cm das) + ehh: FIRE REN PEAS SOLS neh Maite beaten “ Stil ethers Nr Gl RR SUN Nie missaicrs Petey es XG aN N h CRS ve ” TR Sr ms y ‘ey 3 Ri EN U Se VASE EIERN) In Ina» et) 3 Deus ane TR EHEN mn arte bre 3 LON Sesh er USERN TRAC D eae REN SER iti + ie 7 ZA 2; PBs RN u TER i data ore eet Aske r Babe A ig go Spt: Apis - i teed Ke BCE 6 ner vn a D + An Oi ys ? Toei hie Pie, f, Ihr DREHEN: CAs? Koh Rt Live, XLVIT. ~ nina I mm a TTT TTT TTT I NE NNEONGENENTNG Tee Fee TTT TT TTT TTT TCT RESULTATS DES EXPLORATIONS ZOOLOGQUEs BOTANIQUES, OCEANOGRAPHIQUES ET GEOLOGIQUES a al, Dt *]. *]J, * 111. IV, * IVbis. * VI. E. VIE. = VII. me. ¥IX: ; : RR *XI. * XII. * XII. Ex. Bas #XVL. XVII. PAVE XIX. *XX. bP tld I *XXI. XXII. XXIT. XXIV1. | XXITV2. oe XKY, *XXVI. {XVIs. XXVII. NXVI. FXXIX. *XXX. ~XXXI. EIXKII. XXX. EXXXIV. PARXY. ®XXXVI. XXXVII. (XXVIII. XXXIX. *XL. XLI. *XLI. *XLII. '*XLIV. ee SAB po XLVI. *XLVII. ‘XLVI *XLIX!. * XLIX2. *L. *LI. > . 1 v. ENTREPRISES AUX INDES NEERLANDAISES ORIENTALES en 1899—1900, bord du SIBOGA SOUS LE COMMANDEMENT DE G. F. TYDEMAN PUBLIES PAR MAX WEBER Chef de Pexpedition. Introduetion et deseription de l’expedition, Max Weber. Le bateau et son équipement scientifique, G. F. Tydeman, Résultats hydrographiques, G. I’. Tydeman, Foraminifera, F. W. Winter. Xenophyophora, F. E. Schulze. Radiolaria, M. Hartmann. Porifera, G. C. J. Vosmaer et I. Ijima '). Hydropolypi, A. Billard. Stylasterina, S. J. Hickson et Mlle H. M. England. Siphonophora, Miles Lens et van Riemsdijk. Hydromedusae, O. Maas. Scyphomedusae, O. Maas Ctenophora, Mile F. Moser. Gorgonidae, Aleyonidae, J. Versluys, S. ‘J. Hickson et Pennatulidae, S. J. Hickson. (C. ©. Nutting’). Actiniaria, P. Me Murrich. Madreporaria, A. Aleock ') et L. Döderlein. Antipatharia, A. J. van Pesch. Turbellaria, L. von Graff et R. R. von BE Cestodes, J. W: Spengel. Nematomorpha, H. F. Nierstrasz. Chaetognatha, G. H. Fowler. Nemertini, A. A. W. Hubrecht. Myzostomidae, R. R. von Stummer. Polychaeta errantia, R. Horst. Polychaeta sedentaria, M. Caullery ct F. Mesnil. Gephyrea, C. Ph. Sluiter. Enteropueusta, J. W. Spengel: Pterobranchia, S. F. Harm er. Brachiopoda, J. F. van Bemmelen. Polyzoa, S. F. Harmer. Copepoda, A. Scott !). Ostracoda, G. W. Müller. Cirrhipedia, P. P. C. Hoek’). Tsopoda, H. J. Hansen. Amphipoda, Ch. Pérez. Caprellidae, P. Mayer. Stomatopoda, H. J. Hansen. Cumacea, W. T. Calman. Schizopoda, H. J. Hansen. Sergestidae, H. J. Hansen. Decapoda, J. G. de Man. Pantopoda, J. C. C. Loman. Halobatidae, J. Th. Oudemans. Crinoidea, I. Doderlein’) et C. Vaney. Echinoidea, J. C. H. de Meijere. Holothurioidea, C. Ph. Sluiter. Ophiuroidea, R. Kohler. Asteroidea, L. Döderlein. Solenogastres, H. I’. Nierstrasz. Chitonidae, H. F. Nierstrasz. Prosobranchia, M. M. Sche 5 man). Prosobranchia parasitica, H. F. Nierstrasz et M.M. Se aoa R. Bergh. (Schepman. Heteropoda, J. J. Tesch. _ *LITL. Pteropoda, J. J. Tesch, LI. *LIV. Ww. — *LVL LIT. f “LVI LIX. Lamellibranchiata. P. Pelseneer et Ph. Dautzenberg. Scaphopoda, Mile M. Boissevain. Cephalopoda, L. Joubin. Tunicata, C. Ph. Sluiter et J. E. W. Ihle'). Pisces, Max Weber. Cetacea, Max Weber. Liste des algues, Mme, A. Weber. *2LX. Halimeda, Mlle E. S. Barton. (Mme E. S. Gepp). Corallinaceae, Mme A. Weber et M. Foslie. . Codiaceae, A. et Mme E, S. Gepp. . Dinoflagellata. Coccosphaeridae, J. P. Lotsy. . Diatomaceae, J. P. Lotsy. . Deposita marina, O. B. Böggild. . Résultats géologiques, A. Wichmann. MO = Publie Fevrier 1910 THE GURGONACEA OF THE SIBOGA EXPEDITION “HI. THE MURICEIDE BY C. C. NUTTING Professor of Zoolugy, State University of Iowa With 22 plates Monographie XIII of: .. .. UITKOMSTEN OP ZOOLOGISCH, BOTANISCH, OCEANOGRAPHISCH EN GEOLOGISCH GEBIED verzameld in Nederlandsch Oost-Indié Bo aan boord H. M. Siboga onder commando van Luitenant ter zee ıe kl. G. F. TYDEMAN UITGEGEVEN DOOR Dr. MAX WEBER Prof. in Amsterdam, Leider der Expeditie (met medewerking van de Maatschappij ter bevordering van het Natuurkundig Onderzoek der Nederlandsche Kolonien) - —<——- BOEKHANDEL EN DRUKKERH NS ie VOORUEEN mn E. J. BRILL JUN 13 Je LEIDEN \ SEN Su a M me UALR ENUTKULANENUFENERRAUNU OO # Les numéros avec un RER ont allg paru; ceux marqués ‘i seulement en partie Voor de uitgave van de resultaten der Siboga-Expeditie hebben bijdragen beschikbaar gesteld: De Maatschappij ter bevordering van het Natuurkundig. Onderzoek der Nederlandsche Kolonien. Het Ministerie van Kolonien. Het Ministerie van Binnenlandsche Zaken. Het Koninklijk Zoologisch Genootschap »Natura Artis Magistra’’ te Amsterdam. De »Oostersche Handel en Reederij’’ te Amsterdam. . De Heer B. H pe Waat Oud-Consul-Generaal der Nederlanden te Kaapstad. .M. B. te Amsterdam. CONDITIONS GENERALES DE VENTE. _ L’ouvrage du „Siboga” se composera d’une serie de monographies. D> » > DS . Ges monographies paraitront au fur et 2 mesure qu’elles seront pretes. > 3 . Le prix de chaque monographie sera different, mais nous avons adopté comme base générale du prix de vente: pour une feuille d’impression sans fig. flor. 0.15; pour une feuille avec fig. flor. 0.20 a 0.25; pour une planche noire flor. 0.25; pour une planche coloriee flor. 0.40; pour une photogravure flor. 0.60. - . Il y aura deux modes de souscription : a. La souscription a l’ouvrage complet. b. La souscription ä des monographies séparées en nombre restreint. Dans ce dernier cas, le prix des monographies sera majoré de 25 °/,. . L’ouvrage sera réuni en volumes avec titres et index. Les souscripteurs 4 l’ouvrage complet recevront ces titres et index, au fur et A mesure que chaque volume sera complet. SIBOCAEXPEDITIE Siboga-Expeditie UIIKOMSTEN OP INLININCN, DUTINNEN, IKEANIGRARINCH EN GELOMISCEY GELD VERZAMELD IN NEDERLANDSCH OOST-INDIE 1899— 1900 AAN BOORD H.’M. SIBOGA ONDER COMMANDO VAN Luitenant ter zee 1° kl. G. F. TYDEMAN UITGEGEVEN DOOR Dr. MAX WEBER Prof. in Amsterdam, Leider der Expeditie met medewerking van de Maatschappij ter bevordering van het Natuurkundi 8 PP 5 g Onderzoek der Nederlandsche Kolonién) SSS SS VOORHEE LEIDEN chGbb [97% v.3-% INVe Siboga-Expeditie +6 XIII THE GORGONACEA OF THE SIBOGA EXPEDITION- Il. THE MURICEIDE BY C. C NUTTING Professor of Zoology, State University of Iowa With 22 plates Late WB. J. BRILL PUBLISHERS AND PRINTERS LEYDEN — I910 . j r . a a a f j * { ~ - THE GORGONACEA OF THE SIBOGA EXPEDITION II. THE MURICEIDA: BY CC NULTING, Professor of Zoology, State University of Iowa. Introductory note. The author desires to express his satisfaction in being given the opportunity to study the superb collection of Gorgonacea secured by the Siboga Expedition. The series of Murticeide is undoubtedly the most extensive that has ever been collected by any one expedition, or treated of in a single report; the number of species, being more than three times as great as was secured by the justly famous Challenger Expedition. Notwithstanding the gratification naturally felt in having the privilege of reporting on such a notable collection, the writer can not refrain from expressing his sincere regret that it has seemed necessary for Dr. Verstuys to forego the completion of his work so auspiciously inaugurated by the production of his masterly monographs on the Chrysogorgiide and the Primnoide, works which, in the opinion of the present writer, are not surpassed in completeness and manner of presentation by any other publication on the Alcyonaria. The responsibility of taking up the task thus laid down, and of attempting to hold up the standard of excellence thus set before him, is keenly felt by the author. It is a pleasure to bear testimony to the excellent condition of the collection and the care taken in preserving the records and securing the safety of the specimens themselves. The SIROGA-EXPEDITIE XII 0, I 2 whole collection bears strong testimony in behalf of the faithful manner in which the members of the expedition performed their duties. The writer also desires to express his sincere thanks to Professor Max WEBER for the honor of being asked to collaborate in so monumental a work, and for the unfailing courtesy extended during the progress of the preparation of this report. Thanks are also due to Dr. Verstuys for a number of rare papers concerning the Alcyonacea, and for many courtesies in the way of suggestions and information. State University of lowa, June 7th, 1909. Family Muriceiv& Verrill. Muricea Lamouroux, Exposition Methodique, 1821, p. 36. Muricea Milne Edwards and Haime, Histoire naturelle des Coralliaires, 1857, Vol. I, p. 142. Muriceade Studer, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss., Berlin, 1878, p. 641. Muriceide Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XI, N® 1, 1883, p. 30. Muriceide Wright and Studer, Challenger report, Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 92. Muriceide Hiles, Gorgonacea collected by Dr. WILLEY, 1899, p. 197. Muriceide Bourne, Treatise on Zoology, Part II, Anthozoa, 1900, p. 28. Muriceide Hickson, Cambridge Natural History, Vol. I, 1906, p. 355. Axis cylinder horny, not divided into segments; water-vascular canals not in a regular series arranged around the axis; calyces of various shapes, but never with their margins turned towards the branch or stem. A pseudo-operculum is almost always present consisting of spicules borne on the dorsal surfaces of the tentacles; there being eight segments to the operculum, each segment usually consisting of three spindles which form an acute-angled triangle with its apex directed towards the centre of the mass of infolded tentacles. A well-marked collaret lies below the operculum, and consists of one or more transverse rows of spindles. The spicules vary exceedingly in size and pattern, but are never in the form of greatly flattened scales with radiating coste produced into marginal points. The coenenchyma usually has a bristling appearance, due to the projecting points of spicules. This family seems to be a fairly natural one; but it intergrades on the one hand with the Primnoidz, and on the other with the Plexauridae. It differs from the former in not having a true operculum emplanted on the calyx margin, but instead, has a pseudo-operculum of eight segments, each segment being composed of several spicules, instead of one as in the Primnoide. There is an approach to the primnoid type of spicule in some of the scale-like plates of Placogorgia; but without radiating coste. The relationship of the Muriceide seems closest with the Plexauride, the superficial resemblance being such as to deceive any one, especially as in such species as Placogorgia cryptotheca which greatly resembles Plexawrordes not only in general appearance, but also in form and arrangement of spicules. The main difference between the two families is shown by a study of a cross section of the stem. In a plexaurid such a section will reveal a thick coenenchyma enveloping the axis; while around the latter is a symmetrical series of distinct round or oval openings, sections of the primary water-vascular canals. In a muriceid a similar section would show a thinner ccenenchyma, and no regular series of canals, these being irregular both in section and disposition. The classification of the MURrICEIDE. This group, containing as it does by far the greatest number of species of all the families of Alcyonaria, has always offered unusual difficulties to the systematist; and the great number of new forms in the Siboga collection makes a thorough revision necessary at this time. Any naturalist who has worked with the Gorgonacea will recognize the perplexities that thus confront the writer. The aim has been to preserve a conservative course so far as is consistent with scientific accuracy, and a strong effort has been made to retain as many as possible of the established genera, but one new genus (Versluysia) being added. But, in many cases, while the names of the established genera have been retained it has been found necessary to modify the definitions to meet the conditions presented under the great increase of our knowledge since the original definitions were proposed. In modifying generic definitions the writer has persued the policy of obtaining, wherever possible, accurate descriptions of the type species of each genus, being greatly aided by the work of KöLLıker!, who describes the spicules of the types of several of the older genera, the original descriptions of which are entirely inadequate, indeed useless, for the purposes of the present work. With an accurate description of the type species of a genus at hand, the writer has used in his generic description any character found in the type that, in his opinion, will serve as a good diagnostic character of the genus. Such characters he has often used to the exclusion of the generic characters used in the original descriptions of the genus. Thus it will be seen that he has retained the names of most of the genera, but modified the definitions in many cases; being careful, however, to introduce no character in his modified genera that is not found in the generic types. As is almost universally the case, the earlier writers used the most obvious external characters in defining the zoological groups of the Alcyonaria. Hence the form of the colony and shape of the calyces were regarded as of prime importance, while we now know that, except in a comparatively few cases, these features are practically valueless when applied to the genera of the Muriceide. A little after the middle of the last century the spicules were recognized as of great importance in the writings of two authors who were mainly instrumental in placing the classification of this group on a much more satisfactory basis. KOLLIKER and VERRILL were among the first to examine carefully these curious structures, and they based their generic characters almost exclusively on the form and disposition of the spicules. Subsequent writers have fully recognized the importance of such characters; but have not hesitated to avail themselves of others, such as the mode of branching and shape of calyces, in formulating their generic definitions. WRIGHT and STUDEr, in their masterly report on the 4/cyo- naria collected by the Challenger expedition, persued this method with very satisfactory results. 1 KOLLIKER. Icones Histologice. Vol. II, 1885. Special reference is here made to the descriptions of the spicules of the types of Echinogorgia, Villogorgia and T’hesea. Pr Bi) There is no doubt that the spicules form by far the most important structures for dividing the Murzcerde into generic groups, and it is impossible to properly identify species, or to place them in their genera, without a microscopic examination of carefully cleaned spicules. In order to test this point, the writer, when beginning work on the muriceids of the Siboga Expedition, attempted to divide the great mass of new and unfamiliar material into genera by the use of external characters, such as manner of branching, shape and disposition of calyces, and a super- ficial examination with a dissecting lens of the spicules in situ. The result was a lamentable failure, except in the case of some particularly well marked genera such as Acanthogorgia or Acts. In many cases one could have done just about as well by assorting the material when blind-folded. It thus becomes evident that superficial characters are comparatively useless in defining the genera of the Muricerd@, and this leads inevitably to the conclusion that it is exceedingly hazardous to attempt to identify the old and long know species by the figures and descriptions of the earlier writers; for these men used exclusively those characters which were superficial and thus of little value for our present purpose. It is only when some subsequent writer has had access to the type specimen and given it a careful technical description that these old species can be safely identified. It thus appears impossible to identify with any certainty many of the long known species, for many of the types are lost or inaccessible. The writer has, in such cases, preferred to carefully describe a species as new whenever he is not reasonably sure that it should be referred to an already described form, rather than to call it by an old name merely on account of some superficial resemblance. In such cases more favored naturalists, who may have access to the types, can detect the error by comparing the detailed descriptions and figures in the present work with the type. He can then, if necessary, relegate the supposed new species to the ranks of synonomy. In this way less harm is done than by erroneously ascribing a really new form to an old species, particularly when it involves an incorrect idea regarding distribution. In the present work the spicules are regarded as by far the most available structures for generic diagnoses. It is only occasionally that the shape or the size of the calyces is used, and it is but rarely that the mode of branching assumes generic importance in the JA/urzcerde. In studying the spicules for systematic purposes it soon becomes evident that the matter is far more complex than would appear from a study of the literature of the subject. In some cases spicules of a dozen different types can be found on a single slide from a single species, while in others the spicules that are regarded as typical of a certain genus may be found in several genera. Moreover it soon becomes plain that the same spicule may assume the form of several types during the course of its individual development. But the investigator who perseveres in his work finds that, in spite of these and other discouraging conditions, there are a number of forms of spicules that can readily be recognized as typical of certain genera. They may be associated with many other forms on a given slide; but nevertheless they are the dominant note of the composition, and can readily be detected by the experienced observer. By a study of these dominant types we are enabled to very much simplify the classification of the Muriceid@, and divide that troublesome family into a fairly natural group of genera. 6 After the examination of a large number of forms it becomes evident that the primitive spicule is the terete form known as the spindle. That this is the original form is indicated by two lines of evidence’. 1st, The spindle is found in all of the genera and nearly all of the species of the Muriceide, and it is the only form of spicule of which this is true. >»d, In studying the development of spicules that are apparently far removed from the spindle in form, we find that even the most complicated of these, such as those found in Echinogorgia, Acamptogorgia and Heterogorgia, are originally simple spindles which during their individual development gradually assume the surprisingly complex and often beautiful forms characteristic of these genera. : It having been determined that the spindle is the basal form, it becomes possible to arrange its various modifications in different directions and thus understand fairly well the origin and relations of the various generic types of spicules. One of the simplest of these is a slightly bent spindle, the two parts of which, below and above the bend, have become differentiated from each other. The moity which is exposed when in situ has become relatively smooth and pointed, like an icycle. The other portion, which when in situ is embedded in the coenenchyma, is covered with warty verruce which in some instances may be more or less profusely branched. This type is found in its most perfect and characteristic development in the genus Acanthogorgia, and will therefore be called the * Acanthogorgia type’ in this work. (See plate XIX, fig. 4a). Another very typical form of spicule is produced by a process which begins in very much the same way as the above. A simple straight spindle becomes gradually differentiated into two parts, a distal and a proximal. The distal part, exposed when in situ, is straight, thorn-like and often with a smooth surface. The proximal portion sends forth a number of processes which are densely tuberculate, and more or less branched and exfoliated, often very complexly so. These branched processes are projected downward and outward, and when in situ are embedded in the coenenchyma of the calyx wall. This form is characteristic of the genus Echinomuricea, and will be called the “Zchinomuricea type’. (See plate XXI, fig. 7a). A third form which yields a good generic type is developed as follows: A small typical spindle, smooth and straight, becomes tuberculate. Later it bends as in Acanthogorgia, becoming arcuate and shows a constricted band or girdle near its centre. Nodules next appear on the convex surface, and these nodules enlarge, branch and protrude downward; finally producing much-branched, nodulated and foliated expansions which are radiate in arrangement and are embedded in the coenenchyma when in situ. While these foliated expansions of the basal part of the spicule are developing, another series of changes commences by which lamellar expansions project upward from the centre of the spicule. These are more or less inflated and petal-like in shape, their edges being often sinuous and dentated. This group of folia, when best developed, finally comes to resemble the half-opened bud ' The author must here acknowledge his indebtedness to one of his students, Miss BETH. M. PORTLOCK, for her work in studying the development of the spicules of the Alcyonaria, and in bringing to his attention a number of points that he would otherwise doubtless have missed entirely. i) of a rose, the leaves of which are sometimes keeled, seated on and projecting directly above the radiated basal expansions. In some cases there may be but two of these foliated expansions, or even but one; but they can always be easily distinguished by the fact that their surfaces are smooth, instead of being notably tuberculate as are the basal expansions. The resulting spicule, then, consists of a basal set of branched or foliated, densely tuberculated expansions extending downward and outward in a radiate manner; and a distal exposed portion set imme- diately above the basal part, and consisting of erect inflated laminze which are often curved or crimped, but the surfaces of which are smooth. This type is very characteristic of the genus Echinogorgia, and will be called the * Zehinogorgia type’. (See plate XXI, figs. 9, a & 2). A fourth form of what I call generic types of spicules is quite different from either of the preceding. A simple, rather heavy, tuberculate spindle developes rounded projections on its upper side only. These projections finally become quite pronounced and sharp-pointed, forming a more or less regular row of tooth-like points on one side of the heavy spindle. The opposite, or under, side is simply tuberculate, without pronounced tooth-like processes. These heavy nnilateral spindles are characteristic of the genus 7%esea, and will be called the * Zhesea type’. (See plate XXI, figs. 2 & 8a). A fifth form, is carefully described by Wricur and Stuper! as follows: — “The polyp spicules are remarkable: from the spindle-like bases one or two foliar expan- sions arise. A somewhat bent spindle is furnished with a dentate foliar expansion, from the margin of its convex side, the long axis of which slants a little obliquely to the long axis of the spindle. In most cases the spicule has become triradiate by the shooting out of several projections from about its middle. From the place where these rays centre one or too dentate foliar expansions arise, these latter stand at an acute angle to one another, and their long axes always fall into the angle between two of the rays. These spicules are so placed on the wall of the polyp body that the stellate rays are always inserted into it, while the foliar expansions project, scale-like, over the surface’'. This type, evidently allied to the Zchinogorgia type, will be called the * Acamptogorgia type”. (See plate XXI, fig. 12, a & 4). A sixth form is based, like the others, on the primitive spindle; but is produced by a flattening and lateral expansion into a disk-like or scale-like form which is regular in outline in some species, but exceedingly irregular in others. It consists of a flattened centre from which complexly branched and irregularly foliate lateral expansions arise, giving the typical *Stachelplatten’’ of authors. These occur in their most characteristic form in the genus Placogorgra, and will constitute the * Placogorgia type". (See plate XXII, figs. 5 & 10). A seventh type is probably the most peculiar and distinctive found in the Murzceide. It is essentially radiate in structure, and consists in a basal expanded, or disc-shaped, or radiately branched part; and an upper or distal expanded knob or disc, the two being united by a very 1 WRIGHT and STUDER. Challenger Report, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. I15. 8 short, thick neck. The whole resembles an ordinary collar-button, the parts of which are regularly or irregularly indented around the edges. This form also appears to originate in a simple spindle, each end of which becomes greatly expanded and takes the form of a disc. Later the whole spindle assumes the form of a double wheel which finally assumes the collar-button shape. This characterizes the genus Bedryce, and will be called the *Beöryce type". (See plate XX, fig. 8; 2,0, %¢ anda): The eighth form is strictly radiate in its characteristic form; but, like the others, is derived from the simple spindle. The spindle at first is quite small and sparsely tuberculate. It then becomes slightly curved, and shows a median constricted band. Next, from the convex side of this band two somewhat triangular processes arise, the whole spindle at this stage being somewhat butterfly-shaped, the first, and larger, wings being the two processes just described. After this stage is reached numerous processes branch from the centre and extend on all sides in a radiate manner, finally concealing or obscuring the original spindle so that we have often quite symmetrical stars, double stars, etc. This form is best seen in the genus ZZeierogorgra, and will constitute the “/YZeterogorgia type’’. (See plate XXII, figs. 13, 14, 15). A ninth form may be designated which is doubtless closely related to the last. Here again the development may be traced back to the simple spindle. This becomes, bent and constricted in the middle as before. From the convex side arises a knob-like process which may lengthen and, with the bent halves of the original spindle, form a triradiate spicule; or, as happens oftener, the knob-like process may divide, in which case it forms the smaller of the four wings of a butterfly-shaped spicule, of which the bent halves of the original spindle form the larger wings. When the four wings are nearly of the same size a quadriradiate or cruciform spicule is produced. While these triradiate and quadriradiate spicules are the typical ones of the genus Villogorgia, and form the “ Villogorgia type’, there arise from the same bent spindles and in the same species, many other forms, often exceedingly complicated (see-plate XXII, figs. 1 & 2). Indeed, we may find in a single slide of Vrllogorgia spicules almost all of the types just described belonging to the family Muriceide. A tenth type is found in the regular spindle itself, which, although it may be greatly increased in size and also changed in outline, still retains its original terete form with tuberculate processes scattered over its surface; but without branchings, forkings, exfoliations or radiating plates or processes of any kind. (See plate XX, fig. 70). The forms in which the simple terete spindle predominates almost or entirely to the exclusion of all other types are too diversified to admit of being placed in a single genus. It is therefore necessary to break up this unwieldy mass of species by the use of some other character, or characters, in combination with those based on the spicules. A useful character for this purpose has already been employed in generic definitions by VERRILL! and Wricut and Sruper®. The character referred to is the disposition of the spicules so as to be placed en chevron in the calyx walls or over the tentacle bases, the spindles 1 VERRILL. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XI, 1883, p. 30. 2 WRIGHT and STUDEr. Challenger Report, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 93- 9 being placed in two rows with their distal points meeting at an angle, there being eight of these double rows on the calyx walls or over the tentacle bases, to correspond with the number of tentacles in the alcyonoid polyp. This is not always a good generic character, but may be used in combination with others in formulating definitions for the genera of the Muriceide. There still remain a number of muriceids with simple spindles for their type of spicule, and these are too varied in character to be placed in a single genus, even after all of those with spindles en chevron have been provided for. These all agree in having spindle-form spicules only, without a noticeable admixture of other types, although there is often a considerable modification of the spindle in the way of enlargement or in being more slender, or in being stouter, or in being arranged in layers in the coenenchyma. Finally there are some genera in which the form of the colony seems of use in: generic distinctions. By the means above indicated it is possible to divide the very numerous species of this large family into generic groups that seem to be fairly natural ones. The writer believes that the main purpose in forming genera is to facilitate identification and classification. Our knowledge of the lower invertebrates is still far too fragmentary to permit us to indulge the hope that our work as systematists will really serve to express, in final form, the actual relationships of any large groups of animals. While a natural classification is a “consummation devoutly to be desired” we are not yet, is seems to me, in sight of it. Meanwhile we can use our genera as convenient names under which we can group species for practical purposes, being careful, however, not to abandon long established genera without good reason. Neither does it seem desirable to establish new genera so long as legitimate characters can be drawn from the type species of existing genera whereby the latter may be retained although modified to include new forms. Key to the genera of Mouriceip® as used in this work. eALERTS Cae eis i nn gan tase. (Mricea)? Calyces not bilabiate. Spindles arranged en chevron on calyx walls or tentacle bases. Spindles en chevron on calyx walls only. Calyx with crown of points of Acanthogorgia type . . . . . . Acanthogorgia Spindles en chevron on both calyx walls and tentacle bases. No crown of points. Spicules all regular spindles . . . . . . . Anthomuricea A crown of points consisting of spicules with radiating foliaceous See = |. ke fs, Be Pe se es en \(Paramuricea) A crown of points consisting of regular spindles . . . . . . . Muricella ! Generic names enclosed in brackets indicate that such genera are not represented in the Siboga collection. SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XIIId. is] 10 Spindles en chevron on tentacle bases, but not on calyx walls. No true crown of points. Spicules not all regular spindles. Twigs without strictly terminal polyps . . . . . . . . . . Muriceides A crown of points present. Spicules all spindles. . . . . . . . Anthogorgia Spindles nowhere arranged en chevron. Spicules all in form of spindles. Spindles very large and heavy, sometimes taking the form of enormous squarish plates or scales. Spindles of ccenenchyma in two distinct layers, the outer layer being the larger" ar SSS aS TE ea Spindles of ccenenchyma not in two distinct layers, their edges often fitted as im anosaie work‘. . a 2 ee re Spicules not excessively heavy or enlarged. Colony flabellate or retieulate.. 72 re en eee Colony simple or sparingly branched, not reticulate. . . . . . Elasmogorgia Calyces with certain forms of characteristic spicules of “Generic Types”. Calyx spicules resembling frilled collar-buttons. (Beöryce type). . . . . Bebryce Calyx spicules with conspicuous tooth-like points on one side only. (Zhesea type) BE en Ce ee ec Calyx spicules with a thorn-like distal part, and a basal mass of radiating tuberculate and branching processes (Zchinomuricea type) . . . . Echinomuricea Calyx spicules with a distal cluster of foliaceous smooth expansions, and a basal mass of radiating and tuberculate processes. (Achinogorgia type). Echinogorgia Calyx spicules imbricating discs or “Stachelplatten’’, the former often with ctenate edges. (Placogorgia.type) » . . u nn. 2) cess) an ee) COP On ers Calyx spicules with spindle-like bases from which arise one or two foliar or plate-like expansions. (Acamptogorgia type). . . . . . . . Acamptogorgia Calyx spicules mostly radiate forms of several kinds. Triradiate and quadriradiate forms predominating. Calyces in the form of short cylinders. .°°. = % = Sees ora Calyces very low verruc& which are oval in cross section. . . . .. Menella Multiradiate spicules predominating, many being double stars. A crown of points formed of processes from the radiate spicules of Heterogorgia type. .2 2° 2 2 0. u a eee It is not claimed that the above table will prove satisfactory in all cases; but it is hoped that it will prove a convenience in identifying genera in most cases, and thus save the time of the investigator. Leg t Synoptic view of the species and genera of the Siboga collection of Muriceips. *New species are indicated by the asterisk (®). Acanthogorgia. A. ridleyi, armata, spinosa, aspera, muricata, taxa, truncata, flabellum, ceylonensis,*striata, *studert, *turgida. ie uemmniecs: A. *sanguinea,*timorensis, *brunnea,*reticulata. Anthogorgia. A. *verrilli, *aura. Muriceides. M. *javensis, *collaris, "dubia. Muricella. M. crassa, complanata, perramosa, *gracilis, *stellata, “dubia, *grandıs. Versluysia. V. ramosa, ceylonensis, *rosea, *dentata, *oper- culata, *reteculata, *argentea. Acis. = A. alba, *squamata, *solorensis, "serrata. Elasmogorgia. E. ftliformis. Menacella. M. reticularis. Bebryce. B. indica, hicksoni, *thomsont. Thesea. T. *simplex, “pallida, *immersa, *flava, *flexilis, "placoderma, *sanguinea. Echinomuricea. E. coronalis, indomalaccensis, *collaris, *spint- fera, "pulchra, *cylindrica, *costata. Echinogorgia. E. aurantiaca, furfuracea, pseudosassapo, *rid- leyt, “flora, *complexa. Acamptogorgia. A. *spatulata. Placogorgia. P. atlantica, *campanulifera, *pulchra, *den- dritica, *cryptotheca, *dendata, *sguamata, *studert, *bebrycoides, *alternata, "reticuloides. Villogorgia. V. nigrescens, compressa, intricata, rubra, “serrata, *timorensts, *flavescens, *tinermts. Menella. M. *rubescens, *grayt. Heterogorgia. HT. ramosa, verrucosa, *muricelloides, *clausa, "humilis, *stellata, *magna, *reticulata, *oper- culata. An enumeration of the above list shows that the Siboga collection contains a total of 95 species of which 64, or almost exactly two thirds, appear to be new. 12 Systematic discussion of genera and species. Acanthogorgia Gray (emended by Verrill). Acanthogorgia Gray. Proceedings Zoological Society of London, 1857, p. 128. Acanthogorgia (including Blephrogorgia Duchassaing et Michelotti) Verrill. Memoirs Museum of Comparative Zoology, XI, I, p. 30, 1883. Acanthogorgia Wright and Studer. Challenger Report, Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 93. Calyces tubular, their walls with spindles arranged en chevron, and their margins surmounted by a crown of thorns which are sometimes single and sometimes in a cluster. Each of these marginal spicules is a bent spindle with a tuberculate base embedded in the calyx wall and a thorn-like, comparatively smooth distal portion projecting from the calyx margin. Other similar spicules may occur in the walls below the margin, and spicules of various types in the caenenchyma of the stem and branches. The characteristic spicules described above constitute the Acanthogorgia type. In the species of this genus the bent spindle predominates, although several other types, such as crosses and triradiate spicules, are found in some species. The disposition of the spicules en chevron in the calycular walls is also a very good generic character, shared, however, with the genus Paramuricea. This latter genus differs from Acanthogorgia in not having the Acanthogorgia type of spicules. The type species of this genus is Acanthogorgia hirsuta Gray’. The genus as thus defined would include the following species: — Acanthogorgia ceylonensis Thomson and Henderson, A. aspera Verrill, A. flabellum Hiles, A. hirsuta Gray, A. horrida Studer, A. znermis Hedlund, A. /axa Wright and Studer, A. /ongiflora Wright and Studer, A. media Thomson and Henderson, A. muricata Verrill, A. ramossissima Wright and Studer, A. rzdleyi Wright and Studer, A. schrammi (Duchassaing et Michelotti), A. spznosa Hiles, A. truncata Studer and A. verrzlli Studer”. To these are added the new species from the Siboga collection described beyond. 1. Acanthogorgia ridley: Wright and Studer. WRIGHT and STUDER. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 95. ROULE. Résultats scientifiques de la Campagne du “Caudan”, 1896, p. 306. Stat. 5. 7°46 S., 114°30.5 E. Madura Sea. 330 meters. Coral and stones. Stat. 212. 5°45'.5 S., 120°19'.2 E. Banda Sea. 462 meters. Fine grey mud. Stat. 259. 5°29.2S., 132°52'.5 E. near Kei Islands. 487 meters. Coral sand. Colony straggling in habit, 16 cm. in height. The main stem divides about 1 cm. from its origin into two long, straggling branches, one of which gives off three short branchlets from its proximal portion, its distal half being unbranched. The other branch gives off four side branches, its distal half being almost unbranched. The coenenchyma is fairly thick for this genus. I Gray. Proceedings Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 128. 2 Papers received since the above was written show that the following should be added to this list: A. cazdida Kiikth., A. gracillima Kiikth., A. spissa Kükth., A. japonica Kükth., A. dofleini Kükth., A. angustiflora Kükth. and A, multispinosa Kiikth, 13 The calyces are long and slender, closely approximated, and set at right angles with the branches, and grow on all sides of the latter. They often tend to curve upward, especially at their distal ends. The individual calyx is about 5 mm. long, on the average, from base of calyx to base of tentacles. The greatest diameter is about 2 mm. near the distal end, and the least diameter is about 1,5 mm. The fringe of long spicules constituting the “crown’’ are quite conspicuous, and there are a number of other conspicuous points arising from the calyx walls and pointing upward and outward. There are also a number of bristling points projecting from the upper surface of the infolded tentacle. These spicules, together with those of the crown, form a bristling tuft which must prove an effecting defense to the polyps. Spicules. Almost all of the spicules are bent, warty spindles. Those around the calyx margins are decidedly longer than the others, sometimes attaining a length of 2 mm. and often placed in pairs immediately over the tentacle bases, the two of a pair being closely approximated throughout. The spicules on the calyx walls are arranged en chevron, while those on the stem and branches are longitudinally placed. The spindles are well tuberculated, the tubercles often being arranged in annular bands. Color. The color is very light brown throughout, the tentacles appearing darker as they show between the spicules. The axis is a darker brown, and the spicules colorless. The specimen above described has been compared directly with a portion of the type from the Challenger collection, and agrees with it quite closely, except that the calyces appear to be somewhat more closely approximated than in the type. The type specimen of this species is in the British Museum. It was collected from off Port Grappler, Patagonia. Depth 140 fathoms. 12. Acanthogorgia armata Verrill. (Plate XIX, fig. 1). Acanthogorgia armata Verrill. American Journ. Sci. and Arts, XVI, 1878, p. 376. Acanthogorgia armata Verrill. American Journ. Sci. and Arts, XVIII, 1884, p. 220. Acanthogorgia armata Verrill. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. XI, N° 1, 1884, p. 31. Acanthogergia armata Hickson. Alcyonaria of the Cape of Good Hope, Part II, 1904, p. 225. Acanthogorgia armata Nutting. Alcyonaria of the Hawaiian Islands, 1908, p. 580. West Coast of Pulu Weh, Sumatra. 40 fath. Found on cable, Aug. 17, 1908. VAN NOUHUYS don. Colony indistinctly flabellate in form, 10 cm. in height. The main stem gives off a branch about 1,5 cm. from its base, another about 2 cm. above this, and still others above the latter point, the tendency being toward an obscure geniculation of the main stem. These branches often again branch in an obscurely alternate manner, occasional branches of the third order being seen. The calyces are set at right angles to the stem and branches, are closely approximated, and seem to be equally distributed on all sides of the stem and branches. I am unable to make out any definite spiral arrangement; but there seems to be a tendency for the calyces to arrange themselves in four rows, particularly toward the distal parts of the colony. 1 As in former reports the species not obtained by the Siboga are indicated by asterisks. 14 The individual calyces are columnar in shape, but expand at base and summit, sometimes approaching an hour-glass shape. They attain a length of 3 mm. and a width of 1,5 mm. at the tentacle bases, and of ı mm. at their middle. The margin is surrounded by a crown of thorns, there usually being two or three ‘spicules in each point. The polyps are retracted, the tentacles being folded over the oral disk, as is usual in the Muriceida. The operculum consists of thorn-like spindles attached to the tentacle bases and bending toward each other. Spicules. The spicules are slender spindles, regularly tuberculate, and almost always curved or bent at the middle. The spicules in the crown of thorns have a slender, straight, almost smooth distal portion; and a much shorter, stouter, strongly tuberculate proximal portion which may have stout foliaceous projections. This latter part is immersed in the calyx wall. There are a few triradiate spicules in the coenenchyma of the stem and branches. The spindles in the calyx walls are bent spindles, arranged en chevron, and there are slender curved spindles on the dorsal surfaces or of the tentacles. Color. The colony, in alcohol, is very dark umber brown, almost black. The spicules are colorless. General distribution. Atlantic Coast of the United States, to 524 fath. (VERRILL). Cape of Good Hope. 230 fath. (Hickson). Hawaiian Islands. 378 fath. (Nurrinc). The calyces of the Sumatran specimens are shorter than described by VERRILL; but not shorter than indicated by his figures '!. 3. Acanthogorgia spinosa Hiles. Acanthogorgia spinosa Hiles. The Gorgonacea collected by Dr. WILLEY, 1899, p. 199. Stat. 305. Solor Strait, off Kampong Menanga. 113 meters. Stony. Stat. 3101843, 9.) 11927 15) EB. Blores Sea.275meters.2Sand. Colony strictly flabellate in form, 12 cm. in height and 9 cm. in diameter, The main stem is straight, erect, and extends through the centre of the colony. The first branch is given off 2 cm. from the base, the others are given off at varying intervals, but are never strictly _ opposite, The main branches curve outward and upward like candelabra, and two of them give off rows of branchlets from their outer sides only. The calyces are thickly emplanted on all sides of the main stem and branches, and are more crowded toward the distal ends, where their bases seem to be ordinairly almost contiguous. The individual calyces are very gradually enlarged toward their distal ends, their shape being rather that of an elongated reversed cone than that of an hour-glass as described in the last species. They attain a height of 3 mm. and a diameter near the summit of 1,3 mm. Near the base the diameter is about 1 mm. The points around the margins are numerous, and inclined to project outward and upward. There is a distinct cluster of spines inserted at the base of each tentacle, each spine being curved so as to fit closely over the surface of the incurved tentacle, forming an effective pseudo-operculum. ! Bulletin Museum Comparative Zoology XI, N° 1, plate III, figs. 1a, 1d. 15 Spicules. The spicules are all slender, eurved or bent spindles, much as in the preceding species. Not infrequently, however, they are doubly curved so as to resemble a cupid’s bow, and occasionally a triradiate form is seen. The spicules in the calyx walls are arranged en chevron, but there are also a number of spindles of large size that are more nearly perpendicular than in the preceding species, their upper ends projecting freely from the coenenchyma, giving a spiked appearance that is very marked, especially in a dried specimen. _ Color. The specimen described is an obscurely vinaceous dark brown. Another specimen from the same station is much smaller and is apparently a younger colony. The calyces are considerably shorter, but they approximate the size of the larger specimen on the proximal parts of the colony. General distribution. The specimen described by Rıprey was found in Blanche Bay, New Britain, at a depth of 4o fathoms. 4. Acanthogorgia aspera Pourtales. Acanthogorgia aspera Pourtales. Fauna of the Gulf Stream, 1868, p. 113. Acanthogorgia aspera Verrill. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. XI, N° 1, 1883, p. 33. ? Acanthogorgia aspera Hedlund. Einige Muriceides, Museum Upsala, 1890, p. 3. Acanthogorgia aspera Studer. Alcyonaires de l’Hirondelle, 1901, p. 44. Staten U22 eas os) Nw 1252 0.5 He Celebes Sea. 1264. meters. stony. Stat. 289. 9° 0'.3S., 126°24'.5 E. Timor Sea. 112 meters. Mud, sand and shells. Colony (incomplete) roughly flabellate in form, 12 cm. in height and with a spread of about 5 cm. The main stem and lower portions of the main branches are entirely denuded of coenenchyma. The stem forks into two portions about 2 cm. from its base. One of the resulting branches is undivided and denuded. The other gives off a number of lateral branchlets none of which again divides. The average distance between branchlets is about 4 mm. The calyces are set on all sides of the branches, being more crowded, as usual, on the terminal twigs, where they are often contiguous but sometimes as much as 1 mm. apart. The individual calyces are columnar in form, a typical one measuring 2,5 mm. in height and 1,1 mm. in diamter, the length of the exposed part of the spicules of the crown being sometimes as much as 1,75 mm. Two or three spindles often form a single crown point. The calycular walls are filled with spicules arranged en chevron, the points seldom projecting to any appreciable extent beyond the body wall. The calyces vary greatly in shape, as is usual in this genus, according to age and extent of retraction. Spicules. These are almost all slender curved spindles, those forming the crown being typical of the genus, having very straight smooth acute points, and a relatively much shorter basal part, bent at an angle and roughly tuberculate and even branched. The ccenenchyma is filled with very slender curved spindles, more delicate than in most species of this genus, those in the stem and branches being longitudinally arranged. Color. The colony is very light yellowish brown. The axis is golden yellow brown, and the spicules are colorless. 16 General distribution. The type was from near Havana, Cuba. 494 fathoms. STUDER reports it from near the Azores. 927 fathoms. HEDLUND reports it from Amoy. 35 fathoms. STuDER, however, expresses doubt regarding HEpLunD’s identification. F 5. Acanthogorgia muricata Verrill. Acanthogorgia muricata Verrill. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XI, N° 1, 1883, p. 34. Acanthogorgia muricata Hiles. Gorgonacean Corals at Funafuti, 1889, p. 48. Acanthogorgia muricata Studer. The Alcyonaires de l’Hirondelle, 1901, p. 45. Acanthogorgia muricata Thomson and Henderson. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Report, Alcyonaria, 1905, p- 290. (Under name of A. muricata var. indica). Stat. 260. 5° 36.5 S., 132°55'.2 E. near Kei Islands. go meters. Sand, coral and shells. Colony flabellate, rather straggling in habit. 9 cm. in height, and about 5 cm. in diameter. The main stem is unbranched for 1,5 cm. from its base, where it sends off a branch which is the main part of the colony, and itself bears branches and branchlets. There are no anastomoses of branches. The calyces are more sparsely distributed than in most species, and show a tendency~ . toward a bilateral arrangement on the stem and branches, although they are not uncommonly met with on the front and back of the colony. They are not so closely approximated as in the species already discussed, and are quite irregularly spaced. The individual calyces are quite long and slender. While their basal portions are set at a right angle with the stem, they usually curve distinctly.upward so that their margins are approximately horizontal. Their proximal and distal portions are enlarged, while their middle portion is more slender than in other species of the genus so far discussed. The calyces attain a height to 3,5 mm. with a diameter below the tentacles of 1,25 mm. and in their middle portion of .75 mm. Other, probably younger, calyces are much shorter, but fully developed ones are as described. Spicules. The spicules forming the crown are rather long, and often two unite to form a single crown point. Their distal and proximal parts are not so much differentiated as in other species, the distal part being tuberculate and the proximal part being less expanded than is usual in the genus. The spicules on the calyx walls are arranged en chevron, but the slenderness of the calyces results in these spicules being nearly vertical, meeting in an exceedingly acute angle. Often their distal ends project spine-like from the body walls, but not at a very decided angle. The spindles in the caenenchyma are usually arched or bent near the middle, and are rather stout, with numerous warty tubercles. Color. The colony is light buffy throughout. The spicules are colorless. General distribution. Off Funafuti, Hires. Off Barbados, West Indies, VERRILL. 76 fathoms. Off the Azores, STUDER. 454 meters. Near Trincomalee, Ceylon, THomson and HEeNpERson. This species is much like A. verrilli Studer, but the calyces in the Siboga specimen are shorter than those described by STUDER. 17 6. Acanthogorgia laxa Wright and Studer. Acanthogorgia laxa Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, The Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 96. Stat. 26. 8°35.15S., 115°31.2E. Bali Sea. Depth 305 meters. Sand. The colony (incomplete), is strictly flabellate in form, and attains a height of 26 cm. and a spread of 27 cm. The main stem is incomplete, and the colony was originally doubtless much larger. The first branch origin is about 3 cm. from the proximal end of stem. The main stem is straight and gives off a number of strictly lateral branches in an irregularly alternate manner, and these branches again divide in the same manner. Branches of the third order sometimes result. The coenenchyma is thin. The calyces are usually lateral, but are not seldom found on the front and back of the colony, especially on its distal parts. They are closely approximated on the sides of the branches and are set nearly at right angles with the latter. The branch terminations, when present, end in calyces. The individual calyces are rather slender cylinders, sometimes attaining a height of 3.5 mm. and are of almost equal diameter (1.5 mm.) throughout. The crown of points is not conspicuous, and the tentacles are covered basally by bent spindles whose distal ends converge. The calyx walls are covered with spindles arranged en chevron, their points rising to a level with the tentacle bases. The spicules of the caenenchyma are longitudinally arranged. Spicules. These are almost all bent spindles regularly tuberculated, and of various sizes. Occasionally one is seen which is of the typical acanthogorgian form; but these are not numerous. Color. The colony is light brown, and the spicules colorless. General distribution. The type was taken by the Challenger off Tom Bay, Pata- gonia. Depth, 175 fathoms. Although the crown of points is hardly discernible, this species agrees in most of its characters with the genus Acanthogorgia. 7. Acanthogorgia truncata Studer. Acanthogorgia truncata Studer. Note preliminaire sur les Alcyonaires provenant des Campagnes de l’Hirondelle, 1891, p. 555. Acanthogorgia truncata Studer. Alcyonaires provenant des Campagnes de |’ Hirondelle, 1901, p. 46. Stat: 310. 8°30'S., 119°7.5 E. Flores Sea. 73 meters. Sand. Colony flabellate and very profusely branched, attaining a height of 15 cm. and a spread of 16 cm. The main stem gives off a branch 1.75 cm. from its base. A little above this the main stem divides into two great branches, each of which gives off numerous lateral subalternate branchlets which themselves often divide into branches of the third and fourth orders. There are no anastomoses, but the terminal twigs are very numerous, forming dense tufts. The calyces are equally distributed on all sides of the branches, and are closely approximated. In places they tend to an arrangement in whorls of four or five, but this arrangement is by no means SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XIILÖ. 3 18 constant. The whorls are only about one mm. apart. The branches end in polyps, and the coenenchyma is thin. These projecting points are more numerous, heavy and constant than in any of the preceding species. The polyp is very heavily armed with spicules, and does not appear to be capable of complete retraction, and when considerable expanded it is difficult to distinguish between the calyx and cesophageal part of the polyp, although there is a crown on the margin. The proximal portion of the incurved tentacles are protected by heavy longitudinal spicules, and the distal portions by lighter ones. Spicules. There are mainly straight and curved tuberculate spindles. There are also crown spicules of the characteristic acanthogorgian type. A few forked and triradiate forms are seen, and also, but rarely, crosses. Color. The color, in alcohol, is grayish brown. The axis is dark golden brown, and the spicules are colorless. General distribution. The type was secured in the Gulf of Gascogne at a depth of 240 meters. No other specimens have been reported, except those secured by the Siboga- Expedition. Besides the specimen described above, another, much smaller one in poor condition was secured from the same station. The Siboga specimens agree with STupER’s description. His figures indicate that the type was yellow in color, but his description calls it brown. 8. Acanthogorgia flabellum Hickson. Acanthogorgia flabellum Hickson. The Alcyonaria of the Maldives, 1905, p. 812. Stat. 117. 1°0.5 N., 122°56 E. North Celebes, 80 meters. Sand and coral. Stat. 125. Anchorage off Sawan, Island Siau. 27 meters. Stony. Stat. 164. 1°42'.5S., 130°47'.5 E. West New Guinea. 32 meters. Sand and stone. Stat. 310. 823077 S,, 119. 7.52. lores Seas 73 ,meters2Sand:- Stat. 315. East of Sailus Besar, Paternoster-Islands. Up to 36 meters. This is the specimen described. Colony flabellate, loosely reticulate, attaining a height of about ı2 cm. and a breadth of 7 cm. Branches and main stem about the same diameter throughout. Calyces unevenly distributed, fairly thickly emplanted; mainly on the sides of the branches, but by no means lacking on the front and back. The distribution is very uneven, there being considerable spaces destitute of calyces, while others are crowded. The individual calyces are very small, attaining a height of but 1 mm. Their outline is dome-shaped, owing to the regularly arched tentacular surface and low walls. The operculum is composed of three spindles for each flap, and is often almost entirely concealed by the crown points. The calyx walls are covered with spicules, many of which are branched or triradiate, their points sticking upward and outward. These calycular spicules look as though they had been arranged en chevron and then, owing to the shortening of the calyx, pressed down until they lie almost horizontally, encircling the calyx. The coenenchyma is moderately thick. 19 Spicules. The most numerous form is a small warty, more or less curved spindle. The crown spicules are not prominent; but are of the true Acanthogorgia type. Crosses and triradiate forms are common, especially in the stem and branches. Occasionally small branched spicules approach the form of “Stachelplatten'. Color. The calyces and ccenenchyma are white in alcohol, but the golden brown axis shows. through the latter, giving a dusky tint. General distribution. The type was from Adder Atoll, Maldive Archipelago. 25 fathoms. The Siboga specimens agree very well with the original description. 9. Acanthogorgia ceylonensis Thomson and Henderson. Acanthogorgia ceylonensis Thomson and Henderson. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Reports, Alcyonaria, 1905, p- 290. Stat. 47. Bay of Bima. 55 meters. Mud with coral sand. Stat. 144. Anchorage North of Salomakié (Damar) Island. 45 meters. Coral. Stat. 257. In Du-Roa Strait, Kei Islands. 52 meters. Lithothamnion. Stat. 289. 9°0.3S., 126°24'.5 E. Timor Sea. 112 Meters. Mud, sand and shells. Colony flabellate in form, with distal branches anastomosing to a moccrate degree. Height 11 cm. Breadth 14 cm. Branches rather profuse, the main branches showing a tendency to become geniculate, giving off alternate branches at the geniculations. While the general form of the colony is flabellate, some of the branches are given off from the front of the colony. The calyces are sparsely distributed, and show a distinct tendency to a bilateral arrangement, and in places are quite regularly alternate, giving much the appearance of the hydroid genus Sertwlarella. The stems and branches are quite extensively denuded. The individual calyces are quite small for this genus, seldom exceeding 1 mm. in height. They are columnar in form, and of almost even diameter throughout, except a sligt expansion at the tentacle bases; the diameter being about equal to the height. The crown of spicules is not conspicuous, indeed it is ordinarily scarcely evident; but can be seen on an occasional calyx. The spindles which constitute the crown curve inwards more than ordinarily, bending over, a pair to each tentacle, and forming a strong protection. The tentacles have tuberculate spindles on their exposed surfaces. Spicules. The crown spindles are not well differentiated, being simply curved spindles without sharp distinction between the proximal and distal parts. The calyx walls are covered with tuberculate spindles en chevron, their distal ends often projecting in dried specimens. ~The basal portion of the walls often have spindles arranged almost horizontally. The canen- chyma is thin, with numerous tuberculate spindles, and also crosses, triradiate forms, and irregular spindles and _ plates. Color. The calyces are very light brown, almost white, in alcohol. The stem is dark golden brown proximally, fading distally to almost white. General distribution. The type was secured off Trincomalee, Ceylon. 20 10. Acanthogorgia striata new species. (Plate I, figs. 3, 3a; Plate XIX, fig. 2). Stat. 117. 1° 0.5 N., 122°56'E. North Celebes. 80 meters. Sand and coral. Stat. 253. 5°48'.2 S., 132°13’ E. Banda Sea. 304 meters. Clay. Colony straggling in habit, subflabellate in form, giving off long and irregularly disposed branches which themselves give forth irregularly disposed branchlets. Height 32 cm. In most cases the terminal branches are free from branchlets for a considerable distance, and the central stem is free from branches for its distal half. The calyces are rather closely approximated and project ordinarily at a right angle from the stem. The individual calyces are columnar in form, and attain a height of about 3 mm. They are usually of about the same diameter throughout, being from 1 to 1.5 mm. in diameter. The marginal points extent outward and upward, while within this crown of points other spicules point toward the centre, and still others are curved over the retracted tentacles, to which they are closely applied. Spicules. These are all slender spindles, curved or bent, but seldom assuming the shape of a cupid’s bow. The largest, which form the crown of points, are of the typical acanthogorgian shape, the distal end being straight, smooth and sharp, with the basal part much branched and tuberculate, and being bent at an angle with the distal part. The spindles of the calycine walls are arranged en chevron. Those just below the tentacle bases are almost horizontal in position. Color. The polyps are light brown, with eight longitudinal stripes showing darker brown, thus giving the name to the species. The axis is a rich golden brown with a distinct lustre, and this shows through the coenenchyma so that the stem and branches appear darker than the polyps. This species is near Acanthogorgia horrida Studer, but the disposition of the calyx spicules does not agree with his figure'. It also resembles Acanthogorgia aspera Pourtales, but the calyces are considerably stouter, and the vertical markings quite prominent. 11. Acanthogorgia studeri new species. (Plate I, figs. 1, 1a; Plate XIX, fig. 3). Stat. 47. Bay of Bima. 55 meters. Mud with coral sand. Stat. 117. Kwandang Bay entrance, North Celebes. 80 meters. Sand and coral. Stat. 139. o° 11 S., 127°25° E. near Batjan Island. 397 meters. Stony. Stat. 274. 5°28'.2S., 134°53.9E. Aru Islands. 57 meters. Sand and stones. Colony (incomplete) flabellate in form, the branches anastomosing to a limited degree. ‘ . . . . The height is about 12 cm. The main stem is unbranched for 3 cm., where it divides into two main portions, each of which subdivides into rather numerous branches and branchlets, the latter anastomosing in places forming a rude reticulation. The calyces are rather thickly distributed on all sides of the stem and branches, and show a tendency toward a disposition in spirals; but this is not at all constant. They are usually 1 SrupEr. Aleyonaires provenant des Campagnes de l’Hirondelle, rgo1, Plate VII, fig. 2. 21 straight, standing at right angles to the stem and branches. They are columnar in form, expanding slightly at top and bottom. The crown of points is not very conspicuous; but that may be due to the fact that the specimen was preserved in concentrated acetic acid, which has dissolved the spicules. The individual calyces attain a height of a little over 2 mm. and a diameter of about ı mm. The spindles on the tentacles have been largely dissolved by acid. - Spicules. These are rather stout spindles, rather straighter that is common in this genus, without decided curve or bow-shape. The spicules forming the crown of points are tuberculate on their distal parts, which are less decidedly differentiated from the proximal portions that is usual in the Acanthogorgia type. The spindles in the calyx walls are large and stout, and are arranged en chevron. Just below the tentacle bases they are nearly horizontal in position, except where they project to form the crown of points. The coenenchyma is thick, and its spicules are longitudinally placed. Color. The colony is medium brown throughout, the calyces not differing appreciably from the stem and branches. The axis has a golden brown lustre. The spicules are colorless. This species is near Acanthogorgia laxa Wright and Studer'; but the calyces are much smaller. 12. Acanthogorgia turgida new species. (Plate I, figs. 2, 2a; Plate XIX, fig. 4). Stat. 204. 4°20° S., 122°58’ E. near Buton Island. 75—94 meters. Sand. Stat. 260. 5°36.5S., 132°55'..2 E. Kei Islands. 90 meters. Sand, coral and shells. State Oy lOe OS sell ce dO Ey) Timor> Sea. 520 meters. Mud. Colony flabellate in form, the branches rarely anastomosing. Length 11 cm., spread 15 cm. The first branch arises about 1 cm. from the base of the stem, and others arise in an irregularly alternate manner. The lateral branches are very long and profusely branched throughout their distal portions. The calyces are rather evenly distributed on all sides of the stem and branches, and are rather closely approximated. They are short and stout, and more conspicuously spiny than usual. The individual calyces are up to 2 mm. in height and are somewhat barrel-shaped, being ı mm. in diameter near the middle and but 1.75 mm. at the distal and proximal ends. The crown of points is quite conspicuous, the spicules being numerous and long in proportion to the size of the species. The body walls are filled with spicules arranged en chevron. Spicules. The crown spicules are well differentiated into a long, comparatively smooth distal part, and a short basal part; set at an angle with the other portion, and having conspicuous tuberosities and often jagged processes and branches. Many of the spicules in the calyx walls have their ends projecting upward and outward, giving a very bristling appearance to the calyces. The spicules in the stem and branches are exceedingly varied in character. Small ‘spindles are common, and there are also numerous jagged irregular plates, crosses, stars, etc., ! WRIGHT and STUDER. Challenger Reports, The Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 96. 22 that form a sort of reticulate pattern on the dried surfaces of the branches. The spindles themselves are warty, and have prominent jagged processes and expansions. Color. This species superficially resembles Acanthogorgia spinosa, but is much lighter brown, and has more slender calyces. 3 It also resembles Acanthogorgia truncata Studer, but differs from it both in color and character of spicules. Anthomuricea Wright and Studer. Anthomuricea Wright and Studer. Archiv. für Naturgesch., Jahrg. LIII, Bd. p. 55. Anthomuricea Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 108. Calyces cylindrical, margin without a crown of projecting points, walls with spindles arranged en chevron. The operculum is conspicuous, 8-rayed, with its basal portion composed of small spindles arranged en chevron. The spicules are without Stachelplatten. The writer has here adopted the original definition without essential modification. The genus is very near to Paramuricea, but is easily distinguished by the spicules, which are all regular spindles instead of spiny disks. The type species of this genus is Anthomuricea argentea Wright and Studer. Other known species are Axthomuricea tenuispina Nutting, A. chamaeleon Koch and the four new species in the Siboga collection. 1. Anthomuricea sanguinea new species. (Plate I, figs. 4, 4a; Plate XIX, fig. 5). Stat. 47. Bay of Bima, near South Fort. 55 meters. Mud with coral sand. Stat. 144. Anchorage north of Salomakié (Damar) Island. 45 meters. Coralbottom. (Fragments). Colony flabellate in form, and with a height of 8 cm., and a diameter of 4.9 cm. The main stem is straight, the first branch being given off 1.8 cm. from the base. Above this a number of lateral branches are given off in an entirely irregular manner, 7 on one side and 3 on the other. The calyces are regularly alternate, and are inclined toward the front and toward the distal ends of the branches, where a pair of large calyces form a forked termination, the axis ending in a point between the calyces. The distance between the calyces is quite regularly 2.5 mm. The individual calyces are truly cylindrical in shape, sometimes attaining a height of 2mm. Their diameter is about 2 mm. The walls are filled with slender spindles which are vertically disposed, but tend to the en chevron arrangement near the margin, where they form eight blunt points opposite the tentacle bases. The polyps are completely retractile, but in many cases rest with the unusually conspicuous collaret on the calyx margin, the dome- shaped operculum resting above. Both the collaret and operculum are composed of crimson spicules, the latter being made up of very numerous slender spindles which cover the basal part of the tentacle with an en chevron arrangement, and are longitudinally arranged on the distal parts. 23 Spicules. These are nearly all very slender spindles, often curving or sinuous, and sometimes attaining a length of 2.2 mm. Some of these are the most slender tuberculate spindles that the writer has seen in the Muriceide. | Color. The color of the colony and of the spicules is a deep crimson. This is a very beautiful and symmetrical species. a | 2. Anthomuricea timorensis new species. (Plate II, figs. 2, 2a). Stat. 60. Haingsi, Samau Island, Timor. 23 meters. A mere fragment is all that was secured of this species; but it shows very well the characteristics of the genus. It consists of the end of a branch 1.3 cm. long. The calyces are thickly crowded on all sides leaving hardly any of the coenenchyma exposed. They are bulging at the top, where the marginal portion, together with the operculum, forms a distinct rounded knob. They are 2 mm. in height, and 1.75 mm. across the knob. The calycular walls are filled with spindless placed en chevron on their basal portions, while the tips of the tentacles are covered by two curved spindles meeting at their distal ends. The coenenchyma is filled with rather slender straight or slightly curved spindles. | Spicules. The specimen is so small that it was thought best not to destroy a portion in order to clean the spicules for examination. From a superficial view they seem to be all spindles, evenly tuberculated. Their arrangement is almost precisely that represented in Fig. ı, plate XXIII of the Challenger Report on the Alcyonaria, representing Axthomuricea argentea. Color. The color of the fragment is light yellowish brown. This fragment can not be placed in either of the hitherto known species. The calyces are much broader in proportion to their height than in A. argentea, and are much more crowded. They are considerably larger than in A.reticulata, and much more crowded and of a different color than in A. tenuispina, a species described by the writer from the Hawaiian Islands; and are cylindrical, not subconical in form. *3. Anthomuricea brunnea new species. (Plate II, figs. 1, ıa; Plate XIX, fig. 6). East coast of Pulu Weh, Sumatra, growing on cable. 40 fathoms. Aug. 17th, 1906. VAN NOUHUYS leg. Colony subflabellate in form, 10 cm. in height. The branching is exceedingly irregular, some large branches growing from the front and interfering with the flabellate manner of growth. The main stem gives off the stump of a heavy branch from its front, and less than 1 cm. from its base. At the junction of this branch with the stem a small upright branch is given off, from which originate five short branches not lying in the same plain. The main stem, just above the origin of the stump referred to above, divides into two parts, one lateral and one upright, which give off a number of laterally disposed branchlets; and some of these again divide. The calyces arise from all sides of the stem and branches; but most of them are on 24 opposite sides. There is usually a polyp terminating a branch; but often this is not the case. The calyces are closely approximated on the sides of the branches, being on the average not more than ı mm. apart. They are much more scattered on the front and back. The individual calyces are tubular in shape, surmounted by the rounded dome of the pseudo-operculum. They project at right angles with the stem and branches. There are no distinct marginal projections, and some of them attain a height of 3 mm. to the top of the operculum; but they do not average more than 2 mm. Their maximum diameter is. ı.5 mm. The sides are almost straight, except at the extreme base, where they broaden to meet the branches. Their walls are filled with spicules arranged en chevron, the point of the chevron being opposite the tentacular bases, which are themselves filled with spicules arranged en chevron, and surmounted by two bent horizontal spicules, one above the other, just below the long opercular spindles. There are four or more of these latter to each tentacle, lying along the tops of the incurved tentacles in a bundle, the lateral ones curved so as to embrace the outer basal surface of the tentacle and meeting in a point distally. Spicules. The spicules are all typical spindles, usually slightly curved, and always strongly tuberculate. Color. The entire colony is deep golden brown. This species differs from the type of the genus in having terminal polyps, and in the spiculation of the operculum. 4. Anthomuricea reticulata new species. (Plate II, figs. 3, 3a; Plate XIX, fig. 7). Stat. 50. Bay of Badjo, Flores. Up to 40 meters. Sand. Strait of Boleng, Solor. Colony (dried specimen) strictly flabellate and reticulate, attaining a height of 75 cm., and a diameter of 80 cm. The main stem arises from a broad expanded base and consists of several agglomerated massive stems which immediately break up into a number of branches of different sizes. Some of these pursue a tortuous course to the edge of the colony; but most of them fork so that they themselves become broken up, the resulting branchlets often forking several times before they reach the periphery of the colony. The ultimate twigs are born on all sides of the branches, especially in the borders of the colony, so that there are numerous twigs projecting from the front and back of the fan. The stem and basal parts of the branches, where decorticated, show that the axis is deeply and irregularly furrowed with longitudinal grooves. The main branches are compressed, the largest having a cross section of 13 mm. by 6.5 mm. The calyces are emplanted on all sides of the stem and branches, and are seldom contiguous, as in many other large flabellate Muriceids, but are separated, on the average, by about 1.3 mm. The individual calyces are in the form of short cylinders, a typical one being ı mm. high and having a diameter of 1.5 mm. The calyx walls are filled with uniform small, stout spindles which are arranged en chevron on the upper parts, and have a circular disposition on the lower parts of the walls. The collaret and operculum are very well developed, the latter 2 Nn being high dome-shaped, and having nearly all of the spindles arranged en chevron, the ends of the tentacles only being provided with longitudinal spindles. The polyps are not fully retractile, all of them resting with the collaret on the calyx margin so closely that it is hard to tell where the calycular spindles end and the opercular spindles begin, the collaret being practically concealed. Spicules. The spicules of the stem and branches are spindles like those of the calyx walls. They are, in general, longitudinal in position; but encircle the bases of the calyces. Color. The dried specimen is a dull woody brown, the axis is black, when clean, and the spicules are light yellowish brown. This is one of the handsomest specimens in the collection. Anthogorgia Verrill. Anthogorgia Verrill. American Journal of Science and Art, XLV, 1868, p. 413. Anthogorgia Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. LIII. Anthogorgia Studer. Challenger Reports. Supplementary Report on the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 12. The original definition of this genus, which is here adopted, is as follows: — “It is characterized by very prominent tubular cells, eight-rayed at summit: a thin coenen- chyma containing embedded fusiform spicula; those of the cells long, fusiform, thorny, embedded at various angles in the surface, but not imbricated”’, The genus is separated from Paramuricea by the fact that the spicules of the calyx are not arranged en chevron, from Anthogorgia by the same character in addition to the absence of a crown of points, from Fzllogorgia by the fact that its spicules are all true spindles, from Anthomuricea by the calycular and opercular spicules not being arranged en chevron, and from Muriceides by a totally different operculum. The type species of this genus is Anthogorgia divaricata Verrill. The other previously known species is Anthogorgia japonica Studer. Two new species are described beyond. 1. Anthogorgia verrilli new species. (Plate III, figs. 2, 2a; Plate XIX, fig. 8). Stat. 305. Mid channel in Solor Strait, off Kampong Menanga. 113 meters. Stony. Colony flabellate, 14 cm. high, and with a spread of 16 cm. The main stem sends off a small branch about 1 cm. from its base and a little above this it forks, sending off a longer lateral branch and a shorter erect branch. Each of these divides into subalternate branches, and some of these latter again divide, making branchings of the third and fourth orders. The calyces are usually lateral in position, and in some of the branches they are quite regularly alternate. A few calyces are on the front of the branches, particularly on the distal portions of the colony. They are quite evenly spaced, being usually from 3 to 4 mm. apart on the sides of the branches. They stand stiffly at right angles to the branches, and show little tendency to curve toward each other, as in Anthogorgia aurea. SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XII, 4 26 The individual calyces are about 4 mm. high and 1.5 mm. in diameter. They are strictly tubular, enlarging somewhat toward their summits. Their walls are filled with heavy tuberculate spindles irregularly disposed, but tending to be vertical. There are eight marginal points, formed by the main opercular spindles which are more slender than in A. aurea. They are formed by two large spindles with their proximal ends divaricated and their distal ends approximated. A third spindle is laid across outside of the basal ends of the two already mentioned. Below these the polyp is surrounded by a circlet, more or less incomplete, of spindles. There seem to be two layers of spindles in the calicular walls and coenenchyma, but they do not imbricate. The marginal points of the calyx project well above the folded tentacles, which do not form an elevated dome, as in the next species. Spicules. The spicules are all rather stout, gently curved and tuberculate spindles, with the tuberculations not very close. Color. The colony is light brown throughout, without any golden or orange tinge. The spicules are colorless. 2. Anthogorgia aurea new species. (Plate III, figs. 1, 1a; Plate XIX, fig. 9). Stat. 15. 7°2'.6S., 115°23'.6E. Bali Sea. 100 meters. Coral sand. Stat. 144. Anchorage North of Salomakié (Damar) Island. 45 meters. Coral bottom. Colony flabellate in form, attaining a height of 24 cm. and a diameter of 15 cm. The main stem has a diameter of 4 mm., and branches about 3 cm.. from its base. The branches are irregularly alternate, and the branching continues until branches of the fifth order are produced. There are no terminal calyces; but they are lateral in position, and tend to be subopposite. Sometimes, however, there is a tendency to form spirals of three, particularly on the distal branchlets. The calyces on a given side are not in the same plane, but are inclined alternately to the front and back of the stem or branch. They are very irregularly spaced, but are usually rather distant, those on a given side being from 1.5 to 4 mm. apart. The individual calyces are cylindrical in form, and are often curved. A typical one measures 4 mm. in length, and 2 mm. in diameter, and is of nearly the same diameter throughout. Their walls are filled with large fusiform spindles irregularly disposed, but most often lengthwise. On the margin there is a series of eight blunt points, each corresponding to a tentacle base. The retracted tentacles form a dome-shaped mass resting within the margin. The upper surfaces of the tentacles are filled with small spindles arranged en chevron, and the collaret is inconspicuous, represented by an ill defined ring of slender spindles. Spicules. These are all large, stout, straight or curved, very warty spindles. The tubercles are thickly and evenly packed on the surface, but are small. Those on the stem and branches are longitudinally disposed. Color. The colony is a rather bright orange brown, the calyces being somewhat lighter, and the stem darker. Many of the spicules are of this golden or orange color. to ST Muriceides Wright and Studer (emended). Muriceides Studer + Clematissa Studer. Archiv. f. Naturgesch. Jahrg. LIII, Bd. 1, pp. 54, 55. Muriceides Wright and Studer + Clematissa Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria 1889, pp. LI, LIII, 105, 106. Calyces cylindrical, or in the form of truncated cones, their walls filled with vertically placed spindles, often modified into clubs, discs, or triradiate forms vertically placed; but not en chevron, and not forming a true crown of points around the margin. The opercular spindles are placed en chevron on the tentacle bases. The coenenchyma contains spicules of various forms, and the branches may, or may not, end in calyces. The union of the two genera Murticeides and Clematissa of WRIGHT and STUDER seems called for on account ‚of the failure of the character that was most emphasized by their describers in separating them. The fact that in one species herein described some of the branches end in calyces, while others do not, destroys the value of this distinction for even specific description. They also intergrade in the character of the spicules, Stachelplatten being found in both, though more predominent in Muriceides. By thus combining the two genera we have a fairly homogenious genus, characterised by vertically arranged spindles not en chevron in the calyx walls, and opercular spindles en chevron; while the margin does not show the crown of points characteristic of the genus Paramuricea. The type species of this genus is Murzceides fragilis W. and S. The other known species are M. furcata Studer, MW. obtusa (W. and S.), M. robusta (W. and S.). M. sceptrum (Studer), AZ. verrilli (W. and S.), AZ. alba (Nutting), JZ. tenuis (Nutting), and the new species herein described. 1. Muriceides javensis new species. (Plate IV, figs. 1, 1a). Stat. 7. 7°55'.5S., ıı4 26 E. (Near Java). 15 meters, and over. Coral. Colony rudely flabellate in outline, about 32 cm. in height, and with a spread of 35 cm. The root is not present, and the specimen appears to be but one of the main branches of a very large specimen. This branch sends forth most of its branches from its upper side, there being but one from the lower side. These side branches are regularly curved upward and outward, and themselves give off ultimate branchlets from their proximal portions; the distal parts often being unbranched for a considerable distance. The main branch is round in section, and is 5 mm. in diameter. The other branches are often flattened in the plane of the colony. The branches arising from the main branch are about 2.25 cm. apart, and often, but not always, end in calyces. The coenenchyma is thick. The calyces are almost all lateral and alternate, but sometimes approach a loose spiral in arrangement. There are, however, a number scattered along the front and back of the branches at wide and irregular intervals. 28 At the end of the branch there is often a triangular expansion with a calyx at each outer angle. While this is usually the case, there are branches that distinctly terminate in calyces, or rather in a single calyx. The calyces are 3 to 5 mm. apart. The individual calyces are in the shape of truncated cones, set at a right angle to the branches, and compressed in the plane of the branch. They are usually about 2 mm. in height to the bases of the tentacles, and about 4 mm. broad at the base. The tentacles, when folded, form a high, almost conical, dome about 2 mm. in height, resting on the calyx margin, and showing a well-marked collaret. The spicules of the operculum are longitudinally disposed on the distal portions, and small spindles disposed en chevron on the basal parts. Spicules. These are all spindles of various forms and sizes. They are usually terete, straight, and very densely tuberculated. They are of about the same types on calyces and coenenchyma of stems and branches. Color. The colony (in alcohol) is a light creamy white. The axis is horn color, and the spicules colorless. The character of the branch terminations of this species was the one that made it necessary to combine the old genera Muriceides and C/ematissa. It is possible that where there are two terminal calyces on the triangular expansion of a branch, the branch was destined to fork. 2. Muriceides collaris new species. (Plate IV, figs. 3, 3@; Plate XIX, fig. 10). Stat. 253. 7248.25, 132.19 8. mear Wei Islands 204s meters. Clay Colony straggling in habit, 22 cm. in height. The main stem is unbranched for about 7 cm., where it bifurcates; or rather sends off a branch about as large as the main stem, which branch divides dichotomously. The main stem gives off two other lateral branches on each side, one of which divides dichotomously. All of the branches turn upward shortly after they leave the main stem or branch, and become erect and parallel. The main stem is about 4 mm. in diameter near its base, and the distal ends of the branches 2 to 3 mm. The branches do not end in calyces. The calyces are quite unevenly distributed, but most of them are placed on the sides of the branches. They are, on an average, about 2 mm. apart. The coenenchyma is thick. The individual calyces are in the shape of truncated cones upon the summits of which rest the collarets of the retracted polyps. They are about 1 mm. in height, to the collaret, and about 1.5 mm. in diameter at the summit, and 2 mm. in diameter at the base. The calyx walls are filled with longitudinally placed spicules which are not en chevron, some of their points projecting slightly above the margin. The operculum is highly arched, almost conical, and each flap has several long spindles on the distal portion, and a few spindles placed en chevron on the basal part of the tentacle. Spicules. These are usually straight, tuberculate spindles. Sometimes, however, they are: curved, and, rarely, branched. Occasional lobed, triradiate forms are seen, sometimes taking: the form of Stachelplatten; but the great majority are straight or curved spindles. 29 Color. The entire colony is ivory white in alcohol. This species has some resemblance to Clematissa verrilli Wright and Studer; but the calyces are smaller, the color different, and the spiculation of the calyces quite distinct. 3. Murticeides dubia new species. (Plate IV, figs. 2, 2a; Plate XIX, fig. 11). Stat. 274. 52°28.2S., 134°53.9E. near Aru Islands. 57 meters. Sand and stones. Colony subflabellate in form, ıı cm. high, and 7.5 cm. in diameter. The main stem is tortuous, giving forth alternate individual branches ı to 2 cm. apart, the branches bending outward and upward like candalabra. The stem and branches are round, and have a uniform thickness of about 4 mm. The calyces are crowded, and in places contiguous. They are inserted on all sides of the stem and branches, the latter terminating in calyces. The coenenchyma is thick. The individual calyces are verruciform or dome-shaped, the polyps being completely retracted and obliterating the orifice of the calyces. They are 2.5 mm. high and of about the same diameter. Rarely they are much larger and more slender, being 4.5 long and 2.5 mm. in diameter. Their walls are closely packed with large fusiform spindles vertically disposed. The points of these spicules are gathered together at the margin, so as to entirely obliterate the opening of the calyx. There are a few spicules on the polyp walls beneath the collaret, which is represented by an irregular, broken row of transversely placed spindles. The operculum is weak, consisting of a few longitudinally disposed spicules, placed obscurely en chevron basally. The tentacles, when retracted, are so closely approximated that they form a mass in which the individuals are hard to see. The spaces between the calyces are covered with a minute, parasitic tubularian hydroid. Spicules. These are all fusiform spindles, closely tuberculated and of various sizes. Those on the calyx walls are often imbricated. Color. The colony is almost white in alcohol. The axis is brown, and the spicules colorless. This species is somewhat doubtfully referred to the genus Muriceides on account of the ill defined character of the operculum. Muricella Verrill (emended). Muricella (Subgenus) Verrill. Transactions Connecticut Acad., Vol. 1, 1869, p- 450. Muricella Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 123. Muricella Ridley. Zoological Collections of H. M.S. Alert, 1884, p. 335- VERRILL originally proposed the name Muricella for a “group” of the genus Murzcea, and described it as follows: “This division includes those species which have a rather thin coenenchyma, filled with long spindles, with low, subconical verruce arising from between the large spicula and usually standing at right angles to the surface, and covered with much smaller and shorter spindles”. This author has also called attention to the near relationship of this genus to ders which differs in having scale-like spicula covering the verruce. 30 The present writer would define the genus Murzcella as follows: Calyces in the form of truncated cones or rounded verruc&. The spicules are all spindles, those of the coenenchyma very large, arranged longitudinally. The upper portion of the calyces with smaller, vertical spindles often forming eight marginal points by the convergence of their upper ends, thus forming a sort of approximation to an en chevron arrangement. The tentacle bases have the spindles arranged en chevron. The genus thus differs from Muriceides in having very large spindles, from Paramuricea in the form of the calyces, and from Axthomuricea in having the spindles of calyx walls not en chevron. The type species of this genus is Muricella flexuosa (Koll.). The known species belonging to this genus are JV. ceylonensis Thomson and Henderson, M. complanata W. and S., M. crassa W. and S., M. nitida Verrill, M. perramosa Ridley, M. ramosa T. and H., M. rubra Thomson, M. tenera Ridley, M. tuberculata (Esper) and M. umbraticoides Studer. To these must be added the three new species described beyond. 1. Muricella gracilis Wright and Studer. Muricella gracilis Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 129. Stat. 274. 5°28.2 S., 134°53-9 E. near Aru Islands. 57 meters. Sand and stones. Colony roughly pinnate, straggling in habit, 5.2 cm. in height, and with a spread of about 2 cm. The main stem gives off six short simple branches from one side, and one bifurcated one from the other. The distance between branches is about 5 mm. The calyces are arranged in a long spiral, and the branches end in a polyp. The distance between calyces is about 2 mm. on the average. The individual calyces are tubular in form, and a typical one is a little over 1 mm. in height, and about as broad as long. Its walls are filled with vertical spindles, there being usually a fairly regular basal set between the distal ends of which are fitted smaller spindles that reach to and surround the margin. In some cases these latter tend to arrange themselves en chevron. The polyps are entirely retractile, and the operculum is composed of a number of small spindles which seem to be arranged in no definite manner, although there is a tendency toward an en chevron disposition. The ccenenchyma is filled with large spindles characteristic of this genus. Spicules. These are all spindles of various sizes, some of which attain a length of 2mm. They are rather more slender than is usual in this genus, and their edges are closely approximated in the coenenchyma. They are covered with small, closely set tubercles. Color. The colony is a bright coral red throughout, and the spicules are of the same tint. General Distribution. Admiralty Islands. 16—20 fathoms. The spindles of this species resemble those of the genus Aczs in the way in which their edges are fitted together. al 2. Muricella crassa Wright and Studer. Muricella crassa Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 131. Stat. 117. 1°5'N., 122°56' E. North Celebes. 80 meters. Sand and coral. Colony flabellate and reticulate, 18 cm. in height, and with a spread of 13.5 cm. The main stem gives off a number of lateral branches, unequally spaced and tending to be alternate ; and’ these branches send off numerous branchlets which are subalternate, and about 5 mm. apart. Occasionally these branchlets divide, making branches of the fourth order. The main stem is 4mm. in diameter at the base, while the ultimate branchlets are but 1 mm. in diameter. The calyces are pretty evenly distributed on all sides of the branches, being very closely approximated, even contiguous in places, while they are as much as 2 mm. apart in other parts of the colony. The individual calyces are verruciform or dome-shaped, the dome being formed, however, by the high operculum. They are usually less than 1 mm. in height, and have a diameter of 1.5 mm. The calycular walls are filled with short, blunt spindles disposed in a very irregular manner and at all angles, there being a tendency, however, to an en chevron arrangement on the upper parts of the walls, and a vertical arrangement on the lower parts. The margin is surrounded with eight not very well marked points. The polyps are retractile, the spicules around the margin being closed over the retracted polyps. The operculum is composed of three spindles forming an acute angled triangle, the point directed toward the centre. In addition to these three spindles, there are a number of smaller ones on the basal part of each tentacle arranged en chevron, and longitudinally arranged on the distal parts. Spicules. These are all very stout warty spindles of moderate size for this genus, there being less difference in size between the calycular spindles and those of the caenenchyma than is usual. Very rarely small forked spindles are seen. Color. The colony is almost white, in alcohol, except where the very dark brown axis is exposed. General Distribution. This species was secured by the Challenger in the Arafura Sea, at a depth of 49 fathoms. 3. Muricella complanata Wright and Studer. Muricella complanata Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 125. Muricella complanata Thomson and Henderson. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Reports, Alcyonaria, 1905, p. 303- Stat. 80. 2°25'S., 117°43’ E. Borneo Bank, 50—40 meters. Coral sand. Stat. 133. Anchorage off Lirung, Salibabu Island. Up to 36 meters. Mud and sand. StatessiGsion30 5 119-7 .5 BE. Rlores Sea. 73meters: Sand. Colony flabellate 5 cm. in height and with a spread of 2.3 cm. The main stem gives off four simple branches from one side, and none on the other, although there is an appearance of sprouting branches. The stem and branches are somewhat flattened, their greater diameter being 2.4 mm. and their less diameter being 1.7 mm. 32 The calyces are nearly all lateral and subalternate, with a few distributed on the front, but none on the back of the colony. There are no terminal polyps; the branches ending in a flat, triangular expansion with calyces at the outer corners. The individual calyces are short tubes, or much truncated cones, a typical one measuring 1.5 mm. in height to margin, and 2.2 mm. in diameter at base. The calycular walls are filled with spindles which are unusually small in proportion to those of the coenenchyma. They are generally vertical in position, although not infrequently they are oblique, and there is a distinct tendency toward an en chevron arrangement. There are no distinct marginal points, although the margin is often sinuous, resulting in eight low elevations. The polyps are not retractile beyond the collaret, as a general thing, and the operculum is high and dome-shaped, consisting of a number of straight, red spindles longitudinally arranged on the dorsal surface of the tentacles. These spindles lie side by side, and, so completely cover the retracted tentacles that almost nothing of the real surface can be seen. On the basal part of the tentacles the spindles are arranged en chevron. The ccenenchyma is covered with the characteristic long spindles of this genus. Spicules. The spicules of this species are all spindles, not large or heavy for this genus, as a general thing, and those of the calyces much smaller than those of the coenenchyma. The latter shows an occasional spindle much larger than the others, sometimes reaching 2 mm. in length, and of a deep purple color. Color. The colony is coral red, the spicules usually scarlet, but with an occasional purple one. The axis is olive brown. | General distribution. The type of this species was secured by the Challenger off Japan, at a depth of 325 fathoms. THomson and HENDERSoN report it from near Ceylon. 4. Muricella perramosa Ridley. Muricella perramosa Ridley. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, Vol. X, 192) 05 18 Muricella perramosa Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 126. Stat. 47. Bay of Bima, near South Fort. 55 meters. Mud with sand. Stat. 80. 2°25’ S., 117°43° E. Borneo Bank. 40—50 meters. Stat. 164. 1°42'.5 S., 130°47'.5 E. near New Guinea. 32 meters. Stat. 260. 5° 36-5 S., 132°55.2E. near Kei Islands. 90 meters. Colony flabellate in form, 11.4 cm. in height, and with a spread of 11.6 cm. The main stem gives off three straggling stubs of branches from its basal 2.5 cm. Then it sends off a pair of subequal and opposite branches, one of which forms nearly half of the colony, sending off rudely alternate branchlets, some of which anastomose with each other. The calyces are mainly lateral in position, leaving a broad posterior, and narrower anterior median area comparatively free. The calyces are quite closely approximated, being usually but 1 mm. apart, and often less. The individual calyces are conical in shape, the cones leaning towards the distal ends of the branches. Their walls are filled with rather slender spindles which are usually vertical in position with their distal points projecting a short distance above the margin. There is a 33 tendency toward the formation of eight marginal projections by the aggregation of several of these points into bundles. This occurs quite regularly in cases where the polyp is partially expanded, thus spreading open the apex of the cone. There is a distinct collaret of red spicules, and an operculum of slender red spindles arranged en chevron. The distal parts of the infolded tentacles also bear a few longitudinal spindles. x Spicules. These are all typical tuberculate spindles, the largest of which are embedded in the caenenchyma of the stem and branches and sometimes attain a length of 2.5 mm. Color. The colony is deep crimson red throughout, including the spicules. General distribution. The type was secured from near the Mauritius Islands, at a depth of 90 fathoms. The Challenger specimens were from the Hyalonema grounds, off Japan. Depth 345 fathoms. 5. Muriella stellata new species. (Plate V, figs. 1, 1a). Stat. 65°. Very near 7°0'S., 120°34'.5 E. 300—400 meters. Pale gray sand, changing during haul into coral bottom. Colony (incomplete and much broken) flabellate in form, 9.8 cm. in height and with a spread of 9.6 cm. The basal part of the specimen is missing. The remainder divides 9 cm. from its proximal end into two very unequal parts, one being a short forked branch, and the other giving off two large compound branches which form by far the greater part of the colony. These branches are sinuous, and even slightly geniculate; the lower one giving off three branchlets from its upper side, and the other bifurcating 1.2 cm. from its origin, the resultant branchlets giving off irregularly disposed twigs mostly from their outer sides. In one case branchings of the fifth order are attained. The calyces are lateral in position, and rather regularly alternate, being spaced by a distance of about 2 mm. on the average. The branches end in polyps. The individual calyces are conical in shape when lateral, and tubular when terminal. The former measure about 1.3 mm. in height and 1.7 mm. in diameter at base. The terminal calyces are quite long and tubular, being apparently coextensive with the branch termination itself. They attain a length of 2.8 mm. and a diameter of 1.5 mm. The calyx walls are filled with regular spindles irregularly placed, but most often vertical in position, the spindles being smaller than those in the canenchyma of the stem and branches. The polyps are retractile, but ordinarily rest with the collaret on the calyx margin, where the tentacle bases form a high rosette-shaped mass. The polyp body is armed with vertical spindles. The collaret is formed of a single circlet of spindles, while the operculum is in the form of an eight-pointed star, when viewed from above. It is composed of relatively heavy spindles arranged en chevron on the basal parts of the tentacles, and covering the distal parts with longitudinally disposed spicules. Spicules. These are all densely tuberculated spindles, those in the coenenchyma being very stout and fitting together as they often do in Aczs. They sometimes attain a length of 2.7 mm. and a diameter of .8 mm. SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XIILÖ, 5 34 Color. The colony is dark scarlet. The spicules are bright scarlet, except those in the polyps, where they are .colorless. This species can easily be distinguished from its nearest allies by the character of its operculum. 6. Muricella dubia new species. (Plate V, figs. 2, 2a, Plate XIX, fig. 13). Stat. 310. 8°30'S., 119°7'.5 E. Flores Sea. 73 meters. Sand. Colony (fragmentary) flabellate in form, 9.1 cm. in height and with a spread of 2,2 cm. ' The main stem is denuded for 2.7 cm. of its basal portion, and then gives off a simple curved branch, and above this two other branches are given off from the same side. These latter branches give off one and three branchlets respectively. The stem and branches are less flexible than in other species of the genus. The calyces are borne almost exclusively on the sides and front of the stem and branches, where they are closely approximated and often contiguous. The individual calyces are verruciform, when the polyp is entirely retracted, covering the latter completely; and in the shape of very low cones when the operculum is uncovered. The calyx walls attain a height of 1.1 mm. and a diameter of 2 mm. They are filled with rather small warty spindles irregularly placed, but tending to a vertical disposition, their points forming a circlet of low blunt projections, shown only when the polyp is partly expanded. The operculum is usually sunk below the level of the margin, and is of the usual Muricella type, there being numerous longitudinal spindles arranged en chevron over the tentacle bases. When viewed from above the operculum forms quite a regular rosette. Spicules. These are all warty spindles of medium size, densely tuberculate, and rather short and stout. Those of the calyx walls are in two layers, and not appreciably smaller than those on the stem and branches. Color. The colony is very light brown, almost white, the axis is dark brown and the spicules colorless. This species tends to connect the genera Murzcella and Versluysia. The spicules of the coenenchyma are in two layers, as in Versluysia, while the arrangement of the spindles on the calyx walls and opercula is typical of Muricella, to which genus it seems more closely allied. 7. Muricella grandis new species. (Plate V, figs. 4, 4a; Plate XIX, fig. 12). ‘Stat. 80. 2°25'S., 117°43' E. Borneo bank. 50—40 meters. Fine coral sand. Stat. 117. 1°05 N., 122°56'E. North Celebes. 80 meters. Sand and coral. Stat. 144. Anchorage north of Salomakié (Damar) Island. 45 meters. Coral bottom. Stat. 204. 4°20'S., 122°58’ E. Buton strait. 75—94 meters. Sand. Stat. 260. 5°36'.5S., 132°55'.2 E. Kei Islands. go meters. Sand, coral and shells. Stat. 305. Solor Straits, off Kampong Menanga. 113 meters. Stony. Colony roughly flabellate and straggling in habit, 24.5 cm. in height and with a spread of about 18 cm. The main stem is 7 mm. in diameter, and above its base it sends off a very 35 large branch which forms the main part of the colony. About 8 cm. above this the stem is broken off. The branch which remains forks about 3 cm. above its origin into two long branches, each of which gives off several side branches in a straggling and irregular manner which rebranch until branchings of the fifth order are attained. The main branches are more or less flattened. The polyps are pretty evenly distributed on the sides and front of the colony; but the back is almost completely bare. On the terminal twigs there is a tendency toward a regularly alternate arrangement of the calyces, the average distance from summit to summit being about 3 mm. The individual calyces are conical in shape, and vary greatly in size in different colonies, attaining a height of 2.1 mm. and a diameter of 3 mm. in the largest specimen, which is the one described. The summits are inclined toward the distal ends of the branches. The calyx walls are filled with vertically disposed spindles which do not imbricate perceptibly, and the points of which project slightly above the margin. Sometimes single spindles reach from base to margin. The polyps are completely retractile, but a number of them are not retracted in the type specimen, standing well above the calyx with the tentacles folded over the mouths. The collaret is formed of red spindles, above which the operculum rests with a number of small, bar-like spindles arranged en chevron over the tentacle bases. The ends of tentacles are armed with similar spindles placed transversely. Spicules. These are all spindles of various sizes, the largest being embedded in the coenenchyma and attaining a length of 2 mm. They are densely tuberculated and their edges are closely fitted, as in the genus Aczs. Color. The colony is deep crimson throughout, the spicules being of the same color. This very handsome species is quite variable, some specimens differing from the type, particularly in the size of the calyces. For instance the specimen from Station 80 has calyces that are seldom more than 1.5 mm. in height and 2 mm. in diameter. While the type, from Station 117, has calyces of the maximum size mentioned above. There seems to be no specific difference between the specimens, however. Versluysia new genus. Muricella of authors, in part. Calyces conical, subconical or verruciform. Spicules all in the form of spindles which sometimes are modified in the form of oblong disks; those of the the calyx walls and tentacle bases not arranged en chevron, and not regularly forming eight points around the margin. The spindles of the coenenchyma are usually very large, and in two layers, the outer being composed of large spindles that are often not in contact, thus exposing a layer of smaller spindles beneath. The type of this genus is Versluysia (Muricella) ceylonensis (Thomson and Henderson). A division of the old genus Muricella seems necessary in order to separate such widely divergent forms as Murzcella niteda Verrill on the one hand, and Murzcella ceylonensis Thomson 36 and Henderson on the other. These seem surely generically distinct, and the new genus Versluysia is instituted to accommodate those species that are more closely allied to the latter. The genus as thus defined would include Versluysia ceylonensis (Thomson and Henderson), Versluysia ramosa (Thomson and Henderson), and probably Gorgonia tuberculata (Esper.) although it is impossible to determine this species by the original figures and descriptions. To the above species must be added the five new species described in the present work. 1. Versluysia ceylonensis (Thomson and Henderson). Muricella ceylonensis Thomson and Henderson, Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries. Supplementary Reports, N° XX, the Alcyonaria, 1905, p. 302. = Stat. 50. Bay of Badjo, West coast of Flores. Up to 40 meters. Mud and sand. Stat. 260. 