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IOWA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Supplementary Report
19038

THE
GRASSES OF IOWA

Feces lil

FRANK A. WILDER, Pu. D., STATE GEOLOGIST
T. E. SAVAGE, Assistant STATE GEOLOGIST

DES MOINES, IOWA
1904

yo

Parte or

THE GRASSES OF IOWA

BY

Laie AMEE
CARLETON KK. BALE
F. LAMSON-SCRIBNER

<—

GEOLOGICAL BOARD

His EXCELLENCY, A.B. CUMMINS 2... -.150.52ce00 40st
Hon’. By. Fs CARR GEE oe it ciajee cman c deities ae nee eee
Dr. Gro. E. MACLEAN .,.............President State Ux

De: A Be SLORMS 2. aliases: ce eisesemcioeise em Les Ge Mita hance
Pror. B. SHIMEEK.............,..-..Eresident Iowa Acadex

7

HE lowa Geological Survey takes pleasure in presenting
to the state as a Supplementary Report, Part II of The
Grasses of lowa. The hearty reception given the volume

already in the hands of the public has fully borne out the
prophecy that its subject-matter would appeal to all who are
interested in developing the agricultural interests of the state.
The vast amount of work represented by this volume, as well as
by volume 1, was done absolutely without cost to the state.
Many of the plates used in illustrating the species of grasses
were also generously furnished by the writer of this report with-
out expense to the state.
FRANK A. WILDER,
State Geologist.

The Descriptive and Geographical

of the Grasses of lowa

ee Els AEN
CARLETON R. BALL
anp F. LAMSON-SCRIBNER

Spe

er At

Several years have elapsed since Part I, Bulletin I, of the
“‘Grasses of Iowa’’ was published. Part I, naturally, covered
the general, biological, chemical and feeding problems con-
nected with the grasses of the state. When that work was being
prepared it was thought possible to bring all this material
together into one volume. As the work progressed, however, it
seemed desirable to present the matter in two parts: Part I deal-
ing with the general biology, and Part II with the descriptive
and geographical study of the grasses of lowa. After many
delays the work of printing Part II was begun early in January.

I am greatly indebted to Miss Charlotte M. King for many
of the drawings prepared expressly for this work by her; also
for her help in connection with synonymy. To Mr. R. E.
Buchanan and Miss Estelle D. Fogel I am indebted for careful
proof-reading and other assistance. Mr. Buchanan and Miss
Fogel prepared the index, which is unusually complete. For
clerical assistance I am indebted to Miss Mae Combs, Miss Jen- _
nie Wharton and Miss Helen Dickerson. To Mr. T. E. Savage
I am greatly indebted for his unfailing kindness in looking after
the many details of arrangement of subject-matter. I wish,
also, to express my thanks to the many friends who have assisted
by their contributions of grass material from all parts of the
state for use in determining distribution.

The descriptions for the most part are furnished by the staff
in the Division of Agrostology of the U. 8S. Department of Agri-
culture: E. D. Merrill, C. R. Ball, F. Lamson-Scribner, C. L.
Shear, J. Smith and T. H. Kearney. Mr. Carleton R. Ball is
responsible for the diagnostic keys. Professor Spillman, of the
Bureau of Plant Industry, gave his consent to this use of descrip-
tions furnished by the Division of Agrostology.

L. H. PAMMEL.
Ames, Iowa, Jan. 15, 1905.

Issued April 1, 1905.

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A DESCRIPTIVE AND GEOGRAPHICAL STUDY
OF THE GRASSES OF IOWA.

BY L. H. PAMMEL
CARLETON R. BALL AND F. LAMSON-SCRIBNER

CONTENTS.

(SP DUDES. a5 bee de Ce REE oon OCeC On Oneto oracenoure. caoccunoandc 1

Pee IES CTU CIOM Wa .s/e'o) «1+ 010) oc olelsie = alejelcheis: «sie isles» ee eleis as ahare sera ate caversacaik 1

See ee ARS EEHIESTICO TA GEEASSES).. < «o/s e.01d eictele:'s erelecace (ue! cons) ove a) chaste; ol Staure]sile.s oy slevei euerensis 2

‘TRIBE I. PUTED Sic ieee Sos fay ora vagy ile eis a on cb war a 6 sls 97 Sie ste num Srey enge egsmeNn ame Ae 6

Key to the genera of Maydez..... ...... ee anes Soe eee 6

BRiiechlaena. <<. +. - SNC A een Me TALE ire eR OR ee OAS 6

OT Pe a eh tls ers ta ey ide MAN feigench Me aA TPE RE] ese GhMCRE Cae ave ebe 8

CGE 5 (M4 OO pear PRE Sis EEA RPE rt dar araee iP EDR Voce ate ean oor 19

SRNR RCEITIN + 5. o> ayes wy cians heros aystaoerelare steweha, (ore. aia es allie eters --+2. 20

at Sue OU eA TIC TOPO FONE: « ..6. ao cisin ccc a. @ ove sien hese os) ois) fersiaieinioreisielole 22

Key to the genera of Andropogonez......-....2. 05-25 eee eee: 2

MISC a UE CHUTS re 5 2 eres dec evoke oie doa ele raltnaua aiclitne te ga rotione tate sreterarmretoreyions 23

ERTELEOTA ELUTS te seen eCerotic cls Lo oso vere arene on torereu pret Menem ovens teree moneda mis cnet ae 24

SCC TS ys yn ele Ce HOSE OC BAS ORI ron Leno io te ah 25

MME MERTIOSCOEN ta c'o 5 sha'e) ole! sin v6 © a miata nico ar atave pena rareteons U epete nk 26

SeeREP PME OSTGNGATNICE «onic cic: cis.n o civ duels ersseve wioie Witis! (eleeibeapele tiaforeis euekeleiote 40

SET Me aah Fe eR ee Ew cnt KN AA RS OST 40

arr NV PMOL TS CO OTN ECE: . cc5e + che ~ aveic.e's, 0, fe satahaiale/ siege evoke infers ola ape stealer svete 42

TRIBE V. ANIC 26 cave eter eicte wielaictele ole ta BPE A EG ar or Pia OR OC 42

Key to the genera of Panigea...... 0.0.5 see ee cree eee cece ener 43

IPasovilleprl A OSE ODOC obo pBODeeDoDoDeaepon Haomamonne auebino cs 43

IPE aIKCLE} 00 UA RIn AiG nn ne or ereininnn ba bebo > nein GodbidiOn uuDO or Once orc 47

POEL B bay dey ohcseiicrercin obi che vsiaic chelate cheavevetexatolanch suebotePateiavsueketer vetetohei mer 83

CEO Th Wy ae a ee On aes Sr eini i: Maso ACC CaS Oe 91

PAS TIITI SOLUTE 5; set Hoven charetol chakerat he ci rat aa oan ter otiatey ou ees lier ola lave) estotavecs 94

TIMI NAC ES a, SiS 2c teins scsi se dein wbcsmets wwe aa stmapine © se oes 96

eva cae genera Of Ory zea. 62... 5. <2 hota gas so eisien aca v's ea alone 96

AZANIA = avec scie eco Se ee ee an MC OO AE ore oe 96

LSPS eee el mart el OE or iy RCL nt Eri cecie RIeR eRe 98
Ea Tide 28). ooo 5 Wc ena») <n Wee ae we REINS, Guns wat aPe 105_

Mevetoche:ovenera OL PhalariGe ce. «</s sisysa sete = eialelt ne elnvepate leis el ales 106

REVAL AD 1G i, OPE m5) 2a 0/ 0,35 96) 07m fader oles mi A) <1 sis maser ain tninv ay wie ls Maia ob Oa alam 106

JN Pavoee FaldaqeGia BAAAoR BAAS Code OE Cee a noobL como baaoonGs 109

XII

TRIBE VIII.
Key to

TRIBE IX.
Key to

‘AMRTBH EX
Key to

TRIBE XI.
Key to

CONTENTS.
aNd Kol19 16 (~2 aA PERS het CINE POMS SIRE amcor isn - shy WS
the genera of Agrostideae 2.0. e cies ce saci + 00 hee
ATISCIM A ee nei tags aise cele aeisioe Bile es celans Ge eee 114
SeIPas Jocks ei steleystnctaveiels 2 inlbeva 5 etelevons toga we O/tiehals tale 124
Muhlenbergia: <...:5 00.5 (cede a) caw cities dem cis Ue eee ole ee 130
OFYZOPSIS) 202 vik sitss Mes wiectia Garcia, Wee eee ee 141
Milica se cats vessels ieee CAGE oe aiken 145
Brachyelytrumat ae sche ec.0) fisie aie as outsien «ohne ee ee ee 146
PRC mM. gs Cassie's w+ tas ag heise skallatcns 6 feree te eee e 148
ATO PeCULUIS sci) aes occ od eraiele) o1eceos edna oo (eer 150
SPOLODOLUS jefe. seid ahd wesse aig, che ais) erin Alaniey sie om oa 155
Cia a. ih some Welle eines ope aisle Be bela elcla yt 163
AGTOSUIS) oy. 06 Sieye-s/s ere '01G o Seapbe a) Bie ce ceieloudieteie @ oF ACI Suse ae 168
Calamagrostis) 2 oa c/sa Os c.syscece's o elee Qieete ie aie ele yar 175
Calamovilfa yn. << vices ne ee arate sie os ele aie el I ee ‘181
AV OTIOER epee eietchoiaye is re Pele pls te or 1 ls tae fe lalleve lop lott) ere eee 183
theigenera of AVeNeze .j.5.0:) 03 5b a ann tee 2 oe). 2 ae 184
EL OL CUS yi so oxare}e' a sr ocars alate) ove tveiayshaonepe ee 62120) Oe ate 184
INN CIA viele Gis isin eos ste o @ visite aidlage ele gusle ents ee 185
Arrhenatherwm, 3). 4% 6c. so ceo oes) onesies eee 190
Danthonia sss scsietieaiejece's Wee's iu, dyatiede etek bel oa er 192
ChlOrideze. 26:0 Fis seis siecle Gee | seed sha Cede eee 194
the genera of Chloridez..-: .... 1.060. .sec eee 104
GY MO MON oo. o Fio 61s ose 6s saiisienderd) 05 2:9 0» 31eile 18 eke te 195
BeCkMannia 2... 06.,6 se as 60 c/a els veo s 2 o's ciate eee 197
SPAT EMA irs, Gs: jet e-< Jo)'s @ efe) ales e\oteld ola (ocelelefelte nt ete 199
Schedonnardusi: s. 5. cs vee c= 2 + 0a a eee 201
BotttelOwas c).c6 ese ensues elt tue oedeeie cheers eee 204
BICUSING 6. Sedeis oS ab ds cele lees See a) aie cle eer 209
BUChlO Cior.e5 cio cope os slew ellore eto sielievece\aeieus « ove 12s \e)s One 2i1
FOSHUCE Bis ooo. davea cig aie.e'e «= versie gneve b:leleloe as de ee ee 212
the genera of Festuceze™ 0...) 2... otecc + ele ee ee 213
GY MOTT o.oo sce pice cools ore dye 4 ele ove, Shasa (ies, ieee 214
Phragmites) oii ee 0 sc lchee's »mielacane eevee ea 215
PIO GIA a onic ids fie 0 51578 aM ol dletel aie, nhene oles he oor 218
Triplasis. sissies coco wicie ose coyeyele, «deja yeie MP les cise Sele eee 221
KOOL Ia. ooie. S05 55.6 Ze aije wei'elo se uwhereyeipiw els wii 0 rete ote Clete eee ae 222
ETA gTrostis) so ...i 5 os eclsees disivas clea ots/ilete oleae 224
At OM aiya.« ioe ais.s 0 eevee rebels wleieie eis «3.56 ele 018 ats ne ee 237
Diarrhenay, ~~ ace .c each: diapers, ove oy evaieuesaudi ole sual tetals level eee ee er 241
MOTI CA Sie siccece acs a6, 9 by sib eld ne oter ane ose eyelets oid ace a 242
LOfsh(s) hanna Rn MOM AMER AAI ea bib oca occ 247
DACEYIISw5% ok k aie eee a osn eo stp lsiatel a oitvel™ oll tenet cee eee 248
BLIZEL siete ate, so. sin lene olaiieliete ocokelsie o:0)'0\3 ete leravehelete os idle fate oa an 251
POA: ratshate)rajeys siecle. sievaversyaleyenevetelvlicuare lane toMoteketeretote: ete 252
Scolochloa «cis cisiaisicreu widetela seeps auatoiens pfevelenetel ofelatere aol aaa 267
GRY COPIA, io ois )0 inva vein is eyesore lose ase jar cinllo le ole yee felereltstatele tale etek e aaa 269
OSHC At aretersicsiaret adi nvbayire a tedengheblabe jeuceu @ietlele lccetel sien aie ee aa 275

BGO RAS sane acca idk laste as alee tole in rau hs aeeesle ear eee raat oe 284

—

CONTENTS. XIII

SEMEN EEE ROEL SEC EE ycotnin, eros os o's, Fo Ree es ee A ook ees . 309
Beeyenorene Senora Gr HOrdere 6.4 0. wield is Gulmheo whould, Glacwe 309
SUE eed goat stan eats Fe roy oh ee. Saath, a eae AE eel Dee ts 309

PEROVV DOL \atesa aie asei cise Ue 5 2) EtG ih ee eee eae See Ce 314

Secale ...... Cpt esol Rates ato stats ae ETA lala oe Re ee nie a25

AP GEGEN penne es ie A alas Pade ae 2 cee Le eae 326

ELQUUe CHE A rats hr ee eee Ot, ace iss Me ee Aa 329

BU TIRES tes rotarsieicin Peat Be RACE. Coe Ce ne tay 340

BS SRL a ald Nn gan ee the a ee ere cis VE en au gen 353

SMa ES AN DUSES25 6.1 oars Poe eRe ake hada we Meek a den tuk aa Ms abe
MPI AER of stk tie Oe eee et at ea by yp Ta Le 356

.

CHAPTER I.

Graminez (Grasses).
GENERAL DESCRIPTION.

Fibrous-rooted annual or perennial, herbaceous (rarely woody)
plants, with usually hollow, cylindrical (rarely flattened), and jointed
stems (culms) whose internodes for more or less of their length are
enveloped by the sheath-like basal portion of the two-ranked and
usually linear, parallel-veined leaves; flowers without any distinct
perianth, hermaphrodite or rarely unisexual, solitary or several to-
gether, in spikelets, which are arranged in panicles, racemes, or spikes,
-and which consist of a shortened axis (the rachilla) and two or more
chaff-like, distichous, imbricated bracts (glumes), of which the first
two, rarely one or none or more than two, are empty (empty glumes) ;
in the axil of each of the succeeding bracts (excepting sometimes the
uppermost) is borne a flower (hence these are named flowering
glumes). Opposed to each flowering glume, with its back turned to-
ward the rachilla, is (usually) a two-nerved, two-keeled bract or pro-
phyllum (the palea), which frequently envelops the flower by its in-
folded edges. At the base of the flower, between it and its glume, are
usually two very small hyaline scales (/odicules) ; rarely there is a third
lodicule between the flower and the palea; stamens, usually three (rarely
two or one, or more than three) with very slender filaments and two-
celled, usually versatile anthers; pistil with a one-celled, one-ovuled
ovary, and one to three, usually two styles with branched, most fre-
quently plumose, stigmas; embryo small, lying at the front and base of
the seed, covered only by the thin pericarp; fruit a caryopsis, rich in
albumen. (In Sporobolus and Eleusine the thin pericarp is free from
the seed.)

There are about 3500 species of grasses. “The number given by
Bentham & Hooker’ is from 3100 to 3200, but Hackel? gives the num-
ber about 3500, the latter number probably being more nearly correct,
considering that new territory is being explored, and new species are

1Gen. Pl. 8: 1074.
2 Nat. Pflanz. Fam II. 2: 16.

2 GRASSES OF IOWA.

constantly being added. It is probable that the number will reach
nearly 3700. Heller! gives 1234, while Patterson? lists 868 species for
North America. These figures of Patterson were undoubtedly based
upon reports by Doctors Gray, Watson and others connected with the
Harvard Herbarium at the time the work of Patterson was prepared.
Probably more species have been added than there should be. A care-
ful study will no doubt show that some of the so-called species may be
reduced to synonyms later. Sir Joseph D. Hooker*® gives 103 species.

Of the genera, Bentham & Hooker? recognize 298, Hackel® recog-
nizes 313, Heller recognizes 131; Patterson in his “Check list” recog-
nizes 115, Lamson-Scribner®, 137.

The grasses vary in size from the moss-like Coleanthus of the
north to the tree-like bamboos of the tropics, many of which are more
than 100 feet high. The grasses occur from the Kerguelen land of the
south to the extreme limit of vegetation beyond the Arctic Circle. There
is no order of plants more widely distributed, or existing under a greater
diversity of soil and climate, and no other order presents such a vast
number of individual plants or is so important and directly useful to
man.

The characters employed in defining the tribes and genera are
usually those presented in the spikelets or inflorescence. While the
characters of the order are well defined and clearly separate it from all
other families of plants, the establishment of the several subdivisions is very
difficult, and in no case can be based upon a single character alone, but
upon a combination of them. ‘There is no tribe or large genus which
can be separated or defined absolutely from all others; there are always
exceptions or intermediate forms connecting them.

SERIES A,—PANICACEA.

Spikelets one, rarely two-flowered; when two-flowered the second
or terminal one is perfect, the, first or lower one being either staminate
or neuter; rachilla articulated below the empty glumes, the spikelets
falling from the pedicels, either single, or in groups, or together with
the joints of an articulate rachis. ‘The first six tribes belong to this
series.

The first grand division of the order Gramineae is based upon two
characters in combination, the articulation of the pedicels just below

1Cat. N. Am. Plants North of Mexico, exclusive of the lower cryptogams.
? Check list of North American Plants. 137.

° The Student’s Flora of the British Islands, 449.

*le. 1074-1215.

Sie, 1-197,

° American Grasses, Bull. U.S. Dept.Agrl. Div. Agras. 20,

GRASSES OF IOWA. 8

the spikelets or cluster of spikelets and the single perfect flower, which
may or may not have a staminate or imperfect flower below it. ‘There
are never more than four glumes in the spikelets, the first three being
empty or the third with a rudimentary or staminate flower in its axil;
the fourth glume subtends the perfect or hermaphrodite flower. In a
few genera the spikelets are reduced to two or even only one glume, but
in these cases the articulation of the spikelet with the pedicel below the
outer glume indicates its connection with this series.

KEY TO THE TRIBES IN SERIES A.—PANICACEAE,

1. Spikelets usually much compressed laterally, 1-flowered; empty glumes
none or rudimentary; flowers staminate, pistillate, or hermaphrodite.
—TRIBE VI. ORYZEAE.
2. Spikelets either staminate or pistillate, each in a separate inflorescence
on the same plant, or in distinct parts of the same inflorescence.
—TRIBE I. MAYDEAE.
3. Spikelets either all hermaphrodite or hermaphrodite and staminate, regu-
larly arranged and usually in pairs, one sessile, the other pedicellate in the same
inflorescence (both pedicellate in Trachypogon).
—TRIBE II. ANDROPOGONEAE.
4. Spikelets in groups of two to six at each joint of the main axis, each
group falling off entire; flowering glumes usually awnless. (Cathestechum may

Ppmigemed eran ETE.) sc... ek heeds de cane TRIBE III. OSTERDAMIEAE.
5. Flowering glumes of the perfect flowers membranaceous and (in Amer-
MMR MODERES DT AVVRIEU So... 5/s's 0: eseiaiciainte e's eriele'e TRIBE IV. TRISTEGINEAE.

6. Flowering glumes of the perfect flower cartilaginous, coriaceous or char-
taceous and awnless or (in Eriochloa) with a short, straight awn.
—TRIBE V. PANICEAE.

SERIES B.—POACEZ.

Spikelets one to many-flowered, the imperfect or rudimentary
flower, if any, usually uppermost; rachilla usually articulated above the

empty glumes, so that these remain after the fall of the fruiting glumes.?
In spikelets with two or more flowers these are separated by a mani-

fest internode of the rachilla, and in such cases the rachilla is usually

articulated below each flowering glume.

In this second grand division of the Gramineae the pedicels are not

(or are very rarely) articulated below the outer glumes, but the axis of

the spikelet is articulated above these glumes, so that they usually remain
attached to the pedicel after the falling off of the mature florets. The

spikelets are one to many-flowered, and have as many flowering glumes

as there are flowers; the imperfect flowers, when present, are the upper-

most; the terminal floret may be staminate or rudimentary.

1In Alonpecurus, Cinna, Spartina, Beckmannia and Holeus the rachilla is articulated
below the empty or outer glumes, and the spikelets fall off entire.

4 GRASSES OF IOWA.

KEY TO THE TRIBES IN SERIES B.—POACEAE.

1.. Spikelets 1-flowered, with or without a simple continuation of the
rachilla: behind the '‘palea? 20). ..4. 05.03 bobo. Sond © ee ae se ee ee ene eee 2
1. Spikelets. 2-many-flowered. 2.0: 2.0.0))40.... buses os ee 5
2. Spikelets crowded in two (rarely one) rows along one side of a contin-
uous rachis forming unilateral spikes, these scattered along a common axis or
dipitate: at the apex or itheystem\.- 2... 4-2) yaa: TRIBE X. CHLORIDEAE.
2. Spikelets: not disposed in’ unilateral spikes.” .~-..-2--- eee eee 3
3- Inflorescence spicate, the spikelets sessile on alternate teeth or notches of
the’, Tachis: 22 2-heek pee eer as eee ence oor TRIBE XII. HORDEAE.
3. Inflorescence racemose (not unilateral) or paniculate, occasionally con-
tracted and spike-like, or condensed and apparently capitate; spikelets always
distinctly (pedicellates:j.24225-seuith Lose oe tern Ree sinaleld ee eee 4
4. Glumes five, the first four empty or (in Hierochloe) the third and
sometimes the fourth, which are usually very unlike the first and second, with stam-
inate flowers; the fifth glume with a hermaphrodite flower, and falling with the
third and fourth; palea 1-nerved.............. TRIBE VII. PHALARIDEAE.
4. Glumes three (only one in Coleanthus, or occasionally four in some
species of Sporobolus and Muhlenbergia), the first two empty; palea 2-nerved or
nerveless, very rarely 1-nerved (Cinna) or wholly wanting (Alopecurus and
Some) SPeCies OL PAP TOSHS) EE <a ee rent eee TRIBE VIII. AGROSTIDEAE.
5. Culms herbaceous, annual; leaf blade continuous with the sheath..... 6

5. Culms woody, perennial; leaf blade articulated with the sheath.
—TRIBE XIII. BAMBUSEAE.
6. Spikelets pedicellate, in panicles, spike-like panicles, or racemes, these

néeverpunilateraleee eset eae eee ore Soe cee + Sans on t.0 OO ee 7
6. Spikelets sessile, in true spikes, or on very short pedicels in unilateral
FACEMES so 52) sire fosters eto 56, 51% @ Wile feo fo, alors WW fol el s ie 1a feta tol aap loge, oie waste e haat tee 8

7. Empty glumes generally longer than the first flowering glume; one or
more of the flowering glumes awned on the back or from between the teeth of
the bifid apex (some cultivated forms excepted) ; awn twisted, usually geniculate,
Very: rarely: straight iene cis 2c cl aeinee eae Gea eee TRIBE IX. AVENEAE.

7. Empty glumes generally shorter than the floral glume; flowering glume
awnless or with from one to many terminal (very rarely dorsal) straight or

simply divergent) awnSaoe case poe aoe eerte TRIBE XI. FESTUCEAE.,
8. Spikelets in unilateral spikes or racemes, these racemes, digitate or fas-
ciculate |) 2. GAAS LEE eel Soe aes eee ere TRIBE X. CHLORIDEAE.

8. Spikelets inserted on the alternate teeth or notches of the rachis forming
equilateral, flattened, or cylindrical terminal spikes.... TRIBE XII. HORDEAE.

Different recent authors have adopted slight modifications in the
classification of grasses.

HACKEL’S KEY TO THE TRIBES.

A. Spikelets one, rarely two-flowered, lower flowers when present imper-
fect; falling from the pedicel entire or together with certain joints of the rachis
at maturity. Rachilla not produced beyond the flowers. Internodes between the
different glumes or flowers not measureable.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 5

a. Hilum punctiform. Spikelets not flattened laterally, but usually some-
what dorsally compressed or else perfectly round.

I. Flowering glumes and palea (the latter often wanting) hyaline.
Empty glumes thick membranaceous to coriaceous or cartilaginous, the
lowest the largest with its edges embracing the others. Spikelets gen-
erally in racemes or spikes whose articulate axes break up at maturity.

1. Staminate and pistillate spikelets in separate inflorescences or
cn different parts of the same inflorescence......... I. MAYDEAE.

2. Spikelets either all perfect, or staminate and perfect, and so
arranged in the same inflorescence that a staminate stands near a
PEGLEGE tS ae hilas cer. ck isyar cle th adeiand basis season ays II. ANDROPOGONEAE.
II. Flowering glumes and palea membranaceous; empty glumes,

herbaceous, chartaceous or coriaceous, the first generally the largest;
spikelets falling off singly or in groups from the continuous rachis.
—III. ZOYSIEAE.

III. Flowering glume and palea membranaceous, empty glumes,
herbaceous or chartaceous; the first empty glume smaller or narrower
than the following ones. Spikelets falling off singly from the ultimate
Bumenesot the Panicle... 1. 2 .\ssicins cei cielo eiels wrote IV. TRISTEGINEAE.

IV. Flowering glume and palea cartilaginous, coriaceous or char-
taceous. Empty glume more delicate, usually herbaceous, the first usually
smaller. Spikelets falling off singly from the ultimate branches of the
panicle or continuous (rarely articulate) rachis of a spike.

—V. PANICEAE.
b. Hilum linear, spikelets laterally compressed.....-. VI. ORYZEAE.
B. Spikelets 1-many-flowered, the 1-flowered frequently with the rachilla
produced beyond the flowers, rachilla generally articulated above the empty
glumes, so that these remain after the fall of the fruiting glumes. When from
two to many-flowered there always are distinct internodes between the flowers.
a. Culm herbaceous, annual; leaf-blade sessile, not articulated with
the sheath.
Spikelets upon distinct (sometimes very short) pedicels, in panicles,
spike-like panicles, or racemes (without notches in the main axes).

I. Spikelets one-flowered:

1. Empty glumes four, palea one-nerved.

—VII. PHALARIDEAE.

2. Empty glumes two (rarely none), palea two-nerved.

—VIII. AGROSTIDEAE.

II. Spikelets 2-many-flowered:

1. Flowering glume generally shorter than the empty ones;
usually with a bent awn on the back, rarely awned from the point or
awnless. When not awned there are two nearly opposite florets, and
the rachilla is not produced beyond them........... IX. AVENEAE.

2. Floral glume generally longer than the empty ones, unawned
or with a straight awn from the point (seldom below).

—XI. FESTUCEAE
Spikelets crowded in two clese rows, forming a one-sided spike or raceme
fo CLEAN COMEINUOUS AXIS. 21-15 vases: siaielsreusvorscrela covrayoidistels. X. CHLORIDEAE...

6 GRASSES OF IOWA.

Spikelets in two (rarely more) opposite rows forming an equilateral
spike (very rarely. ‘uimilateral)20sc «. os/c. sts Saswroeiete se XII. HORDEAE.
-b. Culm (at least at the base) woody, leaf-blade often with a short

slender petiole articulated with the sheath from which it finally separates.
—XIII. BAMBUSEAE.

TRIBE 1.—MAYDEA.

Spikelets unisexual, the
staminate forming a part of
the inflorescence with the pis-
tillate, or each in a separate in-
florescence on the same plant;
flowering glumes hyaline or
much less firm in texture than
the outer ones; axis of the fe-
male spikelet usually articu-

Fig. 1. Fertile flower—Maize (‘Zea Mays), lated. ;

(Chariener. tane-) The tribe Maydeae con-
tains sixteen species distributed in seven genera, and is remarkable for a
number of monotypic types. ‘They are native to the tropics. The best
known illustrations are maize and Euchlaena.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE MAYDEAE.

A. Staminate and pistillate spikelets in separate inflorescences, the staminate
above.
Staminate spikes numerous in terminal panicles. Pistillate spikes many-
flowered, axillary, subtended by large, leaf-like bracts.
Pistillate spikes in each axil fasciculate, distinct, rachis of each articu-
lated 32e seiee s Acc br eois bee ahce ts oooh meee nire meee EUCHLAENA. 1.

Staminate spikes solitary, pistillate spikes usually reduced to a single spike-

let; enclosed) by an indurated ‘sheath... ... 3. .-\- 5-2. a10scsme os -istee eeee COL:
B. Staminate and pistillate spikelets in the same spike the staminate above.
—TRIPSACUM. 4.

1. EUCHLAENA.

Euchlaena Schrad. Ind. Sem. Hort. Goett. 1832 Benth. and Hook. Gen.
Pl. 3: 1114. Hackel in Engler & Prantl. Nat. Pflanz. Fam. II. 2: 19.
Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 20: 11. £72.

DESCRIPTION.

TEOSINTE. Spikelets unisexual, monoecious; the staminate two-
flowered in pairs, one sessile, the other pedicellate, along the numerous
paniculate racemes; the pistillate 1-flowered, sessile and solitary at each

GRASSES OF IOWA.

AIAN
f, fi if wk LU f
wg) ak A) f

mi

“

f
if
4 »

Ny
Fig. 2. Teosinte (Huchlena Mexicana). a and b, ears enclosed by husk; ¢ and d, views of

led D

FE CR ,
LOWY Sit

Wey, Wh

grain, A valuable forage grass. (U.S, Dept. Agrl.)

8 GRASSES OF IOWA.

joint of an obliquely articulate rachis of a simple spike; the spikes fascicu-
late in the leaf axils and each more or less enveloped in a foliaceous bract.
Glumes of the staminate spikelets 4, acute, the first two membrana-
ceous, empty; flowering glumes smaller and like their paleas, hyaline,
stamens 3. Glumes of the pistillate spikelets 4, the outer one broad
and boat-shaped, smooth, soon becoming very hard, surrounding the
inner glumes and narrow rachis, second glume coriaceous, third glume
hyaline with a palea but no flower; fourth or flowering glume and its
palea hyaline. Styles very long, filiform, shortly bifid at the apex.

Tall annuals with long and broad leaves, closely resembling In-
dian corn in habit. Species 1 with several varieties in Mexico and Cen-
tral America. Frequently cultivated in the southern states, and occa-
sionally in Iowa for soiling purposes.

2 ZEA.

Zea. \,. Sp. Pl. 971. 1753. Endlicher. Gen. Pl (S0_seblackelmin
Engler and Prantl. Nat. Pflanz Fam II. 2: 19. Benth. & Hook Gen. Pl. 8:
11.4. Scribner, Bull. U.S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 20:12. f. 2.

DESCRIPTION.

Maize. Spikelets unisexual, monoecious; the staminate two-
flowered, in pairs, one sessile, the other pedicellate, arranged in terminal
branches of a terminal panicle; the pistillate one-flowered, sessile,
crowded in several rows, along the much thickened continuous axis
arising from the lower leaf-axil and closely enveloped by numerous
large foliaceous bracts. Glumes 4, awnless; those:of the staminate
spikelet acute; those of the pistillate very broad and obtuse or emarginate.
Grain hard, only partially enclosed by the fruiting glumes. A well-
known tall and striking annual grass with erect stems and broad
leaves. The terminal staminate inflorescence forms the “spindle” and
the long projecting styles of the pistillate flowers constitute the “silk.”
The cob is formed by the union of the axes of several female spikes into
a much thickened body.

Dr. E. L. Sturtevant,) who more than any one else has studied
maize in our country, regards the genus as monotypic and only recog-
nizes the Zea mays.

Species 1 or 2, of American origin, presenting many varieties in
cultivation known as corn, Indian corn or maize.

See Bull. 1. Ia. Geol. Survey, p. 4143.
2 Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. of Exp. Sta. 57: 7.

GRASSES OF IOWA.

ty be00 |
Peseotioaele

94
“ee

Giis

yo

DEP,
Ly

aif

—

=
OS
SS

lf)
VhBi
P

jaen
RE OPCL Yh

vat

Fia. 3. Different types of maize. a, Yellowdent; 6, vellow flint; c. sweet corn; d, pop-corn.
(Photograph by Charlotte M. Kiug.)

_ The Zea canina of Watson’ according to Sturtevant, is most closely
allied to the pop-corn. Doctor Sturtevant has arranged cultivated corn
into the following groups: ;

The pod-corn, Zea tunicata. Stur. Torr. Club. 1894: 335.
Stur. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 1894: 324.

Stur. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 1894: 327.
Stur. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 1894: 329.

The pop-corn, Zea everta.

The flint-corn, Zea indurata.

The dent corn, Zea indentata.
1Proc. Am. Acai. Arts & Sci. 26: 158. Contr. Am. Bot, 18: 158.

10 GRASSES OF IOWA.

Soft corn, Zea amylacea. Stur. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 1894: 331.

Sweet corn, Zea saccharata. Stur. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 1894: 333.

Zea amyleasaccharata, Stur. Rep. Geneva, N. Y. Agrl. Exp. 1886: 66.

The so-called species and groups of Doctor Sturtevant are hardly
to be regarded as varieties. Some of the forms under conditions of cul-
ture and climate, revert to their original type. They are certainly not

Fic. 4. aandb, Zea canina, grown at Knoxville, Tenn, (U. 8. Dept. Agrl.)

to be regarded as varieties. A plant cultivated for so long a time by
the Indians and civilized man has naturally given rise to diverse forms.
We regard them as nothing more than races of the very polymorphic

species Zea mays.
ZEA CANINA.

Zea canina Watson. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts & Sci. 26: 160,

GRASSES OF IOWA. 11

DESCRIPTION.

Culms variable in height, 6-10 feet (18-30 dm.), several from the
same root; ascending branched, staminate racemes short or elongated
and drooping; spikelets 2-4 but usually 3 at each node. One or more
with short pedicels; empty glume 3-5 nerved, keeled (bicarnate),
pistillate spikes, sessile in the axis and terminal; ears small, 4-12
rowed, separating more or less readily at the joints; kernels
small, 3-4 lines long, white, hard, smooth, ovate, acute, constricted
at the base. Sent to Doctor Watson by Professor Duges from
Moro Leon about four Mexican leagues from Lake Cuitzo. The
natives consider this mais de coyte to be the source of the cultivated
varieties of maize. I will append an interesting account of this given
by Doctor Watson.

“Prof. W. H. Brewer, in a communication to Doctor Sturtevant, to be found in
the paper of the latter upon “Indian Corn” in the Report of the New York State
Agricultural Society for 1878 gives a statement which Roezl, the well known
German collector, made to him in 1869 to this effect: that “he found in the State
of Guerero a Zea which he thinks specifically distinct, and he thinks undescribed;
the ears very small, in two rows truly distichous; the ear (but not each grain
separately) covered with a husk, the grain precisely like some varieties of maize,
only smaller and harder.”

“Specimens of Zea which are in all probability the same that Roezl
referred to, were received by me in 1888 from Prof. A. Duges of Guan-
ajuato under the designation of mais de coyte. It was reported to him
as growing wild in Moro Leon, to the south of the State of Guanajuato,
and as not at all resembling ordinary varieties of maize. “lhe specimens
sent were two very slender stalks about four feet high, with a very
small terminal staminate inflorescence but no trace of fertile spikes.
These were probably very depauperate stalks, that had been selected for
easy carriage. Accompanying them was a united cluster of about half
a dozen small ears enveloped in their husks, each about two inches long
and bearing a few rows of small white pointed kernels.

“Some of the peculiarities of this remarkable corn were noted at the
time, but nothing more was done until last year, when an attempt was
made to grow it at the Botanic Garden, Cambridge, with quite unex-
pected results. The corn was planted early under glass, and as soon
as danger from frosts was over the plants were transferred to a warm,
sunny location, where they soon began to grow vigorously and to send
out numerous offshoots from the base. “These “suckers” grew as rap-
idly as the main stock, so that the plants, which had fortunately been
placed some feet apart, had the appearance of “hills” one of the two
having nine and the other twelve stalks ascending from a common base.

GRASSES OF IOWA.

12

Upper figure from photograph.

Fig. 5. Primitive corn. 1-6, different views of kernel.

(Charlotte M. King. )

GRASSES OF IOWA. 13

GaN N
\ MN) ay

} ff
id

Fie. 6. Above, Calico dent; 1-4 different views of kernel; below, Legal Tender Yellow dent ;
1-4 different views of kernel. (Charlotte M. King.)

14 GRASSES OF IOWA.

The tallest were over ten feet high, with a diameter of nearly two
inches, and they would have become yet taller had the season permitted.
Their foliage and pubescence were in every way as in ordinary field corn,
the staminate tassels with conspicuously longer and more drooping
racemes, the habit of growth wholly unusual. In our ordinary form
the erect culm is always apparently single, bearing solitary axillary
ears which terminate a usually short leafy-bracted peduncle. This
peduncle is in fact a lateral branch, bearing a terminal pistillate
spike corresponding to the staminate panicle on the main stem. In this
Mexican corn, on the other hand, the better developed stalks were evi-
dently branched from several of the axils, the branches often becoming
three or four feet in length, very leafy, and having at least a rudimen-
tary ear in the axil of every leaf. Several, sometimes half a dozen, per-
fect ears were formed upon each branch. ‘The terminal ear was always
androgynous, staminate at the summit. On the shorter stems the
branches were reduced to a more or less crowded axillary cluster of ears
similar to the one received from Professor Duges. The last year’s sea-
son was a long one, and there was no heavy frost in Cambridge until
near the end of October. The corn, however, was at that time still
very green, and the stalks were finally cut and stored under shelter in
the hope that the ears would ripen in the stack; but upon very few did
any of the kernels mature.

“The natural supposition was that we had here at least the original
wild state of our cutivated maize. A careful comparison of the two, as
thorough as the material at hand of the cultivated forms would permit,
has led me first to doubt the probability of this, and now to consider the
form in question a distinct species. “The differences upon which this con-
clusion is based are in the habit of growth, the arrangement of the stam-
inate spikelets, and the nervation of their glumes, the form of the glumes
of the pistillate flowers, and the ready disarticulation of the ripened ear.

‘It appears from descriptions, figures, and such specimens as I have
seen of cultivated maize, that the staminate spikelets are in pairs at the
joints of the rachis, and their empty glumes 7-9 nerved. In the Mexi-
can plant there are usually three and sometimes four together, one’ of
them short-pedicelled, the others more nearly sessile. ‘The empty glumes
are 3-5 nerved and bicarinate, the flowering ones more narrow than in
Zea Mays. ‘The pistillate spikelets are in pairs at the joints of the
rachis, the internodes of which are more or less strongly margined and
cupulate, and finally become hard and shining. ‘The glumes are very
broad, strongly concave and enfold each other much more than in the
flowers, of Zea Mays that I have examined, and more than they are rep-

GRASSES OF IOWA. 15

Fig. 7. Above, striped Rice pop-corn; 1-4, views of kernels; below, White Rice corn;
1-4, views ofkernels. (Charlotte M. Kiny. )

16 GRASSES OF IOWA.

resented in the figures of Nees and Doell. The lower glume becomes
very hard and rigid, excepting its margins and firmly embraces the lower

part of the kernel.

(oa

Se

cei

oan

4 li \ a

=

ey
wy

Fig. 8. Above, Red Cob Sweet corn; 1-3, views of kernel; below, Hybrid Sweet corn;
1-4, views of kernel. (Charlotte M. King. )

‘The ears upon the plants raised in the Botanic Gardens were very
variable, from scarcely, two inches to four inches in length and three-
fourths of an inch broad, tapering slightly to an acutish apex, and with

GRASSES OF IOWA. 17

the kernels in four, eight, ten and sometimes twelve, but most frequently
in ten rows. A comparison of these shows clearly the structure of the
ear. When there are only four rows, the ear is flattened and distichous,
and the opposite pairs of rows are evidently the result of the pairs of
spikelets regularly alternating upon the opposite sides: of an extremely

short - jointed and
flexuous rachis. In
the eight-rowed ear
the rachis is four-
sided instead of two-
sided, and in the ten-
rowed it becomes
five-sided. This lat-
ter case corresponds
to the arrangement
in the terminal ra-
ceme of the stami-
nate inflorescence,
where the spikelets
are usually in five
ranks. In the eight-
rowed ear each joint
bears two opposite

Fig. 9. Yellow Flint Corn. (Charlotte. M. King.)

pairs of spikelets, alternating with those of the joints immediately above
and below, and in the twelve-rowed there are three pairs to each joint,

Fig. 10. Left, Yellow Cuszco corn; right, Brown Cuszco corn. (Charlotte M. King.) *
2

18 GRASSES OF IOWA.

alternating in the same way. The kernels are somewhat imbricated in
the rows, and usually alternating, owing to one of the spikelets in each
pair being slightly pedicellate. “They are small, ovate, somewhat flat-

or
Ayal eu
Mh il
fy le f

i
A ye

Fia. ll. a, Red Cuszco corn; 1-4, views of kernels; 6, Calico Cuszco corn; 1-4, views of kernels.
c, White Spotted Cuszco corn; 1-4, views of kernels. (Charlotte M. King.)

tened dorsally, and pointed, the lower part constricted by the closely
embracing glume. In structure they are hard and corneous, with a
central starchy layer extending from the base nearly to the apex. ‘The

GRASSES OF IOWA. 19

ripened ear breaks readily at the joint, so that the eight-rowed ear, for
example, may be separated into several joints, each bearing two oppo-
site pairs of kernels.”’

This maize has also been cultivated by Professor Bailey, who car-
ried on some very interesting experiments with hybrids.

Prof. F. Lamson-Scribner has likewise cultivated the corn and had
it under observation at Washington, D. C., and Knoxville, Tenn.

The writer has also had this corn under observation here at Ames.
By giving the plant an early start in the greenhouse a few mature ker-
nels were developed late in the season. It had all the characters first
described above by Doctor Watson, and showed no tendency to hybrid-
ize with the varieties of maize occurring alongside of it. The writer
has also had under observation the so-called pop-corn of Mexico. ‘The
seed was kindly furnished me by Mr. Chas. N. Page, of the Iowa Seed

Fig. 12. Mexiean pop-corn. Iowa Seed Co. (Charlotte M. King. )

Company. In their growth the plants resembled our ordinary pop-corn.
They were, however, taller with larger spaces between the internodes; in
addition they “suckered” somewhat. It appears to me that these Mexi-
can pop-corns are distinct from the Zea canina.

Doctor Harshberger, who is certainly a most careful observer, and
who carried on some interesting experiments on hybrids, considers our
maize a hybrid between Euchlaena and Zea canina.

3. COIX.

Coix. L. Gen. Pl. No. 704. 1737 (Ed 1.); No. 1043. 1764 (Ed. 6);
Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr]. Div. Agros. 20:14 f 4.

DESCRIPTION.

~Jos’s Tears. Spikelets unisexual, monoecious, spicate. Stam-
inate spikelets in twos or threes at the joints of the rachis, one-half flow-
ered. Empty glumes slightly unequal, rigid or herbaceous, inclosing
the hyaline flowering glumes and palea. Stamens 3, pistil none. Pis-
tillate spikelets, 1 or 2 at the base of the inflorescence, inclosed or sur-
rounded by a nearly glabrous capsule-like covering, from the apex of
which the staminate inflorescence projects; glumes thin-membranaceous

20 GRASSES OF IOWA.

or sub-hyaline. Styles very long. Stigmas distinct, with short, papillose-
villous hairs. Grain glabrous or oblong, closely embraced within the
hardened covering inclosing the pistillate spikelets. “Tall, leafy and much

q GC \| 3

\

Fig. 13. Coix lachryma-jobi L., Job’s tears.—a, A pair of staminate spikelets; b,
ovary; c, pistil, with rudimentary stamens. (Div. Agros. U. S. Dept. Agrl.)

branched grasses, usually with many pedunculate spikes from the upper
leaf-sheaths.

Species 3 or 4; three confined to the East Indies, the fourth is
widely distributed throughout the tropics of both hemispheres: the Coix
lachryma jobi cultivated in Iowa.

4. TRIPSACUM.

Tripsacum L. Syst. 2: 1261. 1759(Ed. 10); Scribner, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr.
Div. Agros. 20:13 f3. Endlicher. Gen. Pl. 106. Bentham & Hooker. Gen.
Pl. 3: 1113.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 21

TRIPSACUM DACTYLOIDES.
DESCRIPTION.

Gama Grass. Spikelets monoecious, in jointed unilateral spikes,
staminate above, and fertile below. Staminate spikelets in pairs,
sessile at each triangular joint of the narrow rachis, both alike, two-
flowered, longer than the
joints; glumes 4, coriaceous,
the lower (outer) one-nerved,
the second boat-shaped, the
upper with the palets very
thin and membranaceous, awn-
less; anthers opening by two
pores at the apex. Pistillate
' spikelets two-flowered (the
lower flower neutral) single
and deeply imbedded in each
oblong joint of the cartilagi-
nous thickened rachis, occupy-
ing a boat-shaped recess which
is closed by the polished and
cartilaginous, ovate outer
glume, the inner glume much
thinner and pointed, the up-
per with the palets very thin
and scarious, pointless. Styles
united; stigmas very long
(purple), hispid. Grain ovoid,
free. Culms stout and tall,
solid, from very thick, creep-
ing rootstalks. Leaves broad
and flat. Spike axillary and
terminal, separating spontane-
ously into joints at maturity.

Fig. 14. Tripsacum dactyloides L. Gama grass.
(Name from the Greek word a, Two joints of the pistillate portion of the Sake
for to rub, perhaps in allusion 2 # pistillate spikelet; c, outer glume of the same;
: : s e, flowering glume and palea showing the long

to the polished fertile spike. ) exserted stigmas; f, staminate spikelet.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Appanoose County, Decatur County (Fitzpatrick) ; Mus-
catine (Reppert) ; Decatur County, Van Wert (Hitchcock).

22 GRASSES OF IOWA.

North America. New York, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Mary-
land (Holm); Glen Echo, D. C. (Kearney); to Illinois, Iowa,
Missouri (Eggert) ; St. Louis (Pammel) ; Florida (Jacksonville, Cur-
tiss; Duval County, Curtiss) ; Arkansas, Texas and Mexico.

General. ‘Trinidad and Brazil.

TRIBE II ANDROCOGONEZ.

Spikelets in spike-like racemes, two at each joint of the articulate
rachis, one sessile and hermaphrodite, one pedicellate, the latter hermaph-
rodite, staminate, neuter, or reduced to the pedicel alone; glumes

usually four, the first and

second empty, larger and

much firmer in texture than

the others, the third usually

| empty, with a staminate

flower in the axil, very

rarely awned, the fourth or

flowering glume hyaline,

\ usually awned, awn usually
\ twisted or geniculate.

This tribe contains up-
wards of 400 species di-
vided among 29 genera, of
which Andropogon con-

| tains 190 species. ‘This is

a. MN one of the largest and most
important because they

make excellent forage

plants. Several of these

Fie. 15. Spikelets of Andropogon furcatus. plants are used in medicine.
Sugar cane (Saccharum) belongs to this tribe. Well known representa-
tives of this tribe are blue stem (Andropogon. provincialis, A. nutans).
Sorghum, of which there are many varieties, is a well known plant cul-
tivated in Iowa.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE ANDROPOGONEAE.

Spikelets all alike, perfect (homogamous).
Axis of racemes continuous; racemes in somewhat fan-shaped panicles.
—MISCANTHUS.!
Axis of racemes articulate; racemes in an elongated, dense panicle.
Spikelets awned.ii.2..sneeenee oases eee aces ERIANTHUS. 2.
Spikeletsiawnlessiiwi ue sine ee eee eee SACCHARUM. 3.
Spikelets not all alike, the sessile perfect; the pedicellate staminate, empty or re-
duced) ai.) th Me iso UE heist dA eae eerie ices ANDROPOGON. 4.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 23

1. MISCANTHUS.

Miscanthus. Anders. Ofvers. Vet. Akad. Forh. Stock. 12: 165. 1855. Ben-
tham & Hooker. Gen. Pl. 3: 1125 MHackel in Engler & Prantl Nat. Pflanz.
Fam. II. 2:23. Eulalia Trin. in part, Munro. Bentham Fl. Hongk. 420 Kunth.
Eulalia Kunth. End. Gen. Pl. 107. Kunth. Gram. 160. pl. 93. Agros. 479.

SRT z xt | Ae ‘
AE SU ‘
ee Ved

SAX! ye ite
Ae! — y VE + We y Ng Uj
ek WY 7 p bigebste
ue? me s \ icc fl \ ‘y) oe

Fig. 16. Miscanthus Japonicus Anders. Eulalia.—a, A spikelet; b, dorsal view of
the first glume; c, similar view of the second glume. (Div. of Agros. U. 8. Dept. of Agrl.)

DESCRIPTION.

EuLa.iA. Spikelets all alike, one-flowered, hermaphrodite, in
pairs along the continuous branches of a terminal, spreading panicle,
the rachilla articulated below the empty glumes. Glumes 4, the first
two membranaceous, nearly equal, empty; the third less firm in texture,
empty; the fourth or flowering glume hyaline, more or less bifid at the
apex and usually awned between the teeth. Palea hyaline, stamens 3.

24 GRASSES OF IOWA.

Rather tall, usually showy grasses with the numerous slender racemes
of the terminal panicle more or less spreading.

Species 8. South Africa, eastern Asia and Japan. One species,
Miscanthus Japonicus occasionally cultivated under the name ot
Eulalia Japonica.

2. ERIANTHUS.

Erianthus. Michx. Flor. Bor. Am. 1: 54. 1803. Hackel in Engler &
Prantl Nat. Pflanz. Fam. II. 2:24. f. 74. Endlicher. Gen. Pl. 107. Ben-
tham & Hooker. Gen. Pl. 3: 1126. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div.
Agros. 20:19 f. 8.

DESCRIPTION.

PLUME Grass. Spike-
lets in pairs, one sessile, the
other pedicellate, along the
articulate and readily dis-
jointed __ panicle-branches,
both alike, hermaphrodite.
- Glumes 4, the outer ones
subequal, firm-membrana-
ceous, the first flattened on
the back and more or less
bicarinate and two-toothed
at the narrowed apex; the
second somewhat rounded
on the back, sharply acu-
minate-pointed, and more or
less keeled above; the third
empty and usually hyaline,
awnless; the fourth awned
and enclosing a hermaphro-
dite flower. Palea usually
much shorter than itsglume,
nerveless; lodicules cune-
ate, ciliate, or naked. Tall,

4 abate Erianthus COED aCGs: hea Denkely- reed-like, perennials, with
ower ume Grass. —a@, Aspikelet; 5, first glume;c, H - if
second glume ; d, third glume; e, fourth or flowering the spikelets in many
glume; f, lodicules. (Div. Agros. U. 8 Dept. Agrl.) jointed racemes, which are

sessile along the main axis, forming an ample terminal and usually
woolly panicle.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 25

Species about 18, chiefly in the warmer regions of both hemis-
pheres. Southern North America, Central America, Australia, Africa,
Asia, China and Japan, Europe and Brazil.

