.C. 3°049. Protoxide of manganese OV rall ae (6) Black, from Zillerthal. 8.G. 3-054. Magnesia. : . 0°53 1-00 (a) (0) Lime . Z ‘ SeOs27, 0°84. Loss by ignition . 3:19 3°54 en Pas ah einai: rat 20 EaremImnr Se nore | ee a Roe) Eiht 0-34 icniitia |. ; "31-39 33-64 osphoric acid . - 0°06 Lithia, 0-74 Boracicacid . . 825 858 Mo: acre Peroxide ofiron . 127 2-79 2 165 Protoxide ofiron . — 0-37 V. Lithia Tourmaline. S.G. 3 to 3-1. Magnesia if . 1489 10°46 Red, from Schaitansk, in the Ural. S.G. Lime ‘ : Font 60 +7 0°98 3°082. Soda 3 3 Peete 2a" Oo Des Silica . : é : . 38°38 Potash . ‘ 22 026 7 0:37 Alumina. - x - 43:97 _ Phosphoric acid — 0-24 Boracic acid. : A oll Fluorine . p A DEG wee DB Or. Protoxide of manganese . 2°60 Magnesia . : - =i GOO 103:19 103°54 Lime . z S a 0°62 | Soda . : 3 ‘ AAS OG - - TL. Lron-magnesia Tourmaline. §.G. 3°05 POtas ye ep at a Oe to 3°2; mean 3:11. Black, from Greenland. Lithia . B 4 d - 0:48 8.G. 3:072. Phosphoric acid . 0:27 Silica . ‘ : _ SSR Re Alumina . - “ . 34:43 d Banaeiiacid. «gr .-) ,..4 4°36 Brit. Mus., Case 40. Peroxide of iron . i . 4:63 M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, Nos. 866 Protoxide of iron. 0:25 to 881. Magnesia 9-51 The colours of the Tourmaline are gene- Lime . 1°25 rally dull, and so dark as to appear nearly Soda . x 2-00 black. It varies, too, very much in trans- Potash . ¥ f £ _ 0°43 parency, and consequently the stones which Phosphoric acid . - 2 Ose possess that quality in the highest degree are the best adapted for the use of the jeweller. On account of its deficiency of lustre, and its smoky or muddy tint, it is | Je) a1 > XN Ill. Jron Tourmaline. S.G. 2°94 to 3°11. | not held in any great estimation as a gem; Black, from Bovey Tracey. 8.G. 3:205. nevertheless, when well selected, cut ae ili g : . 37-0 and set with a proper foil, it possesses con- Be ian ; : : Fees siderable beauty. Though classed amongst Boracic acid 7-66 the least valuable of the precious’ stones in Peroxide of iron . 9-33 Europe, it is highly prized in Brazil, where Protoxide of iron 6-19 it is worn in rings, chiefly by dignitaries of Magnesia. Z 2-58 the church. Temie 0:50 The Red Tourmaline, or Rubellite, also Soda . 1°39 constitutes a fine stone when it is free from Potash . ; A 0°65 flaws. eet known Seti of this icacid . 0: gem is in the collection of minerals in th econo ae fai eA cervitcntMinscuth, Room lL Case 40 aes 98°51 of uncommon form and dimensions, and was ; presented to Colonel Symes by the king of IV. Iron - manganese - lithia Tourmaline. | Ava, when on an embassy to that country. S.G. 2:94 to 3:11. (a) Bluish-black, from | It has been valued at £1000 sterling. } Sarapulsk, in the Ural. S.G. 3:164. (6) This variety comes from Siberia, Ava, Green, from Elba. 8.G. 3°112. and Ceylon. The yellowish-grey and hya- cc 386 TOURMALINE. cinth-brown varieties are chiefly brought from Ceylon, and the smoky green and blue from Brazil, on which account they are often ealled Brazilian Emeralds and Sapphires. Though the Tourmaline is occasionally used as a gem, it is chiefly interesting on account of its mineralogical characters, and certain curious physical properties which it possesses. The crystals are generally dif- ferently terminated, which is an exception to the law of crystallography, that all facets of the same kind should be similarly repro- duced on all identically similar elements of a crystal. The electric properties of Tour- maline have relation to this crystallogra- phical anomaly; and a prism heated in a particular way speedily manifests two kinds of electricity, becoming positively electrical at one end and negatively at the other. It becomes positively electrical when rubbed, and on being heated it becomes electrical while cooling, being positively electrical at the end of the crystal which has the greatest number of facets, and negatively at the opposite end. This state of polarity may be reversed by intense cold; and if a prism be broken while in an electric state by heat, the fragments present opposite poles, like artificial magnets. The crystals are also frequently particoloured, being of one colour at one end, and of another colour at the end opposite. Cut in thin slices, and mounted in an in- strument called a polariscope, the Tourma- line is used to analyse the optical properties of other minerals. It is usually found in granite, gneiss, or mica-slate, also in Dolomite or granular limestone, and in sandstone near dykes of igneous rocks. Black Tourmaline, or Schorl, is very abun- dant in almost all stanniferous granites, especially in Cornwall, in the neighbour- hood of St. Austell; and in Devonshire, in the granite of Dartmoor, particularly near Bovey-Tracey. It also occurs in mica-schist at Karosulik, in Greenland; at Horlberg, near Bodenmais, in Bavaria; at Kiring- bricka, in Sweden; with Emery, at Naxos; and in the U.S., at Haddam, Connecticut ; Tasmania, imbedded in gravel, overlying granite, on Flinder’s Island, in Bass Strait. The rare white variety is found on St. Gott- hard, Siberia, and in Elba, in grey granite; the green variety (coloured by iron) near Katherinburg, in Siberia; Campo-longo, St. Gotthard, Canton of Tessin, and at Airolo, in Switzerland. Pale brownish crystals at Windisch Kappell, in Carinthia; also in Brazil, and elsewhere. TREMOLITE. TowAnirE. The name given by Brooke & Miller to Chalcopyrite, after the Cornish locality (Huel Towan), where fine crystals have been found. TRAPEZOIDAL KouUPHONE Spar, Mohs. See LEUCITE. TRAPPISCHES-EISENERZ, Breithaupt. See TITANIFEROUS [RON-SAND. TRAUBENBLEIL, Hausmann. See Pyro- MORPHITE. TRAVERTINE. The name given to the harder and more compact kinds of Cal- careous Tufa, formed by the evaporation of water holding lime in solution on the sides of rivers, waterfalls, &c. Large deposits of this nature are formed by some of the rivers and springs in Italy. “The calcareous waters of the Anio incrust the reeds which grow on its banks, and the foam of the cataract of Tivoli forms beautiful pendant stalactites. On the sides of the deep chasm into which the cascade throws itself, there is seen an extraordinary accumulation of horizontal beds of Tufa and Travertine, from four to five hundred feet in thickness.”— Lyell’s Principles of Geology, p. 241. The name Travertine is derived from that of the River Tiber, and means Tiber-stone. Brit. Mus., Case 46. M. P.G. Table-case B, in Recess 6, Nos. 206 to 210, and 219 to 223. TREMENHEERITE, Piddington. An impure Indian variety of Graphite. Analysis, from New Jersey: Carbon . : 4 ESOT Peroxide of iron . 3 =nickel 26°9, sul- phur 14:5, antimony (often partly replaced by arsenic) 58°6=100. Analysis, from Siegen, by Ullmann : Antimony . - 47°56 Nickel . ‘ . 26°10 Arsenic . : 2 wy sere Sulphur. A ‘ . 16°40 100:00— BB on charcoal partly volatilizes, with fumes of sulphurous acid and antimony, and ultimately fuses to a metallic globule, which often gives a blue colour with borax. Soluble in concentrated nitric acid, with a residue of sulphur, oxide of antimony, and arsenious acid. Localities. The copper mines of Frens- berg, Eisern, &c., in the Duchy of Nassau. Landskrone, in Siegen, Prussia. Harzgerode and Lobenstein, in Central Germany. Name. After Ullmann, the Hessian che- mist and mineralogist. M. P. G. Principal Floor, Wall-case 20. ULTRAMARINE. The name given to the co- | lour prepared from pulverised Lapis Lazuli. UmBER, Jameson, Werner. An earthy variety of Limonite, used as a brown pig- ment. It is found massive, in beds, in the island of Cyprus. Its colour is between liver-brown and dark yellowish-brown. It is very soft, feels meagre, adheres slightly to the tongue, and breaks with a large con- choidal fracture. Analysis, by Klaproth : Peroxide of iron : . Peroxide of manganese . . 48 ~ 2a UNCLEAVABLE ‘SPAR. Silica “1S Alumina 3 E 5 Bua) Water K : { . 14 100 The principal British localities are near Castletown, in the Isle of Man. Fine pig- ments of various shades of brown and purple are also obtained from Umber found at the iron mines in the Forest of Dean. Brit. Mus., Case 16. UNCLEAVABLE ADIAPHANE SPAR, Mohs. See NEPHRITE. UNCLEAVABLE AZURE SPAR, Mohs, See TURQUOISE. _ UNCLEAVABLE IRON OnE, Shepard. See MousIre. UNcCLEAVABLE MANGANESE Org, Mohs. See PsILOMELANE. UNCLEAVABLE NEPHRITE SPAR, Hai- dinger. See NEPHRITE. UNCLEAVABLE QUARTZ, See OPAL. Mohs. UNCLEAVABLE RETIN- ALLOPHANE, Mois. | See Prrricirs. UNCLEAVABLE STAPHYLINE MALACHITE, Mohs. See CHRYSOCOLLA. UNCLEAVABLE URANIUM ORE, Mohs. See PrrcHBLENDE. Unewarite, Glocker. A name given to Chloropal, after the locality, Unghwar, in Hungary. UntAxtAu Mica. See BIoTITE. Unionite, Sillimann, Jr. A mineral re- sembling Soda-Spodumene in general ap- pearance, and proved by the analyses of Smith & Brush to be a white Lime-Epidote. Colour white. Lustre vitreous. H.6. 8.G. 3-299, Very distinct cleavage in one cr rection. Comp. BR Sit+Al Si2. Analysis, by Smith 5 Brush: Silica . . 40°61 Alumina een Peroxide of iron . i - 0:49 Lime . 5 é 5 Mabie? Magnesia : : . trace Loss by ignition. . 2°22 100-89 Named after the locality, Unionville, in Pennsylvania, where it occurs with Kuphyl- lite, at the Corundum locality. UrAcontse, Beudant. See ZIPPEITE. Uratits, G. Rose. A pseudomorphous mineral of a dark green or greenish-black colour, with the cleavage and composition of Hornblende, and the external form of Augite. ~ URANGREEN. 398 Analysis, from the shores of the Baltic Sea, by Kudernatsch : Silica é . 53°05 Protoxide of iron. . 16°37 Magnesia 1 L290 _Lime . : 5 5 ~ 12°47 Alumina. . : - 4°56 99°35 Localities. The Ural (where it was first observed), in augite-porphyry. In the augitic rocks of the Veltlin, of the East and West Indies, of America, and at Arendal. Uralite is considered by Gustave Rose to be a pseudomorph of Hornblende, after Augite; by others it is regarded rather as an intimate admixture of those minerals in indefinite proportions. URALORTHITE, Hermann. A variety of Orthite, found associated with smali crys- tals of Zircon, in the flesh-coloured F elspar of Miask, in the Ural. 8.G. 3°41 to 3°6. Comp. R2 Si+# Si+H. Analysis, from the Ilmen Mountains, by Hermann: Silica . ‘ ‘ 3 . 