5° 36.5 S., 132°55.2E. Kei Islands. 90 meters. Sand, coral and shells. Stat. 289. 9° 0.3S., 126°24.5 E. Timor Sea. 112 meters. Mud, sand and shells. Stat. 305. Mid channel, Solor Straits, off Kampong Menanga. 113 meters. Stony. Colony flabellate in form, 14.4 cm. in height and with a spread of 7.5 cm. The main stem is erect and sinuous, and more sharply differentiated from the branches than usual in this family, being 2.1 mm. in diameter, while the strongest branch is but 1 mm. The branches are roughly alternate in proximal parts of the colony, and regularly so in the distal parts, the average distance between them being about 5 mm. The calyces seem to be alternate on some parts of the colony, and tend to arrange themselves in spirals of three or four in others. They are irregularly spaced, the average distance between them being about 2 mm. There are no terminal polyps, the branches ending in a triangular expansion with calyces at the outer angles. The individual calyces are usually inclined towards the distal ends of the branches. They are conical in form, usually quite pointed, but often truncated and sometimes a short cylinder, according to the state of expansion of the polyps. The basal portion of the calyx is armed with heavy spindles which are bent around the calyx wall in a low ascending spiral, sometimes approaching the horizontal position. The distal part of the calyx is armed with bent, but erect spindles which are smaller than those on the proximal part, and their distal ends project in a series of prominent points around the margin. The calyces measure about 1 mm. in height. The polyps are retractile, and the oper- culum is composed of an irregular mass of spindles which are small in comparison with others in this species, but very large for opercular spicules, thus differing from the next species. There are two layers of spicules in the caenenchyma. Spicules. These are all spindles, often curved, and sometimes attaining a length of 3 mm. They are disposed in two layers in the coenenchyma of the stem and branches, and are more slender, as a rule than in Versluysia ramosa. Color. The stem and main branches are dusky, covered with spicules which give them a silvery appearance. The smaller branches and calyces are nearly white. General distribution. Gulf of Manaar. 37 The specimen from Station 305 is much larger than that described, and the branches sometimes anastomose. 2. Versluysia ramosa (Thomson and Henderson). Muricella ramosa Thomson and Henderson. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries. Supplementary Reports, N° XX, 1905, p. 301. Stat. 305. Mid channel, Solor Straits, off Kampong Menanga. 113 meters. Stony. Colony flabellate and moderately reticulate, 17 cm. in height and with a spread of 28 cm. Two stems arise apparently from the same root. A considerable portion of one side of the larger stem is devoid of calyces and covered with a sponge. The main stem is erect and sends off a number of large roughly alternate branches, between which a number of smaller twigs are borne. The average distance between the branches is about 5 cm. The bran- ching is quite profuse, the twigs anastomosing to form a loose reticulation, particularly in the middle portions of’ the colony. The calyces are almost all of them lateral, and tend to an alternate arrangement. The twigs do not end in polyps. The individual’ calyces are quite varied in size, some being scarcely 1 mm. in height, while others almost 2 mm., with a diameter of 1 mm. Their walls are composed almost entirely of large spindles set on in a hap-hazard way, but tending to a horizontal arrangement on basal portions of the calyx, while the distal portion is filled with large vertical spindles which rise far above the calyx margin. Sometimes two of these latter spindles have their distal ends approximated to form a single point, and occasionally this results in eight marginal projections. The tentacles are not regularly and symmetrically infolded, as in most muriceids, but seem to be tucked in irregularly. There is no true operculum, and but a few very small irre- gularly disposed spindles are found on the tentacles. The coenenchyma has two layers of spicules of the stem and branches; an inner layer of smaller spindles such as are found in the calyx walls, and an outer layer of very large, often bent and twisted, spindles lying lengthwise of the branch. The outer layer only partially covers the inner, leaving the latter exposed in many places, and giving the appearance of having been artificially stuck on by a careless hand. Spicules. These are all warty spindles of various sizes, the largest being very con- spicuous and in some instances attaining a length of 3 mm. Color. The colony is dark umber brown, the axis almost black, and the spicules colorless. General distribution. The type specimens were found in deep water in the Gulf of Manaar, and off the west coast of Ceylon. 3. Versluysia rosea new species. (Plate VI, figs. 4, 4a; Plate XX, fig. 3). Stat. 204. 4°20'S., 122°58' E. near Buton Island. 75—94 meters. Sand. Stat. 305. Mid channel in Solor Straits, off Kampong Menanga. 113 meters. Stony. 38 The specimens consist of fragments, the largest of which is 9 cm. in height and sends off one lateral branch which originates 1.5 cm. from its base and is 3.5 cm. in length. The calyces are nearly all lateral and alternate in position, and there is a strong tendency for those on a given side to be inclined alternately towards the front and back of the branch. They are about 3 mm. apart from summit to summit. The individual calyces are strictly conical in form, and their walls are filled with spindles which tend to lie in a horizontal position on the basal part and in a vertical position in the upper parts of the calyx. They attain a height of 2 mm. and a diameter of 2.5 mm. at their bases. The polyps are entirely retractile, the calyces closing over them in retraction, and becoming true cones. When the polyps are expanded, in preserved specimens, they rest on the summit of the calyx walls, showing a delicate but quite evident collaret, and an operculum composed of two bent spindles divaricated at their proximal, and meeting at their distal ends. There are a number of other spindles lying along the dorsal surface of the tentacles, but they are not arranged en chevron. Spicules. These are all curved or straight tuberculate spindles, those on the stem and branches being much larger than those on the calyces, some of the former attaining a length of 2.5 mm. The coenenchyma has two layers of spindles, the under layer being com- posed of smaller spindles which are pink in color. Color. The calyces and smaller branches are white, when the outer spicules are not rubbed off. The proximal portion of the stem and main branches are pink. The large spicules are colorless, but the under layer is pink. 4. Versluysia dentata new species. (Plate VI, figs. 3, 3a; Plate XX, fig. 2). Stat. 166. 2°28'.5 S., 131° 3.3 E. near New Guinea. 118 meters. Sand. Stat. 204. 4°20 S., 122°58' E. near Buton Island. 75—94 meters. Stony. Stat. 260. 5° 36.5 S., 132°55'.2 E. Kei Islands. 90 meters. Sand, coral and shells. Stat. 289. 9° 0.35S., 126°24'.5 E. Timor Sea. 112 meters. Mud, sand and shells. Colony (incomplete) flabellate in form, but straggling and irregular in habit, not reticu- late. Almost 2 cm. from its base the main stem gives origin to two opposite branches, and two others are given off almost at its base. The left one of the opposite pair becomes the main part of the colony, sending off branchlets mainly from its left side about 1 cm. apart. These branchlets often again divide, producing branchings of the 4th order. The calyces are placed on all sides of the branches, but tend to be lateral and opposite. They are about 1.5 mm. apart, on the average. The individual calyces are verruciform to conical in form, usually a low cone with a truncated summit surrounded by a circlet of low vertical points. They are about 1 mm. high and 2 mm. broad at the base. The calyx walls are armed with oval warty spindles that are sometimes disk-shaped and inclined to overlap, as in the genus P/acogorgza. The polyps are completely retractile, but a few are protruded in the type specimen. These show a delicate collaret, and an operculum composed mainly of three spindles in the usual position. 39 Spicules. Heavy, very warty spindles predominate, which are occasionally flattened and broadened until they become oblong disks. The spindles which are on the calyx margin are less tuberculate than the others, but there are none of the Zehinomuricea type. The spindles of the stem are longitudinally disposed; but the two layers are not well differentiated. Color. The colony is grayish, the axis dark brown, and the spicules colorless. This species resembles superficially an Echznomuricea, but the spicules are quite different. 5. Versluysia operculata new species. (Plate VI, figs. 2, 2a). Stat. 220. Anchorage off Pasir Pandjang, west coast of Binongka. 55 meters, close to reef. Colony slender, flabellate in form, 16.5 cm. high and about 7 cm. in diameter. The main stem is sinuous, with the first branch origin 2.4 cm. above its base, and another large branch is given off 2.6 cm. above the first. The colony is denuded of calyces throughout its proximal half. The distal portion gives off a number of subalternate branches, the average distance between them being about 6 mm. Some of these branches again divide, but branchings of the third order are not seen. The calyces are irregularly distributed over all sides of the colony, the distance between them varying from 1 to 2 mm. There are no terminal polyps. The individual calyces are subcylindrical in form, sometimes taking the form of trun- cated cones, usually projecting at a right angle from the branch. On the distal parts of the terminal branches, however, they incline toward the twig terminations. They are only about .75 mm. in height to the very prominent operculum, and have a diameter of 1.5 mm. The calycular walls are beset with spindles which are exceedingly irregular in arrangement, some- times being horizontal, but usually vertical in position, with all gradations between. There is a tendency, however, for the proximal parts of the wall to have the spicules arranged horizon- tally, and the distal parts to have the spicules vertically placed. The crown of points around the margin is sometimes prominent and sometimes scarcely evident. ‘The polyps are only par- tially retractile. The operculum is a high dome, sometimes exceeding the calyx in height, and has relatively heavy spindles which lie in longitudinal bundles along the dorsum of the tentacles. The coenenchyma is rather thin, but the spindles are spaced so that the inner layer of spindles is often exposed. Spicules. These are all spindles, very warty, and the largest attain a length of 2 mm. Color. The colony is light silvery brown or grayish. Axis dark brown. 6. Versluysia reticulata new species. (Plate VI, figs. 1, 1a; Plate XX, fig. 4). Stat. 272. Anchorage off Pulu Jedan, East coast of Aru Islands. 13 meters. Sand. Stat. 310. 8°30'S., 119°7'.5 E. Flores Sea. 73 meters. Sand. Colony flabellata and reticulate, 11.9 cm. in height and with a spread of 11.1 cm. The first branch arises 1.7 cm. from the base of the colony, and a stub of a branch is seen almost opposite it. .g cm. above this arise another pair, one being a short stub and the other a large branch. Another large branch arises 3 mm. above the last. Distal to this the main 40 stem gives origin to a number of small irregularly alternate branches, averaging about 4 mm. apart. The main branches divide in the same manner, except that one of them gives off several pairs of branchlets. There is extensive anastomosis of the branches and twigs, producing a loose reticulation. The calyces are closely approximated, and are distributed on all sides of the branches, the distance between them being from .5 to 1 mm. There are no terminal calyces. The individual calyces are low verrucae or truncated cones, rarely attaining a height of 1 mm. and averaging not much more than .5 mm., with a diameter of .g mm. The calyx walls are filled with spindles, a few basal ones being horizontal, while the remainder are vertical and project in conspicuous points around the margin. Often the calyx wall will be occupied by a single row of spindles arranged vertically and extending above the margin to form the points. They are more closely approximated than in V. operculata. The polyps are completely retractile. An irregular operculum is formed by bundles of large spindles bending inward from the calyx margin and covering the tentacle bases. Spicules. Here, as in other species of the genus, the spicules are all in the form of warty spindles. Those of the stem and branches are in two layers, and are not greatly larger than in the calyx walls; but an occasional spindle of the outer layer measures as much as 2 mm. The outer layer is more closely packed than’ in the last species. Color. The colony is light yellowish brown, the axis very dark brown, and the spicules colorless. Specimens from Station 272 are closely reticulated and the calyces are more crowded than in the type from Station 310. 7. Versluysia argentea new species. (Plate V, figs. 3, 3a; Plate XX, fig. 1). Stat. 289. 9°0'.3S., 126°24.5 E. Timor Sea. 112 meters. Mud, sand and shells. The type of this species is a fragmentary specimen, probably a single branch, 8.7 cm. in height. About 3 cm. from its proximal end it divides into two parts each of which sends forth irregular branchlets, the terminal ones being about 6 cm. in length. There are no terminal polyps. The calyces are unevenly distributed on all sides of the branches, tending, however, to be lateral in position. They are quite closely approximated on the sides of the branches, where they are about I mm. apart. The individual calyces are in the form of low cones or tubercles, usually less than 1 mm. in height and with a diameter of about 1.5 mm. The proximal part of the calyx walls is encircled by quite heavy bent spindles, sometimes short and almost oval in form. Above these a number of considerably smaller spindles stand erect, their ends forming a crown of points around the margin. Within this margin, and sunk considerably below its level, is an operculum which is much more definite and symmetrical than is usual in this genus. It is in the form of a low cone, each opercular flap being distinct from the others and an elongated triangle in shape, consisting mainly of two long curved longitudinal spindles. Below the proximal ends of these is a distinct collaret composed of a single row of slender spindles encircling the tentacle bases. 41 Spicules. These are all warty spindles, many of which are curved. Some of the spindles in the ccenenchyma of the branches are the largest of any in the genus, attaining a length of 4 mm. They are all heavy, closely tuberculated and opaque. Those in the outer layer of the coenenchyma are longitudinally disposed and close set, leaving little vacant space between them. Their edges, however, are not closely fitted as in some species of Aczs. Color. The colony is light brown, silvered by the spicules. Axis dark brown, spicules colorless. Acis Duchassaing et Michelotti. (Modified). Acis Duchassaing et Michelotti. Mémoire sur les coralliaires des Antilles, 1860, p. 19. Acis Ridley. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series V, Vol. 10, 1882, p. 126. Acis Kölliker. Icones Histologica, Part. II, 1865, p. 136. Acis Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 111. Acts Thomson and Henderson. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Reports, Alcyonaria, p. 299. The original definition for this genus is as follows: — “Ce genre, que nous croyons nouveau, est destiné a renfermer les espéces dont le sclérenchyme est composé par trois gros spicules fusiformes et découverts. Les loges sont sub- alternes, séparées entre elles, squameuses, pustuliformes avec une ouverture terminale radiée’’. WRIGHT and STUDER modify the genus as follows: — “The colony is branched, the polyps are small, with wart-like verruce usually placed at considerable intervals on the sides of the main stem and branches. The coenenchyma is armed with immense spicules in the form of either smooth or warty spindles, of which some six or seven, placed side by side in a longitudinal manner, surround the periphery of the stem and branches. These spicules often reach to a length of 1—3 mm., so that they are quite perceptable to the unassisted eye. “On the polyps the spicules are smaller, forming rings round their bodies. These calcareous spicules are scale- or disc-like’’. For the purposes of the present work, the genus may be defined as follows: — Colony branched, calyces verruciform, subconical or tubular. Spicules on calyx walls and tentacle bases not arranged en chevron; those of the coenenchyma being very heavy spindles, or irregular plates with their edges dentated and usually fitted as in a mosaic; those of the calyx walls smaller and sometimes scale-like and overlapping somewhat, but not regularly imbricating. The type species of this genus is Aczs guadalupensis D. & M. The other known species are Aces alba T. and H., A. ceylonensis T. and H., A. indica T. and H., A. nutans D. and M., A. orientalis Ridley, and A. pustulata W. and S., in addition to the three new species described in this work. 1. Aczs alba Thomson and Henderson. Acis alba Thomson and Henderson. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Reports, Alcyonaria, 1905, p. 299. Stat. 305. Mid channel in Solor Strait, of Kampong Menanga. 113 meters. Stony. SIROGA-EXPEDITIE XIIId. 6 42 Colony flabellate in form, 11.4 cm. in height, and with a diameter of 5.9 cm. The main stem is tortuous, but the bends are all in the same plane. Seven simple branches and stubs of branches are given off from the proximal 4 cm. of its course, and above these the stem divides into two flabellate branches. Each of these gives off a number of simple lateral branchlets and a few that again divide into branches of the 3rd order. The calyces are emplanted on all sides of the branches, but are almost absent on the proximal parts of the colony. On the distal parts they are more thickly approximated on the sides than on the front and back, and are unevenly spaced, the distance between them varying from nothing to 1.8 mm. The individual calyces are very low subconical verrucae, a typical one measuring about .8 mm. in height and 1.5 mm. in diameter. The calyx walls are surrounded distally by com- paratively small, stout vertical spindles, the points of which form blunt projections around the margins. The lower part of the wall is composed of a mosaic of larger irregular plates, the edges of which are usually nicely fitted together, but sometimes imbricate. The polyps are retractile. The operculum is composed of slender spindles, two of which lie along the dorsal surface of each tentacle with a shorter one between their bases. The collaret is well developed. Spicules. These are in the form of irregular plates, usually with rounded angles, of the typical Acis pattern and attain a length of 1.5 mm. Their edges are often ctenate, and their surface is covered with granules which may represent very small verruce. There is a distinct layer of smaller spindles underlying the outer layer of plates. Color. The colony, in alcohol, is almost white, the axis brown, and the spicules colorless. General distribution. Off Ceylon. Deep water. The type specimen, described by THomson and HENDERSoN, seems to have had some- what larger spicules than those in the Siboga specimen. 2. Acis sguamata new species. (Plate VII, figs. 2, 2a; Plate XX, fig. 5). Stat. 65*. 7°0'S., 120°34'.5 E. near Saleyer Island. 400 meters. Mud and coral. Stat. 253. 5°48'.2S., 132°13' E. near Kei Islands. 304 meters. Clay. Stat. 305. Mid channel, Solor Strait, off Kampong Menanga. 113 meters. Stony. Colony flabellate, 14.3 cm. in height and with a spread of 4.9 cm. The main stem is round, 3.8 mm. in diameter. 1.6 cm. from its base it gives off a short branch, and from that point to near its distal end it gives off roughly alternate branches, several of which give off branchlets nearly all of which are on one side of the branch. The branches near the distal end of the colony are more symmetrical in their branchings than the more proximal ones. The calyces are borne almost exclusively on the sides and front of the stem and branches, where they are unevenly distributed, varying from .5 mm. to 2.2 mm. in the distance between them. The individual calyces are short tubes averaging about 1.5 mm in height, and about the same in diameter. Their walls are composed of plate-like or scale-like spicules of various 43 shapes; but fitted to each other, although they sometimes overlap somewhat. The ends, or edges, of the distal row form a scalloped border around the calyx margin. There seems to be no regularity whatever in the disposition of these calyx spicules. They are also exceedingly irregular in shape, being squarish oblong with rounded corners, rudely triangular, or irregular polygons of various sorts. The ones on the basal part of the calyx are usually larger than those on the distal part. The polyps are retractile, but it is doubtful if the calyx walls can completely cover the operculum. The latter is composed of relatively heavy spindles or bar- like forms. Two of these are often closely fitted together and curved over a tentacle to form a solid opercular segment or flap. Spicules. Some of the largest spicules of the Gorgonacea are found in this species. Those covering the coenenchyma are closely and exactly fitted together along all their conti- guous edges. They are squarish or oblong plates of various forms, and attain a length of 5 mm. and a diameter of 2 mm. Typical spindles are rarely seen. The edges of the spicules are often regularly but minutely ctenate, and their surface is covered with fine granules. Color. The entire colony is ivory white in alcohol. The axis is light yellowish gray, and the spicules are colorless. The spicules of this species are the most massive that the author has encountered in the Alcyonaria, and the species illustrates the highest development of the genus Aczs that has yet been encountered. 3. Acts solorensis new species. (Plate VII, figs. 3, 3a; Plate XX, fig. 6). Stat. 289. 9°9'.3 S., 126°24.5 E. Timor Sea. 112 meters. Mud, sand and shells. Stat. 305. Mid channel in Solor Straits, off Kampong Menanga. 113 meters. Stony. Colony flabellate, 8.5 cm. high, and with a diameter of 6.4 cm. The main stem forks almost immediately above its base and each of the resultant branches bifurcates 1 cm. and 1.9 cm., respectively, above its origin. The ultimate branchings are irregular. The calyces are almost entirely lateral in position, altough a few are anterior in position on the distal parts of the colony. They are very unequally spaced, although they are rather distant, as a rule, being from 2 mm. to 3 mm. apart. The individual calyces are conical in shape, typical ones measuring 1.4 mm. in height and 1.9 mm. in diameter at the base. Their walls are filled with variously shaped plate-like spicules, forming a mosaic, the parts of which usually are nicely fitted; but sometimes the edges overlap slightly. The larger spicules are on the basal part of the cone, where they are often horizontal in position; and the smaller ones are on the distal part, where they are usually vertical in position. Their points do not project beyond the calyx margin to any noticeable degree. The polyps are retractile and the calyx is capable of entirely closing over them. The operculum is composed of a number of small spindles, the disposition of which seems indefinite. Spicules. These are much as in Acıs sguamata, being exceedingly irregular in shape; 44 but they are not so large, being not over 3 mm. in length. Those in the coenenchyma of the stem and branches are the largest, and their edges are nicely fitted, forming an even mosaic surface which is finely granulated. Color. The colony is orange yellow, the axis light gray, and the spicules orange, rarely white. Two specimens from Station 289 are referred with some doubt to this species. One is bright red, and the other is almost white. The spicules agree with the above description. 4. Acts serrata new species. (Plate VII, figs. 1, 1a; Plate XX, fig. 7). Stat. 204. 4°20'S., 122°58' E. near Island Buton. 75—94 meters. Sand. The colony (incomplete) is rudely flabellate in form, 10.3 cm. in height and 5.7 cm. in diameter. The basal part is lacking. The main stem gives off a large simple branch 1.4 cm. from the proximal end, which amastomoses with a branch higher up. A very small branch is given off a little above the first, but on the opposite side. About 4 mm. above this another branch is produced, which gives off two branchlets; and on the opposite side of the main stem and 9 mm. above the last mentioned branch a large forked branch is given off, one of the forks breaking up distally into a palmate structure. The main stem breaks up into a similar flabellate structure about 5 cm. from its proximal end. The calyces are mainly lateral in position, those on a given side being inclined alternately backward and forward like the teeth of a saw, and are about 2.5 mm. apart from summit to summit. The branches are slightly flattened, and appear to be more so than they really are, on account of the lateral position of the teeth. The branches end in calyces. The individual calyces are regularly conical in form, a typical one measuring 2 mm. in height, and having a basal diameter of 2.2 mm. The calyx walls are filled with broad spindles, most of which are vertical in position, although some extend from near the base to the margin. The polyps are retractile, the tentacle bases being provided with slender spindles with their proximal ends divaricated. Several of these sometimes tend toward the en chevron arrangement. Spicules. These are spindles, rather than the irregular plates found in most other species of the genus Aczs. Those in the coenenchyma are heavy, with their edges nicely fitted and ordinarily longitudinal in position; but not uniformly so, especially near the bases of the calyces. They rarely exceed 2.3 mm. in length. The calyx spindles are smaller than those of the coenenchyma, and sometimes appear to be regularly imbricated. But on other calyces on the same branch they have their edges fitted as in a mosaic. Color. The colony is almost white, the axis grayish proximally and fading to almost white on the distal parts. This species intergrades perceptably with the genus Murzicella, but seems to be more like Aczs than that genus, especially in the nicely fitted edges of the spindles. 45 Elasmogorgia Wright and Studer (Emended). ? Filigella Gray. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, Vol. II, 1868, p. 443. Elasmogorgia Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 132. It must remain a question whether this genus is synonymous with /Zligella or not. Gray’s description very closely coincides with the one given for Zlasmogorgia by Wricut and STUDER. Gray thought that his AZlgella led a free life, there being no indication of attachment. Although the present writer thinks it extremely likely that Gray had in hand a specimen that would probably go into the genus Elasmogorgia, he feels that he can not prove this view and therefore retains the latter name, and would characterize the genus as follows: — Colony simple, or sparingly branched; branches very slender, flexible; calyces very low and comparatively distant verrucae. Spicules all medium sized spindles, not attaining the dimensions of those in Muricella or Acts. The type species of this genus is Zlasmogorgia filiformis W. and S. The only other known species is £. flexilis Hickson, from the Maldive Archipelago. 1. Elasmogorgia filiformis Wright and Studer. Elasmogorgia filiformis Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 133. Elasmogorgia filiformis Nutting. Alcyonaria of the Californian Coast. Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum, Vol. XXXV, 1909, p. 717. Stat. 289. 9°0'.3S., 126°24'.5 E. Timor Sea. 112 meters. Mud, sand and shells. Colony (incomplete) consisting of a long straight, or gently curved, unbranched stem 6.3 cm. in length and with a diameter of 1.5 mm. The calyces are on all sides of the stem, but are more numerous on two opposite sides. The distal end of the colony being absent, it can not be determined whether there are terminal calyces or not. The individual calyces are very low rounded verruce inclined somewhat toward the distal end of the stem. They are more distant than usual in this family, and are unequally distributed, being about 3 mm. apart, on the average. Their height is less than .5 mm. Their walls are filled with rather short, stout spindles which are disposed so as to encircle the basal portion ; but the upper part of the calyx is armed with spindles which tend to be vertical, but are often oblique. In some cases their disposition is practically that given in the figures accompanying the original discription of this species. The polyps are retractile, and are entirely concealed by the calyx walls in complete retraction. The operculum is composed of two curved spicules that meet in a point distally and have their proximal ends divaricated, while between their bases is a much smaller spindle, the eight segments of the operculum corresponding to the eight tentacles, and forming a rosette-shaped figure when viewed from above. There is a delicate but well-marked collaret. Spicules. These are all spindles which are usually short and thick, often oblong-oval in outline; or oblong, squarish forms with their angles rounded. Those on the stem are the largest, often attaining 1 mm. in length. The smallest ones are on the upper parts of the calyx walls. 46 General distribution. The type was found in Arafura Sea, 49 fathoms. Color. The colony is grayish brown in alcohol, axis dark brown, and the spicules are colorless. Menacella Gray, (Emended). Menacella Gray. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, Vol. V, 1870, p. 406. Menacella Ridley. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, Vol. IX, 1882, p. IgI. Menacella Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. LV. Gray’s original definition for this genus is as follows: — “Coral very much branched, fan-shaped, irregularly reticulated; stem simple. Bark very thin, formed of numerous very slender fusiform spicules in bundles placed in different directions. Polyp cells short, cylindrical, covered with spicules like the bark, with a smooth convex 8-rayed lid, placed close together on the sides of the branchlets, and more scattered and further apart on the sides of the branches’. RıpLey examined the type of JZ. reticularıs Gray, and decides that Gray was wrong in identifying that species with Gorgonia reticulum Pallas. He also says that the spicules are black. This appears to the present writer to be due to some chemical change, or stain, rather than representing the original condition; black spicules being unknown in this family. It also seems probable that such a unique character would be noted and mentioned by Gray, were it the condition of the specimen as seen by him. For our present purpose a definition for this genus may be constructed by merely condensing that of Gray by leaving out certain characters not of generic value, as follows: — Menacelia. Colony flabellate and reticulate, calyces short cylinders, spicules all spindles irregularly disposed in the calyx walls. The type, and only known species in Menacella reticularis Gray. 1. Menacella reticularis Gray. Menacella reticularis Gray. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, Vol. V, 1870, p. 406. Menacella reticularis Ridley. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, Vol. IX, 1882, p. IQI. Stat. 28. 8°43..7S., 115° 19.5 E. Bali Sea. 143 meters. Coral bottom. The specimen is almost entirely denuded of calyces and coenenchyma and consists of the ramifications of the axis cylinder bearing numerous cysts occupied by parasitic barnacles. These are oval, brown in color, and the whole specimen bears a striking resemblance to a piece of Sargassum with its globular cysts. The colony is 20cm. high and about 17 cm. in diameter; is strictly flabellate in form, and reticulate to a slight degree. The axis of the main stem is 3.5 cm. in diameter. The colony is unilateral, most of the branches being on one side of the main stem. The average distance between branches is about 4.8mm. The calyces are irregularly distributed on all sides of the branches, being more crowded towards the tips of the twigs where they form a clump or cluster; while they are over 1 mm. apart in other places. 47 The individual calyces are verruciform or dome-shaped when the polyps are retracted, and short cylinders when they are expanded, averaging about .Smm. in height and 1.5 mm. in diameter. The walls are filled with warty spindles most of which tend to a horizontal position, a few near the margin being vertical. There are no decided points around the margin, which is capable of being drawn over the calyx mouth so as to entirely conceal the polyp in retraction. The operculum is reduced to an exceedingly delicate tracery of the ordinary pattern, the spindles being mere transparent threads without verruc&, there being the ordinary arrangement of three spindles to form an acute-angled triangle on each tentacle. The collaret is composed of a single irregular circlet of attenuated spindles. Spicules. These are all warty spindles of about the same size on calyces and coenenchyma. Rarely branched forms are seen, but these are so few as not to be a characteristic feature. Color. The small portion of the type that is not denuded is almost white (in alcohol) while the axis is deep brown, lightening distally. The cysts occupied by the barnacles are formed of an excessive growth of the material which forms the axis cylinder. General distribution. The type locality appears to be unknown. Bebryce Philippi, (modified). Bebryce Philippi. Archiv. fiir Naturgesch. Bd. I, 1842, p. 35. Beöryce Kolliker. Icones Histologice, II, 1887, p. 137. Bebryce Koch. Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel, XV, 1887, p. 54. Bebryce Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. LV. Bebryce Hickson. Alcyonaria of the Maldives, III, 1905, p. 815. Bebryce Thomson and Henderson. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries Reports; Supplementary Reports, N° XX, 1905, p. 294. The original description of this genus is inaccessible to the writer. KOLLIKER, however, has examined and rediscribed the type with his usual discrimination, and the following is a somewhat free and condensed translation of his description, which will be regarded as the definition used in the present work. Coenenchyma very thin, the outer layer composed of characteristic spicules which are scales with more or less toothed or scalloped margins, and with a longer or shorter vertical process arising from their centres. Often these characteristic spicules greatly resemble a collar-button with beautifully scalloped edges. They are plainly imbricated when in position, and usually show a darker central, and a lighter marginal, area when viewed zx sitz with reflected light. The type of this genus is Deöryce mollis Philippi. Other known species are Bedryce hicksont Thomson and Henderson, 3. indica Thomson, B. Philippi Studer, B. Studer! Whitlegge, B. sp.? Hickson, and the two new species in the Siboga collection. ’ P $ 1. Lebryce hicksont Thomson and Henderson. Bebryce hicksoni Thomson and Henderson. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries. Supplementary Reports, N° XX, 1905, p. 294. 48 0° 7'.2N., 130°25'.5 E. Bougainville Strait. 13 meters. Muddy sand. . Du-roa Strait, Kei Islands. Up to 52 meters. Coral. . 9°.3 S., 126°24'.5 E. Timor Sea. 112 meters. Mud, sand and shells. . Mid channel in Solor Strait, off Kampong Menanga. 113 meters. Stony. . 8 30)S., 1190 7.5 BE. Wlores! Sea. 73 meters. Sand. Stat. Stat. Stat. Stat. Stat. Ww Wh Ww - + oO Mum OMON - Colony rudely flabellate in form, 6.7 cm. high’ and with a spread of 3 cm. The main stem forks 6 mm. above its base into two approximately equal upright branches, each of which is branched in a pinnate manner. These branches send off a very few branchings of the third order, and one twig of the fourth order. The calyces are mainly lateral in position, although a few are scattered along the front and back of the coiony. Their distance from summit to summit varies from 2 to 4.5 mm. There are no terminal calyces. The individual calyces vary in shape from subconical to nearly tubular. Some are dome- shaped, in complete retraction of the polyps. A typical one measures 1.2 mm. in height and 1.5 mm. in diameter at the base. Their walls are filled with small closely set imbricating discs with minutely ctenate edges, each scale having a well-defined darker area in its centre and lighter edges. The polyps are completely retractile, but in many cases they rest with the col- laret immediately above the margin and the acorn-shaped operculum rising well above it. The operculum is composed of the usual typical elements, two bent spindles with a third shorter one lying between their divaricated bases. There are often smaller longitudinal spindles on the distal portion of each tentacle. The spindles do not cover the tentacles, and the opercular flaps leave a rosette-shaped bare space when viewed from above. Spicules. These are of the typical Bedryce form, being round discs with an elevated central portion. In shape they greatly resemble a collar-button with a very short broad connec- tion between the expanded portions. There are also stars and multiradiate forms based on the typical forms just described; and a few small spindles, oval discs, ete. Color. The colony is very light brown, the axis white, and the spicules colorless. General distribution. The type was secured from the Gulf of Manaar. Several specimens from Station 305 are considerably larger, one being 12 cm. X 10.5 cm. in measurement, and strictly flabellate in form. 2. Bebryce indica Thomson. Bebryce indica Thomson. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Reports, Alcyonaria, Appendix, 1905, p. 175. Stat. 305. Mid channel in Solor Strait off Kampong Menanga. 114 meters. Stony. Stat. 310. 8°30'S., 119°7.5 E. Flores Sea. 73 meters. Sand. Colony obscurely flabellate in form, 8 cm. in height. The main stem is unbranched for 3 cm. above its base, where it divides into two approximately equal parts, each of which gives off two branches. One of these latter is anterior instead of lateral in position. The calyces are distributed over the whole surface of the stem and branches, there being about as many on the front and back as on the sides. They are very unevenly spaced, however, being from 2 to 3 mm. apart. 49 The individual calyces are verruciform or dome-shaped, 1.5 mm. high and 2 mm. broad at the bases. The polyps are entirely retractile, the margin closing in around them so as to leave but a small aperture. The calyx walls are covered with small oval scales or plates which have a darker centre and a lighter margin. They are imbricated near the margins, but seem to be separated on the lower parts of the calyx. The operculum is of the same type as in the last species, and the collaret is well marked. Spicules. These are less symmetrical than in the last species, but the typical Bedryce form is common, consisting of a thick warty disc from the centre of which arises a warty mass of varying shape and size, much more irregular than in 2. hicksonz. The disc has a jagged outline which in many cases becomes star-shaped, multiradiate or cruciform. Sometimes the whole spicule is rudely dumb-bell-shaped, and at others it takes the form of a double star. Color. The colony is dark purplish brown, with a vinaceous tinge. The spicules are colorless. General distribution. The type was taken from the Gulf of Manaar. This species, although secured at two of the same stations as the preceding, is very distinct, especially in color and the shape of the spicules. 3. Bebryce thomsoni new species. (Plate VII, figs. 4, 4a; Plate XX, fig. 8). Stat. 50. Bay of Badjo. West coast of Flores. Up to 40 meters. Mud and sand. Stat. 258. Tual anchorage, Kei Islands. Down to 22 meters. Lithothamnion. Stat. 260. 5°36'.5 S., 132°55'.2 E. Kei Islands. go meters. Sand, coral and shells. Colony closely branching, pinnate in form, 5.7 cm. in height and with a spread of 3 cm. The main stem is straight and rigid, and sends forth an undivided branch 3.8 cm. from its base, another one 3 cm. above the first and on the opposite side, and still another on the same side as the first and 6 mm. above it. Each of the two upper branches gives off a short side branch near the end. The stem and branches are round and about 1.2 mm. in diameter. The calyces are distributed mainly on three sides of the colony, and are about 1.5 mm. apart, on the average. The individual calyces are almost entirely included, being represented by slight swellings only, and these are oval in section, their longest diameter being 2 mm. at the base. Their walls are filled with imbricating discs which often seem to be arranged in regular transverse rows or whorls, and have ctenate edges. The whole colony is covered with a thin coating of sponge which greatly obscures the details. The polyps are entirely retractile, and the calyx closes over them so as to obliterate the opening. The details of the operculum are very difh- cult to ascertain. It seems to be of the ordinary pattern, but composed of very slender spindles. Spicules. These are remarkably uniform in size and structure, being small round bodies, each covered with smooth bead-like tubercles, and each bearing a comparatively large elevated disc-shaped body rising from its centre and attached to it by a very short peduncle. The shape of the entire spicule is much like that of a mushroom with an expanded disc-shaped SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE X1U0, 7 50 root; or it may be likened to two round biscuits of unequal size connected -by a short stout pillar. Their true shape can only be seen when they lie on the side, an exceptional position as they appear on the slide. Color. The colony is light grayish brown, the axis is dark brown, and the spicules colorless. The species can at once be distinguished from others in the collection by the spicules, which are beautifully symmetrical and regular. A much larger specimen than the one described as the type was secured at Station 258, and is somewhat darker in color. Thesea Duchassaing et Michelotti, (modified). Thesea Duchassaing et Michelotti. Mémoire sur les Coralliaires des Antilles, 1860, p. 18. Thesea Kölliker. Icones Histologicae, II, 1865, p. 137. Thesea Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. LVI. Echinogorgia (in part) Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 120. The original definition for this genus is, in itself, inadequate for use under present conditions of our knowledge. It is as follows: — “Le genre renferme les espéces dont l’écorce formée de squammules contient des spicules tant A la surface qu’interieurement. Les cellules sont pustuliformes, disposées d’une maniere subalterne sur les rameaux et ayant leurs parois formées par des squammes et une ouverture terminale radiée’’. The writer goes on to explain that the genus is intermediate between Murzcea and Primnoa, as originally defined. KöLLıker has studied the spicules of the type species, Zhesea exserta (Ellis and Solander) and has based his description of the genus on what he regards as the typical form of spicules. His definition is as follows: — “Das Coenenchym zeigt oberflächlich grosse warzige schuppenartige Spindeln, die an der Aussenseite mit grossen warzig-stacheligen Höckern besetzt sind, in der Tiefe kleinere warzige Spindeln. Die Kelche sind wenig vortretend von Warzenform und zeigen ähnliche, nur etwas kleinere Spicula als die Rinde. Deckel ähnlich wie bei Paramuricea nur klein, ganz flach und wenig vortretend’'. The definition adopted in the present work is as follows: — Muriceids with low verruciform calyces, the walls of which are filled with broad scale-like spindles, each of which is armed with thorn-like precesses on one side only, while the opposite edge is merely tuberculate. These scales often have the appearance of imbrication, the toothed sides of the spicules being uppermost and overlapping the lower edges of others. Heavy ordinary spindles are also usually present. The type species of this genus is 7hesea exserta (E. and S.). Other known species are 7ihesea (Echinogorgia) ramulosa (Gray), Thesea (Muricea) umbraticoides (Studer) and the seven new species in the Siboga collection. It is altogether likely that other species included in the original genus JZwricea by the earlier writers belong here; but the present writer is unable to identify them by the descriptions. 5ı Thesea gemmata Verrill' would not be included in the genus as defined here. The genus 7hesea is separated from Muricea as at present defined by not having calyces with a bilobed margin. 1. Thesea simplex new species. (Plate VIII, figs. 2, 22; Plate XX, fig. 9). Stat. 49°. 8°23'.5S., 119°4'.6E. Sapeh Strait. 69 meters. Coral and shells. Stat. 108. 6°10.3 N., 121°32’ E. Sulu Sea, 73 meters. Stat. 260. 5° 36.5 S., 132°55'.2 E. Near Kei Islands. 90 meters. Sand, coral and shells. Colony Ce pane consisting of two long disconnected branches 19.5 cm. and 16.7 cm. in length. They are but 1.2 mm. in diameter, and both are incomplete. The calyces are irregularly distributed on all sides of the branches, the intervals between them varying from less than ı mm. to more than 2 mm. The individual calyces are rounded verrucee or domes, averaging 1.5 mm. in height and the same in diameter. The calyx walls are beset with thorny points which are processes from rather large unilateral spindles and discs which are embedded in the caenenchyma in such a way that the upper expanded thorny side overlaps the inner and lower side of the spicule above. These thorny points tend to encircle the wall in whorls. The polyp is wholly retractile, so much so that the calycular margin closes over them entirely, leaving no evident opening. The operculum is rather feebly developed, consisting of slender spindles disposed longitudinally along the dorsal surfaces of the infolded tentacles. There is a very delicate collaret, apparently composed of a single circlet of slender spindles. The coenenchyma is thin and filled with horizontally disposed spindles which average longer than those in the calyx walls, but are more slender. Spicules. The most characteristic forms are the unilateral spindles or discs, which are unsymmetrical, having one side produced into spinous processes of various sorts. Clubs, stars, and double stars are also present, as well as regular spindles. There are a few forms characteristic of the genus Acamptogorgia, but they are small, and form an insignificant feature of the spiculation. Color. The colony, in alcohol, is light buffy brown, the axis very dark brown, and the spicules colorless. In two other specimens the spicules are light yellowish. 2. Thesea pallida new species. (Plate VIII, figs. 3, 3a; Plate XX, fig. 10). Stat. 204. 4°20'S., 122°58' E. near Island Buton. 75—94 meters. Sand. Stat. 274. 5°28’.2S., 134°53.9E. near Aru Islands. 57 meters. Sand and stones. Stat. 310. 8°30'S., 119°7'.5 E. Flores Sea. 73 meters. Sand. Colony (incomplete) flabellate in form, 10.6 cm. in height, and with a diameter of 3.3 cm. The portion not denuded of calyces consists of one of the main branches given off 1.9 cm. from the base of the stem, projecting at right angles with the stem but afterwards bending abruptly unwards. It gives off three denuded stubs of branches from its proximal part, the first 1 American Journal of Science and Arts, Vol. XLVII, 1869, p. 428. 52 branch with caenenchyma arising 2 cm. above the bend. This branch gives origin to several lateral branchlets, most of which come from its outer side. The main stem also gives off several simple branchlets and, near its distal end, two larger branchings which themselves give off branchlets, the average distance between branches being 5.6 cm. The calyces are distributed more or less on all sides of the colony, but tend to be lateral in position. They are very unevenly placed, sometimes being contiguous and again being as much as 2 mm. apart. There are no strictly terminal polyps. The individual calyces are low verruc&, a typical one measuring somewhat less than .5 mm. in height and 1.5 mm. in width at the base. The calyx walls are filled with irregular plates from the sides of which sharp points arise, a crown of such points being on the margin, and the edges of the plates are imbricated. The polyps are retractile, and the operculum is usually well below the margin. The operculum consists of spindles arranged in the ordinary way; but the spindles are delicate. Spicules. There are numbers of the typical unilateral forms characteristic of this genus. Besides these there are many of the Achinomuricea type, consisting of a sharp thorny point arising from an expanded and foliaceous base. There are also irregular heavy plates with rounded angles, oval discs, etc.; but the most numerous and characteristic spicules are the unilateral ones described above. The plates in the coenenchyma of the stem and branches are often imbricated as in Acamptogorgia. Color. The colony is almost white, in alcohol, the axis is brown, and the spicules are colorless. 3. Thesea flava new species. (Plate VIII, figs. 1, 12). Stat. 50. Bay of Badjo, west coast of Flores. Up to 40 meters. Mud and sand. Stat. 105. 6°8'N., 121° 19’ E. Sulu Sea. 275 meters. Coral bottom. Stat. 164. 1°42'.5 S., 130°47'.5 E. near New Guinea. 32 meters. Sand and stones. Stat. 273. East coast of Aru Islands. 13 meters. Sand. Stat. 274. 5°28'.2S., 134° 53.9E. near Aru Islands. 57 meters. Sand and stones. Colony strictly flabellate in form. 10.5 cm. in height and with a spread of 14 cm. The main stem is 3 mm. in diameter, and is unsymmetrically branched, sending off two large branches to the right, and but one large branch to the left. They send off branchlets which are irregularly alternate and average about 5 cm. apart. These branchlets are constricted at the base and somewhat enlarged and flattened at their distal ends. There are a number of galllike enlargements on the colony enclosing parasitic barnacles. The calyces are thickly crowded over the entire surface, being often contiguous and seldom more than 1 mm. apart. The individual calyces are low rounded verrucz, usually less than .5 mm. high and about 1.3 mm. broad at the base. The calyx walls are bristling in appearance, being beset with thorny projections borne on the sides of the unilateral spicules, which here reach their typical development. These form a circlet of points around the calyx margins and also irregular whorls of upward and outward projecting points lower down, the whorls themselves giving the appearance of imbrication. The polyps are completely retractile. The operculum is exceedingly 53 delicate, but of characteristic structure for this family, being formed by a mere skeleton of slender spindles. The collaret also is very delicate. The ccenenchyma is packed with irregular plates, many of which are of the same pattern as those in the calyx walls and usually of larger size, Spicules. By far the most numerous and conspicuous spicules are of the unilateral type characteristic of the genus, having one side edged with a row of thorn-like projections which are lacking on the opposite side. There are also irregular plates, stars, multiradiate forms. A few delicate spindles are found, usually forming the opercula. . Color. The colony is a decided greenish yellow, the axis dark brown and the spicules yellow. The specimen from Station 105 is brighter yellow than the others. A specimen from Station 274 has much more slender branches than the one above described, but is otherwise like it. 4. Thesea immersa new species. (Plate VIII, figs. 4, 4a; Plate XXI, fig. 4). Stat. 289. 9°0'.3S., 126°24'.5 E. Timor Sea. 112 meters. Mud, sand and shells. The type specimen in incomplete, and is apparently a branch of a much larger colony. It is flabellate in form, rather straggling in habit, 14 cm. high and 15 cm broad. The main stem, or branch, bifurcates 2.5 cm. from its proximal end, but these branches reunite by anastomosis about 4.2 cm. above their origin. Above this they send off irregularly disposed lateral branchlets which, in most cases, divide dichotomously. Two other cases of anastomosis are seen in the colony. The calyces are quite regularly and evenly distributed on all sides of the stem and branches. Being very low verruce it is very difficult to tell where their walls join the general surface of the coenenchyma. They are about 1.9 mm. apart from summit to summit. The individual calyces are exceedingly low verrucae, almost entirely immersed in the coenenchyma of the stem and branches, with nothing but the crown of points appearing above the general level. The diameter of the margin is about 1.3 mm. The calyx walls are studded with jagged triangular points and sometimes foliaceous projections from the unilateral spicules, and the margin is surmounted by a crown of points. The verrucee are so low that the calyx walls are insensibly blended with the general surface, which is itself studded with the same angular projections. The polyps are completely retractile, but the calyx margin does not fold over them. The operculum is thus exposed and is of the typical form, each flap being com- posed of three slender spindles, two being much longer and more conspicuous than the third which lies between their bases. Spicules. The typical unilateral forms, although numerous, are not so abundant as in the last species. The are also numerous stars, crosses, multiradiate forms, etc., the stars preponderating. There are a few true symmetrical spindles. Color. The colony, in alcohol, is pallid, almost white. The axis is brown and the spicules colorless. 54 5. Thesea flexilis new species. (Plate IX, figs. 4, 4a; Plate XXI, fig. 3). °55.2E. near Kei Islands. 90 meters. Sand, coral and shells. Stat. 260, S-s0esiS. muse 27° 4.4E. Timor Sea. 34 meters. Mud and coral. Stat. 28, 82: 0A Colony an unbranched flexible stem 40.5 cm. long. The calyces are sparsely distributed throughout its length, being from 1mm. to 3mm. apart. The stem is about the same diameter throughout, being about 1.2 mm. in thickness and round in section. It is exceedingly flexible, and it is difficult to tell its proximal from its distal end. The individual calyces are low verrucee, sometimes dome-shaped or even conical. They are about .g mm. in height and have a diameter of 1.4 mm. at the base. Their walls are ornamented with numerous sharp, vertical thorn-like points arising from the sides of unilateral spicules, the other sides being comparatively devoid of such points, although densely tuberculate. The polyps are completely retractile, and thé calyx margins can fold over them so as to conceal them. The condition of the operculum is hard to determine in the specimens at hand; but it is feebly developed, as is the collaret. Spicules. These are of two distinct types. 1st. The unilateral spindles and scales with conspicuous jagged points projecting from one side. 2nd. Comparatively large and heavy spindles, usually symmetrical, but not seldom showing a tendency to being unilateral. These lie longitudinally in the coenenchyma of the stem and branches, and remind one of the large spindles found in the genus Murzcella. Besides these two predominating forms there are a few clubs, branched and radiate forms, and occasionally one of the characteristic Acamptogorgia type. Color. The color is a rather bright yellow, and the spicules are the same. This species bears a great superficial resemblance to Murzcella, but the unilateral spicules indicate that it should be placed here. 6. Thesea placoderma new species. (Plate IX, figs. 3, 3a; Plate XXI, fig. 2). Stat, 310. 8°30 9., Tl9;7 .5 B.- lores Sea.) 73) mieters.asand. Colony flabellate in form, 7.5 cm. in height and with a spread of 6.4 cm. A large branch has evidently been broken off near the base of the main stem, and 9 mm. above this the main stem forks into two approximately equal portions. Each of these branches in a flabellate manner until branchings of the fourth order are attained. The average distance between branches is about 4 mm. The calyces are distributed on all sides of the branches, are quite closely approximated and often contiguous. They are seldom more than 2 mm. apart. The branch terminations are swollen with thickly crowded calyces, none of which appear to be terminal. The individual calyces are roughly conical or verruciform, their shape being obscured by the very conspicuous and irregular spicules in their walls. The height of a typical calyx is 1.1 mm. and its diameter at the base is 1.5 mm. The walls are composed mainly of large plate-like imbricating spicules from the upper sides of which very heavy thorn-like processes project upward and outward. These plates are so large and irregularly disposed as to greatly distort the shape of the calyx. The margin is surrounded by the thorny processes mentioned 55 above, but they are sometimes spatulate or flattened at their ends. In some cases the young polyps project between the plates of the coenenchyma without any appearance of calyces. The polyps are not completely retractile and rest with their collarets on the calyx margins. The collaret and operculum are exceedingly heavy, the latter being composed of two heavy spindles extending along the whole length of the infolded tentacle and a third shorter one lying between their bases. The caenenchyma is filled with irregular plates with thorny edges, placed hap-hazard, not matched as in the genus Aczs, but looking as if they had been. thrown together without any method or regularity whatever. Spicules. These are of the most characteristic 7hesea type that the writer has seen. They are rather plates than unilateral spindles, however, and in some cases have a basal tubercular portion from which a cluster of smooth slender foliaceous projections arise, which approximate the Acamptogorgia type. Color. The colony is grayish brown, the axis dark brown and the spicules colorless. 7. Thesea sanguinea new species. (Plate IX, figs. 5, 5a; Plate XXI, fig. 1). Stat. 60. Haingsisi, Island Samau, Timor. 23 meters. Coral bottom. Stat. 125. Anchorage off Sawan, Siau Island. 27 meters. Stony. Stat. 273. East coast of Aru Islands. 13 meters. Sand and shells. Stat. 315. Anchorage East of Sailus Besar, Paternoster Islands. Up to 36 meters. Coral and Lithothamnion. Colony flabellate in form, 5 cm. in height, and with a spread of 3.6cm. The main stem is straight and without branches to a point 1.7 cm. from its base. Above this it gives forth lateral branches in an irregular manner, each branch curving outward and upward. The average distance between branches is about 7 mm. The branches are round, or but slightly flattened and are of approximately equal diameter (1 mm.) throughout, except at the ends where they are distinctly turgid. The calyces are rather evenly distributed on all sides of the branches, except that they are more closely approximated on the distal parts of the colony. They are from ı mm. to 1.5 mm. apart. The individual calyces are very low verruce or very short cylinders, their walls being mere bands rising but slightly above the general level of the coenenchyma. Their margins are about 1.1 mm. in diameter, and are armed with a distinct circlet of blunt but prominent points. The calyx walls are so low that this crown of points is about all that rises above the level of the coenenchyma. The polyps are completely retractile, and when retracted are disc-shaped from the shallowness of the calyces. The operculum and collaret are evident, but weakly developed... Spicules. There are two well defined layers of spicules, the inner one being composed of small spindles. The outer layer is composed of larger spicules of two types. One of these is of the regular 7%esea type of unilateral spindles with jagged points on one side. The other kind are much larger and stouter spindles, some of which are also unilateral. These latter are embedded in the coenenchyma of the stem and branches. Besides these preponderating forms there are a few crosses, stars, triradiate forms and, rarely, a small spicule of the Acamptogorgian type. 56 Color. The colony is a deep crimson red, sometimes bright scarlet. The spicules are of the same color. The axis is a greenish brown. Echinomurica Verrill, (modified). Echinomuricea Verrill. American Journal of Science and Arts, XLVII, 1860, p. 285. Echinomuricea Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 112. Echinomuricea Hedlund. Einige Muriceiden der Gattungen Acanthogorgia, Paramuricea und Echinomuricea im Zoologischen Museum der Universitat Upsala, 1890, pp. 12—15. VERRILL was the first author to recognize this genus which he based on a new type of spicules found in Acanthogorgia coccinea (Stimpson), which he made the type of the new genus Lchinomuricea. He describes the spicules as follows: — “The cells are surrounded by numerous deep, red, prominent, imbricated spines, their outer ends long and sharp, but irregularly branched at their bases, forming thus a cluster of short, secondary spines”. WRIGHT and STUDER accept the genus as defined by VERRILL, and without modification. Hepiunp adds to the description a further character, asserting that the polyps are without the collaret so characteristic of the muriceids. To this the present writer can not agree, as he has found a well marked collaret in several species of this genus in the Siboga collection. The definition for the genus Zehinomuricca adopted in this work is as follows: — Muriceids with wart-like or cylindrical calyces the margins of which are surrounded by a more or less prominent row of points, each point consisting of the exposed portion of a spicule which has a distal, strong, straight, spine-like portion which is often smooth; and a proximal, profusely exfoliated portion the processes of which radiate outward and downward from the base of the spine. The type of this genus is Zehinomuricea coccinea (Stimpson). The other known species are Lchinomuricea brunnea Nutting, E. coronalis Germanos, £&. indomalaccensis Ridley, £. ceylonensts Thomson and Henderson, £. Philippinensis Hedlund, and the new species about to be described from the Siboga collection. 1. Echinomuricea coronalis Germanos. Echinomurica coronalis Germanos. Gorgonaceen von Ternate, Abhandl. der Senckenbergi- schen naturforschenden Gesellschaft, Band XXIII, Heft I, 1896, p. 165. Stat. 71. Near Makassar. Up to 32 meters. Sand. Stat. 117. 1° 0.5 N., 122°56' E. North Celebes. 80 meters. Sand and coral. Stat. 164. 1°42'.5 S., 130°47'.5 E. New Guinea. 32 meters. Sand and stones. Stat. 166. 2°28'.5 S., 131°3'.3 E. near New Guinea. 118 meters. Hard sand. Stat. 285. 8°39.1S., 127°4'.4 E. Timor Sea. 34 meters. Mud and coral. Colony of straggling habit, 30 cm. in height and 31 cm. in spread. The general form oO 55 is flabellate. A small branch has its origin 2.3 cm. from the base of the stem, and above this there are five branches variously spaced and on the same side. From about the middle of the main stem, and upward, all of the branches arise from the opposite side. Three of the 57 branches bear branchlets, all from their lower or outer sides. The calyces are very thickly distributed on all sides of the branches, often being contiguous, and rarely being more than 1.5 mm. apart. The branch endings are often somewhat swollen, but there are no true terminal polyps. The individual calyces are very low verruc&, or exceedingly short cylinders not more than .7 mm. in height and 1.5 mm. in diameter. They are often oval in section, their longer diameter being parallel to the branch. The wide margin is beset with erect spines, or points of spicules which have their foliaceous bases embedded in the coenenchyma of the calyx wall. These occur in several apparently imbricating ranks in the upper portions of the walls, becoming less prominent as they near the base. The polyps are entirely retractile, but the calyces do not close over them. The operculum is horizontal and countersunk below the margin, and is but feebly developed, being represented by a very few delicate spindles. Spicules. The spicules are small, the most characteristic being of the type of this genus. They have long, thorny, comparatively smooth points, and rough, expanded, foliaceous bases. There are also many crosses, triradiate forms, daggers, small Stachelplatten and irregularly branched forms. Color. The colony is a light brown throughout, the axis very dark brown basally, fading to yellowish distally. The spicules are colorless. General distribution. The type was secured near Ternate. The specimens of the Siboga collection here referred to this species agree but imper- fectly with the original description of Grrmanos. The characteristic spicules however, agree quite closely with his figure, and the specimens are referred to Zehinomuricea coronalis with considerable doubt. "2, Echinomuricae indomalaccensis Ridley. Echinomuricea indomalaccensis Ridley. Zoological Collections of H. M. S. Alert, 1884, p. 386. Echinomuricea indomalaccensis Hedlund. Einige Muriceiden im Museum Upsala, 1890, p. 15. Echinomuricea indomalaccensis Thomson and Henderson. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Report, the Alcyonaria, 1905, p. 291. Pulu Missa near Flores, de Siso don. Colony flabellate and loosely reticulate, 34.5 cm. in height and 39.5 cm. in spread. The main stem gives off a large branch immediately above its base, which bifurcates imme- diately above its origin, its parts ultimately anastomosing with branches from the main stem and with eachother. The main stem gives off a few lateral branches, but loses its identity about 12 cm. from its base. The main branches do not radiate symmetrically towards the edges of the colony, but lose their identity towards the margin and give off numerous ultimate twigs which are all lateral and often anastomose with eachother and with other branches, thus forming a loose web. The ultimate twigs are swollen at their ends. The stem and larger branches are laterally compressed, their larger diameter being 4 mm. and their smaller less SIROGA-EXPEDITIE XIII d, 8 58 than 2 mm. The calyces are distributed over the whole surface of the colony, but not so thickly as in most reticulate muriceids, being usually about ı mm. apart. The individual calyces are small and verruciform, less than .5 mm. in height and 1 mm. in diameter. The margin is surrounded by a crown of rather sharp, often flattened points which project from spicules whose branched and foliaceous bases are embedded in the calyx walls. The lower parts of the walls are filled with spindles which are usually transversely placed. The polyps are retractile, but often rest, even in the dried specimen, with the collarets just above the calyx margin. Both the operculum and collaret are well developed, the former being elevated and conical and composed of the usual three spindles, two long and longitudinally placed on the upper surface of the tentacle, and the third lying between their bases. Spicules. The most prominent form is the typical Achznmomuricea one, each consisting of a basal portion with forked, tuberculate, foliaceous expansions; and a distal single point, which is often flattened in the present species. There are also many stellate forms, clubs, daggers, etc., and a few large regularly tuberculate spindles. Color. The color of the dried specimen is dull brown, the axis brown and the spicules yellowish red. General distribution. RıpLEy reports this species from Port Curtis, 5 fathoms; Port Molle, 12—20 fathoms; and Warrior Reef, Torres Straits, Australia. Thomson and HENDERSON report it from the Pearl Banks, Gulf of Manaar. 3. Echinomuricea collaris new species. (Plate IX, figs. 1, 1a; Plate XXI, fig. 5). Stat. 280. 8°17'.4S., 127° 30.7 E. Banda Sea. 1224 meters. The type specimen is but a fragment 3 cm. in length, forking about 5 mm. from its proximal end. Both forks show sprouting branches. The calyces are distributed thickly on all sides of the branches, especially on the distal portions, where they are so closely approximated that it is very difficult to ascertain whether there is a terminal polyp or not. The calyces are usually set at a right angle to the branch on its proximal part, but are inclined distally on the terminal part The calyces are columnar in shape, varying greatly in height, but averaging about 2 mm. to the margin, with a diameter of about 1.5 mm. Their walls are covered with imbricating spicules which project in a crown of points around the margin. Each of these points is the distal end of a spicule, the proximal portion of which is expanded into a series of radiating, foliaceous processes which are embedded in the caenenchyma. The polyps rest, in retraction, on the strongly marked collaret which is surmounted by the high dome-shaped operculum. The basal portion of each opercular flap consists of three spindles arranged in an acute triangle pointing towards the apex of the dome. The distal portion of the dorsal surface of each tentacle is covered with longitudinal spindles, some of which are bent to include the points of the triangles. Sh) Spicules. The most conspicuous form is the one characteristic of the genus Echznomuricea, being strong, sharp spindles with the basal ends expanded into foliaceous projections, sometimes resembling Stachelplatten. These projections are often profusely forked and lobulated in various ways. Spindles are not uncommon, both straight and curved, their surfaces covered with fine spiny points, rather than the rough tubercles usually found. Color. The colony is light yellowish brown. The spicules are colorless. 4. Echinomuricea spinifera new species. (Plate IX, figs. 2, 2a; Plate XXI, fig. 6). Stat. 164. 1°42'.5 S., 130°47'.5 E. New Guinea. 32 meters. Sand and stones. Stat. 274. 5°28'.2S., 134°53.9E. near Aru Islands. 57 meters. Sand and Stones. The colony (incomplete) is straggling in habit and 7.8 cm. in height. The main stem is destitute of polyps and covered with an encrusting bryozoon for nearly its proximal half. 3 cm. from its base it givés off a branch which bifurcates; one of the resulting branches giving off a lateral branchlet, and the other being unbranched. The other main branch gives off one short lateral 1 cm. from its origin. The calyces are very thickly emplanted on all sides of the branches, being so closely set as to be usually almost contiguous. The individual calyces are very short cylinders expanded at the margins. They are about 1 mm. high and 1.8 mm. in diameter at the margin. There is a very distinct crown of marginal points, their number having no apparent relation to the number of tentacles, nor their emplacement to the tentacle bases. The calyx walls are beset with spiny points, some of which are almost as conspicuous as the marginal points. The crown consists of more than one circlet of points, the inner circlets bending over the incurved tentacles so that their ends often form a tuft of needle-like points rather than a circlet, the inner ones being attached to the tentacle bases over which they bend when the tentacles are infolded. The distal portions of the tentacles are armed with smaller longitudinal spindles. Spicules. These are of exceedingly various forms. The most common and conspicuous is the regular Zchinomuricea type with long smooth sharp points, and bases expanded into various foliaceous processes with complicated frills and lobes. There are also numerous Stachel- platten, crosses, stars, butter-fly-shaped forms, and a few simple small spindles. Indeed most of the known forms of spicules found in the Muriceide are represented, but the characteristic ones are those of the calyx as described above. Color. The colony is light brown, the axis golden brown, and the spicules colorless. Several larger colonies from Station 274 agree well in their details with the type. 5. Echinomuricea pulchra new species. (Plate X, figs. 3, 3a; Plate XXI, fig. 7). Stat. 240. Banda Anchorage. 9—45 meters. Lithothamnion. The colony is fragmentary, flabellate in form, 12.2 cm. in height and with a spread of about 7.3 cm. The main stem, or branch, is denuded, 2.8 mm. thick. 1.9 cm. above its proximal end arises the branch which bears the only portions with calyces. 60 This branch divides 2 cm. above its base into two parts, and one of these again forks about 5 mm. above its origin. There are thus three long, undivided terminal branches, the longest being 7.4 cm. in length and having a diameter of 3.2 mm. The calyces are emplanted as thickly as possible on all sides of the branches, which have a velvety appearance owing to the very numerous spicules projecting from the calyx margins. The individual calyces are very short cylinders, usually less than ı mm. high and with a diameter of 1.5 mm. The margin is crowned with a circlet of conspicuous, thorn-like pro- jections which are the icycle-like ends of spicules the expanded basal parts of which are buried in the coenenchyma of the calyx walls. The entire surface of the latter bristle with similar points projecting upward and outward. The polyps are retractile, but the margins of the calyces do not close over and conceal them. The opercular spicules are more numerous than usual, there being several longitudinal spindles in addition to the two usually seen on each opercular flap. The collaret is strongly marked, and the coenenchyma of the branches thick. Spicules. The most characteristic spicules are beautifully typical examples of the Echinomuricea type, being composed of a smooth, slender spine whose base is surrounded by intricate foliaceous expansions of beautiful patterns. There are also a few radiate forms, crosses and stars. Rarely simple spindles are found. Color. The colony is a rich crimson, axis deep brown, and the spicules rich crimson or wine-color. 6. Echinomuricea cylindrica new species. (Plate X, figs. 2, 2a). Stat. 266. 5°56'.5S., 132°47'.7 E. near Kei Islands. 595 meters. Mud with stones. The specimen consists of merely the tip of a. branch 7 mm. long from which a lateral branch is budding. The calyces are rather thickly crowded on all sides of the branch, although in some instances there is a space between them of 1.3 mm. The individual calyces are tubular, tending to a club-shape as their distal ends are swollen and the operculum unusually high, giving the outline of a very short, stout indian club. A typical calyx measures 2.7 mm. in height and 1.9 mm. in diameter at the margin. The calyx walls are bristling throughout with long sharp spines pointing outward and upward. These spines being white, or colorless, show in conspicuous contrast to the raw sienna brown of the coenenchyma. The margin is surrounded with similar thorn-like points, which often bend over the operculum. The polyps are incompletely retractile and rest with their collarets above the calyx margins. The collaret is very strong and conspicuous, consisting of three of four rows of transverse spicules encircling the polyp. The operculum is highly arched and dome- shaped, and its spicular pattern is different from any other that I have seen. Each flap is armed with a pair of bowed spindles which have their proximal and distal ends approximated and their middle portions divaricated, leaving a terete space between them. They are quite heavy and white, showing conspicuously against the brown dorsal surface of the tentacles. Spicules. Those which arm the calyx walls are of the regular Zchinomuricea type, 61 being composed of a richly branched and exfoliated basal part from which arises a long thorn-like projection which, in this species, is covered with fine serrations, and projects upward and outward from the calyx walls when in situ. There are also the bowed spindels of the operculum, besides regular spindles, triradiate and quadriradiate forms and a few small Stachelplatten. Color. The ccenenchyma and polyps are rich sienna brown, the spicules are colorless, but appear white when in situ and seen by reflected light. This is a very striking form, quite different in color from any other species of the genus Zchinomuricea that I have seen. vg CO u. 7. Echinomuricea costata new species. (Plate X, figs. 1, 1a; Plate XXI, fi Stat. 297. 10°39'S., 123°40’E. Timor Sea. 520 meters. Mud. The type specimen is incomplete and much broken up by the tangles. It is 13 cm. in height and has a spread of 14.5 cm. 2.5 cm from its base it divides into two main branches, and these again divide into two each about 1 cm. from their origin. One of these secondary branches sends forth four branchlets from its outer side at intervals averaging about 5 cm., there being but one branchlet on the opposite side. Another fork of the main branch gives off five branchlets from its outer side. The other secondary branches are irregular in their branching, branchlets of the 4th and 5th order being produced. All of the branches tend to curve upward like candalabra. The branches terminate in polyps. The calyces are thickly emplanted on all sides of the branches, but are more closely crowded laterally, where they are about 2 mm. apart. The individual calyces are in the form of short cylinders or truncated cones. They are about 1.2 mm. in height and 1.7 mm. broad at the margin. Their sides are armed with jagged points projecting vertically, their roughened ends reaching beyond the margins and their jagged sides are ornamented with spinules, which produce rib-like effects on the calyx walls. There are often a few horizontally disposed spindles around the bases of the calyces. The collaret of the polyps is very heavy, and the operculum arises above it in a regular cone composed of two comparatively heavy, longitudinal spindles reaching from the collaret to the apex of the cone. Spicules. The most conspicuous type is the heavy, warty spindle with foliaceous base, characteristic of the genus Achinomuricea. There are also a few of the Zhesea type of unilateral spindles. Regular spindles and triradiate forms are also seen. Color. The specimen, when clear of debris and tangle material, is a yellowish brown. The spicules are colorless. This species shows an approximation to the genus 7%esea in having a few of the Thesea type of spicules, but these are much less numerous and conspicuous than those of the regular Lchinomuricea type. 62 Echinogorgia Kölliker (in part). Echinogorgia Kölliker. Icones Histologicz, II, 1856, p. 136. Echinogorgia Verrill. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Science, Vol. I, part 2, 1867—71, p. 419. Echinogorgia Kent, Wm.S. Monthly Microscopical Journal, Feb. 1870, p. 84. Echinogorgia (in part) Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 118. The original definition of this genus, as given by KÖLLIkEr, is as follows: “Primnoaceen mit horniger Axe, kleinen oberflächlichen stacheligen Kalkkörpern von eigenthümlicher Form und wenig oder kaum entwickelten Kelchen”’. The other writers cited above have accepted this genus without modification. WRIGHT and STUDER describe with some care the spicules of the genus. In the illustrations given by KÖLLIKER of the typical spicules, nearly all of the figures represent what appears to the present writer to be the real characteristic form which marks the genus. They are all modifications of a type which consists essentially of a basal portion which is embedded in the coenenchyma, and an exposed portion which stands free. The former part is an irregular mass of tuberculated projections often assuming a radiate arrangement, pointing outward and downward. The exposed part is usually composed of foliaceous projections, which are more or less inflated and have a smooth surface, and project directly upward from the centre of the basal portion. These inflated leaf-like expansions are often so clustered as to resemble a half opened tulip or rose. SAVILLE Kent has correctly figured and described this form of spicule, and recognizes it as the characteristic form for the genus Zchinogorgia. Aside from this, there is another widely different form in the genus as defined by WRIGHT and STUDER. This is the unilateral spindle from which project, from one side, a number of conspicuous, heavy, thorn-like processes; the typical spicules of the genus T’esea, as accepted by the present writer, who would include in the genus Zechinogorgia only those species having the peculiar spicules described above and figured by KÖLLıkEr as characteristic of the type species of the genus. The definition for the genus Zehinogorgia adopted in this work is as follows: — Muriceids with verruciform calyces the walls of which contain spicules which consist of a basal mass of foliaceous, irregularly branched, tuberculate projections radiating from a common centre, above which arises the distal portion composed of one or more leaf-like expansions, which are more or less inflated, and have a smooth surface without definite branches or tuberculations. The type of the genus is Zchinogorgia pseudosassapo Kölliker. Other species would be Echinogorgia aurantiaca Verrill, £. cerea (Esper), £. furfuracea (Esper), £. umbratica (Esper), E. coarctica (Lamk.), E. fungifera (Lamk.), £. stricta (Lamk.), E.granifera (Lamk.), £. multıspinosa Thomson and Henderson, Z. danaides (Val.), and the five new species found in the Siboga collection. 1. Echinogorgia aurantiaca (Val.). Plexaura aurantiaca Valentine. Compte-rendu, XII, p. 557. Leptogorgia aurantiaca Edwards et Haime. Histoire naturelle des Coralliaires, Vol. I, 1857, p. 182. 63 Echinogorgia aurantiaca Verrill, Notes on Radiata, 1867—71, p. 557- Stat. 60. Haingsisi, Samau Island, Timor. 23 meters. Coral bottom. Stat. 164. 1°42'.5 S., 130°47'.5 E. near New Guinea. 32 meters. Sand and’ stones. Stat. 204. 4°20'S., 122°58'E., near Buton Island. 75—94 meters. Sand. Colony (incomplete) a slender stem 30 cm. long, with a single simple branch arising 7.3mm. from its base and attaining a length of 8.5 cm. Diameter of stem 2.4 mm. The calyces are closely but unevenly distributed on all sides of the stem and branch. They are often contiguous, but sometimes as much as 1.7 mm. apart. The individual calyces are low rounded verruce, a typical one measuring 1.1 mm. in height and 1.5 mm. in diameter at the base. The calyx walls are covered with projections which are flattened, smooth and imbricating. They are the exposed portions of spicules which have a foliaceous, expanded base embedded in the ccenenchyma of the walls. Some of these glassy projections reach slightly above the calyx margin, but they are not conspicuous. The polyps are retractile, the calyx walls being capable of enclosing and covering them completely. The collaret and operculum are extremely delicate, both being formed of very slender spindles arranged in the usual way. Spicules. The Zchinogorgia type of spicule is prominent, consisting of a multiradiate base which is distinctly tuberculate and from which arise one or several clear, smooth, flattened or foliaceous expansions. Often there is but one such expansion, in which case the spicule resembles the Acamptogorgia type. Sometimes there are very evident keels on one or both sides of these expansions; but the ordinary type in this species has but one often lobed or slightly frilled plate, which is exposed on the surface of the calyx. There are also a number of ordinary spindles, clubs, etc. Color. The colony (in alcohol) is a rather dull yellow, the axis is brown and the spicules bright yellow. General distribution. The type specimen was from Callao, Peru. 2. Echinogorgia furfuracea (Esper). Gorgonia furfuracea Esper. Pflanzenthiere, II, Plate XLI, 1744. Echinogorgia furfuracea Kölliker. Icones Histologicz, II, 1856, p. 136. Echinogorgia fur furacea Studer. Alcyonarien aus der Sammlung Naturhist. Museums Lübeck, 1896, p. IH. Stat. 310. 8°30'S., 119°7'.5 E. Flores Sea. 73 meters. Sand. Colony flabellate in form, 10.5 cm. in height and 8.5 cm. in diameter. The main stem is erect and sinuous, and gives off a pair of unequal and subopposite branches about 1 cm. above its base, and another subequal pair 7 mm. above the first. The branches above this are lateral but unequally disposed. The main branches are unequally divided and give off branchlets to the fourth order. The main stem is slightly flattened basally, but the remainder of the stem and branches are round and approximately equal in thickness. The basal part of stem is 3 mm. 64 in its greater diameter, while the other parts are about > mm. thick. The calyces are closely approximated, usually contiguous, and are equally distributed on all sides of the stem and branches. The branchlets end in a close cluster of polyps, neither of which is certainly terminal. The individual calyces are dome-shaped verruce within which the polyps are capable of complete retraction. The walls of the calyces are crowded with the very remarkable spicules which characterize the genus. Each spicule has its tuberculated basal part immersed in the wall, while its foliaceous expansions form a small whorl of thin processes surrounding a central space, which is often tubular. Often these tubular spaces are not evident, being closed above by the approximation of the expansions. The relatively small polyps have the usual operculum composed of two bent spindles which have their proximal ends divaricated and their distal portions contiguous, while a third, much smaller, spindle lies between their bases. This latter spindle is not always evident and then the divaricated ends of the other two rest immediately upon the collaret. Spicules. These are remarkable both for their form and uniformity. Each consists of a basal part composed of several ray-like densely tuberculate points radiating from a common centre. Above this centre arises a cluster of smooth, more or less convoluted, leaf-like expan- sions enclosing a central space. Each of these expansions is heavily keeled, the keel being its most conspicuous part and having its free edge finely dentate. The central space is bounded by the bases to which the keels are attached, and when these are closely approximated the space is obliterated and a very heavily ribbed dome is formed, the ribs being meridional and very conspicuous. Besides these there are relatively few triradiate forms, crosses, double stars, etc., and a few ordinary spindles Color. The colony is light pinkish brown, the coenenchyma somewhat darker than the calyces. The axis is dark brown and the spicules colorless. General distribution. The type was from the Indian Ocean. STUDER reports it from Northwest Australia from a depth of 50 fathoms. The specimens secured by the Siboga Expedition, and which I have referred to this species, agree quite well with the figure given by Esper, although the writer would hesitate to identify it were it not for the further agreement with the figures of spicules given by KÖLLIKEr. 3. Echinogorgia pseudosassapo Kölliker. Echinogorgia sassapo var. reticulata Esper. Pflanzenthiere, II, 1794, p. 48, plate IXa. Echinogorgia pseudosassapo Kölliker. Icones Histologice, II, 1856, p. 136. (?) Echinogorgia pseudosassapo Wright and Studer, Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 119. Echinogorgia pseudosassapo Thomson and Henderson. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Reports, Alcyo- naria, 1905, p. 292. Stat. 80. 2°25'S., 117°43’ E. Borneo Bank. From 50—40 meters. Coral sand. Stat. 273. Jedan Island, east coast Aru Islands. 13 meters. Sand and shells. Stat. 310. 8°30'S., 119°7'.5 E. Flores Sea. 73 meters. Sand. *Pulu Missa near Flores de Siso don. *Aru Islands Dr. J. W. R. KocH leg. Dutch New Guinea Expedition 1904. 6 On The colony chosen for description is a magnificent flabellate and reticulate structure 37 em. in height and with a spread of 40 cm. The main stem is 7 mm. in diameter near its base. 1.5 cm. from the base its breaks up into three main branches and these send forth lateral branchlets which form a radiating pattern extending from the base of the colony like the ribs of a fan, and often reaching the periphery. These branches are strongly compressed so that their least diameter is in the plane of the colony, their diameters being 5 mm. and 2 mm. From these radiating ribs very numerous side branchlets arise that usually curve outward and upward, their free ends being club-shaped. In many cases, however, they anastomose with neighboring branchlets, forming a reticulation which is more extensive than in any other species of the genus that the writer has seen. The calyces are closely and evenly packed over the whole surface. of the colony. The individual calyces are small rounded verruce about .5 mm. high and with a basal diameter of 1.2 mm. Their walls are filled with the imbricating foliaceous expansions of spicules the proximal ends of which are embedded in the walls. Superficially these expansions look like imbricating discs or scales, resembling those of the genus Deöryce. The polyps are completely retractile, the calyx walls being capable of closing entirely over them. Often, however, the polyps rest with the collaret immediately above the calyx margin. The operculum is a high cone, the pattern of the spicules being the same as that described in the last species. Spicules. These are exceedingly varied. The most characteristic ones, however, being composed of the usual two parts; a base consisting of a number of radiating, tuberculate processes from the centre of which arises the distal part composed of comparatively smooth, foliaceous expansions. There are also foliaceous clubs, ordinary spindles, stars, crosses, etc. Indeed almost any type of spicule found in the Muriceide might be found in a single slide from this species. Color. The colony is a very beautiful deep crimson throughout, a fact that led the older writers to call this the “blood-red coralline’. The axis is dark brown and the spicules scarlet. A number of large dried specimens referred to this species are rusty brown in color. General distribution. The type specimens were from the Indian Ocean. THomson and Henperson report it from Ceylon, Wricur and STUDER found specimens which they refer to this species in Torres Strait. The specimens in the Siboga collection are much larger than any heretofore reported. Some of the dried colonies being as much as 50cm. in height. The great compression of the branches is probably due largely to the size of the colonies, as smaller specimens show the branches but slightly compressed. 4. Echinogorgia ridleyi new species. (Plate X, figs. 4, 4a; Plate XXI, fig. 9). Stat. 164. 1°42'.5 S., 130°47.5 E. near New Guinea. 32 meters. Coral bottom. The colony is incomplete, the basal portion being lacking. It is flabellate in form and the branches to a limited degree. There are a number of small twigs that project outward and SIROGA-EXPEDITIE XIILD. 9 66 upward from the front of the colony. It is difficult, or impossible to distinguish the main stem and branches from the others because they are of nearly uniform size. Height of colony 10.8 cm., spread 12.5 cm. In general the origins of the branches and branchlets are alternate, the distance between them averaging about 7 mm. The branch terminations are slightly enlarged and occupied by a group of low calyces, none of which appears to be strictly terminal. The calyces are evenly distributed over the whole surface, and are closely approximated, even contiguous. The individual calyces are small, very low verruc& about .6 mm. in height and 1.2 mm. in diameter. Their walls are filled with jagged upward-projecting points of the foliaceous expansions of spicules, and their margins are furnished with a fringe of similar points, which give a serrated appearance when viewed laterally. These points appear to be imbricated. The polyps are completely retractile, the margins bending inward so as.to completely conceal the polyps. Even when the calyces are open the polyps are sunken much below the margins. The polyps are very small, and are disc-shaped when retracted within the low calyces. The operculum is composed of flattened plates over the tentacle bases, and of one or more spindles lying lengthwise of the infolded tentacle. Spicules. While not so regular as in some of the preceding species, the dominant spicule in this species is of the usual type for Achznogorgia, being composed of two usually distinct parts. The basal portion is made up of a number of radiating tuberculated processes, and the distal part is composed of a cluster of foliaceous expansions. Sometimes these expansions form a tulip-like structure resting on the star-like basal part. While these spicules are by far the most numerous, there are also comparatively large, terete, densely tuberculate spindles, stars, and a few triradiate forms. Color. The colony is a deep dull red, the spicules a brick red. The axis is an olive brown, lightening to a distinct green on the distal branchlets. 5. Echinogorgia flora new species. (Plate XI, figs. 2, 2a; Plate XXI, fig. 10). Stat. 164. 1°42'.5 S., 130°47'.5 E. near New Guinea. 32 meters. Coral bottom. Colony very straggling in habit, 16.5 cm. in height. It gives off a short, slender branch 1.8cm. from its base, and a large branch, which gives off two simple branchlets, 1.4 cm. above the first. 2.2 cm. above this (the second branch) the remaining large branch is given off on the opposite side, and this gives off two simple branchlets. The main stem is broken off above the last branch. The calyces are on all sides of the branches, which are round in section, and are often contiguous. Owing to the complete insertion of the calyces the branches look smooth, as in Plexaurella. The individual calyces are entirely immersed in the coenenchyma, their presence being indicated merely by scarcely evident swellings not easily seen without magnification. Under a low power of magnification, however, the calyces are indicated in profile by low, mound-like swellings, and in vertical view by concentric whorls of leaf-like projections from spicules pointing upward; the appearance being much like that of a rose seen from above. The whole surface, when viewed from above, looks as if it were packed full of minute roses, the leaves being 67 formed by the petal-like projections from spicules the bases of which are embedded in the coenenchyma. The polyps are completely retractile. The operculum is very low, sometimes being actually depressed in the centre, and is composed of very delicate spindles longitudi- nally disposed. "Spicules. These are of the characteristic Zchinogorgian type, except that the distal portion is composed of but one, instead of several, leaf-like expansions. The proximal portion is composed of a branched mass of densely tuberculate projections. From this mass usually a single, oval orbicular, smooth, thin, transparent, often somewhat crimped plate arises. These thin plates are what form the “rose leaves’’ described above. A few small spindles, triradiate forms, crosses, etc., are seen. Color. The colony is very light brown, the axis dark brown and the spicules colorless. Were it not for the fact that the axis cylinder is devoid of calcareous matter the writer would be much tempted to place this species in the genus Plexaurella of the family Plexau- ride. It would not, however, go into this genus according to the definition given by its describers |. 6. Echinogorgia complexa new species. (Plate XI, figs. 1, 1a; Plate XXI, fig. 11). Stat. 164. 1°42'.5S., 130°47'.5 E. near New Guinea. 32 meters. Coral bottom. StatestOucn 30) S., 1192 7.58. Flores Sea. 73 meters, Sand. Colony flabellate and reticulate in form, 18.5 cm. in height and with a spread of 15 cm. The main stem gives off two subopposite branches 3.1 cm. above its base. Higher up it gives off three branches on one side and two on the other, the upper two being opposite and 6.2 cm. from the base. The main branches bend outward and upward and send off branchlets which anastomose freely with others, forming a loose reticulation. The branches are of equal diameter throughout. The calyces are equally distributed on all sides of the branches, and are ‘so closely packed as to be generally contiguous. The twig terminations are slightly swollen. The individual calyces are very low verruce .5 mm. in height and with a diameter of about 1.1 mm. Their walls are filled with foliaceous projections which look like imbricating scales; but are really the smooth, expanded processes from spicules whose bases are embedded in the ccenenchyma of the calyx walls. A circlet of these points form a low crown around the margin. The polyps are completely retractile, but ordinarily the collaret rests above the calyx margin, with the high operculum rising above iy. The opercular spindles are arranged in the ordinary manner, forming an acute-angled triangle. The coenenchyma of the stem and branches is studded with foliaceous points similar to those of the calyx walls. Spicules are of the regular Achznogorgian type, consisting of a multiradiate, foliaceous basal portion which is distinctly tuberculated; and a group of fairly smooth, lamellar expan- sions arising vertically from the centre of the basal part. This cluster of folia seems to be composed of a greater number of leaves than is found in the other species in the collection. I WRIGHT and Sruper. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1899, p. 138. 68 Color. The colony is medium brown, the axis very dark brown, and the spicules colorless. Three fine specimens from Station 164 measure up to 21 cm. in length. Acamptogorgia Wright and Studer. Acamptogorgia Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, pp. LV, I15. Although species belonging to this genus have been described by several of the later writers, the genus itself is not discussed. The original description of the genus is as follows: “The colony is branched, with tubular, cylindrical short polyp calyces, which are usually given off alternately from each side of the axis. Vhe spicules are foliaceous clubs, the folia project beyond the ccenenchyma, but the triradiate bases are embedded in the coenenchyma. In most cases bidentate folia, at right angles to one another, originate from a tripartite base. Besides these there are warty curved spindles and clubs. The tentacular opercula are well developed’. In a more detailed description of the genus, found on page 115 of their Report on the Challenger Alcyonaria, the describers say: “In most cases the spicule has become triradiate by the shooting out of several projec- tions from about its middle. From the place where these rays centre one or two dentate foliar expansions arise, these latter stand at an acute angle to one another, and their long axes always fall into the angle between two of the rays. These spicules are so placed on the wall of the polyp body that the stellate rays are always inserted into it, while the foliar expansions project, scale-like over the surface. The collaret consists of bent spindles, spiny, and upon which the opercular spicules abut. Each of the eight rays of the opercular covering consists of but three fairly broad and somewhat flattened spicules’’. The type species of this genus is Acamptogorgia arbuscula (Gray, MS.). Other species are Acamptogorgia alternans Wright and Studer, A. afva Thomson and Henderson, A. dedry- codes von Koch, A. gracilis Thomson, A. spinosa Hiles, A. tuberculata Hiles, A, fruticosa Germanos, A. acanthostoma Germanos, and the species about to be described. “ Acamptogorgia horrida’ Hiles seems to the present writer to belong to the genus Echinomuricea. 1. Acamptogorgia spatulata new species. (Plate XIV, figs. 2, 2a; Plate XXI, fig. 12). Stat. 117. 1° 0.5N., 122°56° E. North Celebes. 80 meters. Sand and coral. Stat. 166. 2°28'.5 S., 131° 3'.3 E. near New Guinea. 118 meters, Hard sand. Stat, 289, 94.0.3 S., 126°24.5 E. Timor Sea. 112 meters. Mud, sand and shells. Colony flabellate in form, not reticulate, 8.5 cm. in height and with a spread of 9.4 cm. The main stem is bare for 2.2 cm. above its base, and the remainder gives off branches in a roughly pinnate manner. The branches themselves are pinnately divided, and branchings of the third order are found. The branches are about 7 mm. apart, on the average. The calyces 69 are mainly lateral in position, but are also scattered sparsely on the front and back of the colony. In some places there is a distinct tendency toward a spiral arrangement of the calyces. They are spaced very irregularly, being, however, about 1 mm. apart on the average. The individual calyces are short cylinders in form, a typical one measuring .8 mm. in height and 1.4 mm. in diameter. Their walls are bristling with flattened or spatulate projections. These points often tend to arrange themselves in vertical lines on the calyx walls. They project from a triradiate base embedded in the walls. The polyps are but partially retractile, and rest with the collaret on the margin of the calyx. The operculum is a typical one for the genus, being formed of two curved longitudinal spindles with a third shorter one lying transversely at their proximal ends. The operculum is rather high and the spicules well developed. The collaret is weak. Spicules. These are large and conspicuous, the predominant form being composed of a foliaceous, triradiate base from which arises a spatulate or flattened smooth projection, which often seems to be more or less split or splintered at the distal end. Besides these there are smaller spicules with oval or scale-like projections of the typical Acamptogorgia form, triradiate spicules and ordinary spindles are also present. Color. The colony is grayish brown, axis dark brown, and the spicules colorless. The spicules of this species very closely resemble those of Acamptogorgia fruticosa Germanos; but that species is described as being of a red color. The genus is doubtless closely allied to the following, Vzd/ogorgza. Villogorgia Duchassaing et Michelotti, (emended). Villogorgia Duchassaing et Michelotti. Mémoire sur les coralliaires des Antilles, 1860, p. 32. Baorella Gray. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4th. Series, Vol. 5. 1870, p. 406. Villogorgia (+ Paramuricea Kölliker) Ridley. Annals and Magazine of Natural History sth. Series, Vol. 9, 1882, p. 187. Villogorgia Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. LII. The original description of this genus is entirely inadequate, as is so often the case with the definitions of the earlier writers, and contains a very serious error in stating that the species of the genus Villogorgia are without spicules. The feature is made the main distinguishing mark, separating the genus from Muricea, Thesea, Acts, etc. Ripiry gives a careful discussion of the genus, and the following is condensed from his definition : Colony flabellate, reticulate, coenenchyma thin, calyces cylindrical, emplanted on all sides of the stem and branches. The spicules of the coenenchyma are large, 4—8 pointed, and spindles. Those of the calyces tuberculate, fusiform and Stachelplatten. RıprLev, however, included KöLLıker's genus Paramuricea in the genus Fillogorgia, a mistake pointed out by Wricur and Sruper, who retained both genera on account of the difference in the opercula. Their definition is practically adopted in the present work, and the salient points included in the following definition. 79 Colony flabellate, often reticulate: coenenchyma thin; calyces short cylinders with an operculum composed mainly or entirely of three spindles forming an acute-angled triangle. Spicules mainly triradiate and quadriradiate, or Stachelplatten. The type species is Villogorgia nigrescens Duchassaing and Michelotti. Other known species are Millogorgia compressa Hiles, V. flabellata (Gray), V. (Paramuricea) gracilis (Studer), V. intricata (Gray), V. (Acamptogorgia) rubra (Hiles), also the new species found in the Siboga collection and described beyond. The genus is doubtless closely allied to Paramuricea, but is separated from it by the arrangement of the opercular spindles, which are en chevron in Paramuricea but form an acute triangle in Vzllogorgia. 1. Villogorgia nigrescens Duchassaing et Michelotti. Villogorgia nigrescens Duchassaing et Michelotti. Mémoire sur les coralliaires des Antilles, 1862,7732. Paramuricea nigrescens Kölliker. Icones Histologicz, II, 1865, p. 136. Villogorgia nigrescens Ridley. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, Vol. 9, 1882, p. 187. Villogorgia nigrescens Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 110. Stat. 154. 