3. SACCHARUM.

Saccharum. L. Sp. Pl. 1: 79. 1762. (ed. 2.). Bentham & Hooker. Gen.
Pl. 8: 1125. Endlicher Gen. Pl. 107. Hackel in Engler & Prantl. Nat.
Pflanz. Fam. Il. 2: 23. f. 723. Scribner. Bull. U.S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros.

20:18. f. 7.
DESCRIPTION.

SuGaR CANE. Spikelets all alike, perfect, awnless, in numerous,
jointed racemes, forming a much branched terminal panicle. The

g AND

.
)

Fig. 18. Saccharum officinarum L. Sugar cane.—a, A portion of a branch of the
inflorescence with two spikelets attached; b, spikelet; c, flower.

somewhat hardened first and second glumes empty, equal, awnless, empty
and hyaline; the fourth or flowering glume awnless, or simply mucron-

26 _ GRASSES OF IOWA.

ate-pointed, hyaline. “Tall, erect, perennials, with usually simple culms,
long leaves, and ample terminal panicles; the small spikelets surrounded
by long silky hairs. Allied to Erianthus.

Species 12, chiefly in the tropics of the Old World; one species culti-
vated.

Saccharum officinarum is cultivated in tropical countries, and in
the southern states along the gulf coast. Occasionally cultivated in
greenhouses in Iowa.

4. ANDROPOGON.

Andropogon. L. Sp. Pl. 1045. 1753. Endlicher Gen. Pl. 108.
Bentham & Hooker. Gen. Pl. 3: 1133, 1135. Hackel in Engler & Prantl.
Nat. Pflanz. Fam. II. 2: 26. Scribner. Bull. U.S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros.
202/24. £573.

DESCRIPTION.

Bearp Grass. Spikelets in pairs upon each joint of the slender

rachis, spiked or racemed, one of them pedicelled and sterile (stamin-
ate, pistillate or neutral) often a mere vestige, the other sessile, one-

flowered and fertile; lower glume the larger, coriaceous and nerved,
blunt, the second carinate and acute, the two upper hyaline, the flower-
ing glume awned from the tip. Stamens 1-3. Grain free. Coarse,
mostly rigid perennials, mostly in sterile or sandy soil; with lateral or
terminal spikes commonly clustered or digitate; the rachis hairy or
plumose-bearded, and often the sterile or staminate flowers also, (whence
the name composed of two Greek words for man and beard.)

There are about 200 species, chiefly in warmer parts of North
America, Asia and temperate Europe.

North America has 37 species, chiefly in the western states; south-
ern states about 25; western Texas 14; Canada 4; eastern states 8;
Rocky Mountains 6.

Europe has 9 species.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ANDROPOGON.

Inflorescence of spike-like racemes.
RACEMES SINGIC. i Rhbs ocicinjcne «oem aes re \ See ee A. scoparius .*
Racemes in pairs or more.
Hairs on pedicels and rachis joints copious, equalling them in length,
awn straight, 4-10 mm. long or wanting .... ......... A. Halli?
Hairs on rachis joints and pedicels sparse and shorter.
Spikelets 6-8 mm. long, outer scales mostly smooth.
—A. provincialis.*
Spikelets 8-10 mm., outer scales very rough-scabrous.
—A. Tennesseensis.*

GRASSES OF IOWA. 27

Inflorescence paniculate.
Pedicelled spikelet wanting (in one species) (Chrysopogon)...A.nutans.°
Pedicelled spikelet present (Sorghum).
erennialltrom stout rootstOcks:).\.. 6 ssc. seesuslenes A. Halepensis.®
climumeeall OUR ENC AP Se co BCS EEE Oo ORDE OoauCcun oc nrc cnr A. Sorghum.’
1. ANDROPOGON SCOPARIUS.

Andropogon scoparius. Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 87. 1803. Watson
and Coulter. Gray. Man. Bot. 637. 1890. (6th ed). Scribner. Grasses of ‘Tenn.
Ball. Wuiv. Tenn. Agri. Exp. Sta. 7: 21. 7 6.1894. Bull. U. S. Dept.
Agri. Div. Agros. 7: 19 f# 73 1900. (3 ed.) Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 46.
1896. Nash in Britton and Brown, Ill. Fl. 1: 101. £ 276. 1896.

DESCRIPTION.

LittLe Biuer Stem. A rather slender perennial, one to three feet
high, more or less paniculate-branched above, the single racemes terminal
on the culms or branches. Culms somewhat compressed below. Leaf:
sheaths carinate, smooth, scabrous or often pilose; ligule about a line
long, truncate, leaf blade
blade 2 to 10 inches (4-
20cm.) long, I to 3 inches
(2-6 mm.) wide, very
acute, the mid-vein promi-
nent below. Spathe 1 to 2
inches (2-5cm.) long, nar-
row and acute, or with
a short rudimentary blade,
apex of the peduncle
smooth or sparingly pilose.
Racemes partially enclosed
within the spathe, or more
often exserted, erect in
flowering, 6 to 12 jointed,
the rachis straight or
usually flexuose; joints
rather slender, some-
what thickened above,
rounded and scabrous on
the back, flattened on the
anterior face, pilose on the
edges from near the mid-
dle, the hairs increasing
in length towards the apex,
about one-half the length

of the sessile spikelet. Ped- — pye. 20. Andropogon scoparius.—a, Spikelet: b, ¢,

icellate spikelet reduced to a tar ee DecE MEEL DEe Apecery, Sa east

28 GRASSES OF IOWA.

short-awned, narrow glume, which usually encloses a smaller one,
rarely a staminate flower. Pedicel a little shorter than the sessile
spikelet, flattened and broader above, spreading when dry; pilose
along the edges, the hairs increasing in length above. Sessile spikelet
narrow, lanceolate, appressed to the rachis, 3 to 5 lines (6-10 mm.) long;
first glume rigid, herbaceo-chartaceous, sharply two-keeled with narrow
strongly inflexed margins, keels scabrous; second glume about the length
of the first, lanceolate, acuminate, or short-awned, one-nerved, scabrous
on the keel and more or less ciliate on the margins; third glume deep
purple or violet, the infolded margins ciliate on the edge; fourth a little
shorter.than the third, narrowly oblong, ciliate along the margins, more
or less deeply bifid at the apex and awned between the acute divisions;
awn 4 to 9 lines (8-18 mm.) long, with closely twisted basal portion
(the column) barely exceeding the outer glumes. ‘The grass is com-
mon throughout the state, especially on gravelly hills and upland prairies.
Abundant on the loess bluffs along the Missouri river. A valuable
forage plant.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Plymouth County (Brown); Cedar Rapids (Pammel) ;
Lansing 3161 (Miss King) ; Sioux City 107 (Miss Wakefield) ; Kos-
suth County 1622, Sioux City, Eagle Grove, Carroll, Des Moines
705, Cedar Rapids, Dakota City, Turin, De Witt 1461, Carnarvon
294, South Dakota opposite Hawarden, Iowa, Columbus Junction
1518 (Pammel) ; Ledyard 759 (Pammel and Cratty) ; Mt. Pleasant
864 (Mulls) ; Ames, Greenfield, Stewart, Ames (Bessey, Beardslee and
Hitchcock) ; Winterset 266, Des Moines (Carver) ; Ames 911 (Ball) ;
Mt. Ayr 641 (Beard); Creston 1012 (Bettenga); Carroll 1019
(Simon) ; Wilton (Hitchcock) ; Belknap 823 (Rankin) ; Muscatine
(Reppert) ; Lyon County 48 (Shimek); Bartlett 780 (Baldwin) ;
Charles City 834 (Anderson); Fayette 1086 (Fink); Ft. Dodge
2221 (Pammel and Sokol); Myron (Miss King); Lyon County
(Shimek) ; Iowa City (Preston) ; Ames (Hitchcock) ; lowa City (Miss
Linder) ; Plymouth and Woodbury Counties (O. F. Brown) ; Carn-
forth (Pammel); Mason City (Pammel); Steamboat Rock, Pine
Creek (Miss King) ; Slater (Fawcett) ; State Center (Pammel) ; Mil-
ford (Shimek) ; Steamboat Rock (Shimek).

North America. New England south to Florida, Georgia, Alabama
and ‘Tennessee; northwest to Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa; south

to Missouri and Texas (College Sta., Pammel), Colorado (Ft. Col-

GRASSES OF IOWA. 29

lins, La Poudre River, Pammel and Johnson), in Canada from Ontario
to Saskatchewan.

2. ANDROPOGON HALLII.

Andropogon Hallii. Hack. Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien 89: 127. 1884. Wat-
son and Coulter. Gray. Man. Bot. 633. 1890. (6th ed ) Beal. Grasses of N.
A. 2: 54. 1896. Nash in Britton and Brown, Ill. Fl. 1: 101. f 278. 1896.
Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Azros. 17: 26 f 319. 1899.

DESCRIPTION.

TurKEY Foor Grass,
CoLoraDo SAND Grass,
Ha.i’s Bearp Grass. A
stout, glabrous perennial,
2 to 7 feet (4-10 dm.)
or more high, with rather
long, the lower 4 to 8
inches (10-20 cm.), flat
leaves and stout racemes,
which are in pairs, or
in threes, and 2 to 3
inches (5-8 cm.) long.
Sessile spikelet about 4
lines (8 mm.) long, with
the first glume ciliate along
the keel and pilose-hairy
towards the apex. Awn
shorter than the spikelet, or
wanting. Dry, sandy soil.

North Dakota, Montana
southward to Kansas,
Texas and New Mexico.
In western Nebraska and -
westward it is a valuable ‘|
grass for stock. July to
September. ‘This species is

not native but has been in- Fig. 21. Andropogon Hallii. For details, see fig.
troduced near Muscatine. 20. Div. Agr. U. 8. Dept. Agri.
DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Muscatine, 1417 (Barnes and Miller).
North America. Jowa, Kansas, Nebraska, Montana and New
Mexico.

30 GRASSES OF IOWA.

3. ANDROPOGON PROVINCIALIS.

Andropogon provincialis Lam. Encycl. 1: 376. 1783 Scribner. Grasess
of Tenn. Bull. Univ. Tenn. Agrl Exp. Sta. 7:22. £7. 1894. Ball Dies:
Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 7:20. f. 74. 1900. (3d ed.) Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2:
55. 1896.

Andropogon furcatus Muhl. Watson and Coulter. Gray Man. Bot.
637. pl. 14. 1890. (6th ed.) Nash in Britton and Brown, Ill. Fl. 1: 102. 4%
219. 1896 Sub. var. furcatus Hack. D. C. Mon. Phan. 5: 442. 1889.

DESCRIPTION.

BLuE STEM. A stout perennial, 2 to 5 feet (5-12 dm.) high
with rather thick racemes, two to five together, terminal on the
culm and its branches. Culms smooth, terete, often pruinose below the
nodes, branched above; branches single (rarely two or four together)
simple. Sheaths smooth or

S

sometimes pilose, those of
the sterile shoots usually
compressed-keeled; _ ligule
very short. (40 Sige
line) truncate; leaf-blade 8
inches to 2 feet (2-5 dm.)
long, 2 to, 5 lines (4-
10mm.) wide, tapering into
long, setaceous points, mar-
gins scabrous, and often
fimbriate near the base.
Spathes usually about four
inches long, smooth, acu-
minate pointed. Racemes
at length long-exserted, two
to eight together, closely
approximate along the
shortened common _ rachis,
appearing digitate, more or
less spreading, densely flow-
ered; joints about one-half
the length of the sessile
spikelet, usually with a den-
tate appendage at the im-

perfectly cup-shaped apex,
Fig, 22. Andropogan provincialis Lam. Big Blue k A d il
Stem —a, A sessile and pedicellate spikelet; 0, first somewhat flattened and cil-

glume of the sessile spikelet; c second glume of the jate along the edges, the
same; d, third glume; e, fourth or flowering glume Z half
which is awned; f, palea; g, lodicules. longer upper hairs one-ha

_dif

GRASSES OF IOWA. 831

as long as the pedicel. Pedicellate spikelet lanceolate, staminate, with four
glumes; first glume lanceolate, acuminate or mucronate pointed, ser-
rulate-scabrous along the scarcely infolded margins, smooth on the back
or punctate scabrous above, 7-11 nerved; callus naked or shortly pilose;
second glume a little shorter than the first, lanceolate, acute, 3 to 5
nerved, the hyaline margins ciliate; third glume equalling the second,
the fourth somewhat shorter, both 1 to 3-nerved, lanceolate and acute.
Palea small. Sessile spikelet 34 to 54 lines (7-11mm.) long, narrow-
lanceolate, acute; first glume coriaceous, very acute or sometimes long
acuminate-pointed, apex minutely bimucronate, margins strongly in-
flexed, keels aculeolate scabrous, the back punctate scabrous or smooth
below, callus barbate, the hairs about one-fourth as long as the glumes;
second glume equalling the first, lanceolate, boat-shaped, acuminate or
mucronate, one-nerved, keel scabrous, the narrow infolded and hyaline
margins ciliate; third glume a little shorter than the second, lanceolate,
imperfectly 3-nerved, the infolded margins ciliate; fourth glume some-
what shorter, lanceolate, more or less deeply bifid at apex, the divisions
acute, ciliate on the margins, 3-nerved near the base, awned ; awn six to
eight inches long, with the column slightly exserted from the glumes.
Palea one-half to two-thirds as long as its glume, fimbriate at apex.
Anthers yellow, one and one-half lines long. Stigmas purple.
Common throughout the state. A common prairie grass, also
abundant in the alluvial bottoms of the Missouri river. August to Oc-
tober. A valuable forage plant originally extensively used for hay.

DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Slater (Fawcett) ; Steamboat Rock (Miss King) ; Ledges,
Boone County (Buchanan); Plymouth County (Brown); Charles
City (Pammel); Lansing 3158 and 3011, Steamboat Rock 3013,
Postville 3353, Myron 3110 (Miss King); Lawler (R. H. Rolfs) ;
Pilot Mound 3057 and 3060 (MacCorkindale and Miss King) ; Chari-
ton 768 (Mallory); Humboldt 645 (Wells); Mt. Pleasant 680
(Dr. Witte) ; Mt. Ayr 636 (Beard) ; Sioux City (Miss Wakefield) ;
Fayette (Fink) ; Marshalltown (Stewart) ; Ames (E. R. Wilson, Fair-
field, Hitchcock, Bessey, Beardslee, Crozier, Ball 118, Pammel 104) ;
Turin, Slater, South Dakota opposite Hawarden, Sioux City, Carroll,
Hawarden, De Witt 1459, Carnarvon 232, Muscatine (Pammel) ;
Emmet County 812 (Pammel and Cratty) ; Ledyard 757 (Pammel
and Cratty) ; Armstrong 1077 (Cratty) ; Winterset (Carver) ; Tabor
777 (Baldwin and Pammel) ; Boone County 842 (Steele) ; Charles
City 836 (Anderson) ; Belknap 824 (Rankin); Dallas 748 and 818

Sy GRASSES OF IOWA.

(Rhinehart) ; Iowa City (Hitchcock) ; Appanoose County (Fitzpat-
rick); Mt. Pleasant (Mills); Cedar Rapids (Miss Hall); Dixon
1017 (Spencer) ; Creston 1010 (Bettenga) ; Rock Rapids 33, Spirit
Lake 13, Forest City 22, Hancock County (Shimek); Forest City
709 (Peters); Manchester 1038 (Ball); Carroll 1016 (Simon) ;
Myron (Miss King); Muscatine (Reppert) ; Council Bluffs (Miss
Cavanagh and Dilne); Armstrong (Shimek); Nora Junction 59
(Shimek) ; Algona (Watson); State Center (Pammel); Milford
(Shimek) ; Oskaloosa (White).

North America. Maine south to Florida; west to Kentucky and
Tennessee and Alabama; Texas (Collins County, Pammel) ; Wiscon-
sin, La Crosse (Miss Pammel) ; through Kansas, Iowa, the Dakotas,
Minnesota and Colorado, Ft. Collins (Pammel and Johnson, Crandall).

General. Introduced into southern France.

4. ANDROPOGON TENNESSEENSIS.

Andropogon Tennesseensis Scribner. U.S Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros.
16).

Andropogon provincialis var. Tennesseensis Scrib. U.S. Dept. Agrl.
Div. Agros. 7: 23. Grasses of Tenn. Bull. Univ. Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7:
23. 1894.

DESCRIPTION.

TENNESSEE BLUE STEM. Pedicellate spikelet usually hermaphro-
dite, 8-10 mm. long, the first glume lanceolate, acuminate, rounded on
the back, 11-13 nerved, apex acute, sub-aristate or minutely bimucronate,
scabrous all over the back and especially on the nerves and margins.

‘mm. long, more than twice

GRASSES OF IOWA. ae

Second glume 7-9 nerved,
lanceolate, acute or sub-aris-
tate, scabrous on the back
above and ciliate along the
hyaline, infolded margins
above. Third glume about
as long as the outer ones,
lanceolate, acute, scabrous on
the back above and fimbri-
iate-ciliate along the mar-
gins. Fourth glume shorter
than the third, apex bifid,
ciliate on the margins above,
awned. Awn slender, a lit-
tle twisted, 2-4 mm. long.
Palea. 4-4 as long as its
glume. Stamens and pistil
as in the sessile spikelet.
Sessile spikelet about 8-10

as long as the pedicels. First
glume rigid and very rough-
scabrous all over the back,
ciliate-scabrous along the

keels above. Second glume FIG. 23. Andropogon Tennesseensis. Scribner.
compressed and strongly Tennessee Blue stem.—a, b, awned and pedicellate
keeled, long acuminate spikelets; /, flowering ene: awn at g.

pointed, scabrous on the sides and very rough on the keels, ciliate on
the narrowly inflexed margins above. Third glume a little scabrous on
the back above. Racemes as in 4. provincialis. Hairs on pedicels and
joints yellow. Pedicels and outer glumes very rough scabrous.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Ames 102, 104 (Pammel, Stewart, Hitchcock) ; Green-
field (Stewart); Dakota City (Pammel); Amana 701 (Schadt) :
Bartlett 780 (Baldwin, Pammel) ; Iowa City, Preston, Lake Edwards,
Hancock County (Shimek); Delaware County, Cameron, Arnold’s
Park (Shimek).

North America. ‘Tennessee to lowa, Nebraska and Texas.

34 GRASSES OF IOWA.

5. ANDROPOGON NUTANS.

Andropogon nutans LL. Lamson-Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull.
Univ. Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 26. f. 72. 1894.

Andropogon nutans avenaceus (Michx.) Hack. Beal. Grasses of N. Am.
2:59 1896. Lamson-Scribner. Am. Grasses. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div.
Agros. 72 21.7% 75, 1900 (Sied®)

Chrysopogon avenaceus (Michx.) Benth. Nash in Britton and Brown,
lil. Fl. N. States and Can. 1: 104. f. 224. 1896.

Chrysopogon avenaceus Benth. Jour. Linn. Soc. 19: 73. 1881.

Chrysopogon nutans Benth. Watson and Coulter in Gray Man. Bot.
638. i890 (6 ed.)

Andropogon avenaceus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:58. 1803.

Sorghum avenaceus Chap. Fl. Southern States. £83. 1860.

Sorghum nutans A. Gray. Man. 617. 1848.

DESCRIPTION.

INDIAN Grass. Culms simple, 3 to 5 feet (7-12 dm.) high,
terete, smooth, often bearded at the nodes. Sheaths smocth, extend-
ing into a rigid ligule 1 to 3 lines (2-6 mm.) long; leaf-blade nar-
rowly lanceolate, 3 to 8 lines wide, 10 inches to 2 feet (2-5 dm.)
long, narrowed at the base and tapering into a long, slender apex.
Panicle 6 to 12 lines (1-24 cm.) long, lax, or sometimes rather
densely flowered, nodding at the apex; primary branches solitary,
straight ascending, repeatedly branching from the base; ultimate
branches filiform, and a little pilose below the spikelets, straight, or
somewhat flexuose. Racemes short, 1 to 4-jointed, bearing one to four
spikelets, joints filiform, flexuose, shorter than the spikelets, ciliate.
Spikelets 3 to 4 lines (6-8 mm.) long, shining, usually pale reddish
brown (sometimes very dark brown) lanceolate; first glume coriaceous,
more or less pilose, broadly lanceolate or narrowly oblong, apex trun-
cate, flat or slightly convex on the back, 5 to 9-nerved, margins subinvo-
lute; callus short, obtuse, white-barbate; second glume similar in tex-
ture, narrower, fewer nerved and a little longer than the first, obtuse
or with a depressed triangular apex; third glume as long as the first,
hyaline, nerveless, obtuse, ciliate on the margins; fourth glume a little
shorter than the third, ovate-lanceolate, three-nerved, ciliate, apex biden-
tate or bifid, awned between the divisions. Palea small, fringed at the
broad apex, sometimes wanting. Pedicel very slender, plumose,
shorter than the sessile spikelet, to which it is appressed. Dry fields,

A
a

424, Bushy blue stem, (Andropogon hese sels ee valuable Ceasar
eo, edges of woods, ee rlotte tiie pit ng. )

36 GRASSES OF IOWA.

glades and borders of woods, Ontario to South Dakota and Manitoba
south to Florida, Texas and Arizona. Abundant throughout the state.
A good forage plant. July to October. Our form is usually referred
to d. avenaceus, the typical 4. nutans having a longer awn and is sup-
ported on a column distinctly bent at about the middle. Has been found
in Tennessee and Kentucky.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Steamboat Rock, Pine Creek (Miss King) ; Muscatine,
1268 (Reppert and Pammel); Mt. Pleasant, 859 (Mills) ; Mason
City (Pammel); Slater (Fawcett); Kossuth County (Pammel and
Cratty) ; Ames, 105 (Ball, Bessey, Beardslee, Pammel, Crozier, Sir-
rine, Hitchcock, Kaufman, Hodson) ; Dakota City, Hawarden, Sioux
City, Jewell Junction 1293, Turin, Carroll, Cedar Rapids, De Witt,
1445 Clinton (Carnarvon, Pammel) ; Marshalltown (Stewart) ; Em-
met County, 926 (Pammel and Cratty) ; Sioux City (Miss Wakefield) ;
Winterset (Carver); Greenfield (Stewart); Armstrong, 1076
(Cratty) ; Muscatine (Reppert); Fayette (Fink); Creston (Bet-
tenga) ; Decatur County (Fitzpatrick) ; Des Moines (Carver) ; John-
son County 30, Rock Rapids 25, Granite (Shimek) ; Lawler (P. H.
Rolfs) ; Chariton (Mallory) ; Ft. Dedge, 2238 (Pammel and Sokol) ;
Mt. Ayr, 635 (Beard) ; Chariton, 678 (Mallory) ; Kossuth County,
925 (Pammel); Belcit (Shimek) ; Algona (Watson) ; Ledges, Boone
County (Buchanan) ; Milford (Shimek).

North America. In dry fields or borders of woodlands. Ontario
to New York and south to Florida; northwest to Kentucky, Tennes-
see, Arkansas (Rolfs), Missouri (Eggert), Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, the
Dakotas, Wisconsin (La Crosse, Pammel), and Colorado (Ft. Collins,
1741, 893, Pammel and Johnson).

6. ANDROPOGON HALEPENSIS.

Andropogon Halepensis Brot. Fl. Lusit 1: 89. 1804.

Andropogon Halepensis (L.) Brot. Beal. Grasses N. Am. 2: 58. 1896.
Bull. Bu. Plant. Ind. 11. Scribner. Bull..U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros:
17: 25.7. 322, A899.

Andropogon Sorghum Halepensis Uackel. Scribner. Grasses Tenn.
Bull. Univ. Tenn. Agr. Exp. Sta. 7: 27. f. Z/. 1894.

Sorghum Flalepense (L.) Pers. Nash ia B-itton and Brown Ill. Fl. N.
States and Can. 1: 104. f 225. 1896.

Sorghum Halepense Pers. Syn. 1: 105. 1805.

Holcus Halepensis L. Sp. Pl. 1047. 1753.

ei al i D

GRASSES OF IOWA. oe

DESCRIPTION.

Jounson Grass. A stout perennial, with smooth, erect, simple
culms, 3 to. 5 feet (7-13 dm.) high, and strong creeping root-
stocks. Leaves clongated, one-fourth to three-fourths inches wide,
acute; ligule ciliate, and on the back where the leaf-blade joins the
sheath there is more or
less pubescence. © Panicle
open, 6 to 12 _ inches
(12-25 cm.) long, the
whorled branches naked
below, the three to five
flowered racemes clustered
towards their extremities.
Pedicels of the staminate
(rarely neutral) spikelets
pilose with stout hairs.

Sessile spikelet broadly
lanceolate, acute 2 to 3
lines (4-6 mm.) long, pale
green or violet, becoming
dark or nearly black at
maturity. Callus small,
obtuse, shortly and sparse-
ly barbate. First glume
coriaceous, sparingly pub-
escent on the flattened

back, 5 to 7-nerved; sec-
ond glume similar and
equalling the first, convex
below, subcarinate above,
acute, the hyaline inflexed
margins ciliate; third

glume a little shorter than Fig. 25. Andropogon Halepensis Brot. For detail
the outer ones. membra- description, see fig. 20. (Div. of Agros. U. S, Dept.
Sy <

Agrl. )

nous, faintly two-nerved

the infolded margins ciliate; fourth glume broadly oval, obtuse,
nearly one-halr shorter than the second, two-lobed or bidentate at
the apex, ciliate, awned. Awn 5 to 8 lines (10-16 mm.) long. Palea
a little shorter than its glumes, nerveless, ciliate. Introduced and cul-
tivated in many of the southern states for hay. In many places it has
become a dangerous weed, difficult to exterminate. |

q

38 GRASSES OF IOWA.

C. R. Ball has given an excellent account of the methods of exter-
mination, its description and its introduction in the southern states. It
rarely prevails in Lowa as the plant cannot stand the severe winter cli-
mate of this state.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Wild Cat Den. (Reppert) ; Ames (Pammel, Stewart, Sir-
rine).
North America. In fields and waste places from southern Penn-

sylvania west to Missouri and Texas; all over the southern states.

General. Southern Europe, western Asia and Africa.

LAPN\ NG
V t Z if (a

\y
a
a
1
=
AN

Fria. 26. Andropogon Sorghum and some of its varieties. 1, Kaffir corn; 2, Jerusalem corn ;
3, Ambersorghum. (Kansas State Board of Agrl. )

7. ANDROPOGON SORGHUM.

Andropogon Sorghum. Brot. F). Lusit. 88. 1804.

Andropogon Sorghum var. sativus Hackel. D. C. Mon. Phan. 6: 505.
1889.

Andropogon Sorghum var. Durra. Hackel. The True Grasses. 59.
f, 18. 1890.

Andropogon vulgare. Pers. Chapman Fl. Southern States. 583. 1883.

Holcus Sorghum L. Sp. Pl. 2: 347. 1753.

Sorghum vulgare Pers. Syn. 101. p/. Z. 1805.

»
GRASSES OF IOWA. 39

ioe ad PG
oe
oad A eae
Sf K SRR a ees
yo eee BGS
gy Tabb LM many
aan
a pier Sey :

ae 4
Aida Reet

NT

Edge CEPTS
CARER ass ¥,
ae valsie lal ay

ates aurescune

| aaa
en tt es

ENS Sh?
Sh
aS SHPIEGS one c

Pe releases AS
ie

bofe be] s[[ee[> [+ [eles SES
Cae SSDI “yf

Fra. 27. Distribution of Tripsacum, Andropogon and Zea,

40 GRASSES OF IOWA.

DESCRIPTION.

SORGHUM. Fruit and spikelets usually larger and rounder than
in A. Halepensis, and rachis not articulate; the var. Durra., with more
condensed panicles and deltoid spikelets. Culms 5 to 12 feet (12-30
dm.) high, with smooth, broad leaf, erect, rather compact, panicle, 4 to
8 lines (10-20 cm.) long, 3 to 5 lines (6-10 cm.) wide. Spikelets
round, ovoid; lodicules red, hairy at the apex. Panicle usually dense,
ovoid, 74 inches (15 cm.) long. A very variable species.

The other common names of this grass are Guinea corn, millet,
Indian millet, Imphee, Chinese sugar cane, Egyptian rice corn. In the
south it is commonly known as chicken corn.

TRIBE III. OSTERDAMIA.

Spikelets solitary or in groups of 2 to 8, each group falling as a
whole from the continuous rachis, ‘usually 1-flowered, hermaphrodite,
or staminate and hermaphrodite in the same
group; flowering glume less firm in texture
than the awned or awnless outer ones, which
are herbaceous, chartaceous, or coriaceous;
the first glume is usually larger than the
second.

This small tribe numbers about 25 species
representing nearly half that number of
genera. Fifteen of the species occur in the
warm temperate regions of North America.
Of the genera there are Hilaria, Aegopogon,
Nazia and Osterdamia. Hilaria is not
uncommon from Colorado to Mexico. One

species, Osterdamia matrella, is cultivated
Fie. 28. A group of three

spikelets of Hilaria. under the name of Korean lawn grass.

1. OSTERDAMIA.

Osterdamia Neck. Elem. Bot. 3: 218. 1690. Bentham & Hooker Gen. Pl.
3: 1124. Scribner. Bull U.S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 20: 29. f 77.

Zoysia Willd. Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin. n. Schr. 3: 440. Endlicher
Gen. Pl. 106. Hackel in Engler & Prantl. Nat. Pflanz. Fam. II. 2: 31.

Osterdamia matrella Pers. Syn. Pl. 1: 73.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 4]

Spikelets subsessile or shortly pedicellate along the continuous
rachis of the main axis, 1-flowered, hermaphrodite. Empty glumes 1,
strongly compressed, keeled, awnless, coriaceous, inclosing the much
smaller flowering glume. Stamens 3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose.

a
sae =

\)

Fig. 29. Osterdamia matrella. a, Spikelet with stigmas protruding; a smaller spikelet;
b, second glume;c, palea;d, stamens. Div. Agros. U. 8S. Dept. Agrl.

Grain included in the slightly indurated outer glume, free. Creeping or
stoloniferous grasses with rather rigid, often sharp-pointed leaves, and
slender, terminal spikes.

49 GRASSES OF IOWA.

‘Two or three species in southern Asia, Mas-
caren Islands, Australia and New Zealand.
Osterdamia matrella (Zoysia pungens Willd.)

is a maratime grass and sand-binder.

TRIBE IV. TRISTEGINEZ.

Spikelets all hermaphrodite, in panicles;
empty glumes three, or the third with a stam-
inate flower in its axil, herbaceous or char-
taceous; flowering glumes membranaceous,
awned or awnless; rachilla articulated below
the empty glumes.

A smali tribe of seven genera. Native of the
tropical regions of the Old and New World.
They are intermediate between the Andropo-

goneae and Paniceae.
TRIBE V. PANICEA.

Spikelets hermaphrodite, terete or flattened
on the back; glumes three or four (rarely two) ;
when four, there is occasionally a staminate
flower or palea in the axil of the third; the
uppermost or flowering glume of the herma-
phrodite flower is always firmer in texture
than the outer glumes, of which the first is

usually smaller than the others; axis of the in-

Fi@.30. Arundinella Nepa- floresence not articulated, the rachilla being
lensis, showing spikelet and
awned flowering glumes i ' : :
(Trinius. ) lets falling off singly from their pedicels.

articulated below the empty glumes, the spike-

This is a large and important tribe of the order Gramineae. Hackel
recognizes 21 genera, while Bentham & Hooker recognize 30. Several
of the Bentham genera should be excluded as not properly belonging to
Paniceae. According to Britton & Brown there are 11 genera. The
larger number given by Bentham is due in part to the splitting up of
several genera, like Panicum. ‘The principal genus is Panicum, of which
there are about 300 species. The Panicums are widely distributed but

are found chiefly in temperate regions. Crab grass is widely distrib-
uted, while millet is extensively cultivated in the Old World, and also

in our northwestern states.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 43

a, Panicum sanguinale. b, Panicum capillare.

Fic.:1. a, Panicum Sanguinale spikelet with three lower glumes, stamens and pistil(after
Gray); b, Panicum Capillare spikelet with parts of the flower. (Charlotte M. King. )

KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE PANICE.

Spikelets not subtended or surrounded by an involucre of bristles or spines;
perfect flower one.
PeprveM mes tWO......60 20 Sense ce ces BOIS Seance err Paspalum.
Empty glumes three, or two and the third glume staminate... Panicum.*
Spikelets subtended or surrounded by an involucre of one to many bristles
or spines.
Involucral bristles persistent, the spikelets falling out at maturity.
—Setaria.*
Involucral bristles falling off with the spikelets at maturity.
Bristles numerous, thickened or united below into a bur-like
SU EROEIN) Rae ah SEO OE DREGE AS cabo dprOR a cictaciy Orn ee Cenchrus .*

1. PASPALUM.

Puspalum L. Syst. 2: 855 17:9. [Ed. 10.] Endlicher Gen. Pl. 82. Hackel
in Engler & Prantl. Nat. Pilanz. Fam. Il. 2: 33. 4.24. Bentham & Hooker.
Gen. Pl. 8: 1097. Scribner Bull. U. S Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros 20: 33. (Rev.)

Spikelets spiked or somewhat racemed, in 2-4 rows on one side of a
flattened or filiform continuous rachis, jointed upon very short pedicels,
plano-convex, awnless, 1-flowered. Glumes 3 (rarely only 2) the ter-
minal one flowering. Flower coriaceous, mostly orbicular or ovate, flat
on the inner side, convex on the outer. Stamens 3. Spikes one or more,
at or toward the summit of an elongated peduncle. (From the Greek
name for Millet.)

Bentham & Hooker give the number of species as 160. Hackel
gives the number as 38. Found chiefly in warm temperate regions in

44 GRASSES OF IOWA.

both hemispheres. More abundant in America than in the eastern hemis-
phere. In South America they constitute an important part of the
herbs of the Pampas.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PASPALUM.

Rachis much broader than the spikelets, spikes 3-7. P. membranaceum.'
Rachis narrower than the spikelets, spikes 1-3.......... P. ciliatifolium.*

1. PASPALUM MEMBRANACEUM.

Paspalum membranaceum Walt. Fl. Carol. 75. 1788. Scribner Bull.
U.S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 17: 30. f£ 326. 1899. Nash in Britton and
Brows, Ll Bl. £06.74 226;

Paspalum Walterianum
Schultes. Mant. 2: 166.
1824. Vasey Contr. U.S.
Nat. Herb. 3: 16. Chap-
man Fl. S. St. 570.

DESCRIPTION.

WALTER'S PASPALUM.
A low creeping, semi-
aquatic grass, with much
branched, smooth stems
$ to 24 feet long; short
flat leaves, and 2 to 6
small raceme 4 to #%
inches long. Spikelets
ovate, obtuse, about 2 mm.
long, crowded in 2 rows
on one side of the broad
flat rachis which is 1 to
1 lines (2-3 mm.) long.

DISTRIBUTION.

North America. Occurs
in moist or wet grounds
from New Jersey, Mary-

land, ‘Tennessee, Illinois,

- Missouri (St. Louis, Pam-
Fia. 82. Paspalum membranaceum.—a, portion
of raceme; c and e, spikelets. (Div. of Agros. U. 8.
Dept. of Agrl. ) ern Iowa; south to Texas.

2. PA PALUM CILIATIFOLIUM.

Paspalum ciliatifolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 44. Nash in Britton and
Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 107. 4 232 1896. Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Univ.
Tenn, Agrl. Exp. Sta. 34. 7,.22..1894;

mel), possibly in south-

re

GRASSES OF IOWA. 45

Paspalum setaceum var. ciliatifolium Vasey. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
S217;

Paspalum setaceum var. ciliatifolium (Michx.) Vasey. Beal. Grasses of
N. A. 2:91. 1896. P. dasyphyllum Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 105, 1817.

DESCRIPTION.

CintaTeE Leavep PaspuLuM. An erect or ascending perennial,
usually about 2 feet (5 dm.) high, with long, flat leaves and slender
often solitary, terminal ana long peduncled axillary racemes. Sheaths
pubescent with spreading hairs, rarely nearly smooth, the lower usually

Fia. 33. Paspalum ciliatifolum.—a, spikelet; b, c, empty glumes; e, palea, stamens
and pistil.

purplish, the upper ones elongated and somewhat inflated; ligule very
short; leaf-blade 5 to 12 inches (10-24 cm.) long, 3 to 6 lines (6-12
mm.) wide, usually papillate pilose on both sides and along the narrowly-
cartilaginous margins, acute, tapering slightly toward the rounded base,
the upper leaf usually cordate. Racemes terminal and axillary, 2 to
4 or 6 inches (4-8 or 12 cm.) long, the terminal solitary or with one
or two approximate below it, and finally exserted on long naked pe-

46 GRASSES OF IOWA.

duncles; rachis very narrow, somewhat flexuose and triangular, scabrous.
Spikelets imperfectly 2 to 4-rowed, crowded or somewhat lax, 1 line
(2 mm.) long and nearly as broad, rounded at the apex, smooth, or the
larger glume minutely hairy near the margins above. Flowering glume
with a distinct depression on the back near the base.

Paspalum ciliatifolium is local only in central and eastern Iowa.
Muscatine Island. .

DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Muscatine 509 (Reppert); W. lowa (Burgess); Iowa
City (Hitchcock) ; Woodbine (Bessey) ; Johnson County (Macbride).

North America. In dry soil of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Mary-
land, Wisconsin (La Crosse, Pammel) ; Iowa, Missouri (St. Louis, Eg-
gert) ; Kansas, near McDonald’s Station, Florida (Baker), Alabama,
Texas and Tennessee (Carroll County (Eggert).

ERIOCHLOA.
Eriochloa. H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et. Sp. Pl 1: 94: 1815.

Spikelets 1-flowered, her-
maphrodite, rachilla articu-
lated below the empty
glumes, where it is expanded
into a distinct, ring-like cal-
lus. Empty glumes 2, nearly
equal, membranaceous, more
or less acuminate-pointed the
third or flowering glume
slightly indurated, mucro-
nate, or short awn-pointed ;
shorter than its glume. Sta-
mens 3. Styles distinct;
stigmas plumose. Caryopsis
included within the har-
dened fruiting glume, free.
Annual (?) or perennial
grasses, with usually thin flat
leaves and terminal panicles,
composed of numerous, some-
what one-sided racemes.

Species 5 to 6, in the sub-
tropical or warmer temper-

Fig. 34. Hriochloa mollis 1. Spikelet, 2. Fourth ate regions of both hemis-
glume. 3. Palea and pistil. 4. Third glume with
staminate flower. (Diy. Agros. U. S. Dept. Agrl. pheres.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 47

2. PANICUM.

Panicum L. Sp. Pl. 55. 1753. Endlicher. Gen. Pl. 83. Bentham &
Hooker. Gen. Pl]. 8: 1100. Hackel in Engler & Prantl. Nat. Pflanz. Fam.
Il. 2: 35. f. 26-27-28. Scribner Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. 20: 37. Vasey. Contr.
U.S. Nat. Herb, 8: 22. 7halasium Spreng. Syst. Cur. Post. 22: 30. Pani-
cum as here defined includes Digitaria. Scop. Fl. Carn. 1: 52. 1772. (ed. 2.)
which equals Syutherisma. Walt. Fl. Car. 76. 1788. and Echinochloa.
Beauv. Agrost. 53: p/. JJ. f. 11. Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. Pl. 39.

Spikelets jointed upon the pedicels, ovate, panicled, racemed, or
sometimes spiked, not involucrate, with one perfect and sometimes a
second lower rudimentary or staminate flower. Glumes 4, but the
lower one usually short or minute (rarely wanting), and the
third empty or sterile, membranaceo-herbaceous. Upper flower perfect,
closed, coriaceous or cartilaginous, usually flattish, parallel with the
glumes, awnless, enclosing the free and grooveless grain. Stamens 3.
Stigmas plumose, usually purple. (An ancient Latin name of the
Italian Millet, Panicum, now Setaria Italica of uncertain origin and
meaning. )

There are about 300 species of Panicum found in the tropical and
subtropical regions of both hemispheres. A comparatively small number
occurring in temperate regions. Bentham & Hooker give the number
of species between 250 and 280 but the number has considerably increased
since the publication of their Genera Plantarum. The Hackel estimate
of 300 is probably a conservative one. Of the 60 species in Australia
several are common to Africa, Asia and America.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PANICUM.

I. Spikelets in one-sided racemes.
1. Racemes scattered (Echinochloa).
A. Sheaths glabrous.
are Spikelets: AWNEG .s2)aic.2.ssisissts aloo we 5680 JAG ZIG RHI
b. Spikelets awnless ...... ...P. Crus-galli var muticum.*
B. Sheaths, at least the lower ones, papillose hirsute P. Walteri.*
2. Racemes slender, digitate or whorled, sometimes in pairs. (Syn-
therisma. )
A. Rachis of the racemes with the angles wingless. P. ft/iforme.'
B. Rachis of the raceme with the lateral angles broadly winged.
a. Sheaths andleaves smooth and glabrous...P. glabrum.'
b. Sheaths and leaves papillose hirsute..... P. sanguinale.®
Il. Spikelets in a true panicle. (Eupanicum.)
1. Basal and culm leaves similar, usually elongated.
A. Culms branched (at least at matur'ty), no scaly root-stocks.
a. Sheaths very pubescent.
aa. Spikelets lanceolate, 3 mm. long or less.
+ Annual, pedicels usually from two to three times
the length of spikelets.

48 GRASSES OF IOWA.

ae a
SPER

fadisf UTS
Sete BLES ;
py Es EenNSe 5 4
San: rth ; et SY
ELE ES
rer T [+1 elas
ite y

[ea Sy PES Tf ems cea ell
aVAa Pee
ve oe :

ALLL
MCCOY |

anicum YYalbers

imeeeae Say
coma els,

Pa nicu um. Cro s- gall mut icumy¥

GE.
ieee
Day

Ne a

tong, aly eee
(BERS LE NS

Sew ES
OS =

see tt

ne See GEE.
a Avdia Agus Se

\ = wes
Amn ie hes =
Lett aay
Ey
ie ELLER

Fig. 35. Distribution of Paspalum and some Panicums - tbased on observations; @ speci-
mens in herbarium,

‘Ponte vm cap. \\lere

EEE EEE EE OEE ll Ll ee

GRASSES OF IOWA. 49

Culms stout, panicle branches numerous, repeat-
edly dividing and bearing numerous spikelets,
A AeO rls: LOT Oss <acin cpmetetcate alters are P.capillare.’
Culms slender, panicle branches few, but little
divided, bearing comparatively few spikelets,

See sooboel oats Aamaadeoamcooo ac P. minimum.

+t Perennial, pedicels usually many times longer

(doreifa SyonliC WAS CoG unen bey sodene P. cognatum.'

bb. Spikelets ovate, 5mm. long....... P. miliaceum.}

Ie SNES: asi, omomGemsess sodcoeoo cco sbar P. proliferum™

B. Culms simple, from stout scaly root-stocks........ P. virgatum."”

2. Basal and culm leaves dissimilar, the former generally much

shorter and broader, rosulate tufts of leaves commonly
present in the fell, spikelets oval, obovate or globose,
obtuse except in P. depauperatum. —

A. Leaves linear, elongated, narrowed toward the base, erect, the

Ge

broader basal leaves rarely evident; panicles small, few-
flowered.
Spikelets 3.5 mm. long, beaked, glabrous. P. depauperatum."*
Spikelets 3-3.25 mm. long, obtuse, glabrous or with a few
SCALteredMlOng MalnS eter ystelste elereieters slatetets P. perlongum.™
Spikelets 2 2.5 mm. long, obtuse, pubescent.
—P. linearifolium.'

B. Leaves narrowly to broadly lanceolate, rounded or claspirg at

a.

love

the base, usually spreading.
Panicle strict, narrow, the branches appressed.
—P. xanthophysum.'*
Panicle ovate, open, the branches spreading.
+ Leaf blades 2-4 cm. broad, cordate and clasping at the base.
* Leaves glabrous or with scattered hairs, ciliate
sheaths glabrous, ciliate nodes glabrous or

the lower barbed.......... FP. macrocarpon.™'
** Leaves and sheaths usually finely pubescent,
nodes densely barbed......... P. latifolium.™

+t} Leaf blades less than 2 cm. broad, not cordate clasping.
a. Spikelets over 3 mm. long.
Leaves pubescent on both surfaces.
Leaves erect, rigid, thick, 3 4mm. wide; spike-
letsi2= 5) mam)\) longer. P. Wilcoxianum
Leaves mostly spreading, not thick, 5-10 mm.
wide, spikelets 3-3.5 mm. wide.
—P Lerbergu.*
Leaves glabrous or pubescent beneath
| —P. Scribnerianum.”
aa. Spikelets 2 mm. long.......... P. Atlanticum.”
aaa. Spikelets about 1.5 mm. long.
Leaves thin, weak, papillate hairy beneath, spike-

lets pubescent.......:....-- P. lanuginosum.®
Leaves firm, densely pubescent beneath, spike-
lets pilose.......... swat uae P. unciphyllum .**

ye) GRASSES OF IOWA.

1, PANICUM CRUS-GALLI.

Panicum Crus-galli L. Sp. Pl. 26. 1753. Watson and Coulter in
Gray. Man. 633. 1890. (6th ed). Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull. Univ.
Tenn, Agr: Exp. Sta. '7: 39. 74 39. 1894. Bull. U.S. Dept. Agriaiv:
Agros. 7: 70. f. 64. 1900. (3 ed). Scribner and Merrill. Rhodora 3: 93.
Beal. Grasses of N. Am. 2: 119. 1896. Vasey. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3:
37. Nash in Britton and Brown, Ill. Fl. 1. 113. f. 243. 1896.

Oplismenus Crus-galli Kunth. Gram. 1: 44.

DESCRIPTION.

BARNYARD Grass. A
coarse, ascending or erect,
leafy annual 1 to 6 feet
(3-18dm.) high, with more
or less dense panicles of
numerous erect or spreading
spikes 2 to 5 inches (5-12
cm.) long. Spikelets 1 to
14 lines (2-3 mm.) _ long,
densely and — irregularly
crowded in three or four
rows along one side of the
axis; first glume one-fourth
to one-half as long as the
third, pubescent or miuri-
cate-hispid along the nerves,
the second awnless or short
awned, the third awnless or
with a long rigid awn. Al-
most everywhere in the
United States in barnyards,

waste ground and _ river

banks. Flowers all summer.

Fig. 36. Panicum Crus-galli.—a, spikelet Barnyard grass 1s common

showing firstand third glumes; d, ovary, stigmes throughout the state ; indige-
and palea. (Diy. of Agros. U. 8. Cept. of Agrl.) ;
nous.

DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Woodbury County (Brown) ; Milford (Skiff) ; De Witt,
1457 and 1448 Jefferson, 886 Ledyard, Dakota City, Clinton, Carnar-

GRASSES OF IOWA. 51

von, 2263 Wilton Junction, Des Moines, 3204 Boone, Slater, Eagle
Grove, Missouri Valley, South Dakota opposite Hawarden (Pammel) ;
Hamilton to Hancock County (Preston); Des Moines County
(Bartsch) ; 1353 Muscatine, Wheatland, 1020 and 1006 Manchester,
19 Mt. Pleasant (Ball) ; 3154 Steamboat Rock, 3143 Lansing, 3138
Mason City, 3351 Postville (Miss King) ; Winterset, Jewell Junction,
Cedar Falls (Carver) ; 1132, Alden (Stevens); 3049, Pilot Mound
(Miss King and MacCorkindale) ; Harcourt (Danielson) ; 2248,
Quarry (Faurot) ; West Union, 1436 (Whitmore) ; Kossuth County,
791 (Pammel and Cratty) ; Amana, 704 (Schadt) ; 758, Dixon (Sny-
der) ; 682, Mt. Pleasant (Witte) ; 694, Glenwood (Jackson) ; 865,
Emmet County (Pammel and Cratty) ; Birmingham, 845, 849 Liberty-
ville (Baldwin) ; Benton County (Miss Sirrine) ; Sioux City (Miss
Wakefield) ; Taylor County (Pool) ; Marshalltown (C. H. Eckles) ;
Fayette (Fink) ; Lawler, Keokuk (P. H. Rolfs) ; Van Cleve (War-
den) ; Iowa City (Hitchcock) ; Jewell Junction (J. A. Rolfs) ; Manly
(Williams) ; Ames (Hitchcock, Beardslee, 146 Ball, Bessey, Fair-
field, Kaufman, Ketterer, Crozier, F. Rolfs, Gossard and Rich) ; New-
ton (Misses Cavanagh and Dilne); Arnold’s Park, Mason City,
Jackson County, Beloit, Rock Rapids (Shimek) ; Twin Lake ‘Township,
Calhoun County (Preston); Decatur County (Fitzpatrick) ; Cedar
Falls (Carver) ; Keystone (Koch) ; Iowa City (Shimek) ; Armstrong,
1071 (Cratty) ; Greenfield, Osceola (Stewart) ; Mt. Pleasant (Mills) ;
Cedar Rapids (Miss Hall); Belmond (Clark); Algona (Watson) ;
Nevada (Pammel) ; Traer (Provan) ; Slater (Fawcett and Tener) ;
Eagle Grove (J. H. Buchanan); Pittsburg (Shimek); Oskaloosa
(White).

North America. Maine, New Jersey (Deans Halsted), to Flor-
ida; west to Georgia, Alabama; Texas, north to ‘Tennessee, Missouri,
Wisconsin, (La Crosse Miss Pammel), Illinois, Nebraska, Kansas, to the
Rocky Mountain region, Mexico; Guadalajara, and Pacific Coast;

Nova Scotia to New Brunswick.
General. Common in Great Britain, on the continent of Europe in
ermany, Denmark, France, to Asia, Africa, Australia, Mexico and
G yy

South America.

sn GRASSES--OF IOWA.

2. PANICUM CRUS-GALLI VAR. MUTICUM. |

Panicum crus.galli L. var. muticum Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
re eesy/a siya 6

DESCRIPTION.

AWNLESS BARNYARD
Grass. An annual with
culms 2 to 3 feet (6-9 dm.)
high. Frequently branched
at the base, sheaths smooth ;
leaves lightly hispid on both
the upper and lower sur-
faces. Panicle dense, con-
sisting of from 10 to 20
ascending branches. Spikelets
ovate, greenish or purple,
densely ¢rowded. Glumes
hispid without awns.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Towa City, Ames
(Hitchcock) ; Hawarden
(Pammel); lowa City
(Macbride).

North America. About
the same range as the species,
from the Atlantic states
along the Gulf coast, Great

Lakes, but more common
. Fig. 87. Panicum Crus-galli var. muticum —

a, spikelet: b, thesame displaye1 showing glumes westward, Colorado, New
and paea. (Charlotte M. King. ) Mexico, Utah and Arizona.