2049 Alumina , a Tes) IL Protoxide of iron . 2 - 13:08 Protoxide of cerium . - 10°85 Lime . 6 5 9:25 Magnesia . 2°06 Peroxide of manganese 2°37 Protoxide of lanthanium 6°54 Water . é A 2:00 99:80 BB intumesces and fuses at the edges to a black blebby glass. Dissolves in acids — somewhat gelatinis- ing. Brit. Mus., Case 38. URANATE DE CHAuxX. See URANITE. UrANBLOOM; URANBLUTHE, Zippe. See ZIPPEITE. Uraneuarzir. See URANGREEN. UrAnE Micack, Brochant, See Urane Oxipk, Haiiy. URANITE. Urane Oxipé Terrevux, Haiiy. Uran Ochre. See ZiIpPEITE. URANE OxypuLt, Haiiy. BLENDE. URrANE PHOSPHATE. URANE SULFATE, Necker. ITE. URANERZ, Karsten. URANGLIMMER, Werner. and CHALCOLITE. URANGREEN, URANGRUN, Hartmann, A basal sulphate of the oxides of copper and See Pircu- See URANITR. See JOHANN= See JOHANNITE. See URANITE B94 URANINE. uranium, from Joachimsthal, in Bohemia. It occurs in acicular crystals, forming small nodular crusts and velvety druses. grass-green to apple-green. Comp. UG +CuS+2CaS + 18H. Analysis (mean of two), by Lindaker : Sulphuric acid . 20:03 Proto-peroxide of uranium . 36°14 Oxide of copper . ; AP 595) Lime . ‘ % - 19°10 Protoxide of iron. 0-14 Water. , e 2016 100°12 URANINE, Huidinger. See PITCHBLENDE. URANITE, Dana, Nicol, Phillips (in part). Pyramidal; basal cleavage very . perfect. Occurs almost always in tabular crystals, attached singly or united in small druses. Co- lour siskin-green to sulphur-yellow. Trans- lucent. Lustre sub-adamantine; pearly on cleavage-plane. Sectile. Streak yellow. Lamine brittle and not flexible. not observable. H.2 to 2°5. 8.G.3 to 3-2. Comp. Phosphate of uranium and lime, or (CaG2)P + 8H = peroxide of uranium 62°69, lime 6°10, phosphoric acid 15:54, water 10°67=100. Fig. 446. Analysis, by Peligot : Peroxide of uranium , - 63°91 Lime . Z : » 6:20 Phosphoric acid . « 15:20 Water . : A é = 15:30 100°6 Becomes straw-coloured and opaque when heated. BB on charcoal, increases slightly in bulk, and fuses to a blac ‘-k mass with a semi-crys- talline surface. With carbonate of soda, forms a yellow infusible slag. Soluble in nitric acid. Localities.— English. Cornwall: Fracture- South | URANONIOBITE. Huel Basset; Tolcarne Mine and »Huel Edwards (Autunite); also at Gunnis Lake, Colour | near Callington; Stenna Gwynn, &c. Foreign. France: at St. Yrieix near Limoges; and in granite at St Symphorien, near Autun. Johanngeorgenstadt and Kiben- stock, in Saxony. Wolf Island, Lake Onega, in Russia. Middletown and Chesterfield ; Massachusetts, U.S. Uranite differs from Mica in being neither flexible nor elastic. Name. After Uranium (from sveave, Ura- nus), the name given to the planet Herschel by German astronomers. Brit. Mus., Case 57. Mé. P.G. Wall-case 13, Principal Floor (British). URANIUM OcHRE, Nicol. See ZIPPEITE. Uranium Ors, Allan. See PITCHBLENDE. Uranium VirTrion. See JOHANNITE. URANKALK-CARBONAT, Vogl. An ore of Uranium, nearly allied to Liebigite, oc- curring in scaly aggregations on Pitchblende, at Elias Mine, near Joachimsthal, in Bohemia. Colour siskin-green. Subtransparent to translucent. Lustre pearly on cleavage-face. Ey Zrontone: Comp. U-G+CuS+2Cas + 18H. Analysis (mean of two), by Lindaker : Sulphuric acid . 20:03 Protoperoxide of uranium . 36:14 Oxide of copper . - 6°55 Lime . : 2 - 10°10 Protoxide of iron 0-14 Water . 3 “ . « at to 99-12 BB on charcoal, infusible: with borax and salt of phosphorus affords the reaction of uranium. Dissolves with effervescence in sulphuric acid, a white precipitate being thrown down. Uran-KALK-Kuprer- -CARBONAT, Vogl. See VOGLITE. Uranmica, Jameson. See URANITE. URANOCHALCITE. See URANGREEN. The name Uranochalcite has also been given by Hermann to a mineral from Joachimsthal, occurring in reniform amor- phous masses, with a metallic appearance. Colour between steel-grey and pinchbeck- | brown. Opaque. Lustre feeble-metallic. Streak black. Brittle. Fracture compact and slightly conchoidal. H.4. §.G. 5:04, Uranocuee, Phillips, Werner. See Zrip- PEITE. URANONIOBITE. The name given by Her- mann to the crystallized Pitchblende from Stromshein, in Norway. URANOTANTAL. URANOTANTAL, G. Rose. See SAMARS- KITE. URANOXYD, Hausmann. See URANITE. URANPECHERZ, Werner. See Pircu- BLENDE. URANPHYLLIT. See URANITE. URANVITRIOL, John. See JOHANNITE. Urao, Beudant. Native sesquicarbonate of soda, found at the bottom of a lake in Macaraibo, a day’s journey from Merida, in Columbia. Urpirse. See Monazirte. UwarowitE, Kenngott Garnet, of an emerald -green colour. vitreous. Translucent at the edges. greenish-white. H.7:5. 8.G. 3-4. eco eee eae Comp. CaSi+ (€ErA1)Si. Analysis, from Bissersk, by Komonen : A lime-chrome Lustre Streak Silica . B : wouail Oxide of chrome. s . 22°54 Alumina ‘5 A 5°88 Lime . - 30°34 Protoxide of aa 2:44 Magnesia. - : 1:10 Water . : j ; 101 100°42 BB alone infusible; with borax yields a clear chrome-green glass. Localities. Kyschtimsk, and the mine of Bissersk, in the Ural, in dodecahedral crys- tals, with Chromic Iron. Name. After Uwarow, President of the Imperial Academy of St. Petersburg. Brit. Mus., Case 36. M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, No. 900. NW. VALENOCIANITE, Breithaupt. A variety of _ Adularia, found at the Valenciana Mine, in Mexico. Analysis, by Plattner: Silica . , 5 - 66°82 Alumina 5 5 weds Peroxide of iron . . 0-09 Potash . i | : . 14°80 99-29 VALENTINITE, Dana, Haidinger, Nicol. Rbombic: cleavage perfect and easily ob- tained. Occurs in acicular rhombic prisms, and in rectangular plates with the lateral edges bevelled, either attached singly or arranged in fan-shaped, radiating or cellular aggregations; also massive with a lamellar, VANADIATE OF LEAD. 395 snow-white and ash- grey to brownish, rarely peach-blossom-red. ‘Translucent to sub- transparent. Lustre adamantine, often pearly. Streak white. Sectile. H. 2-5 to 3. 5.G. 5°56. Comp. Antimonic oxide, or Sb= antimony 84:31, oxygen 15:69=100. Analysis, from Wolfach, by Suckow: Oxide of antimony Pas}ilors Peroxide of iron Siena? Silica. 3 s i a 0:8 Antimony . . Gro 100-0 Turns yellow every time it is heated, and fuses in the flame of a candle, forming a yellowish or greyish liquid, which on cooling solidifies to a white asbestos-like mass, having a silky lustre. BB volatilizes, covering the charcoal with a white coating. f Localities. Przibram, in Bohemia, in tabular cxystals. Braunsdorf, in Saxony. Wolfsberg, in the Harz. MHorhausen, in Nassau. Malaczka, in Hungary. Baden. Nertchinsk, in Siberia. Allemont, in Dau- phiny. Name. In honour of Basilius Valentinus. Valentinite occurs in veins traversing primary rocks, with other ores of antimony (of the alteration of which it is a result), Galena and Blende. Brit. Mus., Case 38. VANADATE OF CopPpER (CuV). Of a citron-yellow colour, and with a foliated structure, is said to occur, either reniform or pulverulent, at Wosskressensk, in the Ural. VANADATE OF LEAD AND Copper. Is described by Domeyko as occurring in an earthy state, in cavities in an arseno-phos- phate of lead, at the Mina Grande silver mine, or the Mina de la Marqueza, in Chili. It is of a dark brown or brownish-black colour, and resembles a ferruginous clay or earth in appearance. Comp. (Pb&V +CuSV). A similar ore is reported to be met with at the Cliff Mine, in the copper region of Lake Superior, in North America. Brit. Mus., Case 38. VANADIATE OF LEAD, Phillips. DINBLEIERZ, Mohs. Nicol. Hexagonal. VANA- VANADINITE, Dana, Occurs in small] and columnar and granular structure. Polous| indistinct hexagonal prisms; generally in 396 VANADIATE OF LEAD. implanted globules or incrustations. Colour varying from straw - yellow to reddish- brown. Opaque. Dull. Lustre of fractured surface resinous. Streak white or yellowish. Brittle. Fracture uneven or flat-conchoidal. H. 2°75 to 3. §.G. 6°66 to 7:23. me Fig. 448. Comp. Vanadiate of lead, or 3Pb3 V+ Pb Cl=vanadiate of lead 89°72, chloride of lead 9°78=100. Analysis, from Wanlock Head, by &. D. Thomson : Fig. 449. Vanadic acid & 23°44. Oxide of lead i 3 . 66°33 Lead . 8 ‘ 5 . 7:06 Muriatic acid A : 5 BAS 99-28 BB decrepitates strongly, and on char- coal fuses to a globule which vields metallic lead, with emission of sparks and the for- mation of a yellow film on the charcoal. Dissolves easily in nitric acid, and nitrate of silver throws down a large quantity of chloride of silver from the solution. The ore from Wanlock Head fuses readily on charcoal, exhaling odours of arsenic, yields globules of lead, and after fusion for some time in the inner flame, likewise yields a steel-grey, very fusible slag, which ex- hibits the reaction of chromium. With muriatic or sulphuric acid forms a green solution, with separation of chloride or sul- phate of lead. Localities. —Scotch. Wanlock Head, Dum- friesshire, on common and cupreous Ca- lamine, at the Hegh-pirn of the Susan- nah Mine. — Foreign. Beresowsk, near Katherinenburg, in Siberia, associated with phosphate of lead. Zimapan, in Mexico. ‘The Zanchen, in 8.E. Carinthia. Name. The name Vanadinite is derived from Vanadis, a cognomen of the Scandi- navian goddess Freia. The following will be found a ready test for this mineral. If nitric acid be dropped on the crystals, they become first deep red, owing to the separation of the vanadic acid, and afterwards (upon its solution) of a brilliant yellow. (Heddle.) VARIOLITE.: M. P.G. Principal Floor, Wall-cases | 13 and 45 (British. ) VARIEGATED COPPER-ORE, Jameson. See | ERUBESCITE. | VARIEGATED VirrEous CoppEer, Phil- lips. A mixture of Vitreous Copper (Copper- Glance) and Copper Pyrites, found in most | of the Cornish mines in which the former | ore occurs. The colour is that of tempered steel, violet-blue, greenish and yellow. VaARIOLITE. A dark green variety of Felspar, containing disseminated spherules | or globular particles of a paler colour. Variolite is an orbicular rock, generally of a deep green colour, speckled with dif- ferent tints of grey. It takes a high polish (especially in