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UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

Agricultural Experiment Station

BULLETIN. No. 205

THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS

By EDNA MOSHER

ce

URBANA, ILLINOIS, MARCH, 1918

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The LuEsther T Moris Licrary
The New York Botanical Garcen

FOREWORD

Dr. Mosher’s monograph of the grasses of Illinois represents a type
of work that is needed for every natural or economic group of Illinois
plants. It is not a compilation or a perfunctory systematic account
of plants known or thought to occur in Illinois; but it is based on
personal examination of scattered earlier records and a critical veri-
fication of the meaning of the entries in them where specimens exist
for such verification. The thoroness with which all available mate-
rials have been scanned is evident from the fact that of the two hun-
dred and four species admitted by Dr. Mosher over one-fifth are now
recorded for the first time as occurring in [linois. That the nomen-
elature of the paper does not entirely conform to that of the latest
general floras marks an added point of excellence, for it rests on the
later and maturer judgment of Mrs. Agnes Chase (whose large per-
sonal herbarium was presented to the University several years ago)
and Professor A. S. Hitchcock, who are admittedly the American au-
thorities on grasses today, and whose aid has been given freely as the
study progressed.

William Trelease
Urbana, March 20, 1918

CONTENTS OF BULLETIN No. 205

PAGE
HNGESEU RST) WY CHITIN a raivarts -< tec cstos Sastre ape Sods ven) Seah c Mek RSMo talon coy a eestor eas Stare ROAST Ab ee oes cic 261
eR CMURI. OR AG RAS SES: ae olsrelc stare ois Suing eretel eatapereetee eae aun eitih one vis reisealtes 264
KEY TO THE GENERA OF ILLINOIS GRASSES....... PG NERD BE bere 269°
DESCRIPTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF ILLINOIS GRASSES.........20002cseeeeee 275
| BoiTEEE LOVES RAEN ge Gas ae tote Ae hacia occ RAS Ir Ere PAN Ory SPREE Es RW pe CNR cae 419
SRST HEN Oenss OUHIN DTM CI SINCANDESS ajatces. sre) etelcvtis Afo 4 slo wcalets voleeats coe ctevohenay ey Sus vereoal eice wales 420
DSi Hee Th) BAO MENON NCA MES: da ose oroacie aie’ oils ere: ciietevleier® SJoccte cua, Wutunee wo al Gala scapelote wuss 423

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THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS

By EDNA MOSHER?

INTRODUCTION

According to the earlier botanists who studied the flora of Illinois,
about: two hundred species of plants were found on the original prairie
and more than half of these were grasses. The grasses were probably
the most characteristic plants of the prairie, the shorter and less con-
spicuous species forming a dense sod; the taller species usually
forming large clumps from three to six feet tall, which were visible
for a considerable distance. The original prairie is fast disappearing
from the state of Illinois, and with it many of the species of grasses
once included in its flora. The majority of the species which were
abundant there are still found within the state, altho some of them
are extremely rare. A number of the species have not been collected
in Illinois in recent years and may not occur in the state at the present
time. The grasses, however, still remain a prominent feature of the
landseape, as anyone who has seen our great cornfields will testify.
From an economic standpoint they are the most important plants of
I!inois today, as the cultivated grasses called grains form a large per-
centage of the crops of the state. In addition there are the cultivated
grasses of our pastures and meadows, many of which are introduced
species, and all of which add to the wealth of the state. There are also
many species of grasses that are weeds in lawns and cultivated fields,
but the extent of their damage never has been, and probably never will
be, correctly estimated.

The known species of grasses of the state have been listed by a
number of authors, but the only paper devoted entirely to them was
published by I. A. Lapham in 1857. Since then the number of species
known, to the state has increased nearly fifty percent. Some of these
have been included in lists published since that time, but there are
forty-three species which have not been listed before as occurring in
the state. Some of these species have been introduced from Hurope
and Asia. Altogether two hundred and four species, representing
sixty-three genera, have been listed in this publication.

1This work was begun as a second minor under the direction of Professor
William Trelease of the Department of Botany while the writer was working for
the degree of doctor of philosophy in the University of Illinois. Professor Tre-
lease urged the completion and publication of the work and has given every aid

and encouragement during its progress. Mrs. Agnes Chase has also given valuable
assistance, especially as regards questions of synonymy.

261

262 BULLETIN No. 205 [March,

It has been the aim in this investigation to list all species of grasses
which are known to have been collected in the state. Practically all
specimens cited here have been seen by the author, and considerable
pains have been taken to verify the determinations of the earlier botan-
ists whose lists are cited in the bibliography.

In the preparation of this publication the grasses in the following
herbaria have been studied :

University of Illinois Herbarium.—The collections in this herbarium
have furnished the basis for the work. This herbarium includes partial
collections of the earlier botanists Hall, Wolf, Vasey, M. S. Bebb, Mead,
and Lapham, with the entire collections of Brendel, Schneck, Hill,
Welsch, and Andrews. The collections of Dr. Welsch were not dated,
but are known to have been made between 1862 and 1871. Mrs. Agnes
Chase has presented a set of duplicates of her Illinois collections to the
University, in addition to many other specimens. Theve are also du-
plicates of most of the species collected by Mr. V. H. Chase of Wady
Petra, Illinois, which form an important part of the collection. With
a very few exceptions the collections not mentioned in connection with
other herbaria belong to the University of Illinois.

United States National Herbarium.—tit was impossible during a
brief visit to this herbarium to list all the Illinois specimens there, but
only a few of the commoner species were omitted. All the specimens
cited as collected by Skeels, Wilcox, and Hill are from this herbarium.
There are duplicates of some of these in the Field Museum.

Field Museum Herbarium.—this herbarium contains a large num-
ber of Illinois specimens, and includes the herbarium of H. N. Pat-
terson of Oquawka, besides smaller collections made by Sherff, De
Selm, and others.

Northwestern University Herbarium.—The entire collection of
H. H. Babcock belongs to this herbarium, together with specimens col-
leeted by Umbach, Shipman, and Smith.

Mr. Charles Robertson of Carlinville, Mr. Hallock Shearer of Mt.
Carmel, Dr. H. 8S. Pepoon of Chicago, and Dr. G. H. French of Car-
bondale very kindly loaned Illinois specimens for examination, which
have aided materially in this work. Some of the species furnished were
not found in any of the herbaria examined.

This work would be quite incomplete without an expression of
appreciation for the uniform kindness and many courtesies extended
by the curators of these various herbaria. Special thanks are also due
Professor William Trelease and Mrs. Agnes Chase for help in the solu-
tion of many puzzling problems.

The accompanying illustrations are all made from original drawings
and are designed to show the most typical structure or structures of
each species so that its identification will be as easy as possible. Spike-

1918] Tur GRASSES or ILLINOIS 263

lets in the same genus have been drawn, in nearly all cases, to the
same seale; hence their relative size will be apparent from the figures.

The genera are arranged as in Gray’s Manual, but the species
under each genus are arranged alphabetically. The nomenclature fol-
lows the American code.

The bibliography includes only those works in which the grasses
of the state are mentioned. For general information on grasses the
reader is referred to ‘‘A Text-book of Grasses’’ by A. S. Hitchcock
(Maemillan, 1914), which also contains an excellent bibliography. <A
recent publication of the’Nebraska Experiment Station, ‘‘A Handbook
of Nebraska Grasses,’’ Bulletin 148, also contains a very complete
bibliography. °

The discussion of each species contains references to the articles
or books cited in the bibliography. Thus, under Sorghastrum nutans
(page 280), are given the synonyms to which the species was referred
by earlier writers. ‘‘ Andropogon avenaceum, Michaux ’03, 58,’’ then,
refers us to ‘‘Flora Boreali-Americana,’’ page 58, where this species
was listed as Andropogon avenaceum.

364 Butietin No. 205 [ March,

THE STRUCTURE OF GRASSES

Grasses belong to the family Poaceae, or Gramineae, which
includes between three and four hundred genera. Sixty-three genera,
exclusive of the cultivated grasses called grains, are found in Illinois.
These genera include the two hundred and four species known to
occur in the state.

There are few plants likely to be mistaken for grasses. The sedges
resemble them most but are easily distinguished by their three-ranked
leaves and solid stems (Fig. 2). Grasses have two-ranked leaves and
usually hollow stems (except in Maydeae and Andropogoneae, of
which Tripsacum and Andropogon are typical*genera) (Fig. 1).

According to their length of life, grasses are classed as follows:

Annual Grasses.—Many species of grasses live but one year. The
seeds of the preceding year germinate in spring or early summer and
ripen seed in the summer and fall. Common crab grass, Syntherisma
sanguinalis, old witch grass, Panicum capilldare, and Indian corn, Zea
mays, are well known examples of annual grasses.

Figs. 1-4.—1, Portion of grass culm showing 2-ranked leaves; 2, Portion of
sedge culm showing 3-ranked leaves; 3, Portion of grass plant showing fibrous
roots; 4, Portion of grass plant showing rootstocks

Winter Annuals—tIn our latitude the seeds of certain annual
grasses may germinate in the fall and live over winter in small tufts,
sending up their flower stalks in early spring. These are known as
winter annuals. Low spear grass, Poa annua, little barley, Hordeum
pusillum, and the varieties of winter wheat are common examples of
winter annuals.

Perenmal Grasses.—These grasses are propagated both by seeds
and by rootstocks. There are two types of perennial grasses in IIli-
nois. In one (Fig. 3), the stem dies back to the base each winter and

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 265

a new shoot comes up the next spring from a bud formed within the
old sheath. These grasses have fibrous roots and form bunches or
tufts, and for that reason are often called bunch grasses. Timothy,
Phleum pratense, and orchard grass, Dactylis glomerata, are common
examples of this type. In' the other type (Fig. 4), the stem dies back
to the base, but there are long, creeping rootstocks, or rhizomes, really
underground stems, just below the surface of the soil, and the new
shodts come from these. Such grasses usually form a compact sod, and
hence many species are valuable for lawn grasses, as Kentucky blue
grass, Poa pratensis. Other common grasses with creeping rootstocks
are redtop, Agrostis alba, and couch grass, Agropyron repens. Be-
sides these we have a single species of bamboo, the eane Arundinaria
macrosperma, with woody, perennial culms.

Tue Grass PLANT

The grass plant consists of root, stem, and leaves. The last two
of these are modified to form the inflorescence.

Root—The grass plant has slender, fibrous roots which are usually
very numerous at the base of the plant (Fig. 3). In the corn plant
and occasionally in other grasses, roots are developed from the lower
nodes and act as prop, or brace roots (Fig. 5a).

Stem.—tThe stem of the grass plant is called a culm. In all but
very young plants the culm is usually hollow except at the more or
less swollen nodes (Fig. 6a). In maize and sorghum the stems are
filled with pith. The parts of the culm between the nodes are called
internodes (Fig. 6b). The culms are nearly always cylindrical, as in
the corn stalk (Fig. 7), but they may be flattened, as in Canada blue
grass, Poa compressa (Fig. 8). They are never three-angled, as in
the sedges. :

Leaf.—The leaves are borne at the nodes and consist of two parts,
the sheath and the blade. The sheath (Figs. 7a and 9a) is wrapped

i 4 ial
Figs. 5-11.—5, Lower portion of grass culm with brace roots; 6, Culm split
to show (a) the solid node, (b) the internode; 7, Cylindrical culm; 8, Flattened

culm; 9, Portion of leaf showing (a) sheath, (b) blade, (ce) ligule; 10, Ligule
a ring of hairs; 11, Ligule membranous, fringed with hairs

266 BULLETIN No. 205 [| March,

round the culm above the node; the blade (Figs. 7b and 9b) is the flat
portion which extends free from the stalk and is often called the leaf.
On the inner side of the joining of the blade and sheath is an
appendage called the ligule (Fig. 9c). This is usually thin and mem-
branous (Fig. 9c) but sometimes consists of a row of fine hairs (Fig.
10e), or it may be a thin membrane fringed with hairs (Fig. 11c).

The edges of the sheath are grown together in most species of
Bromus and Festuca, and in some other genera. Sometimes the sheaths
become very much inflated and inclose the inflorescence, as in Andro-
pogon virginicus (Fig. 24). Some species of water grasses have in-
flated sheaths which act as floats, as in Paspalum repens (Fig. 36).

The blades are usually linear and very much longer than they are
wide (Fig. 37), but in Panicum boscu (Fig. 91) and some other
species, the blades are quite broad as compared with the length. The
blade has a strong midrib and several nerves, or veins, on each side,
which are parallel to the midrib except in the broad-leaved species.
There are short appendages called auricles at the base of the blade in
some grasses. These are prominent on the leaves of wheat and barley.
They are also found in Hordeum and Agropyron, and other genera
closely related to these.

THE INFLORESCENCE, OR FLOWER CLUSTER

The flowers of grasses are small and inconspicuous but are closely
grouped together and borne on shoots that are easily distinguished
from the leaves. The various bracts which make up the flower are
modified leaves. In some species of grasses the perfect flowers, from
which the seeds are formed, are hidden by the sheaths, as in the case
of some species of Panicum and in certain other genera.

There are three common forms of inflorescence—the spike, the
raceme, and the panicle. The inflorescence is made up of spikelets,

13 14

Vigs. 12-16.—12, Spike; 13, Raceme; 14, Panicle; 15, Spikelet, (a) first
glume, (b) second glume, (c) lemma, (d) palea; 16, Spikelet opened to show
(a) pistil, (b) stamens

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 267

which are single flowers or groups of, flowers subtended by a pair of
bracts (Figs. 15a and b) called glumes.

The Spike-—The spike has a long, unbranched axis, with the spike-
Icts sessile, or without stalks (Fig. 12). Wheat, Triticum vulgare, and
couch grass, Agropyron repens, are common examples of this type.

The Raceme.—This type of inflorescence (Fig. 13) differs from the
spike in having stalked, or pediceled spikelets. A typical example is
the simple form of meadow fescue, Festuca elatior. Often the pedicels
of the spikelets are very short and the inflorescence has the general
appearance of a spike and is ealled a spike-like raceme. Syntherisma
(Fig. 29), Paspalum (Fig. 37), and Andropogon (Fig. 21) are exam-
ples of spike-like racemes.

The Panicle.—In the panicle (Fig. 14) the main axis of the inflo-
rescence is branched and rebranched, and the spikelets are pediceled.
The common oat, Avena sativa, and Kentucky blue grass, Poa pra-
tensis, are good examples of this type of inflorescence. Sometimes the
branches of a panicle are so short that they are hidden by the spike-
lets and the inflorescence appears to be a spike. Heleochloa schoenoides
(Fig. 148) and canary grass, Phalaris arundinacea (Fig. 117), are
familiar examples. The axis of an inflorescence is usually known as a
rachis. In some grasses, as, for example, squirrel-tail grass, Hordeun
jubatum, the axis disjoints at the nodes at maturity.

A perfect flower contains both stamens and pistils. Most grasses
bear perfect flowers, but following are a few exceptions to the rule:

Dioecious Plants——There are some species of grasses in which the
pistillate spikelets are on one plant and the staminate on another. A
few examples of this type of inflorescence are found among Illinois
grasses. Eragrostis hypnoides is one of these, the lemmas of the pistil-
late spikelets being slightly narrower and more pointed than those of
the staminate spikelets.

Monoecious Plants—In these plants the staminate and pistillate
spikelets are on different parts of the same inflorescence, or on different
parts of the plant. In wild rice, Zizania palustris (Fig. 107), the
staminate flowers are on the lower branches of the panicle and the
pistillate spikelets on the upper. Tripsacum dactyloides (Fig. 17) has
the staminate spikelets at the end of the spikes and the pistillate spike-
lets embedded in the basal portion. In the corn plant the ear is the
pistillate inflorescence and is borne on a different part of the plant
from the tassel, which is the staminate inflorescence.

In Andropogon, Sorghastrum, and other genera plosely related
there are staminate, pistillate, or sometimes sterile spikelets, as well as
perfect flowers in the same inflorescence. The first three types are
often referred to merely as imperfect spikelets. These spikelets have a
definite arrangement (Figs. 22 and 28). Sterile spikelets have neither
stamens nor pistils and are often very much reduced so that only the
stalk, or pedicel, remains (Fig. 27).

268 BULLETIN No. 205 [ March,

THE SPIKELET

The spikelet may consist of a single flower or of a number of flow-
ers. As the classification of grasses is based primarily on the characters
cf the spikelet, it is essential to know something of its structure.

The stalk of the spikelet is known as the pedicel. The spikelet con-
sists of a short axis, called the rachilla, which bears one or more flow-
ers. The rachilla may be jointed to the pedicel either above or below ~
the glumes.

The Glumes.—At the base of the spikelet are two empty bracts,
which are called glumes. They are designated as the first, or outer
glume (Fig. 15a), and the second, or inner glume (Fig. 15b). They
are usually easily distinguished from the other parts of the spikelet
by the difference in shape, texture, number of nerves, amount of hairs
present, ete. Sometimes the first glume is very small, as in Syn-
therisma sanguinalis (Fig. 32), or it may be wanting, as in the species
of Paspalum (Fig. 41). Both glumes are absent in Homalocenchrus
(Fig. 108). Sometimes the glumes are awned, as in Hlymus canaden-
sis (Fig. 280).

The Lemmas.—The lemmas are the bracts of the spikelet found
within and above the glumes (Fig. 15c). Their number varies with the
number of flowers found in the spikelet. There is usually a flower at
the base of each lemma; if the flower is sterile, the lemma is called
a sterile lemma. The lemma often differs from the glumes in texture,
being sometimes much thinner, and sometimes, as in Panicum, much
hardened. It is often awned (Fig. 147) ; the awns are sometimes spi-
rally twisted or bent (Figs. 124 to 133).

The Palea.—The palea (Fig. 15d) together with the lemma serves
to inclose the stamens and pistil. It is usually two-nerved and like its -
lemma in texture. 3

The Stamens.—There are usually three stamens (Fig. 16b), but
the number varies from one to six.

The Pistil—tIn our species there is a single pistil (Fig. 16a),
which has a one-celled ovary, two styles (rarely one), and two feathery
stigmas.

The Fruit—The grass seed, so-called, is in reality a fruit (a
caryopsis), the seed being inclosed in the ripened ovary.

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 269

KEY TO THE GENERA OF ILLINOIS GRASSES

a. Inflorescence in a single terminal symmetrical (not one-sided) spike, the spike-
lets 2- to several-flowered, sessile on the main axis, single or 2 or 3 at each
joint (as in wheat, barley, or rye).

b. Axis disjointing with spikelets attached; spikelets 3 together at each joint,
the lateral ones sterile and reduced to awns (barley). 60. Hordewm

bb. Axis not disjointing; spikelets 1 to 3 at each joint, all alike.
ce. Spikelets 2 or 3 at each joint of the axis; glumes in front of the spike-

let, awl-shaped, not keeled. 61. Elymus

ee. Spikelets 1 at each joint of the axis; glumes at the sides of the
spikelets.

d. Spikelets placed edgewise on the axis, the inner glume wanting

except on the terminal spikelet. 58. Loliwm

dd. Spikelets placed flat against the axis.
e. Glumes obsolete or rudimentary; spikelets horizontally spread-
ing at maturity. 62. Hystria
ee. Glumes well developed; spikelets appressed to the axis.
f. Glumes broadly ovate, abruptly awned or pointed, some-

times toothed; plants annual (wheat). Triticum

ff. Glumes lanceolate, or narrower, awned or awnless, not
toothed.

g. Lemmas prickly-hispid on the keel; glumes 1-nerved,

narrow; plants annual (rye). Secale

gg. Lemmas smooth on the keel; glumes several-nerved;

plants perennial. 59. Agropyron

aa. Inflorescence a panicle, raceme, or aggregation of spikes; panicle may be
open, as in oats, or contracted, as in timothy; racemes usually appear like
spikes, but some of the spikelets are pediceled, as Paspalum (Fig. 37),
Andropogon (Fig. 23), and crab grass (Fig. 29); the spikes are one-sided

and aggregate, as in Bermuda grass (Fig. 193).
_ b. Fruit a bur with barbed spines. 12. Cenchrus

bb. Fruit not a bur.
ce. Spikelets unisexual, the staminate and pistillate in different parts of
the same inflorescence or in different inflorescences.

d. Pistillate spikelets in ears in the axils of the leaves; staminate’

spikelets in a terminal tassel (corn). Zea
dd. Pistillate and staminate spikelets in different parts of the same
inflorescence.

e. Inflorescence consisting of 1 to 4 stout spikes, the lower part
thick and hard, readily disjointing, the pistillate spikelets
embedded in the joints, the staminate spikelets in pairs
along the narrow axis of the upper part. 1. Tripsacum

ee. Inflorescence a large terminal panicle, the pistillate spikelets
erect on the ascending upper branches of the panicle, the
staminate pendulous on the spreading lower branches.
13. Zizania
ee, Spikelets perfect; or perfect and staminate, or sterile, arranged in
pairs (unisexual in Hragrostis hypnoides, but the spikelets alike in
appearance).

d. Spikelets in pairs, one perfect and sessile, the other pediceled
and staminate (rarely perfect) or sterile (apparently two pedi-
celed spikelets in Holcus and Sorghastrum), on a jointed axis,
readily disjointing with the spikelets attached; glumes hard-
ened; spikelets dorsally compressed, the sessile spikelets awned.

e. Inflorescence of slender racemes, these single or 2 or 35 to:
gether, not panicled. 3. Andropogon

ee. Inflorescence an open or contracted panicle.
f. Panicle densely wooly, of slender, many-flowered racemes;
spikelets all perfect. 2. Hrianthus

270 BuLueTIN No. 205 [ March,
e

ff. Panicle not wooly, joints more or less short pubescent;
racemes of 1 to 5 joints, pediceled spikelet staminate
or reduced to the pedicel.

g. Pediceled spikelets staminate; panicle open; awns

deciduous. 5. Holcus
gg. Pediceled spikelets reduced to a hairy pedicel; pani-
cle narrow; awns persistent. 4. Sorghastrum

dd. Spikelets not in pairs, or if so, the two alike; axis not disjointing.
e. Spikelets sessile in 1-sided spikes, these digitate or racemose
on a common axis (as in Bermuda grass, Fig. 193).

f. Spikes digitate (Fig. 201).

g. Spikes slender; spikelets 1-flowered; plants peren-
nial. 40. Capriola
eg, Spikes stout; spikelets 3- or 4-flowered; plants annual.
: h. Rachis of spike prolonged into a point beyond

the spikelets; lower lemmas awn-tipped.
43. Dactyloctenium
hh. Rachis of spike not prolonged beyond the spike-
lets; lemmas awnless. 44, Eleusine

ff. Spikes racemose (Figs. 194, 195, 196).

g. Spikes very slender; spikelets remote, closely ap-
pressed; plants annual. 41. Schedonnardus

gg. Spikes thick; spikelets densely imbricated.

h. Plants robust, 4 to 6 feet tall; spikelets 1-flow-
ered; first glume exceeding the floret, stiffly
ciliate on the keel; spikelets falling entire.

39. Spartina
hh. Plants not robust, not over 3 feet tall; spikelets
with 1 perfect floret and 1 or 2 sterile lemmas;
first glume shorter than the floret, persistent
after the fall of the floret. 42. Bouteloua
ee. Spikelets pediceled, in open (Fig. 118) or spike-like (Fig.
117) panicles, or in racemes (Fig. 29).
f. Spikelets 1-flowered or with 1 perfect terminal floret and
1 or 2 sterile or staminate florets below it.

g. Spikelets without staminate or rudimentary florets
below the perfect one; spikelets laterally com-
pressed, glumes keeled.

h. Glumes wanting; spikelets strongly flattened, im-
bricate on the slender branches of an open pan-
icle; lemmas awnless. 14. Homalocenchrus

hh. Glumes present, if minute the lemmas awned.

i. Lemmas more or less indurate, at least firmer
than the glumes, terete or subterete, not
keeled.

j. Lemma not sharp-pointed, strongly indu-
rate; panicle branches spreading or
drooping. 17. Milium

jj. Lemma sharp-pointed or awned; panicle
branches ascending or erect.

k. Awn 3-parted; lemma with a sharp-
pointed callus at base.
20. Aristida
kk. Awn simple.

1, Awn 4 to 8 inches long, twisted
and bent; lemmawitha needle-
pointed callus. 19. Stipa

ll. Awn not over 2 inches long;
eallus not sharp-pointed.

m. Awn deciduous, bent; lem-
ma broad, elliptical or
ovate. 18. Oryzopsis

1918]

THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 271

mm. Awn, if present, persistent;
lemmas lanceolate.

n. Glumes minute or ob-
solete; rachilla pro-
longed beyond the
base of the palea;
floret stipitate.

22. Brachyelytrum
nn. Glumes usually at least
half as long as the
spikelet (minute in
M. schreberi); ra-
chilla not prolonged;
floret not stipitate.
21. Muhlenbergia
ii. Lemmas not indurate, at least not firmer than
the glumes, or if somewhat firmer, strongly
compressed and keeled.
j. Panicle compact, cylindrical; spikelets
strongly flattened and keeled.
k. Spikelets about 1 em. long; floret

’ conspicuously hairy at base; robust

perennial with stout, scaly root-
stocks. 30. Ammophila

kk. Spikelets not over 4 mm. long; lem-
ma not hairy at base; plants with- ~
out rootstocks.,

l. Panicle partly included in a
broad subtending sheath;
glumes shorter than the lem-
ma. 23. Heleochloa

‘ Il. Panicle not included in a sub-
tending sheath; glumes not
shorter than the lemma. .

m. Glumes abruptly aristate,
stiffly ciliate on the keel;
lemmas awnless (timo-
thy). 24. Phlewm

mm. Glumes not pointed nor eil-
iate on the keel; lemma
with a slender awn from
the back. 25. Alopecurus

jj. Panicle open or contracted; spikelets
not strongly flattened.
k. Floret conspicuously hairy at base.

1. Lemma with a delicate dorsal
awn; rachilla prolonged be-
yond the base of the palea.

29. Calamagrostis

ll. Lemma awnless; rachilla not
prolonged. 28. Calamovilfa

kk. Floret not hairy at base.

]. Lemma shorter than the glumes;
palea usually wanting.

27. Agrostis

ll. Lemma longer than the glumes
or as long; palea present.

m. Florets stipitate; lemma
with a minute awn; pan-
icle drooping. 31. Cinna

tv
~I
Ww

BULLETIN No. 205 [ March,

mm. Florets not stipitate; lem-
ma awnless; panicle not
drooping.

26. Sporobolus

gg. Spikelets with 1 or 2 staminate or rudimentary flor-

ets below the perfect one (first glume wanting in

Paspalum and in some species of Syntherisma, the
sterile lemma simulating a second glume).

h. Spikelets laterally compressed; glumes strongly
keeled; sterile florets falling attached to the
perfect floret.

i. Plants grayish-velvety thruout; one floret be-
low the perfect one, staminate; perfect
floret with a hooked awn on the back.

32. Notholcus

ii. Plants glabrous thrucut; two florets below
the perfect one.

j. Panicle open; lower florets staminate;
plants fragrant. 16. Torresia

jj. Panicle contracted or spike-like; lower
florets reduced to minute scales.

15. Phalaris

hh. Spikelets dorsally depressed; glumes not keeled;
spikelets falling entire; fertile floret indurate.

i. Spikelets subtended by 1 to several slender
bristles, in a narrow spike-like panicle.

11. Chaetochloa

ii. Spikelets not subtended by bristles.

j. Spikelets subsessile along one side of a
slender axis; first glume obsolete or
minute.

k. Racemes subdigitate; fruit subin-

*durate with a flat, white, hyaline

margin; spikelets compressed, bi-
convex; annuals. 6. Syntherisma

kk. Racemes solitary or racemose; fruit
indurate, the firm margin inrolled;
spikelets plano-convex; first glume
obsolete; perennials. 8. Paspalwimn

jj. Spikelets in open or compact panicles.

k. Floret subindurate; margins of lem-
ma hyaline, flat. 7. Leptoloma.

kk. Floret strongly indurate; margins of
lemma firm, inrolled, at least at
base.

]. Sterile lemma awned or strong-
ly mucronate; fruif pointed;
spikelets short-pediceled in
clusters; coarse annuals.

10. Echinochloa

ll. Sterile lemma awnless; fruit
not pointed; spikelets usually
long-pediceled. 9. Panicum

ff. Spikelets 2- to many-flowered; sterile florets, if any,
above the perfect ones (except in Uniola, Tig. 227).

g. Glumes exceeding or equaling the florets (except in
Sphenopholis and Koeleria; in these at least the
second glume is usually longer than first floret),
usually papery and shining.

h. Spikelets at least 8 mm. long.

i. Florets 2 to 4, awned from the back (awn
rudimentary in cultivated oats).

1918 | THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 273

_j. Panicle narrowly pyramidal; spikelets
8 to 10 mm. long, not pendulous.

37. Arrhenatherum

jj. Panicle about as broad as long; spike-

lets 2 em. long or more, pendulous

(oats). 36. Avena
ii. Florets 7 to 12, awned from between the teeth
of a bidentate apex. 38. Danthonia

hh. Spikelets not over 5 mm. long.
i. Lemmas bearing delicate dorsal awns; panicle
branches capillary, flexuous.
35. Deschampsia
ii. Lemmas awnless, or obscurely awn-tipped.
j. Glumes dissimilar, the second broadly
wedge-shaped or obovate; spikelets

falling entire. 33. Sphenopholis
jj. Glumes similar, acute, persistent after the
fall of the florets. 34. Koeleria
gg. Glumes shorter than the lowest floret. e

h. Culms woody perennial; plants shrubby; blades

narrowed into a short petiole above the sheath.

63. Arundinaria

hh. Culms herbaceous; plants not shrubby; blades
sessile on the sheath.

i. Plants usually 6 to 12 feet tall, the culms
strong, reed-like, with stout, creeping root-
stocks; panicle large, feathery at maturity.
Fas . 46. Phragmites

ii. Plants rarely 5 feet tall, the culms not reed-
like; panicle not feathery.

j. Lemmas 3-nerved.

k. Spikelets short-pediceled along one
side of a slender rachis, forming
elongate racemes, these arranged
in a rather open panicle.

45, Leptochloa
kk. Spikelets not in 1-sided racemes.
1. Lemmas glabrous, not lobed;
nerves not excurrent.
49. Eragrostis
ll. Lemmas hairy on the nerves be-
low, lobed at the apex; mid-
nerve excurrent.

m. Panicle usually large,
spreading; lateral nerves
of the lemmas excur-
rent; palea not fringed.

47. Tridens

mm. Panicle small, few-flow-

ered; lateral nerves of

the lemmas not excur-

rent; palea conspicuously

fringed. 48. Triplasis

jj. Liemmas 5- to many-nerved (the interme-
diate obscure in Poa alsodes).

k. Upper floret unlike the lower, folded
together forming a_ club-shaped
mass; spikelets pendulous, fall-
ing entire. 50. Melica

kk. Upper florets like the lower; spike-
lets sometimes drooping, not pen-
dulous.

BuLLETIN No. 205 [ March,

l. Lemmas firm, somewhat hard-
ened, faintly many-nerved,
acuminate.

m. Lower florets empty but
like the upper in appear-
ance; spikelets strongly
flattened; lenimas not pol-
ished; panicle drooping.

52. Uniola

mm. Lower florets perfect;
spikelets not flattened,

florets turgid, polished;

grain at maturity beaked,
expanding the lemma and

palea, 51. Déiarina

ll. Lemmas herbaceous, 5- to 9-
nerved, the nerves usually
strong.

m. Spikelets strongly flat-
tened, densely crowded
in 1-sided clusters at the
ends of the stiff, naked
panicle branches.

53. Dactylis
mm. Spikelets not flattened, nor
in 1-sided clusters.

n. Lemmas keeled, and
usually with a tuft
of cobwebby, white
hairs at base (blue-
grass). 54. Poa

nn. Lemmas not keeled,
rounded on the back,
not cobwebby at base.

o. Lemmas obtuse, us-
ually searious at
the tip; nerves
parallel, usually
prominent.
55. Panicularia
oo. Lemmas acute or
awned; nerves
approeching at
the apex.

p- Lemmas not
t o othed,
awned from
the tip or
awnless;
spikelets not
over 15 mm.
long, usually
less.

56. Festuca

pp. Lemmas’ mi-
nutely 2-
toothed, us-
ually awned
from just
below the
apex; spike-
lets rarely
less than 2
em. long.

57. Bromus

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS

to
~I
cn

DESCRIPTIONS AND DISTRIBUTION OF ILLINOIS GRASSES
1. TRIPSACUM L.

This is a subtropical genus of which one species is found in southern
Iilinois. It includes tall, coarse perennials with creeping rootstocks.
The inflorescence consists of solitary or clustered spikes borne at the
ends of the culms or their branches. There are two kinds of-spikelets
in each spike, the pistillate spikelets borne singly, sunken in the thick-
ened axis of the lower part, and the staminate in pairs on the slender
upper part. The lower part of the axis is very hard and woody, and
separates readily into joints. In each of these joints is embedded a
pistillate spikelet, which has a very hard outer glume. The upper part
of the stalk is slender, not woody, and does not separate into joints,
but falls off entire.

Tripsacum dactyloides L.

Gama Grass. Sesame Grass (Fig. 17)

Michaux ’03, 60; Lapham ’57, 548, 598; Patterson ’76, 52; Flagg ’78, 284;
Brendel 787, 89.

Entire plant smooth and glabrous; culms 3 to 7 feet tall; leaves
5 dm. or more long, 1 to 3.5 em. wide; ligule a fringe of hairs less than
1 mm. long; spikelets 8 mm. long. 4

This is one of the largest grasses found in the state. It prefers
moist soil in swamps or along ditches and streams. It is an excellent
forage grass.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, southern Illinois, Vasey. CHRISTIAN
co., Taylorville, Andrews. HANCOCK co. Without locality, Mead in.1843. MaA-
COUPIN CO. Macoupin, Robertson, July, 1884. MARION co, Without locality, M. S.
Bebb, 1860. sv. cuairR co. Mascoutah, Welsch. WABASH Co. Without locality
Schneck, July, 1890; without locality, Shearer.

2. ERIANTHUS Michx.
Wooly Beard Grass

This genus is found in both temperate and tropical regions. The
plants are tall, reed-like perennial grasses with thick, creeping root-
stocks. One species is cultivated for ornament, and is commonly known
as plume grass, wool grass, or hardy pampas grass. The inflorescence
is a large, compact panicle clothed with long, silky hairs, which are
borne on the panicle branches and in a tuft at the base of each spikelet.
he spikelets are in pairs, one pediceled, the other sessile, but both
are perfect, of equal size, and bear long awns.

Erianthus divaricatus (l.) Hitche.
Spiral-awned Plume Grass (Figs. 18 and 19)

Erianthus alopecuroides, Lapham 757, 548, 599; Patterson ’76, 52; Flagg ’78,
285, HH. saccharoides, Brendel ’87, 89.

276 BULLETIN No. 205 [ Mt arch,

Culms 3 to 8 feet tall, with appressed hairs at the nodes and on
the upper portion near the inflorescence; leaves long, one-half inch
to one inch wide; panicle loose, with soft, silky hairs.

This grass was probably once found in the southern part of the
state, but it is doubtful if it occurs in the state at the present time.

JACKSON co. Without locality, French, Sept., 1878.

Erianthus contortus Baldwin.—This species is described by Lap-
ham among the plants of Illinois; but no citations are given. As it is
not mentioned by any other author, and no specimens have been seen,
it is extremely doubtful if it has ever been collected in Illinois.

Figs. 17-19.—17, T. dactyloides, part of inflorescence: (a) pistillate spikelet,
(b) and (¢) staminate spikelets; 18, H. divaricatus, inflorescence; 19, EF. divari-
catus, pair of spikelets: (a) pediceled spikelet, (b) sessile spikelet

3. ANDROPOGON IL.
Beard Grass

These grasses are tall, often coarse, tufted perennials, found in
both temperate and tropical climates. The inflorescence is of lateral
and terminal spikes, with paired spikelets. One spikelet is sessile and
perfect, usually bearing a twisted awn; the other is pediceled, imper-
fect, either bearing stamens or reduced to a single glume, which is
often minute or entirely lacking. The rachis joints and pedicels often
bear long, silky hairs. The leaves are long and narrow, the ligules
short and membranous, with fringed edges. The culms in some of the
species show a conspicuous bluish bloom, particularly in the region of
the nodes, hence the common name bluestem.

1918] THe GRASSES or ILLINOIS 277

a. Inflorescence protruding from a very prominent spathe, which is shorter than,
or equaling the inflorescence; awns straight, usually three times the length
of the sessile spikelets; pediceled spikelets reduced to a minute scale or
wanting; rachis joints very slender. A. virginicus

aa. Inflorescence not protruding from a prominent spathe; awns more or less bent,
usually less than twice the length of the sessile spikelet; pediceled spikelets
always present and distinct; rachis joints thickened, clavate.

b. Inflorescence of paired or digitate spikes; pediceled spikelet nearly as

long as the sessile, the pedicel thickened and somewhat clavate.
A. furcatus
bb. Inflorescence of solitary spikes; pediceled spikelet very much shorter than
the sessile, the pedicel thin and straplike. A. scoparius

Andropogon furcatus Muhl.
Forked Beard Grass. Big Bluestem (Figs. 20 and 21)

Lapham 757, 548, 599 (Plate 4, Fig. 6); Patterson ’76, 52; Flagg ’78, 285;
Brendel ’87, 64; Higley and Raddin 791, 140; Huett ’98, 129; Gleason ’07, 181;
Gleason ’10, 147; Gleason, 712, 48; Gates 712, 354.

Culms smooth, 3.5 to 6 feet tall; sheaths smooth, blades rough
on the margins; spikes stout, usually purplish; pediceled spikelet
usually staminate, 6 to 7 mm. long; sessile spikelet 8 to 9 mm. long,
the awn 10 to 14 mm. long, spirally twisted and usually bent.

A common grass in Illinois, characteristic of the prairie, but
found in many other situations. It furnishes good pasture when
young, but the stems soon become hard.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey. CHAMPAIGN Co. Without
locality, along railroad track, Gibbs, Oct., 1878; Without locality, Percival, Oct.,
1876; Champaign, Mosher, Sept., 1913; Savoy, Gibbs, Sept., 1898; Seymour, Tsou,
Oct., 1913; Rantoul, Gates, Oct., 1907. CHRISTIAN Co. Taylorville, Andrews in
1898. cook co. Chicago, Sherff, Sept., 1912; Mayfair, Chicago, Gates, Sept., 1905;
South Chicago, Schneck, Aug., 1893. ForpD co. Near Roberts, Wilcox, July, 1902.
FULTON CO. Without locality, Pepoon; Canton, Wolf. JO DAVIESS CO. Without
locality, Pepoon 443. LAKE CO. Beach area near Waukegan, Gates in 1908; Wau-
kegan, Gleason and Shobe 323. McHENRY co. Algonquin, Nason, July, 1878. Ma-
COUPIN CO. Carlinville, Robertson, Aug., 1882. MENARD Co. Athens, Hall, 1861.
OGLE CO. Oregon, Waite, Aug., 1885. PEORIA Co. Peoria, McDonald, Aug.,
1894; Peoria, Brendel; Glasford, Wilcox, July, 1902. st. cLAmR co. Mascoutah,

-Welsch. STARK CO. Wady Petra, V. H. Chase, Sept., 1897. WABASH co. With-
out locality, Schneck, Nov., 1900; without locality, Shearer; Shannon’s swamp,
Schneck, Oct., 1882; Hanging Rock, Schneck, Sept., 1878; Lucas farm, Schneck,
Aug., 1900. witL co. Joliet, Skeels, Aug., 1904.

Andropogon scoparius Michx.
Broom Beard Grass. Little Bluestem (Figs. 22 and 23)

Engelmann 744, 104; Lapham 757, 549, 599; Patterson ’76, 52; Flagg ’78,
285; Brendel ’87, 64; Higley and Raddin ’91, 140; Huett ’97, 129; Gleason ’07,
181; Gleason 710, 147; Gates ’12, 354.

Culms smooth or slightly pubescent, 1 to 4 feet tall; leaves slightly
rough; spikes slender; pediceled spikelet a single, small, awn-pointed
glume; sessile spikelets 6 to 7 mm. long, the awn spirally twisted and
bent.

A common prairie grass, easily distinguished from A. furcatus by
its habit of growing in closer bunches. It is also much shorter and

278 Buuetin No. 205 ' [March,

more slender, and has a tendency to grow more on hills or ridges,
while A. furcatus likes more level, richer soil. These two species of

Figs. 20-25.—20, A. furcatus, pair of spikelets; 21, A. furcatus, inflorescence;
22, A. scoparws, pair of spikelets; 23, A. scoparius, inflorescence; 24, A. vir-
ginicus, inflorescence; 25, A. virginicus, pair of spikelets

Andropogon were found in abundance on the original prairie. This

species usually turns purple early in the season. When young it is
relished by stock.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey. CHAMPAIGN CO. Without
locality, along railway track, Gibbs, Oct., 1898; Champaign, Clinton, Oct., 1895.
CHRISTIAN CO. Taylorville, Andrews. cooK co. Constance, Chicago, A. Chase,
Aug., 1900; Englewood, Hill, Sept., 1875; Chicago, Sherff, Aug., 1912; Thornton,
Hill, July, 1865. FULTON co. Without locality, Pepoon. JACKSON co. Makanda,
Seymour, Aug., 1880. JO DAVIESS CO. Without locality, Pepoon 443; Hanover,
Gleason and Gates 2528. KANKAKEE co. Altorf, Hill, Aug., 1872; Waldron, Hill,
Aug., 1873; Kankakee, De Selm, Sept., 1913. LAKE co. Beach area north of
Waukegan, Gates 2921; Waukegan, Gleason and Shobe 319. MCHENRY CO. Ring-
wood, Vasey. MACQOUPIN CO. Carlinville, Robertson, Aug., 1880. PEORIA CO.
Peoria, Brendel; Peoria, McDonald, Sept., 1894. svt. CLAIR co. Mascoutah,
Welsch. STARK CO. Wady Petra, V. H. Chase 126. WABASH CO. Without local-
ity, Shearer; Walter’s farm, Schneck, Sept., 1900; Mt. Carmel, Schneck, Oct.,
1876; Old Palmyra, Schneck, Sept., 1900; Hanging Rock, Schneck, Sept., 1904.

aQ

THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS

1918]

S. nutans, inflorescence;

S. nutans, group of spikelets

26-27.—26,

Figs.

He

280 BULLETIN No. 205 [ March,

Andropogon virginicus L.
Virginia Beard Grass. Broom Sedge (Figs. 24 and 25)
Andropogon virginicus, Lapham 757, 549, 599; Patterson ’76, 53; Flagg ’78,
285. <A. dissitiflorus, Brendel ’87, 89. A. virginicus, Higley and Raddin ’91, 140.
Culms smooth or sparsely pubescent, 1.5 to 4 feet tall; leaves
usually smooth; spikes slender, 2, 3, or more inclosed in a prominent
spathe; pediceled spikelets reduced to a minute scale, or only the
pedicel present; sessile spikelets 3 to 4 mm. long, the awns very long
and straight.
This grass grows best in rather sterile soil. It is often looked upon
as a weed because it forces more valuable plants from permanent pas-
tures, tho it furnishes fairly good grazing early in the season.

cook co. Evanston, Shipman, Sept., 1875. FULTON co. Without locality,
Pepoon. St. CLAIR CO. Without locality, Brendel, 1850; Mascoutah, Welsch.
WABASH CO. Without locality, Schneck; without locality, Shearer; Mt. Carmel,
Schneck, Oct., 1876; Walter’s farm, Schneck, Oct., 1900; Simond’s farm, Schneck,
Oct., 1897.

4, SORGHASTRUM Nash

This genus is closely related to Andropogon, but has the spikelets
in panicles. It is found in both tropical and temperate climates. The
spikelets are in pairs or in threes at the ends of the panicle branches’
and are of two kinds, a sessile perfect spikelet with one or two slender,
hairy pedicels, the sterile spikelet obsolete.

Sorghastrum nutans ([..) Nash
Indian Grass. Wood Grass. Wild Sorghum (Figs. 26 and 27)

Andropogon ‘avenacewm, Michaux ’03, 58. Sorghum nutans, Lapham ’57,
549, 601 (Plate 4, Fig. 7); Patterson ’76, 53; Flagg ’78, 285. Chrysopogon
nutans, Brendel ’87, 64; Higley and Raddin ’91, 141; Huett ’97, 129. Sorghas-
trum avenaceum, Gleason ’07, 181. Sorghastrum nutans, Gleason 710, 147; Glea-
son 712, 48; Gates 712, 354.

Culms smooth, 3 to 6 feet tall; leaves long and narrow, the blades
slightly rough; ligule membranous, 3 to 5 mm. long, the edge slightly
fringed; spikelets 6 to 8 mm. long, pubescent, especially at base, the
awn. loosely twisted, 12 to 15 mm. long.

This grass is perennial by long, creeping rootstocks. It was one of
the grasses of the original prairie and was found over practically the
same area as Andropogon furcatus. When in bloom it is one of the
most beautiful of our native grasses, with its graceful bronze-colored
panicles and bright yellow anthers.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey. CHAMPAIGN CO. Without
locality, Searle, Oct., 1876; Urbana, Clinton, Aug., 1895; Champaign, Gibbs, Oct.,
1898; Champaign, Clinton, Aug., 1898. CHRISTIAN Co. ‘Taylorville, Andrews.
COOK co. Chicago, A. Chase, Aug., 1901. DU PAGE co. Hinsdale, Smith, Oct.,
1902. FULTON co. Without locality, Pepoon; Canton, Wolf. JO DAVIESS co. E.
of Warren, Pepoon 562. KANKAKEE CO. Kankakee, De Selm, Sept., 1913. LAKE

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 281

co. Beach area north of Waukegan, Gates 2966; Waukegan, Gleason and Shobe
325. MACOUPIN CO. Carlinville, Robertson, Aug., 1880. MARSHALL Co. Near
Lawn Ridge, V. H. Chase 1591. Prorta co. Peoria, McDonald; Peoria, Brendel.
ST. CLAIR CO. Mascoutah, Welsch. VERMILION co. Muncie, Mosher, Oct., 1915.
WABASH CO. Without locality, Schneck, Oct., 1900; without locality, Shearer; Old
Palmyra, Schneck, Sept., 1879. witi co. Joliet, A. H. Skeels, Sept., 1904. win-
NEBAGO CO. Fountaindale, M. S. Bebb.

5. HOLCUS L.

These grasses belong to tropical and warm temperate climates and
_ are natives of the Old World. The various cultivated sorghums belong
to this genus, also kaffir corn and broom corn. One species, H.
halapensis, is naturalized in America and has been found as a weed in
Illinois. The inflorescence consists of a large open panicle, the pedi-
eeled spikelets staminate.

Holcus halapensis L.
Johnson Grass (Fig. 28)

Sorghum halapense, Gray’s Manual, 7th ed., Britton ’07.

j Culms 3 to 5.feet tall, usually smooth; leaves
almost smooth, somewhat rough cn the margins;
ligule membranous, 2 mm. long, the upper half
fringed; spikelets in twos or threes; perfect spike-
lets about 5 mm. long, with appressed hairs, awn
10 to 16 mm. long; pediceled spikelets slightly
longer than the sessile.

This grass is perennial by long, stout, creeping
rootstocks and is very difficult to eradicate where

Fig. 28. ae een once becomes established. It is much liked by
apensis, group of Stock, but under certain conditions is poisonous
spikelets thru the production of hydrocyanie acid.

CHAMPAIGN CO. Urbana, Mosher, Oct., 1914. Experiment Station grounds,
Clinton, Oct., 1897. CHRISTIAN co. Taylorville, Andrews, Aug., 1898. cooK co.
Glencoe, Gates 1686.2. WABASH CO. Without locality, Shearer; Mt. Carmel,
Schneck, July, 1894.

6. SYNTHERISMA Walt.
Finger Grass. Crab Grass

Our species of this genus are annuals. One species, Syntherisma
filiformis, appears to be a native of Hlinois; the other two species are
known to have been introduced within the last century. The inflores-
cence consists of digitate, spike-like racemes, hence the common name,
finger grass. The spikelets are arranged in groups of two or three, one
subsessile or on a very short pedicel, the others on pedicels as long as
the spikelets or longer. The leaves are usually thin and lax, the
ligules short and membranous.

282 BuuLuetiIn No. 205 [ March,

Rachis with the lateral angles winged; culms spreading, often rooting at the
lower nodes.

Pedicels sharply 3-angled; first glume present; sheaths densely pubescent.

S. sanguinalis

Pedicels rounded; first glume wanting; sheaths smooth. S. ischaemum

Rachis with wingless angles; culms erect, never spreading and rooting at the lower

nodes. S. filiformis

\\\}
WH 4
\ \

{

\H

4) 80

\
Figs. 29-32.—29, S. ischaemum, inflorescence; 30, S. filiformis, group of spike-
lets; 31, S. ischaemum, group of spikelets; 32, S. sanguinalis, group of spikelets
Se. ‘ ° . .
Syntherisma filiformis (L.) Nash
Slender Finger Grass (Fig. 30)

Digitaria filiformis, Engelmann 744, 103. Panicum filiforme, Lapham ’57,
548, 593; Patterson ’76, 52; Flagg ’78, 284; Brendel ’87, 88. Syntherisma fili-
formis, Gleason ’07, 181. Digitaria filiformis, Gleason 710, 147.

‘Culms 6 to 28 inches long, erect; leaves short, grouped at the base
of the plant; at least the lower sheaths pubescent; racemes 2 to 5,
generally erect; spikelets pubescent, 1.7 to 1.8 mm. long, mostly in
threes.

This grass is found in dry, sandy soil, usually along roadsides
and in waste places. It is not abundant in Illinois.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, M. S. Bebb in 1860. CHRISTIAN CO.
Taylorville, Andrews, July, 1898. MENARD CO. Without locality, Hall; Athens,
Hall, Sept., 1866. svt. CLAIR co. Without locality, Brendel in 1850; Mascoutah,
Welsch. WABASH CO. Without locality, Shearer.

———— ; k
Syntherisma ischaemum (Schreb.) Nash

Small Crab Grass. Smooth Crab Grass (Figs. 29 and 31)

Panicum glabrum, Lapham 757, 548, 593; Babcock ’73, 97; Patterson ’76,
52; Flagg ’78, 284; Higley and Raddin ’91, 139; Huett ’97, 128. Syntherisma
linearis, Britton ’07, 77. Digitaria humifusa, Gray’s Manual, 7th ed., p. 95.

Culms 6 to 24 inches long, spreading over the ground, often rooting
at the lower nodes and forming large mats; sheaths and blades smooth
and glabrous; racemes 2 to 5, usually 3; spikelets glandular pubescent
between the nerves, 2 to 2.2 mm, long, usually in threes, on rounded
pedicels; first glume wanting.

1918] Tur Grasses or ILLINOIS 383

A grass of the same habit as Syntherisma sanguinalis and probably
often confused with it. It is found as a weed in gardens and cultivated
places but is not so common as the above-mentioned species.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey. CHAMPAIGN CO. Urbana,
Clinton, Aug., 1899; Urbana, Seymour, Sept., 1888. FULTON Co. Without locality,
Pepoon; Canton, Wolf. JO DAVIESS CO. Without locality, Pepoon. PEORIA CO.
Peoria, Brendel. STARK CO. Wady Petra, V. H. Chase 131. wit co. Mokena,
A. Chase 2014.

Syntherisma sanguinalis (L.) Dulac
Common Crab Grass. Large Crab Grass (Fig. 32.)

Panicum sanguinale, Lapham 757, 548, 593; Babcock ’73, 97; Patterson ’76,
52; Flagg ’78, 284; Huett 791, 128. Digitaria sanguinalis, Gates 712, 354.

Culms 1 to 3 feet long, much branched, spreading, rooting at the
lower nodes and forming large mats; sheaths densely hairy; blades
more or less pubescent on both surfaces ; nodes frequently bearded with
reflexed hairs; racemes 3 to 12; spikelets appressed pubescent, 2.5 to
3.0 mm. long, usually in pairs on sharply argled pedicels, first glume
minute.