3. PANICUM WALTERI.

Panicum Walteri Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. 71. 26. Nash in Britton and
Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 113. f. 27¢. 1896. Scribner and Merrill. Rhodora 3:
127. Panicum Crus-galli var hispidum Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 424. 1843.
Watson and Coulter. Gray. Man. Bot. 734. 1890. (6ed.) P. hishtdum Muhl.
Gram. 107. 1817. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 119. 1896. Panicum hirtellum
Walt. Bl. Car: 72: 1788:

GRASSES OF IOWA. 53

DESCRIPTION.

SALT Marsu Cock-
sPUR Grass. Culms 23
to 6 feet (9-18 dm.)
tall, robust, smooth.
The lower © sheaths
usually papillose-hispid,
smooth beneath or scab-
rous above. Panicles
ample, 6-18 inches long,
consisting of numerous
ascending and spread-
ing branches; spikelets

ovate-lanceolate crowd-
ed in 2-4 rows on a
hispid rachis. Green-
ish or brownish. Sec-
ond and third glume
scabrous) and __ hispid,
tipped with upwardly
barbed awns. Fourth:

—=—!

|
|

glume ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate,
The Panicum Crus-

galii is considered var-

iable, but in none of its Fig. 38. Panicum Wallteri.—a, spikelet: b, flowering
forms does it seem to glume. (Charlotte M. King.)
appreach the Panicum Wealteri of Pursh, and the latter may be regarded
as a good species as Nash has done in Britton & Brown, Ill. Fl. 1: 113.
f. 244.

DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. West Union (Whitmore); Columbus Junction, 1512
(Pammel); Cedar Rapids (Hitchcock) 7 Armstrong (Cratty) ;
Marshalltown (Pammel) ; Iowa City (Hitchcock).

North America. Illinois (Indian Lake; Pammel), Ohio (Horr),
Wisconsin (Parry). Also occurs in eastern and southern states, as far
west as Texas.

4. PANICUM FILIFORME. .-

Panicum filiforme L. Sp. Pl. 57. 1753. Watson and Coulter, Gray
Man. Bot. 630. 1890. (6ed). Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull. Univ.

54 GRASSES OF IOWA.

Tenn. Agr. Exp. Sta. 7: 39. /. 28. 1894. Scribner and Merrill, Rhodora,
3: 98. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 109. 1896.

Paspalum filiforme Sw. Prodr. 22. 1788.

Syntherisma villosa Walt. Fl. Car. 77. 1788.

Syntherisma filitormis Nash. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 22: 420. 1895.

Syntherisma filiformis (L) Nash. Nash in Britton and Brown, Ill, Fl.
1: 111. £ 242. 1896.

Digitaria filitormis Muhl. Gram. 131. 1817.

DESCRIPTION.

SLENDER CrAB Grass. A
slender annual resembling
crab grass somewhat in habit,
but branching only near the
base, less leafy, leaves usually
erect, racemes less spreading
and more slender, the axis
being nearly filiform. Dis-
tinguished from P. glabrum
at once by its more slender
culms, pubescent or nearly
hirsute lower leaf-sheaths,
and more slender and _ less
spreading racemes. The spike-
lets are also smaller, scarcely
exceeding ? lines (1} mm.) in
length. In this species the
first glume is usually wholly
wanting. Dry sandy soil. July
to September.

Panicum filiforme occurs
chiefly in southeastern Iowa.
Has been found on the sandy
bluffs along Pine Creek,

| Muscatine County. It has
Fic. 39. Panicum jiliforme,—a, Spikelets on been found once in Story

rachis; b, ¢, d. e, parts of fiowers displayed.
(Charlotte M. King. ) County.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Wild Cat Den (Pammel) ; Muscatine (Reppert) ; Ames
( Hitchcock).

GRASSES OF [0WA. 5D

North America. Common. Dry, sandy soil. Massachusetts to New
Jersey, south to Florida (Simpson) ; west to Texas (College Station,
Pammel), North Carolina (Vasey), Mexico (Palmer, 502), Missouri
(St. Louis, Eggert; Jefferson, Eggert) ; Nebraska, Iowa and Michigan.

5. PANICUM GLABRUM.

Panicum glabrum Gaudin. Agrost. 1: 22. 1811. Watson and Coul-
ter. Gray Man. Bot. 630. 1890. (6ed.) Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull.
Univ. Tenn. Agr. Exp. Sta. 7: 39. f. 27. 1894. Scribner and Merrill Rho-
dora. 3: 1002. Vasey Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 24.

Panicum lineare Krock. F. Sil. 1: 95. 1787. Beal. Grasses of N.
Am. 2: 110. 1896.

Panicum humifusum (Pers.) Kunth. Rev. Gram. 1: 33. 1835. Scrib-
fens am. Grasses. Bull. U.S. Dept, Agr. Div. Agros.-77°43. # 37.
1900. (3 ed.)

Syntherisma linearis Nash Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 22: 420. 1895.

Syntherisma linearis (Krock) Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1:
ere 277... 1896.

Syutherisma serotina Walt. Fl. Car. 76. 1788.

Syntherismz glabra. Schrad. Fl. Germ. 1: 163. 1806.

Paspalum ambiguum D. C. Fl. Gall. 123. 1806.

Digitaria humitusa Pers. Syn. 1: 85. 1805.

DESCRIPTION.

SMooTH CRAB Grass. An annual 6 inches to 2 feet (14-6 dm.)
high, closely resembling P. sanguinale in habit, but smooth throughout,

excepting a few hairs at the throat of the sheaths. Spikelets two.to
seven, the spikelets are smaller, about 1 line (2 mm.) in length. First

glume very minute or obsolete; second and third glumes'nearly equal
in length, or the second a little shorter than the fourth, pubescent of the
back.

Smooth crab grass is common in eastern and central Towa, especially
in the flood plains of streams. It is also becoming common in lawns
where it is a most troublesome weed.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Steamboat Rock, 3173 (Miss King) ; 37,724, Manchester
(Ball) ; Greenfield (Stewart); Grand Junction (‘Thompson) ; Ames
(Hitchcock, Beardslee) ; 2226 Ft. Dodge, 2252 Wilton Junction,
Hawarden, Eagle Grove Sioux City Ledges, Boone County, 109 Da-
kota City, Clinton, Carnarvon, Turin, Carroll, 984 Des Moines.
Marshalltown, Eagle Grove (Pammel) ; 783, Armstrong (Pammel and
Cratty) ; Iowa City (Hitchcock); Keystone (Koch) ; 168, Ledges’
(Pammel and Ball); Fayette (Fink); Hampton (Hirshman) ;- In-

D6

lawns, a, leef with sheath; b, spikelet;c, d, scales, stamens and pistil.

AAS ALL
St

O
Aaa

2A
ES
Os
a
EIS

Ghee
wee won
wae a

=<

CZ,
oS

Fig. 40. Crab g

|
}
y y
SQ Yj '\\
4. { \
i \
\ \
\ .
\
VACA we

GRASSES OF IOWA.

22
eS SF a
te

rass (Panicum sanguinale), to the left ; common in cultivated fields.

=
a
C22
a oe

>

To

the right, Panicum glubrum, common in flood plains of rivers, and becoming common in

(Charlotte M. King.)

GRASSES OF IOWA. 57

dianola (Carver); Des Moines (Wallace); Newton (Misses Cava-
nagh and Dilne) ; Hamilton to Hancock County (Preston) ; Mason
City (Pammel).

North America. From Nova Scotia to Ontario; New England
south to Florida, New York (Penn Yan, Sartwell, Washington
County, Parry) ; Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Lowa, Minnesota, Wis-
consin, Michigan, Ohio (Columbus, Sullivant).

General. British Islands, Germany, France and eastward, gen-
erally in temperate and tropical regions.

6. PANICUM SANGUINALE.

Panicum sanguinale L. Sp. Pl. 57. 1753. Watson and Coulter. Gray.
Man. Bot. 630. 1890. (6ed.). Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull. Univ. Tenn.
Aerosp. sta. ¢: 38. f. 26. 1894. Bull. U: S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros.
17: 43. #. 339. 1899. Scribner and Merrill. Rhodora 3: 99. Vasey. Contr.
U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 25. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 110. L&96.

Syntherisma sanguinalis (L.) Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill FI. L:
111. f. 240. 1896. Nash. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 22: 420. 1895.

Syntherisma praecox Walt. Fl. Car. 76. 1788.

Digitaria sanguinalis Scop. Fl. Carn. 1: 52. 1772. (2 ed.)

Paspalum sanguinale Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 176. 1791.

DESCRIPTION.

Crap GRAss oR FINGER Grass. A much-branched, leafy annual,
more or less decumbent at the base, and often rooting at the lower
joints. Culms smooth, 1 to 3 or 4 feet ($ to 8 or 10 dm.) long,
ascending; nodes smooth or sometimes bearded with deflexed hairs.
Sheaths loose, smooth or pilose hairy, usually ciliate on the margins;
ligule membranaceous, about 1 line (2 mm.) long; leaf-blade flaccid, 2
to 5 inches (4-10 cm.) long, 2 to 4 lines (4-8 mm.) wide, flat, acute,
scabrous, sometimes sparingly pilose, and with the sheaths sometimes
purple tinged. Racemes four to ten, digitate or subfasciculate at the
apex of the culm, 3 to 5 inches (6-10 cm.) long, usually spreading. Spike-
lets about 14 lines (3 mm.) long, lanceolate, acute, in pairs, one nearly
_ sessile, the other distinctly pedicellate; first glume very minute, the sec-
ond one-half to two-thirds as long as the spikelet, usually ciliate on the
margins and three-nerved ; the third a little longer than the fourth, five-
nerved, and usually silky-villous along the marginal nerves; fourth
glume smooth, very acute. A weed in cultivated fields and lawns. - June
to September.

Crab grass is widely naturalized. It now occurs in all parts of
the state. It is a troublesome weed-in cultivated fields.

GRASSES OF IOWA.

or
19 @)

DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Ames (Zmunt, Hitchcock, C. A. Wilson, Beardslee, Fair-
field, Ketterer, Kaufman, Reynolds, 163 Ball, Rich and Gossard) ; Mt.
Pleasant, 1002 (Witte) ; Decatur County, Van Buren County (Fitz-
patrick) ; Belknap, 820 (Rankin); Glenwood, 996 (Jackson) ; De-
corah, 3188 (Jacobson) ; Lansing, 3160, 3042 Steamboat Rock (Miss
King) ; Manchester, 713 (Ball) ; Chariton, 1000 (Mallory) ; Mt. Ayr,
637 (Beard) ; Amana, 700 (Schadt) ; Dixon, 726 (Snyder) ; Creston,
794 (Bettenga) ; Montrose, 805 (Osborn) ; Waukon, 813 (Beeman) ;
Des Moines, Ledges (Boone County), Clinton, Ames, Council Bluffs,
Des Moines, 650, 1456 De Witt (Pammel) ; Dysart (Miss Sirrine) ;
Marshalltown (Stewart); Keokuk (Rolfs); Boone (Carver) ; Van
Cleve (Warden) ; Cedar Rapids (Miss Hall) ; LeClaire (Rolfs) ; Arm-
strong 1050 (Cratty) ; Hamilton to Hancock County (Preston).

North America. From New England, New Jersey (Milltown,
Halsted, 98), Connecticut (Glastonbury, Francis Wilson, 1247), Mary-
land (Crisfield, Holm), North Carolina (Dun’s Mt., Small), Ken-
tucky (Harlan County, Kearney), Ohio (Pickerington, Horr), south to
Florida, west to Teaxs (Calvert, Pammel), and Mexico; Rocky Moun-
tain region, Kansas, Nebraska, the Dakotas, Minnesota, Lowa, Wis-
consin (LaCrosse, Pammel), Lllinois (Indian Lake, Pammel), Mis-
souri (St. Louis, Pammel), (St. Louis, Eggert), (Jefferson Barracks,
‘ Pammel), Colorado (Denver, Pammel, Johnson and Lummis, 899).

General. British Islands, across the continent, in temperate and
subtropical countries.

7. PANICUM CAPILLARE.

Panicum capillare L. Sp. Pl. 58. 1753. Watson and Coulter in Gray.
Man. of Bot. 630, 1890. (6 ed.). Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull. Univ.
Tenn. Agr. Exp. Sta. 7: 43. f. 37. 1894. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div.
Agros. 17: 54. f. 350. 1896. Scribnerand Merrill. Rhodora 3: 105. Vasey.
Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 33. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 129. 1896.
Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 123. f. 274. 1896. ;

DESCRIPTION.

Orip Witcu Grass, TUMBLE GRass. An annual with usually
coarse, branching stems, I to 3 feet (2-6 dm.) long, with very hairy
leaf-sheaths and capillary, widely spreading panicles, terminal on the
culm or its branches. Culm geniculate and branching near the base,
rarely simple, generally pilose or pubescent below the bearded nodes.
Sheaths pilose to densely hirsute, with spreading hairs; ligule very short,
densely ciliate; leaf-blade flat, lanceolate or linear, acute, usually thinly
hairy on both sides, margins scabrous and ciliate near the base. ‘The

GRASSES OF IOWA. 59

hairs throughout spring from small papillae, those on the leaf-blade being
confined chiefly to the principal nerves. Panicle diffuse, 3 to 12 inches
(6-24 cm.) long, the branches solitary, in pairs, or rarely whorled, the
ultimate branches and pedicels strongly hispid. Spikelets 1 line (2 mm.)

Fiag.4l. Panicum capillare.—a, b, and ec, spike-
lets; d, e, flowering glume.

long, ovate, acute, or abruptly acuminate-pointed, smooth; first glume
clasping the base of the spikelet, obtuse or acute, one to three-nerved,
about one-third the length of the five to seven-nerved and nearly equal
second and third glumes, the acute tips of these are sometimes minutely
pubescent; flowering glume smooth and shining, elliptical, obtuse, or
subacute, a little shorter than the larger outer glumes. Variable. July
to October.

60 GRASSES OF IOWA.

Old witch grass is common throughout the state, frequently as a
weed. It is variable. he forms occurring in cultivated fields are stout
and hispid. When occurring in moist meadows and old lake beds it has
slender and somewhat capillary branches.

DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Plymouth County, Woodbury County (Brown) ; Mont-
rose, 766 (Osborn) ; Harcourt (Danielson) ; Muscatine, 508 (Rep-
pert); Fayette (Fink); Dallas Center, 815 (Rhinehart) ; Decatur
County (Fitzpatrick) ; Wild Cat Den, 1301 (Pammel and Reppert) ;
Belknap (Rankin) ; Keokuk (P. H. Rolfs); Alden, 1127 (Stevens) ;
Manchester, 720 (Ball) ; Garwin (Crawford) ; Greenfield (Stewart) ;
1104, Winterset, Gilbert, Jewell Junction (Carver); Charles City
(Anderson) ; Emmet County, 850 (Pammel and Cratty) ; 3155 and
3051 Steamboat Rock, 3004 and 3141 Lansing (Miss King) ; West
Union (Whitmore) ; 3229 Boone, Dakota City, 1081 Marshalltown,
Eagle Grove, 767 Ledyard, Turin Carroll, Clinton, Logan, 874
Elmore, South Dakota, opposite Hawarden, Cedar Rapids, Ledges,
Boone County, 290 Sioux City, Carnavon (Pammel); Ames (Sir-
rine, Zmunt, Hitchcock, Kaufman, Ball, Pammel, Bessey, 691 Wad-
leigh), 120 Ball; Fairfield (Miss Wood, Ketterer, Reynolds) ; Ma-
quoketa (Goodenow) ; 19 Granite, Spirit Lake (Shimek); Creston
(Bettenga) ; 739, Dixon (Snyder) ; Mt. Ayr, 648 (Beard) ; 998, Glen-
wood (Jackson) ; Sioux City (Wakefield) ; Lawler (P. H. Rolfs) ; Mt.
Pleasant, 681 (Witte) ; Marshalltown (R. B. Eckles) ; Jewell Junc-
tion (J. A. Rolfs); Council Bluffs (Misses Cavanagh and Dilne) ;
Spirit Lake (Shimek) ; Hamilton to Hancock County (Preston) ; Al-
gona (Watson) ; Traer (Provan) ; Ledges (Buchanan) ; Slater (Faw-
cett and Tener) ; Oskaloosa (White).

North America. From Maine, Connecticut (Hartford, Wilson),
New Jersey (Halsted, 96), south to Florida; west to “Texas, Arkansas
and Alabama. Wisconsin (LaCrosse, L. H. Pammel, Dora Pammel and
C. M. King), Indiana (Pammel), Illinois (Chicago, Pammel, Eg-
vert), Minnesota (Sandberg), Missouri (Meramec, Pammel).

Europe. \ntroduced in southern Europe and Russia.

8. PANICUM MINIMUM.

Panicum minimum Scrib. and Merr. Cir. U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros.
27: 4. 1900.

Panicum minimum Scrib. and Merr. Rhodora 8: 105. 1905.

Panicum capillare minimum Engel. Scrib. Bul. Tenn. Agr. Exp. Sta.
77: 44. f. 40, 1894. :

GRASSES OF IOWA. 61

DESCRIPTION.

SMALL TumBLe Grass. A slender annual, rarely more than 13
feet (3 dm.) high, with long-pilose sheaths, narrow, flat leaves, and
oval or pyramidal, few-flowered panicles 4 to 8 inches (8-16 cm.) long.
Leaves 24 to 5 inches (5-10 cm.) long, 1 to 3 inches (2-6 cm.)

Fia. 2. Panicum minimum.—a, b, spikelets; c, d, flower. (Charlotte M. King.)
wide, erect, more or less pubescent. Panicles open, the lower branches
24 to 3 inches (5-7 cm.) long, spreading or ascending. Spikelets about
3.5 inches (1.5 mm.) long, elliptic, acute, smooth, usually borne in pairs
at the extremities of the ultimate branches of the panicle; first glume
about one-third as long as the equal, acute, second and third »nes;
flowering glume somewhat shorter than the third.

DISTRIBUTION.
-Iowa. Slater (Fawcett and Tener); High Bridge (Lummis).
Missouri to Iowa.

62 GRASSES OF IOWA.

Ros: Sees
Ae ECM
Ol HL Ap
RUPE aes
LESS 2S

ein
HATES

ae Eos

ge Vabiaect | Bh hy
Prana Sano
pA LL et
a

OO BS

um maoacrocarpon,

wae SE
PAA CTT
Ne

aa um pe rlon ngum
Faq. 48. Distribution of specie: of Panicu m. -+ From observation. ®& In Herbanium.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 63

9. PANICUM COGNATUM.

Panicum cognatum Schultes Mant. 2: 235. 1824. Scribner. Bull. U.
S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 17: 51. f. 347. 1899.

Fanicum autumnale Bosc. Spreng. Syst. 1: 320. 1825. Watson and
Coulter. Gray. Man. Bot. 630. 1890. Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull.
Univ. Tenn. Agr. Exp. Sta. 7: 44. 1894. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 122.
- 1896. Vasey Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 33. Nashin Britton and Brown,
Pie ee tet. 7. 77. 1896.

Panicum divergens Muhl. Gram. 170. 1817.

DESCRIPTION.

DirFUSE PurpLe PANnI-
CUM. Perennial with erect
or decumbent culms, 1 to 2
feet (24-5 cm.) high, gener-
ally much branched at base,
slender. Sheaths shorter than
the internodes, the upper glab-
rous, the lower ‘sometimes
densely pubescent; leaves 15
to 4 inches (3-8 cm.) long, 1
‘to 3 lines (2-6 mm.) wide,
ascending, acuminate, glab-
rous; panicle 5 to 12 inches
(10-24 cm.) long, bearded in
the axils, the lower branches
4 to 8 inches (9-16 cm.) long,
at first-erect with the lower
portions included in the up-
per sheath, finally exserted
and widely spreading at ma-
turity; spikelets lanceolate,
about 14 lines (3 mm.) long,
acuminate, glabrous or pubes-
cent, on capillary pedicels, of
many times their length; first
scale minute;- second and
third, equal. Acute, glabrous
or sometimes villous, the

fourth lanceolate, 1} line: (2: Panicum cognatum.—a, b, c, spikelets; d. e,
mm. ) long. ' flowering glumes. (Diy. Agros. U. 8. Dept. Agrl.)

Doe : agi: ’
Panicum cognatum has been found in eastern Lowa only on sandy
beaches of the Mississippi, Iowa and Cedar rivers. It is abundant on

64 GRASSES OF IOWA.

Muscatine Island, and occurs in isolated places as far north as LaCrosse
County, Wisconsin, and Houston County, Minnesota.

DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Scott and Muscatine Counties (Barnes and Miller) ; Mus-
catine, 1237 (Reppert) ; Columbus Junction, 1506 (Pammel).

North America. In sandy soil from South Carolina (A. H. Cur-
tiss), Georgia, Florida; west to Minnesota, lowa, Missouri (Carson
Station, Eggert), Kansas and Texas.

10. PANICUM MILIACEUM.

unicum miliaceum L. Sp. Pl. 58. 1753. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2:
125. 1896. Vasey Contr.. U. S. Nat. Herb 8: 34. Nash in Britton and
Brown Ill. Fl. 1: 123 # 272. 1896. Scribner and Merrill. Rhodora 3: 106.

DESCRIPTION.

MILver. An annua!
with erect or decumbent
culms, rather stout 1
foot (24 dm.) tall, gia-
brous or hirsute. Sheaths
papillose-hirsute, leaves
5 to 10 inches (10-20
cm.) long, 4 to 1 inch
(3-2 cm.) wide, more or
less pubescent; panicle
rather dense, 4 to 10
inches (8-20 cm.) long;
branches erect or ascend-
ing; spikelets 2 to 24
lines (4-5 mm.) long,
acuminate; first scale
about two-thirds as long
as the spikelet, acumi-
nate, five to seven-
nerved; second scale 2
to 24 lines (4-5 mm.)
long, acuminate, — thir-
teen-nerved somewhat
exceeding the seven to
thirteen nerved, acumi-
nate third one, which
subtends an empty palet;
Gg fourth scale shorter than

Fie. 45. Panicum Papeete Spikelet, showing the third, becoming es
first and third glumes; b, spikelet, showing dorsal surface durated, obtuse. In
of the second glume; c, anterior view of third glume, show- é ;
ing the small palea; d, dor-a! view of fourth glume; e, Waste places. July to

anterior view of the same, showing the palea. (Div. of ¢ é
Agros; U. 8. Dept. of Agrl.) September.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 65

Millet is cultivated chiefly in northwestern Iowa. It is an excel-
lent annual grass.

DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Albion (Wheeler) ; Ames (Crozier) ; Sioux City (Miss
Wakefield) ; Galva (Conger and Crowley); Ames (Ball); Cedar
Rapids (Miss Hall).

North America, Nlaine to New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
and occasionally in the northwestern states, Iowa, Minnesota and the
Dakotas.

General. Cultivated since pre-historic times. It is not known in
a wild state. Perhaps indigenous to the East Indies; extensively culti-
vated in China and Japan and the East Indies and occasionally in
southern Russia.

11. PANICUM PROLIFERUM.

Panicum proliferum Lam. Encye. 4: 747. 1797. Watson and Coulter.
Gray. Man. Bot. 630. 1890. ‘6: ed.) Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull
Univ. Tenn. Agr. Exp. Sta. 7: 43. f. 36. 1894. Am. Grasses. Bull. U.
S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 7: 57. f. 52. 1900. (3 ed.) Scribner and Mer-
rill. Rhodora 3: 104. Vasey Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 34. Beal. Grasses
of N. A. 2: 129. 1896. Nash in Britton and Brown. II].Fl. 1: 123. £273,
1896.

Panicum geniculatum Muhl. Gram. 123. 1817.

co

66 GRASSES OF IOWA,

Fic. 46. Panicum proliferum.—a, b, c, spikelets;d,
e, flowering glume. (Div. of Agros. U. S. Dept. of
Agrl. )

DESCRIPTION.

SPROUTING CRAB GRASS.
A smooth, usually much
branched annual, with
stems 2 to 4 of 6 feet
rather coarse, spreading or
ascending (rarely erect)
(5-10 or 14 dm.) long,
flat leaves and diffuse ter-
minal and lateral panicles.
Sheaths smooth, lax, some-
what flattened; ligule cili-
ate; leaf-blade 6 to 12
or 24 inches (12-24 or
48 cm.) long, 2 to 10 lines
(4-20 mm.) wide, acute,
scabrous on the margins
and sometimes also on the
prominent nerves, rarely
pilose on the upper surface;
panicles pyramidal, 4 or 5
to 12 or 15 inches (8 or
10-24 or 30 cm.) long, the
primary and _— secondary
branches spreading, scab-
rous. Spikelets rather
crowded upen short, ap-
pressed and scabrous pedi-

cels, lanceolate ovate, acute, 1 to 14 lines (2-3 mm.) long, smooth, green

or purplish; lowest glume embracing the base of the spikelet, usually

obtuse and nerveless, rarely one to three-nerved, one-fourth to one-
third as long as the nearly acute five to seven-nerved second and third

Te

ie ate

GRASSES OF IOWA. 67

glumes, the latter having sometimes a hyaline palea in its axil; floral
glume elliptical, subacute, smooth and shining, a little shorter than the
larger outer glumes. Anthers saffron yellow. Sprouting crab grass is
widely naturalized in many parts of the state, Appearing along railroads,

roadsides and in streets. March to October.
DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Keokuk (Rolfs) ; Boone, 3203 (Pammel) ; Boone Viaduct,
3288 (Pammel); De Witt, 1453 (Pammel); Indianola, Winterset
(Carver) ; Dixon, 730 (Snyder) ; Des Moines, 649 (Pammel) ; Chari-
ton, 677 (Mallory) ; Amana, 696 (Schadt) ; Manchester, 1030 (Ball) ;
Maquoketa (Goodenow ) ; Onawa, Carroll, Des Moines, Clinton (Pam-
mel); Dallas Center, 816 (Rhinehart); Greenfield, Marshalltown
(Stewart) ; Ames (Hitchcock, Bessey, Sirrine) ; Manchester, 39 (Ball) ;
Sioux City (Wakefield) ; Mt. Pleasant (Mills); Lebanon, 35 (Ball
and Sample); Newton (Misses Cavanaugh and Dilne); Johnson
County (Shimek); Hamilton to Hancock County (Preston); Iowa
City (Macbride, Shimek, Hitchcock) ; Slater (Fawcett and Tener) ;
Eagle Grove (J. H. Buchanan).

North America. Mlaine to Maryland; Virginia (Portsmouth,
Noyes), District of Columbia (Washington, Vasey), Ohio (Columbus,
Sullivant), Florida (Lake City, Combs), west to Alabama, ‘Tennessee
and Mississippi (Tracy), north to Missouri (St. Louis, Pammel;
Wickes, Pammel; Jefferson, Eggert), Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Wis-
consin and Illincis (St. Clair County, Eggert).

12. PANICUM VIRGATUM.

Panicum virgatum L. Sp. Pl. 59. 1753. Watson and Coulter. Gray.
Man. of Bot. 631. 1690. (6 ed.) Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull. Univ.
‘Tenn. Agr. Exp Sta. 7: 42. f. 35. 1894. Scribner. Am. Grasses. Bull.
U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 7: 60. f 54. 1900. (3 ed.) Scribner and
Merrill Rhodora 3: 103. Vasey Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 8: 36. Beal.
Grasses of N. A. 2: 123. 1896. Nash in Britton and Brown, Ill. Fl. 1:
Zant. 2/3. 1896.

68 GRASSES OF IOWA.

DESCRIPTION.

SWITCH Grass. A stout,
erect perennial, 3 to 5 feet
(7-12 dm.) high, with strong
creeping root stocks, long,
flat leaves and ample spread-
ing panicle. Culms smooth,
terete. Sheaths smooth, cil-
iate along the margins above ;

_ ligule very-short, naked, or
~ densely and long pilose ; leaf-
blade 10 to 24 inches (20-48
cm.) long, 2 to 5 lines (4.

IO mm.) wide, scabrous on

near the base, otherwise
smooth, long - acuminate
pointed. Panicles 6 to 20
inches (12-40 cm.) long;
the branches solitary, or sev-
eral together, more or less
widely spreading, rather
rigid, the lower 4 to 10
inches (8-20 cm.) long.
Spikelets ovate, acuminate,

2 to 24 lines (225) may

long; the acuminate first
Fria. 47. Panicum virgatum—a, spikelet;b, second glume about one-half the
and third glumes;c¢, d, flowering glume. (Diy. of length of the spikelet, three

Agros. U. S. Dept. of Agrl.) ~

to five-nerved ; second glume
usually longer than the others, five to seven-nerved, as is the third,
which has a palea and usually a staminate flower in its axil;
flowering glume smooth and shining, distinctly shorter than the larger
cuter glumes. Sandy soil, usually along streams, prairies and about
ponds and lakes. July to October. A common grass on the prairies

in lowa, Nebraska and Minnesota.

the margins, sometimes pilose

ne ei

GRASSES OF IOWA. 69
DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Lansing, 3003, 3159 (Miss King)‘; Winterset (Carver) ;
Mt. Pleasant, 770 (Mills) ; Alden, 1130 (Stevens); Mt. Ayr, 640
(Beard) ; Dixon, 652 (Snyder); Marshalltown (Stewart) ; Cherokee
County (Crozier) ; Forest City, 41 (Shimek); Kossuth County, 810
(Cratty) ; Kossuth County, 792 (Pammel and Cratty) ; Turin, 2250,
Wilton Junction, Carnarvon, Hawarden, New Albin, 936, Marshall-
town, Eagle Grove, Boone, De Witt, 1458, Clinton, Dakota City (Pam-
mel) ; Ames (P. H. Rolfs, Bessey, Hitchcock, 690, Wadleigh, C. A.
Wilson, 176, Ball, Gossard and Rich); Okoboji, 11, Spirit Lake
(Shimek) ; Sioux City (Miss Wakefield, Shimek) ; Slater, 878° (Pam-
mel) ; Creston (Bettenga) ; Lawler (P. H. Rolfs); Emmet County,
1066 (Cratty); Muscatine, 515 (Reppert); Wilsonville (Taylor) ;
Rock Rapids, 31 (Shimek) ; Manly (Williams) ; Fayette (Fink) ; Sioux
City (Miss Wakefield) ; Decatur County, Muscatine County (Fitz-
patrick) ; Camanche (Ball) ; Spirit Lake (Shimek) ; Iowa City (Miss
Linder) ; Hamilton to Hancock County (Preston) ; Muscatine County
(Fitzpatrick and Bartsch); Armstrong (Cratty); Rock Rapids
(Shimek) ; Mason City (Pammel) ; Algona (Watson).

North America. Maine to Massachusetts, New York to Florida
(Duvall County, Curtiss), (Braidentown, Combs); Alabama, Ten-
nessee, Mississippi (Jefferson County, Eggert), Arkansas (Ft. Smith,
Rolfs), Texas (Mellisa, Denison, Pammel), to Arizona and Mexico;
Colorado (northern Colorado, Fry), (La Porte, Pammel and Johnson),
(Larimer County, Pammel), Nebraska (McCook, Pammel, 369, 390),
the Dakotas (Redfield, Grifith), Minnesota (Sand Lake, Sandberg;
St. Croix, Parry), Wisconsin (Parry, LaCrosse, D. S.-Pammel and
Edna Pammel, 3313; L. H. Pammel), Missouri (Jefferson Barracks,
Eggert), Ohio (Painesville, Beardslee; Columbus Sullivant).

13. PANICUM DEPAUPERATUM.

Panicum depauperatum Muhl. Gram. 112. 1817. Watson and Coulter.
Gray. Man. Bot. 633. 1890. (6ed.) Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull. Univ.
Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 49. f 49. 1894. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros.
17: 89. £ 385. 1899. Scribner and Merrill. Rhodora 3: 107. Vasey Contr. U.
S. Nat: Herb. 3: 29. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 140. 1895. Nash in
Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 121. 4. 268. 1896

70 GRASSES OF IOWA.
DESCRIPTION.

STARVED PANICUM. Densely
caespitose, with slender culms
6 to 18 inches (12-36 cm.)
high, and very narrow, long,
erect leaves. Culms simple or
finally branched near the base,
the branches flower bearing;
nodes usually bearded. Sheaths
smooth or more or less densely
pilose, with soft spreading hairs;
ligule a fringe of short hairs;
leaf-blade 1 to 2 lines (2-4 mm.)
wide, 3 to 8 inches (6-16 cm.)
long, very acute, often involute,

at least when dry, scabrous and
sometimes pilose, at least near

the base. Panicle 1 to 4 inches

(2-8 cm.) long, nearly simple,
loosely few-flowered, the soli-
tary branches ascending or erect
and scabrous. Spikelets 1 to 2
lines (2-4 mm.) long, usually

; 14 lines (3 mm.), ovate, acutish,
a 4 is, ~

2 | " smooth; first glume about one-
>| iM

=

Ned
(

fourth the length of the second
and third, which are prominent-

Fig. 48. Panicum depauperatum—a b, ¢, ly 7 to 9-nerved and acute, the
spikelets; d, palea; e, f, flowering glumes. third with a small thin palea,
(Div. of Agros. U. S. Dept. of Agrl.) ,
fourth glume smooth rounded-
obtuse,sa little shorter than the second and third. Open woodlands and

gravelly fields. May to August.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Clinton County (Butler) ; Sioux City (Hitchcock) ; Ames
(Bessey, Carver, Hitchcock) ; Armstrong, 1058 (Cratty) ; Bloomfield,
2138 (Pammel) ; fowa City (Hitchcock and Macbride).

North Americ& From Nova Scotia to Manitoba; Atlantic states
south to Florida, Alajyama and Texas (Nealley) ; lowa, Minnesota and

Nebraska.

GRASSES OF IOWA. ret

14. PANICUM PERLONGUM.
Panicum perlongum. Nash in Britton Man. 1040. 1901.

DESCRIPTION. Q

SLENDER PANic Grass. A slender,
caespitose, hairy perennial, 4 to 14
feet (2-4 dm.) high, hirsute sheaths
with long, linear, erect papillose-
hispid leaves, simple, open, exserted
panicles 2 to 4 inches (4-6 cm.) long,
extending beyond the upper leaf. Lower
panicles short, spikelets about 1.5 lines
(3.25 mm.) long and less than 1 line
(1.5-1.75 mm.) wide, pubescent with
a few scattered long hairs. Prairies

and dry soil. May to August.

DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Jowa City (Hitchcock) ;
Vinton (Davis); Ames,.145 (Ball),
cited in original description. Regarded
as P. depauperatum by Ashe; Waterloo
( Hitchcock).

North America. Illinois, Iowa, to

? : Fig. 4). Punicum perlungum.—a,

South Dakota, south to Indian Terri- Part of node showing sheath and ligule:
b, spikelet; c, e, parts of spikelets dis-

tory. played. (Charlotte M. King. )

15. PANICUM LINEARIFOLIUM.

Panicum finearitolium Scribn. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros.
11: p/. 7. 1898. Britton and Brown Ill. F1.3: 500. f#. 268..A. Scribner and
Merrill. Rhodora 3: 108.
Panicum enslini Trin. Man. Nees. Agros. Bras. 2: 227. 1829. Scrib-
ner. Bull, U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div Agros. 17: 88. fA 384. 1899.
' Panicum depauperatum var. laxa. Vasey Bull. Div. Bot. U.\S. Dept.
Aer. 8: 29,

72 GRASSES OF IOWA.

DESCRIPTION,

LINEAR-LEAVED PANI-
cuM. A slender, erect,
densely caespitose peren-
nial } to 14 feet (2-4
dm.) high, with long,
linear-lanceolate, erect
leaves and simple, open
panicles 2} to 4 inches
(5-8 cm.) long. Spike-
lets 1 to 14 lines (2-24
mm.) long, obovate, ob-
tuse, with the 7-nerved
second and third glumes
glabrous or sparingly pi-

lose. Dry soils, hillsides.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Sioux City (A.
S. Hitchcock).

North America. From
New England and Vir-
Fic. 50. Panicum linearifolium.—a, b, Spikelet : ginia west to Iowa, Mis-

c, d, e, details of flower. (Div. of Agros. U. 8S. Dept. F ed
of Agr ) sourl and ‘lexas.

16. PANICUM XANTHOPHYSUM.

Panicum xanthophysum A. Gray. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 233. 1835.
Scribner. Bull. U.S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 17: 103. f. 599. 1899. Britton
and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 118. f. 258. Scribner and Merrill. Rhodora. 3: 108.
Vasey. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 29. Watson and Coulter. Gray’s Man.
431. (6ed.)

DESCRIPTION.

SLENDER PANICUM. A slender, or occasionaily rather stout,
erect perennial, 1 to 2 feet (3-6 dm.) high, sparingly branched near the
base, with broadly lanceolate leaves 2 to 6 inches (6-15 cm.) long, and
simple, rather few-flowered, racemose panicles 1 to 3 inches (3-8 em.)

GRASSES OF IOWA. to

srs PLT TS HE eS
stele i

GE os

“OTP LN es “ ETE ea ine

HS WE bat
oh As

anicum Wiicoxiany

vn K | > Rn. Baars bol
TROOP ARCA ECE
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ALL aoa ES ESL EN

SY LTT ROR VX Ref) Pehle
a a . - SI ‘ Bas LS

ia
eC ECCE SY

ee |

Sines

! Pee :

PCTS coat
Bees be EeanS

Pod ieee

PRL TLRS
(OE MISIAY % }

Se,

Sah alnmaTaG
iA eR RE NES
RYT ee] ES
YY Vebideel SS
ede LLL TRS
eRe Ss
HACE

ZA micum unecphyllam

A

Fra, 51. Distribution of species of Panicum. + From observation. ® Herbarium.

74 GRASSES OF IOWA.

long. Spikelets obovoid, obtuse, about 1.5 line (3 mm.) long, the second
and third glumes pubescent. Dry, sandy soil. June to September.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. ‘Vhe species has not been found in the state, although re-
corded in Gray’s Manual and Britton and Brown’s Illustrated Flora.
North America. In dry soil, Quebec to Pennsylvania, west to
Minnesota and Manitoba.
17. PANICUM MACROCARPON.
Panicum macrocarpon Le Conte. Torr. Cat. 91. 1819. Nash. in

Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 117. f. 256. Scribner and Merrill. Rhodora. 3:
111. Most of the lowa material has usually been referred to P. /alifolium Walt.

\2)

Fia. 52. Fia. 53.
Panicum zanthophysuin, Panicum macrocarpon,
(Charlotte M, King. ) (Charlotte M. King. )

GRASSES OF IOWA. pi

DESCRIPTION.

LarGe Fruirep PANICUM. A stout, glabrous perennial, culms
smooth, branched above, 1 to 24 feet (3-10 dm.) high, with broad lan-
ceolate leaves; leaf blade 2 to 5 inches (5-17 cm.) long, 1 to 14 inches
(2-4 cm.) wide, cordate, clasping at the base, long acuminate, glabrous on
both sides or with a few scattered strigose hairs, usually ciliate on the
serrulate scabrous margins, especially near the base; sheaths glabrous or
sparingly pubescent, generally somewhat ciliate on the margins, shorter
than the internodes; ligule very short; few open flowered panicles, 2 to
4 inches (5-15 cm.) long; rachis glabrous, branches alternate, decom-
pound, glabrous, spreading erect; spikelets 14 to 2 inches (3-4 cm.)
long, oval to obovate; first glume one-third to one-half as long as the
spikelet, acute or obtuse; second and third glumes pubescent, turgid,
9-11 nerved; flowering glumes 14 to 14 lines (2.5-3 mm.) long, mi-
nutely pubescent at the apex. Moist places. July to August.

‘There are intergrading forms between P. macrocarpon and P. lati-
folium. The P. latifolium is east of our range generally, but it may

be looked for in the eastern half of the state.

DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Ames (Carver); Ames (Ball and Sample, Hitchcock,
155 Ball, Bessey, Beardslee) ; Iowa City (Hitchcock); Clermont,
2048, 2178 (Walker) ; Johnson County, 3 (Miss Linder, Shimek) ;
Muscatine, 501 (Reppert) ; Winterset (Carver) ; Dysart (Miss Sir-
rine) ; Colfax (Mead) ; Albin (Wheeler), Creston (Andrews).

North America. Maine, New Jersey, New York (Washington
County, Parry), District of Columbia (Hamilton Hill, Washington;
Ball), North Carolina (Duns MUt., Small), (Boynton) Florida; west
to Alabama and eastern Tennessee; north to Missouri (St. Louis, Eg-
gert; Allenton, Pammel), Lowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota to Quebec and

Ontario.

18. PANICUM LATIFOLIUM.

Panicum lattfolium L. Sp. Pl. 58. 1753 (1 ed.) Watson and Coulter,
Gray Man. 632. 1889. (6 ed.) Walt. Fl. Car. 73. 1788. Scribner. Bull. U.
S. Dept. Agrl Div. Agros. 17: 100. f 396 Scribner. nd Merrill. Rhodora.
3: 111. Vasey Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 33.

76 GRASSES OF IOWA.

Panicum FPorterianum Nash. in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 117.
f 254. 1896. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 22: 420. 1895.

Panicum Walteri Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 4: 282. 1816. Scribner
Grasses of Tenn. Bull. Univ. Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7:47. f. 45.

DESCRIPTION.

PorTer’s Panicum. A rather
slender, branching perennial, 1 to
2 feet (3 to 6 dm.) high, with
broad, ovate-lanceolate leaves, and

few-flowered, nearly simple pan-

icles. Spikelets ovate-elliptical or
pear-shaped, obtuse, about 2 lines

(4 mm.) long, outer glumes
id

shortly pubescent. Common in
open woodlands and thickets. May

to October.

DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Cedar Rapids (Hitch-
cock) ; Unionville (Shimek). é
North America. Maine, Ontario ~
to Minnesota southward to Flor-

ida and ‘Texas.

Fra. 54. Panicum latifolium—a, b, ¢,
spikelets. (Div. of Agros. U. S. Dept. Agrl. )

19 PANICUM WILCOXIANUM.

Panicum Wilcoxianum Vasey. Bull. Div. Bot. U. S. Dept. Agrl. 8:
32. 1889. Scribner. U. 8. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 17: 95. f. 397. Britton and
Brown, Il]. Fl. 1: 119. 7. 260,

GRASSES OF IOWA. Ui

DESCRIPTION.

Witcox’s Panicum. An
erect, sparingly branched pe-
rennial 5 to II inches (1.2-
2.8 dm.) high, papillate
hairy sheaths, ligule a ring of
hairs; long acuminate leaves
14 to 3 inches (4-7 cm.) long,
pubescent with long hairs,
margins rough. Panicle 1 to
14 inches (2.5-4 cm.) long,
usually compact, spreading or

ascending, spikelets 14 lines
(2.5 mm.) long. Lower scale
with broad base about one-
third as long as the spikelet,

pubescent, second and_ third

nearly equal, pubescent. Dry

soil. May to August.
DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Council Bluffs, 1285
(Pammel), Missouri Valley,
3198 (Pammel), Gilbert Sta-
tion (Carver).

North America. Kansas
northward through Nebraska,

: Fig 55. Panicum Wilcoxianum—a, spikelets
central and western Iowa, b, ¢, stamens and pistilof flower. (Charlotte M.

Dakotas and Manitoba. ESS)

20. PANICUM LEIBERGII.
Panicum Leibergii Scribn. In Vasey. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Bot
8: 32. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 17: 101. #. 397. 1899.
Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl 3: 497. f. 259. 1896.

Panicum scoparium var. Leibergii Vasey. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
3: 31.

DESCRIPTION.

LEmBeRG’s PANicumM. A slender, ascending, perennial grass,
14 to 3 feet (3-6 dm.) high, with rather broad, flat leaves and few-
flowered panicles of comparatively large, obtuse, spikelets, 15 to 2 lines
(3-4 mm.) long, the outer glumes papillate-pilose with stiff, spreading
hairs. May to July.

Panicum Leibergii is common in meadows of central and northern
Iowa. First found by J. B. Leiberg in northwestern Towa.

;
Fig. 56. Panicum Leibergti.—a, Spikelets; d, flowering glume and palet.
(Div. of Agros. U. S. Dept. Agrl. )

GRASSES OF IOWA. 79

DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Mt. Pleasant, 1507 (Mills); Emmet County, 1068
(Cratty); Story City, 2087 (Miss Rantschler and Sample); Ames
(Beardslee, Bessey) ; Dubuque (Pammel); Greenfield (Stewart) ;
Ames, 16 (Ball and Sample) ; Story City, 1915 (Pammel and Beyer) ;
Story County (Hitchcock); Story City, 965 (Pammel); Johnson
County (Shimek).

North America. From Minnesota to Lowa, the Dakotas, Nebraska
and Missouri.

21. PANICUM SCRIBNERIANUM.

Panicum Scribnerianum
Nash. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club.
22: 421. 1895. Nashin Britton
and Brown Ill Fl. 1: 118. f
259. 1896. Scribner. Bull. U.
S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros.17:
97. f. 393. 1899.

Panicum scoparium
Sereno Watson. In part, Gray
Man. 632. 1890. (6 ed.)

Panicum paucitlorum.
Gray Man. 613. 1848.

DESCRIPTION.

SCRIBNER'S PANICUM.
An erect and finally branch-
ing perennial 1 to 3
feet (14-6 dm.) _ high,
with usually papillate-pilose
sheaths, more or less spread-
ing, flat leaves which are
smooth and scabrous be-
neath, and small ovoid
panicles 1 to 14 inches (2-3
cm.) long. Spikelets obo-
void 14 lines (3 mm.)
long, nearly glabrous. In
dry or moist soils. May
to September.

Panicum Scribnerianum
is common on prairies in
all parts of the state. ‘The
close ally Vig Letbergii OC- BiG. 57. Panicum Scribnerianum.,— a,b, ec, Spikelets.
curs on lower ground, (Div. Agros, U. 8. Dept. Agrl.)

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. New Hampton, 2295 (Rolfs); Charles City (Arthur) ;
Muscatine (Reppert) ; lowa City (Hitchcock) ; Greene (Miss Price) ;
Des Moines (Carver); Mt. Pleasant, 1914 (Mills) ; Cedar Rapids
(Shimek) ; Tama County (Sirrine) ; Maquoketa (Goodenow) ; Green-

80 GRASSES OF IOWA.

field (Stewart) ; Sioux City (Miss Wakefield) ; Colfax (Mead) ; Boone
(Carver) ; Armstrong, 10608 (Cratty) ; Muscatine 2081, Story City,
Marshalltown, New Albin 1925, Missouri Valley 658, Council
Blufts, Carroll 1430, De Witt 1446, New Albin 932, Council Bluffs
1306, De Witt 1443, Ottumwa 2182 (Pammel) ; Ames (Bessey, Sir-
rine, Hodson, P. H. Rolfs 178, Ball, Beardslee, Crozier) ; Woodbine
24 (Burgess) ; Johnson County (Miss Linder, Shimek) ; Cedar Rapids,
Lyon County (Shimek) ; Johnson County (Hitchcock and Macbride) ;
Lineville (Shimek).

North America. Maine to Ontario, New York, Tennessee, Ari-
zona, Missouri (Independence, Bush-729), Nebraska’ (Crete, Pammel;
Alma, Pammel) ; lowa, Minnesota (Minneapolis, Sandberg) ; Wisconsin
(Madison and La Crosse, Pammel); westward to Wyoming and
southward to Texas and Arizona.

22. PANICUM ATLANTICUM.

Tel Panicum Atlanticum
? Nash. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club.
Nt > 24: 346 1897. Scribner. Am.

F Grasses. Bull. U.S. Dept. Agri.
Div. Agros. 17: 76. f. 372. 1899.
Nash in Britton and Brown,
I BL 3: S00f Zor
Panicum haemacarpon
Ache. Jour. E. Mitch. Sci. Soc.
15: 55. 1898.

DESCRIPTION.

ATLANTIC PANIC GRASS.
A slender, erect, much-
branched perennial, 1 to 2
feet (3-5 dm.) high, with
the culm sheaths, and
erect, linear-lanceolate leaves,
papillate-pilose with long,
white, spreading hairs. Pan-
icle 2 to 34 inches (4-64
cm.) long. Spikelets obo-
vate, obtuse, about 1 line (2
mm.) long, the nine-nerved
second and third glumes
densely pubescent with short,
spreading hairs. In open
woods,

DISTRIBUTION.

Towa; Jewell Junction
(Carver), Missouri Valley
(Pammel).

North America. Maine,
Virginia, and west to lowa
Fia. 58. Panicum Atlanticum.—a-c, Spikelets. and Nebraska ( Hastings,

(Div. of Agros. U. §. Dept. Agrl.) Pammel), and Kansas:

Suu ES

GRASSES OF IOWA. 8]

North America. In open woods from Maine and Virginia to Kan-
sas, Nebraska, Iowa and Illinois.
23. PANICUM LANUGINOSUM.

Panicum lanuginosum Fil. Sk. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 123. 1817. Nash in
Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 3: 498. ¢. 24a. 1895.

Panicum Tennesseense Ashe. Jour. E. Mitch. Sci. Soc. 15: £2: 1898.
It is not Panicum pubescens Lam. Encycl. 4: 748. 1797. See Scribner and
Merrill. Rhodora. 8: 121.

DESCRIPTION.

Hairy Panicum. A slender, finally much-branched perennial, 6
to 20 inches (12-40 cm.) high, with flat, erect, and rather thick, nar-
_ rowly lanceolate leaves. Culms erect or assurgent, usually geniculate
at the lower joints, branching throughout, especially above, villous or
nearly smooth; nodes bearded; sheaths
shorter than the internodes, densely villous
or pilose, with long spreading hairs, very
hairy at the throat; ligule a fringe of short
hairs; leaf-blades on the primary culm 2
to 4 inches (4-8 cm.) long, 3 to 6 lines
(6-12 mm.) wide, (thdése of the branches
smaller) very acute, rounded at the base
and somewhat clasping; margins minutely
serrulate-scabrous and pilose ;surfaces papil-
late-pilose with long white hairs, or nearly
glabrous. Panicle of the primary culm
about 3 inches (6 cm.) long, ovate or
sub-pyramidal, the spreading branches soli-
tary, or in pairs, compound to the base,
scabrous or pilose; pedicels equalling or.
exceeding the spikelets in length. Panicles
of the branches nearly simple and few-
flowered, usually partially enclosed within
the leaf sheaths. Spikelets 1 line (2 mm.)
long, obovate, obtuse; first glume about
one-fourth the length of the spikelet, obtuse
or acute; second and third glumes pubes-
cent, prominently seven-nerved; the third
with a rather small palea; fourth glume
smooth and shining, broadly obtuse. ‘This
grass is common in dry soil, prairies. May

to September. Fig. 59.—Panicum lanugin-
osum, (Charlotte M. King.)
6

82 GRASSES OF IOWA.

Panicum lanuginosum is a variable species and can only be sep-
arated arbitrarily from P. unciphyllum. Perhaps we ought to regard
the two as one variable polymorphic species.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Mt. Pleasant, 1916 (Mills) ; De Witt, 1444 (Pammel) ;
Ames, Iowa City (Hitchcock); Ames, 27 (Bessey); Lineville
(Shimek) ; Charles City (Pammel) ; Clermont (Walker).