0°7'.2N., 130°25'.5 E. Bougainville Strait. 83 meters. Muddy sand. Colony flabellate, not reticulate, attaining a height of 16.5 cm. and a width of 17 cm. The main stem is 5 mm. thick, and divides 6 mm. above its base into three large branches, one of which has been broken off short. The other two send off an intricate system of large and small branchlets that are lateral and tend to be alternate and about 5.5 mm. apart on an average. These branches are quite numerous and produce an apparently reticulate pattern, although there are no anastomoses. The calyces are distributed pretty evenly on all sides of the branches, but appear to be alternate, and sometimes are really so on the ultimate twigs. | They are sometimes arranged in spirals of three or four to the turn, and are a little more than ı mm. apart. The individual calyces are short cylinders about ı mm. high and as wide as high. Their sides are nearly parallel, and the margin is surrounded by a fringe of blunt, jagged, irregular points above which rise the sharp spindles of the operculum which are almost vertical in position. The calyx walls are filled with spicules which constitute a sort of rude mosaic of irregular pieces, sometimes with an appearance of imbrication, the blunt points of the plates projecting upward and outward. The operculum is well marked, and of the form characteristic of the genus, each flap being composed of three spindles forming an acute-angled triangle. The operculum is much more elevated than ordinary, however, its longitudinal spindles being easily mistaken for the crown of thorns such as appear in Acanthogorgia. The coenenchyma is filled with spicules in mosaic pattern, sometimes appearing to be imbricated. Spicules. These are of various forms. The triradiate form predominates, although there are many crosses, stars, butterfly forms, Stachelplatten, and a very few spindles. Indeed almost all of the forms found in the genus can be found on a single slide from this species. A a: Color. The colony is very dark brown with a maroon or wine-color cast. The axis is almost black. Spindles pink, sometimes white. General distribution. The type was secured near Guadeloupe, West Indies. The Siboga specimen agrees fairly well with the descriptions, especially the very clear one given by Rınrev. 2. Villogorgia compressa Miles. Villogorgia compressa Hiles. Willey Reports, the Gorgonacea, 1899, p. 200. Stat. 117. 1°05 N., 122°56 E. North Celebes. 80 meters. Sand and coral. Stat. 154. 0°7’.2 N., 130°25'.5 E. Bougainville Strait. 83 meters. Muddy sand. Stat. 310. 8°30'S., 119°7'.5 E. Flores Sea. 73 meters. Sand. *Pulu Missa near Flores. 36 meters. de Siso don. [0] Colony strictly flabellate and reticulate, 10.2 cm. in height, and with a spread of 13.3 cm. The main stem is 2.3 mm. in diameter and gives off a branch 5 mm. from its base, above which the main branches are roughly alternate in position and somewhat compressed, each dividing and then anastomosing with others, forming a regular reticulate pattern. The twigs forming the reticulation are about 5 mm. apart. The calyces are very unequally spaced and are emplanted on all sides of the stem and branches, at times being closely crowded and at others being 1 mm. apart. There are numerous gall-like swellings caused by parasitic barnacles. The individual calyces are short cylinders 1.2 mm. in height and 1 mm. in diameter. The walls are studded with triangular points projecting upward and outward and sometimes apparently imbricating. The margin is armed with a circlet of thorny points which are more prominent than usual in this genus. The polyps are retractile, and furnished with a well developed operculum which is composed of the characteristic elements, there being two long, bent spindles longitudinal to the dorsal surface of each tentacle, and a third shorter one lying across their bases. The operculum is elevated well above the margin, but not usually above the points of the crown spicules. Spicules. The most characteristic forms are triradiate spicules and crosses. There are also multiradiate forms, stars, butterflies and Stachelplatten. The spicules resemble those of Heterogorgia; but the preponderance of triradiate forms, together with the form of the calyx and operculum, seems to justify its being placed here. Color. The colony is a decidedly yellowish light brown. The axis is brown and the spicules colorless. General distribution. The type of this species was found in Blanche Bay, New Britain. A very large dried specimen labeled “Pulu Missa”, 20 fathoms, de Siso don., I refer with some doubt to this species. It is about 50 cm. in height and 60 cm. in diameter. The operculum is more heavily spiculated. The spicules in general are of the same type character as the specimen described above, but somewhat more slender. 3. Villogorgia rubra (Thomson). Acamptogorgia rubra Thomson. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Reports, Appendix to Alcyonaria, 1905, p. 178. Stat. 80. 2°25'S., 117°43'E. Borneo Bank. 50—40 meters. Coral sand. Stat. 81. Pulu Sebangkatan, Borneo Bank. 34 meters. Coral bottom. Stat. 220. Anchorage off Pasir Pandjang, west coast of Binongka. 55 meters. Coral sand. Colony flabellate, 11.3 cm. in height and with a spread of 6.5 cm. The main stem divides 1 cm. from its base into two unequal portions, one of which gives forth five lateral branches from the outer side and three from the inner side. The other main branch gives off two very prominent lateral branches from its inner side and three smaller ones from its outer side. The branches are placed about 8 mm. apart. Branchings of the fourth order are attained. The calyces are scattered pretty evenly over the stem and branches, but are more numerous on the sides, where they are about 1 mm. apart on the average, although they are closely crowded, even contiguous on the distal parts of the twigs. The individual calyces are short cylinders which at first glance appear to be rounded warts; but their sides, though short, are vertical. A typical calyx measures about .75 mm. in height and about 1.2 mm. in diameter. The calyx walls are filled with imbricating angular projections which do not extend far from the surface as in Acamptogorgia, but look like loosely set, irregular but angular cobble-stones. The operculum is sunken below the calyx margin, within which it forms a low dome, the point of which is raised above the level of the margin. The operculum itself is very characteristic, consisting of two long straight spindles lying parallel to each other along the top of each tentacle, a third and shorter spindle being placed crosswise between the slightly divaricated proximal ends of the former. The collaret is well marked. Spicules. These are exceedingly varied in type, but are mostly triradiate and multi- radiate Stachelplatten, stars, crosses, butterflies, and some approaching the Acamptogorgian type. They are all quite small. The triradiate forms and unilateral spindles seem more abundant in the calyces, while the stars and multiradiate forms are more common in the coenenchyma of the stem and branches. Color. A deep wine color, or crimson. Spicules bright red, almost scarlet. The axis is a greenish brown. General distribution. The type is from the Ceylon Seas. The Siboga specimens agree quite closely with the description and figure of the type as given by Tmomson. It seems, however, to the present writer that the species should be placed in the genus Villogorgia rather than in Acamptogorgia. 4. Villogorgia intricata (Gray). Brandella intricata Gray. Cat. Lithophytes in the British Museum, 1870, p. So. Villogorgia intricata Ridley. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, Vol. 9, 1882, p. 188. 23 Villogorgia intricata Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. IIT. Villogorgia intricata Hiles. Willey Reports, the Gorgonacea, 1899, p. 199. Stat. 274. 5°28'.2S., 134°53.9E. near Aru Islands. 57 meters. Sand and stone. Stat. 305. Mid channel, Solor Strait, off Kampong Menanga. 113 meters. Stony. Stat. 310. 8°30'S., 119°7’.5 E. Flores Sea. 73 meters. Colony flabellate and reticulate, 8 cm. in height and 9.5 cm. in spread. The anastomoses are rather extensive in places. The branch origins are from 3 mm. to 8 mm. apart. The calyces are distributed on all sides of the colony, but are more numerous on the lateral sides, where they are quite closely approximated, being but .5 mm. apart, on an average. The branches terminate in a group of calyces neither one of which seems strictly terminal. The individual calyces are cylindrical in form and are set at a right angle to the branches. They are 1 mm. in height and 1 mm. broad, on the average. The calyx walls are filled with triradiate and multiradiate Stachelplatten, presenting the cobble-stone effect described in the discussion of the preceding species, the “stones” being angular instead of rounded. There is some appearance of imbrication in the calyx spicules, the foliaceous expansions of Stachelplatten overlapping so that their exposed edges project upward and outward. The operculum is high, although in the retraction of the polyp its periphery is sunken below the level of. the margin, the summit of the opercular cone being considerably above the margin. The opercular spicules are arranged as in others of the genus, there being three spicules forming an acute-angled triangle on the surface of each tentacle. The collaret is well marked, but concealed by the retraction of the polyps. Spicules. These are much as in Villogorgia rubra, but the predominating form is a butterfly-shape in which the fore wings are represented by two spindle-shaped processes arising from a common base from which the much smaller hind wings also arise. These latter are often foliaceous expansions approaching Acamptogorgia type. There are also many triradiate forms, crosses, stars, etc. All of the spicules are small. Color. The colony is light brown, with a very slight suggestion of a pinkish cast. The spicules are white, or rather, colorless. General distribution. The type of this species was from Bass’s Strait. The Challenger secured it between the Fiji Islands and the New Hebrides at a depth of 145 fathoms. Hives reports it from Sandal Bay, 30 to 40 fathoms. . Villogorgia serrata new species. (Plate XIII, figs. 3, 3a; Plate XXI, fig. 14). 5 5 2S p 5 or) Okan > Stat. 274. 5°28.2S., 134°53.9E. near Aru Islands. 57 meters. Colony strictly flabellate and reticulate in form 9.4 cm. in height and with a spread of ıocm. The branches anastomose rather extensively. The distance between branch origins varies from 2 to 8mm., the average being about 4mm. The various branches are of about the same diameter (1.5 mm.) throughout. The calyces are thickly and evenly distributed on all sides of the branches, their walls being usually contiguous. SIROGA-EXPEDITIE XIII. Io 74 The individual calyces are low verruc&, or rounded low domes, seldom exceeding 1 mm. in height and with a diameter of 1.5 mm. The margin is ornamented with a fringe of blunt serrated points, and the walls are covered with rough imbricating projections of the same character. The polyps are completely retractile, and in some cases the calyx walls are drawn together over them so as to obliterate the aperture. Usually, however, the operculum and the infolded tentacles are visible from above, but are sunken well below the margin. The operculum shows the two parallel spindles with a third between their divaricated bases characteristic of this genus. The coenenchyma is thick and is filled with irregular radiate spicules, crosses, etc.; but there are scattered here and there a number of comparatively enormous spindles which appear out of place, but really belong to the species. Spicules. These are much like those of V. zz¢rzcata, there being many crosses, tripartite forms, stars and double stars. There are others that intergrade with the Acampfogorgia type. The most remarkable, however, are the large spindles referred to above. They are so apparently foreign to the others that it is hard to persuade one’s self that they are not accidently present. They occur quite constantly and in place. Color. The colony is a light pinkish brown in color. The spicules are colorless. 6. Villogorgia timorensis new species. (Plate XIV, figs. 3, 3a; Piate XXII, fig. 3). Stat. 166. 2°28'.5S., 131° 3.3 E. near New Guinea. 118 meters. Sand. Stat. 260. 5°36.5S., 132°55.2E. near Kei Islands. 90 meters. Sand. Stat. 289. 9° 0.3S., 126°24.5 E. Timor Sea. 112 meters. Mud, Sand and shells. Colony flabellate and somewhat reticulate, growing from the calyx of a simple coral. Height 8cm. Diameter 8.5 cm. The main stem sends off two small twigs near its base, and a large branch 12 mm. above its proximal end. 7mm. above this branch the main stem divides into two parts, one of which anastomoses with the first branch. The other gives off branches mainly from its outer side, but anastomoses through branchlets with its fellow. The branches are about 5 mm. apart, on the average. The calyces are emplanted on all sides of the stem and branches, but are very unevenly spaced, being sometimes very closely approximated and at others as much as 3 mm. apart. The twigs usually terminate in a pair of calyces. The individual calyces are distinctly tubular, usually standing at a right angle to the branch. A typical one measures 1.6 mm. in height and 1.2 mm. in diameter. Their walls are studded with blunt points directed upward and outward. These are projections from spicules with expanded, usually triradiate, bases embedded in the coenenchyma. There is a low crown of points around the calyx margin. The polyps are retractile, but the operculum is very high, its spicules standing almost vertically in the preserved specimens, making a tent-like whorl of even and almost parallel spindles encircling a round aperture. Spicules. These are mainly of two sorts. There are large, pointed, spindle-shaped forms with an expanded usually triradiate base, approaching very closely to the Achinomuricea 75 type. There are also numerous stars, crosses and multiradiate forms, besides Stachelplatten and an occasional Acamptogorgia type. Color. The colony is a deep crimson red, and the spicules are of the same tint. This species bears considerable resemblance to Villogorgia rubra, but the calyces are considerably larger and of different proportions from those of that species. 7. Villogorgia flavescens new species; (Plate XIV, figs. ı, 1a; Plate XXII, fig. r). Stat. 38. 7° 35.4 S., 117° 28'.6E. near Paternoster Islands. 521 meters. Coral. Stat. 117. 1° o.5N., 122°56° E. North Celebes. 80 meters. Sand and coral. Stat. 256. 5°26.6 S., 132° 32'.5 E. Kei Islands. 397 meters. Mud. Colony (incomplete) flabellate and typically reticulate, 17 cm. in height and with a diameter of 13.3 cm. It was doubtless much larger originally. The main stem is tortuous, sending off very irregular branches which anastomose extensively. There are three main branches on one side and four stubs of branches on the other. The three main branches send off irregular branchlets which form the reticulate pattern. The calyces are lateral in position, as a rule, and tend to be alternate, the average distance between them being about 1.6 mm. The individual calyces are tubular in form, and are set at a right angle with the branches. A typical one measures .8 mm. in height and 1 mm. in diameter. The walls are often quite straight, but not infrequently they are somewhat expanded at the margin. The walls are filled with very small spicules of complicated patterns, and their surface is smoother than in other species of this genus. There is a slightly developed crown of points around the margin. Both the calyx walls and ccenenchyma appear to be finely felted under a low magnification, and this appearance is due to the small size and delicate structure of the spicules. The polyps are only partly retractile, and rest with their collarets on the calycular margin. The operculum is high, and is composed of the usual three spindles. Spicules. These are quite small tri-partite forms, crosses, daggers, butterflies and multi- radiate forms, as well as irregular Stachelplatten of various patterns. Simple spindles are seldom seen. The spicules remind one of the Zeierogorgia type, in many instances, but the triradiate forms and butterfly-shapes predominate. Color. The colony is light buffy, in alcohol. The axis is brown and the spicules are colorless. 8. Villogorgia inermis new species. (Plate XIV, figs. 4, 4a; Plate XXII, fig. 2). Stat. 299. 10°52'.4S., 123°1.1 E. Rotti Island. 34 meters. Mud and coral. Colony (incomplete) flabellate and slightly reticulate in form, the basal part being missing. The portion remaining is 8.9 cm. in height and has a width of 8.3 cm. The branches are irregularly alternate, and they give off alternately disposed branchlets many of which produce clavate terminal twigs. There is a moderate degree of anastomosis, resulting in a loosely 76 reticulate pattern. The average distance between branches is about 7 mm. The calyces are thickly and rather unevenly distributed on all sides of the branches. They are often contiguous, but may be as much as 1.5 mm. apart. The individual calyces are low verruce when the polyps are completely retracted and the margins infolded; but very short cylinders whose walls are mere circular bands when, as is ordinarily the case in the type, the walls are not drawn in at the top. A typical calyx measures about .3 mm, in height and 1.4 mm. in diameter. The margin is surrounded by a ring of short blunt points. The walls appear quite smooth under a hand lens, but a greater magnification shows them to be studded with small blunt points similar to those around the margin. The polyps are completely retracted, but ordinarily the calyx margin is widely open, showing the infolded tentacles below the level of the margin. The operculum is rudimentary, being represented by a few very small spindles on the tentacle bases, and not efficient functionally. Spicules. The typical form is a quadripartite one in which one part is larger than the others, conical or thorn-shaped and more or less tuberculate. 3 to 5-rayed unsymmetrical forms, in which one point is considerably larger than the others, are common. Symmetrical stars, crosses and multiradiate forms are also seen. Spindles are rarely encountered. Color. The colony is very light brown. The axis is a dark golden brown with a very distinct iridescence. On account of the small size of the spicules, this species has a surface much like that of the preceding form. The shape of the calyces of the two, are, however, quite distinct. Placogorgia Wright and Studer (emended). Placogorgia Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 113. As is apt to be the case when a.new genus is founded on a single specimen, the original describers of the genus Placogorgia included a number of details which were not of generic importance, and some of them hardly good specific characters. For this reason a shorter or more condensed description is preferable. The Siboga material contains a relatively large number of species that can properly be included in this genus, and an examination of this series of forms enables us to select the characters mentioned by Wricur and STUDER that appear to be of real generic importance, and to add one other feature that appears necessary. In this way the following definition is formed: — Placogorgia. Colony flabellate, seldom reticulate; calyces low cones or verruce, their walls filled with imbricating discs or Stachelplatten; operculum composed of three spindles arranged in an acute-angled triangle. The type, and only known species up to the present time, is Placogorgia atlantica Wright and Studer. This genus differs from Deöryce, to which it often bears a superficial resemblance, in not having the characteristic spicules of that genus, i.e. the disc with a central elevated, knob-like process. There is also some resemblance of this genus to Zchinogorgia in the overlapping of hh the calyx spicules; but here, again, there is a wide difference between the characteristic spicules of the two genera. Perhaps the closest relationship, however, is with the genus Aczs, with which P/aco- gorgia almost intergrades in some cases by possessing large scales that approach the size of those found in Aczs, as in the case of Placogorgia sguamata. In this species, however, there is a more evident imbrication of the calyx spicules than is found in Aezs. 1.. Placogorgia atlantica Wright and Studer. Placogorgia atlantica Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 114. Stat. 15. 7°2'6S., 115°23'.6E. near Kangeang Islands. 100 meters. Coral sand. Stat. 260. 5°36'.5S., 132°55'.2E. near Kei Islands. 90 meters. Sand, coral and shells. Colony flabellate in form, 7.4 cm. in height and 10.3 cm. in width. The main stem gives off a short branch 9 mm. from its base, and another on the same side about 1 cm. above the first. Shortly above this latter it divides into three parts, the central one being erect and unbranched, the others being lateral, branched in a rudely alternate manner, and sometimes reaching the fifth order of branching. The calyces are mainly lateral and roughly alternate in position, and are ordinarily about I mm. apart, although in some places the branches are bare for as much as six mm. The individual calyces are subconical in shape, a typical one measuring a little less than 1 mm. in height and 1.5 mm. in diameter. ‘The calyx walls are filled with imbricating thin plates or Stachelplatten with jagged irregular edges projecting outward and upward. The distal row of these plates sends up a jagged irregular row of processes around the calyx margin. The polyps are retractile, and when retracted the operculum rests well below the margin. The collaret is slender and the operculum is composed of the ordinary three spindles, which are small in size, and therefore the different flaps of the operculum leave well-marked spaces between them. The whole of these spaces form a rosette-shaped figure when viewed from above. The ccenenchyma of the stem and branches is filled with short spindles, blunt at the ends, which lie generally in a longitudinal direction. Spicules. These are mainly of two types. The first kind is found in the calyx walls, and consists of variously branched plates, the lobular or sharp projections from the sides forming the points seen in the calyx walls, the remainder of each spicule being buried. The second sort of spicule is the blunt-ended spindle found mainly in the coenenchyma of the stem and branches. Besides these two main types there are a few crosses, stars, daggers, etc. Color. The colony is dark grayish brown, the axis dark brown, the spicules colorless. General distribution. The type and only previously known specimen, was secured at St. Paul’s Rock, Atlantic Ocean. Depth 80 fathoms. 2. Placogorgia campanulifera new species. (Plate XI, figs. 3, 3a; Plate XXI, fig. 13). Stat. 47. Bay of Bima. 55 meters. Mud with sand. 78 Colony flabellate in form, 12 cm. in height, 8.7 cm. in spread, and much overgrown with campanularian hydroids and other forms. 1.4 cm. from its base the main stem divides into three parts, one being a short branch with a single undivided branchlet; another, the central one, dividing shortly into two parts each of which gives off side branches; a third, forming the main part of the colony, is pinnately branched, the pinne themselves sometimes bearing terminal twigs. The calyces are distributed on all sides of the branches, but are quite irregularly spaced. Perhaps an average distance from summit to summit would be 1.5 mm. The individual calyces are verrucae, a typical one measuring .7 mm. in height and 1.2 mm. in diameter at the base. Their walls are filled with imbricating oval plates which are smaller and much more slender on the distal than on the proximal parts of the calyx. In general the calyx spicules tend to be vertical in position. The ccenenchyma is filled with similar oval plates which are larger than those of the calyx and are often irregular in outline and more or less imbricated. All of the exposed edges of spicules are minutely ctenate. The polyps are completely retractile and may be entirely concealed by the indrawn calyx margin. The operculum is very delicate, and is composed of slender spindles arranged in the usual manner. Spicules. These are mainly oval or squarish discs or plates, varying in one direction to typical spindles and in the other to almost round plates. Many of them are oblong with rounded corners; while others have quite an irregular outline, although they never approach the irregularity of true Stachelplatten. Color. The colony is grayish brown, the axis dark brown and the spicules colorless. Occasionally a small spicule appears to be blue in color, but this is so rare that it may be due to some accidental refractive effect. 3. Placogorgia pulchra new species. (Plate XI, figs. 4, 4a; Plate XXI, fig. 4). Stat. 258. Tual Anchorage, Kei Islands. 22 meters. Lithothamnion. Colony straggling in habit and exceedingly irregular in shape, 7.2 cm. in height and about 3 cm. in width. About 8 cm. from its base the main stem breaks up into four branches, two short stubs and two long tortuous branches opposite each other and standing at right angles with the first pair. Each of the tortuous branches gives off three individual strageling branchlets. The main branches are round in section and about 2 mm. in diameter, except at their terminations where they are turgid. The calyces are rather evenly distributed on all sides of the branches, where they are often contiguous, but sometimes as much as 1.5 mm. apart. The individual calyces are very low verruc&, about 1.2 mm. in diameter; but this point is very hard to determine as the calyx wall passes insensibly into the general surface of the coenenchyma of the branch. The walls and ccoenenchyma are filled with small, imbricating, disc- like plates with ctenate edges, those around the margins forming a scalloped border to the calyx. The polyps are completely retractile and are often concealed by the margin closing in over them. The opercular surface is flat and sunken considerably below the margin in retraction. 79 The operculum is represented by a mere trace of small slender spindles and is difficult to see under moderate magnification. Spicules. These are mostly regular ctenate discs charasteristic of this genus. Often one edge is much more decidedly toothed than the other; but never with the long, jagged, tooth-like projections characteristic of the genus 7’%esea. There are a number of small spindles, and a few stars, crosses, etc.; but these are inconspicuous. Color. The colony is intense bright crimson, the spicules are also crimson, tending toward a scarlet. But one specimen of this very beautiful species was secured. Its beauty consists in its richness of color rather than in its form, which is by no means as graceful and symmetrical as many other muriceids. 4. Placogorgia dendritica new species. (Plate, XII, figs. 1, 1a; Plate XXII, fig. 6). Stat. 117. 1°0.5 N., 122°56' E. Kwandang Bay entrance. 80 meters (chart.). Sand and coral. Stat. 204. 4°20'S., 122°58’ E. near Buton Island. 75—94 meters. Sand. Colony much broken up, but it was evidently originally a very large one, a portion of the proximal part. of the stem being exceedingly thick and woody, measuring 3.5 cm. in diameter. But one of the main branches is preserved, and this arises from the main stem 10.2 from its proximal end, and is evidently but a small part of the original colony. Near its base it is 1.1 cm. in diameter, and it is about 20 cm. in length. It gives off a number of compound and simple branches on each side, and is flabellate in shape; but the branchlets do not anastomose. Both the stem and main branches are tortuous and irregular, giving forth irregular branchlets which are about 7 mm. apart on an average. The calyces are thickly emplanted on all sides of the twigs and branchlets, but are more sparsely scattered over the larger branches.. In the former position they are often contiguous and seldom much more than ı mm. apart. The ends of the twigs are swollen with crowded calyces. The individual calyces are low rounded verruc&, a typical one measuring about .7 mm. in height and about 1.2 mm. in diameter. Their walls appear quite smooth under an ordinary hand lens; but a higher power reveals the fact that they are covered with small, jagged, foliaceous projections which imbricate closely. These projections are foliaceous expansions from spicules otherwise buried in the walls. The margin is surrounded by a row of such points. The polyps are retractile, but some of them rest with the collaret above the calyx margin. Many of them, however, are completely enclosed and concealed by the calyx. The collaret and operculum are formed in the usual way, but are delicate in structure being mere skeletons of spicules in the ordinary position. Spicules. These are all small, and show an extraordinary diversity and irregularity of outline. They are in the form of crosses, stars and multiradiate bodies. Many of them are characterized by delicately branched foliaceous expansions, and projections of exceedingly com- plicated outline. A very few slender, curved spindles are present. 80 Color. The colony is a very light, yellowish brown (in alcohol). The axis is light brown and the spicules are colorless. This must originally have been one of the largest muriceids in the Siboga collection. Its spicules are many of them of the extreme P/acogorgéa type and of unusual delicacy and complexity. 5. Placogorgia cryptotheca new species. (Plate XII, figs. 3, 3a; Plate XXII, fig. 5). Stat. 117. 1° o.5N., 122°56 E. North Celebes. 80 meters. Sand and coral. Stat. 164. 1°42'.5 S., 130°47'.5 E. near New Guinea. 32 meters. Sand and stones. Stat. 260. 5°36'.5 S., 132°55'.2 E. near Kei Island. go meters. Sand, coral and shells. Stat. 273. Anchorage off Jedan Island, East coast of Aru Islands. 13 meters. Sand and shells. Stat. 274. 5°28'.2 S., 134°53.9 E. near Aru Islands. 57 meters. Sand and stones. Colony (incomplete) flabellate, 10 cm. in height. It consists of a single ramified branch giving off two simple branches from its proximal portion, and breaking distally into two portions each of which gives off irregularly disposed branchlets. In one case branchings of the fourth order are attained. The ultimate branchlets are decidedly tumid distally, and the coenenchyma is thick. The calyces are unevenly distributed on all sides of the branches, and are so incon- spicuous (being entirely included) that the colony greatly resembles a specimen of Plexaura. The individual calyces are indicated superficially only by their openings, which appear as oval apertures in the surface of the ccenenchyma. The latter is covered with disc-shaped imbricating scales with ctenate edges. The polyps are so completely retractile and the calyx margins so entirely close over them that there is almost no evidence of their existence on superficial view. The characters of the operculum could not be made out. Spicules. The most abundant forms are ctenate discs, usually of an irregular outline, but ordinarily oval. They sometimes take the form of stout clubs with thorn-like projections from their larger end. Occasionally the Zchrnogorgia type is seen. Regular spindles are present, but comparatively small and few in number. The ctenate discs stand nearly upright to the branches so that their closely imbricating distal ends pack the surface of the coenenchyma. Color. The colony is very pale brown, almost white. The axis is dark brown, and the spicules colorless. This species is very near to the family Plexauride, and would be placed, probably, in the genus Plexawroides did the axis cylinder conform to the definition for that group. *6. Placogorgia dentata new species. (Plate XII, figs. 4, 4a; Plate XXII, fig. 1a). Pulu Missa near Flores, de Siso don. Colony (dried) flabellate, scarcely reticulate, there being but few anastomoses of the branches. Height 27.5 cm., diameter 26 cm. The main stem is flattened proximally, being 1.3 cm. X 1.6 cm. in cross section. Lateral branches are given off in an exceedingly irregular manner throughout its length, and the main stem does not loose its identity to the very edge of the fan. The branches give off roughly alternate branches and sometimes fork near their 81 ends, where branchings to the fifth order are sometimes attained. The stem and branches, except at the very base of the former, are not appreciably flattened. The branches vary from 4 mm. to 1.5 mm. in diameter. The calyces are emplanted on all sides of the stem and branches, but are most closely approximated on the terminal twigs and more widely separated on the main stem, their distance varying from 1 mm. on the former to 2.5 mm. on the latter. The individual calyces are short cylinders, or greatly truncated cones in shape. They are small, a typical one measuring 1 mm. in height and also in diameter. The calycular walls are filled with the overlapping edges of spicules which are flattened discs with very irregular edges. These often appear in rather regular whorls around the calyces, being less regularly disposed in other places. The margin is surrounded by a circlet of rather prominent blunt points. The polyps are completely retractile, but in some instances they rest with the collaret on the margin. The operculum is elevated and composed of two long, bent, longitudinal spindles on the dorsal surface of each tentacle, with a third shorter one between their bases. Spicules. Irregular flattened discs are the dominant forms, their edges being often indented and branched in a very intricate manner, forming true Stachelplatten. One edge of each is exposed on the surface of the calyces, and the other is embedded in the coenenchyma of the walls. The coenenchyma of the stem and branches is filled with similar spicules. Some- times the Stachelplatten assume a radiate form, but are seldom symmetrical stars. There are few, if any, regular spindles except those forming the opercula. Color. The. dried colony is dark brown, the polyps being darker than the general surface. The axis is lighter, grayish brown, and the spicules are stained a brownish yellow, and may have been reddish originally. 7. Placogorgia sqguamata new species. (Plate XII, figs. 2, 2a; Plate XXII, fig. 8). “ Stat. 43. Pulu Sarassa, Postillon Islands. Up to 36 meters. Coral. Stat. 274. 5°28'.2S., 134°53.9E. near Aru Islands. 57 meters. Sand and stones. Stat. 310. 8°30 S., 119° 7'.5 E. Flores Sea. 73 meters. Sand. Colony flabellate, 7 cm. in height and with a spread of 5.3 cm., rigid in habit. Main stem sinuous, nearly straight, giving off its first branch 1.6 cm. from its base. Branches rather regularly alternate, 3 mm. to 9 mm. apart. Most of the branches are simple, but some of them send off alternate branchlets. There are no branchings of the third order. The diameter of the main stem is 2 mm., and of the branches 1.5 mm. The branch terminations are club-shaped, and there are some terminal calyces. The calyces are thickly emplanted on all sides of the branches, being usually contiguous, their apices being but ı mm. apart. The individual calyces are very low verruca:, often somewhat oval in cross section, their long diameter being parallel to the branch. They are not more than .3 mm. in height, with a long diameter at base of about 1.5 mm. The calyx walls are covered with quite large imbricating scales with ctenate edges, the edges of the upper row of scales making, with their toothed edges, a fringe of rather blunt small points around the margin. The polyps are completely retractile, the operculum resting well below the calyx margins. The operculum is composed of SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XIII, II 82 delicate spindles arranged in the usual manner, there being two long bent ones with a shorter one between their divaricated bases. There is a delicate collaret formed of a row of slender spindles. Spicules. The most characteristic forms are warty discs with serrated edges. Larger and more irregular scale-like spicules are embedded in the coenenchyma, where they are usually distinctly imbricated. There are a few regular spindles and small multiradiate forms. Color. The colony is a light grayish brown, the axis very dark brown, and the spicules colorless. This species approximates closely to some of the forms under the genus Aczs; but the absence of very large spindles and the imbrication of the scales on all parts seems to justify the author in placing it in the genus Placogorgia. 8. Placogorgia studeri new species. (Plate XIII, figs. 1, 1a; Plate XXII, fig. 9). Stat. 260. 5° 36.5 S., 132°55'.2 E. near Key Islands. 90 meters. Sand, coral and shells. Colony flabellate, 14 cm. in height and with a spread of 8.2 cm. The main stem is erect and fairly straight, giving off a short simple branch 2.6 cm. from its base and a larger one 1.3 cm. above the first. This large branch is compound, bearing four simple branchlets on one side, and one branchlet, which forks near the end, on the other. Above this large branch the main stem bears five branches, one of which is compound, on one side; and five branches, three of which again divide, on the other. The average distance between branches is about ı cm. The calyces are emplanted on all sides of the stem and branches, but tend to be lateral in position. They are about 2.1 mm. apart, on the average. The individual calyces are in the form of truncated cones, a typical one measuring 1 mm. in height and 1.8 mm. in diameter at the base. The lower parts of the calyx walls are filled with imbricating ovoid scales; or stout spindles which are often transversely placed, but may be oblique or vertical. The distal part of the wall is filled with much smaller vertical spindles, the distal ends of which show as projecting points around the margin. The polyps are retractile, but many of them rest with the collaret just above the margin of the calyx. The collaret is well marked, consisting of three or more rows of transverse spindles. The operculum is composed of three spindles forming an acute-angled triangle, as is common in the family Muriceide. Spicules. The typical form in this species is a flattened spindle, so short as to be oval in outline. Thus a scale-like outline is produced. The edges of the scales are minutely ctenate, and the edges of successive scales overlap both in the calyces and general coenenchyma. Besides these scales there are a few short spindles of the ordinary proportions. Color. The colony is a light grayish brown, in alcohol. The spicules are colorless. The author takes pleasure in naming this species in honor of the veteran naturalist Professor Tu. STUDER, author of many important works dealing with the Ad/cyonarza. 83 9. Placogorgia bebrycoides new species. (Plate XIII, figs. 4, 4a; Plate XXII, fig. 11). Stat. 164. 1°42'.5 S., 130°47'.5 E. near New Guinea. 32 meters. Sand and stones. 62 5Q’ Stat. 274. 5°28.25., 134°53'.9 E. Aru Islands. 57 meters. Sand and stones. Stat. 305. Mid channel, Solor Straits, off Kampong Menanga. 113 meters. Stony. Colony flabellate in form, 8.4 cm. in height and with a spread of 7.7 cm. The main stem gives off one stub of a branch at its base, another 6 mm. above this, and 6 mm. still higher up it divides into two large flabellate branches. One of these gives off three compound branchlets and two simple ones on one side, and two simple ones on the other. The other main branch gives off one compound and two simple branches on its outer side, and one compound branch on its inner side. There are some branchings up to the fourth order. The average distance between branches in about 7 mm. The calyces are distributed on all sides of the stem and branches, are often closely approximated and seldom more than 2 mm. apart. The tips of the ultimate twigs are some- what swollen. The individual calyces are very low verruce, sometimes practically included in the coenenchyma. They rarely attain ı mm. in height, and are about 1.6 mm. broad at their bases. The calyx walls are covered with rather large, imbricating disc-like or oval spicules whose edges are minutely ctenate. Sometimes there are a few more attenuated spindles around the calyx margin, but ordinarily it is surrounded by a row of the protruded ctenate edges of oval or disc-like forms. The polyps are completely retractile, and are usually entirely withdrawn within the calyces. The collaret is well developed, and composed of two or three rows of encircling spindles. The operculum is high, and its most prominent feature is the three spicules forming the acute-angled triangle common in this genus. Besides these there are accessory spindles lying along the dorsal surface of the tentacle. Spicules. The most characteristic form is the oval, disc-like spicule, quite heavy and having its outer edge ctenate. Often the tubercles give it a ctenate appearance all the way around. These spicules are sometimes nearly round, and at others squarish. Typical spindles are very rare. The general appearance of the surface of the coenenchyma suggests the genus Bebryce, but the spicules do not have the central projections characteristic of that genus. Color. The colony is light buffy brown, the axis dark brown, and the spicules colorless. A specimen from Station 164 is considerably larger than the one described above, being 15.5 mm. in height. 10. Placogorgia alternata new species. (Plate XIII, figs. 2, 2a; Plate XXII, fig. 7). Stat. 204. 4°20'S., 122°58 E. near Buton. 75—94 meters. Sand. Stat. 305. Mid channel in Solor Strait, off Kampong Menanga. 113 meters. Stony. Colony flabellate in habit, 16cm. in height and 14 cm. in width. The stem is 6 mm. in diameter near its base. The main stem gives off irregularly alternate branches until it attains 84 a height of 6 cm., where it forks into two unequal branches; one of which bears quite regu- larly alternate branchlets, those on the same side being 6 mm. to 13 mm. apart. The other main branch bears branchlets on one side only, and one of these is itself alternately branched. The terminal branchlets are 2 mm. in diameter. The calyces are pretty evenly distributed over the stem and branches, and do not show a very evident tendency to a lateral position. They are ordinarily less thean 2 mm. apart. The individual calyces are low truncated cones, usually not more than 1 mm. in height and 2 mm. in diameter at the base. Their walls are filled with the overlapping jagged edges of flat, disc-like plates, and the margin is surrounded by points from similar spicules. The calyces are surmounted by the acorn-shaped tentacular portions of the polyps, resting on a well marked collaret. The opercular covering of each tentacle consists of two long, bent spindles, divergent at their proximal ends and convergent at their distal ends, resting on a short spindle lying between their bases. Spicules. These are of various forms, including foliaceous discs, extensively branched and tuberculate scales, some Stachelplatten, small spindles, etc. The calyx walls are covered with imbricating plates with ctenate or toothed edges, some of which project above the margin, as in Echinomuricea. The ccenenchyma ‘of the stem and branches is thin and filled with warty, branched discs, and spindles set any way with the axis. Color. The colony (in alcohol) is nearly white, the stem and branches showing grayish on account of the brown axis cylinder showing through the thin coenenchyma. 11. Placogorgia reticuloides new species. (Plate XVIII, figs. 2, 2a). Stat. 273. Dobo, Aru Islands. Reef. Stat. 310. 8°30'S., 119°7’.5 E. Flores Sea. 73 meters. Sand. (Fragmentary specimen). Colony strictly flabellate, not reticulate, although it appears so on superficial inspection. Height 35 cm. Spread 28 cm. The main stem is 5 mm. in diameter, and the branches average 2.5 mm. in diameter. About 7 cm. from its base the main stem gives off a branch nearly as large as itself, and about 2.5 cm. above this it breaks up into several branches which are obscured by a sponge growth. The branching beyond this is quite irregular, the effect being that of a rude reticulation. The branches are all round in section, and the terminal twigs end in clavate terminations. The calyces are distributed thickly and evenly on all sides of the branches, and are practically contiguous throughout. The individual calyces are low, dome-shaped verruce so nearly included in the ccenen- chyma of the branches that it is hard to determine where the calyx wall passes into the general surface. Probably 2 mm. would be an average diameter of the calyces. The calyx walls are covered with imbricating plates with ctenate edges, which decrease in size toward the margin; the latter being surrounded by a roughly serrated border, the serrations being inconspicuous and not attaining the prominence of the crown of thorns found in many species of this family. The polyps are retractile, but the calyx mouth is left broadly open even when the polyps are completely withdrawn. The tentacles, in retraction, are sunken down beneath a 85 fold of the cesophageal portion of the polyp wall, this fold appearing as a scalloped membrane stretched across the calyx, much as the velum is stretched across the bottom of a medusa. A similar fold is seen in species of Menella, and also in a number of species of Plexauride. The operculum is either absent or so feebly developed as to escape notice. Spicules. These are usually in the form of rounded plates or scales, thick and clumsy in appearance. They are covered with even tubercles which appear on the edges as rather regular projections, giving a ctenate aspect. These scales are of many sizes and forms, but are not decidedly branched or forked as in the type of this genus. There are a few small spindles and radiate spicules. Color. The colony is bright orange, or terra cotta color (in alcohol) the spicules being of the same color. Menella Gray (emended). Menella Gray. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4th Series, Vol. V, 1870, p. 407. Menella Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. LIII. Menella Nutting. Hawaiian Alcyonaria. Proceedings U.S. National Museum, XXXIV, 1908, p. 584. Like many of Gray’s genera, Menella was not characterized with sufficient detail to enable one ‘to be sure as to the form he had in hand. His original description was as follows: “Coral cylindrical, end (of the branches) clavate, rounded, surface spiculose. Polyp cells on all sides of the cylindrical stem and branches, close together, forming a rough, spiculose surface with hexagonal areolz. Polyps retractile: when retracted convex, with an oblong concavity surrounded with spicules. Axis horny, black’. WRIGHT and STUDER added nothing to the definition, but simply paraphrased it. Nurtinec called attention to what appeard to be the most important character, and condensed the original definition. The following represents the writer’s opinion concerning the characterization of the genus: Colony sparingly branched, the branches round, with thick ccenenchyma. Calyces very shallow, elliptical in cross section. When -retracted, the polyps sink below the calyx margin, leaving an oblong depression and with their walls forming a series of eight infolded soft lobes around and inside of the margin. Spicules various, true spindles being rare. The only known species, and type of the genus, are Menella indica Gray, and the two new species in the Siboga collection. The writer does not now believe that his 7. grandiflora from the Hawaiian region should have been placed in this genus. 1. Menella rubescens new species. (Plate XV, figs. 1, la; Plate XXII, fig. 13). Stat. 66. Bank between Islands of Bahuluwang and Tambolungan, south of Saleyer. 8 to 10 meters. Coral. Stat. 71. Makassar and Surroundings. Up to 32 meters. Sand. Stat. 315. Anchorage East of Sailus Besar, Paternoster Islands. Up to 36 meters. Coral. ’ Colony incomplete, unbranched, rod-like, attaining a height of 9 cm. It is slightly angulated 86 near its middle, and opposite this bend is a low, knob-like projection which may represent an incipient branch. The calyces are densely crowded over the whole surface, the colony being round in section, and small polyps in all stages of growth are intercalated amongst the larger ones. The individual calyces are thin walled, oval in section, the walls being perpendicular, but very low, not more than 1.5 mm. in height. Their greater diameter is 2 mm. and their lesser 1.75 mm. The margin has a number of points formed of spicules which have their expanded bases embedded in the coenenchyma, and their sides are packed with annular spicules. Inside of these points the margin is very delicate, infolded, and divided into eight rounded lobes which are easily mistaken for the infolded tentacles. These lobes are really portions of the walls of the retracted polyps. Inside of these, and retracted below them, are the eight infolded tentacles. The tentacles are almost devoid of spicules, but show a few delicate ones on their upper surface. These spindles have a reddish tinge and form two thin lines converging toward the point of each tentacle. Spicules. These are of many forms, the most characteristic being triradiate and quadriradiate, with one point much longer and smoother than the others, being much like the characteristic spicules of Vrllogorgia. These are found on the walls of the calyces. Besides these are numerous irregularly forked plates, and spindles with many irregular processes and tubercles. The typical spindle is rarely seen, and these may be young spicules. The colony is pinkish brown, in alcohol, the polyps being lighter and the axis brown. A specimen from Station 315 is much larger than the one described above, being 28 cm. high, and with alternate branches. 2. Menella grayi new species. (Plate XV, figs. 2, 2a; Plate XXII, fig. 12). Stat. 47. Bay of Bima, near South Fort. 55 meters. Mud with sand. Colony (incomplete) consisting of a slender stem with one simple branch. Height 11.5 cm. Length of branch 2.7 cm. Diameter of stem 1.7 mm. The calyces are rather distant and emplanted on all sides of the stem. They are very irregularly spaced, but are usually not more than I mm. apart. The individual calyces are entirely included; or they might be called obsolescent verruce, their presence being evident by but a slight swelling, when viewed laterally, their sides fading insensibly into the general surface of the coenenchyma. On this account no satisfactory measurements can be given of either their height or diameter. The ccoenenchyma has a pitted appearance owing to the presence of a network of small triradiate and quadriradiate spicules with which it is filled. The coenenchyma is thin. The polyps are completely retractile, but the calyx wall does not ordinarily close over them. Thus the tentacular surface is exposed, and is rendered conspicuous by the scarlet opercular spindles. These are long, slender, slightly bent, with their proximal ends* but slightly divaricated. When the polyps are fully retracted the margin is lobed, the body walls being partly drawn over the infolded tentacles, as in the preceding species. 87 Spicules are slender and delicate. Triradiate and quadriradiate forms predominate. There are also slender, bent, tuberculate spindles, and rarely one of the Zehinogorgia type. Color. The colony is light grayish brown, in alcohol, with the scarlet spindles of the operculum showing in pleasing contrast. The other spicules are colorless. Here, again, the spiculation reminds one of the genus Villogorgia;, but the shape of the calyces is entirely different. Heterogorgia Verrill. (Including Astromuricea Germanos). Heterogorgia Verrill. American Journal of Science and Arts, XLV, 1868, p. 413. Heterogorgia Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. LV. Heterogorgia Verrill. Transactions Connecticut Academy of Arts and Science, Vol. I, Part 2, 1871, p. 450. Astromuricea Germanos. Gorgonaceen von Ternate, 1896, p. 176. The original description of this genus was very brief and not sufficient for use under the present conditions. The same writer, however, three years later, gave a detailed description which is much more adequate. Leaving out some unessential details, the definition is as follows : — “Coenenchyma rather thin, with granular surface; spicules quite small and inconspicuous, of various forms of roughly warted, short spindles, heads, double heads, double stars, crosses, with many irregularly shaped small rough spicula. Verruce rounded, somewhat prominent, smoothish below, armed at summit with long, sharp, often crooked spindles, which project from the surface around the cell in the form of sharp, divergent spindles”. GERMANOS, in 1896, instituted the genus Astromuricea. A condensed translation of his definition is as follows: — “Spicules of the ccenenchyma stars, double stars, double wheels and star-shaped plates, and often thick warty plates on the surface of the branches. These spicules are interlocked by their processes, forming a superficial layer enclosing cruciform spaces, or of intermingled large warts. There are occasionally spicules with flattened thorny processes. The coenenchyma is thick, calyces tubercular, with circular crown of upright spicules with superficial long spindles at their bases’’. It seems to the present writer that the earlier genus, Heterogorgia, will plainly include the forms which Germanos places in the genus Astromuricea. The following short definition will serve to give the diagnostic features. Coenenchyma moderately thick; calyces verruciform, or in the form of short tubes, with a marginal crown of sharp spicules. Spicules of the calyx walls stars, double stars, heads and double heads, double wheels, etc., forming a felted mass on the surface. The coenenchyma of the stem and branches often with large spindles. The genus is somewhat allied to Vil/ogorgia, but lacks the characteristic triradiate spicules of that genus. The spicules are much smaller, and multiradiate forms predominate. The type of the genus Heterogorgia is Heterogorgia verrucosa Verrill. Other known species are Zeterogorgia (Astromuricea) ramosa (Thomson and Henderson), ZZ. papillosa Verrill, 88 H. (Astromuricea) theophilası (Germanos), 7. tortuosa Verrill, 77. verrilli Thomson and Henderson, and the new species in the Siboga collection. 1. Heterogorgia ramosa (Thomson and Henderson). Heterogorgia ramosa Thomson and Henderson. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Report, the Alcyonaria, 1905, P- 291. Stat. 50. Bay of Badjo, West coast of Flores. Up to 40 meters. Mud, sand, shells. Stat. 165. Anchorage on North-east side of Daram Island (False Pisangs), East coast of Misool. 49 meters. Coral. Stat. 250. Anchorage off Kilsuin, West coast of Kur Island. 20—45 meters. Coral. Stat. 257. In Duroa Strait, Kei Islands. To 52 meters. Coral and Lithothamnion. Stat. 258. Tual Anchorage, Kei Islands. 22 meters. Lithothamnion. Stat. 273. Jedan Island, Aru-Islands. 113 meters. Sand and shells. Stat. 274. 5°28'.2S., 134°53'.9 E. Aru Islands. 57 meters. Sand and stones. Colony flabellate and reticulate in form, 15.5 cm. in height and 12 cm. in width. The main stem is straight for the greater part of its length, slightly flattened, its greater diameter being 4 mm. It gives off a pair of opposite branches 2.6 cm. from its base, and a number of other lateral branches above this, some of which are alternate and some opposite. These branches themselves divide into branches of the fifth order. The branches average about 8 mm. apart, and the twigs terminate in swollen ends. The calyces are thickly distributed on all sides of the stem and branches, are often contiguous and seldom more than .5 mm. apart. The individual calyces are verruciform or dome-shaped, a typical one measuring .8 mm. in height and 1.4 mm. in diameter. Its walls are studded with blunt points projecting upward and outward, and the margin is surrounded by a circlet of such points. The polyps are completely retractile and the margins of the calyces can be drawn together so as to conceal them; but ordinarily the tentacles are visible. The collaret and operculum are composed of very slender and delicate spindles, the latter covering but a small portion of the base of each tentacle and leaving the greater part of the tentacular surface bare. Spicules. The spicules are of various types, as is usual in this genus, the most characteristic forms being stars and multiradiate forms, often more or less unsymmetrical, one of the rays being longer and smoother than the others and projecting from the caenenchyma when in situ. Occasional regular spindles occur which are much larger than the other spicules. These lie in the coenenchyma between the calyces. Color. The colony is dull dark red. The spicules are bright scarlet. General distribution. The type was found in the Ceylon Sea. Dried- specimens of this form are found in the Siboga collection, in one case attaining a height of 24 cm. and a spread of 22 cm. The specimens agree well with the original description of the species and the figures of the spicules. *2. Heterogorgia verrucosa Verrill. Heterogorgia verrucosa Verrill. American Journal of Science and Arts, XIV, 1868, p. 414. 89 Heterogorgia verrucosa Verrill. Transactions Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. I, part 2, 1867—71, p. 451. Pulu Missa near Flores; de Sıso don. Colony flabellate, not regularly reticulate, although there are a few anastomoses. Height 25.5 cm. Spread 29.5 cm. The main stem is round and decorticated basally, 2.5 cm. in diameter. It gives off a large branch 1.6 cm. from its base, and another, on the opposite side, 9 mm. above this. 6 mm. above this latter branch the stem breaks up into three parts and looses its identity. The branches are thicker than in other species of the genus, being about 4 cm. in diameter, and are tortuous. They give off numerous side branches which continue to divide until branches of the sixth order are sometimes attained. Most of the twigs end in swollen terminations. None of the branches are appreciably flattened. The calyces are distributed on all sides of the colony, and are about 1.5 mm. apart, on the average. The individual calyces are conical in shape, and a typical one measures 2 mm. in height and 3 mm. in diameter at the base, thus being larger than in most species of the genus. The calyx walls are comparatively smooth, but a close inspection under a moderate magnification shows that they are studded with small points projecting upward and outward from stellate and radiate spicules, those around the margin not being more conspicuous than the others. The spicules are not so compactly placed as is often the case, thus giving greater flexibility to the branches. The polyps are retractile, but often rest with their collarets above the margins. The operculum is usually high, subconical, and composed of the usual elements, except that there are more than the usual three spindles to each opercular flap. The collaret is composed of strong spindles disposed in two or three interrupted transverse rows. Spicules. All the spicules of this species are small; crosses, stars and multiradiate forms predominating. The rays of the stars are strongly tuberculate, and sometimes branched. A few small, curved spindles are seen, but they are probably from the collarets and opercula. Color. The dried specimen is ashy gray. The axis is dark brown. The spicules are light yellowish, almost colorless. General distribution. The type was found in the Bay of Panama. This handsome species differs from others in the collection in the size of the calyces, which are much larger than in any other species of this genus in the Siboga material. 3. Heterogorgia muricelloides new species. (Plate XV, figs. 3, 3a; Plate XXII, fig. 18). Stat. 47. Bay of Bima, near South Fort. 55 meters. Mud with sand. Colony consisting of a very long slender stem, 43 cm. in length, giving off four straight simple branches at great but unequal distances from each other and projecting at right angles from the stem. The stem and branches are of about the same diameter throughout. The calyces are found on all sides of the stem and branches, but are very unequally spaced. In general they are distant, averaging perhaps 2 mm. apart. The individual calyces are shallow or low verrucae, or truncated cones, averaging less than SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XIII, 12 90 .5 mm. in height and with a diameter of 1.5 mm. The margins are ornamented with vertical points that are broad and sharp, and the entire walls present broad, saw-tooth-like points projecting outward and upward, and often imbricating. These points are projections from stellate spicules partly embedded in the ccenenchyma. The polyps are completely retractile and capable of being concealed by the calyx walls. The collaret is well marked and the operculum is formed in the usual way, the pair of longitudinal spindles on each opercular flap being broader than usual. The coenenchyma is filled with heavy fusiform spindles of the Muricella type. Spicules. The most conspicuous spicules are the large spindles of the caenenchyma just mentioned. They are often wavy or sinuous, and sometimes attain a length of 2.5 mm. The star-like spicules of the calyx walls are very much smaller. Very rarely they show a few projecting points on one side as in Acanthogorgia, but this can not be deemed a character- istic feature. Color. The colony is a deep coral red, approaching crimson. The spicules are scarlet, and the axis is greenish brown. ‘é Heterogorgia clausa new species. (Plate XV, figs. 4, 4a). Sidi GOs BAR SS 7, E. Borneo Bank. 50—40 meters. Coral sand. Stat. 164. 1°42'.5 S., 130°47'.5; E. near New Guinea. 32 meters. Sand and stones. Stat. 274. 5°28'.2S., 134°53'.9 E. near Aru Islands. 57 meters. Sand and stones. Stat. 305. Mid channel, Solor Strait, off Kampong Menanga. 113 meters. Stony. Colony flabellate, 7.2 cm. high and 5.5 cm. wide. The main stem is 3 mm. in diameter, and gives off a branch 1.4 cm. from its base. This branch curves outward and upward, giving off branchlets from its outer side only. Two of these branchlets bear branches of the third order in an irregularly alternate manner. Above the origin of the first branch the main stem divides into two parts, each part bearing branches in an irregular manner. The average distance between branchlets is about 5 mm. One branch is much swollen by the presence of a parasitic annelid between the axis and the coenenchyma. The calyces are regularly distributed on all sides of the colony. In many places they are contiguous, and are rarely more than 1 mm. apart The individual calyces are low, evenly rounded verruc& with small apertures. Their walls are packed with small spicules which look like disks on surface view, but which are really the imbricating jagged edges of irregular spicules embedded in the ccenenchyma. The margin is marked by small inconspicuous points. The calyces are about 1 mm. in height and diameter. The polyps are retractile, the calyces closing over them so as to leave but a small aperture. The operculum is very delicate, but consists of the ordinary three spindles forming an acute-angled triangle. The collaret is present, but delicate. Spicules. The must abundant forms are stars and other radiate forms. A few small crosses, clubs, daggers, etc. are also seen. Color. The colony is grayish brown, the axis dark brown and the spicules colorless. A small specimen from Station 274 is placed with this species with doubt. It shows a number of comparatively large spindles mixed with the other spicules in the caenenchyma. gl 5. Heterogorgia humilis new species. (Plate XVII, figs. 1, ıa; Plate XXII, fig. 14). Stat. 310. 8°30'S., 119°7'.5 E. Flores Sea. 73 meters. Sand. Colony flabellate in form, 4.7 cm. in height and with a spread of 2.4 cm. The main stem bears a small lateral 5 mm. from its base, and another, on the opposite side, 1 cm. from the base. A little above this the main branch divides into two unequal parts, both of which are alternately branched in an irregular manner, the average distance between the branchlets being about 5 mm. In some cases branches of the third order are produced. The branches are about 1 mm. in diameter, and the tips are turgid. The calyces are irregularly disposed on the stem and branches, being more crowded on the sides than on the front and back. They are about I mm. apart, on the average. The individual calyces are very low verruce, almost included, showing but a small portion of their walls above the general level of the coenenchyma. They are about 1.2 mm. in diameter. The margins are surrounded by a circlet of blunt but prominent points, and other similar points project upward and outward from the walls. The polyps are completely retractile, but the margin does not close over them in retraction. The operculum is well developed, each flap being composed of the ordinary three spindles arranged in an acute-angled triangle. Spicules. These are of exceedingly varied types, as is characteristic of this genus. They are all small, and take the form of crosses, stars, double stars, daggers, and irregular forms with all sorts of points and projections. Many are small Stachelplatten. A very few small spindles are seen, some of which are curved. Color. The colony is light brown, with a yellowish cast. The axis is almost black proximally, lightening distally. The spicules are colorless. A specimen from the same station is much larger than the one described. It is 7.6 cm. high, and more thrifty and vigorous in growth. The calyces are more crowded than in the type. 6. Heterogorgia stellata new species. (Plate XV, figs. 5, 5a; Plate XXII, fig. 16). Stat. 60. Haingsisi, Samau Island, Timor. 23 meters. Coral. Colony (incomplete) rudely flabellate in form, 8.4 cm. high and 4.8 cm. wide. The main stem is broken off 3.2 cm. from its base, leaving but two short branches and one large one that forms almost the entire type specimen. This branch arises 2 cm. from the base of the main stem, curves outward and then upward, and bears branchlets in a rudely pinnate manner. These again divide until branchings of the 4th order are sometimes produced. The average distance between branches is about 5 mm. The branches are slender, being but a little over 1 mm. in diameter. The calyces are so completely included and covered that it is difficult to ascertain their distribution, particularly as the specimen is in poor condition. They seem, however, to be sparsely distributed on all sides of the branches. The individual calyces are so completely immersed in the coenenchyma that they admit of but little description, especially as the type is in such poor condition that but few of them 92 are intact. In a few instances they appear to be scarcely perceptible swellings, the margins being surrounded by blunt points. A few ill-defined whorls of similar points can. be seen surrounding and overlapping those forming the marginal projections. The polyps are completely retractile, but the nature of the operculum can not be determined. The ccenenchyma of the branches contains a number of relatively large spindles. Spicules. These are mostly of the radiate type, regular five-pointed stars being not uncommon. They are usually unsymmetrical, however, one ray often being considerably larger than the others and projecting from the surface of the ccenenchyma when zz situ. There are also a number of relatively large, densely tuberculate spindles. Color. The colony is light yellowish brown, the axis dark brown with a distinet iridescence, and the spicules light yellow. In many respects this species is much like feterogorgia ramosa, but differs in the complete inclusion of the calyces and in the color of the spicules. 7. Heterogorgia magna new species. (Plate XVI, figs. 1, 1a; Plate XXII, fig. 15). Stat. 299. Cyrus Bay, Island Rotti. 30 meters. Mud, coral and Lithothamnion. Stat. 313. East of Dangar Besar, Saleh Bay. Up to 36 meters. *Pulu Missa, near Flores, de Sıso don. Colony (dried) flabellate in form, loosely reticulate, the meshes being large and irregular. Height 25.5 cm. Diameter 35 cm. Two large stems grow from a common base, each of which bifurcates a short distance above its base, the resultant branches either dividing again or sending off lateral branchlets which proceed in a similar manner toward the edge of the fan. All of the branches send off short lateral branchlets which either end in a club-shaped termination or anastomose with other branches. The average distance between branches is more than ı cm. The main branches are moderately compressed, their diameters being 4 mm. X 2 mm. The calyces are crowded over the whole surface of the colony. The individual calyces are very small, verruciform, crowded so as to be in general contiguous. They are about .3 mm. in height and 1.2 mm. in diameter. Their walls are filled with the projecting points of stellate spicules which have their lower edges buried in the coenenchyma of the walls and their upper edges exposed and imbricating. The margin is crowned with a ring of rather blunt points which are rays of spicules buried in the walls. The polyps are completely retractile, but the aperture of the calyx is seldom closed in dried specimens. The character of the operculum can not be made out in a satisfactory manner. Spicules. Typical stars are the most characteristic forms, there being many of five rays, the rays being more slender and symmetrical than in other species examined. Triradiate forms, crosses, and multiradiate stars are also found, as well as a few small slender spindles. The slenderness of the rays of the stars at once distinguishes this species from others in the collection. 933 Color. The colony (dried) is dull sandy brown. The axis is black and the spicules are colorless. Some of the specimens of this species are among the largest in the collection. One from Stat. 313 is 55 cm. high and has a spread of 43 cm. *8. Heterogorgia reticulata new species. (Plate XVII, figs. 2, 2a; Plate XXI, fig. 17). Ternate, collected by the Dutch North New Guinea Expedition, 1903. Aug. 1903. Pulu Missa near Flores, de SIso don. Colony (dried) strictly flabellate and reticulate, 24.5 cm. in height and 28 cm. wide, growing on a pearl oyster shell. The main stem is 5 mm. in diameter near the base, but soon becomes flattened like the branches, the larger diameter being at a right angle with the plane of the colony. From 2 to 3 cm. from its base it bears lateral branches, and above this soon looses its identity by breaking up into several vertical branches. These, and the laterals, spread in a fan-shaped form, radiating toward the periphery of the colony and sending off numerous short curved branchlets with swollen ends, except where they anastomose with other branches to form a reticulate pattern. The radiating branches are all laterally compressed so that they present their lesser diameter when the colony is viewed from in front. Their diameters are 4%X 2.2 mm. The average distance between twigs is 4mm. The calyces are distributed on all sides of the stem and branches, but are less numerous on the front and back of the proximal parts, and more numerous on the distal parts of the colony, where they are thickly crowded and usually contiguous. The individual calyces are rather low verrucee, 1 mm. in diameter and less than .5 mm. in height. They are probably shrunken considerably in the dried specimen, and the calycular apertures are all widely open. The walls are filled with spicules that are stellate or multiradiate in form. They often appear superficially as irregular disks with jagged edges which sometimes imbricate. The calyx margin is surrounded by a number of jagged lobular prominences, or edges of these disks. The polyps are retractile. The operculum has sunk to the bottom of the calyces, and is of the ordinary muriceid type, with two long curved spindles lying along the dorsal surface of each tentacle. Spicules. Stars, multiradiate forms and disks with irregular jagged edges predominate. Double stars and double crosses are also found with an occasional ordinary spindle. Color. The specimen is dull ashy brown, in the dried state. The axis is dark brown and the spicules colorless. This species is evidently allied to Heterogorgia ramosa T. and H., but differs from it in color, in the marked compression of the branches, and in the fact that ordinary spindles are abundant in H. ramosa, forming a conspicuous feature on the slide of spindles, while they are rare in H/. reticulata. 94 9. Heterogorgia operculata new species. (Plate XVIII, figs. 1, 1a). Stat. 117. 1°0'.5 S., 122° 56’ E. Kwandang Bay entrance, North Celebes. 80 meters. Sand and coral. Colony flabellate and reticulate, 33 cm. in height and with a spread of 29 cm. The width of the colony would be much greater but for the fact that a part of the specimen is folded over across the front, and anastomoses with it. The main stem divides about 3 cm. from its base into two main branches, and these anastomose in a meshwork in such a way that they can not successfully be traced. The web is rather loose, and the branches delicate, averaging about 2mm. in diameter. The proximal portion of the main branches are compressed, and the remainder of the branches are round in section. The calyces are thickly emplanted over the whole surface of the colony. The individual calyces are low, dome-shaped verrucee, about 1.5 mm. in diameter. Their walls are filled with the erect projecting points of radiate spicules, the points forming more or less regular whorls around the calyx walls. The margins are crowned with a circlet of blunt points. The polyps are completely retractile and the operculum is composed of two relatively heavy spindles lying almost paralell to each other on the dorsum of each tentacle, with a third, shorter, one between their bases. The collaret is strong, consisting of several rows of encircling spindles. Spicules. As is usual in this genus the spicules are mainly stellate forms. Few of them, however, are very symmetrical stars. There are also many crosses, butterfly-shaped forms, multiradiate spicules, and a few rather slender curved spindles. Color. The colony is a dull orange, or bright terracotta. The axis is a strong, dark olive brown, lightening distally, and the spicules are orange. This handsome species differs greatly in color from any of the other specimens of Heterogorgia in the Siboga collection. Although superficially resembling other reticulate species of the genus, it differs from 7. magna in its heavy operculum and collaret; from ZZ. ramosa in color, and in the fact that the latter species has large tuberculate spindles; from 77. reticulata in color and character of the spicules, there being no butterfly-shaped forms in the last mentioned species. DISTRIBUTION OF THE MURICEIDE COLLECTED BY THE SIBOGA EXPEDITION. List of Stations at which Muriceide were collected by the Siboga Expedition, and a List of Species collected at each Station. STATION 5. 7°46'S., 114° 30.5 E. 330 meters. Mud. Acanthogorgia ridleyi: STATION 7. 7°55.5S., 114°26 E. 15 meters and more. Coral with stones. Near Reef of Batjulmati (Java). Murticeides javensis. . STATION 15. 7° 2'.65., 115° 23.6 E. 100 meters. Fine coral sand. Anthogorgia aurea, Placogorgia atlantica. STATION 26. 8°35'.1S., 115°31'.2E. 305 meters. Black sand. Acanthogorgia laxa. STATION 28. 8°43.7S. 115°19.5 E. 143 meters. Hard, coral bottom. Manacella reticularis. STATION 38. 7° 35.45. 117° 28.6 E. near Paternoster Islands. 521 meters. Coral. Vellogorgia flavescens. STATION 43. Anchorage off Pulu Sarassa, Postillion Islands. Up to 36 meters. Coral. Placogorgia squamata. STATION 47. Bay of Bima, near South Fort. 55 meters. Mud, with patches of fine coral sand. Acanthogorgia ceylonensis, A. studeri, Anthomuricea sanguinea, Heterogorgia muricelloides, Menella grayt, Placogorgia campanulifera. STATION 49. 8°20.5 S., 119°4'.5 E. 369 meters. Coral and shells. Thesea simplex, Bebryce thomsoni. STATION 50. Bay of Badjo, West coast of Flores. Up to 40 meters. Mud, sand and shells, according to locality. Bebryce thomsoni, Heterogorgia ramosa, Thesea flava, Versluysia ceylonensis, Anthomuricea reticulata. STATION 60. Haingsisi, Samau Island, Timor. 23 meters. Lithothamnion in 3 meters and less. Reef. Anthomuricea timorensis, Echinogorgia aurantiaca, Heterogorgia stellata, Thesea sanguinea. STATION 65°. Very near 7°0'S., 120° 34.5 E. From 400 to 120 meters. Pale grey mud, changing during haul into coral bottom. Muricella stellata. STATION 66. Bank between Islands of Bahuluwang and Tambolungan, South of Saleyer. 8 to 10 meters. Dead coral, Halimeda, Lithothamnion. Menella rubescens. STATION 71. Makassar and surroundings. (Pulu Barang, Samalona, Ley-Ley). Up to 32 meters. Mud, sand with mud, coral. Echinomuricea coronalis, Menella rubescens. STATION 80. 2°25'S., 117°43' E. Borneo Bank. From 50—40 meters. Fine coral sand. Echinogorgia 7 43 50—4 Sors pseudosassapo, Heterogorgia clausa, Muricella complanata, M. grandis, Villogorgia rubra. 96 STATION 81. Pulu Sebangkatan, Borneo Bank. 34 meters. Coral bottom, and Lithothamnion. Vzllo- gorgia rubra. STATION 105. 6°8’N. 121°19' E. Sulu Sea. 275 meters. Coral bottom. Thesea flava. STATION 108. 6° 10.3 N., 121°32'S. Sulu Sea. 73 meters. Hard, probably coral. Thesea simplex. STATION 117. 1°05 N., 122°56'E. Kwandang Bay entrance, North Celebes. 80 meters. Sand and coral. Acamptogorgia spatulata, Acanthogorgia flabellum, A. striata, A. studeri, L:chinomuricea coronalis, Heterogorgia operculata, Muricella crassa, M. grandis, Placogorgia cryptotheca, C. dendritica, Villogorgia compressa, V. flavescens. STATION 122. 1°58.5 N., 125°0.5 E. near Menado, Celebes. 1264—1165 meters. Stone. Acantho- gorgia aspera. STATION 125. Anchorage off Sawan, Siau Island. 27 meters. Stone and some Lithothamnion. Acanthogorgia flabellum, Thesea sanguinea. STATION 133. Anchorage off Lirung, Salibabu Island. Up to 36 meters. Mud and hard sand. Murz- cella complanata. STATION 139. O° 11’ S., 127°25'E. Molluca Passage. 397 meters. Mud, stones and coral. Acantho- gorgia studert. STATION 144. Anchorage north of Salomakié (Damar) Island. 45 meters. Coral bottom and Litho- thamnion. Acanthogorgia ceylonensis, Anthogorgia aurea, Anthomuricea sanguinea, Muricella grandis. STATION 154. 0°7'.2 N., 130°25'.5 E. Bougainville Strait. 83 meters. Gray muddy sand with dead shells, Lithothamnion. Bebryce hicksoni, Villogorgia compressa, V. nigrescens. STATION 164. 1°42'.5 S., 130°47'.5 E. near New Guinea. 32 meters. Sand small stones and shells. Acanthogorgia flabellum, Echinogorgia aurantiaca, E. complexa, E. flora, E. ridleyi, Echinomuricea coronalıs, E. spinifera, Muricella perramosa, Placogorgia bebrycoides, P. cryptotheca, Thesea flava. STATION 165. Anchorage on Northeast side of Daram Island, (False Pisangs) East coast of Misool. 49 meters. Heterogorgia ramosa. STATION 166. 2°28'.5 S., 131°3'.3 E. near Misool. 118 meters. Hard, coarse sand. Acamptogorgia spatulata, Echinomuricea coronalis, Versluysia dentata, V. timorensis. STATION 204. 4°20'S., 122°58'E. from 75—94 meters. Between Islands of Wowoni and Buton; North entrance of Buton Strait. Sand, with dead shells. Acanthogorgia turgida, Acis serrata, Echino- gorgia aurantiaca, Muricella grandis, Placogorgia alternata, P. dendritica, Thesea pallida, Versluysia dentata, V. rosea. STATION 212. 5°54'.5 S., 120° 19.2 E. Banda Sea. 462 meters. Fine gray and green mud. Acantho- gorgia ridleyi. STATION 220. Anchorage off Pasir Pandjang, west coast of Binongka. 278 meters. Coral sand. Versluysia operculata, Villogorgia rubra. STATION 240. Banda Anchorage. 9—45 meters. Black sand, coral, Lithothamnion bank in 18—36 M. Echinomuricea pulchra. STATION 250. Anchorage off Kilsuin, West coast of Kur Island. 20—45 meters. Coral and Litho- thamnion. Heterogorgia ramosa. STATION 253. 5°48'.2S., 132°13' E. Arafura Sea. 304 meters. Grey clay, hard and crumbly. Acantho- gorgia striata, Acis squamata, Muricella collarıs. STATION 256. 5°26.6 5., 132°32'.5 E. near Kei Islands. 397 meters. Greyish green mud, coral. Villogorgia flavescens. 97 STATION 257. In Du-roa Strait, Kei Islands. To 52 meters. Coral. Acanthogorgia ceylonensis, Bebryce hicksoni, Heterogorgia ramosa. STATION 258. Tual Anchorage, Kei Islands. 22 meters. Lithothamnion, sand and coral. Bedryce thomsoni, Placogorgia pulchra, Heterogorgia ramosa. STATION 259. 5°29.2 S., 132°52'.5 E. near Kei Islands. 487 meters. Coral sand and dead coral. Acanthogorgia ridleyi. STATION 260. 5° 36.5 S., 132°55.2E. near Kei Islands. 90 meters. Sand, coral and shells. Acantho- gorgia muricata, A. turgida, Bebryce thomsoni, Muricella grandis, M. perramosa, Placogorgia atlantica, P. cryptotheca, P. studert, Thesea flexilis, T. simplex, Versluysia ceylonensis, V. dentata, Villogorgia timorensis. STATION 266. 5°56.5S., 132°47'.7 E. near Kei Islands. 595 meters. Grey mud with coral and stones. Echinomuricea cylindrica. STATION 273. Anchorage off Jedan Island, East coast of Aru Islands, (Pearl Banks). 13 meters. Sand and shells. Placogorgia cryptotheca, Thesea flava, T. sanguinea, Versluysia reticulata. STATION 274. 5°28'.2S., 134°53.9E. near Aru Islands..57 meters. Sand and shells, stones. Acantho- gorgia studeri, Echinomuricea spinifera, Heterogorgia clausa, H.ramosa, Muriceides dubia, Muricella gracilis, Placogorgia bebrycoides, P. cryptotheca, P. squamata, Thesea flava, T. pallida, Villogorgia intricata, V. serrata. STATION 280. 8° ı7'.4 S., 127° 30.7 E. Timor Sea. 1224 meters. Dredge brought up glossy black manganese nodules. Echinomuricea collaris. STATION 285. 8°39.1S., 127°4.4 E. Timor Sea. 34 meters. On the limit between mud and coral, Lithothamnion. Echinomuricea coronalis, Thesea flexilis. STATION 288. 9°0.5 S., 126° 31'.2E. Timor Sea. 869 meters. Bottom hard, not obtained. Acantho- gorgia aspera. STATION 289. 9°0'.3S., 126°24.5 E. Timor Sea. 112 meters. Mud, sand and shells. Acamptogorgia spatulata, Acanthogorgia ceylonensis, Acis scolorensis, Bebryce hicksoni, Elasmogorgia filiformis, Thesea immersa, Versluysia argentea, V. ceylonensis, Villogorgia timorensis. STATION 297. 10°39'S., 123°40 E. Timor Sea. 520 meters. Soft grey mud, with brown upper layer. Acanthogorgia turgida, Echinomuricea costata. STATION 299. 10°52..4S., 123° ı.ı E. Cyrus Bay, Rotti Island. 30 meters. Mud, coral and Litho- thamnion. Villogorgia inermis, Heterogorgia magna. STATION 305. Mid channel in Solor Strait, off Kampong Menanga, 113 meters. Stony. Acanthogorgia spinosa, Acis alba, A. solorensis, A. squamata, Anthogorgia verrilli, Bebryce hicksoni, Heterogorgia clausa, Muricella grandis, Placogorgia alternata, P. bebrycoides, Versluysia ceylonensis, V. ramosa, V. rosea, Villo- gorgia intricata. STATION 310. 8°30'S., 119°7'.5 E. Flores Sea. 73 meters. Sand, with few pieces of dead coral. Acanthogorgia flabellum, A. spinosa, A. truncata, Bebryce hicksoni, B. indica, Echinogorgia complexa, Echino- muricea furfuracea, Heterogorgia humilis, Muricella complanata, M. dubia, Placogorgia reticuloides, P. squamata, Thesea pallida, T. placoderma, Versluysia reticulata, Villogorgia compressa, V. intricata. STATION 313. Anchorage east of Dangar Besar, Saleh Bay. Up to 36 meters. Sand, coral and mud. Heterogorgia magna. STATION 315. Anchorage East of Sailus Besar, Paternoster Islands. Coral and Lithothamnion. Up to 36 meters. Acanthogorgia flabellum, Menella rubescens, Thesea sanguinea. The following species were collected by others, but presented to the Siboga Expedition and incorporated in its collection. Pulu Missa, near Island of Flores; DE SISO don. Echinomuricea indomalaccensis, Echinogorgia pseudo- sassapo, Heterogorgia magna, H. reticulata, H. verrucosa, Placogorgia dentata, Villogorgia compressa. SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XIII. 13 98 Strait of Boleng, Solor, collected by a pearl fisher. Anthomuricea reticulata. Ternate, collected by the Dutch North New Guinea Expedition 1903. Heterogorgia reticulata. East coast of Pulu Weh, Sumatra, 40 fathoms. VAN NOUHUYS don. Acanthogorgia armata, Antho- muricea brunnea. Aru Islands, collected by Dr. J. W. R. KocH of the Dutch New Guinea Expedition 1904. Echino- muricea pseudosassapo. It appears from the above list that Muriceide were collected at 52 of the stations occupied by the Siboga Expedition. An examination of the data furnished regarding these stations shows that there were about 212 successful hauls from the bottom, and so it may be said that specimens of Muriceide were brought up from about one fourth of the stations where the bottom was successfully reached. The richest haul was from Station 310, where no less than 17 species of Muriceide were secured, a really phenomenal yield. Other notable stations were Station 305, where 14 species were secured; Stations 260 and 274, where 13 species were brought up from each; Stations 117 and 164, each yielding 11 species; and Stations 204 and 289, each producing 9 species. On the other hand there were 22 stations that yielded but a single species each. Of the eight stations yielding more than 10 species, none were at a depth of less than 32 meters, and none was over 113 meters. This may indicate, in a general way, the richest zone for muriceid life; but such generalizations must be made with great caution, as a few lucky hauls in an unusually rich spot may materially and unduly effect the result. It should also be born in mind that most of the explorations of the bottom made by the Siboga Expedition were in comparatively shallow water, and a thorough investigation of the deeper waters of the same region would be likely to demonstrate a profuse muriceid life at greater depths. The deepest soundings at which specimens of this family were secured was probably at Station 280, 8°17’.4S., 127°30’.7 E., in Timor Sea where Zehinomuricea collaris was brought up from a depth of 1224 meters. Acanthogorgia aspera was dredged from Stat. 122 at a depth of 1264—1165 meters, and it is therefore possible that it came from a depth of 1264 meters. During the cruise of the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries Steamer Albatross in the Hawaiian region in 1902 the deepest haul which secured a Gorgonacean was at a depth of 1,161 fathoms, where a chrysogorgian, Pleurogorgia militarts Nutting was secured. The deepest water from which a muriceid was dredged by the Challenger was 700 fathoms, where Acanthogorgia longiflora W. and S. was secured. From the information available to the writer, it thus appears that Acanthogorgia longiflora secured by the Challenger Expedition is the inhabitant of the deepest water of all known muriceids. 99 Table showing the bathymetric and geographic distribution of the Muriceide of the Siboga Expedition. Acanthogorgia ridleyt. . Acanthogorgia spinosa Acanthogorgia armata.... Acanthogorgia aspera..... Acanthogorgia muricata... Acanthogorgia lava. ..... Acanthogorgia truncata... . Acanthogorgia flabellum.. . Acanthogorgia ceylonensis Acanthogorgia striata. .... Acanthogorgia studert..... Acanthogorgia turgida.... Anthomuricea sanguinea... Anthomuricea timorensis. . Anthomuricea brunnea... . Anthomuricea reticulata ... Anthogorgia verrilli ..... Anthogorgia aurea ...... Muriceides javensis..... Muriceides collaris ...... Muriceides dubia ....... Wigiricella CYASSH, . 5 «+ sss Muricella complanata..... | Muricella perramosa..... Wingecela gracıhs. =. =. = « Muricella stellata Muricella dubia........ Muricella grandis....... Versluysia ramosa Versluysia ceylonensis. . . . . RCESUULY SIG TOSER) 2 0... | Versluysia dentata Versluysia operculata.... . Versluysia reticulata Versluysia argentea...... EGOS LUE 02 =) fe AMS! SYELLUTTED 9 OU OeS One Acis solorensis. . . Acis serrata Elasmogorgia filiformis Menacella reticularis. .... Bebryce indica Bebryce hicksont....... 5 Bebryce thomsoni Thesea simplex MReseampallidaer seo...» BATHYMETRIC. I to 50 to 50 meters | meters (no Thesea immersa. ....... | | 7 100 to 200 to) Over 200 500 500 | | meters | meters | meters | 100 | | % x x * 5 re | | =. | * ¥ * x | | | = | | | | | | | ) | * . } | * | | | | | ce | Sl: er | | | 6 | | “4 | Ic, | | * * | En = | a |) ae | * | er & = x % * % # % =; | cos = | | % | % | % . GEOGRAPHIC, ASIDE FROM DUTCH EAST INDIES. Patagonia. New Britain. Atl. coast, U.S., Cape of Good Hope, Hawaiian Isl. Cuba, Azores, Ceylon. West Indies, Azores, Ceylon. Patagonia. Bay of Gascogne. Maldive Archipelago. | Ceylon. Off Japan, Ceylon. Off Japan, Mauritius Islands. Off Ceylon. Gulf of Manaar, Ceylon. | Gulf of Manaar. Calif. ? Gulf of Manaar. Gulf of Manaar. 100 Bass’ Str. Loyalty Isl. BATHYMETRIC. 1 to | 50 to 100 to 200 to| Over Se eee ee Er 50 | 100 | 200 | 500 | 500 ; meters | meters | meters | meters | meters Thesea jlava . 2 eee # ; * 2 Thesea flexils . 5,5 Tighe eles ker ke * 5 5 n Thesea placoderma...... . # ‘ ; Thesea sanguinea. .....- # - : . : Echinomuricea coronalis .. . % - - 2 . | Near Ternate. Echinomuricea indomalaccensis| * A 2 : 5 Australian coasts, Torres Str., Gulf of Manaar. Echinomuricea collaris.... - : = : : Echinomuricea spinifera... e | 8 : : > Echinomuricea pulchra.... ER: ; : : Echinomuricea cylindrica. . . - : ; é = Echinomuricea costata .... > e : : % Echinogorgia aurantiaca.. . E ® x - Peruvian Coast. Echinogorgia furfuracea. .. % % : : x | Indian Ocean, N.W. Australia. Echinogorgia pseudosassapo . * : : ‘ ; Indian Ocean, Ceylon. Torres Straits. Echinogorgia ridleyi .....- # : E : : } Echinogorgia flora .....- = F : . ; Echinogorgia complexa.... = = § 2 f Acamptogorgia spatula.... ; # = 2 : Placogorgia atlantica..... 2 ale , e St. Pauls Rock, S. Atlantic. Placogorgia campanulifera. . 5 # ‘ 3 : Placogorgia pulchra ..... # a 3 ; Placogorgia dendritica.... 4 So) : : Placogorgia cryptotheca .. . E % - > Placogorgia dentata..... # 4 : : : Placogorgia squamata.... = % : : ; Placogorgia studert...... : = : . : Placogorgia bebrycoides. . . . # * # : Placogorgia alternata..... - * # : Placogorgia reticuloides .. . i a ar é : Villogorgia nigrescens .... ‘ ell : . | West Indies. Villogorgia compressa... . # * | - ‘ Villogorgia intricata..... = % = = . | Fiji Isl. New Hebrides, Villogorgia rubya.......\ # ‘ = . | Off Ceylon. Villogorgia servata...... - ee I > . Villogorgia timorensis . . . - ; = = é : Villogorgia flavescens..... + - - ; Villogorgia imermis...... + : . * : Menella rubescens......-- E % ; : : UGANDA SO Os é - Ne Heterogorgia ramosa..... % = : . | Near Ceylon. Heterogorgia verrucosa. ... SD N E : . | Bay of Panama. Heterogorgia muricelloides. . | : . : Heterogorgia clausa...... % : : : Heterogorgia humilis..... : # B : 5 Heterogorgia stellata... . * : © : Heterogorgia magna .....| IE. . ; Heterogorgia reticulata... . - - 3 ; New Guinea. Heterogorgia operculata . . . |(no data) : : : Total number of species found in | 44: POO! 727. DT each of the above bathymetric zones. IOI The above table appears to show that muriceid life is most abundant at a depth of 50 to 100 meters, and that there is abrupt falling off below the 100 meters line. An element too often neglected in such tables, and one that has lead to considerable error in the discussions of bathymetric distribution in the past, is the actual number of hauls of the dredge, or other appliance for securing bottom-living specimens, that was made in each of the bathymetric zones under discussion. While it is impracticable to ascertain the exact number of successful hauls made in each of the above zones during the investigations made by the Siboga Expedition, a fair approximation of the relative numbers can be arrived at by noting the entire list of stations, and the depth recorded for each. In this way we can to a great extent eliminate the error mentioned above. We find that there were about 100 stations where the depth was from 1 to 50 meters, and that 44 species were collected at these stations. There were about 36 stations between 50 and 100 meters, and 60 species collected. Between 100 and 200 meters there were but 15 stations, while the relatively large number of 27 species was collected. There were about 50 stations between 200 and 500 meters, and here but 15 species were secured. A proportionally large number, about 130 stations, found a depth of over 500 meters (many of which however did not secure specimens from the bottom) and but I2 species were secured. The difference in the vertical extent of the zones adopted in the table must also be taken into consideration. If we combine the first and second and consider them as one zone for purposes of comparison with the third, we find that they include 136 stations at which 109 species were secured. That is, there were- just about 80 species to each 100 stations. Turning our attention to the third zone (100 to 200 meters) we find but 15 stations, but these 15 stations yielded 27 species the rate per 100 stations being 180. Thus we see that the third zone is really the richest of all, yielding more than twice as many species per station as were found in the combined ı°t and 2"¢ zones. There seems to be a rather abrupt falling off below the depth of 200 fathoms, as but 15 species were collected from about 50 stations at depths of from 200 to 500, a zone of three times the vertical extent of the third. The diminution is still more marked at depths below 500 fathoms, where a relatively large number of stations were explored (about 130) and but 12 species secured. The diminution is not so abrupt, however, as it appears from the table, on account of the large number of stations at the greater depths at which no dredge or trawl was used. Thus out of the 50 stations between 200 and 500 meters, 22 appear not to have been explored with appliances for securing the animal life of the bottom. Taking this fact into consideration, it appears that there were 28 stations effectively explored for animal life at the bottom at depths between 200 and 500 fathoms, and that 15 species were secured, or about 1 to each two stations. This still indicates a rather abrupt diminution of species below the 200 meters line, and the evidence is the same for depths below 500 meters. It thus appears that the Muriceide are much less abundant in the deep sea of the region explored by the Siboga than in the shallower portions with a depth of less than 200 meters, and that the maximum development in species is in the zone between 100 and 200 meters. 102 Regarding the geographical distribution of the Muriceidz collected by the Siboga Expedition, it will be noted that but 29 of the 95 species are known to occur outside of the region explored by the members of the party. 12 of these are confined to the East Indian Region, namely Acanthogorgia spinosa, A. flabellum, A. ceylonensis, M. gracilis, Versluysia ceylonensis, V. ramosa, Bebryce indica, B. hicksoni, Echinomuricea coronalis, Villogorgia rubra, Heterogorgia ramosa and H. reticulata. The following species have been found in the Indian Ocean: — Muricella complanata, M. perramosa, Echinogorgia furfuracea and E. pseudosassapo. Four species are known to inhabit the waters near Australia, i.e. Achinomuricea indo- malaccensis, Echinogorgia furfuracea, E. pseudosassapo and Villogorgia intricata. Three species are known to occur on the eastern shores of the Pacific: — Menacella reticulata, Echinogorgia aurantiaca and Heterogorgia verrucosa. There are three species also from the West Indies, namely: — Acanthogorgia armata, A. muricata and Villogorgia nigrescens. Two species, Muricella complanata and M. perramosa are known from the Japanese coasts; two, Acanthogorgia ridleyi and A. laxa, from Patagonia; one, Acanthogorgia armata, from the Atlantic coast of the United States; one, P/lacogorgia atlantıca, from mid Atlantic; one, Acanthogorgia armata, from the Hawaiian Islands in mid Pacific; and one, the same species (Acanthogorgia armata) from the Cape of Good Hope. There is one species represented in the Siboga collection that was previously described, but the locality in which it was found seems to be unknown. Reference is here made to Menacella reticularıs. It appears that Acanthogorgia armata has the widest geographical distribution of all of the species in the collection, as well as a very extensive bathymetric range. The genus Acanthogorgia seems to be very extensively dispersed over the sea bottom of the world. Elasmogorgia filiformis has a very unusual known distribution, being found in the East Indies and off the Californian coast. The writer does not feel justified in discussing at this time the general distribution of the genera of the Muriceida. Many of the earlier described species are of such uncertain identification that little confidence can be felt in generalizations based in a considerable degree on these questionable identifications; and the types being in most cases inaccessible to the writer, he is unable to ascertain points necessary to identification of many long known species. Again, there is so little uniformity among modern writers as to what constitutes a species, especially among the lower metazoa, that conclusions regarding distribution are rendered still more unsatisfactory. Conservative writers often lump together a number of forms, that would be regarded as certainly distinct by others, in a single species. Thus the apparent geographical and bathymetric range of such species is greatly extended; whereas other writers, with a tendency to ‘“hair-splitting’’ would divide the same forms into many species, thus restricting the apparent range of the species discussed. Concerning another aspect of the question, the author has elsewhere said: ! 1 Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, vol. XXXIV, p. 546. 5 103 “Our knowledge of the Alcyonaria as a whole is far too incomplete to warrant us in being dogmatic in our conclusions regarding their distribution, either geographic or bathymetric. When we consider how little of the ocean bottom has been explored with any thoroughness, the vast extent of practically unknown regions, and the host of species yet to be discovered, it becomes evident that our conclusions are tentative at best, and very likely to be rendered valueless by further exploration and study. The ocean floor has been but scratched here and there by the dredge and trawl, and the absence of species from our collections will by no means warrant us in saying that they are really absent from the regions explored’. The writer, then, feels that he is doing the best service by simply recording the facts regarding the distribution of species in the Siboga collection, without a general discussion of the distribution of all of the so-called species of the Muriceide. Literature cited In the Report on the Muriceide of the Siboga collection. BOURNE, G. C. A Treatise on Zoology, edited by E. RAY LANKESTER; Part II, Chapter VI, the Anthozoa. London, 1900. BRUNDIN, J. A. Z. Alcyonarien aus der Sammlung des zoologischen Museums in Upsala. Bihang til k. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handlingar, Band 22, Heft IV, N° 3. Stockholm, 1896. DELAGE et HEROUARD. Traité de Zoologie Concrete; Tome II, 2me Partie, les Coelentérés, Paris, 1901. DUCHASSAING et MICHELOTTI. Mémoire sur les Coralliaires des Antilles, Turin, 1860. DUCHASSAING DE FOMBRESSIN, P. Revue des Zoophytes et des Spongiaires des Antilles, Paris, 1870. Esper, E. J. C. Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Farben erleuchtet nebst Beschrei- bungen; Nürnberg, 1791. GERMANOS, N. K. Gorgonaceen von Ternate. Abhandlung der Senckenbergischen naturfurschenden Gesell- schaft, Band XXIII, Heft I, 1896. GRAY, J. E. Synopsis of the Families and Genera of the Axiferous Zoophytes or Barked Corals. Pro- ceedings of the Zoological Society of London, Part 25, London, 1857. —— Descriptions of some new Genera of Lithophytes or Stony Zoophytes. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, Part 27, Londen, 1859. — — Descriptions of some new Genera and Species of Alcyonoid Corals in the British Museum. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4th. Series, Vol. 2, London, 1868. —— Notes on some new Genera and Species of Alcyonoid Corals in the British Museum. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4th. Series, Vol. 5, London, 1870. —— Catalogue of Lithophytes or Stony Corals in the collections of the British Museum. London, 1870. HEDLUND, T. Einige Muriceiden der Gattungen Acanthogorgia, Paramuricea and Echinomuricea im zoolo- gischen Museum der Universitat Upsala. Bihang til Svenska Vet.-Acad. Handlingar, Band. 16, Afd. IV, N° 6; Stockholm, 1890. Hickson, S. J. Alcyonaria of the Cape of Good Hope, Part II, Cape Town, 1904. —— The Alcyonaria of the Maldives, Part III. The Families Muriceide, Gorgonellide, Melitodie, and the Genera Pennatula, Eunephthyas. Fauna and Geography of the Maldive and Laccadive Archi- pelagoes, Vol. II, part IV, 1905. —— The Cambridge Natural History, edited by S. F. HARMER, ScD., F.R.S., (etc.) and A. F. SHIPLEY, M.A., F.R.S. (etc.), Vol. 1, the Coelenterata and Ctenophora, London, 1906. 105 HıLes, Isa L. The Gorgonacea collected by Dr. WILLEY. Zoological Results based on material from New Britain, New Guinea, Loyalty Islands and elsewhere, collected during the years 1895, 1896 and 1897, by ARTUR WILLEY (etc.) Part II, London, 1899. —— Gorgonacean Corals at Funafuti, 1889. KENT, WILLIAM S. On the Calcareous Spicules of the Gorgonacea, and the Importance of their Charac- ters as a Basis for Generic and Specific Diagnosis. Monthly Microscopical Journal, London, Feb. ıst, 1870. KOcH, G. von. Die Gorgoniden; Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel, Berlin, 1887. KOLLIKER, A. Icones histologicz, oder Atlas der vergleichenden Gewebelehre; 2te Abtheilung, der feinere Bau der höheren Thiere; ıstes Kapitel, die Bindesubstanz der Ccelenteraten, Leipzig, 1865. KUKENTHAL, W. und GORZAWSKY, H. Diagnosen neuer japanischer Gorgoniden. (Reise Doflein 1904—05), Zoologischer Anzeiger XXXII, Nr. 20/21, 1908. LAMOUROUX, J. F. V. Exposition Methodique des Genres de l’order des Polypiers, Paris, 1821. MILNE EDWARDS et HAIME. Histoire naturelle des Coralliaires ou Polypes proprement dits, I, 1857. NUTTING, C. C. Descriptions of the Alcyonaria collected by the Bureau of Fisheries Steamer Albatross in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands in 1902. Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum, XXXIV, Washington, 1908. —— Alcyonaria of the California Coast. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, XX XV, Washington, 1909. POURTALES, L. F. DE. Contributions to the Fauna of the Gulf Stream at great depths, 2nd. Series. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. 1, N° 7, Cambridge, 1868. RIDLEY, S. O. Contributions to the Knowledge of the Alcyonaria, with Descriptions of New Species from the Indian Ocean and Bay of Bengal. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 5th Series Vol. IX, London, 1882. —— Contributions to the Knowledge of the Alcyonaria, Part II, including new Species from Mauritius. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 5th Series, Vol. X, London, 1882. —— Zoological Collections of H. M.S. Alert. London, 1884. ROULE, Louts. Résultats scientifiques de la Campagne du “Caudan” dans le Golfe de Gascogne Aout- Septembre, 1895. Coelenteres. Annales de l'Université de Lyon, XXVI, Paris, 1896. STUDER, TH. Übersicht der Anthozoa Alcyonaria, welche während der Reise S. M.S. Gazelle um die Erde gesammelt wurden; Monatsbericht der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, September und October 1878; Berlin, 1878. —— Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria; Archiv fiir Naturgeschicht; 5 3ster Jahrgang, Bd. 1, Heft 1, 1887. —— Supplementary Report on the Alcyonaria collected by H. M.S. Challenger during the years 1873—76. The Voyage of H. M.S. Challenger, Zoology, Vol. XXXII, London, 1889. —— Note Préliminaire sur les Alcyonaires provenant des Campagnes du Yacht l’Hirondelle, 1886, 1887, 1888. Mémoires de la Société zoologique de France pour l’année 1890, Tome III, Paris, 1890. —— Alcyonaires provenant des Campagnes de l’Hirondelle (1886—1888). Résultats des Campagnes scien- tifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert ıer, Prince Souverain de Monaco, Fascicule XX, Monaco, IQOI. —— Acyonarien aus der Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Museums in Liibeck. Separatabdruck aus den Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft und des Naturhistorischen Museums in Lübeck, II Ser., Heft 7 und 8, Lübeck, 1894. THOMSON and HENDERSON. The Alcyonaria. Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries in the Gulf of Manaar, by W. A. HERDMAN, London, 1905. SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XIILÖ, 14 106 Tuomson, J. A. Appendix to the Report on the Alcyonaria. Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries in the Gulf of Manaar. London, 1905. VERRILL, A. E. Critical remarks on the Halcyonoid Polyps in the Museum of Yale College, with descrip- tions of the new Genera. The American Journal of Science and Arts, Second Series, Vol. XLV, New Haven, 1868. — — Critical Remarks on Alcyonoid Polyps, N° 3. The American Journal of Science and Arts, XLVII, New Haven, 1869. — — Review of the Corals and Polyps of the West Coast of America. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. I, Part 2, New Haven, 1867 to 1871. — — Notes on recent additions to the Marine Fauna of the eastern coast of North America, N° 2. The American Journal of Science and Arts, 3rd Series, XVI, New Haven, 1878. -—— Report on the Anthozoa, and on some additional Species dredged by the Blake in 1877—1879, and by the U.S. Fish Commission Steamer Fish Hawk in 1880—82: Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Vol. XI, N° 1, 1883. WRIGHT, E. P. and STUDER, TH. Report on the Alcyonaria collected by H. M.S. Challenger during the years 1873—76. The Voyage of H. M.S. Challenger, Zoology, Vol. XXXI, 1889. CORRIGENDA. Page 11, eleven lines from top, for aura read aurea. Page 57, fifteen lines from bottom, for Zchinomuricae read Echinomuricea. Acamptogorgia .. . Acamptogorgia spatulata Acanthogorgia. . . . Acanthogorgia armata. . Acanthogorgia aspera . . Acanthogorgia ceylonensis Acanthogorgia flabellum . Acanthogorgia laxa. . . Acanthogorgia muricata . Acanthogorgia ridleyi . . Acanthogorgia spinosa. . Acanthogorgia striata . . Acanthogorgia studeri . Acanthogorgia truncata . Acanthogorgia turgida. . N Se. 0 Bann Neisealbar ts) ec, 0 2. BNeiseserratar. eo 0%. MNeisssolorensise 0... . Acis squamata. . . . . ENDEMBENGISE 2 ete an. far. oe a alternata, Placogorgia . . Mnthogorsiar >. 