This grass is one of our most troublesome weeds in Illinois, being
found in lawns, gardens, and among cultivated crops. It is also found
along roadsides and in waste places. Being an annual, it should not
be allowed to produce seed. When among crops it is generally de-
stroyed by cultivation, altho its habit of rooting at the lower nodes
makes eradication somewhat more difficult than in the case of grasses
without this habit. It is most serious, however, as a lawn pest. On
account of its habit of growth, it is difficult to cut with the lawn mower,
and here it produces seed so close to the ground that it entirely
escapes the mower. Hence it comes up from seed year after year, and
often, especially in newly-made lawns, entirely crowds out the blue-
grass.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, M. S. Bebb in 1861; without locality,
Hall. CHAMPAIGN CO. Urbana, Seymour, June, 1880; Seymour, Tsou, Oct., 1913;
Urbana, Gibbs, Sept., 1898; Urbana, Clinton, Aug., 1895; Urbana, Mosher, Oct.,
1913. CHRISTIAN CO. Taylorville, Andrews, July 1, 1898. FULTON co. Without
locality, Pepoon. JO DAVIESS CO. Warren, Pepoon 479. MCHENRY co. Algonquin,
Nason, Aug., 1878. PEORIA CO. Peoria, McDonald, Aug., 1887; Peoria, Brendel.
ST. CLAIR CO. Mascoutah, Welsch. WABASH CO. Without locality, Shearer.

7. LEPTOLOMA Chase

This genus is represented in North America by a single species.
The plants are perennial with large, open panicles at the ends of brittle
culms, the panicles breaking off when the plant is mature and forming
tumbleweeds. The spikelets are one-flowered, with a minute first
elume. The lemma and palea are thick and leathery. The blades are
rather firm with short, membranous ligules.

284 BULLETIN No, 205 [ March,

Leptoloma cognatum (Schult.) Chase
Fall Witch Grass (Figs. 38 and 34)

Panicum autumnale, Lapham 757, 548, 594; Flagg ’78, 284; Brendel ’87, 64;
Huett ’97, 128; McDonald ’00, 103. Panicwm cognatum, Gleason 707, 181. Lep-
toloma cognatum, Gleason ’10, 147.

Culms erect, or spreading at base, much branched, 1 to 2.5 feet
long, roughened with short, stiff hairs; lower sheaths sometimes

iv

i,

\

| y

33

Figs. 33-34.—33, L. cognatum, inflorescence; 34, L. cognatum,
spikelet

slightly pubescent, the upper smooth; blades 1 to 3 inches long, 4
to 6 mm. wide, smooth except for slightly roughened edges; panicle
spreading, hairy in the axils; spikelets appressed pubescent, 2.7 to 3
mm, long, single on the ends of long pedicels.

This grass is not abundant in Illinois. It occurs mainly in the sand
areas thruout the state.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey. FULTON co. Without local-
ity, Pepoon. HENDERSON co. Sandy banks of the Mississippi near Oquawka,
Patterson, Sept., 1873; Oquawka, Patterson, Sept., 1881. JO DAVIESS CO.

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 285

Without locality, Pepoon 182. KANKAKEE CO. Kankakee, De Selm, Sept., 1913;
Altorf, Hill, July, 1873. Macon co. Decatur, Clokey, Sept., 1898. MASON Co.
Without locality, M@. S. Bebb in 1861. PEORIA co. Peoria, Brendel; Peoria, Mc-
Donald, Aug., 1889. st. CLAIR co. Mascoutah, Welsch.

8. PASPALUM L.

This genus includes a large number of species, most of which are
found in warm climates. None of the species are abundant in the state ;
for the most part they are found in the southern half. The inflo-
rescence consists of spike-like racemes which are racemose along the
main axis. The spikelets are flat on one side and strongly convex on
the other, many of them almost hemispherical. They are frequently
arranged in pairs on the rachis. These grasses are of no economic im-
portance in the state, as they grow mostly in wet or sandy soil and
are not common. The leaves are long and narrow, and often pubescent.
The amount of pubescence present is quite variable on all parts of the
plant.

a. Rachis thin and leaf-like, more than 2 mm. broad.
b. Spikelets pubescent, 1.5 mm, long, elliptical; blades 1 to 6 inches long,

6 to 14 mm. broad. P. repens
bb. Spikelets smooth, 2 mm. long; leaf-blades 2 inches or less long, 2 to 6
mm. broad. P. dissectum
aa. Rachis never. thin and leaf-like, less than 1 mm. broad.
b. Spikelets pubescent, arranged in pairs.
e. Spikelets less than 2 mm. long, usually 1.5 mm., usually glandular

spotted; blades densely pilose. P. setaceum
ec. Spikelets 2 mm. or more long, not glandular spotted; leaves velvety,
the whole plant grayish. P. bushit

bb. Spikelets smooth.
e. Blades ciliate on the margin, the surfaces of the blade either smooth
or pubescent; spikelets in pairs.
d. Surfaces of blades smooth or with a few very fine hairs.

e. Spikelets about 2 mm. long, always more than 1.7 mm.
f. Spikelets green; culms erect; blades usually smooth;
spikelets averaging 2 mm. in length. P. ciliatifolium
ff. Spikelets yellowish or straw color; culms always spread-
ing; blades usually with a few fine hairs on the upper

surface; spikelets usually more than 2 mm. long.
P. stramineum
ee. Spikelets 1.5 to 1.7 mm. long; leaves usually ciliate on the

midnerve. P. longepedunculatum

dd. Surfaces of blades, both upper and under, densely pubescent:
plants erect; spikelets 2 to 2.5 mm. long. P. muhlenbergit

ce. Blades not ciliate on the margin; spikelets usually arranged singly.

d. Blades conspicuously pubescent.
e. Spikelets about 2 mm. long, arranged in pairs; culms spread-

ing or prostrate. P. supinwm
ee. Spikelets 2.5 to 2.8 mm. long, arranged singly; sheaths and
blades long pilose; culms erect. P. longipilum

dd. Blades smooth or slightly pubescent; spikelets arranged singly.
e. Spikelets 3 to 3.2 mm. long; leaf-blades and lower sheaths
with a few hairs; blades reaching the base of the panicle
or exceeding it. P. circulare
ee. Spikelets 2.5 to 2.9 mm. long; plants smooth; panicle much
’ exceeding the blades. P. laeve

226 BULLETIN No. 205 [ March,

Paspalum bushii Nash
(Fig. 39)

Culms erect, 2.5 to 3.5 feet long, smooth; leaves gray-green; lower
sheaths finely pubescent, the upper sheaths ciliate on the margin;
blades long, usually 8 to 10 mm. wide, ciliate on the margins, densely
velvety on both surfaces, and with a few long hairs intermixed;
racemes 2 or 3; spikelets in pairs, 2 to 2.2 mm. long, pale yellowish,
oval, densely pubescent. ‘

This species is found in dry soil and is probably rare in Ihnois,

CASS co. Chandlerville, Seymour, Aug., 1886. HENDERSON co. ‘Oquawka,
Patterson.

36 Ifa
Figs. 35-38.—385, P. dissectum, inflorescence; 36, P. repens, inflorescence,

(a) inflated sheath; 37, P. longepedunculatum, inflorescence; 38, P. stramineum,
leaf

Paspalum ciliatifolium Michx.
(Fig. 40)

Culms erect, 16 to 32 inches long, smooth; sheaths smooth; blades
long, thin, 6 to 15 mm. wide, smooth and glabrous on both surfaces
or occasionally with a few hairs along the midnerve on the under
side, long ciliate on the margins; racemes single or in pairs; spikelets
in pairs, oval or round, 1.8 to 2.2 mm. long, usually smooth and
glabrous, but sometimes with short, appressed hairs.

HENDERSON CO. Oquawka, Patterson, Aug., 1874. MARION co. Without lo-
cality, Brendel. PEORIA CO. Peoria, McDonald, Sept., 1900, WaBASH co. Mt,
Carmel, Waite, Aug., 1887.

i)
Oo
~I

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS

Paspalum circulare Nash
Round-flowered Paspalum (Fig. 41)

Culms erect or slightly reclining, 1 to 2.5 feet long, smooth; sheaths
flattened, the lower ones densely pubescent; blades long, narrow, 5
to 8 mm. wide, with long hairs on the upper surface near the base,
usually smooth and glabrous on the under surface, but sometimes with
a few long hairs; racemes 1 to 4, usually 2 or 3; spikelets arranged
singly, smooth, circular in outline, 3 to 3.2 mm. long.

This species is usually found in moist places. It resembles P.
laeve, from which it may be distinguished by the pubescent sheaths
and larger spikelets.

CLINTON co. Shattuck, Waite, Aug., 1887. sv. CLAIR co. Without locality,
Brendel. WABASH CO. Mt. Carmel, Patterson, Sept., 1877.

SP OIOw

Figs. 39-44.—39, P. bushii, spikelets, (a) glandular hairs; 40, P. ciliati-
folium, spikelets; 41, P. circulare, spikelet; 42, P. dissectum, spikelet; 43,
P. laeve, spikelet; 44, P. longepedunculatum, spikelets

Paspalum dissectum L.
Walter’s Paspalum (Figs. 35 and 42)

Paspalum walterianum, Patterson ’76, 52; Flagg ’78, 284; Brendel ’87, 88.

Culms much branched, usually spreading along the ground at the
base and often rooting at the lower nodes, 1 to 2 feet long, the flowering
culms erect or ascending; sheaths somewhat inflated, smooth; blades
always less than 3 inches in length, usually much shorter, smooth;
racemes 3 to 7, alternate, about an inch in length, usually partly in-
cluded in the upper sheath, rachis flattened, green and membranous,
2 to 3 mm. wide; spikelets arranged in two rows, smooth, oval, 2 to
2.2 mm. long.

This species is found in damp or wet places along ditches and
streams,

PERRY CO. Du Quoin, Hggert in 1893. PULASKI co. Mound City, Brendel,

Aug., 1853. ST. CLAIR co. Without locality, Brendel in 1850; without locality,
Brendel, Aug., 1851; Mascoutah, Welsch.
Paspalum laeve Michx.
Field Paspalum. Smooth Paspalum (Fig. 43)

Paspalum laeve, Lapham 757, 548, 592 (Plate 4, Fig. 3); Patterson ’76, 52;
Flagg ’78, 284; Brendel ’87, 88.

» Culms sometimes erect but oftener spreading, or even lying flat

288 BULLETIN No. 205 [| March,

on the ground, 1 to 3 feet long; sheaths smooth and glabrous, some-
times ciliate on the margins, but never pubescent; blades long, but
‘seldom more than 8 inches, 4 to 8 mm. wide, smooth; racemes 2 to
6, commonly 2 or 3, hairy in the axils, not over 3.5 inches long; spike-
lets arranged singly in two rows, smooth, 2.5 to 2.9 mm. long.

This is one of the commonest species of Paspalum in localities where
this genus is found. There are two varieties, P. laeve australe, which
has blades pilose above and sometimes towards the base beneath, and
P. laeve angustifolium, which has much longer blades, usually over
8 inches, commonly folded, with a few hairs on the upper surface, and
racemes which are usually four inches in length. These varieties are
usually found in the same localities as the species, but none have, as
yet, been seen from Illinois. This species is usually found in moist
fields and meadows.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, southern Illinois, Vasey. HENDER-
SON CO. Oquawka, Patterson, Sept., 1877. MARION CO. Without locality, M. S.
Bebb in 1860. PEORIA CO. Peoria, Brendel in 1853. PERRY CO. Du Quoin, Sey-
mour, Aug., 1€80. svt. CLAIR €O. Mascoutah, Welsch. WABASH CO. Without lo-
cality, Shearer; Mt. Carmel, Patterson, Sept., 1877.

Paspalum longepedunculatum Le Conte
Long-stalked Paspalum (Figs. 37 and 44)

Culms usually spreading or reclining, slender, smooth, 12 to 20
inches long; leaves mostly clustered at the base of the plant; sheaths
smooth; blades long-ciliate on the margins, usually smooth on both
surfaces, but sometimes pubescent on the upper surface; blades usually
not over four inches long, 4 to 6 mm. wide; racemes 1 or 2 on a very
long, slender peduncle; spikelets in pairs, smooth, 1.5 to 1.7 mm. long.

This species is found in dry or sandy soil in about the same situa-
tions as P. muhlenbergit.

PEORIA CO. Peoria, McDonald, Sept., 1900. ROCK ISLAND co. Rock Island,
banks of the Mississippi river, McDonald, Aug., 1900.

Paspalum longipilum Nash
Long-haired Paspalum (Fig. 45)

Paspalum plenipilum, Gray’s Manual, 7th ed., Britton ’07.

Culns erect, 1 to 3 feet long, smooth; sheaths flattened, with hairs
about equal to the sheath in width, more numerous along the margin
and midnerve; blades usually erect, often folded, densely pubescent
on the upper surface, the hairs longer near the base, less densely pubes-
eent on the lower surface ; racemes 2 to 6, usually 3, on a long pedunele,
densely hairy in the axils; spikelets oval, smooth, arranged singly,
2.5 to 2.8 mm. long.

This species somewhat resembles P. laeve, but is distinguished by
the pubescent sheaths. The hairs on sheaths and blades are much
longer than in either variety of P. laeve. =

RICHLAND CO. Olney, Ridgwdy, in 1914. WABASH co. Without locality,
Shearer.

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 289

Paspalum muhlenbergii Nash
(Fig. 46)

Culms usually erect, but often spreading or reclining, 16 to 32
inches long, smooth; sheaths usually pubescent; blades long and nar-
row, 5 to 10 mm. wide, usually wider near the middle, ciliate on the
margins, appressed pubescent on both surfaces; racemes 1 or 2; spike-
lets in pairs, smooth, 2 to 2.5 mm. long.

This species is generally found in sandy soil, along roadsides, in
vacant lots, and other uncultivated places.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey. CHRISTIAN co. Taylorville,
Andrews. JACKSON co. Without locality, French, July, 1878. MACOUPIN CO.
Carlinville, Robertson in 1881. MARION CO. Without locality, Brendel in 1860.
PEORIA CO. Peoria, Brendel in 1859. FOPE co. Herod, Clinton, July, 1898. sv.
CLAIR CO. Without locality, Brendel; Mascoutah, Welsch. WABASH CO. Without
locality, Shearer.

Paspalum repens Berg.
Water Paspalum (Figs. 36 and 47)

Paspalum fluitans, Lapham 757, 548, 592; Patterson ’76, 52; Flayg ’78, 284;
Brendel ’87, 88. Paspalum mucronatum, Britton ’07, 73.

Culms ascending, 6 to 36 inches long, much branched, the branches
spreading out at the base; sheaths inflated, very loose, either smooth
or slightly pubescent ; blades 2 to 8 inches long, 6 to 25 mm. wide, very
thin, slightly rough; racemes 10 to 40, the rachis flattened and mem-
branous; spikelets arranged in two rows, slightly pubescent, 1 to 1.5
mm. long.

This species is usually found in water, with the stems floating, the
inflated sheaths serving as floats. It is found sometimes in wet, muddy
places.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, southern Lllinois, Vasey; without lo-
eality, southern Illinois, Forbes. HENDERSON CO. Oquawka, Patterson, Sept.,
1877. JERSEY co. Bottom lands, Grafton, Seymour, Oct., 1882. JOHNSON CO.
Belknap, Gleason, Aug., 1902. PULASKI cO. Mound City, Vasey. ST. CLAIR CO.
Without locality, Brendel, Aug., 1850; Mascoutah, Welsch.

Paspalum setaceum Michx.
(Fig. 48)
Lapham 757, 592; Patterson ’76, 52; Flagg ’78, 284; Brendel ’87, 88; Mc-

Donald 700, 103; Gleason ’07, 181; Gleason ’10, 147.

Culms usually erect, 1 to 2 feet long, smooth and slender; lower
sheaths and blades densely pubescent; racemes usually single, occa-
sionally 2, on a long, slender peduncle; spikelets in pairs, almost cir-
cular, 1.5 mm. long, usually pubescent and glandular spotted, but
sometimes smooth and glabrous.

This species has been confused with P. muhlenbergii, which has
much larger spikelets. Many of the herbarium specimens of P.
muhlenbergu examined were labeled P. setacewm, so it is quite possible

that the citations above refer to both species.

LEE CO. Dixon, Vasey. MASON CO. Without locality, Wolf; without locality,
Hall; Devil’s Hole, Havana, Gates 3439.

290 BULLETIN No. 205 [ March,

Paspalum stramineum Nash
Straw-colored Paspalum (Figs. 38 and 49)

Culms often spreading or almost flat on the ground, smooth, 8 to
24 inches long; leaves yellowish green or straw color; sheaths smooth’
and glabrous except on the margin, where there is a fringe of short
hairs; blades rather firm, ciliate on the margin, at least 10 mm. wide,
some very fine hairs on the upper surface, smooth and glabrous on
the under surface; spikelets in pairs, yellow or almost white, usually
smooth, almost circular, very thick, 2 to 2.2 mm. long.

This species is found in sandy places and is easily distinguished
by the pale color of leaves and spikelets.

cass co. Beardstown, McDonald in 1900. Jo DAvIESS co. Sandy prairie
near Mississippi river, Pepoon 399. KANKAKEE CO. Kankakee, Hill, Aug., 1872;
Altorf, Hill, Aug., 1872. waBasH co. Mt. Carmel, Waite, Aug., 1887.

Figs. 45-50.—45, P. longipilum, spikelet; 46, P. muhlenbergii, spikelets, 47,
P. repens, spikelets; 48, P. setaceum, spikelets; 49, P. stramineum, spikelets;
50, P. supinum, spikelets

\\

46 *

Paspalum supinum Bosc.
(Fig. 50)

Culms spreading or lying flat on the ground, 2 to 3 feet long,
smooth; sheaths and blades conspicuously pubescent; blades long,
usually 1 foot or more, 5 to 15 mm. wide; spikelets in pairs, smooth,
oval, about 2 mm. long.

This species closely resembles P. bushii in the ‘‘fuzzy’’ appearance
of the leaves, but is distinguished by the glabrous spikelets. In P.
bushii the culms are erect, but never in P. supinum.

MASON CO. Manito, Wilcox 56. UNION co. Anna, Seymour, Aug., 1880.
WABASH CO. Mt. Carmel, Patterson in 1877.

9. PANICUM IL.

This genus belongs typically to warm climates and includes a very
large number of species, of which thirty-six have been found in IIli-
nois. A few of these are weeds, but the majority of them are of no
economic importance. Most of the species are perennials, but a few
are annuals, and among the annuals are found the species which are
common weeds. The inflorescence usually consists of many-flowered
panicles. The spikelets have two glumes and a sterile lemma, which

1918 | THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 291

are usually strongly nerved, and a very hard, shiny, fertile lemma
and palea inclosing the fruit, which are never nerved. ‘This genus
was recently revised by Hitcheock and Chase (Contributions from the
U. S. Nat. Herb., Vol. 15, 1910). The Illinois species have been ar-
ranged in groups following their classification, then arranged alpha-
betically under the different groups.

a. Spikelets smooth and glabrous.
b. Plants never forming a winter rosette of leaves at the base of the culm,
the leaves all similar.
e. Plants annual, without creeping rootstocks.

d. First glume not pver one-fourth the length of the spikelet, and
usually broadly rounded at the apex, never sharp-pointed ;
plants generally smooth thruout. P. dichotomiflorum

dd. First glume always one-half the length of the spikelet, or more;
plants typically very pubescent, the sheaths usually papillose-
hirsute; panicles many-flowered, usually large, with fine capil-
lary branches. |

e. Spikelets 4.5 to 5 mm. long, panicles often drooping.
P. miliacewm
ee. Spikelets always less than 4 mm. long; panicles never droop-
ing, numerous, one-third the entire height of the plant or
more.
f. Spikelets 2.5 or more long, usually at least 3 mm.; blades
sparsely pubescent.
g. Panicles as broad as long, leaves usually crowded at

the base of the plant. P, barbipulvinatum
gg. Panicles narrow, usually less than half as broad as
long. P. flexile

ff. Spikelets only rarely exceeding 2.2 mm. long; blades gen-
erally densely pubescent.

g. Culms slender; the panicles delicate, relatively few-
flowered; spikelets less than 2 mm. long, usually in
pairs at the ends of the naked panicle branches.

P. philadelphicum
gg. Culms stout; panicles diffuse, many-flowered; spike-
lets 2 mm. or more long.

h. Panicles as broad as long, usually more than half
the length of the entire plant, mostly terminal
only. P. capillare

hh. Panicles oval, seldom as broad as long, normally
one-third the length of the entire plant, or less,
produced from all the nodes. P. gattingert
ec. Plants perennial, with or without creeping rootstocks.

d. Panicles open, the spikelets long pediceled; culms from long,

creeping rootstocks, not flattened. P. virgatum
dd. Panicles somewhat contracted and resembling those of common
redtop, (Agrostis alba); culms flattened, sheaths keeled.
e. Long, scaly rootstocks present; spikelets 3.4 to 5.8 mm. long.
: P. anceps
ee. Rootstocks never present; spikelets 1.8 to 2 mm. long.
P. agrostoides
bb. Plants forming a winter rosette at the base of the culm, these much
shorter and broader than the culm leaves.
ce. Spikelets over 3 mm. long.

d. Spikelets pointed or beaked; blades very long and narrow, usu-
ally stitf and erect from the base of the plant; panicle narrow
and few-flowered. P. depauperatum

dd. Spikelets blunt; blades short and rather broad, distributed along
the culm; panicle nearly as broad as long, but not densely
flowered. P. scribnerianum

292 BuLuLetTIN No. 205 [ March,

ec. Spikelets less than 3 mm. lony.

d. Blades very long and narrow, not over 5 mm. wide, usually all
erect from the base of the plant and usually longer than the
panicle until it is mature; spikelets 2.2 to 2.7 mm. long;
sheaths pilose. P. linearifolium

dd. Blades not elongated, not in a tuft at the base of the plant, the
panicle always considerably above the leaves; sheaths smooth,
or the lowermost sometimes puberulent.

e. Spikelets more than 2 mm. long, pointed; sheaths with pale
glandular spots. P. yadkinense
ce. Spikelets 2 mm. or less long, not pointed.
f. Nodes bearded.
g. Ligule not present; spikelets 1.5 to 1.6 mm. long.
: P. microcarpon
gg. Ligule present; spikelets 2 mm. Jong; at least the
lower nodes bearded; fruit always covered by the
second glume and sterile lemma. P. barbulatum
ff. Nodes not bearded; spikelets 2 mm. long; the fruit ex-
posed at tip, never quite covered by the second glume
and sterile Jemma. ; P. dichotomum
aa. Spikelets more or less pubescent.
b. Blades broad, usually more than 1.5 em. wide, cordate at base; culms
stout, usually two feet or more high; spikelets over 2.5 mm. long.
e. Sheaths, at least the lower ones, hispid, the hairs arising from prom-

inent papillae; spikelets 2.7 to 3 mm. long. P. clandestinuin

ee. Sheaths smooth, or with a few soft hairs.
d. Nodes smooth; spikelets less than 4 mm. long. P. latifolium
dd. Nodes bearded; spikelets 4 to 4.5 mm. long. P. bosctt

bb. Blades narrow, at least not over 1.5 em. wide, usually not cordate at base;
culms never as stout, rarely as tall, as in the preceding species.
ce. Spikelets 2 mm. or more long.

d. Blades much elongated, the length usually more than fifteen times
the breadth, less than 5 mm. wide, the leaves growing mostly
erect from the base and forming tufts.

e. Spikelets about 3.5 mm. long, pointed or beaked.
P. depauperatum
ee. Spikelets 3 mm. long or Jess, not pointed or beaked.
f. Culms in small tufts; spikelets 2.7 to 3.2 mm. long, almost.

as broad as long. P. perlongum
ff. Culms in large tufts; spikelets 2.2 to 2.7 mm. long, dis-
tinctly longer than broad. P. linearifolium

dd. Blades usually not elongated, generally over 5 mm. wide; leaves
not all clustered at the base of the plant, but distributed along
the culm.

e. Spikelets more than 3 mm. long; culms stout, erect, with stiff
blades, and usually pubescent sheaths.

f. Plants densely pubescent thruout, the hairs arising from
small papillae, those on the sheaths spreading; panicle
narrow, always longer than wide. P. leibergu

ff Plants not densely pubescent thruout, usually with few
hairs on the blades, the upper surface normally smooth;
panicle about as wide as long.

eg. Spikelets distinctly longer than broad, somewhat
pointed, usually pubescent; plants olivaceous, pu-
bescence appressed. P. oligosanthes
ge. Spikelets nearly as broad as long, blunt, usually
nearly smooth; plants always bright green or yel-

lowish green, pubescence not appressed.
P. scribnerianum

ee. Spikelets less than 3 mm. long.

f. Leaves densely pubescent on both surfaces, the entire

plant pubescent; spikelets 2.2 to 2.4 mm. long.

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 293

g. Hairs on the culms and sheaths spreading horizon-

tally. P. villosissimum

gg. Hairs on the culms and sheaths not spreading hori-

zontally, but appressed or ascending. hi

P. pseudopubescens

ff. Leaves not densely pubescent on both surfaces, the entire
plant not noticeably pubescent.

g. Blades ciliate, otherwise glabrous, or with a few fine
hairs; spikelets 2 mm. long; sheaths retrorsely
pilose; blades very soft. P. xalapense

gg. Blades broad, sometimes ciliate around the cordate
base; spikelets 2.5 to 3 mm. long; sheaths smooth;
blades firm. P. commutatum
ec. Spikelets less than 2 mm. long.

d. Culms and sheaths densely and usually conspicuously pubescent ;

ligules densely hairy, 2 to 5 mm. long.

e. Spikelets more than 1.5 mm. long.

f. Culms conspicuously pubescent with long, soft, horizon-
tally spreading hairs; blades pubescent, the hairs
nearly as long as the width of the -blade; spikelets 1.8
to 1.9 mm. long. P. praecocws
ff. Culms and blades pubescent, with short, appressed hairs.

g. Upper surface of blades smooth, or with only a few
hairs near base; blades with a thin, white margin;
spikelets 1.6 to 1.7 mm. long. P. tennesseense

gg. Upper surface of blades pubescent; blades never
with a thin, white margin; spikelets 1.6 to 1.8 mm.
long. P. huachucae
ee. Spikelets 1.5 mm. or less long.
f. Summit of the culm with long hairs, panicle branches

tangled. P. implicatum
ff. Summit of the culm without hairs; panicle branches not
tangled. P. meridionale

g. Culms and sheaths not conspicuously pubescent,
either smooth or with short, appressed hairs; ligules
(except in P. lindheimert) generally very short, not
over 1.5 mm. long.

h. Spikelets not spherical, longer than broad; lig-
ules always visible; blades narrow.

i. Sheaths ciliate, otherwise glabrous or the
lower sparsely pilose, about half the length
of the internode; ligule densely hairy, 3 to
5 mm. long. P. lindheimeri

ii. Sheaths appressed pubescent, very little
shorter than the internodes; ligules about
1 mm. long. P. tsugetorum

hh. Spikelets spherical or nearly so; ligules obsolete
or nearly so; blades broad.

i. Panicle nearly as broad as long; blades not

distinctly nerved. P. sphaerocarpon

ii. Panicle about two-thirds as broad as long;

blades distinctly nerved. P. polyanthes
DICHOTOMIFLORA

Only one species of this group is found in Illinois. These are
annual plants, typically smooth thruout, with large, spreading panicles
4 to 16 inches long. The leaves are long and narrow, the ligules 1 to
53 mm. long, membranous, edged with a fringe of long hairs. The
first glume is very short, one-fourth or less the length of the spikelet.

294 BULLETIN No. 205 {March,

Panicum dichotomifiorum Michx.
Sprouting Crab Grass (Fig. 51)
. Panicum proliferum, Lapham 757, 548, 549; Patterson ’76, 52; Flagg ’78,
284; Brendel ’87, 64. Panicum dichotomiflorum, Hitchcock and Chase 710, 51.
Entire plant usually smooth and glabrous; culms 1 to 4 feet long,
somewhat flattened, usually spreading at the base, but sometimes erect,
geniculate at the nodes, the nodes often consider-
ably swollen; sheaths loose, very often purplish;
blades 4 to 20 inches long, 3 to 20 mm. broad;
spikelets smooth, 2 to 3 mm. long, usually 2.5 mm.
This species is usually found in moist ground
and along ditches and streams, and generally pro-
duces a very rank growth. It also occurs as a weed
51 in waste places and cultivated soil, often forming
es -_. * a vank growth after crops have been removed. In
pone eae such situations it must be regarded as a weed, but
let it is not usually very troublesome as it is an annual
and ean be easily controlled if thoro eultivation is
given the soil and no seed is allowed to form.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey. CHAMPAIGN co. Champaign,
Gibbs, Oct., 1886; Champaign, Mosher, Oct., 1914; Urbana, Gibbs, Sept., 1898;
Urbana, Seymour, Aug., 1880; Urbana, Mosher, Sept., 1914. CHRISTIAN CO.
Taylorville, Andrews, Aug., 1898. cooK co. Chicago, Umbach in 1896; Chicago,
Moffatt 374. FULTON co. Without locality, Pepoon 485; Canton, Wolf. HAN-
cock co. Without locality, Mead in 1842. sJacKson co. Makanda, Seymour, Aug.,
1880. JO DAVIESS co. Warren, Pepoon 485, KANKAKEE CO. Kankakee, De Selm,
Sept., 1913. PrEoRIA co. Peoria, Brendel; Peoria, McDonald 71. PiaT? co. White
Heath, Mosher, Oct., 1914. st. CLAIR CO. Without locality, Eggert 110; Mascoutah,
Welsch. WABASH CO. Without locality, Schneck in 1904; without lecality, Shearer ;
Mt. Carmel, Schneck in 1888,

CAPILLARIA

The plants in this group are all annuals. They are very pubescent,
usually on both culms and leaves, but at least on the leaves. The
hairs arise from small, rounded papillae. The ligules are about 3 mm.
long and are fringed with hairs. The panicles are of the type shown
in Fig. 33, usually large, from 4 to 18 inches long, and at maturity they
often break away from the plant and become tumble-weeds. The
spikelets are smooth and the first glume is always at least one-third the
length of the spikelet. Six species of this group are found in Illinois.

Panicum barbipulvinatum Nash
(Fig. 52)
Hitcheock and Chase 710, 63.

Culms erect, 6 inches to 3 feet long, pubescent below the nodes;
sheaths very pubescent; blades sparsely pubescent on both surfaces,

1918] THE GRASSES oF ILLINOIS 295

1.5 to 6 inches long, 3 to 12 mm. wide; panicles broad and spreading,
often almost half the length of the plant, few-flowered; spikelets
smooth, 3 to 3.3 mm. long, usually about 3 mm.

This species very closely resembles P. capillare; at first sight the
two might be considered identical. P. barbipulvinatum, however,
has a much thinner and more spreading panicle, its blades are not so
hairy and its spikelets are larger.

HENDERSON CO. Vicinity of Oquawka, Patterson.

. Panicum capillare L.

Witch Grass. Tumble-weed. Old Witch Grass. Tickle Grass
(Fig. 53)

Michaux ’03, 47; Lapham ’57, 548, 594; Babcock ’73, 97; Patterson ’76, 52;
Flagg ’78, 284; Brendel ’87, 64; Higley and Raddin ’91, 139; Huett ’97, 128;
Hitchcock and Chase ’10, 60; Gates ’12, 354; Sherff 713, 594.

Culms usually erect, 8 inches to 4 feet long, pubescent, especially
at the nodes; sheaths densely pubescent, the hairs nearly as long as the
sheath is wide; blades 4 to 10 inches long, 5 to 15 mm. wide, the
midrib prominent, both surfaces thickly covered with short, appressed
pubescence; panicle many-flowered, included in the sheath till matur-
ity, then very large and spreading, sometimes half the length of the
plant, nearly circular in outline, finally breaking away from the plant
_ and acting as a tumble-weed; spikelets 2 to 2.5 mm. long.

This is a very common species in Illinois, by far the most common
of this group. It is a weed in cornfields and among other cultivated
crops. It is also found along ditches and in other moist places. It is
easily eradicated by cultivation if care is taken to destroy the plants

before the seed forms.

CHAMPAIGN CO. Urbana, Gibbs, Sept., 1898; Urbana, Mosher, Oct., 1913;
Urbana, Clinton, Aug., 1895; Seymour, T’sou, Oct., 1913. cooK co. Chicago,
Robert Bebb 2917; Chicago, Babcock, Sept., 1874. Du PAGE co. Naperville, Um-
bach in 1898. ¥orD co. Roberts, Wilcox 109. FULTON co. Without locality,
Pepoon. JO DAVIESS CO. Without locality, Pepoon 478. KANKAKEE CO. Kanka-
kee, De Selm, Sept., 1913. LAKE CO. Lake Forest, Jensen, Aug., i895. MCHENRY
co. Algonquin, Nason, Aug., 1879. PEORIA co. Peoria, McDonald, Sept., 1904.
PIATT Co. White Heath, Mosher, Oct., 1914. sv. cLAIR co. Cahokia, Lggert,
Sept., 1875; Mascoutah, Welsch. sTaRK co. Wady Petra, V. H. Chase in 1897.
WABASH CO. Without locality, Shearer, Sept., 1899; Mt. Carmel, Schneck, Sept.,
1876. witt co. Mokena, A. Chase 2008.

Panicum flexile (Gattinger) Sevribn.
(Fig. 54)

Hitchcock and Chase 710, 55.

Culms erect, 8 to 20 inches long, almost smooth except at the nodes;
sheaths pubescent, the hairs about half as long as the width of the
sheath, but not very conspicuous; blades sparsely pubescent or smooth,
4 to 12 inches long, 2 to 6 mm. wide; panicles narrow, few-flowered,

296 BULLETIN No. 205 [ March,

scldom half the length of the plant; spikelets smooth, 3 to 3.5 mm. long.

This is not a common species in Illinois. It is found in sandy soil,
usually where it is moist. It is readily distinguished from P. capillare
by its slender habit of growth, less dense pubescence on the sheaths,
smaller, narrower panicles, narrower leaves, and larger, more pointed
spikelets. Its habit of growth is more like that of P. philadelphicum,
from which it is distinguished by its narrower panicle, and longer,
pointed spikelets.

cooK co. Chicago, A. Chase 1474, 1479, 1729, 2006; Chicago, Hill in 1901;
Trondale, Chicago, A. Chase 1473; Grand Crossing, Robert Bebb 2928; Grand
Crossing, McDonald, Sept., 1893. LAKE co. Beach, Umbach 2543. ST. CLAIR CO.

Without locality, Eggert 241. WaBasH co. Without locality, Shearer, Oct., 1915;
Mt. Carmel, Schneck, Sept., 1879.

\

52 53 54 55 56 57
Figs. 52-57.—Spikelets: 52, P. barbipulvinatum; 538, P. capillare; 54, P.
flexile; 55, P. gattingeri; 56, P. miliaceum; 57, P. philadelphicum

Panicum gattingeri Nash
(Fig. 55)

Hitchcock and Chase 710, 57.

Culms 8 inches to 3 feet long, erect at first, but soon spreading and
rooting at the lower nodes; culms, nodes, and sheaths densely pubes-
cent, the hairs almost as long as the width of the culm; blades 4 to 8
inches long, 6 to 10 mm. wide, sparsely pubescent or smooth; panicles
numerous, oval in outline, never as much as half the length of the
plant; spikelets usually 2 mm. long.

This species is very closely related to P. capillare but differs in the
spreading habit, the more oval outline of the panicle and the shorter,
broader spikelets. It is usually a weed and is found in the same situ-
ations as P. capillare. It may easily be eradicated by cultivation, which
prevents the formation of seed.

CHAMPAIGN CO.- Urbana, Seymour, Oct., 1880. FULTON co. Canton, Wolf
in 1882. PEORIA CO. Peoria, Brendel. STARK CO. Wady Petra, V. H. Chase,
Sept., 1900; 124 in 1897. VERMILION co. Catlin, Lansing, Sept., 1912. WABASH
‘0. Without locality, Shearer, Aug., 1915.

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 297

Panicum miliaceum L.
Broom-corn Millet. Hog Millet (Fig. 56)

Hitcheock and Chase ’10, 69.

Culms stout, usually erect, 8 inches to 3 feet high, pubescent below
the nodes, which are densely, softly pubescent; sheaths loose, densely
pubescent, the hairs not more than half the width of the sheath ; blades
4 to 12 inches long and 8 to 20 mm. broad, sparsely long pubes-
cent on both surfaces, sometimes almost smooth; panicles rela-
tively small, rather compact, many-flowered, and usually drooping;
spikelets 4.5 to 5 mm. long.

This plant frequently escapes from cultivation and is found in
waste places.

cooK co. Chicago, A. Chase 1633; Woodlawn, Chicago, Millspaugh 389.
LAKE CO. Beach Area, Gates. VERMILION CO. Hastings, S. Gray in 1905.

Panicum philadelphicum Bernh.
(Fig. 57)

Culms erect and slender, 6 to 20 inches long, usually pubescent
but sometimes smooth and glabrous; sheaths densely pubescent, the
hairs as long as the width of the sheath and usually perpendicular to
it; blades short and narrow, 1 to 4 inches long and 2 to 6 mm. wide,
sparsely pubescent; panicles oval in outline, few-flowered, the spike-
lets mostly in twos, 1.7 to 2 mm. long.

This plant is usually yellowish green and is much smaller and more
slender than P. capillare. The panicles are very much smaller, never
more than one-third the length of the plant, and the spikelets are
usually smaller. This species is found in rather dry soil, by roadsides
and in waste places. It is rare in Illinois.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey.

VIRGATA

This group includes plants which are perennial by stout, creeping
rootstocks. They are not densely pubescent plants like the Capillaria,
the only species in Illinois being practically smooth thruout. The
ligules are 2 to 4mm. long, membranous, and fringed with hairs. The
spikelets are large and contain a staminate flower in addition to the
perfect one. The first glume is always more than half the length of
the spikelet, and the second glume is longer than the sterile lemma.

Panicum virgatum IL.
Switch Grass (Fig. 58)
Michaux ’03, 48; Engelmann 744, 103; Lapham 757, 548, 594; Babeock ’73,
97; Flagg ’78, 284; Brendel ’87, 64; Higley and Raddin 791, 139; Huett ’97,

128; Gleason ’07, 181; Gleason ’10, 147; Hitchcock and Chase ’10, 87; Gates
712, 354.

298 BULLETIN No. 205 . [ March,

Culms erect, 3 to 6 feet tall, smooth; sheaths
usually smooth, sometimes ciliate on the margin
or with a few hairs at the throat; blades 4 inches
to 2 feet long, 4 to 15 mm. wide, usually smooth
except for the rough edges; panicles large and
spreading; spikelets 3.5 to 5 mm. long.

This is a species belonging to the prairie. It is
usually found in moist places, where it grows in
large bunches. When young, it furnishes some

58 grazing for stock, but when the plant is old the

Fig. 58.—P. vir- stems are very hard.
gatum, spikelet

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Hall in 1870. cooK co. Chicago,
A. Chase 1178, 1636; Chicago, Babcock, July, 1874. CHAMPAIGN co. Without
locality, Percival, Oct., 1876; Champaign, Clinton, Sept., 1897; Champaign, Sey-
mour, July, 1880; Savoy, Gibbs, Sept., 1898. FULTON co. Without locality, Pe-
poon. IROQUOIS Co. Thawville, Wilcor 100. 30 DAVIESS co. Without locality,
Pepoon 411. LAKE co. Waukegan, Gleason and Shobe 326; Winthrop Harbor,
Gates. LEE co. Dixon, Seymour, Sept., 1882. Macon co. Decatur, Clokey in
1898. MENARD co. Athens, Hall in 1870. oGLE co. Without locality, M. S.
Bebb in 1858; Oregon, Waite in 1885. PrEORIA co. Princeville, V. H. Chase 818;
Peoria, Brendel; Peoria, McDonald, Aug., 1903. ST. CLAIR CO. Mascoutah,
Welsch. STARK CO. Wady Petra, V. H. Chase in 1897. WABASH co. Without
locality, Shearer; Old Palmyra, Schneck, Sept., 1897; Mt. Carmel, Scineck, Oct.,
1876. witt co. Joliet, Skeels 470.

AGROSTOIDEA

These plants are perennials, growing in bunches, some species with
scaly rootstocks. The sheaths are often keeled. The ligule is never
over a millimeter long, membranous, and sometimes fringed with hairs.
The panicles in our species are many-flowered, the spikelets short-
pediceled, mostly crowded on the ascending branches. The spikelets
are smooth and have a keeled first glume.

Panicum agrostoides Spreng.
Munro Grass (Fig. 60)

Lapham ’57, 548, 594; Patterson ’76, 52; Flagg ’78, 284; Huett ’97, 128;
Hitchcock and Chase 710, 100.

Culms erect, smooth, 1.5 to 3 feet long, many short leaves clustered
at the base of the plant with some very long ones on the culm; sheaths
keeled, usually smooth; blades folded at the base, flat above, 8 to 20
inches long, 5 to 10 mm. wide, slightly rough on both surfaces but
not pubescent; panicles narrowly oval in outline, much the size and
shape of common redtop, Agrostis alba; spikelets 1.8 to 2 mm. long.

This species is usually found ini damp places, often forming a
dense stand over considerable areas that are low and somewhat boggy.

1918] as THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 299

It also grows along the banks of streams and ponds. It furnishes very
good fodder if present in sufficient quantities.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Southern Illinois, Vasey in 1860.
CLINTON co. Shattuck, Waite. HANCOCK co. Augusta, Mead. JACKSON CO.
Makanda, Seymour, Aug., 1880. KANKAKEE CO. Kankakee, De Selm, Ang., 1913.
MADISON CO. Madison, Hggert 227. PEORIA CO. Peoria, Brendel in 1859. Pu-
LASKI Co. Mound City, Vasey. st. CLAIR CO. Without locality, Brendel in 1850;
Mascoutah, Welsch. WABASH co. Without locality, Shearer, Sept., 1898.

Panicum anceps Michx.
(Fig. 59)

Brendel ’59, 585; Vasey ’61, 671; Patterson ’76, 52; Flagg ’78, 284; Brendel

87, 64; Hitchcock and Chase 710, 107.

Culms erect from stout, scaly rootstocks, smooth, 1.5 to 3 feet long
sheaths finely pubescent or smooth and glabrous; blades often folded
together at base, usually slightly
rough and glabrous, sometimes 2
few hairs near the base, 8 to 20
inches long, 4 to 10 mm. wide;
panicles stiffly erect, the long
slender branches not close to-
ecther, bearing short, appressed
branchlets, mostly along the
lower side; spikelets 3 to 3.8 mm.
59 60 long, usually about 3.5.
Figs. 59-60.—Spikelets: 59, P. anceps; This species is found in moist,
60, P. agrostoides 3 :

sandy soil, often in open woods.

It is of no economic importance.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey. HENDERSON co. Without lo-
cality, Patterson. PEORIA CO. Peoria, Brendel. Pore co. Herod, Clinton, July,
1898. PULASKI co. Mound City, Vasey. st. CLAIR co. Mascoutah, Welsch.
UNION co. Anna, Seymour, Aug., 1880. WABASH Co. Mt. Carmel, Waite in 1887;
Paton Station, Schneck, Aug., 1881.

Subgenus DICHANTHELIUM Hitchcock and Chase

The remaining groups of Panicum are included in this subgenus.
In these plants there is a more or less well-marked winter rosette of
leaves at the base of the plant, which are broader and shorter than
the other leaves (Fig. 67). This rosette is formed in midsummer
or fall, and lives over until spring. In the spring simple culms (Fig.
73) are produced, bearing terminal panicles with numerous spikelets,
which seldom produce seed (Fig. 67b). After these panicles are
mature, the culms branch and the winter rosette is formed. This
changes the appearance of the plant completely in most cases (Fig. 67),
and some of these autumnal forms have been described as new species.
A second lot of panicles, often hidden by the sheaths, are produced
on the branches, the spikelets on these producing seed.

Fig. 61.—P. depauperatum

BULLETIN -No. 205 [ March,

DEPAUPERATA

This group includes plants with simple
culms, 4 to 16 inches tall with long, nar-
row leaves clustered at the base. The
ligule is a ring of very short hairs. The
panicles are small, very narrow, and in
summer are borne well above the leaves.
In autumn the panicles are smaller and
more or less hidden by the leaves. The
species are extremely variable both as to
size of spikelet and amount of hairs
present.

Panicum depauperatum Muhl.

(Figs. 61 and 64)

Lapham 757, 548, 596; Babcock *73, 250;
Patterson ’76, 52; Flagg ’78, 284; Brendel 87,
64; Higley and Raddin ’91, 139; Huett ’97,
128; Hitchcock and.Chase 710, 151.

Culms slender and stiff, variable as to
amount of pubescence present, sometimes
smooth and glabrous; sheaths usually
finely papillose-pubescent; blades 3 to 9
inches long, 2 to 5 mm. wide, the smaller
eaves at the base of the plant; panicles
narrow, few-flowered; spikelets beaked.
the second glume and sterile lemma ex-
tending beyond the fruit, 3 to 4 mm.
long, usually about 3.5 mm., sometimes
with a few short hairs.

There is little difference between the
plant in spring and in autumn. It grows
in poor soil, generally in open woods.
Panicum depauperatum as mentioned by
the earlier authors probably included P.
perlongum, as that species has only re-
cently been segregated from P. -depauper-
atum.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Lansing, A. Chase 867.
JACKSON CO. Makanda, Gleason, June, 1903.

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 301

Panicum perlongum Nash
(Fig. 62)

Gleason °10, 148; Hitchcock and Chase ’10, 153.
Culms as in the preceding species; sheaths usually densely pubes-
cent, very seldom smooth; blades 2 to 10 inches long, 2 to 4 mm. wide;
panicles very small, but appearing densely flowered ; spikelets blunt, or
if appearing beaked, the points of the second glume and sterile lemma
not extending beyond the fruit, 2.7 to 3.8 mm. long, often pubescent.

This species closely resembles P. depauperatum, but the spikelets
do not have a beak prolonged beyond the fruit, and the leaves are
longer and narrower. P. depawperatum has very few panicles in the
autumn, while P. perlongum has a great many. It is a prairie species
and grows in dry soil.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Babcock; without locality, Wolf.
CHAMPAIGN CO. Urbana, Seymour, May, 1880. HENDERSON CO. Oquawka, Pat-
terson. JO DAVIESS CO. Hanover, Gleason and Gates 2530. LAKE co. Beach,
Gates 2454; Waukegan, Gates 2472. PEORIA CO. Peoria, McDonald. stark CoO.
Wady Petra, V. H. Chase 460, 1456, 1511. witt co. Joliet, Hill, June, 1907;
Joliet, Skeels, June, 1904.

62 63 64

Figs. 62-64.—Spikelets: 62, P. perlongum; 63, P. linearifolium; 64, P.
depauperatum

Panicum linearifolium Scribn.
(Fig. 63)

Hitchcock and Chase 710, 155.

Culms 8 to 18 inches long, very slender, seldom pubescent; sheaths
usually densely pubescent; blades 4 to 15 inches long, often longer
than the panicles, 2 to 4 mm. wide; panicles larger than in the two
preceding species; spikelets 2.2 to 2.7 mm, long, often with a few soft
hairs.

This species is best distinguished by its smaller, narrower spikelets,
but the leaves are typically much longer and narrower and not so
stiff as in the preceding species. It grows in dry woods.

cooK co. Glencoe, Gates, June, 1907. pu PAGE Co. Wheaton, Moffatt, July,
1893. JACKSON CO. Makanda, Gleason, June, 1903. sv. cLAIR co. Mascoutah,
Welsch. UNION CO. Cobden, Waite, June, 1885.

TIN No. 205

1918 | _ THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 303

LAXIFLORA

The species belonging to this group are characterized by their soft,
pale green foliage. The blades in the Ilinois species are edged with
rather long hairs or cilia and are usually pubescent on both surfaces.

‘ The leaves in summer are always clustered at the base of the plant
and are shorter here than on the culm. This cluster of leaves persists
in the autumn, but does not form a true rosette such as is found in the
next group, Dichotoma. The ligules are very short and inconspicuous.
The panicles in summer are borne far above the leaves; in autumn
they are smaller and often hidden by them. The spikelets are small,
always less than 2.5 mm. in length.

Panicum xalapense H. B. K.
(Figs. 65 and 66)

Hitcheock and Chase 710, 160.

Plants in spring and early summer with smooth, slender culms 8
to 24 inches long; sheaths densely, retrorsely pubescent with long, soft
hairs arising from small papillae; blades 4 to 8
inches long, 7 to 12 mm. broad, sparsely pubescent
on both surfaces, the edges ciliate, with hairs usu-
ally as long as those on the sheaths; panicles few-
flowered; spikelets pubescent, about 2 mm. long,
sometimes slightly shorter. Plants in autumn more 66
branched at the base, forming denser tufts than in Fig. 66.—P. zal-
the spring. apense, spikelet

This species is most abundant in the southern states. It has been
collected only a few times in I]linois.

JACKSON co. Without locality, French in 1905. svt. cLAIR co. Mascoutah,
Welsch. UNION co. Anna, Seymour, Aug., 1880.

DICHOTOMA

The plants belonging to this group are strikingly different in
spring or early summer, and in autumn. The spring or vernal form
has several simple culms in a tuft. The panicles are few-flowered, not
very large, and their spikelets rarely perfect seed. In the autumn
a small, flat rosette is formed at the base, and the culms branch freely,
often resembling miniature trees. These culms often become too heavy
to stand erect and-are found bent over or lying prostrate on the
ground. The dead leaves of the winter rosette are always found at
the base of the culms of the vernal form, if care is taken in collecting
the plants. The panicles borne in autumn are very much smaller than
those of the vernal form, and are usually included in the leaf sheaths,
often scarcely visible. Their spikelets always produce seed. The leaves

304 BULLETIN No. 205 [March,

and culms in this group are never conspicuously pubescent, and the
ligules are very short, less than 1 mm. in length, and fringed. The
spikelets are never over 2.5 mm. in length.

Panicum barbulatum Michx.
(Fig. 68)

Vernal culms 1 to 2.5 feet tall, the lower nodes bearded; sheaths
shorter than the internodes, but usually more than half as long, some-
times with a few soft hairs; blades 2.5 to 4 inches long, 6 to 10 mm.
wide; panicles borne well above the leaves; spikelets 2 mm. long,
smooth, the second glume always covering the ripe fruit. Autumnal
culms branched rather more than in P. dichotomum and usually reclin-
ing, being too top-heavy to stand erect.

This species is found in sterile soil, usually in the woods. In its
vernal phase it closely resembles P. dichotomum, but it always has
bearded nodes.

JACKSON co. Makanda, Seymour, Aug., 1880. PEORIA CO. Peoria, Brendel.
WABASH CO. Belmont, Schneck, Oct., 1900.

Panicum dichotomum IL.
(Figs. 67 and 69)

Lapham 757, 596 (Plate 4, Fig. 4); Babcock ’73, 97; Patterson '76, 52;
Flagg ’78, 284; Higley and Raddin ’91, 139; Huett ’97, 128; Hitchcock and
Chase ’10, 190.

Vernal culms 1 to 2 feet long, smooth and glabrous, the nodes
not bearded, but sometimes, especially the lower ones, with a few hairs;
sheaths less than half as long as the internodes, smooth or sparsely
pubescent, leaves 2 to 4 inches long, 4 to 8 mm. wide, usually smooth
but sometimes with a few long hairs along the edges; panicles borne
well above the leaves, small and few-flowered; spikelets 2 mm. long,
smooth, the second glume always shorter than the fruit when ripe.
Autumnal culms much branched from about the middle, the lower por-
tion usually unbranched, making the plant look like a small tree;
blades much smaller than in the vernal form.

This species is often purplish in both vernal and autumnal forms.
The vernal form closely resembles P. barbulatum, but this species has
bearded nodes and the fruit is always covered by the second glume.
The species deseribed and figured by Lapham was evidently not P.
dichotomum as it was densely pubescent, while this species is smooth.

ST. CLAIR CO. Mascoutah, Welsch. UNION CO. Cobden, Waite in 1885.

306 BULLETIN No. 205 | March,

Panicum microcarpon Muhl.
(Rig, 710)

Lapham ’57, 548, 595; Patterson ’76, 52; Flagg ’78, 284; Brendel ’87, 89;
Hitchcock and Chase 710, 181.