those parts which are spotted) | the brilliancy of which equals that of the finest oriental stones. The most remarkable circumstance attending this stone (whence | probably it derives its name) is, that in weathered specimens the spots, which con- | sist of a black point surrounded by a brown | ring, stand out from the surface of the stone, showing that the influences which had pro- duced the erosion of the base of the rock, had not been able to produce an equal effect on the harder portions of it. Though most frequently of a dark green there are white, blue and red varieties, with others of intermediate tints. The spherules vary also in colour. In some the black points are surrounded with a white ring, while in others they have, in addition, a second whitish circle, which gives it exactly the appearance of a small Onyx. These singularities, coupled with the remarkable appearance of the stone, caused it to be believed by the vulgar, in times of greater ignorance than the present, to be an effec- tual remedy for small-pox,whence the name perhaps (from variola, small- pox, and Aitos, stone). Anciently this stone was brought from the Indies, but it has since been discovered in various countries of Europe, especially in France (in the river Drac), Piedmont, and Switzerland. It is also found at Durance, in Savoy, where the spherules, which are white or greenish-white, are often changed into Kaolin or China-clay; and Antrim co., in Ireland. Large masses are also procured from the High Alps. It is used to ornament cabinets, and for caskets, snuff-boxes, &c. Analysis, by Delesse, of the rock. (S.G. 2896 to 2934) : Silica . ; H ; Alumina . ‘ 3 Bays. 715) - 11:16 . VARISCITE.” Protoxide of iron plies Oy Lime 5:90 _ Magnesia 9-01 Soda 3°07 Potash . Q 3 1°16 Water and carbonic acid 4°38 98°54 Analysis, by Delesse, of the spherules | (S.G. 2°923): Silica 4 . owe Alumina |. E c . 1740 Peroxide ofiron . Wen Oxide of chrome . 0-51 Lime S74 Magnesia 3°41 Soda d é 3-72 Potash 3 é 4 0°24 Water . 1:93 99°85 | and approaching to. stalactitic. Variscirn, Breithaupt. An apple-green mineral with a weak resinous lustre, and a greasy feel, forming a reniform incrustation on flinty slate at Messbach, near Plauen, in the Voigtiand. It isconsidered by Plattner to consist of alumina and phosphoric acid, with ammonia, magnesia, protoxide of iron, oxide of chrome and water. The word Variscite is derived from Variscia, the Latin name of Voigtland. VARVACITE, Thomson. VARVICITE, ft. Phillips. Probably a mixture of Pyrolusite and Psilomelane, or Manganite; the former of which it resembles in hardness and the colour of its powder, and the latter in ap- pearance. It is found at Hartshill, in Warwickshire, in slightly radiating, fibro- lamellar masses, of a steel-grey colour. Lustre submetallic. H. 2°5 to 3. 8.G.4°3. Analysis, by R. Phillips : Manganese . 63°3 Oxygen. “ sree, NVA ims tine ti ee a OO 100°0 Name. The name Varvicite was devised by the late Richard Phillips, to facilitate the pronunciation by foreigners of the word Warwick (Varvic), the locality after which the mineral was called. VauquEuinite, Dana, Nicol, Phillips, Steffens. Oblique. Occurs in irregularly aggregated, minute and generally macled _erystals, or in mammillated masses forming thin crusts, which are sometimes hollow Colour black (occasionally with a tinge of green) yor brown. VENUS’ HAIR-STONE. 397: Faintly translucent or opaque. Lustre adamantine to resinous: faint in the brown varieties. Streak siskin-green or brownish. Rather brittle. Fracture uneven. H. 2:5 to 8. S.G. 5°5 to 5:8. Fig 450. Comp. Chromate of copper and lead, or Cu3 Cr? +2Pb3Cr2=oxide of copper 10°9, oxide of lead 61°2, chromic acid 27-°9=100. Analysis, from. Beresow, by Berzelius : Fig. 451. Oxide of lead - 60 87 Oxide of copper . - 10°80 Chromic acid a : . 28°33 100-00 BB on charcoal swells up slightly, and then fuses with strong intumescence to a dark grey globule, with a metallic lustre, and surrounded with small granules of metal. With borax and microcosmic salt in small quantity, dissolves with intumes- cence, and forms a green glass which, if sub- jected to the action of the inner flame, and then left to cool, becomes red, opaque-red, or black according to the quantity of the mineral: a large quantity of the mineral forms a black globule with borax imme- diately. With nitric acid forms a dark green solution, and leaves a yellow residue. Localities. Beresow in Siberia, on Quartz, accompanied by Crocoisite (chromate of lead). Pont Gibaud, in the Puy de Dome (Auvergne). Brazil, with Crocoisite, at Congonhas do Campo. The Sing-sing Lead mine in New York. Name. In compliment to the French chemist, Vauquelin. Brit. Mus., Case 39. VELVET BLUE CoPpPpER ORE, Jameson. See LeETrsoMiTE. VENETIAN TALC, Jameson, Kirwan. A kind of indurated common Tale or Stea- tite, used, when reduced to powder, for making the coloured crayons called pastels. The same mineral powdered and coloured with a little safflower, constitutes the cos- metic called Fard. Venus’ Hair-stonge. A name for pure Rock Crystal, containing included hair-like filaments, or long acicular crystals of Tita- nium; found in Madagascar and Brazil. This is the true Venus’ Hair-stone; but the 398 VENUS’ PENCILS. same name is applied to Rock Crystal in- closing silky tufts of Amianthus of great fineness, and displaying a pearly lustre. Both varieties are employed in jewelry. There is also another kind found at St. Gotthard, in which the red oxide of tita- nium occurs in needle-shaped crystals, crossing each other in all directions. In consequence of this reticulated appearance. this sub-variety has received the name of Cupid’s net, or Love’s meshes, and also of Fleéches d’ Amour. VENUS’ or Cupip’s Pencits. Violet Quartz, enveloping small separate fibres of capillary oxide of iron, of a golden-brown colour. They are found at Bristol; Troza- vodsk, in Russia; Oberstein, in Germany ; Framont, in the Vosges; in Hungary, Bo- hemia, &c. VERDE ANTIQUE. An aggregate of Ser- pentine and Limestone irregularly mingled, and constituting a very beautiful marble. VERDE DI CorsIcA DURO. A _ variety of Hornblende, admitting of a high polish. It is found in the island of Corsica. The name Verde di Corsica is restricted by Beudant to ‘he included Smaragdite. VERDEDIPRATO. A dark-green variety of Serpentine, with black or red and white veins. It is found at Prata, near Pistoja in Florence, and is much used for statuettes and sculptured ornaments. VERDE DI SusA. Green Serpentine, mar- ked with white veins. VERMEIL, or VERMEILLE. The name given by jewellers to crimson-red Garnet, inclining slightly to orange (see PyROoPE). It is cut like the Dutch rose, and is set side by side, either as a border for other stones, or in clustered masses. VERMICULITE, Webb. A variety of Py- rosclerite, resembling Tale in. appearance. It has a granular scaly structure and greasy feel. When heated to 500° or 600° F. the seales divide into worm-like threads made up of separated lamine of cleavage, swelling out to nearly a hundred times the original length, with such force as to burst the glass tube in which they are confined, and scatter the fragments to a distance. §.G. 2756. BB in the forceps, a scale fuses readily to a yellowish green glass: with soda to an opaque brown globule. Analysis, from Millbury, by Crossley: Silica . P ‘ . 85°74 Alumina ; 3 . 16°42 Magnesia . - 20°44 VILLARSITE. Protoxide of iron - 5 . 10:02 Water . : Z 5 . 10°30 99-92 Localities. Millbury, Massachusetts, and Vermont, United States. Name. From vermes, a worm, and Aibos, stone. VeRMONTITE. See MISPICKEL. VERONITE, Leymerie. See TERRE DE VERONE. Vert ANTIQUE. See VERDE ANTIQUE. VERT DE CuIvVRE, Brochant. See CHRY- SOCOLLA. VesuviAN. The name given by Werner to Idocrase, after the locality, Vesuvius, where it was originally observed in ejected calcareous blocks, in druses, associated with Glassv Felspar. Mica, Garnet, Hornblende, &c. The Vesuvian Idocrase is of a hair- brown or olive-green colour. Brit. Mus., Case 35. VESUVIAN GARNET, Kirwan. CITE. VESUVIAN SALT. See GLASERITE. ViERzONITE. Yellow Ochre from Vier- zon, Dept. du Cher, in France. See OCHRE. VieniTE, Dufrénoy. It is considered by Rammelsberg to be a simple mixture of Magnetic Iron, Carbonate and Phosphate of Tron. Analysis, by Kersten: Peroxide of iron F - 49:03 Protoxide of iron : s OomeD Carbonic acid . : 11-19 Phosphoric acid . - - £08 100°00 Locality. Vignes, in the Moselle, France. VILLARSITE, Dufrénoy, Nicol. A pseudo- morphic mineral after Chrysolite, resembling Serpentine in hardness and translucence, and in texture and colour very like certain kinds of phosphate of lime, from Arendal. It occurs in small crystalline veins and in Fig. 452. rhombic octahedrons, with truncated sum- mits and brilliant faces; also massive and granular. Colour yellowish-green or grey- ish yellow. Translucent. Easily frangible. Fracture uneven. Easily scratched. H. 3. S-G.29) £0 a: Comp. — Hydrated Olivine, or Mg3si + H. See Lzv- | f VIOLAN. Analysis by Dufrénoy: Silica. - - . 89°60 Magnesia. . : ~ 47°37 Protoxide of iron . on D9 Protoxide of manganese . 2-42 Lime Oe : 2 ss Potash . : - - 046 RWetenic ios ob... . - 5:80 99°77 BB infusible; with 8 or 10 parts of borax fuses to a green enamel. Soluble in strong acids. Locality. Traversella, in Piedmont, in veins of Magnetic Iron-ore, accompanied by lamelJar Dolomite, Mica, Quartz, and dode- cahedral crystals of Magnetic Iron-ore. Name. After Mons. Villars, author of a Natural History of Dauphiny. Brit. Mus., Case 25 VioLAN, Breithaupt. A mineral resem- bling Glaucophane. Occurs massive with the cleavage of a slightly oblique rhombic ‘prism. Colour dark violet-blue. Opaque. Lustre waxy. Streak bluish-white. H. 6. 