North America. In dry, open, woodland soil from New Jersey,
D. C. (Washington, Vasey), to Florida and Alabama; Washington
(Kittitas County, Sandberg), Missouri (Webster, Pammel).

24. PANICUM UNCIPHYLLUM,
Panicum unciphyllum Trin. Gram. Pan. 242. 1826. Scribner and Mer-

rill. Rhodora 8: 121. 1901. Britton Man. 1040. 86.
Panicum pubescens A. Gray. not Lam. Britton Man. 86..

DESCRIPTION.

An erect, or ascending, caespitose,
at length much branched, pubescent pe-
rennial, 1 to 24 feet (3-8 dm.) high,
with lanceolate leaves, exserted, ovate
panicles and pubescent spikelets. Culms
pilose with weak hairs; nodes sparingly
bearded or smooth; sheaths striate,
loose, usually shorter than the inter-
nodes, pilose with spreading or ascend-
ing hairs; ligule a long-ciliate fringe;
leaf-blades ascending, firm or even
rigid, acuminate, slightly narrowed at
the rounded or truncate base, densely
pubescent beneath with short spread-
ing hairs, smooth above or often
with scattered papillate hairs 2 to 5
inches (4-10 cm.) long, 2 to 6
lines (5-12 mm.) wide. Panicles 24
to 5 inches (5-10 cm.) long, usually
purplish, the branches spreading,
generally few-flowered. Spikelets
elliptical, obtuse, (1.5 mm.) long;first
glume small, about one-fourth as long
as the spikelet; second and_ third
Rie 60. Panton wanignnlreae glumes equal, pubescent with spread-

Spikelets. (Charlotte M. King. ) ing hairs.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 83

DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Muscatine, 2281 (Reppert.); LuVerne, 2268 (Blumer) ;
2331 Steamboat Rock, Boone 2326, Steamboat Rock 2163, Des
Moines, 2256 Bloomfield (Pammel); Boone (Carver) ; Armstrong,
1067 (Cratty) ; Ames (Bessey, P. H. Rolfs, 157, Ball) ; 1139, Durant
(Weaver) ; Mt. Pleasant (Mills, Witte) ; Fayette, 1087 (Fink) ; Sioux
City, Iowa City (Hitchcock); Ames 11 (Beardslee) ; Unionville
(Shimek).

North America. New Brunswick to, the Pacific Coast and south to
Texas.

OTHER SPECIES OF PANICUM.

Several other species of Panicum range westward to Wisconsin
and Minnesota and may be looked for in eastern Iowa. Among them
Panicum barbulatum, P. clandestinum, P. commutatum, P. dichotomum
and P. sphaerocarpon (P. polyanthes Schult). These are described by
Scribner and Merrill Rhodora 3: 93.

Se SEAR AG

Setaria Beauv. Agrost. 113. 1812. Engler and Prantl. Nat. Pflanz.
Fam. II. 2: 36. ¢. 29. Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Pl. 38: 1105.

Pennisetum Endlicher. Gen. Pl. 85. Pers. Syn. 1: 72. in part.

Ixobhorus Schlecht. Linnaea. 31: 420. 1861-2. Nash. Bull. Torr. Bot.
Club. 22: 423. 1895.

Chaetochloa Scribn. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 4: 38.
1897.

Chamaeraphis Kuntze. Rev. Gen. 767. (Not the Chamaeraphis of R
Br.)

Spikelets as in Panicum, but surrounded at the base by few or many
persistent, awn-like bristles (aborted branches) which spring from
pedicels below the articulation of the spikelets. Inflorescence a
densely many-flowered, cylindrical, or somewhat interrupted,
spike-like panicle. Annuals with flat leaves and terminal,
bristly, spike-like panicles.

Bentham & Hooker give the number of species as 10; the same
number is given by Hackel. In temperate and tropical regions. All of
our Iowa species are from the Old World.

84 GRASSES OF IOWA.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SETARIA.

Bristles, downwardly \barbed!.2... bcecse'c tes piece wee eee S. verticillata.*
Bristles upwardly barbed.
Bristles 5-16 at base of each spikelet. Secondempty glume much shorter
than) theslowerineselume ame ce ericece eee ee een S. glauca.*
Bristles 1-3 at base of each spikelet, second empty glume nearly or quite
equalling the flowering glume.
Spike-like panicle 2-8 cm. long, 1 cm. or less thick, spikelets 2mm.

long, (bristles ereens) i). dec oe conta Cee eee Si EPA rs ee
Spike-like panicle 5-20 cm. long, 1-3 cm. thick, spikelets 2.5 to 3mm.
long, bristles usually purple, cultivated............... S. Ltalica.*

1. SETARIA VERTICILLATA.

Setaria verticillata Beauv. Agrost. 51. 1812. Watson and Coulter in
Gray’s Man. Bot. 634. Vasey. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 8: 39.

Panicum verticillatum L. Sp. Pl. 82. 1762. (2. ed.)

Chamaeraphis verticillata Porter. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 20: 196. 1893.
Beal. Grasses. N. A. 2: 151.

I[xophorus verticillatus Nash. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 22: 422. 7. 6. 1895.
Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 126. f. 280. 1896.

Pennisetum verticillatum R. Br. Prod. 1: 195. 1810.

Chaetochloa verticillata (L.) Scribn. Bull. Div. Agros. U. S. Dept.

Agrl. 4: 39. Scribner & Merrill. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agr. 21: 16.
Hie Oe

DESCRIPTION.

WuorLep Mitier. <A low, spreading, much-branched annual,
4 to 1 foot (1-3 dm.) high, with short, cylindrical spikes and lanceolate
leaves, 14 to 3 inches (3-6 cm.) long. Culms compressed, geniculate,
decumbent, very glabrous: nodes smooth; sheaths very loose, striate,
compressed, glabrous, margins smooth, shorter than the internodes;
ligule short, densely ciliate-fringed with white hairs; leaf blades
13 to 3 inches (3-6 cm.) long, 2 to 4 lines (4 to 8 mm.) wide, cordate
at the base, long-acuminate at the apex, scabrous, and sparingly papillate-
ciliate on both sides, especially below, margins cartilaginous, serrulate-
scabrous. Inflorescence dense, cylindrical, 1-3 cm. in diameter, pur-
plish; common axis angular, scabrous, branches very short, subverticil-
late, densely flowered, setae 1-2, purple, stout, flexuous, retrorsely scab-
rous, 3-8 mm. long. Spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long, nearly sessile, elliptical-
ovate; first glume triangular ovate, acute or obtuse, 3-nerved, about one-
third the length of the spikelet; second glume ovate, obtuse, 5-7 nerved,

GRASSES OF IOWA. $5

Fig. 61. Setaria verticillaia—a, spikelet showing bristle and glumes; b, spikelet
(Div. Agros. U.S. Dept. Agrl. )

nearly equaling the 5-7 nerved, acute third glume, which bears a short
palea in its axil; flowering glume about 1.5 mm. long, elliptical, ovate,
acute, striate, nearly smooth or very finely transversely wrinkled below.
Palea similar in texture and markings, about as long as the glume.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Muscatine 520 (Reppert) ; 929 Mt. Ayr (Beard) ; lowa
City (Hitchcock) ; 773 Mt. Pleasant (Mills) ; Council Bluffs, 1449
De Witt, 1300 Council Bluffs (Pammel) ; Keokuk (P. H. Rolfs) ;
LeClaire (F. M. Rolfs) ; Winterset (Carver) ; 2231 Ft. Dodge (Pam-
mel and Sokol) ; Johnson County (Miss Linder, Hitchcock and Mac-

bride).

S6 GRASSES OF IOWA.

North America. From New England, New Jersey (New Bruns-
wick, Halsted) to Virginia, Alabama, Texas, Mexico, to Missouri (St.
Louis, Pammel), Nebraska, Iowa and Illinois. Nova Scotia to New
Brunswick and Ontario.

2. SETARIA GLAUCA.

Setaria glauca Beauv. Agros. 51. 1812. Watson and Coulter. Gray.
Man. Bot. 634. p/. 73. 1890. (6th ed.) Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull.
Univ. Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 56. 7. 62. 1894. Vasey. ContriaUiaae
Nat. Herb. 3: 38.

Panicum glaucum L. Sp. Pl. 56. 1753.

Chamaeraphis glauca Kuntz. Rev. Gen. Pl. 767. 1891. Chamaeraphis
glauca (L.) Kuntz. Beal. Grasses N. A. 2: 155. 1896.

Ixophorus glaucus Nash. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 22: 423. 1895. Nash
in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 126. f. 287. 1896.

Chaetochloa glauca (L.) Scribn. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros.
17: 105. ¢. 401. 1899. Bull, U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 4: 39. 1897.
Scribner and Merrill. Bull. U. S.. Dept. Agrl. 21: 9. f. Z. 1900.

DESCRIPTION.
YELLow Fox Tat or
\ PIGEON Grass. An erect
annual, 1 to 2 feet, (24-5
dm.) high, with flat leaves
and a bristly, cylindrical,
spike-like, densely Howered
panicle, 1 to 3 inches (2-6
cm.) long. Culm scabrous
just below the _ panicle,
otherwise smooth. Sheaths
smooth; ligule a dense
fringe of smooth hairs;
leaf-blade 3 to 10 inches
(6-20 cm.) long; 2 toms
lines (4-10 mm.) wide, -
nearly smooth on the dorsal
surface, very scabrous on
the upper surface and mar-
gins, and occasionally pilose
near the base. Axis of the
panicle densely pubescent.
Bristles five to ten on each
spikelet, yellowish or rarely
purplish. Spikelets ovoid,

eS “a a

Fig. 62. Setaria giauca.—a, spikelet showing about 14 lines (3 mm.)
the second glume, the upper portion of the flowering | ;

glume and bristles: b, spikelet showing the back ong. First glume about

of the first and third glumes. (Diy. Agros. U. 8.

Dept. Agri. ) 4 line (1 mm.) long,

GRASSES OF IOWA. S7

three-nerved, second nearly half the length of the spikelet, five-nerved ;
the third five-nerved and as long as the transversely rugose, flowering
glume. Fields and waste places about dwellings. June to September.

Pigeon grass is abundant in all parts of the state, introduced by
the earliest settlers. A pernicious weed in all cultivated fields.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. High Bridge (Lummis); State Center (Pammel) ; Post-
ville 3347, 3006, 3151 Lansing, 3164 Steamboat Rock, 3058 Pilot
Mound (Miss King); Jackson County, Keokuk (Shimek) ; Calhoun
County (Rigg) ; 3047 ae 3283 Steamboat Rock, Eagle Grove, Car-
roll, Dakota City, 883 Slater, Jefferson, Marshalltown, Clinton, Car-
narvon, 1450 De Witt (Pammel) ; Gilbert, Jewell Junction, Indian-
ola (Carver); Ames (Zmunt, Fairfield, 910 Wadleigh, Hitchcock,
Ketterer, 180 Ball, Sirrine, Pammel, Bessey) ; 3346 Marathon (Rob-
erts) ; 957 Battle Creek (Preston) ; 647 Mt. Ayr (Beard); LeClaire
(F. M. Rolfs) ; 740 Dixon (Snyder); Dysart (Miss Sirrine) ; Sioux
City (Miss Wakefield) ; Taylor County (Pool) ; Keokuk, Lawler (P.
H. Rolfs) ; Marshalltown (Stewart); Mt. Pleasant (Witte); Fay-
ette (Fink) ; 743, Emmet County (Pammel and Cratty) ; Muscatine
(Reppert); Belmond (Clark); Manly (Williams); West Union
(Whitmore) ; 832 Belknap (Rankin); Anderson, Charles City, 848
Libertyville (Baldwin) ; Marshalltown (Eckles) ; Red Oak (Holt) ;
Keokuk (Shimek); Council Bluffs (Misses Cavanagh and Dilne) ;
Johnson County (Hitchcock and Macbride) ; Algona (Watson).

North Agnerica. Maine, Connecticut, New York to Florida;
Alabama, Texas (Navasota, Blackshear), Louisiana (Ball), Arkansas
(Rolfs), Mexico, Colorado (Petersburg, Pammel, Johnson, Lum-
mis and Buchanan), (La Porte, Pammel and Johnson), Iowa, Minne-
sota, Missouri (St. Louis, Pammel), Nebraska (Crete, Pammel, 207),
the Dakotas, Wisconsin (LaCrosse, C. M. King) ; New Brunswick to
Saskatchewan.

General. From British Islands, Germany, France and east to
Asia and Australia.

3, SETARIA VIRIDIS.

Setaria viridis. Beauv. Agros. 51. 1812. Watson and Coulter in Gray’s
Man. Bot. 634. (6 ed.) Lamson-Scribner, Grasses of Tenn. Bull. Univ. of
Menn- Agri. Exp. Sta. 7; 56. pl. 16. f. 63. 1894.

Panicum viride L. Sp. Pl. 83. 1762. (2 ed.)

Ixophorus viridis Nash. in Ill. Fl. 1: 126. f. 282. 1896.

Chamaeraphis viridis L. Porter. Bull. Torr. Club. 20: 196. 1893. Beal.
Grasses of N. A. 2: 157. 1896.

Chaetochloa viridis Scribn. Bull. U.S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 4: 39.
1897—7: 71. f. 65. 1900.

88 GRASSES OF KOWA.

DESCRIPTION.

GREEN Fox Tait. An
erect, glabrous, caespitose an-
nual, $ to 3 feet (2-9 dm.)
high, with short, lanceolate
leaves and dense, cylindrical
spike-like, green panicles I to
4 inches (2-10 cm.) long.
Culms usually much branched
at the base, glabrous; nodes
smooth; leaf-blades 2 to 10
inches (.5-2.5 dm.) long, 2
to 5 lines (4-10 mm.) wide,
long-acuminate, slightly scab-
rous on both sides; setae slen-
der, strict, spreading, an-
trorsely scabrous, 5 to 74
lines (1-1.5 cm.) long, green
or’ rarely purplish. Spikelets
about 1 line (2 mm.) long;
second and third glumes five-
nerved, equalling the spike-
let; flowering glume ellipti-
cal, rounded at the apex, fine-
ly and faintly’ transversely
wrinkled below, or _ only

striate and pitted. In waste
Fic. 63. Selaria viridis. a. spikelet with places and cultivated grounds
bristles ; b,c,spikelets with glume, bristles removed ; throughout North America.

d, flowering glume. (Diy. of Agros. U. S. Dept.
Agrl. ) fe 2 July to September.

Fox tail grass is abundant in all parts of the state, everywhere a
pernicious weed in cultivated fields.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. 28 Des Moines, 1007 Manchester, 268 Clinton, Wheat-
land (Ball) ; Dakota City, Eagle Grove, Elmore, Minn., Minnesota-
Iowa line, Carroll, 1023 Kossuth County, Webster City, Jefferson,
Council Bluffs, Carnarvon, Dakota City, Sioux City, 2261: aes
Moines, 2220 Webster City, Muscatine, Des Moines, Mason City
(Pammel) ; Ames (Zmunt, Stewart, Fairfield, C. A. Wilson, Ketterer,
Hitchcock, Weaver, Ball, Sirrine) ; 3285 Steamboat Rock (Miss

———E eee

GRASSES OF IOWA. 89

King) ; Hamilton to Hancock County (Preston) ; Rock Rapids, Keo-
kuk County, Forest City, Johnson County (Shimek); 808 Kossuth
County (Pammel and Cratty); Decatur County (Fitzpatrick) ; In-
dianola (Carver) ; 1085 Fayette (Fink) ; Dysart (Miss Sirrine) ; West
Union (Whitmore) ; Jewell Junction (Carver) ; Cedar Rapids (Miss
Hall) ; 692 Glenwood (Jackson) ; Montrose (Osborn) ; Sioux City
(Miss Wakefield) ; 712 Amana (Schadt) ; 23 Forest City (Shimek) ;
Mt. Pleasant (Mills) ; Lawler (P. H. Rolfs) ; Battle Creek (Preston) ;
Van Cleve (Warden); 1136 Durant (Weaver); Alden (Stevens) ;
Boone (Carver) ; West Union (Whitmore) ; Le Claire (F. M. Rolfs) ;
Indianola (Carver) ; Johnson County (Fitzpatrick) ; 716 Dixon (Sny-
der) ; Plymouth County (Brown).

North America. From Maine, New York (Washington County,
Parry); Connecticut (Glastonbury, Wilson), New Jersey (Shelton,
Halsted), District of Columbia (Washington, Vasey), south to Flor-
ida; Alabama to Texas (Buckley), Mexico, Utah to Colorado (Ft.
Collins, Cowen), Nebraska (Grand Island, Broken Bow 18, 74, Pam-
mel; Crete, Pammel, 200; Kearney, Holms), the Dakotas, Iowa, Min-
nesota (Sand Lake, Sandberg), (Winona, Holsinger), Wisconsin
(La Crosse, 3127 D. S. Pammel; La Crosse, Pammel), Illinois (Chi-
cago, Pammel) ; Nova Scotia, Manitoba and Saskatchewan.

General. Great Britain through Germany, Denmark and warmer
portions of Europe generally. Asia (India), China, Japan, Africa,
Australia and South America.

4. SETARIA ITALICA.

Panicum Italicum L. Sp. Pl. 56. 1753.

. Setaria Italica Beauv. Agros. 51. 1812. R. & S. Syst. 2: 423. 1817.

Setaria [talica Kunth. Watson and Coulter in Gray Man. Bot. 634.
1890. (6 ed.) Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull. Univ. Tenn. Agrl. Exp.
Sta. 7: 56. 7. 64. 1894.

Chamaeraphis [talica (L.) Kuntze. Rev. Gen. Pl. 768. 1891. Beal.
Grasses of N. A. 2: 154. 1896.

Txophorus Italicus (L.) Nash. Nash in Britton and Brown. Il. Fl. J:
127. f. 283. 1896. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 22: 423. 1895.

Chaetochloa Italica (L.) Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div.
Agros. 7: 74. f. 68. 1900. (3d ed.) Scribner and Merrill. Bull. U. S.
Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 21: 20. f. 9. 1900. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div.
Agros. 4: 39.1897.

*The Setaria Germanica is considered a good species by some botanists.

Setaria Germanica Beauv. Agros. 51, 1812. Seribn. Grasses of Tenn. Bull. Uniy.
Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. '7: 56. 1894. Panicum Germanicum (Mill. ) Gard. Dict. 1, 1758. (8th
ed.) Chaetochloa Italica var. Germanica (Mill.) Scribn. Scribner. Am. Grasses. Bull. U. S,

Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 21: 21.
DESCRIPTION.

GERMAN MILLET. —A caespitose annual, from 1 to feet (3-9 dm.) high, with narrow
panicles, about ¥% inch (1 cm.) in diameter, and long, usually purple setae, some forms
approaching Setaria viridis.

90) GRASSES OF IOWA.

DESCRIPTION.

ITALIAN MILLET OR
HUNGARIAN Grass. A
stout, erect, somewhat
glaucous annual, 3 to 8
feet (10-24 dm.) high,
with broad leaves and
large, dense, compound,
spiciform panicles 3 to
8 inches (8-20 cm.) in
length. Nodes bearded,
with short, appressed
hairs; leaf-blades lanceo-
late, narrowed at the

base, long-acuminate, 8
to 16 inches (2-4 dm.) °
long, 4 to 14 inches (14-
3 cm.) wide, scabrous.
Panicles dense, cylindri-
cal, $ to 14 inches (2-3
cm.) in diameter; raclis
densely villous; setae one
to three, green or pur-
plish, antrorsely sca-
brous. Spikelets elliptical,
strongly convex, I$ to 2
lines (24-3 mm.) long,

Fig. 64. Setaria Italica.—a, b, Spikelets with

bristles; c, flowering glume. (Div. Agros. U. S. Dept. obtuse; second and third
Agrl.)

glumes about equalling
the flowering glume, five to seven-nerved ; flowering glume glossy, nearly
smooth. Widely cultivated: Quebec to Minnesota, south to Florida
and ‘Texas. July to September.

This form is usually regarded as only a variety of the Italian Millet, and is only found
in cultivation or perhaps springing up from seed on land where cultivated the season
previous. The German differs from the Italian Millet in having a more dense or compact,
and usually erect panicle or ‘‘head.’’ Widely cultivated in most parts of the world.

DISTRIBUTION. a

Towa. Forms which may be regarded as this have been found in Carnarvon, Carroll,
Jefferson (Pammel) ; 924 Emmet County (Pammel and Cratty); Scott County, (Bartsch) ;
Waterloo (Hitchcock).

North America. Occasionally spontaneous after cultivation in the eastern, southern
and northwestern states and on the Pacific Coast.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 91

Millet or Hungarian grass is widely cultivated in this state; gen-
erally as a ccatch crop. It has established itself chiefly in cities and along
railroads.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Le Claire (F. M. Rolfs); Waterloo (Hitchcock) ; 924
Emmet County (Pammel and Cratty) ; Carnarvon, Sioux City, Jeffer-
son, Carroll, Boone, Dakota City, Turin, Logan (Pammel) ; 3144 and
3046 Pilot Mound (Miss King and A. MacCorkindale) ; Mt. Pleas-
ant (Mills) ; 1137 Durant (Weaver) ; 27 Des Moines (Ball) ; Ames
(181, 1026 Ball, Fisher, Crozier, Hitchcock, Pammel) ; West Union
(Whitmore) ; Van Cleve (Warden) ; Boone (Carver) ; 267 Clinton
(Ball).

North America. From New England to Texas, Nebraska (Crete,
Pammel), Iowa, Wisconsin (La Crosse, Pammel; D. S. Pammel and
C. M. King 3256 and 3316), and occasionally on the Pacific Coast. An
introduced species. ae

General. Native to Europe and Asia. Its cultivation seems to have
been quite common in the temperate regions of Europe and Asia in pre-
historic times.

4. CENCHRUS.

Cenchrus L. Sp. Pl. 1049. 1753. Endlicher. Gen. Pl. 85. Bentham
and Hooker. Gen. Pl. 8: 1105. Hackel in Engler and Prantl. Nat.
Pianaebam. Ll. 2: 36. 7. 30. Scribner. Bull, U. S.. Dept/Agri: Div.
Agros. 20: 40. f. 26. ;

Spikelets as in Panicum, awnless, but enclosed, 1 to 5 together, in a
globular and bristly or spiny involucre, which becomes coriaceous, and
forms a deciduous, hard and rigid bur; the involucres sessile in a ter-
minal spike. Styles united below. (An ancient Greek name for Setaria
Italica.)

About twelve species occur in the tropical and warmer temperate
regions. One species common from Maine to New York, south to Flor-
ida, west to Texas, Mexico, California; through Kansas, Colorado,
Iowa, Minnesota, Dakota and Ontario.

92 GRASSES OF IOWA.

CENCHRUS TRIBULOIDES.

Cenchrus tribuloides L. Sp. Pl. 1050. 1753. Watson and Coulter. Gray.

Man. Bot. 634. pl. 74. 1890. (6 ed.) Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull.
Univ. Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 57. f. 65. 1896. Bull. U. S. Dept Agrl.

Div. Agros. 7: 75. f. 69. 1900. (3d ed ) Beal. Grasses N. A. 2: 161. £ 29,

1896. Nashin Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 127. £ 264. 1896.
Cenchrus Carolinianus Walt. Fi. Car. 79. 1788.

DESCRIPTION.

SAND Bur. Annual, with
spreading or ascending, much
branched culms, rarely a foot
high, somewhat compressed.
Leaves flat or simply folded,
about six inches long, acute,
finely serrulate along the mar-
gins; sheaths generally much
exceeding the internodes, hairy
along the margins and at the
throat. Burs containing the
spikelets, six to twenty, nearly
globose, covered with strong,
and more or less pubescent,
barbed spines, becoming very
hard at maturity and readily
falling off. Sandy soils and
tracts. June to October.

Sand bur is widely distributed
in the state, occurring on sand
bars and flood plains of streams
especially in central, northern
and eastern Iowa. “The most
abundant weed on Muscatine

Fig. 65. Cenchrus tribuloides—a, spiny
bur which incloses the spikelets; b, sectionof [sland. It is also common
the same; ec, lateral view of one of the spike- C
lets. (Div. Agros. U. S. Dept. of Agrl.) where sand ballast is used on

railroads.
DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Ames 112 (Ball, Bessey, Hitchcock); 3201 (Hunt and
Rolfs) ; Boone (Carver) ; Maquoketa (Goodenow) ; Manchester 989
(Ball) ; Mt. Pleasant (Mills) ; Fayette County (Fink) ; Cedar Rapids
(Miss Hall) ; Sioux City (Miss Wakefield) ; Keystone (Koch) ; Law-

GRASSES OF IOWA. 93

===<ap
iaSeREN

Lert.
eran

@ iLL OS Ls

es racemes
Ea

Ga ae aL y

SLE
Py) (Oban Ss
| ee
wali pi | Saw \

Fic. 66. Distribution of Setaria, Zizania, cenchrus and Leersia.
e Specimens in herbarium. + Based on observation.

94 GRASSES OF IOWA.

ler, New Hampton, Keokuk (P. H. Rolfs); Ft. Dodge (Bessey) ;
Muscatine (Reppert) ; Decatur County (Fitzpatrick) ; Lansing 3005,
Steamboat Rock 3161 and 3030 (Miss King); Turin 679, Des
Moines, Council Bluffs, Eagle Grove, Wilton Junction, 1514 Mis-
souri Valley, Hawarden, Clinton, De Witt 1460, Sioux City (Pam-
mel); Manchester (Blair); Council Bluffs (Misses Cavanagh and
Dilne) ; Iowa City (Macbride) ; Johnson County (Miss Linder) ;
Dubuque County (Bartsch and Fitzpatrick) ; Winneshiek County
(Goddard) ; Council Bluffs (Miss Cavanagh) ; Charles City (Sher-
man).

North America. From Maine, New Jersey (Vasey), (Dr.
Kniskern), Virginia (Marshall Hall, Pammel), Ohio (Cleveland, M.
Nichol; Painsville, Beardslee), south to Florida (Du Val County
Curtiss), Alabama (Mobile, Mohr.), west through Texas (College
Station, Navasoto, Pammel; Nealley) ; California, Mexico (Palmer),
New Mexico (Soccoro, Vasey, 186); Kansas, Nebraska (McCook,
Pammel; Chelsea, Clements, 2827), Minnesota (Crow Wing County,
Sandberg) ; Wyoming (Griffith, 743), Wisconsin (La Crosse, Pammel ;
D. S. Pammel and C. M. King 3018), Illinois (Chicago Pammel),
Michigan (Grand Rapids, Crozier).

5. PENNISETUM.

Pennisetum Pers. Syn. 1: 72. 1805. Endlicher. Gen. Pl. 85. in part.
Bentham and Hooker Gen. Pl. 3: 1105. Hackel Engler and Prantl. Nat.
Pflanz. Fam. If. 2: 38. f.32. Scribner. Bull. U.S. Dept Aeniapive
Agros, 20: 41. f. 27.

é
GRASSES OF IOWA. 5

DESCRIPTION. .

Fie. 67. Pennisetum typhoideum, After
Hackel.

Spikelets solitary or 2-3 to-
gether, subtended by an invo-
lucre of one to many bristles,
which are often plumose and
fall off with the spikelets at
maturity; inflorescence race-
mose, or dense and _ spike-like.
Glumes 4; the first empty and
smaller than the others; the sec-
ond usually as long as the spike-
let, empty; the third empty, or
with a palea or a staminate
flower; the fourth, or terminal,
inclosing a pistillate or hermaph-
rodite flower and palea. Sta-
mens 3. Styles distinct or more
or less connate below: stigmas
plumose. Grain included in the
rigid fruiting glume and palea,
free. Annual or perennial
grasses, with simple or branched
culms; flat leaves, with usually
spike-like panicles terminal on
the culms or its branches.

About 40 species, chiefly na-
tive to the tropical and sub-
tropical regions of the Old and
New Worlds. Some 12 species
native to Mexico and Central
America. Eight species are re-
corded for the United States.

Pennisetum setosum is native to
Florida and Mexico. One
species, Pennisetum typhoideum
ts grown under the name of
Pearl Millet and has been cul-
tivated of late years in Iowa.

The Pennisetum longistylum of Abyssinia is sometimes cultivated

as an ornamental grass.

96 GRASSES OF IOWA.

TRIBE VI.—ORYZEZ.

»

Spikelets usually much compressed laterally, 1-flowered, staminate,
pistillate, or hermaphrodite; empty glumes 2 or none, the flower being

subtended by the floral glume and
palea alone, the latter 1-nerved
and regarded by some as a sec-
ond glume; stamens frequently
6; axis of the inflorescence not
articulated.

A small tribe of about forty

species, divided among sixteen
genera, mostly confined to tropi-
cal America. The best known

Fig. 68. Spikelet of Leersia oryzoides.

representative in Iowa is rice-
cut grass (Leersia), of which there are three species, and another repre-
sentative, wild rice (Zizania), but the most important member is the
rice (Oryza sativa), of the Old World, because of its extensive use as
a cereal.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE ORYZEAE.

Spikelets unisexual, plants monoecious...............-......++-s: Zizantia,?
Spikelets perfect, strongly Compressed’... --scjstt a eprs =e eee Leersia.*
1. ZIZANIA.

Zizania L. Sp. Pl. $91. 1753. Endlicher. Gen. Pl. 78. Bentham and
Hooker. Gen. Pl. 8: 1115. Hackel in Engler and Prantl. Nat. Pflanz. Fam.
If. 2: 40. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 203 7% 33.

Hydropyrum Link. Hort. Berol. 1: 252.

Flowers monoecious; the staminate and pistillate both in 1-flow-
ered spikelets in the same panicle. (Glumes 2, subtended by a small
cartilaginous ring, herbaceo-membranaceous, convex, awnless in ‘the
sterile, the lower one tipped with a straight awn in the fertile spikelets.
Palet none. Stamens 6. Stigmas pencil-form. Large, often reed-like,
water grasses. Spikelets jointed upon the club-shaped pedicels, very
deciduous. (Adopted from the Greek word for the ancient name of
some wild grain.)

A monotypic genus in North America, from Maine to Florida and
Texas; Arkansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, New
Foundland and Ontario.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 97

ZIZANIA AQUATICA.

Zizania aquatica L. Sp. Pl. 991, 1753.
Man. Bot. 635. p/. 7. 1890. (6th ed.) Scribner

Tenn. Agr. Exp. Sta. 7: 58. 1894. Bull. U.

Watson and Coulter. Gray.

. Grasses of Tenn. Bull. Univ.

S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros.

17: 113. #. 409, 1899. Nash in Britton and Brown IIl. Fl. 1: 128. f. 286.
1896. Beal. Grasses of N. A 2: 173. f 34. 1896. Vasey Contr. U.S. Nat.

Herb. 38. 41.

ES
Fic. 69. Zizania aquatica.—a, pistillate spike-
let; 6, palea and fiower; c, staminate spikelet.
(Div. Agros. U. S. Dept, Agrl. )

DISTRIBUTION.

DESCRIPTION.

Witp Rice. A _ stout,
erect, aquatic annual, 5 to 17
feet’ (9-30; ‘dm.) hich,
with broad, flat leaves and
large panicles, 10 to 20 inches
(30-60 cm.) long. Stami-
nate spikelets 3 to 6 lines (6-
12 mm.) long, awnless; the
pistillate spikelets 4 to 12
lines (8-24 mm.) long, the
outer one bearing an awn
12 to 24 lines (24-48 mm.)
long. Grain linear 5 to 8
lines (10-16 mm.) long.
Swamps and. shallow mar-
gins of sluggish streams and
rivers. June to October.

Wild rice is most frequent
in northern Iowa in the lake
region. Common also along
the Mississippi and northern
Missouri in Iowa. ‘Though
once common in the vicinity
of Ames, it has now disap-

peared.

Towa. 3039 Steamboat Rock, 3139 Lansing (Miss King) ; Ames

(beyond Hammond’s Mill) ; 1294 Jewell

7

Junction (Pammel) ; Cedar

~ 9S GRASSES OF IOWA.

Rapids (Shimek); Ames (Crozier, Hitchcock); Clear Lake, Cedar
Rapids (Hitchcock) ; Estherville (Cratty) ; 764 Armstrong (Pammel
and Cratty); Fayette (Fink) ; Rock Rapids (Miss Wakefield) ; 972
Armstrong (Pammel and Cratty); 471 Muscatine (Reppert) ; De-
catur County (Fitzpatrick) ; Mud Lake (Miss Fish); Rock Rapids
(Shimek). ;

North America. New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba,
Maine, New York, tc Carolina and Florida; west to Alabama and
‘Texas, Arkansas, Missouri (Pammel), S. Dakota (Huron, Griffith),
Iowa, Minnesota ( Pine Creek, Pammel), Wisconsin (La Crosse, Madi-
son, Dead Lake, Pammel; Burlington, Parry; Pewaukee Lake, Parry) ;
Illinois (Bluff Lakes, Eggert; Graceland, Pammel), Ohio (Columbus,
Sullivant; Baltimore, Horr). .

General. From Central Siberia to Japan under the name of Z.
latifolia, which is nothing more than a variety of the North American
species.

2. LEERSIA.

Leersia. Swartz. Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 21. 1788. Bentham and Hooker.
Gen. Pl. 3: 1117. MHackel in Engler and Prantl. Nat. Pflanz. Fam.
Mies 722 CONE

Leersia Soland. Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 1: 119. Endlicher Gen. Pl. 78.

Homalocenchrus Mieg. Hall. Stirp. Helv. 2: 201. 1768. Scribner:
Bull. U.S. Dept. Agrl. Div Agros. 20: 50. f. 35. 1900.

Ehrhartia Wigg. Prim. Fl. Holsat 63. 1780.

Flowers crowded in one-sided, panicled spikes or racemes, perfect,
but those in the open panicle usually sterile by the abortion of the ovary.
Those enclosed in the sheaths of the leaves close-fertilized in the bud and
prolific. Spikelets 1-flowered, flat, more or less imbricated over each
other, jointed upon the short pedicels. Glumes 2, chartaceous, strongly
flattened laterally or conduplicate, awnless, bristly-ciliate on the keels,
closed, nearly equal in length, but the lower much broader, enclosing the
flat grain. Palet none. Stamens 1-6. Stigmas feathery, the hairs
branching. Perennial,marsh grasses; the flat leaves, sheaths, etc., very
rough upward, being clothed with very minute, hooked prickles. (Named
after John Daniel Leers, a German botanist.)

Species five, although some writers give the number as six. Found
in the warmer regions of temperate America; one species (Leersia ory-
zoides), has been widely naturalized in Europe, Africa and Asia.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF LEERSIA.

Spikelets oblong, their width less than 34 their length.

Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, usually dark green......,..... L. Virginica.
Spikelets 4-5 mm. long, usually yellowish............... L. oryzoides.*

Spikelets oval, their width more than 4 their length......... L. lenticularts.®

GRASSES OF IOWA. 99

1. LEERSIA VIRGINICA.

Leersia Virginica Willd. Sp. Pl. 1: 325. 1797. Watson and Coulter
Gray Man. Bot. 635. 1890. (6th ed.) Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull. Univ.
Tenn. Acrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 59. f. 68. 1894. Vasey Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
8: 42.

Leersia Virginica Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 37, 1803.

Asprella Virginica R. & S. Syst. 2: 266. 1817. '

Hlomalocenchrus Virginicus ( Willd.) Britton. Beal. Grasses N. Am. 2:
178. 1896. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 129. f 287. 1896.
Scribner Am. Grasses. Bull U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 7: 83. f.
77. 1900. (3a ed).

Homalocenchrus Virginicus Britton. Trans. N. Y. Acad. 9: 14. 1889.

DESCRIPTION.

Wuitt Grass. A slen-
der, erect or ascending,
usually much branched, leafy

\ Y/ grass, 2 to 3 feet (4 or 6

\ \ : dm.) high, from short, scaly
root-stocks. Nodes pubes-
cent with reflexed hairs.
Sheaths retrorsely scabrous;
ligule membranous, very
short; leaf-blade linear or
narrowly lanceolate, 2 to 5
inches (4-10 cm.) long, and
1 to 4 lines (2-8 mm.) wide,
i scabrous onboth surfaces, and
x very minutely and_ sharply
scabrous on the margins.

V7 aa Panicle 3 to 5 inches (6-10
y cm.) long, simple, composed
ot a few more or less spread-

() ing, one-sided racemes, I to

e 3 inches (2-6 cm.) long.

spikelets 14 to 2 lines (3-5
mm.) long, strongly ap-
pressed to the branches and
closely imbricated; glume
very abruptly short-pointed,

Fia 70. Leersia Virginica.—a, branch of the ciliate on the curved keel,
infil scence; b. ¢, spi cf iv. Agros. U. 2
inflorescence; b. c, spikelets. (Div. of Agros. U and with a few very short,

8S. Dept. of Agrl.) es 5 5
stiff hairs on the sides,
or nearly smooth; palea

similar to the glume, but narrower, and with nearly a straight keel.

a

100 GRASSES OF IOWA.

Moist thickets and low woods, usually along streams. May to October.

Leersia Virginica occurs throughout the state in moist, alluvial
thickets.

DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Mason City (Pammel); Steamboat Rock 3172 (Miss
King) ; Winterset, Boone (Carver) ; Ledges, Boone County, 240 Clin-
ton, Turin, Marshalltown, 110 Dakota City, Jefferson, 1082 Marshall-
town (Pammel); 24 Granite (Shimek) ; Ames (Ball 139, Bessey) ;
Muscatine (Reppert); Greenfield (Stewart); Iowa Lake, Emmet
County 775 (Pammel and Cratty) ; Mt. Pleasant, 90 (Mills) ; Ames,
Keokuk (Hitchcock); Libertyville (Baldwin); Manchester, 719
(Ball) ; Sioux City (Miss Wakefield) ; Mt. Pleasant (Mills) ; Fayette
(Fink); Spirit Lake, Lyon County (Shimek); Nevada (Pammel)
Steamboat Rock, Pine Creek (Miss King).

North America. Krom Maine to New York, New Jersey, Con-
necticut (Hartford County, Wilson 1267), North Carolina, Florida
west to Alabama (Culman, Eggert), and Texas; Mississippi (Panola,
Eggert), Louisiana (Richland Parish, Ball 17), Nebraska (Crete,
Pammel, 198, 284), Missouri (St. Louis, Pammel; St. Louis, Eggert),
Seuth Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, Ohio (Baltimore, Horr).

2. LEERSIA ORYZOIDES.

Leersia oryzovides Swarts Fl. Ind. Occ. 1: 132. 1797. Watson and
Coulter. Gray. Man. Bot. 635. p/. 7. 1890. (6th ed ) Scribner. Grasses of
Tenn. Bull. Univ. Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta 7:69. f. 67. 1894. Vasey Contr.
Un S= Nat. HerbaS341-

Homalocenchrus oryzoides (L..) Mieg. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 178.
fei 1O9be ee Olles Hust Plbe alates s52emlViior

Hlomalocenchrus or:zoides (L.) Poll. Nash in Britton and Brown,
Ill. Fl. 1: 129. f£ 288. 1896. Scribner. Am. Grasses. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl.
Div. Agros. 7:82. f 76. 1900. (3ded).

Phalaris orvgzoides L. Sp. Pl. 55. 1753.

Ehrhartia clandestina Wigg. Fl. Holsat. 695. 1780.

Asprella oryzoides Lam. lll. 1: 167. 1791.

Oryza clandestina A. Br. Asch. Fl. Brand. 799. 1864.

DESCRIPTION.

Rice Cur Grass. A rather stout, rough and usually much
branched grass, 2 to 3 or 4 feet (4-6 or 8 dm.) high, with flat leaves,
Ȣ an open, pale green or straw-colored panicle. Nodes usually bearded.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 10]

Sheaths auricled on the
sides at the apex, strongly
scabrous, the points ot
the minute spines which
lie in the depressions of the
striae, directed downwards; i
ligule firm-membranaceous, i
about a line long; leaf-blade
5 to 10 inches (10-20 cm.) {i
long, 3 to 6 or 7 lines (6-
12 or 14 mm.) wide, very

ee

=e

acute, contracted and often
pubescent at the base, scab-
rous on both surfaces, the
margins very rough with
minute sharp spines which
in the lower part of the leaf
are directed toward the
base, and in the upper part
are directed forward or to-
wards the apex. Panicle 6
to 10 inches (12-20 cm.)
long, the slender, ascend-
ing branches 2 to 4 inches
(4-8 cm.) long, naked
below, flower -bearing to-

ips Fie. 71. Leersia oryzoides.—a, branch of inflor-
ward the ends. Spikelets 2 escence bearing several spikelets; b, c, spikelets, d, e.

to 24 lines (a5 mm. ) long, grain. (Div. Agros. U. 8. Dept. Agrl.)

3

about } line (14 mm.) broad, loosely imbricated; apex of the glumes
and palea abruptly pointed, the keels strongly ciliate and with short
scattered hairs on the sides. Within the lower sheaths may be found
cleistogamic or hidden, fruiting spikelets. Along streams and ditches
and in marshes, usually in the open. August to October. Leersia ory-
zoides is common along all of our streams and borders of marshes.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. 3227 Boone, Dakota City, Hawarden, 241 Clinton (Pam-
mel) ; 3029 Steamboat Rock (Miss King); Forest City (Shimek) ;
Kossuth County, 790 (Pammel and Cratty) ; Decatur County (Fitz-
patrick) ; Manchester, 731 (Ball); Mt. Pleasant, 863 (Mills) ; Iowa
City (Hitchcock) ; Cedar Rapids, Ames (Hitchcock) ; Charles City

102 GRASSES OF IOWA.

(Arthur) ; Woodbine (Burgess) ; Winterset, Boone (Carver) ; Arm-
strong, 1064 (Cratty) ; Creston, 1011 (Bettenga) ; Mt. Pleasant, 686
(Witte) ; Ames, 138 (Ball) ; Wild Cat Den, 1265 (Pammel and Rep-
pert) ; Marshalltown (Stewart); Muscatine (Reppert) ; Keokuk (P.
H. Rolfs) ; Fayette (Fink); near Hawarden (Pammel) ; Armstrong,
745 (Pammel and Cratty); Marshalltown (Eckles) ; Lake Okoboji
(Miss Wakefield) ; Iowa Lake, 802 Emmet County (Pammel and
Cratty); Hamilton to Hancock County (Preston); Granite, Spirit
Lake (Shimek).

North America. From New England, New York (Madison
County, Parry), to Florida, Alabama, Texas (Neally), Mexico, Col-
orado (Ft. Collins, Crandall), California, Oregon to Nebraska, the
Dakotas (S. D. Redfield, Griffith), Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin (La
Crosse, Pammel; Bloomingdale, D. S. Pammel and C. M. King),
Illinois (Bluff Lakes, Eggert) ; Nova Scotia to New Brunswick, Que-
bec, Ontario and Saskatchewan.

General. ‘Vhis grass was early introduced into Europe and Asia; es-
pecially common in southern Europe where it has become a very bad
weed along irrigation ditches. It has now spread to all the warm coun-
tries of Europe and Asia; found also in south America.

3. LEERSIA LENTICULARIS.

Leersia lenticularts Michx Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 39. 1803. Watson and
Coulter. Gray. Man. Bot. 635. 1890. (6th ed.) Scribner. Grasses of Tenn.
Bull. Univ. Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 60. £ 66. 1891.

Homalocenchrus lenticularis (Michx.) Kuntze Beal. Grasses of N. A.
2: 179. 1896. Scribner. Bull. U.S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros> 72) 80m
1900. (3 ed.) Kuntze Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 777. 1891.

Homalocenchrus lenticularis (Michx.) Scribn. Nash in Britton and
Brown Ill. Fl. 1: 129. f. 289. 1896. Scribn. Mem. Torr. Bot. Club. 5: 33.
1894.

DESCRIPTION.

Catcu Fry Grass. A rather stout, branching perennial, 2 to 3
feet (4-6 cm.) high, from a creeping, scaly root-stock, with widely
nreading, broad leaves and diffuse panicles. Nodes smooth or some-

GRASSES OF IOWA, 103

times downwardly bearded.
Sheaths firm, striate, smooth
or more often rough, with
downwardly pointed, sharp
‘prickles, which lie in the
grooves of the striae, aur-
icled at the apex; ligule firm-
membranaceous, about a line

long, smooth or sometimes /;

pilose on the back; leaf-
blade 4 to 10 inches (8-20
cm.) long, 4 to 8 lines (8-
16 mm.) wide, acute, con-
tracted towards the base and
on the back where the blade
joins the sheath. Panicle 4
to 8 inches (8-16 cm.) long,
the branches solitary or in
pairs, widely spreading or
finally deflexed, flower-bear-
ing near the extremities.
Spikelets on very short, scab-
rous pedicels, broadly oval,
strongly flattened laterally,
25 to’ 3 lines (5-6 mm.)
long, and about 2 lines (4
mm.) broad, closely imbri-
cate, the glume and palea
strongly bristly-ciliate along
the keels. August to Sep-
tember.

Fig. 72. Leersia lenticularis—a, imbricated
spikelets;b, glume and palea. (Div. Agros. U. 8.
Dept. Agrl. )

This species is confined to eastern Iowa and occurs in alluvial flood

plains.

DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. 3165 Steamboat Rock, 3142 Lansing (Miss King) ; Clin-
ton, 242 (Pammel) ; Muscatine (Reppert) ; lowa City (Hitchcock).

_ North America. Virginia to Tennessee, Alabama, Iowa, south-
western Wisconsin (?), through Missouri, Illinois (Hancock County,

Arthur), Texas. ‘

104 GRASSES OF IOWA.

Ry
ae ee Oa ee
HA

: ramus a
REN ope it
M, ita esms ig

Le
S's

ee Ri

Ave EEL eianiess sh
SIS Es See ais S eAnSRES
cana ne sor
Lanse RS i e Manne

PAL PERS TR! | pie op tt

Sa minis CA TELE LLL S ane

Avistida longrseta var robusta. ¥ Ayistida olt ug th
Qa an a

Fia. 73. mas ibution of Phalaris, Anthoxar ithum Hierochloe and Aristida.
Specimens in he Panini: + From observatio

GRASSES OF IOWA.

3. ORYZA.

105

Oryza. L. Sp. Pl. 333. 1753. Endlicher. Gen. Pl. 78. Bentham &
Hooker Gen. Pl. 3: 1116. Hackel in Engler & Prantl. Nat. Pflanz Fam. II.
2: 41. £37. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 20: 49. f, 34.

Padia. Zoll. & Mor. Verz. Pl. Zoll. 103.

DESCRIPTION.

Spikelets 1-flowered, hermaphrodite, strongly flattened laterally, in

terminal panicles; rachilla articulated below the empty glumes. Glumes

3, the first two small, empty; the third compressed, keeled, somewhat

rigid, usually awned. Palea 1-nerved, nar-
rower, but about the length of the glume.
Stamens 6. Grain oblong, obtuse, closely
enveloped by the fruiting glume. Aquatic
grasses with flat leaves and terminal pan-
icles.

About twenty species have been de-
scribed ; the number has been reduced to six
by Hackel. Found chiefly in the tropical
regions of both hemispheres; India and
China. Cultivated rice (Oryza sativa)
has been in cultivation in China since an-
cient times; introduced into southern
Europe by the Arabs; cultivated in the
Carolinas since the seventeenth century.
In addition to its culture in the West In-
dies and South America, it is also cultivated
in the Philippines. It is the most impor-
tant cereal of China, Japan and India. The
upland rice is grown farther north than the

other type, which needs a great deal of
water to produce the best crops.

Fia. 74.

TRIBE VII. PHALARIDEAE.

Oryza sativa. (After
Nees-Hackel. )

Spikelets more or less laterally compressed, one or rarely three-

flowered ; glumes five, the first two empty and below the articulation of

106 GRASSES OF IOWA

the sc Pus third and fourth above the articulation, usually empty,
- very unlike the outer ones, rarely sub-
tending staminate flowers, sometimes re-
-duced to mere bristles, the fifth- glume
with a one-nerved or nerveless palea and

hermaphrodite flower.

A small tribe, comprising six genera
and sixty species, of little importance. A
few are cultivated for forage, like the

sweet vernal grass. Phalaris, com-

Fic. 75. Spikelet of Phalaris MOM canary grass, is cultivated chiefly as

Arummmacea—empty glumes, flow: food for birds, Uhe darees genus,
ering glumesand perfect flower with

hairy rudiments. (Ehrhartia), has 24 species, 20 of which
are found in South Africa; the remainder in New Zealand and New
Holland. Phalaris; with ten species, is found chiefly in southern Europe;
one species is widely distributed in Asia and America. Hierochloe
is found in northern temperate Europe and North America.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE PHALARIDEAE.
Third and fourth glumes empty, rudimentary, awnless........... Phatlaris .*

Third and fourth glumes empty, small, awned on the back
—Anthoxanthum.*

Third and A eeech glumes Ses a staminate flower, almost equalling
the firstland: Seconds. aac. «she = Seniele hahn eee Eee eee Hierochloe.*

1. PHALARIS.

Phalaris L. Sp. Pl. 54. 1753. Endlicher. Gen. Pl. 81. Bentham and
Hooker. Bere P]. 3: 1138. Hackel in Engler and Prantl. Nat. Pflanz.
Fam. II. 2: 43. £ 40.

ee Trin. Fund. Agros. 127. 1820.

Baldingera Gaertn. Mey. and Schreb. Fl. Wetter. 1: 43. 1799.

Typhodes. Moench. Meth. 201. 1799.

Spikelets crowded in a clustered or spiked panicle, 1-flowered.
Glumes 5, the third and fourth reduced to mere rudiments (a scale or
a pedicel), one on each side, at the base of the flowering glume and palet
which are flattish, awnless and shining, shorter than the equal, boat-
shaped and. keeled, persistent, empty glumes, finally coriaceous or carti-
laginous, and closely enclosing the flattened, free and smooth grain.
Stamens 3. Leaves broad, mostly flat. (The ancient name, from the
Greek word for shining, alluding to the shining seed.)

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PHALARIS.

Empty glumes not winged, spike short and broad, subcapitate. :
—P, Canaries

Empty glumes broadly winged, spike narrow, long...... P. arundinacea.*

e

1. PHALARIS CANARIENSIS

GRASSES OF IOWA.

107

Phalaris Canariensis L. Sp. Pl. 54. 1753. Watson and Coulter, Gray.

Man. Bot. 639. 1890. (6th ed.) Scribner Grasses of Tenn.
Tenn. Agri. Exp. Sta. 7: 61. f. 69. 1894. Beal. Grasses of
1896. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 331. Ff, 292,

DESCRIPTION.

Canary Grass. An
erect annual, I to 3
feet (2-6 dm.) high,
with flat leaves, and a
dense, ovoid panicle
(head) about 1 inch (2
cm.) long, empty
glumes with a_ broad,
sharp keel, with a dis-
tinct, green line within
the white, scarious mar-
gins. “Third and fourth
glumes small, scale-like,
smooth. Fifth, or flow-
ering glume, hairy. In
waste places. July to
August.