2.0. Anthogorgia aurea . . . Anthogorgia verrilli. . . Anthomuricea. . . . . Anthomuricea brunnea. . Anthomuricea reticulata . Anthomuricea sanguinea . Anthomuricea timorensis . argentea, Versluysia. armata, Acanthogorgia. aspera, Acanthogorgia . atlantica, Placogorgia aurantiaca, Echinogorgia . aurea, Anthogorgia vw of = Ro dN HN N Nm OM Ww iS) Ww Bebryce . : Bebryce hicksoni. Bebryce indica Bebryce thomsoni : bebrycoides, Placogorgia . brunnea, Anthomuricea campanulifera, Placogorgia ceylonensis, Acanthogorgia . ceylonensis, Versluysia. clausa, Heterogorgia. collaris, Echinomuricea. collaris, Muriceides ‘ complanata, Muricella . . . complexa, Echinogorgia compressa, Villogorgia . coronalis, Echinomuricea . costata, Echinomuricea. crassa, Muricella. . . cryptotheca, Placogorgia cylindrica, Echinomuricea. dendritica, Placogorgia. dentata, Placogorgia. dentata, Versluysia dubia, Muriceides. dubia, Muricella Echinogorgia Echinogorgia Echinogorgia Echinogorgia Echinogorgia Echinogorgia pseudosassapo . Echinogorgia ridleyi.. Echinomuricea. Echinomuricea Echinomuricea Echinomuricea aurantiaca complexa flora furfuracea collaris . coronalis costata . Index to Genera and Species. page Echinomuricea cylindrica . Echinomuricea indomalaccensis Echinomuricea pulchra. . Echinomuricea spinifera Elasmogorgia . . < Elasmogorgia filiformis. filiformis, Elasmogorgia flabellum, Acanthogorgia . flava, Thesea h flavescens, Villogorgia . . flexilis, Thesea flora, Echinogorgia furfuracea, Echinogorgia gracilis, Muricella. . grandis, Muricella grayi, Menella. Heterogorgia Heterogorgia “> Heterogorgia clausaks a) humilis . . magna. muricelloides operculata ramosa reticulata. stellata Heterogorgia Heterogorgia Heterogorgia Heterogorgia Heterogorgia Heterogorgia Heterogorgia hicksoni, Bebryce. humilis, Heterogorgia immersa, Thesea . indica, Bebryce verrucosa. indomalaccensis, Echinomuricea inermis, Villogorgia. . intricata, Villogorgia javensis, Muriceides . laxa, Acanthogorgia. magna, Heterogorgia page 60 Lye Menacella Menacella reticularis. Menella . Menella grayi . Menella rubescens muricata, Acanthogorgia Muriceides . Muriceides collaris -. Muriceides dubia . Muriceides javensis . Muricella. Muricella complanata Muricella crassa Muricella d Muricella g ubia racilis . Muricella grandis. Muricella p erramosa. Muricella stellata. muricelloides, Heterogorgia nigrescens, operculata, operculata, Villogorgia . Heterogorgia . Versluysia . pallida, Thesea perramosa, Muricella placoderma, Thesea . Placogorgia . Placogorgia Placogorgia > > Placogorgia Placogorgia Placogorgia Placogorgia Placogorgia 5 > Placogorgia alternata atlantica bebrycoides campanulifera. cryptotheca dendritica . dentata . pulchra . ww ww ww dnd N ROoOFHMHMONG N tm WwW WO ™N HUW W WW = Of OO WwW N U1 w AF wv “I & NI Go 108 Placogorgia reticuloides Placogorgia squamata Placogorgia studeri pseudosassapo, Echinogorgia. pulchra, Echinomuricea pulchra, Placogorgia. ramosa, Heterogorgia ramosa, Versluysia reticularis, Menacella reticulata, Anthomuricea . reticulata, Heterogorgia reticulata, Versluysia reticuloides, Placogorgia ridleyi, Acanthogorgia . ridleyi, Echinogorgia rosea, Versluysia . rubescens, Menella rubra, Villogorgia sanguinea, Anthomuricea . sanguinea, Thesea serrata, Acis serrata, Villogorgia . simplex, Thesea solorensis, Acis spatulata, Acamptogorgia . spinifera, Echinomuricea spinosa, Acanthogorgia. squamata, Acis squamata, Placogorgia . stellata, Heterogorgia stellata, Muricella. striata, Acanthogorgia . studeri, Acanthogorgia . studeri, Placogorgia . ihesea Sa Thesea flava Thesea flexilis. Thesea immersa . Thesea pallida. Thesea placoderma . Thesea sanguinea. Thesea simplex thomsoni, Bebryce | timorensis, Anthomuricea. timorensis, Villogorgia . truncata, Acanthogorgia turgida, Acanthogorgia. verrilli, Anthogorgia. verrucosa, Heterogorgia Wersluysia sso san Versluysia argentea . Versluysia ceylonensis . Versluysia dentata Versluysia operculata Versluysia ramosa Versluysia reticulata. Versluysia rosea . Villogorgia. . Villogorgia compressa . Villogorgia flavescens Villogorgia inermis . Villogorgia intricata. Villogorgia nigrescens . Villogorgia rubra. Villogorgia serrata Villogorgia timorensis . page BREFANASION OF PLATES The photographs were made from nature by the author. The spicules were drawn under the camera lucida by Mr. Orro F. Kampmeter. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. PLATE I. . Acanthogorgia studeri n. sp. Natural size. . Acanthogorgia turgida n. sp. Natural size. . Acanthogorgis striata n. sp. Natural 'size. . Anthomuricea sanguinea n. sp. Natural size. Ia, part of branch X 5 2a, part of branch X 5 3a, part of branch x 5. 4a, part of branch X 5 SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XIlld. C. C. NUTTING MURICEIDAE, I PLATE IL. . Anthomuricea brunnea n. sp. Natural size. 1a, part of branch x 5. . Anthomuricea timorensis n. sp. Natural size. 2a, part of branch x 5. . Anthomuricea reticulata n. sp. Natural size. 3a, part of branch x 5. SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE Xilld. C. C. NUTTING MURICEIDAE, il DH. MY a Pie etait? rem 2 Lael Te eg I, u jh Ani h PLATE il. Fig. 1. Anthogorgia aurea n. sp. Natural size. 2a, part of branch x 5. Fig. 2. Anthogorgia verrilli n. sp. Natural size. 2a, part of branch x 5. SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XlIlld. C. C. NUTTING MURICEIDAE. lll aa Br ah}, 5 pee, SED ey 7 yo MUTT RT shee EP baat eh Seley Se 1% 7 vn ¥ Mm u 5 t € ‘i ¥ PVF Ovi ME ’ Wine # + int 14 4 ie I, “ I ha i / BA ‘ ' 4 ‘ [ ‘ x“ t i N j Ye N ‘ = « 1 \ 3 . i i 3 \ > N 4 5 i t - Ku 5 ‘ ai Di , iR od i 4 Mas 4 ’ Cr ’ = ¥ HR, Arn Ä ' 3 “a 5 4 yl i Nally A i i ‘ m f Py \ “>, 7 . f 1 i ‘ 5 : # 9 I os Kl ay ? in ‘ . 7 a «8 ji f & 4 # 1 % > : 4 4 4 ‘ % A) f ” 5 PLATE IV. Fig. 1. Muriceides javensis n. sp. Natural size. 1a, part of branch x 5. Fig. 2. Muriceides dubia n. sp. Natural size. 2a, part of branch x 5. Fig. 3. Muriceides collaris n. sp. Natural size. 3a, part of branch x 5. SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XlIlld. C. C. NUTTING MURICEIDAE. IV Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. PLATE V. . Muricella stellata n. sp. Natural size. . Muricella dubia n. sp. Natural size. Versluysia argentea n. sp. Natural size. . Muricella grandis n. sp. Natural size. Ia, part of branch x 2a, part of branch x 3a, part of branch x 5 ae 5. 4a, part of branch x 5 JRICEIDAE. ITTING MI XIIIé. C, SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE PR RR = A vie Peace u F LA, Fig. > Fig. Fig Ss: Fig. at ae Versluysia Versluysia Versluysia Versluysia PLATE VL. reticulata n. sp. Natural size. operculata n. sp. Natural size. dentata n. sp. Natural size. rosea n. sp. Natural size. La, 2a, 34, 44, part of branch x 5. part of branch x 5. part of branch x 5. part of branch x 5. SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XIlld. C. C. NUTTING MURICEIDAE, VI Big. Fig. > Fig. Fig. PLATE VII. . Acts serrata n. sp. Natural size. . Acis squamata n. sp. Natural size. . Acts solorensis n. sp. Natural size. . Bebryce thomsoni n. sp. Natural size. Ia, part of branch x 5 2a, part of branch x 5 3a, part of branch x 5. 4a, part of branch x 5 res Eu a, TN ’ f =~ - i . 5 2 < - i pr “ ’ ‘ | ' i ‘ 4 Y ‘ \ i , Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. > Peps PLATE VII. . Thesea flava n. sp. Natural size. . Thesea simplex n. sp. Natural size. Thesea pallida n. sp. Natural size. Thesea tmmersa n. sp. Natural size. Ia, part of branch x 2a, part of branch x 3a, part of branch X 4a, part of branch X mum ın ry SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XIII. C. C. NUTTING MURICEIDA} Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. ab wu - PLATE IX. . Echinomuricea collaris n. sp. Natural size. . Echinomuricea spinifera n. sp. Natural size. . Thesea placoderma n. sp. Natural size. . Thesea flexilis n. sp. Natural size. . Thesea sanguinea n. sp. Natural size. Ia, part of branch x 5. 2a, part of branch x 5. 3a, part of branch x 5. 4a, part of branch x 5. 5a, part of branch x 5. SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XlIld. C. G NUTTING MURICEIDAE. N er. mar J * \ © 7 « x ; j , 7 y . at ; my Ly odie ane i i Ri hie liane Uy ' u) j : ie ae | u ea N DR iy dir ~¢ Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. pwnd PLATE X. . Echinomuricea costata n. sp. Natural size. . Echinomuricea cylindrica n. sp. Natural size. . Echinomuricea pulchra n. sp. Natural size. . Echinogorgia ridleyi n. sp. Natural size. ‘ ta, part of branch x 5. 2a, part of branch x 5- 3a, part of branch X 5. 4a, part of branch X 5. SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE Xllld. C. C. NUTTING MURICEIDAE. N MN Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Bw nN PLATE XI. . Echinogorgia complexa n. sp. Natural size. . Echinogorgia flora n. sp. Natural size. . Placogorgia campanulifera n. sp. Natural size. . Placogorgia pulchra n. sp. Natural size. Ia, part of branch X 5. 2a, part of branch X 5. 3a, part of branch X 5. 4a, part of branch x 5. SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XIlld. C. C. NUTTING MURICEIDAE bel a il ve ns Fig. Fig. > Fig. Fig. PLATE XL. . Placogorgia dendritica n. sp. Natural size. . Placogorgis squamata n. sp. Natural size. . Placogorgia cryptotheca n. sp. Natural size. . Placogorgia dentata n. sp. Natural size. Ta, 34, 34, 44, part of branch x 5. part of branch x 5. part of branch x 5. part of branch x 5. NUTTING MURI SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XIIld ‘ ‚ ' ‘ | 5 4 LE te ‘i i i hy F - 7 \ i | F " AR * h er vr: : m ’ ‘ ' - ar i ae ey) - EP * i‘ P POLEN ed ‘ an 2 AR Pa] a4 er i ay vr = 2 ay ‘ a ds i ms B e - Ry : i - nh a ‘ + ‘ ia. ay ms, . 3 ae . ’ ik L Wav £ . i omit ee Pat spn at ee i ee ; Neary r ‘ y- DR = uy " les “ is. r 5 i Fig. Fig. > Fig. Fig. ca) PLATE XI. . Placogorgia studeri n. sp. Natural size. . Placogorgia alternata n. sp. Natural size. Villogorgia serrata n. sp. Natural size. . Placogorgia bebrycoides n. sp. Natural size. Ia, part of branch x 5. 2a, part of branch x 5. 3a, part of branch X 5. 4a, part of branch x 5. SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XIlld. C. C. NUTTING MURICEIDAI X a EB: xl Wa FR on np ‘ - “ “. - x Pr 7 7 N pi = : a » ai ud = u 5 ‘es ’ a u u Zu! 5 t % = 53 = 4 > 3 x P as E B ea A Ir w 7 & fi + a u i > T ay oh es N ' { od Wr = N ri Amy! rl AO! aa Kur eo ae Tk nah Ag N ¢ wy 2, = - s ae P ; 7 ir, Py ' Be; . u i ie 2 ‘ ? ” t 7 ; J ' ’ ‘ : i Ko Os PLATE XVI. Fig. 1. Heterogorgia magna n. sp. Natural size. 1a, + part of brai > f= ined a N 2 Bath, er | SEEN IE ae a eae ae Cy ee ee eM rs ik at j Pe, E i A \ ' Ben? wpe her yi wy ind 4 i en if i fe ETE a : ‘ ve, A ' é cr e j - - Er ni r . 7 ~~) * u jr > 4 Pr = = - x : 7 = a - o a= S : ; 5 2 - Pin ; d = E D = bi = = . ‘ u - — = Be a T Bar ri be rn - Ps, — z 2 3 = F fr". ; = u 2 Ns 2 PLATE XVII. Fig. 1. Heterogorgia humilis n. sp. Natural size. 1a, part of branch x 5. Fig. 2. Heterogorgia reticulata n. sp. Natural size. 2a, part of branch x 5. PLATE XVIII. Fig. 1. Heterogorgia operculata n. sp. Natural size. 1a, part of branch x 5. Fig. 2. Placogorgia reticuloides n. sp. Natural size. 2a, part of branch x 5. xVill BOGA-EXPEDITIE XlIlld. C. C. NUTTING MURICEIDAE. Bin a woe Seco ee + Se 5 Abe en), { HOO ON AnfFwW DN m PLATE XIX. . Acanthogorgia armata n. sp. Group of three spicules, a, 6 and c. x 58. . Acanthogorgia striata n. sp. Group of four spicules, a, d, c and d. x 58. . Acanthogorgia studeri n. sp. Group of three spicules, a, 6 and c. x 58. . Acanthogorgia turgida n. sp. Group of six spicules, a, 4, c, d, e and f. x 58. . Anthomuricea sanguinea n. sp. Two spicules, a and 6. x 58. . Anthomuricea brunnea n. sp. Group of three spicules, a, 6 and c. x 58. . Anthomuricea reticulata n. sp. Group of three spicules, a, 6 and c. X 58. . Anthogorgia verrilli n. sp. Two spicules, a and 6. x 58. . Anthogorgia aura n. sp. Two spicules, a and 4. x 58. . Muriceides collaris n. sp. Group of four spicules, a, 6, c and d. x 58. . Muriceides dubia n. sp. Group of three spicules, a, 6 and c. x 58. 12. igs Muricalla grandis n. sp. A single spicule. X 58. Muricella dubia n. sp. Group of three spicules, a, 6 and c. x 58. XIX ga-Expeditie Xillb C. C. Nutting. Muriceidas, Oy MM, ae RE PRUE ¢ Eau wa eat AT. > APN Pur xs aan ALA eat Nm pA A ant) See een ‘ A a A 7 we > L a w* Ky res In ner 5 a OL et ee a AR A ee 8 SINT ri lord ree a kat era a Wn 1 del. Ods F anne En cr) i ie . a er ‘ ie 7 ier j w 7 } ara is (5 : u yoo” 's a ; E ‘ ' NM, Pa f be ® \. + ’ @ . ‘ f Es ‘ & 4 ; u Be eS Sisal | Re ‘ay % , ie 1 N N = + “ * >- 6 * x = “ ai! » [1 ' PN ee fe * ¥ 4 aa ' j f #- 4 ” fs ’ ¥ y ) “ie 4 (} "os zZ ' 1 er 5 < ; 5 f ¢ 5 Dan, ; ve as , i a i viv » N vA ; a - I 44 ‘ i ‘ E py! % N 7 . Rr ; ulfl Low ’ 4 = ‘4 “gst 7 T E ws * 194 ae ‘ RT N - “_ Og | 7 EN 5 » 4 "3 h 4 ; aes " Fe « 1 | 2 ” otal 4 ® RN wt = u u) q = 7 h i X ¥ { ’ 5 17 + za ¥ Ti ’ - A 5 r ; = fi ‘ \ 4 f J 0 = F ] i = > 7 _ I i = . E 3 F j R ” v - A ) fi ha y Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. aon Anh WN PLATE XX. . Versluysia argentea n. sp. Two spicules, a and 4. X 58. Only '/, of a is drawn. . Versluysia dentata n. sp. Two spicules a and db. x 58. . Versluysia rosea n. sp. A single spicule. 58. . Versluysia reticulata n. sp. Half of a single spicule. X 58. Acis squamata n. sp. A spicule. x 58. . Acis solorensis n. sp. A single spicule. X 58. . Acis serrata n. sp. A group of three spicules, a, 6 and c. x 58. . Bebryce thomsoni n. sp. A group of four spicules, a, 6, c and d. x 58, except “a” which is magnified 154 diameters. . Thesea simplex n. sp. A group of three spicules, a, 6 and c. x 58. . Thesea pallida n. sp. A group of three spicules, a, 6 and c. x 58. oga-Expeditie XIIIb C. C. Nutting. Muriceidae. RX, Ot F Kanpmeiı, cl. \ 2 “. "a hs hs ra) ' rs ak ra dye, Dear OV | N. 4 roh 0 a + » SA RT ahora + ee 4 I ESEL ERS Sy 4: y Di LET or by N) . ja a LE en ATI 3 uw pas Fig. Fig. SS = = Bu Pu Ft OW ON Aun HPW DN - PLATE XXI. . Thesea sanguinea n. sp. Two spicules, @ and d. x 58. . Thesea placoderma n. sp. A single spicule. X 58. . Thesea flexilis n. sp. Two spicules, a and & x 58. . Thesea immersa n. sp. Two spicules, a and d. x 58. . Echinomuricea collaris n. sp. Two spicules. X 58. . Echinomuricea spinifera n. sp. Two spicules, a and 6. x 58. . Echinomuricea pulchra n. sp. Two spicules, a and d. x 58. . Echinomuricea costata n. sp. Two spicules, a and 6. x 58. . Echinogorgia ridleyi n. sp. Two spicules, a and 6. x 58. . Echinogorgia flora n. sp. A single spicule. X 58. . Echinogorgia complexa n. sp. Two spicules, a and 6. x 58. . Acamptogorgia spatulata n. sp. Group of three spicules, a, 6 and c. x 58. . Placogorgia campanulifera n. sp. Two spicules, a and 6. x 58. . Villogorgia serrata n. sp. Group of three spicules, a, 6 and c. X 58. iboga-Expeditie Xlllb C. C. Nutting, Muriceidae. XX. x ART BETH fa ai a wer) ar r B 5 a * m Er ; vr nr "HH Hhledi nn HM HM oN un Pw NH OO ON Aun HRW NN m PLATE OIE . Villogorgia flavescens n. sp. Group of three spicules, a, 6 and c. x 58. . Villogorgia inermis n. sp. Group of three spicules, a, 5 and c. x 58. . Villogorgia timorensis n. sp. Two spicules, @ and 6. x 58. . Placogorgia pulchra n. sp. A single spicule. X 58. . Placogorgia cryptotheca n. sp. A single spicule. X 58. . Placogorgia dendritica n. sp. Group of three spicules, a, 6 and c. x 58. . Placogorgia alternata n. sp. Two spicules, a and 6. % 58. . Placogorgia sqguamata n. sp. Two spicules, a and 2. x 58. . Placogorgia studeri n. sp. Two spicules, a and d. x 58. . Placogorgia dentata n. sp. Two spicules, @ and 2. x 58. . Placogorgia bebrycoides n. sp. Two spicules, a and d. x 58. . Menella grayi n. sp. Group of three spicules, a, 6 and c. x 58. . Menella rubescens n. sp. Group of three spicules, a, 6 and c. x 58. . Heterogorgia humilis n. sp. Group of four spicules, a, 4, c and d. x 58. . Heterogorgia magna n. sp. Group of four spicules, a, 6, c and d. x 58. . Heterogorgia stellata n. sp. Two spicules, a and d. x 58. . Heterogorgia reticulata n. sp. Group of three spicules, a, 6 and c. x 58. . Heterogorgia muricelloides n. sp. Two spicules, a and d. x 58. joga-Expeditie XIII> C. C. Nutting. Muriceidae. xXll, ds eek a YW red Deja paru: onogr. XLIV) C. Ph. Sluiter. Die Holothurien der Siboga-Expedition. Mit ro Tafeln. onogr. LX) E. S. Barton. The genus Halimeda. With 4 plates. : onogr. I) Max Weber. Introduction et ERDE de N Avec Liste ae “al 2 cartes . onogr. II) G. F. A dernan: Deeckiption of the ship Ar appliances cd for Senn ion. With 3 plates and illustrations. onogr. XLVII) H. F. Nierstrasz. The See of the Sthoga: Bus, With lee : bpacer- XIII) J. Versluys. Die Gorgoniden der Siboga- aie - I. Die Chrysogorgiidae. Mit 170 "Figuren im Text.. cone XVIa) A. Alcock. Penn on the peste -Sea Madreporaria of the Siboga- ition. With 5 plates. ren; XXV) C. Ph. Siviter. Die Sipuneuliden und Echiuriden te Siboge-Esp. "4 Tafeln und 3 Figuren im Text. onogr. VIa) G. C. J. Vosmaer and |. H. Melon The Porifera of the Siboga- tion. I. The genus Placospongia. With 5 plates. > . XI) Otto Maas. Die Scyphomedusen der Siboga- Papeditian “Mit 12 Tafeln. . XII) Fanny Moser. Die Ctenophoren der Siboga-Expedition. Mit 4 Tafeln. . XXXIV) P. Mayer. Die Caprellidae der Siboga-Expedition. Mit 10 Tafeln. . III) G. F. Tydeman. Er dient cs results of the ee Papon ron With and plans and 3 charts of ie ee; XLVa) ER Kochler Dada de l’Expedition Ar Siboga. 1¢ Partie. Ophiures de Mer profonde. Avec 36 Planches. ogr. LII) J. J. Tesch. The Thecosomata and en of itis a . With 6 plates. ogr. LVIa) C. Ph. Stuiter, Die Thkaten 28 Siboga- Expadition tS ‚ Abteilung. Die socialen und holosomen Mit Ei Tafeln . gr. VIII) Sydney J. Beacon and Helen M. ‘England. 1 he Stylsterina of Sibog a Expedition. With 3 plates. . (Mor n ogr. XLVI) H. F. Nierstrasz. Die Chitonen age ea ap: Mit 8 Tafeln. (Monogr. XLV4) René Koehler. Ophiures de PRAPINBE.E du Siboga. 2° Partie. Ophiures littorales. Avec'18 Planches. _ (M nogr. XXVIdis) Sidney F. Harmer. The Pterobranchia of the Siboga- Expeiton, an account of other species. With 14 plates and 2 text-figures. nogr. XXXVI) W. T. panes The Cumacea af the Siboga Expedition, With and 4 text-figures er. LVIa) C. Ph. Siniter. Die Tünieaten at ‘Siboga-] E G action: Supplement zu der I. Abteilung. Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Mit 1 Tafel. Prix: Souseription al’duvrage complet Monographies separees f 6— f 7.50 1.00: WAT ” 6.75 » 9— See eee omy 41-18) » 3.90 » 4.90 fuk eta a yf) » 4.60 „5.75 Br; 9-37 » 2.40 „ 3. » 7.50 „ 9.50 200 ay Se5O » 7:80 4 9-75 Oey LPs „15... 18,75 „0,0.%,12060 » 375 -» 4-79 ” 6.75 » 9. +1 2:50. tonhss50 (CTO TOR ee 6.25 „10.200 9 12.75" ” 6.75 2 9-7 a 1.9060 2.40 »—75 » I— - Souscript ic a l'ouyrage co! se Livr. (Monogr. L) Rud. Bergh. Die Opisthobranchiata der Siboga- Era “Mit 20 Tafeln. > Livr. (Monogr. X) Otto Maas. Die Craspedoten Medusen der Siboga-Exp. Mit 14 ae: Livr. (Monogr. XIIla) J. Versluys. Die Gorgoniden der Siboga-Expedition. II. Die Primnoidae. Mit ıo Tafeln, 178 Figuren im Text und einer Karte. 28e Livr. (Monogr. XXI) G. Herbert Romier- The en of the ae Expedition. With 3 plates and 6 charts. . . re Livr. (Monogr. LI) J. J. Tesch. Die Beenden der Siboga-Expedition. Mit. 14 Tafeln. Livr. (Monogr. XXX) G. W. Müller. Die Ostracoden der Sibogs-Exped. Mit 9 Tafeln. Livr. (Monogr. Sr. rang Eilhard ee Die REngphyopksieR der et Mit 3 Tafeln . Livr. (Monogr. LIV) Maria Bande, The Scaphopoda of thie Siboga Expedition, With 6 plates and 39 textfigures . .* Livr. (Monogr. XXVI) J. W. Spengel. Studien über die Bateropneusten de Siboga-Exp Mit 17 Tafeln und 20 Figuren im Text. : Livr. (Monogr. XX) H. F. Nierstrasz. Die Réncestancid de Elbe ae Mit 3 Tafeln. ; Livr. (Monogr. XIIIc) Sydney J. Hickson und J. Versluys. Die Alcyoniden der Siboga- Exped. I. Coralliidz, II. Pseudocladochonus Hicksoni. Mit 3 Tafeln und 16 Figuren im Text. Livr. (Monogr. XXXIa) P. P. C. Hoek. The Cirripedia of the Speke Expats on A. Cirripedia pedunculata. With 10 plates une he Livr. (Monogr. XLIIa) L. Döderlein. Die gestielten Crinoiden der Siboga-Expedition Mit 23 Tafeln und 12 Figuren im Text . Livr. (Monogr. IX) Albertine D. Lens and hid ‚van , Riemsdijk. The Siphonophores of the Siboga Expedition. With 24 plates and 52 textfigures . : d Livr. (Monogr. XLIX'a) M. M. Schepman. The Prosobranchia of the Siboga Expedition. Part 1. Rhipidoglossa and Docoglossa, with an re ar BY. Prof. R. = = ‘With 9 plates and 3 textfigures. Liyr. (Monogr. XL) J. C. C. Loman. Die Feptopedes ee Siboga-Expeition. Mit 5 Zr Tafeln und 4 Figuren im Text. Livr. (Monogr. LVIc) J. E. W. Ihle. Die Appendicuarien des Siboga-Expediton “Mit 2 Tafeln und ıo Figuren im Text . . ? Livr. (Monogr. XLIX?) M. M. Sehne Hr H. F. Nierstrasz Parasitische Fics. branchier der Siboga-Expedition. Mit 2 Tafeln . 5 Livr. (Monogr. XLIX'4) M. M. Schepman. The Pb acta of the Siboga Expedition. Part II. Taenioglossa and Ptenoglossa. With 7 plates .. Livr. (Monogr. XXIXa) Andrew Scott. The Copepoda of the Siboga Bebdition. Part I. Free-swimming, Littoral and Semi-parasitic Copepoda. With 69 plates. Livr. (Monogr. LVI2) C. Ph. Sluiter. Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition. II. Abteilung. Die Merosomen Ascidien. Mit 8 Tafeln und 2 Figuren im Text. Livr. (Monogr, XLIX'c) M. M. Schepman. The Prosobranchia of the Are en Part III. Gymnoglossa. With 1 plate . . . : : Livr. (Monogr. XIII) C. €. Nutting, The PEN of fe Sibogs Expedition III. The Muriceida. With 22 2 plates. t for. = Mrk 1.70 = 1 sh. 8 d. = frs 2.12 en chiffres arrondies. ÜARDNRNRAABENV ARE eR LAN m UTHTBATRAMEMT HENKE NAEH PAPITATA ee GGF TH i Tawi ZEIT a Sr all ab FETTE Et sagan Oe ___ RESULTATS DES EXPLORATIONS QUES, BOTANIQUES, OCEANOGRAPHIQUES ET GEOLOGIQUES ge ENTREPRISES AUX mons NEERLANDAISES ORIENTALES en 1899— 1900, + a bord du SIBOGA : SOUS LE COMMANDEMENT DE G. F. TYDEMAN PUBLIES PAR Chef ae Pexpedition. Introduction et description de Vexpedition, Max Weber. Résultats hydrographiques, G. F. Tydeman. V. Foraminifera, T. W. Winter. i Xenophyophora, F. E. Schulze. ’. Radiolaria, M. Hartmann. . Porifera, G. C. J. Vosmaer et I. Ijima '). . Hydropolypi, A. Billard. . Stylasterina, S. J. Hickson et Mile H. M. England. ine Siphonophora, Miles Lens et van ONE Hydromedusae, O. Maas. : - . Seyphomedusae, O. Maas. XI. Ctenophora, Mile F. Moser. - Gorgonidae, Aleyonidae, J. Versluys, S. J. Hickson et Pennatulidae, S. J. Hickson. (C. ©. Nutting"). Actiniaria, P. Me Murrich. Madreporaria, A. Alcock ') et L. Döderlein. VII. Antipatharia, A. J. van Pesch. VII ‘Turbellaria, L. von Graff et R. R. von Stummer. XIX. Cestodes, J. W. Spengel. XX. Nematomorpha, H. F. Nierstrasz. (XI. Chaetognatha, G. II. Fowler. Nemertini, A. A. W. Hubrecht. T. Myzostomidae, R. R. von Stummer. . Polychaeta errantia, R. Horst. \ . Polychaeta sedentaria, M. Caullery et F. Mesnil. Gephyrea, ©. Ph. Sluiter. Enteropueusta, J. W. Spengel. Be nirenckine S. F. Harmer. . Brachiopoda, J. - F.svan Bemmelen. lyzoa, S. F. Horner: pepoda, A. Scott’). — Ostracoda, G. W. Müller. Cirrhipedia, P. P. C. Hoek').- Isopoda, H. J. Hansen. . Amphipoda, Ch. Pérez. . Caprellidae, P. Mayer. . Stomatopoda, H. J. Hansen. I. Cumacea, W. T. Calman. _ Schizopoda, H. J. Hansen. II. Sergestidae, H. J. Hansen. Decapoda, J. G. de Man. Pantopoda, J. C. C. Loman. lalobatidae, J. Th. Oudemans. Crinoidea, L. Döderlein!) et C. Vaney. Echinoidea, J. C. H. de Meijere. lothurioidea, C. Ph. Sluiter. phiuroidea, R. Köhler. : Asteroidea, L. Döderlein. lenogastres, H. F. Nierstrasz. itonidae, H. F. Nierstrasz. Prosobranchia, M. M. Schepman *). Ei roscbrinehio parasitica, H. F, Nierstrasz et M. M. Opisthobranchia, R. Bergh. (Schepman. *LI. Heteropoda, J. J. Tesch. (. Pteropoda, J. J. Tesch. . Lamellibranchiata, P. Pelseneer et Ph. Dautzenberg. iphopoda, Mile M. Boissevain. Cephalopoda, L. Joubin. Tunicata, C. Ph. Sluiter et J. E. W. Ihle'). Pisces, Max Weber. ! Be, Max Weber. des algues, Mme A. Weber. alimede; Mule E. S. Barton, (Mme E. S. Gepp). orallinaceae, Mne A, Weber et M. Foslie, iaceae, A. et Mme E. S. Gepp. oflagellata. Coccosphaeridae, J. P. Lotsy. tomaceae, J. P. Lotsy. posita marina, O. B. Böggild. tats géologiques, A. Wichmann. Le bateau et son équipement scientifique, G. T. Tydeman. zes ELLE Siboga-Expeditie THE GURGONACEA OF THE SIBOGA EXPEDITION IV. THE PLEXAURIDA BY C. C. NUTTING Professor of Zoology, State University of Iowa With 4 plates Monographie XIII of: UITKOMSTEN OP ZOOLOGISCH, © BOTANISCH, OCEANOGRAPHISCH EN GEOLOGISCH GEBIED verzameld in Nedesiandech Oost-Indié 1899—1900 aan boord H. Luitenant ter zee ıe kl. G. M. Siboga onder commando van F. TYDEMAN UITGEGEVEN DOOR Dr. MAX WEBER Prof. in Amsterdam, Leider der Expeditie (met medewerking van de Maatschappij ter bevordering van het Natuurkundig Onderzoek der Nederlandsche Kolonién) > ——— Och Ir stil - Alu Y ]: jit C/ L yA2l3ebl ts “onal Muse’ ete BOEKHANDEL EN DRUKKERIJ VOORUEEN E. J. BRILL LEIDEN UL ee ERBETEN * Les numéros avec un astérique ont déja paru; ceux marqués I) seulement en partie REPRESS yl ° ° in Voor de uitgave van de resultaten der Siboga-Expeditie hebben bijdragen beschikbaar gesteld: De Maatschappij ter bevordering van het Natuurkundig Onderzoek der Nederlandsche Kolonién. Het Ministerie van Kolonién. Het Ministerie van Binnenlandsche Zaken. Het Koninklijk Zoologisch Genootschap »Natura Artis Magistra” te Amsterdam. De »Oostersche Handel en Reederij’’ te Amsterdam. De Heer B. H pe Waat Oud-Consul-Generaal der Nederlanden te aapetad M. B. te Amsterdam. CONDITIONS GENERALES DE VENTE. . L’ouvrage du ,Siboga” se ,composera d’une série de monographies. . Ces monographies paraitront au fur et a mesure qu’elles seront prétes. . Le prix de chaque monographie sera different, mais nous avons adopté comme base générale du prix de vente: pour une feuille d’impression sans fig. flor. 0.15; pour une feuille avec fig. flor. 0.20 A 0.25; pour une planche noire flor. 0.25; pour une planche coloriée flor. 0.40; pour une photogravure flor. 0.60. . Il y aura deux modes de souscription: a. La souscription a l’ouvrage complet. 6. La souscription a des monographies séparées en nombre restreint. Dans ce dernier cas, le prix des monographies sera majoré de 25 °/,: . L’ouvrage sera réuni en volumes avec titres et index. Les souscripteurs ä l’ouvrage complet recevront ces titres et index, au fur et 4 mesure que chaque volume sera complet. EROCGNEXPEDILIE, Siboga-Expeditie UITKOMSTEN OP INLININCN, DUAL, OCEANA EN GROLOGISEE Geht) VERZAMELD IN NEDERLANDSCH OOST-INDIE 1899— 1900 AAN BOORD FH. M SIBOGA ONDER COMMANDO Vay Luitenant ter zee 1° kl. G. F. TYDEMAN UITGEGEVEN DOOR Dr. MAX WEBER Prof. in Amsterdam, Leider der Expeditie (met medewerking van de Maatschappij ter bevordering van het Natuurkundig Onderzoek der Nederlandsche Kolonien) BOEKHANDEL EN DRUKKERIJ VOORHEEN LEIDEN Siboga-Expeditie XIII b' GORGONACEA OF THE SIBOGA EXPEDITION IV. THE PLEXAURIDA BY C2eaNl) ik FING Professor of Zoology, State University of Iowa With 4 plates (Aided by a grant from the ELIZABETH THOMPSON SCIENCE FUND) —= © <3 uate EB. J. BRILL PUBLISHERS AND PRINTERS LEYDEN — I9QIO me) A] 4 u 5 : i ' : os ad - ry { Le eh, MWh a ne ; A u Be : er ee ] > DR : x ; Seen, Fri rept, ni é wif er - = er PUR A A ea cn ee: rth Aueh ahatil vi ae Ras.’ Bee SEN THE GORGONACEA OF THE SIBOGA EXPEDITION IV THE PEEXAURID A: BY EZCZNUTTING, Professor of Zoology, State University of Iowa. With 4 plates. (Aided by a grant from the ELIZABETH THOMPSON SCIENCE FUND.) Family PLExAURIDE Gray. Plexaura Lamouroux. Exposition Methodique, 1821, p. 35. Plexauride Gray. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 3, Vol. IV, 1859. Eunicea + Plexaura Milne Edwards et Haime. Histoire naturelle des Coralliaires, 1857, Vol. I, pp- 146, 152. Euniceide Kölliker. Icones Histologice, II, 1865, p. 137. Plexauride Verrill. Transactions Connecticut Academy of Science, Vol. I, 1869, p. 135. Euniceide Ridley. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, Vol. 11, 1883, p. 253. Plexauride Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 135. Plexauride Studer. Alcyonarien aus der Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Museums in Lübeck, 1894, p. III. Plexauride Brundin. Bihang til Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handlingar, Band 22, Afd., 17, N® 3, 1896, p. 17. Plexauride Thomson and Henderson. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Report, Alcyonaria, 1905, p. 304. The original definition of the family, as given by Gray, is as follows: “Bark granular, persistent, cork-like, without any important grooves. Cells placed equally on all sides of the branches’’. SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE xX1Ué!, I 2 VERRILL, as usual, was quick to discern the most important characters by which this family can be differentiated from its allies. His definition is as follows: “Corallum usually dichotomous or more or less arborescent. Axis horn-like, or more or less calcareous, especially at base. Longitudinal ducts equal, arranged regularly all around the axis. Coenenchyma usually thick. Cells scattered over all parts of the surface, flat, or elevated on prominent verrucee. Tentacles at base, and sides of the polyps stiffened with large fusiform spicula. Spicula of the ccenenchyma usually large, of various forms, most usually these are large warty spindles mingled with clubs or crosses”. For the purposes of this work the following definition is offered: Coenenchyma thick, without evident grooves; axis cylinder horny, or horny and calcareous, but never jointed. Primary water-vascular canals in a regular series around the axis. Calyces on all sides of the stem and branches, often entirely included. Spicules various, usually spindles, clubs, butterfly-shaped or Blattkeulen. As Wricut and STUDER remark: “The genera belonging to the family as it now stands, certainly require revision’. The material secured by the Siboga Expedition that can be referred to the Plexauridz is not sufficient in extent to justify the author of this report in undertaking a revision of the family, and he therefore contents himself with recognizing the genera defined in the Challenger Report, and the addition of a single new genus which seems necessary to accommodate a remarkable species collected by the Siboga Expedition. The most important feature in the diagnosis of genera in this family seems to be the character of the axis cylinder, the forms of the calyces and spicules being however, of great service in generic description in some cases. The following artificial key may be of service in aiding the student to determine the generic affinities of species. Artificial key to the genera of PLEXAURID.=. Stem, branches and horny axis distinctly fattened. . - : . » | | = (Platyeorei)= Calyces prominent and bilabiate. . =. = 2 =. = = =) Spee eeetor | Calyces moderately prominent, not bilabiate. Spicules armed with long, truncate verruce . . . . . . . . . (Anthoplexaura) Spicules small, the outer layer club-shaped. . . . . . . . = . (Paraplexaura) Calyces neither bilabiate nor decidedly prominent. Axis not distinctly flattened. Axis entirely horny, except at base, or with calcareous particles deposited in the central core. Spicules usually spindles, horizontally or longitudinally placed in outer layer of coenenchyma. Coenenchyma thick. No very large, bar-like spicules. . . . . . Plexaura ! Generic names enclosed in brackets indicate that such genera are not represented in the Siboga collection. a a Coenenchyma thin. Large, bar-like spicules very prominent. . . . Hicksonella Spicules of outer layer clubs or “Blattkeulen” vertically placed. Clubs large. Terminal branches long and slender. . . . . . Plexauroides Clubs small. Terminal branches short. . . . . . . . . . (Paraplexaura) Clubs minute, their club-ends inflated and free. . . . . . . (Eunicella) Axis with a central horny core, around which is a tubular casing containing more or less calcareous matter. Spicules large, clubs, crosses and triradiate forms predominating. . . (Plexaurella) Spicules small, short oval spindles and double spindles predominating. Euplexaura The writer is unable to find any character in the definition of the genus Psammogorgia Verrill by which it can be differentiated from others of the family. He therefore gives the definition proposed by the original describer, which is as follows: “Psammogorgia Verrill. Corallum dichotomous or subpinnate, with ronnd branches. Axis horn-like. Ccenenchyma moderately thick, the surface finely granulated with small rough spicula. Cells scattered, sometimes flat, more frequently raised in the form of rounded verruce. Polyps with rather large, elongated, slender warty spindles at the bases of the tentacles. Spicula of the ccenenchyma mostly short, thick, and very rough, warty spindles and rough, warty clubs of moderate size”. (VERRILL, Transactions Connecticut Academy of Science, Vol. 1, Part 2, p. 414). Synoptie view Of the @enera and species of the Siboga collection of PLEXAURIDE. *The asterisk (*) denotes a new genus or species. Plexaura. | Euplexaura. *P. aggregata, *P. attenuata, *P. recta, *P. PEE MAERUA IES LIE platystoma, *P. pinnata, *P. flava. “Hicksonella. "A. princeps. Plexauroides. 5 Psammogorgia. P. praelonga, P. lenzii. P. arbuscula. The above table indicates that of the thirteen species of the Plexauride collected, ten appear to be new, and nearly half of the total number belong to the type genus, Plexaura. This genus has heretofore been unrepresented in the East Indian Region, with the exception of one species which THomson and Henperson identify as a variety, (flexuosa) of P. antipathes. The present writer is of the opinion that this form is identical with the new species ?. aggregata, described beyond. Systematic discussion of genera and species. Plexaura Lamouroux (emended). Plexaura Lamouroux. Histoire des Polypiers coralligenes flexibles, 1816, p. 424. Plexaura Lamouroux. Exposition Methodique, 1821, p. 35. Plexaura Milne Edwards et Haime. Histoire Naturelle des Coralliaires, Vol. 1, 1857, p. 152. . 4 Plexaura. Duchassaing et Michelotti. Coralliaires des Antilles, 1860, p. 25. Plexaura Kölliker. Icones Histologice, II, 1865, p. 138. Plexaura Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 137. Plexaura Thomson and Henderson. Pearl Oyster Fisheries Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1905, p. 304. The original describer, Lamouroux, gave a definition for this genus that needs little change to fit it for modern use. It is as follows: “Polypier dendroide, rameux, souvent dichotome; ramaux cylindriques et roides; axe legerement comprimé; écorce, dans l'état de dessication, subéreuse, ou terreuse, trés-épaisse, faisant peu d’effervescence avec les acides, et couverte de cellules éparses, grandes, nombreuses, souvent inégales et qui ne sont jamais saillantes’’. Eliminating non essential points, the difinition used for the present work will be as follows: Coenenchyma thick, calyces included and distributed on all sides of the stem and branches. Spicules in the form of warty spindles and clubs, usually in two layers. Axis entirely horny, except at the base of the stem of large specimens. The character of the axis will differentiate this genus from Plexaurella, which greatly resembles it superficially, and from Euplexaura and Pseudoplexaura. The characters of the spicules will separate it from Plexauroides and Hicksonella. The type of this genus is Plexaura heteropora (Lamarck). Owing to the superficial resemblance between Plexaura and Plexaurella, both genera abundant in species, it is impracticable, without recourse to the types, to tell which of the species originally described should be placed in Plexaura. Both of these genera are but sparsely represented in previous collections from the Western Pacific, or Indo-Pacific region. Hence it is not surprising that the species in the Siboga collection are all apparently new. 1. Plexaura aggregata new species. (Plate I, figs. 1, 1@; Plate IV, fig. 1). Stat. 58. Anchorage off Seba, Savu Island. Up to 27 meters. Stat. 65%. 7°0'S., 120°34.5 E. Flores Sea. Depth changing rapidly from 400—120 meters. Coral bottom. Stat. 213. Saleyer anchorage, and surroundings. Up to 36 meters. Stat. 258. Tual anchorage, Kei Islands. Reef. 22 meters. Stat. 315. Anchorage East of Sailus Besar, Paternoster Islands. Up to 36 meters. Colony consisting of a dense clump of branches, 36 cm. in height. The branches all spring from the base of the colony and almost immediately begin to subdivide. The base is about 4.5 cm. broad, and the largest branches have a diameter of about 2 cm. The branches divide irregularly, but ordinarily the division is not dichotomous, until ultimate branchings of the gt or 10‘ order are attained, the result being hundreds of terminal twigs with a diameter of about 3 mm. All of the branches are round and smooth, and distinctly enlarged at their ends. The calyces are inserted on all sides of the branches, and are evenly spaced, averaging about 1 mm. apart. The coenenchyma is very thick. The individual calyces are completely inserted, leaving the surface of the branch perfectly even, except where pitted by the calyx apertures. These pits are quite small, in alcoholic specimens, the pits being oval instead of round, their greater diameter being parallel to the 5 : long axis of the branch and seldom attaining a length of over 1 mm. The margin appears to be divided into shallow lobes lying horizontally. The polyps are small, with delicate fringed tentacles, their bodies bearing eight longitudinal bands of very slender spindles. The tentacles appear to be unarmed. A cross section of a branch shows a horny axis surrounded by very large watervascular canals symmetrically arranged on all sides of the axis, their cavities being larger than those of the calyces. Spicules. These are all very small and the prevalent type is a very deeply tuberculate spindle with the tubercles arranged in definite series or zones. Clubs are also common. There are no well-defined layers of spicules in the ccenenchyma. Color. The colony is very light brown, in alcohol. The axis is almost black proximally, and lightens distally. It has a slender, white core, which is not calcareous. This species is probably identical with Plexaura antipathes var. flexuosa Thomson and Henderson. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries Report, the Alcyonaria, 1895, p. 305. It seems a very distinct species, however, differing from Plexaura antipathes in having no violet spicules. A specimen from Stat. 258 is much larger than the one described, being 90 cm. in height, with a main stem 2 cm. in diameter. At the base there is a solid, flinty, calcareous layer surrounding a horny core 7 mm. in diameter. The axis of the branches is entirely horny. 2. Plexaura attenuata new species. (Plate I, figs. 2, 2a; Plate IV, fig. 2). Stat. 162. Between Loslos and Broken Islands, West coast of Salawatti. 18 meters. Stat. 164. 1°42'.5 S., 130°47'.5 E. Near New Guinea. 32 meters. Stat. 285. 8°39.19., 127° 4.AE. Timor Sea. 34 meters. ’ “Bay of Batavia. Professor SLUITER leg.”’. Specimen (incomplete) consisting of a straight, wand-like stem about 37 cm. long, from which project three short, straight branches all of which have their distal ends broken off. The greatest diameter of the main stem is 3 mm., tapering to 2 mm. near its distal end. The calyces are evenly distributed on all sides of the colony, but are larger and further apart than in Plexaura aggregata. Nearly all of the polyps are partly extended, and this gives the calyces the appearance of being partly exserted and verruciform. In fact, however, the calyces are hardly raised above the general level of the ccenenchyma when the polyps are retracted, although there may even then be a slight swelling. The individual calyces are about 1.7 mm. in diameter, and when the polyp is retracted the calicular margin shows eight very plain scallops or lobes which are larger and deeper than in the preceding species. The polyps are able to protrude their bodies considerable above the calyces and still keep the tentacles folded within the body walls, where they form an acorn- shaped mass, the individual tentacles being plainly seen within the transparent body wall. The lower part of the polyp shows very delicate longitudinal bands of spicules. 6 A cross section of the stem shows a thick coenenchyma in which the calyces are sunken almost to the axis cylinder. The canals are not nearly so regular and distinct as in Plexaura aggregata. The axis is horny, with a white noncalcareous centre. Spicules. The spicules are all small, terete spindles with regularly disposed annular rows of compound verruce, giving a very symmetrical pattern. Definite layers of spicules can not be made out, as they seem to pack the caenenchyma from the surface nearly to the axis. The spicules are those which Kent figures as characteristic of the genus Verrzwcella in the Monthly Microscopical Journal, Feb. 1%, 1870, Plate XLII, fig. 3. Color. The specimen is a light brown or tan color. The axis is dark brown and the spicules are colorless. 3. Plexaura recta new species. (Plate II, figs. 3, 3a; Plate IV, fig. 3). Stat. 273. Anchorage off Pulu Jedan, E. coast of Aru Islands (Pearl Banks). 13 meters. Stat. 299. Buka or Cyrus Bay, South coast of Rotti Island. 34 meters. *Pulu Missa near Flores. J. H. DE SISO don. 3 specimens. Colony flabellate in form, not reticulate, attaining a height of 59 cm. About 2 cm. above the base the main stem divides into two, and each of these divides often, but not usually, in a dichotomous manner until twigs of the 7‘* order of division are attained. The ultimate branches are long and slender, erect and parallel. They sometimes attain a length of 39 cm., are round, and of approximately of the same diameter throughout. The main stem is 1 cm. in diameter at its base, and the ultimate branches are from 2 to 3.5 mm. in diameter. The calyces are evenly distributed on all sides and are entirely included when the polyps are retracted, leaving but a slightly elevated border around the apertures. The apertures, in dried specimens, form sharp oval openings. The individual calyces are small and sunken almost to the axis. The margin is surrounded by well-marked scallops as in the preceding species. The tentacles in the specimen described often protrude through these apertures, although the polyps themselves are entirely retracted. The tentacles are very long, with long delicate fringes. I am unable to find any spicules in the body walls or tentacles. A cross section of a branch reveals a condition much as in the last species. The axis is noncalcareous, with a white centre around which are a number of light-colored strands, none of which are calcareous. The canals are proportionally small and inconspicuous, and their arrangement can not easily be determined. Spicules. These are very short, stout, small densely tuberculate spindles, often so short as to be almost globular. The tubercles are so closely crowded as to cover the whole surface almost like the round cells of a morula. There is no division of spicules into definite layers. Color. The colony is dark brown, in alcohol. Axis black, lightening distally. A specimen from Stat. 273 is 64 cm. in height, and more profusely branched than the type described. - / 4. Plexaura platystoma new species. (Plate II, figs. 2, 2a; Plate IV, fig. 4). Stat. 43. Anchorage off Pulu Sarassa, Postillon Islands. Up to 36 meters. Colony of irregular and straggling habit, 16 cm. in height. The main stem gives off four branches of very unequal size, one of which arises about 5 cm. from the base. This becomes the main part of the colony, bearing several short stubby branches very unequally distributed, and one large descending branch producing a number of slender undivided branchlets in an indistinctly pinnate manner. The diameter of the main stem and largest branch is 1.8 mm. The calyces are entirely included and rather sparsely distributed on all sides of the stem and branches. The polyps in retraction draw the calyx margins together so that the apertures are almost obliterated. In the dried fragment of a branch, however, the apertures are really much larger than in either of the preceding species. The individual calyces, although hardly evident externally, are really considerably broader than in the other species described. The apertures are oval, the long diameter being parallel with the axis. The longer diameter of the calyx is about 1.5 mm. The polyps have eight longitudinal bands of slender spindles, and the tentacles have a number of delicate spindles on their dorsal surface. These latter are arranged in two longitudinal series on each tentacle, so as to approach the en chevron arrangement on the proximal portions. The layers of the canen- chyma are not well defined. A cross section of a branch shows a moderately thick coenenchyma, well-defined but not numerous watervascular canals, and a horny axis with a white, noncalcareous core. Spicules. These are rather slender, usually curved spindles of the same general type as in Plexaura attenuata, but larger than any others thus far described in this report, some of them attaining a length of 1 mm. The annular arrangement of the tubercles is not so well- marked as in P. attenuata. Color. Very pale gray, almost white, in alcohol. The axis is golden brown proximally and very pale distally. 5. Plexaura pinnata new species. (Plate I, figs. 3, 3a; Plate IV, fig. 5). (The locality can not be given, as the label is missing). Colony flabellate in form, 16 cm. in height and with a spread of 9 cm. The main stem has been broken just above the origin of the first main branch, which thus constitutes practically the entire specimen. This branch bears numerous branchlets in a pinnate manner, but they are neither opposite nor regularly alternate. The calyces are regularly distributed on all sides of the stem and branches, and are about 1 mm. apart. The individual calyces are included, there being no external swelling except a slight tumidity about the margin, as in other species of this genus. The aperture is quite small, usually round, the tentacles being sunken below the eight-lobed fringe around the inner side of the margin. The polyp is much compressed, when retracted, a longitudinal section being an oval whose width is greater than the length. There are a few delicate spindles in the polyp body and tentacles. 8 A cross section of the stem shows a moderately thick coenenchyma, a series of small but well-defined watervascular canals, and an axis with a proportionally large white central core. Spicules. These are all small, but of several types. Regular, terete spindles with regularly disposed, very prominent verruce are common. There are also many double clubs such as Kenr calls “laminatoclavate” spicules‘, with a marked constriction around the middle. A number of crosses are also found, the arms of the crosses being tumid and densely tuberculate, forming a four-leaved rosette. While the ccenenchyma is divided into two layers by the watervascular system, I can not determine any constant difference between the spicules of these layers. Color. The colony in alcohol is very light buffy brown. The axis is dark brown and the spicules colorless. 6. Plexaura flava new species. (Plate II, figs. 1, ıa; Plate IV, fig. 6). Stat. 19. Bay of Labuan Tring, West coast of Lombok. 18—27 meters. Stat. 60. Haingsisi, Samau Island, Timor. Reef. 23 meters. Stat. 142. Anchorage off Laiwui, coast of Obi Major. 23 meters. Stat. 273. Anchorage off Pulu Jedan, East coast of Aru Islands. 13 meters. A number of fragments of apparently more than one specimen were collected at Station 19. The largest consists of a dense tuft of branches and branchlets, and is 37 cm. long. The main stem is 8 mm. in diameter, and abruptly angulated 2.2 cm. from its base. After giving off one compound, and a number of simple branches, it divides into two approximately equal parts 12.5 cm. from its base. These branches give off numerous compound and simple branchlets. On their proximal portions both the main branches and their compound offshoots give off terminal twigs from all sides. On their distal portions they give off usually simple twigs with a strong tendency to a regularly pinnate arrangement, although occasional twigs are given off from both the front and back of the distal parts of the colony. The pinn® are about 4 mm. apart, on the average, and about 1.5 mm. in diameter. The main stem is flattened, but the branches are round. The calyces are rather more prominent than in most species of this genus, and are distributed on all sides of the branches, with a tendency to be more crowded on the sides than on the front and back. The individual calyces show externally as very low verrucee. The aperture is often completely closed by the contraction of the calyx margin. The polyps are completely retractile, but the tentacles do not sink below the level of the polyp walls. Thus there appears no lobular margin around the calycular mouth, but the tentacles, in retraction, lie immediately below the margin. The tentacles are very deeply fringed. There are a few very minute, bar-like spicules on the body walls and basal parts of the tentacles. A cross section of a branch shows a rather ill defined series of watervascular canals, and an axis wholly corneous with a rather large central core which is white. 1 KEnT. On the Calcareous spicul of the Gorgonacea. Monthly Microscopical Journal, Feb. 1, 1870, p. 76, plate XLII, figs. 38, 43. 9 Spicules. The spicules are mainly spindles, straight and curved, relatively large as compared with most of the others in the Siboga collection of this genus, but. not so as compared with some other Plexauride. A few club-shaped forms are present. Color. The colony is a light naples yellow, probably brighter when fresh. The axis is brown and the spicules colorless. This species differs in general appearance from the other species of Plexaura in the collection, but the writer is unable to find any structural difference, unless it be in the spicules, which do not seem of a sufficiently different type to warrant its exclusion from the genus. Plexauroides Wright and Studer (emended). Plexauroides Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 138. Plexauroides Studer. Alcyonarien aus der Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Museums in Liibeck, 1894, p. III. Plexauroides Brundin. Alcyonarien des zool. Museums in Upsala, 1896, p. 19. Plexauroides Kükenthal. Japanische Gorgoniden, II. Teil, 1909, p. 27. The original definition of this genus is as follows: “Colony branching, mostly in the one plane. Stem and branches cylindrical. Axis horny dense, with the central portion calcareous. Nutrient canals symmetrically arranged. Coenenchyma thin, consisting of two very distinct layers of spicules, the one nearest the axis is composed of irregular stellate forms, the outer layer of large Blattkeule, the broad foliar expansions of which project beyond the surface of the caenenchyma forming a rough imbricated surface’'. The polyps are numerous, fully retractile, with scarcely visible verrucae, the edges of these latter being fringed with rows of the broad projecting folia of the Blattkeule. KUKENTHAL re-defines the genus so as to exclude Plexaurotdes verrucosa Brundin, and P. asper Moroff, which he places in a new genus Paraplexaura, which he differentiates from Plexauroides mainly on account of short terminal branches and true calyces. Aside from the original definition, there is no reference to the calcareous core to the axis, and it is not referred to by Brunpin in his discussion of the genus. The specimens in the Siboga collection do not show this character, but there is a white core to the axis which is not calcareous. It may possible have deceived the describer of the genus, as it looks very much like a calcareous core. The spicules are the characteristic feature of the genus, which may be described as follows: Plexauride with a horny axis, long terminal branchlets inserted calyces, coenenchyma rather thin, but composed of two very distinct layers of spicules. The outer layer is formed of spicules whose proximal part bears branched, warty radiating processes projecting downward and outward; and whose distal portions are composed of broad, leaf-like expansions standing at right angles to the surface of the branch when in situ. The inner layer of spicules is composed of smaller cruciform or stellate forms. The type of this genus is Plexauroides prelonga (Ridley). The other known species are Plexauroides indica Ridley, P. unilateralis Studer, P. lenzii Studer, P. michelsoni Kükth., P. rigida Kükth., P. stmplex Kükth. and P. filiformes Kükth. SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XIITD!, D IO This genus has much in common with the genus Zunicella Verrill, especially in the form of the spicules. 1. Plexauroides prelonga (Ridley). Plexaura prelonga Ridley. Report on the Zoological Collections of H. M.S. Alert, 1884, p. 339. Plexauroides prelonga Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 138. Plexaura prelonga, var. elongata Thomson and Henderson. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries Report, Alcyonaria, 1905, p. 305. Stat. 273. Anchorage off Pulu Jedan, East coast of Aru Islands. (Pearl Banks). 13 meters. Colony (dried) flabellate in form, 62 cm. in height and about 20 cm. in spread. The main stem gives off a large branch 9 cm. from its base, and this bears several lateral branches which are usually simple and attain a length of as much as 24 cm. The remainder of the colony consists of the continuation of the main stem and its branches. These latter are roughly alternate in position and tend to divide dichotomously until branches of the third order are produced. The terminal twigs are very long and slender. The diameter of the main stem is 9 mm., and of the branches about 3 mm. The calyces are entirely inserted, and are so completely immersed that only their openings are seen. They are evenly distributed on all sides of the branches, their mouths being about 1 mm. apart. Nothing but the openings of the individual calyces are to be seen in the dried specimens. These are oval and less than 1 mm. in their longer diameter. The polyps could not be seen in the specimens at hand. A cross section of a branch shows a very thick coenenchyma with a superficial layer of “Blattkeulen” standing at right angles to the surface, and an inner layer of colorless cruciform or stellate spicules. The watervascular canals are large and conspicuous. The axis cylinder has a white, noncalcareous core. Spicules. These are mainly typical “Blattkeulen’’ with a branched and densely tuber- culate basal portion and a distal, disk-like comparatively smooth part. This latter portion is often inflated in appearance and approaches very closely the Zehinogorgia type, as pointed out by Sruper in his study of Plexauroides lenzii besides these, which are by far the most numerous, there are cruciform and stellate spicules of much smaller size. Color. The colony is bright crimson. The axis is black, fading distally to a light greenish brown. The spicules are bright red. General distribution. The type was secured in Torres Strait. The Challenger found it off Cape York at a depth of 8 fathoms. It was secured also from the Pearl Banks of Ceylon. This is a very beautiful and well marked species. 2. Plexauroides lenzii Studer. Plexauroides lenzii Studer. Alcyonarien aus der Sammlung des Naturh. Museums in Lübeck, 1894, p. I14. ! Alcyonarien aus der Sammlung des Naturh. Museums in Lübeck, 1894, p. 114. ie Stat. 258. Tual Anchorage, Kei Islands. 22 meters. Lithothamnion. Stat. 273. Anchorage off Pulu Jedan. East coast of Aru Islands. (Pearl Bank). 13 meters. Colony flabellate in form, 21 cm. in height and about 16 cm. in diameter. The main stem forks about 2.5 cm. from its base, and one of the resulting divisions again forks, making three main branches to the colony, which give off lateral branches in a very irregular manner, often redividing until branchings of the 5'* and 6!h orders are attained. The diameter of the main stem is 6 mm., of the main branches 5 mm. and of the slender, straight ultimate branches 2 mm. The calyces are evenly distributed on all sides of the stem and branches, their mouths being ordinarily about 1 mm. apart from centre to centre. The individual calyces are included, there being nothing visible externally except a very slight swelling around the margins, this swelling fading insensibly into the general surface of the coenenchyma. The calyx walls are covered with the imbricating scales or foliar expansions of Blattkeulen that form the distal portions of the superficial layer of spicules. The polyps are completely retractile, the calycine apertures being in most cases obliterated. The retracted polyps are very much flattened, being really reduced to disk-shaped bodies. There are a few slender spicules on the upper surfaces of the tentacles, there usually being two longitudinally disposed on each tentacle. A cross section of a branch shows the two layers of spicules characteristic of the genus, the outer with the scarlet foliar expansions standing erect, as if radiating from the axis. The inner layer is composed of colorless spicules which are small and of various forms. The water- vascular canals are not well differentiated, and the axis is horny, sometimes with a hollow centre. Spicules. The Blattkeulen are like those of the Echznogorgia type found in the Muriceide, but the smooth, distal foliar expansions are aggregated into a knob-like head. Sometimes this is much flattened so as to become disk-shaped. The proximal, immersed parts of these spicules bear dense masses of tuberculated or branched processes reaching downward and outward. Besides these there are a number of tuberculate spindles, crosses, butterflies, clubs, etc. which are found in the inner layer of the coenenchyma. Color. The colony is bright scarlet, as are the Blattkeulen. The specimens collected by the Siboga Expedition do not show the calcareous core to the axis cylinder described by Stuprr. They agree, however, so well in all other particulars that the writer feels confident of the correctness of his identification. Euplexaura Verrill (emended). Euplexaura Verrill. Proceedings of the Essex Institute, VI, 1869, p. 143. Euplexaura Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 143. Euplexaura Brundin. Alcyonarien des Zool. Museums in Upsala, 1896, p. 20. Euplexaura Kükenthal. Japanische Gorgoniden, II. Teil, 1909, p. 6. The orginal description of the genus is as follows: “In external characters it resembles Plexaurel/a, with rather large, open cells. The spicula are mostly stout, blunt, warty spindles, and rarely small, irregular crosses’’. te Wricut and Stuper add to this description the character of the axis, which is really the best diagnostic feature of the genus. After quoting VERRILL’s definition they add: ‘To this may be added that in the structure of the axis there is a general resemblance to that of Plexaurella”. In spite of this “general resemblance’, however, there is a very distinct difference between the axis of Plexaurella and that of Zuplexaura. In a cross section of a branch of a typical species of Plexaurella the clear, horny core is surrounded by a thick envelope which is composed of a number of long, vermiform, white calcareous bodies enclosed in a casing of chitin. In a similar section of Zuplexaura no such definite structure of the axis is seen; but there is a central core of pure, translucent, horny material around which is a thick cylinder of horny material extensively impregnated with lime salts. These latter sometimes seem to take the form of fibres, but are not nearly so distinct and white as the vermiform bodies of Plexaurella. The axis of the latter genus is excellently well illustrated by KÖLLıker, Icones Histologice, II, plate XIV, fig. 8. It has also been described and figured by the present writer !. KükentHaL has emended the definition of this genus in so satisfactory a manner that we may adopt his diagnosis, which is as follows: “Kolonien in einer Ebene verzweigt. Polypen fast stets ohne gesonderte Kelche direkt in das dicke Coenenchym zurückziehbar. Polypen stets mit konvergierenden Reihen von Spindeln bewehrt, unter denen horizontal angeordnete liegen. Die Rinde enthält an der Oberfläche dicke, meist ovale Spindeln und Doppelspindeln, die dicht mit grossen Warzen besetzt sind, darunter liegen kleinere, schlankere Spindeln mit regelmässigen Dornengürteln. Achse fast stets etwas verkalkt und wenig biegsam. Die Färbung sämtlicher Arten schwankt zwischen weiss, gelblich und hellbraun’. The type of the genus Zuplexaura is Euplexaura capensis Verrill. The other known species are Euplexaura pinnata Wright and Studer, £. rhipidalis Studer, E. parciclados Wright and Studer, £. anastomosans Brundin, Z. curvata Kiikth., Z. robusta Kükth., Z. crassa Kiikth., E. abietina Kükth., Z£. sparsiflora Kükth., Z. erecta Kükth., Z. aléida Kükth., Z. draueri Kükth., E. parva Kükth., and the new species about to be described. 1. Euplexaura rubra new species. (Plate III, figs. 3, 3a; Plate IV, fig. 7). Stat. 164. 1°42'.5 S., 130°47'.5 E. Near New Guinea. 32 meters. Colony incomplete, about 8 cm. long. The basal part is lacking, and it appears that we have but the terminal portion of the main stem, or large branch, giving off two small lateral branches on one side, and one on the other. The stem and branches are round in section, the diameter of the former being 2.5 mm. and of the branches about 1.5 mm. The calyces are rather prominent for this family, and are equally distributed on all sides of the branches. The individual calyces are coninal in form, a typical one measuring about 1 mm. in height and 1.4 mm. across the base. The polyps are completely retractile, the summits of the ! Nurrins, Anatomy of the Gorgonide, Bulletin from the Laboratories of Natural History of the State University of Iowa, Vol. I, N® 2, 1889, p. 129, plate II, figs. 8, 9 and ıo. ; 13 calyces closing over them, but showing an eight-rayed margin. The polyps are very small, and it is difficult to make out their characters of spiculation on account of the intimate cohesion of the polyp and calyx walls. It seems, however, that there are a few spindles longitudinally arranged on the walls and tentacles. A cross section of a branch shows the ordinary features of this family, except the structure of the axis cylinder. This has a very decided intercalation of lime salts, the axis appearing to be composed of fibres between which are deposited the calcareous particles in such quantities that the axis boils violently when immersed in dilute acid. The watervascular canals seem fewer and more widely separated than is common in the Plexauride. Spicules. These are all densely tuberculated spindles which are so short as to become oval in outline, and to resemble the disk-like forms of some species of Placogorgia. There is little variation, except in size, probably due to age. Color. The colony is scarlet throughout, except the polyps, which still show a yellowish color in alcohol and were probably bright yellow in life. 2. Euplexaura mollis new species. (Plate III, figs. 4, 4a; Plate IV, fig. 8). Stat. 299. 10°52'.45., 123°1.ı E. Cyrus Bay, Rotti Island. 34 meters. Colony incomplete, flabellate and reticulate. The proximal part is missing, the specimen being 27 cm. in height and 15 cm. broad. The main stem, or branch, forks about 3 cm. from its proximal end, and behind this forking a thick stump of a branch is directed backward and a little downward. One branch of the fork is cut off 6.5 cm. from its base and is connected by heavy anastomoses with the other branch. This latter forms the main part of the colony, a central stem proceeding nearly to the periphery where it is dissipated in the reticulation. The ultimate twigs are slender and but little over 1 mm. in diameter. The calyces are distributed on all sides of the branches, their openings being about 1 mm. apart. The individual calyces are almost entirely included in the coenenchyma, and show externally as low, dome-shaped verruce with small round apertures, in the dried specimen. The polyps are small and retracted so that their infolded tentacles are almost on a level with the calyx margin in alcoholic specimen. The margin is lined with an eight-lobed membrane caused by the infolding of the cesophageal region of the polyp. The infolded tentacles are provided with a pseudo-operculum much like that of the Muriceide. A cross section of a branch shows a moderately thick coenenchyma with two layers of spicules imperfectly divided by the series of watervascular canals, but not showing two distinct kinds of spicules. The axis cylinder is full of intercalated particles of lime salts, as in the last species, and effervesces violently in weak acid solution. Spicules. The spicules of this species are all small, even minute, in comparison with others of the family. The most common form is a small terete spindle with relatively large tubercles arranged in definite whorls. There are also minute globular forms, crosses and dumb-bells. 14 The small size of the spicules renders the surface much smoother than is usual, and the coenenchyma is sponge-like in texture. Color. The colony is dull, rather light, brown, or dust color. 3. Euplexaura reticulata new species. (Plate III, figs. 2, 2a; Plate IV, fig. 9). Stat. 38. 7°35.4 S., 117°28'.6 E. Near Paternoster Islands. 521 meters. Coral. Stat. 117. 1° 0.5N., 122°56° E. Kwandang Bay, North Celebes. 80 meters. Sand and coral. Stat. 144. Anchorage north of Salomakiée (Damar) Island. 45 meters. Coral bottom and Lithothamnion. The type of this species is a mere fragment, but is plainly different from others of this genus in the collection. Colony flabellate and reticulate, the part preserved being evidently from near the margin of the colony and showing the anastomoses of the branches. The fragment is 3.2 cm. long, and consists of a main branch which gives off two branchlets from one side. The lower of these gives origin to three short stubs of branches from its outer side and sends forth another on the opposite side, which anastomoses with the main stem. The greatest diameter of the stem, near the base is 2 mm., and the least diameter of twigs is 1.2 mm. The calyces seem to be more unevenly distributed than in other species, being almost contiguous in some places and as much as 2 mm. apart in others. The individual calyces, while not much exserted, have sharply cut margins and are therefore more pronounced than in other species of the genus in the collection. When open they have the form of low truncated cones, and when closed they appear as low domes. When the polyp is fully retracted a series of eight points are seen directed towards the centre. These points constitute a pseudo-operculum on the dorsal side of the retracted tentacles. Each opercular flap consists of several spindles arranged en chevron on the proximal part of tentacle, and a number of longitudinal spindles on the distal part. There is also a well marked collaret. A section of a branch shows the same features as have been described in the preceding species. The axis contains a number of calcareous fibres that can be separated by boiling in potash. Spicules. The spicules are mainly small, but hardly minute, terete spindles which are densely tuberculate, the tubercles seldom appearing to be in definite whorls. The spindles are quite uniform in character. Color. The fragment is light grayish brown. Two specimens of this species were found in the collection after the above description was written. They are much larger than the type, but neither is complete. One of them is 12 cm. in Jength, and both are plainly reticulate. Hicksonella new genus. Plexauride with a thick coenenchyma, calyces included and on all sides of the branches, horny axis cylinder, and two very different types of spicules. One type consists of very small, short, warty spindles, and the other of comparatively large, slender, bar-like, smooth spindles sometimes attaining a length of 1.2 mm. 15 The type species of this genus is Hicksonella princeps Nutting. Just as the two types of spicules furnish the generic distinction that is most prominent in the genus Plexauroides, so two very different forms of spicules are here used as the diagnostic features of the genus //zcksonel/a, which the author takes pleasure in naming after the accomplished naturalist Professor Sypney J. Hickson who has done such important work in the Alcyonaria. 1. Hicksonella princeps new species. (Plate III, figs. 1, ıa; Plate IV, fig. 10). Stat. 240. Banda Anchorage. 9—45 meters. Sand and coral. Stat. 315. Anchorage East of Sailus Besar, Paternoster Islands. Up to 36 meters. Coral and Lithothamnion. Colony densely arborescent, forming a profusely branched clump 17 cm. in height and 15 cm. in diameter. Immediately above the base the colony divides into two large trunks, each of which divides in an irregular manner until branches of the seventh order are sometimes attained. The larger branches tend to divide by sending off branchlets in the same plane, thus forming a palmate structure of the main branch. Many of the secondary branches send off a number of closely approximated branchlets from one side. The distal portions of the colony consists of very numerous twigs in dense tufts, the ultimate branches being very short. The diameter of the colony at base is 1.3 cm., of the main branches .5 cm. and of the ultimate twigs 3 mm. Some of the larger branches are somewhat flattened, but the others are round. The calyces are thickly implanted on all sides of the stem and branches. In alcoholic specimens they are in the form of very low verruce, which are much less pronounced in dried specimens. The individual calyces are included, small, round, with their margins but slightly elevated above the level of the coenenchyma. The openings are usually quite round, but are sometimes oval. The polyp in retraction sinks far below the surface. Inside the calyx margin is a propor- tionately small border with eight undulations surrounding a central aperture below which the retracted tentacles lie. A cross section of a branch shows a thick coenenchyma, large and regularly arranged watervascular canals, and a horny axis cylinder with an exceptionally small central core of white noncalcareous substance. No definite layers of spicules can be made out, although there seems to be a distinct pellicle of coenenchyma between the watervascular canals and the axis. Spicules. These are of two very distinct kinds. By far the more numerous are quite small, short, densely tuberculated spindles, so short as to be oval in outline and entirely covered with verruce. The second type is comparatively large slender, almost smooth, bar-like or terete spicules attaining a length of 1.3 mm. Often one half is quite smooth and glassy, while the other is finely tuberculate, the tubercles being very small. I am unable to find any definite anatomical relations of these large spicules. In some cases their blunt smooth points were seen projecting outward from the calyx walls. They are sparsely and irregularly distributed. Color. The colony is light buffy brown. The spicules are colorless. A specimen of this species labeled from Station 315 is 95 cm. in length. In the one from Station 240 the large spicules are sometimes arcuate, but otherwise resemble those described above. 16 Psammogorgia Verrill. Psammogorgia Verrill. American Journal of Science and Arts, XLV, 1868, p. 413. Psammogorgia Verrill, Transactions Connecticut Academy of Sciences, Vol. I, Part 2, 1867—71, a Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. LIX. Psammogorgia Nutting. Alcyonaria of the Californian Coast. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, Vol. XXXV, 1909, p. 719. The original description of this genus by VERRILL is as follows: “Corallum dichotomous or subpinnate, with round branches. Axis horn-like. Coenenchyma moderately thick, the surface finely granulated with small rough spicula. Cells scattered, some- times flat, more frequently raised in the form of rounded verruce. Polyps with rather large elongated, slender, warty spindles at the bases of the tentacles. Spicules of the coenenchyma mostly short, thick and very rough, warty spindles and rough, warty clubs of moderate size”. As the author has remarked on another occasion (loc. cit.) this genus does not conform very well to the accepted characters of the family Plexauride, particularly in the absence of regularity in the disposition of the watervascular canals. The species grouped together by professor VERRILL under the name Psammogorgia seem to be nearer this family, however, than any other thus far described, and the present writer prefers to follow VERRILL in regarding it as an aberrant genus of Plexauride rather than to raise it to family rank. The type of the genus is Psammogorgia arbuscula Verrill. The other known species are Psammogorgia fusca Verrill, P. fucosa Verrill, P. gracilis Verrill, P. simplex Nutting, P. spauldingi Nutting, P. teres Verrill and P. Zorreyi Nutting. 1. Psammogorgia arbuscula Verrill. Echinogorgia arbuscula Verrill. Proceedings Boston Society of Natural History, Vol. X, 1866, p. 329. Psammogorgia arbuscula Verrill. American Journal of Science and Arts, XIV, 1868, p. 413. Psammogorgia arbuscula Verrill. Transactions Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. I, Part 2, 1867—71, p. 414. Psammogorgia arbuscula Nutting. Alcyonaria of the Californian Coast, 1909, p. 719. Stat. 262. 5°53'.8S., 132°48.8 E. Between Kei Islands. 560 meters. Mud. Colony subflabellate in form, attaining a height of 22 cm. About 3 cm. from its base the main stem divides into three branches, two of which are subequal and form the main part of the colony. The third is smaller and bears two short, distant branches on the same side. The other two are joined by the anastomoses of two branchlets, one from each. One of them gives off two other branches from one side, and the other but one. The terminal branches are all long and slender, in one case attaining a length of about 19 cm. They are of about the same diameter (3 mm.) throughout. The calyces are unevenly distributed on all sides of the branches, although there are long bare species on the back of some of the branches. Otherwise they average about 2.5 mm. apart. 17 The individual calyces are very low verruce, scarcely elevated above the general level of the caenenchyma and about 2 mm. in diameter. The verruce are surmounted by an eight- lobed margin. Their walls are filled with spindles which appear to be closely packed without definite arrangement. The polyps are completely retractile, but are often seen, in alcoholic specimens, with the tentacles resting above the margin and forming an acorn-shaped mass. The body walls have eight longitudinal rib-like bands of parallel spindles which continue over the dorsal surface of the tentacles. The coenenchyma is thick, and a cross section of a branch shows that the watervascular canals are not regular in arrangement. The axis is entirely horny. Spicules. Slender acute spindles predominate, often with a narrow but well defined bare zone in the centre. A few clubs are seen, also short, bar-like forms quite distinct from the numerous slender spindles. Color. The colony is bright coral red, as are the spicules. General distribution. Panama, and the Pacific Coast of Nicaragua, (VERRILL). The Californian Coast, (NuTTing). (os) SIROGA-EXPEDITIE XIILÖ!. DISTRIBUTION OF THE PLEXAURIDAZ COLLECTED BY THE SIBOGA EXPEDITION. List of Stations at which Plexauride were collected by the Siboga Expedition, and a List of Species collected at each Station. STATION 19. 8°44'.5 S., 116°2'.5 E. West Coast of Lombok. 18—27 meters. River mud, coral, coral sand. Plexaura flava. STATION 38. 7°35..4S., 117°28'.6E. Near Paternoster Islands. 521 meters. Coral. Zupleraura reticulata. STATION 43. Anchorage off Pulu Sarassa, Postillion Islands. Up to 36 meters. Coral. Plexaura platystoma. STATION 58. Anchorage off Seba, Savu. Up to 27 meters. Sand. Pleraura aggregata. STATION 60. Haingsisi, Samau Island, near Timor. 23 meters. Lithothamnion in 3 meters and less. Reef. Plexaura flava. STATION 65". 7°0'S., 120° 34.5 E. Depth changing rapidly from 400—120 meters. Coral bottom. Plexaura aggregata. STATION 117. 1°05 N., 122°56' E. Kwandang Bay entrance, North Celebes. 80 meters. Sand and coral. Euplexaura reticulata. STATION 142. Anchorage off Laiwui, coast of Obi Major. 23 meters. Mud. Plexaura flava. STATION 144. Anchorage North of Salomakié (Damar) Island. 45 meters. Coral bottom and Litho- thamnion. Euplexaura reticulata. STATION 162. Between Loslos and Broken Islands, West Coast of Salawatti. 18 meters. Coarse and fine sand, with clay and shells. Plexaura attenuata. STATION 164. 1°42'.5S., 130°47'.5 E. Near New Guinea. 32 meters. Sand, small stones and shells. Plexaura attenuata, Euplexaura rubra. STATION 213. Saleyer Anchorage and surroundings. Up to 36 meters. Mud with sand. Plexaura aggregata. STATION 240. Banda Anchorage. 9—45 meters. Black sand, coral, Lithothamnion bank in 18—36 meters. Hicksonella princeps. STATION 258. Tual Anchorage, Kei Islands. 22 meters. Lithothamnion, sand and coral. Plexaura aggregata, Plexauroides lenzit. STATION 262. 5°53'.8S., 132°48'.8 E. Arafura Sea. 560 meters. Solid bluish gray mud. Upper layer more liquid and brown mud. Psammogorgia arbuscula. 19 STATION 273. Anchorage off Pulu Jedan, East coast of Aru Islands, (Pearl Banks). 13 meters. Sand and shells. Plexaura flava, P. recta, Plexauroides prelonga, P. lenzit. STATION 285. 8°39.1S., 127°4.4 E. Timor Sea. 34 meters. On the limit between mud and coral. Lithothamnion. Plexaura attenuata, Euplexaura rubra. STATION 299. 10°52'.4S., 123°1.1 E. Cyrus Bay, Rotti Island. 34 meters. Mud, coral and Litho- thamnion. Plexaura recta, Euplexaura mollis. STATION 315. Anchorage East of Sailus Besar, Paternoster Islands. Up to 36 meters. Coral and Lithothamnion. Plexaura aggregata, Hicksonella princeps. Specimens of Plexaura recta from Pulu Missa near Flores. J. H. DE Sıso don. Plexaura pinnata. Locality unknown, as the label is missing. The list shows that Plexauride were collected at 19 of the stations occupied by the Siboga Expedition. As there appear to be somewhat more than 200 successful hauls from the bottom it follows that members of this family were secured by about 10°/, of these hauls, showing that the family is meagerly represented in this region in comparison with the Muriceide. No station yielded more than four species, while one Station (310) yielded no less than 17 species of the Muriceide. But two species of Plexauridz were secured at depths of over 500 meters. One of these was Zuplexaura reticulata, from a depth of 521 meters; another was Psammogorgia arbuscula, from a depth of 560 meters. The family thus appears to be largely restricted to moderately shallow water, which may in part account for the wide difference between the Atlantic and Pacific plexaurid faune. The genus Plexauroides is the only one in which species previously recorded are found. Plexauroides prelonga has been reported from Australian waters and Ceylon, and P. Zenziü is known to occur near Singapore. Neither of these localities is far from the East Indian region. So far as the Siboga material bears testimony concerning the distribution of the Plexaurid, that testimony is negative regarding the occurrence of species in both the Atlantic and Pacific. It is also a notable fact that the genera Humnzcea and Plexaurella, both furnishing numerous species from the West Indies, are not at all represented in the Siboga collections. As indicated above, the restricted bathymetric range of most of the known species of this family may account for the correspondingly restricted geographic range. Caution must be exercised, however, in drawing general conclusions from the limited information at our disposal. Literature cited in the Report on the Plexauride of the Siboga collection. BRUNDIN, J. A. Z. Alcyonarien aus der Sammlung des Zoologischen Museums in Upsala. Bihang til k. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handlingar, Band 22, Heft IV, N° 3. Stockholm, 1896. DUCHASSAING et MICHELOTTI. Mémoire sur les Coralliaires des Antilles, Turin, 1860. Gray, J. E. On the Arrangement of Zoophytes with Pinnated Tentacles. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 3th. Series, Vol. 5, London, 1859. KÖLLIKER, A. Icones histiologicee, oder Atlas der vergleichenden Gewebelehre; 2te Abtheilung, der feinere Bau der höheren Thiere; ıstes Heft, die Bindesubstanz der Ccelenteraten, Leipzig, 1865. KUKENTHAL, W. Japanische Gorgoniden, II. Teil; Die Familien der Plexauriden, Chrysogorgiiden und Melitodiden. München, 1909. LAMOUROUX, J. F. V. Histoire des Polypiers coralligenes flexibles, Paris, 1816. — — Exposition Méthodique des Genres de l’ordre des Polypiers, Paris, 1821. MILNE EDWARDS et HAIME. Histoire naturelle des Coralliaires, Vol. I, 1857. NUTTING, C. C. Alcyonaria of the Californian Coast. Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum, Vol. XXXV, Washington, 1909. RIDLEY, S. O. The Coral Fauna of Ceylon, with Descriptions of New Species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 5th. Series, Vol. 11, London, 1883. —— Report on the Zoological Collections of H. M.S. “Alert”, London, 1884. STUDER, TH. Alcyonarien aus der Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Museums in Lübeck. Separatabdruck aus den Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft und des Naturhistorischen Museums in Lübeck, II. Ser., Heft 7 und 8, Lübeck, 1894. VERRILL, A. E. Review of the Corals and Polyps of the West Coast of America. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. I, Part 2, New Haven, 1867—71. — — Proceedings of the Essex Institute, VI, 1869. — — Critical remarks on the Alcyonoid Polyps in the Museum of Yale College, with descriptions of the New Genera. The American Journal of Science and Arts, Vol. XLV, New Haven, 1868. WRIGHT, E. P. and STUDER, TH. Report on the Alcyonaria collected by H. M.S. Challenger during the years 1873—76. The Voyage of H. M.S. Challenger, Zoology, Vol. XXXI, 1889. EXPLANATION OF PLATES The photographs were made from nature by the author. The spicules were drawn under the camera lucida by Mr. Dayton Sroner. w WN - PLATE I. . Plexaura aggregata n. sp. Natural size. . Plexaura attenuata n. sp. Natural size. . Plexaura pinnata n. sp. Natural size. la, part of branch X 2a, part of branch x 3a, part of branch x “CL SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XIII™ C. C. NUTTING. PLEXAURIDAE. 7 zur be 4 : ’ FG u} f sin . Be a . o - f ß ro. , . v i ® 2 . ° u y* 7 p v Ki “ v 7 ' ~~ tie bd) . a hs 9 . iP ME a a m . ‘ we ” : * ; aif ’ ° 1 oe ‘4 % + es 4 nd Br 4 2 ’ ’ A ¥ ie ö { é i 44 u ' er D ‘ 4 es u ' Fi J I} “ ‘ 4 ‘ ‘ 5 D 5 r 4 Li ni ° ; > A j % ‘ #y ia PLATE AL, Fig. 1. Plexaura flava n. sp. Natural size. La, part of branch x 5. Fig. 2. Plexaura platystoma n. sp. Natural size. 2a, part of branch x 5. Fig. 3. Plexaura recta n. sp. Natural size. 3a, part of branch x 5. ‘4 IBOGA-EXPEDITIE ER C. NUTTING. PLEXAURIDAE = t SE q i ‘ ‘ 7 ii . ’ Ic i k 1 4 4 \ ‘ ns > é a ’ . & - u n +. iv E Er Fig. > Fig. > Fig. Fig. BwWn PLATE ais . Hicksonella princeps n. sp. Natural size. . Euplexaura reticulata n. sp. Natural size. . Euplexaura rubra n. sp. Natural size. . Euplexaura mollis n. sp. Natural size. La, 2a, 34, 44, part of branch x part of branch x part of branch x part of branch x 5. mm in in ni Sai ’a oe SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XIIi% C. C. NUTTING. PLEXAURIDAE. ar DV: so A a ea ME Ly a. a 4 BARE? Til ornctih 8 ti > i_* u ae RD Ok Westy 0; A a en, ar Ins a. et AR sehr MG Sg ve ie “Ae ee . és a es eee - ne A A Sak? af oe me ht ta. a ¥ A En rath SOLLTE Are As Eu Eu > y 7 - oO ON AM HW HN m PUATE IV. . Plexaura aggregata n. sp. Group of 5 spicules, a, 0, c, d, e. X 112. . Plexaura attenuata n. sp. Group of 3 spicules, a, 6 and c. x 112. . Plexaura recta n. sp. Group of 3 spicules, a, 6 and c. X 112. . Plexaura platystoma n. sp. Group of 3 spicules, a, 6 and c. x 112. . Plexaura pinnata n. sp. Group of 4 spicules, a, 4, c, d. x 112. . Plexaura flava n. sp. Group of 4 spicules, a, 6, c, d. X 112. . Euplexaura rubra n. sp. Group of 3 spicules, a, 6 and c. x 112. . Euplexaura mollis n. sp. Group of 4 spicules, a, 6, c and d. x 112. . Euplexaura reticulata n. sp. Group of 4 spicules, a, 6, c, d. x 112. . Hicksonella princeps n. sp. Group of 6 spicules, a, 6, c, d, e and g. x I12. a and 6 represent one of the two general types, and the rest the other, or tuberculate type. IV PLEXAURIDAE. NUTTING. (Ca (Cn SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XIIIé'. ® je 2¢ 3° 4° ge 6e 7S ge 9° 24€ Deja paru: Livr. (Monogr. XLIV) C. Ph. Sluiter. Die Holothurien der Siboga-Expedition. Mit 10 Tafeln. Livr. (Monogr. LX) E. S. Barton. The genus Halimeda. With 4 plates. Livr. (Monogr. I) Max Weber. Introduction et screen de ee Avec Liste des Stations et 2 cartes . Livr. (Monogr. II) G. F. Modena, ein Er ship and appliances used he scientific exploration. With 3 plates and illustrations. Livr. (Monogr. XLVI) H. F. Nierstrasz. The Batendtssites of the Siboga- Exp. With 6 plates. Livr. (Monogr. XIII) J. Versluys. Die Gorgoniden der Siboga- espe noe T= Die Chrysogorgiidae. Mit 170 “Figuren im Text. Livr. (Monogr. XVIa) A. Alcock. Report on the pear -Sea Madreporaria of ‘the : Bibeba: Expedition. With 5 plates. Livr. (Monogr. XXV) C. Ph. Sluiter. Die Sipuneuliden a Echiuriden der Siboga- Exp. Mit 4 Tafeln und 3 Figuren im Text. Livr. (Monogr. VIa) G. C. J. Vosmaer andy. H. Verahetie The Porifera of the Siboga- Expedition. I. The genus Placospongia. With 5 plates. Livr. (Monogr. XI) Otto Maas. Die Scyphomedusen der Siboga- Einen. Mit 12 Tafeln. Livr. (Monogr. XII) Fanny Moser. Die Ctenophoren der Siboga-Expedition. Mit 4 Tafeln. Livr. (Monogr. XXXIV) P. Mayer. Die Caprellidae der Siboga-Expedition. Mit 10 Tafeln. Livr. (Monogr. III) G, F. Tydeman. Hydrographic results of the Siboga- Ss With 24 charts and plans and 3 charts of depths 5 Livr. (Monogr. XLIII) J. C. H. de Meijere. Die es der Siboga- en Mit 23 Tafeln. Livr. (Monogr. XLVa) René Koehler. Ophiures de l’Expedition du Siboga. ; te Partie. Ophiures de Mer profonde. Avec 36 Planches. . . : Livr. (Monogr. LII) J. J. Tesch. The Thecosomata and en of the Siboga- Expedition. With 6 plates. : Livr. ares LVEs) €. Ph: Siuiter. Die en der ee Een . Abteilung. Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Mit ı5 Tafeln . : Livr. metic LXI) A. Weber—van Bosse and M. Poste The Corallinaceae of the Sibogs Expedition. With 16 plates and 34 textfigures Livr. (Monogr. VIII) Sydney J. Hickson and Helen M. England. The Stylasterina of the Siboga Expedition. With 3 plates. Livr. (Monogr. XLVIII) H. F. Nierstrasz. Die Chitonen iat Siboga- Exp. Mit 8 Tafeln. Livr. (Monogr. XLV4) René Koehler. Ophiures de Expédition du ran 2e Partie. Ophiures littorales. Avec 18 Planches. . . Livr. (Monogr. XXVIdis) Sidney F. Harmer. The Pterobranchia of the Siboge Expedition, with an account of other species. With 14 plates and 2 text-figures. Livr. (Monogr. XXXVI) W. T. PARman. The Cumacea of the Sree Expedition. With 2 plates and 4 text-figures Livr. (Monogr. LVIa) C. Ph. Sluiter. Die eaten der (ih: Expedition. Supplement zu der I. Abteilung. Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Mit ı Tafel. Prix} Souscription al'ouvrage complet séparées Monographies F 6— f 7.50 3. 100592, 3:40 ” 6.75 » 9— Po te SO » 3:99 » 4.90 ” Ale ” 3-75 » 4.60 „ 5-75 2.8; n 3:75 » 2-40 „ 3.— ee 50m 2. 050 322,804 ae 3150 ==7:80, 9°. 9,75 » 9 „11.25 „15.— „18.75 „ 16.50 , 20.50 » 375 » 4.70 » 6.75 » 9— L2ESOr SER y12s 9872 2,00 » 5:— » 6.25 10.25 012,78 ” 6.75 mae. Bere ot SOL es pO ar a ul NL eye Livr. (Monogr. L) Rud. Bergh. Die Opisthobranchiata Ber Siboga-Exped. Mit 20 Tafeln. 26° Livr. (Monogr. X) Otto Maas. Die Craspedoten Medusen der Siboga-Exp. Mit 14 Tafeln. © Livr. (Monogr. XIlIa) J. Versluys. Die Gorgoniden der Siboga-Expedition. II. Die Primnoidae. Mit ıo Tafeln, 178 Figuren im Text und einer Karte. Livr. (Monogr. XXI) G. Herbert a The Caregen of the oe en: With 3 plates and 6 charts . 5 Livr. (Monogr. LI) J. J. Tesch. Die en 4 Siboga- Papeaition Mit 14 Tafeln. Livr. (Monogr. XXX) G. W. Müller. Die Ostracoden der Siboga-Exped. Mit 9 Tafeln. e Livr. (Monogr. De) Franz Eilhard Sr Die rd goles der EN Mit 3 Tafeln . a Livr. (Monogr. LIV) Maria Baia The Scaphopoda. of the Siboga Expedition With 6 plates and 39 textfigures . Livr. (Monogr. XXVI) J. W. Spengel. Studien über die Enteropneusten dei Siboge-Exp. Mit 17 Tafeln und 20 Figuren im Text. Livr. (Monogr. XX) H. F. Nierstrasz. Die edie pee Siboga-Exp. Mit 3 Tafeln. Livr. (Monogr. XIIIc) Sydney J. Hickson und J. Versluys. Die Alcyoniden der Siboga- Exped. I. Coralliide, II. Pseudocladochonus Hicksoni. Mit 3 Tafeln und 16 Figurenim Text. Livr. (Monogr. XXXIa) P. P. C. Hoek. The Cirripedia of the Siboga a A. Cirripedia pedunculata. With ıo plates . . Livr. (Monogr. XLIIe) L. Döderlein. Die gestielten Ceinoiden Hes Siboga- ‘Expedition Mit 23 Tafeln und 12 Figuren lin Text” Livr. (Monogr. IX) Albertine D. Lens and Thee van | Rieinsdiik, The Siphonophores of the Siboga Expedition. With 24 plates and 52 textfigures . Livr. (Monogr. XLIX'a) M. M. Schepman. The Prosobranchia of the Siboga BERN Part I. Rhipidoglossa and Docoglossa, with an a rende Prof. R. BERGH. With 9 plates and 3 textfigures. : Livr. (Monogr. XL) J. C. C. Loman. Die en aS Siboga Expedition Mit 5 Tafeln und 4 Figuren im Text. Livr. (Monogr. LVIc) J. E. W. Ihle. Die Appendieularien der Siboga-Expediton Mit 4 Tafeln und ıo Figuren im Text Livr. (Monogr. XLIX?) M. M. Scligpaae und H. F. Nierstrasz Parasitische Proso- branchier der Siboga-Expedition. Mit 2 Tafeln . Livr. (Monogr. XLIX'd) M. M. Schepman. The en of the Siboga xpeilton Part II. Taenioglossa and Ptenoglossa. With 7 plates Livr. (Monogr. XXIXa) Andrew Scott. The Copepoda of the Siboga Expedition. Part I. Free-swimming, Littoral and Semi-parasitic Copepoda. With 69 plates. Livr. (Monogr. LVI4) €. Ph. Sluiter. Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition. II. Abteilung. Die Merosomen Ascidien. Mit 8 Tafeln und 2 Figuren im Text. Livr. (Monogr. XLIX'c) M. M. Schepman. The Prosobranchia of the Siboga Expedition Part III. Gymnoglossa. With ı plate Livr. (Monogr. XIII) C. C. Nutting. The RR of the Sibogs Expedition III. The Muriceide. With 22 plates. Livr. (Monogr. XIII‘) C. C. Nutting. The Gorgonacca of the Sibogs Expedition, FY Ihe Plexauride. With 4 plates . 5 t flor. = Mrk 1.70 = 1 sh. 8 d. = frs 2.12 en chiffres arrondies. Prix: Souscription Monographies a louvrage complet. -séparées ae Fy » 925 „ 12.50 „ 4.20 » „ 675 » 3.50 240) » 4.80 » 14.— BR fe) Le eT OO, n n n ” » 16.75 5: 9. 440 IF ION TIMES OM ; RESULTATS DES EXPLORATIONS BIQUES, BOTANIQUES, OCEANOGRAPHIQUES ET GEOLOGIQUES ENTREPRISES AUX INDES NEERLANDAISES ORIENTALES eh 1899—1900, f a bord du SIBOGA . SOUS LE COMMANDEMENT DE Gq. F. TYDEMAN A ee PUBLIES PAR "MAX WEBER Chef DR pestle: se #1. Introduction et description de Pexpédition, Max Weber. aie Le bateau et son équipement scientifique, G. F. Tydeman, #11. ‘Résultats hydrographiques, G. F. Tydeman. - IV. Foraminifera, F. W. Winter. * V4is. Xenophyophora, F. E. Schulze. __ V, Radiolaria, M. Hartmann. | VI. Porifera, G. C. J. Vosmaer et I. Ijima'). maul Hydropolypi, A. Billard. = „Stylasterina, S J. Hickson et Mile H. M. England. IX. Siphonophora, Mules. Lens et van Riemsdijk. ape x. Hydromedusae, O. Maas. *XI. Scyphomednsae, O. Maas. eA II. Ctenophora, Mile I. Moser. J II. Gorgonidae, Alcyonidae, J. Veritn ys: ‘S. J. Hickson et XIV. Pennatulidae, S. J. Hickson. (C. C. Nutting"). _ XY. Actiniaria, P. Me Murrich. | i . Madreporaria, A. Alcoek et L. Döderlein Se 2 I. ‘Antipatharia, A. J. van Pesch. eM Turbellaria, L, von Graff et R. R. von Stummer. . Cestodes, J. W. Spengel. Rexx XX. Nematomorpha, H. F. Nierstrasz. ®XXT. Chaetognatha, G. H. Fowler. - . Nemertini, A. A.W. Hubrecht. I. Myzostomidae, R. R. von Stummer. IV). Polychaeta errantia, R. Horst. . V2. Polychaeta sedentaria, M. Caullery et I’. Mesnil. *XX V: Gephyrea, C. Ph. Sluiter: x ¥XXVI_ Enteropueusta, J. W. Spengel. XVIdis. Bterobranchia, S. F. Harmer. : VII. Brachiopoda, J. F. van Bem melen: ye VIIT. Polyzoa, S: I. Harmer. , IX. Copepoda, A. Scott). XXX. Ostracoda, G. W. Müller. RT: Cirrhipedia, P. P. C. Hockt). CIT. Isopoda, H. J. Hanseu. III. Amphipoda, Ch. Perez. V. Oaprellidac, P. Mayer. . Stomatopoda, H. J. Hansen. > Cumacea, W. T. Calman. IT. Schizopoda, Il. J. Hansen. , VIII. Sergestidae, H. J. Hansen. IX. Decapoda, J. G. de Man. *XL. Pantopoda, TC. Lo mom - XDI. Halobatidae, J. Th. Oudemans. . Crinoidea, I. Döderlein et C. Vaney '). (IT. Echinoidea, J. ©. H. de Meijere. [V. Holothurioidea, ©. Ph. Sluiter. — ~ iV. Ophiuroidea, R. Kohler. Aa Asteroiden, L. Döderlein. T. Solenogastres, H. F. Nierstrasz. TIL. Chitonidae, H. F. Nierstrasz. X!, Prosobranchia, M. M. Schepman!). : ‚IX2, Prosobranchia parasitica, Y. F, Nierstrasz et M.M. a Dp ivtabsesclins R. Bergh. is chepman. ‘LI. Heteropoda, J . Tesch. _ * LIL. Pteropoda, J. „ Tesch, a ‘II. Lamellibranchiata. P. Pelseneer et Ph. Dantzenberg. *LIV. Scaphopoda, Mile M. Boissevain. iV. Cephalopoda, L. Joubin. et: Tunicata, C. Ph. Sluiter et J. E. W. Ihle. +» . Pisces, Max Weber. I. Cetacea, Max Weber. X. Liste des algues, Mme A. Weber. . Halimeda, Mlle R. S. Barton. (Mme R. S. Gepp). . Corallinaceae, Mme A. Weber et M. Foslie. IM ‚Codiacene, A. et Mme FE, S. LGUs [T. Dinoflagellata. Coccosphaeridae, J. P. Lotsy. Diatomacens, J. P. Lotsy. X - Deposita marina, 0. B. Boggild. xu > ete ad géologiques, A. Wichmann.. & Siboga-Expeditie 1 Sa So Sa sia a a ao ET Szenen THE GURGONAGEA OF THE SIBOGA EXPEDITION V.. THE ISIDE BY €. C. NUTTING Professor of Zoology, State University of Towa With 6 plates N XII of: UITKOMSTEN OP ZOOLOGISCH, |. BOTANISCH, OCEANOGRAPHISCH EN GEOLOGISCH GEBIED "verzameld in Nederlandsch Oost-Indié 1899— 1900 aan boord H. M. Siboga onder commando van Luitenant ter zee ıe kl. G. F. TYDEMAN UITGEGEVEN DOOR Dr. MAX WEBER Prof. in Amsterdam, Leider der Expeditie (met medewerking van de Maatschappij ter bevordering van het Natuurkundig Onderzoek der Nederlandsche Kolonien) — — BOEKHANDEL EN DRUKKERI) —onjanlisı E. J. BRILL AS Bi LEIDEN Or 7217 Sara /onal Museu" (dni vay 0s KUREN KORREKTUR TERN RER LELRELERELES eto ina DIT LEER RE TRIERER BTL AL yA RT 1 ÄRA NER HR py hte a ny sng ert 0 Publie Juin 1910 # Les numéros avec un astérique ont déja paru; ceux marqués ofa seulement en partie Voor de uitgave van de es hä der Siboga-Expeditie hebben Be beschikbaar pee De Maatschappij ter bevordering van ies NEU, Onderzoek der Nederlandsche Kolonién. Het Ministerie van Kolonién. . | Het Ministerie van Binnenlandsche Zaken. Het Koninklijk Zoologisch Genootschap »Natura Artis Magistra’’ te Amsterdam. En De »Oostersche Handel eneReederij” te Amsterdam. Ra De Heer B. H pe Waat ‘Oud-Consul-Generaal der Nederlanden te Digg aioe M. B. te Amsterdam. CONDITIONS GENERALES DE VENTE. “ . L’ouvrage du „Siboga” se composera d’une serie de monographies. > ‘ ze x 3 . Ces monographies paraitront au fur et a mesure qu’elles seront pretes. h . > . . 14 . Le prix de chaque monographie sera ‚different, mais nous avons adopté comme base générale du prix de vente :, pour une feuille d’impression sans fig. flor. 0.15; pour une-feuille avec fig. flor. 0.20 a 0.25; pour une planche noire flor. 0.25; pour une planche coloriée flor. 0.40; pour une photogravure flor. 0.60. . Il y aura deux modes de souscription : a. La souscription a l’ouvrage complet. 6, La souscription a des monographies séparées en nombre restreint. Dans ce dernier cas, le prix des monographies sera majoré de 25 °/,. . L’ouvrage sera réuni en volumes ‘avec titres et index. Les souscripteurs a l'ouvrage complet: recevront ces titres et index, au fur et a mesure que chaque volume sera complet. pipe we XPEDITIE Siboga-Expeditie UIPROMES dE OR ZNLINISCH, BOTANIC, OKEINDERARIINCH EN GEDLOGISC! GEDIED VERZAMELD IN NEDERLANDSCH OOST-INDIE 1899—1900 AAN BOORD H. M. SIBOGA ONDER COMMANDO Wan Luitenant ter zee 1° kl. G. F. TYDEMAN UITGEGEVEN DOOR Dr. MAX WEBER Prof. in Amsterdam, Leider der Expeditie (met medewerking van de Maatschappij ter bevordering van het Natuurkundig Onderzoek der Nederlandsche Kolonien) — > SS BOEKHANDEL EN DRUKKERIJ 5:9. BRILE LEIDEN Siboga-Expeditie XII b* GORGONACEA OF THE SIBOGA EXPEDITION V. THE ISIDE BY Seen ETING Professor of Zoology, State University of Iowa With 6 plates (Aided by a grant from the ELIZABETH THOMPSON SCIENCE FUND) — OR —— LATE H. J. BRILL PUBLISHERS AND PRINTERS LEYDEN — I9QIO 4 255 THE GORGONACEA OF THE SIBOGA EXPEDITION Nee I STEyAs Er C2 NUTTING, Professor of Zoology, State University of Iowa. With 6 plates. (Aided by a grant from the ELIZABETH THOMPSON SCIENCE FUND.) Family Isın. Isis Linnzus. Hortus Cliffortianus, 1737. /sis (in part) Pallas. Elenchus Zoophytorum, 1766, p. 220. Isis (in part) Linnzus. Systema Nature, 12th Edition, 1767, p. 287. Isis (in part) Ellis and Solander. Natural History of Zoophytes, 1786, p. 104. Isis (in part) Esper. Die Pflanzenthiere, Vol. I, 1891, p. 277. Isidee (in part) Lamouroux. Hist. Polypes coral. flexibles, 1816, p. 458. Isidine (in part) Milne Edwards and Haime. Hist. nat. des Coralliaires, Vol. 1, 1857, pe 193. Isidine Kölliker. Icones Histiologica, II, 1865, p. 140. Iside + Mopseade + Acanellade + Keratoiside Gray. Catalogue of Lithophytes in the Col- lections in the British Museum, 1870, pp. 13, 16, 18, IQ. Iside Studer. Monatsbericht der königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1878, p. 661. Iside + Ceratoiside Verrill. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. XI, N° 1, 1883, p. 9. Iside Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, p. 42. Iside Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 24- Iside Bourne. A Treatise on Zoology, Part II, Chapter VI, 1900, p. 28. Iside Hickson. National Antarctic Expedition, Vol. III, Coelentera Alcyonaria, 1907, p. 4. Iside Nutting. Descriptions of Hawaiian Alcyonaria, 1908, p. 570. SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XIII 02. I 2 The earlier writers usually included the species now allotted to the family Melitodide in the old genus /szs, thus involving the classification of the /s¢de in considerable confusion. KöLuıker (1865) with his usual clear insight, separated the *Melitheacea” and Isidine as distinct subfamilies of his Gorgonid&, using the characters of the axis cylinder. Gray (1870) established the families /szde, Mopseade, Acanellade and Keratoiside, all of which are now included in the single family /szde. STUDER (1887) gave a careful diagnosis of the family /szde, and divided it into the subfamilies Ceratoisidine, Primnoisidine and TIstdine. Later (1889), in the Challenger Report, Wricut and STUDER defined the family as follows: “Colony consisting of a simple or branched axis. The axis consists of calcareous and horny (internodal and nodal) regions; the branches when present arising from either the nodal or internodal regions, sometimes anastomosing; the axis solid or hollow, smooth, fluted or echinulate. The base of the axis calcareous and attached”’. To avoid any confusion of certain species of the Melitodide with the /szde, this definition, although substantially correct, may be modified for the purposes of the present work as follows: Gorgonacea with an axis composed of alternating calcareous and horny segments, the former being amorphous and not composed of a mass of agglutinated spicules, and the latter entirely horny without the admixture of definite calcareous spicules. Several authors have proposed breaking up this family into subfamilies; but with the increase of our knowledge of the group this becomes increasingly difficult. Gray (1870) went to the extreme of placing the species now included in the /szd@ into four distinct families, viz. Mopseide, Acanellade, Keratoiside and /side. VERRILL (1883) separates all but the genus /szs into a family Ceratorsıde, which therefore includes Gray's Keratoiside, Acanellade and Mopseide. STUDER (1887) divides the family into the subfamilies Ceratoisidine, Primnotsidine (including Mopseide) and /sidine. In their Report on the Alcyonaria of the Challenger Expedition (1889) WRIGHT and STUDER substitute the name Mopseine for Stuprr’s subfamily Primnoisidine, and base the subfamilies of the /szde on the characters of the spicules. The trouble with this arrangement is the intergrading features between the Mopseine and Ceratoisidin@. In his discussion of the genera Ceratoisis and Primnoisis, which belong to the Ceratoisidine and Mopseine respectively, Hickson (1907) holds that these genera are not distinct, and proposes including both in the genus Ceratoisis. He says: “The study of many specimens belonging to this family has convinced me that this subdivision is unnecessary and inconvenient. The many variations of spicule characters that are found in the species of a single genus render these structures unsatisfactory for the purpose of wide systematic differentiation. If we take a single species from each of two of the subfamilies and compare them, the differences observed in the character and arrangement of the spicules may seem to be of a higher rank than the usual differences between genera; while, on the other hand the examination of a large number of species of the same two genera will reveal so many of the intermediate conditions as to render the separation of the genera, on spicule characters alone, impossible. This kind of difficulty is particularly well seen in the case of the 3 genera Ceratoisıs and Primnoisis which were placed by Professors Wricut and STUDER in the subfamilies Ceratoisine and Mopseine’’'. This view is supported by an argument which should be read carefully by those interested in the discussion, but is too long to be quoted here. The present writer believes, however, that the family /sede was ably handled by Wricnr and Sruper, and finds himself unable to agree with the eminent authority quoted above. The intergradation of spicules is very wide spread among the Alcyonaria, and yet there are often certain dominant forms of spicules that are quite characteristic of definite groups, and therefore available for systematic purposes and form good zoological characters ®. The spicules of the Ceratozsidine are of two general types. 15t. True spindles, either with verruce or comparatively plain or needle-like. These may be slightly forked or bifid at one end, but this does not alter their essential character. 24, Flattened spindles which are often bar-like with rounded ends, or with ends enlarged forming a lengthened hour-glass, or biscuit-form. These may approach the form of scales rather than of spindles. Even in such cases their edges are smooth, not ctenate nor with branched processes, although they may be beset with minute thorny points. These spicules seem to me to be quite distinct from those found in the genus Primnoisis, which has the characteristic scales of the primnoid gorgonians, with branched processes or finely ctenate edges, often imbricating on the calyx walls. This difference is strikingly shown in Plate IX of the Challenger Alcyonaria, where figures 1 to 5 represent spicules of Acanella, one of the Ceratoisin@;, and figures 6 to 11 all representing species of Mopseine. Or compare Plate Va, figures 1 to 9, all of Ceratoisidine, with Plate IX, figures 6 to 11, of spicules of Mopseine. It seems to the writer that it would be difficult to show greater contrasts than are found not only in these figures, but also in slides of spicules from specimens of Ceratoisidine on the one hand, and Mopseine on the other. It is true that Hıckson’s Ceratoisis spicata (loc. cit., p. 7) at first seems to form an intergrading link between these subfamilies; but it appears to me that this is more seeming than real. This writer describes the spicules, in part, as follows: “The calyces are covered with an armature of overlapping scales, some of which are triradiate, others irregular in form’. According to this description and the figures none of these spicules show any real approach to the form of the characteristic spicules of Ceratoisis. Moreover the writer says: “In the character of the axis it is closely related to Przmmnozszs’’. The calyx spicules resemble closely some of the thorny scales of the primnoid genus Caligorgia, for instance. The present writer, therefore, would place Hıckson's Ceratozsıs spicata in the genus Przm- noisis, calling it Primnoisis spicata (Hickson), and retain the subfamilies adopted by Wricut and STUDER, modifying, however, their subfamily diagnoses as follows: Isidinz: — Coenenchyma thick; calyces inserted; spicules densely tuberculate spindles, oval radiate forms, heads, double heads, etc. ! National Antarctic Expedition. Natural History, Vol. VII, Coelentera Alcyonaria, 1907, p. 4. 2 See the discussion of this point by the writer in his Report on the Muriceids of the Siboga Expedition, 1910, p. 5. 