Spring form growing in tufts or large clumps; culms generally
erect, sometimes bent at base, 1 to 2 feet long, the nodes bearded with
reflexed hairs; sheaths smooth, except sometimes the lower ones, ciliate
along the margin; blades thin, 4 to 5 inches long, 8 to 15 mm. wide,
smooth and glabrous except sometimes for a few hairs near the base;
panicles many-flowered, oval in, outline; spikelets 1.5 to 1.6 mm. long,
glabrous. Autumnal form much branched, especially at the top, and
bent over from the weight of the branches; blades much smaller, 1
to 2.5 inches long, the panicle smaller and few-flowered.

This species grows in wet woods and swampy places. The-species
described by Lapham was probably not P. microcarpon, as he says it —
resembles P. latifolium. His description is not complete enough to
determine certainly what the species was, but it was probably P.
polyanthes. |

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey. PEORIA co. Peoria, Brendel,
POPE CO. Herod, Clinton, July, 1898. WABASH Co. Without locality, Shearer,
Aug., 1899; Mt. Carmel, Schneck in 1880; Mt. Carmel, Waite, Aug., 1887; near
Mt. Carmel, Schneck, June, 1900; Shannon’s swamp, Schneck, June, 1884.

68 69 70 dial

Figs. 68-71.—Spikelets: 68, P. barbulatum; 69, P. dichotomum; 70, P.
microcarpon; 71, P. yadkinense

Panicum yadkinense Ashe
(Mige ih)

Hitchcock and Chase 710, 195.

Vernal culms 2 to 3 fect tall; smooth, the nodes not bearded;
sheaths smooth, with pale, almost white, glandular spots; blades
smooth, 3 to 5 inches long, 8 to 11 mm, broad; panicles larger than in
P. dichotomum; spikelets 2.3 to 2.5 mm. long, smooth. Autumnal form
considerably branched but never tree-like as in P. dichotomum, the
leaves smaller but not much reduced.

This is a considerably larger species than either P. dichotomum or
P. barbulatum and is easily recognized by its pointed spikelets. The

1918] : THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 307

leaves are much broader than in either of these species, and the white
spots between the veining of the sheaths is quite distinctive.

JACKSON co. Makanda, Gleason in 1903. JOHNSON co. Without locality,
Schneck in 1902; Tunnel Hill, Schneck, May, 1902.

SPRETA

The plants belonging to this group are rather stiff and have short,
narrow leaves not over 8 mm. wide. They resemble the plant shown
in Fig. 73. The ligule is a ring of long hairs, usually 5 to 6 mm.
long. The plants are seldom pubescent, but the spikelets usually are
short pubescent. The autumnal form does not differ very widely from
the spring form, the extra branches being short and closely appressed
to the plant.

Panicum lindheimeri Nash
(Fig. 72)

Hitcheock and Chase 710, 203.

Vernal culms erect, rather stiff, 1 to 3 feet high, smooth or some-
times finely pubescent on the lower part; lower sheaths usually with
fine pubescence, the upper smooth and usually about
half the length of the internodes; lgules often
4 to 5 mm. long; blades smooth on both surfaces ;
spikelets 1.4 to 1.6 mm. long, densely pubescent.
Autumnal culms spreading, or often lying on the

Wig. 72.—P. lind. ground, branching at the nodes, the branches short
heimeri, spikelet and appressed to the culm, the leaves much smaller
than the vernal form, and pointed.

This species is’ very variable as to the kind and amount of
pubescence present. The plants are usually smooth thruout but often
pubescent near the base. The species has the general appearance
of P. dichotomum in the vernal form, but is usually taller. It also
resembles a narrow-leaved plant of P. huachucae silvicola.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey. CHAMPAIGN co. Urbana,
Seymour, June, 1880. cook co. Chicago, Nelson in 1899; Irondale, Chicago,
Hill, July, 1913. JACKSON co. Without locality, French in 1871. LAKE CO.
Beach, Umbach 2242. svt. CLAIR co. Without locality, Lggert 237.

LANGUINOSA

In this group the plants are usually conspicuously pubescent. The
blades are not over 10 mm. wide and are usually narrower. The
ligules are densely hairy, from 2 to 5 mm. long. The spikelets are
pubescent and never more than 3 mm. long. The autumnal form is
much branched and quite different from the spring form. The leaves
and panicles are considerably smaller. The species now included in

308

ay
lig.

N= 78

73.—P. huachucae

BULLETIN No. 205 [ March,

this group were incorrectly referred by
the earlier American authors to ?. pubes-
cens Lam. or Michx. (that name being a
synonym of P. scopartum Lam.). P.
pubescens, Engelmann (744, p. 103) is
cited, but it is impossible to determine
which species he collected.

Panicum huachucae Ashe
(Figs. 73 and 74)

Hitcheock and Chase 710, 214; Gates ’12, 354.

Culms 8 to 24 inches tall, erect and
stiff; culms and leaves densely papillose-
pubeseent; nodes bearded with spread-
ing hairs; sheaths shorter than the in-
ternodes; blades 1.5 to 2.5 inches long,
6 to 8 mm. wide; ligules 3 to 4 mm, long;
panicle axis and branches covered with
long hairs nearly to the end; spikelets
1.6 to 1.8 mm. long, densely pubescent.

This species is usually light olive green
but generally tinged with purple, and
the spikelets are often purplish. The
plant is very stiff and harsh to the touch
from the abundance of hairs. The au-
tumnal form is much the same, tho the
culms are branched and the leaves much
shorter; usually not much over an inch
in length. The panicles are very small
and almost hidden by the leaves. There
is considerable variation in the amount
of pubescenee present. The species in-
tergrades with the subspecies P. huachu-
cac silvicola, which is apparently more
abundant in Illinois.

CHRISTIAN CO. Taylorville, Andrews, Aug.,
1898. cook co. East Side, Chicago, Hill, July,
1905; Palos Park, Umbach, June, 1909; Lan-
sing, A. Chase, June, 1898; Beverly Hills, A.
Chase, June, 1902; Washington Heights, Rob-
ert Bebb, June, 1902; Chicago, Somes, Aug.,
1907; Chicago, Hill in 1905. ForD co. Kemp-
ton, Wilcox, July, 1902. HENDERSON co. Oquaw-
ka, Patterson. KNOX CO. Williamsfield, V. ZH.
Chase 1858. LAKE Co. Beach, Umbach 2237,
2244; Waueonda, Hill in 1898; Rockefeller,
Gates, July, 1907; area north of Waukegan,
Gates; Waukegan, Gleason and Shobe, Aug.,
1906. MACON co. Elm Ridge, Clokey 2435.

1918) THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 309

PEORIA CO. Princeville, V. H. Chase, Aug., 1906. RICHLAND co. Near Olney,
Ridgway. VERMILION CO. Muncie, Mosher, May, 1914. WABASH Co. Without
locality, Shearer.

Panicum huachcae silvicola Hitche. and Chase

Hitchcock and Chase 710, 218.

This subspecies differs from the species in being taller, more slen-
der, and not so pubescent. It is also a softer, grayer green than the
species and does not look or feel so harsh. The nodes are bearded
with reflexed hairs. The leaves are softer and thinner and less
pubescent.

CHAMPAIGN CO. Mahomet, Gleason 1033; Urbana, Gates, Sept., 1907; Urbana,
Seymour and Waite 1024; Urbana, Mosher, June, 1914. cook co. Orland, Um-
bach, Aug., 1909; Palos Park, Umbach, Sept., 1909; La Grange, Hill, July, 1907;
Riverside, Hill, July, 1907; Englewood, Derr, May, 1885. pu PAGE co. Downer’s
Grove, Umbach 1820. JAcKSON co. Makanda, Gleason 1028, 1030; Grand Tower,
Gleason 1031. JO DAVIESS CO. Without locality, Pepoon 580 and .01. KNOX Co.
Williamsfield, V. H. Chase, 1851. LA SALLE ©O. Starved Rock, A. Chase, July,
1901. macon co. ©. H. & D. Bridge, Clokey 2437, 2449; Decatur, Clokey, Aug.,
1897. MCLEAN CO. Normal, Somes 138. MARSHALL Co. Lawn Ridge, V. H.
Chase 1477, 1491. MENARD CO. Without locality, Hall in 1861; Athens, Hall in
1861. OGLE co. Oregon, Waite in 1885; Pine Rock, Waite, June, 1885, PEORIA
co. Peoria, McDonald, Aug., 1900; Peoria, Robert Bebb, June, 1905; Glasford,
Wilcox 42; Peoria, Brendel; Princeville, V. H. Chase 81. Piatt co. White Heath,
Mosher, July and Oct., 1914. RICHLAND CO. Parkersburg, Ridgway, June, 1902.
ST. CLAIR CO. Mascoutah, Welsch. VERMILION co. Muncie, Mosher, Oct., 1914.
WABASH CO. Without locality, Schneck, July, 1897; without locality, Shearer,
June, 1899; Hanging Rock, Ashe and Schneck, July, 1899; Mt. Carmel, Schneck,
July, 1888; Patton, Schneck, June, 1879.

Panicum implicatum Scribn.
(Fig. 75)

Hitchcock and Chase ’10, 213.

Vernal form with slender culms, 8 to 20 inches tall; culms and
sheaths papillose-pubescent; sheaths shorter than the internodes;
ligules 4 to 5 mm. long; blades 1 to 2.5 inches long, 3 to 6 nm. wide,
with long, spreading pubescence, 3 to 4 mm. long, on the upper sur-
face and shorter pubescence on the lower; panicles small, the axis with
long, soft hairs, the branches usually tangled; spikelets 1.5 mm. long,
densely pubescent. Autumnal form much branched from the nodes,
forming small tufts of leaves, which partially conceal the much re-
duced panicles; culm leaves seldom over an inch long and 2 to 4 mm.
in width.

This species is found in wet meadows, bogs, and swamps. It is a
northern species and so far has been found only in the northern half
of the state. It closely resembles P. hwachucae as to general appear-
ance and habit of growth.

COOK co. Chicago, Nelson 66. rIRoQquoIs co. Chebanse, Hill, July, 1870.
MASON CO. Manito, Wileom 57. oGLE co. Without locality, Waite in 1885. Rock
ISLAND CO. Near Rock Island, McDonald, Sept., 1901.

310 BULLETIN No. 205° [ March,

Panicum meridionale Ashe
(Fig. 76)

Hitcheock and Chase ’10, 210.

Vernal form with slender culms 6 to 15 inches tall; culms and
sheaths pone) nodes bearded; sheaths shorter than the internodes;
blades .5 to 1.5 inches long, 2 to 4 mm. wide, sparsely long pubescent
on the upper surface and short pubescent on the lower; panicle small,
the axis smooth or short pubescent; spikelets 1.3 to a mm. long,
densely pubescent. Autumnal form much branched from all the nodes,
the branches forming small tufts; leaves and panicles not very much
reduced ; panicles hidden by the ee.

This species is found in sandy woods or shady places, in sterile soil
in the woods, or in peat soil on the prairie. It closely resembles P
implicatum but the culms are shorter and more slender HEL the plants
less pubescent.

cooK co. Chicago, Hill 145. Kensington, Hill, July, 1890; Irondale, Chicago,
Hill, July, 1918. KANKAKEE CO. South of Kankakee, Hill, July, 1913.

76

79

Figs. 74-80.—Spikelets: 74, P. huachucae; 75, P. implicatum; 76, P. meri-
dionale; 77, P. praecocius; 78, P. pseudopubescens; 79, P. tennesseense; 80,
P. villossissimum

Panicum praecocius Hitche. and Chase
(Fig. 77)

‘Hitcheoek and Chase ’10, 226.

Vernal form with rather stout culms, 6 to 24 inches tall, often
forming spreading tufts; culms and sheaths densely long pubescent;
sheaths much shorter than the internodes; ligules 3 to 4 mm. long;
blades 2 to 4 inches long, 4 to 6 mm, wide, long pubescent on both sur-
faces, the hairs nearly equal to the width of the blade; spikelets 1.8

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 311

to 1.9 mm. long, densely pubescent. Autumnal form much branched
at the nodes, the branches closely appressed to the stem; leaves only:
slightly smaller than in the spring form, and partially concealing the
much reduced panicles.

This species is found on dry prairie and in clearings. It has been
found only in the middle western states. The type locality for the
species is Wady Petra in Stark county.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey. CHAMPAIGN co. Champaign,
Waite, June, 1886; Urbana, Seymour, May, 1880. 30 pAviess co. Hanover, Glea-
son and Gates, June, 1908; without locality, Pepoon .02 and .04. KNox co. Wil-
liamsfield, V. H. Chase 1850. LAKE co. Winthrop Harbor, Gates 2778; “Waukegan,
Gates 2469. LA SALLE co. Starved Rock, A. Chase 1605. MARSHALL Co. With-
out locality, V. H. Chase, 1791. MASON co. Havana, Gleason 1034, STARK CO.
Wady Petra, V. H. Chase 472, 649, 1212, 1214, 1218. witt co. Joliet, Hill in’
1907.

Panicum pseudopubescens Nash
(Fig. 78)

Panicum sp., Gleason ’07, 181. P. pseudopubescens, Gleason 710, 147; Hitch-
cock and Chase 710, 235.

Vernal form with stiff culms 8 to 20 inches tall; culms and sheaths
densely pubescent, the hairs usually as long as the width of the culm;
nodes densely bearded with spreading hairs; sheaths shorter than the
internodes; ligule about 2 to 3 mm. long; blades 2 to 4 inches long, 5
to 10 mm. wide, the upper surface long pubescent near the edge, smooth
in the center, occasionally smooth all over, the lower surface with
short, fine pubescence; spikelets 2.2 to 2.4 mm. long, densely pubescent.
Autumnal form usually with spreading culms, sometimes flat on the
ground, with a few branches at each node; leaf blades considerably
reduced and usually smooth.

This species is usually light olive green in color. It is found in
sandy soil, often in open woods. Gleason found it very abundant in
the sand areas which he studied.. There it formed one of the charac-
teristic bunch grasses where the sand was being continually blown
away from the roots of the-plants.

JO DAVIESS CO. Hanover, Gleason and Gates 2535, 2539, 9575. LA SALLE CO.
Starved Rock, A. Chase 1605; Starved Rock, Skeels, May, 1905.

Panicum tennesseense Ashe
(Fig. 79)

Hitchcock and Chase 710, 218.

Vernal form 10 to 25 inches tall, stiffly erect or slightly spread-
ing; culms and sheaths with short hairs, sometimes nearly smooth;
ligules 4 to 5 mm. long; nodes bearded; sheaths shorter than the inter-
nodes ; blades 2 to 3.5 inches long, 5 to 8 mm. wide, with a very narrow
white margin, upper surface with a few long hairs near the base, the

312 BULLETIN No. 205 [ March,

lower surface short appressed pubescent; spikelets 1.6 to 1.7 mm.
long, densely pubescent. Autumnal form usually spreading, the culms
much branched at the nodes, forming tufts of leaves, often bending
the plant to the ground; leaves much reduced and concealing the very
small panicles.

This species is usually found in moist places. In general appear-
ance it is much like P. huachucae and its subspecies, but in P. tennes-
seense the upper surface of the leaves is not pubescent. Hitchcock and
Chase cite some intergrading specimens in which a few hairs occur on
the upper. blade surface. The plants often have a purplish tinge.

CHRISTIAN CO. Taylorville, Andrews, June, 1899. LAKE co. Zion City, Hill,
Aug., 1905; Waukegan, Gates, June, 1908; Beach, Umbach, July, 1909. Rock
ISLAND CO. Banks of Mississippi near Rock Island, McDonald, Sept., 1900.

Panicum villosissimum Nash
(Fig. 80)

Hitchcock and Chase ’10, 233.

Culms in large tufts 10 to 20 inches tall, rather slender; culms and
sheaths very densely long pubescent, giving them a soft, fuzzy appear-
ance; nodes bearded; sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule 4
to 5 mm. long; blades 2 to 4 inches long, 5 to 10 mm. wide, densely soft,
appressed pubescent on both surfaces; spikelets 2.2 to 2.3 mm. long, the
pubescence spreading. Autumnal form usually much branched, espe-
cially at the lower nodes, the leaves closely appressed to the stem, the
plants often prostrate; blades not much reduced, usually with a few
long hairs on the upper surface.

This species is found in dry, usually sandy soil, in open woods or
on hillsides. The vernal form is light olive green; the autumnal form
is often tinged with purple.

LA SALLE CO. Starved Rock, A. Chase 1606. MADISON co. Without locality,
Eggert 293.

COLUMBIANA

The species of Columbiana differ mainly from those of Languinosa
in the absenee of long, spreading hairs on culms and sheaths, the
pubescence being short and appressed. The ligule is short, usually
not over 1 mm. long. The blades are firm and always less than 1 em.
wide, rarely with long hairs on the upper surface. The autumnal form
is freely branched. The spikelets are always covered with short
pubescence.

Panicum tsugetorum Nash
(Fig. 81)
Hitchcock and Chase 710, 245.

Vernal culms 12 to 18 inches tall, usually ascending but often bent
over near the base; densely pubescent with very fine, soft hairs, closely

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 313

appressed; sheaths usually as long as the internodes, less pubescent
than the culms, ciliate on the margin; ligules 1 to
1.5 mm. long; blades with a thin, white margin, 1.5
to 3 inches long, 4 to 7 mm. wide, usually smooth
above, sometimes with a few long hairs near the
base; spikelets pubescent, 1.8 to 1.9 mm. long.
Autumnal form spreading on the ground and
Fig. 81—P. tsu- branching from the lower and middle nodes, the
getorum, spikelet branches growing erect or ascending, not closely
appressed to the culm; blades only slightly re-

duced, sometimes sparsely covered with long hairs.

This species is found in dry, sandy soil, usually in the woods. The
type specimen was collected in a hemlock grove. The plants in spring
are bluish green; later they often acquire a purplish tinge. The spike-
lets are usually dark colored. The general appearance of this species
is like that of P. huachucae silvicola.

LA SALLE CO. Starved Rock, A. Chase 1604; Starved Rock, Greenman, Lans-
ing, and Dixon 155. OGLE co. Oregon, Hill in 1905.

SPHAEROCARPA

The species belonging to this group are usually found in small
tufts and are practically smooth thruout. The ligules are obsolete or
nearly so. The blades are rather stiff with strong margins, which are
usually very rough. The panicles are usually about the length of the
leaves, and are borne well above them in the spring form. This
group is so named on account of the shape of the spikelets, which are
almost spherical.

Panicum polyanthes Schult.
(Figs. 82 and 83)

Hitchcock and Chase ’10, 254.

Vernal form with culms in a tuft 1 to 3 feet tall; culms stout,
erect, smooth, scarcely ever with hairs on the nodes; sheaths as long as
the internodes, smooth, ciliate on the margin; gules too small to be
distinguished ; blades 5 to 10 inches long, 15 to 25 mm. wide, rough on
the upper surface and smooth on the lower, except for a few hairs
along the margin near the base; panicles much longer than broad;
spikelets 1.5 to 1.6 mm. long, nearly spherical, short pubescent.
Autumnal form much lke the vernal except that a few branches with
smaller blades and panicles are produced from the lower nodes.

The species listed as P. microcarpon by Lapham (’57, 548, 595)
was probably P. polyanthes. The name P. microcarpon Muhl. 1817,
not Muhl.; Ell. 1816, was then applied to the species now known as
P. polyanthes (Hitchcock and Chase 710, 255). This species is found
in damp places, usually in or near the woods. It is much taller than

314

Buierin No. 205

Fig. 82.—P. polyanthes

[ March,

’ 84, P. sphaerocarpon

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 315

P. sphacrocarpon and has larger leaves. The plants are light green
in color.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, French in 1905. JACKSON co. Grand
Tower, Gleason, July, 1902. ProRIA co. Peoria, Brendel. UNION co. Cobden,
Earle in 1886.

Panicum sphaerocarpon Ell.
(Fig. 84)

Hitchcock and Chase 710, 251. :

Vernal form with culms 8 to 20 inches tall, seldom erect, the tuft
usually spreading, not pubescent except on the nodes; sheaths almost
as long as the internodes, slightly ciliate on the margin, otherwise

smooth; ligules too small to be distinguished ;
blades 2 to 4 inches long, 7 to 14 mm. wide,

) i, rough but not pubescent on the upper surface
e 6 except along the margin near base, smooth
: below; panicles about as wide as long; spike-
83 84 lets short pubescent, 1.6 to 1.8 mm. long, al-

eee, 85-84. — Spike- most spherical. Autumnal form spreading on
lets: 83, P. polyanthes; the ground, branching from the lower and
middle nodes; blades and panicles not greatly
reduced.
This species is usually found in sandy soil. It is not common in
Illinois. The plants are usually light green with purplish spikelets.

CHRISTIAN CO. Taylorville, Andrews, Aug., 1898. JACKSON co. Without lo-
eality, French, June, 1878, and May, 1905.

OLIGOSANTHIA

The species belonging to this group are as a rule stout, erect plants
with stiff leaves and large spikelets. The sheaths are usually hairy, the
ligules never more than 1 mm. long and the spikelets 3 to 4 mm. long.
In the autumnal form the culms branch near the top.

Panicum leibergii (Vasey) Scribn.
(Figs. 85 and 86)

Hitcheock and Chase ’10, 289.

Vernal form with erect, slender culms in small tufts; culms 1 to
3 feet tall, usually pubescent; sheaths shorter than the internodes, con-
spicuously papillose-pubescent, the hairs spreading; ligules not visible ;
blades 2 to 6 inches long, 7 to 15 mm. wide, short, appressed papillose-

316

|
|

85

Big. 85.—P.

eulm

i

BuLuetin No. 205 [ March,

leibergit,

pubescent on both surfaces, tho
sometimes only on the basal part;
panicles few-flowered, the length
about twice the width; spikelets
3.7 to 4 mm. long, long pubescent.
Autumnal form not very different,
the culms usually leaning over, a
few branches from the middle and
lower nodes, the blades very little
reduced, usually concealing the
panicles.

This is another of the prairie
species. It is found thruout the
state.

CHAMPAIGN CO. Champaign, Waite
in 1888; Champaign, Seymour, June,
1884. CHRISTIAN Co. Taylorville, <An-
drews, June, 1899. DU PAGE Co. Naper-
ville, Umbach 1669. 30 DAVIESS CO. War-
ren, Pepoon 12 and 729. KNOX CO.
Without locality, V. H. Chase 1701.
LIVINGSTON CO. Emington, Wilcox, July,
1902. MACON co. Decatur, Clokey, May,
1889.° MARSHALL CO. Near Lawn Ridge,
V. H. Chase July, 1907. MENARD CO.
Without locality, Hall in 1861. PEORIA
co. Peoria, McDonald, June, 1903. svt.
CLAIR CO. Mascoutah, Welsch. STARK
co. Wady Petra, V. H. Chase 461, 1466.
WILL co. Joliet, Skeels 334.

Panicum oligcsanthes Schult.
(Fig. 87)

P. pauciflorum, Patterson ’76, 52;
Flagg ’78, 284. PP. oligosanthes, Lap-
ham 757, 595; Hitchcock and Chase 710,
285.

Vernal form with culms in small
tufts 1 to 2.5 feet tall, usually
erect and finely pubescent; nodes
bearded; sheaths shorter than the
lower internodes, sometimes longer
than the upper ones and covered
with soft pubescence; ligule 1 to 2
mm. long; blades 2.5 to 5.5 inches
long, 5 to 8 mm. wide, smooth ex-
cept for a few hairs on the upper

1918] | THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 317

surface near the base; spikelets with long pedicels, 3.5 to 4 mm. long,
sparsely pubescent. Autumnal form branching mostly from the upper
nodes, often becoming top-heavy and lying on the ground; leaves much
smaller and panicles reduced to a few spikelets.

This species is found in sandy soil usually in moist situations. The
plants are olive green, very often deeply tinged with purple.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Schneck.

87 88

Figs. 86-88.—Spikelets: 86, P. leibergii; 87, P. oli-
gosanthes; 88, P. scribnerianum

Panicum scribnerianum Nash
(Fig. 88)

Gleason 710, 148; Hitchcock and Chase ’10, 283; Gleason 712, 48; Gates 712,
354,

Vernal form with the culms in fairly large tufts, usually somewhat
spreading, 8 to 20 inches tall, generally smooth; nodes not bearded ;
sheaths papillose-pubescent ; ligules about 1 mm. long; blades 2 to 4
inches long, 6 to 12 mm. wide, usually ciliate on the margin, some-
times with a few short hairs on the under surface, otherwise smooth ;
panicles small, the length and breadth about equal; spikelets 3.2 to
3.3 mm. long, sparsely pubescent or almost smooth. Autumnal form
branching from the middle and upper nodes, the leaves slightly re-
duced, partially concealing the small panicles.

This is a typical prairie species found in dry or sandy soil. It
is probably one of the commonest species of perennial Panicum found
in Ilinois.

CHRISTIAN CO. ‘Taylorville, Andrews, June, 1899. cook co. Chicago, A.
Chase 1607; Chicago, Greenman, Lansing, and Dixon 156. HENRY CO. Galva, V.
H. Chase 1749. JO DAVIESS CO. Without locality, Pepoon 185; Hanover, Gleason
and Gates 2598. LAKE co. Beach, Umbach 2365; Waukegan, Gates in 1909.
MACON co. Near Decatur, Clokey 2438. MARSHALL co. Without locality, V. H.
Chase 1792. PEORIA CO. Peoria, McDonald, June, 1890. STARK co. Wady Petra,
V. H. Chase 922. VERMILION cO. Muncie, Mosher, May, 1914. WABASH Co.
Without locality, Shearer.

318 BuLLETIN No. 205 . [ March,

\ Os COMMUTATA
\ bf 4, é 5
4 0 The species of this group are
a rather stout, usually with smooth

culms. The blades are generally
more than 1 em. wide, smooth,
and ciliate at the base. The
ligule is practically wanting.
The spikelets are finely pubes-
cent, from 2.5 to 3 mm. long.

Panicum commutatum Schult.
(Figs. 89 and 90)

Hitchcock and Chase 710, 303.

Vernal form with culms in
tufts, 1 to 2.5 feet high, the culms
smooth; nodes occasionally with
minute hairs; sheaths shorter
than the internodes, usually
smooth except for the ciliate
margin; ligules not visible;
blades short and broad, 2 to 7
inches long, 12 to 25 mm. broad,
smooth on both surfaces, the
margin ciliate at the base; spike-
lets 2.6 to 2.8 mm. long, pubes-
eent. Autumnal form branching
from the middle of the culm;
the leaves little reduced ; panicles
very small. ;

This species is found mostly
in woods and shady places. It
is dull, grayish green, usually
tinged with purple.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without lo-
cality, Schneck in 1879.

LATIFOLIA

The species belonging to this
eroup are readily distinguished
by their very tall culms and

Figs. 89-90.—89, P. commutatwm, broad, thin leaves, which are
culm; 90, P. commutatum, spikelet

1918]

THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 319

usually more than 1.5 em. wide. The ligules are never over 1 mm. long.
The spikelets are from 2.5 to 4.5 mm. long, short pubescent. The

species are all found in shady places.

ie ae ee
oa pe aes — =
(Ze See ee
a

91
Fig. 91.—P. boscti, leaf and panicle

Panicum boscii Poir.
(Figs. 91 and 93)

Hitcheock and Chase 710, 317.
Vernal form with the culms in large clumps 1.5 to 2.5 feet tall,
usually smooth, very rarely pubescent; nodes retrorsely bearded ;

320 Buuuerin No. 205 [ March,

sheaths a little more than half the length of the internodes, ciliate on
the margin, otherwise smooth, rarely with fine pubescence; ligule
about 1 mm. long; blades 2.5 to 5 inches long, 1.5 to 3 em. wide,
usually smooth on both surfaces but sometimes with a few fine, short
hairs on the upper surface, ciliate on the margin at base; spikelets
4 to 4.5 mm. long, covered with fine hairs. Autumnal form as in
P. clandestinum, sometimes branched enough to be top-heavy.

This species is found in woods and other shady places. It is closely
related to P. latifolium and has been mistaken for that species by many
of the earlier writers, who seem to have included all the species of
Latifolia under that name.

CHRISTIAN Co. Taylorville, Andrews, May, 1899. JACKSON co. Without lo-
eality, French in 1905. sJoHNSON co. Tunnel Hill, Ridgway in 1902. POPE CO.
Herod, Clinton, July, 1898. sv. cLaiR Co. Mascoutah, Welsch. WABASH CO.
Without locality, Schneck, May, 1906; without locality, Shearer, Aug., 1899;
Hanging Rock, Schneck, Sept., 1904; Key’s Hill, Schneck, June, 1905.

93

Figs. 92-94.—Spikelets: 92, P. clandestinum; 93, P. boscii; 94, P. latifolium

Panicum boscii molle (Vasey) Hitche. and Chase

This differs from the species in the soft pubescence of culms and
sheaths, which gives them a velvety appearance. The blades are vel-
vety on the under surface and have slightly longer hairs on the upper
surface. It is usually not so tall as the species, but there are inter-
erading forms.

UNION CO. Without locality, French in 1872. WABASH co. Without locality, |
Shearer, Aug., 1899; Leipold’s farm, Schneck, May, 1906; Mt. Carmel, Schneck,
May, 1904.

Panicum clandestinum [..
(Fig. 92)

Engelmann 744, 103; Lapham 757, 548, 595; Patterson ’76, 52; Flagg ’78,
284; Brendel ’87, 64; Higley and Raddin ’91, 139; Huett ’97, 128; Hitchcock
and Chase 710, 312.

Vernal form with the culms in large clumps, the culms 2.5 to 5
feet tall, usually papillose-pubescent ; sheaths as long as the internodes,
with long hairs like the culm, at least on the lower sheaths, or on the

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 321

branches; blades 4 to 8 inches long, from 1.5 to 3 em. broad, rough on
both surfaces but not pubescent, ciliate on the margin at base ; spikelets
2.7 to 3 mm. long, short pubescent. Autumnal form not very different
except for the branching from the middle and upper nodes, and the
much reduced panicles almost completely hidden in the sheaths.

This species is found in sandy soil, usually in moist situations.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Wolf in 1882. CHRISTIAN co. Tay-
lorville, Andrews, May, 1898. FULTON co. Canton, Wolf. Jo DAyIESS co. Along
the Mississippi river, Pepoon 580. KANKAKEE CO. Mt. Langham, near Kankakee,
De Selm, Sept., 1913. PEORIA co. Peoria, Brendel; Peoria, McDonald, Sept., 1902
and 1903. UNION co. Anna, Seymour, Aug., 1880. VERMILION co. Stony Crest,
Butts and Seymour. WABASH CO. Without locality, Shearer; Mt. Carmel, Schneck,
June, 1885; Hanging Rock, Schneck, May, 1906; Belmont, Schneck, Oct., 1900.

Panicum latifolium L.
(Fig. 93)

Lapham 757, 548, 595; Babcock ’73, 97; Patterson ’76, 52; Flagg ’78, 284;
Higtey and Raddin ’91, 139; Huett ’97, 128; Hitchcock and Chase 710, 314.

Vernal form with a clump of stout culms 1.5 to 3.5 feet tall,
smooth ; the nodes not bearded, rarely with a few hairs; sheaths shorter
than the internodes, ciliate on the margin, otherwise smooth, or with a
few short, soft hairs on the lower sheaths; ligule not visible; blades 3
to 5 inehes long, 1.5 to 4 em. wide, usually smooth, but occasionally ~
with a few short hairs on one or both surfaces; spikelets 3.4 to 3.7
mu. long, sparsely pubescent. Autumnal form as in P. clandestinum.

This species is usually found in shady places. The plants are typ-
ically smooth, but some specimens are found with short hairs on
culms and sheaths.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey; without locality, M. S. Bebb
in 1861. CHAMPAIGN co. Urbana, Waite in 1886; Urbana, Butts and Seymour,
June, 1880. CHRISTIAN co. Taylorville, Andrews, May, 1894. cook co. Beverly
Hills, Robert Bebb 882; Edgewater, Chicago, Gates, July, 1906; Hyde Park, Chi-
cago, Babcock, July, 1873. 30 DAVIESS co. Without locality, Pepoon, Aug., 1908.
LAKE co. Antioch, Gleason and Shobe 268. MCHENRY co. Algonquin, Nason.
MACON co. East of Fishing Club, Clokey 2436. MARSHALL co. .Lawn Ridge, /V.
H, Chase, July, 1907. MENARD co. Without locality, Hall in 1861. PEORIA Co.
Peoria, Brendel; Glasford, Wilcom 22, 41; Mossville, A. Chase 889; Peoria, Me-
Donald 33. sv. CLAIR Co. Without locality, Eggert 239; Mascoutah, Welsch.
VERMILION CO. | Muncie, Mosher, May, 1914. wasBasH co. Without locality,
Schneck in 1879; Key’s Hill, Schneck, June, 1905; Mt. Carmel, Schneck in 1878
and Aug., 1900; Hanging Rock, Schneck in 1879.

The following species cited as having been found in JI]hnois have

not been seen:

Panicum laxiflorum Lam.—This name is listed by Higley and Rad-
din (791, 139) and Huett (797, 128). It probably refers to P. dichot-
omum, while the name P. dichotomum was applied to the species of
Languinosa.

Panicum nitidum Lam.—This name is listed by Huett (797, 128)
as occurring in Illinois. According to Hitchcock and Chase this species
is not found so far north. The name may refer to P. sphaerocarpon.

322 BuLuetin No. 205 [ March,

Panicum pubescens Lam.—tThis is cited by Engelmann (744, 103)
and refers to the group Languinosa, the name P. pubescens having
been applied to these species in common.

Panicum scoparitum.—Englemann (744, 103) cites P. scoparium
Lam., while Lapham (757, 548) cites P. scopariwm Michx. The species
they referred to is probably P. scribnerianwm.

Panicum xanthophysum A. Gray.—lLapham (757, 548, 595) and
Flagg (’78, 284) cite this as an Illinois species. The name was prob-
ably misapplied to P. leibergit.

10. ECHINOCHLOA Beauv.

This genus is closely related to Panicum. It has the same type of
spikelets, but the sterile lemma is awned or awn-pointed, and some-
times the second glume. The spikelets have stiff, bristly hairs on the
nerves. The plants are coarse, rank annuals with long, broad leaves.
The ligule is obsolete. The inflorescence is of panicles with short
raceme-like branches, the spikelets crowded.

Sheaths smooth; awns seldom an inch in Jength, usually much shorter.
Spikelets nearly always awned, the second glume with a short awn or awn-
pointed; spines on the nerves stout and strong; panicle usually spreading,
never compact, usually more than an inch in width. EL. crus-gallt

Spikelets with a very short awn or awn point, second glume not awned or awn-
pointed; spines on the nerves delicate; panicle never spreading, very com-

pact, an inch or less in width. I. frumentacea
Sheaths, at least the lower, papillose-hispid; awns usually about two inches in
length. : E. walters

Echinochloa crus-galli (l.) Beauv.
Barnyard Grass. Cock-spur Grass (Figs. 98 and 99)

Panicum crus-galli, Lapham 757, 548, 596; Babcock ’73, 97; Patterson ’76,
52; Flagg ’78, 284; Brendel ’87, 64; Higley and Raddin ’91, 139; Huett ’97, 128.
Echinochloa crus-gallt, Gates 712, 354; Sherff 713, 594.

Culms branching from the base, often spreading over the ground, 1
to 6 feet long; sheaths and blades smooth, the blades 6 to 24 inches
long, 6 to 25 mm. wide; panicle 4 to 12 inches long, usually spreading ;
spikelets about 3 mm. long.

This species was introduced from Europe and is found all over the
state. It is one of the commonest weeds of the farm and garden, pre-
fcrring damp, rich soil, and hence it is usually abundant in barnyards.
The panicles vary in color from green to purple. It can be eradicated
by a thoro cultivation, which prevents the tormation of seed.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey. CHAMPAIGN co. Urbana,
Clinton, Aug., 1895; Urbana, Seymour, June, 1880; Urbana, Mosher, Oct., 1913.
cooK co. Bowmanvil, Chicago, Gates, July, 1906; Chicago, Babcock, Aug., 1874.
FULTON CO. Canton, Wolf. KANKAKEE CO. Kankakee, De Selm, Aug., 1913.
LAKE CO. Libertyville, Sherff, Sept., 1912; Waukegan, Gleason and Shobe 320.
MCHENRY co. Algonquin, Nason, Aug., 1878. Macon co. Decatur, Clokey, Aug.,
1897. PEORIA CO. Peoria, McDonald; Peoria, Brendel. stv. CLAIR co. Mascou-
tah, Welsch. STARK CO. Without locality, V. H. Chase 95. WINNEBAGO CO.
Fountaindale, M. S. Bebb.

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 323

Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb.) Link

Japanese Barnyard Millet. Billion Dollar Grass (Figs. 95 and 96)

This species was introduced into the United States some years ago,
in the hope that it would prove to be a valuable forage plant. As
its value was not so great as was expected, little of it is now cultivated.
It has frequently been found as an escape from cultivation. It closely
resembles the short-awned forms of FH. crus-galli, but has a narrower,
more compact panicle.

VERMILION CO. Bank of Butler Branch creek, Catlin, Lansing, Sept., 1912.

Echinochloa walteri (Pursh) Nash
Salt-marsh Cockspur Grass (Fig. 97)

Panicum hispidum, Lapham 757, 548. Panicum crus-galli var. hispidum, Pat-
terson ’76, 52; Flagg ’78, 284; Higley and Raddin ’91, 139; Huett, ’97, 128.

Culms branching from the base and often spreading, 1 to 6 feet
long; sheaths, at least the lower, densely papillose-hirsute; blades
usually roughened but not pubescent, a foot or more long, 12 to 25
mm. wide; panicle nodding, the branches usually ascending; spikelets
about 3 mm. long, the first glume with a short awn, the second glume
and sterile lemma with awns 2 inches or more long.

This is the only native species of the genus found in Illinois. It
likes wet places, such as marshes, and is usually found near salt water.

cook co. Shores of Calumet lake, Chicago, A. Chase 1426; shores of
Calumet lake, Chicago, Sherff, Sept., 1912; Pullman, Hill, Aug., 1900. FULTON CO.
Canton, Wolf. LAKE co. Antioch, Gleason and Shobe 259; Fox lake, Aug., 1908.
PEORIA CO. Peoria, Brendel. sv. CLAIR CO. Without locality, Eggert, Sept., 1879;
Mascoutah, Welsch; East St. Louis, Eggert, June, 1878. TAZEWELL Co. East
Peoria, McDonald, Aug., 1889.

Figs. 95-9995, LE. frwmentacea, inflorescence; 96, LZ. frumentacea, spike-
let; 97, E. walteri, spikelet; 98, E. crus-galli, inflorescence; 99, L. crus-galli,
spikelet

324 ‘ BULLETIN No. 205 [ March,

11. CHAETOCHLOA Scribn.

This is another genus closely related to Panicum and with the same
type of spikelets, but these have a cluster of one to several bristle-like
branchlets on the short pedicel just below the spikelet (Fig. 101). The
inflorescence is of spike-like panicles; the blades are long and flat. The
ligule is a ring of hairs 1 to 2 mm. in length. The Illinois species are
all annuals and were all introduced from Europe.

Spikelets at least 3 mm. long.
Lemmas deeply transversely rugose, very convex; bristles 5 or more, yellow or
yellowish brown; panicle 1 em. or less thick; spikelets usually exceeding 3
mm. in length. C. lutescens
Lemmas faintly transversely rugose, moderately convex; bristles 1 to 3, usu-
ally purple, but sometimes yellow; inflorescence generally more than 1 cm.

thick. C. italica
Spikelets about 2 mm. long.

Bristles downwardly barbed. C. verticillata

Bristles upwardly barbed. C. viridis

MPs.
a LO oe
ASS =
Ses =

Lad EL,

AN
\
Xi
r

|

i\\ meee

102

Figs. 100-104.—100, C. lutescens, inflorescence; 101, C. lutescens, spikelet ;
102, C. italica, spikelet; 103, C. viridis, spikelet; 104, C. verticillata, spikelet

Chaetochloa italica (L.) Seribn.
Millet. Hungarian Grass. Italian Millet. Foxtail Millet (Fig. 102)

Setaria italica, Flagg ’78, 284; Higley and Raddin ’91, 140; Huett ’97, 129.

Culms generally erect, 2 to 6 feet tall; sheaths and blades generally
roughened but not pubescent; blades 6 to 12 inches in length, 6 to 36
mm. wide; panicle 1.25 to 5 em. thick, usually compound; spikelets
about 3 mm. long, bristles 2 or 3, usually purplish.

This grass is extensively cultivated for forage. There are many
varieties. Hungarian grass is a form with small purple heads. The
common millet with a large compound inflorescence is more generally
cultivated.

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 325

CHAMPAIGN CO. Urbana, Clinton, Aug., 1895; Urbana, Seymour, July, 1880;
Urbana, Mosher in 1914. cook co. Chicago, A. Chase 1198. KANKAKEE CO.
Kankakee, Reecher, July, 1908; Kankakee, Hill, Aug., 1870. LAKE co. Channel
lake, Haynes, Aug., 1905. ProrIA co. Peoria, McDonald, July, 1900; Peoria,
Brendel. WABASH CO. Mt. Carmel, Schneck, July, 1905.

Chaetochloa lutescens (Wiegel.) Stuntz
Yellow Foxtail. Pigeon Grass (Figs. 100 and 101)

Setaria glauca, Lapham ’57, 548, 597 (Plate 4, Fig. 5); Patterson ’76, 52;
Flagg ’78, 284; Higley and Raddin ’91, 140; Huett ’97, 129; Gleason 710, 148.
Chaetochloa glauca, Britton ’07, 89.

Culms branching at the base, usually erect, or often spreading,

1 to 4 feet long; sheaths and blades smooth, the blades 2 to 6 inches
long, 5 to 15 mm. wide; panicle 1 to 3.5 inches long, 1 cm. or less wide ;
spikelets 3 mm. or more in length, bristles 5 or more, tawny yellow,
upwardly barbed.

Yellow foxtail is one of the worst weeds of the cornfield, or in
fact of most grain fields. It comes up in the field after cultivation
has been discontinued and produces enormous quantities of seed, which
effectively seed the field for spring. If the field is plowed in the fall
before the seed ripens, and thoroly cultivated the next year, a great
deal of it will be destroyed. It blooms almost thruout the season and
ean be eradicated only by frequent cultivation. Not all the seed sprouts
the first year; the soil is often so full of it that it takes several years
to eradicate it.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, M. S. Bebb in 1868. CHAMPAIGN CO.
Without locality, Percival, Nov., 1876; Urbana, Gibbs, Sept., 1898; Urbana, Clin-
ton, Aug., 1895; Urbana, Seymour, July, 1881; Urbana, Burrill, Aug., 1880; Sey-
mour, Tsou, Oct., 1913; Urbana, Mosher, Oct., 1913. cook co. Chicago, Lansing,
Aug., 1897; Chicago, Hill, July, 1895. Laker co. Channel lake, Haynes, Aug.,
1905. MACOUPIN co. Carlinville, Robertson in 1881. PEORIA CO. Peoria, Bren-
del. .ST. CLAIR CO. Mascoutah, Welsch. STARK CO. Wady Petra, V. H. Chase.

Chaetochloa verticillata (l.) Seribn.
Bristly Foxtail (Fig. 104)

Setaria verticillata, Patterson ’76, 52; Higley and Raddin ’91, 140.

Culms erect or spreading, 1 to 3 feet long; sheaths smooth; blades
thin, roughened on the upper surface but not hairy ; panicles much like
those of CO. lutescens as to shape and size, green; spikelets 2 to 2.5 mm.
in length, bristles 1 to 3, stout, and downwardly barbed.

This species is a weed in waste places and around dwellings, but it

is not very common in Illinois.

HENDERSON CO. Oquawka, Patterson, Sept., 1873. PEORIA co. Peoria, Bren-
del. ROCK ISLAND Co. Moline, Seymour, Aug., 1884. sTaRK co. V. H. Chase,
Aug., 1897.

326 BuLLETIN No, 205 [ March,

Chaetochloa viridis (L.) Seribn.

Green Foxtail. Bottle Grass (Fig. 103)

Setaria viridis, Vasey ’61, 671; Patterson ’76, 52; Flagg ’78, 284; Higley
and Raddin 791, 140; Huett ’97, 129; Gleason ’07, 181.

Culms branching at the base, erect or spreading, 1 to 3 feet tall;
sheaths and blades smooth, the blades 3 to 10 inches long, 4 to 12 mm.
wide; panicles less than 1 em. broad; spikelets about 2 mm. long,
bristles 1 to 3, green, upwardly barbed.

Green foxtail is found in the same places as yellow foxtail, C.
lutescens, and may be exterminated in the same way.

CHAMPAIGN Co. Urbana, Clinton, Aug., 1895; Champaign, Gibbs, Oct., 1898;
Urbana, Seymour, June, 1880; Urbana, Mosher, Oct., 19138. CHRISTIAN co. Tay-
lorville, De Motte. cook co. Hyde Park, Chicago, A. Chase, July, 1901; Landers,
Chicago, Hill, July, 1895. KANKAKEE CO. Waldron, Hill, July, 1873. MCHENRY
co. Algonquin, Nason, Aug., 1878. MAcOoUPIN co. Carlinville, Robertson, Aug.,
1882. PEORIA €O. Peoria, McDonald; Peoria, Brendel. STARK co. Wady Petra,
V. H. Chase, Aug., 1897. WABASH CO. Without locality, Schneck, May, 1896.

12. CENCHRUS L.

Because of the peculiar burs which inclose the spikelets, the plants
belonging to this genus will never be confused with any other species
of grass. These burs are borne in a spike and are armed with stout
spines which are retrorsely barbed and often inflict painful wounds.
They are easily detached from the culm when they are mature and
are carried around by animals. Hach bur contains from 2 to 6 spike-
lets which always remain and germinate inside the bur. The sheaths
are rather loose and the blades are short and narrow. The ligule is a
ring of short hairs less than 1 mm. in length. The plants are found
in waste places, usually where there is sandy soil. The only species
in Iinois is an annual.

Cenchrus carolinianus Walt.

Sandbur. Bur Grass. Hedgehog Grass (Figs. 105 and 106)

Cenchrus tribuloides, Lapham ’57, 548, 597; Flagg ’78, 284; Brendel 787, 64;
Higley and Raddin ’91, 140; Huett ’97, 129; McDonald ’00, 103. Cenchrus caro-
linianus, Gleason 710, 148; Gates 712, 354.

Culms flattened, 8 to 30 inches long, branched at nearly all the
nodes, usually spreading on the ground, the branches ascending, and
forming large mats; sheaths loose, flattened, smooth; blades smooth,
sometimes folded, 2 to 5 inches long, 5 to 10 mm. broad; burs about 8
mm. thick, the surface pubescent between the spines.

This species is a troublesome weed in some situations, but it may be
eradicated by thoro cultivation.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey. CARROLL co. Near Mississ-
ippi river, Pepoon, Aug., 1879. CHAMPAIGN co. Champaign, Gibbs, Oct., 1898;
Champaign, Seymour, Sept., 1880. cooK co. Chicago, Lansing; Chicago, Bab-
cock, July, 1874; Ravenswood, Reynolds. KANKAKEE CO. Altorf, Hill, July, 1873,

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 327

LAKE CO. Waukegan, Gates 2980. MCHENRY CO. Ringwood, Vasey. MACOUPIN
co. Carlinville, Robertson, Aug., 1881. MASON CO. Without locality, M. S. Bebb
in 1861. MENARD co. Without locality, Hall; Athens, Hall, Aug., 1864. PEORIA CO.
Peoria, McDonald, Aug., 1885; Peoria, Brendel, Aug., 1852. STARK co. Wady
Petra, V. H. Chase 1929. VERMILION co. Muncie, Mosher, Oct., 1915. WINNE-
BAGO CO. Fountaindale, M. S. Bebb. WwaxsasH co. Banks of Wabash river,
Schneck, July, 1904.

107

) 106

105
Figs. 105-107.—105, C. carolinianus; 106, C. carolinianus, spikelet; 107, Z.
palustris, inflorescence

13. ZIZANIA L.

These annual grasses are usually found growing in the water along
the edges of ponds and streams. The plants are tall, with broad
leaves and large, open panicles. The erect, awned, pistillate spikelets
are borne on the ascending upper branches of the panicle, the pen:
dulous, staminate spikelets on the spreading lower branches. The
spikelets are all one-flowered.

328 BULLETIN No. 205 {| March,

Zizania palustris L.
Wild Rice. Water Oats. Indian Rice (Fig. 107)

Zizania aquatica, Lapham 757, 544, 561 (Plate 1, Fig. 2); Babcock ’73, 96;
Patterson ’76, 49; Flagg ’78, 279; Brendel ’87, 63; Higley and Raddin ’91, 140;
Huett ’97, 129; Cowles ’00, 155.

Culms erect, 3 to 10 feet tall; sheaths loose, smooth; hgule mem-
branous, 5 to 6 mm. long; blades 1 to 3 feet long, 1.5 to 4 em. wide,
smooth; panicles 1 to 2 feet long; pistillate spikelets 8 to 24 mm. long,
awned; staminate, 6 to 12 mm. long, not awned.

This species was once very abundant in Illinois but is now rare.
Patterson ’76 describes it as being very common along the margins
of ponds and sloughs. Mr. R. EK. Richardson of the Illinois State
Laboratory of Natural History, who is stationed at Havana, says that
from inquiries he has made there seems to be no doubt that prior to
1900 wild rice was abundant along the Illinois river as far north as
the head of Peoria lake. In that year the permanent increase in water
levels caused by the addition of water from Lake Michigan probably
led to its extermination in many situations, tho it is reported to be
still found along Rice lake and Beebe lake. Mr. Elmer Caldwell,
formerly a member of the State Fish Commission, has reported it from
his land around Slim lake and Moulden lake, which are not far from
West Matanzas lake. One of the old residents of Havana reports that
in the ’90’s a Mr. Thomas High used to eut it regularly for hay on
his land about Duck lake.

cooK co. Chicago, Babcock, Aug., 1874; Desplains river, Lyons, A. Chase,
Aug., 1901; Thornton, Hill, Sept., 1866. pu PAGE co. Hinsdale, Smith, Sept.,
1902. FULTON co. Canton, Wolf; Breeds, Clinton, Aug., 1897. KANKAKEE CO.
In Kankakee river, Hill, Aug., 1870. LAKE co. Fourth lake, Walcott, Aug., 1911.
MCHENRY CO. Ringwood, Vasey. PEORIA co. Peoria, Brendel. UNION co. Bluff
lake, Seymour. wiLL co. Joliet, Skeels, Aug., 1904.

14. HOMALOCENCHRUS Mieg.

These grasses are found in wet, usually marshy places and are
easily distinguished by their panicles of laterally flattened spikelets,
their narrow, rough leaves, and very short membranous ligules. The
spikelets are perfect, the glumes obsolete. There are two kinds of
panicles, however,—a broad, spreading one, in which the spikelets are
usually sterile, and a small, narrow, hidden one inclosed by the sheath,
in which the spikelets ripen seed. The species are all native to Illinois.
Spikelets longer than broad, with bristly hairs on the margins and veins, the sur-

face pubescent. -
Spikelets 2.5 to 3.5 mm. long, sparsely covered with short, stiff hairs all of

the same length; branches single. H. virginicus
Spikelets 4 to 5 mm. long, with longer, stiffer hairs around the margin;
branches fascicled. H. oryzoides

Spikelets about as broad as long, with strong, bristly hairs on margins and veins,
the surface smooth and glabrous. H. lenticularis

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 329

!
\ I
Nene al be “4
\ eat
A eit .

\ |
x V\h ‘
SUA fr | 4

SW

110 ae

Figs. 108-111.—108, H. lenticularis, inflorescence; 109, H. lenticularis, spike-
let; 110, H. oryzoides, spikelet; 111, H. virginicus, spikelet

Homalocenchrus lenticularis Michx.
Catch-fly Grass (Figs. 108 and 109)

Leersia lenticularis, Michaux ’03, 39; Lapham ’57, 544, 560; Patterson ’76,
49; Flagg ’78, 279; Brendel ’87, 63.

Culms 2 to 4 feet tall, smooth, usually not branched, the nodes
pubescent; sheaths rough, blades slightly rough, 4 to 12 inches long,
8 to 20 mm. wide; panicle 4 to 10 inches long; spikelets very flat,
closely overlapping and nearly covering each other, 5 mm. in length.