Phalaris Canariensts
has become naturalized
in Cedar Rapids andat a
few other points in
Iowa. The seed is used
extensively for bird
seed

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Iowa City,
Story City, Sioux City
(Hitchcock) ; = Giard
(Hempel) ; Ames 136
(Ball); Dakota City
(McFarland) ; Johnson
County _ (Fitzpatrick) ;

Wes Rages 29 (Ball) Fia. 76. Phalaris Canariensis. (Charlotte M.

Bull.’ Univ:
NA. 2: 182,

King: )*-

Sioux City (Miss Wakefield) ; Cedar Rapids (Miss Hall) ; Ames
(Pammel) ; Johnson County (Hitchcock).

108 GRASSES OF IOWA.

North America. In waste places; New Englarid to Texas, Ala-
bama, Tennessee, California (San Diego, Orcutt), Nebraska, Wiscon-
sin and eastward; Canada, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Vancouver Island.

General. Warm and temperate regions of Europe, North Africa
and western Asia.

2. PHALARIS ARUNDINACEA.

Phalaris arundinacea L. Sp. Pl. 55.1753. Watson and Coulter. Gray
Man. Bot. 639. p/. 13. f. 7-2. 1889. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1:
130. f. 290. Beal. Grasses N. Am. 2: 183. Scribner. Grasses Tenn. Bull.
Univ. of Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 62. pl. 18. f£ 70. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl.
Div. Agros. 17: 115. f. 477. Vasey Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 42.

DESCRIPTION.

REED CANARY Grass.
A stout, erect, glabrous,
broad-leaved perennial, 2
to 5 ft. (6-15 dm.) high,
with densely flowered pan-
icles,24 to 6% inches (6-16
cm.) long. Spikelets 4
inch (5-6 mm.) long,
with scabrous, 3-nerved,
outer glumes one-fourth
longer than the obtuse,
pubescent, flowering
glume. June to August.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Hull (Newell) ;
Boone (Carver); Mt.
Pleasant 1352 (Ball);
Story City 964 (Pammel
and Stewart) ; Mt. Pleas-
ant 20 (Ball); Elmore,
Minn., Minnesota-lowa
line 907 (Pammel ) ;
Humboldt (Harvey) ;
Slater 882, Missour: Val-
ley 1045, Jefferson ( Pam-

Fie. 77. Phalaris arundinacea.—a, spikelet; b,
outer glumes; c, flower with hairy rudiments. (Div.
Agros. U. 8. Dept. of Agrl. ) mel); Mt. Pleasant 771

(Mills) ; Armstrong (Cratty) ; Ames (Sirrine); Muscatine (Rep-
pert) ; Sioux City (Miss Wakefield) ; Hamilton County (P. H. Rolfs) ;

GRASSES OF IOWA. 109

Woodbine (Burgess) ; Algona (Hitchcock) ; Wheatland 277 (Ball) ;
Forest City 151 (Shimek); Armstrong 1063 (Cratty); Harrison
County (Burgess) ; Kossuth County (Hitchcock).

North America. From New England to New York, Maryland
(Echo, Kearney), Massachusetts (Pammel), ‘Vennessee, Kansas, Mex-
ico, Utah, Colorado (Ft. Collins, Crandall; Weld County, Pammel;
Trinidad, Tracy), Wyoming (Hot Springs, A. and E. Nelson; Big
Horn, Pammel), California; Nebraska (Grand Island, Pammel 25),
Dakotas (S. D. Aberdeen, Griffith), Minnesota (Itaska Lake, Sand-
berg), Michigan, Wisconsin (La Crosse, Pammel 18), Ohio (Colum-
bus, Sullivant; Lancaster County), Canada (Ottawa River, Beardslee).

General. Great Britian, on the continent of Europe, temperate and
arctic regions, to Asia and Kurile Islands.

2. ANTHOXANTHUM.

Anthoxanthum L. Sp. Pl. 28. 1753. Bentham and Hooker. Gen. Pl.
3: 1138. Hackel in Engler and Prantl. Nat. Pflanz. Fam. II. 2: 43. f. 47,
Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 20. 55. f. 37. Steudel. Syn.
Pl. Glum 1:12

Spikelets hermaphrodite, 1-flowered, narrow, somewhat compressed.
Glumes 5, the first and second empty, unequal, awnless or mucronate-
pointed; the third and fourth empty, shorter, two-lobed, clothed with.
brown hairs, and awned below on the back; fifth shorter than the others,
hyaline, broadly obtuse, awnless. Palea narrower, I-nerved, in-
cluded within the fifth glume. Stamens two. Styles distinct. Grain
oblong, inclosed within the fifth glume,and palea, free. Aromatic, an-
nual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and narrow, spike-like panicles.

Living species, according to Bentham and Hooker, 4 or 5. Hackel
states 4, and Scribner 3 or 4. Found in north temperate and cold
regions of the old world. The best known member of the genus is sweet
vernal grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum). (Name referring to the yel-
low hue of the spikelets in some species. )

ANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUM.

Anthoxanthum odoratum L. Sp. Pl. 28.1753. Watson and Coul-
ter. Gray. Man. Bot. 639. p/. 73. 1890. (6th ed.) Scribner. Grasses of
.Tenn. Bull. Univ. Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 62. f. 77. 1894. Scribner. Am.
Grasses. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agios. 7: 88. f. 82 1900. (3d ed.)
Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 184. 1896. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. FI.
1: 131. ¢. 293. 1896. Vasey Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 43.

110

Anthoxanthum odoratum.—

Fig. 78.
a, spikelet; b, same with outer glumes
removed; c, flowering glumes enclosing the

stamens and pistil. (Diy. of Agros. U. 8.

Dept. Agrl. )

GRASSES OF IOWA.

DESCRIPTION.

SWEET VERNAL Gp|ass..- A
sweet-scented grass, with slender, -
erect,- tufted flat -leaf-
blades,’ and narrow, spite-like, ter-
minal panicles, } to 4 inches (2-10
cm.) long. Spikelets 3 to 4 lines
(6-8 mm.) long, the very unequal
outer glumes enclosing the two-
lobed and awned inner pir, which
exceed the broadly trureate and

culms,

short, flowering glume. Abundant-

ly naturalized in lawns, fields
and waysides. May to t'eptember.

All the specimens we rave found
are referable to the
variety. This species may, how-
ever, occasionally occur in lawns.
Very fragrant in drying.

in lowa

ANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUM,
VAR. PUELII.

Anthoxanthum odoratum L. var.
puelii. Lecoq. and Lamotte Cat. Pl.
Auver. 385.

Anthoxanthum odoratum LL. var.
puelit. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 185.
1896.

DESCRIPTION.

Sweer VERNAL Grass. An annual, 74 to 20 inches (15-40 cm. )

high.

Smaller and more slender than the species, with shorter leaves.

Spikes 14 inches (24 cm.) long; second, lower, empty glume, when

closed, linear-lanceolate, when spread, about two-thirds as wide as the

corresponding glume of 4. odoratum; third and fourth glumes narrower,

darker and closed; lower part of the twisted awn almost black. June to

August.

GRASSES OF IOWA. ‘111

This grass is not abundant. It is
found here and there along the bor-
dersof roadsides, in parks and public
grounds or in lawns. Introduced
with lawn mixtures. It seldom
persists more than a season or two.
Fragrant in drying.

DISTRIBUTION.

; Towa. Ames (Beardslee).

North America. Species natural-
ized in eastern North America and
along the Pacific coast. Vermont,
Massachusetts to New Jersey, and
south to Alabama.

General. Europe, Asia and nat-
uralized in Australia.

3. HIEROCHLOE

Hierochloe Gmelin Fl. Sib. 1: 100.
1747. Endlicher. Gen. Pl. 18. Ben-
tham and Hooker. Gen. PI. 3: 1139.
Hackel in Engler and Prantl. Nat.
Pflanz. Fam. II. 2:44. f. 42.

Dimeria. Raf. Jr. Phy. 89. pl. 12
f. 7. : Fig. 79. Anthoxanthum odoratum var.

Disarrenum Labill. Pl. Nov. Hol!. puelii.—a, spikelet; b, awned glume; ¢,

S ; awnless glume; d, same with outer glumes
2: 82. 1806. remoyed, (Charlotte M. King. )

Torresia Ruiz and Pay. Prod. Fl. Per. and Chill. 125. 1794.
Savastana Schrank. Baier. Fl. 1: 100. 337. 1789.

Spikelets 3-flowered, open-panicled, the two lower (lateral) flow-
ers staminate only, 3-androus, sessile, the carinate glumes often awned
on the middle of the back, or near the tip, the uppermost flower perfect,
short-pedicelled, scarcely as long as the others, 2-androus, awnless.
Basal glumes persistent, carinate, acute, somewhat 3-nerved, equalling
or exceeding the spikelet. Perennials; leaves flat. (Name from two
Greek words for sacred and grass; these sweet-scented grasses being
strewn before the church doors on saints’ days, in the north of Europe.)

According to Bentham & Hooker there are 8 living species; Hackel

112 GRASSES OF IOWA,

recognizes 13, of which 5 occur in Europe, 5 in Russia; North America
is credited with 5 by Heller, and Beal recognizes 5; one species is found
in Mexico, one in California, and one in the Rocky Mountains.

HIEROCHLOE BOREALIS.

HMierochloe borealis Roem and Schultes Syst. 2: 513. 1817. Watson and
Coulter. Gray. Man. Bot. 639. pl. 13. 1890. (6th ed.). Vasey Contr. U. S.
Nat. Herb. 3: 43.

Hlolcus tragyans Willd. Sp. 4: 936. 1805.

Flolcus odoratus L. Sp. Pl. 1048. 1753.

Savastana odorata Scribn. Mem. Torr. Bot. Club. 5: 34. 1894.

Savastana odorata (L.) Scribn. Beal. Grassesof N. A. 2: 186. 1896.
Nash in Britton and Brown, Ill. Fl. 1: 132. f. 294. 1896. Scribrfer, Bull.
U.S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 7: 83. £83. 1900. (3d ed.)

p DESCRIPTION ..-

VANILLA Grass. A< slen-
der, sweet-scented, stoloni-

ferous perennial, I to 2
feet (3-6 dm.) high, with
short culm leaves, and
brownish, open panicles, 14 to
4 inches (4-10 cm.) long,
branches in pairs. Spike-
lets yellowish- brown and
purple, 2 to 3 lines (4-6
mm.) long; the first and
second glumes thin, subequal,
glabrous; the third and
fourth hairy and awn-point-
ed, the fifth hairy at the apex
and enclosing a_ perfect
flower. ‘he flat leaves of
the sterile shoots are 4 to 12
inches (t-3 dm.) long. May
to August.

Ilierochloe borealis is
common in low, marshy
grounds in northern Iowa,
nearly as far ‘south) as

Grinnell, northward and

Fig. 80. Hierochloe borealis.—a, spikelet with through Marshall County
nearly equal lower glumes; b, with lower glumes | C ae He
removed, showing third and fourth scabrous to Hamilton ounty, nort
glumes:c, palea with stamens; d, pistil. (Div. of west. ‘The sweet odor of the

Agro: U8 Dentoet Aart.) grass is due to cumarin.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 113

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Charles City (Arthur); Marshalltown, 17 (Ball and
Combs) ; Armstrong, 1075, Emmet County (Cratty) ; Ames (Beards-
lee) ; Jewell Junction, 1169 (Stewart) ; Eagle Grove, 1170 (Stewart) ;
Little Rock (Miss Bowen).

North America. From New England to New York, Massachu-
setts (Cambridge, Pammel), New Hampshire (Mt. Washington, Flint
and Huntington); west to Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin (Madison,
Pammel), Ohio (Columbus, Sullivant), Colorado (La Poudre River,
8500 ft., Pammel), Utah (Provo River, Pammel and Stanton), Mon-
tana, Wyoming (Clear Creek, Griffith; Sheridan County, Dome
Lake, Pammel, 83; Rapid Creek Park, Pammel, 82), Alaska; from
New Foundland, Labrador to New Brunswick, Quebec and ‘Ontario.
Manitoba north to Pease River, and Columbus Valley to 62 degrees
north latitude.

General.. Great Britain, Arctic and Alpine northern Europe,
northern and western Asia.

TRIBE VIII. AGROSTIDEAE.

Spikelets all hermaphrodite, 1-flowered with three glumes, the first
two empty (very rarely wanting), usually as long as or exceeding the
third or floral glume; rachilla sometimes prolonged behind the palea into
a naked or plumose bristle. Palea two-nerved
(one-nerved in Cinna), nerveless, or (in some
Agrostis species) wanting.

The tribe Agrostideae is an important one,
numbering about 700 species,arranged in 46
genera. ‘They occur throughout the temperate
and warmer regions of the world, some occur-
ing within the tropics. “The genus Agrostis

(Red Top), and the genus Phleum (Tim-

othy), are the best known representatives of

Fia.81. Spikelet of Agrostis
alba, sterile lower glumes,

the tribe. Some members of the genus are in- flowering glume, _palet,
stamens and stigmas.

jurious to live stock, like Aristida and Stipa. (Adapted from Gray’s Man.)
KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE AGROSTIDEAE.

Flowering glume indurated at maturity, firmer in texture than the empty
glumes, very closely enveloping the grain, awn, when present, terminal.

Rachilla not prolonged behind the palea.
Flowering glume with a trifid awn............. eA vUStIaa ee

Flowering glume with a simple awn.

Flowering glume narrow.

114 GRASSES OF IOWA.

Awn stout, twisted, persistent..............--<. Stipa.”

Awn straight, slender, or reduced to a mere point
—Muhlenbergia.*

Flowering glume broad, awn slender,deciduous. Oryzopsis .*

Flowerin@ glume’ awnless: cc.) se > serene Milium.®
Rachilla prolonged behind the palea in a pedicel-like extension,
empty glumes minute... Jitacectr tem scenes Brachyelytrum.°

Flowering glume usually hyaline or membranaceous at maturity, at least
more delicate in texture than the empty glumes, grain loosely enclosed;
awn, when present, dorsal.

Spikelets in a dense, spike-like panicle (some species of Sporobolus
may be found here. )
Apex of empty glumes obliquely truncate, flowering glumes

AWDIESS:,. v4 ose eniearne tes otis since Phleum.*

Empty glumes united at base, flowering glume awned on

the back vias :ckye Morsase eo ele eieis eee ae ee Alopecurus .*

Spikelets variously panicled (panicles spike-like in some species of
Sporobolus.)

Grain not wholly covered by the flowering glume and palea;
pericarp separable from the grain, sometimes opening

at maturity .o2...:.<,. st stone cree vette teen Sporobolus .°
Grain covered by the flowering glume and palea; pericarp

adherent.
Palea one-nerved; stamen one......... So CTNHG

Palea two-nerved; stamens three.

Callus naked or with a few very short hairs
—Agrostis.™

Callus with atuftof long hairs at the base.

Rachilla prolonged beyond the palet.
—Calamagrostis .**

Rachilla not prolonged beyond the
Pale terrier Calamoviltfa .8

1. ARISTIDA.

Aristida. L. Sp. Pl. 82. 1753. Endlicher. Gen. Pl. 88. Bentham and
Hooker. Gen. P]. 3: 1140. Hackel in Engler and Prantl. Nat. Pflanz. Fam.
TL 2a et a5.

Curtopogon Beauv. Agros. 32. pl. 8. f. 7.
Spikelets 1-flowered, not jointed on pedicels. Outer glumes un-
equal, often bristle-pointed ; the lowering glume tipped with three awns;

the palet much smaller. Otherwise much as in Stipa. Culms branch-

GRASSES OF IOWA. 115

ing; leaves narrow, often involute. Spikelets in simple or panicled
racemes or spikes. Grain linear. All grow in sterile dry soil, and all
of ours have the awns naked and persistent, and flower late. (Name
from arista, a beard or awn.)

About 100 species in the warmer regions of both hemispheres.
Eastern North America 12; Europe 2; North America 35-38; southern
states 17; Canada 4; Alabama 8; Texas 20; Iowa 8.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ARISTIDA.

Awns not articulated with the glumes.
Central awn coiled at the base.
Spikelet about 6 mm. long, empty glumes nearly equal.
—A. dichotoma.}
Spikelet about 10 mm. long, first empty glume much shorter.
—A. basiramea.?
Central awn not coiled at the base.
First empty glume much shorter than the second, central awn 6-10

cm. long.
Empty glumes acute or mucr nate............. .. A. longiseta.*
Empty glumes cleft and awned...... A. longiseta var. robusta.‘

First empty glume nearly equalling or exceeding the second.
Spikelets more than 2 cm. long, first glume 5-7 nerved
—A. oligantha.

a

utelets O10 mm lONG oud sccsde ave caicn ees A. intermedia.®
spikelets ‘about 6 mim. long): 0 is.s%as oan -- 4. gracilis.’
Awns articulated with the glume, united at the base into a spiral
MOREL Vays )e'e colo! iro. t of he aie 8 acs, Salsa Min deto sn ohwls A. tuberculosa.®

1. ARISTIDA DICHOTOMA.

Aristida dichotoma Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 41. 1803. Watson and
Coulter. Gray. Man. Bot. 640. 1890. (6th ed.) Scribner. Grasses of Tenn.
Bull. Univ. Tenn. Agri. Exp. Sta. 7: 64. f. 73. 1894. Scribner. Bull.
U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros 17: 118. f¢. 474. 1900. Vasey Contr. U.
S. Nat. Herb. 3: 44, Beal Grasses of N. A. 2: 208. 1896. Nash in Britton
ana Brown. fll. Fl. 1: 133. f. 297. 1896.

Aristida dichotoma var. Curtissii. A. Gray. Man, 640. (6th ed.)

116

and
Nat.

GRASSES OF IOWA.

Fic. 82. Aristida dichotoma.—a, lower
or empty glumes of a spikelet; b, a floret
showing awns, middle one coiled. (Div.
Agros.,U. S. Dept. Agrl.)

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Muscatine (Reppert).

DESCRIPTION.

Poverty Grass. A low,
much branched annual, 6 to
24 inches (143-6 dm.) high,
with few-flowered, spike-
like, simple panicles, 1 to 4
inches (2-8 cm.) long; li-
gule a minute fringe of
hairs; leaf-blade very nar-
row involute, 1 to 6 inches
(2-12 cm.) long. Spikelets
erect, 3 to 4 lines (6-8
mm.) long; empty glumes
nearly equal, linear, the
upper often miucronate-
pointed, equalling, or more
often exceeding, the flower-
ing glume; flowering glume
with minute, appressed hairs
on the back, three awned,
the lateral awns very short
and erect, the middle one
soon reflexed and flexuose
at the base. Callus hairy.
Not widely distributed in
this state, chiefly in south-
eastern Iowa. August to
September.

North America. New England, New York, Pennsylvania, New
Jersey to Florida; D. C. (Williams); Ohio (Sullivant) ; Tennessee
(Scribner), Missouri (Eggert).

2. ARISTIDA BASIRAMEA.

Aristida basiramea Engelm. Vasey. Bot. Gaz. 9: 76. 1884. Watson
Coulter. Gray Man. Bot. 640. 1890. (6th ed.). Vasey Contr. U.S.
Herb. 3: 44. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 134. £ 299.
1896. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 17: 119. # 475.1899.
Aristida basiramea Vasey. Beal. Grasses N. A. 2: 200. 1896.

GRASSES OF IOWA. i

DESCRIPTION.

Turtrep Tripte Awn Grass. An erect, slender, smooth, much-
branched perennial, 5 to 20 inches (1-4 dm.) high, with narrow, involute-
setaceous leaves, and few-flowered, spike-like ‘panicles, 2 to 3 inches (.5-
.75dm.)long, Empty glumes unequalt middle awn 6 to g lines (12-
18 mm.) long, coiled at base and divergent. Common on gravelly
knolls innorthern, central and eastern Iowa. August to September.

~

Fie. 83. Aristida basiramea—a, empty
glumes; b, flowering glume. (Div. Agros. U.
S. Dept. Agrl. )

DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Muscatine (Reppert); Muscatine, 1238 (Pammel and
Reppert) ; Ames, 174 (Hitchcock, Pammel) ; Iowa City (Hitchcock,

118 . GRASSES OF IOWA.

Macbride), Steamboat Rock (Shimek).

North America. Illinois, Wisconsin (La Crosse, Pammel), Min-
nesota,-lowa, Missouri (Eggert), Nebraska, Colorado and Wyoming
(Griffith).

3. ARIS’IDA LONGISETA.

Aristida longiseta Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 420. 1855. Merrill. Cire.
U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 34: 3.

Aristida fasciculata Nuttall. Thurb. Beal Grasses N. A. 2: 208. 1896.

DESCRIPTION.

Purp.e Aristipa. A densely tufted, glaucous, glabrous perennial;
culms 4 to 18 inches (1-4 dm.) tall, erect, slender, smooth or rough,
usually with purplish setae and with numerous, involute basal leaves.
Sheaths shorter than the
internodes, smooth or
slightly scabrous; ligule

short with a ciliate fringe;

i MWe leaves 1 to 54 inches (2-11
NY cm.) long, $ line (1 mm.)

i by) wide, involute, at least
WY iy) when dry, usually scab-
} WW) rous. Panicle few flow-

<>
=
en
Sant

ered, exserted, the branches

SS
=

solitary or two or three at

~~

ZS

the lower nodes, ascend-
ing; spikelets rather large,
purplish, lower empty
glume one-nerved or some-
times with an_ obscure
additional nerve on each
side; empty glumes un-
equal, the first shorter
than the flowering glume,
slightly scabrous on the
keel, acute or with a very
short, mucronate tip, II
Fia. 84. Aristida longiseta—a, spikelet; b, flower-.

ing glume. (Div. Agros. U. S. Dept. Agrl. ) mm. long; second glume
much exceeding the flowering glume, about 20 mm. long, otherwise
much as the first; flowering glume 6 lines (12 mm.) long, including the
densely pubescent callus, which is about 1 mm. long, smooth below,
scabrous above. Setae nearly equal, scabrous, about 3 inches (7cm.)
long. July to September.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 119

This grass is found in northwestern Iowa from Lyon to Dickinson
counties. It is rare or local here.

DISTRIBUTION.
Iowa. Probably with the variety.

North America. Minnesota, Iowa, north to Saskatchewan and
British Columbia, southwest to Kansas, Texas, Arizona, Colorado (Ft.
Collins, Crandall; La Porte, Golden and Denver, Pammel), Wvo-
ming (New Castle, Pammel), Nebraska (Alma, Grand Island, North
Platte, McCook, Pammel).

4. ARISTIDA LONGISETA VAR. ROBUSTA.
Aristida longiseta robusta Merriil. Cire. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros.

DESCRIPTION.

LarRGE PurpLe Aristipa. A
stout,densely tufted form, 1-1%4
feet (3-4 dm.) high, with robust
culms, more rigid inflorescence and
usually longer leaves than in the
species. Empty glumes as in the
species, except that both are
prominently cleft at the apex,
bearing in the cleit a scabrous
awn about 1 line (2 mm.) long;
flowering glume nearly smooth or
only slightly scabrous. Dry soils

July-September.

SISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Plymouth County (Lei-
berg), Rock Rapids (C. R. Ball).
North America. From South
Dakota to Kansas and Washing-
ton and British Columbia.
fates OLIGANTHA.
Aristida oligantha Michx. FI.
Bor. Am. 1: 41. 1803. Watson

Fie +5. Aristida longiseta var.robusta. and Coulter. Gray. Man. Bot.

a,and e,sterileo ter glumes; b, flower show- , wie ss
ing the spreading awns. (Charlotte M. 640. 1890. (6th ed.) Scribner,

King. ) Grasses of ‘Tenn. Bull. Univ.

.

120 GRASSES OF IOWA.

Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 65. 7. 77. 1894. Am. o@rasseeneseee
U. S. Dept. Agri. Div. Agros. 17: 122. f. 428. 1899. Beal. Grasses
of N. A. 2: 202. 1896. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl.°1: 135.
f. 303. 1896. Vasey Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 8: 46.

DESCRIPTION.

Prairni—E TrRreLreE Awn. A
tufted annual, with slender
branching culms, 6 to 12
inches (15-30 cm.) high, nar-
row leaves, and loosely few-
flowered racemes. Sheaths
smooth; ligule a fringe of short
hairs; leaf-blade-2 to 6 inches
(5-15 cm.) long, involute, fili-
form, at least when dry. Pan-
icle racemose, four to Ssix-
flowered. Spikelets 9 to I1
lines (18-22 mm.) long (ex-
clusive of the awns); empty
glumes three to five-nerved,
subequal, a little shorter than
the flowering glume, more or
less awn-pointed;~ flowering
glumes scabrous, at least above,
three-awned, awns nearly equal,
or the lateral a little shorter,
divergent, I to 2 inches (2-5
cm.) long. Callus soft-hairy,
acute. Dry, gravelly or sterile
soil. Chiefly in southeastern
Iowa but also found locally in

FIG 85. Arisiida oligantha a, the lower or 3
empty glume; b, flower with widely spreading the central portion. July to
awns.( Div. Agros. U. S. Dept. Agrl. ) October

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. West Davenport, 130 (Barnes and Miller) ; Mt. Pleasant
(Mills) ; Keokuk ( P. H. Rolfs) ; Ames (Pammel) ; Decatur County
(Fitzpatrick), Creston (Ashby).

North America. ‘New Jersey to Maryland, and west to Nebraska,
Iowa, Missouri (Eggert; Forest Park, Pammel), and south te Louis-
iana and Texas.

rT

GRASSES OF IOWA. 121

6. ARISTIDA INTERMEDIA.

Aristida intermedia. Scrib. and Ball. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div.
Agros. 24: 44.

DESCRIPTION.

INTERMEDIATE ARIsTIpDA. A slender, somewhat geniculate, branch-
ing annual, 1 to 24 feet (3-7 dm.) high, with involute leaves and long
slender, panicles. Culms smooth, freely branching, purplish, the outer
branches geniculate, ascending; sheaths usually shorter than tke inter-

nodes, smooth or the
lower sparsely hirsute,
especially on the margins,

and purplish; ligule a
very short ring, .2 lines
(0.4 mm.) long or less,
fringed with short hairs;
blades 13 to 5 inches (5- _ /
15 cm.) long, 1 line’ (2
mm.) wide, erect, rigid,
involute, sometimes
sparsely hirsute near the
‘base. Panicle, 3 to 1}
feet (2-4 dm.) long, slen- \
der, often flexuose;
branches short, 3 to 14
inches (2-4 cm.) long,
appressed. Spikelets, 4 to
5 lines (8-10 mm.) long;
empty glumes narrowly

2

lanceolate, attenuate into
a rather long awn, nearly
equal or the upper
longer, 34 to 44 lines (7-
9 mm.) long, I-nerved,
scabrous, purplish ; ower-
ing glume 34 to 44 lines a
(7-9 mm.) long, strongly
scabrous above the mid-
dle, equalling or exceed-
ing the empty glumes,
sometimes regularly spotted as in A. gracilis; awns all spreading, the
middle one 9 to 11 lines (18-22 mm.) long, the lateral ones 7 to8 lines
(14-17 mm.) long, all variable. This species is most closely allied to
A. gracilis,but differs in its larger size, and especially in the much longer
florets and awns. It is nearly intermediate between A. gracilis and 4.
purpurascens, with the habit of the former and spikelets more like those
of the latter.

Fie. 87. Aristida intermedia—a, spikelet. (Div.
Agros. U.S. Dept. Agrl.)

122 GRASSES OF IOWA.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Wapsipinicon River (31, E. N. Wilcox).
North America. Towa to Texas and Mississippi.

7. ARISTIDA GRACILIS.

Aristida gracilis Ell. Bot. S. C. and Ga. 1: 142. 1817. Watson and
Coulter. Gray. Man. Bot. 640. Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull. Univ.
Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 64. f. 74. 1894. Beal. Gra ses N. A. 2: 209. 1896.
Nash in Britton and Brown, Ill. Fl. 1: 133. f 298. 1896. Vasey Contr.
U.S. Nat. Herb. 8: 44.

Aristida gracilis var. depauperata. A. Gray. Man. 618. 1867. (Sth ed.)

DESCRIPTION.

SLENDER ARISTIDA. A slen-
der, erect grass,12 to 24 inches
(24-48 cm.) high, branched
near the base, the culms and
branches terminating in slender,
rather densely-flowered, racemose
or spike-like panicles 3 to 7
inches (6-14 cm.) long. Rays
of the panicle in pairs, erect,
one to several-flowered. Sheaths
smooth or pilose near the base;
ligule a minute fringe of short
hairs; leaf-blade 3 to 5 inches
(6-11 cm.) long, about 1 line
(2 mm.) wide, soon convolute.
Spikelets 2 to 3 lines (4-6 mm.)
long (exclusive of the awns) ;
empty glumes one-nerved, nar-
rowly lanceolate, nearly equal,
or the lower one a little shorter
than the upper which is usually
short awned or mucronate¢
pointed ; flowering-glume usually
a little longer than the empty

ones, rough and usually spotted
on the back, three-awned, the

Fig. 88 Aristida gracilis. Upper right | | ZA ‘oh
hand figurespikelet. (Charlotte M. King.) ateral awns straight, and one-

third to one-half the length of
the divaricate or reflexed middle one. Callus hairy. In sandy, gravelly

or poor soils. September-October.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 123

DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Keokuk (Hitchcock).

North America. Southern New England, New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania to Florida; west to Georgia (Kearney) and Louisiana
(Ball) ; Texas (Blackshear, Pammel), north through Arkansas, Ken-
tucky (Kearney), Missouri (Eggert), lowa.

Se ARISTIDA, LUBERCULOSA.

Aristida tuberculosa Nutt. Gen. 1: 57. 1818. Wats n and Coulter. Gray
Man. Bot. 641. 1890. (6th ed.) Beal. Grasses N. A. 2: 196. f. 40. 1896. Nash
in Britton and Brown... Ill. Fl. 1: 136. f 307. 1896 Scribner. Bull. U.S.
Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 7: 94. —
f. 88.1900.(3d ed.). Vasey Contr.
U.S. Nat. Herb. 3: 48.

DESCRIPTION.

Lonc AWNED PovERTY
Grass. <A_ rigid, much-
branched perennial, 12 to 18
inches (3-45 dm.) high, with
nearly simple panicles, 4 to 7
inches (10-18 cm.) long,
branches erect, rather distant,
the lower in pairs, one short
and few-flowered, the other
elongated and many-flowered.
Empty glumes nearly equal,
12 lines(24. mm.) long, awn-
’ pointed ; flowering glume about
10 lines (20 mm.) long,
twisted above to the division
of the awns, and with a dense-
ly barbate, sharp-pointed cal-
lus; awns nearly equal, diver-
gent or reflexed, 14 to 2 inches
(3-5 cm.) long, distinctly ar-
ticulated with the glume.

Fiq. 89. Aristida tubereulosa—a, spikelet with
August to October. lower glumes; b, flowering glume with divergent,
long awns.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Muscatine (Reppert).

124 GRASSES OF IOWA.

North America. Sandy beaches and sandy soil. Massachusetts to
Wisconsin (La Crosse, Pammel), Illinois, Minnesota,

Iowa and
Georgia.

es re

: _
pbralide Nebcncliny Teal. |

£ Mave Rand Lite cnatine
=

Fia. 90. Aristida tuberculosa, purpurea and oligantha. Three species of
Aristida showing spikelets. (From photograph. )

ape wei bd ll Sie We

Stipa L. Sp. Pl. 78. 1753. Endlicher Gen. Pl. 88. Bentham and
Hooker. Gen. Pl. 3: 1141. Hackel in Engler and Prantl. Nat. Pflanz. Fam.
Il. 2: 46.44% Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. 20: 62. 7.70.

Macrochloa Kunth. Rev. Gram: 1: 58. 1835.

Aristella Bertol. Fl. Ital. 1: 690. 1833.

Streplachne R. Br. Prod. 174. 1810.

Jarava Ruiz and Pav. Prod. Fl. Per. 2: Pl. 1. 1794.

Lasiagrostis Link. Hort. sterol. 1: 99. 1827.

Orthoraphium Nees. Proc. Linn. Soc. 1: 94, 1841.

Achnatherum Beauv. Agros. 19. 1812.

Ptilagrostis Griseb in Led. Fl. Ross. 4: 447. 1853.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 125

Spikelets 1-flowered, terete; the flower falling away at maturity
(with the conspicuous, obconical, bearded and often sharp-pointed callus)
from the membranaceous, persistent, lower glumes. Fertile glumes coria-
ceous, cylindrical-involute,and closely embracing the smaller palet and
the cylindrical grain, having a long and twisted or tortuous, simple awn
jointed with its apex. Stamens mostly 3. Stigmas plumose. Peren-
nials, with narrow, involute leaves and a loose panicle. (Name from
the Greek word for fow in allusion to the flaxen appearance of the
feathery awns of the original species. In our species the awn is naked.)

Species about 100 according to Bentham & Hooker and Hackel.
Found chiefly in the tropics, generally in savannas, steppes and prairie
regions. In southern and central Europe to Russia; Asia, North and
South America, Africa and Australia.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF STIPA.
Bmintyeeniames less than 10 mm. long. . 0.0.6.0 65 secre mean cinie S. viridula.}

Empty glumes over 15 mm. long.
Base of panicle usually included in upper sheath; flowering glume 8-12

AG lone awn Slender,» Curley. ciate. crelr-beteartelsioils S. comata.?
Panicle wholly exserted, flowering glume 14-24 cm. long; awn stout,
INGLE te tatey ore ceyera ee retard, aasy el endv'e co, o Sesvetovenal aoa dtalois tein evoperereponerarate S. spartea.*

1. STIPA VIRIDULA.

Stipa viridula Trn. Mem. Bull. Sc. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. 2: 39.
1836. Beal Grasses N. Am. 2: 221. Watson and Coulter. Gray. Man. Bot.
§42. 1890. (6th ed.) Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 138. £.370. 1896.
Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 17: 134. f. 430 1899. Vasey
Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 8: 50. in part. ;

126 GRASSES OF IOWA.

Stipa spartea Hooker FI.
Bor. Am. 2: 237. 1840. (Not
of Trinnius.)

DESCRIPTION.

GREEN STIPA. FEATHER
BuNcH Grass. A slen-
der or rather stout, caes-
pitose perennial, erect pan-
icles,24 to 5 feet (5-
10 dm.) high, with invo-
lute-pointed leaves and
narrow, contracted pani-
cles 6 to 10 inches (12-20
cm.) long. Spikelets with
nearly . equal, subulate-
pointed, empty glumes, 3 to
44 lines (6-9 mm.) long,
and hairy or pilose flower-
ing glume, which is about
24 lines (5 mm.) long,
and has a short, obtuse
callus. Awn about 12
lines (24 mm.) long, fin-
ally separating from the
glume. June-August.

Feather bunch grass has

Fic 91 Stipa viridula—a, outer or lower glumes; been introduced in a few
b, sharp pointed callus of the flower. (Div. Agros. U. - :
Bpape Age) places aiong the railroads.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Ames (Sirrine, P. H. Rolfs, C. A. Wilson, E. R. Wilson,
Pammel, Combs and Ball).

North America. Introduced into Iowa; from western Minnesota,
iNebraska (Alma, Pammel, 161; McCook, Pammel, 375), south to
Kansas and New Mexico, Colorado (Ft. Collins, Crandall, Pammel;
Ouray, Shear, 1160; Greeley, Pammel; Leadville, Trelease) ; Utah
(Uintah Mountains, Kamas, Pammel and Stanton, 220; Uintah Moun-
tains, Mud Creek, Pammel, 916; West Duschene, Pammel, 217) ;
Wyoming (Uintah Mountains, Fuller’s Ranch, alt. 8,000 it., 917,
Pammel, Johnson, Buchanan and Lummis; Sheridan, Pammel; New
Castle, Pammel, 3); Montana (Bonner, Sandberg, Heller and Mc-
Dougal 986), and California. British Columbia to Manitoba.

GRASSES OF IOWA.

er he
oO
‘> =

IR \
{uke SN ‘
SRS cseacn : ve

cae is SEAN
_ ae

CSI BA es
ACORN

ee BN Se Se, ae i
AY ECO Ay GES
cs a SAE GS Sane
aigs nae aT .

sana tee
yo TatuSae

enbergia sobdlijser
Fra. 92, Distribution of Aristida, Stipa and Muhlenbergi
@ Specimens in herbarium. 7 Based on observatious

"1

128 GRASSES OF IOWA.

26S LIRA OMAAS :
Stipa comata Trin. and Rupr. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. 5: 75.
1842. Beal. Grassesof N. A. 2: 216. 1896. Nashin Britton and Brown.
Ill. Fl; 1: 138: f. 372. 1896. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept--Agriieiae
Agros. 17: 129. f 425. 1899. Vasey Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 52

4 DESCRIPTION.

Ss
~

WESTERN Stipa. NEED-
LE Grass. A _ rather
stout, erect, caespitose
perennial, 14 to 4 feet
(3-9 dm.) high, with
mostly involute leaves, and
loosely-flowered panicles, 8
to 12 inches (16 to 24
cm.) long. Spikelets with
nearly equal, long-attenu-
ate-pointed, empty glumes
about 12 lines (24 mm.)
long, and thinly pubes-
cent flowering glumes
about 6 lines (12 mm.)
long. Awn slender, 23 to
3 inches (8-10 cm.) long,
strongly flexuose or vari-
ously curled and twisted.
May to September.

A rare species in lowa,
only reported from one
locality, Sioux City by

Fig. 93. Stipa comata—a, empty or lower glumes; Miss Wakefield and Pro-
b, pubescent flowering glume and pointed callus. ( Div, Pe sare L
Agros, U. 8. vept. of Agrl. ) fessor Hitchcock.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Sioux City (Hitchcock).

North America. From western Iowa, Dakotas (S. D., Edgemont,
Stanton), Wyoming (Uintah Mountains, Mud Creek, 1542, Pam-
mel, Johnson, Buchanan and Lummis; Sheridan County, Pammel, 160;
New Castle, Pammel, 2; Sherman, Pammel, 2); Montana (Dillon,
Shear, 334), Nebraska (McCook, Pammel, 383) ; Colorado (Ft. Col-
lins, Crandall; La Poudre River, Pammel; Ft. Morgan, Pammel ; Colo-
rado Springs, Pammel, 223; Greenland, Pammel and Stanton) ;

"58m

GRASSES OF IOWA. 129

Utah (Salt Lake, Pammel,

188); Oregon, Washington (Douglass

County, Sandberg and Leiberg), California (Lemmon), and Arizona.

3:

STIPA SPARTEA.

Stipa spartea Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI, 1: 82. 1831. Wat-

son and Coulter. Gray. Man.

Bot. 641. 1890. (6th ed.) Beal. Grasses of

N.A. 2: 215. 1896. Vasey. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 8: 53. Nash in Brit-

ton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1:

Bolles. Dept. ~gri. Div.

DESCRIPTION.

PORCUPINE Grass. A ‘

stout, erect perennial, with
Simple culms 3 to 5
feet (6-10 dm.) high;
long, narrow leaves and
contracted, few-flowered
panicles, 4 to 8 inches (10-
20 cm.) long. Spikelets
larger; empty glumes sub-
ulate-pointed, 12 to 18
lines (24-36 mm.) long,
slightly unequal; flowering
glume 8 to 10 lines (16-
20 mm.) long, including
the barbed and very sharp-
pointed stipe or callus,
sparsely pubescent below
and crowned with a few
short hairs; palea nearly
as long as the glume; awn
stout, 3 to 6 inches (8-15
cm.) long, twisted below
and twice geniculate above.
June to August.
“Porcupine grass is com-
mon on dry, gravelly roads
and high prairies.

139. f. 373. 1896. Scribner. Am. Grasses.
Agros. 7: 95. f. 89. 1900. (3d ed )

Fia. 94. Stipa spartea—a, asingle spikelet; b,
floret more highly magnified, with sharp pointed
bearded callus, (Div. Agros. U. S. Dept. Agrl. )

130 GRASSES OF IOWA.
DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Winneshiek County, Shelby County (Fitzpatrick) ; Har-
court (Danielson); Alden (Stevens); 945, Battle Creek (Preston) ;
Ames (Bessey, Carver, E. R. Wilson, 177 Ball, Weaver, Crozier, Sir-
rine 1147 and 1149, Louthan) ; Iowa City (Hitchcock) ; Jewell Junc-
tion (Carver) ; 3278, Ontario (Faurot) ; Marshalltown (Eckles) ; 530,
Muscatine (Reppert) ; Sioux City (Miss Wakefield) ; Johnson County,
Cedar Rapids, Lyon County (Shimek) ; Van Cleve (Warden) ; 3252,
Grundy Center (Miss Paddock) ; 3052, Steamboat Rock (Miss King) ;
672 Missouri Valley, Council Bluffs, 1466 De Witt, 1429 Carroll,
1277 Council Bluffs, 1163 Ames, Dubuque (Pammel) ; Clear Lake
(Shimek), 18 Marshall County (Ball), 3335 Marathon (Roberts).

North America. From Wisconsin (La Crosse, Pammel), Illinois,
to Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Dakotas (S. D., Aberdeen, Griffith,
820; N. D., Fargo, Bolley), and Minnesota to New Mexico (Glori-
eta, Vasey), Manitoba to British Columbia.

3. MUHLENBERGIA.

Muhlenbergia Schreb. Gen. Pl. 44. 1789. Hackel in Engler and
Prantl. Nat. Pflanz. Fam. II. 2: 47. f. 45. Bentham and Hooker Gen. PI.
3: 1143. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 20: 65. f #.

Muhlenbergia Schreb. Endlicher. Gen. Pl. 88.

Vaseya Thurb. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1868: 79. Watson Bot.
Cal. 2: 278. f

Podosoemum Desv. Nuov. Bull. Soc. Philom. 2: 188. 1813.
Calycodon Nutt. Jr. Acad. Philad. II. 1: 186. 1817.
Clomena Beauv. Agros. 28. pl. 7. f. 10. 1812.

Josagris Beauv. Agros. 29. pl. 8. f. 3.

Spikelets 1-flowered, in contracted or rarely in open panicles.
Empty glumes mostly acute or bristle-pointed, persistent, usually thin;
the lower rather smaller or minute. Flower very short-stalked or ses-
sile, the glume and palet usually minutely bearded at base, herbaceous,
deciduous with the enclosed grain, often equal, the glume 3-nerved,

GRASSES OF IOWA. here

mucronate or awned at the apex. Stamens 3. (Dedicated to the Rev.
Dr. Henry Muehlenberg, a distinguished American botanist of the early
part of the last century.)

About 60 species according to Bentham and Hooker; the same
number according to Hackel, of which Heller lists 37 species north of
Mexico. ‘Thirty-five species are reported for Mexico and Central
America.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF MUHLENBERGIA.

Flowering glume not awned, often acuminate.

Empty glumes acute, about ¥% as iong as the flowering glume.
—.M. sobolifera.*

Empty glumes acuminate, about 3 mm. long, about equalling the
HOW ECIN SS AMOS. e eriis sree corsets Melee ytsuel ela chest M. mexicana.*

Empty glumes awned, about 5 mm. long, nearly twice the length of
Che HOWEHN OOM Ch7. chr cccieistyomers) elena eases M. glomerata.*

| Flowering glume awned.
Awn usually twice the length of the glume.
SPRY SIU MMES: MUN WES... ae.cudiaina dainjalsre weed meeda clea. M. dittusa.*
Empty glumes about one-half as long as flowering glume.
—.M. Wildenoviz.®
Empty glumes about equalling the flowering glume. .J/. sylvatica.®

Awn 3-4 times as long as the glume, second empty glume distinctly
SAWueG eitivate dn. «4-.-ys/inenic sere Hherafersacloreleteetels M. gracilis.’

1. MUHLENBERGIA SOBOLIFERA,

Muhlenbergia sobolifera Trin. Unifl. 189. 1824. Watson and Coulter.
Gray. Man. Bot. 643. 1890. (6th ed.) Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull.
Univ. Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 67. f. 82. 1894. Vasey Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 3: 68.

Muhlenbergia sobolifera (Muhl.) Trin. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 244,
1896. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 142. f. 320. 1896.

: eer.
132 GRASSES OF IOWA.

Agrostis sobolitera Muhl. Willd.
Enum. 95. 1509.

DESCRIPTION.

Rock MUHLENBERGIA. A slen-
der perennial, with more or less
branching, leafy culms 1 to 2
feet (3-6 dm.) high, from creep-
ing, scaly rootstocks. Sheaths
smooth or slightly scabrous; ligule
very short; leaf-blade flat, 1 to 3
lines (2-6 mm.) wide, 3 to 5
inches (6-10 cm.) long, scabrous.
Panicle 2 to 7 inches (4-16 cm.)
long, filiform, with erect, appressed
branches. Spikelets crowded, 1 line
(2 mm.) long or less. Empty-
glumes ovate-lanceolate, acute, muc-
ronate, or sub - aristate - pointed,
nearly equal, one-fourth to one-half
shorter than the flowering glume;
flowering glume ovate-lanceolate, 3-
nerved, short mucronate, scabrous
on the back, short-pilose toward the

FIG. 95 Muhlenbergia sobolifera—a, base and on the callus; palea as long

spikelet; b, emoty lower glume; ec, flower-
: rae eri glume. Rock
ing glume; d, palet; e, fruit. (Charlotte M. as the flowe ne a y

King.) woods. September-October.
DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Winterset, 1103 (Carver); Muscatine (Pammel); Ft.
Dodge (Oleson).

North America. Massachusetts south to Virginia, Texas, Illinois,
Indiana, Missouri (Eggert), to southeastern Minnesota.

2. MUHLENBERGIA MEXICANA.

Muhlenbergia Mexicana Trin. Unifl. 189. 1824. Watson and Coulter.
Gray. Man. Bot. 643. 1890. (6th ed.) Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull.
Jniv. Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7:68. f 83. 1894. Vasey Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 3: 69,

GRASSES OF IOWA. les

Muhlenbergia Mexicana (L.) Trin. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 252.
1896. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 142. £ 327. 1896. Scribner.
Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 7: 106. f. 200. 1900. (3d ed.)

Agrostis Mexicana L. Mant. 1: 31. 1767.

Agrostis filiformis Muhl. Gram. 66. 1817.

Agrostis lateriflora Michx. Fl N. Am. 1: 53. 1803.
DESCRIPTION.

MexicAN Drop SEED. An upright or ascending, usually much
branched perennial 1 to 3 feet (2-6 dm.) high, with a scaly, creep-
ing rootstock, numerous flat leaves and contracted, densely-flowered
panicles. Sheaths Jonger or
shorter than the internodes,
smooth; ligule $ line (1 mm.)
or less long; leaf-blades 1 to 3
lines (2-6 mm.) wide, 2 to 7
inches (4-14 cm.) long. Spike-
lets about 1 line (2 mm.) long
on very short pedicels; empty
glumes nearly equal, acuminate~
pointed, about the length of the
floral glume (a little shorter or
sometimes a little longer), scab-
rous on the keel; flowering
glume lanceolate, acute or
mucronate-pointed, three-nerved,
pilose near the base and on the
callus. Palea a little shorter
than its glume, very acute.

Mexican drop seed is a widely
‘distributed grass, abundant in
all parts of the state. It is some-
what polymorphic. Ordinarily
the spikes approach in density
the M. glomerata, but when
cut off before heading out the
spikes are more slender, and

Fie. 96. Muhlenbergia Mexicana—a, b, might readily be mistaken for
spikelets. (Div. Agros. U. 8. Dept. of Agrl.) another species. This is the state

called var. filiforme.

134 GRASSES OF IOWA.

The grass matures rapidly and affords early’ forage, but later
becomes woody. In cultivated gardens and fields it is a bad weed.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Woodbine, 11 and 7 (Burgess) ; Ft. Dodge (Pammel and
Sokol, Oleson) ; Boone, 3202 (Pammel) ; Steamboat Rock, 3146 (Miss
King) ; Keokuk (P. H. Rolfs) ;Grundy Center, 3208 (Miss Paddock) ;
Wilsonville, 3183 (Larsen) ; Lansing, 3010 (Miss King) ; Sioux City
(Miss Wakefield)’; Ames (Pammel, Kaufman, Ketterer, Crozier, Sir-
rine, Fairfield); Belknap, 827 (Rankin); Rock Rapids (Shimek) ;
Jewell Junction, De Witt, Carroll, Turin, Logan, Jefferson, Sheldahl
and Slater, 251 Clinton (Pammel); Myron (Miss King); Spirit
Lake, 16 (Beard) ; Dixon, 734 (Snyder) ; Mt. Pleasant (Mills) ; Red
Oak (Holt); Hesper (Ballard); 1013, Creston (Bettenga) ; Glen-
wood, 998 (Jackson) ; Chariton, 779 (Mallory); Parkersburg. 941
(Stout); Ames, 115 (Ball); Amana, 697 (Schadt); Carroll, 1018
(Simon) ; Boone (Carver) ; Greenfield (Stewart) ; Ames, 114 (Pam-
mel) ; Jackson County, Rapid Creek, Johnson County, Hamilton to
Hancock County (Preston); Sioux City (Macbride); Iowa City
(Hitchcock); Steamboat Rock (Miss King); Steamboat Rock.
(Shimek) ; Nevada (Pammel) ; Traer (Provan).

North America. New Brunswick ,Washington, D. C. (Potomac
Flats, Ball, 712); to North Carolina, Texas, Missouri: (St.
Louis, Eggert; Jefferson Barracks, Eggert), Indian ‘Territory, Ne-
braska, Minnesota, Wisconsin (La Crosse, D. S. Pammel and C. M.
King; Bloomingdale, Pammel and C. M. King, 3175), Ohio (Picker-

ington, Horr) ; to Ontario.
3. MUHLENBERGIA GLOMERATA.

Muhlenbergia glomerata Trin. Unif. 191. 1824. Watson and Coulter.
Gray. Man. Bot. 543. 1890. (6th ed.) Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull.
Univ. Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 67. f. 82. 1894. VaseyContr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 38: 68.

Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) B. S. P. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2:
252. 1896. Nashin Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 143. £f. 322. 1896.
Scribner. Am. Grasses. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 7: 109.
f. 103. 1900. (3d ed.)

Polypogon glomeratus Willd. Enum. 1: 87. 1809.
Agrostis racemosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 53. 1803.
Muhlenbergia racemosa B. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 67. 1888.

n

GRASSES OF IOWA. 135

DESCRIPTION.

MarsH MUHLENBERGIA.
A rather stout, upright
perennial, with very tough
and densely scaly __root-
stocks, nearly simple culms,
2 to 3 feet (6-9 dm.)
high, and densely flow-
ered panicles, 2 to 4 inches
(5-10 cm.) long. Spikelets
2 to 3 lines (4-6 mm.)
long, the long, acuminate-
pointed outer glumes nearly
equal and exceeding the very
acute flowering glume, which
is densely bearded at the

. base. Moist meadows and

low grounds. July-Septem-
ber.

Marsh Muhlenbergia is
common, especially in north-
ern Iowa, but occurs in all
parts of the state. A rapid
grower and when young
affords some forage.