8.G. 3°23. BB fuses to a clear glass; with borax in the outer fame yields a brownish-yellow glass, which is violet-red when cold; in the inner flame a yellow glass, colourless when cold. It is found with Manganese-Epidote, at St. Marcel, in Piedmont. Name. In allusion to its violet colour. Brit. Mus.; Case 35. Virreous Copper, Phillips. _ See VITREOUS COPPER-ORE, CoPpPER Karwan. GLANCE. VITREOUS SILVER, Phillips ; or VITREOUS SILVER-ORE. See SILVER GLANCE. Virriot. The name used for the sul- phates of the oxides of the metals. Hai- dinger uses the term alone for Copper Vi- triol, or Cyanosite (which see). It is derived from vitrum (glass), because of its glittering like that substance. VITRIOL BLEIERZ, Werner. Lead Vitriol. See ANGLESITE. VITRIOL BLEU, or Blue Vitriol. See CYANOSITE. VITRIOL OF CoPpPER, Kirwan. See Cya- NOSITE. VITRIOL GELB. Potash Copperas. See GELBEISENERZ. VITRIOL DE GosLtAR. See GALLIZINITE. VirrioL oF Iron, Kirwan. See Cop- PERAS. Virriot DE Proms Natir, Brochant. See ANGLESITE. VIVIANITE. Vitriot Ocure. See PITTICITE. ViITRIOL OF Zinc, Kirwan. See GOosLAR-’ ITE. VITRIOLITE, Phipson. s - = 6:0 Soda . ° : ; S85 Magnesia . ° “ - 30 99-1 BB forms a black globule: with borax fuses to a bottle-green glass. ; Not attacked by muriatic acid. Locality. Wichtis*, in Finland. Brit. Mus., Case 33. WIESENERZ, Werner. Boe IRon-orz. Witp Leap. A Cornish Miner’s name for Blende. WILHELMITE. WILLEMITE, Levy, Dana. WILLELMINE, Phillips, Beudant. WILLEMIT, v. Leonhard. Wi.t1tAMiTE, (Vicol. WIuL- LIAMSITE. ~ Hexagonal: primary form an obtuse rhombohedron. Occurs in regular six-sided prisms. Also in grains or massive. Colour white, yellow, red or reddish-brown. Transparent to opaque. Lustre vitreo- Meadow ore. See resinous. Streak white. Brittle. Fracture conchoidal. H.d°5. S.G. 3°89 to 4°18. Fig. 456. Fig. 457. Comp. Anhydrous silicate of zine, or Znd Si=silica 27:15, oxide of zine 72°85=100. | Analysis, from Stirling, by Vanuxem & | Keating : Oxide of zine . 68:06 * Whence the name Wichtisite. WILSONITE. Silica : » 25°44 Peroxides of iron and man- ganese .. : . - 650 101:00 BB decrepitates and becomes opaque, but fuses only at the edges to a white enamel. In a powdered state, easily forms a jeliy in concentrated muriatic acid. Localities. Vieille Montagne, near Aix- la-Chapelle. Moresnet, near Liege. Raibel. Stirling Hill, New Jersey. Name. After Wilhelm I. (Willem), King of the Netherlands. Brit. Mus., Case 26. Witip Leap. See WILD LEAD. WiLuiAMsiITB, Shepard. Glance. See Hausmann. BIsMUTHINE. Wismutu, German for Bismuth. Accord- ing to Matthesius, Wismuth is a name used by the old miners, because it flowers like a beautiful meadow (Wiese-wiesmatt, Wies- “matte), upon which flowers of various co- lours are growing; alluding thereby to the iridescence of the metal. Koch considers the name to be derived from the Arabic wiss majaht, or that which melts as easily as Storax. : WISMUTHBLEIERZ, Hausmann. See Bis- MUTH SILVER. WISMUTHOCHER, Werner. OCHRE. WIsMUTHOXYD KOHLENSAURES. BIsMUTITE. WISMUTHSILBERERZ, Selb. See BISMUTH SILVER. WIsMUTHSPATH. See BIsMUTITE. WitHAMITE, Phillips. A variety of Man- ganesian-Epidote, occurring in transparent and minute but brilliant crystals, radiating from a centre, which appear of a carmine- See BismuTH See Fig. 458. yed colour in one direction, and of a pale straw-yellow colour when viewed at right WITHERITE. 407 angles to the former direction and across the prism. Lustre vitreous. Streak white. H. 6 to 6:5. 8.G. 3:1 to 3°3. BB intumesces, and fuses with difficulty to a dark greenish-grey scoria. Not acted on by acids. Locality. — Scotch. Glencoe, in Argyle- shire, both crystallized and massive, lining small cavities in trap-rock ( fig. 458). Name. Named by Sir David Brewster after the discoverer, Henry Witham. Brit. Mus., Case 35. Wiruerit, Werner. WITHERITE, Dana, Rhombic: Phillips, Greg & Letisom, Nicol. primary form a right rhombic prism. Oc- curs in crystals, which are nearly, if not always, compound, and resembling the com- mon form of Quartz, viz. six-sided prisms, terminated by six-sided pyramids; also in globular, tuberose, botryoidal, stalactitic forms. Also amorphous. Colour generally white; sometimes greyish or greenish. Translucent, sometimes transparent. Lustre vitreous; of fracture resinous, Streak white. Brittle. Fracture uneven. Tasteless and poisonous. H. 3 to 3°5. 8.G. 4:29 to 4:35. Comp. Carbonate of baryta, or Ba C= baryta 77°7, carbonic acid 22°3=100. BB fuses readily, forming a clear bead, which becomes white and opaque on cool- ing; on charcoal boils violently, becomes caustic, and is absorbed. Soluble in 4304 parts of cold, and 2304 parts of boiling, water. Dissolves slowly and with slight effer- vescence in dilute muriatic or nitric acid. Localities. — English. Alston Moor, Cum- berland (fig. 461). Wolhope, Durham. Ar- kendale, Yorkshire (fig. 459). Anglezarke, Lancashire. Snailbeach lead mines, Shrop- shire. Fallowfield, near Hexham, North- umberland, in large and very perfect crystals (fig. 462). Dufton Fells, West- pp4 408) WITTICHITE. moreland (fig. 460). Foxdale lead mine, Isle of Man.— Welsh. Near St. Asaph, Flintshire. — Foreign. Tarnowitz, in Silesia. Szlana, in Hungary. Leogang, in Salzburg. Peggau, in Styria. The Altai Mountains, Siberia. Sicily. Near Coquimbo, Chili, &c. Name. After Dr. Withering, by whom it was first discovered at Anglezarke, near Chorley in Lancashire. Witherite is employed extensively in chemical works, and in the manufacture of plate-glass, porcelain, &c. It is also ex- ported to France, where it is used in the manufacture uf beet-root sugar. Brit. Mus., Case 41. M. P. G. Horse-shoe Case, Nos. 255 to 265. Wirticuitr, Dana, v. Kobel. Occurs massive and disseminated; also coarsely columnar, or in aggregations of imperfect prisms. Colour steel-grey to tin-white, with a pale lead-grey tarnish. Streak black. Heb; 2 8-G:0- Comp. Cupreous bismuth, or Gu § + Bi? 8. - Analysis, by Klaproth : Bismuth 4 . 47°24 Copper. : . . 34°66 Sulphur . 12°58 94:48 BB on charcoal, decrepitates, fuses, and yields a bismuth slag; and, after roasting with soda, a globule of copper. Locality. Cobalt mines, near Wittichen (whence the name Wittichite), in Baden. WirtinciTE. An altered form of Rho- donite (probably), and related to Stratopeite. 8.G. 2°71 to 2°76. Comp. 2(4#e Mn) Si+dH. Locality. Wittinge, in Finland. Wopankies. A variety of Gersdorffite, from Topschau, in Hungary, in which Lam- padius supposed he had discovered a new metal, which he named Wodan. WeerrHitse, Dufrénoy, or WOoRTHITE, Hess. See WortTHITE. A variety of Silli- manite, resembling Kvyanite. Colourless. Lustre vitreous or pearly. Translucent to opaque. H. 7-25. S8.G. 3. eee ose e Comp. 2AlSi+H. Analysis, by Hess: Silica . : : 3 . 40°58 Alumina é soa-00 Magnesia - 1-00 Water. ‘ - : 4°63 99°71 BB infusible. WOLCHONSKITE. Locality. |The neighbourhood of St. Petersburg, from loose blocks. WouaAn. According to Kirwan, the Chinese name for the loose or friable varieties of Calamine. , W6uLERITE, Scheerer. Rhombic. Occurs in indistinct tabular crystals, and in strongly striated six- or eight-sided prisms. Also massive, in angular grains. Colour various tints of vellew, inclining to red, brown, or grey. ‘Translucent., Lustre vitreous in- clining toresinous. Streak yellowish-white. Fracture conchoidal. Splintery. 4H. 5:5. S.G. 3°41. Comp. Er5Cb + 5(NaSi + Ca5Si)( Scherer). Analysis, by Scheerer : . Silica . z 3 30°62 Columbic acid 14-47 Zirconia 2 h5-L7 Peroxide of iron . Dee Protoxide of manganese 1°55 Lime . 5 : : - 26°19 Soda: = 4 Geass Water . 0-24 98°14 BB fuses to a yellowish glass. With fluxes affords reactions of iron, manganese, and silica, Dissolves readily in warm concentrated muriatic acid, with separation of the silica and columbic acid. ; Locality. Near Frederiksvirn and Brevig, . in Norway, in Zircon-syenite, with Eleolite. Name. In honour of the Hanoverian chemist, F. Wéhler, of Gottingen. Brit. Mus., Case 88. Wo.ucuite, Haidinger. Occurs in short rhombic prisms; also massive. Colour black- ish lead-grey. Brittle. Fracture imperfect- conchoidal. H.3. 8.G. 5:7 to 58. Analysis, by Schritter : Sulphur : ‘ s - 28°60 bead, ~~ : 5 - 29790 Copper . 173d Antimony . 16°65 Arsenic 6:04 Nron yay eal . 4 eae 99-94. BB on charcoal, fuses with effervescence, to a lead-grey metallic globule, which, with soda, yields metallic copper. Locality. Iron mines, at Wélch (whence the name Wolchite), or St. Gertraud, in the valley of Lavant, in Carinthia. Wo.cnonskiTE, Berthier. WoLcHons- KOITE, Kenngott. Massive. Colour bluish- or blackish-green, passing into grass-green.’ WOLFRAM. “Dull—shining. Streak bluish-green and shining. Adheres slightly to the tongue. Very fragile. Fracture sub-conchoidal. H. 2 to 25. S.G. 2-213 to 2:303. Comp. Impure hydrated silicate of chrome, containing from 18 to 34 per cent. of chrome oxide. ge by Lvanow :. Silica . j 5 : . 36°84 Oxide of chrome . i Pachter) Peroxide ofiron . ‘ . 17-85 Alumina 6 BO Peroxide of manganese . trace Lime . ; S § ~ US Water . i if ‘ . 22-46 100°89 - Gelatinises in hot concentrated muriatic acid. Locality. Okhansk, in Siberia. Name. - In honour of the Russian Prince Wolchonsky. Brit. Mus., Case 39. , Wo.Fram, Werner, Allan, Dana, Nicol, Hausmann, Haidinger, v. Kobell, Naumann. Rhombic: primary form a right rhombic prism. Occurs massive and crystallized. Colour dark greyish- or brownish-black. Opaque. Lustre “brilliant ; often metallic. Streak dark reddish-brown. Sometimes feeoly magnetic. Brittle. Structure la- mellar. Fracture uneven. HH. 5 to 5°. 8.G. 7-1 to, 76. J U Fig. 463. Fig. 464. Fig. 465. Comp. ‘Tungstate of iron-protoxide, or We, with a greater or less proportion re- placed by tungstate of manganese-protoxide. Analysis, from Godolphin’s Ball, by Kerndt : Tungstic acid =. - - 15°92 Protoxide of iron : - 19°35 Protoxide of manganese . 4°73 100-00 BB on charcoal fuses to an iron-black magnetic globule, exhibiting externally an aggregation of laminar crystals. With car- bonate of soda, is reduced to tungstide of iron, easily separated by levigation. With borax, dissolves with tolerable. ninety and gives the reaction of iron, WOLFRAM. 