This species was reported by Patterson ’76 as abundant along the
river banks from Peoria and Henderson counties southward: In 1904
it was reported by F. E. McDonald as rare

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Hall. cook co. Wolf lake, Chicago,
Hill, Sept., 1892. HANccCK co. Without iocality, Ehinger in 1881. HENDERSON
co. Mississippi river near Oquawka, Patterson, Sept., 1873. | KANKAKEE CO.
Kankakee, Hill, Aug., 1870. MACON Co. Decatur, Clokey, Sept., 1898. MARION Co.
Without locality, M. S. Bebb. MASON co. Havana, Seymour, Aug., 1886. MENARD
co. Without locality, Hall in 1861; Athens, Hall in 1861. PrEorTA co. Near IIli-
nois river, McDonald in 1904; Peoria, McDonald, Sept., 1901; Peoria, Brendel.
ST. CLAIR cO. Fayetteville, Brendel; Mascoutah, Welsch. wii co. Homer, Hill,
Aug., 1911. wooprorp co. Near Upper Ferry, McDonald, Aug., 1889.

Homalocenchrus oryzoides (L.) Sw.
Cut Grass. White Grass. False Rice. Rice Cut Grass (Fig. 110)

Leersia oryzoides, Lapham 757, 544, 560; Babeock 773, 96; Patterson 776, 49;
Flagg ’78, 279; Brendel ’87, 63; Higley and Raddin ’91, 140; Huett ’97, 129;
Gates 712, 354; Gleason ’12, 44; ’Sherff 713, 594.

Culms 1 to-3 feet long, usually branched, smooth, the nodes pubes-
cent ; sheaths and blades usually quite rough, the blades 3 to 10 inches
long and 4 to 10 mm. wide ; spikelets 4 to 5 mm. long.

330 BULLETIN No. 205 [ March,

This species is usually found in the water or in very damp soil. It
gets its common name from the roughness of the leaves, which often
eut the hands if one attempts to pull up the plant.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey; northern Illinois, M. S. Bebb.
CHAMPAIGN CO. Urbana, Seymour, Oct., 1880; Crystal lake, Urbana, Clinton, Sept.,
1899; Mahomet, Gibbs and Clinton, Oct., 1898. cooK co. Evanston, Shipman,
Sept., 1875; Chicago, Lansing, Sept., 1898; Palos Park, Umbach, Sept., 1909. Du
PAGE CO. Hinsdale, Smith, Sept., 1902. rorp co. Paxton, Moffatt, Sept., 1897.
FULTON CO. Canton, Wolf. JACKSON co. Makanda, Seymour, Aug., 1880.
KANKAKEE CO. Kankakee, De Selm, Sept., 1913. LAKE co. South of Lake Villa,
Gleason and Shobe 228; Libertyville, Sherff, Sept., 1912. Livineston co. Chats-
worth, Wilcor, July, 1902. MCHENRY co. Algonquin, Nason, Aug., 1878. MaA-
COUPIN cO. Carlinville, Robertson, Aug., 1880. MARSHALL co. Near Henry, Meek,
Sept., 1906. MENARD co. Athens, Hall, Sept., 1864. OGLE co. Oregon, Waite,
Aug., 1884. PEORIA co. Peoria, Brendel; Peoria, McDonald, Sept., 1896, and
1904. st. CLAIR cO.. Mascoutah, Welsch. STARK CO. Wady Petra, V. H. Chase,
1910. VERMILION co. Butler Branch creek, Catlin, Lansing, Sept., 1912. wa-
BASH CO. Hanging Rock, Schneck; Mt. Carmel, Schneck, Oct., 1876; Greathouse
creek, Schneck, Sept., 1880. Shannon’s swamp, Schneck, Sept., 1879. WILL Co.
Without locality, Moffatt, Sept., 1891; Joliet, Skeels, Aug., 1904. WINNEBAGO CO.
Fountaindale, M. S. Bebb.

Homalocenchrus virginicus Willd.

White Grass (Fig. 111)

Leersia virginica, Lapham 757, 544, 560 (Plate 1, Fig. 1); Babcock ’73, 96;
Patterson 776, 49; Flagg ’78, 279; Brendel ’87, 63; Higley and Raddin ’91, 140;
Huett ’97, 129.

Culms slender, branched, 1 to 3 feet tall, smooth, the nodes pubes-
cent and sometimes the culm for a short distance below the node;
sheaths smooth, blades thin, slightly rough on both surfaces, 2 to 6
inches long, 2 to 6 mm, sas spikelets 2.5 to 3 mm. long.

This species is often found in damp HOS as well as along the
margins of streams and ponds.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Hall; without locality, Vasey.
CHAMPAIGN CO. Urbana, Clinton, Sept., 1899; Urbana, Waite, Aug., 1887. cooK
co. Palos Park, Umbach, Sept., 1909; Beverly Hills, Robert Bebb, Aug., 1904;
Bowmanvil, Chicago, Gates. DU PAGE CO. Hinsdale, Smith, Aug., 1902. JACKSON
co. Without locality, French, Aug., 1905. KANKAKEE CO, Baker creek, Kanka-
kee, De Selm, Sept., 1913. McHENRY co. Algonquin, Nason, Aug., 1878. MACON
co. Decatur, Clokey, Sept., 1898. MENARD co. Without locality, Hall; Athens,
Hall in 1864. ProrIA co. Glasford, Wilcox, July, 1902; Peoria, McDonald, Aug.,
1895; Peoria, Brendel; Princeville, V. H. Chase, Aug., 1900. sv. CLAIR CO. With-
out locality, Brendel; Mascoutah, Welsch. WABASH CO. Mt. Carmel, Waite, Aug.,
1887; Mt. Carmel, Schneck, Aug., 1900; Hanging Rock, Schneck, Sept., 1879.

15. PHALARIS L.

These grasses are cither annual or perennial and have laterally
flattened, apparently one-flowered spikelets in which the glumes are
long, exceeding the hardened lemma and palea. There are two small
scales at the base of the floret which represent sterile lemmas. The
leaves are flat, the ligule thin, membranous, 3 to 5 mm. long. The
inflorescence is of spike-like, or very narrow panicles.

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 331

Inflorescence a contracted panicle 8 to 12 em. long, usually about 1 em. _ broad;
spikelets 5 to 6 mm. jong, the glumes not winged.

Leaves green; axis of the panicle rarely visible. P. arundinacea
Leaves striped green and white; axis of the panicle often visible, especially

at the base. P. arundinacea picta
Inflorescence an ovate, spike-like panicle, 9 to 5 em. Jong, always more than 1 cm.
broad; spikelets 6 to 8 mm. long; the glumes winged. P. canariensis

Phalaris arundinacea I.
Reed Canary Grass (Figs. 116 and 117)

Lapham 757, 548, 591 (Plate 4, Fig. 2); Babcock ’73, 97; Patterson ’76, 52;
Flagg ’78, 284; Brendel ’87, 64; Higley and Raddin ’91, 141; Sherff 712, 419;
Sherff 713, 594.

Culms erect, smooth, 2 to 5 feet tall; sheaths smooth; blades slightly
rough, 3 to 6 inches long, 6 to 16 mm. wide; spikelets 5 to 6 mm. long.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey. CcooK co. Chicago, Babcock,
June, 1870 and 1873; south of Chicago, McDonald, June, 1890; Beverly Hills, A
Chase, June, 1903. DU PAGE co. Naperville, Umbach, June, 1897. FULTON CO.
Canton, Wolf. HENDERSON CO. Oquawka, Patterson, June, 1872. MCHENRY CO.
Ringwood, Vasey. PEORIA CO. Peoria, Brendel. st. CLAIR co. Mascoutah, Welsch.
STARK CO. Near Wady Petra, V. H. Chase 615. WABASH co. Mt. Carmel,
Schneck, May, 1900.

Phalaris arundinacea picta L.
Ribbon Grass. Painted Grass

This variety, a common garden form introduced from the Old
World, is probably more familiar to many Illinois people than the
native species. The leaves are striped with white, and the panicle is
usually more open. It frequently escapes from cultivation.

CHAMPAIGN CO. Urbana, Pillsbury, June, 1889. st. CLAIR co. Mascoutah,
Welsch.

Phalaris canariensis |.

Canary Grass (Figs. 114 and 115)

Lapham 757, 591; Babeock ’73, 97; Flagg ’78, 284; Higley and Raddin ’91,
141; Huett 97, 129. P

Culms erect, smooth, 1 to 3 feet tall; sheaths slightly roughened,
blades very rough, 2 to 6 inches long, panicles spike-like, the length
2 or 3 times the width; spikelets 6 to 8 mm. Jong, white or pale yellow,
the nerves green.

This species is an annual introduced from Europe. It is found in
waste places and along roadsides. The seeds are used as food for
canaries.

CHAMPAIGN co. Urbana, Seymour, June, 1880; Champaign, McCluer, July,
1893. cooK co. Chicago, Warne; Jackson park, Chicago, Clark, July, 1902.
MCHENRY co. Algonquin, Nason, July, 1878. MACOUPIN CO. Carlinville, Robert-
son, July, 1883. PEORIA CO. Peoria, Brendel; Peoria, McDonald, July, 1896. sv.
CLAIR CO. Mascoutah, Welsch.

332 BULLETIN No. 205 | March,

16. TORRESIA Ruiz and Pav.

The grasses belonging to this genus are perennials with long, creep-
ing rootstocks and fragrant leaves. The spikelets are three-flowered,
the terminal floret perfect, the lower ones staminate, the three falling
together. The leaves are flat, the lower ones very long and narrow,
the upper ones very short. The ligules are thin and membranous, 3 to
4mm. long. The inflorescence is an open panicle and the spikelets are
brown and shining. Only one species of the genus is found in I]linois.

115

116

Figs. 112-117.—112, T. odorata, panicle; 113, T. odsrata, spikelet; 114,
P. canariensis, inflorescence; 115, P. canariensis, spikelet; 116, P. arundinacea,
spikelet; 117, P. arundinacea, inflorescence

Torresia odorata (L.) Hitche.
Holy Grass. Vanilla Grass (Figs. 112 and 113)

Hierochloa borealis, Vasey ’61, 671; Patterson 776, 52; Flagg ’78, 284; Bren-
del ’87, 88; Higley and Raddin ’91, 141; Huett ’97, 129. Hierochloé odorata,
Gates 712, 355. Savastana odorata, Britton ’07, 93.

Culms erect, smooth, 2 to 3 feet tall; sheaths smooth ; blades smooth,
2 to 6 mm. wide, those at the basg 4 to 8 inches long, those on the eulm
1 to 2 inches long; spikelets 4 to 6 mm. long, shining brown, when
fresh usually with a purplish tinge.

This grass is called Holy grass in Europe, where it is strewn before
churches on saints’ days. In this country the long leaves have been
used by the Indians in weaving baskets, mats, ete., tho the grass which
is now most used by them for this purpose is Anthoxanthum odoratum,
or sweet vernal grass, which retains its fragrance much better. No TIli-
nois specimens of this grass have been seen by the writer.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, northern Illinois, Brendel. cooK co.
Without locality, Shipman, May, 1876; Beverly Hills, A. Chase 2074; Dunning,
Gates, May, 1906; Dunning, Umbach, May, 1901; Chicago, Moffatt, May, 1895;

-

1918 | THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 333

Chicago, Babcock, May, 1874; Washington Heights, Hill, May, 1882; South park,
Chicago, Clark, May, 1902. pu Pace co. Naperville, Umbach, May, 1895.
GRUNDY co. Without locality, Brendel. LAKE co. Beach, Gates 1651. MCHENRY
co. Without locality, Vasey; Ringwood, Vasey in 1853. WINNEBAGO CO. With-
out locality, M. S. Bebb.

17. MILIUM (Tourn.) L.

These grasses are distinguished by the narrow, one-flowered spike-
lets in which the glumes are equal and exceed the hard, shiny Jemma
and palea, which resemble those of species of Panicum. The leaves
are thin and flat and the ligule thin and membranous, 3 to 4 mm. long.
The panicle is large and open. There is one species in Illinois, which
is perennial from creeping rootstocks.

Milium effusum L.
Wild Millet. Tall Millet Grass (Figs. 118 and 119)

Patterson ’76, 52; Flagg ’78, 284; Brendel ’87, 88.

Culms erect but weak, smooth, 2 to 6 feet tall; leaves smooth thru-
out, the blades 3 to 9 inches long, 6 to 15 mm. wide; panicles 6 to 20
inches long, the drooping branches usually roughened with short, stiff
hairs; spikelets 3 to 3.5 mm. long, the surface of the glumes rough.

This species is usually found in rich, moist woods. It is native
to the northern part of America and is also found in the north of
Europe and Asia.

KANE Co. Elgin, Vasey. TAZEWELL CO. Without locality, Brendel.

18. ORYZOPSIS Michx.

These perennial grasses are not abundant in Illinois. The spikelets
are one-flowered, the glumes long, the lemma rather hard, pubescent,
and terminated by a slender, deciduous awn. The leaves are often
involute; the ligule is membranous and very short, almost wanting.
The inflorescence is of very narrow panicles borne well above the
leaves.

Blades narrow, involute; spikelets, excluding awn, less than 5 mm. long.
O. pungens
Blades broad, flat; spikelets, excluding awn, always more than 5 mm. long.
Leaves mostly crowded at the base of the plant; blades rough on the upper

surface but not pubescent. O. asperifolia
Leaves distributed along the culm; blades densely pubescent on the upper
surface. O. racemosa

Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx.
White-grained Mountain Rice (Figs. 120 and 121)
Culms usually erect, tufted, 1 to 2 feet tall, the leaves crowded at

the base; sheaths smooth; basal blades very long, often longer than the
culm, generally covered with whitish bloom, rough on the upper sur-

334 BULLETIN No. 205 [ March,

face but not pubescent, 4 to 8 mm, wide; culm blades, if present, less
than an inch long; spikelets 6 to 8 mm. long, the awn 5 to 10 mm.
leng; lemma not turning black when the fruit is ripe.

This species is found on wooded hillsides or in pastures, especially
in damp situations. After the fruit is ripe, the leaves usually spread
out flat on the ground, while the culms remain erect.

cooK co. Without locality, Shipman in 1877.

120

Figs. 118-124.—118, M. effuswm, panicle; 119, M. effusum, spikelet; 120,
O. asperifolia, inflorescence; 121, O. asperifolia, spikelet; 122, O. racemosa,
spikelet; 123, O. pungens, spikelet; 124, S. spartea, spikelet, (a) glume, (b)
lemma, (¢) callus

Oryzopsis pungens (Torr.) Hitche.
Slender Mountain Rice (Fig. 123)

Oryzopsis canadensis, Lapham 757, 545; Flagg ’78, 280.

Culms in thick tufts, 6 to 30 inches tall; the leaves crowded at the
base and nearly as long as the culm; sheaths usually smooth; blades
narrow and involute; culm leaves, if any, very short; spikelets 3 to
4 mm. long, the awn very short or wanting.

This species is found in dry, usually rocky soil.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Hall. svt. CLAIR co. Mascoutah,
Welsch.

Oryzopsis racemosa (Sm.) Ricker

Black-fruited Mountain Rice (Fig. 122)
Oryzopsis melanocarpa, Patterson ’76, 50; Flagg ’78, 280; Brendel ’87, 63.

Culms erect, simple, 2 to 4 feet tall, the leaves not crowded at the
base; sheaths usually smooth, blades flat, 4 to 12 inches long, 4 to 15

cn

1918} THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 33

mm. wide, rough beneath, densely pubescent above; spikelets 7 to 9
mi. long, the awn 15 to 25 mm. long; lemma black at maturity.
Usually found in rocky woods. It is quite different in appearance
from either of the other species. Usually it is not found in such large
tufts.
cooK CO. Glencoe, Johnson, Sept., 1890. PEORIA co. Peoria, Brendel. sv.
OLAIR CO. Mascoutah, Welsch.

19; -SLiPpA’ Li:

These species are readily recognized by the long-awned spikelets.
The glumes are membranous, narrow, and acuminate. The floret
terminates in a strong awn twisted at base and usually bent once or
twice; at the base of the floret is a sharp-pointed callus covered with
backward-pointing hairs. The lemma is hardened, convolute, and
incloses the palea. The inflorescence is a panicle. The leaves are long,
narrow, and involute. The ligule is rather thick and membranous, 1
to2 mm. long. It is probable that three species may have been found
in Illinois, but authentic specimens of only one species have been seen
by the writer. The species are all perennials.

Stipa spartea Trin.
Poreupine Grass (Fig. 124)

Lapham ’57, 545, 569; Babcock ’73, 97; Flagg ’78, 280; Brendel ’87, 63;
Higley and Raddin ’91, 141; Huett 797, 129; Gleason ’07, 182; Gleason 710, 148;
Gates 712, 355.

Culms erect, not branched, 2 to 9 feet tall, the leaves mostly crowded
at the base; sheaths smooth, the upper sheaths often rather loose and
sometimes inclosing the base of the panicle; blades long and narrow,
usually involute, not over 4 mm. wide; glumes 2.5 to 3.5 em, long, a
little longer than the dark brown lemma; awn 4 to 8 inches long;
eallus with a needle-like point.

This is one of the species of prairie grasses. It is found all over
the state.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, prairies, Vasey; without locality,
Mead. CHAMPAIGN CO. Champaign, Waite, June, 1886; Urbana, Seymour, June,
1880; Champaign, Gleason, May, 1902. cook co. West of Chicago, Moffatt, June,
1893. DU PAGE co. Naperville, Umbach, May, 1899; Hinsdale, Smith. HENDER-
SON co. Oquawka, Patterson, June, 1872. HENRY CO. Galva, V. H. Chase 1750.
JO DAVIESS cO. Hanover, Gleason and Gates 2602. KANKAKEE CO. Kankakee,
Hill, June, 1873. LAKE CO. Beach, Gates 2464. MCHENRY CO. Ringwood, Vasey.
MACON CO. Decatur, Clokey, May, 1899. PEORIA Co. Peoria, Brendel; Peoria,
McDonald, June, 1887. st. CLAIR co. Without locality, Eggert, May, 1877;
Mascoutah, Welsch. STARK CO. Wady Petra, V. H. Chase 1206. wituco. Joliet,
Skeels, June, 1904. WINNEBAGO CO. Fountaindale, M. S. Bebb.

Stipa avenacea L.—This species, commonly called black oat grass,
appears to have been found in Illinois some time ago. Lapham (’57,
545, 569) describes it as occurring in the state and figures it (Plate
2, Fig.1). From his description and figure it seems that the identifica-

336 BULLETIN No. 205 [ March,

tion was correct. He describes it as occurring in dry, sandy places in
timbered land and openings. It is also mentioned by Flagg (’78, p.
280). This species is distinguished from Stipa spartea by its smaller
spikelets in which the glumes are 8 to 10 mm. long and the awn 1.5
to 3 inches long.

Stipa virdula Trin.—This species, commonly called green Stipa, is
a native of the western states. In the Field Museum, Chicago, there
is a specimen collected by E. Hall, Athens, 1862. Hall brought many
seeds of western grasses back with him and planted them in Athens,
and many specimens preserved by him were obtained in this manner.
However, most of these seem to have been labeled ‘‘raised from seed,”’
and as no other record has been made of the occurrence of this species
in Illinois it seems best to place it on the doubtful list at present. It
has a narrow panicle and still smaller spikelets than S. avenacea, the
slumes being 6 to 8 mm. long and the awn less than 1.5 inches long.

20. ARISTIDA L.
Triple-awned Grass. Needle Grass

These grasses were found in abundance on the original prairie, and
many species are still found in Illinois. They usually grow in large
tufts, or bunches, and are readily distinguished by the three-parted
awn of the lemma. The glumes are long and narrow and sometimes
awn-tipped. The one-flowered spikelets are borne in narrow panicles.
Like Stipa, the lemmas have a sharp-pointed callus. The leaves are
long and narrow, usually involute. The ligule is very short, never
over 2 mm. in length, and is fringed with hairs. The species are of
no value for grazing and often are very annoying to grazing animals
because of the awns and the sharp-pointed callus which penetrate the
skin. There are both annual and perennial species.

a. Awns jointed to the lemma, and of nearly equal length.

b. Awns united into a conspicuous spiral column 6 mm. or more long.
A. tuberculosa
bb. Awns not united into a spiral column, reflexed and somewhat coiled at
base. A, desmantha
aa. Awns not jointed to the lemma. ;
b. Central awn much longer than the lateral awns, the lateral awns erect.
e. Central awn forming a distinct spiral at base; second glume not

awned.
d. Glumes almost equal, awn-pointed, usually 7 to 9 mm. long;
lateral awns erect, about 2 mm. long. A. dichotoma

dd. Glumes unequal, pointed, the first about two-thirds as long as
the second, which is 12 to 14 mm. long; lateral awns spread-
ing, one-third to one-half the length of the central awn.

A. basiramea
ee. Central awn not forming a distinct spiral, rarely a loose one, the awn
either horizontal or reflexed, glumes awned, unequal, the second
glume equaling the lemma.
d. Central awn always horizontal; lemma 5 to 7 mm. long.
A. gracilis

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 337

dd. Central awn forming a loose spiral or strongly reflexed and
hook-like; lemma 20 to 30 mm. long. A, ramossissima
bb. Central awn differing slightly in length from the lateral ones, the latter
more or less horizontal; glumes almost equal in length.
ce. Awns not over 3 em. long, glumes 9 to 12 mm, long.
d. Leaf-blades smooth, not hairy; first glume longer than the

second. A. purpurascens

dd. Leaf-blades with long hairs near the base; first glume usually
equal to, but sometimes longer than the second. A. stricta

ce. Awns 4 to 7 em. long; glumes 20 to 30 mm. long. A, oligantha

Aristida basiramea Engelm.
Forked Aristida. Tufted Triple-awn (Fig. 131)

Gleason 710, 148.

Culms branched, 8 to 24 inches tall; sheaths smooth, blades 1 to 6
inches long, 1 to 2 mm. wide; panicles usually less than 6 inches long,
narrow, often partly included in the upper sheaths; glumes pointed,
unequal, the first 8 to 12 mm., the second 12 to 14 mm.; lemma about
10 mm. long, the middle awn 1 to 2 em. long, the lateral awns 2 to 7 mm.

This species is an annual growing in dry, sandy soil, and sandy
barrens.

CHAMPAIGN CO. Urbana, Waite, Sept., 1888. 30 DAvIESS co. Without local-
ity, Pepoon. HENDERSON Co. Oquawka, Patterson 232; Oquawka, Tracy in 1887.
OGLE CO. Oregon, Waite, Sept., 1888. ROCK ISLAND co. Barstow, McDonald,

Aug., 1903; Osborn, Seymour, Sept., 1884. st. cLAIR co. Without locality, Bren-
del in 1850.

Aristida desmantha Trin. and Rupr.
Western Aristida (Fig. 126)

Culms branched, 1 to 2 feet tall; sheaths loose, smooth; blades 4 to
8 inches long, 1 to 2 mm. wide, roughened only on the upper surface ;
panicle 4 to 8 inches long, about half as wide, the branches ascending ;
glumes shiny brown, about equal, 15 to 20 mm. long; lemma shorter,
the awns about equal, jointed to the lemma, reflexed and somewhat
coiled at base but not forming a spiral column,

This species belongs to the southwestern part of the United States.
It is found in dry soil.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey. MASON co, Without local-
ity, M. S. Bebb in 1861.

Aristida dichotoma Michx.
Poverty Grass (Fig. 128)
Lapham 757, 545, 569 (Plate 2, Fig. 2); Patterson ’76, 50; Flagg ’78, 280;
Brendel ’87, 88. >
Culms slender, much branched, usually branching at every node,
4 to 24 inches tall; sheaths loose, smooth; blades 1 to 3 inches long,
1 to 2 mm. wide, involute; panicles spike-like, 2 to 6 inches long;
glumes almost equal, 7 to 8 mm, lor ~ sharp-pointed; lemma shorter,

338 BuLuetin No. 205 [ March,

:

130 131

Figs. 125-133.—Spikelets: 125, A. stricta; 126, A. desmantha; 127, A.
tuberculosa; 128, A. dichotoma; 129, A. gracilis; 130, A. ramossissima; 131,
A. basiramea; 132, A. purpurascens; 133, A. oligantha

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 339

the lateral awns much reduced, the middle awn 3 to 6 mm. long, finally
coiled at the base.

These plants are found in dry, sandy or gravelly soil. They usually
grow in quite large tufts.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Hall in 1861; southern Illinois, Vasey.
JO DAVIESS CO. Without locality, Pepoon. HANCOCK co. Augusta, Mead in 1842.
MACOUPIN CO. Carlinville, Robertson, July, 1882. MENARD co. Athens, Hall in
1861. PERRY co. Du Quoin, Vasey. ST. CLAIR CO. Mascoutah, Welsch.

Aristida gracilis E}].
Slender Aristida. Slender Beard Grass (Fig. 129)

Lapham 757, 545, 571; Patterson ’76, 50; Flagg ’78, 281; Brendel ’87, 88.

Culms slender, branched at the base, 6 to 20 inches tall; sheaths
smooth, blades 1 to 4 inches long, 1 to 2 mm. wide, usually drying
involute ; inflorescence a slender raceme or spike-like panicle, 2 to 6
inches long; glumes unequal, the second equaling the lemma, which
is about 6 mm. long; lateral awns erect, 2 to 6 mm. long, median awn
spreading, usually about 10 mm. long.

This species is seldom found in very large tufts; often the plants
occur singly. They are found in dry, usually sandy soil.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, southern Illinois, Vasey. FULTON CO.
Without locality, Brendel. JO DAVIESS co. Without locality, Pepoon. HENDER-
SON cO. Oquawka, Patterson. MACOUPIN CO. Carlinville, Robertson, Aug., 1880.
MENARD co. Athens, Hall in 1867. st. cLAIR CO. Mascoutah, Welsch. UNION
co. Without locality, French, Sept., 1878; without locality, Wolf; Anna, Seymour,
Aug., 1880. WABASH CO. Without locality, Shearer.

Aristida oligantha Michx.
Few-flowered Aristida (Fig. 133)

Michaux ’03, 41; Lapham ’57, 545, 571; Patterson ’76, 50; Flagg ’78, 281;
Brendel 87, 88.

Culms much branched, 1 to 2 feet tall; sheaths loose, smooth;
blades 1 to 6 inches long, 1 to 2 mm. wide, smooth, usually involute ;
inflorescence a raceme or spike-like panicle; glumes unequal and
awned; lemmas 20 to 30 mm. long; awns nearly equal, 4 to 7 em. long.

This species was first found on the prairies of Illinois by Michaux.
It grows in dry soil, and was probably the commonest species of
Aristida on the original prairies of the state.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Mead. CHAMPAIGN co. Near Cham-
paign, Clinton, Oct., 1898. CLINTON co. Carlyle, Mead; Shattuck, Waite, Aug.,
1897. cook co. Lyons, Hill, Aug., 1898. HANCOCK co. Augusta, Mead. HEN-
DERSON co. Near Oquawka, Patterson, Sept., 1881. JACKSON co. Without local-
ity, French, Aug., 1905. MACcOUPIN co. Brighton, McDonald, Sept., 1894; Me-
dora, McDonald; Carlinville, Robertson, Aug., 1882. MARION co. Odin, Vasey
in 1862. MENARD co. Athens, Hall. PEORIA CO. Princeville, V. H. Chase 1248.
ROCK ISLAND CO. Barstow, McDonald, Sept., 1904. st. cLAIR co. Mascoutah,
Welsch. UNION co. Cobden, Seymour, Aug., 1880; Anna, Seymour, Aug., 1880.
WABASH CO. Without locality, Shearer. WASHINGTON CO. Irvington, French,
Sept., 1872.

- 340 BULLETIN No. 205 | March,

Aristida purpurascens Poir.
Purplish Aristida (Fig. 132)

Aristida geyeriana, Lapham 757, 545, 571. Aristida purpurascens, Lapham
°D7, 545, 571; Patterson ’76, 50; Flagg ’78, 281; Brendel 787, 88.

Culms 1 to 2.5 feet tall, smooth, not much branched; sheaths
smooth; blades 4 to 8 inches long, 1 to 2 mm. wide, smooth, sometimes
flat but usually involute; panicle spike-like, purplish, 4 to 10 inches
long; glumes unequal, pointed, 10 to 12 mm. long; awns 1.5 to 3 em.
long, the middle one slightly longer than the lateral.

This species is a perennial. It may usually be distinguished by its
purplish infloresence. It usually grows in sandy or gravelly soil.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, M. S. Bebb. LAKE co. Beach, Gates
3260. MASON co. Without locality, Vasey. MENARD CO. Athens, Hall, 1861. st.
CLAIR CO. Without locality, Brendel in 1850.

Aristida ramosissima Engelm.
Branched Aristida (Fig. 130)
Lapham 757, 545, 569; Patterson ’76, 50; Flagg ’78, 280; Brendel ’87, 88.
Culns 6 to 24 inches tall, much branched, the branches spreading ;
sheaths loose, smooth; blades roughened above, usually involute, 1 to
3 inches long, 1 to 2 mm. wide; glumes unequal, 15 to 20 mm. long,
lateral awns very small and erect, the central awn 15 to 20 mm. long
with a semicircular or S-shaped bend at the base.
This species is found in dry soil. It is a middle western species.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Beal in 1862; without locality, Vasey.
MARION CO. Odin, Vasey. MACOUPIN CO. Carlinville, Robertson. ST. CLAIR CO.
Without locality, Brendel; Mascoutah, Welsch: UNION co. Jonesboro, Seymour,
Aug., 1880. WABASH CO. Without locality, Schneck, July, 1879; without locality,
Shearer ; Mt. Carmel, Schneck, Sept., 1877 and Aug., 1898; Lick Prairie, Schneck,
Aug., 1878.

Aristida stricta Michx.
Erect Aristida (Fig. 125)

Engelmann 744, 103; Lapham 757, 545, 571; Patterson ’76, 50; Flagg ’78,
281; Brendel 787, 88.

Culms 2 to 4 feet tall; sheaths smooth; blades 8 to 12 inches long,
densely pubescent, almost wooly on the upper surface near the base,
usually involute; panicle spike-like, 6 to 24 inches long; glumes about
equal or the first longer than the second, awn-pointed; lateral awns
usually shorter than the central one, which is 1 to 2 em. long.

This species is found in dry soil. It is a southern species closely
resembling A. purpurascens, but is taller and lacks the purplish color.

MASON CO. Without locality, Mead, Aug., 1845.

1918 | THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 341

Aristida tuberculosa Nutt.
Sea-beach Aristida (Fig. 127)

Aristida tuberculata, Lapham 757, 545, 571. A. tuberculosa, Patterson ’76,
50; Flagg ’78, 281; Higley and Raddin 791, 141; Huett ’97, 129; McDonald ’00,
103; Gleason ’07, 182; Gleason ’10, 148.

Culms 6 to 20 inches tall, branched at the base, somewhat swollen
at the nodes; sheaths loose, smooth; blades 5 to 10 inches long, about
2 mm. wide, rough above; panicle open; glumes 2.5 em. long, with
pointed tips; awns jointed to the lemma and twisted at base into a
slender column nearly as long as the lemma.

This species is most commonly found along the southern part of
the Atlantic coast. It is also found along the Great Lakes and in the
interior wherever there are sandy areas.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Mead. cook co. Chicago, Babcock,
July, 1870. JO DAVIESS co. Without locality, Pepoon. HENDERSON Co. Oquawka,
Patterson, Sept., 1872. LEE co. Dixon, Seymour, Sept., 1882. MASON co. With-
out locality, M. S. Bebb in 1861; without locality, Hall in 1861 and Sept., 1876.
UNION CO. Cobden, Waite, Sept., 1884.

21. MUHLENBERGIA Schreb.

This genus has one-flowered spikelets which in Illinois species are,
with one exception, borne in very narrow panicles. The glumes are
thin and usually sharp-pointed or awned. The lemma is also pointed
or awned and ineloses the grain, thus differing from the nearly related
genus Sporobolus, in which the grain is free. The awns are variable
even in the same. individual and do not afford good characters for the
separation of species. There is a short, usually hairy callus at the
base of the lemma. Many of the species have long, scaly rootstocks.
All Illinois species are perennial. The leaves are mostly long and nar-
row and the ligule is short and membranous.

The species of Muhlenbergia are of little economic importance. It
is said that the species which inhabit damp ground are useful for hay
if cut before the stems become hard, but most of the species grow in
waste places and are usually looked upon as weeds. The long root-
stocks make them somewhat difficult to destroy; thoro cultivation
is the only method of eradication recommended. M. mexicana, foliosa,
and racemosa are the only species likely to cause trouble in this state.

a. Glumes minute, always less than one-fourth the length of the spikelet, the
first glume often wanting. M. schreberi
aa. Glumes always more than one-fourth the length of the spikelet.
b. Plants never from long, scaly rootstocks; leaves elongate and very nar-
row, usually involute.
ec. Panicle open, with long, spreading branches; spikelets on long, capil-
lary pedicels; glumes about one-half the length of the lemma.
ie 5 M. capillaris
ce. Panicle narrow and spike-like; spikelets nearly sessile; glumes nearly
as long as the lemma, at least two-thirds its length. M. cuspidata
bb. Plants always from long, scaly rootstocks; leaves not elongate, seldom
becoming involute.

342 BULLETIN No. 205 [ March,

ce. Glumes awned, always considerably longer than the lemma, sometimes
nearly twice its length; panicle usually compact, resembling an
interrupted spike. M. racemosa
ee. Glumes seldom awned, usually not longer than the lemma, but some-
times slightly longer; panicles usually slender.
d. Glumes always shorter than the lemma, never more than three-
fourths its length, broad at base; leaf-blades spreading.
e. Lemma awnless or short-awned; spikelets 1.5 to 2 mm. long;
nodes not pubescent; culms not densely short pubescent.
M. sobolifera
ee. Lemma long-awned; spikelets 3 to 4 mm. long; nodes pu-
bescent; culms densely short pubescent. M. tenuiflora
dd. Glumes about equal in length to the lemma, sometimes longer,
very narrow at the base; leaf-blades erect, or nearly so.
e. Culms smooth and shiny below the nodes, never covered with

fine hairs. M. mexicana

ee. Culms with very short, fine hairs for an inch or two below the
nodes.

f. Callus without hairs. M. glabriflora

ff. Callus with hairs one-third to one-half the length of the
lemma.

g. Panicles few-flowered; lemma usually long-awned.
M. wmbrosa

gg. Panicles densely flowered; lemma not awned.
M. foliosa

Muhlenbergia capillaris (Lam.) Trin.
Long-awned Hair Grass (Fig. 136)

Culms growing in tufts, 1.5 to 3 feet tall, usually smooth; sheaths
smooth, short at the base of the plant, and often overlapping, but
longer near the summit; blades 4 to 12 inches long, about 2 mm. wide,
usually involute; panicle spreading, with long, capillary branches,
spikelets, excluding the awn, 3.5 to 4 mm. long, on long, capillary
pedicels, which are thickened near the base of the spikelet; glumes
about half as long as the awned lemma; awn 5 to 18 mm. long; callus
hairs very short.

This species is found in dry soil. So far only one specimen has
been seen from Illinois. The panicle is usually purple.

UNION co. Without locality, Seymour in 1881.

Muhlenbergia cuspidata (Torr.) Rydb.
| (Fig. 137)

Culms in tufts, 1 to 2 feet tall, very slender, smooth; sheaths and
blades smooth; blades 4 to 10 inches long, very narrow, usually in-
volute; panicle very slender, few-flowered; spikelets 3 to 4 mm. long,
the glumes with a cusp or short awn about two-thirds as long as the
lemma; callus hairs wanting.

This species is described in Gray’s Manual (seventh edition) as
Sporobolus brevifolius (Nutt.) Seribn. It is found in dry places. The

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 343

only Illinois specimens seen were collected on dry, gravelly hills, or on
limestone rocks on a river bank.

WILL co. Joliet, Hill 185 in 1906; bank of Du Page river, Bird’s Bridge,
Hill 36 in 1912.

Muhlenbergia foliosa Trin.
(Fig. 138)

Culms 2 to 3 feet long, often bent near the base and lying on the
eround, branched above the base, the branches erect, one or two inches
of surface below the nodes covered with very fine, short hairs; sheaths
smooth; blades rough to the touch, 1.5 to 6 inches long, 2 to 5 mm.
wide; panicles well beyond the uppermost sheath, usually rather thick,
eampactly flowered; spikelets 2.5 to 3 mm. long, the glumes nearly
or quite equal to the lemma; callus covered with soft hairs nearly half
as long as the spikelet.

This species closely resembles M. mexicana in general appearance
and habit. M. foliosa can be readily distinguished by the minute hairs
on the culm just below the nodes. The panicles vary greatly in width.
The narrower panicles resemble those of MM. wmbrosa, which has long-
awned lemmas. There is an awned form of JM. foliosa; but no speci-
mens of it were found among the Illinois collections. The plants are
usually found in damp meadows and swamps. Most of the herbarium
specimens were labeled M. mexicana filiformus.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Ball. CHAMPAIGN co. Without lo-
eality, Burrill, Oct., 1877; Champaign, Clinton, Oct., 1895. FULTON co. Without
locality, Wolf in 1881. Jo pDAviess co. Bluffs of Apple river, Pepoon 611.
KANKAKEE CO. Waldron, Hill, Sept., 1873. MCHENRY co. Algonquin, Nason,
Aug., 1879. PEORIA cO. Peoria, Brendel. Piatt co. White Heath, Mosher, Oct.,
1914. sTARK CO. Wady Petra, V. H. Chase 1268. wituco. Joliet, Skeels, Sept.,
1904, WINNEBAGO CO. Fountaindale, M. S. Bebb.

Muhlenbergia glabriflora Scribn.
(Fig, 159)

This species is very much like M. foliosa in general appearance.
The culms are simple for nearly half their length, then branch pro-
fusely and bear numerous panicles, often partially included in the
upper sheaths, more typically cylindrical than in M. foliosa. The
spikelets are of about the same size, but the callus bears no hairs,
making it very easy to distinguish the species. The leaf blades are
eenerally shorter than in M. foliosa. The plants are found in woods
and other shady places.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Wolf. CHRISTIAN Co. Taylorville,
Andrews, Sept., 1898. MENARD co. Athens, Hall in 1868. ST. CLAIR CO. Mas-
coutah, Welsch. WABASH CO. Without locality, Shearer, Aug., 1898 and 1899,

344 BULLETIN No, 205 [ March,

: \y |
“189
\y

140

/ W x
Ni y

Figs. 1385-145.—135, M. mexicana, inflorescence; 136, M. capillaris, spikelet;
137, M. cuspidata, spikelet; 138, M. foliosa, spikelet; 139, M. glabriflora, spike-
let; 140, M. mexicana, spikelet; 141, M. sobolifera, spikelet; 142, M. racemosa;
143, M. schrebert, spikelet; 144, M. tenwiflora, spikelet; 145, M. wmbrosa, spikelet

135

Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin.
Meadow Muhlenbergia. Mexican Drop-seed (Figs. 135 and 140)

Agrostis lateriflora, Michaux ’03, 53. Muhlenbergia mexicana, Lapham 757,
545, 566; Babcock ’73, 97; Patterson ’76, 49; Flagg ’78, 280; Brendel ’87, 63;
Higley and Raddin ’91, 141; Huett ’97, 129.

Culms 2 to 4 feet long, often branching at the base, lying on the
ground and rooting at the lower nodes, the remainder erect, always
smooth ; blades rough to the touch, 2 to 6 inches long, 2 to 6 mm. wide;
panicles numerous, usually narrowed toward the tip, often partially
inclosed in the upper sheath; spikelets 2.5 to 3 mm. long; glumes awn-
pointed or with a short awn, about as long as the lemma. ©

This species is common in fields, gardens, and in waste places. It
is a troublesome weed in some places. It is recommended that the areas
containing this weed be thoroly cultivated and the rootstocks exposed
to the sun.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Brendel in 1873; without locality,
Mead ; without locality, Vasey. CHAMPAIGN Co. Urbana, Gates, Oct., 1907; Ur-
bana, Gibbs, Sept., 1898; Champaign, Mosher, Sept., 1914; Urbana, Mosher, Sept.,
1914. cook co. Wolf lake, Hill, Sept., 1892. FULTON co. Without locality, Pe-
poon; Canton, Wolf. JO DAVIESS co. Bluffs of Apple river, Pepoon. KANKAKEE
co. Kankakee, Crampton, Sept., 1913. PrEoRIA co. Peoria, Brendel; Peoria,
McDonald, Sept., 1900. sr. CLAIR CO. Mascoutah, Welsch. SANGAMON CO.
Springfield, M. S. Bebb in 1861. STARK co. Wady Petra, V. H. Chase, Aug.,
1893. wiLt co. Joliet, Skeels, Sept., 1904.. WaBasH co. Without locality,
Schneck, Sept., 1880; Mt. Carmel, Schneck, Sept., 1897.

on

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 34

Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) B.S. P.
Marsh Muhlenbergia. Wild Timothy (Fig. 142)

Agrostis racemosa, Michaux ’03, 53. Muhlenbergia glomerata, Lapham ’57,
545, 566; Babeock 773, 97; Patterson ’76, 49; Flagg ’78, 280; Patterson ’87, 63;
Higley and Raddin ’91, 141.

Culms smooth, often much branched, 1 to 3 feet tall, erect, with fine
short pubescence below the nodes; sheaths smooth, blades usually rough
to the touch, 2 to 5 inches long, 2 to 6 mm. wide; panicles dense and
spike-like; spikelets 4 to 6 mm. long, the glumes always awned and
considerably longer than the lemma, sometimes almost twice as long.

This species is found in wet places, such as swamps and bogs.

CHAMPAIGN CO. Champaign, Clinton, Oct., 1895. HANCocK co. Augusta,
Mead, HENDERSON CO. Oquawka, Patterson, Sept., 1872. KANE co. Elgin,
Sherff 1946. Lake co. Cedar lake, Lake Villa, Gleason and Shobe 128; Sun lake,
Lake Villa, Gleason and Shobe 200. MCHENRY CO. Ringwood, Vasey. MADISON
co. East Alton, McDonald, Sept., 1900. MENARD co. Athens, Hall in 1866.
OGLE co. Oregon, Waite, Sept., 1885. PrEoRIA co. Peoria, Brendel; Princeville,
V. H. Chase 940. STARK Co. Wady Petra, V. H. Chase 1943. WINNEBAGO CO.
Fountaindale, M. S. Bebb in 1873.

Muhlenbergia schreberi J. F'. Gmel.
Dropseed. Nimble Will (Fig. 148)

Dilepyrum minutiflorum, Michaux ’03, 40. Muhlenbergia diffusa, Lapham
D7, 545, 567; Patterson ’76, 49; Flagg ’78, 280; Brendel ’87, 63; Huett ’97, 129.
Muhlenbergia schreberi, Gleason ’12, 41.

Culm smooth, much branched, the basal part usually lying on the
ground and often rooting at the nodes, the ends erect; sheaths loose,
smooth; blades rough, 1.5 to 3.5 inches long, 1 to 4 mm. wide; panicles
numerous, slender, densely flowered; spikelets, excluding the awn
about 2 mm. long, the first glume nearly obsolete, the second very
small, the lemma awned.

This species grows in dry places.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey. CHAMPAIGN co. Urbana,
Gibbs; Urbana, Clinton, Oct., 1895; Champaign, Percival, Oct., 1876; Urbana,
Gates, Sept., 1907. cook co. Evanston, Shipman, Sept., 1875; Chicago Heights,
A. Chase, Sept., 1897; Palos Park, Umbach, Sept., 1909. Du PAGE co. Hinsdale,
Smith, Sept., 1902; Naperville, Umbach, Sept., 1898. FULTON co. Without local-
ity, Pepoon; Canton, Wolf. JO DAVIESS co. Without locality, Pepoon. HENDER-
SON co. Oquawka, Patterson, Sept., 1873. LAKE co. River Forest, Hill, Aug.,
1890. MACOUPIN CO. Carlinville, Robertson, Aug., 1882. OGLE CO. Oregon,
Waite, Aug., 1884. PEORIA co. Peoria, Brendel; Peoria, McDonald, Sept., 1900.
RANDOLPH CO. Bremen, Hill, Aug., 1892. sv. CLAIR co. Mascoutah, Welsch.
STARK CO. Wady Petra, V. H. Chase 1270, 1165, 1277. waBASH co. Without
locality, Schneck, July, 1900; without locality, Shearer; Mt. Carmel, Schneck,
Sept., 1904. witt co. Mokena, Chase; Joliet, Skeels, Sept., 1904.

346 Butuetin No. 205 [ March,

Muhlenbergia sobolifera (Muhl.) Trin.
Rock Muhlenbergia (Fig. 141)

Lapham 757, 545, 566; Patterson ’76, 49; Flagg ’78, 280; Brendel 787, 63;
Higley and Raddin ’91, 141.

Culms smooth, erect or nearly so, 1 to 3 feet tall; sheaths smooth;
blades rough, shorter on the culm, 1 to 6 inches long, 2 to 6 mm. wide;
panicles long and very slender ; spikelets 1.5 to 2.5 mm. long, the glumes
sharp-pointed and one-half to two-thirds as long as the lemma.

This species is usually found in rocky woods.

FULTON CO. Without locality, Pepoon. JO DAVIESS CO. Without locality, Pe-
poon. MACOUPIN co. Carlinville, Robertson, Aug., 1882. MENARD Co. Athens,
Hall in 1869. PEORIA cO. Peoria, Brendel. WABASH CO. Without locality,
Schneck, Oct., 1881; Mt. Carmel, Schneck, Sept., 1897.

Muhlenbergia tenuiflora (Willd.) B. S. P.
Slender Muhlenbergia (Fig. 144)

Muhlenbergia willdenowti, Lapham 757, 545, 566 (Plate 1, Fig. 9); Babcock
78, 97; Patterson ’76, 49; Flagg ’78, 280; Brendel ’87, 63; Higley and Raddin
91, 141.

Culms simple or very sparingly branched, covered with fine, short
hairs which point downwards; nodes pubescent; sheaths generally with
a few very fine hairs at least near the edges, usually shorter than the
internodes; blades rough, 2.5 to 8 inches long, 2 to 8 mm. wide; panicles
long and slender but rather densely flowered; spikelets 3 to 4 mm.
long, glumes unequal, one-half to two-thirds the length of the lemma,
which bears an awn 2 to 4 times the length cf the body.

This species has the broadest leaves of any of the genus found in
Illinois. They are usually horizontally spreading. It resembles M.
sobolifera more than any other species, but the larger spikelets and
hairy culms easily distinguish it. The plants grow in rocky woods
and other shady places.

CHAMPAIGN CO. Urbana, Seymour and Waite, July, 1886. cook co. Palos
Park, Umbach, Aug., 1909. FULTON co. Without locality, Pepoon. JO DAVIESS
co. Without locality, Pepoon. KANE co. Elgin, Vasey. KANKAKEE CO. Kan-
kakee, De Selm, Sept., 1913. PEORIA co. Peoria, Brendel; Peoria, McDonald,
Sept., 1902; Glasford, Wilcox, Aug., 1902. WABASH CO. Mt. Carmel, Schneck in
1879; Hanging Rock, Schneck, Sept., 1904.

Muhlenbergia umbrosa Scribn.

Wood Muhlenbergia (Fig. 145)

Muhlenbergia sylvatica, Lapham ’57, 545, 566; Babcock ’73, 97; Patterson
76, 49; Flagg ’78, 280; Brendel ’87, 63; Higley and Raddin ’91, 141; Huett
797, 129.

Culms usually much branched, i to 3 feet tall, with very fine, short
hairs below the nodes; sheaths smooth; blades rough, 2 to 7 inches
long, 2 to 6 mm. wide; panicles long and very narrow, few-flowered ;
spikelets, excluding the awn, 2.5 to 3 mm. long, glumes awn-pointed

—_e

~TI

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 34

or slightly awned, shorter than the lemma, which bears an awn usually
6 to 12 mm. long.

This species is found in moist woods. It is much lke M. foliosa
and WM. glabrijflora in general appearance, but may be distinguished by
the slender, few-flowered panicle and by a long-awned lemma. In rare
instances a short-awned form was found among Illinois specimens.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Wolf in 1882. caRROLL co. Mt.
Carroll, Shimer, Oct., 1891. DU PAGE CO. Wheaton, Moffatt, Sept., 1892. FULTON
co. Canton, Wolf. KANKAKEE CO. Kankakee, De Selm, Sept., and Oct., 1913.
MENARD CO. Without locality, Hall; Athens, Hall in 1874. PEORIA co. Peoria,
Brendel; Princeville, V. H. Chase, Oct., 1900. sv. cLAIR co. Mascoutah, Welsch.
STARK CO. Near Wady Petra, V. H. Chase, Sept., 1906. WABASH co. Without
locality, Shearer ; Hanging Rock, Schneck, Sept., 1900.

22. BRACHYELYTRUM Beauv.

This genus includes a single species in which the plants are peren-
nial from short rootstocks. The culms are tall and slender and the
blades rather short and broad. The ligules are membranous, from 1
to 2 mm. long, the margin irregular. The inflorescence is a very nar-
row, few-flowered panicle. The spikelets are one-flowered, the glumes
very minute or obsolete, and the lemma is awned.

Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv.

Bearded Short Husk (Figs. 146 and 147)

Brachyelytrum aristatum, Lapham 757, 545, 567 (Plate 1, Fig. 10); Patterson
"76, 49; Flagg ’78, 280; Brendel ’87, 63; Higley and Raddin ’91, 142.

Culms erect, unbranched, densely pubescent at and near the nodes;
sheaths with a few hairs, shorter than the internodes; blades 3 to 5
inches long, 6 to 18 mm. wide, rough to the touch; spikelets, excluding
the awns, 10 mm. long, rough, and slightly pubescent.

This grass is found in shady places, usually in damp, rocky woods.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Mead; without locality, Vasey ; south-
ern Illinois, Brendel. CHAMPAIGN cO. Urbana, Butts and Seymour, June, 1880.
cooK co. Palos Park, Umbach, Aug., 1909; Glencoe, Johnson, Sept., 1890. FUL-
TON co. Canton, Wolf. Jo DAvIESS co. Along Apple river, Pepoon 691. HEN-
DERSON CO. Oquawka, Patterson, Aug., 1872. LA SALLE CO. Near Starved Rock,
A. Chase, July, 1901; Starved Rock, Hill 138 in 1901. ProrIA co. Glasford, Wil-
cox, July, 1902; Peoria, Brendel; Springdale, Peoria, McDonald, July, 1890. POPE
co. Herod, Clinton, July, 1898. sv. cLAIR co. Mascoutah, Welsch. VERMILION
co. Danville, Waite, June, 1886. WABASH co. Without locality, Schneck, July,
1905; Mt. Carmel, Schneck, Sept., 1886; Hanging Rock, Schneck, Sept., 1904 and
Aug., 1879.

23. HELEOCHLOA Host

This grass, which has been sparingly introduced into this country,
is a native of Europe and Asia. It grows in small bunches. The spike-
like panicles have the general appearance of Phlewm pratense, our
common timothy or herd’s grass. The panicles are partially included
in the enlarged upper sheaths. The spikelets are one-flowered, the

348 BULLETIN No. 205 : [| March,

glumes, lemma, and palea are all of the same texture. The glumes are
flattened and keeled, with a row of stout hairs along the keel. The
blades are short and narrow; the ligule is composed of a ring of short
hairs.

r 149
146 Uj
148 150

147

Figs. 146-150—146, B. erectwm, inflorescence; 147, B. erectwm, spikelet;
148, H. schoenoides, inflorescence; 149, H. schoenoides, spikelet; 150, P. pratense,
spikelet

Heleochloa schoenoides (L.) Hest
Rush Cat-tail Grass (Figs. 148 and 149)

Culms smooth, 4 to 18 inches tall, sheaths much shorter than the
internodes, the upper sheaths enlarged; blades 1 to 3 inches long,
sharp-pointed, rather rough on the upper surface; panicle 1 to 1.5
inches long; spikelets about 2.5 mm. long.

This grass has not been reported from many localities in Tlinois.
It is found in waste places.

cooK co. Blue Island, Robert Bebb, Aug., 1902 and 1903; Chicago, Somes,
Aug., 1909. svt. cLAIR CO. East St. Louis, Eggert, Aug., 1893.