4 Ceratoisidin@: — Coenenchyma thin; calyces inserted, long, usually cylindrical; characteristic spicules in the form of spindles, or flattened bar-like of hour-glass forms which are smooth or with minute spiny points, never with true verruc&; colony not profusely branched. Mopseinz: — Coenenchyma thin; calyces usually exserted; often club-shaped; characteristic spicules flattened scales, often profusely branched or ctenate on their edges. Systematic relationships of the family Isın. The closest affinities of this family seem to be with the Przmnozde, a fact which has been commented upon by several writers, the calcareous internodes of the former being apparently very similar in composition and structure to the calcareous axis of the latter. The coenenchyma is usually thin in both families. In the polyps and calyces of certain /szde we have a very striking similarity to those of the Primnorde, and this is particularly true in the case of the new genus Peltastisis described in this Report. Here the form of the calyx, the form and arrangement of the spicules, the reduction in the number of adaxial scales, and the essential character of the operculum (a scale to each segment) are all typically primnoid in their nature. Were it not for the jointed axis of Peltastisis I doubt if any one would hesitate in putting it in the family Primnoide. Indeed the character of the axis alone can be successfully used in separating these two closely related families. On the other hand, the /szde show many characters in common with the sclerogorgian family Melitodide. These families can not be separated on the characters of the spicules, for those of the /szn@ show the same general characters as are common in the J/editodide. The nodes and internodes are superficially much alike in the two families, and the calcareous inter- nodes are in some cases, particularly in the older parts of the colony, apparently almost as completely calcareous and amorphous in the Melitodide as in the /szde. It was formerly held that both nodes and internodes of Melitodide were penetrated by solenia; but this is now denied’. Here, again, the characters of the axis seem to afford the only reliable means of family differentiation, the horny nodes of the Melitodide being always more or less mixed with calcareous spicules, while those of the /s¢d@ are purely horny, without spicules. The writer desires to emphasize an opinion elsewhere expressed” as follows: “Our knowledge of the lower invertebrates is still far too fragmentary to permit us to indulge the hope that our work as systematists will really serve to express in final form the actual relationships of any large group of animals. While a natural classification is a ‘consummation devoutly to be desired’ we are not yet, it seems to me, in sight of it’. The main service of classification, in our present state of knowledge, is to facilitate identification of groups, the final result being facility in determination of species. ' Bourne. A Treatise on Zoology, Part II, Chapter VI, p. 28, 1900. * The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition, II], The Muriceidz, 1900, p. 9. ey tothe genera of the Isına. (Generic names enclosed in brackets indicate that such genera are not represented in the Siboga collection). Isidine: Spicules densely tuberculate spindles, calyces included. Ceratoisidine: Calyces not uniserial, and with a crown of points formed by large, needle- like spicules, Colony simple; or, if branched, with branches springing from the calcareous internodes. Calyx with an external layer of flattened, bar-like spicules with rounded ends Calyx with spindles or needles only Colony branched, branches arising from horny nodes Calyces sometimes uniserial, without a crown of points. Colony unbranched; calyces uniserial. Colony branched, branches from calcareous internodes. Coenenchyma with spicules Coenenchyma without spicules Branches from horny nodes. Mopseine: Calcareous internodes with serrated ridges. Calcareous internodes without serrated ridges. Calyces uniserial, with true opercula Calyces not uniserial, no true opercula. Spicules of calyx ctenate scales, or with thorny points Spicules of calyx spindles, with true verruce Isis (Lepidisis) Ceratoisis Acanella (Bathygorgia) (Callisis) (Sclerisis) (Isidella). (Acanthoisis) Peltastisis Mopsea (Chelidonisis) ' Synoptic view of the genera and species of Isınz secured by the Siboga. * The asterisk (*) denotes a new species. Isidine. Acanella. Isis. A. *siboge, A. *weberi, A. sp.? I. hippuris, I. *reticulata. Mopdergei Ceratoisidine. Mopsea. Ceratoisis. M. *flava, M. *alba. C. paucispinosa, C. philippinensis, C.*wrighti, | Peltastisis. (ORY aia | P. *uniserialis, P. *cornuta. 1 This form shows affinities with the /sidize in the form of its spicules, which are much like those of /sis hippuris; but has a rather thin ccenenchyma and evident calyces, characters which allie it with the Mopseine. See STUDER, Alcyonaires provenant des Campagnes de l’Hirondelle, 1901, p. 39 and Plate Iv, fig. 9. 6 It will be seen from the table that of the thirteen species collected, three were previously known, two are represented by material insufficient for identification, and eight are described as new. Sy Isis Isis Isis Isis Isis Isis Isis Isis Isis Isis Isis Isis Isis Isis Isis stematic description of genera and species of Isa of the Siboga eollecefion. Isidinz. (See the definition of this subfamily on p. 3). Isis Linnzus. (in part) Linnzus. Hortus Cliffortianus, 1737, p. 479. (in part) Linnzus. Systema Nature, 1758, p. 1287. (in part) Pallas. Elenchus Zoophytorum, 1766, p. 220. (in part) Ellis and Solander. Natural History of Zoophytes, 1786, p. 104. (in part) Esper. Die Pflanzenthiere, Vol. I, 1791, p. 27. Lamouroux. Hist. Polypes coral. flexibles, 1816, p. 4687. Lamouroux. Exposition Méthodique, 1821, p. 39. Lamarck. Hist. Nat. Anim, sans Vert., 1836, p. 473. (in part) Milne Edwards et Haime. Hist. nat. des Coralliaires, Vol. I, 1857, p. 193. Gray. Proceedings Zool. Society of London, 1857. Kölliker. Icones Histiologice, II, 1865, p. 140. Dana. Synopsis Report on Zoophytes of the Wilkes Expedition, 1859, p. 144. Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, p. 46. Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. XLV. Thomson and Simpson. Alcyonarians of the Indian Ocean, II, Alcyonarians of the Deep Sea, 1909, p. 180. The original genus /szs included not only all of the present /szd@, but also certain of the Melitodide, and resulted in the same confusion as in the synonymy of the family /sıde. Lamovroux (1816) appears to have used the name in almost its modern signification, but subsequent writers included many other forms, until Gray (1857) restricted the genus. KOLLIKER ~ (1865) was the first to carefully describe the spicules and use them in his generic definition, and subsequent writers have used the name as understood in the present work. This being the only genus of the subfamily /szdine, the definition already given for the /sidine will serve for the genus. The type species of this genus is /s¢s hippuris Linn., and the only other known species in the /s2s reticulata described beyond. 1. /sis hippuris Linnzus. (Plate I, figs. 1, ıa, 16; Plate V, fig. 1). Isis Isis Isis Isis Isis Isis Isis hippuris (in part) Linnaeus. Systema Nature, 12th Edition, p. 1287. hippuris (in part) Pallas. Elenchus Zoophytorum, 1766, p. 233. hippuris Ellis and Solander. Natural History of Zoophytes, 1786, p. 105. hippuris (in part) Esper. Die Pflanzenthiere, Vol. I, 1791, p. 279. hippuris Lamouroux. Histoire Polypiers coralligenes flexibles, 1816, p. 476. hippuris Lamouroux. Exposition Methodique, 1821, p. 39. hippuris Lamarck. Histoire Naturelle des animaux sans vertebres, 1836, p. 475. 7 Isis hippuris Milne Edwards et Haime. Histoire nat. des Coralliaires, Vol. I, 1857, p. 194. Isis hippuris Steenstrup. Om slaegter og de under /sis hippuris Linn, sammenblendede Arten, 1848, PS Le Isis hippuris Kölliker. Icones Histiologica, II, 1865, p. 140. Isis hıppurıs Thomson and Simpson. Alcyonarians of the Indian Ocean, II, 1909, p. 180. Stat. 71. Makassar and surroundings. Up to 32 meters. Mud, sand with mud, coral. Stat. 133. Anchorage off Lirung, Salibabu-Island. Up to 36 meters. Mud and hard sand. Stat. 142. Anchorage off Laiwui, coast of Obi Major. 23 meters. Very fine hard sand, mud. Stat. 144. Anchorage North of Salomakiée (Damar) Island. 45 meters. Coral bottom and Lithothamnion. Stat. 149. Fau Anchorage and lagune. West coast of Gebé Island. 31 meters. Coral. Stat. 258. Tual Anchorage, Kei Islands. 22 meters. Lithothamnion, sand and coral. Stat. 279. Rumah-Kuda Bay, Roma Island. 36 meters. Mud and sand. Stat. 301. 10°38'S., 123°25.2E. 22 meters. Mud, coral and Lithothamnion. Stat. 303. Haingsisi, Samau Island. Up to 36 Meters. Lithothamnion. Colony (incomplete) 28 cm. in height, growing in a densely aggregated mass of branches which are individually composed largely of tufts of branchlets. Main stem, or branch, round in section, about 1 cm. in diameter. The main branches are lateral in position, often flattened proximally in the plane of ramification. The secondary branches are usually lateral in position and often bear terminal twigs which are swollen, round and pointed at the ends. The coenenchyma is very thick and fleshy, and does not show any external evidence, in alcoholic specimens, of the jointed axis. The calyces are entirely included, and are distributed on all sides of the stem and branches, much as in the Plexauride. Their openings are almost completely concealed, appearing only as minute depressions in the general surface of the branches, the openings being no larger than pin holes. In color and appearance the colony greatly resembles a profusely branching J/7//efora, the fine pits closely resembling the gastropores of the latter. The polyps are very minute and entirely retracted, so that little of their structure could be ascertained without sectioning. The surface is quite smooth, the spicules not being evident on account of their small size. A cross section of a branch reveals a very thick coenenchyma in which the relatively small calyces are embedded. The coenenchyma is filled with a dense mass of small spicules. Around the axis is a series of very large watervascular canals, their number being very often eight in the smaller branches. The axis is composed of alternate horny and calcareous joints, the latter being the longer and larger, being 1 cm. in diameter in the specimen described. Their length is about 1 cm., and this does not vary greatly even in the distal branchlets. These calcareous internodes are strongly fluted longitudinally, the grooves being the impressions of the primary watervascular canals. The horny nodes are much shorter, not exceeding 3 mm. in the specimen described, and having a diameter of 5 mm. where the adjacent calcareous joints are 1 cm. long. The branches usually arise from the calcareous nodes, but bifurcations usually take place upon the distal ends of horny joints. A cross section of a calcareous internode about 5 mm. in diameter shows a central amorphous area surrounded by a darker line, like a line of growth, enclosing a figure with eight concave sides, beyond this, at varying distances, are other similar lines enclosing figures of more than eight concave sides, the outer lines being closer together than the others. While 8 the calcareous substance of the axis shows a crystalline appearance, there are no indications that it is composed of fused spicules. The concave sides of the cross section correspond, of course to the grooves for the primary canals, and the number eight seems significant as being the original number of these canals, corresponding to the eight intermesenterial chambers of the primary polyp of the colony or branch. The central area is marked by an axial nuclear spot, from which many lines radiate toward the periphery of the area The horny nodes are hour-glass shaped, in longitudinal section, their ends being concave for the insertion of the convex ends of the calcareous internodes. At the line of juncture there is an irregular mass of horny projections alternating with the calcareous material, giving an anchorage that binds the node and internode together. There are no calcareous spicules in the nodes. Spicules. These are all quite small, and of several forms. All are modifications of short tuberculate spindles. Double spindles, dumb-bell shapes, double heads, crosses and densely tuberculate oval forms predominate. All are closely tuberculate, and most of them show a median, constricted smooth girdle. There are a few double crosses and spindles with regular whorls of tubercles. Color. The specimens in alcohol are a tan brown, the dried specimens being darker brown. Axis white, with the horny nodes dark horn brown. General distribution. This species has been reported from the Indian Ocean, and parts of the tropical eastern Pacific. The form reported from the Mediterranean is in all probability not this species or genus. This species is quite variable, and specimens differ much according to size and age, the larger stems and branches having the “moniliform’’ appearance that has led some authors to describe several species on the basis of what appears to be merely varietal differences. Many of the dried specimens were originally much larger than the one described; but, owing to their excessive brittleness, they are so badly broken up that the original dimensions can not easily be ascertained. 2. Isis reticulata new species. (Plate I, figs. 2, 2a; Plate V, fig. 2). Stat. 273. Anchorage off Pulu Jedan, East coast of Aru Islands. 13 meters. Sand and shells. Colony much broken up, the specimens consisting of large and small fragments all from the same station. General habit loose and straggling, much less inclined to the formation of dense tufts than in /s¢s hippuris. The thickest stem found is 7 mm. in diameter, and the horny internodes are almost entirely obliterated, being indicated by darker color alone. The longitudinal erooves are continuous over the calcareous and horny joints, the latter being but slightly con- stricted. The first calcareous internode is 1 cm. long, the next 1.6 cm., the next 2 cm., and bearing a branch a little above its middle. Further up the horny nodes are sharply constricted, clearly defined and about 2 mm. in length. The branching is straggling, and there are occasional anastomoses of branches. There is a distinct tendency toward a flabellate form of colony. The 9 distal branches are much longer and more slender than in /sis Aidpuris, sometimes attaining a length of as much as ı7 cm., while their diameter is only 2 mm. The terminal twigs are not swollen at the ends, in marked contrast to /. hippuris. The calyces are entirely included, very small, and sparsely and irregularly distributed on all sides of the branches. The polyps are partially expanded in the specimen described, making it difficult to ascertain the form and size of the apertures. Where the polyps are fully retracted the surface of the branch is perfectly smooth, with little or no indication of the calyx openings. The polyps themselves are small and appear to be devoid of spicules, both in body walls and tentacles. Consequently they are very soft and flabby, and are usually prone against the coenenchyma of the branches when expanded in alcoholic specimens. Spicules. The spicules are minute, smaller than in /s¢s Akippuris, and distinctly different in shape, being much more delicate spindles with tubercles often symmetrically disposed around the main axis. Irregular branched forms are common. Crosses are more rarely seen, and also a few curved spindles with large tubercles. A comparison of a slide of spindles from /. reticulata with one from /. Azppuris shows a very distinct difference in the assemblage of forms of the two species. Color. The entire colony, in alcohol, is reddish brown. The polyps are more distinctly reddish than the coenenchyma, sometimes approaching a maroon. The species seems quite distinct from /szs hippuris, from which it differs in manner of branching, reticulation, slenderness of twigs, color, and most of all in the character of the spicules. Ceratoisidin&. (For definition of subfamily see p. 4). Ceratoisis Wright. Keratoisis E. Percival Wright. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4th Series, Vol. II, 1868, p. 427. (Name only). Keratoisis E. Percival Wright. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4th Series, Vol. III, 1869, p. 23. Keratoisis Gray. Catalogue of Lithophytes in the British Museum, 1870, p. 18. Keratoisis Studer. Monatsbericht der Königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1878, p. 662. Ceratoisis Verrill. Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. XI, 1883, p. Io. Ceratoists Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 26. Ceratoisis (in part) Hickson. National Antarctic Expedition. Natural History, Vol. III, Ccelentera Alcyonaria, 1907, p. 5- Ceratoisis Nutting. Hawaiian Alcyonaria, 1908, p. 570. The original description of this genus is as follows: “Coral branched, irregularly furcate; axis jointed, composed of horny and calcareous portions; the latter are hollow, smooth, varying considerably in length, and maintaining their form after maceration in caustic alkalies; the branches are given off from the calcareous portions. The so-called “barky layer’ (coenenchyma) is well developed, and contains a large number of calcareous spicules. The polyps are irregularly and somewhat densely grouped all around the SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XIILÖ2, 2 IO axis; they are of large size and are completely covered with spicules, which are closely päcked side. by side. A variable number- (nine to eleven) of long fusiform spicules surround the apical portion of the polype, forming a calyx. Tentacles eight, pinnately lobed”’. | VERRILL includes in this genus all of his family *Ceratorside” that have the coenenchyma and calyces filled with large fusiform spicules and the calyx armed with a crown of spines. This definition is somewhat misleading, as the small spicules often found in the calyces and coenenchyma are often not fusiform but lenticular or “biscuit-shaped’’, sometimes fiddle-shaped, or even oval. Stuper (1887) practically adopts the original definition of WRIGHT. WRIGHT and STUDER (1889) point out the difficulty of distinguishing between the unbranched species of Lepidisis (Verrill) and the unbranched forms of Ceratoisis. This point seems to the present writer to be well taken, and should result in the combination of the two genera, as suggested by WRIGHT and STUDER. | Their definition of the genus Ceratoisis is as follows: “The colony is simple or branched, in the latter case with the branches arising from the calcareous internodes. These latter are long and hollow when young. The ccenenchyma contains long smooth spindles or needle-like spicules. In the polyps, which are nonretractile, there are large needles. One row of these spicules is so disposed that one lies at the base between each pair of tentacles and projects beyond them, the result being a circlet of diverging spines around the oral region”. This definition is dificient in the fact that it.makes no mention of the oblong, compara- tively smooth, oval, or lenticular spicules found both in Ceratoisis grayi (the type species) and in the species of VeRRILL’s genus Lepzdisis. This point, however, is covered in their more elaborate definition of the genus on page 26 of the Challenger Report, Alcyonaria, 1889. The genus Ceratoisis, as used in the present work, may be defined as follows: Ceratoisidine whose calyces are armed with a crown of needle-like spicules. The axis is simple or sparingly branched, the calcareous internodes hollow, at least in the younger portions of the colony. Coenenchyma, and often the calyces, with oblong, lenticular, fiddle-shaped, or oval scales with comparatively smooth surfaces. Er The type species of this genus is Ceratoisis grayi Wright. Other species are C. (Lepzdisis) caryophyllia (Verrill), C. flabellum Nutting, C. gracilis Thomson and Henderson, C. grandiflora Studer, C. grandis Nutting, C. (Lepidisis) inermis (Studer). C. japonica Studer, C. (Lepidisıs) longiflora (Verrill), C. muda Wright and Studer, C. ornata Verrill, C. palme Wright and Studer, C. philippinensis Wright and Studer, C. ramosa Hickson, C. siemenensis Studer, C. (Lepidisis) vitrea (Verrill), and the new species described in the present work. 1. Ceratoisis paucispinosa Wright and Studer. Ceratoisis paucispinosa Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1839, p. 28. Stat. 52. 9°3'.4S., 119° 56.7 E. 959 meters. Globigerina ooze. II Specimens consisting of two fragments, probably from the same stem. The largest of these includes the base of the colony consisting of large thin, plate-like calcareous lobes, but one of which is complete. This is 2.6 cm. long. The fragment has an entire length of 26 cm. The first internode above the base is the shortest, being 3.5 mm. long. The next is 1.7 cm., the next 3.1 cm. the next 4.3 cm., the next 4.5 cm., and the remaining three gradually diminish in size. The diameter at base is 3 mm., at distal end 1.5 mm. The longest horny node is the third, which is 3 mm. long, and their length diminishes to the distal node which is 1.4 mm. The surfaces of the internodes are marked by shallow longitudinal furrows. The other fragment is nearly 18 cm. long, much more slender than the first, and the length of the internodes varies from 1 cm. to 2.9 cm. The specimens are so mutilated that the arrangement of the calyces can not be determined, further than that they appear to be borne on all sides of the stem. The individual calyces are excessively long and slender. It is possible that the specimen has been dried at some time, and that the polyps have been shrivelled so as to be more slender than they were originally. A typical calyx is 8 mm. long to the top of the marginal spines, 2.2 mm. in diameter at margin, and 1.1 mm. at the narrowest part of the pedicel, near the middle. There are a few slender, needle-like spicules on the proximal part of the calyx, especially on the abaxial side, and a series of 8 very long, sharp smooth spindles with their points projecting far beyond the margin, forming a crown of points. There are a few needle-like spindles in the coenenchyma near the polyp bases. Otherwise the coenenchyma is rather leathery and almost devoid of large spindles. But there are numerous comparatively minute bar-like spicules near the surface of the coenenchyma, and a few minute spicules in the tentacles. Spicules. These are long sharp needles, and small bar-like forms. The former sometimes attain a length of 5 mm., and are usually sharp at both ends. Their surface is studded with numerous small sharp thorn-like points. The largest of these needles form the marginal crown of points. The bar-like forms in the ccenenchyma are minute, rather short bars, with their ends somewhat expanded and rounded. Color. The colony is ivory white (in alcohol), and the polyps are very light brown. General distribution. The type locality is off the Hyalonema Grounds, Japan, 343 fathoms. A comparison with polyps of the Challenger type shows that the Siboga specimens have nore slender calyces, due probably to drying. The original. description says that the coenenchyma is without spicules. These are minute, and might escape observation. 2. Ceratoisis philippinensis Wright and Studer. to Ceratoisis philippinensis Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. Stat. 52. 9° 3.4 S., 119°56.7 E. 959 meters. Globigerina ooze. Stat. 122. 1°58.5 N., 125° 0.5 E. 1264—1165 meters. Stone. ? Stat. 173. 3°27 ~S., 131° 0.5 E. 567 meters. Fine yellow grey mud. ? Stat. 178. 2°40’ S., 128° 37'.5 E. 835 meters. Blue mud. Specimens consisting of two unbranched fragments, the longest being 13.6 cm. in length. 12 The longest calcareous internode is 6.1 cm. long, while the horny nodes are but 1 mm. long. The shorter fragment has a thicker axis than the other, their diameters being 2 mm. and 1.8 mm. respectively. Both are largely denuded of ccenenchyma, but retain this and the polyps in places. The calyces are rather closely set in irregular spirals, being on all sides of the stem or branch. The individual calyces are columnar in shape and usually project at a wide angle from the stem. A typical one is 4.5 mm. in height and 2.5 mm. in diameter. The walls are nearly straight. There are a few transversely disposed spindles near the base, and a row of about eight long spindles extending perpendicularly from the transverse spicules to beyond the margin, around which they form a crown of points. Shorter spindles support the larger ones near the base, as if propping them. The dorsal surfaces of the tentacles are armed with two or three rows of bar-like spicules longitudinally disposed. | The coenenchyma of the stem is thin and stripped from most of the specimens. It contains a few spicules in the form of spindles. Spicules. These are nearly all slender spindles, pointed at the ends and attaining a length of 3. mm. They differ from the others described in having their surfaces almost perfectly smooth, without verruc& or projecting points of any kind, thus resembling most of the spicules of the pennatulids. The largest of these spicules are those forming the crown of points around the calyx margins. Besides these spindles, there are a few bar-like forms with rounded ends, found in the tentacles. Color. The specimens are ivory white, in alcohol. The nodes are dark brown, and the polyps very light brown. General distribution. The type locality is Challenger Station 201, off the Philippines ; depth 82 fathoms; bottom, stones. This species is also found in the Japanese waters. (Nuttinc, Mss.). The specimen described is labeled “Ceratorsis philippinensis’. This was very likely written by Dr. Verstuys during his preliminary studies of the Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition. Through his kindness the writer has been permitted to examine fragments of the Challenger types of this species. These agree fairly well with the above description; but differ considerably from the description in the Challenger Report, having calyces in some instances 5 mm. in height, and with the spiculation .as described above. The small spicules are more numerous than in the Siboga material, and the color of the calyces is much darker. The calcareous internodes are longer in the Siboga material than the descriptions of the type would indicate. 3. Ceratoisis wrighti new species!. (Plate II, figs. 1, 1a; Plate V, fig. 3). Stat. 87. 0°32'S., 119° 39.8 E. 655 meters. Fine grey mud. Colony over 1 meter in length (113 cm.), unbranched. The base consists of two very ! Named in honor of E. PercivAL WRIGHT who first defined the genus Ceratoisis. 13 long, expanded, lobular limestone processes, extending laterally from the bottom of the stem. One of these processes is nearly 5.6 cm. in length, and 5 mm. wide at its broadest point. The greatest diameter of the axis, near base, is 3.3 mm. The shortest (basal) internode is 3.5 mm. long, and the longest (4! from base) 3.3 cm. The horny nodes are short, and the longest (basal) one is 3 mm. in length. Average length about ı mm. The polyps are biserially arranged, in general, although this is occasionally interfered with by one situated on the front or back of the colony. They all curve upward toward the distal end of the colony, with their adaxial sides almost contiguous with the coenenchyma of the stem; the summit of one reaching to, or slightly beyond, the base of the one next above. The individual calyx is columnar or cylindrical in form, but many are swollen with ova in their proximal portion. A typical one is 6 mm. in height to the end of the crown of points, and 2.5 mm. broad at the slightly expanded margin. There is usually one conspicuous, needle- like spicule placed vertically in the abaxial side of the calyx, reaching nearly from the base to the summit, but ordinarily not projecting beyond the margin, and attaining a length of 5 mm. There are also eight vertical spicules in the distal part of the calyx wall, whose points form a conspicuous crown, as in C. faucispinosa. Aside from these there are very few if any spicules in the calyx walls. Spicules appear to be wanting both in the tentacles and the general ccenen- chyma of the stem, which is quite thick and fleshy. Spicules. I find but the one kind, the slender, needle-like form described above as occurring in the calyx walls. Their surface is covered with regular, but rather sparsely disposed, minute, thorny points. Color. The colony, when the coenenchyma and the calyces have not been stripped from the stem, is a rather bright reddish brown. The axis is pure white, except at the nodes, which are dark brown. This fine species differs from C. faucispinosa, its nearest ally, in length of calcareous internodes, size and disposition of polyps, and in the spiculation, being without spicules in the tentacles and coenenchyma. It differs from C. xada Wright and Studer in size of spicules, and in having no tentacular spicules, as well as in size of internodes. 4. Ceratoisis sp.? Stat. 122. 1°58'.5 N., 125°0.5 E. Between Menado and Biaru Island. 1264—1165 m. Stony bottom. A fragment of denuded axis from Station 122 differs from all the other species in the collection in the length of the single calcareous internode which is 9.9 cm. long and has a diameter of 2.5 mm. The surface is regularly but not deeply furrowed or fluted longitudinally. The horny node is 23 mm. long. The axis approaches the characters of Ceratoisis grandis Nutting from Hawaiian waters’, which has internodes up to 14 cm. in length. The writer, however, does not feel justified in identifying species on the characters of the axis alone. 1 Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, Vol. XXXIV, p. 570, 1908. 14 Acanella Gray (emended by Verrill). Acanella Gray. Catalogue Lithophytes in British Museum, 1870, p. 16. Acanella Verrill. Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. XI, N° 1, 1883, p. 13. Acanella Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, p. 44. Acanella Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 29. Acanella Nutting. Hawaiian Alcyonaria, 1908, p. 572. Verrirr'’s definition of the genus is as follows: “Coral either simple or variously branched. Axis with long calcareous joints and very short horny ones. The branches, where they exist, arise from the horny joints, either singly, or two or more together, often forming a whorl. Ccenenchyma very thin, containing, more or less abundantly, elongated fusiform spicula, usually of large size. Calicles large, elongated, composed of large fusiform spicula, often obliquely arranged; the margin is armed by eight long, spine-like, projecting acute spicula. Tentacles stiffened by abundant spicula. Base, in most cases, divided into large, flat, palmate lobes, which descend into the mud and serve as supporting roots or anchors’. StupER (1887) gives a condensed definition, retaining the essential points as given by VERRILL. Wricut and STUDER (1889) retain the definition of VERRILL, somewhat condensed, with the additional point that the basal internodes are much shorter than the distal. For the purposes of this work the following definition is offered for the genus Acanella: Ceratoisidine, simple or branched, with branches arising from the horny nodes, often in whorls. Calyces prominent, with a crown of marginal points. Tentacles with minute spicules. Ccenenchyma thin, with fusiform spicules. All spicules have thorny points, but: are without true verruce. The type species of this genus is Acanella arbuscula (Johnston). Other known species are Acanella eburnea (Pourtales), A. chiliensis Thomson and Henderson, A. gregorü Gray, A. normani Verrill, A. rıgida Wright and Studer, A. rodusta Thomson and Henderson, 4. simplex Verrill, A. spiculosa Verrill and the additional species about to be described. 1. Acanella siboge new species. (Plate III, figs. 2, 2a; Plate V, fig. 4). Stat. 85. 0°36.5S., 119°29.5 E. 724 meters. Fine grey mud. Stat. 170. 3°37'.7 S-, 131°26.4 E. 924 meters. Fine grey mud. Stat. 178. 2°40 S., 128° 37'.5 E. 835 meters. Blue mud. Stat. 211. 5°40.3S., 120°45'.5 E. 1158 meters. Coarse grey mud. Stat. 241. 4°24.35., 129°49.3 E. 1570 meters. Dark sand with small stones. Type specimen fragmentary, 7.3 cm. long, the proximal part missing. The largest fragment consists of a central straight shaft from which spring four pairs or opposite branches. In two cases there is a third branch origin between the bases of the opposite pairs, showing a tendency toward the formation of verticels so common in this genus, the verticels being 1.4 cm. apart and springing from the horny internodes, which are so narrow that they constitute mere bands. 15 The branchlets are curved, each consisting of a single calcareous internode varying from 1.3 to 1.8 cm. in length. The calyces are arranged in loose irregular spirals, the distance between their bases being usually from 2 to 4 mm. They are more closely approximated on the distal than on the proximal portions of the branchlets. The individual calyces are columnar in some cases and obconical in others. A typical calyx is 4 mm. in height, with an average diameter of 1.6 mm., the body being somewhat expanded below. Another is much constricted below, and is 5. mm. in height and 1.7 mm. in diameter at the middle. The columnar form, however, is by far the more common. The calyces project at right angles from the branch, but bend somewhat upward, or distally. Their walls are filled with curved spindles arranged horizontally in the basal parts and obliquely in the distal parts of the walls, those on the abaxial side being larger than those on the adaxial side of the polyp, and extend from the abaxial mid-line upward and obliquely around the calyx walls, somewhat resembling a reversed chevron. The adaxial side is filled with smaller spicules disposed horizontally, in the main. There is usually a crown of eight well-marked points around the margin, each point consisting of the distal end of a single spicule. The tentacles bear numerous stout, bar-like forms, without any very definite arrangement. Spicules. These sometimes attain a length of nearly 3 mm., are much more uniform in size than in the other species in the collection, and are much more regularly placed, when in situ, except in case of the tentacular spicules. Color. The colony, in alcohol, is ivory white, with light, almost white, polyps. A direct comparison of the Siboga material of this species with a portion of the Challenger type of A. rizgzda, used by Dr. Verstuys in his studies, shows that while the two agree well in form of calyces and maximum size of spicules, they differ in comparative uniformity in size of spicules in the calyx walls. The walls of A. rigida contain a few comparatively large spicules on the abaxial side, interspersed with others much smaller. In A. széoge the abaxial wall is filled with a compact series of more slender spindles of comparatively uniform size, without a noticeable admixture of large and small. A. seéoge differs from A. normani in the robustness of the calyces and spicules, and from A. aréuscuda in the same points as from A. xormant. Indeed, these two latter may be identical. The present species differs from the next (A. weöderi) in having much stouter calyces, which are directed outward, and by its marginal crown of points. 2. Acanella weberi new species. (Plate III, figs. 1, 1@; Plate V, fig. 6). Stat. 74. 5°3'.5S., 119°0 E. 450 meters. Globigerina ooze. Colony arborescent, 18.5 cm. in height. Root consisting of three (originally four) calcareous cylindrical projections pointing downward and outward, all incomplete. Main stem 2.2 cm. long, breaking up into a whorl of branches at its distal end, there being 5 branches in the whorl, with 16 a 6th slender one in the centre. These branches send off one or two pairs of usually opposite branchlets, the first pair being from 8 to 10 mm. from the bases, the second pair being 9 to 10 mm. above the first. Above these pairs an occasional lateral branchlet is produced, especially toward the distal ends of the branches. Some of the branchlets, however, are simple throughout their length of as much as 12 cm. The branches arise from horny nodes. The calcareous inter- nodes vary in length from the second, which is 3 mm. long, to a length of 14 mm. on the terminal branchlets. The horny nodes vary from the basal one of 2 mm. to about .2 mm. on the terminal twigs. The diameter of the main stem near the base is 2.5 mm., decreasing to a thread-like axis on distal branchlets. The calyces tend to a biserial arrangement on the branches, but are much more thickly emplanted on distal parts. On the tip of one branch they are thickly emplanted over the surface of an oval object which is probably a parasitic barnacle. The branches are erect, forming a symmetrical and graceful colony. The individual calyces are club-shaped, and inclined toward the distal end of the colony, sometimes with the adaxial wall contiguous with the branch throughout. Their adaxial side measures about 2 mm. in length, and their abaxial about 3 mm. Diameter at margin 1.1 mm., at base about .8 mm. The calyx walls are filled with large and small spindles, many of them spirally arranged and more or less bent or wavy. Some of them attain a length of 2.1 mm., or even 3 mm., extending the whole length of the calyx from base to summit. These larger spicules are usually placed on the abaxial wall of the calyx, and sometimes they occur in two series forming a sort of rude inverted chevron on the abaxial wall. There are a few similar but smaller spindles arranged vertically on the adaxial side. While the points of the spindles often extend beyond the margin, they do not form a regular series of eight marginal points such as is found in many other /side. The tentacles are armed with numerous bar-like spicules irregularly placed, but most often transversely disposed. 5 The coenenchyma is thin, and contains a few of the large spindles longitudinally disposed, and more numerous small, bar-like forms. Spicules. These have already been described. Their maximum length, 3 mm., agrees with VeERRILL’s description of A. normani‘, but the manner of branching seems quite distinct. The surfaces of the spicules are covered with fine conical points, evenly distributed. Color. The colony is white, in alcohol, with the polyps a very light golden brown. The horny nodes of the axis are dark golden brown. This species is doubtless nearest A. normani Verrill; but a direct comparison of the Siboga material with a specimen identified by VERRILL as A. normanı shows that A. weder! differs from A. normani in the shape of the calyces, which are much longer and more slender in A. normani; and in the spicules, which are much more slender and form a regular crown of points in A. normant. 1 Bulletin of Museum of Comparative Zoology, XI, N° 1, p. 17. 17 3. Acanella sp.? Stat. 45. 7°24'S., 118°15.2E. 794 meters. Fine grey mud. The specimen consists of a fragment comprising three calcareous internodes joined at their bottom to a horny internode which supports the three. The longest of these internodes is 1.8 cm. long, and the others are nearly as long. Diameter 1.2 mm. The surface is longitudinally grooved or fluted. This specimen may possibly be Acanella chilensis‘ which has the branches arranged in irregular whorls of two or three. Mopseine. (See definition on page 4). Mopsea Lamouroux. Mopsea Lamouroux. Histoire des Polypiers coralligenes flexibles, 1816, p. 465. Mopsea (in part) Ehrenberg. Corallenthiere des Rothen Meeres, 1834, p. 131. Mopsea Gray. Proceedings Zoological Society of London, 1857, p. 283. Mopsea Milne Edwards et Haime. Histoire naturelle des Coralliaires, Vol. I, 1857, p. 197. Mopsea (in part) Dana. Synopsis of the Report on Zoophytes, Wilkes Expedition, 1859, p. 144. Mopsea Studer. Monatsbericht der Konig]. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1878, p. 665. Mopsea Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, p. 46. Mopsea Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, pp. XLV, 40. The original definition for this genus (LAMouROUXx 1816) is as follows: “Polypier dendroide a rameaux pinnés: écorce mince, adhérente, couverte de mamelons trés petits, elongés, recourbés du cété de la tige, épars ou subverticellés”’. Subsequent writers modified this definition so as to admit certain species of Welitheide, until STUDER (1887) defined it as follows: “Colonie in einer Ebene verzweigt, Polypen klein, keulenformig, in dichten Spiralen ringsum den Stamm angeordnet. Kelchschuppen klein, niedrig und stachlig”. WRIGHT and STUDER (1889) expanded this definition to considerable length on page 40, but give a much shorter definition on page xiv which is practically the same as the one by STUDER, quoted above. “The colony is branched and expanded fan-like in one plane. The polyps are small, club-like in form, and arranged in dense spirals around the stem. The calyx scales are small, short and spiny”. The above definition is the one adopted in this work. The type species of this genus is Mopsea encrinula (Lamarck). Other known species are M. dichotoma (Linn.), and the two new species about to be described. 1. Mopsea flava new species. (Plate IV, figs. 1, 1a; Plate V, fig. 5). Staf. 117. 1°0'.5 N., 122°56' E. 80 meters. Sand and coral. Colony strictly flabellate in form, 26 cm. in height, and 17 cm. broad. 3.6 cm. above 2 Challenger Report, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 31. we SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XIII, 18 its base the main stem sends off two opposite branches each bearing branchlets which themselves bear lateral twigs irregularly spaced. Branches of the 4!% order are sometimes produced. The main stem, after giving off these branches, continues upward in a wavy course giving off a few lateral branches and ultimate twigs to its distal end. These laterals are very unevenly spaced, but average about 5 mm. apart. Diameter of main stem 5.5 mm., of the lateral twigs 2 mm. The stem and main branches have even surfaces, there being no swellings nor constrictions at the nodes. Proximally the horny nodes are longer than the calcareous internodes, the former being 2.7 mm. long, and the latter 2 mm. Above the origins of the branches, however, the internodes are the longer, being 5.5 mm. long, while the nodes are but 2.2 mm. long. Both nodes and internodes are rather deeply grooved in the main stem, the grooves being numerous and parallel. The branches spring from the calcareous internodes. The polyps are small, and are emplanted on all sides of the larger branches, but tend to be lateral on the smaller twigs. Sometimes, however, they are on all sides, even to the tips of the ultimate branchlets. The specimen is so completely covered with a parasitic sponge with small needle-like spicules that the details of the individual calyces are hard to ascertain. The calyces are small, and shaped like a truncated cone; or else are dome-shaped verruc&. A typical one measures 1.3 mm. in height and 1.1 mm. in diameter. The calyx walls are covered with a mosaic of scale-like spicules with ctenate edges nicely fitted together and without regular arrangement in either vertical or transverse rows. The polyp is completely retractile. There are a few very small scales or calcareous granules on the dorsal surface of the tentacles. Spicules. These are all small, oval or irregular scales, which are densely covered with relatively large tubercles. Occasionally they are somewhat branched, but not extensively so, and the branches are short. Occasionally, also, double heads are seen, and very rarely collar-button forms such as are found in the muriceid genus Deöryce. Coenenchyma covered with similar scales. Color. The entire colony is a light straw yellow in color, probably brighter yellow in life. 2. Mopsea alba new species. (Plate IV, figs. 2, 2a; Plate VI, fig. 4). Stat. 156. 0° 29.2 S., 130°5'.3 E. 469 meters. Coarse sand and broken shells. Colony flabellate in form, attaining a height of 15 mm., and a spread of 20 mm. The main stem arises from a disk-like base and contains one short, unbranched internode 1.2 mm. in length. The other internodes bear branches, except the distal one which is very slender and short. These internodes are 3.5 mm., 8 mm., and 2.9 mm. long, going from the 2™4 to the 4 and last. The second internode bears two side branches and the third three. These main branches are rudely alternate and curved upward like candalabra. The lower one bears three curved branchlets, and the third, one. All of the branches arise from calcareous internodes. The axis is rather faintly grooved, and seems to be hollow; but the specimen was too small to justify dissection to ascertain this point. The polyps are biserial, alternate, and rather distant, being almost 2 mm. apart. The individual calyces are club-shaped, directed outward basally, and curving upward, or towards the branch termination, distally. A typical one measures 1.6 mm. in height and 1 mm. 19 across the margin. The calyx walls are covered with numerous small scales transversely disposed, but in numerous rows both vertical and transverse. These scales are very short and broad with their upper exposed edges finely ctenate and apparently overlapping the base of the next scale above. The number of scales in a horizontal row is hard to determine owing to their small size, but there seems to be as many as 20 or more in each row. The tentacles are covered with similar rows of narrow scales fitting the dorsal surface and looking like continuations of the rows on the calyx walls. Spicules. These are narrow scales with curved and ctenate borders. On the basal parts of the calyces and in the ccenenchyma of the stem and branches they become so narrow as to assume the form of spindless with tuberculate or echinulate surfaces. Color. The color is almost pure white, in alcohol. Peltastisis new genus. (wsataorys and ı015). Colony unbranched; polyps uniserial and provided with true opercula consisting of eight parts or flaps, each part consisting of a single triangular scale; calyces with spicules of the primnoid type, being flattened scales with irregular branched or ctenate edges and with thorny points on the surface. The type of this genus is Peltastisis uniserialis Nutting. The only other known species, also found in the Siboga collection, is described beyond. These two species undoubtedly belong to the family /szd@, and can, without violence, be admitted into the subfamily Mopseine. They are so different, however, from any previously known members of this group that it becomes necessary to construct a new genus for their reception. The genus Peltastises bridges the narrow gulf between the /szde and Primnoide in one important particular in that it combines the jointed axis of the former and the characteristic operculum of the latter, which it also resembles closely in its spiculation. Indeed, it is so directly intermediate between the two families that it can only arbitrarily be placed in either. The character of the axis is, however, of sufficient importance in the opinion of the writer to determine the position of Peltastisis as a member of the family /szde. 1. Peltastisis uniserialis new species. (Plate IV, figs. 3, 3a; Plate VI, fig. 3). Stat. 145. 0°54 S., 128°309'.9 E. 827 meters. Hard. Pumice stone. Stat. 159. 0°59.1S., 129°48'.8 E. 411 meters. Coarse sand. Colony consisting of a very delicate unbranched stem growing from a calcareous, lobulated flattened base and attaining a length of 6.2 cm. The basal 1.1 cm. of the stem is devoid of polyps. The basal internode measures 2 mm., the second 2.9 mm., the third and succeeding ones about 3 mm. The horny nodes are very short, about .5 mm., and much narrower than the calcareous ones. The polyps are uniserial and about 1.7 mm. apart, from summit to summit. The individual calyces are club-shaped or conical, 1 mm. in height on their abaxial side, inclined toward the branch so that the adaxial side is almost contiguous with it. The margin 20 is even, without evident crown of thorns or other conspicuous ornamentation. The calyx walls are armed with regular imbricating series of oval scale-like plates with ctenate edges and surfaces thickly emplanted with rounded points. There are about seven of these plates on each abaxial row, and two or three on the adaxial rows. Towards the base of the calyx these plates are narrowed and resemble transversely placed spindles. There is a strong operculum of the primnoid type, composed of eight flaps, each flap consisting of a single scale-like spicule. These opercular scales are covered with closely emplanted rounded points, and the entire operculum completely covers the infolded tentacles, there being no spaces between the individual segment or flaps. Between each pair of adjacent polyps there is a swelling of the coenenchyma of the branch or stem, the swellings alternating regularly with the polyps and containing ova. The ccenenchyma also contains a layer of rather heavy tuberculate spindles, arranged longitudinally. Spicules. These are mainly of two types. ı%. the regular spicules of the coenenchyma. These are spindles the surfaces of which are covered with rather sharp rounded point. 2"4. the scale-like spicules of the calyx walls, which are covered with similar points which, on the edges, give the appearance of a ctenate border. These two types of spicules intergrade on the basal parts of the calyces. The triangular scales forming the opercular segments constitute another, but much more infrequent type. Color. The colony is almost white, in alcohol, the axis being pure white, and the calyces light brown. While but a fragment of this very curious form was secured at Station 145, a number of specimens, apparently complete, were dredged from Station 159. The largest specimen was 8.5 cm. long. All are unbranched. 2. Peltastists cornuta new species. (Plate IV, figs. 4, 4a; Plate VI, figs. 1, 2, 5). Stat. 300. 10°48'.6S., 123°23'.1 E. 918 meters. Fine grey mud. The type consists of a small fragment, unbranched, 2.9 cm. long. The calcareous inter- nodes vary from the proximal one which is 6.5 mm. long to the distal one which is 5.5 mm. long, decreasing regularly from proximal to distal ends of the specimen. The horny nodes are very short, less than .5 mm. They are more slender than the calcareous internodes, being about .5 mm. in diameter, while the latter are about .7 mm. The calyces are uniserial, quite regularly spaced, being about 2.5 mm. apart and three to each calcareous internode. The individual calyces are short and thick, shaped like a short, curved club or horn, the distal end being inclined towards the stem or branch, as is characteristic of many of this family and of the Primnoide. The calyx is about 1 mm. in height (measured directly with dividers), and a little over 1. mm. in diameter across the margin. The abaxial side of the calyx wall is supported by a most remarkable stay or brace consisting of a comparatively enormous spicule that is bent into a bow-shape so that its distal part is applied longitudinally to the curved’ abaxial contour of the calyx and its proximal portion is applied to the calcareous internode of the branch in such a manner as to curve downward and partly around it. This stay is therefore unsymmetrically placed as regards the branch, its ae proximal part passing around to the right of the midline of the polypiferous surface of the branch. The stay has a smooth surface except at the ends, where it bears numerous nodules, resembling that of the calcareous internodes, and showing ivory white against the darker color of the polyp. It gradually narrows to a point at the proximal end, but is broadened into a shape resembling a shoe-horn at the distal end, the concavity of the “shoe-horn” fitting the curve of the calyx margin to which it is applied. The stay is applied to the entire anterior face of the calyx, ending flush with the margin, and when it is removed it leaves a bare, impressed, band-like space on the abaxial wall, reaching from the base of the calyx to the marginal row of scales which, however, it does not invade. The stay is 1.5 mm. in length, measured with dividers, but would be much longer if measured around the curves. The calyx walls are covered with minutely ctenate scales greatly resembling those found in several genera of Primnoide, e.g. Plumarella or Caligorgia. These scales are arranged in seven or eight vertical rows, except that there is but one scale (the marginal) to each of the adxaxial rows, and there are about eight scales to each abaxial row. The margin is even, without evident lobes, teeth or spines. The operculum consists of eight segments, each segment consisting of a triangular scale-like spicule neatly fitted to the dorsal surface of a tentacle and with its surface covered with fine rounded nodules. At first view it looks as if each flap is made up of a fine mosaic of many minute plates; but, when separated from the tentacle, it is seen to be a single large thin plate or scale. The ccenenchyma of the branch is thin and contains a layer of longitudinally placed, thin, scale-like spicules which are spindle-shaped in profile, but much flattened. They are ornamented with small, very definite, rounded knobs or points thickly and rather evenly emplanted over the surface. Intermingled with these are clear bar-like and needle-like forms. About midway between adjacent polyps and on the polypiferous face of the stem or branch are low rounded swellings which contain ova, as in the last species. This is a very exceptional arrangement among the Gorgonacea. The axis is quite smooth, hard and white. The specimen was so small that it seemed inadvisable to dissect it to determine whether it is hollow or not. A small fragment of a twig termination shows that the axis does not extend to the end of the branch or stem, although this terminal part bears polyps and the strange bracket-like supports for the calyces apparently as well developed as on the proximal parts. Spicules. These have been already described, and are of several kinds. ı“. The small ctenate scales of the calyx walls. 224. The flattened, scale-like spindles of the caenenchyma. 3". The large, thin, triangular plates of the operculum. 4'*. The occasional bar-like or rod-like forms in the coenenchyma, and 5't. The remarkable curved stays or supports on the abaxial faces of the calyces. Color. The fragment is almost white, with the calyces and ovigerous swellings a medium brown. DISTRIBUTION OF THE ISIDA® COLLECTED BY THE SIBOGA EXPEDITION: at STATION 45. Acanella sp.? STATION 52. paucispinosa. STATION 71. STATION 74. STATION 85. STATION 87. STATION 117. STATION 122. toisis philippinensis, STATION 133. hippuris. STATION 142 STATION 144 List of Stations which Isid@ were collected by the Siboga Expedition, and a List of Species collected at each Station. 7°24 S., 118° 15.2E. 794 meters. Fine grey mud, with some radiolarie and diatomes. 9° 3.4 5., 119° 56.7 E. 595 meters. Globigerina ooze. Ceratoisis philippinensis, Ceratoisis Makassar and surroundings. Up to 32 meters. Mud, sand with mud, coral. /szs hippuris. 5°3.5S., 119°0 E. 450 meters (chart). Globigerina ooze. Acanella weberi. 0° 36.5 S., 119°29'.5 E. 724 meters. Fine grey mud. Acanella siboge. 0° 32'S., 119°39'.8 E. 655 meters. Fine, grey mud. Ceratoisis wrighti. 1°0.5 N., 122°56 S. 80 meters (chart). Sand and coral. Mopsea flava. 1°58.5 N., 125°0.5 E. Near Menado, Celebes. 1264—1165 meters (chart). Stone. Cera- Ceratoisis spec. Anchorage off Lirung, Salibabu Island. Up to 36 meters. Mud and hard sand. J/szs Anchorage off Laiwui, coast of Obi Major. 23 meters. Mud. J/szs hzppuris. - Anchorage North of Salomakié (Damar) Island. 45 meters. Coral bottom and Litho- thamnion. /s2s hippuris. STATION 145. STATION 149. STATION 156. STATION 159. STATION 170. STATION 173. STATION 178. STATION 211. STATION 241. 0°54 S., 128°39.9E. 827 meters. Hard. Pumice stone. Peltastisis uniserials. Fau anchorage and lagune, West coast of Gebe Island. 31 meters. Coral. /s2s hippuris. 0° 29.2 S., 130°5'.3 E. 469 meters. Coarse sand and broken shells. Mopsea alba. 0° 59.1 S., 129°48'.S E. 411 meters. Coarse sand. Peltastisis uniserialis. 37-7 S., 131° 26.4 E. 924 meters. Fine grey mud. Acanella siboge. 3°27'S., 131°0'.5 E. 567 meters. Fine yellow grey mud. Ceratoisis philippensis. 2°40'S., 128° 37'.5 E. 835 meters. Blue mud. Acanella siboge, ? Ceratoisis philippinensis. 5°40.7S., 120°45'.5 E. 1158 meters. Coarse grey mud. Acanella siboge. 4° 24.35-, 129°49.3 E. 1570 meters. Dark sand, with small stones. Acanella siboge. STATION 258. STATION 273. Isis reticulata. STATION 279. STATION 300. STATION 301. STATION 303. It appears Siboga Expedition 23 Tual anchorage, Kei Islands. 22 meters. Lithothamnion, sand and coral. /sis hippuris. Anchorage off Pulu Jedan, East coast of Aru Islands. 13 meters. Sand and shells. Ruma-Kuda Bay, Roma Island. 36 meters. Mud and sand. /sis hippuris. 10°48'.6S., 123°23.1 E. 918 meters. Fine grey mud. Peltastisis cornuta. 10° 38'S., 123°25.2E. 22 meters. Mud, coral and Lithothamnion. /sis hippuris. Haingsisi, Samau Islands. Up to 36 meters. Lithothamnion. /sis hippuris. from the above list that /side were collected at 26 stations during the . By far the most widely spread of the species collected, so far as the territory covered by the Siboga is concerned, is /s2s hippuris, which was secured from 9 stations, over one third of the total number. It is a somewhat remarkable fact that in only two cases (one of which is uncertain) were more than a single species taken from one station; while no station yielded more than two species of /szde. Contrasted with the 17 species of Muricetde from Station 310, this seems a decidedly pour showing. The genus /szs is the only one that can be regarded as comprising distinctly shallow water forms, its range being from 22 to 45 meters. All of the other genera are truly inhabitants of the deep water, the bathymetric distribution of the Siboga material being as follows: Ceratozsts, 595 to 1264 meters; Acanella, 450 to 1570 meters; Mopsea, So to 469 meters; Peltastisis, 827 to 918 meters. Literature cited in the Report on the Iside of the Siboga collection. BOURNE, G. C. A Treatise of Zoology, edited by E. RAY LANKESTER; Part II, The Anthozoa, Chapter VI, The Anthozoa, London, 1900. DANA, J. D. Synopsis of the Report on Zoophytes of the U.S. Exploring Expedition around the world, Under C. WILKEs, U.S. N. Commander, in the years 1838—1842, New Haven, 1859. Esper, E. J. C. Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Farben erleuchtet nebst Beschrei- bungen, Nürnberg, 1791. ELLIS, J. and SOLANDER, D. The Naturai History of many curious and uncommon Zoophytes, London, 1786. Gray, J. E. Synopsis of the Families and Genera of the Axiferous Zoophytes or Barked Corals. Pro- ceedings of the Zoological Society of London, Part 25, London, 1857. — — Catalogue of Lithophytes or Stony Corals in the collections of the British Museum, London, 1870. Hickson, S. J. National Antarctic Expedition. Natural History, Vol. III, Coelentera Alcyonaria, 1907. KÖLLIKER, A. Icones Histiologice, oder Atlas der vergleichenden Gewebelehr, 2. Abth., 1. Hf., Leipzig, 1865. LAMARCK, J. B. P. A. DE. Histoire naturelle des Animaux sans vertebres, Vol. II, Paris, 1836. LAMOUROUN, J. F. V. Histoire des Polypiers coralligenes flexibles, vulgairement nommés Zoophytes, Caen, 1816. LINNE, C. Hortus Cliffortianus, 1737. —— Systema Nature, ıoth Edition, 1758. —— Systema Nature, 12th Edition, Tome 1, Part 2, Holmae, 1767. MILNE EDWARDS, H. et HAIME, J. Histoire naturelle des Coralliaires ou Polypes proprement dits, Tome premier, Paris, 1857. NuTTING, C. C. Descriptions of the Alcyonaria collected by the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries Steamer Albatross in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands in 1902. Proceedings of the. U. S. National Museum, Vol. XXXIV, Washington, 1908. PALLAS, P. S. Elenchus Zoophytorum, Hague, 1766. STUDER, TH. Übersicht der Anthozoa Alcyonaria, welche während der Reise S. M.S. Gazelle um die Erde gesammelt wurden. Monatsbericht der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, September und October 1878, Berlin, 1878. —— Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 53ster Jahrgang, Bd. 1, Heft I, 1887. — — Alcyonaires provenant des Campagnes de l’Hirondelle (1886—1888). Résultats des Campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert ıer, Prince Souverain de Monaco, Fascicule XX, Monaco, 1901. THOMSON, J. A. and HENDERSON, W. D. An account of the Alcyonarians collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean. Vol. I, The Alcyonarians of the Deep Sea, Calcutta, 1906. —— and Simpson, J. J. An account of the Alcyonarians collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean. Vol. II, The Alcyonaria of the Littoral Area, Calcutta, 1909. VERRILL, A. E. Report on the Anthozoa, and on some additional Species dredged by the Blake in 1877—1879, and by the U.S. Fish Commission Steamer Fish Hawk in 1880. Bulletin Museum Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Vol. XI, N° 1, Cambridge, 1883. WRIGHT, E. P. Notes on Deep Sea Dredging, Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., 4th Ser., Vol. 2, p. 423, 1868. —— On a New Genus of Gorgonide from Portugal. Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., 4th Ser., Vol. 3, p. 23, 1869. —— and STUDER, TH. Report on the Alcyonaria. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M.S. Challenger, etc. Zoology, Vol. XXXI, London, 1889. BI ERF.NATION OF PLATES The photographs were made from nature by the author. The spicules were drawn under the camera lucida by Mr. Dayron STONER. PLATE IL. Fig. 1. /sis hippuris Linnzus. Natural size. 1a, part of branch X 5. 10, cross section of axis 5. Fig. 2. /sis reticulata Nutting. Natural size. 2a, part of branch X 5. SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE X11182- C. C. NUTTING. ISIDAE. 4 7 aol hu ° © eS Be ER 7-27 5 ‘ me en E Bien e . - ; % I en 7 4 149 or ~ et, R wee i A, N An 2 7 # rey. an I Me an % i » en 4 ~ jan | „ DE FE nr” “> 2 “ Ps ’ 5 Ww: - 4 Ds u. v . ri x 2 - k i . « . 4 ‘¢ ‘ De ‘ ‘ Lg - A nh. ‘ 3 ealy “> iy 4 7 j 4 .“ ‘ Klee e, A > ALS et . ’ owt } yee ir x . ? ¢ a i ‘ ae , , 4 P ~s N ner » be » 5 ‘ n : , + - ¢ ‘ 4 * > ri ; E ws . , F * . - a * J ’ e 4 a n 4 ‘ = ; , h Lg var . u , ' 4<)> ia ; 4 ‘ es ? ap ’ . Vir be % a \ he be) r w , at at? A \ %- ; ¥ é° 7 > d b oe 1 N os ' j 7. E ae * E N he $ > - "4 a a tbs Ir Fa N i ‘ . : user me ” ; Pine, 4 i ete Ole 3 a ‘ » 4 } . ‘ : > ‘ s a j : 4 < wu Bir i ween." i N i 4 h a (Ay. ) ' , h . a n \ ie * y , aa nA ; ’ 1 ry y 4 27% FE, u SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE x1110?- C. C. NUTTING, ISIDAE. “pe >. we na ‘ ‘ ‘ .* yew > if vic & a hm er * + wh PLATE IV. Mopsea flava Nutting. Natural size. Mopsea alba Nutting. Natural size. Peltastisis uniserialis Nutting. Natural size. Peltastisis cornuta Nutting. Natural size. Ia, part of branch X 5. 2a, branch X 5. 3a, part of stem X 5. 4a, part of stem X 5. SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE X1ll‘ it; ee hae u - PLATE V. . Group of six spicules, a, 4, c, d, e, f, of /sis hippuris Linn. X 120. . Group of five spicules, a, d, c, d, e of Isis reticulata Nutting X 120. . Group of three spicules, a, 4, c, of Ceratoisis wrighti Nutting x 64. each spicule is shown). . Group of three spicules, a, 4, c, of Acanella siboge Nutting X 120. . Group of four spicules, a, 4, c, d, of Mopsea flava Nutting X 120. . Group of three spicules, a, 6, c, of Acanella weberi Nutting X 120. (Approximately one half of C. C. Nutting, Isidae. ra-Expeditie XIIIb 2- Nasen Stony du el ER a ek ee RER FL REN? > ve & { reed { Sy ¢ 4 if ER or a wii ae REN reg ee if | a; Y PLATE. VI . Group of eight spicules of Peltastisis cornuta Nutting. a, one of the opercular spicules; 6, one of the spindles of the ccenenchyma; g, a spicule intermediate between the calyx scales and the spindles of the ccenenchyma; c, d, e, f, 2, scales from the calyx walls. All x 120. 2. One of the “bony stays’ consisting of a single peculiar spicule of Peltastisis cornuta Nutting X 64. 3. Group of five spicules from Peltastisis uniserialis Nutting X 120. e, one of the characteristic trian- gular spicules of the operculum; a, 0, c, spindles from the ccenenchyma; d, calyx scale. . Group of six spicules, a, 6, c, d, e, f, from Mopsea alba Nutting X 120. . Calyx of Peltastisis cornuta Nutting X 64. of., opercular scale; s. curious “bony stay” which is formed of a single very large spicule and supports the calyx in front. boga-Expeditie XIII 2. Vz C. C. Nurring, Isidae Xc4 Vi. Ais . Prix:* Déja paru: Souscription | Monographies al'ouvrage complet séparées re Livr. (Monogr. XLIV) C. Ph. Sluiter. Die Holothurien der Siboga-Expedition. Mit ro Tafeln. f 6.— f 7.50 2e Livr. (Monogr. LX) E. S. Barton. The genus Halimeda. With 4 plates. . . aye RO, Pie EA 3¢ Livr. (Monogr. I) Max: Weber. Introduction et gore tiption de abe dionies Avec Taste a Stations et 2 cartes . 4¢ Livr. (Monogr. II) G. F. Tydanan: Drehen of the ship ha appliances used ips ‘Selentifi exploration. With 3 plates and illustrations, . . .. 2.— 2.50 5e Livr. (Monogr. XLVII) H.F. Nierstrasz. The ein Sfthe Sindee: Exp. With é plates » 390 5 4.90 6¢ Livr. (Monogr. XIII) J. Versluys. Die Gorgoniden der Siboga- Expedition. n 0-75 „ 9— I. Die Chrysogorgiidae. Mit 170 Figuren im: Texk!/ 4:'n% wer 7 7° Livr. (Monogr. XVIa) A. Alcock. peer on the whee -Sea Madreporaria of me Siboga ; Expedition. With 5 plates. . . wi AtOOne we 5275 Se Livr. (Monogr. XXV) C. Ph. Siuiter: Die Sipunenliden und Echiuriden der Siboga- Exp. . Mit 4°Tafeln und 3 Figuren im Text. . . 9. 3 9 3°75 ge Livr. (Monogr. VIa) G. C. J. Vosmaer and 1. H. 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LAS yh 2b: GABE t flor. =-Mrk 1.70 = 1 sh. 8 d. = frs 2.12 en chiffres arrondies. : ‘ - ras . ev - DL DIESES kurios AUX ‘inpgs NEERLANDAISES ORIENTALES en 18991900, » bord du SIBOGA SOUS LE COMMANDEMENT DE G. F. TYDEMAN PUBLIES PAR MAX wEBER Chef de l’expedition. - *]. Introduction et description de Vexpédition, Max Weber. —* IT. Le bateau et son équipement scientifique, G. F. Tydeman. LJ. Résultats hydrographiques, G. I. Tydeman. [V. Foraminifera, I, W. Winter. Xenophyophora, F. E. Schulze. Radiolaria, M. Hartmann. 1. Porifera, G. C. J. Vosmaer et I. Ijima '). I. Hydropolypi, A. Billard. . Stylasterina, S. J. Hickson et Mlle H M. England. . Siphonophora, Miles Lens et van Riemsdijk. ax Hydromedusae, O. Maas. . Scyphomedusae, O. Maas a Ctenophora, Mile F. Moser, . . Gorgonidae, Aleyonidae, J. Versluys, 5 J. Hiekson et . Pennatulidae, S. J. Hickson. fe. Cc. cect! Va . Actiniaria, P. Me Murrich. VL. Madreporaria, A. Alcock et L. Döderlein'), I, Antipatharia, ‘A. J. van Pesch. 2 T. Turbellaria, L. von Graff et R. R. von Stummer. ‘XIX. Cestodes, J. W. Spenge. XX. Nematomorpha, H. F. Niersträsz.. (XL. Chaetognatha, G. Il. Fowler. I. Nemertini,: A. A. W. IHubrecht. DT. Myzostomidae, RK. R. von Stummer, 1, Polychacta errantia, R. Horst. 2, Polychacta sedentaria, M. Caullery et F. Mesnil. . Gephyrea, C, Ph. SIu iter. 1. Enteropueusta, J. W. Spengel.. . Pterobranehia,-S. FT. Harmer: - 11. Brachiopoda, J. T. van Bemmelen. III. Polyzoa, S. Y. Harmer. .. Copepoda, Ar Scott’). X. Ostracoda, G. W. Müller. XI. Cirrhipedia, P. P. C: ER . Isopoda, H. J. el ae ih. Amphipoda, Ch. Pérez. IV. Caprellidae, P. Mayer, : XV. Stomatopoda, H. J. Hansen. Cumacea, W. T. Calman. VI . Schizopoda, N. J. Bene athe ; II. Sergestidae, H. J. Hansen. IN. Decapoda, J.G.de Man. + XL. Pantopoda, J. C.C. Loman. > 3 XLI. Halobatidae, J. Th. Owdemans. AL Crinoidea, I. Döderlein et C.. Vancy *).. XLII. Echinoidea, J. C. H. de Meijere. XL . Holothurioidea, C. Ph, Sluiter. XLV. Ophiuroidea, R. Kéhlei. | : |. Asteroidea, L. Döderlein. VT . Solenogastres, H. F. Nierstrasz. III. Chitonidae, H. F. Nierstrasz. - IX!. Prosobranchia, M. M. Schepman ’). Prosobranchia parasitica, H. I’. Nierstrasz et M. M. . Opisthobranchia, R. Bergh. | [Schepman. LI. Heteropoda, J. J. Tesch. . ‚ Pteropoda, J. J. Tesch.- amellibranchiata. P. Pelsenecr et Ph. Dantzenberg. IV. Scaphopoda, Mile M. Boißsevain. y eg L. Joubin. Tunicata, C. Ph. Sluiter et J. E. W. Ihle. isces, Max Weber, _ LVIIE. Cetacea, Max Weber. u “Liste des algues, Mme A. Weber. LX, Halimeda, Mlle Vy. S. Barton, (Mme R.‘S, Gepp). L , Corallinaeeae, Muc A. Weber et M. Foslie, XH Codiaceae, A. ct Mme FE. S. Gepp. Dinoflagellata. Coecosphaeridae, J. P, Lotsy. 3 sane one J. P, u "„ Deposita marina, 0. B. Böggild. 1 ea Gl A. Wichmann, THE GORGONACEA OF THE SIBOGA EXPEDITION VI. THE GORGONELLIDE BY C. €: NUTTING Professor of Zoolugy, State University of Iowa With 11 plates Monographie XIII 4° of: UITKOMSTEN OP ZOOLOGISCH, ‘BOTANISCH, OCEANOGRAPHISCH EN GEOLOGISCH GEBIED verzameld in Nederlandsch Oost-Indié 1899—1900 aan boord H. M. Siboga onder commando van Luitenant ter zee -ıe kl. G. F. TYDEMAN DOOR UITGEGEVEN . MAX WEBER Prof. ih Amsterdam, Leider der Expeditie (met medewerking van de Maatschappij ter bevordering van het Natuurkundig Onderzoek der Nederlandsche Kolonien) BOEKHANDEL EN DRUKKE RIJ VOOUMEEN E. J. BRILL LEIDEN pexbeunseeraues - 5. eT pra A a ERFURT »Publie Septembre ı910° # Les numéros avec un astérique ont deja paru; ceux marqués 1) seulement en partie ı°. L’ouvrage du „Siboga” se composera d’une serie de monographies. Voor de uitgave van de resultaten der Siboga-Expeditie hebben bijdragen beschikbaar gesteld: De Maatschappij ter bevordering van het Natuurkundig Onderzoek der ‘Nederlandsche Kolonién. Het Ministerie van Kolonién. Het Ministerie van Binnenlandsche Zaken. Het Koninklijk Zoologisch Genootschap »Natura Artis Magistra’’ te Amsterdam. De »Oostersche Handel en Reederij’' te Amsterdam. De Heer B. H oe Waar Oud-Consul-Generaal der Nedendinike Kaapstad. M. B. te Amsterdam. CONDITIONS GENERALES DE VENTE. . Ces monographies paraitront au fur et A mcsure qu’elles seront prétes. > . Lé prix de chaque monographie sera different, mais nous avons adopté comme base générale du prix de vente: pour ‘une feuille d’impression sans fig. flor. 0.15; pour une feuille avec fig. flor. 0.20 a 0.25; .pour une planche noire flor. 0.25; pour une planche coloriée flor. 0.40; pour une photogravure flor. 0.60. ul y aura deux modes de*souscription: a. La souscription a l’ouvrage complet. _ b. La souscription ä des monographies séparées en nombre restreint. Dans ce dernier cas, le prix des monographies sera majoré de 25 °/,. . ri . . . L’ouvrage sera réuni en volumes avec titres et index. Les souscripteurs a l’ouvrage complet recevront ces titres et index, au fur et a mesure que chaque volume sera complet. SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE Siboga-Expeditie UIT ROMS ein OP INIININCH, BUTANIET, OUEANOGRAPHINCH EN AIED.DGANCH GENE VERZAMELD IN NEDERLANDSCH OOST-INDIE 1899—1900 AAN BOORD H. M. SIBOGA ONDER COMMANDO WA Luitenant ter zee 41° kl. G. F. TYDEMAN UITGEGEVEN DOOR Dr. MAX WEBER Prof. in Amsterdam, Leider der Expeditie (met medewerking van de Maatschappij ter bevordering van het Natuurkundig Onderzoek der Nederlandsche Kolonien) BOEKHANDEL EN DRUKKERIJ VOORHEEN i I. BREE LEIDEN Siboga-Expeditie XIII b* GORGONACEA OF THE SIBOGA EXPEDITION VI. THE GORGONELLIDA BY CI NUTTING Professor of Zoology, State University of Iowa With 11 plates (Aided by a grant from the ELIZABETH THOMPSON SCIENCE FUND) =} ©4<3—___——_ Late WH}. J. BRILL PUBLISHERS AND PRINTERS LEYDEN — I9QIO = 5 = ee = = 4 ek ae . Be SE En. ere > Er Be f - a ai iT eee 7 = ‘ : ° a > zZ - £ ei a 2 - THE GORGONACEA OF THE SIBOGA EXPEDITION MEZTEEZGORCGONELLDZE BY ESCHE NUTTING, Professor of Zoology, State University of Iowa. Wechennsspilates. (Aided by a grant from the ELIZABETH THOMPSON SCIENCE FUND.) Family GORGONELLIDE Studer. Gorgonellacee Valenciennes. Comptes rendus, XLI, 1855, p. 14. Gorgonellacées Milne Edwards et Haime. Histoire naturelle des Coralliaires, II, 1857, p. 182. Ellisellide +- Calligorgiide (pars) Gray. Catalogue of Lithophytes in the British Museum, 1870, PP- 24, 34- Gorgonellacee Kölliker. Icones Histiologice, II, 1865, p. 139. Gorgonellide Studer. Anthozoa Alcyonaria, welche während der Reise S. M. S. Gazelle um die Erde gesammelt wurden, 1878, p. 656. Gorgonellide Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, p. 68. Gorgonellide Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 153. Gorgonellide Studer. Alcyonarien aus der Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Museums in Lübeck, 1894, p. 116. Gorgonelline Délage et Hérouard. Traite de Zoologie Concrete, II, 2, 1901, p. 428. Gorgonellide Nutting. Hawaiian Alcyonaria, 1908, p. 597- Gorgonellide Thomson and Simpson. Alcyonaria of the Indian Ocean, part II, 1909, p. 265. This family seems to be a fairly natural one, and may be defined as follows: Gorgonacea with an amorphous calcareous axis cylinder which is not jointed and the core of which is solidly calcareous and often surrounded by concentric lamella of alternating calcareous and horny layers. The axis is never composed of fused spicules. The branches often show a median bare space and furrow, especially when flattened. The polyps are retractile, SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XIII 0°. I 22 and the tentacle bases are beset with spicules. The spicules are almost always girdled forms, i.e. with a median band which is bare of verruce, and hence appear to have an impressed girdle. This results in the formation of double heads, double clubs, double spindles, double stars, etc.; and these forms are quite characteristic of the Gorgonellide, although not strictly confined to this family. Dichromatism is exhibited in a marked degree, a number of species of Funce//a and Scipearella being characterized by having two color phases, red and white, which do not appear to be corellated with sex or age. The systematic arrangement of this family offers great difficulties, as is apt to be the case with forms which have been long known. The original descriptions are entirely inadequate, and it is usually impracticable to decide just what forms the authors had before them. None of them paid any attention to the feature that has later been found of prime importance in generic definitions, e.g. the spicules, and confined themselves almost exclusively to general habit, mode of branching, etc., features of almost no generic import whatever. Subsequent writers have very generally neglected the discussion of the genera in any broad way. Mine Epwarps and Haime (1857) recognize the four genera Juncella, Ctenocella, Gorgonella and Verrucella, which they separated by modes of branching and character of the calyces. Kölliker (1865) was the first to thoroughly investigate the spicules of this family, and he recognized the genera Gorgonella, Funcella and Verrucella; but included the genus Azzsea of Ducnassainc and MiıcHELoTTI, which appears to belong to the family Chrysogorgide. He includes the genus CZenocella in his genus Gorgonella. Gray (1870) divides the genus Yunce//a into the three genera Funcella, Ellisella and Vime- nella and restores the genus Sczrpearea. He established the genera Nzce/la, Reticella, Raynerella, Phenella and Feliana. Two of these, Reticella and Raynerella, appear to belong to Gorgonella. Sruper, (1878) discusses and further defines the genera Gorgonella, Funcella, Ellisella, Ctenocella and Scirpearella; and in 1887 the same writer gives a careful discussion of the genera of this family, defining according to modern methods the following genera: Nezcella, Scirpearea, Funcella, Ellisella, Verrucella, Gorgonella, Ctenocella, Phenelia and Heliana. The last two of these genera he defines after Gray without giving the spicule characters which are absolutely necessary for modern definition. This treatment is the most satisfactory that has yet been presented, and the generic definitions here given are very largely adopted without essential’ modification by the present writer. The last general treatment of the family Gorgonellide as a whole is found in WrıGHT and StupEr’s Challenger Report, Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 153, where the definitions of STUDER, as just discussed, are practically adopted in their entirety. They add, however, one genus, Sczrpearella and throw doubt on the identity and validity of the old genus Scirpearea of Cuvier, quoting the discussion of Scirpearea mirabilis by KÖLLikEr! who shows that the name was originally used for a pennatulid. TuHomson and Sımrsox, in their excellent monograph of the Alcyonaria secured by the ' Anat.-Syst. Beschr. der Alcyonarien, Die Pennatuliden, 1872, p. 26. 3 Investigator in the Indian Ocean, Part II, 1909, p. 265 et seq. merely name the family. They distinctly recognize the great difficulty and perplexity attending the work of the systematist in this family, saying (p. 267), in reference to their new species Nicella pustulosa: “It is a matter of no small difficulty to distinguish between Nicella, Gorgonella and Verrucella. Distinctions based on spicules alone are very unsatisfactory in this group because the spiculation varies at different levels and transition forms are so numerous and varied that it is sometimes almost impossible to distinguish between double spheres, double stars and double clubs, each in turn passing gradually to double spindles’. Again, on page 269: “The system of classification which at present obtains in regard to the Juncella group of gorgonellids, including Juncella, Ellisella, Scirpearea and Scirpearedla is far from satisfactory. In fact it is a debatable question whether these should be ranked as separate genera. Many of the species which have from time to time been described have unquestionably been established on young colonies, and, in addition to this, the characters which are taken as diagnostic, e. g. arrangement and retractility of verruc&, vary so much in individual specimens that little or no importance can be attached to them’. These writers content themselves with a table, giving a comparison in numerous details of the several specimens collected by the Investigator, without attempting to name them. The present writer, although profoundly impressed with the extreme difficulty of the problem, does not feel justified in turning his back on these perplexities. The amount of material belonging to the Gorgonellide secured by the Siboga Expedition is so considerable, representing some 21 species, that an attempt will be made to straighten out as many of the difficulties as may be. While entire success is not to be hoped for, some progress toward a reasonably correct generic classification should be possible. First, however, it is necessary to more clearly define the main types of spicules that present, after all, the best basis of classification in this, as in other groups. As already indicated, nearly all of the spicules which present characteristic features of value for our purpose are ‘girdled spicules’. The basic form from which nearly all of the others are derived is the girdled spindle, showing at its middle a smooth impressed zone, free from verruce. This form differs from the typical spindle only in the fact that this zone is more conspicuous in the girdled form. The typical spindle is terete in form and its surface is orna- mented with more or less regular whorls of tubercles. Between the whorls are comparatively bare zones, and such a zone is very constantly seen near the centre of the spicule. It is only when such a zone is comparatively large and conspicuous that a “girdled spindle” is produced. This basic form is modified in the following ways: is, Symmetrical forms a. The girdle divides two similar parts of the original spindle in such a manner that each part bears verruce and is terete in outline. Pesto Ge. weten 6 Double- Spindle 6. The girdle divides two similar parts each with its outer end some- what turgid and armed with verruce, resulting in the. / . . . Double Club. 4 c. The girdle divides two similar parts which are spherical in outline and are ornamented with symmetrically disposed verrucee. Such an arrangement results in the spicule which we will call the. . . . Double Head. d. The girdle divides two similar parts which are spherical in outline and ornamented with radiating points. These are . . . . . . Double Stars. e. The spicule is rod-like in general form, with a girdle dividing two parts which are gradually enlarged toward the outer ends, have comparatively straight sides, rounded distal corners and are covered with fine and densely aggregated verrucee. These will be called . Double Bars. f. The -spicule is rod-like, without the feirdle 2 rs sete m nema 2nd, Unsymmetrical forms. a. The girdle separates two unlike parts, one a club and the other a star. Such’ forms may (bes called ©. 1.2.0 22.2 es eer acne 6. The girdle separates two unlike parts, one a club and the other a head. Forms of this kind may be icalled © 7. is =) 2) @lwboiheaas c. The girdle separates two unlike parts, one a star and the other a head. These will ‘be called . 20. Bio) 2 Sale ee at d. The girdle separates two unlike parts, one a club and the other a spindle. This rather rare form may be called. .2.7. 27.2 . @lub-Spandic e. The girdle separates two unlike parts, one a star and the other a spindle. These may‘be designed as. ".\ vn „u an Beg 20 Stars De Besides the above, which may be called girdled forms, there are often crosses produced by a double head being longitudinally divided by an impressed vertical zone. While it is true that a given species, or even a single specimen, may show several of these forms and numerous intergradations, it is also true that certain forms predominate in a given genus, and it is these dominant types of spicules, and not the others, that are available for generic diagnosis !. While the spicules are the most important features for generic distinctions, we may also avail ourselves of any other character which seems to be possessed by a group of allied species, e.g. mode of branching, shape of calyces, character of axis, etc., in attacking the problem before us. Artifical key to the genera of the GORGONELLIDE. Main branches arising from a forking of the main stem. Colony flabellate, widely diverging, the main branches bearing a series of simple branchlets on upper side only. Branchlets vertical and parallel, and resembling the teeth of a comb . en 520272 a cr ! See a discussion on this point, as well as a statement of the position of the author on the matter of the retention of established generic names, in the Report on the Muriceide of the Siboga Expedition, NUTTING, 1910, p. 5. 5 Colony simple, or, if branched, not bearing branchlets in the manner described above. Spicules: Mine atsmaneeeouerstars) Ne i oe). Juncella Menticulars disk-shaped erähddleshaped. .. . . . 2.72 . . . . 4 .. Plumigorgia Much larger, bar-shaped, sometimes lenticular; surface smooth. . . . . Isidoides Mmiaemdcmoneaircled bus 2 7. = ner . « een « « ws Nicella Spmricseandecwibs predominating. >» . . . na . . » » «+» Eflisella. Double heads and girdled spindles largely predominating. Colony flabellate, often reticulate; calyces low verruce. . . . . . . Gorgonella. Colony flabellate or dichotomous, the heavily spiculated bases of tentacles forming an 8-rayed pseudo-operculum, star-like when viewed from above Verrucella Colony simple, forked or bushy; calyces usually in spirals, prominent; spicules often cruciform, although not abundant . . . . . . . . Scirpearella The genus Scirpearea is apparently invalid, as the name was used originally for a pennutalid, according to Lamarck’. Later Lamarck (Hist. Nat. Anim..sans vert., II, 1836, p. 614) places this in his genus Funiculina. This writer points out that this species has been erroneously confounded with Pennatula mirabilis Linn. Wricur and Stuper (Challenger Report, Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 155) say that the type specimen of Funiculina cylindrica Lamk. is a gorgonellid (and probably a Funcella). Studer, however, had previously figured a couple of spicules of Scerfearea mirabulıs Cuv. in the plate (Plate V, 29) and Scirpearea mirabilis Pallas in the text, of his paper in the Monatsbericht der Königl. Akad.. der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1878, p. 660. It is impossible at this time to disentangle the real situation and to determine just what Cuvier had before him which he named Scirpearea mirabilis. In view of this situation it seems best to abandon the genus altogether. The following genera are not represented in the collection made by the Siboga, neither do they seem to have received adequate definition at any time. Without further discussion the definitions of SrupEr® are given in translation as follows: “ Phenilia Gray. Colony arborescent, with short, divergent, usually quadrate branches which sometimes coalesce. Calyces low, in two or three irregular rows on both sides of the branches. Coenenchyma horny, with plain lateral grooves. Spicules?”’ “ Heliana Gray. Colony tree-like, branching dichotomous? Twigs ascending and divergent. Lower twigs occassionally anastomosing. Ccenenchyma hard, horny. Calyces exserted, subcylin- drical short, sometimes bent, in two three or four alternating rows on the sides of the twigs, and irregularly disposed on the branches. Axis hard, stony, gray-brown”. 1 Scirpearea mirabilis Cuvier, (Regne Animal, 1 ed. IV, 1817, p. 85) Pernatula mirabilis Pallas. 2 Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, pp. 68, 69. Synoptic view of the genera and species of GORGONELLIDE collected by the Siboga Expedion. New species are indicated by an asterisk (*). Gorgonella. Scirpearella. 2 : A \ ; Ay PS Ing Wake es © Ay . . G. orientalis, umbraculum, *delicatula, S. rubra, gracilis, *regia, *hemispherica. rates | Nicella. Verrucella. | N. *coralloides, *carinata. V. rubra, flaviflora (new name), *stellata. | Ellisella. E. *flava. Ctenocella. : i Plumigorgia (new genus). . pectinata. < N dir P. *hydroides. Juncella. Isidoides (new genus). F. Juncea, gemmacea, racemosa, “sanguinea. I. *armata. The table shows that the Siboga Expedition secured 21 species of Gorgonellide 11 of which are new; and that these species were divided among 9 genera, 2 of which are new. Systematic description of genera and species. Genus Gorgonella Valenciennes (modified). Gorgonella Valenciennes. Comptes-rendus, tome XLI, 1855, p. 14. Gorgonella Milne Edwards et Haime. Histoire Naturelle des Coralliaires, Vol. I, 1857, p. 183. Gorgonella Kölliker. Icones Histiologice, II, 1865, p. 139. Gorgonella Studer. Monatsbericht der Königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1878, p. 661. Gorgonella Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, p. 68. Gorgonella Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. LXVI. Gorgonella (Val. emended), Delage et Herouard. Traite de Zoologie concréte, II, 2, 1901, p. 428. Gorgonella Hickson. Alcyonaria of the Maldives, 1905, p. 817. The original discription of this genus is as follows: “Le sclerobase ramifie en fines branches rameuses et trés-divisées’’. Mitne Epwarps and Hate (1857) define the genus as follows: “Colony much branched, coenenchyma very thin; calyces included or but little exserted”. (Translation). KOLLIKER (1865) appears to have been the first to make a critical study of the spicules of this genus. His definition, freely translated, is as follows: “Axis commonly without layers, radiately striated. Calyces when evident, low warts. Spicules of the caenenchyma warty double spheres and double spindles. .07 to .1 mm. in length Polyp spicules are spindles .13 mm. long. 7 StUDER (1878) accepts the genus as originally defined by VALencıennes, and in 1887 he formally defined the genus as follows: “Gorgonella Milne Edwards et Haime. Colonie mannigfach in einer Ebene verzweigt, oft durch Anastomosen der Zweige ein Netzwerk bildend. Kelche niedrig warzenförmig an zwei Seiten der Äste angeordnet. Achse lamellös, radienstreifig. Im Coenenchym warzige Doppelkugeln und Doppelspindeln'. Wricut and STuDER (1889) define the genus practically as just quoted. Hickson (1905) points out the difficulty in distinguishing between Gorgonella and Verrucella. The definition adopted for the present work will be as follows: Colony flabellate, often reticulate; calyces low dome-shaped, or low truncated cones; calyces on two or three sides of the branches, usually the former except on ultimate branches ; coenenchyma thin; axis solidly calcareous, without horny lamella; spicules double heads, girdled spindles and true spindles. The type species of this genus is Gorgonella sarmentosa (Lamarck). Other known species are Gorgonella bianci Koch, G. distans Studer, G. granulata Esper, G. miniacea W. and S., G. orientalis W. and S., G. stricta (Lamk.), G. sarmentosa (Lamk.), G. umbella (Esper), G. umbraculum (Ellis and Solander), G. verriculate Milne Edw. and Haime, and the new species of the Siboga collection. The writer believes that Nicella reticulata and N. pustulosa of Tuomson and Simpson (Aleyonarians of the Indian Ocean, Vol. 2, 1909, pp. 266, 267) should be included in the Genus Gorgonella. Their spicules are typical of that genus rather than of Neced/a. 1. Gorgonella orientalis Wright and Studer. Gorgonella orientalis Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 161. Statmee Aus 287291124258. 01B. 57. meters, Stat. 305. Mid channel in Solor Strait off Kampong Menanga. 113 meters, Stas OOmoL 27 STE T22 Ar Er 247. meters. Siac lOm 8,3050, Oe 71.5 EB. 7a meters. Colony (fragmentary) flabellate and reticulate in form. The specimen described is the terminal part of a branch of a colony that was probably much larger. Height 6.1 cm., diameter 5.6cm. The central branch is connected by numerous anastomoses with two others, one on each side. The diameter of the largest branch is 2.5 mm. This forks 4 mm. above its proximal end and each of the resulting branches gives off several lateral branchlets that anastomose freely with branchlets from other branches. Ultimate branchlets from 1.5 mm. to 9 mm. apart. The calyses are distributed on three sides of the branches, are thickly emplanted, and have a tendency to a lateral arrangement. There is no evident longitudinal furrow or ridge on the branches. The individual calyces are rather low, dome-shaped verrucae with evenly rounded summits and with their walls often contiguous. Their distal ends show a faintly indicated rosette or star-shaped pattern, not nearly so evident as in Verrucella. A typical calyx measures .g mm. in height and has a diameter of 1.8mm. The walls are remarkably thick and tough, consisting 8 of a dense mass of spicules immersed in a tough matrix of connective tissue. The polyps are completely retractile and the upper surfaces of the tentacles are encrusted with spicules, many of which are transversely placed. The axis is hard, calcareous and without corneous layers. Spicules. These are double heads and girdled spindles whose surfaces are covered with verrucae which are often in whorls and not so massed together as in Nzce/la. There are also true symmetrical spindles with pointed ends and regular whorls of verruc&; and many intergradations between the double heads and girdled spindles, and between the latter and true symmetrical spindles. A few crosses are also seen. Color. The colony is yellowish brown in color, ocraceous in places, and also shows areas of grayish brown. The polyps are colorless in alcohol. General distribution. The type locality is the ZZyalonema ground, off Japan. 345 fathoms. This specimen is referred with some hesitation to this species. Taking into account the changes in form of the calyces in different stages of contraction it agrees fairly well with the original description. 2. Gorgonella umbraculum (Ellis and Solander). Gorgonia umbraculum Ellis and Solander. Natural History of Zoophytes, 1787, p. 80. Gorgonia umbraculum Lamouroux. Exposition Methodique, 1821, p. 34. Rhipidigorgia umbraculum Valenciennes. Comptes rendus, Acad. Sci., Paris, 1855, p. 13. Rhipidigorgia umbraculum Milne Edwards et Haime. Hist. nat. des Coralliaires, 1857, p. 178. Umbracella umbraculum Gray. Proc. Zool. Society of London, 1857, p. 288. Gorgonella umbraculum Verrill. Bull. Museum of Comp. Zool., 1864, p. 37- Gorgonella umbraculum Studer. Alcyonarien aus der Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Museums in Lübeck, 1894, p. 118. Stat. 204. 4°20'S., 122°58’E. 75 to 94 meters. Colony strictly flabellate and reticulate, 15 cm. in height and with a spread of 8.2 cm. Main stem 2.7 cm. long and 2.8 mm. in diameter. At its distal end it breaks up into three branches, one of which forms nearly the whole of the specimen. This branch is fairly symme- trical in itself. Considering it as a colony its main stem is 14 mm. long and 2.6 mm. in diameter, round in section and devoid of calyces. It can be traced for 4.4 cm. before it breaks up and is dissipated in the general network of the colony. It gives off alternate branches which are short or feebly branched, except the upper one which curves upward and outward nearly to the top of the colony, giving off numerous lateral twigs which go to form the reticulate mass. The anastomoses are quite numerous. The ultimate branchlets are very short, and about 3.6 mm. apart, and very slender, being about 1 mm. in diameter. One side of the branched colony is devoid of calyces. The latter are in two alternating rows, but are not strictly lateral being more on the side opposite the nude face, and, if that be regarded as anterior, being antero-lateral in position. 9 The calyces are more like truncated cones than verruce; or, they may be likened to domes with their tops removed. A typical one measures 1.1 mm. in height and 1.5 mm. in diameter. The top is flattened, not rounded as in G. rigzda, and there is a distinct series of 8 lobes around the margin. The dorsal surface of the tentacles bears a number of spicules, “ principally girdled spindles. The coenenchyma is thin, and the axis solidly calcareous. Spicules. These are mostly double heads and girdled spindles, as in the last species. A few small, regular tuberculate spindles and clubs are also seen. The tubercles, although closely set, are usually plainly in whorls on the spindles. Sometimes the girdle is obliterated by such a whorl. Color. The colony is bright scarlet throughout. General distribution. The type locality is Batavia; East Indies in general. 3. Gorgonella delicatula new species. (Plate I, figs. 2, 2a; Plate X, fig. 1). ZN) Stat. 257. In Duroa Straits, Kei Islands. To 52 meters. Specimens fragmentary, the largest being a flabellate branch, incomplete at both ends, 5.4 cm. long. The main branch is curved in a very open “S”, and gives off seven branchlets from one side, four of which are compound; and four branches from the other side, three of which are compound. The branchlets give off ultimate twigs in an irregularly alternate manner. The main branch is but 1.2 mm. in diameter, and the ultimate twigs about .5 mm. The latter are usually regularly curved. The calyces are lateral and alternate in position. The individual calyces are very low rounded verruce, a typical one measuring .5 mm. in height and 1.1 mm. in diameter at the base They are about 1 mm. apart, on the average, and vary greatly in size. The ends of the twigs are swollen, and contain two opposite calyces that are considerably larger than the others. In general, however, the calyces are much smaller than in any other species of this genus in the collection. There are a few minute spicules on the dorsal surfaces of the tentacles, but it is difficult to ascertain their arrangement. The axis is very hard, calcareous, with very deep grooves or impressions of the water- vascular canals. The coenenchyma is thin. Spicules. These are much like those of Gorgonella rigida, consisting of very heavily tuberculated girdled spindles, quite stout, oval in outline and with the girdle often obliterated by the encroachment of the tubercles. The double heads are relatively much less abundant than in other species of the genus in the collection, and regularly tuberculate spindles with the tubercles in whorls seem to be lacking. Color. The colony is bright coral red, distal parts of the calyces yellow and the polyps (in alcohol) white. This species is much more delicate than any other member of the genus that the writer has seen. SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE X13, t 10 4. Gorgonella rigida new species. (Plate I, figs. 3, 3a; Plate X, fig. bo we Stat. 50. Bay of Badjo, West coast of Flores. Up to 40 meters. Stat. 204. 4°20’ S., 122°58° E. 75—04 meters. Stat. 260. 5..36.55.,,132255.23Eg04meters. Stat. 305. Mid channel in Solor Strait off Kampong Menanga. 113 meters. Colony incomplete, the basal portion and two large branches being present, flabellate in form. The root forms a lobular mass growing over a pebble. Main stem to first branch 14 mm. long and 1.9 mm. in diameter, round in section. The first branch is large, and grows outward and then curves downward and outward again, and attains a length of 4.6 cm. It gives off four stiff branchlets from its upper side, three of which give off branchings of the 3" order. Above the first branch the main stem gives off three branches on one side and two on the other. The lower of these latter is a large branch which gives off two branchlets from its lower side (one of which is compound) and three from its upper side (one of which is compound). There are no anastomoses and the branches are all stiff and rigid. One side or face of the branches is devoid of calyces. The calyces are alternate in position, but are not strictly lateral, being turned toward the face of the colony. The distance between calyces is about 1.3 mm. on the average. The axis is densely calcareous. The individual calyces are low, dome-shaped verruc&, one measuring .7 mm. in height and 1.3 mm. in diameter. When the polyp is retracted the calyx mouth is entirely obliterated, not leaving the rosette pattern of lobes often seen in allied forms. The mouth is indicated, however, by a spot of darker red color. The tentacles are heavily spiculated with tuberculate spindles. Spicules. These are double heads, spindles and girdled spindles. All of these are more densely covered with tubercles than is the case in G. orientalis, and the spindles are stouter. Otherwise the spicules are much the same in the two species. Color. The colony is a rather light scarlet, or coral red throughout. The calyx mouths are darker red, verging on crimson. The differences in habit of growth, size of calyces and in the spicules seem sufficient to justify the separation of this form from G. orientalis and other members of the genus. It is near G. distans, Studer, but differs in the disposition of the calyces, which are in three to four rows in G. distans and in thickness of stem and branches. Genus Verrucella Milne Edwards et Haime. Verrucella (in part) Milne Edwards et Haime. Hist. Nat. des Coralliaires, I, 1857, p. 184. Verrucella Duchassaing et Michelotti. Mémoire sur les Coralliaires des Antilles, 1860, p 33- Verrucella Kölliker. Icones Histiologice, II, 1865, p. 140. Verrucella Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, p. 68. Verrucella Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. LXVI. Verrucella Studer. Alcyonaires provenant des Campagnes de l’Hirondelle, 1901, p. 54. Verrucella Delage et Herouard. Traité des Zoologie concrete, II, 2, 1901, p. 429. Il Verrucella Hickson. Alcyonaria of the Maldives, 1905, p. 817. Verrucella Nutting. Descriptions of Hawaiian Alcyonaria, 1908, p. 597. The original definition of this genus is as follows: “Polypieroide trés rameux, sclerenchyme assez épais. Calyces a bords verruciformes trés- saillants’’. DucHassaınG et MIcHELLOTTI (1860) accept the genus, but do not define it. KÖLLIKER (1865) restricts the genus by separating from it Juncella gemmacea (Verrucella gemmacea Milne Edwards) and is the first to give careful attention to the spicules. A free translation of his definitiod follows: “Axis calcareous, without lamella. Calyces very pronounced warts. The strongly calca- reous bases of the tentacles forming an 8-rayed star within calyx opening. Spicules of the coenenchyma beset with rounded and conical verruc&; double heads with transitions to double and simple spindles (in two species with little thorny double stars). Polyp spicules flattened, small warty spindles and double spindles .12 to .20 mm. long, also found in the coenenchyma, besides many small simple spindles”. STUDER (1887) and Wricur and STUDER (1889) adopt the definition of KÖrLıkEr without material change. I find no subsequent discussion of the genus which adds anything of impor- tance as to generic characters. The definition adopted for the present work is simply a condensation and modification of that given by Körrsıker, as follows: Gorgonellide with calcareous, usually homogeneous axis; colony variously branched but never simple; calyces verruciform, their distal portions rounded and including an 8-rayed star formed by the heavily spiculated tentacle bases. Spicules mainly double heads and girdled spindles intergrading with simple spindles. The type species of this genus is hard to determine. The first species named by MILNE Epwarps and Harmer is Verrucella violacea; but this species is correctly regarded by KÖLLIkErR as not belonging to the genus or family, but to the family Gorgonid&. This being the case it seems safer to the present writer to indicate as the type Verrucella guadeloupensis Duch. et Mich., which conforms strictly to the definition of the genus and is the first species mentioned by KöLLıkEr who was the first to define the genus according to modern methods. Other species are Verrucella bicolor Nutting, V. candida Ridley, V. flexuosa (Lamarck), ? V. furcata (Lamarck), F. granifera Kölliker, V. guernei Studer, V’. ruéra Thomson and Henderson and the new species about to be described. 1. Verrucella rubra Thomson and Henderson. Verrucella rubra Thomson and Henderson. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Report, The Alcyonaria, 1905, p. 314. SEES LOS ZO/ SE MIO 7. 73) meters: Colony (incomplete) sparingly branched in a straggling manner, 19.5 cm. high. Stem and branches of about equal diameter (1.5 mm.) troughout. The stem forks about 2.4 cm. from its proximal end. One of the resultant branches sends off a very short simple branchlet 1:2 2.8 cm. from its orgin. The remainder of this branch is simple and 9.2 cm. long. The other main branch gives origin to two branchlets, one of which is forked near its end on its inner side and is unbranched throughout its distal 11.6 cm. The stem and branches are round in section and the calyces are entirely included, or so nearly so that the surface seems smooth at first glance. There are, however, very slight swellings that indicate the positions of the polyps. These are mainly lateral in position and tend to form two alternating rows (or one zigzag row) on each side. The front and of the branches are largely devoid or polyps, although they occasionally invade these surfaces. The individual calyces are indicated by very low swellings and by their mouths, which are S-rayed in retraction, as is characteristic of the genus. These mouths are about 1.4 mm. apart on the average. The polyps are so strongly retracted that their characters can hardly be made out. The basal portions of the tentacles are thickly encrusted with warty spindles and have no very definite arrangement. There is a tendency, however, to a longitudinal disposition. A cross section ofa branch shows a fairly thick coenenchyma and an axis which appears to be solidly calcareous without the concentric lamellae of alternating hard and soft layers characteristic of several genera of Gorganellide. Spicules, The outer layer is composed mainly of small very characteristic double heads. The inner coenenchyma is filled with usually larger girdled spindles, terete spindles, a few double crosses and an occasional very small club. Color. The entire colony is of a dull pink color. General distribution. Type locality is in the Gulf of Mannaar. This specimen has a considerable superficial resemblance to certain slender plexaurids. It is a true gorgonellid, however, but with entirely immersed calyces. 2. Verrucella flaviflora new name. (Plate I, figs. 1, ıa.); Stat. 47. Bay of Bima, near South fort. 55 meters. Colony subflabellate in form, 29 cm. in height. The main stem divides dichotomously four times and attains a height of 12.5 cm. Above the basal forking it is round and 3 mm. in diameter. 1.7 cm. above its base it divides into three branches in a curious manner, as if the outer branch were stuck on to where the others fork. The further branching is dichote- mous in the main, but in one large branch it is unilateral, there being six upright and parallel branchlets from one side. The terminal twigs are often quite long, one being about 15 cm. in length. These twigs are flattened, this appearance being exaggerated by the fact that the calyces are bilaterally arranged. A slight elevated ridge or keel is evident on one side of many of the branches, and sometimes this can be seen on both sides. The twigs are 1.7 mm. % 2.2 mm. in cross section. The calyces are all lateral and usually in a single row on each side. They are emplanted, however, alternately toward the front and back of the colony, thus giving the appearance of two rows. They are rather regularly spaced, the distance between them being usually under 1 mm. 13 _ The individual calyces are in the form of truncated cones, often somewhat inclined toward the distal end of the branch, but perhaps quite as frequently directed straight outward. A typical. calyx measures 1.2 mm. in height and 1.7 mm. in diameter at its base. The walls are often transversely corrugated near the base, as if by the strong contraction of the polyps. The margin is divided into eight evident lobes, often giving an appearance characteristic of the genus Verrucella as originally defined. The tentacles are very thickly encrusted with densely tuberculate spindles forming a mosaic of longitudinally disposed spicules. A cross section of a branch shows a fairly thick coenenchyma, large water-vascular canals immersed in the caenenchyma; and an axis cylinder without horny layers, being com- posed entirely of limestone and showing concentric markings. Spicules. The most common form by far is the form that [ have called the girdled spindle, and that other writers often call a double spindle. Often the girdle is invaded by the verruce, and the result is a terete spindle encircled by close set whorls of verruce. Double heads are formed where the two ends of the spicule are rounded in outline. The form ' is a double head which approaches the form of which KO.LiKer calls the “double sphere” the girdled spindle, as that term is used in this work. Ordinary spindles with regular whorls of verruce are sometimes seen, and when one end is more turgid than the other, a club is formed. Color. The colony is a deep scarlet; the polyps tinged yellow by the heavy coat of yellow spicules on the tentacles. This species superficially resembles P/atycau/us on account of the flattening of the branches. It also resembles V. granifera Köll., except in color and measurements of the calyces, V. granifera having calyces .8 mm. in height. 3. Verrucella stellata new species. (Plate II, figs. 1, ıa; Plate X, fig. 3). Stats 3j102 6230 5.) 