Fie. 97. Muhlenbergia glomerata—a, spikelet
with long, acuminate-pointed outer glumes; b,
flowering glume, bearded. (Div. of Agros, U. 8.
Dept. Agr! )

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Boone, 3228 (Pammel) ; Rockwell, 3186 (Brown) ; Mason

_ City (Pammel) ; Greenfield (Stewart) ; Winterset, Des Moines (Car-

ver); Jewell Junction (Rolfs) ; Logan, Council Bluffs, Sioux City,

136 GRASSES OF IOWA.

Clinton, South Dakota opposite Hawarden, 274 Webster City, Car-
narvon, Alton, Sioux Rapids, Dakota City, Hawarden (Pammel) ;
Sioux City (Miss Wakefield) ; Ames (Kaufman, Hitchcock) ; West
Union, 248 (Whitmore); Ames, 113 (Ball); Lyon County, 45
(Shimek) ; Keystone (Koch); Dallas Center, 817 (Rhinehart) ;
Tabor (Baldwin) ; Muscatine (Reppert) ; Ledyard, 760 (Pammel and
Cratty) ; Tabor, 778 (Baldwin) ; Webster City, 2217 (Pammel and
Sokol) ; Armstrong (Cratty) ; Council Bluffs (Miss Cavanagh and
Dilne) ; Rock Rapids (Shimek); Iowa City (Hitchcock and Mac-
bride) ; Hamilton to Hancock County (Preston) ; Spirit Lake, Lyon
County (Shimek) ; Plymouth County (Brown) ; High Bridge (Lum-
mis) ; Woodbury County (Brown) ; Worth County (Pammel).

North America. From New Jersey to Missouri (St. Louis, Eg-
gert, Pammel) ; Ohio (Columbus, Sullivant) ; Wisconsin (La Crosse,
Pammel, C. M. King); Minnesota (Sandy Lake, Sandberg) ; Iowa,
Nebraska (Crete, Pammel; Lincoln, Pammel); Dakota (Vasey) ;
mountains of Colorado (northern Colorado, Soldier’s Canon, Crandall;
Ft. Collins, Pammel) ; New Mexico (Parry) ; Utah (West Duchesne
River, 8500 ft., Pammel and Stanton; East Duchesne River, Pammel
and Stanton), and Arizona; north to British Columbia; eastward to

Newfoundland.
4, MUHLENBERGIA DIFFUSA.

Muhlenbergia diffusa Schreh. Beschr. Gras. 2: 143. pl. 52. 1772. 79.
Watson and Coulter. Gray. Man. Bot. 644. 1890. (6th ed.) Scribner,
Grasses of Tenn. Bull. Univ. Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 67. f. 80. 1894.
Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 144. f. 327. 1896. Scribner.
Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 7: 105. f 99.1900. (3d ed.) Vasey
Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 68.

Muhlenbergia SchreberiGmel. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 245. 1896.

GRASSES OF IOWA. La?
DESCRIPTION.

Nimsie Wixi. A low,
ascending perennial with
slender, much-branched,
wiry culms, I to 2 feet
(2-4 dm.) long. Sheaths
smooth, pilose at the
throat; ligule very short;
leaf blade 1 to 2 lines (2-
4 mm.) wide, I to 4 inches
(2-8 cm.) long, scabrous
on both sides. Panicles 3
to 7 inches (6-14 cm.)
long, slender, — branches
erect, rather densely flow-
ered. Spikelets 1 line (2
mm.) long, equalling or
exceeding the pedicels;
empty glumes minute, un-
equal, the lower sometimes
obsolete; flowering glume
narrowly lanceolate, pilose
near the base, scabrous on
the nerves above, terminat-
ing in a slender, straight
awn, I to 2 lines (2-4 mm.)

2 - Fie. 98. Muhlenbergia diffusa—a, empty
long; palea equalling the glumes; b, spikelets; c, flowering glume. (Div.

glume. Shaded thickets, A878 U. 8. Dept. of Agri.)

border of woods, waste ground about dwellings. July to September.
Nimble Will was originally confined to southeastern Iowa. It has

spread northward along the Mississippi, where it is now abundant as

far north as Dubuque. It is also spreading in central Iowa. The

grass is of little economic importance.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Ames (Pammel, Bessey, Hitchcock); Dixon, 735 (Sny-
der); Fayette (Fink); Clinton, 247 (Pammel); Manchester, 942
(Ball) ; Libertyville, 935 (Baldwin); Mt. Pleasant, 993 (Witte) ;
Muscatine, 516 (Reppert); Des Moines, 635 (Pammel); Mt. Pleas-
ant (Mills); Jefferson (Pammel) ; Mt. Ayr, 642 (Beard) ; Red Oak
(Holt) ; Hamilton to Hancock County (Preston) ; Iowa City (Mac-
bride) ; Des Moines (Pammel).

North America. Maine to New York and Florida; west to Ala-
bama, Texas (Kerrville, J. G. Smith), Kentucky (Bell County,
Kearney), Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Illinois, Wisconsin, Min-
nesota and Ontario.

138 GRASSES OF IOWA.

5. MUHLENBERGIA WILLDENOVI!.

Muhilenbergta Willdenovii Trin. Unif. 188. 1824. Watson and Coulter.
Gray. Man. Bot. 643. 1890. (6th ed.) Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull.
Univ. Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 68. f. 35. 1894.

Muhlenbergia tenuiflora (Willd.) B. S. @. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2:

255. 1896. Nash in Britton and Brown. [1]. Fl. 1: 144. f£. 326. 1896. Scribner.
Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 7: 107. f. J0Z. 1900. (3d ed.)

Agrosits tenuiflora Willd. Spec. 1: 364. 1799.

Agrostis pauciflora Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. 1: 63. 1814.

DESCRIPTION.

SLENDER MUHLENBERGIA.
An erect, simple or sparingly-
branched perennial, I to 3
feet (3-9 dm.) high, with
creeping, scaly rootstocks, flat
leaf blades and rather few-
flowered, linear panicles, 6 to
12 inches (15-30 cm.) long,
the branches appressed. Spike-
lets 14 lines (3 mm.) long;
empty glumes slightly unequal,
acute, about one-half the length
of the flowering glume; callus
bearded; awn slender. about 4
lines (8 mm.) long. Rocky
woods, July to August.

Widely distributed in east-
ern and central Iowa, but
never abundant.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Ames _ (Hitchcock,
Bessey, Carver); Muscatine
(Barnes) ; Dallas Center, 920
(Rhinehart) Winterset, 260

Sarver); M i Rep-
Fic. 99. Muhlenbergia Willdenovii—a, (Carv ); Muscatine ( P

spikelets with unequal outer glumes; b, pert) ; lowa City ( Hitchcock,
flowering glumes and bearded callus. (Div. Macbrid )
Agros. U. 8. Dept. Agrl.) WWLaCcDride ).

North America. Massachusetts to Ontario, Ohio (Columbus,
Sullivant), Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri (Eggert), Texas, Alabama and
Virginia.

= —

| aainoet AI
shee

GRASSES OF IOWA. 139

ioaaee any

Muhlenbe rgiotenvif lo

REESE
AY LT Mites ees
ert he ES
Hautes]

Fig. 100. Map showing dis Eaton of Pree 5S weep a Brachyelyrum.
e Herbarium. + From observati

140 GRASSES OF IOWA.

6. MUHLENBERGIA SYLVATICA,.

Muhlenbergia sylvatica Torr. Fl. U.S. 1: 87. 1824. Scribner. Am.
Grasses. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 7: 108. f. 702. 1900. Nash
in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 143. 7. 323. 1816. Scribner. Gen. of
Grasses. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 20:65. f. 43. 1900.

Muhlenbergia sylvatica Torr and Gray. Watson and Coulter in Gray.
Man. Bot. 643. pl. 8. # 1 and 2. 1890. (6th ed.) Scribner. Grasses of
Tenn. Bull, Univ. Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 68. £ 84. 1890.

Agrostis ditfusa Muhl. Gram. 64. 1817.

\Wi, DESCRIPTION.

WoopLaNnp Drop SEED.
A perennial, much branched
grass, 6-9 dm. high, with
strong, scaly rootstocks, flat
leaves and narrow, densely

, flowered panicles, 5-15 cm.
long. Leaf blades rough,
5-18 cm. long, 2-6 mm.
wide. Spikelets about 2 mm.
long; empty glumes nearly
equal, very acute, one-half
as long or nearly equalling
the flowering glume; flower-
ing glume pilose below, scab-
rous above, and terminating
in a slender awn 4-12 mm.
long.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Sioux City (Miss
Wakefield) ; 1455 De Witt,
111 Dakota City, 250 Clin-
ton (Pammel); Iowa City
(Macbride); Blue Grass
(Barnes) ; Ames (Crozier) ;
Iowa City (Hitchcock) ;
Emmet County, 930 (Pam-

Fic. 101. Muhlenbergia sylwatica—a, b, spike-
lets; c¢, with outer or lower glumes removed, show- mel and Cratty) Belknap,
ing callus. (Div. of Agros. U. S. Dept. Agrl.) 923 (Rankin).

North America. New Brunswick to Ontario and Minnesota;
south to North Carolina, Texas and Indian Territory; Arkansas ( Har-
vey) ; Missouri (Eggert) ; Connecticut (Hartford County, F. Wilson),
Kentucky (Harlan, Kearney) ; west to Colorado (Ft. Collins).

GRASSES OF IOWA. 14}

7. MUHLENSERGIA GRACILIS.

Muhlenbergia gracilis Trin. Unifl. 193. 1824. Scribner. Am, Grasses.
Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 7: 117. f. 77. 1900.
Muhlenbergia gracilis (H B.K.) Trin. Beal Grasses of N. A. 2:
242. 1896.
DESCRIPTION.
SLENDER DrRopsEED GRAss.
A slender but rather rigid,
densely caespitose perennial, 1.5-
6 dm. high, with narrow, invo-
lute, rigid leaves, and contracted
panicles 8-15 cm. long; spike-
lets 3-4 mm. long; empty
glumes nearly equal in length,
the first about one-half as long
as the flowering glume, I-
nerved, acute, or erose at apex,
the second a little longer than
the first, 3-nerved and 3-toothed,
rarely: entire at the apex; flower-
ing glume pubescent or scabrous
on the back, ciliate on the mar-
gins; awn flexuous 8-16 mm.
long. Dry soils June to Sep- -
tember.
DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Occasionally culti-
vated. Ames, cult. (Pammel).

North America. "Texas to
Arizona and Mexico, Colorado
(Colorado Springs, Tracy) ;
Colorado (Vasey; E. D. Ball, .
8500 ft.; Ft. Collins, Pammel, ee ee eee en ches tet Sa
334; Bosworth’s Ranch, Lari- flowering glume. (Diy. of Agros. U. 8. Dept.
mer County, Crandall; Parry), sa ee

and Wyoming.

4. ORYZOPSIS.

Oryzopsis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 51. pl. 9. 1803. Endlicher
Gen. Pl. 87. Bentham and Hooker. Gen. Pl. 3: 1142. Hackel in Engler and
Prantl. Nat. Pflanz. Fam. II. 2: 46. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div.
Agros. 20: 63. f. 4J. ;

-

142 GRASSES OF IOWA.

Urachne Trin. Fundam. Agros. 109. 1820.

Eriocoma Nutt. Gen. N. Am. Pl. 1: 40.

Fendleria Steud. Syn. Pl. Shun 1: 419. (Fendler Collection 979.)
Caryochloa Spreng. Syst. Cur. Post. 22: 30. 1827.

Piptatherum Beauv. Agros. 17. 1812.

Piptochaetium Presl. Rel. Haenk. 1: 222. 1830.

Nassella D. Desvx in Gay. F. Chili. 6: 263. 1845.

Spikelets 1-flowered, nearly terete. Lower glumes herbaceous or
thin membranaceous, several-nerved, nearly equal, commonly rather
longer than the oblong flower, which is deciduous at maturity, and with
a very short, obtuse callus or scar-like base. Flowering glume coriaceous,
at length involute so as closely to enclose the equal palet and the oblong
grain; a simple untwisted and deciduous awn jointed on its apex.
Stamens 3. Squamulae 2 or 3, conspicuous. Stigmas plumose. Peren-
nials, with rigid leaves and a narrow raceme or panicle. Spikelets green-
ish, rather large. (Name composed of two Greek words for rice and
likeness, from a fancied resemblance to that grain.)

Bentham & Hooker give the number of species as 24; Hackel 15.
Found chiefly in the warmer temperate zones of both hemispheres;
Heller gives the number as 11, which includes Eriocoma.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ORYZOPSIS.

Flowering glume sparingly pubescent, awn about 20 mm. long.
—O melanocarpa.'

Flowering glume densely silky-hirsute, awn about 5 mm. long.
—O. cuspidata.*

1. OCORYZOPSIS MELANOCARPA.

Oryzopsis melanocarpa Muhl. Gram. 79. 1817. Watson and Coulter.
Gray. Man. Bot. 642. 1890. (6th ed.) Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 225. 1896.
Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 149 f. 377. 1896. Scribner. Am.
Grasses. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 7: 98. f. 92. 1900. (3d ed.)
Vasey Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 56.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 1438

DESCRIPTION.

Biack-FrRuITED MouNTAIN
Rice. A rather stout, long and
broad-leaved perennial, 1 to 3
feet (3-9 dm.) high, with
narrow, simple panicles, 6 to 8
inches (15-20 cm.) long,
branches spreading in flower, the
lower ones in pairs, and about 2
inches (5 cm.) long, flower-bear-
ing above,naked below. Spikelets
few, 4 to 5 lines (8-10 mm.)
long; empty glumes about ,7-

nerved, acute, slightly exceeding

the thinly pubescent and coria-
ceous flowering glume; awn
about 12 lines (24 mm.) long.

Open, rocky woods, sometimes

on cliffs. Quebec and Ontario
to Delaware, Kentucky, Mis-
souri and Minnesota.
Black-fruited mountain rice
occurs sparingly in the woods ot

Fig. 103. Oryzopsis melanocarpa—a, b,
eastern, central and northwest- spikelet, coriaceous flowering glume and awn.
ern lowa (Div. of Agros. U. S. Dept. Agrl )

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Ames, Okoboji Lake (Hitchcock) ; Mt. Pleasant (Mills) ;
Ames, 1005 (Ball); Sioux City (Miss Wakefield) ; Jackson County
(Shimek) ; Steamboat Rock 3147, 3192 Lansing (Miss King).

North America. Ontario, Vermont, New Jersey, south to Ken-
tucky, Pennsylvania (Lycoming County, Small), Ohio (Springfield,
Sullivant), to Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota and Wisconsin.

144 GRASSES OF IOWA.

2. ORYZOPSIS CUSPIDATA.

Oryzopsis cuspidata Bentham. Vasey. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Sp. Report
63: 23..1883. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 141. f 378. Scribner
Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 7: 103. 7. 97. (3d ed.)

Stipa membranacea Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. 2: 728. 1814.

Eriocoma cuspidata Nutt. Gen. 1: 40. 1818.

Oryzopsis membranacea Vasey. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Bot. 12:
10, p/. 70. 1891. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 56.

Fendleria rhychelytroides. Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 19. 1855.

DESCRIPTION.

INDIAN MILLET. A tough
perennial, growing in
bunches, 1 to 24 feet (3-7
dm.) high, with narrow, in-
volute leaves, and dichoto-
mously branched, diffuse
panicles, 5 to 64 inches (12-
15 cm.) long. Spikelets, 3
to 4 lines (6-8 mm.) long,
on filiform and flexuous pedi-
cels ;empty glumes pubescent,
3 to 5-nerved, broad and ven-
tricose below, attenuate- -
pointed, much longer than
the densely long-hairy, and
broadly oval _ flowering
glume; awn about 2 lines (4
mm.) long, readily falling
off: The hairs finally fall
from the flowering glume,-
which becomes very hard,

smccth and shiny.

Fic. 104, Oryzopsts cuspidauta—a, spikelet; b
flowering glume, (Div. of Agros, U.S. Dept. Agrl.)

GRASSES OF IOWA. 145

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. A single specimen is reported from Iowa, collected by Prof.
A. A. Crozier in the vicinity of Wall Lake. Whether this was a slip
in writing the label I do not know. No other collector has ever re-
‘corded it for this state. “he specimen bearing this label was destroyed
in the fire.

North America. South Dakota to New Mexico (Parry), Texas
to California (Vasey), Nevada (Pammel), Utah (East Duchesne,
Pammel and Stanton; West Duchesne, Pammel and Stanton), Colo-
rado (Ft. Morgan, Pammel; Denver, Ft. Collins, E. D. Ball; New
Windsor, Osterhout, 2378; Ft. Collins, Crandall; Larimer County,
Crandall and Cowen; Marshall Pass, Tracy, 454); Wyoming (Sher-
man, Pammel; Egbert, Pammel and Brownlie; Green River, Parry;
New Castle, Pammel; Yellowstone Park, Mammoth Hot Springs, A.
and E. Nelson).

5. MILIUM.

Milium. L.»Sp. Pl. 61. 1753. Endlicher. Gen. Pl. 82. Bentham and
Hooker. Gen. Pl. 38: 1143. Hackel in Engler ard Prantl. Nat. Pflanz.
Ham, 01, 2:47.

Miliarium Moench. Meth. 204. 1794.

Spikelets 1-flowered; rachilla articulated above the empty glumes,
not produced into a conspicuous callus, nor extended above the flower-
ing glume. Glume 3, obtuse, awnless, the first two empty, subequal,
membranous, convex; the third or flowering glume usually smooth and
shining, becoming indurated in fruit; palea nearly as long as its glume.
Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid or
oblong, free within the hardened glume and palea. Annual or peren-
nial grasses, with flat leaves and open panicles, differing from Oryzopsis
in the obtuse and awnless flowering glume.

Bentham and Hooker give the number of species as 5 or 6;
Engler and Prantl, the same number. Found chiefly in the temperate
regions of Europe, Asia and North America. America one. species;
Eurasia 5 to 6.

MILIUM EFFUSUM.

Milium effusum. L Sp. Pl. 61. 1753.
10

146 GRASSES OF IOWA.

DESCRIPTION.

Witp Miter. A pale green
perennial, with simple culms ,2 to
44 feet (6-14 dm.) high, with

diffuse panicles 6 to 8 inches
(15-20 cm.) long. Branches of
the panicle two to five together,
flower-bearing above, naked be-
low. Spikelets 14 lines (3 mm.)
long, empty glumes nearly equal,
3-nerved, a little longer than the
oblong, obtuse flowering ‘glume.

DISTRIBUTION.

This species is included as
there is a possibility of its occur-
rence in the northeastern part
of the state.

North America. From New
England states to Pennsylvania
and Michigan; Ohio (Worth-
ington, Horr; Painsville,

Fie. 105, Milium effusum—a, b, spike- Beardslee) ; WESESEO Minnesota,
lets;c, dorsal view of flowering glume; d, and from Cape Breton Island

anterior view of the same showing a portion of i :
the nearly enclosed palea. (Div. of Agros. U. S. to Quebec and western Ontario.

Dept. Agrl.)

6. BRACHYELYTRUM.

Brachyelytrum Beauv. Agros. 39. pl. 9. f. 2. 1812. Bentham and
Hooker. Gen PI. 3: 1144. Hackel in Engler and Prantl. Nat. Pflanz. Fam. II.
2: 17. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 20: 66. f. 44.

Muhlenbergia in part. Endlicher. Gen. Pl. 88.

Spikelets 1-flowered, with a conspicuous, filiform pedicel of an abor-
tive, second flower about half its length, nearly terete, few. in a simple,
appressed panicle. Lower glumes unequal, persistent, usually minute,
or the lower one almost obsolete. Flowering glume and palet chartaceo-
herbaceous, involute, enclosing the linear-oblong grain, somewhat equal,
rough with scattered, short bristles, the first 5-nerved, extended into a
long, straight awn, the palet 2-pointed; the awn-like sterile pedicel
partly lodged in the groove on its back. Stamens 2; anthers and stigmas
very long. Perennial,with simple culms, 1 to 3 feet (2-6 dm.) high,
from creeping rootstocks; downy sheaths, broad and flat lanceolate-

broad, flat, spreading leaves, and .

=a o=

GRASSES OF IOWA. 147

pointed leaves, and spikelets $ inch (1 cm.) long without the awn.
(Name composed of two Greek words for short and husk, from the
minute glumes. )

Brachyelytrum is monotypic; one living species found in eastern
North America. ;
BRACHYELYTRUM ERECTUM.

Brachyelytrum erectum Beauv. Agros. 39. 1812. (Schreb.) Beauv.
Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 269. f. 46. 1896. Nash in Britton and Brown.
eeeriees: 146, f, 332. 1896. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agri. Diy.
Agros. 7: 118. f. 772. 1900.

Brachyelytrum aristatum R. &. S. Syst. 2: 413. 1817. Beauv. Watson
and Coulter. Gray. Man. Bot. 644. A/. 8. 1890. (6th ed.) Vasey Contr. U. S.
Nat Herb. 8: 71. Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull. Univ. Tenn. Agrl.
Exp. Sta. 7: 69. f. 86. 1894.

Brachyelytrum aristatum var. Engelmanni. A, Gray. Man. Bot. 614.
1867. (Sth ed.) Watson and Coulter. Gray. Man. Bot. 644. 1890. (6th ed.)
Vasey. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 71.

Dilepyrum aristosum
Michx. +l. Bor. Am. 1: 40.
1803.

Muhlenbergia erecta
Schreb. Besch. Gras. 2: 139.
pl. 50 1772-9.

Muhlenbergia aristata
Pers. Syn.1: 76. 1805.

DESCRIPTION.

BRACHYELYTRUM. A pe-
rennial, with simple culms
I to 3 feet (3-9 dm.) high;
flat, spreading leaf-blades
and few-flowered, simple,
terminal panicles 2 to 6
inches (5-15 cm.) long.
Nodes and sheaths pubes:
cent. Leaf-blades 3 to 6
inches (7-15 cm.) long, 6
to 7 lines (12-14 mm.)
wide. Spikelets 5 to 6 lines
(10-12 mm.) long; empty
glumes very unequal, the
first minute; flowering
glume 4 to 6 lines (8-12
mm.) long, ciliate, scabrous
along the prominent nerves;
awn straight, 9 to 12 lines
(18-25 mm.) long. Palea
about as long as its glume.
Rachilla continued behind oe é
the palea as a slender, c iN =
raked bristle, one-half to d 4) ty
two-thirds as long as the Fic. 106. Brachyelytrum erectum—a, spilelet; b,
palea. Open, rocky woods. the same with the awn and short empty glumes

removed; c, ty gl sirolp 1 iv. gros.
May FS August. re Dee ree glumes palea (Div. of Agros

oe
sce tt Od etl AAA

10 WV nv

148 GRASSES OF IOWA.
DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Wild Cat Den, 11 (Ball) ; Smithland (Wakefield) ; Ames,
158 and 195 (Ball, Hitchcock) ; lowa City (Hitchcock) ; Myron (Miss
King) ; High Bridge, Dallas County (Shimek) ; Unionville (Shimek).

North America. From the New England states to North Caro-
lina; District of Columbia (Conant), New York (Washington
County, Parry); Alabama to Missouri, northwestern lowa, Nebraska,
Minnesota; Canada east to Newfoundland.

7. PHLEUM,

Phieum L. Sp. Pl. 59. 1753. Endlicher. Gen. Pl. 81. Bentham and
Hooker. Gen. Pl. 3: 1146 Hackel in Engler and Prantl. Nat. Pflanz Fam,
52248. c5 $7;

Stelephuros Adans. Fam. 2: 31.

Chilochloa Beauv. Agros. 37. pl. 7. f. 2. Nees. Gen. Fl. Germ. Mon-
ocot. -L: sn, 6), axelchb: les Bl. Germ: Pl ays

Achnodoton Beauv. Agros. 24. pl. 7. f. 5.

Spikelets 1-flowered, in a very dense, cylindrical, spike-like panicle.
Lower glumes persistent, membranaceous, folded-carinate, subtruncate,
mucronate or short-awned; flowering glume hyaline, shorter, truncate.
Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Perennials. (From the Greek name for :
kind of reed.)

According to Bentham and Hooker and Hackel there are 10 species
found in Europe. ‘The genus is found chiefly in central and western
Asia and northern Africa and temperate and boreal regions of North
America. Bell credits North America with but a single native species,
Phleum alpinum; Heller also recognizes only one. ‘There are, however,
two good native species.

»

PHLEUM PRATENSE.

Phieum pratense L. Sp. pl 59. 1753. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr.
Div. Agros. 7: 120. f 174. 1900. (3d ed.) Vasey. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
3: 86. Watson and Coulter. Gray. Man. Bot. 645. f/. 7. 7890. (6th ed.}
Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull. Univ. Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 70. f. 87.
1894. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 276. 1896. Nash in Britton ard Brown.
Tle BE Ds Aa 7a ios 7, A896;

June to August.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 149

DESCRIPTION.

Timorny. Herv’s Grass.
Culms simple, 1 to 3 feet
(2-7 dm.) high, panicle 1 to
4 inches (2-8 cm.) long,
very densely many-flowered.
Empty glumes about 1 line
(2 mm.) long, the strong,
ciliate keels projecting into
sharp, mucronate points,
which are shorter than the
glume. Floret entirely con-
cealed within the outer
glumes, the stamens and
feathery stigmas protrod-
ing from the apex. Wide-
ly cultivated and com-
pletely naturalized in fields,
wayside and waste grounds ;
throughout the United
States and British America.

Timothy occurs in all
parts of Iowa. It was early
introduced by Iowa farmers

because of its excellent quali-

a ie f | Fie. 107. Phlewm pratense—a, empty glumes;
ties as a forage plant. b, the floret showing three stamens and two stig”
mas. Div. cf Agros. U. S. Dept. Agrl.)

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Muscatine, 40 (Ball) ; Lawler (P. H. Rolfs) ; Armstrong
3720, Gridley 3241, Mason City 3240 and 3213, Ceylon 3309,
Hawarden, Jefferson, Mason City, Carroll, Elmore, Minn.,
Minnesota-lowa line 661, New Albin 849, Ledyard, Logan,
Council Bluffs 1281, Sioux City, Council Bluffs 1304 (Pam-
mel); 3046 and 3061 Pilot Mound, 3145 Steamboat Rock (Miss
King); Clinton, 269 (Ball) ; Marshalltown (Eckles) ; Wheatland
(Ball) ; Ontario, 3280 (Faurot); Armstrong, 746 (Pammel and

150 GRASSES OF IOWA.

Cratty) ; Dixon, 737 (Snyder) ; Taylor County, 1111 (Pool) ; Har-
court (Danielson) ; Hamilton County (P. H. Rolfs) ; Muscatine, 404
(Reppert) ; Cedar Rapids (Miss Hall); Belknap, 833 (Rankin) ;
Benton County, Dysart (Miss Sirrine) ; Sioux City (Miss Wakefield) ;
Ames (E. R. Wilson, Rich and Gossard, Hitchcock, Miss Wood, P. H.
Rolfs, Meredith, Pammel, Fairfield, 122 Ball, 1161 Pammel) ; Key-
stone (Koch) ; Battle Creek, 960 (Preston) ; Jewell Junction, Indianola
(Carver) ; Le Claire (F. Rolfs) ; Keokuk (P. H. Rolfs) ; Alden, 1119
(Stevens) ; Durant, 1134 (Weaver) ; Iowa City (Hitchcock) ; High
Bridge, Dallas County (Shimek) ; Decatur County (Shimek).

North America. Commonly naturalized from New England to
Florida; west to Tennessee and Alabama, western Arkansas (P. H.
Rolfs), northwestern Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska (McCook, 378;
Broken Bow, 8; Aurora, 5; Hastings, 13; Pammel), and the Rocky
Mountains of New Mexico; Utah (Uintah Mountains, White Rock
Agency, Pammel and Stanton, 137; East Lake Fork, 141; West
Duchesne, Pammel and Stanton, 138; East Duchesne, Pammel and
Stanton, 139) ; Colorado (Ft. Collins, Pammel, alt. 6500 ft.; Greeley,
Stove Prairie Hill, Larimer County, Beaver Creek, Pammel) ; Wyo-
ming (New Castle, 9; Big Horn Mountains, 7, 11, Pammel; Elk
Mountain, Stanton and Little) ; Minnesota (Itaska Lake, Sandberg;
Parry) ; Wisconsin (Madison, La Crosse, Pammel) ; Illinois (Madison

County, Eggert).

General. Great Britain, common on the continent of Europe,

North Africa, Siberia and western Asia, naturalized in Australia.
8. ALOPECURUS.

Alopecurus L. Sp. Pl. 60. 1753. Endlicher. Gen. Pl. 80. Engler and
Prantl. Nat. Pflanz. Fam. II. 2: 48. f. 48. Bentham and Hooker. Gen.
Pl. 3: 1140. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 20: 70. £ 48. (Rev. ed.)

Colobachne Beauv. Agros. 22. fl. 6. f. 9. Nees. Gen. Fl. Germ. Mono-
cot. 1: n. 8. Reiehb. Ic. Fl. Germ. p/. 50. f. 1480. 1812.

J ozettia Savi. Mem. Soc. Ital. Sc. 8; 477. 1868.

|

GRASSES OF IOWA. teat

Spikelets 1-flowered, jointed on the pedicel. Lower glumes boat-
shaped, strongly compressed and keeled, nearly equal, united at the base,
equalling or exceeding the flowering glume, which is awned on the back
below the middle; palet mostly wanting. Stamens 3; styles mostly
united. Stigmas long and feathered. Clusters contracted into a cylin-
drical and soft, dense spike; perennial. (Name from Greek words for

fox and tail, from the shape of the spike.)

Bentham & Hooker recognizes 20 species, although 40 have been
described ; Hackel recognizes 20 species. Found chiefly in Europe, and

extreme tropical Asia and North America; a few in South America and

’ Australia, but doubtfully indigenous. Heller lists 11 species; Beal 11

species.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ALOPECURUS.
BiipEyecuimes 2 tO. 2.0 MM. ION... 2. ose ceeees coudeces A. geniculatus.'

Bimpueelames 4 to G-mm. lone... ...65...<ees es ies OO SALE A. pratensis.
1. ALOPECURUS GENICULATUS.

Alopecurus geniculatus L. Sp. Pl. 60. 1753, Watson and Coulter. Gray
Man. Bot. 645. #7. 7. 1890. (6th ed.) Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull. Univ.
‘Tenn. Agr]. Exp. Sta. 7: 71. f. 89. 1894. Scribner. American Grasses. Bull.
Mes. Pept, Apri. Div. Agros. 7: 121. f. 775. 1900. (3d ed.) Vasey. Contr.
U.S. Nat. Herb. 3: 87. Beal. Grassesof N. A. 2: 280. 1896. Nash in
Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 149. #£ 337. 1896.

Alopecurus geniculatus var. fulvus. Smith. Secrib. Mem. Torr. Bot.
Club. 5: 38. 1894.

Alopecurus geniculatus var. aristulatus Torr. Fl. U. S. 1: 97. 1824.
Vasey. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 87.

Alopecurus aristulatus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1. 43. 1803.

152 ' GRASSES OF IOWA.

DESCRIPTION.

Marsu Fox Tat. A slen-
der perennial, more or less
decumbent, and branched at
the base, the lower joints
geniculate ,the stems finally
ascending or erect, 6 to 24
inches (1-5 dm.) high, with
rather short, spreading, flat
leaves and spike-like, densely
flowered panicles, 1 to 3
inches (2-6 cm.) long.
Sheaths smooth, the upper
usually somewhat inflated;
ligule 1 te 2 lines (2-4 mm.)
long; leaf-blades smooth or a
little scabrous, the lower 3 to
6 inches (6-12 cm.) long, the
upper shorter, I to 3 lines (2-
6 mm.) wide. Spikelets
strongly compressed laterally,
oblong, about one line long;

equal, nearly distinct or only
| slightly connate near the base,
A silky, hairy on the keels and

Fie. 108. Alopecurus geniculatus—a, b, spike~ sparingly pilose on the sides ;

lets; c, flowering glume. (Diy. of Agros. U. 8S. flowering clume a little
Dept. Agrl.) = =

shorter than the outer ones,
awned from near the base; awn very slender, nearly twice as long as
the glumes. Wet meadows, banks of streams and ditches throughout
the United States, and from Newfoundland to British Columbia. May
to September. Common along all of the larger streams, abundant
along the Mississippi and Missouri rivers.
DISTRIBUTION. ;

Lowa. Sedan, 3379 (Pammel) ; Ames (Rich and Gossard) ; Des
Moines (Carver) ; Lyon County, Johnson County (Shimek) ; Osgood
(Roberts) ; Maquoketa (Goodenow); Armstrong, Emmet County,
Lyon County (Cratty) ; Lake Okoboji (Hitchcock) ; Iowa City (Mac-
bride, Shimek, Bartsch); Johnson County (Miss Linder); Decatur
County, (Shimek).

North America. Newfoundland to Nova Scotia, Ontario, Mani-
toba, Vancouver north to lat. 55°; from Maine south to New York

empty glumes rather obtuse, .

GRASSES OF IOWA.

Ps

Sateen
eal tttel ebsl
yyy Telit

aes
HERS

ae
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ae
my alBees
= SaeReE
ATLL Bl heel ES
yy Wate TBS J

Pei i yt | TY |
Reet

eee 7

Sab) 2
Sh
at atte Ty Te

sauteeae Ee Nama.

Fic. 103. Distribution of Phlewm, Alopecur rus. and cba orobolus.

e Specimens in herbarium. + Localities ob

serve

°
yal
a

ees

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cy peo v ee =
ee | ey | APT Ten
meas ae

154 GRASSES OF IOWA.

(Washington County (Parry), Connecticut (Hartford County, F. Wil-
son), Pennsylvania, Ohio (Baltimore, Horr; Columbus, Sullivant) ; west
Missouri; northwest through Iowa, Nebraska, Minnesota (St. Peter
River, Parry), to the Rocky Mountains in Colorado (Larimer County,
Crandall), Utah (Echo, Pammel, Johnson, Buchanan and Lummis, alt.
6500 ft.; East Duchesne, Pammel and Stanton; East Lake Fork), Wyo-
ming (Albany County, E. Nelson, 3379), Idaho (Kootenai County,
Sandberg, Heller and McDougall), California (Bolander).

General. Great Britain, Europe general, North Africa, Siberia,
Dahuria, western Asia to India, Australia and New Zealand.

2. ALOPECURUS PRATENSIS.

Alopecurus pratensis L. Sp. Pl. 60. 1753. Watson and Coulter. Gray.
Man. Bot. 645. 1890. (6th ed.) Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull.
Univ. Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 70. f 88. 1894. Am. Grasses. Bull. U. S. ,
Dept. Agrl. Div Agros. 7: 122. f 116. 1900. (3d ed.) Beal. Grasses of N..
A. 2: 278. 1896. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 149. £ 338. 1896.
Vasey. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 86.

DESCRIPTION.

Meapow Fox Tait. An erect
perennial, to 3 feet (2-7
dm.) high, from a short, creeping
root-stock. Sheaths smooth, the
uppermost usually somewhat in-
flated and longer than the leat-
blade; ligule hyaline, obtuse,
about a line long; leaf-blade lin-

ear or narrow-lanceolate, acute,
the lower 4 to 10 inches (8-20
cm.) long, 2 to 3 lines (4-6
mm.) wide. Panicle rather stout,
obtuse, 2 to 4 inches (4-8 cm.)
long. Spikelets flat, 2 to 3 lines
(4-6 mm.) long; empty glumes
distinct or slightly grown _ to-
gether near the base, abruptly
acute, silky villous on the keels
and shortly pilose on the lateral
nerves; flowering glume nearly
as long as the empty ones, awned
on the back near or below the
middle; awn slender, slightly

twisted, and projecting beyond
Ny Nate : ab Fia@. 110. Alopecurus pratensis—a, a
the glumes for more than half 1tS snleelet Snows g tile connate hairy geet
ey t. eae : ~ : stamens and 2 styles; b, the same with the
ee N aturalized In fields empty or outer pass removed
ar 2adows i. ‘ ing glumeis awned on the back. iv. oO
nd meadows. June-July. US Nerds: Gh eaaicet eseniat :

, Y

GRASSES OF IOWA. 155

It is not common in Iowa, has spread chiefly from fields where it
has been introduced as a forage plant. It is, however, of little value

as a forage plant in this state.

DISTRIBUTION.
Iowa. Ames, 154 (Ball, Stewart, Sirrine, Hodson).

North America. Naturalized in meadows from Nova Scotia to

southern New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio; Michigan and Oregon.

General. Europe, northern Africa, Siberia, Dahuria and western

Asia, to northwestern India.

9. SPOROBOLUS.

Sporobolus R. Br. Prodr. 1: 169. 1810. Endlicher. Gen. Pl. 89. Ben-
tham and Hooker. Gen. Pl. 8: 1148. Hackel in Engler and Prantl. Nat.
Pflanz. Fam. II. 2: 49. f. 57. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros.
202773. 1900. (Rev. ed.)

Vilfa Beauv. Agros. 16. AZ. 5. f. 8. 1812.

Agrosticula Raddi. Agros. Bras. 33. pl. J. ft. 2.
Triachyrum Hochst. Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 186 1855.
Cryptostachys Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 18]. 1855.
Diachyrim Griseb. Pl. Lorentz. 209. pl. 2. f. 8. 1874.
Spermachiton Lianos. Frag. Pl. Filip. 25. 1851.

Spikelets small, 1- (rarely 2-) flowered, in an open or contracted
or spiked panicle. Lower glumes persistent, 1 to 3-nerved, not awned
or-pointed, the lower smaller; flowering glume of the same texture as
the lower ones (membranaceo-chartaceous) and usually longer than
they, naked ,awnless and mostly pointless, 1-nerved (rarely somewhat 3-
nerved) ; palet similar, 2-nerved. Stamens chiefly 3. Stigma simply

feathery. Grain globular to oblong or cylindrical, deciduous, often very

156 GRASSES OF IOWA.

thin, containing the loose seed. Culms wiry or rigid. Leaves involute,
the throat usually bearded, and sheaths often enclosing the panicles,

(Name from the Greek word for seed, and to cast forth.)

Bentham & .Hooker give the number of species as 80; the same
number is given by Hackel. ‘The species are found chiefly in temperate

and tropical America; a few in tropical Africa and Asia.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SPOROBOLUS.

Panicle contracted, spike-like.
Spikelets 3.5 mm. long or over.
Plant tall, panicle terminal, flowering glume exceeding the upper

empty Glunie! 22 iosa dpa one ee he ee ee S. longifolius.’
Plant smaller, panicles terminal and lateral, flowering glume equal-
ineutheyempty ol UeMes). tel eeeie te staciels eer S. vaginaetlorus.*
Spikelets 3 mm. long or less.
Sheaths inflated, base of panicle usually included.....S meglectus.*
Sheathsimot inflated, paniclelexsented .-je tie ieee S. cuspidatus .*

Panicle open, pyramidal.
Spikeletsiabomt:2) mimi loners jie sere Rese oO. S. cryptandrus.’
Spikelets/4to Sumi, Vono: c Ce cloner ee inact eens S. heterolepis.

1. SPOROBOLUS LONGIFOLIUS.

Sporobolus longifolius Wood. Class-book. 775. 1861.

Sporobolus longtifolius (Torr.) Wood. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill.
Fi. 1: 151. £342. 1896. Scribner. Am. Grasses. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl.
Div. Agros. 7: 126. f. 120. 1900. (3d ed.)

Sporobolus asper Vasey. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 8: 59. 1892. (Not
Kunth. Enum. 1: 210. 1833.)

Sporobolus aspery Kunth in part. Watson and Coulter. Gray. Man.
Bot. 645. 1890. (6th ed.). Scribner. Grasses, Tenn. Bull. Univ.
Henn. Agr Exp. Sta: 7:72, 1890:

GRASSES OF IOWA. 157

Fig. 111. Sporobolus longifolius—a, a spikelet;
b, the same with the empty glume separated from
the flowering glume; c¢, grain enclosed by the
loose pericarp; d. grain. (Div. of Agros. U. S.
Dept. of Agrl. )

DESCRIPTION.

Lonc LEAvVED RusH
Grass. A stout perennial, 1
{0 , Fu) heet 4 (32-1a dm)
high, with very long, atten-
uate-pointed leaves, and strict,
spike-like panicles 3 to 10
inches (8-25 cm.)
which are more or less in-
cluded in the inflated leaf-
sheaths. Spikelets 2 to 24
lines (4-5 mm.) long; empty
glumes unequal, scabrous on
the keel above, obtuse or sub-

long,

acute; flowering glume scab-
rous on the keel, obtuse,
equalling or: a little shorter
than the obtuse palea. Dry,
sandy soil. August to Octo-
ber

Common on gravelly soils
in northern and central and
eastern Iowa.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Slater (Fawcett and
Tener), Clinton, Marshall-
town, Hawarden, Carnarvon,
Carroll, Sioux City, Des
Moines 1463, Slater (Pam-

mel); Muscatine (Reppert); Mt. Pleasant (Mills); 776, ‘Tabor
(Baldwin) ; 651, Dixon (Snyder) ; 106, Ames (Ball) ; Scott and Mus-
catine Counties (Barnes and Miller) ; Sioux City (Miss Wakefield) ;
Greenfield (Stewart) ; Des Moines (Carver) ; 1421, Sheldahl] (Pam-
mel, Hume and Sample) ; Boone (Carver) ; 1462, Sheldahl and Slater

(Pammel).

North America. From Maine to Pennsylvania; south to Florida,
Tenneseee, Alabama, Missouri (St. Louis, Eggert), Texas; west and
north to Iowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Nebraska (Hastings, Pammel,

280), Dakotas (S. D., Griffith, 71), and Utah.

158 GRASSES OF IOWA.

2. SPOROBOLUS VAGINAEFLORUS.

Sporobolus vaginaeflorus Wood. Class-book. 775. 1861. Scribner.
Grasses of Tenn. Bull. Univ. Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 72. f. 92. 1894.

Sporobolus vaginaetlorus. (Torr.) Wood. Nashin Britton and Brown.
Ill. Fl. 1: 152. f. 244. 1896. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros.
17: 170, f. 466 1899.

Sporobolns minor Vasey Watson and Coulter, Gray. Man. 646. 1890.
(6th ed.). Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 3: 60.

Vilfa vaginaeflora Torr. A. Gray. Gram. and Cyp. 3: 1834.
DESCRIPTION.

SHEATHED RusH Grass.
A slender, caespitose annual, 1
to 3 feet (14-4 dm.) high,
with very narrow, — short
leaves, and simple, few-flow-
ered, terminal and axillary,
spike-like panicles which are
about 1 inch (2 cm.) long,
and mostly enclosed in the
somewhat inflated leaf-
sheaths. Spikelets I to 2
lines (2-4 mm.) long. Dry
fields and waste places. Aug-
ust-September.

DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. 755, Manchester
( Ball) ; 1014, Carroll
(Simon); 711, Forest City
(Peters); Muscatine (Rep-
pert) ; 728, Dixon (Snyder) ;
Lawler (P. H. Rolfs) ; Cor-
nell (Sniuth); 750, Dallas
Center (Rhinehart); Carroll,
Ames, Cedar Rapids, i103
Ames, 225 Carnarvon, Ona-
He ty Carroll, Sioux City, Fia. 112. Sporobolus vaginaeflorus—a, empt
i Ste glume; ssogeane ame and palea. (oe oF

Ve 5 C gros. U. S, Dept. Agrl. )
City, Cedar Rapids (Hitchcock) ; New Hampton (P. H. Rolfs) ;.1267,
Wild Cat Den (Pammel and Reppert); Davenport (Barnes and
Miller) ; Indianola (Carver) ; Moscow (Hitchcock).
North America. From Vermont, New York, south to North Caro-
lina; Georgia, Tennessee, Mississippi (Starkville, Tracy), Alabama,
‘Texas, Missouri, South Dakota and Wyoming.

5
Meue

“6
¥

GRASSES OF IOWA. 159
3. SPOROBOLUS NEGLECTUS.

Sporobolus neglectus Nash. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 22: 464. 1895.
Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 152. f. 345. 1896.

Sporobolus vaginaetlorus Vasey in Watson and Coulter. Gray. Man.
Bot. 645. 1890. (6th ed.). Vasey. Contr. U.S. Nat Herb. 8: 60.

Sporobolus vaginaetlorus. (Torr.) Vasey. Beal. Grasses N. A. 2: 293.
1896. Wood’s Class Book 1861. 775 in part.

/

DESCRIPTION.

SMALL RusH Grass. Culms 6 to 12 inches

(12-24 cm.) high, erect,from a usually decum-

bent base, slender, often much-branched, smooth

and glabrous. Sheaths about half as long as the

internodes, inflated; ligule very short; leaves 1

line (2 mm.) wide or less at the base, smooth

and glabrous beneath, scabrous and hairy near

the base above, attenuate into a slender point,

7 the lower elongated, the upper I to 3 inches (2-

i‘ / 6 cm.) long, setaceous; terminal panicle 1 to 2$

| \/ ‘| @ inches (2-5 cm.) in length, usually more or less

included in the upper sheath, strict; lateral

! “| panicles enclosed in the sheaths; spikelets about

14 lines (3 mm.) long, the outer scales acute,

the lower one slightly shorter; third scale acute,

glabrous, a little longer than the second,and

about equalling the acute palet. August-Sep-
tember.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. 3284 Steamboat Rock, Ames, Sioux
City, 1354 Jewell [unction, Hawarden, Boone,
127 Carroll, Carnarvon, 289 Sioux City, 226
Clinton, 172 Ames, Des Moines, Boone (Pam-
mel) ; Ames (Hitchcock, Bessey, Sirrine, Stew-

Fie. 113. Sporobolus art); Mt. Pleasant (Mills) ; 750 Dallas Cen-
Bee aaron. eee ter (Rhinehart); 1420, Sheldahl (Pammel,
glume and palea. (Charlotte Hume and Sample) ; Sioux City ( Miss Wake-
ene) field) ; Woodbine (Burgess) ; Fayette (Fink) ;
Blue Grass (Barnes) ; 300, Muscatine (Barnes and Miller) ; 762, Arm-
strong (Pammel and Cratty) ; 631, Parkersburg (Stout) ; 749, Dallas
Center (Rhinehart); 994, Mt. Pleasant (Witte); 997, Glenwood
(Jackson); 1078, Emmet County (Cratty); 1055, Armstrong

160 GRASSES OF IOWA.

(Cratty) ; 763, Ledyard (Pammel and Cratty) ; Keokuk (Hitchcock) ;
766, Montrose (Osborn) ; Greenfield (Stewart) ; Hamilton to Han-
cock (Preston) ; Mason City (Pammel).

North America. From New England south to Kentucky (Harlan
County, Kearney) ; west to Wisconsin (La Crosse, Pammel), Illinois
(Eggert; Bluff Lake, Pammel), Kansas, Missouri (St. Louis, Pammel ;
Plattsburg, Tracy).

4. SPOROBOLUS CUSPIDATUS.

Sporobolus cuspidatus. Wood. Bot. and FI. 385. 1870.

Sporobolus cuspidatus. Watson and Coulter in Gray. Man. Bot. 646.
1890. (6th ed.) Vasey. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 60.

Sporobolus cuspidatus . Wood. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1.
532 te 977) 1896).

Sporobolus brevifolius. Scrib. Mem. Torr. Bot. Club. 5: 39.

Sporobolus cuspidatus. (Nutt,) Scrib. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 288.

1896.
Agrostis brevifolia Nutt. Gen. 1: 44. 1818. (In part.)
Vilfa cuspidata. Torr. Hooker. Fl. Bor. 2: 238. 1840.

DESCRIPTION. i
Th

Prairie RusH Grass. Smooth and i
glabrous, culms 1 to 2 feet (2-5 dm.)
tall, erect, simple or somewhat branched.
Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule

a mere ring,+ line (4 mm.) long or less,

erose-truncate; leaves 1 to 4 inches (2-10
cm.) long, less than 1 line (2 mm.) wide
at the base, erect, involute-setaceous, at
least when dry; panicle 14 to 5 inches (3-
10 cm.) in length, slender, its branches 4
to 1 inch (4-2 cm.) long, appressed ; spike-
lets 14 to 14 lines long, the outer scales
half to three-quarters as long, acuminate or
cuspidate, scabrous on the keel; third scale
long-acuminate and cuspidate, sparingly
scabrous. In dry soil. August-September.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Mason City (Pammel) ; Wood-
bine (Burgess) ; 793, Armstrong (Pammel
and Cratty) ; 927, Emmet County (Pam-
mel and Cratty) ; Carroll, 1027 Kossuth
County, Turin, 656 Des Moines, South
Dakota opposite Hawarden, 257 Turin
Sioux City, 128 Carroll (Pammel) ; 779, Fia. 114. Sporobolus euspt-

Bartlett (Baldwin); Sioux City (Miss gycs*)% Spikclet (Chanioltedl.

|

GRASSES OF IOWA. 161

Wakefield) ; Ames (Sirrine, Bessey, Hitchcock); Rock Rapids, Lyon
County (Shimek) ; Plymouth County (Brown).

North America. From Manitoba south to Minnesota (Muinne-
haha Falls, Sandberg), Dakotas (Clements), Lowa, Missouri, Kansas
and Nebraska (Paddock).

5. SPOROBOLUS CRYPTANDRUS.

Sporobolus cryptandrus Gray. Man. 576. 1848. Watson and Coulter in
Gray. Man. Bot. 646. Vasey. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 8: 62.

Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.)
Gray. Nash in Britton and Brown.
Hie Ls 155. 7. .d55 .leeG. Beal:
Grasses. N. A. 2: 304. Scrib-
ner. Bull) UW; S. Dept) Agri: Div:
Agros. 17: 160. f. 456.

Agrostis cryptandra Vorr. Ann.
Lye. bs i5ils24.

Vilta cryptandra Torr. Steud.
Syn. Pl. Glum.1: 156. 1855. Trin.
Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. 5:
69. 1840.

DESCRIPTION.

SAND RusH Grass. An
erect, glabrous, caespitose peren-
nial, 4 to 7 dm. high, with flat
leaves 6 to 12 cm. long,and open
panicles 12 to 20 cm. long. Spike-
lets 2 to 3 mm.long. Rachilla ar-
ticulated above the empty glumes,
not produced beyond the flower.
Glumes 3, round on the back or
slightly keeled, awnless, ob-
scurely nerved or nerveless; 2
outer ones unequal ; floral glume

equalling the empty ones. Palea
as long or longer than the

flowering glume. Pericarp thin.
Annual or perennial grasses

Fic. 115. Sporobolus eryptandrus—a, empty with small spikelets; various in
glumes; b, flowering glume. (Div. Agros. U. 8. habit
Dept. of Agrl.) abit.

Iowa. 1922 New Albin, Turin, Sioux City, Council Blufts (Pam-
mel) ; Armstrong (Cratty) ; Hamburg, Iowa City, Moscow, Fremont
County (Hitchcock); Ames (Burgess); Moscow (Reppert) ; Sioux
City, Lake Okoboji (Miss Wakefield) ; Cliffland (Shimek).