24. PHLEUM L.
Cat-tail Grass

The native species of this genus (P. alpinum) does not occur in
Illinois, being found only on high mountains or in the arctie regions

1918 | THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS. ~ 349

ot the continent. The introduced species, P. pratense, is cultivated
everywhere in the state for hay. It is a perennial grass, growing in
tufts, with long, cylindrical, spike-like panicles. The spikelets are one-
flowered, flattened, and closely crowded. The lemma is thinner than
the glumes and transparent. The leaves are long and flat, the ligules
membranous, from 2 to 5 mm. long.

Phleum pratense L.
Timothy. Herd’s Grass (Fig. 150)

Culms 1.5 to 3.5 feet tall, erect, smooth, enlarged, and bulbous at
base; sheaths smooth; blades 3 to 12 inches long, 4 to 6 mm. wide;
spikelets 2 to 5 mm. long, usually 3 mm.; glumes keeled and about
twice as long as the lemma, the midnerve produced into a short awn 1
to 2 mm. long.

This species grows in meadows all over the state.

25. ALOPECURUS L:
Foxtail Grass

This genus includes plants with the inflorescence in spike-like pan-
icles which somewhat resemble timothy, or herd’s grass, Phlewm pra-
tense. The spikelets are one-flowered, flattened, with keeled glumes.
The lemma is thin and transparent and bears an awn near the base.
There are two species commonly found in Illinois. A third species, A
pratensis, is mentioned by Lapham, Patterson, Flagg, and Huett as
having been cultivated in Illinois. No Illinois specimens have been
seen, however, except from the University experimental plots. It is
included in the key, so that if any specimens are found, they may be
identified.

Spikelets 4 to 6 mm. in length. A. pratensis

Spikelets never more than 5 mm. in length.
Awn seareely exceeding the spikelet and not extending over 1 mm. beyond it;

spikelets 2.5 to 3 mm. long. A. aristulatus
Awn exceeding the spikelet by the length of the glume or more; spikelets 2
mm. long. A. geniculatus

Alopecurus aristulatus Michx.
Wild Water Foxtail. Floating Foxtail (Fig. 154)

Alopecurus aristulatus, Lapham 757, 544, 562 (Plate 1, Fig. 3); Flagg ’78,
280. Alopecurus geniculatus var. aristulatus, Brendel ’87, 63; Higley and Raddin
91, 142; Huett 797, 129.

Culms slender, smooth, 6 inches to 2 feet tall, usually erect;
sheaths smooth; blades roughened, 1 to 6 inches long, 1 to 4 mm. wide;
spikelets about 2 mm. long, the awn very short, not extending beyond
the panicle.

350 BULLETIN No. 205 [ March,

This species is described by earlier writers as being native to
TJlinois, and there seems to be no doubt on this point. It grows in
the water along the edges of ponds and streams or in very wet soil.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey; lakes in Illinois, Eggert, July,
1878. cook co. Winnetka, Johnson, May, 1889; Engelwood, Umbach, July,
1898. puU PAGE co. Glen Ellyn, Moffatt, May, 1894. FULTON co. Canton, Wolf.
LAKE co. Gilmer, Gates, July, 1907. MCHENRY CO. Without locality, Brendel.
MENARD co. Athens, Hall, June, 1865. PEORIA co. Peoria, Brendel. ST. CLAIR
co. Without locality, Brendel; Mascoutah, Welsch.

152 158 154

151

Figs. 151-154.—151, A. geniculatus, inflorescence; 152, A. pratensis, spike-
Jet; 153, A. geniculatus, spikelet; 154, A. aristulatus, spikelet

Alopecurus geniculatus L.
Marsh Foxtail (Figs. 151 and 153)

Lapham 757, 544, 562; Patterson ’76, 49; Flagg ’78, 280; Sherff 713, 594.

Culms 6 inches to 2 feet tall, slender, smooth, the base usually
lying along the ground, the ends erect ; sheaths smooth; blades rough-
ened, 1 to 6 inches long, 1 to 4 mm. wide; panicles with a somewhat
furry appearance due to the slender awns; spikelets 2.5 to 3 mm. long,
the awn slightly bent, usually about twice the length of the spikelet.

This species was introduced from Europe. It is found in wet soil,
especially in marshes and along the banks of ponds and streams.

cooK co. Englewood, Umbach, July, 1898. pu PAGE co. Glen Ellyn, Hill,
May, 1894. EFFINGHAM CO. Edgewood, Holden, May, 1898. HENDERSON CO.
Oquawka, Patterson. LAKE co. Lake Forest, Jensen, May, 1895; Lake Zurich,
Hill, June, 1899. MACOUPIN co. Carlinville, Robertson, May, 1884. MCLEAN CO.
Bloomington, Burrill, May, 1894. MARION co. Without locality, Lapham; Salem,
M. S. Bebb in 1860; Salem, Hall. MENARD co. Athens, Hall in 1861. PEORIA
co. Peoria, Brendel; Peoria, McDonald, June, 1890. PULASKI co. Beechwood,
Spencer, May, 1900. sv. cLAIR co. East St. Louis, Hggert, June, 1887; Mascou-
tah, Welsch. STARK CO. Wady Petra, V. IH. Chase 471,

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 351

26. SPOROBOLUS R. Br.
Dropseed. Rush Grass

The species of this genus found in Illinois are all native to the
state and include both annuals and perennials. They all grow in dry
soil and nearly all have narrow, involute, pointed leaves. The ligules
are membranous, from 1 to 3mm. long. The spikelets are one-flowered
and the fruit is not inclosed by the lemma, but is free and usually falls
out as soon as ripe.

a. Panicle diffuse, branches capillary. S. asperifolius
aa. Panicle not diffuse, branches slender but not capillary.
b. Glumes very unequal; panicle branches ascending or spreading, panicle
not spike-like (except secondary panicles in autumn).

ce. Sheaths not bearded at the summit; spikelets 4 to 6 mm. long.

S. heterolepis
ee. Sheaths conspicuously bearded at the summit; spikelets 2.5 to 3
mm. long. S. eryptandrus

bb. Glumes nearly equal; panicle contracted, more or less spike-like.

e. Sheaths much enlarged and always inclosing the lateral panicles,
sometimes the terminal ones; blades short, scarcely longer than the
sheaths.

d. Spikelets 2.5 to 3 mm. long; lemma not pubescent. 8S. neglectus

dd. Spikelets 3.5 to 4 mm. long; lemma pubescent. 8S. vaginaeflorus

ec. Sheaths never enlarged, except the upper which often partially in-

closes the panicle; blades long, very much longer than the sheaths,
always very narrow and involute; plants perennial.

d. Spikelets 5 mm. or more long; panicles densely flowered and
usually included in the enlarged upper sheaths.

e. Lemma and palea pubescent at the base.
f. Palea with a long sharp point; lemma about two-thirds

the length of the palea. S. clandestinus

ff. Palea acute but not with a long sharp point, and only
slightly longer than the lemma. S. canovirens

ee. Lemma and palea never pubescent at base, but always smooth
and polished. S. asper

dd. Spikelets never more than 4 mm. long; panicles loosely flowered
and not included in the upper sheath. S. drummondi

Sporobolus asper (Michx.) Kunth
Long-leaved Rush Grass (Fig. 155)

Sporobolus longifolius, Britton ’07, 105. Z

Culms 1.5 to 4 feet tall, smooth; sheaths smooth; blades 4 to 18
inches long, 2 to 4 mm. wide, flat at base but soon becoming involute,
smooth on the under surface, rough on the upper, and with long hairs
near the base; panicle partially included in the upper sheath, 3 to 9
inches long, about half an inch wide; spikelets 5 to 6 mm. long.

This species is found in dry, usually sandy soil. S. drwmmondi
closely resembles this species, but it has smaller spikelets, narrower
and less dense panicles which are usually not inclosed in the sheath.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Wolf in 1882. CHAMPAIGN co. With-
out locality, Seymour, Oct., 1880; St. Joseph, Clinton, Oct., 1895; Champaign,
Clinton, Oct., 1895; Urbana, Gates, Oct., 1907. cooK co. Chicago, Umbach, Sept.,

352 BULLETIN No. 205 [ March,

1898. HENDERSON CO. Oquawka, Patterson. MACOUPIN CO. Carlinville, Robert-
son, Sept., 1882. MENARD CO. Without locality, Hall in 1861. PEORIA co. Peo-
ria, McDonald, Sept., 1900 and 1901; Peoria, Brendel; Princeville, V. H. Chase
1180. sr. cLAIR co. Without locality, Brendel; Mascoutah, Welsch. STARK CO.
V. H. Chase 820. WABASH CO. Hanging Rock, Schneck, Sept., 1878. WiLL co.
Joliet, Skeels, Sept., 1904.

\

155 156 =|! 157 158 159 /160 161 162 163 164
Figs. 155-164.—155, S. asper, spikelet; 156, S. asperifolius, spikelet; 157,
S. canovirens, spikelet; 158, S. clandestinus, spikelet; 159, S. cryptandrus, spike-
let; 160, S. drwmmondwu, inflorescence; 161, S. drummondu, spikelet; 162, S.
heterolepis, spikelet; 163, S. neglectus, spikelet; 164, S. vaginaeflorus, spikelet

Sporobolus asperifolius (Nees & Meyen) Thurb.
Rough-leaved Dropseed (Fig. 156)

Culms 6 to 18 inches tall, smooth, erect from a long rootstock ;
sheaths short, smooth; blades flat, short, and pointed, very numerous
near the base of the plant, 1 to 3 inches long, 2 to 3 mm. wide, very
rough on the upper surface, smooth beneath; panicle spreading, 3 to 7
inches long and about half as wide, the spikelets 1.5 mm, long, on long,
capillary pedicels, rarely 2- or 3-flowered.

This is a western species and has been reported only once from T]li- |
nois. It is found in dry soil.

KANE CO. Elgin, along railway track, Sherff, Aug., 1912.

Sporobolus canovirens Nasli
(Fig. 157)

Culms 1 to 3 feet tall, smooth; sheaths smooth; blades narrow and
involute except at base, 4 to 18 inches long, 2 to 4 mm. wide, with long
hairs at the base; panicle 2 to 4 inches long, less than half an inch
wide, partially included in the upper sheath; spikelets about 6 mm.
long, lemma and palea slightly pubescent at base.

This species is found in sandy soil. Jn general appearance it
resembles both S. clandestinus and S. asper.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Wolf in 1882. FuLTON co. Canton,
Wolf. HENDERSON co. Oquawka, Patterson.

is3)
on
id>)

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS

Sporobolus clandestinus (Spreng.) Hitche.
Rough Rush Grass (Fig. 158)

Agrostis aspera, Michaux ’03, 52. Vilfa aspera, Lapham ’57, 544, 563; Pat-
terson ’76, 49; Flagg ’78, 280; Brendel ’87, 63. Sporobolus asper, Huett ’97,
129; McDonald ’00, 108.

Culms 2 to 5 feet tall, smooth; sheaths smooth; blades long, nar-
row, involute except at the base, 3 to 15 inches long, 2 to 4 mm. wide;
panicle 2 to 6 inches long, 2 to 4 mm. wide; spikelets 6 to 8 mm. long,
the lemma pubescent near the base.

This species is found in dry and sandy soil. It is distinguished by
the exceedingly long, pointed palea.

cook co. Leydon, Gates. PEORIA CO. Peoria, McDonald, Sept., 1900 and
1901.

Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray

Sand Dropseed (Fig. 159)

Lapham ’57, 545, 564; Patterson ’76, 49; Flagg ’78, 280; Brendel ’87, 88;
Higley and Raddin ’91, 142; Huett 797, 129; Gleason ’07, 182; Gleason 710, 148;
Gates 712, 355.

Culms smooth, 1 to 2 feet tall; sheaths short, smooth, with con-
spicuous long hairs at the throat; blades short, flat, rough om the
upper surface, mostly crowded at the base of the plant, 2 to 5 inches
long, 3 to 5 mm. wide; panicle open, somewhat resembling that of com-
mon redtop, in autumn contracted and partly included in the sheath;
spikelets usually dark colored, 2 to 2.5 mm. long.

This species is very common along the shores of Lake Michigan and
thruout the sand areas of the state.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: “Without locality, Vasey; Canteen lake, Eggert, Sept.,
1886. cASS co. Beardstown, MeDonald, Sept., 1900. cooK co. Chicago, Vasey;
Chicago, Babcock, Oct., 1874; Evanston, Johnston, Sept., 1886; Chicago, Lansing
371; Lake View, Chicago, Umbach, Sept., 1898; Hyde Park, Chicago, A. Chase,
Aug., 1899; Evanston, Sherff, July, 1911. HENDERSON co. Oquawka, Patterson
in 1881. LAKE co. Beach Area, Gates 3255. LA SALLE CO. Ottawa, Seymour.
MASON CO. Manito, Wilcox, July, 1902; Havana, Gleason, Aug., 1903. OGLE Co.
Cregon, Waite, Sept., 1880. st. cLAIR co. Eggert, Oct., 1886.

Sporobolus drummondii (Trin.) Vasey
(Figs. 160 and 161)

Culms 1 to 2.5 feet tall, smooth; sheaths smooth; blades long and
narrow, flat at base, involute at tip, 3 to 15 inches long, upper surface
rough, sometimes pubescent near the base, but usually smooth; panicle
seldom included in an inflated upper sheath, 3 to. 6 inches long, very
slender, loosely flowered, always less than helf an inch wide; spikelets
4 mm. long.

This species is considerably smaller than S. asper, which it closely
resembles.

ST. CLAIR CO. Mascoutah, Welsch. WiLL co. Gougar’s Prairie, Joliet, Skeels,
Sept., 1904.

354 BuLiEtTIN No. 205 [ March,

Sporobolus heterolepis Gray

Northern Dropseed (Fig. 162)

Lapham 757, 545, 563 (Plate 1, Fig. 6); Babcock ’73, 96; Patterson ’76, 49;
Flagg ’78, 280; Brendel ’87, 63; Higley and Raddin 791, 142; Huett ’97, 129;
Gleason 710, 148; Gates 712, 355.

Culms 1 to 3 feet tall, smooth, erect; sheaths smooth; blades long
and narrow, rough on the upper surface; panicles 3 to 10 inches long,
the branches often spreading, but sometimes erect ; spikelets 4 to 6 mm.
long, the first glume very much shorter and narrower than the long-
pointed second glume.

This species is very distinct and hence is not fiat to be mistaken
for any other. It is found in dry soil. On the original prairies of the
state it was abundant.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, M. S. Bebb in 1859 and 1868; with-
out locality, Vasey; without locality, Mead; without locality, Hall in 1875.
CHAMPAIGN CO. Urbana, Clinton, Aug., 1895; Champaign, Clinton, Oct., 1895.
cooK co. Englewood, Hill, Sept., 1875. pu PAGE co. Hinsdale, Smith, Sept.,
1902. FULTON co. Canton, Wolf; Canton, McDonald, Aug., 1889. JO DAVIESS
co. Warren, Pepoon 596. HANCOCK co. Augusta, Mead in 1845. HENDERSON
co. Oquawka, Pratt, Oct., 1872. KANKAKEE CO. Altorf, Hill 199 in 1872. LAKE
co. Beach Area, Gates 3223. MCHENRY CO. Union, Seymour, Sept., 1881; Ring-
wood, Vasey. PEORIA CO. Without locality, Brendel; near Princeville, V. H. Chase
819; Peoria, McDonald, Sept., 1900. waBasH co. Mt. Carmel, Schneck, Oct.,
1876; Old Palmyra, Schneck, Sept., 1904. witn co. Joliet, Hill 195 in 1907.
WINNEBAGO CO. Fountaindale, M. 8. Bebb in 1868.

Sporobolus neglectus Nash
Small Rush Grass (Fig. 163)

Culms smooth, 6 to 24 inches tall, forming small bunches; sheaths
inflated, broader than the blades, smooth; blades slightly longer than
the sheaths, about 2 mm. wide, rough on the upper surface, usually
pubescent near the base, usually involute when dry; panicles 1 to 2.5
inches long, all except the terminal panicles completely inclosed in
the inflated sheaths; spikelets 2.5 to 3 mm.-long, glumes, lemma, and
palea all of the same texture, all white and shining.

This species has been confused with S. vaginaeflorus, which it resem-
bles in general habit of growth and in the size and shape of the pan-
icles which are inclosed in the inflated upper sheaths. S. neglectus is
usually a smaller plant and is distinguishable by its smooth, white
spikelets, those in S. vaginaeflorus having pubescent lemmas and not
white, shiny spikelets as in S. neglectus.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, M. S. Bebb; without locality, Wolf;
without locality, Vasey ; Lake Zurich, Hill, Sept., 1898; Oito, De Selm, Sept., 1913.
CHAMPAIGN co. Urbana, Waite, Sept., 1888; Urbana, Seymour, Oct., 1880; St.
Joseph, Clinton, Oct., 1895. COOK Co. Chicago, Babcock, Oct., 1874; Evanston,
Shipman, Oct., 1875. pu PAGE Co. Naperville, Umbach, Aug., 1898. FULTON CO.
Without locality, Pepoon; Canton, Brendel. HANCOCK co. Augusta, Mead. HEN-
DERSON CO. Oquawka, Patterson. LAKE CO. - Lake Zurich, Hill, Sept., 1898.
MENARD CO. Without locality, Hall in 1861 and 1864; Athens, Hall in 1864.

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 355

OGLE CO. Without locality, M. S. Bebb; Oregon, Waite, Sept., 1888. PEORIA Co.
McDonald, Oct., 1904; Peoria, Brendel. stTaRK Co. Duncan, V. H. Chase, Sept.,
1906. witt co. Marley, Hill, Sept., 1895.

Sporobolus vaginaefiorus (Torr.) Wood
Sheathed Rush Grass (Fig. 164)

Vilfa vaginaeflora, Lapham 757, 544, 563 (Plate 1, Fig. 5); Babcock ’73, 96;
Flagg ’78, 280; Brendel ’87, 63. Sporobolus vaginaeflorus, Higley and Raddin
791, 142; Huett 97, 219.

Culms 8 to 24 inches tall,-smooth; sheaths usually all inflated,
smooth; blades a little longer than the sheaths, very narrow, usually
involute, rough on the upper surface and pubescent near the base;
lateral panicles usually inclosed in the inflated sheaths, the terminal
ones usually free; spikelets 3.5 to 4 mm. long, the glumes usually
white, the lemma dark colored and always pubescent.

This species resembles S. neglectus, but is usually larger and is
easily recognized by the spikelets. It grows in dry, sandy soil.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Wolf in 1882; without locality, Mead
in 1844. CHAMPAIGN CO. Urbana, Grimes, Sept., 1916. cook co. Lyons, Hill,
Aug., 1898; Morgan Park, Chicago, Hill, Sept., 1898; Eggleston, Hill 309 in 1898.
FULTON CO. Without locality, Pepoon. JO DAVIESS CO. Without locality, Pepoon.
HANCOCK co. Augusta, Mead in 1843. HENDERSON CO. Oquawka, Patterson.
LAKE CO. Lake Zurich, Hill, Sept., 1898. MENARD co. Without locality, Hall.
PEORIA CO. Peoria, McDonald, Sept., 1900. sv. cLAIR co. Mascoutah, Welsch.
STARK CO. Wady Petra, V. H. Chase 1209 and 1266. wasBasH co. Mt. Carmel,
Schneck, Sept., 1876 and Oct., 1887.

Two other species have been reported from Illinois, S. jwnceus
(Higley and Raddin 91, p. 42) and S. virginica (Vilfa virginica, Pat-
terson °76, 49; Flage ’78, 280; Brendel ’87, 88). No specimens of
either of these have been seen. The latter, as understood at present,
is a seashore rush grass with long, stout rootstocks, and is not found
inland.

27. AGROSTIS L.

Bent Grass

This genus includes both annual and perennial species. They are
distinguished by the small one-flowered spikelets in which both glumes
and lemma are thin, the glumes considerably the longer. The palea is
minute or wanting in all Illinois species but A. alba. The inflorescence
is always paniculate. The leaves are narrow, with conspicuous mem-
branous ligules. A. alba is the only species of economie importance.

Lemma with a long awn; spikelets less than 2 mm. long. A. elliottiana
Lemma awnless; spikelets more than 2 mm. long.
Palea at least half as long as the lemma. A. alba

Palea minute or wanting.
Panicle branches spreading, usually whorled, the branches long and cap-
illary, very rough, spikelet-bearing at the tips. A. hyemalis
Panicle branches ascending or spreading, but not whorled, nearly smooth,
the spikelets not clustered at the tips of the branches. A. perennans

356 BuLLETIN No. 205 [ March,

je =
7)
2

——-

169

167 WW

166 168 i71

Figs. 165-171.—165, A. alba, inflorescence; 166, A. alba, spikelet; 167, A.
hyemalis, inflorescence, immature; 168, A. hyemalis, spikelet; 169, A. elliottiana,
spikelet; 170, A. perennans; 171, A. perennans, spikelet

Agrostis alba L.

Fiorin. White Bent. Redtop (Fig. 165)

Lapham 757, 545, 565; Patterson ’76, 49; Flagg ’78, 280; Brendel ’87, 63;
Huett ’97, 130; Gates 712, 355; Sherff ’12, 420; Sherff 713, 594.

Culms 1 to 4 feet tall from creeping rootstocks; sheaths smooth,
blades 2 to 8 inches long, 2 to 6 mm. wide, slightly rough; ligule mem-
branous, usually 4 to 5 mm. long; panicle spreading, contracted, after
flowering; spikelets 2 to 2.5 mm. long, palea present, usually half as
long as the lemma.

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 357

The earlier botanists of the state assert that this species is native
here, and that it is found in moist situations in prairies, fields, road-
sides, ditch banks, ete. It is one of the common pasture grasses and is
also cultivated for hay. A low variety is cultivated as a lawn grass
under the name of creeping bent.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey. CHAMPAIGN CO. Champaign,
Mosher, June, 1913; Urbana, Seymour, July, 1878; Urbana, Clinton in 1893; Ur-
bana, Mosher, June, 1913. cook co. Without locality, Gates, June, 1906; Evans-
ton, Shipman, July, 1875. FULTON co. Without locality, Pepoon; Canton, Bren-
del. JACKSON co. Without locality, Lapham. JO DAVIESS co. Warren, Pepoon
24, MACOUPIN co. Carlinville, Robertson, May, 1881. PrEORIA co. Peoria, Bren-
del. ST. CLAIR CO. Mascoutah, Welsch; East St. Louis, Eggert, June, 1879. STARK
co. Wady Petra, V. H. Chase 56. WABASH CO. Without locality, Schneck, June,
1900; without locality, Shearer; Mt. Carmel, Schneck, June, 1892, 1900, 1904.

Agrostis alba vulgaris Thurb.

Agrostis vulgaris, Lapham 757, 545, 566; Babcock ’73, 96; Patterson ’76, 49;
Flagg ’78, 280; Brendel ’87, 63. Agrostis alba var vulgaris, Higley and Raddin
791, 142; Huett ’97, 130; Cowles ’00, 106.

This variety, on account of the many intergrading forms, is not
easily distinguished from the species. It is usually found in dryer
situations and is not so tall, from 9 to 18 inches being the average
height. The panicle is smaller and usually more open and spreading.
The leaves are smaller and the ligule is generally much shorter.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, southern Illinois, Vasey. CHAMPAIGN
co. Champaign, Clinton in 1888; Urbana, Seymour, June, 1880. MENARD CO.
Without locality, Hall in 1861. ProRIA co. Peoria, Brendel; Peoria, McDonald,
July, 1889. 5

Agrostis elliottiana Schultes
Elliott’s Bent Grass (Fig. 169)

Plants annual; culms slender, 5 to 12 inches tall, smooth; sheaths
smooth; blades rough, .5 to 5 inches long, not over 2 mm. wide;
ligule about 2 mm. long; panicle narrow, somewhat open, the branches
delicate; spikelets about 1.5 mm. long, the lemma bearing a slender
awn about 5 mm. long.

This is a southeastern species and rare in Illinois. It grows in dry
soil. So far as known it is the only awned species of Agrostis in the
state.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, southern Illinois, Shimer, May, 1893.
JOHNSON co. Tunnel Hill, Hvelyn Ridgway, May, 1900. st CLAIR co. Mascou-
tah, Welsch.

Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) B. 8. P.
Hair Grass (Figs. 167 and 168)
Agrostis scabra, Lapham 757, 545, 564; Babeock ’73, 96; Patterson ’76, 49;
Flagg ’78, 280; Brendel ’87, 63; Higley and Raddin ’91, 143; Huett ’97, 130.
Culms slender, smooth, 1 to 2 feet tall; leaves not numerous, mostly
clustered at the base of the plant, sheaths smooth, the blades rough, 2

358 BULLETIN No. 205 [ March,

to 5 inches long, 1 to 8 mm. wide; panicle usually purplish, with
spreading, capillary, whorled, very scabrous branches spikelet-bearing
at the tips; spikelets 1.5 to 2 mm. long.

This species was very abundant on the prairies, especially in the
poorer kinds of soil. It prefers dry soil and is usually found now in
uncultivated fields, pastures, and woodland. The panicles are usually
very large, somewhat resembling those of Panicum capillare and like
them break off at maturity and roll before the wind.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey. CHAMPAIGN CO. Urbana,
Seymour, July, 1880. cook co. Chicago, Babcock, July, 1873; Chicago, Hill 23
in 1891. JO DAVIESS co. Without locality, Pepoon 177. JOHNSON co. Tunnel
Hill, Schneck, May, 1902. KANKAKEE CO. Hill, May, 1870. MCHENRY co. Ring-
wood, Vasey. MACOUPIN CO. Carlinville, Robertson, June, 1882. MARION CO.
Without locality, Lapham; Salem, M. 8. Bebb in 1860. MARSHALL Co. Steuben
township, V. H. Chase 1785. PEORIA CO. Peoria, McDonald; Peoria, Brendel.
ST. CLAIR CO. Mascoutah, Welsch. STARK CO. Wady Petra, V. H. Chase 56,
1200, 1442. waBasH co. Without locality, Schneck, June, 1901; without locality,
Shearer; Mt. Carmel, Schneck, June, 1904; vicinity of Mt. Carmel, Schneck in
1879, 1881, and 1890.

Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm.
Thin Grass (Figs. 170 and 171)

Brendel ’59, 585; Vasey ’61, 671; Babcock ’73, 96; Patterson ’76, 49; Flagg
78, 280; Brendel ’87, 63; Higley and Raddin ’91, 142; Sherff ’12, 49; Sherff
713, 594.

Culms usually very slender, erect or ascending from a decumbent
base ; sheaths smooth, blades rough, 2 to 6 inches long, 2 to 6 mm. wide,
numerous, mostly erect; panicle variable, usually narrow and not
spreading, pale green or sometimes purplish; the branches usually not
whorled and not having the spikelets clustered at the ends, capillary
and slightly roughened; spikelets 2 to 3 mm. long.

This species is exceedingly variable in its habit of growth, so that
it is difficult to state definitely the differences between this species and
A. hyemalis. In general, however, they are very easily distinguished.
A. perennans grows in shady places.and blooms mostly from August to
October, while A. hyemalis blooms from May to July.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey. CHAMPAIGN CO. Champaign,
Gleason, Sept., 1898; Urbana, Clinton, Sept., 1899 and Oct., 1895. COOK Co.
Evanston, Shipman, Sept., 1875; Winnetka, Sherff 1915. FuLToN co. Canton,
Wolf ; Canton, Brendel. PEORIA CO. Princeville, V. H. Chase 1186; Peoria, Bren-
del; Peoria, McDonqld, Aug., 1899. st. cLAIR CO. Mascoutah, Welsch. UNION
co. Cobden, Seymour, Aug., 1880. WABASH co. Without locality, Shearer, Oct.,
1901; Hanging Rock, Schneck; Crayfish creek, Schneck, Oct., 1897; Mt. Carmel,
Schneck, Sept., 1877.

28. CALAMOVILFA Hack.

These are tall, reed-like grasses which have long, stout rootstocks.
They are found mostly on the sandy shores of lakes and streams. The
large, spreading panicles are composed of one-flowered spikelets with
firm glumes, lemma, and palea, the callus densely bearded.

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 359

Calamovilfa longifolia (Hock.) Hack.
Long-leaved Reed Grass (Fig. 172)

Calamagrostis longifolia, Vasey ’61, 671; Babcock ’73, 97; Patterson ’76, 50;
Flagg ’78, 250; Higley and Raddin ’91, 143; Huett 797, 130; McDonald ’00, 103.
Calamovilfa longifolia, Gleason ’07, 182; Gleason 710, 148; Gates 712, 355.

Culms single, not branched, smooth and stout, 1 to 6 feet tall;
sheaths pubescent, at least near the base and on the margin; ligule a
short fringe of hairs; blades 9 to 18 inches long, involute, pointed at
the end; panicle 6 to 18 inches long; spikelets 6 to 7 mm. long.

This grass is found in loose sands and is abundant along the shores
of Lake Michigan, where it acts as a sand binder. .

The typical form of the species, described from Saskatchewan, is
a less robust plant having a narrow, strict panicle. Eggert’s St. Clair
collection is this typical form. The Oquawka and Lake Michigan speci-
mens are the robust form with large, open panicles which have been
distinguished as var. magna Seribn. and Merr.

cooK co. Without locality, along lake shore, Vasey; Evanston, Shipman, July,
1875; Chicago, Vasey; Chicago, Lansing, July, 1898; Chicago, Babcock, August,
1874, HENDERSON co. Near Oquawka, Patterson. LAKE CO. Waukegan, Gleason
and Shobe 322; north of Waukegan, Gates, 2920; Waukegan, Sherff. MASON Co.
Without locality, M. 8S. Bebb. svt. CLAIR cO. Without locality, Eggert in 1882.

172 174 175 |

Figs. 172-175.—Spikelets: 172, C. longifolia; 173, C. canadensis; 174, C.
inexpansa; 175, A. arenaria

29. CALAMAGROSTIS Adans.
Reed Bent Grass

These grasses are tall, with long, running rootstocks and panicles
which resemble those of Agrostis, especially A. alba. The spikelets are
one-flowered, the lemma and palea are thinner than the glumes, the
lemma awned on the back and surrounded with long hairs from the
short callus at its base. The leaves are long and narrow, the ligule
membranous with ragged edges.

360 BULLETIN No. 205 [ March,

Panicle generally open; spikelets 3 to 3.5 mm. long; lemma smooth, the callus

hairs about as long as the lemma. C. canadensis
Panicle narrow, constricted; spikelets 4 to 4.5 mm. long; lemma, rough, callus hairs
about three-fourths as long as the lemma. C. inexpansa

Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv.
Blue-joint Grass (Fig. 173)

Lapham 757, 545, 568 (Plate 1, Fig. 11); Babcock ’73, 97; Patterson ’76, 50;
Flagg ’78, 280; Brendel ’87, 63; Higley and Raddin ’91, 130; Huett ’97, 130;
Gates 712, 355; Sherff ’12, 419; Sherff 713, 594.

Culms 2 to 5 feet tall, smooth or slightly rough; sheaths smooth;
blades 6 to 18 inches long, 2 to 8 mm. wide, rough; panicle usually
widely spreading, but sometimes with the branches erect; spikelets 3
to 3.5 mm, long, the lemma smooth with an inconspicuous awn, the
callus hairs almost equaling and concealing the lemma.

This species is found in wet soil, such as swamps and bogs. It is
said to make excellent hay.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Mead; Maynard, A. Chase, June, 1898.
CHAMPAIGN CO. Champaign, Seymour, June, 1884; Champaign, Waite, June, 1886.
cooK co. Bryn Mawr, Meyers, 1910; Beverly Hills, Robert Bebb, Aug., 1904;
Chicago, Babcock, Aug., 1872. JO DAVIESS co. Without locality, Pepoon 48.
HANCOCK CO. Augusta, Mead in 1843. HENDERSON cO. Oquawka, Patterson.
KANKAKEE CO. Kankakee, Hill, June, 1870. LAKE co. Lake Villa, Gleason and
Shobe 116, 146, 224. LivINGsToN co. Emington, Wilcox, July, 1902. MCHENRY
co. Ringwood, Vasey. MACOUPIN co. Carlinville, Robertson, July, 1883 and
1884. MENARD co. Athens, Hall, June, 1866.° OGLE co. Oregon, Waite, July,
1885. PEORIA co. Princeville, V. H. Chase, 1897; Peoria, Brendel; Akron, V. H.
Chase, June, 1897. ST. CLAIR CO. Mascoutah, Welsch. WHITE co. Carmi,
Schneck, June, 1897. WINNEBAGO CO. Without locality, M. S. Bebb; Fountain-
dale, M. S. Bebb.

Calamagrostis inexpansa Gray
Bog Reed Grass (Fig. 174)

Culms slender, 2 to 4 feet tall; sheaths smooth; blades rough,
8 to 12 inches long, 4 mm. wide or less; panicle narrow but not very
densely flowered; spikelets 4 mm. long, awns short, lemma rough,
eallus hairs about two-thirds the length of the lemma.

This species is found in low, wet places.

cooK co. Hyde Park, Chicago, Babcock, July, 1873.

Calamagrostis cinnoides.—This species has been reported by Lap-
ham (C. coarctata, ’57, 545, 568) and by Flagg (C. nuttalliana, 78,
280). No specimens of this have been seen by the writer.

30. AMMOPHILA Host

The only species in this genus is a stout perennial with strong,
creeping rootstocks. It is found along the shores of Lake Michigan,
where it acts as a sand binder. This grass is able to push up to the
surface again after being covered by shifting sand. The inflorescence

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 361

is a long, densely flowered, spike-like panicle, with one-flowered spike-
lets. The glumes, lemma, and palea are firm in texture, and the callus
bears a ring of short hairs.

Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link
Sea Sand Grass. Psamma. Marram. Beach Grass (Fig. 175)

Calamagrostis arenaria, Vasey, ’61, 671; Babeock ’73, 97; Patterson 776, 50;
Flagg ’78, 280. Ammophila arundinacea, Higley and Raddin, ’91, 143; Cowles,
700, 171. Ammophila arenaria, Gates 712, 355.

Culms smooth, 2 to 4 feet tall; sheaths smooth; blades 6 to 12 inches
long, rough on the upper surface, narrowed and involute, ending in
a sharp point; spikelets flattened and rough, 10 to 15 mm. long.

cooK co. Shores of Lake Michigan, Vasey; shores of Lake Michigan, Scam-
mon, Sept., 1860; Chicago, Babcock, July, 1874; Evanston, Shipman, July, 1879.

31. CINNA L.
Wood Reed Grass

These grasses are tall and slender, the culms growing singly or a
few together. The inflorescence is of many-flowered panicles. The
spikelets are one-flowered, flattened, and keeled, the glumes narrow;
the lemma bears a minute awn just below the apex, but there are no
hairs at the base. The palea is one-nerved or the two nerves are so
close together as to appear one. ‘The leaves are flat, the ligules brown,
membranous, almost transparent, 5 to 6 mm. long.

Spikelets 3 to 4 mm. long; awn 1 to 2 mm. long; first and second glumes about

equal. C. latifolia
Spikelets 5 to 6 mm. long; awn about .5 mm. long; first glume much shorter than
the second. C. arwndinacea °

Cinna arundinacea I.
Indian Reed (Figs. 176 and 177)

Lapham ’57, 545, 565; Babcock ’73, 96; Patterson ’76, 49; Flagg ’78, 280;
Brendel ’87, 63; Higley and Raddin 791, 143.

Culms 2 to 5 feet tall, smooth; sheaths smooth; blades 6 to 12
inches long, 4 to 15 mm. wide, slightly roughened; panicle usually
. densely flowered, the numerous branches aseending, the ends nodding ;
spikelets 5 to 6 mm. long, the glumes unequal, rough, the lemma with
a minute awn or awnless.

This grass is found in moist, shady situations, especially in the
woods. It is said to furnish excellent hay where it grows abundantly
along the borders of streams.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey. CHAMPAIGN CO. Urbana,
Clinton, Sept., 1899; Urbana, Seymour, July, 1880; Urbana, Seymour and Waite,
July, 1886. CHRISTIAN CO. Taylorville, Andrews. cooK co. River Forest, A.
Chase, Sept., 1900; Evanston, Shipman, Aug., 1875; Chicago, Moffatt, Aug., 1892.
FULTON CO. Without locality, Pepoon. HENDERSON co. Oquawka, Patterson.
JACKSON CO. Without locality, Mrench in 1878; without locality, Lapham in 1857.

362 BuLuetin No. 205 - [March,

JO DAVIESS CO. Without locality, Pepoon 48 and 462. KANE co. Elgin, Sherff,
Oct., 1909. McCHENRY co. Algonquin, Nason, Aug., 1879. MACOUPIN co. Car-
linville, Robertson, Aug., 1880. MENARD co. Athens, Hall, Sept., 1864. PEORIA
co. Glasford, Wilcox, Aug., 1902; Princeville, V. H. Chase, Sept., 1906; Peoria,
Brendel; Peoria, McDonald, Aug., 1894. WABASH CO. Without locality, Schneck,
Sept., 1876; without locality, Shearer; Hanging Rock, Schneck, Sept., 1879; Mt.
Carmel, Schneck, Sept., 1877.

a t
ae B

177 Wig 180

Figs. 176-180.—176, C. arundinacea, inflorescence; 177, C. arundinacea, spike-
let; 178, C. latifolia, inflorescence; 179, C. latifolia, spikelet; 180, N. lanatus,
spikelet

Cinna latifolia (Trev.) Griseb.
Slender Wood Reed Grass (Figs. 178 and 179)

Cinna arundinacea var. pendula, Patterson ’76, 49; Flagg ’78, 280.

Culms 2 to 5 feet tall, smooth; sheaths smooth; blades 6 to 12 inches
long, 10 to 15 mm. wide; panicle spreading, the slender branches often
drooping; spikelets 3 to 4 mm. long; glumes nearly equal, rough;
lemma with a short awn.

This species is found in damp woods. It is not so abundant as
C. arundinacea.

KANE CO. Elgin, Vasey. LAKE CO. Beach, Gates, July, 1909.

32. NOTHOLCUS Nash

This grass was introduced from Europe and is fairly common in
the eastern United States and on the Pacific coast. The spikelets are

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 2€3

two-flowered, the lower flower perfect, the upper staminate. The
glumes and lemmas are thick, the palea very thin. The inflorescence
is in dense panicles shaped something like those of Agrostis. The entire
plant is covered with short, soft pubescence, hence the name velvet
oTass.

Notholcus lanatus (L.) Nask
Velvet Grass. Meadow Soft Grass (Fig. 180)

Holcus lanatus, Gray’s Manual, 7th ed.; Britton ’07, 115.

Entire plants light green and velvety ; culms 1 to 3 feet tall; sheaths
shorter than the internodes; blades 1 to 6 inches long, 4 to 12 mm.
wide, ligule membranous, 2 to 3 mm. long; spikelets flattened, about
4 mm. long, pubescent, the glumes longer than the lemmas.

This grass is perennial. It grows best in moist places, and will
thrive in very poor soil. It is a rather pretty species, with its pale
green foliage and pink-tinted panicles but it is not regarded as a valu-
able forage grass in most places where it has been introduced. In
some parts of the West, however, it is much liked.

CHAMPAIGN CO. Urbana, Burrill, June, 1891.

33. SPHENOPHOLIS Scribn.

These grasses are tall, slender, tufted perennials with narrow pan-
icles. The leaves are flat, usually very narrow; the ligule is membra-
nous, fringed with fine hairs, and from 2 to 4mm, long. The species
are most easily determined by the shape of the glumes, the first being
very narrow and pointed, the second much broader, obovate or wedge-
shaped. The spikelets are 2- to 3-flowered, and longer than the glumes.

Second glume almost as broad as long, broadly obtuse or truncate at the apex,

nearly equal in length to the first. S. obtusata
Second glume not nearly so broad as long, acute or narrowly obtuse at the end,

longer than the first. S. pallens

Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Seribn.
Blunt-sealed Sphenopholis (Fig. 181)

Eatonia obtusata, Lapham 757, 546, 575 (Plate 2, Fig. 10); Patterson ’76, 50;
Flagg ’78, 281; Brendel ’87, 63; Higley and Raddin ’91, 143; Huett ’97, 130.

Culms 1 to 3 feet tall, smooth; leaves mostly clustered at the base
of the plant, sheaths rough, often pubescent; blades 1.5 to 6 inches
long, 2 to 6 mm. wide, slightly rough; panicle densely flowered, 2 to 6
inches long, often so narrow as to appear spike-like; spikelets 2.5 to
3 mm. long, the glumes strongly nerved and rough except on the
smooth, shiny margin; lemmas similar in texture to the glumes; palea
thin and transparent.

This species is found in dry soil. It was one of the species of the
original prairie and is still found in many places in the state.

364 BULLETIN No, 205 [ March,

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey. CHAMPAIGN CO. Champaign,
Clinton, June, 1900; Champaign, Gleason 1006. cCooK co. Chicago, Lansing 272;
Woodlawn, Chicago, Lansing, June, 1898; Englewood, Hill, July, 1875; South Chi-
eago, A. Chase, July, 1901. CHRISTIAN CO. Taylorville, Andrews. FULTON CO.
Without locality, Pepoon. HANCOCK co. Augusta, Mead, June, 1848. JO DAVIESS
co. East of Warren, Pepoon 8. KANKAKEE CO. Bourbonnais, Hill 83 in 1874.
MACOUPIN CO. Carlinville, Robertson, May, 1884. MARION CO. Without locality,
M. S. Bebb in 1860. PEORIA co. Peoria, Brendel. sT. CLAIR Co. Mascoutah,
Welsch. STARK CO. Wady Petra, V. H. Chase 1156 and 1460. TAZEWELL Co.
Without locality. McDonald, July, 1889. VERMILION co. Muncie, Mosher, May,
1914. wasasH co. Old Palmyra, Schneck, May, 1880; Mt. Carmel, Schneck,
June, 1904.

181

182

Figs. 181-182.—181, S. obtusata, inflorescence, (a) spikelet; 182, S. pallens,
inflorescence, (a) spikelet

Sphenopholis pallens (Spreng.) Scribn.
(Fig. 182)
Eatonia pennsylvanica, Lapham 757, 546, 576; Patterson ’76, 50; Flagg ’78,

281; Brendel ’87, 63; Higley and Raddin 791, 143. Sphenopholis pallens, Sherft
712, 419; Sherff 713, 594.

Culms smooth, 1 to 3.5 feet tall; sheaths rough, sometimes pubes-
cent; blades 2 to 7 inches long, 4 to 6 mm. wide, rough and sometimes
with a few hairs; panicles loosely flowered, narrow, 3 to 7 inches long ;
spikelets 3 to 4mm. long, glumes strongly nerved and rough except the
margins; lemma firm; palea membranous, transparent.

This species was also found on the original prairie but in moist sit-
uations.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey. CHAMPAIGN co. Urbana,

Burrill, Waite, and Seymour, June, 1884; Champaign, Waite, June, 1886. CHRIS-
TIAN CO. Taylorville, Andrews. cooK co. Glencoe, Sherff, June, 1911. HENDER-

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 365

SON co. Oquawka, Patterson. MCHENRY CO. Algonquin, Nason, June, 1878.
KANKAKEE CO. Kankakee, Hill, June, 1873. MACOUPIN Co. Carlinville, Robert-
son, June, 1884. MENARD CO. Without locality, Hall in 1874; Athens, Hall in
1864. PEORIA CO. Peoria, Brendel; Peoria, McDonald, July, 1889. STARK co.
Wady Petra, V. H. Chase 589. WABASH CO. Without locality, Schneck, May,
1879; without locality, Shearer ; Patton, Schneck, June, 1900; Mt. Carmel, Schneck,
June, 1881, 1900, 1904 and 1906; Old Palmyra, Schneck, June, 1900. WILL Co.
Joliet, Skeels, June, 1904.

‘Sphenopholis pennsylvanica (.) Hitehe.—This species is described
as Trisetum pennsylvanicum in Britton’s Manual (1907), where it is
reported from Illinois. It was also reported from Illinois by several of
the earlier authors as Trisetum palustre: Lapham 757, 548, 589; Pat-
terson 76, 52; Flage ’78, 284 and Brendel ’87, 88. It is also reported
from Illinois in Gray’s Manual (7th ed.) under the name S. palustris
(Michx.) Seribn. No Illinois specimens are contained in the herbaria
examined, nor are there any in the herbarium of the New York Botan-
ical Garden or in the Gray Herbarium.

34. KOELERIA Pers.

This genus includes a single species which was found in dry places
on the western prairies. It grows in large bunches, with narrow leaves
and shining, spike-like panicles which are about the length of those of
timothy, but are thicker, interrupted, and not quite cylindrical. The
spikelets are 2- to 4-flowered, the glumes slightly shorter than the
florets. .

Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers.
(Fig. 184)

Lapham 757, 546, 575; Babcock ’73, 97; Patterson ’76, 50; Flagg ’78, 281;
Brendel ’87, 63; Higley and Raddin ’91, 143; Gleason 710, 148; Gates 712, 355.

Culms 1 to 2.5 feet tall, densely short pubescent just below the
panicle, otherwise smooth; leaves mostly clustered at the base; sheaths
pubescent ; ligules inconspicuous or lacking; blades 1 to 12 inches long,
1 to 5mm. wide, generally rough and more or less pubescent, becoming
involute when dry; panicle pale green and shining; spikelets rough, 4
to 5 mm. long.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey; without locality, Hall; south-
ern Illinois, Lapham in 1857. CHAMPAIGN CO. Champaign, Waite, June, 1886;
Champaign, Seymour, June, 1884. CHRISTIAN CO. Taylorville, Andrews. cooK
co. Rogers Park, Johnson, July, 1890. FuLTON co. Without locality, Pepoon.
JACKSON CO. Makanda, Gleason, June, 1903. JO DAVIESS co. Without locality,
Pepoon, July, 1908; Hanover, Gleason and Gates 2533, KANKAKEE CO. Kanka-
kee, Hill, 47 in 1871. KNOX co. Williamsfield, V. H. Chase 1842. LAKE CO.
Waukegan, Gates 2467; Beach, Gates 2763; Rockefeller, Gates 1740. MCHENRY
co. Algonquin, Nason, June, 1878. MACOUPIN CO. Carlinville, Robertson, June,
1884, MARION CO. Without locality, M. S. Bebb in 1860. MARSHALL Co. Near
Lawn Ridge, V. H. Chase 1382. ProRIA co. Peoria, McDonald, June, 1890; Peo-
ria, Brendel. sv. cLAIR CO. Mascoutah, Welsch. STARK co. FEast of Wady
Petra, V. H. Chase 28; Wady Petra, V. H. Chase 1382 and 1496. WABASH Co.
Without locality, Shearer.

366 BULLETIN No. 205 [ March,

35. DESCHAMPSIA Beauv.

This genus belongs to cold climates; only one species has been
found in Illinois. The plants are perennial with short, very narrow
or involute leaves clustered at the base, and, borne far above them, a
loose, open panicle with shining spikelets, which are brown, tinged
with purple. The spikelets are mostly 2- rarely 3-flowered, the glumes
and lemmas thin, the lemma bearing an awn from near its base.

Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv.
Tufted Hair Grass (Figs. 183 and 185)

Aira caespitosa, Vasey ’61, 671; Flagg ’78, 284.

Culms in tufts 2 to 4 feet tall, smooth; sheaths smooth; ligule
membranous, transparent, 3 to 5 mm. long; blades usually flat, beecom-
ing involute when dry, rough on the upper surface, 1 to 6 inches long,
2 to 3 mm. wide; panicle 4 to 8 inches long, usually half as wide, the
branches not numerous, slender, rough and spikelet-bearing at the
ends; spikelets 3.5 to 4 mm. long, the glumes usually as long as the
lemma, the awn extending slightly beyond the glumes. This species
is found in moist soil, usually along streams.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey in 1861; northern Illinois,
Vasey. KANE CO. Elgin, Vasey.

36. AVENA (Tourn.) L.
Oat

Two species of oat, both annuals, may be found in Illinois—the
wild and the cultivated. The latter often escapes from cultivation
and may be found in waste places, but it seldom establishes itself. The
genus is distinguished by its large, open panicles with spikelets from
half an inch to an inch long. The spikelets are 2- to 4-flowered, the
many-nerved glumes longer than the lemmas, which usually bear a
dorsal awn. The leaves are long and flat, the ligule membranous, 1 to
4 mm. long.

Lemmas pubescent; awn well developed, twisted at the base. A. fatua
Lemmas smooth; awn, if present, small, usually straight. A. sativa -

Avena fatua L.
Wild Oat (Fig. 186)

Culms stout, 1 to 4 feet tall, smooth; sheaths usually smooth, some-
times slightly roughened near the blade, occasionally hairy; blades
slightly roughened, 3 to 12 inches long, 4 to 14 mm. wide; panicle 4
to 12 inches long, usually narrow, the branches ascending; spikelets
22 to 25 mm. long, excluding the awns, the lemmas sparsely covered
with long brown hairs, which are more numerous near the base; awn
arising from near the middle of the lemma, twisted at base.

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 367

This species is a common weed in the West, but it has been reported
from only one loeality in Illinois.

DU PAGE co. Naperville, Umbach, July, 1896 and 1898; Naperville, Moffatt,
Aug., 1894.

Avena sativa L.

This species is too well known to need description. Under cultiva-
tion the awn is obsolete, but in specimens found in waste places, it is
often fairly well developed. Such specimens may be distinguished
from A. fatwa by the nearly glabrous lemma.

CHAMPAIGN CO. Champaign, Clinton, July, 1900; Champaign, Seymour, July,
1880. cooK co. Chicago, Lansing, July, 1898. LAKE cd. Channel lake, Haynes,
Aug., 1905. PEORIA Co. Peoria, Brendel. st. CLAIR CO. Mascoutah, Welsch.

)
V/

I 183

Figs. 183-188.—183, D. caespitosa, spikelet; 184, K. cristata, spikelet; 185,
D. caespitosa, inflorescence; 186, A. fatua, spikelet; 187, A. elatius, inflorescence ;
188, A. elatiws, spikelet

37. ARRHENATHERUM Beauv.
Oat Grass

This genus is commonly called oat-grass on account of its spikelets,
which closely resemble those of the oat but are considerably smaller.
The plants are perennial with long, flat leaves and narrow panicles.
The spikelets are 2-flowered, one floret perfect, awnless or with a short
awn, the other staminate, awned, the awn bent, twisted near the base.

Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Beauv.
Tall Oat Grass. Randall Grass (Figs. 187 and 188)

Culms smooth, 3 to 4 feet tall; sheaths smooth; blades rough, 2 to
12 inches long, 2 to 8 mm. wide; ligule membranous, about 1 mm. long,
panicle 4 to 12 inches long, narrow, the branches ascending; spikelets
7 to 8 mm. long, the lemma rough, its awn about twice as long.

368 BuLueETIN No. 205 [ March,

This species was introduced from Europe as a meadow grass. It
often escapes from cultivation. So far as known it has never been
extensively cultivated in Illinois.

CHAMPAIGN CO. Urbana, Burrill, July 1878. cook co. Hyde Park, Hill 217
in 1894. PrortA co. Peoria, McDonald, July, 1903.

38. DANTHONIA DC.

This genus is distinguished by its narrow, spike-like panicles which
consist of very few spikelets. The leaves are mostly clustered at the
base, very short, narrow, and usually involute. The spikelets are 3- to
8-flowered, the florets usually all perfect. The glumes are much longer
than the lemmas, usually extending beyond all the florets. The lem-
mas are toothed at the end with a flat, twisted awn between the teeth.
Only one species is found in Illinois.

Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv.
Wild Oat Grass (Figs. 191 and 192)

Lapham ’57, 547, 589 (Plate 4, Fig. 1); Patterson ’76, 52; Flagg ’78, 283;
Brendel ’87,.64; Higley and Raddin 791, 143; Huett ’97, 130; Sherff 712, 420;
Sherff 713, 595.

Culms smooth, 8 to 28 inches tall; sheaths usually pubescent espe-
cially at the throat; ligule very short, mostly a fringe of hairs, 1 to 2
mm. long; blades narrow, somewhat curled, usually involute, 1 to 6
inches long, 1 to 2 mm. wide; spikelets 10 to 12 mm. long, 3- to 8-flow-
ered, the glumes smooth, the lemmas pubescent, 4 to 5 mm. long; awn
longer than the lemma.