409 Is decomposed by strong aqua-regia more quickly than by muriatic acid; the small quantity of tungstic acid dissolved in the liquid is precipitated together with iron, on the addition of water. Localities. — English. Cornwall: Huel Fanny, (figs. 464, 465), Poldice, Stenna Gwynn near St. Austell, Godolphin’s Ball, Drake Walls Mine, Kit Hill, Huel Maudlin in pseudomorphs after Scheelite. Cumber- land; Brandygill, Carrock Fells, Lockfells. — Scotch. Island of Rona, in granite. — Foreign. Altenberg, Geyer, and Khrenfrie- dersdorf, in Saxony, with tin-ore; also at Schlackenwald and Zinnwald, in Bohemia, and in France. The Harz. Lane’s Mine, Connecticut, U. §., in Quartz. Nertchinsk, — in the Ural. Ceylon. A variety of Wolfram with a composition represented by the formula Fe W+4Min W is said to occur about a mile and a half from St. Francis River, St. Francis co., Missouri,” associated with Quartz and Mica. 8.G. 6°67. Name. From wolfrig (eating), because the presence of the mineral diminishes the per- centage of tin in smelting. Brit. Mus., Case 38. M. P. G. Principal Floor, Wall-cases 9 (British) ; 20 (Foreign). Crystals of Wolfram are extremely rare in England, but are common in Bohemia and Saxony. Wolfram is distinguished by its reddish- brown streak from Tinstone, which gives a grey streak. It is confined to primitive rocks, and is frequently associated with the tin-ores of Cornwall, Saxony, and other countries ; sometimes it occurs in such abun- dance as to render the dressing of the tin- ore difficult, in consequence of the little difference in the specific gravity of the two ores. The separation of the Wolfram is, however, now easily effected by the process discovered by Mr. Oxland, which is as fol- lows: “After crushing or otherwise pound- ing the mixed substances, they are roasted, and, the Wolfram still remaining unaffected, after again washing, they are roasted with carbonate of soda, thus decomposing the Wolf ram, and tungstate of soda being formed, the tin-ore is then fitted for further treat- ment in the smelting-house. EE CSunceades De la Beche.) The tungstate of soda formed in this pro- cess is used for giving hardness to Plaster of * In the modification of the above process, which is now generally adopted, sulphate of soda and carbon are substituted for the carbonate of soda. i 410 WOLFRAM BLANC. Paris, as a mordant in dyeing, and is the best known substance for rendering ladies’ dresses incombustible. At Kaptenberg, in Styria, Tungsten is used for hardening steel. Knife-blades made with an alloy composed of from 2 to 5 per cent. of Tungsten added to the steel, are said to retain their edge four times longer than those made with common iron. An alloy formed of 80 per cent. of steel and 20 per cent. of tungsten possesses a degree of hardness which has never yet been obtained in the manufacture of steel. See also AIKE- NITE. WoLFRAM Banc. See SCHEELITE. WoOLFRAMBLEIERZ. See SCHEELETINE, WoLFRAMINE, Greg & Lettsom, Dana. Cubical. Occurs in cubes; also pulverulent and earthy. Colour yellow or yellowish- green. Opaque. Dull. _ Comp. Pure tungstic acid, or W =tung- sten 79°3, oxygen 20°7=100. BB on charcoal, infusible; but becomes blackish-blue and then black in the inner flame. Localities. — English. Cornwall; Drake- walls tin-mine, Huels Friendship and Pol- dice, investing Wolfram. Brandygill, Cum- berland, with Wolfram and Scheelite. — Foreign. St. Leonard, near Limoges, in France. U. S.: Cabarras co., N. Carolina; Huntington, in a quartz vein with Wol- fram. WoLFRAMOCHER, Hausmann. See WoL- FRAMINE. WoLFSBERGITE, Wicol. Rhombic. Occurs in small aggregated tabular prisms, usually broken at the ends; also massive, and dis- seminated, and fine-granular. Colour lead- grey to iron-black, sometimes with an irides- cent tarnish. Opaque. Lustre metallic. Streak black. Fracture conchoidal to uneven. H. 3:5. 8.G. 4°748. Comp. Gu S+Sb? $3=copper 24:9, sul- phur 24°9, antimony 50°2=100. Analysis, by H. Rose: Sulphur 4 4 - 26°34 Copper. ; - Bra, oc Antimony . . . . 46°81 Iron, , 5 ° = Ly Lead . - ‘ 5 0°56 99°56 BB decrepitates and fuses readily; on charcoal gives off fumes of antimony, and with soda, after long fusion, yields a globule of copper. WOLNYNE. Locality. Wolfsberg*, in the Harz, im- bedded in Quartz, and generally covered with a coating of Pyrites. WoLLASTONITE, Dana, Nicol, Haiiy, Hausmann, Haidinger. Chemically, Wol- lastonite is a Pyroxene with a lime base, but differing altogether from it in form, and optical properties. Oblique: primary form a rhombic prism. Occurs rarely in distinct tabular prisms; mostly in broad prismatic or laminar masses. Colour white, inclining to yellow, green, red, or brown. Translucent. Lustre vitre- ous, inclining to pearly on cleavage-faces. Streak white. Rather brittle. Sometimes very tough. Fracture uneven. Becomes phosphorescent by heat or when scratched with a knife. H, 4:5 to 5. 8.G. 2°78 to 2°9. Fig. 466. Comp. Silicate of lime, or Ca? Si?=silica 52, lime 48=100. Analysis, from Capo di Bove, by v. Kobell : : 9) Silica . 3 5 - 51-50 Lime : ‘ pS . 45°45 Magnesia . ° - - 0°55 Water . : ied) ( 99°50 BB fuses with difficulty to a semi-trans- parent glass. Decomposed perfectly by muriatie acid, either before or after ignition, with separa- tion of gelatinous silica. Localities. — Scotch. Glengairn, Aber- deenshire, with Idocrase. — Jvish. Dunmore Head, co. Down, massive, and with a confus- edly fibrous texture.— Foreign. Capo di Bove, near Rome, of a greenish-white colour, in lava; also in ejected blocks from Vesuvius. Cziklowa and Dognatska, in the Bannat of Temeswar. Pargas, Porhoniesni, Skrabbole, in Finland. Kongsberg, in Norway. Cey- lon. Grenville, Canada. Cliff Mine, Lake Superior. United States, at Willsberough, New York, and at Lewis, south of Keese- ville. Name. In compliment to Dr. Wollaston. Brit. Mus., Case 25. Wo.LnyneE. The name by which a variety of Sulphate of Baryta, found at Muzsay, in Hungary, was once known on the continent. * Whence the name Wolfsbergite. WONDER-EARTH. - The crystals, of a pale yellow colour, and nearly transparent, were disposed on vesi- Fig. 467. cular iron-ore. It has also been found in Cornwall (fig. 467). Brit. Mus., Case 52. WONDER-EARTH. See TERATOLITE. WooD-ARSENIATE OF CoprpER. A fibrous kind of Olivenite, found investing or pass- ing into the crystallized variety. It is found in Cornwall, at Huel Gorland, Huel Unity, Carharrack, Gunnis Lake, and amianthiform at Tin-Croft. M. P. G. Principal Floor, Wall-case 2. Woop Coat. Bakewell. See CANNEL Coat. The name is, also, sometimes given to fibrous Lignite. ° Woop IRon-oreE. A variety of Limonite with a fibrous structure, found at the Royal Restormel Iron Mines, Lostwithiel, in Corn- wall. M. P. G. Principal Floor, Wall-case 49, Nos. 337, 338, and 354. Woop-OpaL; Woonstons, Jameson, Kir- wan. ae 473. Comp. Silicate of zirconia, or Fr Si= zirconia 66°23, silica 33°77 =100. | Fig. 472: - ZIRCONITE. Analysis, from Ceylon, by Vauquelin : Zirconia ‘ = - 64:5 Silica . . s wi ZAG Peroxide ofiron . a 2°0 99-1 BB loses colour but does not fuse. Ina large quantity of borax, dissolves with difficulty, and forms a transparent glass; wiih a smaller quantity forms a turbid glass. Does not dissolve to any perceptible extent in microcosmic salt or carbonate of soda. Zircon may be fused with potash, lime, or oxide of lead. Not decomposed by acids —even by muriatic acid — hot oil of vitriol, however, acts slightly on it. Localities. — Scotch. Strontian, Argyle- shire; fig. 472. Isle of Harris, fig. 473. Sutherlandshire. — Jrish. Croghan Kinshela mountain, in the auriferous streams. — Fo- reign. Kitiksut, in Greenland. Norway, along the Christianiafjord, between Stavarn and Hackedalen. Sweden. The Sau-Alp, in Carinthia. The Siebengebirge. Expailly, in Auvergne. Vicenza, in Italy. Vesuvius, in ejected blocks. Assuan, in Upper Egypt. Some stones of very fine colour and trans- parency,“ constituting veritable gems,” have been obtained by Sir William E. Logan, in Canada; they occur inthe crystalline limestone of the Laurentian series, at Grenville Township, Argenteuil co., C. E. Name. From the Arabic word Zerk, signifying a precious stone. Brit. Mus., Case 26. M.P.G. Horse-shoe Case, Nos. 845, 846, 850 to 852. Zircon is divided into three varieties; Ist, the colourless or slightly smoky or Jargoon; 2nd, the bright red or Hyacinth ; and 3rd, the greyish or, brownish, called Zirconite. See also ERDMANNITE and OsTRANITE. Zircons with the same crystalline form, the same external characters, and in every respect precisely identical with the Zircons of Somma (Vesuvius) have been recently obtained artificially by Mons. Henri Sainte- Claire Deville, by passing fluoride of sili- cium over Zirconia at a red heat. Mons. Deville believes that it may be inferred, with nearly absolute certainty, that the Zircon has been formed by igneous agency, from the small quantities of Fluor which are present in the metamorphic rocks in which it occurs. : ZIRcONITE. The name applied to the greyish or reddish-brown and nearly opaque varieties of Zircon. ZIRKON. ZWIESELITE. 419 Localities. — Foreign. Miask, in the Ural. | Epidote, the former belonging to the oblique Kitiksut, in Greenland. Frederiksvirn, in Norway, in syenite. Scalpay, in the Isle of Harris, one of the Hebrides. Buncombe co., North Carolina. New York co. Fig. 474, | Fig. 475. Brit. Mus., Case 26. ZIRKON, Werner. See ZiRcon. Zoisit, Karsten, Werner. ZoisiTE, Phil- lips, Greg & Lettsom. A variety of Lime- Epidote occurring in rhombic prisms which are usually deeply striated, and often co- lumnar-massive. The crystals are seldom perfect, the obtuse lateral edges of the prisms being often rounded, and the termi- nations incomplete. Colour grey, yellowish- grey or brown. Translucent. Lustre pearly. Hf. 6 fo 7. 8.G. 3:28 to 3:35. BB alone, fuses at the outer edges to a yellowish transparent glass, but finally to a vitreous scoria. With borax swells up and forms a pale yellow diaphanous glass which is colourless when cold. sec see Analysis, by Rummelsberg : Silica . s . . 41°51 Alumina . - 28°90 Peroxide of iron . 3°98 Lime . 