1197-5 EB: 73) meters: Colony subflabellate in form, branching dichotomously, general habit very slender, loose and straggling, 47 cm. in height. The main stem is 4 mm. in diameter, and forks 10.6 cm. above its base. The main branch on one side has five forkings at distances of 3 cm., 3.8 cm., 4.2 cm., 2.7 cm., and 2.8 cm. Or one might regard the main branch as sinuous, bearing five branchlets on its upper surface, all of the branchlets being dichotomously branched from one to four times. The branches are 3 mm. in diameter at their bases, and the ultimate twigs 1.5 mm. in diameter and sometimes attaining a length of 17 cm., the whole colony being much more delicate and slender than either of the other species examined. The caenenchyma is thin. The calyces are very small scarcely evident verrucee disposed on all sides of the branches except on proximal portions, where they are scattered or absent. There are none on the stem. There are four rows of calyces, including all sides of the branch which the rows encircle in ! Icones Histiologice, II, p. 140, Pl. XVIII, fig. 42. 14 a poorly marked spiral. There are no evident median bare spaces or grooves, and the calyces are much more distant than in other species of this genus in the collection. They are more sparsely scattered over the front and back than on the sides of the branches. The individual calyces are low, dome-shaped verruce with their openings directed out- ward, not inward nor upward, as in Yancella. A typical one measures 1.5 mm. in diameter at the base and about .7 mm. in height. The apertures are star-like owing to the lobed mar- gins below which the tentacle bases form a star-shaped figure, the tentacles themselves being infolded. The polyp bodies are short and stout, and their upper portions bear numerous small spicules transversely disposed. The tentacle bases are encrusted with spicules so as to form a sort of pseudo-operculum in retraction. A cross section of one of the larger branches shows a denser structure of the axis than in Yemce//a, but there is still a very distinct appearance of lamination. The water-vascular canals are very regularly disposed around the axis and a short distance outside of it. In a longitudinal section of a part of a branch round and regular openings are seen in the walls of the primary canals, and these communicate with the body cavities of the polyps. Spicules. These are quite characteristic of the genus Verrzcella. The most common forms are small, densely tuberculate double heads, the heads being separated by a narrow girdle. This girdle is often obliterated, forming oval densely tuberculate spindles. True tuber- culate clubs are also found, as well as regular spindles. All possible gradations between the heads, clubs and spindles are found. Color. The colony is a lively coral red throughout. Genus Ctenocella Valenciennes. Ctenocella Valenciennes. Comptes rendus, XLI, 1855, p. 14. Ctenocella Milne Edwards et Haime. Hist. Nat. des Coralliaires, 1857, p. 185. Ctenocella Ridley. Zoological Collections of H.M. S. Alert, 1884, p. 348. Ctenocella Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, p. 68. Ctenocella Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. LXVI. The original description of the genus Ctenoce//a is as follows: “Le sclérobase s’allongeant en baguettes droites et pectinées d’un seul cote de la tige principale”. MıLnE Epwarps and Haime (1857) define the genus as follows: “Polypieroide s’allongeant en baguettes droites et pectinées d’un seul coté” STUDER (1887) gives an adequate definition of the genus which is freely translated as follows: “Colony peculiarly pectinate, the twigs springing as unbranched upright switches from the upper sides of the branches. Calyces not prominent, on two sides of the branchlets. An evident median furrow is present (on the branches). The spicules are warty double clubs’, those of the calyces being, according to RıprEy, distinct from those of the coenenchyma, being ! These spicules would be called “double heads” in the nomenclature adopted in the present work. 15 longer and with two or three whorls of tubercles. The middle whorl is in the centre of the spicule, so that the middle zone, so characteristic of the spicules of the coenenchyma, is here absent''. This seems to have been the last formal definition of the genus, that of Wricur and STUDER in the Challenger Report (1889) being merely a translation of it, and may well stand as a characterization of the genus for our present purposes. The type, and only known species is Cienocella pectinata (Pallas). 1. Ctenocella pectinata (Pallas). Gorgonia pectinata Pallas. Elenchus Zoophytorum, 1766, p. 179. Gorgonia pectinata Ellis and Solander. Natural History of Zoophytes, 1786, p. 85. Gorgonia pectinata Lamouroux. Histoire des Polypiers coralligenes flexibles, 1816, p. 416. Ctenocella pectinata Valenciennes. Comptes rendus, XLI, 1855, p. 14. Ctenocella pectinata Milne Edwards et Haime. Histoire Naturelle des Coralliaires, 1857, p. 185. Ctenocella pectinata Gray. Catalogue Lithophytes in the Collections of the British Museum 1870, p. 26. Gorgonella pectinata Kölliker. Icones Histiologice, II, 1865, p. 140. Ctenocella pectinata Studer. Monatsbericht der Königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1878, p. 657. Ctenocella pectinata Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonarien, 1887, p. 68. Ctenocella pectinata Saville Kent. Great Barrier Reef of Australia, 1893, p. 200. Ctenocella pectinata Studer. Alcyonarien aus der Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Museums in Lübeck, 1894, p. I19. ’ Stat. 273. Anchorage off Pulu Jedan, East coast of Aru Islands. 13 meters. Stat. 299. 10°52.4S., 123°1.1E. Cyrus Bay, Rotti Island. 34 meters. *Dutch South New Guinea. Dr. J. W. R. Kocu leg. 1904. Like many other well known and striking forms this species seems not to have received detailed description. Colony 21 cm. high and with a spread of 37.5 cm. The main stem is 2 cm. long and with a diameter of 5 mm. The main branches into which the stem forks extend almost hori- zontally outward proximally and then curve gradually upward in their distal portions. They have a basal diameter of 4 mm. and the longest one is 22.5 cm. in length. The branchlets are erect, strictly unilateral, parallel and usually simple. Occasionally, however, they are forked, and the proximal one on each branch bears ultimate branchlets which are also erect and parallel. The branchlets have an average diameter of about 2.3 mm., are closely set, regularly spaced and average about 4 to 5mm. apart. The longest one is 14cm. long. There are 33 branchlets on one branch and 34 on the other. The median bare space is not well marked on the front and back of the branches, the calyces being distributed on all sides but more sparsely on the front. The idividual calyces are very low verrucae, often practically obsolete, and their openings are often so tightly closed as to be invisible. When not closed they are seen to be not at the summit of the verruce but exentric and often lateral, opening toward the side of the calyx, or inclined distally. The calyces are small, and so low that their dimensions can not 16 well be ascertained on account of there being no line of demarcation between their walls and the general surface of the coenenchyma. Another specimen, from Station 299, has more pro- minent verrucee, a typical one measuring ı.2 mm. in height and 1.5 mm. in diameter at base. It is papilliform, inclined distally and has a terminal aperture. The polyps are very small and have a few spicules on the their upper parts, included the tentacle bases. Spicules. These are nearly all very compact double heads densely covered and with a very narrow girdle. There are also many stout spindles approaching an oval form and without any girdle. A few clubs are seen and an occassional small slender spindle probably from the polyps. Color. The specimen described is a dull, dark red. Others are a creamy white, the species being apparently dichromatic. General distribution. This species is widely distributed in the Indian Ocean and the East Indian region in general, Chinese Seas, and Australian region. The largest specimen of this species in the collection is from Station 273. It is one meter in diameter and creamy white in color. Genus Juncella Valenciennes. Funcella (in part) Valenciennes. Comptes rendus a l’Acad. Paris, XLI, p. 14. Funcella Milne Edwards et Haime. Histoire Naturelle des Coralliaires, I, 1857, p. 186. Funcella Kölliker. Icones Histiologic, II, 1865, p. 140. Funcella Studer. Monatsbericht der Königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1878, p. 655. Funcella Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, p. 67. Funcella Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. LXV. Funcella Studer. Alcyonarien aus der Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Museums in Liibeck, 1894, p. 116. Funcella Delage et Hérouard. Traité de Zoologie concrete, II, 2, 1901, p. 429. Funcella Hickson. The Alcyonaria of the Maldives, 1905, p. 818. Funcella Thomson and Simpson. Alcyonaria of the Indian Ocean, II, 1909, p. 269. It is very difheult if not quite impossible to distinguish surely between the genera Scirpearea and Funcella of the earlier writers. The original definition of the genus Fancella is as follows: “A tiges droites en baguettes, couvertes de cellules polypiferes éparses sur la sclérobase’’. Mırne Epwarps and Haime (1857) give practically the same definition, somewhat con- densed. They include in the genus Juncella juncea Val., ¥. vimen Val. (= Gorgonia Funcea Ellis and Solander), 7. hystrix Val., and ¥. elongata (Pallas). KOLLIKER (1865) defines the genus as indicated in the following translation: “Axis with alternating layers of horny and calcareous material. Part of the surface of the stem also pure limestone. Calyces reasonably well developed. Spicules of the coenenchyma partly warty double heads and partly clubs and double stars .o5 to .1 mm. long. Polyp spicules small spindles”. This writer includes in the genus Juncella juncea (Esper) and 7. gemmacea (Valenciennes). Gray (Proceedings Zoological Society of London, 1859) divides the genus into several 17 genera, i.e. Juncella, Ellisella, Vimenella and ? Helicella, a step in which he has not been followed by later writers. STUDER (1878) found that this perplexing group could be divided into two subordinate groups on the basis of the spicules, one group having an outer layer of clubs and an inner layer of double clubs, the other group being characterized by double clubs and spindles. By using this feature and certain characters of the calyces he arrived at a definition of the genus Funcella which may be translated as follows: “Stem simple or dichotomously branched; calyces moderately or strongly exserted, club-shaped. Coenenchyma thick, with an outer layer of clubs beneath which is a layer of double clubs”. This author includes in the genus as thus defined Yuncella juncea (Pallas), F. flexilis Studer, 7. gemmacea (Valenciennes) and (provisionally) ¥. vzmen Val. and ¥. evis Verrill. Later (1887) the same writer uses practically the same definition, but adds that the “Calyces are in two lateral rows’, a character that does not hold, although repeated by Wricut and STUDER (1889). Hickson (1905) discusses the genus at some length and points out clearly the great difficulty in difining the genera of this family. He combines the genera Funcella and Zllisella of previous writers in the one genus Juzcella. He would thus include about ten species in the genus. Four of these (Fumncella elongata Val., Ellisella calamus Studer, E. maculata Studer, and Juncella spiralis Hickson) the present writer would not admit in the genus, using the very characters pointed out by Hickson, i.e. the presence or absence of club-shaped spicules. THomson and Simpson (1909) do not attempt to define the genus or to place the large collection of Funcella and its allies at their disposal in their proper genera or species. A course which they explain as follows: “At the same time we refrain from multiplying species without some sound basis of classification. This we hope to supply in a future study”. The present writer, while naturally appalled by a task from which such able authorities shrink, feels that it is possible to make at least some progress in defining this perplexing group, and particularly that the genus Fancella itself is capable of being fairly well seperated from allied genera such as Zilisella and Scirpeared/a. He therefore suggests the following definition for the genus Funcella: Colony simple or branched, never anastomosing and usually dichotomous when branched. Calyces usually on all sides of the colony, (except in young specimens where they are lateral) often leaving a bare space on two opposite sides of the branches, papillate or club-shaped, inclined distally, capable of partial retraction along with the strongly retracted polyp. Spicules in an outer layer of club-stars with club end beset with distally directed spines underneath which is a thick coenenchyma with very numerous double heads and double stars. Axis cylinder with concentric layers of horny and calcareous matter. The type species of this genus is Juncella juncea (Pallas). Other known species are F. barbadensis Wright and Studer, ¥ flageldum Johnston, F. flexilis Studer?, F. fragilis Ridley, ¥ gemmacea Valenciennes, 7. racemosa Wright and Studer, 7. frilineata Thomson and Herderson, and the new species described beyond. SIROGA-EXPEDITIE X11 63, w 18 A number of other forms have been ascribed to this genus, but they are so inadequately discribed as to make it impracticable to locate them properly. 1. Juncella juncea (Pallas). (Plate III, figs. 1—4). Gorgonia juncea Pallas. Elenchus Zoophytorum, 1766, p. 180. Gorgonia juncea Lamarck. Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert., 1816, p. 325. Gorgonia juncea Ellis and Solander. Natural History of Zoophytes, 1786, p. 8t. Gorgonia juncea Pallas. Characteristic der Thierpflanzen, 1787, p. 226. Gorgonia juncea Lamouroux. Hist. Polypes coral. flexibles, 1816, p. 419. Gorgonia juncea Lamarck. Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert., 1836, p. 499. Gorgonia juncea Valenciennes. Comptes rendus, XLI, 1855, p. 14. Funcella juncea Milne Edwards et Haime. Histoire Naturelle des Coralliaires, I, 1057, ,P-180.% Helicella juncea Gray. Proceedings Zool. Society London, 1857, p. 481. Funcella juncea Verrill. Bulletin Museum Comparative Zoology, 1864, p. 37. Funcella juncea Kölliker. Icones Histiologice, II, 1865, p. 140. Funcella juncea Gray. Catalogue Lithophytes Brit. Museum, 1870, p. 25. Funcella juncea Studer. Monatsbericht der Königl. Akad. der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1883, p. 253. Funcella juncea Ridley. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series V, Vol. XI, 1883, p. 253. Funcella juncea Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 158. Funcella gemmacea Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 158. Funcella juncea Studer. Alcyonarien aus der Sammlung des Naturhist. Museums in Lübeck, 1894, p. 116. Funcella juncea Hickson. Alcyonaria of the Maldives, 1905, p. 820. Funcella juncea Thomson and Henderson. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Report, Alcyonaria, 1905, p. 314. Funcella juncea Thomson and Crane. Alcyonarians from Okhamandal and Kittiawar, 1909, p. 133. It is altogether likely that several described forms, where the description was based on young colonies (as was probably the case with several included in the above synonymy), should be included here. Stat. 50. Bay of Badjo, West coast of Flores. Up to 40 meters. Stat. 60. Haingsisi, Samau Island near Timor. 23 meters. Stat. 66. Bank between Islands of Bahuluwang and Tambolungan, south of Saleyer. 8 to IO meters. Stat. 162. Between Loslos and Broken Islands, West coast of Salawatti. 18 meters. Stat. 164. 1°42'.5S., 130°47'.5 E. Near New Guinea. 32 meters. Stat. 240. Banda Anchorage. 9 to 45 meters. Stat. 250. Anchorage off Kilsuin, West coast of Kur Island. 20—45 meters. Stat. 258. Tual Anchorage, Kei Islands. 22 meters. Stat. 273. Anchorage off Pulu Jedan, East coast of Aru Islands. 13 meters. Stat. 282. 8°25'.2S., 1279184 E. 27—54 meters. Stat. 310. 8°30'S., 119°7'.5 E. Flores Sea. 73 meters. Stat. 315. Anchorage East of Sailus Besar, Paternoster Islands. Up to 36 meters. Colony unbranched, 64 cm. long. Axis calcareous, rigid proximally and flexible distally, with a round cross section. There is a median dorsal and ventral line which is free from calyces, narrow but evident. The diameter of the colony is 6.6mm., and of the axis 3 mm. The calyces are thickly and evenly emplanted on all sides of the colony, except on the narrow median lines. Their arrangement is hard to make out, but they tend toward oblique rows of 19 eight or nine to the row, extending from the dorsal to the ventral median line. The basal portion of the colony is almost bare of calyces. 10 cm. from the base there are about 6 calyces to the row, although almost the greatest diameter of the colony is here attained. The individual calyces are papillate projections directed distally, but with their adaxial sides appressed to the stem and their mouths turned directly towards the stem, so that they look like fleshy scales with flattened, semicircular free margins. They average about 2.2 mm. long and .8 mm. in diameter. Their distal ends are often somewhat furrowed longitudinally, but this is not constant. There are also often pronounced grooves which are vertical and appear on the sides of the calyces. These are sometimes so pronounced as to give the margin the appearance of being trilobed, the middle lobe being much the largest. The calyx opening proper is entirely concealed in the preserved specimens by being turned directly toward the stem, leaving merely a curved, slit-like opening between the outer calyx wall and the coenen- chyma of the stem. The inner or adaxial wall is very short and thin compared with the outer, and is entirely covered by the latter. The polyps are very small, resembling those of /szs hippuris. They are so strongly retracted and so difficult to separate from the mass of small spicules of the fleshy calyx that is is exceedingly difficult to ascertain their characters.. The mass of retracted tentacles is bent at an angle with the basal part, the latter being at right angles to the axis and the former inclined toward it. The polyp body has its walls thickly strewn with small oval or lenticular spicules and clubs, the former being probably undeveloped clubs, some of which extend to the dorsal surface of the tentacles. A section across the stem shows: 1. A layer of club-stars with their club ends directed towards, and forming the surface of the colony. 2. A very thick ccenenchyma filled with similar clubs in the outer portions intergrading with symmetrical double heads and double stars in the inner parts. 3. A series of small round openings of the primary water-vascular canals symmetrically disposed a short distance outside of the axis. 4. The axis cylinder, composed of a series of concentric lamella of calcareous matter alter- nating with horny layers within which is a practically solid core of calcareous matter. A longitudinal section shows that the polyps communicate with the water-vascular canals by definite round openings rather regularly disposed in the walls of the canals. Spicules. These are all very minute and symmetrical. Those of the superficial layer of the ccenenchyma are club-stars, showing a distal clavate end truly club-shaped, covered with thorny points directed distally. Below this spiny portion is a perfectly smooth shank of much less diameter. The proximal end of the spicule shows a number of radiating points forming a many-rayed star, or a head with numerous pointed rays symmetrically disposed on all sides. They intergrade with the double stars or double heads which pack the inner portions of the coenenchyma. These are beautifully symmetrical, minute spicules with a many-rayed head at each end and a median perfectly smooth girdle. The outer spicules are yellow, while the re) 20 double heads are mostly colorless. Small oval or lenticular spicules are found on the polyp bodies and smaller ones in the tentacles. These intergrade with the club-stars, many of which are found in the polyp walls. Color. The colony described is a coral red. The exterior of the axis is olive and the interior is white. Spicules yellow and white. Other specimens are yellow. General distribution. The type locality is the Indian Ocean. It has also been reported, probably erroneously, from the West Indies. It seems to have a wide range in the East Indies. This species is typically dichromatic, red and yellow colonies of apparently the same age and from the same station being found. Other specimens are nearly white, in alcohol. Still others are salmon color, and some are deep crimson. A specimen about 5 cm. long from station 164 is found with others much larger. It has the calyces laterally disposed and resembles some of the so-called species described as new by previous writers. This intergrades completely with typical specimens as described above, and from the same station. There seems no doubt that a number of specific descriptions have been based on young specimens. 2. Funcella gemmacea (Valenciennes). Plate IV, figs. 1, 1a. Gorgonia gemmacea Valenciennes. Manuscript in coll. of Museum, Paris, (fide Wright and Studer). Funcella vimen Valenciennes. Comptes rendus, XLI, 1856, p. 14. Verrucella gemmacea Milne Edwards et Haime. Histoire Naturelle des Coralliaires, I, 1857, p. 185. Funcella gemmacea Kolliker. Icones Histiologice, 1865, p. 140. Ellisella gemmacea Gray. Catalogue Lithophytes British Museum, 1870, p. 26. Funcella gemmacea Klunzinger. Corallenthiere des Rothen Meeres, I, 1877—79, p. 53- Funcella gemmacea Studer. Monatsbericht der Königl. Akad. der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1878, p. 659. Funcella gemmacea Ridley. Collection H. M. S. Alert, Alcyonaria, 1884, p. 346. Funcella gemmacea Wright and Studer, Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 158. Funcella gemmacea Thomson and Henderson. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Report, Alcyonaria, NGOs, job Ble. Stat. 273. Anchorage off Pulu Jedan, East coast of Aru Islands. 13 meters. Stat) 2995 Wate 102427453, 123 mE afemekers: Colony subflabellate in form, attaining a height of 23.5 cm. The first forking occurs 4.5 cm. above the base. Each of the resulting branches forks about 3.5 cm. above its origin. The whole colony is regularly dichotomous in its branching, branchings of the 10! order being attained. The average distance between forkings is perhaps 2 cm., although there is considerable variation in this respect. As in many other cases of dichotomous branching it is possible to regard the branchlets as all springing from one side of a sinuous branch. This is true in some but not all of the branches. The writer thinks it possible that Fancella racemosa Wright and Studer (Challenger Report, p. 159) is this species, and that these authors have taken this view of what I believe to be dichotomous branching. The basal part of the stem is devoid of coenenchyma, the axis being 3.2 mm. in 21 diameter. The largest branch is nearly round in section and 4.5 mm. in diameter. This diameter is fairly well maintained throughout the median portions of the colony. In general there is a tendency to a flattening of the branches, although this is due more to the median grooves, which extend in the mid-anterior and mid-posterior surfaces of all of the branches, than to any real flattening of the branches. The terminal twigs are from 2.8 cm. to 7 cm. in length. The calyces are evenly and thickly distributed on all sides of the branches except along the narrow but evident median lines, resembling in their distribution those of species of Zumtcea, for instance; being so closely packed as to be usually contiguous. In some places they show a strong tendency to an arrangement in spirals or oblique rows. On twigs they are arranged in oblique rows of three or four on each side. The individual calyces are stout club-shaped, with their distal swollen portions abruptly bent toward the branch and their apertures facing the latter. A typical one measures a trifle over 2 mm. in height and 1.3 mm. in its greatest diameter. The adcauline wall is less than 1 mm. in height. In lateral view a slight appearance of lobulation of the margins is seen. The tentacles are armed with small club-shaped spicules. A cross section of the axis shows much the same features as in ¥. juncea, except that there is a less symmetrical and regular alternation of calcareous and horny rings, the appear- ance being more like that of the outer portions of the axis of Plexaurella. Spicules. These are mainly of two sorts, which however intergrade. 1st a double headed spicule with one head like a many-rayed star and the other oval or almost equally round, but with distally directed imbricating spines. These intergrade completely with typical double stars, much less numerous than the double heads. Color. The colony is a light tan, or yellowish brown. General distribution. The type locality is the Red Sea. Also reported from Ceylon and the Indian Ocean. 3. Funcella racemosa Wright and Studer. Funcella racemosa Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 159. Funcella racemosa Thomson and Simpson. Alcyonaria of the Indian Ocean, II, 1909, p. 268. Stat OG. 02 7.5 N., 120-26 E. 16—23 meters. StatamlonwieA2 Short 30r4 7.5 E. 32 meters. Stat. 258. Tual Anchorage, Kei Islands. 22 meters. Stat2 0053025155, 1927 051.2,E..90, meters: Staten OWEN LTO. 71.5 Er 73, meters: Colony subflabellate, straggling in habit, 38 cm. in height, branching dichotomously. The first forking is 7 cm. above the base. The main stem is mostly decorticated and has, a diameter of 3,3 mm. The branches are dichotomous, or unilateral according to interpretation !, 1 It seems to the writer that there is much confusion over this point. He would call the branching unilateral when the main branch is straight (not undulating) and bears branchlets on one side only. When the main branch is regularly undulating and sends forth branches from the knees of the undulations the branching is dichotomous. As a good illustration of the former Céenoce//a may be cited, while the present species is an excellent illustration of the latter. to to branchings of the fifth order being sometimes attained. The distance between branches varies from 5.5 cm. to 3.5 cm. thus averaging much more than in the preceding species. The ter- minal twigs are much longer, reaching a length of 16 cm. The diameter of the branches varies from 3 mm. to 2 mm. near tips of branches. The median grooves are evident on the proximal parts of the colony, but are almost obliterated on the distal parts. The calyces are emplanted on all sides of the branches, and are in oblique rows of 3 to 5, although the rows are often obscured by younger calyces being intercalated between the older and larger ones. In some places the calyces on one side of the branch are inclined upward, while those on the other side are inclined downward; but this is exceptional. The individual calyces are club-shaped, prominent, with their distal ends enlarged and inclined toward the branch. The aperture seems in general to be more strictly terminal than in other species and less inclined to face the branch. This, however, may be largely due to the stage of contraction of the polyp. A typical calyx measures 1.6 mm. in length and 1.2 mm. in diameter. There is a slight appearance of lobulation around the margin. The dorsal surfaces of the tentacles are armed with small, often bar-like spindles transversely disposed. A cross section of a branch shows that the caenenchyma is rather thick and the axis is composed of many concentric and interrupted rings of calcareous and horny material alter- nately disposed. The water-vascular canals are symmetrically disposed arround the axis, but some distance outside of it. Spicules. These are of two kinds characteristic of the genus. The club-stars have the club ends more slender, as a rule, than in the last species, and simple clubs are rather common. Typical double stars are rare. Double crosses are also found, as well as an occasional simple spindle. Color. The colony is a bright coral red throughout. The polyps are white. General distribution. Type locality off Japan, 345 fathoms. This species is also found in the Indian Ocean. The specimens referred to this species are identified with some doubt, but the one described agrees fairly well with the original description, particularly as regards spiculation, manner of growth and the calyces. THomson and Simpson regard Yuncella miniacea as a synonym for this species. 4. Fucella sanguinea new species (Plate V, figs. 1, 1a; Plate X, fig. 4). Stat. 258. Tual Anchorage, Kei Islands. 22 meters. Stat. 299. 10°52'.4S., 123°1'.1 E. 34 meters. Colony (incomplete) subflabellate in form and attaining a height of 37.5 cm. The speci- men consists apparently of one of the main branches of a much larger colony. The branching is partly dichotomous and partly irregular. The main stem, or branch, is 4 mm. in diameter and its first forking is 3.5 cm. above its base. The resultant branches are quite irregular, the smaller one giving off branchlets from the outer side only, while the larger one is dichotomously 22 Re) branched. The distance between branchings is from 6.8cm. to 9 mm. (on distal parts). The polyps are regularly and thickly emplanted on all sides of the branches, there being but a slight indication of median grooves on the anterior and posterior surfaces; but more thickly on the distal than on the proximal parts of the colony. They are arranged in somewhat irregular diagonal rows of about four to each row, reaching from back to front of the colony. The individual calyces are much as in the last species, being club-shaped with their openings turned toward the branch and often pressed against it. A typical calyx measure 2.8 mm. in height and 1.3 mm. in greatest diameter. The adcauline wall is about 1.3 mm. long, the calyx being less extensively appressed to the branch than in ¥% gemmacea. The oral end shows a small central aperture surrounded by eight rather shallow lobes. I am unable to detect any spicules on the tentacles. A cross section of the axis near the base shows a distinct difference from other species of the genus examined. There is no central core of homogenious consistency, but the whole axis is made up of interwoven calcareous and horny material, very much as is represented by KÖLLiker in his figure of the axis of 7. gemmacea'. Spicules. These are much as in the last species, being almost exclusively of two types, the most common being double heads or rather club-stars according to the nomenclature adopted in this work. The second form is a typical double star. I can find no true spindles except some very minute ones which I suppose to be young spicules. Color. The colony is deep crimson throughout. The axis has an olive green cast and the polyps are white. This species is closely allied to 7. gemmacea. It differs, however, in being more robust in habit, in the size and shape of the calyces, in having no tentacular spicules, and in color. This last character, however, would not, alone, be a sufficient one to justify us in regarding it as distinct. It differs from ¥. racemosa in size of calyces and in the character of the spicules. Note on the genus Scirpearea. The writer has already (p. 5) given his reasons for regarding this genus untenable. He is further of the opinion that the species heretofore included in Scirpearea could be acom- modated in other genera. Some of these species could be placed in Yencella, and such species as Scirpearea furcata Hickson” could go into the genus Sczrfearel/a as defined by WRIGHT and STUDER. Genus Scirpearella Wright and Studer. Scirpearella Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 154. Scirpearella Delage et Herouard. Traité de Zoologie Concréte, Tome II, 2me Partie, 1901, p. 429. ! Icones Histiologice, II, 1865, plate XIV, fig. 4. ® Aleyonaria of the Maldives, II, 1905, p. 822 24 The original definition of this genus is as follows: “Colony simple or very feebly branched. Axis calcareous, brittle, smooth or symmetrically grooved on the surface. Polyps arranged in spirals or sometimes in rows on the stem; tentacles and upper portion of the polyps retractile within prominent verruc&. Coenenchyma moderately thick, with spiny spindles and double clubs forming a roughened outer layer’. The mode of branching does not seem to be a good generic character in this group, and is not available for this genus. The spicules, according to the figures given by WRIGHT and STUDER (Plate XXXIV, figs. 5, 6, 7 and 8) are seldom true donble clubs.. This is also true of the species in the Siboga collection. The forms called “double clubs’ by WRIGHT and SruperR would be called double heads by the present writer who would define the genus as follows: Gorgonellide which are variously branched, but in no known case reticulate. Calyces arranged in spirals or oblique rows in adult colonies, but opposite in young colonies, low ver- rucee or domes capable of retracting with the polyps. Spicules mostly double heads and girdled spindles, but simple spindles and a few clubs are also found. The type of this species is Scirpearella profunda Wright and Studer. Other known species are Scirpearella aurantiaca Thomson and Henderson, S. adivisa Thomson and Hen- derson, S. gracilis Wright and Studer, S. zudica Hickson, S. moniliformis Wright and Studer, S. rubra Wright and Studer, S. (Seirpearea) furcata (Hickson) and the new species des- cribed beyond. 1. Scirpearella rubra Wright and Studer (Plate VI, figs. 1—5). Scirpearella rubra Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 157. Stat. 60. Haingsisi, Samau Island near Timor. 23 meters. Stat. 80. 2°25’S., 117°43’ E. 50—4o meters. Stat. o1. Muaras Reef, inner side, East coast of Borneo. Up to 54 meters. Stat. 133. Anchorage off Lirung, Salibabu Island. Up to 36 meters. Stat. 164. 1°42'.5 S., 130°47'.5 E. 32 meters. Stat. 204. 4°20'S., 122°58'E. From 75 to 94 meters. Stat. 240. Banda Anchorage. g—45 meters. Stat. 258. Tual Anchorage, Kei Islands. 22 meters. Stat. 260. 5°36'.5S., 132°55'.2 E. 90 meters. Stat. 305. Mid Channel in Solor Strait, off Kampong Menanga. 113 meters. Stat: 310. 8230, 5:, 119027..5E. 73, meters: Colony an unbranched stem (incomplete) 125 cm. long. Diameter near proximal end 6 mm., near distal end 4 mm., near middle 7 mm. The calyces are arranged in more or less regular spirals around all sides of the stem, there being usually from seven to ten calyces in a spiral, a little more than 2 mm. apart on the average. Proximally they are much more distant, distally somewhat more closely approximated. Near the distal end one side of the colony shows a rather broad bare band, but this is not evident on most of the stem. On the proximal part there is a tendency to show two such bands, frequently invaded however, on Opposite sides of the colony. 25 The individual calyces are in the shape of a reversed horn or curved cone, the sum- mit being curved upward and the opening being directed upward, or upward and a little outward. A typical calyx measures 2.7 mm. in height and 2.8 mm. in diameter at base. Near the distal end it has a diameter of 1.4 mm. and the walls on the distal portion show faint indications of eight streaks of reddish against the lighter distal parts of the wall. The walls are crowded with vertically disposed spicules, most of which seem to be tuberculate spindles. The dorsal surfaces of the tentacles bear transversely disposed spindles. There are also short stout spindles in the lower portion of the mesenteries, usually vertically placed. Very large ova were found attached to four of the mesenterial filaments. A cross section of the stem shows a moderately thick coenenchyma. The axis cylinder is much like that of Juncella, with a comparatively dense core showing but slight evidence of concentric lamellation, and an outer envelope composed of concentric layers of horny and calcareous matter. The water-vascular canals are regularly disposed around the axis and their walls are filled with stout double clubs. Spicules. By far the most common form is the densely tuberculate double head. Occa- sionally these take the form of very stout crosses through longitudinal division of the heads. The next most common form is the regular spindle, found mainly in the polyps themselves. Sometimes these have regular whorls of verrucae, but they are usually stout, with irregularly disposed warts. Clubs are rarely seen. Color. The colony is coral red, as are also the polyps. Other colonies are creamy white. General distribution. Type locality. Hyalonema Ground, off Japan, 345 fathoms. A large series of this species makes it possible to determine that the young specimens may be of either color. In these the calyces are lateral and usually opposite. These intergrade with typical colonies, sometimes from the same station. Several spe- cimens are slightly branched. 2. Scirpearella gracilis Wright and Studer. (Plate VII, figs. 1—5). Scirpearella gracilis Wright and Studer. Challenger Report, the Adcyonaria, 1889, p. 156. Stat. 58. Bay of Nangamessi, Sumba. Up to 36 meters. SidieelOO 2200.55, 1310.3r.3, 2.118 meters. Stat. 204. 4°20'S., 122°58' E. 75—90 meters. MOtdieeOomsesOno.alez02 BE, 1886 meters: Sims AGO, EF HOuUR Sky USS oe Io Whey vakakesese Side ees a2or coisas 53.08. 57. meters: Dd OOu On Oan5-020 724.5 8, 1172 meters: Colony originally forked, but with one branch missing. 44.5 cm. in length. Main stem to fork 4.4 cm. long, 3.5 mm. in diameter, and devoid of calyces. Main branch devoid of calyces for 13.5 cm., 3.5 mm. in diameter near base and diminishing to 3 mm. near distal end. There is a shallow but distinct groove running along one side of the colony, and that SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE X11 43, 4 26 side is less thickly emplanted with calyces than the other and there is a distinct tendency toward a bare band on either side of the groove. The calyces are thus on three sides of the stem, where they often tend to a spiral arrangement, there being usually four calyces in each oblique row from the impressed line on one side around to the one on the other. On the distal part of the colony there are two opposite grooves, each in the centre of a distinct band devoid of calyces. Here there is a double row of calyces on each side. Another fragment in the same bottle appears to be the distal end of the branch just described. It is 32 cm. long. It is therefore probable that this colony was originally 76.5 cm. long, tapering to a very fine, slender end. The individual calyces are subconical or rather truncated cones, rather low and broad. A typical one measures 1 mm. in height and 1.9 mm. in diameter at the base. The tenta- cles bear spicules, mostly double spindles, thickly encrusted over their basal portions. Spicules. These are almost exclusively double heads and girdled spindles (double spindles?) They are all densely tuberculate. Heavy fusiform spicules are formed when the depressed girdles are obliterated by the invasion of tubercles. The double heads and girdled spindles intergrade in every possible degree. Regular spindles, such as are common in S. raéra, are almost never seen. Small crosses formed of four tuberculate heads joined by a cross- shaped smoother part, are rather common, the four heads being so close as to be often con- tiguous. I find no clubs. Color. The colony is light grayish brown throughout, with a tinge of olive. General distribution. Type locality. Off New Hebrides. 130 fathoms. A young specimen from station 289 is 22.5 cm. long, very slender, with a length of g mm. without calyces, and 15 mm. with calyces. The calyces are lateral and regularly alternate, averaging about 2.3 mm. apart. In form they are low cones with rounded summits which are directed outward. The spicules are as in the specimen described above. Another specimen from the same station has lateral calyces which appear much more prominent on account of the partial expansion of the polyps. It also shows a faint median impressed line. A specimen taken from station 208, depth 1886 meters agrees quite well with young speci- mens from station 260 (90 meters) and 204 (94 meters). It is altogether likely that some of the so-called species of this genus that have been described as specifically distinct and are listed on page 24 are based on young specimens of this form. 3. Scerpearella regia new species. (Plate VIII, figs. 1, 1a; Plate X, fig. 5). Stat. 172. Gisser; anchorage between this Island and Ceram-Laut. 18 meters. Colony (dried) an enormous bushy mass profusely branched in a dichotomous manner, ı34 cm. in height. The base is a rudely hemispherical mass embracing corallines, wormtubes etc., 19 cm. in diameter and 8 cm. high. The stem is 2.1 cm. in diameter at its base, bears = zu | a stub of a branch 4 cm. from its proximal end and bifurcates about 12cm. from its base. The main branches bifurcate 10.5 cm. above their origin and continue to divide dichotomously until branchings of the S'% order are attained. The ultimate twigs are very long and slender, sometimes 60 cm. long, with an average diameter of 3.5 mm. The branches and twigs are all erect and proximately parallel, and are very numerous, there being considerably over 100. The coenenchyma is thin, and the main branches are without calyces and often denuded of canen- chyma. The calyces are distributed on all sides of the smaller branches and twigs. There is no evidence of a median groove in the dried specimen, and the calyces are so shrunken in the type that they can not be studied in a satisfactory manner. At the distal ends of the twigs the coenenchyma is so shrunken that a cross section is sometimes triangular and some- times quadrangular. A cross section of a small branch shows a rather thin ccenenchyma, regularly disposed primary water-vascular canals and axis with a hard amorphous core of limestone and an outer relatively thick investment of concentric layers of partly calcareous and partly horny material. Spicules. These are mostly densely tuberculated double heads with the girdle usually quite well marked and seldom entirely obliterated. These intergrade with girdled spindles, double crosses, etc. Regular Greek crosses are also seen, but the most common form, next to the double head, is the double cross. Simple spindles and clubs are rarely seen. Color. The dried colony is a rather light reddish brown or terra cotta. It was probably bright red in life. The spicules are an orange yellow. This is by far the largest gorgonellid in the collection, and must have been a truly magnificent specimen when alive. 4. Scirpearella hemispherica new species. (Plate V, figs. 2 and 2a; Plate X, fig. 6). Stat. 60. Haingsisi, Samau Island near Timor. 23 meters. Colony unbranched, 18 cm. in height. The basal part of the stem is devoid of calyces and is 2.2 cm. in diameter. 5 cm. from its base the colony seems to have been forked and one of the braches broken off short. Above this point the stem is bare for 2.6 cm., and but 1.2mm. in diameter across the polypiferous portion. The calyces are very irregularly but rather closely scattered on all sides of the stem with a tendency toward a more compact arrangement on the sides. The individual calyces are regularly hemispherical or dome-shaped, varying greatly in size. One of the larger ones is 1.7 mm. in height and 2.3 mm. in diameter at its base. They are so completely closed by the strong contraction of the polyps that the openings are seen with difficulty, but appear to be somewhat inclined toward the distal end of the colony. The distal end of the polyp body is filled with a mosaic of spicules in the form of double heads and double spindles, and these run out over the basal portions of the tentacles in broad bands which appear conspicuously on the tentacles after the polyp has been dissected away from the calyx, the red spicules contrasting with the yellowish polyp. 28 Spicules. Practically all of the spicules are very densely tuberculated double heads with the girdles very narrow and often obliterated so as to produce an oval form compactly covered with very closely aggregated verrucz. Spindles are very rarely seen, and these are probably from the polyps. 5 Color. The colony is coral red, the part of the stem which bears no calyces is dull pink. The axis is light yellowish and the polyps yellow. This species appears to be clearly distinct from the others in the collection, and I am unable to identify it with any of the described forms. The shape of the calyces, although often not very reliable specific characters, seems to be quite characteristic in this case. The spicu- lation of the polyps also furnishes a good character. It is probably nearest S. graczlzs; but that species seems constant is color, no red specimens having been found. Genus Nicella Gray. Nicella Gray. Catalogue Lithophytes in the British Museum, 1870, p. 40. Nicella Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonarien, 1887, p. 67. Nicella Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 2889, p. LXV. StupER (1887) gives the only satisfactory definition of this genus that I have been able to find. The following is a translation: “Stem upright, branched, with thin coenenchyma and exserted calyces which stand vertically and have their ends truncated. Calyces lateral on stem and branches, leaving a median space bare. The spicules form an outer layer of small double clubs and an inner layer of longer cylindrical or spindle forms, thickly covered with verrucae'. WRIGHT and STUDER (1889) give practically the same definition as the one quoted above. With the single change of the words “double clubs” to “double heads” the definition as given by STUDER can stand as acceptible for our present purpose. The type of this genus appears to be Nicella dichotoma (Gray)'. But two other species of the genus seem to have been described, i.e. Nicella pustulosa and N. reticulata, both by Thomson and Siwpson. It seems, however, from the descriptions and figures, that neither of these species can be regarded as belonging to this genus as defined by STUDER. 1. Nicella coralloides new species. (Plate IX, figs. 2, 2a; Plate XI, fig. 1). ze! Stat. 117. 1°0.5 N., 122°56' E. 80 meters: Stat. 257. Duroa Strait, Kei Islands. Up to 52 meters. Colony flabellate in form, 11cm. in height and with a spread of 9.5 cm. The base is y g P 9.5 wanting, and also one large branch. The main stem is 1.8$cm. long to where it forks, and one of the resultant branches is broken off. Diameter of stem about 2 mm. The main branch ! This species, according to WRIGHT and STUDER, was originally named Scirfearea dichotoma Gray and afterward changed by the original describer to Nicel/a mauritiana Gray. This proceeding would not be considered allowable under our present rules of nomenclature, and therefore the species should, in my opinion, be Micella dichotoma (Gray). 29 is curved in the shape of a sickle and sends off a number of secondary branches which again divide in an irregularly alternate manner and often fork distally, the ultimate branchlets being short, rarely exceeding ı.5 cm. in length. The distance between secondary branches averages about 5mm. There is no evident keel or groove in the median line, although it is indicated in places. The calyces are lateral and alternate in position, and are usually about 1.5 mm. apart. The individual calyces are cylindrical in form and are projected nearly at a right angle with the branch, although they tend to be distally inclined. A typical calyx measures 1.3 mm. in height and 1.1 mm. in diameter. The basal end is usually somewhat broader than the distal. The margin is surrounded by eight lobes which are continuous with the bases of the tentacles. These lobes are not so distinct as in the next species. The tentacles are very thickly encrusted with a mosaic of bar-like spicules, and similar spicules are placed vertically in the body wall of the polyp. - A cross section of a branch shows a relatively thin caenenchyma and a regular series of water-vascular canals which, in a large branch, is separated from the axis by a thin layer of coenenchyma. The axis is calcareous, without lamella of horny material. Spicules. As in the next species, these are of two kinds, an outer layer of small double heads and an inner layer of much larger bar-like forms with rounded corners and a densely and finely tuberculate surface. This species differs from the next, however, in having the girdles almost always obliterated in these bar-like forms, although it is occasionally seen in what are probably immature spicules. The double heads sometimes become double stars, and the bar-like forms sometimes intergrade with slender spindles. Color. The colony is a bright coral red; the polyps are white, but may originally have been yellow. The axis is greenish. Other specimens from the type locality have verruciform calyces. This is probably due to the fact that the calyces partake of the retraction of the polyps. Another specimen is very large, broken, the largest fragment being 25 cm. long. 2. Nicella carinata new species. (Plate IX, figs. 1, ıa; Pl. XI, fig. 2). State 3100251 N.2722,562E,, 60) meters. (Type). fat 154. 0%722'N., 1302 25..5 E. 83 meters. Stat. 213. Saleyer Anchorage and surroundings, including Pulu Pasi Tanette, near the North point of Saleyer Island. Up to 36 meters. Stat. 257. In Duroa Strait, Kei Islands. Up to 52 meters. (Type). S282605:5020.515.,,1322615..2)E. OO) meters: Stat. 305. Mid Channel in Solor Straits, off Kampong Menanga. 113 meters. Colony very profusely branching, irregular in form, but tending to form a sub-flabellate structure. The base is absent, and the main stem is branched about 7.5 cm. from its proximal end. It is about 3.1 cm. in diameter, round in section and ascends in a feebly geniculate manner giving off branches alternately to the right and left. These branches are sometimes 30 fairly straight and at others tortuous, and give off branchlets which tend to an alternate arrangement and rebranch until branchings of the 6!" order are sometimes attained. The front and back of the branches are devoid of calyces and often show a median longitudinal ridge or keel. The distance between branches varies greatly, but will average perhaps 8 mm. The tips of the twigs bear a pair of nearly opposite calyces with a blunt point between them indi- cating the end of the axis. Calyces regularly alternate. The individual calyces are quite prominent for this group, cylindrical in form and regu- larly alternate in position. They are directed outward, upward and slightly forward or toward the front of the colony. A typical calyx measures 1.6 mm. in height and 1.3 mm. in diameter. They are often slightly longer in the distal parts of the colony. The walls show a tendency to form eight longitudinal ridges or corrugations on the distal parts. The margin is eight- lobed and the bases of the infolded tentacles are very prominent, forming a radiate mass, the intervals between the tentacles showing as a star-like figure. The tentacle bases are heavily spiculated, mostly with double heads similar to those on the calyx walls and general ccenen- chyma. They encrust the dorsal surface of the tentacles well to the distal end. The ccenen- chyma is rather thin and the axis is calcareous without evident lamella of chitinous matter. Spicules. These are very characteristic and consist mainly of two forms; 1*t an outer layer of minute double heads, densely tuberculate; 2"¢ an inner and thicker layer of spicules which differs from any others that I have seen aside from this genus. They are much larger than the double heads, and bar-like in outline. The bars are somewhat narrowed at the ends and have their corners rounded, although the ends are fairly square. Their surface is very finely and densely tuberculate, so that the actual surface of the spicule is almost completely hidden except for the median girdle which is usually sharply cut but sometimes obscured or completely obliterated. Almost all of the spicules are one or the other of these two forms. Rarely minute crosses are seen and very rarely minute regular spindles. Color. The colony in general is yellowish golden brown; the polyps very dark brown or chocolate, a most unusual color, which is quite conspicuous when the polyps are dissected out. None were expanded in the specimen described. This species is a typical Nice/la according to the original definition by Gray, and demonstrates the validity of the genus. In a specimen from Station 257 the calyces are more crowded and proportionally shorter, and grayish in color, as if bleached. A small specimen from station 260 has the calyces much more distant than in the type, and is grayish brown in color. Genus Ellisella Gray (modified by Studer). Ellisella Gray. Proceedings Zoological Society of London, 1857, p. 257. Ellisella Gray. Catalogue Lithophytes British Museum, 1870, p. 25. Ellisella Studer. Monatsbericht der Königl. Akademie der Wissenschaft. zu Berlin, 1878, p. 659. Ellisella Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, p. 68. Ellisella Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. LXVI. a 31 STUDER (1878) defines the genus as follows: “Stamm einfach oder gabelästig, Warzen kaum vorspringend, in zwei Reihen seitlich am Stamm angeordnet. In der Rinde nur dopple Keulen und Spindeln”. The same author (1887) gives a slightly extended definition, translated as follows: “Colony simple, or with forked branches, thick coenenchyma and scarcely developed calyces which are arranged in two rows. Ccenenchyma contains double clubs and spindles”. This definition is practically repeated by Wricur and Sruper (1889) since which time it has apparently received no further definition. Sruprr’s last definition may therefore stand as the one here adopted, with the understanding that the “Dopple Keulen” of that writer be interpreted as “double heads” according to the system here used. The type of this genus appears to be Zillisella elongata (Pallas). Other species are Ellisella calamus Studer, FE. maculata Studer, and the single species secured by the Siboga Expedition. 1. Zllisella flava new species (Plate IX, fig. 4, 4a; Plate XI, fig. 3). I Stat i175 170.5 N. 122-560. 80 meters. 7 5 5 Colony fragmentary, the largest piece being 6.5 cm. long, dichotomously branched twice, the first forking being immediately above the proximal end of the specimen. One of the resultant branches is simple and is 4.1 cm. long. The other branch forks 3.7 mm. above its origin, the resulting branchlets being simple, the longer 2.6 mm. and the shorter 1.4 cm. long. The branches are slender with a comparatively uniform diameter of .7 mm. There is a clearly defined furrow along the front of the branches. The calyces are disposed on two opposite sides of the branches, in some places being regularly opposite in position and in others being irregular. The former, however, seems to be the normal arrangement. The individual calyces are very low subconical verruce appearing as mere swellings along the sides of the branches. A typical calyx measures 1.1 mm. in its longer diameter (being oval in section) and .6 mm. in height. The margin is feebly marked with eight lobes. The calyx walls are filled with regular spindles which are vertically disposed on the distal parts and point toward the margin. Similar spindles encircle the basal parts and are longitudinally disposed in the ccenenchyma of the branches. The tentacle bases are thickly encrusted with smaller spindles disposed longitudinally, as a rule. On the distal parts of the tentacles there is a dorsal band of small transverse spindles. The coenenchyma is comparatively thin and the axis is hard, white and calcareous. Spicules. The spicules of this form do not have the general facies of the spicules of the Gorgonellide at all. The most common form by far is the tuberculate spindle, terete in form and almost never with a distinct girdle. The tuberculation is usually quite dense, so as to hide the actual surface of the spicule. There are also a few clubs, crosses, small irregularly branched forms and, very rarely, double heads. Color. The colony, in alcohol, is rather bright yellow. 32 Were it not for the calcareous axis, without joints, the writer would hardly suspect this species of belonging to the Gorgonellide. It seems to fit better in the genus Z//sella than in any other, although tne practical absence of double clubs is not in accord with the defini- tion adopted for that genus. Genus Plumigorgia new genus. Colony bearing symmetrically disposed, delicate, pinnately arranged ultimate branchlets, greatly resembling a plumularian hydroid. Calyces minute. Spicules very minute, oval lenticular and disk-shaped forms embedded in a translucent horn-like caenenchyma from which it is difficult to separate the spicules. 1. Plumigorgia hydroides new species. (Plate IX, fig. 3, 3a; Plate XI, fig. 4). Stat. 96. Southeast side of Pearl Bank, Sulu Archipelago. 15 meters. Stat. 123. North Bay, Biaru Island. 36—27 meters. (Type). Colony straggling in form, branches truly pinnate, greatly resembling a plumularian hydroid; total height 13.7 cm. The colony arises from an irregularly calcareous mass. The main stem is 2 mm. in diameter near its base and forks 2.8 mm. above its origin. The main branches are stiff and tortuous, most of their branchlets being broken off, but their stubs show that they were rather regularly alternate, at least on the distal parts of the colony. The ultimate branchlets are regularly alternate offshoots from the secondary branches, and are gracefully curved exactly as are the hydrocladia in a plumularian. The ultimate twigs are about 3.5 mm. apart and attain a length of 13mm. The axis in these branchlets is exceedingly attenuated, being at the ends no larger than a hair, and is calcareous throughout. The calyces are all lateral, but are otherwise irregularly disposed, being opposite, subopposite or alternate in different parts of the same twig. The individual calyces are very minute for alcyonarians, a typical one being less than -5mm. in height and about as wide as high. They vary in shape, some being dome-shaped and others in the form of short cylinders. Their walls are full of minute disk-shaped or biscuit-shaped spicules. These are embedded in the coenenchyma in a peculiar manner, not being contiguous, but distinctly spaced as if stuck in a horn-like translucent coenenchyma, each spicule being distinctly isolated from its fellows. This horn-like matrix is peculiar in that it resists boiling in a potash solution and comes off from the axis like a transparent pellicle with the spicules still firmly embedded. An end view of a calyx shows that the aperture is very small, when the polyp is retracted, and the margin is surrounded by eight not very strongly marked lobes. The tentacles have very long and slender pinnules and their dorsal surfaces are packed with minute disk-like spicules which are even smaller than those in the calyx walls and coenenchyma. Spicules. These are of two forms which are really but modifications of one. They are all lenticular or disk-shaped. Often the oval is constricted in the middle and thus a biscuit 33 form is produced. Their surfaces are all covered with fine granules which are much smaller than verrucae. None of them are girdled and the granules are so thick that the spicules are not translucent. Color. The whole colony is creamy white. A number of specimens from Station 96 were preserved in formalin and the spicules were exceedingly hard to demonstrate. A few, however, were found and proved to be of the same peculiar forms as described above. Genus Isidoides new genus. Axis solidly calcareous; calyces club-shaped; spicules comparatively large bar-like forms with the ends swollen and the surface comparatively smooth, without evident verruce. The operculum is composed of eight segments, each consisting of a plate formed of adherent longi- tudinally disposed bars. 1. /sidordes armata new species. (Plate VIII, figs. 2, 2a; Plate XI, fig. 5). SidiencO7 asd. S46 132. 501.7 2. 084. meters. The specimen is fragmentary, the largest fragment being straggling in form, 15 cm. high and with the base lacking; although it is partly retained in another, where it is solidly calcareous. The main stem, or branch, forks 5 cm. from its base, one of the resulting bran- ches being broken off 3 cm. from its base and the other forming practically the entire spe- cimen. This latter is denuded to its first lateral branchlet 4.4 cm. from its origin. 1.1 cm. above this branchlet another arises on the same side which forms the main part of the spe- cimen and is about 8.6 cm. long. It bears one terminal simple twig on one side and two on the other. The axis is solidly calcareous, round, 1.5 mm. thick at its base. The calyces are almost all lateral in position on the main branches, but may be on all sides of the distal parts of the twigs. They are irregular in distribution, averaging about 2 mm. apart. The individual calyces vary greatly in size and shape according to age and stage of contraction of the polyps. Ordinarily they are tubular when retracted and club-shaped when expanded, but the distal ends are almost always enlarged, even in retraction. A typical calyx with retracted polyp measures 1.8 mm. in height and 1.4 mm. in diameter near its distal end. One with the polyp partly expanded is 4 mm. high and 1.5 mm. in diameter. The calyx walls are packed with comparatively large, bar-like or lenticular spicules which are criss-cross but show a tendency to be vertical when the polyp is expanded and horizontal, especially near the margin, when the polyp is retracted. The tentacles are closely folded over the oral disk and their dorsal surfaces are heavily armed with iongitudinally disposed bar-like spicules like those in the calyx walls. These completely cover the dorsal surface with an imbricating series, the distal ends of some overlapping the basal ends of others, and are adherent to each-other so that the whole pseudo-operculum is made up of eight segments, each covering one tentacle with an adherent mass of overlapping bar-like spicules. uw SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE X111 43, 34 Spicules. These are all of the bar-like form, the bars often being somewhat expanded distally. Their ends are evenly rounded and their surfaces are quite smooth showing merely a very fine, dense, granulated appearance under moderately high powers of the microscope. Their profiles are smooth, not showing verruc& or points of any size. They resemble in form certain spicules found in the Iside, e.g. Bathygorgia profunda, but are smoother than any others that the writer has seen. Color. The colony is very light brown and the axis is the same. This remarkable form shows a close resemblance to certain Isid&, and would be placed in that family were the axis jointed. It also shows an approach to the Primnoidz in the cha- racter of the operculum. DISTRIBUTION OF THE GORGONELLIDE COLLECTED BY THE SIBOGA EXPEDITION. List of Stations at which Gorgonellide were secured, together with the depth and character of the bottom; and the species collected at each Station. STATION 47. Bay of Bima, near South Fort. 55 meters. Mud, with patches of fine coral sand. Verrucella flaviflora. STATION 50. Bay of Badjo, West coast of Flores. Up to 40 meters. Mud, sand and shells, according to locality. Gorgonella rigida, Funcella juncea. STATION 53. Bay of Nangamessi, Sambu. Up to 36 meters. Coral sand, mud near shore. Scirpea- rella gracilis. STATION 60. Haingsisi, Samau Island near Timor. 23 meters. Juncella juncea, Scirpearella rubra, Scirpearella hemispherica. STATION 66. Bank between Islands of Bahuluwang and Tambolungan, south of Saleyer. Dead Coral, Halimeda, Lithothamnion. 8 to 10 meters. Funcella juncea. STATION 80. 2°25'S., 117°43'E. Borneo bank. From 40 to 50 meters. Fine coral sand. Scirpea- rella rubra. STATION gt. Muaras Reef, inner side; East coast of Borneo. Up to 54 meters. Hard coral sand. Scirpearella rubra. STATION 96. Southeast side of Pearl Bank, Sulu Archipelago. 15 meters. Lithothamnion bottom. Plumigorgia hydroides. STATION gg. 6°7'.5 N., 120°26 E. North Ubian, Sulu Archipelago. 16—23 meters. Lithothamnion. Funcella racemosa. STATION 117. 1°0.5 N., 122°56'S. Kwandang Bay entrance, Celebes. 80 meters. Sand and coral. Nicella coralloides, Nicella carinata, Ellisella flava. STATION 123. North Bay, Biaru Island. 36—27 meters. Stone and Lithothamnion bottom. Plumi- gorgia hydroides. STATION 133. Anchorage off Lirung, Salibabu Island. Up to 36 meters. Mud and hard sand. Scirpearella rubra. STATION 154. 0°7'.2 N., 130°25'.5 E. 83 meters. Grey muddy sand, shells and Lithothamnion. Nicella carinata. STATION 162. Between Loslos and Broken Islands, West Coast of Salawatti. 18 meters. Coarse and fine sand, with clay and shells. Fauncella juncea. STATION 164. 1°42'.5S., 130°47'.5 E. near New Guinea. 32 meters. Sand and stone mixed with mud. Funcella racemosa, F. juncea, Scirpearella rubra. AG STATION 166. 2°28'.5 S., 131°3'.3E. near Misool. 118 meters. Hard coarse sand. Scirpearella gracilis. STATION 172. Gisser, anchorage between this Island and Ceram-Laut. 18 meters. Coral and Litho- thamnion bottom. Scirpearella regia. STATION 204. 4°20'S., 122°58°E. Buton Strait. 75—94 meters. Sand with dead shells. Gorgonella umbraculum, G. rigida, Scirpearella rubra, S. gracilis. STATION 208. 5°39 S., 122°12'E. Banda Sea. 1886 meters. Solid green mud. Scirpearella gracilis. STATION 213. Saleyer Anchorage and surroundings, including Pulu Pasi Tanette, near the North point of Saleyer Island. Up to 36 meters. Nicella carinata. STATION 240. Banda Anchorage. 9—45 meters. Black sand. Coral. Funcella juncea, Scirpearella rubra. STATION 250. Anchorage off Kilsuin, West coast of Kur Island. 20—45 meters. Funcella juncea. STATION 257. In Duroa Strait, Kei Islands. Up to 52 meters. Lithothamnion, sand and coral. Gorgonella delicatula, Nicella coralloides, N. carınata. STATION 258. Tual Anchorage, Kei Islands. 22 meters. Lithothamnion, sand and coral. Funcella juncea, $. racemosa, F. sanguinea, Scirpearella rubra. STATION 260. 5°36.5S., 132°55.2E. Near Kei Islands. go meters. Sand, coral and shells. Gergo- nella rigida, Funcella racemosa, Scirpearella rubra, S. gracilis, Nicella carinata. STATION 267. 5°54 S., 132° 56.7 E: Gray mud with brown upper layer. 984 meters. /szdoides armata. STATION 273. Anchorage off Pulu Jedan, East coast of Aru Islands, (Pearl Banks). 13 meters. Sand and shells. Cienocella pectinata, Funcella juncea, F. gemmacea. STATION 274. 5°28.25., 134°53.9 E. near Aru Islands. 57 meters. Sand and shells, stones. Gorgonella orientalis, Scirpearella gracilis. STATION 282. 8°25'.2S., 127°18.4 E. Anchorage between Nusa Besi and the N.E. point of Timor. 27—54 meters. Sand, coral and Lithothamnion. Funcella juncea. STATION 289. 9°0.3S., 126°24'.5 E. South coast of Timor. 112 meters. Mud, sand and shells. Scirpearella gracilis. STATION 299. 10° 52.4 S., 123° 1.1 E. Buka or Cyrus Bay, South coast of Rotti Island. 34 meters. Mud, coral and Lithothamnion. Cienocella pectinata, Funcella gemmacea, F. sanguinea, Scirpearella gracilis. STATION 305. Mid Channel in Solor Strait, off Kampong Menanga. 113 meters. Stony. Gorgonella orientalis, G. rigida, Scirpearella rubra, Nicella coralloides, Nicella carinata. STATION 306. 8°27'S., 122°54.5 E. near Flores. 247 meters. Sandy mud. Gorgonella orientalis. STATION 310. 8°30'S., 119°7'.5 E. Flores Sea. 73 meters. Sand, dead coral. Gorgonella orientalis, Verrucella rubra, V. stellata, Funcella juncea, F. racemosa, Scirpearella rubra. STATION 315. Anchorage East end of Sailus Besar, Paternoster Islands. Up to 36 meters. Coral and Lithothamnion. Funcella juncea. It appears from this list that Gorgonellide were secured at 35 stations out-of about 147 stations where the bottom was sucessfully explored with the dredge or trawl. Station 310 seems to have yielded the greatest number of Gorgonellide, six species having been secured, the next best yield being Station 260 and Station 305 where five species were secured, while stations 204, 258 and 299 yielded four species each. The most abundant species of Gorgonellide in the collection is Funcella juncea, which was secured at 12 stations, the next in abundance being Scirpearella rubra which was dredged from 11 stations; Sczrpearella gracilis coming 3, being found at 8 stations. But one species of Gorgonellide was secured from each of 21 stations in the foregoing list. 37 Table showing the geographic and bathymetric distribution of the Gorgonellidae collected by the Siboga Expedition. BATHYMETRIC. | j GEOGRAPHIC, ASIDE FROM DUTCH I to | 50 to | 1ooto| Over EAST INDIES. 50 100 | 200 | 200 meters | meters | meters | meters Gorgonella orientalis. ..... a | are, Thea « | Off Japan. Gorgonella umbraculum....\ + eee ee | East Indies in general (Studer). Gorgonella delicatula...... . co | Gorgonella rigida........ = | # 3 Werkucellastupra. 2 .2.... Ya Er ger | . . | Gulf of Manaar. Verrucella flaviflora...... - | # . - | Red Sea. Verrucella stellata....... =: | Ctenocella pectinata....... Moe e ; Indian Ocean, New Guinea, China Sea, Australian BUMECHIMPUTICE DLs rn. gar. » | « ; - | Indian Ocean. | waters. Funcella gemmacea....... = Red Sea. Funcella racemosa ....... * | * Japan. Funcella sanguinea. ...... # Scirpearella rubra....... = = 5 - Off Hyalonema Ground, Japan. Scirpearella gracilis...... * * "+ = | Off New Hebrides. Serfeapellg vera. 2 2...2. ® Scirpearella hemispherica...| * UNECE COVAIIOIUES | 2... : = e. UVzgellascakınatan a 2.2.2... & % & Eihselanflaua: 2.2.0... . = Plumigorgia hydroides.... . # Isidoides armata........ Oh ae . % Motalser 2 2120 14; 6 3 This table shows clearly that the Gorgonellide are essentially shallow water forms, all but one of the twenty one species in the Siboga collection having been secured from waters less than 100 meters in depth. While six species in the above list are known to be from more than 100 meters, but three of these Scirpearella gracilis, Gorgonella orientalis and /sidoides armata, were taken from over 200 meters by the Siboga Expedition. The records show that about 80 hauls of the dredge or tawl were taken in over 200 meters, and these should have yielded more than three species of Gorgonellide, if that family is at all common at such depths. The deepest water from which a gorgonellid was taken was at Station 208 where Scirpearella gracilis was dredged. This species also has a very remarkable bathymetric range, being found from 34 to 1886 meters. /sidoides armata was taken from a depth of 954 meters. The geographical distribution indicated by the table is, as would be expected from the bathymetric table, much more restricted than would have been the case with more characteristic deep water forms. All of the species represented by the Siboga collection are restricted to the Indo-Pacific region. A few species of the family Gorgonellide are, however, found outside of this region, at least five species Verrucella gnadalupensis, V.ramosa, V. granulifera, Funcella extans and ¥. hystrix having been reported from the Atlantic. It remains true, however, that the apparent centre of distribution for this family is in the Oriental region and that its occurence elsewhere is exeptional. Literature cited in the Report on the Gorgonellide of the Siboga collection. DELAGE et HEROUARD. Traité de Zoologie concréte; Tome II, 2me Partie, les Coelentérés, Paris, 1901. DUCHASSAING et MICHELOTTI. Mémoire sur les Coralliaires des Antilles; Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, Serie 2, Vol. XIX, 1860. ELLIS and SOLANDER. The Naturai History of many curious and uncommon Zoophytes collected from various parts of the Globe by the late JOHN ELLIS, systematically arranged and described by the late DANIEL SOLANDER; London, 1786. ESPER, E. J. Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildung nach der Natur, mit Farben erleuchtet nebst Beschreibung ; Nürnberg, 1791. GRAY, J. E. Synopsis of the Families and Genera of the Axiferous Zoophytes or Barked Corals; Pro- ceedings of the Zoological Society of London, Part 25, London, 1857. —— Catalogue of Lithophytes or Stony Corals in the collections of the British Museum, London, 1870. HICKSON, SYDNEY J. The Alcyonaria of the Maldives, Part III, the Families Muriceide, Gorgonellide, Melitodie and the Genera Pennatula, Eunephthys; Fauna and Geography of the Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes, Vol. II, part IV, 1905. KOLLIKER, A. Icones Histiologice oder Atlas der vergleichenden Gewebelehre; 2te Abtheilung, der feinere Bau der höheren Thiere; ıstes Heft, die Bindsubstanz der Ccelenteraten; Leipzig, 1865. — — Anatomisch-systematische Beschreibung der Alcyonarien, rste Abth., die Pennetuliden; Frankfurt, 1872. KLUNZINGER, C. B. Die Corallenthiere des Rothen Meeres, I. die Alcyonarien und Malacodermen, 1877. LAMOUROUN, J. F. V. Exposition Methodique des Genres de l’ordre des Polypiers, Paris, 1821. — — Histoire des Polypiers coralligenes flexibles, vulgairement nommés Zoophytes; Caen, 1816. LAMARCK, M. DE. Histoire naturelle des Animaux sans vertebres, Tome 2; Paris, 1836. MILNE EDWARDS et HAIME. Histoire naturelle des Coralliaires, ou Polypes proprement dits, Tome pre- mier, 1; Paris, 1857. NUTTING, C. C. Descriptions of the Alcyonaria collected by the Bureau of Fisheries Steamer Albatross in the Vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands in 1902. Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum, Vol. XXXIV, 1908. PALLas, P. S. Elenchus Zoophytorum, Hagae, 1766. —— Characteristik der Thierpflanzen; Nürnberg, 1787. RIDLEY, S. O. The Coral-fauna of Ceylon, with descriptions of new Species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, Vol. XI, London, 1883. —— Report on the Zoological Collections made by H. M. S. Alert, London, 1884. STUDER, TH. Ubersicht der Anthozoa Alcyonaria, welche während der Reise S. M. S. “Gazelle” um die Erde gesammelt wurden; Monatsbericht der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin; Berlin, 1879. —— Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria; Archiv für Naturgeschichte; 53ster Jahrgang, Bd. 1, Heft I, 1887. 39 STUDER, TH. Alcyonarien aus der Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Museums in Lübeck; Separatabdruck aus den Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft und des Naturhistorischen Museums in Lübeck, II Ser., Heft 7 und 8; Lübeck, 1894. — — Alcyonaires provenant des Campagnes du Yacht l’Hirondelle (1886—1888). Résultats des Campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son Yacht par Albert ıer, Prince Souverain de Monaco, Fascicule XX ; Monaco, IQOI. THOMSON and CRANE. Report on a Collection of»Alcyonariens from Okhamandal and Kittiawar; London, 1909. THOMSON and HENDERSON. Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries in the Gulf of Manaar. By W. A. HERDMAN, Supplementary Reports, N°. XX, the Alcyonaria; London, 1905. THOMSON and SIMPSON. Report on the Alcyonaria collected in the Indian Ocean by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship “Investigator”; Part II, the Alcyonarians of the Littoral Area; Calcutta, 1909. VALENCIENNES, M. Extrait d’une monographie de la famille des Gorgonidies de la Classe des Polypes; Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des Séances de l’Academie des Sciences, XLI, Paris, 1855. VERRILL, A. E. List of the Polyps and Corals sent by the Museum of Zoology to other Institutions in Exchange, with Annotations; Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. I, N®. 3, Cambridge, 1864. WRIGHT and STUDER. Report on the Alcyonaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873—76. The Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, Vol. XXXI, London, 1889. we i, LE F | Shs 17 0 >: 7 4.4 BE} Or I N iy Mi N 2k, ewe hee Sea ee be «NY oes ieee ‘ “ BI ee PA i yt D > ‘ vd y (yon f 4 bal q f ‘ j , f ’ ot 7 aes = 4 I * « . R f } \ ’ N ‘ af ; Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. PLATE IX. . Nicella carinata n. sp. Natural size. . Nicella coralloides n. sp. Natural size. . Plumigorgia hydroides n. sp. Natural size. . Ellisella flava n. sp. Natural size. La, 2a, 34, 44, part of branch x part of branch x part of colony x part of branch x 5. 5. 5. 5. NUTTING SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XIII br. ( iR Fig g. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. > Fig. > Am PWN - PLATE X. . Gorgonella delicatula n. sp. Group of four spicules, a, 6, c and d. X 330. . Gorgonella rigida n. sp. Group of four spicules, a, 6, c and d. X 330. . Verrucella stellata n. sp. Group of five spicules, a, 6, c, d and e. X 330. . Funcella sanguinea n. sp. Group of four spicules, a, 6, c and d. x 330. . Scirpearella regia n. sp. Group of four spicules, a, 6, c and d. x 330. . Scirpearella hemispherica n. sp. Group of three spicules, a, 6 and c. X 330. iboga-Expeditie XII1b3 C. C. Nurrins, Gorgonellidae. Dayton Stoner del. eae we Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. > Fig Ss: mm pw HN - PLATE XE . Nicella coralloides n. sp. Group of five spicules, a, 6, c, d and e. x 330. . Nicella carinata n. sp. Group of three spicules, a, 6 and c. X 330. . Ellisella flava n. sp. Group of three spicules, a, 6 and c. X 330. . Plumigorgia hydroides n. sp. Group of four spicules, a, 6, c and d. x 330. . Isidoides armata n. sp. Group of five spicules, a, 6, c, d and e. X 110. XI Siboga-Expeditie XIIlb% C. C. Nuttins, Gorgonellidae. Dayton Stoner del. 24¢ Déja paru: Livr. (Monogr. XLIV) C, Ph. Sluiter. Die Holothurien der Siboga-Expedition. Mit 10 Tafeln. Livr. (Monogr. LX) E. S. Barton. The genus Halimeda. With 4 plates. Livr. (Monogr. I) Max Weber. Introduction et Stage de re Ay Liste des Stations et 2 cartes . Livr. (Monogr. II) G. F. Faden en ofthe ship and appliances used for scientific exploration. With 3 plates and illustrations. Livr. (Monogr. XLVII) H.F. Nierstrasz. The air of the host Exp. With 6 at ites. Livr. (Monogr. XIII) J. Versluys. Die Gorgoniden der Siboga- Eapesisions I. Die Chrysogorgiidae. Mit 170 Figuren im Text. : Livr. (Monogr. XVIa) A. Alcock. Br on the DR Sea Me treporaria of Ae Siboga- Expedition. With 5 plates. Livr. (Monogr. XXV) C. Ph. Stuiter. Die Sipuneuliden und Be elutden der Siboga- ls Mit 4 Tafeln und 3 Figuren im Text. Livr. (Monogr. VIa) G. C. J. Vosmaer and J. H. Vernko: The Porifera of the "Sibor: a- Expedition. I. The genus Placospongia. With 5 plates. ? Livr. (Monogr. XI) Otto Maas. Die Scyphomedusen der Siboga- Biditirion.. Mit 12 Tafeln. Livr. (Monogr. XII) Fanny Moser. Die Ctenophoren der Siboga-Expedition. Mit 4 Tafeln. Livr. (Monogr. XXXIV) P. Mayer. Die Caprellidae der Siboga-Expedition. Mit 10 Tafeln. Livr. (Monogr. III) G. F. Tydeman. Hydrographic results of the Siboga-E pedinen With 24 charts and plans and 3 charts of depths Livm (Monogr. XLII) J. C. H. de Meijere. Die ichinoidea der Siboga- Ex Mit 23 Tafeln. Livr. (Monogr. XLVa) René Koehler. Ophiures de l’Expedition du Siboga. ıe Partie. Ophiures de Mer profonde. Avec 36 Planches. Livr. (Monogr. LII) J. J. Tesch. The Thecosomata and Sl gna or the - Siboga Expedition. With 6 plates. ° Livr. (Monogr. LVIa) C. Ph. Stuiter.. Die Tunteateh der Spa Er pedition’ S I. Abteilung. Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Mit 15 Tafeln.. . Livr. (Monogr. LXI) A. Weber—van Bosse and M. Foslie. The Corallinaceae of the Siboga- Expedition. With 16 plates and 34 textfigures Livr. (Monogr. VIII) Sydney J. Hickson and Helen M. England. The Stylasterina of _ the Siboga Expedition. With 3 plates. Livr. (Monogr. XLVIII) H. F. Nierstrasz. Die ae fice Siboga- Ex Mit 8 Tafeln. Liwr. (Monogr. XLV) René Koehler. Ophiures de l’Expedition du aioe: 2e Partie. Ophiures littorales. Avec 18 Planches. Livr. (Monogr. XX VIdzs) Sidney F. Harmer. The Pterobranchia Pas Siboga- E sveiition, with an account of other species. With 14 plates and 2 text-figures. Livr. (Monogr. XXXVI) W. T. ahnen; The Cumacea of the Sibova Expedition. With 2 plates and 4 text-figures Livr. (Monogr. LVla) C. Ph. Stüifer. Die Tünitäten bee “Siboga: E are Supplement zu der I. Abteilung. Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Mit 1 Tafel. ” Me Prix: Souscription a Vouvrage c £ Monogr: aphies omplet séparées 6.—.if'7.59 1.00% 5 42,2 2.— 4 2.50 3-99 » 4-90 Ss a 4.60 ” 5.75 TE hae ges 2.40 „ 3.— 7-50 9.50 2.80: 3.350 7:80 4 9.75 Q— ~-5 [1.25 TI Se 16.50 „20.50 375 » 470 6.75 a Oe 12.50 . , 15-50 E608 S14 Ga 5.— 2 0.25 10.25. 8). 12.75 1.80: 5, 2.40 le ae Lae ivr. (Monogr. 1 Livr. — (NMONOST. Souscription RR alt ouvrage complet - sepertes ) Rud. Bergh. Die Opisthobranchiata der Siboga-Exped. Mit 20. Tafeln. bes II. BELA X) Otto Maas. Die Craspedoten Medusen der Siboga-Exp. Mit 14 Tafeln. er ap „12. Sr *Livr. e Livr; Live. > Livi. (Monogr. XLIX'a) M. M. Schepman. .The Prosobranchia of the Siböga Babes ‚Part I. Rhipidoglossa and Döcoglossa, with an. re Ei Prof. R. BERGU. With 9 plates and 3 textfigures. . . 5 Livr. (Monogr. XL) J. C. C. Loman. Die yen ante ior Suse Expedition. Mit 15. Tafeln und 4 Figuren im Text. Ä & Livr. (Monogr. LVIc) J. E. W. Ihle. Die Appendicularie ade Siboga: Expedition. Mi 4 Tafeln und 10 Figuren im Text . . branchier der Siboga-Expedition. Mit 2 Tafeln. . . by Eee ae ar > Livr. (Monogr. XLIX'd) M. M. Schepman. The ERBE 5 of the Siboga Expedition. Part II. Taenioglossa and Ptenoglossa. With 7 plates (Monogr. XXIXa) Andrew Scott. The Copepoda of the Sieg meneditions Part I. Free- “swimming, Littoral and Semi-parasitic Copepoda. With 69 plates. (Monogr. LVI2) C. Ph. Stuiter., Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition. ~ Livr. Livr. (Monogr. XLIX'c) M. M. Schepman. The Prosobranchia of the. big Babel, Part III. Gymnoglossa. With 1 plate... . . i Ill. The Muriceide. With 22 plates. Livr. (Monogr. XIITd') C. C. Nutting. The PR 7 of che Sibaga Expedition. EN IV. The Plexauride. With 4 plates. . . RER Livr. (Monogr. LVId) J. E. W. Ihle. Die Thaliaceen (inschlistich Pyrosomen) der | Siboga-Expedition. met 1 Fafel und 6 Figuren im Text. . . . SP > Livr. (Monogr. X1112?) C. C. Nutting. The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition. V. The.Isid&e. With 6 plates . Livr. (Monogr. XXXVI) H. J. Henan. The Schizopod of the Sibows Expedition with ı6 plates and 3 text es { (Monogr. X1112°) C. C. Nutting. The Goitansiee of the ‘Sibogs Expedition VI. The Gorgonellide. With rr plates. ı for. = Mrk 1.70 = 1 sh. 8 d. = frs 2.12 en chiffres arrondies. II. Abteilung. Die Merosomen Aseidien. Mit 8 Tafeln und. 2 Figuren im Text! (Monogr. XIII) C. C. Nutting. The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition. yey: a 2° Livr. (Monogr. XLIX?) M. M. Scliearigh* ‘dad H. F. Nierstrasz. Parasitische RR ER vr. (Monogr. XIlla) J. Versluys. Die Gorgomiden der Siboga-Expedition. II. Die Primnoidae. Mit 10 Tafeln, 178 Figuren im Text und einer Karte <4. a » 16. 1 ° Livr. (Monogr. XXI) G. Herbert nn The Chaetognatha of the ig Expedition. Be; tee With 3° plates and 6-charts 7°... - S „420: „5.25 9 Livr. (Monogr. LI) J. J: Tesch. Die ed Ger Siboga- ‘Expedition: Mit 14 Tafeln. er 5 ° Livr. (Monogr. XXX) G. W. Müller. Die Ostracoden der Siboga-Exped. Mit 9 Tafeln. „ 3.50 440 > Livr. (Monogr. A. Pray Eilhard Pr a5 Xenaphyophorem der Siboga- -Exped. - FE TER Mit 3 Tafeln .. a EADS Lg ae Livr. (Monogr. LIV) Maria Beissefain. The Scaphopods of thes ‘Siboge Expedition, Es With 6 plates and. 39 textfigures .— » 4.80... 6. Livr. (Monogr. XXVI) J. W. Spengel. Studien über die Enteropneusten der SihogaExp. IE ee. ae Mit 17 Tafeln und 20 Figuren im Text. . . » 14 9 17-50 ° Be Livr. (Monogr. XX) H. F. Nierstrasz. Die Nenner der Sinaia xp. Mit 33 Tafeln. = 2. a ER Livr. (Monogr. XlIIc) Sydney J. Hickson und J. Versluys. Die Alcyoniden der Siboga- ; Exped. I. Coralliidz, IM Pseudocladochonus Hicksoni. Mit 3 Tafeln und 16 Figurenim Text. , cy (oat 2 75. Livr. (Monogr. XXXIa) P. P. C. Hoek. The Cirripedia of the Siboga ee tes Bu A. Cirripedia pedunculata. With ıo plates’. . . 2 2. NE = + 5:40 y 675 ae Livr. (Monogr. XLIIa) L. Döderlein. Die gestielten Crinoiden der Siboga-Fxpedition Mit. BE eg 23 Tafeln und 12 Figuren im Text d : 1 SS yO »Livr. (Monogr. IX) Albertine D. Lens and Thea van Pe ae The Siphonophores SE : of the Siboga Expedition. With. 24 plates and 52 textfigures. . . „13:50 ° oy 2 75 een. i oT DT NENNUNG REES CME AARAU UN EEE TI ee Feen | ~ RESULTATS DES EXPLORATIONS > = - Stho ga-Expedi tie cues, BOTANIQUES, OCEANOGRAPHIQUES ET GEOLOGIQUES: | + ENTREPRISES AUX _ INDES NEERLANDAISES ORIENTALES en 1899—1900, er ede fT a bord du SIBOGA SOUS LE COMMANDEMENT DE G. F, TYDEMAN : THE . PUBL TES PAR ee | GORGONACEA OF THE SIBOGA EXPEDITION I. Introduction et description de Vexpédition, Max Weber. sur a bateau etre équipement scientifique, G. F. Tydeman. VII ésultats hydrographiques, G. F. Tydeman, IV. Foraminifera, F. W. Winter. \ THE GORGONIDE #1Viis, Xenophyophora, F. E. Schulze. , V. Radiolaria, M. Hartmann. E ng: BY 3 cain Porifera, G. C. J. Vosmaer et I’ Ijima'). _ VII. Hydropolypi, A. Billard, > *VIIL Stylasterina, S. J. Hickson et Mle H. M. England. G, Cc NUTTING *IX. Siphonophora, Miles Lens et van Riemsdijk. : *X. ydromedusae, O. Maas. yphomedusac, O. Maas. ; yphora, Mile I’. Moser. ; ; Gorgonidae, Alcyonidae, J. Versluys, 'S. J. Hickson et With 3 plates XIV, Pennatulidae, S. J. Hickson. (C. €. Nutting’). *XV. Actiniaria, P. Me Murrich?). XVI. Madreporaria, A. Alcock et L. Döderlein'). - ie a ans VII. Antipatharia, A. J. van Pesch. en ee zn Graff et R. R. von Stummer. M xs des, pengel. nog i 4 : -*XX. Nematomorpha, H. F. Nierstrasz. i ee ographie XING" of: *®XXI. sone i ary G. H. Fowler. XXII. Nemertini, A. A. W. Bubrecht. A XXIIL Myzostomidae, KR. R. von Stummer. UITKOMSTEN OP ZOOLOGISCH, XXIV. Polychaeta errantia, R. Horst. Sa caps Ne "| BOTANISCH, OCEANOGRAPHISCH EN GEOLOGISCH GEBIED XXVI. Enteropneusta, J. W. Spengel. XVIdis. Pterobranchia, S. F. Warmer. VII. Brachiopoda, J. F. B 1 . puns oe re ek ee verzameld in Nederlandsch Oost-Indié 1899—1900 XXIX. Copepoda, A. on *XXX. Ostracoda, G. W. Müll a. —-¥XXXT. Ostaols PP. C. Hoek’). aan boord H. M. Siboga onder commando van XXXII Coody: Gh. Péren Luitenant ter zee ıe kl. G. F. TYDEMAN XXIV. Caprellidae, P. Mayer. f XXXV. Stomatopoda, Il. J. Hansen. i ‘XXXVI. Cumacea, W. T. Calman. UITGEGEVEN DOOR XXVII. Schizopoda, H. J. Hansen. J. XXVIII. Sergestidae, H. J. Hansen. Dr. MAX WEBER - XXXIX. Necapoda, J. G. de Man. * XL. Pantopoda, J. C. C. Loman. Prof. in Amsterdam, Leider der Expeditie ‘XLII. Halobatidae, J. Th. Oudemans. - *XLII. Crinoidea, L. Döderlein et C. Vaney *). *XLIII. Echinoidea, J. ©. H. de Meijere. _ *XLIV. Holothurioidea, C. Ph. Sluiter. , 4 | *®XLV. Ophiuroidea, R. Köhler. ‘XLVI. Asteroidea, L. Döderlein. “*XLVIT Solenogastres, H. F. Nierstrasz. “hau. an = Ma Sehep wan 1 (met ne van de Maatschappij ter bevordering van het Natuurkundig *XLIX2, Prosobranchia parasitica, H. FT. Nierstrasz et M. M. Onderzoek der Nederlandäche Kolonien) "*L. orca et R. Bergh. [Schepman. *LI. Heteropoda, J. J. Tesch. *LIL. Pteropoda, J. n Tesch. LUT. Lamellibranchiata. P. Pelseneer et Ph. Dautzenberg. #LIV: Scaphopoda, Mile M. Boisseyain. LY. Cephalopoda, L. J oubin. *LVI. Tunicata, C. Ph. Sluiter et J. E. W. Ihle. : Er ne LVIIL. Pisces, Max Weber. LVIII. Cetacea, Max Weber. LIX. Liste des algues, Mme A. Weber. *1,X. Halimeda, Mile BE. $. Barton. (Mme E. S. Gepp). LAT. Corallinaceae, Mue A, Weber et M. Foslie. _ LXIT. Codiaceae, A. et Mme E, S. Bern: = Aal. ng Fe J. = Pu lvoe ay. - LXIV. Diatomaceae, Lotsy > n Br LXV. Deposita marina, O, B. Boggild. BOEKHANDEL EN DRUKKERI es ‘ALXVL Résultats géologiques, A. Wichmann. TH Se Rel rid, cJJAN 19 1911 LEIDEN n.,2153 33 | Sot ee MT GEG EL EES TEE EGET ELE EE TERE LESSEE ETE EETE ELLE. EAU RL ee mr IT Professor of Zoology, State University of Iowa 2 nsonian Ins stity, LNT ECT ae en - Publié Octobre 1910 # Les numéros avec un astérique ont déja paru; ceux marqués 1) seulement en partie Voor de uitgave van de resultaten der Siboga-Expeditie hebben bijdragen beschikbaar gesteld: De Maatschappii ter bevordering van het Natuurkundig Onderzoek der Nederlandsche Kolonien. e | Het Ministerie van Kolonien. Het Ministerie van Binnenlandsche Zaken. | Het Koninklijk Zoologisch Genootschap »Natura Artis Magistra’”’ te Amsterdam. De »Oostersche Handel en Reederij’’ te Amsterdam. De Heer B. H pe Waat Oud-Consul-Generaal der Nederlanden te Kaapstad. M. B. te Amsterdam. : The Elizabeth Thompson Science Fund. x CONDITIONS GENERALES DE VENTE. . L’ouvrage du ,Siboga” se composera d’une série de monographies. > n > > . Ces monographies paraitront au fur et a mesure qu’elles seront prétes. . Le prix de chaque monographie sera différent, mais nous avons adopté comme base générale du prix de vente: pour une feuille d’impression sans fig. flor. 0.15; pour une feuille avec fig. flor. 0.20 4 0.25; pour une planche noire flor. 0.25; pour une planche coloriee flor. 0.40; pour une photogravure flor. 0.60. © . Il y aura deux modes de souscription: a. La souscription a l’ouvrage complet. b. La souscription a des monographies séparées en nombre restreint. Dans ce dernier cas, le prix des monographies sera majoré de 25 °/,. . L’ouvrage sera réuni en volumes avec titres et index. Les souscripteurs a l’ouvrage complet recevront ces titres et index, au fur et a mesure que chaque volume sera complet. EREOGAFXPEDITIE Siboga-Expeditie LITROMS TE OB INLININC BEANIE, OLEANMÄISCH EX GHOLAGINTE ht VERZAMELD IN NEDERLANDSCH OOST-INDIE 1899—1900 AAN BOORD H. M. SIBOGA ONDER COMMANDO VAN Luitenant ter zee 1° kl. G. F. TYDEMAN UITGEGEVEN DOOR Dr. MAX WEBER Prof. in Amsterdam, Leider der Expeditie (met medewerking van de Maatschappij ter bevordering van het Natuurkundig Onderzoek der Nederlandsche Kolonien) —— DEI SS BOEKHANDEL EN DRUKKERIJ 2 SERIE LEIDEN Siboga-Expeditie XIII b* GORGONACEA OF THE SIBOGA EXPEDITION VI. THE GORGONIDA BY Cre NUTTING Professor of Zoology, State University of Iowa With 3 plates (Aided by a grant from the ELIZABETH THOMPSON SCIENCE FUND) ©. § et ——at— uate BY, J. BRILL PUBLISHERS AND PRINTERS LEYDEN — IQIO Kar: a - ? = 4 . Fr al - se. Qe es he Bu oe iv’ +] 9 iS e A efi ve 2 us =. ¥ @ X - - = THE GORGONACEA OF THE SIBOGA EXPEDITION hil He GORGONIDZA: BY Cy eC NUTTING, Professor of Zoology, State University of Iowa. (Aided by a grant from the ELIZABETH THOMPSON SCIENCE FUND.) Family Gorcontp# Verrill. Gorgonacees (in part) Milne Edwards et Haime. Histoire naturelle des Coralliaires, I, 1857, p- 144. Gorgonia Kölliker. Icones Histiologicz, II, 1865, p. 135. Gorgonide Verrill. Transactions Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, I, 2, 1867—71, p- 384. Gorgonace@ (in part) Duchassaing de Fontbressin. Revue des Zoophytes et des Spongiaires des Antilles, 1870. Gorgonide Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, p. 61. Gorgonide (in part) Ridley. Alcyonaria of the Mergui Archipelago, 1888, p. 23 Gorgonide Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1880, p. 1 Gorgonine Delage et Hérouard. Traité de Zoologie Concrete, I, 2, 1901, p. 4 Gorgonide Hickson. Alcyonaria of the Cape of Good Hope, II, 1904, p. 227. Gorgonide Nutting. Alcyonaria of the Californian Coast, 1909, p. 722. Although VerriLL (1867—71) appears to have been the first one to use the name Gorgonidz in its restricted sense as a family designation, he does not appear to have defined it, although he discusses several of its genera at considerable length. SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XII d+. 2 KÖLLIKER (1865) uses the word Gorgonide as a family designation, but as thus used it embraced the whole of what is now known as the Gorgonacea. This writer employs the name “Gorgonacea” for a section of his subfamily “Gorgonine’’, thus practically reversing the relative rank of the names as we now know them. In his genus “Gorgonia’’ he includes practically all of the species then known that would now go into the family Gorgonide. The first formal and adequate definition of the family was given by STUDER in 1887 in his classic work “Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria’’ which is probably the most helpful single con- tribution to our knowledge of the general systematic treatment of the Alcyonaria. His definition will be adopted for our present purpose, and may be translated as follows: “Colony upright, branched, usually flabellate, with horny (rarely calcareous) axis. Polyps bilaterally or biradially placed on stem and branches, corresponding to a biradiate arrangement of the canal system. The upper part of the polyp is retractile either into an exserted calyx or within the coenenchyma which presents a smooth surface. The spicules are small, preponder- atingly spindles which are not arranged in two layers”. The region explored by the Siboga Expedition is one in which the family Gorgonide is very poorly represented, and the collection contains so few species (five in all) that it does not offer a basis for a systematic discussion. The writer will therefore content himself with adopting, in the main, the excellent generic definitions of StupER, and will discuss only the four genera represented in the collection. The paucity of representation of this family in this and other extensive collections in the East Indies is remarkable when contrasted with the great number of Gorgonide in the West Indies and on the Pacific Coast of tropical America, and indicates very plainly that the centre of distribution of the Gorgonide is in the warmer waters of the Western Hemisphere. Synoptic view of the genera and species of GORGONIDE collected by the Siboga Expedition. New species are indicated by an asterisk (*). Lophogorgia. Stenogorgia. Lophogorgia *pinnata. Stenogorgia miniata, S. *studere. Leptogorgia. Platycaulus. Leptogorgia “formosa. Platycaulus *stboge. The only previously known species in this list, Stexogorgéa miniata (Valenciennes) has hitherto been known only from the Atlantic Ocean, where it has been taken in the West Indies and Azores. ios) Systematic description of genera and species. Genus Lophogorgia Milne Edwards et Haime. Lophogorgia Milne Edwards and Haime. Histoire naturelle des Coralliaires, I, 1857, p. 167. Gorgonia (in part) Kölliker. Icones Histiologica, II, 2, 1865, p. 139. Leptogorgia (in part) Verrill. Transactions Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, I 1867—71, p. 387. Leptogorgia Duchassaing de Fontbressin. Revue des Zoophytes et des Spongiaires des Antilles, 1870, Pp» 17. Lophogorgia Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1897,03: Lophogorgia Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 150. Lophogorgia Delage et Herouard. Traité de Zoologie Concrete, II, 2, 1901, p. 420. rp mt) 2 u } The original definition of this genus is as follows: “Polypieroide étalé en forme de panache ou d’éventail, 4 une ou a plusieurs branches maitresses et a tige aplatie’’. KÖrLiker (1865) placed practically all of the genera of Gorgonide, including Lophogorgia, in the genus Gorgonza. No further definition of the genus appears until SruprR, (1887) gave the definition of which the following is a translation: “Colony upright, flabellate, with flattened stem and branches and cylindrical twigs. Polyps without calyces, immersed in the ccenenchyma and scattered on all sides of the ultimate branchlets. The larger water-vascular canals are on the flattened sides of the branches, but are peripheral on the round twigs. Spicules small double spindles’. WRIGHT and STUDER, (1889) give a definition which is practically identical with the one just quoted, and which is adopted in the present work. The type of the genus Lophogorgia is Lophogorgia palma (Pallas). Other described species are Lophogorgia alba’, L. crista Mobius, L. zrregularıs Thomson and Henderson, L. lütkeni Wright and Studer, ZL. rudrotincta T. and H. and the single new species in the Siboga Collection *. 1. Lophogorgia pinnata new species. (Plate I, figs. 1, 1a; Plate III, fig. 1). Stat. 273. Anchorage off Pulu Jedan, East coast of Aru Islands. 13 meters. Colony flabellate in form, branching pinnate, not anastomosing, height 31 cm., spread about 12 cm. The stem and larger branches are flattened and marked on their flat surfaces with impressed grooves which are often tortuous and irregular in number and extent. Stem with a cross section of 4.5 mm. X 3.6 mm. 4 cm. from its base it divides into two large and subequal branches. One of these is quite tortuous in its proximal part, giving off irregularly alternate and lateral branchlets which are usually simple, slender and curved outward. The distal part of this branch is comparatively straight and gives off usually simple irregularly 1 This species is merely mentioned by DUCHASSAING DE FONTBRESSIN (1870) who does not give the authority. 2 ZL. flammea (Ellis and Solander) is regarded by MıLnE Epwarpbs and Hamme as a synonym of Z. palma (Pallas). 4 alternate branches some of which bear branchlets of the third order. The other main branch is straighter than the first, gives off branchlets from one side only of its proximal part and is pinnately branched distally. One of the proximal branchlets bears a regularly spaced row of slender unilateral branchlets resembling those of Cienocella. The ultimate branchlets are all long, slender, round and usually erect. They reach a length of 17 cm. and are about 1.5 mm. in diameter. The calyces are entirely included, being indicated by mere tumidities on the surfaces of the branches and by their openings. They are lacking on the main stem and proximal parts of the larger branches and are mostly lateral on the smaller branches, but sometimes on all sides of the twig terminations. The individual calyces are so entirely included that they do not admit of description or measurement. Their mouths are indicated by oval openings such as are found in many Plexaurids, and often approach the form of linear slits about 5 mm. in length. Their margins form a slightly elevated rim with scarcely any evidence of lobes. The polyps are deeply retracted within the ccenenchyma, where they take the form of flattened discs with an oval outline and with their tentacles armed with longitudinally disposed spindles. A cross section of the stem shows a thin coenenchyma and large water-vascular canals on all sides of the flattened horny axis. Spicules. These are nearly all double spindles or girdled spindles, more slender than usual and often curved. They are surrounded by symmetrical whorls of verrucae, the two whorls which bound the girdle being more conspicuous than the others, which diminish gradually in size towards the ends of the spindle. The spicules of this species are remarkably uniform in character, differing mainly in size, due probably to relative age. Color. Colony white, axis black proximally, lightening distally. Genus Leptogorgia Milne Edwards (emended by Verrill). Leptogorgia (in part) Milne Edwards et Haime. Histoire naturelle des Coralliaires, I, 1857, p. 163. Gorgonia (in part) Kölliker. Icones Histiologice, II, 1865, p. 139. Leptogorgia Verrill. Transactions Connecticut Academy of Arts and Science, I, 2, 1867—71, P387: Leptogorgia Verrill. American Journal of Arts and Science, XLVII, 1869, p. 419. Leptogorgia Studer. Monatsbericht der Königl. Akad. der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1878, p. 654. Leptogorgia Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 151. Gorgonia (in part) Hickson. Alcyonaria and Hydrocoralline of the Cape of Good Hope, 1900, p. 8I. Leptogorgia Delage et Herouard. Traité des Zoologie concrete, II, 2, 1901, p. 420. Leptogorgia Nutting. Alcyonaria of the Californian Coast, 1909, p. 722. The original definition of this genus is as follows: “Les especes a axe non calcifere, dont le coenenchyme est pelliculaire c’est-a-dire tres- mince, et d’un tissu serré et dont les calyces n’ont pas les bords saillants. Elle se distingue donc des Gorgones proprement dites, par l’absence de verrues caliciferes et s’eloigne des Plexaures par la disposition du coenenchyme, qui, chez ces derniers, est remarquablement Epars et d’une texture subéreuse’’. 5 VERRILL (1869—71) defines the genus as follows: “Spicula of the coenenchyma mostly small double-spindles of two forms, longer and shorter. Branches usually slender, subdividing in various ways; often reticulate, pinnate or bipinnate. Cells usually prominent, sometimes flat, mostly in lateral rows or bands’’. STUDER (1887) gives a definition which is acceptable for our purpose, and of which the following is a translation: “Colony variously branched, more or less flabellate, often reticulate. Calyces small or included, usually disposed laterally with naked coenenchyma between. On the bare surfaces the water-vascular canals are indicated by furrows. Spicules minute double spindles of longer and shorter forms. The type of this genus is Zeplogorgia viminalis (Esper). A large number of species have been assigned to this genus, especially by VERRILL, and most of the species in the following list are given on his authority, the present writer having been unable to examine the types or to identify the species by the usually very brief descriptions. Leptogorgia adamsw Verrill, L. alba Verrill, Z. agassizdd Verrill, L. aröuscula (Philippi), L. arenata (Val.), L. aurantiaca (Val.), L. australiensis Ridley, L. doryana (Val.), L. californica Verrill, Z. carolinensis Verrill, L. carye Verrill, Z. cauliculus (Val.), L. cuspidata Verrill, ZL. divergens Studer, L. diffusa Verrill, L. flore Verrill, L. floridiana Verrill, Z. flavida Verrill, L. flexilis Verrill, Z. Zabiata Verrill, L. media Verrill, L. mineacea (Esper), L. mineata Verrill, L. nobilis Verrill, Z. peruana Verrill, L. finnata (Lamk.), ZL. Porissima Edwards and Haime, L. pulchra Verrill, Z. pumela Verrill, Z. purpuracea (Pallas), L. purpurea (Pallas), L. ramulus (Val.), Z. vegeda Verrill, Z. rosea (Lamk.), Z. rutıla Verrill, Z. tenurs Verrill, Z. setacea Verrill, L. sanguinolenta (Pallas), L. sarmentosa (Esper), ZL. sanguinea (Val.), L. stenobrachis Verrill, L. teres Verrill, LZ. torresia Thomson and Herderson, ZL. weödiana (Val.), L. virgea (Val.), L. virgulata (Lamk.), and the species described beyond. Many of the above named species have been so inadequately described that identification is practically impossible. In view of this fact the writer thinks it better to describe the single species in the Siboga Collection as new, although he is fully aware that it may be one of the species in the above list. 1. Leptogorgia formosa new species (Plate I, figs. 2, 2a; Plate III, fig. 2). Stat. 33. Bay of Pidjot, Lombok. 22 meters and less. Colony (dried) strictly flabellate, not reticulate although there are a very few anastomoses. Stem and branches round. The main stem extends almost straight to the distal end of the colony. Height 11.8 cm., spread 7.3 cm.; diameter of main stem 2.4 mm. About 1 cm. above its disk-shaped base of attachment the main stem gives off two very strong opposite branches. Above this it gives off irregularly lateral branches at short intervals throughout its length. These in turn give off numerous lateral branchlets most of which are simple, but some of which rebranch until branchings of the fourth order are attained. The whole forms a densely branched typically flabellate structure which appears at first sight to be reticulate, but is not really so. 6 The distance between branches varies from 2.5 mm. to ı1.5 mm. but 3 mm. is a common distance. The calyces are mainly lateral in position, but may be on all sides of the branches. In the dried specimen they are hardly evident, appearing to be entirely included in the coenenchyma. They were probably low warty verruce in the fresh specimen. The individual calyces can not be successfully studied in the specimen described. In many cases their mouths are so completely closed that there is no trace of an opening, and their diameter can not be measured on account of their walls fading insensibly into the general coenenchyma of the branch. In some cases the openings appear as oval pores. The characters of the polyps can not be ascertained from the type. The axis is horny, but shows traces of impregnation by lime salts, particularly in the basal parts. There are no grooves on the stem or branches. Spicules. These are small spindles, double spindles, girdled spindles and a few double heads. All are regularly tuberculated, the tubercles being usually in definite whorls. Color. The dried specimen is a dark, bright pink, tending to a carmine. The spicules are mostly carmine. Genus Stenogorgia Verrill. Stenogorgia Verrill. Bulletin Museum Comparative Zoology, XI, 1, 1883, p. 29. Stenogorgia Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, p. 64. Stenogorgia Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. LXII. Stenogorgia Delage et Hérouard. Traité de Zoologie Concrete, II, 2, 1901, p. 420. Stenogorgia Nutting. Alcyonaria of the Californian Coast, 1909, p. 722. The original description of the genus Stenogorgia is as follows: “Axis horny, branched. Coenenchyma thin, consisting chiefly of small, warty fusiform spicula, with a few smaller, short, irregular, rough, granule-like spicula next the outer surface, but not forming any regular layer. Calyces scattered or two rowed, more or less prominent, eight-rayed at summit, and filled with spicula like those of the ccenenchyma. Tentacles filled with fusiform spicula and usually incurved, commonly not retracted within the calyces, but capable of it”. STUDER (1887) and subsequent writers adopt this definition without material modification. The type species of this genus is Sienogorgia casta Verrill. Other known species are Stenogorgia ceylonensis Thomson and Henderson, S. kofoidi Nutting, S. mznzata (Valenciennes), S. rosea Grieg and the new species collected by the Siboga Expedition. 1. Stenogorgia miniata (Valenciennes). Gorgonia miniata Valenciennes. Comptes rendus, XLI, 1855, p. 12. Gorgonia miniata Milne Edwards et Haime. Histoire Naturelle des Coralliaires, I, 1857, p. 160. Gorgonia miniata Pourtales. Contributions to the Fauna of the Gulf Stream at Great depths, 1868, p. 160. Stenogorgia miniata Studer. Alcyonaires provenant des Campagnes de l’Hirondelle, 1901, p. 51. Stat. 80. 2°25 S., 117°43' E. From 50 to 4o meters. Stat. 117.-1° ©.5.N., 122°56' E. 80 meters. Stat. sg 1O,omsO. 9. TO a7 45 eee mmeters: 7 Colony (incomplete) flabellate and not reticulate in form, 4.6 cm. high and with a spread of 4.7 cm. The main stem is round in section and 1.5 mm. in diameter. The branches are all lateral, there being 7 on one side and 4 on the other. 