This species grows in small tufts. It is found in dry, usually sterile
soil.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey. CHAMPAIGN co. Urbana,
Seymour and Waite, July, 1886. CHRISTIAN CO. Taylorville, Andrews. COOK CO.
West Chicago, Umbach, June, 1897; Evanston, Gates, June, 1900; Beverly Hills,
R. Bebb, June, 1902. FULTON co. Without locality, Pepoon. HANCOCK co. Au-
gusta, Mead in 1845. JACKSON CO. Without locality, French, May, 1905; Ma-
kanda, Gleason, June, 1903. JO DAVIESS Co. Without locality, Pepoon. MACOU-
PIN CO. Carlinville, Robertson in 1881. MARION CO. Without locality, M. S. Bebb
in 1860. MARSHALL CO. Steuben township, V’. H. Chase 1789. PEORIA CO. Peo-
ria, McDonald 28; Peoria, McDonald, June, 1887; Peoria, Brendel. ST. CLAIR CO.
Mascoutah, Welsch. UNION CO. Cobden, Waite, June, 1885. VERMILION co. Mun-
cie, Mosher, Sept., 1914. witui co. Joliet, Skeels, July, 1904, Mokena, A. Chase,
June, 1897.

39. SPARTINA Schreb.
Cord or Marsh Grass

These grasses are tall, coarse perennials with stout, creeping root-
stocks, found in marshes and sloughs and along the borders of streams
and lakes. The inflorescence consists of spikes formed of 1-flowered,
flattened spikelets which closely overlap each other on one side of the
rachis.

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 369

189

190 191

Vigs. 189-192.—189, S. michauziana, inflorescence; 190, S. michauaiana,
spikelet; 191, D. spicata, inflorescence; 192, D. spicata, spikelet

Spartina michauxiana Hitche.
Slough Grass. Fresh Water Cord Grass (Figs. 189 and 190)

Spartina cynosuroides, Lapham 757, 545, 571 (Plate 2, Fig. 3); Babcock ’73,
97; Patterson ’76, 50; Flagg ’78, 281; Brendel ’87, 63; Higley and Raddin 791,
158; Huett ’97, 128; Gleason ’07, 182. Spartina michauxiana, Gleason 710, 148;
Gates ’12, 355; Gleason 712, 45; Sherff 713, 595.

Culms smooth, 3 to 6 feet tall; sheaths smooth; ligule mostly a
fringe of hairs 2 to 3 mm. long; blades sharp-pointed, 2 to 4 feet long,
6 to 15 mm. wide, rough along the edges and usually involute when
dry ; spikes 1 to 4 inches long; spikelets 7 to 9 mm. long, the first glume
about half as long as the awned second glume.

This is one of the native grasses that appear to be almost as
abundant today as when the country was first settled. If cut early it
makes fairly good hay. Its rootstocks make it valuable also as a sand
binder.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey. CHAMPAIGN CO. Without lo-
eality, Percival; Savoy, Gibbs, Sept., 1898; near Mahomet, Burrill and Seymour,
Aug., 1880. cook co. Hyde Park, Chicago, Babcock, July, 1874; Thornton,
Hill, July, 1865. CHRISTIAN co. Taylorville, Andrews. DU PAGE CO. Wheatland,
Umbach, July, 1909. FuLTON co. Without locality, Pepoon; Canton, Wolf. so
DAVIESS CO. Without locality, Pepoon. KANKAKEE CO. Kankakee, De Selm, Aug.,
1913; Kankakee, Hill, July, 1873. LAKE co. Beach, Umbach, July, 1909; Lake

370 BuLLETIN No. 205 [| March,

Villa, Gleason and Shobe 226; beach area near Waukegan, Gates 2913. MENARD
co. Athens, Hall in 1861. OGLE co. Oregon, Waite, Aug., 1888. PEORIA Co.
Peoria, McDonald; Peoria, Brendel. st. CLAIR cO. Mascoutah, Welsch. STARK
co. Wady Petra, V. H. Chase 708. WABASH CO. Without locality, Shearer;
Keensburgh, -Schneck, Aug., 1880; Mt. Carmel, Schneck, Oct., 1906. WILL Co.
Joliet, Skeels, Aug., 1904.

40.CAPRIOLA Adans.

This genus belongs to the Old World; one species has been intro-
duced into the southern states, where it is now very common. It does
not grow very tall. The inflorescence, much like that of crab grass,
consists of several digitate spikes. It spreads by creeping rootstocks
under the surface or by runners on top, and in soft, mellow soil it
erows very large and coarse, making a troublesome weed. In firm soil
it is fine and makes a good lawn or pasture grass. The spikelets are
one-flowered, flattened, the glumes shorter than the lemma.

pe 194

Figs. 193-194.—198, C. dactylon, inflorescence, (a) spikelet; 194, S. pani-
culatus, inflorescence, (a) portion of rachis and spikelet, (b) spikelet

Capriola dactylon (l.) Kuntze
Bermuda Grass. Scutch Grass (Fig. 193)

Cynodon dactylon, Huett ’97, 130.

Culms 4 to 24 inches high, smooth; sheaths smooth or sometimes
pubescent; ligule very short, mostly a fringe of hairs; blades short,
pointed, 1 to 4 inches long, 2 to 4 mm. wide, more or less roughened ;
infloresence in spikes, 3 to 6, spread out finger-like, the spikelets sessile

1918 | THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 371

along one side of a slender, flat rachis; spikelets 2 to 2.5 mm. long, the
lemmas hairy on) the keel.

This grass may be easily identified by its pale, gray-green foliage
and its creeping habit. It does not seem to be very extensively intro-
duced into Illinois. Mr. R. Pike of St. Jacob, who sent some to the
University for identification, reports that it started a very few years
ago in that locality and has spread at a very rapid rate. Care should
be taken not to allow it to obtain a foothold in cultivated fields.

cooK co. Chicago, Moffat, Sept., 1895. MADISON co. St. Jacob, Pike, May,
1915. WABASH co. Mt. Carmel, Schneck, July, 1898.

41. SCHEDONNARDUS Steud.

In this genus the inflorescence consists of long, narrow spikes ar-
ranged alternately along an angled axis, the rachis hollowed out on
the sides, the one-flowered, narrow, sessile spikelets appressed in the
hollows. The leaves are short and narrow and usually clustered at the
base. The plants are annuals.

Schedonnardus paniculatus (Nutt.) Trel.
(Fig. 194)

Lepturus paniculatus, Lapham 757, 547, 585 (Plate 3, Fig. 6); Patterson ’76,
51; Flagg ’78, 282; Brendel ’87, 88.

Culms in tufts, rough, 8 to 18 inches tall; sheaths flattened, smooth
or slightly rough; ligule membranous, pointed; blades flat, rough, 1
to 4 inches long, 1 to 2 mm. wide; spikes arranged alternately, the axis
and rachises sharply angled; spikelets 3 to 4.5 mm. long, rough.

It is extremely improbable that this species is now found in Ihnois.
It was found on the original prairie, especially around salt licks.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey. HANCOCK co. Augusta,
Mead; Deer Lick, Augusta, Mead, Aug., 1845.

42. BOUTELOUA Lag.
Mesquite Grass. Grama Grass

These grasses are perennial and on the original prairie were im-
portant grazing grasses. The inflorescence consists of small, one-sided
spikes composed of spikelets sessile on a narrow rachis, which is some-
times prolonged beyond the spikelets. The spikelets are usually 2-flow-
ered but only the lower floret is perfect. The glumes are unequal,
keeled, and usually shorter than the lemmas. The leaves are short
and narrow, often involute. The ligules are very short and incon-
spicuous.

Inflorescence of numerous short spikes arranged on each side of the axis, drooping

on slender peduncles. B. curtipendula
Inflorescence of 1 to 3 spikes usually on one side of the stem, ascending.

372 BULLETIN No, 205 [ March,

Rachis of the spike projecting beyond the spikelets in a prominent point;
keel of the second glume pubescent, the hairs from prominent black papil-
lae; the sterile lemma not with a tuft of hairs at the base. B. hirsuta

Rachis of the spike not projecting beyond the spikelets; keel of the second
glume glabrous or with few hairs, these not from papillae; sterile lemma
with a tuft of hairs at the base. B. gracilis

197
196 ae 199

| 195

Figs. 195-199.—195, B. curtipendula, inflorescence; 196, B. hirsuta, inflores-
cence; 197, B. gracilis, spikelet; 198, B. hirsuta, spikelet; 199, B. curtipendula,
spikelet

Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr.

Tall Grama Grass, Mesquite Grass. Side-oat. Grama
(Figs. 195 and 199)

Chloris curtipendula, Michaux ’03, 59. <Atheropogon apludioides, Engelmann
44, 104; Lapham 757, 546, 572. Boutcloua curtipendula, Patterson 776, 50;
Flagg ’78, 281; Brendel ’87, 63; Huett ’97, 130. Atheropogon curtipendulus,
Gleason ’07, 182. Bouteloua curtipendula, Gleason 710, 148.

Culms 1 to 3 feet tall, smooth; sheaths smooth, hairy at the throat;
blades slightly rough, sometimes pubescent at base, 2 to 12 inches
long, 2 to 4 mm. wide; spikes short, numerous, arranged on either
side of the axis, each consisting of from 5 to 8 spikelets; spikelets 7

to 10 mm. long.

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 373

This was one of the important grasses of the prairie and it is still
found thruout the state. It is an excellent forage grass.

cASs CO. Chandlerville, Seymour, Aug., 1886. CARROLL co. Savanna, A.
Chase 1886. CHAMPAIGN CO. Experiment Station, Urbana, Clinton, Oct., 1897.
cooK co. Summit, Umbach, July, 1901; Palatine, Gates 1895.2. DU PAGE CO.
Without locality, by railroad track, Moffatt, Aug., 1891. FULTON Co. Without
locality, Pepoon. JO DAVIESS CO. Without locality, Pepoon, Aug., 1908; HEN-
DERSON CO. Oquawka, Patterson. KANKAKEE CO. Kankakee, De Selm, Oct.,
1913; Kankakee, Hill, July, 1874. MCHENRY co. Algonquin, Nason, Aug., 1878.
MASON CO. Manito, Wilcox, July, 1902; Havana, Gleason, Aug., 1903. MENARD
co. Athens, Hall in 1862 and 1864. PEORIA co. Peoria, Brendel; Peoria, Mc-
Donald, Aug., 1887; Princeville, V. H. Chase 1875. OGLE co. Oregon, Waite,
Sept., 1887. sv. cLAIR co. Mascoutah, Welsch. Witt co. Troy township, Hill,
Sept., 1906; Joliet, Skeels, Sept., 1904. WINNEBAGO co. JF ountaindale, M. S.
Bebb. WoopForD co. Kappa, Seymour, Sept., 1879.

Bouteloua gracilis H. B. K.
(Fig. 197)

Boutcloua oligostachya, Patterson ’76, 50; Flagg ’78, 281; Brendel ’87, 88;
Gleason 710, 149.

Culms erect, 6 to 20 inches tall; sheaths smooth; blades smooth, 1
to 5 inches long, about 2 mm. wide, often involute; spikes 1 to 3,
2 to 5 em. long; spikelets 5 to 6 mm. long; glumes narrow, the first
about half as long as the second, which is glabrous or has a few long
hairs on the keel ; fertile lemma split up into three points at the summit,
each of these with a short awn; sterile lemma with two lobes at the
end and three short awns, with a tuft of long hairs at the base.

This species has the general appearance of B. hirsuta. It is a
prairie species found in the same situations as the other species of the
genus, tho it is much less common.

JO DAVIESS CO. Without locality, Pepoon 173.

Bouteloua hirsuta Lag.
Hairy Mesquite. Black Grama (Figs. 196 and 198)

Atheropogon papillus, Engelmann ’44, 104. Chondrosium hirtum, Lapham
57, 571 (Plate 2, Fig. 4). Bouteloua hirsuta, Vasey ’61; Patterson ’76, 50;
Flagg ’78, 281; Brendel ’87, 88; McDonald ’00, 103; Gleason ’10, 148.

Culms 8 to 20 inches tall, the leaves crowded at the base; sheaths
usually smooth, sometimes prominently papillose-pubescent; blades 1
to 5 inches long, 2 to 3 mm. wide, sparsely ciliate on the margins,
usually involute when dry; spikes single or at most 2 or 3, 1 to 2
inches long, the rachis extending as a prominent point beyond the
spikelets ; spikelets 5 to 6 mm. long, the glumes with prominent, usually
black papillae, bearing long hairs, the lemma split up into three awn-
like points, the sterile floret bearing three awns.

This species is found on sandy prairie ground, tho it does not extend
as far north as B. curtipendula. Like that species it is a good, forage
grass.

374 j BULLETIN No. 205 [ March,

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey; without locality, Mead in
1845; along the Mississippi river, Wilcox. Cass co. Beardstown, Geyer, Aug.,
1862. FULTON CO. Without locality, Pepoon. JO DAVIESS co. Without locality,
Pepoon 160. HENDERSON CO. Without locality, Patterson, Aug., 1871; Oquawka,
Patterson, Sept., 1872. MASON co. Without locality, Bebb in 1861; without lo-
eality, Hall in 1861; Manito, Wilcox, July, 1902; Havana, Gleason, Aug., 1903.
MENARD CO. Athens, Hall in 1860. OGLE co. Oregon, Waite, Aug., 1884.

43. DACTYLOCTENIUM Willd.

One species of this genus was introduced from the warmer parts of
the Old World and is found in the southern part of the state. Both in
habit and in general appearance it is somewhat like Eleusine indica,
having spikes arranged in the same manner (Fig. 201). It may readily
be distinguished by the prolonged rachis which forms a point beyond
the spikelets. The spikelets are flattened, 3- to 5-flowered, sessile. The
glumes are broad and keeled, the lemmas sharply pointd. The leaves
are flat and narrow.

200

202

Figs. 200-202.—200, D. aegypticum, spikelet; 201, H. indica, inflorescence;
202, H. indica, spikelet

Dactyloctenium aegypticum (L.) Willd.
Egyptian Grass. Crowfoot Grass (Fig. 200)

Lapham 757, 546, 572; Patterson ’76, 50; Flagg, ’78, 281.

Culns 6 inches to 2 feet tall, usually spreading and rooting at the
lower nodes; sheaths very loose, smooth; blades 3 to 6 inches long,
2 to 6 mm. wide, usually pubescent near the base, especially along the
edge; spikelets 3 to 4 mm. long.

This grass is an annual and is found mostly in waste places. It
has been reported from several localities, altho but a single specimen
has been seen by the writer.

ST. CLAIR co. Along railway track, Hggert, Aug., 1876.

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 375

44, ELEBUSINE Gaertn.

Grasses belonging to this genus are not native to America, and
only one species has been introduced into Illinois. It has an inflo-
rescence of spikes, spreading out finger-like at the top of the culm,
as have common crab grass and Bermuda grass (Figs. 29 and 193).
The spikelets each have several flowers, arranged in two rows on each
side of the stem. The glumes are flattened and keeled and shorter than
the spikelet. The leaves are flat, the ligules practically wanting.

Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.
Wire Grass. Goose Grass. Yard Grass. Crow’s Foot
(Figs. 201 and 202)

Lapham ’57, 546, 573 (Plate 2, Fig. 5); Patterson ’76, 50; Flagg ’78, 281.

Culms 6 inches to 2 feet tall, in large tufts, often spreading ; sheaths
loose, hairy at the throat; blades 3 to 12 inches long, 2 to 6 mm. wide,
usually smooth; spikes 1 to 3 inches long; spikelets 3- to 6-flowered, 4
to 5 mm. long.

This grass is found as a weed in dooryards and waste places, where
it often spreads and forms a dense mat on the surface which is ex-
tremely hard to cut. The plants are annuals, introduced from the
warmer countries of the Old World. They may be eradicated by the
same method used for crab grass, Syntherisma sanguinalis. Dr. Bren-
del collected it in 1873 in Peoria. His record was the first for that
locality.

CHAMPAIGN CO. Champaign, Seymour, July, 1880; Urbana, Mosher, July,
1914; Urbana, Gibbs, Oct., 1898; Urbana, Gates, Oct., 1907; Urbana, Burrill,
Sept., 1878. CHRISTIAN co. Taylorville, Andrews. cooK co. Chicago, Umbach,
Aug., 1898. EDwaRDS co. Albion, Waite, Aug., 1887. FULTON CO. Without lo-
eality, Pepoon. JO DAVIESS co. Without locality, Pepoon. HENDERSON CO.
Oquawka, Patterson, Aug., 1877. KANKAKEE CO. Kankakee, De Selm, Sept., 1913.
MACOUPIN CO. Carlinville, Robertson in 1881. MARION co. Without locality, M.
S. Bebb in 1860. PEORIA CO. Without locality, Brendel; Peoria, McDonald, Aug.,
1885 and 1900. Pore co. Herod, Clinton, Aug., 1898. WABASH CO. Without lo-

eality, Shearer; Mt. Carmel, Schneck, Aug., 1879; Hurd’s Ferry, Schneck, June,
1904; Mt. Carmel, Patterson, Sept., 1877.

45. LEPTOCHLOA Beauv.

The species of Leptochloa may be recognized by their peculiar
inflorescence consisting of a large, open panicle formed of numerous
very slender spikes. The spikelets are several-flowered, flattened, with
keeled glumes and lemmas. The leaves are flat, the ligules membra-
nous, 3 to 4 mm. long, irregular on the edge, and fringed. Two species,
both annuals, were found on the original prairie in Illinois, but they
are probably rare in-the state at present.

376 BULLETIN No. 205 [ March,

Sheaths pubescent; spikelets minute, usually 1.5 to 2 mm. long; the first floret

not longer than the second glume. L. filiformis
Sheaths smooth, spikelets 2.5 to 8 mm. long; first floret always longer than the
second glume, which is about 3 mm. L. fascicularis

Leptochloa fascicularis (Lam.) Gray
(Fig. 205)

Festuca polystachya, Michaux ’03, 66. Leptochloa fascicularis, Lapham 757,
546, 573; Patterson ’76, 50; Flagg ’78, 281. Diplachne fuscicularis, Brendel ’87,
88.

Culms in tufts, smooth, 8 to 24 inches tall, occasionally taller ;
sheaths smooth; blades 3 to 10 inches long, 2 to 10 mm. wide; spikes
3 to 5 inches long, the whole inflorescence 6 to 20 inches long; spikelets
7- to 11-flowered, with very short stalks, glumes unequal, the second
about 3 mm. long; lemmas short awned, about 4 mm. long, ciliate on
the margin near the base.

Michaux first found this plant in Illinois. It grows on wet prairie
soil, along ditches, and in damp meadows.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Southern Illinois, Brendel; ponds in Illinois near St.
Louis, Smith; near Cahokia Mound, Ward, Aug., 1878. MACOUPIN co. Carlinville,
Robertson, July, 1882. st. CLAIR CO. Without locality, Brendel in 1850; Mas-
coutah, Welsch. WABASH CO. Without locality, Schneck, July, 1880; near L. E.
and St. L. railway, Schneck, June, 1900.

205

Figs. 203-207.—203, L. filiformis, inflorescence; 204, L. filiformis, spikelet ;
205, L. fascicularis, spikelet; 206, P. communis, inflorescence; 207, P. communis,
spikelet

&>
“JI
“I

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS

Leptochloa filiformis (Lam.) Beauv.

(Figs. 203 and 204)

Leptochloa mucronata, Lapham 757, 546, 573; Patterson ’76, 50; Flagg ’78,
281.

Culms smooth, 16 inches to 4 feet tall; sheaths papillose-pubescent ;
blades smooth or slightly pubescent underneath, 4 to 10 inches long, 2
to 10 mm. broad; spikes 2 to 4 inches long, the whole inflorescence 4
to 12 inches long; spikelets small, 1 to 2.5 mm. long; glumes subequal,
as long as the first floret, lemma awnless.

This species occurs in drier places than does L. fascicularis. It is
usually found in fields.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Hall; wet places in Illinois, Eggert,
Sept., 1877; southern Illinois, Brendel. MENARD co. Athens, Hall in 1873.
PULASKI CO. Mound City, Vasey. WABASH CO. Without locality, Schneck, July,
1880.

46. PHRAGMITES Trin.

These tall reed-like perennials rarely perfect seed, but spread by
rootstocks which run for many feet underground. The inflorescence is
of large panicles of 3- to 7-flowered spikelets, the rachilla joints densely
covered with long, white, silky hairs. The leaves are rather broad and
thick, narrowed to a sharp point. The ligules are short and thick,
edged with a fringe of short hairs sparsely interspersed with long ones.

Phragmites communis Trin.
Reed (Figs. 206 and 207)

Lapham "57, 547, 584 (Plate 3, Fig. 4); Babcock ’73, 97; Patterson ’76, 51;
Flagg °78, 282; Brendel ’87, 64; Higley and Raddin 791, 143; Huett ’97, 130;
Cowles ’00, 155; Sherff ’12, 418; Gates ’12, 355; Sherff, 712, 418.

Plants smooth thruout; culms stout, 4 to 12 feet tall; sheaths over-
lapping, blades 6 to 12 inches long, 1 to 5 em. wide; panicle 6 to 12
inches long, yellowish brown; spikelets 12 to 15 mm. long; first floret
usually staminate, its lemma longer than that of the other florets.

The plants are found in wet places, along the edges of ditches,
ponds, ete., and in swamps.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey. CHAMPAIGN Co. Rantoul,
Clinton, Sept., 1897. cook co. Chicago, Babcock, Sept., 1874; Evanston, Ship-
man in 1875; Colehour, Hill, Sept., 1876. FULTON co. Without locality, Pepoon.
JO DAVIESS CO. Without locality, Pepoon. LAKE CO. Beach, Gates, 3166; Fox
lake, Waite, Sept., 1887; Lake Villa, Gleason and Shobe, Aug., 1906, LIVING:
STON co. Emington, Wilcox, July, 1902. McHENRY co. Algonquin, Nason. OGLE
co. Oregon, Waite, Sept., 1886. PEORIA co. Peoria, McDonald, Sept., 1890;
Peoria, Brendcl. st. CLAIR CO. Mascoutah, Welsch; French Village, Eggert,
Sept., 1892.

47. TRIDENS Roem. and Schult.

In this genus the spikelets are 5- to 8-flowered, with nearly all the
florets perfect. The lemmas have a short awn at the apex with a sharp

378 BULLETIN No. 205 | March,

tooth on each side, and the midnerve and lateral nerves are densely
hairy for about half their length. The leaves are flat, long, and nar-
row; the ligule is a fringe of short hairs.

208 ; 209 210 211

Figs. 208-211.—208, T. flavus, inflorescence; 209, T. flavus, spikelet; 210,
T. purpurea, inflorescence; 211, T. purpurea, spikelet :

Tridens flavus (L.) Hitche.
Tall Redtop (Figs. 208 and 209)
Poa seslerioides, Michaux ’03, 68. Tricuspis seslerioides, Lapham ’57, 546,

574 (Plate 2, Fig. 7); Patterson ’76, 50; Flagg ’78, 281; Brendel ’87, 63;
Gleason ’07, 182. Tridens flavus, Gleason 710, 149.

Culms slightly flattened, smooth, 3 to 6 feet tall; sheaths hairy at
the throat; blades rough, 4 to 12 inches long, 6 to 12 mm. wide, nar-
rowed to a sharp point at tip; panicle 6 to 18 inches long, the long
branches drooping, usually deep purple, sometimes reddish; spikelets
7 to 8 mm. long.

This species is very striking and handsome with its large purple
panicles. It has a yellow form, but no Illinois specimens of this have
been seen. When in bloom, the panicle, axis, and branches are covered
with a viscid, oily substance, which makes them very sticky. This
species was one of the grasses of the original prairie, and is still quite
abundant thruout the state.

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 379

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, southern Illinois, Vasey. ADAMS CO.
Quincey, Bebb, July, 1860. cass co. Chandlerville, Seymour, Aug., 1886. CHRIS-
TIAN CO. Taylorville, Andrews. HENDERSON CO. Oquawka, Patterson. JACKSON
co. Carbondale, Seymour, Aug., 1880. JERSEY co. Grafton, Seymour. PEORIA
co. Peoria, Brendel; Peoria, McDonald, Aug., 1895 and Sept., 1903. ST. CLAIR
co. Without locality, Eggert, Sept., 1886; Mascoutah, Welsch. UNIoN co. Cob-
den, Seymour, Aug., 1880. WABASH co. Without locality, Shearer.

48. TRIPLASIS Beauv.

These grasses are perennials with small panicles of 2- to 6-flowered
spikelets which have the three nerves of the lemma, as well as the palea,
densely hairy. The glumes are unequal and keeled, the lemmas are
toothed at the end, somewhat like Tridens. The leaves are long, very
narrow, and usually involute. The ligule is a fringe of hairs 1 to 2 mm.
long.

Triplasis purpurea (Walt.) Champ.
Sand Grass (Figs. 210 and 211)

Tricuspis purpurea, Patterson ’76, 50; Flagg ’78, 281. Triplasis purpurea,
Brendel ’87, 88. Tricuspis purpurea, Gleason ’10, 149.

Culms in tufts 1 to 2 feet high, smooth; sheaths loose, shorter than
the internodes; blades small, rough on the upper surface, 1 to 3 inches
long, not over 3 mm. wide, usually involute; panicles 1 to 3 inches
long, usually purplish, late in the season inclosed in the upper sheaths ;
spikelets 5 to 8 mm. long, the awn of the lemma very short.

This grass is most abundant in sandy places, being first reported
in Illinois from sandy prairies and barrens. $

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey. cass co. Beardstown, Mc-
Donald, Sept., 1901. HENDERSON CO. Oquawka, Patterson, Sept., 1872. MASON
co. Without locality, Wolf. waBAsH co. Hanging Rock, Schneck, Oct., 1900;
Mt. Carmel, Schneck, Oct., 1876.

49. ERAGROSTIS Beauv.

These grasses vary considerably in habit. There are both annual
and perennial species. The panicles are composed of 2- to many-flow-.
ered spikelets. The glumes are keeled and shorter than the florets. The
leaves are generally flat and narrow; the ligule is composed of a row
of hairs. Owing to the great variation in the number of florets in a
spikelet, the same species may present a very different appearance
under different conditions and at different seasons of the year.
Eragrostis hypnoides is dioecious; the lemmas of the pistillate flowers
are always slightly narrower and more pointed than those of the >
staminate. The lemmas of many species fall with the grain when it is
ripe, leaving the paleas attached to the rachilla.

a. Culms erect or ascending, not creeping along the ground and rooting at the

nodes.
b. Spikelets usually less than 5-flowered, 2 to 3 mm. long.

380 BULLETIN No. 205 [ March,

e. Spikelets on capillary pedicels which are at least 5 mm. long; plants
branched at the base; length and breadth of the panicle approxi-
mately equal. L. capillaris

ec. Spikelets borne on stiff pedicels which are less than 5 mm. long;
plants branched from above the base; panicles much longer than
broad. E. frankit

bb. Spikelets usually more than 5-flowered, 5 to 16 mm. long.

ce. Plants usually less than 18 inches tall, in dense tufts, often spread-
ing; panicles small, densely flowered, with short branches; annuals,
usually gray-green in color.

d. Spikelets 1.5 mm. or less in width, without glandular spots;
throat of sheath and bases of lower panicle branches densely
pubescent. E. pilosa

dd. Spikelets 2 to 3 mm. wide, the keels of the glumes and lemmas
and their pedicels with glandular spots; throat of sheath and
bases of lower panicle branches not densely pubescent.

E. cilianensis
ee. Plants usually more than 18 inches tall; panicles large, loosely flow-
ered, purplish or yellowish; perennials.

d. Panicles purplish, a conspicuous tuft of hairs in the axils; lem-

mas 1.5 to 2 mm. long. LE. pectinacea

dd. Panicles yellowish, often tinged with purple; axils naked; lem-

mas 2.5 to 3 mm. long. i. trichodes

aa, Culms creeping along the ground, rooting at the nodes; an annual of wet
places. E. hypnoides

215 216

Figs. 212-218.—Spikelets: 212, FH. capillaris; 2138, E. cilianensis; 214, E.
frankii; 215, E. hypnoides; 216, FE. pectinacea; 217, EL. pilosa; 218, E. trichodes

Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees
(Big: 212)

Lapham ’57, 581; Patterson ’76, 51; Flagg ’78, 281; Brendel 787, 64;
Huett 797, 130.

Culms branched at the base, simple above, growing in tufts, 6 to 24
inches tall; sheaths smooth or sparsely pubescent; blades 3 to 10
inches long, 2 to 4 mm. wide, with a few hairs near the base; ligule a
fringe of hairs, 1 to 2 mm. long; panicle usually nearly the whole
length of the plant, always more than half, diffuse, the branches capil-
lary, the pedicels mostly over 5 mm. long; spikelets 2- to 4-flowered,
2 to 3 mm. long.

1918 | THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 381

This delicate species is native to Illinois. It resembles HL. frankia
more than any other species, but its panicle is always longer. It is
found in dry sandy soil.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Hall; Spoon river, Brendel in 1859;
Carson, Eggert in 1878. CHRISTIAN co. ‘Taylorville, Andrews. DU PAGE CO.
Hinsdale, Smith, Sept., 1902. FULTON co. Without locality, Pepoon. JO DAVIESS
co. Without locality, Pepoon. HANCOCK Co. Augusta, Mead in 1843. LAKE Co.
Channel lake, Haynes, Aug., 1905. MACOUPIN co. Carlinville, Robertson, Aug.,
1882. PEORIA CO. Peoria, McDonald, Aug., 1892 and 1897; Peoria, Brendel.
POPE CO. Herod, Clinton, July, 1898. st. CLAIR co. Mascoutah, Welsch. Wwa-
BASH CO. Without locality, Shearer; Hanging Rock, Schneck, Sept., 1904; Mt.
Carmel, Schneck, July, 1900.

Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Link
Candy Grass. Stink Grass. Snake Grass (Fig. 213)

Lragrostis megastachya, Lapham ’57, 547, 580. EH. poaeoides var. megas-
tachya, Babeock ’73, 97; Patterson ’76, 51; Flagg ’78, 281; Higley and Raddin
91, 144. Eragrostis major, Huett 797, 130.

Culms 8 to 24 inches tall, usually spreading; sheaths shorter than
the internodes, hairy at the throat; blades rough on the upper surface,
2 to 6 inches long; ligule a ring of hairs 1 to 3 mm. long; panicle dark
gray-green, 2 to 6 inches long; spikelets 5 to 25 mm. long, 10- to 40-
flowered ; lemmas 2 to 2.5 mm. long; pedicels and keels of the glumes
and lemmas glandular. |

This grass is abundant everywhere in the state. It was introduced
into the United States from Europe and is a well-known weed in
gardens and waste places. It is easily controlled by thoro cultivation.
The glands on the spikelets give out a strong and rather disagreeable
odor.

cook co. Hyde Park, Chicago, A. Chase 1182; Rogers Park, Johnson, July,
1890; Chicago, A. Chase, Aug., 1899; Chicago, Babcock, Aug., 1874; Evanston,
Johnson, Sept., 1888; Chicago, Lansing in 1897; Hyde Park, Chicago, Lansing,
July, 1898. CHAMPAIGN co. Without locality, Percival, Nov., 1876; Urbana,
Seymour, June, 1880; Urbana, Mosher, Sept., 1913; Urbana, Clinton, Aug., 1895;
Urbana, Gibbs, Sept., 1898; Champaign, Mosher, Aug., 1913. CHRISTIAN CO.
Taylorville, De Motte; Taylorville, Andrews. DU PAGE CO. Hinsdale, Smith, Aug.,
1902. FULTON co. Without locality, Pepoon. JO DAVIESS CO. Without locality,
Pepoon. HENDERSON CO. Oquawka, Patterson in 1871. KANE CO. Elgin, Sherff
1790. KANKAKEE CO. Kankakee, Reecher, Aug., 1899. LAKE co. Channel lake,
Haynes, Aug., 1905. MCHENRY co. Algonquin, Nason, Aug., 1878; Ringwood,
Vasey. MASON co. Havana, Burrill and Clinton, June, 1894. PEORIA CO. Peo-
ria, McDonald, Aug., 1904; Peoria, Brendel; Peoria, V. H. Chase 125. sv. CLAIR

co. Mascoutah, Welsch. WABASH CO. Without locality, Shearer; Mt. Carmel,
Schneck, Oct., 1902.

Eragrostis frankii (Fisch. Mey. and Lall.) Steud.
(Fig. 214)
Lapham 757, 547, 580; Babcock 773, 97; Patterson ’76, 51; Flagg 778, 281;
Brendel ’87, 64; Higley and Raddin ’91, 144; Huett ’97, 130; Sherff 713, 595.
Culms sometimes erect, but often spreading and forming a dense

382 BULLETIN No. 205 [ March,

tuft, 6 to 16 inches tall; sheaths smooth; ligule a ring of short hairs
with longer hairs at the margin; blades 2 to 5 inches long, 2 to 4 mm.
wide, rough on the upper surface; panicle spreading, usually dark
gray-green, the pedicels less than 5 mm. long, giving the panicle a
denser appearance than in LF. capillaris; spikelets 3- to 5-flowered, 2
to 3 mm. long, lemmas about 1.5 mm. long.

These plants are generally much smaller than those of E. capillaris,
which it resembles considerably. It is also a darker green with denser
panicles and grows in rather damp places, altho it is found along road-
sides and various waste places. ;

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey; Cahokia, Eggert, Sept., 1878.
CHAMPAIGN CO. Mahomet, Burrill and Seymour, Aug., 1880; Urbana, Clinton,
Sept., 1895; Urbana, Gibbs, Sept., 1898. cook co. Grand Crossing, A. Chase,
Sept., 1902; Evanston, Johnson, Sept., 1886. FULTON co. Canton, Wolf. Mc-
HENRY CO. Ringwood, Vasey; Algonquin, Nason, Aug., 1879. MacoN co. De-
eatur, Clokey, Aug., 1897. MACOUPIN co. Carlinville, Robertson, Aug., 1880.
MENARD CO. Without locality, Hall. PEORIA co. Peoria, McDonald, Aug., 1897
and 1899; Peoria, Brendel. st. CLAIR CO. Without locality, Brendel; Mascoutah,
Welsch. STARK CO. Wady Petra, V. H. Chase 1260. WABASH co. Without lo-
eality, Shearer, July, 1900; Mt. Carmel, Schneck, Oct., 1900. WINNEBAGO CO.
Fountaindale, MU. S. Bebb.

Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) B. 8S. P.
Creeping Eragrostis (Fig. 215)

Poa reptans, Michaux ’03, 69. Hragrostis reptans, Lapham 757, 547, 580
(Plate 2, Fig. 13); Babeock ’7 73, 97; Patterson ’76, 51; Brendel ’87, 64: Higley
and Raddin 791, 144; Huett 97, 130. Eragrostis hypnoides, Gleason 12, 44;
Sherff 713, 595.

Culms creeping along the ground and rooting at the nodes, 8 to 20
inches long; sheaths hairy at the throat; blades 1 to 2 inches long, 1_
to 2 mm. wide, rough above; spikelets smooth or sparsely pubescent,
10- to 35-flowered, 5 to 15 mm. long, lemmas about 2.5 mm. long, the
nerves very prominent.

This grass is found in wet places, generally along the margins of
ditches, rivers, lakes, ete. It prefers sandy soil. .

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Northern Illinois, M. S. Bebb in 1858; Eagle I., Miss-
issippi bottoms, Patterson in 1871; Cahokia Mound, Ward, Aug., 1878. "CHAM-
PAIGN CO. Urbana, Waite, Sept., 1884; Urbana, Clinton, Sept., 1895. CHRISTIAN
co. Taylorville, Andrews. cooK co. Palos Park, Umbach, Sept., 1909. pu
PAGE CO. Naperville, Umbach, Sept., 1899. FULTON CO. Without locality, Pe-
poon. JO DAVIESS CO. Without locality, Pepoon, Aug., 1908. HENDERSON CO.
Banks of Mississippi near Oquawka, Patterson, Sept., 1871. KANE co. Elgin,
banks of Fox river, Umbach, July, 1895. LAKE Co. Skokie marsh near Wauke-
gan, Sherff, Aug., 1911; Channel lake, Haynes, Aug., 1905. MCHENRY co. Ring-
wood, Vasey. MADISON CO. Without locality, Eggert, Sept., 1886. PEORIA CO.
Peoria, McDonald, Sept., 1900; Peoria, Brendel. PoPE co. Herod, Clinton, July,
1898. ST. CLAIR CO. Mascoutah, Welsch. STARK co. Near Wady Petra, V. H.
Chase, Aug., 1897. WABASH CO. Without locality, Shearer, Aug., 1899; Banks of
Wabash at Hurd’s Ferry, Schneck, Oct., 1888; banks of Wabash river at Grand
Rapids, Schneck, Oct., 1880; Mt. Carmel, Schneck, Oct., 1900; Mt. Carmel, Waite,
Aug., 1887,

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 383

Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees
Purple Eragrostis (Fig. 216)

Poa pectinacea, Michaux ’03, 69; Engelmann 744, 104. Lvragrostis specta-
bilis, Lapham 757, 547, 581; Patterson ’76, 51. Hragrostis pectinacea, Flagg ’78,
282; Brendel ’87, 64; Higley and Raddin ’91, 144; Huett 97, 130; Gleason ’07,
182; Gleason 710, 149.

Culms 1 to 3 feet tall, simple; sheaths usually sparsely pubescent
but often smooth, bearded at the throat; blades 4 to 12 inches long, 4
to 8 mm. wide, rough above, pubescent near the base; panicles purple,
large and spreading, with a conspicuous tuft of hairs in the axils, some-
times partially included in the upper sheaths; spikelets on long, stiff
pedicels, 5- to 15-flowered, 3 to 8 mm. long; lemmas 1.5 to 2 mm. long.

This grass is very conspicuous in the autumn, with its large purple
panicles. These often break off and blow before the wind lke tumble-
weeds. It prefers dry soil.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Hall; without locality, Vasey. Cass
co. Chandlerville, Seymour, Aug., 1886. CHAMPAIGN co. Urbana, Clinton, Aug.,
1895; Urbana, Mosher, Oct., 1912. FULTON co. Without locality, Pepoon. J0
DAVIESS CO. Without locality, Pepoon 413. HENDERSON CO. Oquawka, Patterson
in 1872. MACOUPIN CO. Carlinville, Robertson. MASON co. Sand hills, Wolf;
Manito, Wilcox, July, 1902. MENARD co. Athens, Hall, Sept., 1861 and 1864.
OGLE co. Oregon, Waite, Aug., 1884. PEORIA co. Peoria, McDonald, Aug., 1887,
1900 and 1905; Peoria, Brendel; Princeville, V. H. Chase 757. UNION co. Cob-

den, Seymour, Oct., 1881. WABASH CO. Without locality, Schneck, Aug., 1880;
without locality, Shearer; Mt. Carmel, Schneck, Aug., 1880.

Eragrostis pilosa (L.) Beauv.
, (Fig. 217)

Lapham 757, 547, 580; Babcock ’73, 97; Patterson ’76, 51; Flagg ’78, 281;
Higley and Raddin ’91, 144; Huett ’97, 130.

Culms erect, branched at the base, 6 to 18 inches tall; sheaths with
long hairs at the throat, otherwise smooth; blades 1 to 5 inches long, 2
to 3 mm. wide; panicle open but rather narrow, usually a tuft of long
hairs at the base of the lower branches; spikelets narrow, 5- to 18-flow-
ered, 4 to 9 mm. long; lower lemmas 1.5 mm. long.

This is the commonest species of Eragrostis in Illinois; it is found
in waste places everywhere.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey. CASS co. Chandlerville,
Hall, Aug., 1880. CHAMPAIGN co. Urbana, Clinton, Sept., 1895; Urbana, Mosher,
Oct., 1913; Champaign, Clinton, Sept., 1899; Champaign, Seymour, July, 1880.
cooK co. Riverside, Moffatt, Aug., 1891; Evanston, Johnston, Aug., 1889; Ra-
venswood, Chicago, Gates, Aug., 1906; Hyde Park, Chicago, A. Chase, Aug., 1899;
Chicago, Babcock, Sept., 1874. JO DAVIESS co. Without locality, Pepoon 927.
KANE CO. Elgin, Sherff 1791. KANKAKEE CO. Kankakee, De Selm, Aug., 1913.
MCHENRY CO. Ringwood, Vasey; Algonquin, Nason, Aug., 1879. MACON CO.
Decatur, Clokey, Aug., 1897. MACOUPIN co. Carlinville, Robertson, July, 1879.
MENARD co. Athens, Hall in 1862 and 1864. PEORIA CO. Peoria, Brendel in
1859; Peoria, McDonald, Aug., 1887. pPiaTT co. Deland, Seymour, Sept., 1889.
ROCK ISLAND co. Rock Island, McDonald, July, 1893. st. CLAIR co. Mascoutah,
Welsch. stark co. V. H. Chase 124 and 1544. UNION co. Cobden, Seymour,

334 BULLETIN No. 205 [ March,

Aug., 1880; Anna, Seymour, Aug., 1880. WABASH CO. Without locality, Shearer,
Aug., 1897; Hurd’s Ferry, Schneck, July, 1871; Mt. Carmel, Schneck, Sept., 1879;
Bellmont, Schneck, Aug., 1889.

Eragrostis trichodes (Nutt.) Nash
(Fig. 218)

Eragrostis tenuis, Lapham 757, 547, 581; Patterson ’76, 51; Flagg ’78, 281;
Brendel ’87, 88; Higley and Raddin ’91, 144; McDonald ’00, 103. Hragrostis
trichodes, Gleason ’07, 182; Gleason 710, 149.

Culns erect, 2 to 5 feet tall; sheaths long, overlapping one another,
smooth, hairy at the throat; blades 4 to 30 inches long, 2 to 6 mm.
wide, shightly rough on the upper surface, stiff and pointed at the
tip; panicles much longer than wide, spreading and open, the spikelets
borne on long, hair-like pedicels; spikelets usually yellowish, 3- to 10-
flowered, lemmas 2.5 to 3 mm. long.

This species is found abundantly in the dry, sandy areas thruout
the state.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, southern Illinois, Brendel in 1861;
Carson, Hggert, May, 1878. cass co. Beardstown, McDonald, Aug., 1892; Chand-
lerville, Seymour, Aug., 1886. CHRISTIAN CO. Taylorville, Andrews. HENDERSON
co. Without locality, Patterson; near Oquawka, Patterson, Sept., 1871. LA SALLE
co. Starved Rock, Waite, Aug., 1884. Mmapison co. Without locality, Nggert,

Aug., 1878. MASON co. Without locality, Wolf; Havana, Trelcase in 1914.
MENARD CO. Athens, Hall in 1861.

Engelmann (744, p. 104) cites Poa hirsuta,now E, hirsuta, as oceur-
ring in the state, but no specimens of this have been seen, and it is
doubtful whether the species was correctly determined. Higley and
Raddin (791, p. 144) cite Hragrostis minor, a European species but
sparingly introduced into this country. Out of many specimens labeled
FE. minor in eollections which were examined, not one proved to be
correctly determined; all were small specimens of J’. cilianensis.

50. MELICA L.
Melie Grass

These grasses are perennials with paniculate inflorescence. The
spikelets are large, from 7 to 12 mm. long. The glumes and lemmas
are thin and papery, with a broad, transparent margin which is con-
siderably roughened. The spikelets are 2- to several-flowered, the upper
sterile lemmas reduced to club-shaped or hood-like rudiments (Fig.
292). The leaf sheaths are closed and the blades are long and narrow
with long membranous ligules.

Glumes nearly equal in length and almost or quite as lung as the 2-flowered spike-
let; panicle simple or but little branched. M. mutica
Glumes unequal and considerably shorter than the spikelet, which is usually 3-
flowered; panicle compound, the branches spreading. M. nitens

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 385

Melica mutica Walt.
Narrow Melie Grass (Figs. 223 and 224)

Melica speciosa, Engelmann 744, 103. M. mutica, Lapham 757, 576; Flagg
78, 281; Brendel ’87, 63; Huett ’97, 130.

Culms erect, 2 to 3 feet tall, slender; sheaths usually overlapping ;
blades rough, 4 to 8 inches long, 2 to 10 mm. wide; panicles narrow
with short, ascending branches, or reduced to a raceme; spikelets 7
to 10 mm. long, rough, nodding; lemmas 6 to 8 mm. long; both glumes
and lemmas with thin, whitish margins; glumes nearly equal, almost
or quite as long as the floret.

This species is usually found in open woods.
HENDERSON CO. Oquawka, Patterson. MACOUPIN co. Without locality, Rob- -
erlson. MARION CO. Without locality, Lapham. ProrIA co. Peoria, Brendel.

\ 228 5
Figs. 219-224.—219, M. nitens, inflorescence; 221, M. nitens, spikelet; 222,
M. nitens, sterile lemma; 223, M. mutica, spikelet; 224, M. mutica, inflorescence

Melica nitens Nutt.
Tall Melic Grass (Figs. 219, 221, and 222)

Culms 2.5 to 4 feet tall, rather stout; sheaths smooth, blades 4 to 8
inches long, 4 to 8 mm. wide; panicle usually spreading, with numerous
spikelets; spikelets 10 to 12 mm. long, usually 3-flowered; lemmas 7
to 9 mm. long, rough with thin, transparent border; glumes unequal
and the first glume shorter than the second, both considerably shorter
than the spikelet.

386 BULLETIN No. 205 [ March,

This species is much more abundant than M. mutica in Illinois.
It is probable that the two species have been confused. M. mutica is a
smaller and more delicate plant, but the species are most readily dis-
tinguished by the spikelet characters.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey. CHRISTIAN CO. Taylorville,
Andrews. CooK co. Lemont, Hill, June, 1899. JOHNSON co. Tunnel Hill,
Schneck, May, 1902. KANKAKEE CO. Kankakee, Hill 27 in 1872. MACON co. De-
eatur, Clokey, May, 1899. oGLE co. Oregon, Waite, June, 1885. PEORIA CO.
Peoria, McDonald, June, 1885, and 1894; Peoria, Brendel. sv. CLAIR CO. Mas-
eoutah, Welsch. SANGAMON CO. Springfield, M. S. Bebb. svTARK co. Near Wady
Petra, V. H. Chase 1092. VERMILION CO. Muncie, Mosher, June, 1914. WABASH
co. Without locality, Schneck, June, 1895 and 1901; without locality, Shearer,
June, 1895. witL co. Joliet, Hill 11 in 1907.

51. DIARINA Raf.

This genus is easily distinguished by its large spikelets with large,
hardened, shiny lemmas. The plants are perennial with long, creeping
rootstocks and simple culms. The leaves are stiff,.rather broad, and
nearly as long as the culm. The ligule is membranous and very short.
The spikelets are 3- to 5-flowered, but the upper florets bear no seed.

Diarina festucoides Raf.
(Figs. 225 and 226)

Diarrhena americana, Engelmann 744, 103. Diarrhena diandra, Lapham ’57,
546, 574 (Plate 2, Fig. 8). Diarrhena americana, Babcock ’73, 97; Patterson
‘76, 50; Flagg ’78, 281; Brendel ’81, 63; Higley and Raddin 791, 144; Huett
97, 130.

Culms erect, 3 to 4 feet: tall; sheaths smooth; blades usually rough-
ened, 8 to 30 inches long, 10 to 18 mm. wide; panicles narrow, few-
flowered, 4 to 10 inches long; spikelets 10 to 16 mm. long, lemmas
usually brown.

This species is found in rich, damp woods.

ILLINOIS: SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey. CHAMPAIGN co. Urbana,
Clinton, Oct., 1895. CHRISTIAN co. Taylorville, Andrews. FULTON co. With-
out locality, Pepoon; Canton, Wolf. MENARD CO. Without locality, Hall, Aug.,
1868. JO DAVIESS co. Without locality, Pepoon. PEORIA CO. Peoria, Brendel.
ST CLAIR co, Mascoutah, Welsch. sTaRK co. Along Spoon river, V. H. Chase
1539. TAZEWELL CO. Without locality, McDonald, July, 1889. VERMILION Co.
Muncie, Mosher, May, 1814. waBasH Co. Banks of the Wabash river, Schneck,
July, 1904; Mt. Carmel, Schneck, Sept., 1880; Mt. Carmel, Patterson, Sept., 1877.

52. UNIOLA L.
Spike Grass

_ This typically southern genus is represented by a single species in
Illinois. The plants are very striking, with broad leaves and an open,
drooping panicle of large flattened spikelets. The spikelets are 6- to
12-flowered, 1 to 4 of the lower lemmas being empty. This species
is found in shaded woods and thickets. It is most distinctive and per-
haps the most beautiful grass found in Illinois.

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 387

Uniola latifolia Michx.
Broad-leaved Spike Grass (Fig. 227)
Lapham ’57, 547, 583 (Plate 3, Fig. 3); Patterson ’76, 51; Flagg 78, 282;
Brendel ’87, 88.

Culms erect, smooth, 2 to 5 feet tall; sheaths smooth, shorter than
the internodes; ligule membranous, the edges erose, about 1 mm. long;
blades 4 to 10 inches long, 5 to 20 mm. wide, sharply pointed at the
apex, the edges rough and often ciliate near the base; panicle branches
slender, drooping with the weight of the large spikelets; spikelets 15
to 30 mm. long, the lemmas 9 to 12 mm. long, keeled, ciliate on the keel.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, southern Illinois, Vasey. CHRIS-
TIAN CO. Taylorville, Andrews. JACKSON CO. Makanda, Seymour, Aug., 1880.
KANKAKEE CO. Kankakee, Hill, June, 1870. MACON co. Decatur, Clokey, Aug.,
1896. MACOUPIN CO. Carlinville, Robertson, Aug., 1880. MENARD co. Athens,
Hall in 1868. Pore co. Herod, Clinton, July, 1898. PULASKI co. Mound City,
Brendel. sv. CLAIR co. Without locality, Brendel, Aug., 1850; Mascoutah, MWelsch.
UNION CO. Cobden, Seymour 37. WABASH CO. Without locality, Shearer; Old
Palmyra, Schneck, Aug., 1904; Hanging Rock, Schneck, Oct., 1900; Mt. Carmel,
Schneck, July, 1879.

Mf
We
OY | Wi
ey QO WWAA
{4 =<— t=
t

SAY 229
| e228

226

Figs. 225-229.—225, D. diandra, inflorescence; 226, D. diandra, spikelet;
227, U. latifolia, inflorescence; 228, D. glomerata, spikelet; 229, D. glomerata,
inflorescence

53. DACTYLIS L.

This European genus is represented in Illinois by a single species,
D. glomerata. It is distinguished by the peculiar form of the panicle
which is composed of one-sided clusters of densely crowded spikelets
at the ends of the stiff, naked branches. The branches spread at flow-
ering, but contract at maturity. The spikelets are 2- to 5-flowered, flat-
tened; the lemmas are ciliate and awn-pointed. The leaves are long
and narrow, the ligule thin and membranous, 1 to 5 mm. long.

388 BULLETIN No. 205 [ March,

Dactylis glomerata L. ,

Orchard Grass. Cock’s-foot (Figs. 228 and 229) i
Lapham ’57, 546, 575 (Plate 2, Fig. 9); Babcock ’73, 97; Patterson ’76, 50;
Flagg ’78, 281; Higley and Raddin ’91, 144; Huett ’97, 130. .
Culms rough, 2 to 4 feet tall, in large tufts; sheaths rough, some-
what flattened and keeled; blades flat, usually rough on both surfaces,
3 to 9 inches long, 1 to 6 mm. wide; panicles 3 to 6 inches long,
branches stiff, the spikelets clustered at the ends; spikelets 3- to 4-flow-
ered; lemmas 4 to 6 mm. long, rough, ciliate on the keel.
This grass is cultivated extensively as a forage grass. It grows
well in shady places. It is a perennial grass which soon becomes per-
manently established, being found in waste places thruout the state.

CHAMPAIGN CO. Urbana, Burrill, June, 1878; Urbana, Clinton, June, 1897.
CHRISTIAN CO. Taylorville, Andrews. cook co. Evanston, Shipman; Winnetka,
Sherff 1924. DU PAGE CO. Naperville, Umbach, May, 1896. FULTON co. Can-
ton, Wolf. JO DAVIESS co. Without locality, Pepoon. KANKAKEE CO. Kanka-
kee, Reecher, July, 1908; Kankakee, De Selm, June, 1913. LAKE co. Ravinia,
Gates 1698.1. Macon co. Decatur, Clokey, May, 1899. MACOUPIN co. Carlin-
ville, Robertson, May, 1883. PEORIA co. Peoria, McDonald, June, 1896; Peoria,
Brendel. svt. CLAIR CO. Without locality, Brendel; Mascoutah, Welsch. STARK
co. Wady Petra, V. H. Chase 57. WaBASH CO. Mt. Carmel, Schneck, July, 1888.
WILL co. Joliet, Skeels, June, 1904.