24°78 Magnesia 0-58 99°75 Localities. — Scotch. Glenelg, Inverness- shire. — Jrish. Holly Hill, near Strabane, co. Tyrone. — Foreign. Bacher mountain, and Sau- Alp, in Carinthia. The Ural. Bayreuth, Conradsreuth ; in Bavaria. Fern- leite, in Salzburg. Sterzing, in the Tyrol. The Valais. Various parts of the United States, as Willsboro’, Vermont; Montpelier, Chester and other places in Massachusetts ; Milford, Connecticut ;- Pennsylvania, &c. Name. After the Austrian mineralogist, the Baron Von Zois. Brit. Mus., Case 35. This mineral was separated from Epidote, and named a distinct species by Brooke & Miller, on crystallographic grounds. Des Cloiseaux has, also,'shown from the optical properties of Zoisite that it is distinct from system, while the latter has the rhombic form. ZOLESTIN, Werner. See CELESTINE. ZOOTINSALZ, Breithaupt. See NITRATINE. ZorGiTE. The name applied by Brooke & Miller to the Tilkerodite of Haidinger, and the Raphanosmite of Von Kobell; 2.e. to those varieties of Clausthalite in which a portion of the lead is replaced by cobalt or copper. Zuisane. The Chinese name for pure and sky-blue varieties of Lapis Lazuli. ZUNDERERZ. Tinder Ore (which see). ZURLITE, Ramondini. A variety of Mel- lilite. Occurs on Vesuvius, generally in large, distinct, rectangular, four-sided prisms, with their lateral edges occasionally replaced. The surface of the crystals is rough, and frequently covered with a white coating. Colour asparagus-green, inclining to grey. Opaque. Lustre resinous. Fracture con- choidal. H. about 6. S.G. 3-27. BB infusible. With borax gives a black glass. Dissolves with effervescence in‘nitric acid and the solution becomes yellow. Name. After the Neapolitan minister, Signor Zurlo. ZWIESELITE, Breithaupt, Dana, Nicol. ZWISELITE, Brooke & Miller, Huidinger . Occurs in crystalline masses, with an im- perfect cleavage in three directions. Colour clove-brown. ‘Translucent at the edges. Lustre greasy. Streak greyish-white. Frac- ture conchoidal or uneven. H. 5. S.G. 3-95 to 4. Comp. Fe5P+Fe F. Analysis, by Rammelsberg - Phosphoric acid . . 80°33 Protoxide of iron . 41°42 Protoxide of manganese . 23°25 Fluorine - -, 0°00 101-00 BB decrepitates, and finally fuses toa bluish-black magnetic glass. Kasily soluble in warm sulphuric acid, affording traces of fluorine. Locality. Zwisel, near Bodenmais, (whence the name Zwiselite), in Bavaria, in granite. 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Elements of Botany ....cccccsccccrssseccececerscnes 30 NEW WORKS PUBLISHED BY LONGMANS anp CO. : SN ELLICOTT’s Commentary on Ephesians...... 21 HARTWI1@’s Subterranean World....... veveese) LD Galatians ...... 21 Tropical World.............csc0ces 15 Pastoral Epist. 21 | HavGHTON’s Animal Mechanics .............. 14 Philippians,&¢ 21 | HAYWARD’S Essays w..cccsesessessesen sacleb teeta ——_— —_— Thessalonians 21 | HuLMHorz’s Popular Lectures .......... sie 1B ——__—____ Lectures on the Life of Christ... 21 | Huwnr’s Switzerland 0.0. a IS Epochs of History saesoeact peaconoocebn9a300 0s 39000 4 | HemsiEy’s Handbook of Trees and Plants 16 ERICHSEN’S Surgery 16 | HERSCHEL’S Outlines of Astronomy ...... 11 EVANS’s Ancient Stone Implements............ 14 | HOLLAND'S Recollections ceececccessesseonccn,. 5 EWALD’S History of Israel .......... sseeseeeeneee . 21 | Howrrr’s Rural Life of England .............. 23 —— Visits to Remarkable Places...... 23 HUGHES’s (W.) 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FRESHFIELD’S Travels in the Caucasus...... 23 Legends of the Madonna. ......... 17 From January to December .............2.secc0s0ee 15 Monastic Orders.............0.+ ieee FROUDE’S English in Ireland .............cc00000 1 | JAMESON and HASTLAKE’S Saviour ee ET SfOry Ob melamdy fsesrseteseceeese 1 JENKIN’S Electricity and Magnetism......... 13 ——_———_. Short Studies on Great Subjects 10 JERRAM’S Lycidas of Milton .......... sbeedeheoNeD JERROLD’S Life of Napoleon .........ceccccecceee 4 J OHNSTON’S Geographical Dictionary......... 12 GAIRDNER’S Houses of Lancasterand York 4 GAMGEE on Horse-Shoeing ..........sccccseccseeee 26 GaAnot’s Elementary Physics - 13 | KanrscH’s Commentary on the Bible......... 8 Natural Philosophy .. 13 | Kerre on Fulfilment of Prophecy 21 GARDINER’S Buckingham and Charles..... 2 | Kunyon, Life of the First Lord... 4 Thirty Years’ War ............00 4 | KeRU’s Metallurgy 20 ee 19 GILBERT and CHURCHILL’S Dolomites...... 23 | Krrpy and SPENCE’s Entomology 15 GIRDLESTONE’S Bible Synonymes............. “5 40) KNATCHBULL-HUGESSEN’S Whispers from G@THE’Ss Faust, translated by Hayward ... 24 Fairyland ..........0. sxouuans Nebesvbsiceeenens sieetveenpee GOLDSMITH’S Poems, Illustrated .............6 26 GOODEVE’S Mechanism .............cssseseseeseecees 13 WV IGO NEN TIES) a5 concdtroonsocooe Peeteecseeeilo GRANT’S Ethics of Aristotle .............ccccceecees 6 iti Graver Thoughts ofa Country Parson 9 | AK Be nn ees PY GRAY’S Anatomy SR Sd DSCCOUEOICEEEEBECORE DEERE RCH oon 17 LANG’s Ballads and Lyrics .......... ENERO .. 2 GREVILLE’S Journal ... Sesersseeseessesaneessecnees 1 LATHAM’s English Dictionary ............ PLN G7 GRIFFIN’s Algebra and Trigonometry ...... 13 | Lavguron’s Nautical Surveying 12 GRIFFITH’S Sermons for the Times............ 20 TwoR’s Gentle.) 0. ena * 99 Gnovs on Correlation of Physical Fores... 14 | Tawnence on Rocks conc cvco GuyoT’s Earth and Man eeteoeue: ststeseesetironeee 14 LEcKyY’s History of European Morals......... 3 GwiLt’s Encyclopedia of Architecture...... 18 28 Gpaionalisniee 3 ———— Jeaders of Public Opinion ... 5 Leisure Hours in Town, by A.K.H.B.... 9 : Lessons of Middle Age, by A.K.H.B. ats) HARDING’S Texts and Thoughts .............. 22 LEWES’ History of Philosophy ............... nS HARE on Election of Representatives ......... 7 LIDDELL and ScoTT’s Two Lexicons......... 8 - HARRISON’S Political Problems.................. 6 | Life of Mam Symbolised ............:sesccsneeeeseee 17 HARTWIG’S Aerial World.........ccccesccseesees an LBS LINDLEY and MOORH’S Treasury of Botany 15 Polar World (eres csscreccsnrcsersese 15) ||) avoypis Magnetism.sccs.-c-euneccenerenenes 14 Sea andits Liying Wonders ,,. 15 ——— Wayvye-Theory of Light suhiveaneeereenmle NEW WORKS PUBLISHED BY LONGMANS anp CO. 31 nn ee aya yaE a EENE ES Sn SUNRISES NSE RRR RRR LONGMAN’S Edward the Third ...............00 2 ___—. Lectures on HistoryofEngland 2 Old and New St. Paul’s............ 17 Chess OpeningS ...........cseseeerereee 27 LOUDON’S Agriculture.........scesseeeee Peg Be GaATGeNIN OG, ccccssinsoepaececcsseaenecees ss 19 a PM AIVESs Movsccantcusesciseccsehcoass seek LOWNDES’ Engineer’s Handbook .. ee 9 LUBBOCK on Origin of Civilisation . SAE: 15 Lyra Germanica......... weeu seus ayasnoense papanheerrre el ener MACAULAY’S (Lord) Essays ......... esaveass bees o — History of England... 1 Lays of Ancient Rome 25 Miscellaneous Writings 10 RUBE TEE SPCOCCHES |. .cacsoscsecsesestsee 7 —_—___.________Complete Works 1 MACLEOD’s Economical Philosophy ......... 7 Theory and Practice of Banking 26 McCuLuLocn’s Dictionary of Commerce ... 26 MARKHAM’S History of Persia ............:00008 3 MARSHALL’S PHySiolOgy.........c..sessersveeesseeeee 17 MOGAS) exesseestacceresesesrs ll MARSHMAN’S Life of Havelock .... 5 History of India .. 2 MARTINEAU’S Christian Life ....... 22 soe TE yA TawaIS) Aogsodstaseoeuoscoosnssadosaesad 22 MAUNDER’S Biographical Treasury ............ 5 Geographical Treasury............ 13 | HustOnical InGAsUnyy s.css:sscts--s- 3 ——__—_—. Scientific and Literary Trea- SUMVileceeceseecceshcseeusercosserencces 15 ——__——. Treasury of Knowledge............ 27 —____. Treasury of Natural History... 15 MAXWELL’S Theory of Heat,............0:c0cessee 13 MAy’s Constitutional History of England... 1 History of Democracy .....,....0.ceseeceee 1 MELVILLE’S Novels and Tales 24 MENDELSSOHN’S Letters ............cssscceereeevee 5 MERIVALE’S Fall of the Roman Republic... 2 —___________ Romans under the Empire ... 2 MERRIFIELD’S Arithmetic & Mensuration. 13 a IMEAONEtISNO, (60s. cccicoseccesvccees 12 MILES on Horse’s Feet and Horseshoeing ... 26 —— Horses’ Teeth and Stables............ 26 MILL (W.) or the Ming.,..............ccccccseccccveces . 10 MILE OW. S.) on Liberty ........c...cccccssesseseneees 7 on Representative Government 7 pene on Utilitarianism ................ 7 ON iss) AU LODLOL TAD UW yamesvesnencesereeesed 4 me Dissertations and Discussions 7 —— —— Hssays on) Relision’ &¢. 20... 20 ee POMIPICaL By COMOM ya yesesacusesesen ira System of Logic 1...........s0000c008 7 ——___——. Hamilton’s Philosophy .......... 7 ——___—__ Subjection of Women ...... Beet IA, ————— Unsettled Questions elds MILLER’S Elements of Chemistry ...,.......... 16 —~ Inorganic Chemistry ............... rele MINTO’S (Lord) Life and Letters ......... eb vA: MITCHELL’S Manual of Architecture 18 Manual of Assaying ..........000 19 MONSELL’S Spiritual SONGS vresosvcvesverreeves 22 MooRz’s Irish Melodies.... 24 Lalla Rookh 25 MORELL’S Elements of Psychology ............ 10 pose Mental Philosophy................. ». 10 MoRRIS’S French Revolution..................06 3 MULLER’S (MAx) Chips from a German Workshop .........:0086 10 ere Lectures on Language 8 ——_—.__—___—_. §cience of Religion ..... 5 PAD New Testament, Illustrated Edition............ 17 NORTHCOT?T’S Lathes and Turning ............ 18 O’Conor’s Commentary on Hebrews ......... 2% O’CoNOR’S Commentary on Romans ......... 21 ODLING’S Course of Practical Chemistry ... 16 OWEN’S Lectures on the Invertebrata......... 14 Comparative Anatomy and Physio- logy of Vertebrate Animals... 14 PACKH’S Guide to the Pyrenees ...............0 5 ees PATTISON’S: Casaubon ..........c-ccecscsenesereneeeves 4 PAYEN’S Industrial Chemistry ......... sate 18 PEWTNER’S Comprehensive Specifier ......... 27 PIERCH’S Chess Problems .............scceseessennee 27 IROWMHOMWWHIShie crs crccceecee ete ueseabiooereconseaaecen 27 PRENDERGAST’S Mastery of Languages ...... 9. Present-Day Thoughts, by A. K. H.B. ...... 10 PROCTOR’S Astronomical Essays ...........000 jl IMEOOMI sarescosueecadeeneceterawniseoteatesees Il === = New Star Atlas ....:.......scscseesers 12 os Onxbs! Aromn Gy isi ea eetrscsosscerses 12 — Plurality of Worlds ...............06 12 Saturn and its System............... 