11

162 GRASSES OF IOWA.

North America. From New England to New York, Pennsyl-_
vania; Illinois (Graceland, Chicago, Pammel), Wisconsin (La Crosse,
D. S. Pammel and C. M. King), Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, Ne-
braska (Clements, Grand Island, Broken Bow, Kearney, McCook
390, Crete 378, Pammel), Kansas (Camanche County, Carleton),

exas (Nealley), New Mexico, (Organ Mountains, Vasey 105),
Colorado (Golden, Shear; Brighton, Pammel and Stanton; Alamosa,

Clements; Denver, Pammel; Northern Colorade, Soldier’s Canon,
Crandall; Ft. Collins, Pammel) ; Wyoming (Laramie, Nelson) ; Mon-
tana, Washington, Manitoba, Saskatchewan to New Brunswick.

6. SPOROBOLUS HETEROLEPIS.

Sporobolus heterolepis. Gray. Man. 576. 1848. Watson and Coulter in
Gray. Man. Bot. 646. 1890. (6th ed.) Beal Grasses of N. A. 2: 289. 1896.
Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 155. f. 354 1896. Scribner. Bull.
U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 7: 127. f 127. 1900. (3 ed.) Vasey. Contr.
U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 62.

Vilta heterolepis. A. Gray. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 8: 233. 1835. Steud.
Synop. Pl. Glum. 1, 157.

DESCRIPTION.

STRONG-SCENTED SPOROBO-
Lus. A rather stout, somewhat
wiry, caespitose perennial, 2 to
3 feet (6-9 dm.) high, with
very long and narrow basal
leaves and loose, open panicles,
3 to 10 inches (7-25 cm.) long.
Spikelets 2 to 2} lines (4-5
mm.) long; outer glumes very
unequal, sharply acuminate-
pointed, the first about half
the length of the broader sec-
ond glume, which exceeds the
flowering glume in length;
flowering glume _ glabrous,
acute or obtuse, as long as the
broad palea. In dry soils,
prairies, etc. August to Sep-
tember.

Once common on high roll-

ing prairies. Considered a valu- Fia.116. Sporobolus heterolepis—a, spike-

. lets; b, outer glume:;c, d, flowering glumes.
able forage plant. (Diy. of Agros, U. S. Dept. Agrl.) z

GRASSES OF IOWA. 163

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Mason City (Pammel); Ames (32 Ball, Sirrine, Crozier,
Hitchcock, Bessey) ; Greenfield (Stewart) ; 2229, Ft. Dodge (Pammel
and Sokol); Nora Junction, Rock Rapids, Granite, Spirit Lake
(Shimek) ; Hawarden, Carroll, Carnarvon, 931 Kossuth County, 809
and 741 Kossuth County, 173 Ames, Dakota City, 1296 Jewell Junc-
tion (Pammel); 1070 Emmet County (Cratty); Mt. Pleasant
(Mills) ; 1239, Muscatine (Pammel and Reppert) ; 708 Forest City
(Peters) ; 1054 Emmet County (Cratty) ; 1054 Armstrong (Cratty) ;
Marshalltown (Stewart) ; Spirit Lake, Nora Junction (Shimek) ; Ham-
ilton to Hancock Counties (Preston) ; Ames (Pammel) ; State Center
(Pammel) ; Carnforth (Pammel) ; Steamboat Rock (Miss King) ; Mil-
ford (Shimek).

North America. From Connecticut to Pennsylvania; west to IIli-
nois, Wisconsin, Minnesota (Winona, Holsinger), south through Iowa,
Missouri (Jefferson, Webster, Eggert), Texas; Nebraska (Ainsworth,

Clements), Wyoming to Assinoboia and Quebec.

10. CINNA.

Siang i sp. Fi. 5.. 1753. L. Gen. 15. Endlicher. Gen. Pl, 89.
Bentham and Hooker Gen. Pl. 3: 1151. Hackel in Engler and Prantl. Nat.
Pflanz. Fam. II. 2:50. Scribner. Bnll. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros, 20:
79. f 67. (Rev. ed.)

Abola Adans. Fam. 2: 31.
Biyttia Fries. Novit. Fl. Suec. Mant. 2: 2.

“Spikelets 1-flowered, much flattened, crowded in an open, flaccid
panicle. Empty glumes persistent, lanceolate ,acute, strongly keeled,
rough-serrulate on the keel; the lower rather smaller, the upper a little
exceeding the flower, which is manifestly stalked, smooth and naked;

flowering glume much like the lower, longer than the palet, usually

164 GRASSES OF IOWA.

short-awned or mucronate on the back below the pointless apex. Stamen
one, opposite the 1-nerved palet. Grain linear-oblong, free.” A peren-
nial, rather sweet scented grass, with simple and uprigat, s

like culms 2 to 7 feet (5-20 dm.) high, bearing an ample, compound,
terminal panicle, its branches in fours and fives; the broadly linear-lan-
ceolate, flat leaves 4 to 6 lines (8-12 mm.) wide, with conspicuous li-
cules. Spikelets green, often purplish-tinted. (From a Greek word,

the name in Dioscorides for a kind of grass.)

Bentham and Hooker and: Hackel give the number of species as 2.

Both species occur in northern Europe and northern North America.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CINNA.

Spikelets 2 mm. long or over, empty glumes unequal...... C. arundinacea.
Spikelets 1} mm. long, empty glumes nearly equal ...........C. latifolia?

1. CINNA ARUNDINACEA.

Cinna arundinacea L. Sp. Pl. 5. 1753. Watson and Coulter. Gray.
Man. Bot. 649. p/. 8. f. Z. 1890. (6th ed.) Scribner. Grassés of Tenn.
Bull. Univ. Tenn. Agri. Exp. Sta. 7: 73. 7. 9%. 1894. Seribaemaeseae
U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 7: 140. f. 134. 1900. (3d ed.) Beal. Grasses of
N. A. 2: 319. 1896. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 158. f. 360.
1896. Vasey. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 57.

Agrostis Cinna Lamark. Ill. 1: 162. 1791.
Muhlenbergia Cinna. Trin. Dis. 1. 191. 1824.

Blyttia suaveolens Fries. Mant. 2: 2.

—

GRASSES OF IOWA. 165
DESCRIPTION.

INDIAN ReEeEpD Grass. A tall,
leafy grass, 3 to 7 feet (6-
15 dm.) high, with simple
culms and ample, terminal
panicles. Nodes usually cov-
ered by the smooth sheaths; li-
gule 24 lines (5 mm.) long,
leaf blade spreading, 5 to 10
inches (10-20 cm.) long, 3 to
6 lines (6-12 mm.) wide,
scabrous on the margins. Pan-
icles 6 to 15 inches (12-30
cm.) long, rather densely flow-
ered, the branches erect ,spread-
ing. Spikelets much longer
than the- pedicels, appressed to
the branches (at least in
fruit) ; empty glumes narrow-
lanceolate, very acute, un-
equal, the second longer than
the first, and 3-nerved; flower-
ing glume about the length of
the second glume, obtuse and
hyaline at the tip, 3-nerved, the
mid-nerve excurrent just below
the apex into a very short awn

Fra. 117. Cinna arundinacea—a, b, spike-
lets; c, same with the empty glumes removed. or mucro. Palea shorter than
(Diy. of Agros. U. S. Dept. Agrl.)

its glume, I-nerved and keeled
or sometimes with two closely approximate nerves. July to September.

Cinna arundinacea is most abundant in northern Iowa, occurring
in woods. -It grows in dense patches, and is an excellent forage plant.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Mason City, 3130 (Miss King and Brown) ; Woodbine
(Burgess) ; Steamboat Rock, 3166 and 3027 (Miss King) ; Columbus
Junction 1510, Marshalltown 1080 and 1097 (Pammel); Boone
(Carver) ; Creston (Harsh); Iowa Lake 774, Emmet County 639
(Pammel and Cratty) ; Ames (Crozier, Kaufman, Bessey, Fisher, Hitch-
cock) ; Clinton (Pammel) ; Greenfield (Stewart) ; Dallas Center, 921

GRASSES OF IOWA.

y: i 3 Lo ti 4] Lami i
» Lee aime \
Eales
Tye [eM AS
—— LE eek 4
fe eal rh]
teh iis |

i urbe) Oli | | |
2

~~ ‘a
La lam og rostt s Lan aden Sts Calamagrost is Conadensis acumimata¥

Fig, 118. Distribution of Sporobolus, Cinna. Agrostis and Calamagrostis.
@ Specimens in herbarium. + Localities observed.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 167

(Rhinehart) ; Fayette (Fink); Lee County (Bartsch); Iowa City
(Macbride) ; Jackson County (Shimek) ; Steamboat Rock, Pine Creek
(Miss King) ; Granite (Shimek).

North America. From Newfoundland to North Carolina, Ala-
bama, Tennessee; Kentucky (Bell County, Kearney, 375), Ohio
(Painsville, Beardslee) ; north to Texas, Michigan (Farwell, 749) ; [lli-
nois, Wisconsin (Madison, Rockton, Pammel) ; Minnesota, Missouri
(Eggert), Nebraska and British America.

2. CINNA LATIFOLIA.

Cinna latifolia Trev. in Goeppert. Beschr. de. Bot. Gart. Breslau. 82.
1830.

Cinna latifolia Griseb. Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4: 435. 1853.

Cinna latifolia (Trev.) Griseb. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. FI.
PISS. L. 36l .

Cinna pendula Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. 6: 280. 1841. Scrib-
ner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull. Univ. Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 74. 95. Watson
and eter. Gray. Man. Bot. 649. 1890. (6th ed.) Vasey. Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 3: 57.

Cinna arttndinacea (\.inn.) var. pendula Gray. Man. Bot. 545. (2nd ed.)

DESCRIPTION.

SLENDER REED Grass. Culms
rather slender, two to three feet
high, leaves and sheaths much
as in C. arundinacea, but the
blades rather more scabrous on
the nerves. Panicle lax, often
few flowered, the branches cap-
illary and more or less droop-
ing. “The glumes less firrn than
in C. arundinacea, and the
empty glumes nearly equal,
otherwise the same.

Fig. 119. Cinna pendula—2, panicle; 3,
upper leaf; 4, spikelet; 5, same with empty
glume removed. (Th. Holm Univ. Tenn.)

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. ‘This species has not been found in the state but it ought to
occur in the northeastern counties. It is not uncommon in the interior
of Wisconsin, especially along the Wisconsin River and other streams,
occurring abundantly in shady, damp places.

168 GRASSES OF IOWA.

North America. In damp woods from New Jersey south to North
Carolina and Tennessee, through Wisconsin, Minnesota (St. Cloud,
Campbell; Grand Rapids, Sandberg); in the Rocky Mountains of
Colorado, Utah, Idaho (Kootenai, Sandberg, Heller and McDougall),
Washington (Okanogan County, Elmer; Leiberg and Sandberg) ; New-

foundland (John’s Beach, A. Waghorn), Canada (Hastings County, ~

Macoun).

11. AGROSTIS.

Agrostis L. Sp. Pl. 6.1753. Endlicher. Gen. Pl. 89. Bentham and Hooker.
Gen. Pl. 3: 1149. Hackel in Engler and Prantl. Nat. Pflanz. Fam. II. 2:
50. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 20: 80. 7. 58.

Trichodium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 41. 1803.

Agraulus Beauv. Agros. 5. 1812.

Chamaecalamus Meyen. P). Reise. 1: 456. 1835.

Didymochaeta Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 456. 1835.

Spikelets 1-flowered, in an open panicle. Empty glumes somewhat
equal, or the lower rather longer, usually longer than the flowering
-lume, pointless. Flowering glume and palet very thin, pointless, naked’
the first 3 to 5-nerved, frequently awned on the back; the palet often
minute or none. Stamens chiefly 3. Grain (caryopsis) free. Culms
usually tufted, slender; root commonly perennial. (Name from Greek,
for a field, the place of growth.)

One hundred species, mostly cosmopolitan, occurring especially in
north temperate regions; Europe 38; Russia 20; North America 33;
of which 15 are accredited to Canada; California 14 to 18; eastern
states 6 to 8; Rocky Mountains 6 to 8.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF AGROSTIS.

Palet conspicuous, at least 4 as long as flowering glume............ A. alba.

Palet inconspicuous, minute or wanting.
Culms weak, usually decumbent at base, leaves lax, spikelets 1} mm.
LONG'S jee cota ee eeepc Sra eta aiken ...A4. perennans.*

Culms and leaves erect.

Panicle branches capillary, elongated, spikelets crowded at ends..

—A. scabra.*®
Panicle branches not elongated’. /.-7--... 6... A. intermedia.*

1. AGROSTIS ALBA.

Agrostis alba L. Sp. Pl. 63. 1753. Watson and Coulter in Gray. Man.
Bot. 647. 1890. (6th ed ) Scribner Grasses of Tenn. Bull. Univ. Tenn. Agrl.
Exp. Sta. 7: 78. f. 702. 1894. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 332. 1896. Bull.
U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 17: 187. f. 483. 1899. Vasey. Contr. U. S.
Nat. Herb. 3: 77.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 169

Agrostis trichodium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 41. 1803.
Agrostis vulgaris With. Bot. Arr. Brit. Pl. 132. 1796. (3d ed.)

Fra. 120 Agrostis alba—a, empty glumes;
b, floret inclosing stamens. (Div. of Agros. U.
8. Dept. of Agrl.)

DESCRIPTION.
Rep Tor. A_ well known

perennial of variable habit.
Culms smooth, erect or decum-
bent, and rooting at the base or
stoloniferous, I to 3 feet (2-
9 dm.) high. Sheaths smooth;
ligule less than 1 line (2 mm.)
to 4 lines (8 mm.) long, some-
times firm and herbaceous at the

base; leaf-blade linear or nar-

row-lanceolate, 4 to 8 inches (8-
16 cm.) long, scabrous. Pan-
icle narrow, with erect and
rather densely flowered branches,
or lax and open, the branches
widely spreading, 4 to 10
inches (8-20 cm.) long. Spike-
lets nearly sessile or pedicel-
late, 1 to 14 lines (2-3 mm.)
long. Empty glumes lanceolate,
acute, the first scabrous on the
keel, the second a little shorter,
and smooth or scabrous near
the apex. Flowering glume a
little shorter than the empty
ones, obtuse or truncate; palea
one-half to three-fourths as long
as the glume. Throughout the

United States, excepting in the extreme south. June to September.

This species is common throughout the state, usually occurring in
low grounds. It is an excellent forage plant. The species runs into

numerous forms.

170 GRASSES OF IOWA.
DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Unionville (Shimek) ; Ames, (147 Ball, Sirrine, Bessey,
kich and Gessard P. H. Rolts, :160 Pammel) ; 31, Monroe County,
Wheatland (Ball) ; Pilot Mound, 3347 (Miss King and MacCorkin-
dale); Ontario, 3279 (Faurot); Gilbert Station, Boone (Carver) ;
Keokuk, 890 Ledyard, 8 Vernon Center, Minn. (lowa-Minnesota
line, Pammel) ; 3325 Myron, 3348 and 3354 Postville (Miss King) ;
Alden, 1120 (Stevens) ; Durant, 1143 (Weaver) ; Battle Creek, 944
(Preston) ; Iowa City (Shimek, Macbride) ; Des Moines, 2254 (Pam-
mel) ; New Albin, Minn., 904 (Iowa-Minnesota line, Pammel) ; Arm-.
strong (Cratty) ; Okoboji, Mason City, High Bridge, Hackberry Grove,
Dallas County, Keokuk (Shimek); Morgan Township, Decatur
County (Shimek).

North America. From Canada, and especially along the coast, in
the mountains of Virginia and North Carolina to Florida; west
through Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, “Tennessee to Texas
and the Rocky Miountain region; Colorado (Ft. Collins, Crandall),
Wyoming (Carbon County, Big Creek, A. Nelson), Washington
(Ellensburg, Elmer) ; from New Mexico to California and Saskatch-

ewan.

General. (Great Britain, Norway, Sweden, south to northern

Africa and east to the Himalayas.

2. AGROSTIS PERENNANS.

Agrostis perennans Tuckerm. Am. Journ. Sci. II. 45: 44. ° 1843.
Watson and Coulter. Gray’s Man. Bot. 648. 1890. (6th ed.)

Cornucopiae perennans Walt. Pl. Car. 73. 1788.

Agrostis perennans Walt. Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull. Univ.
Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 76. £ 97. 1894. Bull.U. S. Dept. “Agriix:
Agros. 17: 182. f 478. 1899. Vasey. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 76. Beal.
Grasses of N. A. 2: 328. 1896.

GRASSES OF IOWA.

Fig. 121. Agrostis perennans—a, outer or sterile
glume; b, flower. (Div. of Agros. U. 8S. Dept. of Agrl.)

171

DESCRIPTION.

‘THIN Grass. A per-
ennial with weak, slen-
der, and mostly decum-
bent, leafy culms,
about 2 feet (5 dm.)
high. Internodes short.
Sheaths smooth, striate,
shorter than the inter-
nodes; ligule about 1
line (2 mm.) long; leaf
blade flat, thin, widely
spreading, about 1 line
(2 mm.) wide, 4 inches
(8 cm.) long, acute,
scabrous. Panicle ob-
long, about 6 inches
(12 cm.) in length;
primary branches in
clusters of two to five
at a node, branched at
or below the middle;
the branches or pedicels
all widely divergent.
Spikelets pale green, a
line or less long. Empty
glumes rather unequal,
lanceolate, very acute,
rather minutely scab-
rous on keels. Flower-

ing glume a little shorter than empty ones. Damp, shady places. May

to September.

DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Mt. Pleasant (Milis); Des Moines, Boone (Carver) ;

Ames (Burgess, Pammel) ; Steamboat Rock,

3171, 3168 and 3053

(Miss King) ; Ames (Hitchcock) ; Steamboat Rock, Pine Creek (Miss
King) ; Marshalltown (Pammel) ; Steamboat Rock (Shimek).
North America. From Quebec, New England, south along the

T72 GRASSES OF IOWA.

Atlantic states to Florida; southwest to Texas; Kentucky (Harlan
County, Kearney, 381) ; west to lowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, Wyoming,
Montana, and northward to Winnepeg.

3. AGROSTIS SCABRA.,

Agrostis scabra Willd. Sp. Pl. 1: 370. 1798. Scribner. Grasses of Tenn.
Bull? Univ. Denn. Agrla Exp: Sta. 73177. 7.99. (eae.

Cornucopiae hyemale Walt. Fl. Car. 73. 1788.
Trichodium laxitolium Michx. Fl. Bor. 1: 42. 1803.
Trichodium scabrum Muhl. rant 61. 1817.

Agrostis hyemalis B. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 68. 1888.

Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) B. S. P. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 327.
1896. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 161. f..368. 1896.

DESCRIPTION.

Fry Away Grass. Usually an annual; erect or somewhat genicu-
late at the lower joints, 6 inches to 24 feet (1-6 dm.) high. Sheaths
striate, smooth or scabrous; ligules 1 to 2 lines (2-4 mm.) long; leaf-
blade erect or ascending, $ to ? line (1-1 mm.) wide, 2 to 4 inches (4-
8 cm.) long, conduplicate when dry, scabrous, especially on the margins
and upper surface. Panicles long and lax, the capillary, primary branches
two to a node, branched above the middle; the spikelets clustered toward
the ends of the ultimate branches. Empty glumes lanceolate, acute,
with scabrous keel, about # line (13 mm.) long, the upper one a little
shorter than the lower. Flowering glume rather faintly-nerved, shorter
than the empty glumes, awnless or very rarely awned on the _ back.
Palea none. A common grass in dry and sterile, as well as in moist, rich
lands. It is the earliest to bloom among our species of Agrostis, flower-
ing in May and June.

The species is common throughout the state, frequent in sandy soil
but also growing in moist soil and upland prairies.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Steamboat Rock 3035, Spirit Lake 3365, Ames 3182,
Ledyard 1003 (Pammel) ; Steamboat Rock 3034 and 3044 (Miss King) |
Marathon 3342 (Roberts) ; Wheatland, Vinton 21 (Ball); 857, Mt.
Pleasant (Mills) ; Durant, 1140 (Weaver) ; Ames (Carver) ; Hamil-

:
‘
|
.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 173

ton County (P. H. Rolfs); Armstrong (Cratty) ; Johnson County
(Shimek); Harcourt (Danielson); Muscatine (Reppert); Cedar
Rapids (Shimek) ; Iowa City (Hitchcock and Macbride).

Fig. 122. Agrostis scabra—slender branching panicle. (Charlotte M.
King. )

North America. Very widely distributed throughout North
America, except in the far north; Newfoundland to Manitoba, Atha-
basca and British Columbia as far north as 60° north latitude; New
England to Florida and west to Texas; north through Missouri, Ne-
braska, Kansas, Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin and the Rocky Mountains
in California; Colorado (Larimer County, Crandall; Idaho Springs,
Rydberg), Wyoming (Yellowstone Park, A. and E. Nelson), and
Utah (Uintah Mountains, 10,000 ft., Pammel, Johnson, Buchanan
and Lummis).

General. Siberia and Australia.

174 GRASSES OF IOWA.
4. AGROSTIS INTERMEDIA.

Agrostis intermedia Scribn. Bull. Univ. Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 76.
F. 97. 1894.

DESCRIPTION.

Upianp Bent Grass. A slender, perennial grass,2 feet (5 dm.)
high, culms erect, or geniculate at the lower joints. Sheaths smooth,
ligules 1 to 3 lines (2-6 mm.) long; leaf-blade 1 to 14 lines (2-3 mm.)
wide, 4 to 6 inches long, scabrous. Panicle oblong, pyramidal, 6 to 8

Fig. 123. Agrostis intermedia—a, spikelet; b, sterile glumes; c, stamens and pistil.
(Charlotte M. King. )

inches (12-16 cm.) long, with weak and slender branches (as compared
with 4. elata) ; primary branches in clusters of two to seven at a node,
branching again below the middle. Spikelets about 1 line long, scattered

above the middle of the branches. Empty glumes thin, sub-equal, Jan-

GRASSES OF IOWA. 175

ceolate, acuminate, scabrous on the keels, otherwise smooth. Flowering
glume about three-fourths the length of the empty ones. Common in
damp places, in thickets and along the borders of woods. August to

October.
DISTRIBUTION.

Lowa. It has not been reported to us from the state, though doubt-
less occurring.

North America. Eastern Atlantic States, Kentucky (Harlan
County, Small), and Tennessee; northwest to Iowa and Minnesota.

12. CALAMAGROSTIS.

Calamagrosits Adans. Fam. Pl. 2: 31. 1763. Endlicher. Gen.’ Pl. 90.
Bentham & Hooker. Gen. Pl. 3: 1150, 1152. Hackel in Engler and Prantl.
Nat. Pflanz. Fam. II. 2: 51. f 54. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div.
Agros. 20: 82. f 60.

Lachnagrostis Trin. Fund. Agr. 128. 1820.

Achaeta Fourn. Gram. Mex. 109. 1880.

Relchela Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 101. 1855.

Cinnastrum Fourn. Gram. Mex. 90. 1880.

Deyeuxia Clarion in Beauv. Agros. 43: 1812.

Spikelets 1-flowered, and (in our species) often with a pedicel or
rudiment of a second abortive flower (rarely 2-flowered), in an open or
spiked panicle. Lower glumes mostly membranaceous, keeled or boat-
shaped, often acute, commonly nearly equal, and exceeding the flower,
which bears at the base copious, white, bristly hairs; flowering. glume
thin, bearing a slender awn on the back or below the tip, or sometimes
awnless; the palet mostly shorter. Stamens 3. Grain free. Perennials,
with running rootstocks, and mostly tall and simple, rigid culms.
(Name compounded of two Greek words for reed and grass.)

Bentham and Hooker include under Calamagrostis and Deyeuxia
125 species, of which 5 belong to the genus Calamagrostis; Hackel rec-
ognizes 130 species; this includes the section of Epigeos of Koch with
10 species and Deyeauxia Beauv. with 120 species. “The species are found
chiefly in the temperate and colder regions, and mountains of tropical
countries, 60 species being found in the Andes region. Beal recognizes
26 species in North America, with six varieties; Kearney recognizes 38
species and 16 varieties.

7a = GRASSES OF IOWA.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CALAMAGROSTIS.
Panicle open, the branches usually long and lax.

Spikelets 2-2,.9 mm: OMG) siloeh eatin m elas C. Macouniana.’,
Spikelets 3-4 mm. long. }
Empty glumes ovate-lanceolate, acute........ C. Canadensis..

Empty glumes sharp, attenuate-acuminate C. Canadensis. var.
acuminata. ,
Panicle contracted, branches short and strict........... C. inexpansas.

1. CALAMAGROSTIS MACOUNIANA.
Calamagrostis Vacouniana Vasey. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 81.

1892. Beal ‘Grasses of N. A. 2:
\ : ae /
ae

343. 1896. Nash in Britton and
Hu) /
iM
\ id /
\ \ |

Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 163. # 372. 1896.
Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl.
Diy. Agros. 17: 196. f: 492. 1896.

Deyeuxia Macouniana Vasey.
Coulter Bot. Gaz. 10: 297. 1885.

DESCRIPTION.

Macoun’s Reep BENT. A
slender, erect, leafy perennial,
from 1 to 2 feet (3-6 dm.)
high, with narrow, flat leaves
and narrow or (in anthesis)
open, pyramidal panicles 3 to 4
inches (6-8 cm.) long. Spike-
lets with nearly equal empty
glumes, about 14 lines (3 mm.)
long, scarcely exceeding — the

short-awned, flowering glume.
Moist, sandy soil. May to
August.

DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Emmet County
(Cratty).

North America. Assiniboia

pee : Fig. 124.6 Calamagrostis Macouwniana—a
to Missouri, Montana and low ee sterile glumes; ite floret with flowering

Bs glume, and hairs; ce, plumose prolongation of
Washington. rachilla. (Div. Agros. U. 8. Dept .pAgrl. ) a

GRASSES OF IOWA. ~ eg
2. CALAMAGROSTIS CANADENSIS.

Calamagrostis Canadensis Beauv. Agros. 15. 1812. Watson and Coulter
Gray. Man. Bot. 650. A/.8. 1890. (6th ed.) Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull.
May. Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 79. f. zog. 1894.

Calamagrostis Canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2:
351. 1896. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 163. f. 373. 1896.
Kearney. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 11. 28.

Calamagrostis Mexicana Nutt. Gen. 1: 46. 1818.

Arundo agrostoides Pursh. Fl. Am. 86: 1814.

Arundo Canadensis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 73. 1803.

Deyeuxta Canadensis Munro. Hook. Trans. Linn. Soc. 28: 345. 1862.

DESCRIPTION.

BLUE JoINT or Rep ‘Top.
An erect, leafy grass, 3 to 5
feet (7-12 dm.) high, with
smooth, simple culms and open,
brown or purplish, many-
flowered panicles, 4 to 8
inches (9-18 cm.) long.
Sheaths smooth, striate; li-
gule 2 to 3 lines (4-6 mm.)
_ long, membranous ; leaf-blade
flat, 6 to 18 inches (12-36
cm.) long, 2 to 4 lines (4-8
mm.) wide, tapering grad-
ually into long, filiform tips.
Empty glumes ovate-lanceo-
late, acute, finely strigose,
scabrous, awned on the back
at or a little below the
middle; awn _ straight, very
slender; hairs from the callus
as long as the glume. In

swamps and wet soils. July
to September. <A_ valuable
grass in low meadows. Once
much more abundant than

Wie. 125. Calamagrostis Canadensis—a,
spikelet with lower, outer glumes to the right of now. Widely distributed in
fioret. (Charlotte M. King.) |

Iowa.

12

178 GRASSES OF IOWA.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Ames (Crozier, Stewart, Bessey, Hitchcock) ; Weaver,
133 (Ball, Zmunt, Fisher) ; Armstrong (Cratty) ; Dysart (Miss Sir-
rine); Belknap, 825 (Rankin); Hamilton County (P. H. Rolfs) ;
Battle Creek, 943 (Preston); Cherokee (Wakefield) ; Greenfield
(Stewart) ; Spirit Lake, 555 (Ball); Mt. Pleasant, 877 and 1917
(Mills); New Albin 1924, Jefferson 1288, Humboldt 880, Slater
(Pammel); Tama County, 275 °(Sirrine); Mt. Pleasant, 684 (De
Witt) ; Clinton, 275 (Ball); Decatur County (Fitzpatrick) ; West
Union, 1441 (Whitmore); Colfax (Mead); Emmet County, 1062
(Cratty) ; Iowa City (Hitchcock) ; Hamilton County (P. H. Rolfs) ;
Marshalltown (Eckles) ; minor form, Armstrong (Cratty); Vinton,
13 -and 1251 (Ball); Afton Junction (Miller) ; Clear Lake, High
Bridge, Dallas County, Cedar Rapids, northwest corner of state, Lyon
County (Shimek) ; Hamilton to Hancock County (Preston); Keo-
sauqua (Shimek).

North America. Canada (Carson); from Maine south to New
Jersey, Ohio, Iowa, Minnesota (St. Cloud, Campbell; Silver Creek,
Sandberg), Illinois (Palatine, Pammel), Wisconsin (La Crosse, Pam-
mel; St. Croix, Parry) ; Missouri (Carson Station, Eggert) ; Nebraska
(North Platte, Pammel); Colorado (Ft. Collins, Crandall; Idaho
Springs, Shear); Wyoming (Laramie Hills, A. Nelson) ; Montana
(Craig) ; Utah (Uintah Mountains, Lamotte Peak, Pammel, Johnson,
Buchanan and Lummis), to British Columbia.

3. CALAMAGROSTIS CANADENSIS var. ACUMINATA.

Calamagrostis Canadensis var. acuminata Vasey Bull. U. S. Dept.
Agrl. Div. Agros. 5: 26. 1897. Kearney. Revision of the N. Am. Species of
Calamagrostis. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 11: 29. 1898.

Calamagrostis Canadensis var. robusta Vasey in Wheeler Rep. 6: 285.

DESCRIPTION.

SHARP PornTED Rep ‘Top. Sheaths rarely inconspicuously
bearded at junction with blade; blade usually short, scabrous-pubescent
on the upper (rarely both) surfaces; panicle commonly rather small,
more flexuous and more densely flowered than the species, usually dark
purple; spikelets larger, 1} to 2 lines (3.5-4 mm.) long; empty glumes
comparatively narrow, sharp, attenuate, acuminate; sometimes subfal-
cate, somewhat thicker, usually much more scabrous (occasionally almost
strigose) ; longer, often considerably (sometimes } line (.5 mm.)) ex-

ceeding the flowering glume.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 179

Fig. 126. Calamagrostis Canadensis var. acuminata—a, spikelet ;1 and 2 empty glumes,
3 flower; b, flower, 1 flowering glume, 2 palet. (Charlotte M. King. )

DISTRIBUTION. -

Iowa. Most abundant in northern Iowa; Tama County 962 (Sir-
rine).

North America. Labrador and Newfoundland to Iowa; high
mountains of North Carolina; Keewatin to Alaska, south in the moun-
tains to New Mexico and California; Montana (Spanish Creek, Vasey),
Wyoming (Yellowstone Nat. Park, A. and E. Nelson, 6166; West
Branch of Big Goose River, Pammel and Stanton) ; Washington (Oka-
gan County, Elmer) ; Utah (Provo Canon, Pammel and Stanton, 203) ;
Colorado (Walcott, 6975 ft., Shear and Bessey, 1310).

180 GRASSES OF IOWA.

4. CALAMAGROSTIS INEXPANSA.

Calamagrostis inexpansa Gray. Gram. et Cyp. 1. No. 20:1834. Serib-
ner. Am. Grasses. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 17: 191. f. 487. 1900.
(3 ed.)

Calamagrostis confinis Nutt. Gen. 1: 47. 1818. Watson and Coulter.
Gray. Man. Bot. 650. 1890. (6 ed.)

Calamagrostis neglecta var. confinis (Willd.) Beal. Grasses. of N. A. 2:
353. 1896.

Calamagrostts confinis (Willd.) Nutt. Nash in Britton and Brown I1l.
Fl, 2: 165: (377- 1896, ;

Calamagrostis confints tnexpansa Gray. Kearney. Bull. U. S. Dept.
Agrl. Div. Agros. 11:37. 1898.

DESCRIPTION.

Boc Reep Grass. A slen-
der, erect perennial, Ig to
44 feet (3-9 dm.) high, with
narrow, flat leaves and con-
tracted panicles 25 to 9
inches (5-18 cm.) long.
Spikelets 14 to 2 lines (3-4
mm.) long with nearly
equal, acute empty glumes
about the length of the
flowering glumes, the basal
hairs of which nearly equal
it in length or are one-third
shorter. Damp, sandy soil.
August to September.

This species is not infre-
quent in northern lowa, es-
pecially in Dickinson, Hum-
boldt, Emmet and Kossuth
Counties. Probably extends
as far south as Hamilton
County. The species grows
in low grounds, borders of
shallow Streams; borders of Fia. 127. Calainagresit inexpansa—a, empty
lakes, and in marshy places. glumes; b, fiowering glumes with basal hairs; c,

tuft of hairs at base of flowering glume. (Div. of
Agros. U. §, Dept. of Agr!. )

GRASSES OF IOWA. 181

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Manly (Williams); Armstrong (Cratty); Humboldt,
1286 (Pammel) ; Emmet’ County, 1929, 1920 (Ledyard), 3223 (Grid-
ley), 3266 and 3263 (Armstrong) ; Elmore, Minn. (Iowa and Minne-
sota line), 915 (Pammel) ; Lyon County (E. D. Ball).

North America. Damp, sandy soil, New York (Lake George,
Vasey), New Jersey, westward to Minnesota (DeSoto Lake, Sandberg),
South Dakota, Colorado (Veta Pass, Vasey), and ‘Wyoming (Clear
Creek, Griffith and Williams).

13. CALAMOVILFA.

Calamovilfa Scribner in Hack. True Grasses. 113. 1890. Scribner.
Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 20: 84. f 62. (Rev. ed.)

Ammophila Host. Gram. Aust. 4: 24. fd. gz. 1809. Endlicher. Gen.
Pl. 90. Bentham and Hooker. Gen. Pl. 3: 1153.

Psamma Beauv. Agros. 143. 1812.

Calamagrostis sec. Calamovilfa A. Gray. Man. Bot. Northern U. S.
616 (5 ed.)

Rudiment of second flower wanting; glumes and palet rather char-
taceous, compressed-keeled ; flowering glume 1-nerved, entirely awnless ;

palet strongly 2-keeled; panicle at length open and loose.

There are three living species. Native to the temperate and sub-
tropical regions of North America. “The related sea-sand reed, dmmo-
phila, is distinct. There are two species of Ammophila widely distrib-
uted among the salt water shores of thenorthern hemisphere. Valuable

as a sand binder.

182 GRASSES OF IOWA.

1. ‘CALAMOVILFA LONGIFOLIA. Ry,

Calamovilfa longifolia Hack. True
Grasses. 113. 1890.

Calamagrostis longifolia Hook. Fl.
Bor. Am. 2: 241. 1840. Watson and
Coulter. Gray. Man. Bot. 651. 1890. (6
ed). Vasey Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 84.

Calamagrostis longifolia (Hook)
Hack. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 355.
1896. Nash in Britton and Brown. IIl.
Fl. 1: 167. f. 782. 1896.

DESCRIPTION.

Lonc LeAvepD REED Grass. Culms
2 to 6 feet (4-12 dm.) high, stout,
from thick, running rootstocks; leaves

rigid, elongate, involute above and
tapering into a long, thread-like point;
ligule consisting of a ring of hairs 1

line (2 mm.) long; panicle at first

close, becoming open and pyramidal,
the branches smooth; glumes lanceo-
late, the upper as long as the flower,
the lower + shorter; the copious hairs

more than half the length of the naked

flower. Fic. 128. Calamovilfa longifolia—a,
spikelet; b, empty glumes; c, fiower.
(Charlotte M. King. )

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Sioux City (Miss Wakefield) ; Ames (Hitchcock) ; Em-
met County, Armstrong, 1116 (Cratty) ; Hawarden, Sioux City, Turin,
187 (Pammel) ; Lyon County, Rock Rapids, 49, 39 (Shimek) ; Hull
(Newell) ; Hamburg (Hitchcock). |

North America. Sands, along the upper Great Lakes from Illinois
(Shores Lake Michigan, Chicago, Pammel; Graceland, Pammel), and
Michigan to Manitoba, South Dakota (Griffith, 753; Hot Springs,
Rydberg, 131) ; Nebraska (Long Pine, C. F. Curtiss; Ravenna, Pam-
mel; McCook, Pammel, 367); Kansas, Colorado (La Porte, Cache
La Poudre River, Pammel and Johnson, 1597 and 1742; Ft. Collins,
Crandall).

GRASSES OF IOWA. 183

Fig. 129. Flower of Arrhenaitherum avenaceum. (Charlotte M. King.)

TRIBE IX.—AVENEAE.

Spikelets 2 to several-flowered ; outer, empty glumes usually longer
than the first floral glume; one or more of the flowering glumes awned
on the back or from between the teeth of the bifid apex; awn usually
twisted or geniculate; the callus, and usually the joints of the rachilla,
hairy.

A tribe comprising 23 genera and over 300 species, widely distrib-
uted in the temperate regions of both the Old and the New World,
particularly abundant in South Africa and Australia, a few extending
beyond the Arctic Circle.

Several of the species are of economic value as forage plants. “Tall
meadow oat grass (Arrhenatherum avenaceum) and velvet grass or
mesquite, as it is known in Oregon and Washington, both introduced
from Europe, are grasses of much agricultural value, especially the first
named. Tufted hair grass (Deschampsia caespitosa) , a common grass in
the Rocky Mountains of the west and northwest, is of some local value
as a forage plant, especially for low, wet soils. Cultivated oats (dvena
sativa), used largely in the south and on the Pacific coast for pasturage
and hay, and generally cultivated as a cereal, is the best known example
of this tribe.

184 GRASSES OF IOWA.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE AVENEAE.

Pedicels of the spikelets articulated below the empty glumes, spikelets
deciduous, plant velvety. .--peess-- Bale ehehh te, sche agen Flolcus..

Pedicels not articulated below the empty glumes, which are persistent.
Awn of the flowering glume dorsal, inserted below the teeth.

Flowers all perfect, or the upper ones staminate or sterile.

Grain suleates hairy at the vapex.) oe eee eee Avena.*.

Lower flower staminate, its glume strongly awned; the upper
ELLE CE Se ste cteitecs <1srate char chore lato eee Arrhenatherum.*.

Awn of the flowering glume inserted between the teeth. Dauthonia.‘.
1. HOLCUS.

Holcus L. (in part) Sp. Pl. 1047. 1753. Endlicher. Gen. Pl. 81. Bentham
and Hooker Gen. Pl. 38: 1159. Hackel in Engler and Prantl. Nat. Pflanz.
Fam. II. 2: 53. f. 57. Beauv. Agrost. 87. £/. 77. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept.
Agrl. Div. Agros. 20:89. f 65.

Spikelets crowded in an open panicle, 2-flowered; the boat-shaped,
membranaceous glumes enclosing and much exceeding the remotish
flowers. Lower flower perfect, its papery or thin, coriaceous glume awn-
less and pointless; the upper flower staminate, otherwise similar, but
bearing a stout, bent awn below the apex. Stamens 3. Styles plumose to
the base. Grain free. (A name in Pliny for a kind of grass, from a

Greek word for attractive, of obscure application. )

Eight species according to Bentham and Hooker; found chiefly in

Europe and northern Africa, one, however, reaching the Cape region.
HOLCUS LANATUS.

Flolcus lanatus L. Sp. Pl. 1048. 1753. Watson and Coulter. Gray. Man.
Bot. 652. Z/. 72. 1890. (6 ed.). Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull. Univ. Tenn.
Agrl. Exp. 7: 81. f. 206. 1494. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 7: 157.
J. 757. 1900. (3 ed.) Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 360. 1896. Nash in Britton
and Brown, Ill. Fl. 1: 168. f. 78%. 1896.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 185

DESCRIPTION. -

VELVET Grass. A peren-
nial grass, I to.2 feet (2-4
dm.) high, from a creeping
rhizome; usually closely
pubescent all over with soft
whitish hairs. Panicle 2 to
3 inches (4-6 cm.) long,
pale or sometimes purple-
tinged. Spikelets about 2
lines (4 mm.) long, obtuse;
the second empty glume
broader than the first, three-
nerved and often short-awned
at the apex, both ciliate on
the prominent keels, and
thinly pubescent all over;
lower floral glume smooth
and shining, becoming indu-
rated in fruit. Introduced
from Europe. May to Aug-
ust. The species has been
introduced in a few places.

Fia. 130. Holcus lanatus—a, spikelet; b, flower-

ing glumes;c, ligule. (Div. Agros. U. S. Dept. It rarely persists.
Agrl. )

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Ames (Weaver) ; Ames, 1118 (Carver).

North America. Widely naturalized from New England states,
“Massachusetts (Boston, Waverly, Pammel), New York (Washington
County, Parry), south to Tennessee and Alabama, and occasionally
northward; also upon the Pacific Coast and British America. Wash-
ington (Cape Disappointment, Parry).

General. Great Britain, on the continent of Europe, northern
Africa and Siberia.

2. AVENA.
Avena L. Sp. Pl. 79. 1753. Endlicher. Gen. Pl. 96. Benth. and Hook.

Gen. Pl. 8: 1160. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 20: 94. f 70.
Hackel in Engler and Prantl. Nat. Pflanz. Fam. II. 2: 55. f 63.

186 GRASSES OF IOWA.

Spikelets 2 to many-flowered, panicled; the flowers herbaceo-char-
taceous or becoming harder, of firmer texture than the large and mostly
unequal, empty glumes; the uppermost flower imperfect; rachis and base
of the flower often bearded. Flowering glume rounded on the back,
mostly 5 to I1-nerved, bearing a long, usually bent or twisted awn on
the back between the two acute teeth at the apex, proceeding from
the mid-nerve only. Stamens 3. Grain oblong-linear, grooved, on one
side, usually hairy, at least at the top, free, but invested by the palet.

(The classical Latin name.)

Species 40 (Bentham & Hooker) ; 50 (.Hackel) ; by some the number
has been reduced to 30. Mostly in temperate regions of the Old World
and sparingly in the New World. United States is credited with two
or three naturalized, and eight native species. One species, the 4. fatua,
is widely naturalized cn the Pacific Coast, Rocky Mountains and spar-
ingly on the Atlantic Coast, Wisconsin, Minnesota and northeastern

Iowa.

,

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF AVENA.

Flowering glume glabrous or hairy at the base only, cultivated
—.A. sativa.'.
Flowering glume hairy to or beyond the middle......... A. fjatua:

1. AVENA SATIVA.

Avena sativa L. Sp. Pl. 79. 1753. Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull.
Univ. Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 83. /. zzo. 1894. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2:
385. 1896.

*Flowering glume less hairy than A. fatua, softly pilose.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 187

PAR
‘einai a ne
a jae :

TARE EE IER?

\

E/E rosie
. “SES See ES
“3 woe aes

yy Webbe |

fetal | | | TRS
Pt TT TT PTA
Seer y

Holevs lanatus.

Pree |

o iaauteaae

yp iss oe ane
pie LL SL
Pa Ly

mdm

ve eaveR cones
TYLA ORE
: ri Tat

es
coe) Se ae

enatherum elatius. Whastilhe nia spt cata

Fra. 131. ic of Calamagrosits, Catamovitfa, Holeus, Avena, Arrhenatherum and Danthonia.
@ Specimens in herbariu + From observation.

188 GRASSES UF IOWA.

DESCRIPTION.

ComMMoNn Oats. A well known,
erect annual, 2 to 4 feet (5-10 dm.)
high, with flat leaves and expanded
panicles of rather large, pendulous
and usually two-flowered spikelets.
Lower florets sometimes awned.
Oats is commonly cultivated in all
sections of Iowa. Its culture is,
however, most successful in the
northern part of the state.

DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Ames (Hodson); Fair-
field (Rich and Gossard) ; Webster
City (Pammel) ; Manchester
(Hoyt); Cedar Rapids (Miss
Hall); Alden, 1125 (Stevens) ;
Calhoun County (Rigg); Johnson
County (Shimek); Marshalltown
(Pammel).

North America. Widely culti-
vated in northern United States,
British Columbia, especially in the

northern and eastern sections, and
along the Pacific Coast.

General. ‘This species is native to
eastern temperate Europe, and |
western Asia, although the wild
form has not been found. According
to some authors, cultivated oats
originated from wild oats (Avena
fatua). This is very doubtful.

Fria. 132. Avena sativa—showing panicle.

2. AVENA FATUA.

Avena fatua L. Sp. Pl. 80. 1753. Watson and Coulter. Gray. Man. Bot.
653. 1890. (6 ed.) Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 173. f. 3095. 1896.
Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 17: 203. f. 409. 1899.

Avena barbata Brot. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 383. 1896.

.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 189

DESCRIPTION.

Witp Oats. An erect,
glabrous annual, 3 to 5 feet
(6-12 dm.) high, with flat
leaves and spreading pani-
cles of large, oat-like, nod-
ding spikelets. Spikelets 2
to 4-flowered, with empty
glumes # to 1 inch (14-2
cm.) long, and pubes-
cent flowering glumes
6) toe, | lines! (ra-18
mm.) long. Awns near-
ly twice as long as the
spikelets. Fields and waste
places from Wisconsin
westward; abundant in
grain fields on the Pacific
slope. June to September.

Locally wild oats is abun-
dant, especially in north-
eastern Towa and_ south-
western Wisconsin. It is
highly esteemed as a forage

plant, especially in Califor-
Fig. 133, Avena fatua—a, empty glumes; b, nia. It : a bad weed,
flowering glumes; (Div. Agros. U. S. Dept. of Agrl.) however, in grain fields.
8 ’ t—)
DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Houston County, Minn. 5 Minnesota-lowa line (Pam-
mel) ; Ames, 119 (Ball) ; Boone (Carver) ; Hull (Newell).

North America. In fields and waste places, especially common
along the Pacific coast and the irrigated districts of the Rocky Moun-
tain region. Oregon (Howell), California (Parry; Auburn,
Pammel, 1), Colorado (Ft. Collins, Pammel), Wyoming (Buffalo,
Griffith and Williams, 126) ; also in the Dakotas (N. D., Fargo, Bol-
ley), Minnesota, Wisconsin and Iowa.

3. AVENA LONGIGLUMIS.

Avena longiglumis Durien Duch. Rev. Bot. 1: 395. 1845-46 Steud.
Syn. Fl. Gram. 233.

196 GRASSES OF IOWA.

DESCRIPTION.

Lone GLUMED WILD
Oats. Annual, — with
leaves and sheaths lightly
pilose; truncate ligule
with short, hairy fringe;
lower part of panicle
drooping; spikelets three-
flowered; empty glumes
far exceeding the floret,
and both alike 9-nerved ;
very pilose rachilla joint-
ed, lower joint persistent,
florets from base beyond
the middle softly pilose;
glumes slightly unequal,
upper 7-nerved, awned a
little beyond the middle
with two very leng,
bristly hairs, more than
halt as Jone as “the
glume; the lower with
the linear apex two-
toothed. Algeria. In-
troduced on the college
grounds but not persist-
ent.

Towa. Ames (Bessey) ; Fig. 134. Avena Loni g TANS spikelet: us
A i 1 = empty glume; 2, flowering glume; 3, rudimentary
mes (cult.). spikelet. (Charlotte M. King.)

3. ARRHENATHERUM.

Arrhenatherum Beauv. Agrost. 55. pl. 71. f. 5. 1812. Endlicher Gen.
Pl. 96. Bentham and Hooker. Gen. Pl. 3: 1161. Hackel in Engler and
Prantl. Nat. Pflanz. Fam. II. 2: 56. 7. 6z.

Avena Host. Gram. Austr. 2: A/. gg. 4: f7. 30. Scribner. Bull. U. S.
Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 20: 95. f. 77. (Rev. ed.)

Spikelets open-panicled, 2-flowered, with the rudiment of a third
flower; the middle flower perfect, its glume barely bristle-pointed from
near the tip; the lowest flower staminate only, bearing a long, bent awn
below the middle of the back; otherwise as in Avena, of which it is only

a peculiar modification. (Name from two Greek words for masculine
and awn.)

GRASSES OF IOWA. 191

Bentham and Hooker give the number of species as 3; the same
number is given by Hackel, although some authors give the number as
6. Native to Europe, northern Africa and western Asia; one species
widely cultivated in eastern North America, and naturalized to a con-
siderable extent on the Pacific coast.

ARRHENATHERUM AVENACEUM.

Arrhenatherum avenaceum Beauv. Agrost. 152. 1812. Watson and
Coulter. Gray. Man. Bot. 652. A/7. 72. 1890. (6 ed.)

Arrhenathernm elatius Beauv. Scribner. Grasses. of Tenn. Bull. Univ.
Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 83. £ zog. 1894.

Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Beauy. Nash in Britton and Brown. III. FI.
1: 173. f. 396. 1896. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 7: 173. 7. 767. 1900,
(3 ed.). Beal. Grasses N. A. 2: 387. 1896.

Avena elatior L. Sp. Pl. 79. 1753

DESCRIPTION.

Oat Grass. A tall, per-
ennial grass, 2 to 4 feet (5-
10 dm.) high, rather spar-
ingly leafy, with a narrow,
terminal, many-flowered pan-
icle, 6 to 12 inches (14-3
dm.) long; the branches
spreading during flowering.
Spikelets 4 to 5 lines (8-10
mm.) long, the second glume
larger than the first, three-
nerved and about equalling
the florets. Awn geniculate
near the middle, closely
twisted below, divergent
above. Grain pubescent, en-
closed within the fruiting
glume and palea, but free
from them. In fields and
waste places, Maine and On-
tario to Georgia and Ten-
nessee, also on the Pacific
coast. June to August. Tall
meadow oat grass has es-
caped from cultivation in
different parts of the state.

It has never met with much
Fria. 185. Arrhenatherum avenaceum—a, spike- ca l
lets; b, flowering glumes. (Div. Agros. U. S. favor asa forage plant among
Dept. Agrl. ) the farmers of the state.

192 GRASSES OF IOWA.
DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Ames, 143 (Ball, Sirrine, P. H. Rolfs, Van Cleve, War-
den.

North America. Widely introduced on the Pacific and Atlantic
coasts; from New England, District of Columbia (Washington), North
Carolina (Small and Heller) to Georgia; east to Tennessee and south
to Alabama; occasionally north in Wisconsin, Michigan and the Rocky
Mountain region; common on the Pacific coast; Colorado (Ft. Col-
lins, Crandall).

General. Europe, northern Africa, western Asia, said to be a
troublesome weed in Great Britain.