54. POA L.

This genus includes a large number of species in the cooler parts of
the country. The plants are mostly perennials, but two of our common
species are annuals. The spikelets are 2- to 6-flowered, usually in open
panicles like those of the well-known Kentucky blue grass. Nearly all
our species have a tuft of cobwebby hairs at the base of the lemma.
The leaves are narrow, and have a boat-shaped tip; the ligules are
membranous, sometimes 4 or 5 mm. long.

a. Culms less than a foot tall, low, tufted, winter annuals.
b. Lemmas webbed at the base, apparently 3-nerved, the intermediate nerves

obscure. P. chapmaniana
bb. Lemmas not webbed at the base, distinctly 5-nerved, the nerves all prom-
inent. P. annua

aa. Culms normally much over a foot tall; perennial grasses.
b. Lemmas with all the nerves smooth. P. debilis

bb. Lemmas with some of the nerves pubescent.
c. Intermediate nerves of the lemma prominent.

d. Midnerve pubescent for its whole length or nearly so; the second
glume two-thirds the length of the spikelet. P. sylvestris
dd. Midnerve never pubescent for its whole length; second glume

never two-thirds the length of the spikelet.
e. Plants with long, creeping rootstocks; spikelets usually less
than 5 mm. long; panicle branches spikelet-bearing below

the middle. P. pratensis
ee. Plants without rootstocks; spikelets 5 or 6 mm. long; panicle
branches spikelet-bearing at the ends only. P. wolfii

ec. Intermediate nerves of the lemma obscure.
f. Marginal nerves smooth; glumes narrow. P. alsodes

1918 | THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 389

ff. Marginal nerves pubescent; glumes broad.

g. Stems strongly flattened; plants with long, creeping
rootstocks; nerves of lemma with short pubescence
near base; panicle usually narrow. P. compressa

gg. Stems not flattened; plants without creeping root-
stocks; nerves of lemma with long pubescence near
base; panicle spreading. P. palustris

230 >) 231 233 exe

Figs. 230-233.—Spikelets; 230, P. alsodes; 231, P. annua; 232, P. chap-
maniana; 233, P. compressa

Poa alsodes Gray
Grove Meadow Grass (Fig. 230)

Patterson °76, 51; Flagg ’78, 281; Brendel ’87, 88.

Culms 1 to 2 feet tall; sheaths smooth; the upper often inclosing
the base of the panicle; blades 6 to 12 inches long, 2 to 5 mm. wide;
panicle branches in whorls; spikelets 2- to 3-flowered, about 5 mm.
long, the lemmas faintly nerved, the midnerve long pubescent near the
base, the marginal and intermediate nerves smooth.

This species is apparently rare in Illinois. It grows in shady
places in woods and groves.

CHAMPAIGN CO. Brownfield Woods near Urbana, Pease, May, 1909.

Poa annua L.

Annual Meadow Grass. Low Spear Grass (Fig. 231)

Lapham 757, 546, 578; Babcock ’73, 97; Patterson ’76, 51; Flagg ’78, 281;
Brendel ’87, 64; Higley and Raddin, ’91, 144.

Culms 2 to 12 inches tall, somewhat flattened, forming dense tufts,
often decumbent, and rooting at the lower nodes; sheaths loose,
smooth; blades 1 to 4 inches long, soft and smooth; panicle open;
spikelets 3- to 6-flowered, 3 to 5 mm. long, usually 4 mm.; lemmas not
webby at the base, distinctly 5-nerved, the nerves pubescent at the
base.

This species was naturalized from Europe and is much less common
than our native species, P. chapmaniana, with which it has been con-
fused. It is a winter annual found in both cultivated and waste
eround. It dies out in summer, leaving brown patches in lawns and
fields where it has been growing.

CHRISTIAN CO. Taylorville, Andrews. CLARK co. Cosey, Price, May, 1916.
cook co. West Pullman, Umbach, May, 1898. pu PAGE co. Naperville, Umbach,

390 BULLETIN No. 205 [ March,

May, 1898; West Chicago, Umbach, July, 1898. gacKson co. Without locality,
Lapham. MCHENRY CO. Without locality, Brendel. MARION CO. Without local-
ity, M. S. Bebb in 1860. WaBASH co. Without locality, Shearer, Apr., 1895; Mt.
Carmel, Trelease and Schneck, May, 1888. WINNEBAGO CO. Without locality, M.
S. Bebb, May, 1859.

Poa chapmaniana Scribn.
Chapman’s Spear Grass (Fig. 232)

Culms in tufts, 2 to 12 inches tall, cylindrical, erect; sheaths close,
smooth; blades 1 to 4 inches long, smooth; spikelets 3- to 7-flowered, 3
to 5 mm. long; lemmas webbed at the base, 5-nerved, the intermediate
nerves obscure, the others sometimes pubescent near base.

This species was not distinguished from P. annua by the earlier
botanists of the state. Brendel seems first to have noticed the differ-
ence, stating it. was an annual like P. annua with a spikelet like that
of P. pratensis. Sehneck spoke of it as a variety of P. annua that pre-
ferred dry soil in worn-out fields. It is a very distinct species, easily
separated from P. annua. It also is a winter annual.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey. CHAMPAIGN co. Champaign,
Clinton, May, 1899; Urbana, Burrill, June, 1880. cHRISTIAN co. Taylorville,
Andrews, May, 1894 and 1899. EFFINGHAM CO. Edgewood, Holden, May, 1898.
MARION CO. Without locality, M. S. Bebb in 1861; Salem, M. S. Bebb; Odin,
Greene in 1908. MENARD CO. Without locality, Hall in 1861. PEORIA co. Peo-
ria, Brendel, June, 1859 and 1860. st. CLAIR co. Without locality, Brendel:
Mascoutah, Welsch. WABASH CO. Without locality, Schneck, May, 1897; without
locality, Shearer; Mt. Carmel, Schneck, May, 1904; Mt. Carmel, Trelease and
Schneck, May, 1888.

Poa compressa L.
Canada Blue Grass. Wire Grass (Fig. 233)

Lapham 757, 546, 579; Patterson ’76, 51; Flagg ’78, 281; Brendel ’87, 64;
Higley and Raddin ’91, 144; Huett ’97, 130; Cowles ’00, 91, 158, 176; Gleason
710, 149; Gates 712, 355; Sherff 713, 595.

Culms strongly flattened, usually bent at the base and arising from
long, running rootstocks; sheaths loose, smooth; blades 1 to 4 inches
long, rough above; panicles narrow, densely flowered; spikelets vari-
able as to size, 3- to 9-flowered, 4 to 6 mm. long, usually with a bronze
tinge; lemmas webbed at base, 2 to 2.5 mm. long, obscurely nerved, the
midnerve usually pubescent about to the middle, the others only at the
base.

Poa compressa is one of our most common grasses, altho it was
introduced from Europe. It has made its way into all the patches of
original prairie examined, and seems to be found thruout the state.
When growing, it is easily recognized by the flat stem and long root-
stocks.. It makes a close, dense sod and is often used as a lawn grass,
especially where there is competition with the crab grasses, ete., which
often drive out the Kentucky blue grass, more commonly used in
lawns. It is also a valuable pasture grass.

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 391

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, M. S. Bebb in 1860; without locality,
Vasey. CHAMPAIGN CO. Urbana, Clinton, June, 1897; Urbana, Seymour in 1880;
Seymour, Tsou, Oct., 1913; Champaign, Wuite, June, 1886; Seymour, Chien in
1914, CHRISTIAN CO. Taylorville, Andrews, June, 1899. cooK co. Tracy, B&.
Bebb, July, 1912; Hyde Park, Chicago, A. Chase, Aug., 1903; Evanston, Shipman,
Sept., 1875. pu PAGE co. Hinsdale, Smith, Sept., 1902. JO DAVIESS co. With-
out locality, Pepoon. HENDERSON CO. Oquawka, Patterson, June, 1872. LAKE
co. Beach, Gates, July, 1908; near Waukegan, Gates 2860. MCHENRY co. Algon-
quin, Nason, June, 1878. MARION co. Without locality, M. S. Bebb in 1860;
Salem, M. S. Bebb in 1860. MENARD co. Athens, HL. Hall, July, 1864. PEORIA
co. Peoria, Brendel in 1859. Piatt co. White Heath, Mosher, May, 1914. sa-
LINE CO. Harrisburg, Gibbs, Oct., 1908. sTARK co. Wady Petra, V. H. Chase
1462. VERMILION co. Muncie, Mosher, June, 1914. WABASH CO. Without local-
ity, Schneck, June, 1904; without locality, Shearer; Connor, Schneck, Sept., 1899;
Old Palmyra, Schneck, June, 1900. witt co. Joliet, Skeels, June, 1904.

Poa debilis Torr.
Weak Spear Grass (Fig. 234)

Culms weak and slender; sheaths smooth, much shorter than the
* internodes; blades 1 to 5 inches long, about 2 mm. wide, smooth; pan-
icle few-flowered, the branches slender, drooping; spikelets 2- to 4-
flowered, 3 to 4 mm. long; lemmas smooth, webbed at the base.

A rare species in Illinois, found only in damp woods.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Hill. cook co. Glencoe, Hill, June,
1913. JO DAVIESS co. Without locality, Pepoon .05.

Figs. 234-238.—Spikelets: 234, P. debilis; 235, P. palustris; 236, P.
sylvestris; 237, P. pratensis; 238, P. wolfii

Poa palustris L.
Fowl Meadow Grass. False Redtop (Fig. 235)

Poa serotina, Lapham ’57, 578; Vasey ’61, 671; Babcock ’73, 97; Patterson
76, 51; Flagg °78, 281; Brendel ’87, 64; Higley and Raddin ’91, 144. Poa
triflora, Sherff ’12, 419; Sherff 713, 595. Poa flava, Britton ’07, 139.

Culms 1 to 5 feet tall; sheaths rather loose, smooth; ligule 3 to
5 mm. long; blades 3 to 6 inches long, 2 to 4 mm. wide; panicles oblong,
often purplish, rather loosely flowered and delicate; spikelets 2- to 4-
flowered, 3 to 4 mm. long; lemmas 2.5 to 3 mm. long, copiously webbed
at base; the intermediate nerves obscure, the others long, silky pubes-
cent for about half their length.

This grass is a native to the state, usually found in damp meadows
or swamps. It is a very good forage grass, resembling somewhat

392 BULLETIN No. 205 [| March,

P. nemoralis, a European species introduced into many parts of this
country.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey; northern Illinois, MU. S. Bebb.
cooK co. Skokie Marsh, Glencoe, Sherff, June, 1911; Hyde Park, Chicago, Bab-
cock in 1878. DU PAGE CO. Hinsdale, Smith, May, 1903; Naperville, Umbach,
June, 1895. JO DAVIESS cO. Without locality, Pepoon. KANKAKEE 00. Kanka-
kce, Hill 244 in 1878. MCHENRY CO. Without locality, Brendel; Ringwood, I asey.
PEORIA CO. Peoria, Brendel in 1859. sTARK co. Wady Petra, V. H. Chase 1459,
1517, 1881.

Poa pratensis L.

Meadow Grass. Spear Grass. June Grass. Kentucky Blue Grass
(Fig. 237)

Lapham 757, 546, 579; Babcock ’73, 97; Patterson ’76, 51; Flagg ’78, 281;
Brendel ’87, 64; Higley and Raddin ’91, 145; Huett ’97, 130; Cowles ’00, 106,
158; Gleason ’07, 182; Gleason ’10, 149; Gates 712, 355; Sherff *12, 420; Sherff
713, 595.

Culms eylindrieal, from long, running rootstocks; sheaths smooth,
the lower overlapping, the upper often shorter than the internodes ;-
ligule about 1.5 mm. long; blades longest at the base, from 1 to 8 inches
long, the basal blades longest, 1 to 6 mm. wide; panicle densely flow-
ered; spikelets 3- to 5-flowered, 4 to 6 mm. long; lemmas distinctly
5-nerved, 3 mm. long, copiously webbed at base, the marginal and mid-
nerves pubescent, the others smooth.

This species is native to Illinois and is found all over the state in
fields and meadows. It isa popular pasture and lawn grass all over the
country.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Lapham. CHAMPAIGN co. Urbana,
Clinton, May, 1897 and 1900; Urbana, Seymour, May, 1880; Seymour, Chien, May,
1914; Champaign, Mosher, Oct., 1913. cooK co. Ravenswood, Gates, June 1906;
Hyde Park, Chicago, Gates, June, 1906; Chicago, Lansing, 216; Evanston, Ship-
man. DU PAGE CO. Naperville, Umbach, May, 1898. FULTON co. Without local-
ity, Pepoon. JO DAVIESS CO. Without locality, Pepoon. HENDERSON Cov.
Oquawka, Patterson, May, 1872. HENRY CO. Galva, V. H. Chase 1741. KANE
co. Elgin, Vasey. LAKE CO. Beach, Gates, June, 1909; north of Waukegan,
Gates, 3037. MCHENRY CO. Without locality, Brendel; Algonquin, Nason. PEO-
RIA CO. Peoria, McDonald, June, 1901; Peoria, Brendel. piarr co. White Heath,
Mosher, May, 1914. st. cLaIR co. East St. Louis, Eggert, May, 1878; Mascou-
tah, Welsch. STARK CO. Wady Petra, V. H. Chase, May, 1898. VERMILION CO.
Muncie, Mosher, May, 1914. waBasH CO. Key’s Hill, Schneck, June, 1905; Mt.
Carmel, May, 1880. wooprorD co. Without locality, McDonald, June, 1889.

Poa sylvestris Gray
(Fig. 236)

Patterson ’76, 51; Flagg ’78, 281; Brendel ’87, 64; Huett ’97, 130.

Culms 1 to 3 feet tall; sheaths smooth, shorter than the internodes ;
ligule 1 mm. long or less; blades 1 to 8 inches long, 2 to 6 mm. wide,
the basal ones always longer; panicle open, somewhat oblong, not
densely flowered; spikelets 2- to 4-flowered, 2.5 to 4 mm. long, nearly
as broad; lemmas about 2.5 mm. long, webbed at base, the nerves all
prominent, the midnerve pubescent to the top.

1918 | THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 393

This native species is found in woods and shady places. It is easily
distinguished from P. palustris by its broader spikelets and short
ligule.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey; southern Illinois, Lapham.
CHAMPAIGN Co. Urbana, Clinton, May, 1900; Urbana, Gleason, June, 1900. DU
PAGE CO. Hinsdale, Smith, June, 1903. FULTON co. Without locality, Pepoon;
Canton, Wolf. MACON co. Without locality, Clokey 2444. MARSHALL co. Steu-
ben township, V. H. Chase 1796. Jo DAviESS co. Without locality, Pepoon.
MENARD Co. Athens, Hall, June, 1864. PEORIA co. Peoria, Brendel; Peoria, Mc-
Donald, June, 1900. PIATT co. White Heath, Mosher, May, 1915. STARK C0.
Wady Petra, V. H. Chase 1429. VERMILION co. Muncie, Mosher, May, 1914.
WABASH Co. Without locality, Shearer; Mt. Carmel, Schneck, May, 1880; Hang-
ing Rock, Schneck, May, 1905; Hurd’s Ferry, Schneck, July, 1900.

Poa wolfii Seribn.
(Fig. 238)

°

Culms slender, smooth, 1 to 3 feet tall; sheaths smooth; blades
mostly clustered at the base, 1 to 8 inches long, 2 mm. or less in width;
panicle open, branches very slender, usually ascending ; spikelets 2- to
4-flowered, 5 to 6 thm. long; lemmas 4 mm. long, copiously webbed at
base, nerves all prominent, the lateral and midnerves pubescent for
more than half their length, the intermediate nerves smooth.

Illinois is the type locality for this species, which was named after
one of its earlier collectors, J. Wolf. The plant is comparatively rare.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Wolf in 1883. FULTON co. Without
locality, Brendel in 1860; Copperas Creek, Wolf, June, 1883. HENDERSON CO.
Oquawka, Patterson. PEORIA co. Peoria, Brendel. ,

The following species of Poa have been reported from Illinois, but
no authentic specimens have been found as yet.

Poa brachyphylla Schult—This was reported as P. brevifolia by
Lapham (757, 546, 578), Flage (’78, 281), and Higley and Raddin
(or 145).

Poa nemoralis L.—This species was reported by Lapham (757, 546,
579; Plate 2, Fig. 12), who says it is a native both.of this country and
Europe. It seems probable that he did not have the species as it is
understood at present.

Poa trivialis .—F lage (’78, 281) cites this as occurring in T1linois,
having been introduced from Europe. It is probable that it was cul-
tivated here for only a short time. :

55. PANICULARIA Fabr.
Manna Grass

These grasses are all found in moist situations. They are perennials
with flat leaves and terminal panicles. The ligules are membranous.
The spikelets are 3- to 15-flowered; the lemmas usually very prom-
inently nerved, with a narrow, transparent margin. The glumes are
unequal and much shorter than the spikelets.

394 BULLETIN No. 205 - [March,

a. Spikelets 2 to 8 mm. long, the length never three times the width; panicles
open and spreading.
b. Spikelets 3 to 4 mm. wide; nerves on the lemmas not prominent.
P. canadensis
bb. Spikelets 1 to 2.5 mm. wide; nerves on the lemmas very prominent and
with deep furrows between.
ce. Spikelets 3 to 4 mm. long, the lemmas 1.5 mm. long, glumes short
and rounded. P. nervata
ee. Spikelets 4 to 6 mm. long, the lemmas 2 mm. long, glumes oblong.
P. grandis
aa. Spikelets 10 to 25 mm. long, the length always more than three times the
width; panicle narrow, the branches erect.
b. Spikelets nearly sessile; 15 to 20 mm. long; lemmas firm, hispidulous;

4 to 4.5 mm. long. P. septentrionalis
bb. Spikelets slender pediceled; 10 to 15 mm. long; lemmas thin, rough only
on the nerves, 3.5 to 4 mm. long. P. borealis

242

239

240

Figs. 239-244.—239, P. borealis, inflorescence; 240, P. borealis, spikelet;
241, P. canadensis, spikelet; 242, P. grandis, spikelet; 2438, P. nervata, spikelet;
244, P. septentrionalis, spikelet

Panicularia borealis Nash
Slender Manna Grass. (Figs. 239 and 240)

Culms bent at base and rooting at the nodes, 2 to 5 feet tall;
sheaths overlapping, usually smooth, the upper one inclosing the base
of the panicle; blades narrow, 4 to 20 inches long, 2 to 10 mm. broad,
usually folded, ending in a sharp point; panicle very narrow, with the
branches erect or appressed; spikelets 10 to 15 mm. long, the pedicels
one-third to two-thirds the length of the spikelets, 7- to 13-flowered ;
lemmas thin, 3.5 to 5 mm. long, the nerves rough.

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 395

This is a northern species, rare in Illinois. It closely resembles P.
septentrionalis, from which it is most easily separated by its pediceled
spikelets. It is found in shallow water, or in moist soil along the edges
of streams and ponds.

JO DAVIESS co. Margin of ponds near E. Dubuque, Pepoon 426. STARK co.
Pond northeast of Wady Petra, V. H. Chase 100.

Panicularia canadensis (Michx.) Kuntze

Rattlesnake Grass. (Fig. 241)

Glyceria canadensis, Lapham 757, 546, 576; Babcock ’73, 97; Patterson 776,
50; Flagg ’78, 281; Brendel ’87, 88; Higley and Raddin ’91, 145; Huett ’97, 130.

Culms erect, 2 to 3 feet tall; sheaths considerably shorter than the
internodes, except at the base of the culm, where they overlap ; blades
rough, 6 to 18 inches long, 4 to 8 mm. wide; panicle 6 to 10 inches long,
nearly as broad, the branches very slender, usually drooping; spike-
lets 5- to 12-flowered, 5 to 8 mm. long, flattened; lemmas broad 3 to 4
mm. long, faintly nerved.

This grass is one of the most beautiful of the grasses found in the
state. It is also a northern species. It is found in wet places.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Northern. Illinois, Brendel. FULTON co. Without lo-
cality, Pepoon. JO DAVIESS CO. Without locality, Pepoon. PEORIA CO. Peoria,
Brendel.

Panicularia grandis (Wats.) Nash
Reed Meadow Grass (Fig. 242)

Culms erect, stout, soft and spongy, 3 to 5 feet tall; sheaths loose,
usually smooth; blades usually smooth beneath, rough above, 8 to 12
inches long, 6 to 16 mm. wide; panicle 8 to 16 inches long, nearly as
broad, the branches drooping; spikelets numerous, 4- to 7-flowered, 4
to 6 mm. long; florets purple, the lemmas about 2 mm. long, distinctly
7-nerved ; glumes whitish, 1-nerved.

This species resembles P. nervata in habit but is a larger, more
robust species. The panicle of P. nervata is much smaller and usually
green, while that of P. grandis is very large and nearly always purple;
the leaves of P. grandis are usually much broader. This species is
found only in the extreme northern part of the state, while P. nervata
is found over the entire state.

JO DAVIESS CO. Warren, Umbach, July, 1896.

Panicularia nervata (Willd.) Kuntze
Nerved Manna Grass. Fowl Meadow Grass (Fig. 243)
Glyceria nervata, Lapham 757, 546, 577 (Plate 2, Fig. 2); Patterson ’76, 50;

Flagg ’78, 281; Brendel ’87, 63; Higley and Raddin ’91, 145; Huett ’97, 130;
Gates 712, 355; Gleason 712, 44; Sherff ’12, 419; Sherff 713, 595.

Culms slender, erect, often in large bunches, 1 to 3 feet tall; sheaths
usually smooth, overlapping at the base of the culm, the upper sheaths

396 BULLETIN No, 205 [ March,

usually partially closed; blades 6 to 12 inches long, 4 to 10 mm. wide,
rough above, smooth beneath; panicle 4 to 8 inches long, often purple,
the branches usually drooping, spikelets 3- to 7-flowered, 3 to 4 mm.
long; lemmas distinetly 7-nerved, about 1.5 mm. long.

This is one of the native grasses much liked by stock and could be
introduced into damp pasture lands. The office of Poisonous Plant
Investigations, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, has found it to contain a
small quantity of hydrocyanie acid, enough to be poisonous if a quan-
tity of the grass is eaten. It is common in Illinois in most situations.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey. CHAMPAIGN CO. Champaign,
Waite, June, 1888; Mahomet, Clinton, Oet., 1898; Champaign, Waite, June, 1886;
Urbana, Clinton, Sept., 1899; Urbana, Seymour and Butts, June, 1880. CHRIs-
TIAN CO. Taylorville, Andrews. cooK co. Chicago, Babcock, July, 1869; Evans-
ton, Shipman, Sept., 1875; Lake Forest, Jensen, June, 1895; near Chicago, Me-
Donald, June, 1891. JO DAVIESS co. Without locality, Pepoon 683. KANKAKEE
co. Kankakee, Hill, May, 1870. HENDERSON Co. Oquawka, Patterson, June,
1872. LAKE CO. Beach Area, Gates 2810. MCHENRY cO. Algonquin, Nason,
MACOUPIN CO. Carlinville, Robertson, June, 1882. MADISON co. Venice, Hggert,
July, 1877. MARION co. Without locality, Lapham. MENARD CO. Without local-
ity, Hall in 1861. PEORIA co. Peoria, Brendel; Peoria, McDonald, Aug., 1896.
ST. CLAIR CO. Mascoutah, Welsch. VERMILION CO. Muncie, Mosher, May, 1914.
WABASH CO. Without locality, Schneck, July, 1888; without locality, Shearer;
Paton, Schneck, July, 1879.

Panicularia septentrionalis Hitche.
Floating Manna Grass (Fig. 244)

Glyceria fluitans, Lapham 757, 546, 577; Babcock ’73, 97; Patterson ’76, 51;
Flagg ’78, 281; Brendel ’87, 63; Higley and Raddin ’91, 145; Huett ’97, 130.
Glyceria_ septentrionalis, Sherff ’12, 417; Sherff 713, 595.

Culms erect, 3 to 6 feet tall, usually large, soft, and spongy ; lower
sheaths overlapping, the upper closed nearly to the summit; ligule 5
or 6 mm. long; blades 4 to 9 inches long, 6 to 8 mm. wide; slightly
rough; panicles very narrow, the branches erect or appressed, some-
times spreading in flower; spikelets 7- to 12-flowered, 20 to 25 mm.
long, nearly sessile; lemmas rough all over, 4 to 4.5 mm. long.

This species is found in shallow water with the leaves floating, or
where there is very wet soil. It is an excellent grass for swampy
meadows. Cattle are very fond of it.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey; northern Illinois, Vasey;
southern Illinois, Lapham. CHAMPAIGN co. Rantoul, Clinton, Sept., 1897. CHRIS-
TIAN CO. Taylorville, Andrews. CcooK co. Chicago, Moffatt, July, 1891; Evans-
ton, Shipman, Sept., 1875; Chicago, Scammon, July, 1859. DU PAGE co. Without
locality, along ditches, Moffatt, July, 1891. HENDERSON co. Oquawka, Patter-
son, July, 1872. KANKAKEE CO. Bourbonnais, Hill, July, 1873. LAKE co. Gil-
mer, Gates 1712; Lake Zurich, Hill, June, 1899. MCHENRY CO. Ringwood, Vasey.
MACOUPIN CO. Macoupin, Robertson, July, 1883. MENARD CO. Without locality,
Hall in 1861. PEORIA CO. Peoria, Brendel. pPiaTT co. Monticello, Seymour and
Waite, July, 1880. sv. cLAIR co. Mascoutah, Welsch. STARK CO. Wady Petra,
V. H. Chase, July, 1898. WapBasH co. Without lotality, Sehneck, July, 1900;
without locality, Shearer; Mt. Carmel, Schneck, July, 1879. Witt co. Joliet,
Skeels, June, 1904.

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 397

Pancularia pallida (Torr.) Kuntze (Glyceria pallida Trin.) —This
was reported by Vasey (’61, 671) and Flagg (’78, 281) from Illinois.
The specimens. in the University herbarium labeled Glyceria pallida
are a species of Poa which it strongly resembles. No other specimens
have been seen and its occurrence in I]linois is doubtful.

56. FESTUCA L.
Fescue Grass

The species of Festuca have 2- to many-flowered spikelets arranged
in open or contracted panicles. The glumes are narrow, keeled, and
pointed. The lemmas are firm, not keeled but rounded on the back,
often awned or awn-pointed. The leaves are narrow, in some species
involute, and the ligule is very short and membranous. There are
both annual and perennial species.

a. Lemmas awnless or very rarely awn pointed; leaves flat.
b. Panicle narrow, erect, branches short; lemmas 5 to 7 mm. long.
F. elatior
bb. Panicle open, rarely erect, branches long; lemmas 4 to 4.5 mm. long.
e. Spikelets broad, short pediceled, aggregated at the ends of the rather
short panicle branches. EF. shortii
ee. Spikelets narrow, long pediceled, scattered in an open panicle with
long, slender branches.

aa. Lemmas awned, leaves involute. FI. obtusa
b. Stamens 1 or 2; lemmas rough; annual. F. octoflora
bb. Stamens 3; lemmas smooth; perennial. FE. ovina

Festuca elatior L.
Tall or Meadow Fesecue (Fig. 245)

Babcock 773, 97; Patterson ’76, 51; Flagg ’78, 282; Higley and Raddin ’91,
145; Huett 797, 130.

Culms erect, in loose bunches, 1.5 to 5 feet tall, smooth; sheaths
smooth, or slightly rough at the top; blades 4 to 16 inches long, 4 to
8 mm. wide, flat, rough on the upper surface, auricle well-developed ;
panicle 4 to 8 inches long, narrow, rather loose-flowered; spikelets 5-
to 9-flowered, 9 to 11 mm. long; lemma 5 to 7 mm. long, faintly nerved.

This perennial species was introduced from Europe, but is now
naturalized thruout the state. It is an excellent forage grass and
much eultivated for hay.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey. CHAMPAIGN CO. Champaign,
Waite, June, 1881 and 1886; Urbana, Seymour, June, 1880. FuuTON co. Canton,
Wolf. KANKAKEE CO. Kankakee, Hill, July, 1874. Pror1a co. Peoria, Brendei,
July, 1883; Peoria, McDonald, July, 1903. piarr co. White Heath, Mosher, May,
1913. ST. CLAIR CO. Mascoutah, Welsch. sTaRK co. Wady Petra, V. H. Chase
58. VERMILION cO. Muncie, Mosher, May, 1914. WABASH CO. Without locality,
Shearer; Mt. Carmel, Schneck, July, 1878. WwiLt co. Troy township, Hill 32 in
1907; Mokena, Hill 14 in 1910.

398 Butietin No. 205 [ March,

Festuca obtusa Spreng.
Nodding Fescue (Figs. 246 and 247)

Festuca nutans, Engelmann 744, 103; Lapham 757, 547, 582 (Plate 3, Fig. 1);
Babcock ’73, 97; Patterson ’76, 51; Flagg ’78, 282; Brendel ’87, 64; Higley and
Raddin 791, 145.

Culms single or a few together, 1 to 3 feet tall; sheaths often
slightly pubescent ; blades rough above, 4 to 12 inches long, 4 to 7 mm.
wide; panicle usually nodding, the branches bearing spikelets near the
ends; spikelets 3- to 5-flowered, typically 3-flowered, 5 to 7 mm. long,
always much longer than broad; lemmas about 4 mm. long with a
thin white or transparent margin; second glume 3 mm. long.

This is a native species which is found in damp or shady woods
and thickets.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey. CHAMPAIGN co. Urbana,
Waite, June, 1886; Urbana, Clinton, May, 1898; Mahomet, Wright, June, 1898;
Mahomet, Clinton, May, 1900. CHRISTIAN co. Taylorville, Andrews. DU PAGE
co. Hinsdale, Smith, June, 1903; Wheatland, Umbach, July, 1898; Naperville,
Umbach, July, 1898. JACKSON co. Without locality, Lapham in 1857. JO DAVIESS
co. Without locality, Pepoon. HENDERSON CO. Oquawka, Patterson, June, 1874.
LA SALLE co. Near Starved Rock, A. Chase, July, 1901. MCHENRY co. Algon-
quin, Nason. MACOUPIN CO. Carlinville, Robertson in 1898. MARION co. With-
out locality, M. S. Bebb in 1860. MARSHALL Co. Near Lawn Ridge, V. H. Chase
1498. MASON CO. Without locality, Clokey. PEORIA co. Princeville, V. H. Chase,
June, 1897; Peoria, McDonald, June, 1890; Peoria, Brendel. Piarr co. White
Heath, Mosher, May, 1914. sv. cLAIR co. Mascoutah, Welsch. STARK (0. Woods
along Spoon river, V. H. Chase 1448. VERMILION co. Muncie, Mosher, May, 1914.
WABASH CO. Without locality, Shearer. wii co. Joliet, Skeels, June, 1904.

y

246 \T 247 248 261

Figs. 245-251.—245, F. elatior, spikelet; 246, FV. nutans, inflorescence; 247,
I. nutans, spikelet; 248, F. ovina, spikelet; 249, IF. octoflora, spikelet; 250,
I’, shortii, inflorescence; 251, PF. shortii, spikelet

Festuca octoflora Walt.
Slender Feseue (Fig. 249)

Festuca tenella, Lapham 757, 547, 581; Patterson 776, 51; Flagg 778, 232;
Brendel ’87, 64; Higley and Raddin ’91, 145; Huett ’97, 130. Mestuea octoflora,
Gleason ’10, 149; Gates, 712, 355.

1918 | THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 399

Culms slender, often tufted, 2 to 16 inches tall; sheaths smooth,
shorter than the internodes; blades very short, 1.5 to 4 inches long,
involute; panicle narrow, contracted, spike-like, 1 to 5 inches long;
spikelets 6- to 13-flowered, 5 to 12 mm. long; lemmas rough 3 to 5 mm.
Jong, the awn about the same length.

This annual species is found in dry, open country, usually where
the soil is very poor.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey; southern Illinois, Lapham in
1857. CHAMPAIGN CO. Champaign, Seymour and Waite, June, 1884; Champaign,
Seymour, June, 1884. cook co. Evanston, Johnston in 1891. HANCOCK CO.
Warsaw, Mead, July, 1842. gsackson co. Makanda, Gleason, June, 1903. Jo
DAVIESS CO. Without locality, Pepoon 145; Hanover, Gleason and Gates 2571
KANKAKEE CO. Kankakee, Hill 33 in 1872. LAKE CO. Waukegan, Gates 2468. LA
SALLE CO. Starved Rock, Gates 3191. MACON co. Decatur, Clokey, June, 1899. Ma-
COUPIN Co. Carlinville, Robertson, May, 1883. MARION CO. Without locality, M. 8.
Bebb in 1860. MARSHALL Co. Near Lawn Ridge, V. H. Chase 1494. PEORIA CO. Peo-
ria, Brendel; Peoria, McDonald, June, 1889. PraTr co. White Heath, Mosher,
May, 1914. pPoPrE co. Herod, Clinton, July, 1898. sv. cLAIR Co. Without local-
ity, Eggert, Aug., 1874; Mascoutah, Welsch. VERMILION co. Muncie, Mosher,
May, 1914. waBasH co. Without locality, Schneck, June, 1900; Old Palmyra,
Schneck, May, 1883; Keensburgh, Schneck, June, 1898.

Festuca ovina L.
Sheep’s Fescue (Fig. 248)

Culms erect in close bunches, 6 inches to 2 feet tall; sheaths usually
smooth; blades pale green, involute, 2 to 5 inches long, the lower ones
longest; panicle slender and spike-like, 2 to 4 inches long; spikelets
5 to 7.5 mm. long; lemmas smooth, 3 to 3.5 mm. long.

There is a native form of this species and also one introduced from
Europe in seed mixtures for pastures and parks. A variety, I’. ovina
duriuscula, also introduced from Europe, is taller and has lemmas
about 6 mm. long.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey. CHAMPAIGN Co. Crystal Lake
Park, Urbana, Trelease, May, 1914; Urbana, Lantz, 1914; Urbana, Waggoner,
May, 1914.

Festuca shortii Kunth
(Figs. 250 and 251)

Culms in small bunches or single, 1 to 4 feet tall; sheaths usually
smooth, shorter than the internodes; blades 4 to 12 inches long, 2 to
4 mm. wide, often involute in drying; panicle open, the naked
branches bearing few- to several-clustered, short-pediceled spikelets
near the ends; spikelets usually 5- to 9-flowered, typically more than
3-flowered, 5 to 7 mm. long; when mature the length and breadth
nearly equal; lemmas 4.5 mm. long; second glume 4 to 5 mm. long.

This species is much more distinct than perhaps the description
would lead one to believe. It was formerly included with Festuca
obtusa, but is easily distinguished by the panicle. That of Festuca

400 Buietin No. 205 { March,

obtusa is slender, graceful, and few-flowered, while in Festucu shortir
it is broader, and thick and heavy in appearance. It is found in woods,
bat also in open damp places.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Mead; without locality, Vasey.
CHAMPAIGN CO. Urbana, Burrill, Seymour and Waite in 1884; Urbana, Seymour,
June, 1880. FRANKLIN CO. Benton, Patterson, June, 1872. FULTON co. With-
out locality, Wolf. HENDERSON co. Oquawka, Patterson. MARION co. Without
locality, M. S. Bebb in 1860; Salem, M. S. Bebb. MENARD CO. Without locality,
Hall. Pprorta Co, Peoria, Brendel. st. CLAIR CO. Mascoutah, Welsch. STARK
co. East of Wady Petra, V. H. Chase, 1228. waBasH co. Without locality,
Shearer.

252 253

Figs. 252-253.—Intlorescences: 252, B. inermis; 253, B. tectorum

57. BROMUS L.

The annual species of this genus have been introduced from
Europe and are more or less serious pests. The native species are
perennials mostly confined to woods and shady places and are of no
economic importance. The spikelets are large, usually many-flowered ;
the lemmas are two-toothed at the apex and often bear an awn from
between the teeth; the glumes are unequal, the second larger. The in-
florescence is of panicles, the spikelets either erect or drooping. The
leaves are flat, the ligules membranous, seldom over 1 or 2 mm. in
length. The species are exceedingly variable, and therefore difficult
to classify correctly.

1918] THE GRASSES or ILLINOIS 401

a. Lemmas smooth or scabrous, not pubescent.
b. Second glume 3-nerved.
ce. Lemmas awnless or awn-pointed; plants gencrally smooth thruout;
perennial by long, running rootstocks. B. inermis
ee. Lemmas with long, scabrous awns; sheaths pilose-pubescent ; annuals.
B. villosus
bb. Second glume 5- to 9-nerved; plants without running rootstocks.
ec. Spikelets with the width more than half the length; lemmas very
broad, awnless or awn-pointed. B. brizaeformis
ec. Spikelets with the width always less than half the length; lemmas
narrow or ovate, with an awn at least 3 mm. long.
d. Lemmas thick, the margin inrolled at maturity, the awn slender
and weak, 3 to 5 mm. long; sheaths glabrous. B. secalinus
dd. Lemmas thin, with a transparent edge, not inrolled at maturity,
the awn strong, 5 to 8 mm. long; sheaths pubescent.
B. pratensis
aa. Lemmas pubescent, either along the margin or over the entire surface.
b. Awn as long or longer than the lemma; annual species with the panicle
branches drooping. B. tectorum
bb. Awn considerably shorter than the lemma.
e. Lemmas pubescent along the margin and sometimes at the base.
B. ciliatus
ee. Lemmas evenly pubescent over the entire surface. :
d. Lemmas densely long, silky pubescent; lemma 8 to 10 mm. long,

the awn 2 to 3 mm. B. kalmii
dd. Lemmas sparsely short, appressed pubescent, 10 to 12 mm. long,
the awn 4 to 8 mm. B. purgans

ae

oH al al

y 255 Ve, 258 /261

Figs. 254-261.—Spikelets: 254, B. brizaeformis; 255, B. ciliatus; 256, B.
inermis; 257, B. kalmii; 258, B. pratensis; 259, B. purgans; 260, B. secalinus ;
261, B. tectorum

Bromus brizaeformis Fiseh. and Mey.
(Fig, 254)

Culms 6 inches to 2 feet tall, smooth, slightly pubescent at the
nodes; sheaths pubescent, shorter than the internodes; blades 4 to 8
inches long, 1 to 4 mm. wide; panicle open, drooping; spikelets 10 to
20 mm. long and 9 to 13 mm. wide, lemmas awnless, smooth, 8 to 10

mm. long.
This annual species was introduced from Europe and is rare in
America.

RICHLAND CO. Parkersburg, Ridgeway, June, 1902,

402 BULLETIN No. 205 [ ALarch,

Bromus ciliatus L.
Fringed Brome Grass (Fig. 255)

Lapham °57, 547, 583 (Plate 3, Fig. 2); Babcock ’73, 97; Patterson ’76, 51;
Flagg ’78, 282; Brendel ’87, 64; Higley and Raddin ’91, 146; Huett ’97, 131.

Culms slender, 2 to 4 feet tall; sheaths retrorsely pubescent ; blades
8 to 15 inches long, 4 to 12 mm. wide, rough and slightly pubescent ;
panicle spreading, often nearly as broad as long, usually drooping;
spikelets 5- to 9-flowered, 15 to 25 mm. long; glumes smooth; lemmas
10 to 12 mm. long, pubescent along the edge and sometimes near the
base, but smooth on the remainder of the surface; awn 3 to 5 mm. long.

Bromus ciliatus is one of the native perennial species. It grows
in damp places, usually in the woods.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey; without locality, Bebb in 1860.
CHAMPAIGN CO. Mahomet, Wright, June, 1898; Mahomet, Burrill and Seymour,
Aug., 1888. cooK co. Chicago, Babcock, July, 1873; Evanston, Shipman. FUL-
TON co. Without locality, Pepoon. JACKSON co. Without locality, Lapham. s0
DAVIESS CO. Without locality, Moffatt; without locality, Pepoon, Aug., 1912.
KANKAKEE CO. Kankakee, Hill, July, 1873. MAcoUPIN co. Carlinville, Robert-
son, June, 1882. PEORIA CO. Peoria, Brendel; Peoria, McDonald, June, 1896;
Mossville, A. Chase 883. POPE co. Herod, Clinton, Aug., 1898. ST. CLAIR CO.
Mascoutah, Welsch. WABASH CO. Near Paton, Schneck, June, 1879.

Bromus inermis Leyss.
Hungarian Brome Grass (Figs. 252 and 256)

Culms in tufts from ereeping rootstocks, smooth, 1 to 4 feet tall;
sheaths smooth; blades 6 to 10 inches long, 4 to 6 mm. wide, smooth;
panicle narrow, the branches ascending; spikelets 6- to 10-flowered,
smooth; lemmas 10 to 12 mm. long; awnless or awn-pointed, second
elume 3-nerved.

This species, also known as smooth brome grass, makes rank
growth, and is gradually spreading over the whole United States. It
was introduced as a forage grass, but lately has been considered of
little value.

JO DAVIESS co. Without locality, Pepoon .06. LAKE Co. Leithton, Gates
1729.1; Ravinia, Gates 1678.2. LIVINGSTON co. Emington, Wilcox. STARK CO.
Wady Petra, V. H. Chase, 1454, also July, 1907. VERMILION CO. Muncie, Mosher,
May, 1914.

Bromus kalmii A. Gray
Wild Chess (Fig. 257)

Lapham 757, 547, 582; Babeock ’73, 97; Patterson ’76, 51; Brendel ’87, 64;
Higley and Raddin ’91, 146; Huett ’97, 180; Gates 712, 355. *

Culms 1.5 to 3 feet tall; sheaths softly pubescent; blades 1 to 8
inches long, 2 to 8 mm. wide, usually softly pubescent on both sur-
faces; the hairs often long and conspicuous; panicle small, open,
branches usually wavy; spikelets 6- to 10-flowered, densely covered
with soft, silky pubescence; lemmas 8 to 10 mm. long, the awn 2 to 3
mm. long; second glume 5- to 7-nerved.

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 403

This is a native perennial species usualiy found in dry, waste
places, sometimes in woods and shady places. It is distinguished from
all other Illinois species by the copious silky pubescence of foliage and
spikelets.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey. DU PAGE Co. Wheatland,
Umbach, July, 1898. JACKSON co. Without locality, Lapham in 1857. JO DAVIESS
co. Without locality, northern part, Pepoon 51. LAKE co. Beach, Gates 2762;
marsh near Rockefeller, Gates 1741; between Winthrop Harbor and Beach, Gates,

June, 1908. McHENRY co. Algonquin, Nason, July, 1878. MENARD co. Athens,
Hall. prortaA co. Peoria, Brendel in 1857.

Bromus pratensis Lam.
(Fig. 258)

Culms 6 inches to 2 feet tall, smooth or slightly pubescent; lower
sheaths overlapping and the upper shorter than the internodes, pu-
bescent ; blades 4 to 10 inches long, 4 to 7 mm. wide, pubescent on both
surfaces; panicle erect, rather narrow; spikelets 6- to 10-flowered;
lemma 9 to 10 mm. long, short pubescent, scabrous; awn 5 to 8 mm.
long; second glume 5- to 7-nerved.

An annual species introduced from Europe, but only occasionally
found in the Middle West.

VERMILION CO. Muncie, Mosher, May, 1914. WaBAsH co. Near Mt. Carmel,
Shearer.

Bromus purgans L.

(Fig. 259)

Bromus ciliatus var. purgans, Higley and Raddin ’91, 146. Bromus incanus,
Gates 712, 355.

Culms fairly stout, 2 to 5 feet tall; sheaths retrorsely pubescent ;
blades 6 to 12 inches long, 5 to 15 mm. wide, usually short pubescent
on the upper surface; panicle spreading, usually large and nodding;
spikelets 7- to 11-flowered; glumes sparsely pubescent, the second 3-
nerved; lemmas 10 to 12 mm. long, pubescent over entire surface, the
awn 4 to 6 mm. long.

This species is a native of the state. It is usually found in damp
shaded places.

CHAMPAIGN CO. Urbana, Mosher, May, 1915. CHRISTIAN co. Taylorville,
Andrews. CooK co. Beverly Hills, R. Bebb, Sept., 1903; Bowmanvil Woods,
Chicago, Gates, June, 1908; River Grove, Hill 68 in 1897. FULTON co. Canton,
Wolf. 30 DAVIESS CO. Without locality, Pepoon .07. KNOx co. Williamsfield,
V. H. Chase 1839. LA SALLE co. Starved Rock, A. Chase, July, 1901. MACOUPIN
co. Without locality, Robertson, Aug., 1883. MARSHALL co. Near Lawn Ridge,
V. H. Chase 1487. Prorta co. Peoria, Brendel; Peoria, McDonald, July, 1904.
ST. CLAIR CO. Mascoutah, Welsch. stTaRK co. Near Wady Petra, V. H. Chase
640, 1538. VERMILION co. Muncie, Mosher, May, 1914. waBasH co. Without
loeality, Shearer, May, 1899. Hanging Rock, Schneck, July, 1905; Grand Rapids,
Schneck, Aug., 1900.

Bromus purgans incanus Shear.—This variety differs from the
species in having densely pubescent or velvety sheaths.

404 Buuuetin No. 205 [ March,

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Wolf, Sept., 1882. FuLTON co. Can-
ton, Wolf. PEORIA cO. Peoria, Brendel; Peoria, McDonald, July, 1904. WABASH
co. Without locality, Shearer, July, 1896; near Mt. Carmel, Shearer, July, 1896.

Bromus purgans latiglumis (B. altissimus Pursh).—This variety
has overlapping sheaths and an unusually large number of leaves.
The sheaths are usually smooth except for a ring of hairs where they

join the blades.

JO DAVIESS CO. Warren, Pepoon 489. KANE CO. Elgin, Sherff 1789. STARK
co. Wady Petra, V. H. Chase 1265. WaBasH co. Mt. Carmel, Schneck in 1879;
Hanging Rock, Schneck.

Bromus secalinus L.
Cheat, or Chess (Fig. 260)

Lapham 757, 547, 582; Babcock ’73, 97; Patterson ’76, 51; Flagg ’78, 282;
Higley and Raddin ’91, 146; Huett ’97, 130.

Culms 1 to 3 feet tall; sheaths typically smooth, strongly nerved;
blades 2 to 8 inches long, 2 to 6 mm. wide, usually smooth, sometimes
slightly pubescent; panicle open, branches usually drooping; spike-
lets 5- to 15-flowered, smooth; lemma 8 to 11 mm. long, thick, the mar-
gins inrolled at maturity, awns short and slender, generally 35 to 5
mm. long. .

This species was introduced from Europe and has now spread all
thru the temperate part of North America. It becomes a serious pest
in grain fields. As it is an annual, it should be prevented from ripen-
ing seed. All plants should be destroyed when first discovered in or-
der to prevent its spread into new localities,

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey. CHAMPAIGN Co.* Urbana,
Clinton, June, 1888; Urbana, Seymour, July, 1878; Champaign, Seymour, July,
1878. CHRISTIAN co. Taylorville, Andrews; Taylorville, De Motte. cooK co.
Woodlawn, Chicago, Millspaugh, June, 1898. DU PAGE co. Wheaton, Moffatt,
June, 1892. JO DAVIESS CO. Without locality, Pepoon. MACON co. Decatur,
Clokey 2586. MACOUPIN co. Carlinville, Robertson, June, 1882. MARION CO.
Without locality, Lapham in 1857; without locality, WM. S. Bebb in 1860. PEORIA
co. Peoria, Brendel in 1860; Peoria, McDonald, July, 1889. ST. CLAIR CO.
Mascoutah, Welsch; East St. Louis, Lehenbauer, May, 1914. STARK co. Wady
Petra, V. H. Chase 1453. UNION co. Cobden, Karle, July, 1886. VERMILION CO.
Muncie, Mosher, May, 1914. WwaBasH Co. Without locality, Schneck, June, 1904.
Mt. Carmel, Schneck, June, 1897; Timberville, Schneck, June, 1879; Old Palmyra,
Schneck, May, 1881.

Bromus tectorum L.
Downy Brome Grass (Figs. 252 and 261)

Gates 712, 355.

Culms in tufts, slender; sheaths and blades pubescent, the latter
1 to 4 inches long, 2 to 4 mm. wide; panicle densely flowered, droop-
ing; spikelets on slender pedicels, 5- to 8-flowered, pubescent ; lemmas
8 to 12 mm. long, awn 12 to 16 mm. long; glumes pubescent, the second
elume 3-nerved.

This European species was first observed in Illinois in 1903, and
has spread very rapidly since that time. Four years ago, only a few

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 405

plants were observed within a thirty-mile radius of Urbana; now this
species can be found along all railway tracks, around elevators, and in
waste places generally. As it is likely to become a serious pest in the
state, some pains should be taken to eradicate it when first observed.
Jt is an annual species, and should be easily controlled.

CHAMPAIGN co. St. Joseph, Mosher, June, 1914 and 1915; Champaign,
Mosher, May, 1913; Urbana, Mosher, May, 1915; Urbana, Trelease, May, 1914.
Seymour, Mosher, June, 1914. cook co. Hyde Park, Chicago, A. Chase, June,
1903. EDGAR co. Scottland, Dawson, May, 1914. 30 DAvIESS co. Without local-
ity, Pepoon. Piatt co. White Heath, Mosher, May, 1914. sTarK co. North of
Wady Petra, V. H. Chase 1203. TAZEWELL co. Hilton, McDonald, June, 1889.
VERMILION CO. Muncie, Mosher, May, 1914. WABASH co. Mt. Carmel, Schneck,
May, 1906; between Mt. Carmel and Paris, Schneck, June, 1906.

Bromus villosus Forsk.

Culms 1 to 3 feet tall, smooth; sheaths softly pilose-pubescent ;
ligule 3 to 4 mm. long; blades pilose, 8 to 10 inches long, 3 to 5 mm.
broad; panicle erect or somewhat drooping, rather narrow at first but
open in flower; spikelets 3.5 to 5 em. long; drooping; glumes smooth ;
lemma seabrous, 25 to 30 mm. long exclusive of the awn; awn stout,
scabrous, 3.5 to 5 mm. long. ‘The plants are annuals, easily distin-
guished by the long, scabrous awns.

This is a Mediterranean species which is now abundant in Califor-
nia, and has recently appeared in Maryland. It is one of the worst
weeds which has been introduced into the United States. Not only
does it spread rapidly, but the long, stiff, seabrous awns of the fallen
florets injure the lining of the mouth and nostrils of grazing cattle.
Every precaution should be taken to prevent this species from becom-
ing established in Illinois.

cooK co. In one vacant lot, Cuyler, Chicago, Gates, June, 1905.

58. LOLIUM L.
Rye Grass. Darnel

This genus includes both annuals and perennials introduced from
the Old World. The perennial species are cultivated, but frequently
escape and establish themselves in certain localities. The inflores-
eence consists of long spikes. The spikelets are several-flowered and
are placed edgewise to the axis. The glume next the axis is wanting,
except in the terminal spikelet. The leaves are long and narrow, often
showing small projections, called auricles, at the base. The ligules are
membranous.

First glume shorter than the spikelet.
Lemmas awned. I. multiflorum

Lemmas awnless. L. perenne
First glume as long as, or longer than the spikelet. L. temulentwm

406 BuLLETIN No. 205 [ March,

264 265

Figs. 262-265.—262, L. multiflorum, inflorescence; 263, L. mulliflorum, spike-
tan} ) 4 b ’ d i
let; 264, L. perenne, spikelet; 265, L. temulentum, spikelet

Lolium multifiorum Lam.
Italian Rye Grass. Awned Ray Grass (Figs. 262 and 263)

Lolium italicum, Flagg ’78, 282.

Culms tufted, erect, 2 to 3 feet tall, the upper part rough; sheaths
and leaves smooth, the latter 4 to 8 in. long, 3 to 7 mm. wide; spikelets
10- to 20-flowered, 15 to 20 mm. long; lemmas 7 to 8 mm. long, and
awned.