12 Seer eT J DSSS asuonpanesosdentedadecce 14 Sumas tee eet 12 =e Transits of Venus......... il a LOTIEMITS 4 -etedooseoondobes0 11 Public Schools Atlases (The) ......... Ree be —— Modern Geography............ aoe) RANKEN on Strains in Trusses ... Ae eat ar KE) RA WULINSON’S Parthia.......-.cseccscscssesseccvcseseee 2 px Sassaniam Monareby ......... 2 Recreations of a Country Parson .......,....... 9 REDGRAVE’S Dictionary of Artists ............ 17 REILLY’S Map of Mont Blane ................ 000 2 REYNARDSON’S Down the Road.................. 25 Ricu’s Dictionary of Antiquities ............... 8 RIvERS’ Rose Amateur’s Guide .............0008 16 RogERs’s Eclipse of Faith.................. eueeeee 10 Defence Of Gitto .........:..seccerverveeee . 10 oN DISSE DIES copnceocnoe eocadao aU LCE Cece |e 32 NEW WORKS PUBLISHED BY LONGMANS anp OO. Sh ROGET’S English Words and Phrases......... 7 RONALD’S Fly-Fisher’s Entomology ......... 26 ROTHSCHILD’S Israelites.........c.ccccsceeeceecseeees 21 RUSSELL’S (Count) Pau and the Pyrenees... 23 RUSSELL (Lord) on Christian Religion...... 20 on Constitution & Government 2 ‘s Recollections and Suggestions 1 —EE SANDARS’S Justinian Institutes......... vantctres! | AG SANFORD’S English Kings............... = 1 Savory’s Geometric Turning......... ea.J8 SCHELLEN'’S Spectrum Analysis............ Bee Scort’s Albert Durer ..............ccescecsssees veo 17 Seaside Musings by A. K. H. B....... Bee ae) SEEBOHM’S Oxford Reformers of 1498 ......... 2 Protestant Revolution ............ 4 SEWELL’S Examination for Confirmation... 21 —_—__—_. History of the Early Church ...... 3 ———__—. Passing Thoughts on Religion... 21 —___—_—-. Preparations for Communion...... 22 —___——. Principles of Education ............ 22 Readings for Confirmation ......... 21 Readings for Lent ............. one, 2 Tales and Stories ............ wae 24 Thoughts for the Age................6 21 ane Thoughts for the Holy Week...... 22 SHARP’S Post Office Gazetteer .............eceecees 12 SHELLEY’S Workshop Appliances............... 13 SHORT’S Church. HIStOry.........2..c--scccsscossvcees 3 Srarpson’s Meeting the Sun .............. eee 22 SMITH’S (J.) Paul’s Voyage and Shipwreck 21 2S 228 (SY DNEW) SSSR YS ee Seek es, 10 Life and Letters ............ 5 ape ee Miscellaneous Works ** 10 SMITH’s (SYDNEY) Wit and Wisdom ......... 10 (Dr. R. A.) Air and Rain............... 12 Stave IS ysl CNG eeceusassescesssescrotenenustsoeteuanrecs 24 SOUTHEY’S Doctor................ 8 Poetical Works 25 STANLEY’S History of British Birds ............ 15 STEPHEN'S Ecclesiastical Biography ...... ee aD Freethinking & Plain Speaking 9 Stepping Stones (the Series)..............0000 27, 28 STIBLING’S HAMILTON .........cccceccsccceeesreeeee 10 WEG GUAT Ae tossuscueacuas estes esceses rene 10 STONEHENGE on the Dog .........cccsecseseseeeeees 26 ~ on the Greyhound.......... eet. STRICKLAND’S Queens of England............... 5 Sunday Afternoons, by A.K. H. B............. 9 Gupernatural Religion ........sscscereceeescsessesees 20 SAyLOR’s History of India ........ pepsaniietdes 2 (Jeremy) Works,edited by EDEN 22 Text-Books of Science ......-...sseecseseeccerraceeerer 13 THIRLWALL’S History of Greece ....... 2 THOMSON’S Laws of Thought ...............-..... 7 THORPE’S Quantitative Chemical Analysis 13 THORPE and MUIR’S Qualitative Analysis 13 THUDICHUM’S Chemical Physiology ......... 16 TODD (A.) on Parliamentary Government... E TopD and BOWMAN’S Anatomy and Phy- siology of Man...) ee ee eae a TRENCH’S Realities of Irish Life...... 3 TROLLOPE’S Barchester Towers is oD Wardenie see meray i) TYNDALL on Diamagnetism ......... oy ET Electricity .............0... Fie 3 Heat :::.::.027. ee epasseen aa, eb Sound 2... 3520 eee 13 —— American Lectures on Light. 14 Belfast Address ........ Mere aaeton , AS = Fragments of Science ............ 14 —— Hours of Exercise in the Alps 23 Lectures on Light ..........0..... 14 — Molecular Physics ..........0.00... 14 UEBERWEG’S System of Logic....... saanevesdanaen OL URE’S Arts, Manufactures, and Mines......... 18 WARBURTON’S Edward the Third ............ 4 WATSON’S Geometry o........ccceceeecenseeeoees eeeent Pa WATTS’s Dictionary of Chemistry............... 16 WEBB’S Objects for Common Telescopes ... 12 WELLINGTON’S Life, by GLEIG .......... aenetauaien te? WHATELY’S English Synonymes .......... ae |G sft Life and Correspoudence... 4 Christian Evidences —— ORIG eee ——~" Rhetoric. scree WHITE’s Latin-English and English-Latin Dictionarxies \.....5.5.40.0 ee ie WHITE & DONKIN’S English Dictionary Sot ie. WHITWORTH on Guns and Steel 9 WHILCOCKS’S Sea Fisherman ............. tee WILLIAMS’s Aristotle’s Ethics ....... Bitoy Sens 4D WILMIcH’s Popular Tables ................ WILLIS’S Principl of Mechanism WILLOUGHBY’S (Lady) Diary..........eccc00 Woon’s Bible Animals ...............008 Seeudadey bho Homes without Hands ............ Senn, LE Insects at Home 5 o.i.c.ccccsssusesssssonsee 15 Abroad).....cccercecqeceetspentye pee i == Out of Doors nae 15 ZELLER’S Socrates .........cesc0e ssessnsseasnnaresneanes Stoics, Epicureans, and Sceptics . 6 6 Spottiswoode & Oo., Printers, New-street Square, London. | dese 3g | enile ‘Au d dience) | To Mustr te the Last ‘Edition of 5 “THE STUDENT’s - ELEMENTS OF Grotocr, a Pav egs Sent re, cf by Stn CuHarLes LYELL, cles wil perilediveréd: By Prof. TENNANT, at his residence, 149, Strand. Terms, 10s. 6d, | _ DESCRIPTIVE GEOLOGY.—Classification of Rocks into Aqueous, Volcanic, Plutonic, and Metamorphic. ~ Mineral Composition of ‘Strata .—Arenaceous, Argillaceous, Calcareous. AL Giaonelesicdle Classification of Sedimentary Rocks, with descriptions of the principal Fossils Bees. to. each great’ deposit. ‘7 ' ‘TERTIARY, or CAINOZOIC SERIES,—Cave-Deposits, Crag, Isle of Wight ond Bagshot ee ‘| London Clay, Woolwich beds, SECONDARY, or Mesozoic SeRIES,—Cretaceous, Wealden, Oolitic (Upper Middle, andl Lower), Triassic Groups, ! PRIMARY, or PALAZOZOIC SERIES, —Permian, Carboniferous, Devonian, Silurian, and Cambrian Groups. The mode of collecting, cleaning, and arranging Fossils, Minerals, and pe. will ’ be described. aoe Syllabus of Lectures on Mineralogy, pene: ( ADAPTED TO FACILITATE THE STUDY OF GEOLOGY AnpD or MIN ERAL SUBSTANCES ‘* vsep IN THE ARTS, which will be given by J. TENNANT, F.G.S., Professor of | « Geological Mineralogy at King’s College, London, on Wednesday and Friday estas : from 9 to 10, and on Thursday evenings from 8 to 9. The Course will commence with a description of the Physical and Chemical Characters ‘of Minerals in general. 7 :PHYSICAL CHARACTERS.—Crystallization, Cleavage, Fracture, Feasibility: Hiiness eit e, Colour, Flexibility, Double Refraction, Touch, Taste, Odour, Streak, Powder, Adhesion , . to the Tongue, Magnetic and Electric Properties, Phosphorescence, Specific Gravity. CHEMICAL CHARACTERS.—Use of the Blowpipe, Action of Acids, &e, The principal simple Minerals will be next separately considered, and the nadie mode of distinguishing them described. The following is the order adopted :— _ | A. Earthy Minerals.—Rock-Crystal, Amethyst, Cairngorm, Avanturine, Geese Opal, ‘Chalcedony, Flint, Onyx, Agate, Carnelian, Heliotrope, ” Jasper, Hornstone, Chert, Garnet, Idocrase, Axinite, Epidote, Augite, Hornblende, Asbestos, Tremolite, Actinolite, F Lea Zeolites, Mica, Talc, Chlorite, Calcite, Fluor, Selenite, Baryta, Strontia, Salt, Cryolite, &e. B. Combustible Minerals.—Sulphur, Bitumen, Coal, Jet, Amber, &e, 7 C. Minerals used in Jewelry. — Diamond; coloured varieties of Corupduri Sanaa: Ruby, ‘l'opaz—called Oriental Stones; Spinel, Turquoise, Topaz, Emerald, Beryl, ie Tourmaline, Lapis-lazuli, &c. D. The Metuliiferous Minerals will be fully described in the Practical Course. $4 The Course of Instruction will include a minute description of all the substances entering into the composition of Rocks, and of those Minerals which are also used in the Arts, illustrated by an “yank collection of characteristic specimens and diagrams of the principal er vstallue forms, &c The above Lectures commence at King’s College early in October and end at. Christmas. + To be followed by Lectures on Rocks and Metallic Minerals. The Lectures delivered on the subject of Geological Mineralogy are intended to have especial — reference to the important practical applications of that science to Engineering, Mining, Archi- || tecture, and Agriculture. The Granites, Syenites, Porphyries, Greenstones, Clays, be, will | |, | we. descr ibed, and the Minerals peculiar to each noticed. The application of Geology to pursuits connected with mining operations for Coal, lok | Copper, ‘Fin, Silver, Gold, Mercury, Antimony, Zinc, Cobalt, &c., will be specially considered. The student is directed how to proceed in the examination of a new country, how to collect and | : record his observations, and to mark his specimens, in order to render them useful to more experienced Geologists at home. In order more. fully to exemplify the applications of the Science, Mr, Tennant accompanies | |. his Classes to various Museums in London, including the Museum of Practical Geology and ‘the British Museum ; also on excursions into the country, in which the actual field-work of : the Geologist is explained and illustrated. ___The above Lectures commence at King’s College in January and end at Easter. re: -* During the Easter, Midsummer, and Christmas Holidays, Prof. TENNANT gives a course cof Six Elementary Lectures on these subjects adapted to a Juvenile class, at his residence, | 1149, Strand, W.C,, at 10 a.m. and 3 p.m. Terms, 10s. 6d. each course. | Private Instruction. on the above subjects is also given at 149, Strand, W. C., by Prof. TENNANT, who can also supply. Elementary Collections of Minerals, Rocks, and Fossils Apparatus, Books, Maps, Charts, Geological Hammers, Xe. Pt go | petra: reece Wad) 20) "te Oe eae pete re ees ie T air Be aed 4 =i ss NOTES ON DIAMON Ds FROM THE ee OF GOoOonD HOPE. ~ By Professor TENNANT, F.R.G.S., Mineralogist to Her Majesty, 149, Strand, London,. W.C. = TuE first South African Te was found in March, 1867.2 On examining its physical characters, it was pronounced by Dr. Atherstone to be genuine. "When this stone was received in London, it created considerable interest, and _ also some degree of suspicion, some persons having asserted that it was brought forward for mercenary purposes; letters even appeared in the public papers implying that it was impossible it could have been found near Hope Town. As Dr. W.G. Atherstone, F.G.S., of Graham’s Town (who in March, 1867, examined — and pronounced the stone to be a diamond), is now in Bristol, I bee to offer a few general remarks on the Cape diamonds, and also to express in public my thanks 7 _ to him. The late Mr. Mawe, who wrote on diamonds, and described their mode of “occurrence in his Travels in Brazil (London, 1812), often expressed to me his Opinion of the probability of their existence in South Africa, and said that if people only knew them in the natural state he felt confident they would be found.? He died in 1829, and I took every opportunity to make the subject known by means of short papers, accompanied by figures showing the ordinary - crystalline form of the diamond.