5 of the branches are compound, giving off irregularly disposed lateral branchlets, branchings of the third order being sometimes attained. There is no regularity whatever in the distance between branches. The calyces are mainly lateral in position, but may be on all sides of the terminal twigs, and are very unevenly spaced, being from less than ı mm. to 2 mm. apart. The individual calyces are dome-shaped verruce with the summits divided into 8 not very strongly marked lobes. A typical one measures. 6 mm. in height and 1 mm. in diameter near the base. The upper part of the calyx wall is filled with spicules arranged en chevron and rising in 8 low points around the margin. The polyps are completely retractile and show a well-marked but slender collaret composed usually of a single row of transverse spindles. The tentacles have comparatively large spindles arranged en chevron on their proximal parts and longitudinally placed on the distal parts. The general coenenchyma is covered with rather large tuberculate spindles which are usually longitudinal but may lie in any direction. The axis is wholly corneous and the water- vascular canals are not conspicuous. Spicules. These are nearly all regularly and densely tuberculated terete spindles, usually straight but sometimes curved. They never show a distinct girdle. Most of them are less than .5 mm. long, but an occasional one is found which is relatively large, reaching a length of 1 mm. Minute crosses and irregularly branched forms are occasionally seen, Color. The colony is a rather dark scarlet, and the spicules are yellowish red or orange. General distribution, The type was secured in the Antilles. It has also been reported by STUDER from the Azores, depth 454 meters. The Siboga specimens agree well with the description and figures given by STUDER. This form reminds one of certain species of the muriceid genus Murzcella, but the spicules are much smaller than is usual in that genus. 2. Stenogorgia studeri! new species. (Plate II, figs 1, ıa; Plate III, fig. 193). Stat eaOmonsO S119 7.5 B. 73; meters: Colony flabellate and not reticulate, rigid in habit. The main stem and larger branches are distinctly flattened and grooved on their flat surfaces. Colony 11 cm. in height. The main stem is 2.5 mm. by 2 mm. in section. 4.4 mm. from its base the stem forks, but one of the resultant branches is broken off at its origin, The other main branch bears a number of laterally disposed branchlets which are irregularly spaced and themselves bear lateral branchlets which occasionally bear twigs of the fourth order of branching. The stem and main branches are distinctly furrowed on one of the flattened sides and indistinctly so on the other. Almost all of the calyces are lateral in position and tend to be alternate on the distal parts of the twigs. The individual calyces are warty of dome-shaped verruce, a typical one measuring 8 8 mm. in height and 1.3 mm. in diameter at the base. They are closely approximated on the distal parts of the colony and more distant, although still rather closely emplanted on the proximal parts. The margin is surrounded by 8 lobes which form an 8-rayed figure when viewed from above. The calyx walls are filled with densely tuberculate spindles which are usually horizontal on basal parts and tend to be vertical on distal parts, especially in the mar- ginal lobes. In the coenenchyma the spicules are longitudinal as a rule. The polyps are com- pletely retractile, and in retraction lie well below the infolded lobes of the calyx margin. The collaret is very weak, scarcely evident. The tentacles are covered on their dorsal surfaces by small tuberculate spindles which are longitudinal on the distal parts and tend to an en chevron arrangement on the proximal parts. The ccenenchyma is moderately thin. A cross section of the stem shows inconspicuous water-vascular canals and a corneous axis which is slightly flattened. Spicules. Stout, densely tuberculate spindles of moderate size, with the tubercles not arranged in distinct whorls, are the characteristic form of this species. Those in the tentacles are smaller and more slender. Rarely a clubshaped form is seen. Color. The colony, in alcohol, is a light brown with a faint reddish cast in places. Genus Platycaulus Wright and Studer. Platycaulus Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 148. The original definition of this genus is as follows: “Colony branched, the branches in one plane, anastomosing. The axis is horny, flattened, with a calcareous centre and calcareous particles interspersed amid the horny layers: the nutrient canals surrounding the central axis almost as in P/exaura. Polyps prominent, on the sides of the stem and branches, retractile within verrucee. Ccenenchyma moderate, like shagreen. Spicules straight and curved spiny spindles and stellate forms’’. The type, and hitherto the only known species of the genus Platycaulus is Platycaulus danielsseni Wright and Studer. 1. Platycaulus siboge new species. (Plate II, figs. 2, 2a; Plate III, fig. 4). ui | Stat. 213. Saleyer Anchorage and surroundings. Up to 36 meters. | Colony flabellate, not reticulate, although there are a few anastomoses, loose and flabby in texture, 35 cm. high. Several upright stems spring from a single encrusting base. The largest of these has its main stem and many of the branches and twigs flattened. The stem forks 2 cm. from its base into two unequal branches the largest of which is 6.5 mm. X 5 mm. in section. After giving off several small lateral branches it again forks, 11 cm. from its base, and the resultant branchlets again give off irregularly disposed lateral branchlets at intervals of about 1 cm. Branches of the 6! order are sometimes attained. In a few cases the branches anastomose, but not often. The ultimate twigs are flattened, being about 2 mm. by 1 mm. in section, short, and generaly pinnate in arrangement. The calyces are usually lateral in position, 9 but are not infrequently disposed on three sides of the smaller branches. Ouite a number of the medium sized branches are round in section. B A cross section of a branch shows a rather thin coenenchyma and a comparatively thick axis cylinder with a central white core. The water-vascular canals are not prominent. The individual calyces are low verruce the margins of which are 8-lobed and do not seem capable of closing over the retracted polyps. A typical calyx measures 1 mm. to the top of the infolded mass of tentacles and is 1 mm. broad at its base. The calyx walls are filled with transversely placed slender crimson spindles which tend to an en chevron arrangement near the margin. The polyp has a well-marked collaret of similar spindles beset with sharp thorny points, and the tentacle bases bear similar crimson spindles arranged longitudinally on their dorsal surfaces. On the proximal parts of the tentacles these spindles tend to an en chevron arrangement. These spicules show in conspicuous relief against the pallid substance of the tentacles. Spicules. These are mainly slender spindles with their surfaces often comparatively smooth and often, especially in the case of the spindles, beset with sharp thorny points. Many of these slender spindles are curved and some of them are relatively very large, attaining a length of 1.5 mm. These large spicules are generally on the surface of the coenenchyma, where they are longitudinally disposed. I do not find any stellate forms such as are described as occurring in Platycaulus danielssent. Color. The colony is a very dark rich wine-color or dark crimson. The polyps (in alcohol) are white with crimson spicules, but they may have been yellow in life. This species bears a superficial resemblance to Gorgonia radula Möbius', but the spicules are entirely different. 1 Neue Gorgoniden des Naturhistorischen Museums zu Hamburg, Jena, 1861, p. 9, pl. III. i] SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XIII dt. DISTRIBUTION OF THE GORGONIDZE COLLECTED BY THE SIBOGA EXPEDITION. List of Stations at which Gorgonide were collected by the Siboga Expedition and the Species collected at each Station. STATION 33. Bay of Pidjot, Lombok. 22 meters, and less. Mud, coral and coral sand. Leptogorgza formosa. STATION 80. 2°25'S., 117°43 E. Borneo bank. From 50 to 40 meters. Fine coral sand. Stenogorgia mintata. STATION 117. 1°0.5 N., 122°56' E. Kwandang Bay entrance, Celebes. 80 meters (chart). Sand and coral. Stenogorgia minıata. STATION 213. Saleyer Anchorage. Up to 36 meters. Mud and mud with sand. Platycaulus siboge. STATION 273. Anchorage off Pulu Jedan, East coast of the Aru Islands, (Pearl Banks). 13 meters. Sand and shells. Lophogorgia pinnata. STATION 310. 8°30'S., 119°7'.5 E. Flores Sea. 73 meters. Sand with a few pieces -of-dead-coral. Stenogorgia miniata, Stenogorgia studert. The data given above show that all of the Gorgonide collected by the Siboga were taken from comparatively shallow water, the deepest haul being from Station 117 where the depth, indicated by the chart, was 80 meters. But one species in the above list is known to occur outside of the region visited by the Siboga, and that is Stexogorgza miniata which was previously recorded from the West Indies, and also from the Azores from a depth of 454 meters. This is the same species which was secured from the greatest depth yielding a member of the family Gorgonide secured by the Siboga. Literature cited in the Report on the Gorgonide of the Siboga collection. DELAGE et HEROUARD. Traité de Zoologie Concréte; Tome II, 2me Partie, les Coelentérés, Paris, 1901. DUCHASSAING DE FONTBRESSIN, P. Revue des Zoophytes et des Spongiaires des Antilles, Paris, 1870. Hickson, S. J. Alcyonaria and Hydrocoralline of the Cape of Good Hope, Cape Town, 1901. —— Alcyonaria of the Cape of Good Hope, Part II, Cape Town, 1904. KÖLLIRER, A. Icones Histiologicee oder Atlas der vergleichenden Gewebelehre; 2te Abtheilung, der feinere Bau der höheren Thiere; ıstes Heft, die Bindsubstanz der Ccelenteraten; Leipzig, 1865. MILNE EDWARDS et HAIME. Histoire naturelle des Coralliaires, ou Polypes proprement dits, I, 1857. NUTTING, C. C. Alcyonaria of the Californian Coast. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, XXXV, pp. 681—727, Washington, 1909. POURTALES, L. F. DE. Contributions to the Fauna of the Gulf Stream at Great Depths, 2d Series. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. 1, N° 7, Cambridge, 1868. RIDLEY, S. O. Alcyonaria of the Mergui Archipelago, 1888. STUDER, TH. Ubersicht der Anthozoa Alcyonaria, welche wahrend der Reise S. M. S. “Gazelle” um die Erde gesammelt wurden; Monatsbericht der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, September und October 1878; Berlin, 1878. —— Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria; Archiv für Naturgeschichte; 51ster Jahrgang, Bd. 1, Heft I, 1887. — — Alcyonaires provenant des Campagnes du Yacht l’Hirondelle (1886—1888). Résultats des Campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son Yacht par Albert ıer, Prince Souverain de Monaco, Fascicule XX; Monaco, 1901. VALENCIENNES, M. Extrait d’une Monographie de la famille des Gorgonidées de la classe des Polypes; Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des Séances de l’Academie des Sciences, XLI, Paris, 1855, p. 7. VERRILL, A. E. Review of the Corals and Polyps of the West Coast of America. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. I, Part. 2, New Haven, 1867. —— Critical Remarks on Alcyonoid Polyps, N® 3. The American Journal of Sciences and Arts, XLVII, New Haven, 18609. — — Report on the Anthozoa, and on some additional Species dredged by the Blake in 1877—1879, and by U.S. Fish Commission Steamer Fish Hawk in 1880—1882. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Vol. XI, N° 1, Cambridge, 1883. WRIGHT, E. P. and STUDER, TH. Report on the Alcyonaria collected by H. M.S. Challenger during the years 1873—76. The Voyage of H. M.S. Challenger, Zoology, Vol. XXXI, London, 18809. Lae EIERSNATION OF PLATES The photographs were made from nature by the author The spicules were drawn under the camera lucida by Mr. Dayron STONER. PLATE I. Fig. 1. Lophogorgia pinnata n. sp. Natural size. 1a, part of branch x 5. Fig. 2. Leptogorgia formosa n. sp. Natural size. 2a, part of branch X 5. =) SS PLATE II. Fig. 1. Stenogorgia studeri n. sp. Natural size. Fig. 2. Platycaulus siboge n. sp. Natural size. Ia, part of branch x 2a, part of branch ur ur ” ait - a : = ’ E : » Py : u ‘ - : F i u a : ; . = Bok u U : ad 5 . Zi = s 7 “ica Fig. Fig. Fig 3’ Fig 5: PLATE II. Br . Lophogorgia pinnata n. Sp. . Leptogorgia formosa n. sp. . Stenogorgia studeri n. sp. . Platycaulus sibog@ n. sp. Group of 2 spicules, a and 6 X 350. Group of 4 spicules, a, 6, ¢ and d X 250. Group of 5 spicules, a, 6, c, d and e x 120. Group of 4 spicules, a, 0, c and d x 120. Siboga-Expeditie XIllb+, C. C. Nurrins, Gorgonidae. i Dayton Stoner del. fk re ge 3° 4° se 6e ihe ge 9¢ 16€ 19€ 20° 21€ 22€ 23° 24° Deja paru: Livr. Krane. XLIV)C. Ph. Sluiter. Die Holothurien der Siboga-Expedition. Mit ro Tafeln. Livr. (Monogr. LX) E. S. Barton. The genus Halimeda. With 4 plates. Livr. (Monogr. I) Max Weber. Introduction et Bann de yee Pgs. Avec Liste are Stations et 2 cartes . Livr. (Monogr. II) G. F. denen. THesedntion of the ship nt appliances ee for scientific exploration. With 3 plates and illustrations. Livr. (Monogr. XLVII) H.F. Nierstrasz. The ee ähes of the Siboga- Exp. With 6 plates. ‚Livr. (Monogr. XIII) J. Versluys. Die Gorgoniden der Siboga- seguir: I. Die Chrysogorgiidae. Mit 170 Figuren im Text. Live (Monogr. XVIa) A. Alcock. eek on the peer -Sea Madreporaria of the een: Expedition. With 5 plates. Livr. (Monogr. XXV) C. Ph. Siniter: Die Sipuneuliden ad: Echiuriden der Siboge Ep Mit 4 Tafeln und 3 Figuren im Text. Livr. (Monogr. Via) G. C. J. Vosmaer and E H. Werahouk The Porifera of ehe Siboga- Expedition. I. The genus Placospongia. With 5 plates. : Livr. (Monogr. XI) Otto Maas. Die Scyphomedusen der Siboga- Expedition. Mit 12 Tafeln. Livr. (Monogr. XII) Fanny Moser. Die Ctenophoren der Siboga-Expedition. Mit 4 Tafeln. Livr. (Monogr. XXXIV) P. Mayer. Die Caprellidae der Siboga-Expedition. Mit 10 Tafeln. Livr. (Monogr. III) G. F. Tydeman. Hydrographic results of the Siboga- ST With 24 charts and plans and 3 charts of depths Livr. (Monogr. XLIII) J. C. H. de Meijere. Die Echinoidea der ae ae Mit 23 Tafeln. Livr. (Monogr. XLVa) René Koehler. Ophiures de l’Expedition du Siboga. ıe Partie. Ophiures de Mer profonde. Avec 36 Planches. Livr. (Monogr. LII) J. J. Tesch. The Thecosomata and en een of the Siboga- Expedition. With 6 plates. SAME ks Livr. er LVIa).C. Ph. Sluiter. Die Tunieiten a en. Exiedicos . Abteilung. Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Mit 15 Tafeln . 2 Livr. ee LXI) A. Weber van Bosse and M. Foslie. The Corallinaceae of the Siboga- Expedition. With 16 plates and 34 textfigures Livr. (Monogr. VIII) Sydney J. Hickson and Heten M. England. The Stylasterina of the Siboga Expedition. With 3 plates. Livr. (Monogr. XLVIII) H. F. Nierstrasz. Die Chitonen der Siboga- Ex. Mit 8 Tafeln. Livr. (Monogr. XLV4) René Koehler. Ophiures de l’Expedition du Siboga. 2e Partie. Ophiures littorales. Avec 18 Planches. Livr. (Monogr. XX VIdss) Sidney F. Harmer. The Pterobranchia ofthe Siboga- Expedition, with an account of other species. With 14 plates and 2 text-figures. Livr. (Monogr. XXXVI) W. T. ela The Cumacea of the Siboga Expedition. With 2 plates and 4 text-figures . . . ‘ WER Livr. (Monogr. LVIa) C. Ph. Sluiter. Die Tunicaten der "Siboga- Expedition. Supplement zu der I. Abteilung. Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Mit ı Tafel. f. 6— f 7.50 „rT.00,. 4.52.40 ” 6.75 9. 9 » 2:-— y 2.50 » 3:90 » 4.90 4.) Os om 375 » 460° 9 5.75 Pie a ee ef) 2.12.49) 7037 » 7.50 » 9.50 Mo 280 Mrd n„ 7:80 » 9,75 ” GO » 11.25 ” 15. ” 18.75 „ 16.50 4 20.50 » 3:75 2» 4.70 ng Sit BO y T2s5Ge ol ago 3 T:5or®. Hug w Ban y 6.25 oe er ” 6.75 » 9. „11.801 39, 32:40 ea dr) 2. Ls Prix: Souscription Monographies al'ouvrage complet séparées eae Br ene mee tha ae De Aas ky Prix® “=, Saale ive. (Monogr. L) Rud. Bergh. Die Opisthobranchiata der Siboga-Exped. Mit 20 Tafeln. f11.25 : Live. (Monogr. X) Otto Maas. Die Craspedoten Medusen der Siboga-Exp. Mit 14.Tafeln. , "9:25: Livr. { “a XIll a) J. Versluys. Die Gorgoniden der Siboga-Expedition. Mg 3 Die Primnoidae. Mit 10 Tafeln, 178 Figuren im Text urd einer Karte. „ 12.50 Livr. (Monogr. XXI) G. Herbert fous The Sepang: ap. of the aes en With 3 pk ates. and 6 charts . Bes AO: 29¢ Livr. (Monogr. LI) J. J. Tesch. Die Eee En. hae Siboga- Eben Mit 14 Spaten. „095% oe Livr. (Monogr. XXX) G. W. Müller. Die Ostracoden der Siboga-Exped. Mit 9 Tafeln. u 50 > Livr. (Monogr. ee Franz Eilhard Schulze. Die m 2 der A! Mit 3 Tafeln . n 2.40 Livr. (Monogr. LIV) Maria RESET The Seaphopoda of the ‘Siboga Expedition With 6 plates and 39 textfigures . 5. 4.00," ° Livr. (Monogr. XXVI) J. W. Spengel. Studien über die Enteropneusten iG Siboge-Exp. Mit 17 Tafeln und 20 Figuren im Text. . ARE, es Livr. (Monogr. XX) H. F. Nierstrasz. Die Me matomordee er Siboga-Exp. Mit 3 Tardony „ 2.80 54° Livr. (Monogr. XIIIc) Sydney J. Hickson und J. Versluys. Die Alcyoniden der Siboga- Ra Exped. I. Coralliide, II. Pseudocladochonus Hicksoni. Mit 3 Tafeln und 16 Figuren im Text. Livr. (Monogr. XXXIa) P. P. C. Hoek. The Cirripedia of the PEN en A. Cirripedia pedunculata, With 10 plates Livr. (Monogr. XLIIa) L. Döderlein. Die een Crinoiden a Siboga-Fxpedition. Mit. 23 Tafeln und 12 Figuren im Text . Livr. (Monogr. IX) Albertine D. Lens and Thea van | Riernsdif. The Siphonophores of the Siboga Expedition. With 24 plates and 52 textfigures . : Livr. (Monogr. XLIX'a) M. M. Schepman. The Prosobranchia of the Siboga peace Part I. Rhipidoglossa and Docoglossa, with an aa ek Prof. R. BERGH. With 9 plates and 3 textfigures. . . : er . Livr. (Monogr. XL) J. C. C. Loman. Die Paittopéden der Siboga Expedition, Mit 15 u Tafeln und 4 Figuren im Text. ‘Livr. (Monogr. LVIc) J. E. W. Ihle. Die Appendicularien ae Siboga-Expelition Mit 4 Tafeln und 10 Figuren im Text . Livr. (Monogr. XLIX?) M. M. Schenman und H. F. Nierstrasz, Patasitisthe Bree branchier der Siboga-Expedition. Mit 2 Tafeln . tis Livr. (Monogr. XLIX'4) M. M. Schepman. The oe of ihe Siboga, Expedition. Part II. Taenioglossa and Ptenoglossa. With 7 plates Livr. (Monogr. XXIXa) Andrew Scott. The Copepoda of.the Siboga Henedition, Part I. Free-swimming, Littoral and Semi-parasitic Copepoda. With 69 plates. Livr. (Monogr. LVI2) C. Ph. Sluiter. Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition. II. Abteilung. Die Merosomen Ascidien. Mit 8 Tafeln-und 2 Figuren im Text. Livr. (Monogr. XLIX'c) M. M. Schepman. The Prosobranchia of the ARSER Perser Part III. Gymnoglossa. With ı plate Livr. (Monogr. XIII) C. C. Nutting. The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition, III. The Muriceid@. With 22 plates.” . Livr. (Monogr. XIIIé') C. C. Nutting. The Gorgonacca of che Siboga Expedition. IV. The Plexauride. With 4 plates . i Livr. (Monogr. LVId) J. E. W. Ihle. Die Thaliaceen (einschliesslich Pyroromen) Be Siboga-Expedition. Mit ı Tafel und 6 Figuren im Text. 5 Ais Livr. (Monogr. XIII?) C. C. Nutting. The ees of the Siboga Expedition V. The Iside. With 6 plates . Livr. (Monogr. XXXVII) H. J. ans. The Schizopoda of the Sibogs Expedition. With 16 plates and 3 text cue 2e Livr. (Monogr. XIII4°) C. C. Nutting. The Goce of the: Siboga Expedition, VI. The Gorgonellide. With 11 plates. - Livr. (Monogr. XVa) J. Playfair Mc Murrich. The Abtiuiad of the Siboga Expedition. ‘ Part I. Ceriantharia. With 1 plate and 14 text figures . Livr. (Monogr. XIIId*) C. C. Nutting. The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition. VII. The Gorgonid&. With 3 plates. - ı for. = Mrk 1.70 = 1 sh. 8 d. = frs 2.12 en chiffres arrondies. RG Mound ATS DES Fo Er | ENTREPRISES AUX 3 NEERLANDAISES ORIENTALES en 1899—1900, du SIBOGA, OUS LE COMMANDEMENT DE G. F, TYDEMAN PUBLIES PAR I 3 x WEBER Chef de l’expedition. m et description ‘ae Vexpédition, Max Webe u et son équipement scientifique, G. F. Tyde man, } hydrographiques, G. F. Tyde man. mF W. Winter. ora, F. E. Schulze. -M. Hartmann. C. J. Vosmaer et I. Ijima'), A. Billard. S. J. Hickson et Mile H. M. England. , Miles Lens et van Riemsdijk. , O. Maas. A hhyonidne, ”% Versluys, S.J. en fC, C. Nutting et J. A. Thomson '). S.J. Hickson. : Me Murrich*). ria, A. Alcock et L. Déderlein’). A. J. van Pesch. ia, L. yon Graff et R. ey von Stummer. ‘J. W. Spengel. orpha, H. F, Wicretratee, tha, G. H. Fowler. i, A. A. W. Hubrecht.” A. Scott!). G. W. Müller. PP. C. Hoek’). Be os ach. Hansen. ‚J. G. de Man et J, E. W. Thle'). at opoda, J. €. C. Loman. en J. Th. Oudemans. L. Döderlein et Austin H. Clark). gr C. H. de Meijere. ioidea, ©. Ph. Sluiter. uroidea, R. Köhler. pols: Döderlein. res, H. I, Nierstrasz. ie ik F. Nierstrasz. ia, M. M. An. ranchia parasitica, H anchia, R. Bergh. eropoda, J. J. Tesch. Ban, & 3. Torch. poda, Mile M. Boissevain. phalopoda, L. Joubin. icata,.C. Ph. Sluiter et J. E. W. Ihle. s, Max Weber. ea, Max Weber. des algues, Mue A, Weber. alimeda, Mile E. S. Barton. (Mme E. S. Gepp). (1 Corallinacene, Mme A, Weber et M. Foslie. IT. Codiaceae, A. et Mme E. S, Gepp. (IIT. Dinoflagellata. Coceosphaeridae, J. P. Totsy. Diatomaceae, J. P. Lotsy. . Deposita marina, O. B. Böggild. VI. [Résultats ach A. Wichmann. 2 MINOR EHI VIFRSAHNTKAKINIAANAERENONAKRKAKKIO AAN LTTLAMANRBRARKER ER LRRLNRATRR KKaranaanaana ublié Ju in 10: has, a A ANIQUES, OCEANOGRAPHIQUES ET GEOLOGIQUES F. Nierstrasz et M.M. (Schepman. mi fhellibranchisis, P. Pelseneer et Ph. Dautzenberg. THE | GORGONACEA OF THE SIBOGA EXPEDITION VII. THE SCLERAXONIA BY C. C. NUTTING Professor of Zoology, State University of Iowa With 12 plates Monographie XIII of: UITKOMSTEN OP ZOOLOGISCH, BOTANISCH, OCEANOGRAPHISCH EN GEOLOGISCH GEBIED = verzameld in Nederlandsch Oost-Indié 1899— 1900 aan boord H. M. Siboga onder commando van Luitenant ter zee ıe kl. G. F. TYDEMAN UITGEGEVEN DOOR Dr. MAX WEBER Prof. in Amsterdam, Leider der Expeditie Anett medewerking van de Maatschappij ter bevordering van het Natuurkundig Onderzoek der Nederlandsche Kolonien) ee iu IC I i ioe Sate BOEKHANDEL EN DRUKKERIJ NOOKURKN E. J. BRILL LEIDEN FEEELEELS PELEREERREREEER SE ANGUS MS OMT a NATH # Les numéros avec un astérique ont déja paru ceux marqués 1) seulement en partie ° . L’ouvrage du „Siboga” se composera d’une serie de monographies. > ” D> D> Voor de uitgave van de resultaten der a hebben bijdragen beschikbaar gesteld: De Maatschappij ter bevordering van het Natuurkundig Onderzoek der Nederlandsche Kolonién. Het Ministerie van Kolonién. Het Ministerie van Binnenlandsche Zaken. Het Koninklijk Zoologisch Genootschap » Natura Artis Magistra’’ te Amsterdam. De »Oostersche Handel en Reederij” te Amsterdam. De Heer B. H pe Waar Oud-Consul-Generaal der Nederlanden te Kaapstad. M. B. te Amsterdam. The Elizabeth Thompson Science Fund. . Ces monographies paraitront au fur et a mesure qu’elles seront prétes. . Le prix de chaque monographie sera different, mais nous avons adopté comme base générale du prix de — vente: pour une feuille d’impression sans fig. flor. 0.15; pour une feuille avec fig. flor. 0.20 a 0.25; pour une planche noire flor. 0.25; pour une planche coloriée flor. 0.40; pour-une photogravure flor. 0.60. . Il y aura deux modes de souscription: a. La souscription a l’ouvrage complet. 6. La souscription a des monographies séparées en Eee restreint. Dans ce dernier cas, le prix des monographies sera majoré de 25 °/,. . L’ouvrage sera réuni en volumes avec titres et index. Les souscripteurs A l’ouvrage complet recevront ces titres et index, au fur et a mesure que chaque volume sera complet. ERRATUM Monographie 40: Loman, Die Pantopoden der Siboga-Expedition, 1908, S. 66. Die neue Pallenopsis-Art (P. plumipes) hat leider irrtümlich denselben Namen erhalten wie die bereits früher von Metnert (Den Danske Ingolf-Expedition, V. 3, 1899, Pycnogonida, p. 51) aus dem Nord-Atlantik beschriebene Tiefsee-Species. Demnach muss die von der Siboga-Expedition aus der Kwandang-Bai in Nord-Celebes gedredschte Art einen andern Namen bekommen, und ich schlage jetzt vor sie Pallenopsis Sibogae nom. nov. zu nennen. Amsterdam, Mai ıgıı. J. C. C. Loman. SEOGSNEXTEDIIIE Siboga-Expeditie UIT ROMS TEN OP INLININCH, BUNS OCEANIAN EX GHOLOGISCE Geht) VERZAMELD IN NEDERLANDSCH OOST-INDIE 1899— 1900 AAN BOORD H. M. SIBOGA ONDER COMMANDO VAN Luitenant ter zee 1° kl. G. F. TYDEMAN UITGEGEVEN DOOR Dr. MAX WEBER Prof. in Amsterdam, Leider der Expeditie (met medewerking van de Maatschappij ter bevordering van het Natuurkundig Onderzoek der Nederlandsche Kolonien) —— Se BOEKHANDEL EN DRUKKERIJ © I BRIER LEIDEN Siboga-Expeditie XIIIp’ GORGONACEA OF THE SIBOGA EXPEDITION Ma: SEHE SCLERAXONIA BY ere NUT LING Professor of Zoology, State University of Iowa With 12 plates (Aided by a grant from the ELIZABETH THOMPSON SCIENCE FUND) LARA - tate EB. J. BRILL PUBLISHERS AND PRINTERS LEYDEN — IQII THE GORGONACEA OF THE SIBOGA EXPEDITION VI. THE SCLERAXONIA Cc. C. NUTTING, Professor of Zoology, State University of Iowa. With 12 plates. (Aided by a grant from the ELIZABETH THOMPSON SCIENCE FUND.) Section SCLERAXONIA Studer. (= PSEUDAXONIA von Koch.) Scleraxonia Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1888, p. 24. The definition of this section of the Gorgonacea, as given by STUDER, is indicated in the following translation : “Fixed, upright branched colonies in which the short polyp cavities are immersed in a canal-bearing coenenchyma which contains numerous embedded spicules. The branches consist of a cortical substance containing the polyps and a medullary substance which contains spicules of different forms from those of the coenenchyma, densely aggregated and either connected by a horny substance or bound together by a limestone substance into a stony axis in which the individual spicules are plainly evident”’. This definition, although correct, may be considerably shortened without losing its effectiveness. Leaving out unessentials, the following will serve our purpose: Gorgonacea with an axis in which the individual spicules can be recognized and in which they are connected into a more or less compact mass either by a horny substance or calcareous matter. SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XIII 05, I 2 Although there is some intergradation between the Briareide on the one hand and the Gorgonellide, a holaxonian family, on the other; and although there is evident relationship between the Iside, another holaxonian family, and the Melitodidz, this’ Section is of practical use in a treatment of the Gorgonacea and serves to segregate that great order into two groups which are fairly natural. Family BRIAREIDE Gray. Lriaracées (in part) Milne Edwards et Haime. Histoire Naturelle des Coralliaires, 1857, p. 188. Briareide Gray. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Vol. IV, 1859, p. 443. Briareide Verrill. Memoirs Boston Society of Natural History, I, 1863, p. 10. Paragorgiacee Kölliker. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Polypen, 1870, p. 11. Briaride Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, p. 26. ; Briareide Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. XXXI. Briareide Bourne. A treatise on Zoology, part II, Chapter VI, 1900, p. 25. Briareide Nutting. Alcyonaria of the Hawaiian Islands, 1908, p. 569. » Mırne Epwarps and Haıme (1857) defined the “Briaracées’’ as follows: “Polypieroide dont l’axe est occupé par un tissu subéreux ou spiculifere, ou par une cavite vide’. In accordance with this definition these writers included in the family the genera Brzareum, Solanderia, Paragorgia and Celogorgia, the last of which, Calogorgza is not now regarded as belonging in the Scleraxonia. Gray (1859) defines the family Briareide as follows: “Coral arborescent, fleshy, supported by a central axis formed of numerous intertwined fusiform spicules”. This writer includes but one genus, Ariareum, in the family. VERRILL (1867—71) includes the genera Briareum, Paragorgia, Titanidium and, tenta- tively, his genus Ca/dpodium which is not now regarded as belonging to the Gorgonacea at all. KO6LLIKER (1870) practically adopts the definition of Mırne Epwarps and Haine, but leaves off the last part “ou par une cavité vide”, thus excluding C@logorgia. He divides the family into two sections, “Sympodidz”’ with an encrusting coenenchyme and “Paragorgiacez”’ in which the branched colony exhibits a differentiated cortical and nuclear portion or axis. This second section is practically identical with the Arzaracee as at present accepted. StuDer (1887) offers a definition which has stood without essential modification until the present time, and a translation of which appeared in the Challenger Report, the Alcyonaria, 1889, as follows: “Scleraxonia in which the coenenchyma consists of a polyp-bearing cortex and a medullary substance of closely packed spicules; these are either developed on the surfaces of an upright shrubby colony, or the latter is relegated to the interior of a cylindrical stem over which is spread the former. In the latter case a more or less well-defined axis is formed which may be penetrated by nutritive canals, or may be quite without them’’. The 4riarecde thus fall into two sub-divisions Briareine and Spongiodermine. o All of the material of this family collected by the Siboga Expedition belongs to the subfamily Briareine. /cz/ogorgia, which has been placed by Stuper in the Spongioderminz, has well-marked water-vascular canals in the axis and must therefore be included in the Briareine. A definition which will sharply differentiate the family Briareide from Sclerogorgide, and at the same time give the necessary diagnostic features, is offered as follows: Scleraxonia in which the spicules of the axis cylinder are either beset with distinct thorny points or wart-like verruce and are not possessed of horny sheaths by which they are agglutinated together either directly or by cross connections. Branches consisting of a cortex containing the calyces and an axis consisting of spicules closely packed in a matrix of connective. tissue. The amount of material collected by the Siboga Expedition and belonging to this family is hardly sufficient to justify a general discussion of the generic groups. The writer will therefore confine himself to a discussion of the genera represented. Synoptic view of the genera and species of BRIAREIDE collected by the Siboga Expedition. New species are indicated by an asterisk (*). Solenocaulon. Suberia. Solenocaulon sterroklonium, S. graye, Suberia köllikeri, S. *excavata, S. *querciformis, S. *jedanensis. S. "macrocalyx. Titanidium. Paragorgia. Titanidium "friabilis. Paragorgia splendens. Semperina. Iciligorgia. Semperina rubra, S. *brunnea. Letligorgia orientalis. Systematic description, of vemera and species: Genus Solenocaulon Gray. Solenocaulon Gray. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 3, Vol. X, 1862, p. 147. Solenocaulon Genth. Zeitschrift f. wissenschaft. Zoologie, Bd. 17, 1867, p. 428. Solenocaulon Studer. Monatsbericht der Königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1878, p- 668. Solenocaulon Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. XXXI. Solenocaulon Brundin. Alcyonarien aus der Sammlung des Zool. Museums in Upsala, 1896, p. 12. Solenocaulon Germanos. Gorgonaceen von Ternate, 1897, p. 145. Solenocaulon Delage et Hérouard. Traité de Zoologie Concrete, II, 2, 1901, p. 412. Solenocaulon Hickson. Alcyonaria of the Maldives, part I, 1903, p. 493. Solenocaulon Thomson and Simpson. Alcyonaria of the Indian Ocean, II, 1909, p. 153. 4 Gray (1862) gives a somewhat lengthy generic description accompanied by a good figure of the type species. His description is as follows: “The coral coriaceous, tubular, circular, and simple below, compressed, subquadrangular, tortuous, and more or less branched above, the branches being similar in size and form to the main stem. The main stem and branches furnished with more or less elongate, subsolid, slender branches, which are placed on the edge of the large holes in the main stem and branches which communicate with the main tube. These branchlets, (and sometimes the branches at the base of them) are furnished with large cells for the polyps, which are placed in one (more frequently in two) series on each side of the branchlets. The polyp cells are rather large, circular, nearly superficial, and furnished with a cup divided into eight conical connivent lobes, each lobe being formed of some transverse spicules at the base and some obliquely-placed spicules diverging from each lateral edge toward the top above’. SrupER (1878) simply quotes the definition given above and, in 1887, gives a lengthy description which is translated in the Challenger Report (1889). This may be condensed as follows: Colony with a flattened stem bearing polyps on its margins and one face. Coenenchyma of two layers, cortical and medullary. Cortex with spicules varying from spindles to club-shaped; thick and polypiferous on one side of the axis, thin and barren on the other. The medullary portion has a very thin cortical layer and bears no polyps. Medullary mass consisting of closely approximated rod-like spicules united by horny material. Stem and branches inrolled on the side which does not bear polyps. It thus happens that in the stem and larger branches the margins will often touch so as to form a hollow tube, while the smaller twigs only exhibit a channeled stem. GERMANOS (1897) discusses this genus at considerable length and divides it, very strangely, into two sub-genera on the basis of the presence or absence of a stem. The present writer agrees with Hickson, and Tmomson and Sımpson in regarding this division as unwarrented, especially as he (Germanos) includes So/enocaulon tortuosum in his subgenus Malacosolenocaulon, which is characterized as without a stem, when the figure given by Gray in connection with his original description of that species shows an undoubted stem. GERMANOS added three new species to the genus, i.e. Solenocaulon sterroklonium, S. diplocalyx and S. akalyx. Hickson (1903) made a somewhat extended study of numerous specimens of this genus and concluded that Solenocaulon tortuosum Gray, S. grayi Studer, S. tubulosa Genth, and Zeu- coella cervicornis (Gray) all belong to the same species, S. Zortuosum, and supports his thesis by what seems a somewhat labored argument regarding the action of parasitic or symbiotic crustaceans on the growth of these forms. He then adds a new species, S. vamosa, which seems to be established on much the same sort of characters as are the species which he discards. THomson and Stmpson (1909) recognized two valid species, S. sterroklonium and S. tortuosum among the specimens collected by the “Investigator” in the Indian Ocean. These writers also point out the inconsistency of Hickson in establishing his species S. ramosa “when the only diagnostic feature seems to be the tunnel-like expansions”. The present writer feels that there is little gained by substituting such terms as sub- 3. species, varieties or “facies’’ for specific names, and is further of the opinion that it is impracticable to regard as “good species’’, in the Metazoa, those forms only which do not intergrade. The coelenterata especially seem to be in such a plastic condition that extreme variation is common, and absolutely exclusive definition of species impracticable. In view of such conditions it seems best to regard a genus as simply a group of species more closely allied to each other than to other groups, and a species as a group of individuals more nearly allied to each other than to other similar groups, even if some degree of intergradation is shown. The type species of this genus is Solenocaulon tortuosum Gray. Other species that have been described’ are Solenocaulon cervicornis (Gray), S. akalyx Germanos, S. diplocalyx Germanos, S. grayi Studer, S. sterroklonium Germanos, ? S. sémplex* Brundin, S. /u6wlosum Genth and the new species described in the following pages. 1. Solenocaulon sterroklonium Germanos. Solenocaulen sterroklonium Germanos. Gorgonaceen von Ternate, 1897, p. I51. Solenocaulon tortuosum (in part) Hickson. Alcyonaria of the Maldives, 1903, p. 495. Solenocaulon tortuosum Thomson and Simpson. Alcyonaria of the Indian Ocean, II, 1909, p. 157. Stat. 49°. 8°23'.5S., 119°4'.6 E. 69 meters. Coral and shells. Stat. 80. 2°25’S., 117°43' E. From 50 to 40 meters. Fine coral sand. Stat. 154. 4°7'.2 N., 130°25'.5 E. 83 meters. Grey muddy sand, shells, Lithothamnion. Stat. 240. Banda Anchorage. 9 to 45 meters. Black sand, coral. Stat. 273. Anchorage off Pulu Jedan, East coast of Aru Islands. 13 meters. Sand and shells. Stat. 274. 5°28'.2S., 134°53.9 E. 57 meters. Sand and shells. Stones. j Stat. 282. 8°25'.2S., 127° 18.4 E. 27—54 meters. Sand, coral and Lithothamnion. Stat. 285. 8°39.1S., 127°4.4E. 34 meters. On the limit between mud and coral. Stat. 318. 6°36.5 S., 114°55.5 E. 88 meters. Fine yellowish grey mud. Stat. 319. 6°16'.5 S., 114°37' E. 82 meters. Fine yellowish grey mud. Stat. 320. 6°5 S., 114°7’ E. 82 meters. Fine grey mud. Colony plumiform, 40.5 cm. in height and with a spread of 3.7 cm. The stem is about 14 cm. long, flattened proximally and distally and round on other portions, basal expansion I. cm. X 3 mm. in cross section, distal expansion semicircular in section, the flat face being anterior and about 7 mm. in diameter, and the round portion of stem 6 mm. in diameter. The upper part of the stalk appears to have born leaves which have dropped off. The branched part of the stem, corresponding to the rachis of pennatulids, bears a number of broad, usually opposite, greatly expanded leaves which bend around toward the front where they meet and coalesce, forming about 8 bands or girdles enclosing a tunnel-like passage along the front of the stem. These passages are inhabited by a macrouran crustacean, and vary from 9 to 17 mm. in width, measuring at their narrowest part in front. The branches give forth from their edges flattened branchlets which are narrow distally and become round in section, often measuring about 1 mm. in diameter. The distal part of the rachis is much flattened and ends in a frilled 1 The present writer does not feel that he is in a position to decide on the validity of species of this genus which he has not had an opportunity to study. 2 In the case of Solenocaulon simplex the writer has entertained a serious doubt as to the validity of the species because there is nothing either in the description or figure to separate it from other yonng species of the genus. See Brunpin, Alcyonarien aus der Sammlung des zoologischen Museums in Upsala, 1896, p. 9. 6 lobate expansion. The calyces are pretty evenly and regularly distributed along the edges of the leaves and their various expansions and processes, but there are also a few scattered ones on the anterior surfaces of the girdles. The individual calyces are in the form of short cylinders when the polyp is expanded and, rounded domes when it is retracted. A typical one measures about 1.6 mm. high and 1.8 mm. broad. The calyx walls are filled with small spindles which are horizontally disposed basally and vertically disposed distally. The margin is ornamented with 8 angular points formed by the converging ends of spindles. The polyps are many of them well expanded, white in color, their walls with 8 series of horizontal spicules which are curved to fit the contour of the walls. Below the tentacle bases these spindles are arranged en chevron and rise in 8 points corresponding to those of the calyx margin; each point being composed of the distal ends of several spindles. The dorsal surface of each tentacle bears a symmetrical closely set double row of spindles arranged en chevron, but with their points directed toward the bases of the tentacles. There are 10 to 12 pairs of pinnules to each tentacle. A fully expanded polyp (in alcohol) measures 5 mm. in spread, across the tentacles. There is a well-marked axis. composed of a densely aggregated, felted mass of very slender needle-like or rod-like spindles with their surfaces ornamented with scattered thorny points. Mixed with these is a much less numerous form which is entirely different, being much larger, very stout, sometimes oval spindles with remarkably coarse and irregular verruce. Spicules. These have been described. Those of the axis are remarkably slender, rod- like, comparatively smooth, but with scattered thorny points; and a few strikingly dissimilar oval or irregular spindles with coarse verrucae. These two types are also found in the coenenchyma of the branches; but here the larger spicules are slender, comparatively regular spindles with ordinary verrucee. The coenenchyma contains many of the irregular oval spindles found sparingly in the axis. There are also slender spindles in the calyces. Color. The leaves are bright scarlet, the polyps white, the stem and rachis rather dull pink and the flattened basal part of stem very light pinkish or livid. General distribution. Type locality. Ternate, also reported from the Maldives and the Indian Ocean. This species is quite variable in color. Some of the specimens are white with pink calyces, and others are creamy white with brownish or salmon colored calyces. One young specimen from Station 319 is much like the colored figure of the original described by GERMAanos. 2. Solenocaulon graye Studer. Solenocaulon grayi Studer. Monatsbericht der Königl. Akademie der Wissenschaft. zu Berlin, 1878, p. 671. Solenocaulon thomsoni (in part) Hickson. Alcyonaria of the Maldives, part I, 1903, p. 497. ? Solenocaulon tortuosum (in part) Thomson and Simpson. Alcyonaria of the Indian Ocean, II, 1909, p. 160. Stat. 47. Bay of Bima, near South Fort. 55 meters. Mud with patches of fine coral sand. 7 Stat. 51. Madura Bay and other localities in the southern part of Molo Strait. 69 to 91 meters. Fine grey sand, coarse sand with shells and stones. Stat. 114. 0°58’.5 N., 122°55’'E. 75 meters. Hard sand, very fine. Stat. 117. 1°0.5 N., 122°56’ E. 80 meters. Sand and coral. Stat. 162. Between Loslos and Broken Islands, West coast of Salawatti. 18 meters. Coarse and fine sand with clay and shells. Colony complete with the exception of the basal end of the stem, 44.5 cm. high. The stem is unbrached for 16 cm. of its length and its basal portion has been worn or cut away on one side so as to give it an appearance of being flattened although it is otherwise nearly round, 1 cm. in diameter, with a channel or groove on one side and a number or longitudinal irregular corrugations on its surface. The stem forks 16 cm. from its base into two rather unequal branches. One of these is gutter-shaped throughout, being convex on its dorsal and concave on its ventral aspect, with the exception of one ‘girdle’ 1.5 cm. broad. The other, and larger, branch is solid and round in section for 6.5 cm. from the base, beyond which it is alternately guttered and partly girdled, the girdles in places being so extensive as to form long tunnels or arcades, in one case 4.1 cm. long. Both of the main branches give off numerous lateral branchlets which are greatly expanded basally and curve forward and then inward to meet and coalesce, thus forming the girdles or arcades. The branches bear many simple and a few compound branchlets alternately disposed. All of the ultimate branchlets are much flattened and more or less guttered, the guttering sometimes disappearing on the distal ends near which the twigs have a cross section of about 3.5 mm. X 1.7 mm. The calyces are practically all lateral in position, being usually in fairly regular rows along the edges of the branches and branchlets. There are also a few groups of scattered calyces on the front surfaces of the girdles and arcades. The individual calyces are very low conical verruce, a typical one measuring 1.2 mm. in height and 2 mm. in diameter at the base, and are from 2 to 3 mm. apart from centre to centre. Their walls are filled with vertically disposed spindles which tend to form 8 low marginal points which are much more evident than in Solenocaulon sterroklonium. The polyps are retractile, but in the specimen described stand as much as 2 mm. above the calyx margin. The basal part of the polyp body is armed with transverse spicules which higher up are en chevron and still higher lie in vertical bands, 8 of which surround the margin and encroach upon the tentacle bases. The distal parts of the tentacles are covered with a complete armature consisting of two series of delicate spicules with serrated edges, the series meeting on the mid-dorsal surfaces of the tentacles and extending obliquely forward, outward and downward, ending in a line with the bases of the pinnules. The polyp spicules are lighter and more jagged than those of S. sterroklonium, and the polyp seems more slender and delicate. A cross section of a stem shows an outer layer of comparatively heavy and disk-like, sometimes almost globular, spicules covered with coarse verrucae. The water-vascular canals are around the periphery of the axis and appear in section as regular oval openings. The axis is a felted mass of slender rod-like and needle-like spindles whose surfaces bear short thorny spines which are more prominent and numerous than in S. sterroklonium. The coenenchyma of the branches is filled with rather slender spindles which intergrade on the one hand with rod-like s 8 forms beset with thorny points, and on the other with typical spindles with ordinary verruc® in regular whorls. A few true clubs are also seen, and an occasional branched spindle. Many of the slender spindles are bent in an arc, and some are doubly curved. Color. The colony is a light tan brown, the polyps differing but little from the coenenchyma. General distribution. Type locality. Northwest Coast of Australia, 50 fathoms. This species is also reported from the Indian Ocean. The writer finds himself unable to agree with the opinion expressed by Hickson, and Thomson and Simpson that this species is identical with So/enocaulon tortuosum. The absence of the Y-shaped spicules regarded by THomson as characteristic of S. Zortuosum seems a good specific character. The basal part of the stem in the type specimen was missing, hence the oval spicules were not described by Gray. 3. Solenocaulon querciformis new species. (Plate I, fig. 1, 1a; Plate XI, fig. 1). Stat. 142. Anchorage off Laiwui, coast of Obi Major. 23 meters. Mud. (Young specimen). Stat. 284. 8°43.15., 127°16'.7 E. 828 meters. Grey mud. (Type specimen). Colony dendritic in form, but somewhat flabellate, 23.5 cm. in length. A stem 14 cm. long, found in the same bottle, appears to belong to the same specimen. If so, the colony was 37-5 cm. in length. The stem and all branches except the ends of the twigs are strongly flattened, the larger branches being coarsely and deeply furrowed lengthwise, but in a slightly spiral manner, these furrows being numerous and conspicuous. The stem measures 9.5 mm. x 7 mm. in section. The first branch is short and flat and soon coalesces with a larger one above it. A large branch is given off a little above the first and on the opposite side. This is much flattened, distorted and furrowed, and gives off numerous, usually lateral branchlets which are laterally expanded at their origins and are turtuous, like the branches of an oak tree, and sometimes give off branchings of the third order. The main stem gives off two other large branches which are greatly expanded laterally and also at the bases of the branchlets, and bear a series of unequal grooves and furrows at the front and back. The largest of these main branches is 9 mm. X 6 mm. in section near its base. After giving off these main branches the stem pursues an undulating course, giving off irregular lateral branches and breaking up at its distal end into a tuft of branchlets which re-divide until branchings of the 5‘ order are attained, the whole forming a clump of aggregated branchlets. The ultimate twigs are usually quite round in section, having a diameter of about 1.3 mm. The calyces are confined mostly to the smaller branches and twigs where they are usually lateral in position and rather distant, being about 3 mm. apart on the average. h The individual calyces are conical in form and vary greatly in size. A typical one measures 1.5 mm. in height and about the same in diameter. They are often slightly inclined toward the distal ends of the twigs. Their walls are filled with vertically disposed spindles. The polyps seem to be but partially retractile and most of them rest with their very heavy 9 collarets on the calyx margin. The collaret is composed of 8 to 10 rows of transverse spindles, the upper two or three rows curved, so that they form an en chevron arrangement on the tentacle bases. Still higher up on the basal part of the tentacles the spicules are arranged in longitudinal groups, one to each tentacle, each group forming a jagged point. Above these points the tentacles curve inward and their dorsal surfaces are armed with a double row of slender spindles, each row extending from near the mid-dorsal surface of a tentacle to near the pinnule bases. A cross section of a stem shows a comparatively thin coenenchyma with an ill-defined circlet of water-vascular canals around the periphery of the axis. The axis is composed of very slender rod-like or needle-like spindles with distant thorny points immersed in a horny matrix, and is penetrated with conspicuous water-vascular canals of irregular size. Spicules. Those of the ccenenchyma of the stem are small, rounded, disk-like, or compact irregular forms with prominent and irregularly disposed verrucae. Those in the axis are very slender rod-like forms which are smooth on the greater part of their surface, bearing distant thorny points and longitudinally disposed, forming a felted mass immersed in a horny matrix. The spicules of the coenenchyma of the branches and of the calyx walls are mainly spindles of various forms, usually with irregularly disposed verrucz. All intergradations between the forms described above are seen. Color. The colony is light yellowish brown or tan color. This species differs from all the others described in this genus in having all of the branches solid and without tunnels or belts inhabited by symbiotic crustaceans. A label in the jar in which this specimen was found bears the word ‘Sfongioderma’’? In all essential characters, however, it seems to be a So/enocaulon. The axis is penetrated by conspicuous water-vascular canals, and this character would prevent its being placed in the “Spongtodermine”’ of WRIGHT and STUDER. Some fragments from station 142 are referred with doubt to this species. They are evidently from a young specimen. The stem and basal parts of branches are grooved and show a tendency to flattening. The calyces are rather distant and prominent. The polyps agree with the type in spiculation. 4. Solenocaulon jedanensis new species. (Plate II, figs. 1, 1a; Plate XI, fig. 2). Stat. 164. 1°42'.5 S., 130°47'.5 E. 32 meters. Sand, small stones and shells. Stat. 273. Anchorage off Pulu Jedan, East Coast of Aru Islands. 13 meters. Sand and shells. (Type locality). Colony (base lacking) pinnate in general form, 16.5 cm. in height and with a spread of 4.8 cm. The main stem is oval in section, measuring 11 X 8 mm. 4.6 cm. above its proximal end it becomes tubular and gives off short tubular branches ending in small flattened, some- times round, twigs. The tubular part of the main stem is compressed; but 9.4 cm. from its base it looses its tubular character and becomes alternately deeply channeled and belted, there being three belts about 1 cm. broad and three deeply channeled portions. The branches SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE X10 5, = IO tend to be lateral and alternate in position. They each have a short broad tubular basal part and each of these tubular parts bears a long projection from its distal end. These projections are sometimes lobular, sometimes narrow and flattened, and sometimes round in section. They are exceedingly irregular in disposition and are usually simple, but may bear short irregular branchlets. The calyces are born almost exclusively on these processes and are always lateral in position, where they are in one broken row, or two rows, on each side of twigs. The individual calyces are almost entirely included, appearing as very low swellings with hardly appreciable height and a diameter of about 2 mm. Their apertures are surrounded by eight not very pronounced lobes filled with longitudinally disposed tuberculate spindles. The polyps are entirely retractile and in this specimen are withdrawn well below the margins, which close over them. They have their walls armed with curved transverse spindles below and spindles — arranged en chevron towards the upper part and on the tentacle bases. Above this the tentacles are armed with longitudinal spindles, and their distal parts are bent abruptly inward and bear two rows of small spindles arranged en chevron and reaching to the bases of the pinnules. A cross section of the stem shows the coenenchyma filled with discs and rounded, heavily tuberculate spindles. The water-vascular canals are large and conspicuous, a number of them traversing the axis. The latter consists of a felted mass of slender rods and needles longitudinally disposed and bearing thorny points. Spicules. These have alreadly been partly described. Besides the slender forms in the axis there are oval and round, heavily warted spicules in the general coenenchyma and the outer layer of calyx walls; and heavy, coarse tuberculate clubs and spindles of the inner wall of the calyces. Curved, moderately heavy spindles are abundant in the polyps, and much more slender and smaller ones in the tentacles. There are no Y-shaped forms. Color. The colony is a rather light brown. Other specimens are darker brown. This species seems distinct from the others, particularly in the spiculation of the calyx walls. It bears considerable resemblance to Solenocaulon tortuosum, but lacks the peculiar Y-shaped spicules which THomson and Sımrsox regard as characteristic of this species’. Some of the specimens bear symbiotic brachyuran crabs, instead of the Macroura found in other species. Genus Semperina Kolliker. Semperina Kölliker. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Polypen, 1870, p. 9. Semperina Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, p. 28. Semperina Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. XXXII. In the original description of the genus Semperina Kölliker gives a detailed account of the species, Semperina rubra in which specific and generic characters are in no wise differentiated. A diagnosis can, however, be gathered from his analysis of the genera of his “Paragorgiacez’”’ (pp. ıı and ı2) as follows: 1 Aleyonarians of the Indian Ocean, II, 1909, p. 155. II Colony branched, the stem and branches having well differentiated cortical and nuclear portions, the latter forming an axis which is penetrated by large water-vascular canals. Polyps only partially retractile. Stem cylindrical. STUDER (1887) considers this genus to be closely related to So/enocaulon and defines it as shown in the following translation: “But here the stem has a more cylindrical form and the nuclear mass withdraws more to the axis of the colony although it is always excentric and the polyps, as in the previous genus, are situated mainly on one side of the stem and branches’. This definition is repeated by Wricur and STUDER in their Challenger Report (1888) and is adopted for the present work. The type and, up to the present time, the only known species of the genus is Semperina rubra Kölliker. One new species is added in the present work. 1. Semperina rubra Kölliker. Semperina rubra Kölliker. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Polypen, 1870, p. 9. Stat. 258. Tual Anchorage, Kei Islands. 22 meters. Lithothamnion, sand and coral. Colony incomplete, straggling in habit, 13.5 cm. in height. The main stem is hollowed, probably by some parasite or pathological condition, and probably flattened naturally, 2.3 cm. long to first forking and 1 cm. in greatest diameter. One of the main branches is simple, irregularly flattened, (a cross section near its base being 7 mm. X 4 mm.) and somewhat spirally twisted. The other main branch bears a number of very irregular mostly lateral branchlets projecting in an erratic manner from the main branch. One of the apparent branchlets is really a branchlet from a missing part of the colony which has anastomosed with the part secured. All of the branchlets are simple, most of them round in section and clavate at the ends. The calyces are distributed on three sides of the branches, with a marked tendency to aggregate in groups or clumps on one face of the branch or on the ends of the branchlets. The individual calyces are almost entirely included in the ccenenchyma and appear as very low verrucee about 2 mm. in diameter and with scarcely appreciable height. The polyps seem to be non-retractile, at least all are expanded in the specimen studied. They are very heavily spiculated, there being an unusually broad and heavy collaret of encrusting spindles which assume an en chevron arrangement just below the tentacle bases. The proximal part of the tentacles are covered with longitudinal spindles in several rows, and the distal parts are completely covered dorsally with spindles arranged in two series placed en chevron and reaching to the bases of the pinnules. A cross section of a branch shows a rather thin coenenchyma in which is embedded a regular circlet of water-vascular canals around the periphery of the axis. The axis is flattened and penetrated by a number of conspicuous water-vascular canals. Spicules. These are exceedingly varied in form, but most of them are modifications of the simple spindle. The spindle forms range from excessively slender rods with smooth 12 surfaces or very distant thorn-like projections to proportionally very heavy and coarse spindles with surfaces covered with coarse, irregularly warty tubercles. There are also many oval spicules, such as are common in this family, true clubs and a few irregularly branched forms. Rarely, girdled spindles and irregular crosses are seen, such as are figured by KOLLIKER, the original describer of the species. Color. The colony is a dark, rather deep red; the polyps yellowish and the spicules red and white. General distribution. Type locality, “Bohol”, KÖLLıkEr. Another specimen from the same station is pale in color and some of the polyps are completely retracted. 2. Semperina brunnea new species. (Plate II, figs. 2, 2a; Plate XI, fig. 3). Stat. 273. Anchorage off Pulu Jedan. 13 meters. Sand and shells. Stat. 164. 1°42'.5 S., 130°47'.5 E. 32 meters. Sand, small stones and shells. The colony is branched, rudely flabellate in form, 20.5 cm. in height and with a- spread of about 8 cm. The base is lacking. The main stem is approximately round in section, 4.8 cm. long to first branch, and 8 mm. in diameter. After giving off three stubs of branches it sends off a compound branch with four branchlets. 1.5 cm. above this it forks into two approximately equal branches each of which again branches dichotomously, one quite regularly so, until branchings of the 4!" order are attained. All of the branches are round in section and more or less clavate at the ends. The main branches are about 5 mm. in diameter, the secondary branches about 4 mm., and the distal twigs 3 mm. At some of the furcations on the distal parts of the colony there is a membrane-like expansion or web of the canenchyma which fills in the angle sometimes as much as 8 mm. above the actual angle of the fork. The calyces are on three sides of the stem and branches, leaving the fourth side comparatively bare. On the other three sides the calyces are thickly and regularly implanted about 1.3 mm. apart. The individual calyces are low dome-shaped verrucee which vary greatly in height with the degree of expansion of the polyps. A typical one measures 2 mm. in diameter, and the upper parts of the walls are strongly 8-lobed and covered with coarsely tuberculate spindles and short oval forms. The polyps are completely retractile and very strongly spiculated. The collaret is composed of about 6 rows of encircling spindles which assume an en chevron arrangement on the tectacle bases. The distal part of each tentacle bears a strong band of longitudinal spindles which seem to encrust it to its tip. Spicules. These are of the usual type for the genus. The axis bears relatively few long slender rod-like forms with distant spiny points, and relatively numerous strongly tuber- culate spindles in which the tubercles are fairly distant on the slender forms and much crowded and irregular on the stouter forms. These intergrade with stout oval spindles covered with a compact mass of tubercles. The spicules of the ccenenchyma do not differ appreciably from those of the axis. 13 A cross section of the stem shows a not very well defined axis, a relatively thin coenenchyma, a series of water-vascular canals around the axis, and few if any large canals penetrating the axis itself.... Color. The colony is a dark umber brown, lighter on the side devoid of polyps. A much larger specimen than the one described, from Station 273, is yellowish in color from a sponge which covers it, and the axis is penetrated by conspicuous water-vascular canals. A number of large dried specimens were also secured from the same station. Genus Suberia Studer. Suberia Studer. Monatsbericht der Königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1878, p. 666. Suberia Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, p. 28. Suberia Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. XXXII. Suberia Delage et Hérouard. Traité de Zoologie Concréte, II, 2, 1901, p. 413. The original definition of this genus, as given by StupEr, may be translated as follows: “Stem simple or branched, upright. Axis formed of not coalesced rod-like spicules immersed in a horny substance and without water-vascular canals. Coenenchyma thick, containing thorny spindle-shaped spicules, Calyces large, standing at right angles from the stem, with an eight-rayed margin. Polyps with fine spindle-shaped spicules from the base to the tentacles. A circlet of longitudinal canals around the axis”. The same writer (1887) modified somewhat this definition as follows: “In Suberia the nuclear mass is well defined and constitutes the axis of the cylindrical stems, which are slightly branched and bear polyps on all sides. Calyces aggregated, particularly on the club-shaped ends of the stems. The upper part of the polyp is retractile within a distinct calyx. A canal system of relatively large water-vascular canals penetrates the axis’. WRIGHT and STUDER (1889) give a translation of the original definition of SrupER; but Sruper’s later definition, just quoted, seems preferable. Suberia köllikeri Studer is the type of this genus. Other known species are Szderza clavata Studer, S. genthi Wright and Studer and the new species in the Siboga collection. 1. Suberia köllikeri Studer. Suberia köllikeri Studer. Monatsbericht der Königl. Akad. der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1878, p- 667. Stat. 297. 10° 39'S., 123°40' E. 520 meters. Soft grey mud with brown upper layer. Colony incomplete, consisting of a central stem and five laterally disposed branches. Length 20.3 cm. The main stem is round, varying from 6 mm. to 3.5 cm. in diameter, the latter measurement being taken near the middle of the colony. There are several knob-like swellings on the stem that may indicate new branch origins. There are three branches on one side and two on the other, all being simple except one which is forked. They vary from 1.5 cm. to 7.3 cm. in length and are about 3 mm. in diameter, except at the clavate ends which are 7.3 mm. across. These enlarged ends remind one of the genus Paragorgia. The calyces are 14 irregularly distributed on all sides of the colony, being somewhat more numerous on the sides of the stem and branches and most closely aggregated on the club-like branch terminations. They vary from 3.3 mm. to 7 mm. from summit to summit. The individual calyces are low but evident verruce varying greatly in size. A typical’ one measures 1.3 mm. in height and 3.5 mm. in diameter. There are eight sharply defined marginal lobes which close over the retracted polyps, the slit-like spaces between the lobes forming an eight-rayed star. The walls of the calyces, like the general coenenchyma, are filled with oval, densely tuberculate spicules. The polyps are completely retractile and the dorsal surfaces of the tentacles are completely encrusted with oval, very tuberculate spicules. A transverse section of a branch shows a comparatively thin coenenchyma in which is a very regular series of many water-vascular canals. The axis is spongy in texture and filled with a felted mass of rather long, slender, rod-like or needle-like spindles with their surfaces ornamented with rather distant thorny points. The axis is penetrated with numerous canals of various sizes. Spicules. The spicules are of two main types. ı°t the rod-like thorny spindles of the axis. These are not so delicate as in So/enocaulon, and the thorns are comparatively larger. Many are spindle-shaped rather than rod-like. The second type is a minute, oval, sometimes round spicule with very prominent verrucze which are usually arranged in symmetrical whorls and also cap the ends. Commonly there are two such whorls and two caps. Nearly all of the spicules are one or the other of these two types, or easily recognizable modifications of them. Color. The specimen is creamy white throughout. General distribution. Type locality. North of Three Kings Islands, North of New Zealand, 90 fathoms. 2. ? Suberia excavata new species. (Plate III, figs. 2, 2a; Plate XI, fig. 4). Stat. 142. Anchorage off Laiwui, coast of Obi Major. 23 meters. Mud. Specimens in a very fragmentary condition. The one described is a part of a branch 3.9 cm. long and with a diameter of 8 mm. approximately round in section. The surface is almost covered with papilliform calyces resembling those of Zunzcea. The individual calyces are club-shaped, pointed obliquely upward and outward, averaging about 3.5 mm. long and 1.8 mm. in diameter near the distal end. They are adnate to the branch throughout their length and their margins terminate is 8 not very conspicuous lobes which are tightly closed over the retracted polyps. The calyx walls are filled with regular spindles disposed longitudinally. The polyps are entirely retractile and appear to be devoid of spicules. A cross section of a branch shows a rather thin ccenenchyma and an axis cylinder composed of purple and deep violet spicules embedded in a horny matrix. The axis is hollow throughout the length of all of the fragments, having a tunnel apparently made by a small bivalve mollusk, one of which was found in situ. The tunnel is not round, but flat, to fit the mollusk, and the greater part of the axis has been absorbed or in some manner removed, 15 leaving but a thin wall of the substance of the axis which thus has a flattened section which may be due to the mollusk and not a natural character. The water-vascular canals are mostly arranged around the axis, but some of them penetrate the latter. Spicules. Those of the axis are deep purple in color and are large strong spindles with narrow very regular whorls of blunt spines and warts. There are also triradiate forms, Y-shaped spicules and irregularly branched forms, all larger than is common in this genus. The spicules of the coenenchyma are colorless and of much the same shape as those in the axis, spindles with numerous whorls of verruce being by far the most common forms, although the others are not lacking. Color. The colony is very light yellowish brown, the axis deep purple and the polyps, or at least the tentacles, yellow. This is the first instance in which the writer has seen a mollusk apparently living a symbiotic life in the interior of the axis cylinder of a gorgonian. 3. Suberia macrocalyx new species. (Plate III, figs. 3, 3a; Plate XI, fig. 5). Stat. 122. 1°58'.5 N., 125°9.5 E. 1264—1165 meters. Stone. Specimen incomplete, consisting of an erect stem with short scattered branches. Length 3.5 cm. The stem and branches are round, the former 3 mm. in diameter. The first branch arises 2.6 cm. from the basal end of the stem and is simple. There are six other short simple branches irregularly disposed on all sides of the stem. Three of these, and the stem termination, end in definite swellings bearing each a clump of calyces. The calyces are irregularly distributed on three sides of the proximal parts of the stem and branches and on all sides of the distal parts of the colony. They are about 3 mm. apart on the proximal parts of the specimen and more closely approximated on the terminal twigs, where they form definite clumps or clusters with the individual calyces averaging about 1.5 mm. apart. The individual calyces are long, tubular and project at right angles from the branches. A typical one measures 1.8 mm. in height and 2 mm. in diameter. The calyx walls are filled with long thorny spindles arranged en chevron, especially on the upper parts where they rise into eight angular points around the margin. The polyps are retractile, but usually rest (in the type) with their collarets just above the calyx margins. The collaret is very strong, consisting of several closely set rows of transverse spindles arranged en chevron over the tentacle bases, where they project in definite points. Beyond this the tentacles have their dorsal surfaces armed with longitudinally placed spindles. A cross.section of the stem shows a rather thin coenenchyma filled with slender longi- tudinal spindles, a not very well defined series of water-vascular canals around the axis and an axis composed of a felted mass of slender thorny spindles and penetrated by conspicuous water-vascular canals. Spicules. These are all slender spindles differing mainly in the number of thorn-like 16 points scattered over their surfaces. Some are almost smooth while others have the points thickly implanted over their surfaces. The spicules of the axis do not differ materially from those of the calyces and general coenenchyma. Color. The colony is very light yellowish brown, the polyps not differing in color from the stem and branches. This specimen came from a greater depth than is often recorded for members of this family. Genus Paragorgia Milne Edwards and Haime. Paragorgia Milne Edwards et Haime. Histoire Naturelle des Coralliaires, I, 1857, p. 190. Paragorgia Kölliker. Icones Histiologice, II, 1865, p. 141. Paragorgia Kölliker. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Polypen, 1870, p. 12. Paragorgia Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, p. 28. Paragorgia Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. XXXIII. Paragorgia Delage et Hérouard. Traité de Zoologie Concrete, II, 2, 1901, p. 413. The original description of this genus by Mırne Epwarps is as follows: “Polypieroide arborescent, composed of a thin layer of cortical sclerenchyma in the thickness of which is limited the body cavities of the polyps, and a tubular (fistuleux) very large axis in the form of a spongy tissue very rich in calcareous spicules. Polyps united in groups on the extremities of the branches or upon the lateral tubercles, quite distant and irregularly disposed”’. KOLLIKER (1865) confines himself to a definition of the spicules, and (in 1870) gives a sort of key to the genera of his “Briaracea” of which he makes a section ‘Paragorgiacez”’ characterized by a branched colony in which the branches show a distinct cortical and nuclear part (axis). The genus Paragorgia is characterized by the presence of large water-vascular canals in the axis, entirely retractile polyps and wart-like calyces irregularly distributed. STUDER (1887) gives a definition which can be adopted for our present purpose and is translated as follows: “Colony upright, branched, branches cylindrical, with irregularly disposed warty calyces within which the polyps are retractile. The slightly differentiated axis contains large water- vascular canals. Besides the polyps there are, in P. nodosa Kor. and Dan., siphonozooids without tentacles’. The type species of this genus is Paragorgia arborea. Other species are Paragorgia nodosa Koren and Danielsen, ?. sf/endens Thomson and Henderson and the new species secured by the Siboga Expedition. 1. Paragorgia splendens Thomson and Henderson. (Plate III, figs. 4, 4a). Paragorgia splendens Thomson and Henderson. Alcyonarians of the Indian Ocean, Part I, 1906, p. 20. Stat. 95. 5°43'.5 N., 119°40 E. 522 meters. Stony bottom. Two fragmentary specimens secured. The largest measures 2.3 cm. in height and has a spread equal to the height. The main stem, or branch in 3 mm. in diameter and bifurcates - 17 4.5 mm. from its proximal end. One of the resultant branches gives off a single branchlet, and the other two, besides several nodules with groups of calyces as is characteristic of the genus. These nodules, as well as the single calyces, are all on three sides of the stem and branches, and are more closely crowded that in other species of the genus. The diameter of a terminal branch is 1.3 mm., while its swollen end is 5 mm. The individual calyces are well marked, proportionally more prominent than in allied species and very unequally distributed. A typical calyx measures 1.3 mm. in height and 2 mm. in diameter. The margin is closed over the retracted polyp and bears eight rather feebly marked lobes. The calyx walls as well as the general coenenchyma are covered with a super- ficial layer of small oval spicules. The polyps are completely retractile. There is a narrow but distinct band of red spindles on the dorsal surface of each tentacle, the bands becoming narrower and disappearing distally. Zooids do not appear to be present in this species. A section across a branch shows a poorly differentiated axis composed of rather slender tuberculate spindles and penetrated by water-vascular canals. There is a rather regular series of these canals surrounding the axis. The ccenenchyma is filled with stouter spindles inter- grading with the oval densely tuberculate forms which constitute the superficial layer. There are also a few small crosses, stars, etc. Spicules. These have already been described and consist almost exclusively of tuber- culate spindles and densely tuberculate oval forms, with all degree of intergradation between them. Color. The colony is a bright coral red throughout. Genus Iciligorgia Duchassaing de Fontbressin. Iciligorgia Duchassaing de Fontbressin. Revue des Zoophytes et des Spongiaires des Antilles, LOZO ples Iciligorgia Ridley. Zoological Collections of H. M.S. Alert, 1884, p. 351. Iciligorgia Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, p. 29. Iciligorgia Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. XXXIV. Iciligorgia Delage et Hérouard. Traité de Zoologie Concréte, II, 2, 1901, p. 413. The original definition for this genus is as follows: “Axis mollis, spongiosus, spiculis farctus: cortex tenuis, spiculis aciniformibus formatus ; calycibus mammeeformibus, obtusis, in utroque latere ramorum uniseriatis’’. RipLey (1884) defines the genus as follows: “Central spicular axis dense, imperforate. Longitudinal canals forming a circumaxial zone. Erect, branched: stem and branches antero-laterally compressed, with knife-like lateral edges. Zooids wholly retractile, arranged in single series along each edge of the branches; no external verruce”’. STUDER (1887) defines the genus as seen in the following translation: “Here the colony is in the form of an upright branched stem. Stem and branches compressed. Polyps borne in irregular rows on the thin borders of the branches, entirely retractile’’. SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE x1ué5, 3 18 Wricut and Sruper (1889) give a somewhat more detailed description of the genus as follows: “The colony is upright and branched; the stem and branches are compressed, irregular in section; the completely retractile polyps occur in a row within a groove along the sharp edge of the branches. The medullary mass forms an axis of spicules. It is close, but brittle in texture, not penetrated by, but surrounded by, longitudinal canals’. The only modification of this definition that the present writer would suggest is the omission of the last phrase. While it is true that the axis in many of the smaller branches is notpenetrated by the canals, it is also true that the large stem of the Siboga specimen about to be described is penetrated by perfectly evident, indeed conspicuous, water-vascular canals. The type species of this genus is /c¢/igorgia schrammi Duchassaing. The only other known species is Zeiligorgia orientalis Ridley. 1. Zciligorgia orientalis Ridley. (Plate IV, figs. 1, 1a). Iciligorgia orientalis Ridley. Zoological Collections of H. M.S. “Alert”, 1884, p. 351. Stat. 273. Anchorage off Pulu Jedan, East coast of Aru Islands. 13 meters. Sand and shells. Stat. 315. Anchorage east of Sailus Besar, Paternoster Islands. Up to 36 meters. Coral and Lithothamnion. Colony incomplete, flabellate, profusely branched, 31 cm. in height and about 25 cm. in spread. Base missing. The main stem is irregular in section proximally, flattened higher up where it has a section of 8 X 12 mm. It gives off a branch 4.8 cm. from its proximal end. Almost immediately above this it forks into two main portions each of which again forks. Beyond this the branching is irregular, but there is a distinct tendency toward a unilateral arrangement of the ultimate twigs, and branchings of the 4 and 5 orders are attained. The ultimate twigs are long and slender, sometimes being as much as 17 cm. long. All of the branches and branchlets are more or less flattened, one of the main branches having a cross section of 11 X 7 cm. and an ultimate twig a section or 3.5 mm. X 2 mm. The branches have a lateral sharply compressed edge or border, very strongly marked proximally and becoming practically obliterated on the distal parts. In the narrow edges of these ridges or borders there is a sharply impressed groove, like a knife cut, running along the sharp edges of all of the branches and twigs, although it is often practically obliterated by the closing of the adjacent coenenchyma over the groove. In this groove the polyps are set in a single row on each side of the branches. j There are no calyces, except a few irregularly and sparsely scattered over isolated localities on what appears to be the back of the colony. These are low rounded verruce, sometimes round, sometimes oval, and showing indications of eight lobes around the margins. They can hardly be considered as normal. The polyps are completely retractile. There are a few curved spindles on the basal parts of the tentacles which show a tendency toward an en chevron arrangement. A cross section of the stem shows a thin ccenenchyma filled mainly with oval coarsely 19 tuberculate spicules. There is a regular series of water-vascular canals immediately arround the axis and many others which conspicuously penetrate the axis. The axis is composed of a felted mass of slender rod-like or needle-like spicules, or spicules with distinct thorny points, or spindles with conspicuous irregular verruce. A cross section of a twig shows a relatively thick coenenchyma in which the polyps are embedded. Here the water-vascular canals do not seem to penetrate the axis. Spicules. The ccenenchyma is filled with oval and coarsely tuberculate spicules the tubercles being so closely packed as to give a distinct resemblance to a morula, there being no appearance of definite whorls. The axis contains spicules of various forms, the rod-like or needle- like spindles with thorny points predominating. There are also true spindles with coarse irregular verruce, and oval forms like those in the coenenchyma. There are all sorts of intergrading forms as well as an occasional cross, club or irregularly branched form. Color. The colony is creamy white throughout. Other specimens, however, are tan-colored. Other specimens from Station 273 are much larger than the one described. One of these is quite symmetrical, 41 cm. in height and with all of the terminal branchlets growing from the upper sides of branches. The color of this specimen is more decidedly a brownish yellow than any other of this species in the collection. Still another specimen shows a larger number of verruciform calyces on the flattened side of the colony. In places the lateral grooves in which the calyces are found, form a series of short definite slits, rather than a continuous groove. It seems evident from a study of these specimens that /cz/zgorgza can not go into the sub-family Spongiodermine ; because the axis is conspicuously traversed by large water-vascular canals, while that sub-family is characterized by an axis which is not penetrated by these canals. Genus Titanidium Agassiz. Titanidium (Agassiz Manuscript) Verrill. Revision of the Polypi of the Eastern Coast of the United States. Memoirs Boston Society of Nat. Hist. I, 1863, p. 10. Briareum Kolliker. Icones Histiologice, II, 2, 1865, p. 141. Titanidium Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, p. 29. Titanidium Kölliker. Beiträge zur Kenntnjss der Polypen, 1870, p. 8. Titanidium Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. XXXII. The original definition of this genus is as follows: “Corallum irregularly dichotomous or simple; coenenchyma rather thick, suberous, very spiculose, traversed by well-developed longitudinal ducts arranged in a single series around the axis. Cells disposed on all sides of the branches, not prominent. Axis perfectly distinct from the coenenchyma, compact, but soft, cork-like, composed of closely united calcareous spicula’’. KÖLLiker (1870) gives the following, which is a adopted in the present work: “Axis moderately well defined, cortex of a single layer of hard sarcosome with minute canals. Polyps as in P/exaura, contained in pits in the cortex. Spicules 3—4—6 and 8-rayed with warty ends’. This author also gives the only good figure that I have seen of Ti/anidium suberosum (Ellis and Solander) the type and, up to the present time, the sole species of this genus. 20 1. Titanidium friabilis new species. (Plate II, figs. 1, 1@; Plate XI, fig. 6). Stat. 304. Lamakera, Solor Island. 16 meters. Coral and sand. Specimen dried and exceedingly brittle, as if made of soft chalk, 31 cm. in height. Two large stems are coalesced shortly above their bases and are closely adherent for 8.3 cm. These and all of the branches are round in section, the larger stem being 1.5 cm. in diameter. One of these stems is broken off before branching and the other forms the remainder of the specimen. The stem curves strongly, becoming almost horizontal for .5 cm., after which it suddenly breaks up into a dense tuft of branches and branchlets which form a dense clump or cluster of numerous ultimate twigs. The stem also gives off a single straight branch where it separates from the other stem. This branch forks and one of the resultant branchlets subdivides several times and adds to the clump forming the distal end of the colony. Branchings of the 5 order are sometimes attained. The ultimate branchlets are not noticeably turgid at their ends and are usually about 4 mm. in diameter. The polyps are distributed on all sides of the branches much as in P/exaura, and the calyces are entirely included. The individual calyces are indicated externally by their apertures alone. These are oval or slit-like according to the state of contraction of the polyps, and the slits are cut at various angles to the axis of the branch and are more abundant on the terminal than on the proximal parts of the colony. On the twigs they average a little more than 1 mm. apart and in places show a tendency to a linear arrangement. The character of the polyps can not be ascertained from the type, which is a dried specimen. The axis is not well defined and is more friable than any other of this family that I have seen. The ccenenchyma is rather thin and the water-vascular canals form an irregular circlet around the axis. Spicules. The spicules of the coenenchyma are very densely tuberculate and short, sometimes oval, spindles, the tubercles usually entirely concealing the actual surface. While such forms as KÖLLıker figures! for Titanidium suberosum can be found, they are not nearly so abundant as these densely and coarsely tuberculate spindles. In the axis there are a few slender forms with thorny verruc&, approaching the characteristic spicules of the axis of Sodeno- caulon; but these are greatly outnumbered by the coarsely tuberculate spindles described above. Occasionally more slender spindles are seen, which may be younger spicules. Color. The colony (dried) is creamy white. When immersed in alcohol it assumes a decidedly yellow color. 1 Icones Histiologic®, II, 2, plate XIX, figs. 19, 20 and 22. DISTRIBUTION OF THE BRIAREID/E COLLECTED BY THE SIBOGA EXPEDITION List of Stations at which Briareide were collected by the Siboga Expedition and a List of Species collected at each Station. STATION 47. Bay of Bima, near South Fort. 55 meters. Mud, with patches of fine coral sand. Solenocaulon gray. STATION 49. 8°20'.5 S., 119°4.5 E. 69 meters. Coral and shells. Solenocaulon sterroklonium. STATION 51. Madura Bay and other localities in the southern part of Molo strait. From 69 to 9I meters. Fine grey sand; coarse sand with shells and stones. So/enocaulon grayt. STATION 80. 2°25'S., 117°43/ E. From 50 to 4o meters. Fine coral sand. Solenocaulon sterroklonium. STATION 95. 5°43.5 N., 119°40 E. 522 meters. Stony bottom. Paragorgia splendens. STATION 114. 0°58'.5 N., 122°55’E. 75 meters. Hard sand, very fine. Solenocaulon grayt. STATION 117. 1°0.5 N., 122°56' E. 80 meters Sand and coral. Solenocaulon grayt. STATION 122. 1°58'.5 N., 125°0'.5 E. 1264—1165 meters. Stone. Suberia macrocalyx. STATION 142. Anchorage off Laiwui, coast of Obi Major. 23 meters. Mud. Solenocaulon querciformis, Suberia excavata. STATION 154. 0°7'.2 N., 130°25'.5 E. 83 meters. Grey muddy sand, shells and Lithothamnion. Solenocaulon sterroklonium. STATION 162. Between Loslos and Broken Islands, West coast of Salawatti. 18 meters. Coarse and fine sand with clay and shells. Solenocaulon grayt. STATION 164. 1°42'.5 S., 130°47'.5 E. 32 meters. Sand, small stones and shells. Semperina brunnea, S. jedanensis. STATION 240. Banda Anchorage. 9 to 45 meters. Black sand. Coral. Lithothamnion bank in 18—36 meters. Solenocaulon sterroklonium. STATION 258. Tual Anchorage, Kei Islands. 22 meters. Lithothamnion, sand and coral. Semperina rubra. STATION 273. Anchorage off Pulu Jedan, East coast of Aru Islands. 13 meters. Sand and shells. Solenocaulon sterroklonium, S. jedanensis, Semperina brunnea, Iciligorgia orientalis. STATION 274. 5°28'.2S., 134°53.9E. 57 meters. Sand and shells, stones. Solenocaulon sterroklonium. STATION 282. 8°25'.2S., 127°18.4E. Sand, coral and Lithothamnion. So/enocaulon sterroklonium. STATION 284. 8°43'.1S., 127°16.7 E. 828 meters. Grey mud. Solenocaulon querciformis. 22 STATION 285. 8°39.1S., 127°4.4E. 34 meters. On the limit between mud and coral. Solenocaulon sterroklonium. STATION 297. 10° 39 S., 123°40'E. 520 meters. Soft grey mud with brown upper layer. Suberia köllikeri. STATION 304. Lamakera, Solor Island. 16 meters. Coral and sand. Ti/anidium friabilis. STATION 315. Anchorage East of Sailus Besar, Paternoster Islands. Up to 36 meters. Coral and Lithothamnion. /czlzgorgia orientalis. STATION 318. 6° 36.5 S., 114° 55.5 E. 88 meters. Fine yellow grey mud. Solenocaulon sterroklonium. STATION 319. 6° 16.5 S., 114° 37 E. 82 meters. Fine yellowish grey mud. Solenocaulon sterroklonium. STATION 320. 6°5'S., 114°7 E. 82 meters. Fine grey mud. Solenocaulon sterroklonium. This table shows that Briaride were secured at 25 of the Stations explored by the Siboga Expedition. Of the twelve species secured, seven were new. By far the most common species was Solenocaulon sterroklonium which was found at eleven Stations, ranging in depth from about 13 meters to 369 meters. The greatest depth at which a member of this family was secured was 1165 to 1264 meters where Szderia macrocalyx was dredged. Other comparatively deep-living species are Solenocaulon querciformis, from 828 meters; Paragorgia splendens, from 522 meters and Suberia köllikeri, from 520 meters. All of the species are confined, so far as known, to the Indo-Pacific region. The distribution of the five species previously named being as follows: Solenocaulon sterroklonium, Ternate, Indian Ocean. Solenocaulon grayi, Northwest coast of Australia and Indian Ocean. Semperina rubra, Bohol, Philippine Islands. Suberia köllikeri, North of New Zealand. Lciligorgia orientalis, Indian Ocean. Family SCLEROGORGIDE Kölliker. Sclerogorgiacee (Subfamily) Kölliker. Icones Histiologice, II, 2, 1865, p. 142. Suberogorgide Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, p. 29. Sclerogorgiade Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. XXXIV. Sclerogorgide Bourne. A treatise on Zoology, Part II, Chapter VI, 1900, p. 25. Sclerogorgide Nutting. Hawaiian Alcyonaria, 1908, p. 569. The original definition of this family is a follows: “Gorgoniden mit ungegliederter Axe, die aus Hornsubstanz und verschmolzenen Kalk- körpern besteht. Coenenchyma wie bei Gorgonza’’. STuDER (1887) amplifies this definition as the following translation shows: “A plainly separable axis and horny substance which surrounds the thickly aggregated spicules. The axis is surrounded by water-vascular canals which communicate with the branched network of coenenchymal canals which connect the polyps. The polyps show a warty exserted calyx into which the upper, tentacle-bearing part (of the polyp) can retract”’. WRIGHT and STUDER (1889) give practically the same definition as the above. The present writer would modify this definition so as to further emphasize the peculiar characters of the axis, as follows: Scleraxonia with a well defined axis formed by an agglutinated mass of calcareous spicules which hage surfaces devoid of verruce or of thorny points and are embodied in horny sheaths which often form a mesh or network by cross connection and adhesions. This is a very well-defined family with only about a dozen known species. It is represented in the Siboga collection by two genera and eight species, three of which are new. Synoptic view of the genera and species of SCLEROGORGIDE eollected by the Siboga Expedition. New species are indicated by an asterisk (*). Suberogorgia. Korceides. S. verriculata (Esper), S. ornata Thomson K. koreni Wright and Studer. and Simpson, S. köllikeri Studer, S. rubra Thomson and Henderson, S. *appressa, S. *thomsoni, S. *pulchra. 24 Systematic description of genera and species. Genus Suberogorgia Gray. Suberogorgia Gray. Proceedings Zoological Society of London, 1857, p. 159. Sclerogorgia Kölliker. Icones Histiologice, II, 2, 1865, p. 42. Suberogorgia Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, p. 30. Suberogorgia Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. XXV. Suberogorgia Delage et Hérouard. Traité de Zoologie Concrete, II, 2, 1901, p. 413. The original definition is not at present accessible to the writer, the above citation being from WRIGHT and STUDER (1889). KÖLLıker (1865) defines his genus Sclerogorgia as follows: “Kalkkörper des Ccenenchymes zahlreiche warzige gelbe oder farblose Spindeln 0,10— 0,16 mm. lang, daneben auch einfachere Formen, die bei Sc. verriculata auch als Doppel- rädchen mit zackigen Rändern erscheinen. Kalkkörper der Polypen kleine warzige Spindeln in gewöhnlicher Anordnung”. Sruper (1887) claims that the name Szöerogorgia has the priority for this genus, and defines it as shown in the following translation: “Upright, branched, sometimes reticulate colonies with slightly exserted calyces which are situated mainly on the two sides of the slightly flattened stem and branches. The coenen- chyma is thick and shows longitudinal furrows on the bare surfaces. The spicules are warty spindles and double wheels’. Wricut and Sruper (1889) give practically the same definition, which will also serve the purpose of the present work. The type of this genus is Suderogorgia suberosa (Esper). Other species are S. köllikeri Studer, S. ornata Thomson and Simpson, S. patuda (Ellis and Solander), S. zu6ra Thomson and Hend., S. suberosa (Pallas), S. verriculata (Esper) and the new species in the Siboga collection. 1. Suberogorgia verriculata (Esper). ? Gorgonia reticulata E. and S. (Name only) Nat. Hist. of Zoophytes, 1786, p. 198. Gorgonia verriculata Esper. Die Pflanzenthiere, H, 1794, p. 124. Gorgonia verriculata Lamarck. Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert., 2me éd., 2, 1836, p. 480. Gorgonella verriculata Valenciennes. Comptes rendus, XLI, 1855. Rhipidigorgia verriculata Milne Edwards et Haime. Histoire Naturelle des Coralliaires, Up 1857, (p= 170: Sclerogorgia verriculata Kölliker. Icones Histiologice, II, 2, 1865, p. 142. Rhipidella verticillata Gray. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Ser. 4, Vol. V, 1870, p. 407. Suberogorgia verriculata Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 167. Suberogorgia verriculata Thomson and Henderson. Alcyonaria of the Indian Ocean, II, 1909, p- 164. Stat. 299. 10°52'.4S., 123°1.1 E. 34 meters. Mud, coral and Lithothamnion. Stat. 307. Ipih Bay, South coast of Flores. 27 meters. Volcanic sand. Colony strictly flabellate and reticulate, base lacking. The height of the specimen is 26.5 cm. and the spread is about 19 cm. The main stem keeps its identity throughout, has 25 a rudely geniculate course, is round in section and has a diameter near base of 7.5 cm. From this main stem arise a few larger branches roughly alternating, and many smaller twigs. These anastomose very extensively, forming a close network the meshes of which vary greatly in size. The smaller twigs, forming the mesh, are round in section and have a rather uniform diameter of about 1.5 mm. The network extends clear to the periphery of the colony and the tips of the free twigs are not appreciably enlarged at the ends. The calyces are small and are distributed on all sides of the branches, but appear to be absent from the main stem and proximal parts of the larger branches. They are quite evenly distributed, averaging about 1 mm. from mouth to mouth. The individual calyces are very low dome-shaped verruce, a typical one measuring about .7 mm. in’ diameter and showing eight distinct marginal lobes. The calyx walls are filled with minute round or oval spicules. When the polyp is entirely retracted the calyx is completely included. The polyps are minute, disk-shaped when retracted, and have their infolded tentacles armed with a dorsal series of longitudinally disposed spindles. - A cross section of a branch shows a moderate coenenchyma and an axis composed of agglutinated spindles with smooth surfaces and a horny investment which coalesces freely with others. The axis is not penetrated by water-vascular canals, these being confined to a circlet in the coenenchyma. Spicules. As in other species of this genus these are of two sharply distinguished forms. 1° the long, often bent spindles with smooth surfaces and horny investment which coalesces to form the axis; and, 24, spindles varying from nearly round or oval forms to the typical terete spindle, and having their surfaces ornamented by regular verruce in well defined whorls. A few double wheels are also seen. Color. The entire colony is a dull grayish brown. General distribution. The type locality is not known; but was given, apparently at a guess, by Esper as the West Indies, which is extremely improbable. It is reported from the Northwest coast of Australia by Sruprer, and the Challenger secured it from the Hyalonema grounds, off Japan, 345 fathoms. A very large specimen from Station 307 measures 77.5 cm. in height and 52 cm. in diameter. The color of this specimen, which is dried, is earthy brown. 2. Suberogorgia ornata Thomson and Simpson. Suberogorgia ornata Thomson and Simpson. Alcyonarians of the Indian Ocean. II, 1909, p. 164. Stat. 81. Pulu Sebangkatan, Borneo Bank. 34 meters. Coral bottom and Lithothamnion. Stat. 220. Anchorage off Pasir Pandjang, west coast of Binongka. 278 meters. Coral sand. Stat. 257. Duroa Strait, Kei Islands. Up to 52 meters. Coral. Colony flabellate and reticulate, 11 cm. in height and about 6.5 cm. in diameter. The stem and branches are not appreciably flattened and are without evident median grooves. The main stem grows from an encrusting base and is 2 mm. in diameter and 7.5 mm. long to the first branch. This branch extends outward and then upward, bears a number of lateral branches, one of which is compound, and is connected with the rest of the colony through SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XIII 05, 4 26 several anastomoses. Almost immediately above the first branch the main stem is rather abruptly bent to one side and gives off numerous lateral branches which are irregularly spaced and often compound and anastomose through their branchlets with other branches, forming a loose and irregular network of very delicate texture. Many of the branchlets are not more than .5 mm. in diameter, while the larger branches are scarcely 1 mm. thick. The calyces are irregularly but rather thickly distributed on all sides of the terminal twigs, and on three sides of the others. They average a little more than 1 mm. apart from summit to summit. The individual calyces are small but prominent for the genus, being in the shape of a dome averaging about .8 mm. in height and 1.5 mm. in diameter at base. The margin is surrounded by eight lobes and the walls are provided with eight rather indefinite longitudinal ribs which are also seen in the general coenenchyma as rude longitudinal corrugations resembling the bark of a tree. There is a superficial layer of small oval spicules and minute double heads in the calyx walls, beneath which are larger regular spindles. The polyps are completely retracted and much flattened or disk-shaped in retraction. They are provided with a rather weak collaret with the spindles arranged en chevron on tentacle bases. There are rather narrow longitudinal bands of spindles on the dorsal surfaces of the tentacles. The axis is the typical one as described for the genus. Spicules. These differ materially from other forms in this genus. There is a superficial incomplete layer of quite small double heads or dumb-bell-shaped forms under which is a much thicker layer of comparatively large spindles, often curved, with thick-set verrucae arranged in regular whorls. Color. The colony is a very light grayish brown. General distribution. Type locality. Andaman Islands, Indian Ocean; also from the Laccadives. Although much more delicate that the type described by THomson and HENDERSON, this form agrees well with that species. The describers speak of spicules which they call “double clubs”, but their measurements show that they are double heads, as the term is used in the present work. “Stellate forms” would appear when double heads were viewed end on. 3. Suberogorgia kölliker! Wright and Studer. Suberogorgia köllikeri Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 167. Suberogorgia köllikeri (var. ceylonensis) Thomson. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Report. Appendix to ~ Alcyonaria, 1905, p. 171. Suberogorgia köllikeri (var. ceylonensis) Thomson and Simpson. The Alcyonaria of the Indian Ocean, II, 1909, p. 164. Stat. 164. 1°42'.5 S., 130°47'.5 E. 32 meters. Sand, small stones and shells. Stat. 273. Anchorage off Pulu Jedan, East coast of Aru Islands. 13 meters. Sand and shells. Stat. 274. 5° 28'.2S., 134°53.9 E. 57 meters. Sand and shells. Stones. Stat. 305. Mid Channel in Solor Straits, off Kampong Menanga. 113 meters. Stony. Stat. 310. 8°30'S., 119°7.5 E. 73 meters. Sand with few pieces of dead coral. Colony roughly flabellate in form, not reticulate, 14.5 cm. in height. The base is attached to a small dead coral. The main stem gives off a stub of a branch 1.6 cm. from its =1 proximal end, and a large compound outward and downward projecting branch 1.7 cm. above the stub. The stem is somewhat flattened, with a cross section of 3.5 mm. X 1.8 mm. The large branch bears unsymmetrically disposed branchlets, all from its upper side. Two of these branchlets are close together, nearly parallel, each with a single terminal twig and both consi- derably flattened. One of them has a cross section of 3.2 mm. X 1.8 mm. The part of the stem above the main branch already described bears two compound and four simple branches on its outer side. The stem and branches bear median grooves on front and back, and the twigs are flattened usually nearly to their tips. The calyces are mainly lateral in position, but there are a few on the front and back of the colony. The individual calyces are prominent for this genus, dome-shaped, a typical one measuring 1.5 mm. in height and 2 mm. in diameter at the base. The walls are covered with short oval spicules and there is but a faint indication of marginal lobes. The polyps are completely retractile and show a feeble collaret and a few delicate longitudinally disposed spindles on the dorsal surface of the infolded tentacles. ; A cross section of a branch reveals the structure common to the genus, except that the water-vascular canals may be more conspicuous than in other species in the Siboga collection. Spicules. The ccenenchyma contains numerous spindles varying from almost round to terete in form. The tubercles are very large and closely crowded, but still are in regular whorls. In some cases girdled spindles are seen. The spicules of the axis are irregular, distorted forms with a heavy envelope and agglutinated into a sort of mesh. They bear no points or verruce. Color. The colony is orange red, or red brown in color. General distribution. Type locality. Hyalonema Grounds, off Japan, 345 fathoms. It has also been reported (as variety cey/onensis) from the Ceylon Seas and from the Andamans in the Indian Ocean. 4. Suberogorgia rubra Thomson and Henderson. Suberogorgia rubra Thomson and Henderson. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Report. Appendix to the Alcyonaria, 1905, p. 172. Stat. 133. Anchorage off Lirung, Salibabu Island. Up to 36, meters. Mud and hard sand. Stat. 260. 5°36'.5 S., 132° 55'.2 E. go meters. Sand, coral and shells. Stat. 301. 10°38'S., 123°25'.2 E. 22 meters. Mud, coral and Lithothamnion. Colony flabellate, so profusely and finely branched as to give a false appearance of reticulation although anastomoses are few. Specimen 30.5 cm. high and with a spread of about 21 cm. The stem and branches are round in section and show but slight indications of the median grooves so common in this genus. The main stem is 4.5 mm. in diameter and tortuous in its course. 2.2 cm. from its base it sends off a large branch which is tortuous and gives off a number of lateral branchlets, 5 of which are compound. 3.7 cm. above this branch the main stem divides into two subequal parts, each of which bears numerous lateral branchlets some of which subdivide until brachings of the 6! order are reached. There is a tendency toward a lateral arrangement of branchlets. 28 The terminal twigs are curved, slender, round in section and average about 1.5 mm. in diameter and about 9 mm. apart. The calyces are sparsely distributed on the main stem and branches and rather regularly distributed on all sides of the branchlets and twigs, although there is a strong tendency to a lateral arrangement on distal twigs. The individual calyces are conical or dome-shaped, a typical one measuring ı mm. in height and 1.3 mm. in diameter. The walls are filled with oval, densely tuberculate spicules and the margin bears eight rather definitely marked lobes. The polyps are completely retractile and the tentacles are heavily armed with spindles which are arranged en chevron on the basal parts and in broad longitudinal bands on distal parts. Spicules. The superficial spicules of the coenenchyma are oval, very densely tuber- culate forms, the real surfaces being concealed by the crowding of the tubercles. Under these are typical terete spindles with crowded verruce, usually not in very definite whorls. True girdled spindles seem to be wanting. The spicules of the axis are of the form typical of this genus.’ Color. The colony is deep red or crimson throughout, and the polyps are yellow. General distribution. Type locality. Ceylon Sea. This handsome species is quite different in habit from any other of the genus in the collection. 5. Suberogorgia appressa new species. (Plate V, figs. 1, 1a; Plate XI, fig. 7). Stat. 71. Makassar and surroundings. Up to 32 meters. Mud, sand with mud, coral. Stat. 273. Anchorage off Pulu Jedan, East coast of Aru Islands. 