This species is a perennial and a very rapid grower. It forms a
dense turf, succeeding best in moist situations. It was introduced for
hay, but has been used in making lawns in some parts of the country.
The seed is an ingredient of most lawn mixtures.

MACON CO. Decatur, Clokey in 1898. PEORIA CO. Peoria, McDonald, July,
1903. WABASH CO. Without locality, Shearer, July, 1915.

Lolium perenne Ibi
Perennial Rye Grass (Fig. 264)

Culms tufted, erect, smooth, 1 to 3 feet tall; sheaths smooth; ligule
less than 1 mm. long; blades flat, 2 to 5 inches long, 2 to 4 mm. wide,
sometimes rough; spikelets 5- to 10-flowered, 8 to 12 mm. long; lemmas
awnless.

This species is a perennial, closely related to L. multiflorum, and is
also used in lawns, meadows, and pastures. The auricles on the leaves

are usually pronounced.

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 407

CHAMPAIGN CO. Without locality, Burrill, June, 1878; Urbana, Seymour, July,
1880. CHRISTIAN co. Taylorville, Andrews. cook co. Chicago, Miller, June,
1914. PreorIA co. Peoria, Brendel. F

Lolium temulentum L.
Darnel (Fig. 265)

Culms 2 to 4 feet tall, smooth ; sheaths smooth ; blades 4 to 10 inches
long, 2 to 6 mm. wide, rough on the upper surface; spikelets 4- to 8-
flowered, 10 to 18 mm. long, the glumes longer than the spikelets;
lemmas sometimes awned.

This species is found in waste places and often becomes a trouble-
some weed. It was formerly supposed to be poisonous. Now ites said
that the poison is due to the presence of a fungus in the fruit.

CHAMPAIGN CO. Urbana, Seymour, June, 1878. MENARD co. Athens, Hall in
1861.

59. AGROPYRON Gaertn.
Wheat Grass

These grasses are characterized by the spiked type of inflorescence,
as in Lolium, from which they differ in having the spikelets placed
flat against the axis. The spikelets are 3- to many-flowered. The
leaves are usually flat with short, thick ligules. Most of the species
have long, running rootstocks. All the species are perennials, and
all but one, A. repens, are native to this country.

a. Lemmas densely hairy. A. dasystachyum
aa. Lemmas not hairy.
b. Glumes seabrous on the nerves and margins; leaves rough on both sur-
faces, never pubescent; creeping rootstocks wanting.

e. Lemmas awned, the awns about twice the length of the lemmas;
leaves flat, usually not more than 4 mm. wide; spike very narrow

and slender, spikelets not crowded. A. caninum
ec. Lemmas awnless; leaves less than 4 mm. broad and usually rolled;
spike rather broad, spikelets crowded. A, tenerwm

bb. Glumes smooth, except on the midnerve; leaves never rough on both
surfaces; creeping rootstocks present.
ec. Glumes strongly nerved; leaves broad, flat, finely nerved, pubescent

on the nerves above, smooth beneath. A. repens
ce. Glumes faintly nerved; leaves narrow, involute, very coarsely nerved,
rough above, smooth beneath. A. smithii

Agropyron caninum (l.) Beeuvy.
Awned Wheat Grass (Fig. 266)

Triticum caninum, Vasey ’61, 671; Patterson 776, 51; Flagg ’78, 282; Bren-
del ’87, 88. Agropyron caninum, Higley and Raddin ’91, 147; Sherff 712, 420;
Sherff 713, 595.

Culms erect, 1 to 3.5 feet tall; sheaths smooth; blades flat, rather
thin, rough; spike slightly nodding; spikelets 3- to 6-flowered, 12 to 15
mm. long, exclusive of awns; lemmas 8 to 10 mm. long.

408 BuLuErin No. 205 [ March,

—=_=
SS

| 272
266 268 271
Figs. 266—-272.—266, A. caninum, spikelet; 267, A. dasystachyum, spikelet;
268, A. repens, inflorescence; 269, A. repens, spikelet; 270, A. smithit, inflores-
cence; 271, A. smithii, spikelet; 272, A. tenerum, spikelet

This species is found in cultivated ground and meadows. It ap-

pears to be rare in I]linois.
ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey. MCHENRY Co. Ringwood,
Vasey.

Aeropyron dasystachyum (Hook.) Seribn.
Northern Wheat Grass (Fig. 267)

Culms erect, smooth, 1 to 4 feet tall; sheaths smooth; blades nar-
row, usually involute; spikelets 4- to 8-flowered, 10 to 20 mm. long;
lemmas 9 to 12 mm. long, densely pubescent.

This species is found in sandy places. It belongs to the northern
flora but may be found on the shores of Lake Michigan and northward.

DU PAGE CO. C. and N. W. Railway west of Turner, Moffatt, June, 1897.

Agropyron repens (l.) Beauv.

Couch Grass. Quitch Grass. Quick Grass (Figs. 268 and 269)

Triticum repens, Lapham 757, 586 (Plate 3, Fig. 3); Vasey ’61, 671; Bab-
cock ’73, 97; Patterson ’76, 51; Flagg ’78, 282; Brendel 787, 88. Agropyron
repens, Higley and Raddin ’91, 146; Huett ’97, 131.

Culms erect, 1 to 4 feet tall, smooth; sheaths smooth, the lower
sometimes pubescent; blades usually flat, rough, and usually sparsely
pubescent above; spikelets about 5-flowered, 10 to 15 mm. long; lem-
mas about 10 mm. long, strongly nerved, often rough, usually termi-
nating in a short awn.

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 409

This grass is exceedingly common in fields, especially among culti-
vated crops, along roadsides, and in waste places. The internodes of
the creeping rootstock are bright greenish yellow. Joints of the root-
stock will start new plants, making the species an exceedingly hard
one to eradicate amongst cultivated crops. It may be destroyed by
thoro and persistent cultivation, exposing the rootstocks to the sun.
It may also be destroyed by plowing it under in the fall, if it is covered
by a depth of six or seven inches of soil.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey. CHAMPAIGN CO. Urbana,
Seymour, June, 1880; Urbana, Clinton, June, 1897; Urbana, Waite, July, 1886.
CHRISTIAN CO. Taylorville, Andrews. cook co. Chicago, Babcock, June, 1874;
Evanston, Shipman, July, 1875; Woodlawn, Chicago, Lansing, June, 1898. DU
PAGE CO. Naperville, Umbach, June, 1898. FULTON Co. Without locality, Pe-
poon. JO DAVIESS CO. Without locality, Pepoon. KANKAKEE CO. Kankakee,
Reecher, July, 1908. MCHENRY CO. Ringwood, Vasey. PEORIA CO. Peoria, Mc-
Donald, July, 1897. Princeville, V. H. Chase 1463. stTaRK co. Wady Petra, V.
H. Chase, June, 1907. WaBasH co. Mt. Carmel, Schneck, July, 1895.

Agropyron smithii Rydb.

Blue-joint. Western Wheat Grass (Figs. 270 and 271)

Culms stiff, erect, smooth, 1 to 5 feet tall; sheaths smooth; blades
bluish green, rough, becoming involute, 4 to 8 mm. long, 4 to 6 mm.
wide; spikelets 7- to 13-flowered, 12 to 20 mm. long; lemmas awn-
pointed, faintly nerved.

This species is found on the western prairies in alkali soil and is
rather common here along railway tracks. It is not a weed like A.
repens. It ean be distinguished from that species by its blue-green
color and more densely flowered spikelets.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, northern Illinois, Brendel; Romeo,
Umbach, June, 1898. Jo DAVIESS co. Hanover, Gleason and Gates 2599. PEORIA
co. Peoria, McDonald, July, 1901 and 1903. stTARK co. Wady Petra, V. H.
Chase 653, 1518. wit co. Joliet, Skeels 323; Mokena, Hill 15 in 1910.

Agropyron smithi molle (S. and 8.) Jones.—This variety is softly
pubescent, thus differing from the species.
DU PAGE CO. West Chicago, Umbach, June, 1897.

Agropyron tenerum Vasey
Slender Wheat Grass (Fig. 272)

Culms erect, stiff, smooth, 1.5 to 3 feet tall; sheaths smooth; blades
flat or involute when dry, rough, 3 to 10 inches long, 2 to 4 mm. wide;
spikelets 3- to 5-flowered; lemmas 10 to 12 mm. long, awned or awn-
pointed, rough on the margin and toward the top.

This species has no running rootstocks. It is found mostly in dry
soil, where it grows in large bunches.

cooK co. Chicago, A. Chase 1132. svTark co. South of Wady Petra, V. I.
Chase, 1161.

410 BULLETIN No. 205 { March,

Agropyron violaceum.—This species is reported by Huett (797,
131), but no specimens have been seen.

60. HORDEUM L.
Barley

In this genus the inflorescence consists of terminal spikes, the spike-
lets in groups of three at each joint of the axis. The axis of the spike
disjoints with the spikelets attached to the joints. The central spike-
let of the group bears perfect florets, but the two lateral ones may be
reduced to awns. In cultivated barley we have the two-rowed variety
when only the middle spikelet of each group is perfect, and the six-
rowed when all are perfect. The glumes are often reduced to awns
and together with the sterile lateral spikelets form a cluster of awns
below the spikelet. The leaves are flat, usually with well-developed
membranous ligules. Besides the cultivated barley, H. vulgare, four
other species are found in the state, two of which are pernicious weeds.

Spikes slender, not over 3 inches long, the awns of the spikelets not over 15 mm,
long.
Glumes modified into slender awns. H. nodosum
Glumes narrow, broadened in the middle, awn-pointed. H. pusillum
Spikes rather stout, with awns 20 to 60 mm. long.
Awns 30 to 60 mm. long, making a spike about as wide as long; spikelets

1-flowered. H. jubatum
Awns 20 to 35 mm. long, the width of the epics less than one-third its length;
spikelets 2-flowered, with often a rudiment of a third. HH. pammeli

Hordeum jubatum L.
Squirrel-tail Grass (Figs. 273 and 275)

Lapham 757, 547, 586 (Plate 3, Fig. 9); Babcock ’75, 97; Patterson ’76, 51;
Flagg ’78, pee Brendel ’87, 64; Higley and Raddin ’91, 147; Huett 797, 131;
Sherff 713, 595.

Culms j in large bunches, 6 inches to 2 feet tall, usually erect, some-
times bent at base, the spikes nodding; sheaths smooth; blades 1 to 5
inches long, 2 to 4 mm. wide, rough; spike 2 to 4 inches long; spike-
lets in threes, the lateral ones Heaveniech and reduced to 1 to 3 spread-
ing awns; glumes of the perfect spikelets awn-like, and spreading;
lemmas 6 to 8 mm. long, awned ; awns of the spikelets all long, slender,
and rough.

This species is a biennial and in Illinois often a winter annual. it
is one of the worst weeds of the state, not only because it crowds out
useful plants, but because the awns are very troublesome to live stock.
Any scheme of cultivation that prevents its ripening seed wil] contrel
it. It is, however, more apt to come up in pastures and waste places
which ea:not well be cultivated, and as it ripens a large number of
seeds, it may spread very rapidly.

1918} THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS

274

Figs, 273-274,.—-Inflorescences: 273, H. jubatum; 274, H. pusillum

411

|
|
| [/
Y
275 276 - 277 278

oO
Figs. 275-278.—Groups of spikelets; 275, 7. jubatum; 276, II. nodosum;

I
277, H. pammeli; 278, H. pusillum

412 BULLETIN No. 205 [ March,

CHAMPAIGN CO. Champaign, Gibbs, Oct., 1898; Champaign, Clinton, Sept.,
1895; Urbana, Seymour, June, 1880. CHRISTIAN CO. ‘Taylorville, Andréws.
cook co. Woodlawn, Chicago, Lansing, June, 1898; Jackson Park, Chicago,
Clark, June, 1903; Willow Springs, Grassley, July, 1876; Lake Forest, Jensen in
1895; Evanston, Shipman; Evanston, Johnson, Sept., 1886; Chicago, Vasey; Chi-
cago, Holton, Aug., 1850. DU PAGE CO. Hinsdale, Smith, Sept., 1902; Naperville,
Umbach, June, 1898. FULTON Co. Without locality, Pepoon. JO DAVIESS CO.
Without locality, Pepoon 25. KANE co. Elgin, Sherff, 1799. KANKAKEE CO.
Kankakee, De Selm, June, 1913. LAKE co. Rockefeller, Gates, July, 1907.
PEORIA CO. Peoria, McDonald. STARK co. Wady Petra, V. HW. Chase 72. VER-
MILION CO. Muncie, Mosher, May, 1914. WINNEBAGO co. Fountaindale, WM. S.
Bebb.

Hordeum nodosum I.

Meadow Barley (Fig. 276)

Hordeum pratense, Patterson ’76,51; Flagg ’78, 282; Brendel ’87, 64; Huett
97, 131.

Culms sometimes decumbent, 6 inches to 2 feet tall; sheaths smocth ;
blades rough, 1 to 5 inches long, 1 to 4 mm. wide; spikes 1 to 3 inches
long; spikelets mostly in threes and all of the glumes reduced to awns;
lemma of the perfect spikelet 6 to 8 mm. long, the awns from 6 to 12
mm. long.

This species is often confused with H. pusillum by collectors, as
it has the same general appearance altho it is usually a little taller.
The character of the glumes is sufficient to separate them. H. nodo-
sum is apparently rare in Illinois. It is found in meadows and waste
places.

CHRISTIAN CO. Taylorville, Andrews. HENDERSON CO. Oquawka, Patterson,
‘June, 1872. .LA SALLE Co. Utica, Umbach, May, 1906.

Hordeum pammeli Scribn. and Ball
(Fig. 277)

Culms erect, or bent at base, 2 to 3.5 feet tall; sheaths smooth;
bladés 6 to 8 inches long, 5 to 8 mm. wide, rough, acuminate; spikes
nodding, 3 to 7 inches long; spikelets in threes, all perfect, the middle
spikelet 2-flowered; lemmas 7 to 8 mm. long; glumes modified into
slender awns.

This species closely resembles cultivated barley. It is a perennial
found on damp prairie soil or along roadsides.

STARK CO. Near Wady Petra, V. H. Chase 1467, 1525, 1529.

Hordeum pusillum Nutt.
Little Barley (Figs. 274 and 278)

Engelmann 744, 104; Lapham 757, 547, 587; Gleason 710, 149.

Culms erect, in small tufts, 4 to 16 inches tall; sheaths smooth ;
blades 1 to 2.5 inches long, 1 to 38 mm. wide, rough; spikes .5 to 3
inches lone; spikelets in threes, the lateral ones imperfect; glumes of

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 413

all spikelets narrow and produced into slender awns; lemma of per-
fect spikelet 6 to 8 mm. long, awned.

This species is usually a winter annual in Illinois and is becoming
increasingly abundant over nearly all parts of the state. It is spread-
ing rapidly along the railroad tracks and other waste places, growing
in soil in which other plants grow with difficulty. Among cultivated
erops it is easily controlled, as it is an annual and may be destroyed
by preventing the formation of seed. In pastures and along road-
sides its inerease is alarming, as it drives out the better grasses.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey; Bear Creek, Mead, June,
1842. CHAMPAIGN CO. Urbana, Seymour, May, 1880; Champaign, Mosher, May,
1914. Glover, Gates 1546. cook co. Englewood, Derr, May, 1905. EFFINGHAM
co. Edgewood, Bartley, June, 1898. HENDERSON co. Oquawka, Patterson 778.
MARION CO. Without locality, Lapham in 1857; without locality, Bebb in 1850,
MENARD CO. Athens, Hall, June, 1864. PEORIA co. Peoria, McDonald, June,
1888; Peoria, Brendel. Piarr co. White Heath, Mosher, May, 1914. sr. CLAIR
cu. Mascoutah, Welsch. STARK co. Wady Petra, V. H. Chase 588, 1441. VER-
MILIGN CO. Muncie, Mosher, May, 1914. WaBasH co. Lueas Prairie, Schneck,
May, i880; Mt. Carmel, Schneck, June, 1879. witu co. Joliet, Hill, June, 1907;
Joliet, Skeels, June, 1904,

61. ELYMUS L.
Wild Rye

These grasses have dense terminal spikes, which are usually shghtly
nodding, and flat leaves. The spikelets are 2- to 6-flowered and are
usually in pairs in alternate notches of the axis. The lemmas are
awned or awn-tipped. |The glumes are usually narrow, sometimes
reduced to awns. The spikelets are placed flat against the stalk, and
both glumes are at the front of the spikelet. The species are all native.

a. Glumes reduced to short, weak awns, the lemmas much longer.
EL. diversiglunis
aa. Glumes not reduced to awns, nearly or ola as long as the lemmas.
b.° Lemmas awned.
e. Glumes narrow, 1 mm. or less wide, spikelets usually covered with
long, fine hairs. EL. striatus
ee. Glumes always 2 mm. or more in width.

d. Glumes strongly bowed out at the base, hardened and yellow for
about 2 mm.; spikes usually included in the inflated upper
sheaths. Li. virginicus

dd. Glumes not strongly bowed out at the base, occasionally hardened
and pale; spikes not included in the inflated upper sheaths.
e. Glumes hardened at base; yellowish for 1 or 2 mm.; spikes

stiff and erect. EF. australis
ee. Glumes not hardened at base and of the same color thruout;
spikes nodding. LH. canadensis .
bb. Lemmas awnless. E. arenarius

Elymus arenarius L..

Culms stout, 2 to 4 feet tall, from long, creeping rootstocks; leaves
glabrous; blades involute at tip, the lower 8 to 12 inches long and
crowded at the base, the upper shorter; spike stiff, 4 to 6 inches long,

414 BuLuEtin No. 205 [ March,

densely flowered ; spikelets 3- to 7-flowered, 25 to 30 mm. long; glumes
and lemmas pointed, covered with short, soft pubescence, sometimes
glaucous.

The plants of this species are reed-like. They are found in sandy
places along the northern Atlantic coast and the shores of the Great
Lakes. The only specimen seen by the writer was found too late to
include a figure of the spikelet, but it is very easily recognized and
not likely to be confused with any of the other species.

cooK co. Wilmette, Killip, June, 1916.

279

Figs. 279-285.—279, H. australis, spikelet; 280, E. canadensis, two spikelets;
281, EH. diversiglumis, two spikelets; 282, H. striatus, two spikelets; 283, L.
virginicus, two spikelets

Elymus australis Scribn. and Ball
Southern Wild Rye (Fig. 279)

Culms stout, 3 to 5 feet tall; sheaths coarsely hairy ; blades 8 to 12
in. long, 10 to 15 mm. wide, rough on both surfaces, sometimes pubes-
cent above; spike 4 to 6 inches long; glumes spreading slightly at
base ; somewhat thickened, usually pubescent, about 15 mm. long, bear-
ing an awn about as long; lemmas 8 to 10 mm. long, long pubescent,
the awns 2.5 to 3 em. long.

This species is found both in woods and prairies. It differs from
KE. canadensis in having the bases of the glumes thickened, and from
EL. virginicus hirsutiglumis in having a broader, heavier spike and
longer awns.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Wolf in 1882. sTarK co. Original
prairie east of Wady Petra, V. H. Chase 1238, 1239% and 1244,

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 415

Elymus canadensis L.
Nodding Wild Rye (Fig. 280)

Lapham 757, 547, 588 (Plate 3, Fig. 10); Babeock ’73, 97; Patterson ’76,
51; Flagg ’78, 283; Brendel ’87, 64; Higley and Raddin ’91, 147; Huett 97,
131; Gleason 710, 149; Gates 712, 355.

Culms stout, 2 to 5 feet tall; sheaths smooth; blades 4 to 12 inches
long, 2 to 20 mm. wide, rough; spike 2 to 8 inches long, usually thick
and densely flowered; glumes about parallel at base, not hardened;
lemmas from almost smooth to very pubescent, 8 to 14 mm. long, the
awn 2 to 5 em. in length.

This is one of the species of the original prairie and is still found
abundantly in the state. It prefers sandy soil. The plants are usu-
ally glaucous.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey; Romeo, Umbach, July, 1898.
CHAMPAIGN CO. Champaign, Waite; Seymour, Tsou, Oct., 1913. CHRISTIAN Co.
Taylorville, Andrews. cook co. Evanston, Shipman, Sept., 1886; Western
Springs, Smith, Sept., 1902; Salt Springs, Des Plaines region, Smith, Sept., 1902.
FULTON CO. Without locality, Pepoon; Canton, Wolf. Jo DAvIESS co. Without
locality, Pepoon 74 and 1190. wWANcockK co. Augusta, Mead in 1842. LAKE CoO.
Beach, Gates 2879, 2880; Waukegan, Gleason and Shobe 327. MENARD CO. With-
out locality, Hall. ProRIA co. Peoria, Brendel; Peoria, McDonald, July, 1896.
STARK CO. Wady Petra, V. H. Chase 1241, 12438; 1550. waBAsH co. Without
loeality, Shearer; Mt. Carmel, Schneck, July, 1888; Hanging Rock, Schneck, Sept.,
1904,

Elymus robustus Seribn. and Smith.—A form of EF. canadensis
with thick, dense, erect spikes not interrupted at base is recognized
by some as a distinct species under this name. There are, however,
so many intergrading specimens between this form and typical LF.
canadensis that it is difficult to define the two. The following speci-
mens are probably typical of the form:

cooK co. Chicago, Babcock. FuLTON co. Canton, Wolf. ST. CLAIR CO.
Mascoutah, Welsch. STARK CO. Wady Petra, V. H. Chase 1235. wit co. Joliet,
Skeels 441.

Elymus canadensis glaucifolius (Willd.) Torr.—This name is some-
times given to those specimens covered with a whitish or bluish bloom,
but these are really typical LZ. canadensis. It has been mentioned by
Patterson (’76, 51), Higley and Raddin (’91, 147), and Huett (’97,
147). The following specimens are typical:

cooK €o. Thornton, Hill in 1865. LAKE co. Beach Area, Gates 2880. PEO-
RIA CO. Peoria, Brendcl; Peoria, McDonald, July, 1896. stTARK co. Wady Petra,
V. H. Chase 1241.1. wasasH co. Grand Rapids, Schneck, July, 1904.

Elymus diversiglumis Scribn. and Ball
(Fig. 281)

Culms 3 to 4 feet high; sheaths smooth; blades 6 to 9 inches long,
6 to 12 mm. wide, rough, ending in a long sharp point; spike 3 to 4
inches long, loosely flowered ; lemmas 8 to 10 mm. long, pubescent; the
awn 2 to 3 em. long; glumes reduced to short feeble awns.

416 BULLETIN No. 205 [ March,

This species closely approaches Hystrix hystrix, in which the
glumes are very minute awns; it does not have pediceled divergent
spikelets as in Hystrix.

PEORIA CO. Peoria, Brendel.

Elymus striatus Willd.
Slender Wild Rye (Fig. 282)

Lapham 757, 547, 548; Babeock ’73, 97; Patterson ’76, 51; Flagg ’78, 283.
HE. strictus var. villosus, Brendel ’87, 64. Elymus striatus, Higley and Raddin
91, 147; Huett ’97, 131; Gleason 710, 49. Elymus striatus villosus, Lapham 757,
547, 588; Huett 797, 131. Elymus propwnquus, Lapham 757,.547.

Culms slender, 1 to 3 feet tall, sheaths smooth or with a few fine,
soft hairs; blades 6 to 8 inches long, 4 to 10 mm. wide, rough beneath,
slightly pubescent above; spikes 3 to 4 inches long; glumes slightly
bowed at base, very narrow, parallel for the greater part of their
length; lemma 6 mm, long with an awn 2 to 3 em. long.

This species is usually found in woods and shady places. It is a
more slender, graceful species than either L’. canadensis or FE. virgin-
icus,

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, Vasey; Hillsgrove, Holton. CHAM-
PAIGN CO. Urbana, Gibbs, Oct., 1898; Mahomet, Seymour, July, 1884. CHRIS-
TIAN CO. Taylorville, Andrews. cooK co. Without locality, Lapham. FULTON
co. Without locality, Pepoon. HANCOCK co. Augusta, Mead in 1842. JACKSON
co. Without locality, Lapham. gO DAVIESS CoO. Without locality, Pepoon.
KANKAKEE CO. Kankakee, Hill 159 in 1873. MCHENRY co. Algonquin, Nason,
July, 1878. PEORIA co. Peoria, McDonald, Aug., 1890 and 1900; Peoria, Bren-
del. ST. CLAIR CO. Mascoutah, Welsch. STARK Co. Wady Petra, V. H. Chase
128 and 1507. WABASH co. Without locality, Schneck, July, 1900; without lo-
eality, Shearer; Mt. Carmel, Schneck, June, 1877 and 1879; near Timberville,
Schneck, June, 1879. ;

Elymus striatus arkansanus (Seribn. and Ball) Hitehe——This va-
riety differs from the species in having smooth or slightly roughened
elumes and lemmas.

STARK CO. Near Wady Petra, V. H. Chase, June, 1897.

Elymus virginicus L.

Virginia Wild Rye. Terrell Grass. Lyme Grass (Fig. 283)

Lapham ’57, 547, 587; Babcock ’73, 97; Patterson ’76, 51; Flagg ’78, 283;
Brendel ’87, 64; Higley and Raddin 791, 147; Huett 797, 131; Gleason 710, 149;
Sherff 713, 595.

Culms stout, 2 to 4 feet tall; sheaths usually smooth, sometimes the
upper inflated and inelosing the base of the spike; blades 6 to 12 inches
long, 4 to 8 mm. wide, rough; spikes 1.5 to 5 inches long, stiff; glumes
smooth, considerably curved or bowed out at base, hardened and yel-
low for 1 to 2 mm.; lemmas smooth; awn 4 to 18 mm. long.

This species is very common in moist places, particularly along the
edges of woods.

1918| THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 417

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, river banks, Vasey. CHAMPAIGN CO.
Urbana, Seymour, Aug., 1880; Urbana, Mosher, Oct., 1915; Mahomet, Gibbs and.
Clinton, Oct., 1898. CHRISTIAN CO. Taylorville, Andrews. CcooK co. Evanston,
Shipman, Oct., 1875; Chicago, Lansing, July, 1898. FULTON co. Without local-
ity, Pepoon; Canton, Wolf. JO DAVIESS CO. Without locality, Pepoon. KANKA-
KEE CO. Kankakee, Hill 318 in 1873. MCHENRY CO. Ringwood, Vasey. MACON
co. Decatur, Clokey in 1898. PEORIA CO. Peoria, Brendel; between Laura and
Monica, V. H. Chase 1824. sv. CLAIR CO. Mascoutah, Welsch. STARK CO. Wady
Petra, V. H. Chase 1549. TAZEWELL co. Without locality, McDonald, July, 1889.
WABASH CO. Without locality, Schneck, July, 1879 and 1904; without locality,
Shearer ; Mt. Carmel, Schneck, June, 1879 and July, 1900.

Elymus virginicus hirsutiglumis. (Seribn.) Hitehe—This vari-
ety differs from the species in having hairy glumes and lemmas.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, prairies in northern Illinois, M. S.
Bebb in 1859. st. cLAIR co. Mascoutah, Welsch. STARK CO. Wady Petra, V.
H. Chase 1231, 1541.

Elymus virginicus submuticus Hook.—In this variety the glumes

and lemmas are awnless or awn-pointed and slightly roughened.
ST. CLAIR CO. Mascoutah, Welsch.

62. HYSTRIX Moench.

This grass has much the general appearance of Elymus, but the
spikelets, which are in groups of two or three, have a very short pedi-
eel and at maturity stand horizontally from the stem. The glumes
are reduced to short awns and one or both may be wanting. The
spikelets are 2- to 4-flowered with long-awned lemmas. The plants
are perennial with rather broad, flat leaves and very short thick ligules.
A single species is found in Illinois.

Hystrix hystrix (l.) Millsp.
Bottle-brush Grass (Figs. 284 and 285)

Gymnostichum hystria, Lapham 757, 547, 588 (Plate 3, Fig. 11); Babcock
73, 97; Patterson ’76, 51; Flagg ’78, 283; Brendel ’87, 64. Asprella hystria,
Higley and Raddin 791, 147; Huett 797, 131. Hystrix patula, Gray’s Manual,
7th ed.

Culms unbranched, 2 to 4 feet tall; sheaths smooth; blades rough,
4 to 12 inches long, 8 to 15 mm. wide; spike often included in the
upper sheath, 2 to 6 inches long, loosely flowered; spikelets 10 to 15
mm. long, excluding the awns; lemmas often pubescent, their awns 1.5
to 4 em. long.

This grass is found in moist woods.

CHAMPAIGN CO. Urbana, Seymour and Waite, July, 1886; Urbana, Seymour,
June, 1880. cooK co. Without locality, Lapham; Evanston, Shipman, Oct., 1875.
CHRISTIAN CO. Taylorville, Andrews. FULTON co. Without locality, Pepoon.
JO DAVIESS CO. Without locality, Pepoon. KANKAKEE CO. Kankakee, Hill 216 in
1873. KNOX co. Williamsfield, V. H. Chase 1840. LAKE Co. Channel lake,
Antioch, Gleason and Shobe, Aug., 1906; Lake Forest, Jensen in 1895. MCHENRY
co. Algonquin, Nason, July, 1878. MACOUPIN CO. Carlinville, Robertson, Aug.,
1880. PEORIA co. Peoria, Brendel. st. CLAIR CO. Mascoutah, Welsch. STARK
co. Wady Petra, V. H. Chase 1506; near Spoon river, V. H. Chase 622. WABASH
co. Without locality, Schneck, July, 1900; without locality, Shearer.

418 BuLietin No. 205 [ March,

285

Figs, 284-287.—284, H. hystria, inflorescence; 285, H. hystrix, spikelet; 286,
A. macrosperma, spikelet; 287, A. macrosperma, leaf showing attachment of
blade to sheath

63. ARUNDINARIA Michx.
Cane

These woody grasses of the southern swamps are found along the
banks of the rivers in the southern part of the state. The genus is
characterized by the perennial, woody culms, also by the blades nar-
rowed into a short petiole at the junction with the sheath. The spike-
lets are large, flattened, many-flowered, with the lemmas keeled and
ending in a sharp point. The plants do not flower every year. The
leaves are broad compared with the width and very firm. There are
two species of Arundinaria in the country and both have been reported
from Illinois. These are A. macrosperma and A. tecta, known as
giant cane and small cane. These are distinct species, but only one,
A. macrosperma, occurs in Illinois, the other being confined to the
Atlantie coast. Lapham reports that the culms of A. macrosperma
reach a height of thirty or forty feet in southern Illinois, yet recent
specimens of that species collected there are less than two feet tall.
Similar small specimens of A. macrosperma have doubtless been in-
correctly referred to A. tecta.

Arundinaria macrosperma Michx.
Large Cane. Giant Cane (Figs. 286 and 287)

Michaux ’03, 74; Lapham 757, 547, 584, (Plate 3, Fig. 5); Patterson ’76, 51;
Flagg ’78, 282. A. tecta, Patterson ’76, 51; Flagg ’78, 282.

Culms woody, 1.5 to 40 feet tall, branched near the top; sheaths
ciliate on the margins, otherwise glabrous; leaves lanceolate, sometimes
rough, 3 to 12 inches long, the largest 20 to 30 mm. wide; inflorescence
on the old wood; spikelets 35 to 60 mm. long.

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS : 419

This species is still found in large masses in some of the swamps
of the southern states, where they are known as cane-brakes.

ILLINOIS SPECIMENS: Without locality, southern Illinois, Vasey; without lo-
eality, Lapham. JACKSON CO. Makanda, Seymour, Aug., 1880. ST. CLAIR CO.
Mascoutah, Welsch. WABASH CO. Banks of Wabash river, Schneck in 1879, June,
1905; July, 1904; Mt. Carmel, Patterson, Sept., 1877; Mt. Carmel, Schneck, June,
1900.

BIBLIOGRAPITY

1803. MicHaux, ANDRE. Flora Boreali-Americana, 1:38-75.

1844. ENGELMANN, GeorGE. Geyer’s Plants of Illinois and Missouri. Am. Journ.
Sei. and Arts, 46:95-104.

1857. LAPHAM, I. A. Catalogue of the Plants of Illinois, also the Native, Natur-
alized and Cultivated Grasses of the State of Illinois. Trans. Ill. St.
Agr. Soc., 2:492-614.

1859. BreNpeL, F. Additions and Annotations to Mr. Lapham’s Catalogue of
Illinois Plants. Trans. Jl]. St. Agr. Soe., 3:583-585.

1861. Vasey, Grorcr. Additions to the Flora of Illinois. Trans. Ill. St. Agr.
Soc., 4:667-671.

1873. Bascock, H. H. Flora of Chicago and Vicinity. The Lens, 2:33, 96, 248.

1876. Parrerson, H. N. Catalogue of the Phaenogamous and Vascular Crypto-
gamous Plants of Illinois.

1878. Fuacc, W.C. Plants of Illinois. Rept. Il. Ind. Univ., 9:221-287.

1887. BRENDEL, F. Flora Peoriana.

1891. Hicutry, W. K., and Rappin, C. 8. Flora of Cook County, Illinois, and
part of Lake County, Indiana. Bul. Chi. Acad. Sci., 2:138-148.

1897. Hurrt, J. W. Natural History of La Salle County, Dlinois. Part 1.
Botany.

- 1900. MacDonatp, F. E. A Sand Dune Flora of Central [llinois. Plant World,
3:101-103,

1901. CowtEs, H.C. The Physiographie Ecology of Chicago and Vicinity. Bot.
Gaz., 31:73-108, 145-182.

1907. Brirron, N. L. Manual of the Flora of the Northern States and Canada.
Second edition.

1907. GuEAson, H. A. A Botanical Survey of the Illinois River Valley Sand
Region. Bul. Ill. St. Lab. Nat. Hist., 7:149-194.

1908. Roprnson, B. L., and FERNALD, M. L. Gray’s New Manual of Botany.
Seventh edition.

1910. Hircucock, A. 8., and CHAsr, AGNres. North American Species of Pani-
eum. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb., 15.

1910. GiEAson, H. A. The Vegetation of the Inland Sand Deposits of Illinois.
Bul. ll. St. Lab. Nat. Hist., 9:23-174.

1912. Gates, F. C. Vegetation of the Beach Area in Northeastern Illinois and
Southeastern Michigan. Bul. Ill. St. Lab. Nat. Hist., 9:225-372.

1912. GiEason, H. A. An Isolated Prairie Grove and its Phytogeographical Sig-
nificance. Bot. Gaz., 53:38-49.

1912. Suerrr, E. E. The Vegetation of Skokie Marsh with Special Reference to
Subterranean Organs and their Interrelationships. Bot. Gaz.,
53:415-435.

1913. Brirron, N. L., and Brown, A. Illustrated Flora of the Northern States
and Canada. Second edition.

1913. Suerrr, E. HE. The Vegetation of Skokie Marsh. Bul. Ill. St. Lab. Nat.
Hist., 9:576-610,

420

BULLETIN No. 205

INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES!

Agropyron, 266, 407
caninum, 407
dasystachyum, 408
repens, 265, 267, 407, 408
smithii, 409
smithii molle, 409
tenerum, 409
violaceum, 410

Agrostis, 355, 363

alba, 265, 298, 355, 356, 359

alba vulgaris, 357
aspera, 353
elliottiana, 357
hyemalis, 357, 358
lateriflora, 344
perennans, 358
racemosa, 345
scabra, 357
vulgaris, 357
Agrostoidea, 298
Aira caespitosa, 366
Alopecurus, 349
aristulatus, 349
geniculatus, 350

gemculatus var. aristulatus, 349

Ammophila, 360
arenaria, 361
arundinacea, 361

Andropogon, 264, 267, 276, 280

avenaceum, 280
dissitiflorus, 280
fureatus, 277, 280
scoparius, 277
_virginicus, 266, 280
Anthoxanthum odoratum, 332
Aristida, 336
basiramea, 337
desmantha, 337
dichotoma, 337
geyeriana, 340
gracilis, 339
oligantha, 339
purpurascens, 340
ramossissima, 340
stricta, 340
tuberculata, 341
tubereulosa, 341
Arrhenatherum, 367
elatius, 367
Arundinaria, 418
“macrosperma, 265, 418
tecta, 418
Asprella hystrix, 417
Atheropogon apludioides, 372
curtipendulus, 372
papillus, 373

*Names in italics refer to synonyms,

Avena, 366
fatua, 366, 367
sativa, 267, 367

Bouteloua, 271
curtipendula, 372, 373
gracilis, 373
hirsuta, 373
oligastachya, 373

Brachyelytrum, 347
aristatum, 347
erectum, 347

Bromus, 266, 400
altissimus, 404
brizaeformis, 401
ciliatus, 402
ciliatus var. purgans, 403
inermis, 402
incanus, 403
kalmii, 402
pratensis, 403
purgans, 403
purgans incanus, 403
purgans latiglumis, 404
secalinus, 404
tectorum, 404
villosus, 405

Calamagrostis, 359
arenaria, 361
canadensis, 360
cinnoides, 360
coarctata, 360
inexpansa, 360
longifolia, 359
nuttalliana, 360

Calamovilfa, 358
longifolia, 359

| Mareh,

longifolia var. magna, 359

Capillaria, 294 .
Capriola, 370
dactylon, 370
Cenchrus, 326
earolinianus, 326
tribuloides, 326
Chaetochloa, 324
glauca, 325
italica, 324
lutescens, 325, 326
verticillata, 325
viridis, 326
Chloris curtipendula, 372
Chondrosium hirtum, 373
Chrysopogon nutans, 280
Cinna, 361
‘arundinacea, 361, 362

arundinacea var. pendula, 362

latifolia, 362

1918] THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS

Columbiana, 312
Commutata, 318
Cynodon dactylon, 370

Dactylis, 387
glomerata, 265, 388
Dactyloctenium, 374
aegypticum, 374
Danthonia, 368
spicata, 368
Depauperata, 300
Deschampsia, 366
caespitosa, 366
Diarina, 386
americana, 386
diandra, 386
festucoides, 386
Dichanthelium, 299
Dichotoma, 303
Dichotomiflora, 293
Digitaria filiformis, 282
humifusa, 282
sanguinalis, 283
Dilepyrum minutifiorwm, 345
Diplachne fascicularis, 376

Eatonia obtusata, 363
pennsylvanica, 364
Echinochloa, 322
erus-galli, 322, 325
frumentacea, 323
walteri, 323
Eleusine, 375
indica, 374, 375
Elymus, 413
arenarius, 413
australis, 414
canadensis, 268, 415, 416

canadensis glaucifolius, 415

diversiglumis, 415
propinquus, 416
robustus, 415

striatus, 416

striatus arkansanus, 416
striatus villosus, 416
strictus var. villosus, 416
virginicus, 416

virginicus hirsutiglumis, 417

virginicus submuticus, 417
Eragrostis, 379

eapillaris, 380, 382

cilianensis, 381, 384

frankii, 381

hirsuta, 384

hypnoides, 267, 379, 382

major, 381

megastachya, 381

minor, 384

pectinacea, 583

pilosa, 383

poaeoides var. megastachya, 381

reptans, 382
spectabilis, 383

tenuis, 384
trichodes, 384
Hrianthus, 275
alopecuroidés, 275
contortus, 276
divaricatus, 275
saccharoides, 275

Festuca, 266, 397
elatior, 267, 397
nutans, 398
obtusa, 398, 399
octoflora, 398
ovina, 399
ovina duriuseula, 399
polystachya, 376
shortii, 399, 400
tenella, 398

Glyceria canadensis, 395
fluitans, 396
nervata, 395
pallida, 397
septentrionalis, 396

Gynmnostichum hystrix, 417

Heleochloa, 347
schoenoides, 267, 348
Hierochloa borealis, 332
Hierochloé odorata, 332
Holeus, 281
halapensis, 281
lanatus, 363
Homalocenchrus, 268, 328
lenticularis, 329
oryzoides, 329
virginicus, 330
Hordeum, 266, 410
jubatum, 267, 410
nodosum, 412
pammeli, 412
pratense, 412
pusillum, 264, 412
vulgare, 412
Hystrix, 417
hystrix, 416, 417
patula, 417

Koeleria, 365
cristata, 365

Languinosa, 307
Latiflora, 318
Laxiflora, 303
Leersia lenticularis, 329
oryzoides, 329
virginica, 330
Leptochloa, 375
fascicularis, 376
filiformis, 377
mucronata, 377
Leptoloma, 283
cognatum, 284
Lepturus paniculatus, 371

421

423

Lolium, 405
italicum, 406
multiflorum, 406
perenne, 406
temulentum, 407

Melica, 384
mutiea, 385
nitens, 385
speciosa, 385

Milium, 333
effusum, 333

Muhlenbergia, 341
capillaris, 342
cuspidata, 342
diffusa, 345
foliosa, 341, 343, 347
glubriflora, 343, 347
glomerata, 345
mexicana, 341, 343, 344
mexicana filiformis, 343
racemosa, 341, 345
schreberi, 345
sobolifera, 346
sylvatica, 346
tenuiflora, 346
umbrosa, 343, 346
willdenowti, 346

Notholeus, 362
lanatus, 363

Oligosanthia, 315

Oryzopsis, 333
asperifolia, 333
canadensis, 334
melanocarpa, 354
pungens, 334
racemosa, 334

Panicularia, 393
borealis, 394
canadensis, 395
grandis, 395
nervata, 395
pallida, 397
septentrionalis, 395, 396

Panicum, 266, 268, 290, 322,

agrostoides, 298
anceps, 299
autumnale, 284
barbipulvinatum, 294
barbulatum, 304, 306
boscii, 266, 319
boseii molle, 320

Buuietin No. 205

324

eapillare, 264, 295, 296, 297, 35

clandestinum, 320
cognatum, 284
commutatum, 318
crus-galli, 322

crus-galli var. hispidum,
depauperatum, 300, 301
dichotomiflorum, 294

323

8

dichotomum, 304, 306, 307

fiiforme, 282

flexile, 295

gattingeri, 296

glabrum, 282

hispidum, 323
huachueae, 308, 309, 312

| March,

huachueae silvicola, 307, 308, 309,

313
implicatum, 309, 310
latifolium, 506, 521
laxiflorum, 321
leibergii, 315, 322
lindheimeri, 307
linearifolium, 301
meredionale, 310
microcarpon, 306, 313
miliaceum, 297
nitidum, 321
oligosanthes, 316
paucifiorum, 316
perlongum, 300, 301
philadelphicum, 297
polyanthes, 306, 315
praecocius, 310
proliferum, 294
pseudopubescens, 311
pubescens, 308, 322
sanguinale, 283
scoparium, 308, 322
seribnerianum, 317, 322
sp., 311
sphaerocarpon, 315
tennesseense, 311
tsugetorum, 312
villosissimum, 312
virgatum, 297
xalapense, 303
xanthophysum, 322
yadkinense, 306
Paspalum, 267, 268, 285
bushii, 286, 290
ciliatifolium, 286
circulare, 287
dissectum, 287
fluitans, 289
laeve, 287, 288
laeve angustifolium, 288
laeve australe, 288
longepeduneculatum, 288
longipilum, 288
mucronatum, 289
muhlenbergii, 288, 289
plentpilum, 288
repens, 266, 289
setaceum, 289
stramineum, 290
supinum, 290
walterianum, 287
Phalaris, 330
arundinacea, 267, 331
arundinacea picta, 331

1918} THE GRASSES OF ILLINOIS 423

canariensis, 331
Phleum, 348
alpinum, 348
pratense, 265, 347, 348, 349
Phragmites, 377
communis, 377
Poa, 388
alsodes, 389
annua, 264, 389, 390
brachyphylla, 393
brevifolia, 393
chapmaniana, 389, 390
compressa, 265, 390
debilis, 391
flava, 391
hirsuta, 384
nemoralis, 392, 393
palustris, 391, 393
pectinacea, 383
pratensis, 265, 267, 890, 392
reptans, 382
serotina, 391
seslertoides, 378
sylvestris, 392
triflora, 391
trivialis, 393
wolfii, 393

Savastana odorata, 332
Schedonnardus, 371
paniculatus, 371
Setaria glauca, 325
italica, 324
verticillata, 325
Sorghastrum, 267, 280
avenaceum, 280
nutans, 280
Sorghum halapense, 281
Sorghum nutans, 280
Spartina, 368
cynosuroides, 369
michauxiana, 369
Sphaerocarpa, 313
Sphenopholis, 363
obtusata, 363
pallens, 364
palustris, 365
pennsylvanica, 365
Sporobolus, 351
asper, 351, 352, 353

asperifolius, 352
brevifolius, 342
canovirens, 352
clandestinus, 352, 353
eryptandrus, 353
drummondii, 351, 353
heterolepis, 354
juneceus, 355
longifolius, 351
neglectus, 354, 355
vaginaeflorus, 354, 355
virginica, 355

Spreta, 307

Stipa, 335, 336
avenacea, 335
spartea, 335
viridula, 336

Syntherisma, 267, 281
filiformis, 281, 282
ischaemum, 282
linéaris, 282
sanguinalis, 264, 268, 283, 375

Torresia, 332

odorata, 332
Tricuspis purpurea, 379

seslerioides, 378
Tridens, 377

flavus, 378
Triplasis, 379

purpurea, 379
Tripsacum, 264, 275

dactyloides, 267, 275
Trisetum palustre, 365

pennsylvanicum, 365
Triticum caninum, 407

repens, 408

vulgare, 267

Uniola, 386
latifolia, 387

Vilfa aspera, 353
vaginaeflora, 355
virginica, 355

Virgata, 297

Zea mays, 264

Zizania, 327
aquatica, 328
palustris, 267, 328

INDEX TO COMMON NAMES

Annual meadow grass, 389
Awned ray grass, 406
Awned wheat grass, 407

Bamboo, 265
Barley, 266, 410
Barnyard grass, 322
Beach grass, 361

Bearded short husk, 347
Beard grass, 276

Bent grass, 355
Bermuda grass, 370
Big bluestem, 277
Billion dollar grass, 323
Bottle-brush grass, 417
Bottle grass, 326

424 ButuetIn No. 205

Black-fruited mountain rice, 334

Black grama, 373

Black oat grass, 335

Blue grass, see Canada blue grass and
Kentucky blue grass

Blue joint, 409

Blue joint grass, 360

Blunt-sealed Sphenopholis, 363

Bog reed grass, 360,

Branched Aristida, 340

Bristly foxtail, 325

Broad-leaved spike grass, 387

Broom beard grass, 277

Broom corn, 281

Broom-corn millet, 297

Broom sedge, 280

Bur grass, 326

Janada blue grass, 265, 390
Canary grass, 267, 331
Candy grass, 381

Cane, 418

Cateh-fly grass, 329
Cat-tail grass, 348
Chapman’s spear grass, 390
Cheat, 404

Chess, 404

Cock’s foot, 388

Cockspur grass, 322
Common crab grass, 264, 283
Cord grass, 368

Couch grass, 265, 267, 408
Crab grass, 264, 281
Creeping bent, 357
Creeping Eragrostis, 382
Crowfoot grass, 374

Crow’s foot, 375

Cut grass, 329

Darnel, 405, 407
Downy brome grass, 404
Dropseed, 345, 351

Egyptian grass, 374
Elliott’s bent grass, 357
Erect Aristida, 340

Fall witch grass, 284

False redtop, 391

False rice, 329

Feseue grass, 397
Few-flowered Aristida, 339
Field Paspalum, 287

Finger grass, 281

Fiorin, 356

Floating foxtail, 349
Floating manna grass, 396
Forked Aristida, 337
Forked beard grass, 277
Fowl meadow grass, 391, 395
Foxtail grass, 349

Foxtail millet, 324

Fresh water cord grass, 369
Fringed brome grass, 402

| March,

Gama grass, 275

Giant cane, 418

Goose grass, 375

Grama, 372

Grama, grass, 371

Green foxtail, 326

Grove meadow grass, 389

Hair grass, 357

Hairy mesquite, 373
Hedgehog grass, 326
Herd’s grass, 349

Hog millet, 297

Holy grass, 332

Hungarian brome grass, 402
Hungarian grass, 324

Indian corn, 264
Indian grass, 280
Indian reed, 361
Indian rice, 328
Italian millet, 324
Italian rye grass, 406

Japanese barnyard millet, 323
Johnson grass, 281
June grass, 392

Kaffir corn, 281
Kentucky blue grass, 265, 267, 388,
390, 392

Large cane, 418

Large crab grass, 283
Little barley, 264, 412
Little bluestem, 277
Long-awned hair grass, 342
Long-haired Paspalum, 288
Long-leaved reed grass, 359
Long-leaved rush grass, 351
Long-stalked Paspalum, 288
Low spear grass, 264, 389
Lyme grass, 416

Manna grass, 393
Marram, 361

Marsh foxtail, 350
Marsh grass, 368

Marsh Muhlenbergia, 345
Meadow barley, 412
Meadow fescue, 267, 397
Meadow soft grass, 363
Meadow grass, 392
Meadow Muhlenbergia, 344
Melie grass, 384
Mesquite grass, 371, 372
Mexican dropseed, 344
Millet, 324

Munro grass, 298

Narrow melic grass, 385
Needle grass, 336

Nerved manna grass, 395
Nimble Will, 345

1918] Tur GRASSES OF ILLINOIS

Nodding fescue, 398
Nodding wild rye, 415
Northern dropseed, 354
Northern wheat grass, 408

Oat, 267, 366

Oat grass, 567

Old witch grass, 264, 295
Orchard grass, 265, 388

Painted grass, 331
Perennial rye grass, 406
Pigeon grass, 325
Poreupine grass, 335
Poverty grass, 337
Psamma, 361

Purple Eragrostis, 383
Purplish Aristida, 340

Quick grass, 408
Quitch grass, 408

Randall grass, 367
Rattlesnake grass, 395
Redtop, 265, 356

Reed, 377

Reed canary grass, 331
Reed bent grass, 359

Reed meadow grass, 395
Ribbon grass, 331

Rice cut grass, 329

Rock Muhlenbergia, 346
Rough-leaved dropseed, 352
Round-flowered Paspalum, 287
Rough rush grass, 353
Rush cat-tail grass, 348
Rush grass, 351

Rye grass, 405

Salt-marsh cockspur grass, 323
Sandbur, 326

Sand dropseed, 353

Sand grass, 379

Seutch grass, 370
Sea-beach Aristida, 341
Sea sand grass, 361
Sesame grass, 275
Sheathed rush grass, 355
Sheep’s fescue, 399

Side oat, 372

Slender Aristida, 339
Slender beard grass, 339
Slender fescue, 398
Slender finger grass, 282
Slender manna grass, 394
Slender mountain rice, 334
Slender Muhlenbergia, 346
Slender wheat grass, 409
Slender wild rye, 416
Slender wood reed grass, 362
Slough grass, 369

Small cane, 418

Small crab grass, 282
Small rush grass, 354

Smooth crab grass, 282
Smooth Paspalum, 287

Snake grass, 381

Southern wild rye, 414

Spear grass, 392
Spiral-awned plume grass, 275
Spike grass, 386

Sprouting crab grass, 294
Squirrel-tail grass, 267, 410
Stink grass, 381
Straw-colored Paspalum, 290
Sweet vernal grass, 332
Switch grass, 297

Tall fescue, 397

Tall melie grass, 385
Tall millet grass, 333
Tall oat grass, 367
Tall grama grass, 372
Tall redtop, 378
Terrell grass, 416
Thin grass, 358
Tickle grass, 295
Timothy, 265, 349
Triple-awned grass, 336
Tufted hair grass, 366
Tufted triple-awn, 337
Tumble-weed, 295

Vanilla grass, 332

Velvet grass, 363
Virginia beard grass, 280
Virginia wild rye, 416

Walter’s Paspalum, 287
Water oats, 328

Water Paspalum, 289
Weak spear grass, 391
Western Aristida, 337
Western wheat grass, 409
Wheat, 266, 267

Wheat grass, 407

White bent, 356

White-grained mountain rice, 333

White grass, 329, 330
Wild chess, 402

Wild millet, 333

Wild oat, 366

Wild oat grass, 368
Wild rice, 267, 328
Wild rye, 413

Wild sorghum, 280
Wild timothy, 345
Wild water foxtail, 349
Wire grass, 375, 390
Witch grass, 295

Wood grass, 280

Wood Muhlenbergia, 346
Wood reed grass, 361
Wooly beard grass, 275

Yard grass, 375
Yellow foxtail, 325

425

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