* The number and quality of diamonds from the Cape are equal to those from the Brazils, which have chiefly supplied Europe during the last eighty years. About ten per cent. of the Cape diamonds may be classified as of the first quality, fifteen per cent. of the second, twenty per cent. of the third; the remainder, under the name of bort, are employed for cutting diamonds, and for _ the various economic purposes to which this valuable substance is applied by the _ glazier, the engineer for drilling rocks, the lapidary, and others. Many diamonds contain specks and cavities; these are placed in the hands of skilled workmen who are acquainted with the cleavage, and by careful manipulation they are frequently carried on in London with great success; after ‘which it was transferred chiefly — $ able to remove these blemishes, and so to obtain portions of the gems of the first’ quality for making small “ brilliants,” “ roses,” and “ tables.” Two hundred years ago the art of cutting and polishing of diamonds was to Holland; but several attempts have been made to re-establish the trade in this - country. freedom of the City of London, for the best specimens of diamond-cutting. The 4 —* In 1874 the Turners’ Company offered prizes, in the form of medals and the 1875. 2 Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society; 1868, 3 Professor Tennant explained that the diamond in its natural state bore conatiomatte g resemblance to a piece of gum. 4 See a letter to the Editor of the ‘Illustrated London News” for January 31, 1852, and Lecture XV. on “‘ Gems and Precious Stones,” delivered before the Society of Arts, March — 24th, 1852, at the suggestion of H.R.H. Prince Albert, on dD results of the eae ‘aes Oe Ae 1 Read before the Geological Section of the British Association at Bristol, perme Ist, -: a a ", It is estimated that the sale: of the es round at the tare from M March 2K 1867, to the present time, exceeds twelve millions of pounds sterling. Tam enabled to exhibit not only a large collection of these diamonds, be also samples of the natural materials found associated with them.’ In N ovember 1873, one of my former students brought me the specimen from South Africa which in its original state weighed 112 carats ; it has since been cut by a London - diamond-cutter into the beautiful brilliant represented by Figs. 1, 2, 3, weighing - 66 carats. The stone has a delicate yellow tinge, and exceeds. in size anc brilliancy any diamond in the British Crown. Fig. 2.—Side View. Fig. 4.—Side. “Star of South Africa.” Exact size, 464 carats. In its rough state, 83 carats,. nig 5.—Face. ' Fig. Sa | Figs. 4, 5, 6, represent a South African diamond in the possession of Lon : Dudley, valued at £20 ,000. ' It may be remarked, with regard to this class of gem-cutting, that 200 = since the English diamond-cutters were the most celebrated in the world. Th diamond-cutting trade is now being restored to England, and the stone (Figs 1, 2, 3) affords a fair sample of the excellent work that can now be done hevems: may mention that the stone in its present form is worth £10,000, whilst the value c _the models of it, which have been cut by the best ‘lapidaries, is a mere trifle _ that in glass costing only 10s., and that in crystal only £2. The rule given b Jeffries and the best authorities upon diamonds for ascertaining the value of cu diamonds, is to multiply the square of the weight in carats by eight, and call i pounds, so that this diamond would, according to this computation, be wort! 66 x 66 x 8 = £34,848. The weight of the Koh-i-noor is 1024 carats, whick _walued according to the same rule (102 x 102 x 8) would amount to £83,282 be ae Pesesent Tennant exhibited a South African diamond in the matrix (consisting chiefl -.~ of broken fragments of chloritic and clay-slates), likewise some interesting eet of th é Spoon warkings 5 in South Africa, “As it is - impossible to enable the reader to recognise roe, and 1 m aid of verbal descriptions or figures, he will do well to obtain a. well-arrange 1 collection of specimens, such as may be] pr ocwred from Mr. TENNANT (149, Strand), Teacher of Mineralogy ae at King’s College, London.” These Collections are supplied on bie fellowes terms in plain — 3 | Mahogany Cabinets :-— - ~ 100 Small Specimens, in Cabinet with Three Trays......... £2. 2 0: 5 5 0. - 300 Specimens, larger, in Cabinet with Nine Drawers....... 10 10 0 400 Specimens, larger, in Cabinet with Thirteen Drawers ... 21 0 0 * A Collection for Five Guineas, to illustrate the recent works on Geology, by Ansted, Buckland, Lyell, Mantell, Murchison, Page, Phillips, and others, contains 200 specimens, in a plain Mahogany Cabinet, with five trays, containing the following specimens, viz. :— _ “MINERALs which are either the components of Rocks, or occasionally imbedded in them :— Quartz, Agate, Chalcedony, Jasper, Garnet, Zeolite, Hornblende, Augite, Asbestos, Felspar, Mica, Tale, Tourmaline, Spinel, Zircon, Corundam, Lapis Lazuli, Calcite, ean: Selenite, Baryta, Strontia, Salt, Sulphur, Plumbago, Bitumen, &e. | Native MEralLs, or METALLIFEROUS MINERALS: these are found in masses or beds, in veins, and oecasionally in the beds of rivers. Specimens of the following Metallic Ores are sontained in the Cabinet :—Iron, Manganese, Lead, Tin, Zinc, Copper, Antimony, Silver, Gold, Platinum, Mercury, Titanium, &c. Rocks: Granite, Gneiss, Mica-slate, Clay-slate, Porphyry, Serpentine, Sandstones, Lime- itones! Basalt, Lavas, &e. _ PaLaozorc Fossiis from the Cambrian, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian Rocks. _ SECONDARY FossiLs from the Rhetic, Lias, Oolite, Wealden, and Cretaceous Groups. . _ TERTIARY Fossils from the Plastic Clay, London Clay, Crag, &c. _ In the more expensive collections some of the specimens are rare, and all of them choice. MODELS OF CRYSTALS IN GLASS AND WOOD, To illustrate the seetion on Crystallography and Mineralogy in “ Orr's Circle of the Sciences,” by the Rev. WALTER MircuELL, M.A., and Professor TENNANT, F.G.S, __. *200 Specimens, larger, in Cabinet with Five Trays ......... ' i BOOKS AND DIAGRAMS TO ILLUSTRATE LECTURES ON GEOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY. Srx DiaGRams OF GENERIC FORMS OF FORAMINIFERA. Size, three feet by two feet, Price 18s. for the Six Diagrams, either on paper or linen. They contain Eighty-two Figures. Mounted Slides of Recent and Fossil Foraminifera, and other Microscopic Objects, can be supplied at 1s. each, or 10s. 6d. per dozen. Mr. Taomas Hawsins’s “ GREaT SEA-DRAGONS.” Containing 30 folio Plates (which orm good sehool diagrams) of the Remains of Ichthyosaurus and Plesiosaurus from the Lias. Che Original Specimens are in the British Museum. Price 25s., published at 2/. 10s. _ BucKLAND’s BRIDGEWATER TREATISE. Last Edition, 1858. Containing 90 plates of Tossils, Seetions, &e, 2 vols., 24s.; redueed to 14s. _ THE MastTEeR-BUILDER’s PLAN; or, the Principles of Organie Architecture as Indicated n the Typical Forms of Animals, By GEORGE OGILVIE. 45. An INTERESTING SERIES OF CHARTS, Engraved by Mr. J. W. Lowry for the Society or Promoting Christian Knowledge, will be found useful to Students in Natural History, ind can be had either in the form of a book, price 4s., or mounted on canvas and roller, tarnished, price 6s. each, Tabular View of the leading Orders and Families of Birps, REPTILIA and AMPHIBIA, "isHES, MAMMALIA, MoLiusca, INSECTS, MyriapopA, ARACHNIDA, CRUSTACEA, \NNELIDA, and ENTozoa, The VEGETABLE Kine6pom, arranged according to the Natural ? rders, CHARACTERISTIC BRITISH FossILs, stratigraphically arranged. » GEOLOGICAL Map oF THE BnritisH IsLes. By Professor J. PHILLIPS. Engraved by f W. Lowry. Corrected to 1862. 2 ft. 10in. by 2{t.2in. Price 12s. FiPry LirHoGRAPHIC PorTRAITS of Eminent Naturalists and Scientific Men, called the ‘Ypswicu Portraits.” Published about 1850 by G. Ransome, F.L.S. Price £10. They aclude Sir G. B. Airy, Dr. Allman, Prof. Ansted, Sir H. De La Beche, Dr. Bowerbank, Dr. srown, Prof. Buckland, Dr. Carpenter, John Curtis, E. Doubleday, Charles Darwin, ’rof. Faraday, John Gould, Professors Grant, Harvey, and Henslow, Sir W. J. Hookers dr. Lancaster, Dr. Lindley, Sir Charles Lyell, Sir R. Murchison, Professors Owen, ai nd Sedgwick, Bishop Stanley, G. R, Waterhouse, Westwood, Yarrell, &c, JAMES TENNAN T, Geologist, 149, Strand, font as s PaR a 1. ASE PRON SS. eee MEE Ze = 7 5 2 . f 5 : : is j N % ee LY ey os it we / 33 i] RRS v ay or i NSIDC x ere fy 4 he ii “a “e ime. ; 4 5 es ‘ti ae La Uo i a ul yeh ak aI Ve a . ’ Ms FO i : Syl SS peer er eel A z mS) Filta eth Sao a = = TTT Tn, RE TME tae, faa ig a, 3 coe oe fe . date Pigs, pig PL gTE te ee eatery tae Saha P TaN ATS aN pth. ay < ie. aapielaner F a8 OLN ie PN i j . ; , at Cota pee a