13 meters. Sand and shells. Colony flabellate, not reticulate. The stem and basal parts of main branches laterally compressed, other branches flattened. There are sharply defined grooves or furrows on anterior and posterior faces of all branches. The specimen is 46 cm. high and has a spread of about 50 cm. The main stem forks 4.2 cm. above its base and is very strongly laterally compressed, having a cross section of 2.3 cm. X 1.2 cm. The two main branches are directed outward and then curve upward and their basal parts are very strongly laterally compressed, further out they become round and their distal portions are flattened. They are irregularly enlarged in places, the enlargements being due to symbiotic barnacles. The main branches give off a few short branchlets from their lower sides and a number of branchlets, both simple and compound, from their upper sides; and these give off lateral branchlets until branchings of the 6 order are attained. The distance between branches, as well as their arrangement, is very irregular. The calyces are distributed in irregular patches on the surface of the main stem and branches, but are nearly all lateral on the distal parts of the colony. The individual calyces are quite low verruce on proximal parts (although more prominent on the enlargements due to barnacles), but are entirely included on the distal parts, where they fade so insensibly into the general coenenchyma that their size can not be determined. Their openings are surrounded by eight lobes which are separated by sharp, slit-like radiating incisions, quite different from other species that I have seen. The polyps are completely 29 retracted, and, when retracted, are disk-shaped. The entire dorsal surface of the infolded tentacles is covered with a complete armor of flattened longitudinal spindles or bar-like forms, there being numerous longitudinal series on each tentacle. A cross section of a branch shows a relatively thin coenenchyma filled with oval, closely tuberculated spicules. The water-vascular canals are inconspicuous and not so regular as in many species. They do not penetrate the axis. The axis is quite hard and well differentiated, composed of an agglutinated mass of spicules with horny sheaths and smooth surfaces and connected by various bridges and adhesions into a sort of mesh or network. Spicules. These are almost entirely of two kinds; 1% regular, very short, usually oval spindles with close-set whorls of tubercles, there usually being four such whorls besides the distal caps; 2°¢ the irregular smooth spicules of the axis described above. Besides these there are the long flattened scale-like spindles of the tentacles. Color. The colony is dark red, and the polyps white. A very large specimen from Station 71 appears to belong to this species. It is 107 cm. in height and very profusely branched, the branching often being dichotomous and sometimes unilateral. The species agrees well in detail with the type, from Station 273, although the spiculation of the polyps can not be very well determined, the specimen being dried. The colony is covered with a white substance as if it had been overgrown with mould, but when fragments are placed in water they show an orange red color. 6. Suberogorgia thomsoni new species. (Plate VI, figs. 2, 2a; Plate XI, fig. 8). Stat. 154. 0°7'.2 N., 130°25'.5 E. 83 meters. Gray muddy sand, shells and Lithothamnion. (Type). Stat. 204. 4°20'S., 122°58' E. 75—-94 meters. Sand with dead shells. Colony flabellate, not reticulate, 8.5 cm. high and with a spread of about 5.5 cm. The stem and branches are round in section, although the latter appear flattened on account of the lateral arrangement of the polyps. Stem 1.9 mm. in diameter and 1.8 cm. long to first branch. The first branch is large, forming about half of the colony, and bears four lateral branches, three of which are compound. The remainder of the main stem bears seven lateral branchlets, two of which are compound. The branches tend to an alternate arrangement with very unequal spaces between them. The ultimate twigs are about 1 mm. in diameter. There are slight indications of median grooves on the main stem and larger branches, but they are quite indistinct and finally lost on distal parts of the colony. The calyces are regularly lateral and alternate in position. The individual calyces are subconical in shape, a typical one measuring 1.2 mm. in height and 1.9 mm. in diameter at the base. The calyx walls are filled with comparatively heavy spindles, most of which are placed vertically. These differ materially from the oval forms which are found in the calyx walls of other species of this genus. The polyps are completely retractile. The collaret is delicate, consisting of but one or two rows of slender encircling spindles, above which other spindles are arranged en chevron 30 over the tentacle bases. The rest of the dorsal surfaces of the tentacles bear a number of slender longitudinally disposed spindles. A cross section of a branch shows practically the same structure described in connection with other species of this genus. Spicules. The spicules of the coenenchyma are much more typical spindles, especially in length, than those of other species described. The oval spicules so characteristic of other species are here almost completely lacking, and the spindles are proportionally much more slender. They are covered with conspicuous verrucee which are not ordinarily in regularly disposed whorls. The spicules of the axis are smooth and are joined by cross connections into a sort of mesh. Color. The colony is a light reddish brown in color. A number of fragments from Station 204 apparently belong to this species. Some are more delicate than the type, but there are no other important differences. 7. Suberogorgia pulchra new species. (Plate VI, figs. 1, 1a; Plate XI, fig. 9). Stat. 315. Anchorage East of Sailus Besar, Paternoster Islands. Up to 36 meters. Coral and Lithothamnion. Several fragments, perhaps of the same specimen, were secured. The largest was flabellate, but straggling in habit, 23.5 cm. in height. The main stem and branches are some- what flattened, the former having a cross section of 6 mm. X 4 mm. 1.3 cm. above its proximal end it gives off a simple undivided branchlet 14.8 cm. long, and 1.3 cm. higher it bifurcates. Each of the resultant branchlets gives off a single branchlet on one side and several usually simple ones, on the other. The ultimate branches are slender, slightly flattened and about 3 mm. in greater diameter. All of the stem and branches are traversed by distinct median grooves on one side, and most of them on two opposite sides. The calyces are all lateral in position, in two or three interrupted rows on each side of the branch. The individual calyces are almost completely included, leaving little indication of their presence except in the very fine 8-rayed slits surrounding the calyx mouth. These slits are like sharp cuts radiating from the centre. The polyps are completely retractile, very small, and the dorsal surfaces of the retracted tentacles show a heavy armature of longitudinally placed red spindles showing conspicuously against the yellow substance of the tentacles. A cross section of the stem shows the characteristic features of this genus. Spicules. These are of much the same character as in Szderogorgia appressa. The coenenchyma is packed with oval or disk-shaped forms which have their surfaces thickly crowded with coarse verrucae, which, however, are not arranged in regular whorls, but are emplanted irregularly but closely over the entire surface. The spicules of the axis form an agglutinated mass of tortuous bodies which unite in a sort of network or mesh. ; Color. The entire colony is a ‘yellowish red or terracotta, with the mouths of the calyces showing yellowish. The opercular spindles are crimson. 31 Genus Koroeides Studer. Koreides Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, p. 30. Koreides Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, pp. XXXV, 168. Koreides Nutting. Hawaiian Alcyonaria, 1908, p. 569. The original definition, which has not been materially altered by subsequent writers so far as I have seen, it as follows: (Taken from Wricur and Stuper, 1880). “The upright colony branches in one plane; the polyps form wart-like verrucae, which are given off mainly from the sides of the somewhat flattened branches, leaving an interspace free. The spicules of the coenenchyma are large broad spindles and polygonal, often triangular discs. These latter are closely approximated to one another, and form a pavement-like outer layer in the ccenenchyma. The calyces are thickly covered with polygonial scales, and the tentacles also contain broad smooth spicules. The whole habit, and even the character of the spicules, recall the genus Acs. The axis is colorless and consists of closely intercalated calcareous spindles inclosed in a horny fibrous substance, which remains and preserves the form of the axis after decalcification”, The type of the genus Aorwides is K. koreni W. and S. Two other species have been described, K. gracilis Whitelegge and XK. pallida Hiles, both of which THomson and Stimpson ! regard as synonyms of A. korent. 1. Koreides korent Wright and Studer. (Plate VI, figs. 3, 3a). . Korwides koreni Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 169. Koreides koreni Thomson and Simpson. Alcyonarians of the Indian Ocean, II, 1909, p. 167. Stat.. 117. 1°0'.5 N. 122°56'E., 80 meters. Sand and coral. Colony incomplete, very fragile, strictly flabellate, with flattened branches, 7.5 cm. high and with a spread of 14.5 cm. The main stem is round proximally, 3 mm. in diameter and 8 mm. high to first branch. At that point it sends off two opposite long tortuous branches which are round proximally and flattened distally. Their proximal branchlets are broken off, with one exception; but they fork distally into compound branchlets which are slightly flattened. The main stem is broken off 3.4 cm. above its base and is distinctly flattened above the first pair of branches, having a section of 3.3 X 2 mm. It gives off two short stubs and one compound branch on one side and one compound branch on the other. The compound branches are flattened, tortuous, and give off rudely alternate branchlets, two of which are compound and anastomose with branches below. The termjnal twigs are really round, but appear to be flattened on account of the lateral disposition of the calyces, which are very uneven in distribution. The individual calyces are quite variable in size and shape. When the polyp is fully retracted the calyx is almost entirely included. The usual form of the calyx, however, is a very short tube consisting of a fence of upright spicules with their points projecting in a series ! Alcyonarians of the Indian Ocean, II, 1909, p. 168. 32 around the margin. A typical calyx measures 1.5 mm. in height and about the same in diameter. In some calyx walls the large vertical spindles tend to an en chevron arrange- ment, in some they are vertical and in still others they are mainly horizontal. The polyps are completely retractile. The collaret is feeble and the tentacle bases bear rather strong spindles arranged en chevron, and above these each tentacle is armed with strong curved longi- tudinal spindles. A cross section of a branch shows a moderately thick coenenchyma filled with very large, warty horizontal spindles. The axis is more dense and well defined than in other genera of the Sclerogorgide. The spicules are definite in form, usually terete, but with a smooth surface like that of an icicle. They are not bound to each other by cross connections, but seem to adhere by their contiguous sides. Spicules. The ccenenchyma and calyces are filled with very heavy spindles which have their whole surface packed with verrucae which are not in definite whorls. Some of these spindles measure as much as 2.5 mm. in length and 1.5 mm. in diameter. They are almost exactly like those found in the genus Muricella or Acis. The spicules of the axis have already been described. They are much smaller than those of the coenenchyma. Color. The colony is a brilliant scarlet, but this color is obscured and given a pinkish cast by a whitish growth of sponge which covers it like a film. The axis is light yellow; the polyps are whitish, probably yellow in life, and the spicules are crimson and yellow. General distribution. Type locality. Hyalonema Ground, off the coast of Japan, 345 fathoms. It has also been reported from the Laccadive Islands. If THomson and Simpson are right in combining the forms described as Aorwzdes gracilis and K. pallida with K. koreni, the range of this species is much greater, embracing Funifuti (WHrITELEGGE), Ceylon and the Andamans (THomson and HEnperson), New Britain (Hırzs) and the Hawaiian Islands (Nurrinc). DISTRIBUTION OF THE SCLEROGORGID/E COLLECTED BY THE SIBOGA EXPEDITION List of Stations at which Sclerogorgide were collected by the Siboga Expedition and a List of Species collected at each Station. STATION 71. Makassar and surroundings. Up to 32 meters. Mud, sand with mud, coral. Sxbero- gorgia appressa. STATION 81. Pulu Sebangkatan, Borneo Bank. 34 meters. Coral bottom and Lithothamnion. Subero- gorgia ornata. STATION 117. 1°0.5 N., 122°56' E. 80 meters. Sand and coral. Koraides korent. STATION 133. Anchorage off Lirung, Salibabu Island. Up to 36 meters. Mud and hard sand. Suberogorgia rubra. STATION 154. 0°7'.2N., 130°25.5 E. 83 meters. Grey muddy sand, shells and Lithothamnion. Suberogorgia thomson. STATION 164. 1°42'.5 S., 130°47'.5 E. 32 meters. Sand, small stones and shells. Suderogorgia köllikeri. STATION 204. 4°20'S., 122° 58 E. From 75—94 meters. Sand with dead shells. Suderogorgia thomsoni. STATION 220. Anchorage off Pasir Pandjang, West coast of Binongka. 278 meters. Coral sand. Suberogorgia ornata. STATION 257. In Duroa Strait, Kei Islands. Up to 52 meters. Coral. Suberogorgia verriculata. STATION 260. 5°36'.5 S., 132°55'.2 E. 90 meters. Sand, coral and shells. Suderogorgia rubra. STATION 273. Anchorage off Pulu Jedan, East coast of Aru Islands. (Pearl Banks). 13 meters. Sand and shells. Suberogorgia köllikeri, S. appressa. STATION 274. 5°28'.2S., 134°53.9 E. 57 meters. Sand and shell. Stones. Suberogorgia köllikeri. STATION 299. 10°52'.4S., 123°1'.1 E. 34 meters. Mud, coral and Lithothamnion. Suderogorgia ver- riculata. STATION 301. 10°38'S., 123°25'.2 E. 22 meters. Mud, coral and Lithothamnion. Suderogorgia rubra. STATION 305. Mid Channel in Solor Strait, off Kampong Menanga. 113 meters. Stony. Subero- gorgia köllikeri. STATION 307. Ipih Bay, South coast of Flores. 27 meters. Volcanic sand. Suberogorgia verriculata. STATION 310. 8°30'S., 119°7'.5 E. 73 meters. Sand with a few pieces of dead coral. Suberogorgia kollikert. STATION 315. Anchorage off Sailus Besar, Paternoster Islands. Up to 36 meters. Coral and Litho- thamnion. Suberogorgia pulchra. SIROGA-EXPEDITIE XIII 65, 5 34 The table shows that species of this family were secured at 18 stations, and that one species was secured at each station, with the exception of Station 273 where two species were found. This station must have been exceedingly rich in alcyonarian life, although but two of the Sclerogorgide were secured here. This family seems to be largely confined to shallow water, as but a single species was secured from a depth greater than 100 meters. The species referred to was Suéerogorgia köllikeri, secured at Station 305 at a depth of 113 meters. Two of the species in the Siboga collection, however, were secured by the Challenger off Japan at a depth of 345 fathoms. These are Suderogorgia verriculata and S. kéllikert. If THomson and Simpson!’ are correct in regarding Korwzdes gracilis and K. pallida as synonyms of Ä. korenz, this species has a wider range than any other of the family Sclero- gorgide in the collection, extending from the Indian Ocean to Japan and the Hawaiian Islands. 1 Alcyonaria of the Indian Ocean, II, 1909, p. 167. Family Metiropipa Wright and Studer. Melitea (in part) Lamouroux. Histoire des Polypiers coralligenes flexibles, 1816, p. 458. Isidine (in part) Milne Edwards et Haime, Histoire Naturelle des Coralliaires, I, 1857, p. 192. Melitheacee (in part) Kölliker. Icones Histiologica, II, 1865, p. 142. Melitheade + Mopsellade + Trinellide + Ellisellade (in part) Gray. Catalogue of Lithophytes in the British Museum, 1870, p. 24. Trenellide Ridley. Contributions to the knowledge of Alcyonaria, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series V, Vol. X, 1882, p. 130. Melitheide Ridley. Zoological Collections H. M.S. Alert, 1884, p. 356. Melitheide Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, p. 30. Melitheide Ridley. Alcyonaria of the Mergui Archipelago, Journal Linnean Society, 1888, XXI, p. 244. Melitodide Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, pp. XXXV, 170. Melitodide Bourne. A treatise on Zoology, II, Chap. VI, 1900, p. 25. Melitodide Kükenthal. Die Gorgonidenfamilie der Melitodide Verrill. Zoologischer Anzeiger, Bd. XXXIII, N° 7/8, 1908, p. 189. On account of their striking superficial resemblance in the jointed axis to certain Isidz, the species of the Melitodide and Iside were placed together by a number of the earlier writers, much to the confusion of the systematic arrangement of these forms. Lamouroux (1816) recognized the difference between the axes of this heterogeneous group of “Isidees” and formed the genus Melitea to accommodate species with spongy and inflated internodes, and included in it Melitea ochracea, M. de risso (= Isis coccinea Gmelin), M. retifera and M. textiformis. Mitne Epwarps and Hare (1857) combine the genera /szs, Mopsea and Melithea in their subfamily Isidine. KÖLnıker (1865) included the genera Melithea and Mopsea in his subfamily Melitheacez. Rıprev (1884) discusses the family “Melitheide” at considerable length and shows that the three families Melitheide, Mopsellide and Ellisellide of Gray can not be regarded as distinct, and includes them all in one family Melitheide in which he includes the following genera: Melitodes, Clathraria, Wrightella, Mopsella, Acabaria, Trinella and Parisis, and adds a new genus Pszlacabaria. Stuper (1887) included in “Melitheide’’ the same genera as are included by Rınrev, but combines the genera Parisis of VerrILL and Trinella of Gray. WRIGHT and Stuper (1889) substitute the name Melitodide for Melitheide of Rıprev because the basis name for the old family was Melitza, which had previously been used for a genus of insects; while VerrirL (1863) proposed the generic name AMelrtodes as practically a substitute for Melitza of earlier writers. This suggested the name Melitodidde as a family designation proposed by Wricur and Stuper, who include the same genera that are named by Stuper. Their definition of the family is as follows: 36 “Scleraxonia with a well-marked axis, which is jointed, i.e., consisting of alternating portions of a hard calcareous and a soft horny substance. The hard joints (internodes) consist of fused calcareous spicules, with but a trace of horny substance: the soft joints (nodes) are formed of loose calcareous spicules in a mesh of horny substance'. KUKENTHAL (1908) gives a more extended definition, which may be translated as follows: “Scleraxonia with an evident axis sometimes traversed by endodermal canals and consisting of soft (nodes) and hard (internodes) joints. The hard joints consist of complety fused calcareous spicules, and the soft joints consist of rod-like smooth spicules immersed in a horny material. The branching is dichotomous, usually from the nodes, and the colony is usually flabellate. The polyps are borne in calyces arranged either in the lateral borders or one side of the branches. The polyp spicules are spindles or clubs, the cortex spicules aresin part “Blattkeulen”’. This definition is acceptable for the purpose of the present work. | This same writer (KUKENTHAL, 1908) furnishes an excellent key to the genera of the family Melitodid@. This is so well devised that the following translation is offered, the new genus Lzrotulata being added: 1. Polyps with exserted calyces. A. Branchings from the nodes, only the terminal twigs sometimes from the internodes. 1. Cortex spicules spindles or thorny clubs. a. Nodes and internodes traversed by water-vascular canals. Polyps ordinarily placed on one side of the branches. . . Melitodes Verrill. 6. Water-vascular canals not in the internodes. Polyps distant and biserially placed. . . . . . . +. +. Acabaria Gray. 2. Cortex ‘spicules: foliaceous clubs... . . <2 02 Sr ee OS eee 3. The foliaceous clubs are nodular in form . . . . . . . . Wrightella Gray. 4. Cortex spicules double wheels... ..... = 2.) var oe, Bee see ee cee B. Branchings-from the internodes only. <= ...7 27.29 = 925 & ea .ebarisise yy ecenle 2. Polyps with inserted calyees. . 3 a nt 2 ge a! eee eG lente) teen Synoptic view of the genera and species of MELIToDIDE collected by the Siboga Expedition. New genus and species are indicated by an asterisk (*). Melitodes. Wrightella. M. ochracea, M. flabellum, M. variabilis, | : > > W. coccinea, W. tongensis. M. esperi M. *squamata, M. *modesta. Acabaria. Parisis. A. philippinensis, A. tenuis, A. *formosa, | P. fruticosa, P. minor A. *hicksoni, A. *triangulata. Mopseida. *Birotulata. M. clavigeri, M. *studert, M. *spongiosa. | B. "minor. 37 This table shows that the collection contained six genera, one of which is new and nineteen species, eight of which are new. The genus Melitodes has the largest representation, with six species, half of which are new; and Acadaria comes nexth with five species, two of which are new. Systematic description of genera and species. Genus Melitodes Verrill. (in part) Linnzus. Systema Nature, 12th edition, 1767, p. 1287. /sis (in part) Ellis and Solander. Natural History of Zoophytes, 1786, p. 104. /sis (in part) Pallas. Elenchus Zoophytorum, 1766, p. 230. /sıs (in part) Esper. Die Pflanzenthiere, 1791, Vol. I, p. 29. Melitea Lamarck. Memoires Museum nat. hist., I, 1815, p. 410. Militea Lamouroux. Hist. Polyp. flex., 1816, p. 458. Mehtea Lamarck. Hist. nat. Anim. sans Vert., 2, 1836, p. 470. Melithea Milne Edwards et Haime. Hist. Nat. des Coralliaires, I, 1857, p. 199. Melitodes Verrill. Bull. Museum of Comp. Zool., 1864, p. 38. Melitella Gray. Proc. Zool. Society of London, 1859, p. 485. Melithea (in part) Kölliker. Icones Histiologice, II, 2, p. 142. Melitodes Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, p. 31. Melitodes (in part) Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 171. Melitodes Bourne. A treatise on Zoology, Part II, Chap. VI, 1900, p. 25. Meltodes Delage et Herouard. Traité de Zoology Concréte, 1901, p. 414. Melitodes Kükenthal. Die Gorgonidenfamilie der Melitodid&, 1908, p. 190. Parras (1766) and other of the earlier writers included the species then known of this genus in the genus /svs. . Lamarck (1815) separated the genus Melithea from /szs, as then known, by a definition which may be translated as follows: “Colony fixed, tree-like, composed of a jointed axis and persistent cortical layer. Central axis rooted, branched, formed of stony joints substriated, with spongy and inflated internodes. The cortical layer contains the polyps when fresh, and small cellules when dried’. Lamarck (1815) and Mırne Epwarps and Harme (1857) give practically the same definition as the above. VERRILL, (1865) shows that the name Melithza is preoccupied, and proposes the present name, Melitodid&, for the family, and SrupEr (1887) adopts the name JZe/ztodes for the type genus of the family, in which he has been followed by subsequent writers. SrupEr’s definition for the genus may be translated as follows: “Melitodes has all joints traversed by longitudinal canals. The spicules of the coenen- chyma are large warty spindles on the one hand and kneed (‘knotige’) spindles on the other”’. -KUKENTHAL (1908) gives a satisfactory definition which will be adopted here. A somewhat condensed translation is as follows: “Colony almost always flabellate, branching, dichotomous, with branches from the nodes. Axis penetrated by water-vascular canals. Coenenchyma variable in thickness and filled 38 with straight spindles, half-sided, thorny and kneed spindles, thorny clubs and irregular forms, but without foliaceous clubs. Polyps project from one side of the somewhat flattened branches and on their borders, and are retractile within exserted clayces”. The type of this genus is Melitodes ochracea (Pallas). The following list of species is taken largely from Kürentuar's paper above referred to: MW. africana Kiikth., M. alditincta Ridley, M. arborea Kükth., Melitodes densa Kiikth., M. flabellum Thomson, M. flabellifera Kükth., M. fragilis Wright and Studer, M. devs Wrigt and Studer, M. nodosa Wright and Studer, M. ornata Thomson and Simpson, JZ. ulchella Thomson and Simpson, M. rugosa Wright and Studer, JZ. rubeola Wright and Studer, M. stormiz Studer, M. sinuata Wright and Studer, M. sulphurea Studer, M. variabılis Hickson and the new species described in this report. 1. Melitodes ochracea {Linnzus). Tsis ochracea Linneus. Systema Nature, roth edition, 1758, p. 799. Isis ocracea Pallas. Elenchus Zoophytorum, 1766, p. 230. Tsis ochracea Ellis and Solander. Natural History of Zoophytes, 1786, p. 105. Tsis ochracea Esper. Pflanzenthiere, I, 1791, p. 38. Melitea ochracea Lamouroux. Histoire Polyps flexibles, 1816, p. 462. Melitea ochracea Lamarck. Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres, II, 1836, p. 472. Melithea ochreea Kölliker. Icones Histiologice, 2, 1865, p. 142. Melitodes ochracea Wright and Studer, Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 292. Melitodes ochracea Studer. Alcyonarien aus der Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Museums in Lübeck, 1894, p. 109. Stat. 7ı. Makassar and surroundings. Up to 32 meters. Mud. Sand with mud. Coral. (Numerous specimens). Stat. 85. 0°36.5S., 119° 29.5; E. 724 meters. Fine grey mud. Stat. 234. Nalahia Bay, Nusa Laut Island. 46 meters. Stony. A number of large dried specimens, very much broken up, must be referred to this species. One of these must have been a magnificent spectacle when alive, as the incomplete specimen measures over one meter in height and 5.9 cm. in diameter at base. The main stem | and branches are strongly compressed laterally, but the smaller branches are ronnd. The nodes are indicated externally by annular swellings, but they are almost obliterated internally in the larger branches. In a branch 8 mm. in diameter, for instance, the nodes can scarcely be seen, being indicated in a longitudinal section by an indistinct narrow band less than 1 mm. broad, while the adjacent internode is 20 mm. long. The polyps are thickly distributed on three sides of the branches, leaving a broad posterior face bare. The branching is usually dichoto mous, but sometimes lateral. The calyces are included, and the characters of the polyps can not be made out in the dried specimens. The axis is penetrated by numerous canals. Spicules. The spicules are mostly small oval spindles with proportionally large densely crowded verruce. The hard internodes are made up of an agglutinated mass of rod-like spicules which adhere together so strongly that they do not boil apart in caustic potash. The coenenchyma contains a number of warty clubs, and there are also warty spindles, probably from the polyps. 39 Color. The entire colony is a dark brick red. Axis darker. In other specimens the general surface of the smaller branches is yellow, with scarlet verruciform calyces, the back and sides being bright yellow. General distribution. The Indian Ocean, which is the type locality. 2. Melitodes flabellum "Thomson and Mackinnon. Melitodes flabellum Thomson and Mackinnon. Alcyonaria ofthe Percy Sladen Trust Expedition, Part II, 1910, p. 198. Stat. 164. I°42'.5 S., 130°47'.5 E. 32 meters. Sand, small stones and shells. Stat. 261. Elat, West coast of Great Kei Island. 27 meters. Mud. Stat. 273. Anchorage off Pulu Jedan, East Coast of Aru Islands. 13 meters. Sand and shells. Stat. 305. Mid Channel in Solor Strait, off Kampong Menanga. 113 meters. Stony. Stat. 310. 8°30 S., 119°7’.5 E. 73 meters. Sand, with few pieces of dead coral. Colony strictly flabellate and reticulate, 19.5 cm. long and with a spread of 12.5 cm. The main stem is nearly round, the horny joints (internodes) being 5 mm. in diameter and the calcareous nodes 3.5 mm. in diameter. The internodes are about 5 mm. long, and the nodes 3 to 4 mm. The branches are borne on the internodes and are typically alternate and lateral in position. From its basal 6.5 cm. the stem gives off occasional irregular branchlets which do not form a part of the flabellate structure. Above this point the stem soon dissipates itself in a reticulate mass of branches and branchlets, the branching being, in general, dicho- tomous. In the fan the internodes are usually about 9 mm. in length and 1 mm. in diameter ; while the nodes are triangular, as a rule, the triangle being about 2 mm. long and nearly equilateral. Most of the branchlets terminate in U-shaped bifurcations on the margins of the fan. Nearly all of the calyces are lateral in position, forming a close-set row on each side of the branches and twigs. In places the row is quite even, but in others it is decidedly zigzag. The individual calyces are quite small, rather low, dome-shaped verrucae, averaging less than .5 mm. in height and slightly over 1 mm. in diameter, the gradually sloping wall of one meeting that of its neighbor so as to give a scalloped appearance to the margins of the branches, when viewed from above. Their apertures are almost completely closed, in the specimen described, and their walls are filled with heavily tuberculated spindles and spiny clubs which form an indistinct circlet of prominences around the margins. The polyps are minute, but show a well defined collaret composed of one or two rows of bent spindles and a pseudo-operculum of similar spindles arranged en chevron basally and disposed longitudinally on distal parts of tentacles; the whole forming a symmetrical rosette when viewed from above. Spicules. Those of the axis are small, smooth, bar-like forms aggregated together into a felted mass which is less dense in the horny and more dense in the calcareous nodes. They do not boil apart in caustic potash. The spicules of the coenenchyma are exceedingly varied in form, but are all modifications of the tuberculate spindle on the one hand and of the spiny club on the other. The spindles are densely tuberculate and usually short and stout, 40 but sometimes slender and curved. The clubs are all of the spiny type, none of the Blatt- keulen being present. The spindles immensely preponderate over the clubs in number. Color. The colony of the specimen described is a light grayish brown and the spicules are colorless. Another specimen from the same station is dull red. General distribution. Type locality. Providence, Indian Ocean, 6 fathoms. A specimen from station 305 is a flabellate, matted mass as if several fans lying in parallel planes had been united by horizontal connections, very much resembling the illustration given by Tmomrson and Simpson (Alcyonarians of the Indian Ocean, 88, 1909, p. 170) of Melitodes variabilis. But one internode of the stem remains, and this is 3 mm. broad and nearly 4 mm. long and the accompanying internode is longitudinally furrowed, 2.3 mm. in diameter and 4 mm. long. The stem forks at the node and the resultant branches bear numerous branchlets, or bifurcate repeatedly; some of the branchlets being inclined forward and some backward, each being compressed and flabellate thus forming a colony composed of several palmate structures in parallel planes which are held together by branches passing from one to the other and anastomosing. The resulting network is quite irregular. The main branches are laterally compressed. In details and spiculation, however, this specimen agrees with the one described above. 3. ? Melitodes variabilis Hickson. Melitodes variabilis Hickson. The Alcyonaria of the Maldives, III, Vol. II, 1905, p. 809. Melitodes variabilis Thomson and Simpson. Alcyonarians of the Indian Ocean, II, 1909, p. 169. Melitodea variabilis Thomson and Mackinnon. Alcyonaria of the Percy Sladen Trust Expedition, Part II, 1900, p. 198. Stat. 60. Haingsisi, Samau Island, Timor. 23 meters. Lithothamnion in 3 meters and less. Reef. Stat. 274. 5°28'.2S., 134°53'.9 E. 57 meters. Sand and shells. Stones. The specimens secured by the Siboga Expedition are fragmentary. They show the red nodes and white. internodes of this species. The larger specimen from Station 60 consists of the base of attachment and a few stumpy and divergent branches. In the specimen from station 274 the calyces are yellow. General distribution. “Throughout the Maldives” (Hickson). Indian Ocean. 4. Melitodes espert Wright and Studer. Melitodes esperi Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 179. Stat. 33. Bay of Pidjot, Lombok. 22 meters and less. Mud, coral and coral sand. Stat. 50. Bay of Badjo, West coast of Flores. Up to 40 meters. Mud, sand and shells. Stat. 60. Haingsisi, Samau Island, Timor. 23 meters. Lithothamnion. Stat. 80. 2°25'S., 117°43’ E. 50—40 meters. Fine coral sand. Stat. 144. Anchorage north of Salomakieé (Damar) Island. 45 meters. Coral bottom and Lithothamnion. Stat. 164. 1°42'.5S., 130°47'.5 E. 32 meters. Sand, small stones and shells. Stat. 257. In Duroa Strait, Kei Islands. Up to 52 meters. Coral. Al Stat. 273. Anchorage off Pulu Jedan, East coast of Aru Islands. 13 meters. Sand and shells. Stat. 315. Anchorage east of Sailus Besar, Paternoster Islands. Up to 36 meters. Coral and Lithothamnion. Colony strictly flabellate and reticulate, the distal part only being present and consisting of four large branches connected by numerous anastomoses. Height 16.5 cm. Spread 10 cm. The main branches are laterally compressed, a cross section of a typical one being 2 X 3.1 cm. The nodes are 6 to 14 mm. long, the longer ones being in the distal parts of the colony, and the internodes are 2 to 5 mm. long, the longer ones being in the basal parts of the colony. The branching is usually dichotomous, and the anastomoses are through short lateral connections. The smaller branchlets also are laterally compressed, a typical one being 1.1 X 1.9 mm. in section. The calyces are thickly distributed over three sides of the branches, leaving the back of the colony bare, as a rule, although there are calyces on this side of some of the twigs. The calyces are almost entirely included in the specimen described. This is probably due, however, to the state of retraction of the polyps, for in other specimens, where the polyps are expanded, the calyces appear to be tubular with spicules arranged en chevron around the upper parts. The upper parts of the calyces are yellow, in sharp contrast to the rich crimson of the general coenenchyma. Their walls are filled with short densely tuberculate spindles, sometimes oval or disc-shaped, which appear like imbricating scales, the upper edge of one overlapping the lower edge of another. The margin is surrounded by eight lobes. The polyps are completely retractile and are furnished with a strong collaret above which are eight points formed usually by two spicules at the base of each tentacle, each pair having its distal ends approximated and its proximal ends divaricated. Above these points the dorsal surface of each tentacle is covered with an incrustation of densely tuberculate yellow spicules which are usually longitudinally disposed. Spicules. Those found in the ccenenchyma are variously formed tuberculate spindles and spiny clubs. The spindles are often oval or disk-shaped with the tubercles sometimes arranged in definite whorls and sometimes very heavy and without definite arrangement. A few curved spindles are also seen. Some of the clubs are tuberculate and others spiny. Color. The colony is deep crimson with the polyps and calyx margins bright yellow. General distribution. Type locality. Torres Strait. A specimen from Station 144 agrees quite closely in coloration with Rıprey's figure of Psilacabaria gracillima '. 5. Melitodes sguamata, new species. (Plate VII, figs. 1, 1a, Plate XII, fig. 1). Stat. 299. 10°52.4S., 123°1.1 E. 34 meters. Mud, coral and Lithothamnion. Colony flabellate, but not reticulate, although it appears to be so. 27.5 cm. in height and about 10 cm. in width. The stem and branches are approximately round in section. The first large branch is 2.6 cm. above the base of the stem. The horny nodes are much swollen, 1 Zoological Collections H.M.S. Alert, 1884, pl. XXXVI, fig. E'. SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE X15, 6 42 8 mm. in diameter and 6 mm. long. The calcareous nodes are 6 mm. in diameter and about 4 mm. long. All of the branches are borne on the horny nodes which vary in length from 5 mm. on proximal branches to 12.5 mm. on distal branchlets. The first are annular and the latter triangular in outline. The calcareous nodes vary from 4.1 mm. to 12.5 in length, the latter being the distal ones. The main branches are lateral and alternate in position, but the distal branchings are regularly dichotomous, the forkings being U-shaped. The ultimate twigs are very slender, being but 1 mm. in diameter. The polyps are distributed on all sides of the smaller branches and branchlets, and on three sides of the more proximal branches and parts of branches. They are usually lateral on the main stem and branches. The individual calyces are minute, almost entirely included even when the polyps are partly expanded, and about 1 mm. in diameter. They are rendered conspicuous by their color which is a brilliant crimson while the general coenenchyma is a yellowish red or deep orange. Their walls are filled with crimson spicules which look like small imbricating disks when in situ. The polyps are quite heavily spiculated. There is a strong collaret often of crimson, some- times of light yellow spicules, above which is a pair of spicules forming a point above each tentacle base by the approximation of their distal ends. These spicules are also often crimson in color. Above these points other strong spindles lie along the distal parts of the dorsal surfaces of the tentacles. The coenenchyma of the branches appears to be filled with rounded or disk-like imbri- cating scales. Spicules. Those of the ccenenchyma are disk-like tuberculate forms intergrading with ordinary spindles with tubercles arranged in regular whorls. Tuberculate clubs are also seen in moderate numbers, but I find no spiny clubs or Blattkeulen. The spicules of the axis are smooth bars and needle-like forms, resembling fragments of spun glass when viewed through the microscope. Bent tuberculate spindles are found in the polyps. Color. The colony is orange red, in general coloration, but the distal parts lighten to almost white, as if they had been partly dried or bleached. The calyces are crimson and the polyps yellow or pallid. 6. Melitodes modesta, new species. (Plate VII, figs. 2, 2a; Plate XII, fig. 2). Stat. 164. 1°42’.5 S., 130°47'.5 E. 32 meters. Sand, small stones and shells. Stat. 273. Anchorage off Pulu Jedan, East coast of the Aru Islands. 13 meters. Sand and shells. (Type). Stat. 274. 5°28'.2S., 134°53.9E. 57 meters. Sand and shells. Stones. Colony strictly flabellate and moderately reticulate, 13 cm. high and with a spread of 7.5 cm. The main stem grows from an expanded base which seems originally to have supported two such stems. The remaining stem shows that a large branch has been broken off imme- diately above the base, and above this the stem gives off alternate branches, one from each node. The second free node is about 4 mm. long and the same in diameter, while the internode below it is about 3 mm. in diameter and length; but the nodes and internodes blend so as to make it difficult to ascertain their limits. As in other species of this genus the nodes decrease 45 and the internodes increase in length as we go from proximal to distal parts of the colony where the nodes are but a little more that ı mm. and the internodes are sometimes 9 mm. long. The branchings are mainly dichotomous and the forkings are U-shaped. Many of the smaller branches are frequently girdled by a small parasitic form which looks like checkered belts or bands tightly compressing the coenenchyma. The calyces are mainly lateral and anterior in position, and are so low as to be barely visible. The individual calyces are very low rounded domes, more evident on the distal twigs then elsewhere. They are very small, averaging scarcely more than ı mm. in diameter. Their walls are filled with spiny spindles and thorny clubs, the edges of which give a serrated appearance. The polyps are very small and so completely retracted that their characters are hard to make out. They have a strong collaret above which are spindles arranged en chevron over the tentacle bases and longitudinally on the dorsal surfaces of the tentacles. In certain stages of retraction these latter spicules form a series of points beyond which the tentacles suddenly bend downward. Spicules. These are mainly rather large spiny spindles, with the individual spines often spinulate. There are also one-sided spindles, spiny clubs and numerous other forms, all of which are but modifications of the spiny spindle characteristic of this genus. Color. The colony is lemon yellow and the axis is dark pink. Other specimens are more robust than the type described, and the calyces are distributed on all sides of the distal branches. These specimens are light orange brown, instead of yellow, in color. Genus Acabaria Gray. Acabaria + Anicella Gray, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4th Series, Vol. 2, 1868, P- 444. Acabaria Ridley. Zoological Collections H. M.S. Alert, 1884, p. 360. Acabaria Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, p. 31. Acabaria Wright and Studer. Challenger Report, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. XXXVI. Acabaria Delage et;Hérouard. Traite de Zoologie Concrete, II, 2, 1901, p. 414. =. Acabaria Kükenthal. Die Gorgonidenfamilie der Melitodid&, Zoolog. Anz. Bd. XXXIII, 1908, P- 194. The original definition of this family is as follows: “The coral very slender, branched dichotomous, expanded in a plane; branches and branchlets very slender, compressed, with short swollen joints, more pronounced on the older stems. Bark thin, hard, smooth. Cells short, broad, subeylindrical, truncated, in a single series on each edge of the branches and branchlets, rather close together. Axis calcareous, solid, red, longitudinally grooved; internodes short, swollen spongy”. The same author proposes the genus Azzcella, based on an Australian species with internodes (nodes, as the term is now used) red, swollen. This can hardly be regarded as a generic character, and the species should be included in Acaéaria. Riptey (1884) practically adopts the above definition, but establishes a new genus Psilacabaria, which KiKxentuar (1908) would include in Acadaria. 44 SrupER (1889) gives a very brief characterization of this genus. “Acabaria Gr. Wie Mopsella, aber die Spicula der Rinde sind nur Spindeln’. KUKENTHAL (1908) gives a satisfactory definition, as indicated in the following translation : “Branching flabellate, dichotomous, branches originating at the nodes. Branches very slender, slightly or not at all flattened. Internodes not pierced by water-vascular canals. Polyps retractile within large calyces, biserially arranged and usually widely spaced. Spicules never foliaceous clubs”. The type species of this genus is Acadaria divaricata Gray. Other described species are Acabaria australis Gray, A. diserialis Kukth., A. corymbosa Kükth., A. erythracea (Ehrenb.), A. frondosa (Brundin), A. gracillima (Ridley), A. habereri Kükth., A. japonica Verrill, A. philippinensis (Wright and Studer), A. serrata Ridley, A. tenwis Kükth., A. undulata Kükth., A. valdivie Kükth., and the new species described in the present work. 1. Acabaria philippinensis (Wright and Studer). Melitodes philippinensis Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 176. Melitodes philippinensis Thomson and Simpson. Alcyonarians of the Indian Ocean, II, 1909, 105 12% Stat. 310. 8°30'S., 119°7'.5 E. 73 meters. Sand, with a few pieces of dead coral. Specimens flabellate, the largest being a fragment 6.2 cm. long and about 4 cm. in spread. Stem and branches round. Main stem 2.1 mm. in diameter and 1.5 cm. long to first branch. The first complete node is 4 mm. long and 3 mm. in diameter, and a distal one is 1.2 mm. long. The proximal internode is 1 cm. long and 2 mm. in diameter, while a distal internode is 1.4 cm. long and 8 mm. in diameter. The branching is irregularly dichotomous and the furcations are ‘Y-shaped rather than U-shaped. The calyces are mostly lateral leaving a broad bare space on the back of the colony and a narrow one, sometimes invaded by calyces, on the front. There is often a tendency to form a zigzag row on the side of the branch. The individual calyces are dome-shaped verruce, often hemispherical when the polyps are completely retracted. They are somewhat closely approximated on the sides of the branches and‘ are rendered conspicuons by their dark red color in contrast with the dull yellow of the coenenchyma. A typical calyx measures .7 mm. in height and 1.3 mm. in diameter at the base. Their walls are filled with coarse tuberculate spindles which sometimes tend to an en chevron arrangement around the margin and otherwise are horizontal or irregularly disposed. A few of the more superficial spicules are yellow, but the rest are red, the predominating color in the calyces. The polyps are retractile and have a strong collaret composed of about three horizontal rows of red tuberculate spindles, above this other spindles are arranged en chevron over each tentacle base, forming a series of 8 points above the collaret. The remainder of the dorsal surface of the tentacles bears longitudinal yellow spindles. Spicules. These are mostly rather stout terete spindles, sometimes assuming an oval outline, and with definite whorls of promiment tubercles on the more slender spindles and 45 with irregularly placed tubercles on the stouter ones. There are also a number of clubs, most of which are tuberculate rather than thorny. Many of the spindles are curved. Color. The colony is red and yellow. The caenenchyma is a dull yellow, owing to the red axis showing through the yellow layer of spicules. The calyces are dark dull red with a few superficial yellow spicules. The polyps are red and yellow. General distribution. The type locality of this species is Samboangan Reefs. It has also been reported from the Indian Ocean by Tuomson and Simpson. 2. Acabaria tenuis Kükenthal. Acabaria tenuis Kükenthal. Die Gorgonidenfamilie der Melitodide, Zoolog. Anz. Bd. XXXIII, 1908, p. 195. Stat. 117. 1°0.5 N., 122°56 E. 80 meters. Sand and coral. Stat. 144. Anchorage north of Salomakieé (Damar) Island. 45 meters. Coral bottom and Lithothamnion. A number of fragments were secured. The largest is flabellate and not reticulate, exceedingly delicate and fragile. Height 5.8 cm., spread 2.1 cm. The main stem forks 7.1 mm. from its proximal end, one of the resultant branches being missing. The stem is only 18 mm. in diameter. The branching is in general dichotomous. The distal branches are less than .5 mm. in diameter between the calyces. The basal node of the stem is 2 mm. long, while the internode below it is 5 mm. long. Some of the distal internodes are 8 mm. long. The branching is dichotomous, as a rule, and the furcations are Y-shaped rather than U-shaped. The calyces are lateral in position and vary greatly in size as well as in spacing. They average about 1.5 mm. apart. The individual calyces are tubular in form and more prominent than is usual in this family. A typical one measures .g mm. in height and 1 mm. in diameter at the base. The calyx walls are filled with spindles which are irregularly horizontal on the basal parts and arranged en chevron on the distal parts, arising in 8 blunt points around the margin. The polyps are retractile, but are often seen with their collarets resting just above the calyx margin. The polyps are armed with yellow spicules. There is a collaret of relatively heavy spindles in two or three rows, those of the upper row forming low points, each point consisting of the approximated distal ends of two spicules on the tentacle base. Above these points a few other spindles form a rude en chevron arrangement which is succeeded by vertically placed spindles on distal parts of tentacles. The coenenchyma is thin and contains spindles and spiny clubs usually disposed longitudinally. Spicules. In this species there is a relatively large number of slender curved spindles, most of which bear regular whorls of verruc&. Others bear irregularly distributed thorny points. Clubs with thorny points are also found, but are much less numerous than the spindles. Besides these there are a number of irregular forms, as in all species of this family; but none are sufficiently numerous to be regarded as characteristic of the species. 46 Color. The colony is a bright scarlet and the polyps are white with chrome yellow spindles. The spicules are red and yellow. General distribution. The type locality is Sagami Bay, Japan; 600 meters. It has also been reported from Okinose Bank, Japan; 80—260 meters. The specimen from Station 114 is very delicate, with reddish polyps. It is referred with some doubt to this species. 3. Acabaria formosa new species. (Plate VII, figs. 3, 3a; Plate XII, fig. 3). Stat. 240. Banda Anchorage. 9 to 45 meters. Black sand and coral. Lithothamnion bank in 18—36 meters. The specimens consist of a number of fragments which are exceedingly fragile and brittle. One of the larger fragments consists of a branch 8 cm. long. The denuded axis of the main stem of the branch is 1.9 cm. long and is round, having a diameter of 1.2 mm. It bifurcates at the first node which is triangular in form, 2.8 mm. long and almost equilateral. Each of the branches bifurcates twice, but one resultant branchlet is missing, and the branches are separated by a comparatively wide angle. The furcation is angular and not U-shaped as in so many species of this genus. The internodes of the branches are fairly even, averaging about 1.4 mm. long and 1.5 mm. in diameter between the calyces. The calyces are all lateral and usually alternate, those on one side often showing a tendency to bend alternately to the front and back, like the teeth of a saw. The individual calyces are very large and conspicuous and their golden yellow color is remarkably vivid. They are in the form of symmetrical truncated cones, a typical one measuring 1.7 mm. high and 2.1 mm. broad at the base. Their walls are straight and do not curve to the general level of the caenenchyma, as is usually the case, but are sharply differentiated from their very bases. The distance between adjacent calyces varies, but 1.5 mm. seems fairly typical. The margin bears 8 regular scallops or lobes, the polyps are retractile, but usually rest with their collarets just above the calyx margins. They are heavily spiculated, with a well-marked collaret composed of strong bent spindles in two or three encircling rows. Above the collaret the spindles are arranged en chevron over the tentacle bases, forming 8 strong points, each point being composed of a bundle of spindles. Beyond these points the dorsal surfaces of the tentacles are armed with longitudinal spindles. Spicules. These are thorny spindles and clubs. The spindles are usually more, slender than in most Melitodide and often curved. They are relatively quite numerous. There are also small spindles with two whorls of verruc& in addition to the terminal knobs. The characteristic clubs show a proximal comparatively smooth acicular part and a clavate distal portion armed with numerous spiny points. The spicules of the axis are deep crimson. Color. The colony in general, including the polyps, is a very vivid chrome yellow and the axis is bright crimson. The ccenenchyma is thin and allows the color of the axis to show through as a bright pink. This is one of the most brilliantly colored species that I have seen. 47 Acabaria formosa is allied to A. diserialis Kükenthal, but is stouter, and the calyces are much larger. 4. Acabaria hicksoni new species. (Plate VIII, figs. 3, 3a; Plate XII, fig. 4). Stat. 60. Haingsisi, Samau Island near Timor. Reef. 23 meters. Lithothamnion in 3 meters and less. Specimens consisting of a number of fragments. The largest is sub-flabellate in form and very erratic and straggling in its manner of growth. The proximal part is gone, and its form is such that it is difficult to tell which is the main stem or branch. The specimen is 6.6 cm. in length and about 3.5 cm. in spread. The largest branch is 1.5 mm. in diameter between the calyces. The nodes are not sharply distinguished from the internodes, and are not so distinctly triangular in shape as is often the case. They vary from 2.5 mm. (proximal) to 1.2 mm. (distal) in length. The internodes vary from 4 mm. (proximal) to 13 mm. (distal) in length. The branching is such that the greater part of the specimen is in two parallel planes. The branching is dichotomous, as a rule, but there are a number of ultimate lateral branchlets. The furcations are Y-shaped rather than U-shaped. The calyces are mainly lateral in position, where they are rather close set and tend to an alternate position. The individual calyces are in the form of low domes when the polyps are completely retracted, and short tubes when they are expanded. A typical one measures 1 mm. in height and 1.2 mm. in diameter. The ‘spiculation of the calyx walls shows a basal arrangement of horizontal spicules, but an en chevron arrangement toward the margins. The polyps, in partial retraction, form a strongly marked 8-rayed figure or rosette when viewed from above. There is a well-marked collaret of reddish spicules, above which is an en chevron arrangement of spindles on the tentacle bases which blends in color from red to yellow. The remainder of the dorsal surfaces of the tentacles are provided with longitudinal yellow spindles, and an oblique series of spindles is on each side of the tentacle extending from the dorsal surface to the pinnule bases, forming an armature that is unusual in this family. Spicules. These are much as in Acadarza tenuis Kükenthal. The spindles seem to be a little heavier on the average, but I fail to find any specific differences, so far as the form of the spicules is concerned. Color. The colony is a dark red and the polyps are red and yellow. This species differs from Acabaria tenuis in being of a more robust habit, in irregularity of branching, in larger calyces and thicker branches and in the spiculation of the polyps. 5. Acabaria triangulata new species. (Plate VIII, figs. 2, 2@; Plate XII, fig. 5). Stat. 260. 5° 36.5 S., 132°55'.2 E. 90 meters. Sand, coral and shells. Stat. 274. 5°28'.2S., 134°53.9E. 57 meters. Sand and shells, stones. (Type locality). The colony is sub-flabellate in form, 6.3 cm. high and 1.5 cm. broad. The stem and branches are round in section. The main stem is 1.5 cm. long to the first branch and 1.9 cm. in diameter. The second node is 3.8 mm. long and 3 mm. broad, and a distal node is 1 mm. 48 long. The second internode is 6 mm. long, and a distal one 8 mm. long. The main stem bifurcates ı 5 cm. from its base into two irregular branches which are erect and nearly parallel, giving off alternate branchlets, one from each node. The largest branch is sinuous. The distance between branches varies, as do the length of the internodes. The calyces are lateral in position, not so crowded as in many species, and leave proportionally broader naked areas on the back and front of the branches. The individual calyces are quite small dome-shaped verruc& which show as dark red swellings in contrast with the lighter red of the coenenchyma. An average calyx measures .5 mm. in height by .7 mm. in diameter, thus being smaller than any other species of this genus in the collection. The calyx walls are filled with Stachelkeulen the spiny points of which give a bristling appearance. The polyps are very small, retractile and, on account of their red color being the same as that of the calyces, hard to study. The spiculation, however, seems to be the same as in allied species, consisting of a collaret of transverse spicules above which 8 points are formed by two or more spindles on each tentacle base meeting at an angle, and a distal series of longitudinal spindles on the dorsal surfaces of the tentacles. Spicules. These are quite different from those of other species of the genus the most characteristic ones being triangular in outline with their surfaces covered with large warty tubercles. These triangles are large, and are modifications of the spiny club type, many of them showing short thorny or foliaceaous projections from their club end. Both Blattkeulen and Stachelkeulen are found, the latter predominating. Ordinary spindles are rather rare. When present they are usually short, curved and ornamented with whorls of verruce. Color. The colony is a dark, rather dull, coral red and the calyces and polyp spindles a dark crimson red. Genus Mopsella Gray. a Mopsella Gray. Proceedings Zoological Society of London, 1857, p. 248. Mopsella Ridley. Zoological Collections H. M.S. Alert, 1884, p. 258. Mopsella Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, p. 31. Mopsella Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. XXXVI. Mopsella Kükenthal. Die Gorgonidenfamilie der Melitodide, Zoolog. Anz. Bd. XXXIII, 1908, p- 198. The original definition of this genus is not at present accessible to the writer. RınLEv (1884) emphasizes the necessity of depending largely on spicule characters in defining genera of this family. STUDER (1887) gives as the character of the genus the penetration of the internodes: by the water-vascular canals and the presence of spindles and foliaceous clubs among the spicules. KUKENTHAL (1908) gives the first satisfactory definition of the genus, which may be translated as follows: “Colonies usually flabellate. The branching is dichotomous and from the nodes. Axis usually penetrated by water-vascular canals. Cortical spindles foliaceous clubs. Polyps in low calyces on the sides and one surface of the usually not flattened branches’’. 49 This definition is a satisfactory one for our present purpose, and will be adopted. The type species of this genus is Moßsella textiformis (Lamarck). Other described species are Mopsella amboynesis Kükth., JZ. clavigera Ridley, WM. dichotoma (Pallas), AZ. coccinea (Ellis and Solander), M. klunzingert Kükth., M. sanguinea Kükth., M. zemmert Kükth.; and the new species described beyond. 1. Mopsella clavigera Ridley. Mopsella clavigera Ridley. Zoological Collections H.M.S. Alert, 1884, p. 360. Stataasas Bay of Nangamessi, Sumba. Up to 36 meters. Coral sand. Near the shore, mud. A fragmentary specimen from this station shows the strongly compressed axis and main stem, and peculiar spicules figured by Riprey, l.c. Plate XX XVIII, fig. a, a’, a”, for M. clavigera. The specimen is dry and nearly all of the branches are missing. The internodes are pinkish and the nodes crimson. The calyces and polyps can not be satisfactorily studied. Spicules. The spicules are exceedingly various in form, but those figured by Rıprev are quite characteristic. There are numerous clubs with comparatively smooth surfaces, and others flattened and longitudinally grooved, forming figures like two or three extended fingers flattened and closely pressed together. Many also are like irregular potatoes in form, with rounded swellings unlike other verrucae, and sometimes thorny points. Regular tuberculate spindles with the verruce in symmetrical whorls are also found. Color. The colony is dull red and the axis has pink internodes and crimson nodes. General distribution. The type locality of this species is in the Indian Ocean. 2. Mopsella studeri new species. (Plate IX, figs. 41a; Plate XII, fig. 6). Stat. 71. Makassar and surroundings. Up to 32 meters. Mud, sand with mud, coral. Stat. 273. Anchorage off Pulu Jedan, East coast of Aru Islands (Pearl Banks). 13 meters. (Type locality). Stat. 274. 5°28'.2S., 134°53.9 E. 57 meters. Sand and shells. Stones. Colony flabellate and reticulate, 25.3 cm. high and with a spread of 11.5 cm. Two main stems are coherent at base, forming a common stock 1.5 cm. X 1 cm. in diameter. These separate about 2 cm. from the base, but are reunited by a single anastomosis of the branches. Stem and branches laterally compressed, the larger stem having a cross section of 9 mm. X 7 mm. In the lower part of the main stem the nodes blend with the internodes so as to make it difficult to ascertain their limits on superficial examination, but the nodes are evidently much longer than the internodes. On the branches and twigs this relation is reversed, the internodes being much the longer. Some of the distal nodes are but 2 mm. long, while adjacent internodes are 11 mm. long. The branching is dichotomous in general, but sometimes lateral and alternate. The furcations are usually U-shaped. Some of the main branches are much compressed, one having a section of 3.8 mm. X 2 mm. The ultimate twigs are nearly round and average about 1 mm. in diameter, the calyces are very thickly emplanted on three sides of the stem and main branches and on all sides of the smaller branches and twigs. SIBOGA-FXPEDITIE X1IId5, 7 50 The individual calyces are quite small dome-shaped verrucae when the polyps are completely retracted, and short tubes when they are completely expanded. They are so closely crowded on the surfaces of the branches as to be contiguous at their bases. A typical one measures .g mm. in diameter at the base. The height varies in accordance with the state of expansion of the polyps, but seldom exceeds 1 mm. The calyx walls are armed with very jagged spindles and Blattkeulen and, in certain stages of contraction of the polyps, the margin is distinctly 8-lobed. The polyps have a rather slender collaret, above which the spindles form eight points. Beyond these points there are a few longitudinal spindles, lying along the dorsal surfaces of the tentacles. Minute spindles also extend from the dorsal surfaces diagonally to the pinnule bases. Spicules. The most characteristic forms are remarkable Blattkeulen which consist of a tuberculate base from which project a number of parallel flattened finger-like points. Or they may be likened to a plate which has been shattered by several vertical fissures. There is complete intergradation between these Blattkeulen and typical Stachelkeulen, so that it is hard to differentiate them. Besides these curious forms there are regular spindles often curved, from the polyps, and clubs, besides a great variety of nondescript forms. Color. The colony is a rather dull yellowish brown. The spicules are colorless. 3. Mopsella spongiosa new species. (Plate VIII, figs. 1, 1a, Plate XII, fig. 7). Stat. 273. Anchorage off Pulu Jedan, East coast of Aru Islands (Pearl Banks). 13 meters. Sand and shells. Colony strictly flabellate and reticulate, spongy in texture and not so delicately branched as in the other species, although the meshes are fine. Height of colony 21.5 cm. Spread 20 cm. The main stem is irregular in section, but not appreciably flattened, and is 14 mm. in diameter. About 18 mm. from its base it breaks up into numerous branches which redivide to make the mesh. In the main stem the nodes and internodes are hardly distinguishable. In one of the main branches the proximal node is 7.5 mm. long and 5 mm. in diameter, while the proximal internode is 2.3 mm. long and 3 mm. in diameter. The nodes are much swollen and longer than the internodes throughout the basal parts of the colony. A node near the edge of the fan is 4 mm. long, while the internode just below it is 11 mm. long and 1.6 mm. in diameter. Most of the branches are somewhat flattened, but the distal twigs are round. The meshes are small, usually oblong, and the anastomoses are usually, but not always, at the nodes. The calyces are emplanted very thickly on these sides of the main branches and on all sides of the distal ones. Spicules. The most typical form of spicule in this species is the foliaceous club, with an irregular densely tuberculate basal part and a distal portion consisting of several flattened expansions usually extending parallel to each other and often in the same plane. Frequently these take the form of coarsely tuberculate spindles from one side of which the foliaceous expansions arise, making “unilateral’’ spindles. These Blattkeulen are exceedingly varied in 51 form. There are also many spindles, some with irregular verrucae, and others with verruce in regular whorls. Bent spindles are found in the polyps. Color. The colony is a very dull grayish brown, like that of many sponges. The axis is dull crimson and the polyps are colored like the coenenchyma. Genus Wrightella Gray. Wrightella Gray. Catalogue of the Lithophytes in the British Museum, 1870, p. 31. Wrightella Ridley. Zoological collections of H. M.S. Alert, 1884, p. 580. Wrightella Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, p. 32. Wrightella Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. XXXVI. Wrightella Kiikenthal. Die Gorgonidenfamilie der Melitodide, Zoolog. Anz. Bd. XXXIII, 1908, p. 200. Wrightella Thomson and Mackinnon. Alcyonarians collected on the Percy Sladen Trust Expedition, Part Il, 1910, p. 199. The earliest definition of this genus at present at hand is that of Srtuper (1887) which is as follows: “Comprimirte Äste und Zweige, die. vorragenden Polypenkelche vorwiegend an den Seiten. In der Rinde Blattkeulen. Keine Nährkanale in der Axe”. WRIGHT and STUDER (1889) simply give a translation of the above definition. KUKENTHAL (1908) defines the genus as indicated in the following translation : “Colonies flabellate. Branches flattened and arising from the nodes. No water-vascular canals in the axis. In the outer cortex there are small spherical spicules which are derived from foliaceous clubs. The polyps are lateral or on one surface”. TuHomson and Mackınnon (1910) say that Wyzghtel/a is characterized by distinctive spicules: “short clubs with very broad flanges. The heads of these clubs form a compact pavement in the coenenchyma, producing an almost roe-like appearance, as in species of Bebryce’’. The type species of this genus is Wrightella coccinea Gray. Other species are Wrightella vartabilis Thomson and Henderson, MW. fongaensis Kükth. and the new species in the Siboga collection. 1. Wrightella coccinea Gray. ? /sis cocinnea Ellis and Solander. Natural History of Zoophytes, 1786, p. 107. ? /sis coccinea Esper. Pflanzenthiere, I, 1781, p. 280. Melitea de Risso Lamouroux. Histoire Polypiers coralligenes flexibles, 1816, p. 463. Melitea coccinea Lamarck. Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres, 2nd Edit., Vol. II, 1836, p. 473. Wrightella coccinea Gray. Catalogue of the Lithophytes in the British Museum, 1870, p. 32. Wrightella coccinnea Ridley. Zoological collections of H. M.S. “Alert”, 1884, p. 581. Wrightella coccinea Hickson. Alcyonaria of the Cape of Good Hope, II, 1904, p. 219. Wrightella coccinea Thomson and Mackinnon. Alcyonarians collected on the Percy Sladen Trust Expedition, Part II, 1910, p. 200. Stat. 117. 1°0'.5 N., 122°56' E. 80 meters. Sand and coral. Colony (incomplete) flabellate and reticulate, 12.5 cm. long. Main stem, to first branch, 52 3 cm. long. Second horny node 4.5 mm. broad and 4 mm. long. Calcareous internodes 2.1 mm. broad and 4.5 mm. long. The nodes grow proportionally shorter and the internodes longer until on the distal parts of the colony the former are but 2 mm. long and the latter reach a length of 16 mm. The stem forks at the 5 node. The branches are somewhat compressed laterally. The branching is partly dichotomous and partly alternate, all branches springing from the horny joints and anastomosing through the joining of the ultimate twigs. The calyces are on three sides of the colony, except on the distal twigs where they are on all sides. These latter are quite slender, being but little over 1 mm. in diameter. The individual calyces are low domes when the polyps are retracted and truncated cones when they are partly expanded. They are rather regularly spaced, more so on the sides than on the front of the colony. A -typical calyx measures .6 mm. in height and 1.1 mm. in diameter. The calyx walls, as well as the general coenenchyma, are packed with foliaceous clubs or Blattkeulen which appear when in situ and viewed under a low magnification as rounded bodies or nodules, because they are thus seen “end on”, in the calyx walls, the foliaceous ends being directed upward and outward. The polyps are heavily spiculated, with a strong collaret of bent tuberculate spicules. Above these each tentacle base is provided with two spicules whose ends meet at a wide angle forming an upward directed point. The dorsal surfaces of the tentacles are covered with longitudinal tuberculate spindles. Spicules. The surface of the ccenenchyma is packed with vertically placed typical Blattkeulen with their foliaceous ends directed outward. These spicules are very characteristic of the genus Wrightella, consisting of a basal, irregular, often much branched and tuberculate portion, and a distal part: composed of foliaceous expansions gathered together into a globular “head” resembling the bud of a tulip or rose and forming what appears to be a rounded nodule when the spicules are viewed in situ under low magnification. Other Blattkeulen are seen with wide foliaceous expansions which are flattened and longitudinally shattered or split. These are often seen in the distal parts of the calyx walls. Curved, tuberculate spindles are found in the polyps and tentacles. Color. The colony is almost a brick red, or light scarlet. The polyps are yellow and the axis deep crimson. General distribution. The type locality seems to be the coast of Mauritius (Errıs and SOLANDER). It has also been reported from the Seychelles, 4—12 fathoms (Gray); from the Indian Ocean, Farquaar Atoll, Prashu, Seychelles (THomson and Mackınxon), and from the Cape of Good Hope (RIDLEY). 2. ? Wrightella tongaensis Kükenthal. Wrightella tongaensis Kiikenthal. Die Gorgonidenfamilie der Melitodide, Zoolog. Anz. Bd. XXXIII, 1908, p. 200. Stat. 240. Banda Anchorage. 9 to 45 meters. Black sand, coral. Stat. 258. Tual Anchorage, Kei Islands. 22 meters. Lithothamnion, sand and ‘coral. Stat. 282. 8°25'.2S., 127° ı8'.4E. 27 to 54 meters. Sand, coral and Lithothamnion. Colony subflabellate, not truly reticulate, although there are occasional anastomoses, 53 very profusely branched, forming a flattened clump. Height 11.2 cm., spread 12 cm. The basal part is lacking, the proximal node of the stem is 9 mm. in diameter and the only remaining internode is flattened and has a cross section of 8 mm. X 5 mm. and a length of 6 mm. This internode, however, appears to be really two coalesced internodes which have branched from the preceding node and adhere throughout their length. As is usual the nodes decrease in length while the internodes increase from the proximal to the distal parts of the colony until the nodes are but 2 mm. in length while the internodes are sometimes as much as 18 mm. long. The branching is irregularly dichotomous and the branches are round in section, the distal twigs being but 1 mm. in diameter. The calyces are thickly emplanted on three sides of the stem and branches, leaving the posterior face of the colony conspicuously bare. The individual calyces are dome-shaped verrucae when the polyps are completely retracted and truncated cones when they are expanded. They are rendered very conspicuous by the fact that the upper parts of their walls are rich carmine while the lower parts of the walls and general coenenchyma of the branches are orange yellow. A typical calyx is .8 mm. high and 1.3 mm. in diameter. The polyps are heavily spiculated with a collaret composed of three or four rows of strong tuberculate spindles above which a pair on each tentacle base form a point by the meeting of their distal ends. Above these points each tentacle bears a triangular area of spicules, some of which are Stachelplatten with jagged projections. All of these spicules are brilliant red, in sharp contrast with the white of the tentacles themselves. Spicules. These are exceedingly various, the most characteristic being Blattkeulen, small in size, with their folia compressed into a knob or ball resembling a closed bud. These are superficial on the calyces and general coenenchyma. Besides these there are a number of ordinary spindles, clubs, bent spindles and variously branched forms, with occasional unilateral spindles and Stachelplatten. Color. The colony is a brilliant orange with the marginal areas of the calyces, polyp spicules and axis bright crimson. The polyps are white. This is one of the most strikingly colored forms that I have seen among the Melitodide. General distribution. The type locality of this species is Tonga Islands (KUKENTHAL). Genus Parisis Verrill. Parisis Verrill. Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, 1864, p. 67. Parisis (in part) Gray. Catalogue of the Lithophytes in the British Museum, 1870, p. 13. Parisis Ridley. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 5th series, Vol. X, 1882, p. 130. Parisis Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, p. 32. Parisis Wright and Studer. Challenger Report, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 181. Parisis Delage et Hérouard. Traité de Zoologie Concréte, II, 2, 1901, p. 414. Parisis Kükenthal. Die Gorgonidenfamilie der Melitodide, Zoolog. Anz. Bd. XX XIII, 1908, p.190. The original definition for this genus is not at hand. Ripiey (1882) says that Parisis differs from Trinella Gray in having spicular verruce. Sruper (1887) defines the genus as shown in the following translation : “Branches differ from all other Melitodide in springing from the calcareous joints. The 54 exserted calyces are borne on the outer periphery of the thinner branches. The spicules resemble those of /szs, being thick, irregular, often with a median constriction and beset with verruce’’. This writer says that 7yznella swinhoei Gray is really the axis of a Parzsis overgrown by a sponge and bearing Polythoa which Gray mistook for the polyps of his Trinella. The type of this genus is Parisis fruticosa Verrill. The only other known species is P. minor Wright and Studer. WRIGHT and STUDER regard Parisis mauritiensis Ridley as a synonym for P. fruticosa, and Tmomson and Stimpson conclude that P. zndica Thomson and Henderson should also be relagated to the same well-known form. 1. Parisis fruticosa Verrill. Parisis fruticosa Verrill. Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, I, 1865, p. 23. ? Trinella swinhoei Gray. Catalogue of Lithophytes in the British Museum, 1870, p. 12. Parisis mauritiensis Ridley. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 5th series, Vol. X, 1882, p. 131. Parisis fruticosa Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 182. Parisis indica Thomson and Henderson. Alcyonarians of the Indian Ocean, I, 1906, p. 23. Parisis fruticosa Thomson and Simpson. Alcyonaria of the Indian Ocean, II, 1909, p. 176. Stat. 204. 4°20'S., 122°58 E. From 75 to 94 meters. Sand with dead shells. Stat. 260. 5°36.5S., 132° 55'.2 E. go meters. Sand, coral and shells. Stat. 274. 5° 28.2 S., 134°53.9 E. 57 meters. Sand and shells. Stones. Colony subflabellate in form, 46.5 cm. in height, with a spread of about 15 cm., and extensively encrusted with a sponge. The base of attachment is lacking. The stem and all branches are round, the former being 7 mm. in diameter and 5.5 cm. long to first branch. The calcareous and horny segments are equal in diameter and not externally evident, except in the stem and larger branches. The nodes vary from 4 mm. (proximal) to less than ı mm. (distal) in length. The calcareous internodes are more constant in the sense that their extreme variation is less, but do not increase as regularly from proximal to distal parts of the colony as in many species of this family. They vary from 2 to 6 mm. in length. The main stem gives off a number of small irregular lateral branches, four of which are compound, from its proximal 10 cm., and the stem bends outward and then upward. It then forks into two unequal parts and each of these gives off numerous lateral branchlets both simple and compound, some of which rebranch until branchings of the 6‘ order are attained. The ultimate twigs are about 1.3 mm. in diameter, measured between the calyces. These latter are rather thickly distributed on all sides of the distal branchlets, but usually they are on but three sides of the branches and on some they are strictly lateral. The individual calyces are dome-shaped. but tilted so that their summits are inclined toward the distal ends of the branches. A typical one measures 1.4 mm. high and 1.2 mm. in diameter near its base. The calyx walls are filled with a neatly fitted mosaic of polygonal spicules whose edges form close joints and do not seem to overlap. The polyps are very minute, and their attachment to the inside of the calyx, when strongly contracted, is so firm that satisfactory investigation is very difficult. They are either devoid of spicules or very feebly spiculated. 35 Spicules. These are heavy plate-like forms of various shapes, but usually polygonal. Their surfaces are covered with heavy rounded verruce so thickly compacted as to be often contiguous. Some of the smaller ones are radiate, stellate or cruciform. The larger ones some- times attain a length of .6 mm. Color. The specimen is a dull purplish or purplish brown, due largely to the presence of the sponge. The nodes are dark brown and the internodes ivory white. The spicules are colorless. A few fragmentary specimens from station 310 are free from the sponge growth. They are partly creamy white and partly pinkish In one fragment the axis is a deep rose color, and the polyps seem to be of the same color. General distribution. The type locality for this species is Soolo Sea. It has also been reported from Mauritius, Banda Sea, Australia, Formosa and the Indian Ocean. 2. ? Parisis minor Wright and Studer. Parisis minor Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 1884. Stat. 139. O° 11 S., 127°25 E. 397 meters. Mud, stone and coral. A single specimen, representing the terminal part of a colony is referred with doubt to this species. The fragment is 3.7 cm. long, and was broken off from the colony just below a node which is incomplete and bears on its distal end a bifurcated internode. One of the resultant branches bears a lateral branchlet on its proximal internode and bifurcates 1.5 mm. from its proximal end, or at the end of the first internode. One of the resultant branchlets is a mere stub. The other is 2.5 cm. long and has adhering to it a piece of a branchlet from a missing branch. The other main branch bifurcates twice, the furcations being Y-shaped rather than U-shaped. Its distal internode is longest, measuring 17 mm. The calyces are nearly all lateral, but a few are on the anterior face of the colony. The individual calyces are in the form of truncated cones, a typical one measuring .8 mm. in height and 1.5 mm. in diameter at the base. The calyx walls are filled with coarse, heavily tuberculate spindles which are exceedingly irregular in arrangement. Sometimes they are disposed horizontally and at other times those around the margin are vertical, forming a rude series of irregular jagged points. The polyps are very heavily spiculated, with a relatively narrow collaret above which a group of heavy spindles are placed almost vertically at each tentacle base, forming a series of eight points. The polyps are retracted to their collarets and the infolded tentacles form a conical mass which completes the cone-shape of the calyx. Spicules. These are heavy spindles with short branched verruce not in whorls. They are not so large as in P. fruticosa and their branching is much more evident. A number of more slender thorny spindles are found in the polyps. Although not so regular in form as represented by Wricut and Sruper’s figures, they agree with them fairly well in essential features. Color. The specimen described is grayish white in color. General distribution. The type locality for this species is Hyalonema grounds, Japan 345 fath. 56 Genus Birotulata new genus. Colony flabellate. Both nodes and internodes traversed by water-vascular canals. The branches are all borne on the nodes. Characteristic spicules double wheels. Type species, Dirotulata splendens Nutting. 1. Birotulata splendens new species. (Plate X, figs. 1, ta, 2; Plate XII, fig. 8). Stat. 258. Tual Anchorage, Kei Islands. 22 meters. Lithothamnion, sand and coral. The type was originally a very large colony, but has been broken into many fragments. The specimen was flabellate in form and not reticulate and probably originally measured as much as 1 meter in height. The trunk and main branches are laterally compressed, the former being 2.8 cm. X 1.9 cm. in section, and the latter as much as 2.8 cm. X 2.2 cm. in section. The main stem bifurcates 7 cm. from its proximal end into two very unequal branches. The larger of these, after giving off four branchlets, the stubs of which remain, bifurcates into two branchlets which are approximately round in section, the larger one having a diameter of 2 cm. Some of the more distal branchlets are round and others slightly compressed laterally. The branching is in part dichotomous and in part lateral, the former prevailing in the distal parts of the colony, the ultimate branchlets being 1.5 mm. in diameter. The furcations are usually U-shaped rather than Y-shaped. The calyces are on the sides and front of the colony, leaving a bare posterior space, sharply distinguished by its bright chrome yellow color, as if the colony were crudely painted scarlet on front and sides and yellow behind. The individual calyces are closely set and have each a broad border of scarlet which gives the red color to the branches. They are almost entirely included and very small, not being over .5 mm. in diameter on the average. Their walls, like the general coenenchyma, are filled with small smooth double-wheels. The polyps are retractile, and bear a collaret which is rather strong and composed of two or three rows of transverse red spindles. Above these a few spindles are arranged en chevron on each tentacle base, and beyond this the spindles are longitudinal. The nodes are not indicated superficially on the main stem and larger branches, and are nowhere so conspicuous as in Melitodes ochracea. The internodes, as well as the nodes, are penetrated by numerous water-vascular canals. Spicules. The most conspicuous and numerous forms are the double-wheels charac- teristic of the genus. These are on the surface and also constitute the chief element in the coenenchyma. They look much like two buns pressed together, sometimes unsymmetrically. Some of them have a small nodule at each end in addition to the two wheels. There are also densely tuberculate short stout spindles, and ordinary spindles, mostly from the polyps, and numerous irregular forms which are usually minute. The spicules of the axis are smooth bar-like and needle-like forms. Color. The colony is scarlet and chrome yellow, the posterior face of the distal parts of the colony being sharply differentiated, as if painted with vivid yellow. The yellow shows 57 also on the other sides between the scarlet borders of the calyces. The polyp spicules are scarlet. The axis is a bright yellow, a characteristic which differentiates this species from Medi- todes ochracea. The stem and main branches are dark red. Another colony has the distal internodes creamy white and the nodes yellow. This species bears a very close superficial resemblance to Melitodes ochracea. THomson and Mackinnon! have called attention to two other cases of very close approximation of species belonging to separate genera, i.e., Wrightella coccinea and Melitodes coccinea (Esper); also Wrightella variadilis Thomson and Henderson and Melitodes variabilis Hickson. The present case is quite similar to those noted by these writers. There is very close resemblance between Dirotulata splendens and Melitodes ochracea, but the spiculation is so different as to justify a generic distinction between the two. 1 Alcyonarians collected by the Percy Sladen Trust Expedition. Part II, 1910, p. 200. SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XUIé5, 8 DISTRIBUTION OF THE MELITODIDAE COLLECTED BY THE SIBOGA EXPEDITION List of Stations at which Melitodide were collected by the Siboga Expedition and a List of Species collected at each Station. STATION 33. Bay of Pidjot, Lombok. 22 meters, and less. Mud, coral and coral sand. Melitodes esperi. STATION 50. Bay of Badjo, West coast of Flores. Up to 40 meters. Mud, sand and shells. Melitodes esperi. STATION 53. Bay of Nangamessi, Sumbu. Up to 36 meters. Coral sand, mud near shore. Mopsella clavigera. STATION 60. Haingsisi, Samau Island near Timor. 23 meters. Lithothamnion in 3 meters and less. Reef. Melitodes variabilis, M. esperi, Acabaria hicksoni. STATION 71. Makassar and surroundings. Up to 32 meters. Mud, sand with mud, coral. Melitodes ochracea, Mopsella studeri. £ STATION 80. 2°25'S., 117°43' E. 50 to 40 meters. Fine coral sand. Meltodes esperi. STATION 85. 0°36.5S., 119°29.5 E. 724 meters. Fine grey mud. Melitodes ochracea. STATION 117. 1°0'.5 N., 122°56' E. 80 meters. Sand and coral. Acabarza tenuis, Wrightella coccinea. STATION 139. 0° 11'S., 127°25' E. 397 meters. Mud, stones and coral. Parisis minor. STATION 144. Anchorage north of Salomakieé (Damar) Island. Coral bottom and Lithothamnion. Melitodes esperi, Acabaria tenuis. j STATION 164. 1°42'.5 E. 130°47'.5 E. 32 meters. Sand, small stones and shells. Melitodes flabellum, M. esperi, M. modesta. STATION 204. 4°20'S., 122°58' E. 75 to 94 meters. Sand with dead shells. Parisis fruticosa. STATION 234. Nalahia Bay, Nusa-Laut Island. 46 meters. Stony. Melitodes ochracea. STATION 240. Banda Anchorage. 9 to 45 meters. Black sand, coral. Lithothamnion. Acabaria formosa, Wrightella tongaensis. STATION 244. 4°25.7S., 130° 3'.7 E. 2991 meters. Fine bluish green mud. Mopsella studert. STATION 257. In Duroa Strait, Kei Islands. Up to 52 meters. Coral. Melitodes espert. STATION 258. Tual Anchorage, Kei Islands. 22 meters. Lithothamnion, sand and coral. Wrightella tongaensis, Birotulata splendens. STATION 260. 5° 36'.5 S., 132°55'.2 E. go meters. Sand, coral and shells. Acabaria triangulata, Parisis Sruticosa. STATION 261. Elat, West coast of Great Kei Islands. 27 meters. Mud. Melitodes flabellum. STATION 273. Anchorage off Pulu Jedan, East coast of Aru Islands. 13 meters. Sand and shells. Melitodes flabellum, M. esperi, M. modesta, Mopsella studeri, M. spongiosa. STATION 274. 5°28'.2S., 134°53'.9 E. 57 meters. Sand and shells, stones. Melitodes variabilis, M. modesta, Acabaria triangulata, Mopsella studeri, Parisis fruticosa. 59 STATION 282. 8°25'.2S., 127° ı8'.4E. 27 to 54 meters. Sand, coral and Lithothamnion. Wrightella tongaensıs. STATION 299. 10°52'.4 S., 123°1.1 E. 34 meters. Mud, coral and Lithothamnion. Melitodes flabellum, MT. squamata. STATION 305. Mid channel in Solor Strait, Off Kampong Menanga. 113 meters. Stony. Melitodes flabellum. z STATION 310. 8° 30'S., 119°7.5 E. 73 meters. Sand with few pieces of dead coral. Melitodes flabellum, Acabaria philippinensis, Parisis fruticosa. STATION 315. Anchorage East of Sailus Besar, Paternoster Islands. Up to 36 meters. Coral and Lithothamnion. Melitodes espert. The above list shows that Melitodide were collected at 26 stations, or at about 13°/, ofthe stations at which successful hauls were made during the Siboga Expedition. The most abundant genus of Melitodidz in the region covered by the expedition is the type genus Melitodes, which was collected at 17 stations out of the 26. Melitodes esperi seems to be the most abundant species of Melitodid& in the collection, having been collected at 9 stations; and JZ. flabellum is the next. Table showing the bathymetric and geographic distribution erste ocleraxenia of the Siboga Expedition. BATHYMETRIC. GEOGRAPHIC, ASIDE FROM DUTCH I to | 50 to | 100to| 200 to! Over EAST INDIES. 50 100 | 200 | 500 | 500 meters | meters | meters | meters | meters | BRIAREIDE. Solenocaulon sterroklonium... | # % ; ; . | Indian Ocean. Solenocaulon grayi.......- | # aes er : . | Australia, Indian Ocean. Solenocaulon querciformis... | * : : : = Solenocaulon jedanensis. . . . - | * Titanidium friabilis...... ee j . > , Semperina rubra.....+.- = 4 ; : : Bohol, Philippine Islands. Semperina brumnea....... = > : 5 . | North of New Zealand. Suberia köllikeri.......-- > ® : Ne: Suberia excavata.......- * Suberia macrocalyx ...... > ; . i # Paragorgia splendens..... 5 : ‘ : Me Iciligorgia ortentalis...... % ; 5 ; . | Indian Ocean. SCLEROGORGIDE. Suberogorgia verriculata. . . . ® : : = x | Northwest coast of Australia, Japan. Suberogorgia ornata.....: 5 : : % . | Indian Ocean. Suberogorgia köllikeri.....- # 3 a 3 «x | Japan, Ceylon, Indian Ocean. Suberogorgia rubra .....-+ % # : : . | Ceylon. Suberogorgia appressa....- ® Suberogorgia thomsont.... . é # Suberogorgia pulchra ..... ® : Koraides koreni ........ : % P P * | Japan, Indian Ocean. 60 Eier BATHYMETRIC. a a me Som GEOGRAPHIC, ASIDE FROM DUTCH | 1 to | 50 to | ro0to 200to | Over EAST INDIES. 50 100 | 200 500 500 | | meters | meters | meters | meters | meters i MELITODIDE. Melitodes ochracea....... # : : : # | Indian Ocean. Melitodes flabellum....... % = = : . | Indian Ocean. Melitodes variabilis....... = | # s a Packs Indian Ocean. Melrtodeszesperi ar | * eel et - . | Indian Ocean. Melitodes squamata....... | * Melitodes modesta........ # + | Acabaria philippinensis. .... . 1% # : : . | Indian Ocean. Arnbartantemuses ene | #® # 3 = = | Japan. Acabaria formosa .......- # Acabaria hicksont.......-- Acabaria triangulata...... : = Mopsella clavigera......- | =» : c : . "Indian Ocean. Mopsellarstudert > ....... | # * Mopsella spongiosa.......- | * 4 - = Wrightella coccinea....... os VAR 2 : Indian Ocean (Mauritius), Cape of Good Hope. Wrightella tongaensis..... ® ae bac : . | Tonga Islands. (South Pacific). PARISI SAT MULECOSE) oes) 2) ; oe et a ; ; Sooloo Sea, Indian Ocean, Australia. POKISCS AEN OF a os aT : : les s | Hyalonema Grounds (Japan). This table clearly indicates that the Scleraxonia are essentially Indo-Pacific in distribution, but five species being found so far north as Japan, four extending south to Australia and one to the Tonga Islands. Wrightella coccinea strays as far from the type locality as the Cape of Good Hope. Fourteen of the twenty one hitherto described species are found in the Indian Ocean, which seems the centre of distribution for the group, and not a single species is surely known to occur in the Atlantic Ocean. In bathymetric distribution this suborder is mainly from shallow water, thirty six of the thirty nine species in the collection being found at less depths than 100 meters, and but ten species reaching a depth of over 500 meters. It is a remarkable fact that eight of the ten species referred to are also found at depths of less than 100 fathoms. The paucity of forms found between 100 and 500 meters is doubtless mainly accidental, as it is reasonable to suppose that the eight species found at less than 100 meters and over 500 meters really occur at intermediate depths. The deepest dredging at which a species of this suborder was secured in 2264—1165 meters, where Suderta macrocalyx was taken. Next to this comes So/enocaulon querciformis from a depth of 828 meters. But the identification of this specimen is somewhat doubtful. Literature cited in the Report on the Scleraxonia of the Siboga Expedition. BOURNE, G. C. A treatise on Zoology. Part II, Chapter VI, 1900. BRUNDIN, J. A. Z. Alcyonarien aus der Sammlung des zoologisches Museums in Upsala. Bihang til k. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handlingar, Bd. 22, Heft IV, N° 3, Stockholm, 1896. DELAGE et HEROUARD. Traité de Zoologie Concrete. Tome II, 2me Partie, les Coelenteres, Paris, 1901. DUCHASSAING DE FONTBRESSIN, P. Revue des Zoophytes et des Spongiaires des Antilles. Paris, 1870. ESPER, E. J. C. Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Farben erleuchtet nebst Beschrei- bungen. Nürnberg, 1794. GENTHE, C. Über Solenogorgia tubulosa (eine neue Gattung der Gorgoniden). Zeitschrift f. wiss. Zoologie, Bd. XVII, 1867. . GERMANOS, N. K. Gorgonaceen von Ternate. Abhandl. Senck. Nat. Ges., Bd. XXIII, Heft I, 1897. GRAY, J. E. Descriptions of some new Genera of Lithophytes or Stony Zoophytes. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859. —— On the arrangement of Zoophytes with pinnated tentacles. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Vol. V, 1859. —— Descriptions of two new Genera of Zoophytes (Solenocaulon and Belonella) discovered on the North coast of Australia by Mr. RAyNoR. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 3, Vol. X, 1862. —— Notes on some new Genera and Species of Alcyonoid Corals in the British Museum. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, Vol. V, 1870. —— Catalogue of Lithophytes or Stony Corals in the collections of the British Museum. London, 1870. Hickson, S. J. The Alcyonaria of the Maldives, Part III, The Families Muriceid&, Gorgonellidz, Melito- didz and the Genera Pennatula, Funephthys. Fauna and Geography of the Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes, Vol. II, Part IV, 1905. KÖLLIKER, A. Icones Histiologice oder Atlas der vergleichenden Gewebelehr; 2te Abtheilung, der feinere Bau der höheren Thiere; ıstes Heft, die Bindesubstanz der Ccelenteraten. Leipzig, 1865. —— Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Polypen, 1870. KUKENTHAL, W. Die Gorgonidenfamilie der Melitodide Verrill. Zoologischer Anzeiger, Bd. XXXIII, Nr. 7/8, 1908. LAMARCK, J. B. P. A. DE. Histoire naturelle des Animaux sans vertebres, Vol. II, Paris, 1836. LAMouROUX, J. F. V. Histoire des Polypiers coralligenes flexibles, Caen, 1816. LINNEUS, CAROLUS. Systema Nature, ıoth Edition, 1758. —— Systema Nature, 12th Edition, 1767. MILNE-EDWARDS, H. et HAIME, J. Histoire naturelle des Coralliaires ou Polypes proprement dits, Tome premier, Paris. 1857. . 62 NUTTING, C. C. Alcyonaria of the Californian Coast. Proceedings of the U.S. Nationaal Museum, XXXV, Washington, 1909. — — Descriptions of the Alcyonaria collected by the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries Steamer “Albatross” in the Vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands in 1902. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, Vol. XXXIV, 1909. PALLAS, A. S. Elenchus Zoophytorum, 1866. RIDLEY, S. O. Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indian Ocean during the Voyage of H. M.S. “Alert”, 1881—2. London, 1884. —— Contribution to the knowledge of the Alcyonaria, Part II, including new Species from Mauritius. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 5th Series, Vol. X, 1882. —— Alcyonaria of the Mergui Archipelago, 1888. STUDER, TH. Übersicht der Anthozoa Alcyonaria, welche während der Reise S. M.S. “Gazelie” um die Erde gesammelt wurden. Monatsbericht der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Berlin, 1879. — — Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 53ster Jahrgang, Bd. I, Heft 1, 1857. — — Alcyonarien aus der Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Museums in Lübeck; Separatabdruck aus den Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft und des Naturhistorischen Museums in Lübeck, II Ser., Heft 7 und 8. Lübeck, 1894. ; THOMSON, J. A. Appendix to the Report on the Alcyonaria. Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries in the Gulf of Manaar. London, 1905. —— and MACKINNON, D. A. Alcyonaria collected by the Percy Sladen Trust Expedition by Mr. STANLEY GARDINER. Part II, The Stolonifera, Alcyonacea, Pseudaxonia and Stelechotokea. Transactions of the Linnzan Society of London, Vol. XIII, part 2. London, 1902. —— and HENDERSON, W. D. Report on the Pearl Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar. Supplementary Reports, the Alcyonaria. 1905. —— and —— An account of the Alcyonaria collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship “Inves- tigator” in the Indian Ocean. Part I, The Alcyonarians of the Deep Sea. Calcutta, 1906. —— and Simpson, J. J. Report on the Alcyonaria collected in the Indian Ocean by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship “Investigator”. Part II, The Alcyonarians of the Littoral Area. Calcutta, 1909. VALENCIENNES, M. Extrait d’une monographie de la famille des Gorgonidées de la classe des Polypes. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des Séances de l’Academie des Sciences, XII. Paris, 1855. VERRILL, A. E. Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History, I, 1863. — — Review of the Corals and Polyps of the West Coast of America; Transactions of the Conn. Academy of Arts and Sciences, I, 2, 1867—71. WRIGHT, E. P. and STUDER, TH. Report on the Alcyonaria collected by H. M.S. “Challenger” during the years 1873—76. The Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger, Zoology, Vol. XXXI. London, 1889. a re“ EXELANATION OF PLATES The photographs were made from nature by the author. The spicules were drawn under the camera lucida by Mr. Dayton Sroner. a * 2 Tim i a mee > € Kan Rn e* 2 des di: u X: fs Peet Th > “ u ‘2 _ : 2 2 22 va u 2r u le a = at 7 = ~ SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XII! b*. C. €. NUTTING, SCLERAXONIA. PLATE AE Fig. 1. Solenocaulon jedanensis n. sp. Natural size. Fig. 2. Semperina brunnea n. sp. Natural size. la, part of twig X 2a, part of twi o > SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XIII b°. C. C. NUTTING, SCLERAXONIA. eu N . 2 Er rs u | u 4 Br | » | a He AL ‘ ‘* gr. ns IE et un 4) O74 =. = 2 Fr 1 7 u m % mh oe © RR wn a PLATE I. Titanidium friabilis n. sp. Natural size. Suberia excavata n. sp. Natural size. Suberia macrocalyx n. sp. Natural size. Paragorgia splendens n. sp. Natural size. Ia, part of twig x 5. 2a, part of branch x 3a, part of branch x 4a, part of branch X ce a 5. SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XII b’, ( ( - NUTTING, SCLERAX( INIA ill 5 SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE Xlli b°. C. €. NUTTING, SCLERAXONIA. IV ner , « 1. Suberogorgia appressa ‘ ri N - PEATEINE . Suberogorgia pulchra n. sp. Natural size. . Suberogorgia thomsoni n. sp. Natural size. . Korwides koreni Wright and Studer. Natural size. ia, part of branch x 5. 2a, tip of twig x 5. 3a, tip of branch x 5. SCLERAXONIA . NUTTING, { ( XII SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE cipher te a Darr u ye - wt an >t : ° > - la - PLATE VIL. Fig. 1. Melitodes squamata n. sp. Natural size. Fig. 2. Melitodes modesta n. sp. Natural size. Fig. 3. Acabarıa formosa n. sp. Natural size. 1a, part of branch x 5. 2a, part of twig X 5. N 3a, part of branch x 5. BERATER Fig. 1. Mopsella spongiosa n. sp. Natural size. Fig. 2. Acabaria triangulata n. sp. Natural size. Fig. 3. Acabaria hicksoni n. sp. Natural size. Ia, tip of branch x 2a, tip of branch x 3a, tip of branch x ur SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XIII b°. C. C. NUTTING, SCLERAXONIA. Vill . > ; u y a = 7 Ag P x 2 vr 3 > g/t" ” - = ji vr . = o 5 va a u t e a » : j a sk : ay » f ' y Er zer FR u 14 ~ rg . Pi : la = “ er 7 Bir x & a | 4 A ~*~ A= ans u >. £ ha 2! ae u 5 oe 7 f er gr . ww Pe Eo a > Re: A BEN 7 i > on 22 re % m ay A A U N ae Tu a a ’ ‘ 7" 5 ol \ r, het nie iy GF „ u erie : eal MA bd as ur a | k LT er y ne u: : : u“ e we u i= u . De = Fr u i ¥ ate 5 a { hr 1 Ve Er 7 es 7 y =: el > - . ®* : Be de A phan * ao 2 ee ee eon es u A “= . - , u i f u, 7 7 - wu i ~ eh D . « . 4 = u he i ) se i = u Pi oe = y PLATE XxX Fig. 1. Birotulata splendens n. sp. Natural size. 1a, part of branch x 5. Fig. 2. Birotulata splendens n. sp. Another branch, natural size. SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XI b°. C. C. NUTTING, SCLERAXONIA. 2 ru 1 Er ERBE SER aS NER i s ~ a a4) I ir ie Fr avin by PLATE XI. . Solenocaulon querciformis n. sp. a, 6 and c, spicules from the ccenenchyma; d and e, spicules from the axis. @ X 100; the others x 88. . Solenocaulon jedanensis n. sp. a, spicule from the axis; 6 and c, forms from the inner walls of calyces; d, from the coenenchyma. All x 120. . Semperina brunnea n. sp. a and 6, spicules from the axis; the others from the ccenenchyma. All x 120. . Suberia excavata n. sp. a, spicule from the axis; 6, a Y-shaped form from the ccenenchyma. Both x 120. . Suberia macrocalyx n. sp. a, 6 and c, spicules from the ccenenchyma; x 88. . Titanidium friabilis n. sp. a and c, spicules from the ccenenchyma; d, an intermediate form; 4, a spicule from the axis. All X 120. . Suberovoreia appressa n. sp. a and 8, spicules from the ccenenchyma, c, an axis spicule. All x 250. °o ° +} . Suberosor cia thomsoni n. sp. e, an axis spicule; a, 0, c and d, forms found in the ccenenchyma. {>} Oo . Suberogorgia pulchra n. sp. a and g, fragments of the spicular mesh of the axis; 0, c, e and f, oval forms from the coenenchyma; d, rod-shaped form. Siboga-Expeditie Xlllbs, C. C. Nurrtinc, Scleraxonia, Rio a eo Re Ree TI ETER ee pA = ey : RAPS 1D KO D. Stoner del. % Jf ry a r ea “, a ot, 5 a PLATE XI. . Melitodes squamata n. sp. a, bent tuberculate spindle from polyp; d, c, d and e, spicules from the coenenchyma. All X 250. . Melitodes modesta n. sp. a and 6, spindles from the ccenenchyma; c, one-sided spicule from ccenen- chyma. All x 250. . Acabaria formosa n. sp. a, 6, c and f, bent spindles; d, spiny club; e, short, stout form. All x 250. . Acabaria hicksoni n. sp. a, 6 and c, heavy bent spindles; d and e, irregular forms. a and e x 120; the Testa 250: . Acabaria triangulata n. sp. a, triangular form; 4, irregular spindle; c, club-shaped form. All x 120. . Mopsella studeri n. sp. a, 6 and c, characteristic Blattkeulen with foliaceous projections; d, bent, irregular spindle. All x 250. . Mopsella spongiosa n. sp. a, bent spindle; 6 and f, foliaceous clubs; ¢, irregular spindle; @, charac- teristic Blattkeule. All 250. . Birotulata splendens n. sp. a, bent spindle from polyp; 4, a combination form; d and e, short spindles; c, f, g, characteristic double wheels. All x 250. Siboga-Expeditie XIllbs. C. C. Nuttina, Scleraxonia. XII D. Stoner del. % ar IST + eee. eee Oe at es f FAT ar e “ ji * a ht Me SN EK a eA RV Oe Ta as ~ whe Reo,” Ye FT RS SO as ey REIN Pease ; Pee nak Déja paru: Prix: Souscription Monographies al'ouvragecomplet séparées 5 f b= ıe Livr. (Monogr. XLIV) C. Ph. Sluiter. Die Holothurien der Siboga-Expedition. Mit 10 Tafeln. 2e Livr. (Monogr. LX) E. S. Barton. The genus Halimeda. With 4 plates. 3e Livr. (Monogr. I) Max Weber. Introduction et eet de ER, Avec u des Stations et 2 cartes . 4¢ Livr. (Monogr. II) G. 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Hydrographic results of the Siboga- sat With 24 charts and plans and 3 charts of depths a ‚14€ Livr. (Monogr. XLIII) J. C. H. de Meijere. Die ade det Siboga- Bi Mit 23 Tafeln. 15¢ Livr. (Monogr. XLVa) René Koehler. Ophiures de l’Expédition du Siboga. ıe Partie. Ophiures de Mer profonde. Avec 36 Planches. . . - 16¢ Livr. (Monogr. LII) J. J. Tesch. The Thecosomata and ang of the a Expedition. With 6 plates. LE 17€ Livr. > LVIa) C. Ph: Sitar’ Die Tunicaten der Sihagk. Ba ksikinn, . Abteilung. Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Mit 15 Tafeln . ı8e Live. ee LXI) A. Weber—van Bosse and M. Foslie. The Corallinaceae of the Siboga- Expedition. With 16 plates and 34 textfigures ıge Livr. (Monogr. VIII) Sydney J. Hickson and Helen M. ‘England. The Stylasterina of the Siboga Expedition. With 3 plates. : 20¢ Livr. (Monogr. XLVIII) H. F. Nierstrasz. Die ehikankn der Exp. Mit 8 Tafeln. 2ıe Livr. (Monogr. XLV) René Koehler. Ophiures de ’ Expédition du Siboga. \ 2e Partie. Ophiures littorales. Avec 18 Planches. 22° Livr. (Monogr. XX VIdis) Sidney F. Harmer. The Pterobranchia of he Siboga- Expedition, with an account of other species. With 14 plates and 2 text-figures. 23° Livr. (Monogr. XXXVI) W. T. Calman. The Cumacea of the Siboga Expedition. With 2 plates and 4 text-figures 24¢ Livr. (Monogr. LVIa) C. Ph. Stuiter. Die Tunicaten dee Siboga- Expedition. Supplement zu der I. Abteilung. Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Mit 1 rate 2se Livr. (Monogr. L) Rud. Bergh. Die Opisthobranchiata der Siboga-Exped. Mit 20 Tafeln. 26° Livr. (Monogr. X) Otto Maas. Die Craspedoten Medusen der Siboga-Exp. Mit 14 Tafeln. 27° Livr. (Monogr. XlIIa) J. Versluys. Die Gorgoniden der Siboga-Expedition. II. Die nalakes Mit 16 Tafeln, 178 Figuren im Text und einer Karte. 28e Livr. (Monogr. XXI) G. Herbert Bott The Phas re of the niboge bey With 3 plates and 6 charts . - “ 29¢ Livr. (Monogr. LI) J. J. Tesch. 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With 10 plates . . . 25-40) 85> O75 ee 37¢ Livr. (Monogr. XLIIa) L. Döderlein. Die gestielten Crinoiden ack Siboga- Expedition, Mit 5 23 Tafeln und 12 Figuren im Text. . - » 8.— 4 10.— 38e Livr. (Monogr. IX) Albertine D. Lens and Pape y van 1 Rieciadijk. The Siphonophores ae ' of the Siboga Expedition. With 24 plates and 52 textfigures. ... „ 13.50 39€ Livr. (Monogr. XLIX'a) M. M. Schepman. The Prosobranchia of the Siboga Expedition. Part I. Rhipidoglossa and Docoglossa, with an es si Prof. R. BERGH. ° With g plates and 3 textfigures. . . » 480 = 6.— 40€ Livr. (Monogr. XL) J. C. C. Loman. Die BAROPOCSR de Siboga-Expeiton Mit is Tafeln und 4 Figuren im Text ., Ay 520 2 BO ate Livr. (Monogr. LVIc) J. E. W. Ihle. Die Appendieularien 5 Siboga-Bxpeiliton “Mit 4 7, Tafeln und ıo Figuren im Text . . » 480 , 6.— 42° Livr. (Monogr. XLIX?) M. M. Bon arian a H. F. Nierstrasz Perla ie branchier der Siboga-Expedition. Mit 2 Tafeln. . . . pe 2.20 Hy Y1.5082 43° Livr. (Monogr. XLIX'4) M. M. 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The rn of the Siboga Expedition. V. The Iside. With 6 plates. . . » 225 „ 3— 5ıe Livr. (Monogr?,XX XVII) H. I Fangen, The Schizopoda of the Siboga Expedition With 16 plates and 3 text pore wes CHA, 52° Livr. (Monogr. XIII?) C. C. Futlins‘ The Gorgonacea - in. Siboga Expedition. VI. The Gorgonellide. With 11 plates. 52¢ Livr. (Monogr. XVa) J. Playfair Mc Murrich. The Attiniaria of the Siboga Expedition : Part I. Ceriantharia. With 1 plate and 14 text figures. . . 3 12120 en en 54¢ Livr. (Monogr. XIII4*) C, C. Nutting. The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition Vil. The ei With 3 plates. 55e Livr. (Monogr. XXXIXa) J. G. de Man. The Decapod of Khe Siboga Expedition Part. I. Family Penaeidae : 9. 2100. Nes. 56¢ Livr. (Monogr. LXII) A. & E. S. Gepp. The NEN of the Siboga Expedition including re a Monograph of Flabellarieae and Udoteae. With 22 plates . . . - 2m 12.50: » 15.50) ; 57¢ Livr. (Monogr. XII14° ©, C. Nutting. The a ae a of the Siboga Expedition. 4 weird VIII. The Scleraxonia. With 12 plates. . . gon eiip pRG are gee: ı flor, = Mrk 1.70 = 1 sh. 8 d. = frs 2.12 en chiffres kriondlenn xg ’ DO URN) bb, Ka N a WRB Be CA TL A ‘i 2! NR a NERARLUIER Fi eens at! Ar N BA 4 vr h ls RR AA? DR IRRE RM A REN wed oh y BE ee Tah + Bun IN ait * RR VES ae} ey RN ie Kan ieee LEN fh rg BEREIER FR Ned Free tale: ee RE a piety N ji en ee ar el DR BER, oa chatted i papas Salada ER a ies os ne, pL VE? ae INNEN, RRP EMER RS EPS Ge ‘ et : + ERE i oy hy rie NE seh SR SH \ MUCH Cnt Ree HAN wats REINER iets {N ; v N Han) x NEON CH RUN, pic