4. DANTHONIA.

Danthonia D. C. Fl. Fr. 3: 32. 1805. Endlicher. Gen. Pl. 97. Ber tham
and Hooker. Gen. PI. 3: 1162. Hackel in Engler and Prantl. Nat. Pflanz.
Pam-shl: 22156:

Pentameris Beauv. Agros. 92. 1812. Scribner. Bull.U.S.Dert.Agrl. Div.
Agros. 20: 96. f. 72. (Rev. ed.)

Streblochaeta Hochst. Pl. Schimp. Abyss. n. 412. 1835.

Triaphis Nees. Pl. Afr. Austr. Glum. 270. 1841.

Chaetobromus Nees. Lindl. Ind. Nat. Syst. 449. 1835. (2 ed.)

Flowering glume oblong or cvate, rounded, cylindriceous, 7 to °
g-nerved, bearing, between the sharp-pointed or awn-like teeth of the tip,
an awn, usually composed of the three middle nerves, which is flattish
and spirally twisting at the base; otherwise as in Avena. Empty glumes
longer than the imbricated flowers. Ours perennial, 1 to 2 feet (2-5
dm.) high, with narrow and soon involute leaves, hairy sheaths bearded
at the throat, and a small, simple panicle or raceme of about 1-flowered
spikelets. (Named for Danthoine, a French botanist.) r

Bentham & Hooker give the number of species at 100; the same
number is given by Hackel. In the temperate and warmer regions of
both hemispheres; more than half are native to South Africa, of which
Beal describes 7; native to Australia 7.

1. DANTHONIA SPICATA.

Danthonia spicata Beauv. in R. and S. Syst. 2: 690. 1817. Watson
and Coulter. Gray. Man. Bot. 654. A/. 72. f. 7}. 1890. (6 ed.) Scribner.
Grasses of Tenn. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 7: 85. f. 7737. 1894.

Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 391. f. 68.
1896. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 174. f. 3097. 1896. Scribner.
Bull. U.S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 1: 7: 174. f. 768, 1900. (3 ed.) -

Avena spicata L. Sp. Pl. 119. 1753.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 193

DESCRIPTION.

" WiLp Oat Grass. A
y smooth, slender, erect grass,
10 to 20 inches (23-45 cm.)
high, with a small, narrow
panicle, the short branches
of which spread only in
flower. Sheaths glabrous,
bearded at the throat;
basal leaves numerous,
usually involute, and curled
or recurved; those of the
culm shorter, 1 line (2
mm.) wide or less, glab-
rous or pilose. Panicle 1
to 2 inches (24-5 cm.)
long, simple, few-flowered,
the short branches usually
erect. Empty glumes 4 to
6 lines (8-12 mm.) long,
exceeding the florets, lan-
ceolate, acute, three-nerved
below ; with broad, scarious
margins; flowering glume
about 2 lines (4 mm.) long,
sparingly pilose on the
rounded back and along
the margins below; callus
glabrous; apex of the flow-
ering glume ending in two

short, usually blunt teeth.

Fria. 1386. Danthonia spicata—a, spikelet; b, flower; 7 F . oie
ce, flowering glume; d, empty glume. (Diy. Agros. U. Common At dry, thin soils.
8. Dept. Agri. ) June to September.

Wild oat-grass is found only in a few, isolated localities in central
and eastern Iowa; most frequently in the southeastern part of the state.
DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Lebanon, 25 (Ball and Sample) ; Steamboat Rock, Ledges,
Boone County (Pammel) ; Wild Cat Den (Barnes) ; Cliffland, Pitts-
burg (Shimek) ; Steamboat Rock (Shimek).

North America. Atlantic coast, New Jersey (Woodbridge Twp.,
Middlesex County, Lightpipe), West Virginia (Little Falls, Mills-
paugh), Georgia (DeKalb Mt.); south to Florida; west to Ohio
(Worthington and Baltimore; A. Bigelow), Illinois (Fulton, Wolfe;
Lake View, Pammel), Wisconsin (Pammel), Minnesota (Itaska Lake,
Sandberg), Iowa, Missouri (St. Louis, Eggert; Washington, and Crys-
tal City, Pammel), Arkansas (Harvey), Wyoming (Yellowstone Nat.
Park, Norris; 6140, A. and E. Nelson).

13

194

TRIBE X.—CHLORIDEAE.

Spikelets 1 to several-flowered,
in one-sided spikes or racemes;
the racemes digitate or fascicu-
late, rarely solitary; flowering
glumes usually keeled, entire and
unawned, or toothed, and with I
to 3 (rarely more than, 3)
straight awns.

A small tribe of 27 genera and
155 species, characterized chiefly
by the inflorescence, which is
nearly that of Paspalum. ‘The
awns, when present, are not dorsal
or twisted, as in the dgrostideae
and Aveneae. Chiefly natives of
tropical and subtropical coun-
tries; a few are widely distrib-
uted as weeds throughout the
warmer parts of the world. A
number are good turf-forming
grasses and are valued for graz-
ing purposes. One of these is
the celebrated buffalo grass of the
western plains, which is remark-
able for having the staminate
and pistillate spikelets separate
and in unlike inflorescences, either
upon the same plant (monoeci-
ous) or upon different plants
(dioecious). Bermuda grass, and
the Gramas of the southwest be-
long to this tribe.

GRASSES OF IOWA.

Kia. 137. Flower of Spartina cynosur-

oides. (after Gray. )

Fra. 188.Flower of Bouteloua curtipendula.
(after Gray. )

KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE CHLORIDEAE.

Flowers perfect.

Spikelets all alike.

One perfect flower in each spikelet.
No sterile glumes above the flower.
Spikes digitate, slender; a creeping perennial... Cynodon.'.

Spikes racemose.

Spikelets globose

PES Ae a oreo oF Beckmannia.*.

Spikelets lanceolate.
Spikes thick, pectinate; stout, erect perennials

—Spartina.*.

Spikes slender; low, diffuse annuals

—Schedonnardus.*.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 195

Several sterile glumes above the flower............ Bouteloua.’.
Two to three perfect flowers in each spikelet............ Eleusine.*.

Flowers unisexual; spikelets dioecious, the staminate and pistillate
CE CMMELETON bs Wore «1a aleia 5) 2/a: 6 + i8\0 0's! apie win) mlognreinin Suinie in mace § Buchloe.".

1. CYNO:'-ON.

Cynodon Rich. Pers. Syn. 1: 85. 1805. Endlicher. Gen. Pl. 92. Bentham
& Hooker. Gen. Pl. 8: 1164. Hackel in Engler and Prantl. Nat. Pflanz.
Fam. II. 2: 58. £ 67. Pers. Syn. Pl. 1: 85. 1805. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept.
Agrl. Div. Agros.:20: 99. f 73.

Caprio/a Adans. Fam. 2: 31. 1763.
Fibichia Koel. Gram. Gall. & Germ. 308. 1802.

Spikelets 1-flowered, with a mere naked, short-pedicelled rudiment
of a second flower, imbricate-spiked on one side of a flattish rachis;
the spikes usually digitate at the naked summit of the flowering culms.
Empty glumes keeled, pointless, rather unequal; flowering glume and
palet pointless and awnless, the glume large, boat-shaped. Stamens 3.
Low, diffusely branched and extensively creeping perennials, with short,

flattish leaves. (Name compounded from two Greek words for tooth,

and dog.)

Four species distributed throughout the tropical and temperate
regions of the world. The Bermuda grass, Cynodon Dactylon, is widely

naturalized.

1. CYNODON DACTYLON.

Cynodon Dactylon Pers, Syn. Pl. 1: 85. 1805. Watson. and Coulter.
Gray- Man. Bot. 654. #7. 9. 1890. (6 ed.) Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull.
Univ. Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 86. f 115. 1894.

Capriola Dactylon (L_) Kuntze. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 395. 1896.
Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 175. /. 400. 1896.

Cynodon Dactylon Pers. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros.
MaNeteel7l. 1900. (3: ed:)

196 GRASSES OF IOWA.

DESCRIPTION.

BERMUDA GRASS.
Stems prostrate and ex-
tensively creeping, with
numerous, ascending or
upright, leafy and
flower-bearing branches.
Sheaths smooth, hairy at
the throat. Leaves flat,
widely spreading, grad-
ually tapering to a very
slender, acute tip. Spike-
lets three to five, slender,
widely spreading, often
purplish, 1 to 2 inches
(2-4 cm.) long. Flower-
ing glume broadly boat-
shaped, about 1 line (2
mm.) long, usually ciliate
on the keel. Widely
dispersed in the southern
States. June to October.

Occurs as a cultivated

plant only. It was
cultivated in Iowa in
1889 and 1890 and per- \
sisted one season. Since

f Fig. 139. Cynodon Dactylon—a, spikelet ; b, flower-
then it has not been found. ing glumes. (Div. Agros. U. S. Dept. Agrl.)

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Ames, cult. (Pammel) ; Sioux City, cult. (Bandusia Wake-
field).

North America. From New York, south along the Atlantic coast,
through Tennessee, South Carolina (A. P. Anderson), Louisiana (Ball,
1); west through Alabama and Texas;Cuba (Santa Clara Province,
Combs, 540); also along the Pacific coast, California (Santa Barbara,
Parry, 1876; Orcutt), as far north as Vancouver Island.

General. Great Britain to Holland southward; Asia, Africa and
Australia.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 197

2. BECKMANNIA.

Beckmannia Host Gram. Austr. 3: 5. £7. 6. 1805. Bentham & Hooker.
Gen. Pl. 3: 1099 Hackel in Engler & Prantl. Nat. Pflanz. Fam. II. 2: 60.
Endlicher Gen. Pl. 80. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 20.
107. f. Sz. (Rev. ed.)

Bruchmannia Nutt. Gen. 1: 48. 1818.
Joachimea Ten. ex. Kunth. Enum. 1. 1833.

Spikelets jointed upon the pedicels, 1 to 2-flowered (only one fer-
tile), obovate and laterally compressed, imbricated in two rows upon
one side of the angled rachis of a spike. Glumes 3 or 4, the 2 lower
strongly concave and connate, obtuse or acutish, the 1 or 2 flowering
glumes narrower, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, and a little exserted,
becoming rather rigid, and with the thin palet enclosing the oblong
grain. A stout, erect, subaquatic perennial, with the short spikes erect
and simply spicate, or in a strict, narrow panicle. (Named for John
Beckman, professor of botany at Goettingen. )

One species. Southern and eastern Europe, temperate Asia and
North America.

1. BECKMANNIA ERUCAEFORMIS.

Beckmannia erucaeformis Host. Gram. Austr. 3: 5. 1805.

Beckmannia erucaeformis Host. var. uniflora. Scribner. Watson and
Coulter. Gray. Man. Bot. 628. 1900. p/. 75. (6 ed.)

Beckmannia erucaeformis untfiorus Scribner. Beal. Grasses of N. A.
2: 428. 7, 77. 1896.

Beckmannia erucaeformts (L.) Host. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill.
Fl. 1: 181. f. grz. 1896. Scribner.. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros.
214.7. 205. 1900. (3 ed.)

Bruchmannia erucaeformis Nutt. Gen. 1: 48. 1818.

Phatlaris erucacformis L. Sp. Pl. 55. 1753.

198 GRASSES OF IOWA.
DESCRIPTION.

StoucH Grass oR WILD. ?
TimotHy. A stout, erect, % \
subaquatic perennial, 1 to 4
feet (3-12 dm.) high, with
narrow panicles composed of
many, densely-flowered, one-
sided spikes. Sheaths longer
than the internodes, loose;
ligule 2 to 4 lines (4-8 mm.)
long; leaf blades 3 to 9
inches (7-22 cm.) long, 2 to
4 lines (4-8 mm.) wide,
scabrous. Spikelets I to 15
lines long, one to two-flow-
ered, imbricated in two rows
on one side of the rachis;
empty glumes smooth, sac-
cate, obtuse or abruptly
acute; flowering glumes

acute, the lower generally
awn-pointed. In sloughs and
along the banks of streams.
June to September. A valu-

able grass. Found in Iowa, Fic. 140. Beckmannia erucaeformis—a, and b,

however, only in the north- spikes; c, spikelet; d, flowering glume. (Diy.
Agros. U. S. Dept. Agrl.)

western section of the state.
DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Ames, cult. (Sirrine) ; Spencer (Hitchcock) ; Little Rock
(Ball) ; Lyon County (Shimek); Sheldahl (Hitchcock).

North America. Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, Dakota (Douglas),
Wyoming (Blacks Fork, Fuller’s Ranch, Pammel), Montana (Craig),
Colorado (Ft. Collins, Pammel, Crandall) ; Nevada (Reno, Tracy), to
California, Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, Manitoba as far

north as Lake Misstassini.

General. Southern Europe to the Orient; Siberia.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 199

3. SPARTINA.

Spartina Schreb. Gen. Pl. 43. 1789. Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum,. 214. Endli-
cher. Gen. Pl. 94. Bentham & Hooker Gen. PI. 3: 1108. Hackel in Engler
and Prantl. Nat. Pflanz. Fam. II. 2: 58. Beauv, Agros. 25. pl. 7. f. 6.
Scribner. Bull. U.S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 20: 100. £ 74. (Rev. ed.)

Trachynotia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 63. 1803.
Ponceletia Thou. Fl. Trist. d’achun. 36. 1896.
Solenachne Steud. Pl. Glum. 1: 12.

Spikelets 1-flowered, very much flattened laterally, jointed and ses-
sile, in two ranks on the outer side of a triangular rachis. Glumes 3,
unequal, lanceolate, strongly compressed-keeled, acute or bristle-pointed,
mostly rough-bristly on the keel; palet thin, equalling or longer than the
flowering glume. Stamens 3. Styles long, more or less united. Peren-
nials, with simple and rigid, often reed-like culms, from extensively
creeping, scaly rootstocks, racemed spikes, very smooth sheaths and
long, tough leaves (whence the name from the Greek word for a cord,

such as was made from the bark of the Spartium or Broom.)

Bentham & Hooker give the number of species as 5 or 6; Hackel
lists 7; found mostly in temperate and tropical regions, especially saline.
Three of the species are native to the Atlantic coast regions of North
America. Two species found in the interior of our country, especially in
brackish and saline soils; one species upon the Islands of Tristan, de

Cunha, Amsterdam and St. Paul.
1. SPARTINA CYNOSUROIDES.

Spartina cynosuroides Willd. Enum. 80. 1809. Watson and Coulter.
Gray. Man. Bot. 627. 1890. Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull. Univ. Tenn.
Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 87. ¢. 176. 1894.

Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Willd. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 397. f 70.
1896. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 175. £ 407. 1896. Scribaer. Bull.
U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 7: 179. f. 773. 1900. (3 ed.)

Dactylis-cynosuroides L. Sp. Pl. 71.1753.

200 GRASSES OF IOWA.

DESCRIPTION.

FresH WaTER Corp \ i
Grass OR SLOUGH GRASS. 4
A stout, erect grass, 2 to ;
6 feet (5-8 dm.) high, |
with unbranched, smooth

~—
\ Ss
Ny Vine

=
SQ,

WSS

Vy

culms from strong, creep- \ SN 2
ing,scaly root-stocks. Leaf- ANG /
blade 1 to 4 or 6 feet (2- | SY
\ WY

8 or 12 dm.) long, 2 to 4 \ WZ
lines (4-8 mm.) wide, | y

rough on the margins,
gradually tapering into
long, filiform tips. Spikes
5 to 20, spreading, race-
mose along the main axis.
Empty glumes unequal,
aculeolate-scabrous along
the rigid keels, acute or
the second long-acuminate
or short awn-pointed.
Flowering glume. serru-
late-scabrous along the
keel or midrib, which ab-

ruptly terminates just be- X .

- c

low the membranous apex. :

River banks and lake Fira. 141. Spartina cynosuroides—a, and b, spike-
: lets; c, flowering glumes. (Div. Agros. U. S. Dept.

shores. July to October. Agri.)

Slough grass is widely distributed in the state. It is, however, most
abundant in alluvial river bottoms, as the Missouri and Mississippi,

where it does much to bind the soil. It is used to some extent for hay.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. 7 Forest City, Spirit Lake, Rock Rapids (Shimek) ; De-
catur County, Appanoose County (Fitzpatrick) ; Muscatine County
(Bartsch) ; Jones County (Macbride); Fayette (Fink); 729 Dixon
(Snyder) ; 506 Muscatine (Reppert) ; Humboldt (Wells) ; 643 Mt.
Ayr (Beard); 1001 Chariton (Mallory); 1015 Carroll (Simon); ,
814 Dallas County (Rhinehart) ; 702 Amana (Schadt) ; 806 Creston
(Bettenga) ; Mt. Pleasant (Witte, Mills) ; 1437 West Union (Whit-
more); Belknap (Rankin); Boone (Steele) ; Coltax (Mead); 884

GRASSES OF IOWA. 201

Slater, Turin, 778 New Albin, Boone, Carroll, Dakota City, Ledyard,
Hawarden, Turin (Pammel) ; Ames (C. A. Wilson, Reynolds, Crozier,
Beardslee, Kaufman, Hitchcock, Bessey, Rich and Gossard, Pammel,
Sirrine) ; 1051 Armstrong (Cratty) ; Sioux City (Miss Wakefield) ;
Iowa City (Hitchcock) ; 1156 Alden (Stevens) ; Des Moines (Car-
ver); Newton (Misses Cavanagh and Dilne); High Bridge, Dallas
County (Shimek); Iowa City (Maobride); Hamilton to Hancock
County (Preston); Johnson County (Armstrong, Shimek, Parry) ;
Nevada (Pammel); Slater (Fawcett and Tener); Sioux City
(Shimek).

North America. From Nova Scotia through New England;
Massachusetts (Sears), to New York (Washington County, Parry) ;
‘south to New Jersey, Ohio (Columbus, Sullivant) ; Tennessee, Ala-
bama, Missouri (St. Louis, Eggert), Nebraska (Mc€ook, Pammel),
Iowa, Minnesota (Centre City, Sandberg, 671), South Dakota (Water-
town, Holsinger), Wisconsin (La Crosse, Pammel), Illinois (Evanston,
Pammel).

4. SCHEDONNARDUS.

Schedonnardus Steud. Flora. 38: 228, 229. 1850. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 146.
1855. Bentham & Hovker Gen. Pl. 8: 1167. Hackel in Engler & Prantl. Nat.
Pflanz. Fam. II. 2: 59. Scribner. Bull. U.S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 20:
MOS. 2.79%

Lepturus sec. Schedonnardus in part. Endlicher. Gen. Pl. 104.

Spikelets small, acuminate, 1-flowered, appressed-sessile and _scat-
tered along one side of the slender rachis of the distant, sessile and divari-
cately spreading spikes. Empty glumes persistent, narrow, acuminate,
more or less unequal, the longer usually a little shorter than the rather
rigid, acuminate, flowering one. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain
linear. A low, slender annual, branching from the base, with short,
narrow leaves. (Name the Greek word for near, and Nardus, from its
resemblance to that genus.)

Monotypic genus. In North America from the Plains region to
the Pacific coast, most abundant on the plains.

1. SCHEDONNARDUS PANICULATUS.

Schedonnardus paniculatus Trelease in Branner & Coville. Rept. Geol.
Surv. Ark. 1888: 236. 1891.

Schedonnardus paniculatus (Nutt.) Trelease Beal. Grasses N. Am. 2:
412. 1896. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 7: 199. f. 193.

‘

202 GRASSES OF IOWA.

Lepturus paniculatus Nutt.
Gen. 1: 81. 1818.

Schedonnardus Texanus Steud.
Syn. Pl. Gram. 146. 1854. Watson
and Coulter Gray. Man. Bot. 655. 1
1890. ait

Rottboellia paniculata Spreng. Se
Syst. 1: 1825.

DESCRIPTION.

‘TEXAN CraAB Grass. A low,
diffusely branching annual, with
short, narrow leaves and numer-
ous slender, paniculate spikes, 1-4
inches (2-10 cm.) long, and
tufted stems from 4 to 3 feet
(1 to gdm) high. Sheaths loose,
compressed; ligule acute, lacer-
ate, decurrent; leaf-blades plain
or folded, spirally twisted,
smooth, 2-3 inches (5 to 8 cm.)
long. Spikelets sessile and ap-
pressed, 14 to 2 inches (3 to 4
mm.) long, alternate; empty
glumes lanceolate, 1-nerved;

flowering glume 3-nerved, scab-

rous on the keel, slightly pubes-

cent at the base. Palet ovate, Fia. 142. Schedonnardus paniculatus—a,
' spike; b, spikelet; c, flowering glume; d,

2-nerved, 2.5-3 mm. long. palea. (Div. Agros. U. 8. Dept, Agrl.)

DISTRIBUTION.
Towa. N. W. Iowa, Lyon County (Shimek).

North America. From western Minnesota, northwestern Iowa;
through Nebraska (Hastings; Broken Bow, 14; Alma, 15, North
Platte; Kearney; McCook, 236, 380; Crete, 214; Oxford, 263 Pam-
mel), Kansas, western Arkansas; South Dakota (Pierre, Griffith) ;
to Texas (Thurow), New Mexico (Chaves, Tracy; Parry, 235),
Colorado (Ft. Collins, E. D. Ball; Greeley, Larimer County, Pammel;
Ft. Collins, Cowen), Wyoming (Headwaters Missouri and Yellow-

stone Rivers, Hayden), Montana, Alberta and Manitoba.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 203

Pert hs
Spec y Tah
ee

SEN
a

=) aU a |
peewee IN»

latues fo

Schedonnardus panicu

mde ee
fh REE CSEN, ia ieee Vela
Ey las tal nah ese

ce PP pee
SAMIR ST Ti
oe Se! aels EN

AP Ceo

q t te
Deg Ames i eros é
} 6, . Tis x 4
Ne
bee ae ies
= ua curtipendula Bouteloua oligo stachya. <i

mame |S
PARES

q es ee
re ey

tr / PR
poe || | lel }

Boutelo va her: ysu uta

Eleusine Indica.

d Eleusine.
Distribution of Cynodon, Beckmannia, Spartina, Schedonnardus, Bouteloua an
oo ganduinernt in herbarium. + Localities observed.

204 GRASSES OF IOWA.

5. BOUTELOUA.

Bouteloua Lag. Var. Cienc. y. Litt. 2: 141. 1805. Bentham &
Hooker. Gen. Pl. 3: 1168. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros.
20: 106. 7. 80. (Rev. ed.)

Chondrosium Endlicher. Gen.. Pl. 94.

Chondrosium Desvx Bull. Philom. 2: 188. 1813. Hackel in Engler and
Prantl; Nat. Pllanz. Pam) liy2-59-97.70-

Spikelets crowded and closely sessile, in 2 rows on one side of a
flattened rachis, comprising one perfect flower below, and one or more
sterile (mostly neutral) or rudimentary flowers. Glumes convex-keeled,
the lower one shorter. Perfect flower with the 3-nerved glume 3-toothed
or cleft at the apex, the 2-nerved palet 2-toothed, the teeth, at least of
the former, pointed or subulate-awned. Stamens 3; anthers orange
colored or red. Rudimentary flowers mostly 1 to 3-awned. Spikelets
solitary, racemed or spiked; the rachis somewhat extended beyond the
spikelets. (Named for Claudius Gouteloua, a Spanish writer upon flori-

culture and agriculture.)

About 25 species, chiefly American. Largely developed west of the
Missouri river, in southwestern United States. A few species of wider
distribution. Bentham & Hooker recognize 25 species; Hackel in

- Engler and Prantl, 30; Scribner, 30; Heller catalogues 18 species for
the United States. There are 3 in Wisconsin, Minnesota Valley 3,
Iowa 3, Alabama 1, Tennessee 1, New York 1, New Jersey 1, Rocky
Mountains 5, California 3 to 4, western Texas 17, Mexico and Ari-

zona 23, Canada 3.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF BOUTELOUA.

Spikes of few spikelets, short, numerous, ina long, one sided raceme

(ALREFOPOLOR) he vaio cetanch cco oan eC Oe B. curtipendula.'.
Spikes pectinate, of many spikelets, solitary, or a few in a raceme.
—Chondrosium.

Pedicel of rudimentary flower with a tuft of long hairs at summit.
+-B. oligostachya.’.

Pedicel of rudimentary flower glabrous....... ........ B. hirsuta.’ .

GRASSES OF IOWA. 205
1. BOUTELOUA CURTIPENDULA.

Bouteloua curtipendula Torr. in Emory, Notes. Mil. Recon. 153. 1848.

Bouteloua curtipenduda (Michx ) Torr. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill.
Fl. 1: 180. ¢. 473. 1896. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 7: 201.
f. 195. 1900. (3 ed )

Bouteloua racemosa Lag. Watson and Coulter. Gray. Man. Bot.
656. p/. 9. 1890. (6 ed.)

Atheropogon apludioides Muhl. Willd. Sp. 4: 927. 1805.

Cynosurus secundus Pursh. Fl. Bor. Am. 728. 1814.

Chloris curtipbendula Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 59. 1803.

DESCRIPTION.

Tati GraMa Oats. A
densely tufted perennial, 1 to
3 feet (3-9 dm.) high, with
numerous (twenty to sixty),
usually spreading or reflexed
spikes scattered along the
common axis, forming a long,
somewhat. one-sided raceme,
8 to 16 inches (20-40 cm.)
long. Sheaths loose, sparsely
pubescent; leaf-blades 4 to
12 inches (10-36 cm.) long,
2 lines (4 mm.) wide,
scabrous. Spikes 3 to 8
lines (6-16 mm.) long, re-
flexed. Spikelets 34 to 5
lines (7-10 mm.) long;
empty glumes unequal, the
first awn-pointed, the second
acute; flowering glumes
about 2 lines (4 mm.) long,
with three short awns. Tall
Grama Oats is widely distrib-
uted in Iowa, occasionally —

Fig. 144. Bouteloua curtipendula—a, spike; b, abundant, as on the _ loess
spikelet;c, flowering glumes. (Div. Agros. U. 8S.
Dane erk ) bluffs of western Iowa along
the Missouri and its tributaries. In northern Iowa it is found on

moraines and gravelly knolls. An excellent forage grass.

206 GRASSES OF IOWA.
DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Charles City (Pammel) ; Council Bluffs (Pammel) ; Ames
(Zmunt 3196, Hunt and Rolfs, Charles Wilson 154, Ball, Crozier,
Sirrine, Pammel, Fairfield, Fisher, Rich and Gossard, Hitchcock, Beards-
lee) ; Carroll, Missouri Valley, Logan 897, New Albin, Turin 256,
Dakota City, Cedar Rapids 787 and 1102, Marshalltown 654, Des
Moines, Council Bluffs, South Dakota opposite Hawarden, Sioux City
(Pammel) ; Mason City, 3131 (Miss King and Brown); Lansing,
3150 (Miss King); Taylor County, 1o17 (Pool); Forest City
(Shimek) ; Webster City (Taylor); Mt. Pleasant, 1469 (Miuills) ;
Peru, 869 (Hollingsworth) ; Creston, 803 (Bettenga) ; Chariton, 765
(Mallory); Ft. Dodge, 2237 (Pammel and Sokol); Manchester,
1008 (Ball); Ledyard, 756 (Pammel and Cratty); Armstrong
(Cratty) ; Harcourt (Danielson) ; Hull (Newell) ; Forest City, 710
(Peters) ; Jewell Junction (Carver) ; Bartlett, 873 (Baldwin) ; Dixon,
727 (Snyder); Muscatine (Reppert); Fayette (Fink); Johnson
County (Fitzpatrick); Greenfield (Stewart?; Appanoose County
(Fitzpatrick) ; Decatur County (Fitzpatrick); Sioux City (Miss
Wakefield) ; Emmet County, 1021 (Pammel and Cratty); Myron
(Miss King) ; Okoboji, Mason City (Shimek) ; Winneshiek County
(Goddard) ; Hamburg, Rock Rapids, Iowa City (Preston): Johnson
County (Miss Linder); Plymouth County (Brown); Sioux City
(Shimek) ; Mason City (Pammel).

North America. Ontario to Manitoba, New York, to New Jer-
sey, Tennessee, Alabama, Texas (Collins County, Pammel) ; west to
Kansas, Nebraska (North Platte and Kearney, Pammel), Dakotas (S.
D., Brookings, Gunn); Wisconsin (La Crosse, Miss King), Ohio
(Horr), Missouri (Jefferson, Eggert), Illinois (French Village, Eg-
gert), Colorado (Ft. Collins, Crandall), New Mexico (Vasey), Ari-
zona (Nealley).

2. BOUTELOUA OLIGOSTACHYA.

Bouteloua oligostachya Torr. Gray. Man. Bot. 553. 1856. (2 ed.) Watson
and Coulter. Gray. Man. Bot. 656. 1890. (6 ed.) Scribner. Grasses of Tenn.
Bull. Univ. Tenn. Agrl Exp. Sta. 7: 89. f. 218. 1894.

Bouteloua oligostachya (Nutt.) Torr. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 417.
1896. Nash in Britton ahd Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 180. 7. 422. 1896. Scribner.
Am. Grasses. Bull.U. S. Dept.Agrl. Div. Agros. 7: 210. f. 204. 1900. (3 ed.).

Chondrosium oligostachyum Torr. Marcy Report. 300. 1853.

Atheropogon oligostachya Nutt. Gen. 1: 78. 1818.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 207

Fig. 145. Boutelowa oligostachya—a, empty Fria. 145. Bouteloua hirsuta—1, empty
glumes; b, flowering glumes. (Diy. Agros. U. 8. glumes; 2, flowering glumes. (Div. Agros. U.
Dept. Agri: ) S. Dept. Agrl. )

DESCRIPTION.

Mesourre Grass. A slender perennial, 6 to 20 inches (12-40
cm.) high; with one to five, remote, pectinately many-flowered, usually
spreading spikes, 1 to 2 inches (2-5 cm.) long. Spikelets about 3 lines
(6 mm.) long; flowering glumes hairy on the back; palea as long as its
glume, with tufted, long hairs on each side, at the base; pedicel of the
rudimentary floret hairy at the tip, and bearing several rudimentary
glumes and three very short awns. June to October.

Mesquite grass is not common in the state. It occurs from Dickin-
son County west to S. Dak., as far south as Hawarden in Sioux Co.;
through Sioux, Lyon and Dickinson counties, and extends into Minne-
sota north and eastward to Wisconsin. It is an excellent forage plant,
one of the best for the states west of the Missouri and east of the
Rocky Mountains.

208 GRASSES OF IOWA.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Estherville, 1060 (Cratty) ; Plymouth County, Leiberg,
Lake Okoboji (Hitchcock) ; Ames (cult., Hodson) ; South Dakota, op-
posite Hawarden (Pammel) ; Estherville (Shimek) ; Rock Rapids and
Lyon County, northwest corner state (Shimek) ; Millford (Shimek).

North America. Prairies of southwestern Minnesota, northwest-
ern Iowa, south to Arkansas (Ft. Smith, Rolfs); Texas (Nealley),
New Mexico (Vasey) ; through Kansas, Nebraska (Hastings, Pammel ;
McCook, 241, 381; Broken Bow, North Platte, Crete, 210; Oxford,
239; Alma, Pammel; Grand Isiand, Wakefield; Sioux County, Miller),
Colorado (Ft. Collins, Crandall; Golden, eastern Colorado, Pammel),
Wyoming (New Castle, Pammel), and west to southern California and
Mexico (Parry and Palmer 944).

3. BOUTELOUA HIRSUTA.

Boutelona hirsuta Lag. var. Cienc. y. Lit. Art. 2: 141. 1805.
Beal. Am. Grasses. 2: 417. 1896. Watson and Coulter. Gray.
Man. Bot. 656. 1890.(6 ed.) Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 180.
f. 411. 1896. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 7: 211. f. 205.
1900. (3 ed.)

Chondrostum foenum Torr. Marcy. Rept. 157. 1848.

DESCRIPTION.

Hairy Mesouire Grass. <A caespitose perennial, 6 to 16 inches
(14-4 dm.) high, with erect or ascending culms, flat leaves, and one to
three, more or less spreading, densely flowered spikes, 1 to 2 inches (2-4
cm.) long. Leaves usually short,1 to 4 inches (2-10 cm.) long. Spike-
lets numerous, 24 to 3 lines (5-6 mm.) long; empty glumes un-
equal, the first one smooth, 1 line (2 mm.) long, the second about
24 lines (5 mm.) long, with a row of dark or black glands on
either side of the mid-nerve, each one emitting a long heir; flowering
glume nearly smooth, three-lobed, each lobe terminating in a short awn;
rudiment on a short pedicel, consisting of three awns and three imperfect
glumes. July to September. Dry prairies and sandy plains. Hairy
mesquite grass is abundant in some places on Muscatine Island, and in
sandy soils along the Missouri. In central and northern Iowa it occurs
on gravelly knolls and moraines. It is an excellent grass, but it is not
productive. (See fig. 146, page 207.)

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Ames(Beardslee, Hitchcock, Bessey, Anderson, 116 Ball) ;
Clinton, Webster City (Pammel) ; Muscatine (Reppert and Pammel) ;
Lyon County, Hamburg (Shimek).

GRASSES OF IOWA. 209

North America. Dry soil, and prairies of Illinois, Wisconsin
(Vasey; La Crosse, Pammel, Charlotte King and Dora Pammel), Min-
nesota (Sandberg), Iowa, Texas, Colorado (Ft. Collins, Cowen), Wy-
oming; Mexico (Palmer, 1886).

6. ELEUSINE.

Eleusine Gaertn. Fruct. 1: 7. pl. Z. 1788. Endlicher. Gen. Pl. 93.
Bentham & Hooker. Gen. Pl. 3: 1172. Hackelin Englerand Prantl. Nat. Pflanz
Fam. II. 2:61. f. 72. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 20: 108.
f, 82. (Rev. ed.)

Cynosurus Schreb. Beschr. Gras. Pl. 35. Beauv. Agros. 72. f. 3.

Dactyloctenium Kunth. Enum. Pl. 1: 261.

Spikelets 2 to 6-flowered, with a terminal, imperfect flower or naked
rudiment, closely imbricate-spiked on one side of a flattish rachis; the
spikes digitate. Glumes membranaceous, shorter than the flowers; flow-
ering glume and_palet awnless, the glume ovate, keeled, larger than the
palet. Stamens 3. Pericarp (utricle) containing a loose, wrinkled
seed. Low annuals, with flat leaves,and flowers much as in Poa. (Named
from a Greek town where Ceres, the goddess of harvests, was wor-
shipped. )

Species about 7. Found chiefly in tropical and sub-tropical regions
of the Old World; one species is a weed in warmer temperate regions
of the world.

1, ELEUSINE INDICA.

Eleusine Indica Gaertn. Fruct. and Sem. 1: 8. 1788. Watson and
Coulter. Gray. Man. Bot. 656. p/. 9. f. 7-6. 1890. (6 ed.) Scribner. Grasses
of Tenn. Bull. Univ. Tenn. Agr. Exp. Sta. 7: 90. £ 720. 1894. Beal. Grasses
of N. A. 2: 430. ¢. 78. 1896. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 181.
f. #75. 1896. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 7: 215. f. 209.
1900. (3 ed.)

DESCRIPTION.

WirE Grass. A coarse, tufted annual, with erect or spreading
stems, 6 to 24 inches (15-55 cm.) high, and digitate spikes. Sheaths com-
pressed and sparingly ciliate; leaf-blade long and narrow, both surfaces
glabrous, or the upper scabrous and thinly hairy. Spikes five to seven,
2 to 4 inches (5-10 cm.) long, digitate at the apex of the culm, often
with one or two lower down, widely spreading; spikelets closely imbri-
cated, 14} to 2 lines (3%-5 mm.) long, three to six-flowered; glumes
obtuse, the first small and one-nerved, the second larger and with the
flowering glumes, three to five-nerved. Seeds rugose, enclosed within a
thin, loose pericarp. Blooming from June to October. Waste or cul-
tivated ground. Eleusine Indica is naturalized in southern Iowa from

Davenport and Muscatine to Council Bluffs.
14

210 GRASSES OF IOWA.

Fic. 147. Eleusine Indica—a, spike; b, spikelet; Fie. 148. Buchloe dactyloides—a, pistillate
c, flowering glume; d, seed. (Div. Agros. U. S. plant; a’, pistillatespikelet;b, staminate plant;
Dept. Agrl. ) b’ staminate spikelet;c, spikelet. (Div. Agros.

U. 8. Dept. Agrl.)

DISTRIBUTION.

lowa. Keokuk (P. H. Rolfs); Ames (Pammel, Kaufman, Sir-
rine), Muscatine (Reppert), Hamburg, Keokuk (Hitchcock), Daven-
port (Pammel).

North America. Massachusetts to New York (Parry), New
Jersey (Highland Park, Halsted), Ohio (Worthington, Horr; Pains-
ville, Beardslee), Virginia (Morgantown, Millspaugh, 660), District
of Columbia (Washington, Pammel), south to Florida (Duval County,
Curtiss, 3448) ; west to Texas, southern Iowa, Kansas, Missouri (St.
Louis, Eggert; Cairo, McKinney; St. Louis and Jefferson Barracks,
Pammel), Mexico (Guadalajara, Palmer, 242, 255; Rio Blanca
Palmer), and Central America. Cuba (Santa Clara Province, Combs,

260. )

GRASSES OF IOWA. A |

General. Western Asia, East Indies, South Africa, Australia,
West Indies, south to Brazil.

7. SBUCHLG::

Buchie Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 1: 432. pl. 14. 1859.
Bentham & Hooker. Gen. Pl. 8: 1173. Hackel in Engler & Prantl. Nat.

e bHanz. Ham. Il. 2: 61.

Melica. Endlicher Gen. Pl. 100.

Bulbilis Raf. Am. Mo. Mag. 4: 190. 1819. Scribner Bull. U. S.
Dept. Agri. Div. Agros. 20:14. 7 85. [Rev. Ed.]

Sesleria Nutt. Gen. 1: 64. 1818.

Calanthera Nutt. not Kunth. Mss. Kew. Jour. 8: 18.

Spikelets dioecious (rarely monoecious), very unlike; the staminate 2
to 3-flowered, sessile, in 2 rows in short one-sided spikes, the empty
glumes blunt, 1-nerved, very unequal, the flowering larger, 3-nerved, a
little exceeding the 2-nerved palet; fertile spikelets 1-flowered, in a con-
tracted, capitate, 1-sided spike, the large outer glumes indurated, trifid
at the apex, united at base and resembling an involucre, the inner
(lower) much smaller and membranaceous, or in the lowest spikelet re-
sembling the outer; flowering glume narrow, hyaline, bifid or nearly
entire, enclosing the 2-nerved palet. Styles distinct. Grain ovate, free. A
perennial, creeping or stoloniferous plant, with narrow, flat leaves; stami-
nate spikes (2 to 3) in a pedunculate spike, the pistillate pair sessile in
the broad sheaths of the upper leaves. (Name a contraction of Buba-
lochloe, from two Greek words for buffalo and grass.)

One living species; monotypic genus of North America.
1. BUCHLG DACTYLOIDES.

Buchle dactyloides Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 1: 432. 1859.
Watson and Coulter. Gray. Man. Bot. 657. p/. 15. 1890. (6 ed )

Bulbilis dactyloides (Nutt.) Rafin. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 439.:
f. 80. 1896. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 183. 7. 478. 1896.
Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 7: 226. f. 220. 1900. (3 ed.)

DESCRIPTION.

BuFFALO Grass. A low, fine leafed and extensively creeping pe-
rennial, rarely more than 4 to 6 inches (1-1.5 dm.) high; staminate-
spikes 2 or 3, approximate; the empty glumes 3-nerved; pistillate spikelets
ovoid, the outer glume indurated. Similar to Bermuda grass in habit
ot growth. Dry prairies and river bottoms. Ascends 4950 feet in the
Black Hills. July to August. See figure 148 on page 210.

212 GRASSES OF IOWA.

Buffalo grass is local, only occurring in Lyon County on the Sioux
quartzite, associated with Schedonnardus, where it was found by
Professor Shimek and Mr. Leiberg.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Northwest corner of state (Shimek).

North America. Saskatchewan to Minnesota; Iowa, Dakotas (S.
D., Aberdeen, Griffiths, 122) ; Nebraska (Crete, McCook and Broken
Bow, Pammel; Belmont, Webber, 160; Grand Island, Wakefield,
114) ; Kansas, Arkansas, Texas (Nealley) ; Mexico (San Luis Potosi,
Parry and Palmer, 922); and Arizona north to Colorado (Hall and
Harbour, 637; Platte River, Parry, 368; New Windsor, Osterhout,
2373; Ft. Collins, Reppert and Witter; Crandall; E. D. Ball; Pam-
mel).

TRIBE XI. FESTUCEAE.

Spikelets 2 to many-flowered, usually hermaphrodite, pedicellate,
in racemes or panicles, the latter sometimes dense and spike-like; flower-
ing glumes usually longer than the empty ones, awnless or with one to
several, straight (rarely bent) awns which are either terminal or borne
just below the apex. \

Fig. 149. Flower of Poa FiaG. 150. Flower of Festuea
compressa. (after Gray. ) elatior. (after Gray.)

This is the largest tribe in the order, numbering about 76 genera
and 725 species. It contains the most important meadow grasses. Also
occur on the higher mountains within the tropics. The genus Poa, which
includes Kentucky blue grass, Texas blue grass, etc., numbers 100 species,
and an equal number of species are included in the genus Eragrostis.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 213

The Fescues number 80 species, and the tribe takes its name from the
genus, Festuca. Orchard grass, Dactylis glomerata, is another well-

known example of this tribe.
KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE FESTUCEAE.

Plants dioecious. ;
Flowering glume 3-nerved, subulate, finely awned. Tall, reed-like grass

—Gynerium.'.
Flowering glume 5-nerved, broad. Low meadow grass

—Foa arachuttera. \.
Plants not dioecious.
Rachilla clothed with hairs, exceeding the glumes in length. Tall,
SPRING ANCE lays oye oo 00 wloseja vere o.n}s <n ous Shel A\aiercls s/eie salerereuste ise Phragmites. *.
Rachilla naked or its hairs much shorter than the flowering glumes.
Flowering glumes 1-3-nerved or rarely with faint, additional, interme-
diate nerves.
Flowering glumes membranaceous, seed not beaked or exserted.
Callus and lateral nerves of the flowering glumes hairy.
Flowering glume tridentate or with the prolonged nerves
Mmiaecronare Det weenh tne Leela mice seis: Triodia *.
Flowering glume deeply 3-cleft, the lateral divisions very
narrow, the central produced into a fine awn. 77vip/aszs. +.
Callus and lateral nerves of the flowering glume glabrous.
Empty glumes of the same shape.
aniclesspike-likeshinincern sentra Koeleria. °.
Panicle more or less open and spreading...Zvagrostis. °.
Empty glumes of different shape, the second broad and
MOUINGCUVAl LNEIApPemy (s/c erate ererlaleicterhslone se re Eatonia. '.
Flowering glume coriaceous in fruit, seed beaked and exserted
—Diarrhena. *.
Flowering glumes 5-many-nerved.
Spikelets with two or more of the upper glumes empty, broad and
SHrOLGinmyeaChrOther aes setae ce cece isles ote ieiee sleuerore NA Katee
Spikelets with the upper glumes fertile, or narrow and abortive.
Glumes more or less strongly compressed and keeled, awn-
less or only awn-pointed.
Spikelets broad, flat, in loose panicles, the 3-6 lower
glumes empty, cultivated.......... ee emOULOLE a.
Spikelets in one-sided clusters, flowering glumes herba-
ceous, awn-pointed, rough ciliate on the keel
—Dactylis. ".
Spikelets heart-shaped, in loose panicles, glumes
roundish, ventricose, scarious margined. Cultivated.
—PYULhe as
Spikelets lanceolate or ovate lanceolate, small, ina
: rather loose panicle; flowering glumes scarious
margined, mostly webbed at the base...... POG. os
Glumes rounded on the back, not keeled (or only in some
species of Bromus), awned in most of Festuca and Bromus.

214 GRASSES OF IOWA.

The rachis bearing a ring of hairs at the base of the
flowering glume, which is toothed at the apex; a
WALED {STASS: c.n1c)s.s mevels oelse ciate ate eee eeTe Scolochloa. ™.

No ring of hairs at base of the flowering glumes.
Flowering glumes prominently 5-7 nerved, scarious

at the usually obtuse apex...... ave | GLY CEE

Flowering glumes acute, few-nerved, awned or awn-

pointed at the apex; styles terminal.. Festuca. ™.

. Flowering glumes 5-9-nerved, acute, mostly awned
from below the 2-toothed apex, sometimes keeled

on the back, at least above; style scarcely terminal.

\ —Bromus. ™.

1. GYNERIUM.

Gynerium. H. B. K. Plant. Aequin. 2: 112. p/. 275. 1809. Endlicher.
Gen. Pl. 91. Bentham & Hooker. Gen. Pl. 3: 1178. MHackel in Engler &
Prantl. Nat. Pflanz. Fam. II. 2:67. Scribner. Bull. U. Si@epieeeece
Div. Agros. 20: 124. 7. 93. [Rev. Ed.]

Spikelets loosely 2 to many-flowered, dioecious; rachilla articulated
above the empty glumes, usually long-pilose, at least in the fertile spike-
lets. Empty glumes 2, narrow and very long, acuminate-pointed ; flow-
ering glumes very narrow, produced into long, subulate points, the back
and margins clothed with long, silky hairs; flowering glumes in the
staminate spikelets usually smooth. ‘Tall, reed-like, perennial grasses,
with solid culms, and very long, narrow leaves, which are chiefly from
the base, and ample, showy, terminal panicles.

A small genus of South American plants of 3 species. Occasionally
cultivated, but not hardy; extensively cultivated, however, in California
under the name of Pampas grass. |

1. GYNERIUM ARGENTEUM.

Gynerium argenteum. Nees. “gr. Bras. 462. Scribner. Bull. U. S.
Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 20: 124. f. 93. 1900. Scribner. Grasses of Tenn.
Bull. Univ. Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 92. 1890.

DESCRIPTION.

Pampas Grass. Culm six to ten feet high, with numerous, very
long, narrow leaves,and silvery-white panicles,one to two and one-half
feet long. ‘This grass is highly decorative for lawns, and the large,
plume-like panicles are used for dry bouquets. In California it is culti-—
vated for these “plumes” which command a ready market in the larger
cities. “Che grass is a native of Brazil and Argentine Republic, where

GRASSES OF IOWA. 215

the long, tough leaves are employed in the manufacture of paper, and a
decoction of the stout rhizomes is valued as a diuretic.

(| \S
fi \ v

\

Fic. 15l. Gynerium argentewm—a, empty glumes of a pistillate spikelet; b, pistillate
spikelet, the empty glumes removed; c, empty glumes of a staminate spikelet, empty
glumes removed. (Div. Agros. U. 8. Dept. Agrl. )

2. PHRAGMITES.

Phragmites. Trin. Fund. Agrost. 134. 1820. (in part.) Endlicher
Gen. Pl. 91. Bentham & Hooker Gen. Pl. 8: 1179. Hackel in Engler &
Prantl; Nat Pianz. Fam. Il. 2: 68. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr.
Div. Agros. 20: 126. f. 95. (|Rev. Ed.]

Arundo Beauv. Agrost. 60. p/. 73. f. 2. 1812.

Czernya Presl. Cyp. & Gram. 22: 1820.

Spikelets 3 to 7-flowered; the flowers rather distant, silky villous
at base, and with a censpicuous, silky-bearded. rachis, all perfect and 3-

216 GRASSES OF IOWA.

androus, except the lowest, which is either neutral or with 1 to 3
stamens, and naked. Glumes membranaceous, shorter than the flowers,
lanceolate, keeled, sharp pointed, very unequal; flowering glume and
palet membranaceous, slender, the glume narrowly awl-shaped, thrice
the length of the palet. Squamulae 2, large. Styles long. Grain free.
Tall and stout perennials, with long, running rootstocks, numerous
broad leaves, and a large terminal panicle. (From a Greek word mean-
ing growing in hedges, which this aquatic grass does not.)

Two or three species; one, Phragmites communis, is cosmopolitan ;
one is native to tropical Asia, one to Argentine Republic and one to

North America.
1 PHRAGMITES COMMUNIS.

Phragmites communis Trin. Fund. Agrost. 134. 1820. Watson and
Coulter. Gray, Man. Bot. 658. pZ. 77. 1890. (6 ed.) Scribner. Grasses of Tenn.
Univ. Tenn. Agr. Exp. Sta. 7: 93. 1894.

Phragmites Phragmites (L) Karst. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 460.
f. 92. 1896. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 184. f. 420. 1896.

Phragmites vulgaris (Lam.) B.S. P. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept.
Aor Divs) Aeros. (7:)' 235. dt 229, 1900s (3seds)

Arundo Phragmites L. Sp. Pl. 81. 1753.

Arundo vulgaris Lam. Fl. Fr. 8: 615. 1778.

Czernia arundinacea Pr. Gram. 22. 1820.

DESCRIPTION.

Reep. A tall, stout, perennial grass, 5 to 15 feet (15-45 dm.)
high, with stout, creeping rootstocks, numerous broad, attenuate-pointed
leaves, and large, ovoid-pyramidal, purplish, terminal panicles, $ to 1
foot (15-30 cm.) long or more. Spikelets crowded on the ascending
branches; empty glumes unequal, the first one-nerved, one-half to two-
thirds as long as the three-nerved second one; flowering glumes 5 to 6
lines (10-12 mm.) long, three-nerved, long-acuminate, equalling the
hairs of the rachilla. August to October.

Phragmites communis was common at one time in the northern halt
of the state and in southeastern Lowa. In central and northern Iowa it
is rapidly disappearing because of the drainage of the numerous small

ponds.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Forest City, 40 (Shimek); Pilot Mound, 3055 (Miss
King and MacCorkindale) ; Ackley, 3272 (Hunt) ; Sioux City (Miss
Wakefield) ; Jewell Junction, 1309 (Pammel); Fayette (Fink) ;

GRASSES OF IOWA. 217

Ames (Crozier, Hitchcock, 758, Pammel and Cratty; 752, Pammel,
Carver), Big Prairie, (Pammel); Emmet County, Armstrong, 1057
(Cratty) ; 10, Spirit Lake (Shimek) ; Greenfield (Stewart) ; Calhoun
County (Rigg) ; Slater (Fawcett, Tener).

Fig. 152. Phragmites communis-a, spikelet; b,
outer empty glumes; c, single floret showing palea,
stamens and stigmas. (Div. Agros. U.S. Dept. Agrl.)

North America. Abundant in swamps and wet places througaout
the United States; from New England, New York (Parry), Ohio
(Lancaster, Dr. Bigelow), to Florida; west to Alabama and ‘Texas;
north through the Rocky Mountains to Colorado (La Porte, Pammel),
Utah (Duchesne River, Pammel and Stanton, 298), Nebraska, Minne-
sota (Centre City, Sandberg, 640), Wisconsin (La Crosse, Pammel),
Dakota, Wyoming (‘Tensleep P. O., T. A. Williams), California to the

Pacific Coast; from British Columbia to Manitoba and Nova Scotia.

218 GRASSES OF IOWA.

General. Northern Europe, north temperate and tropical Asia,
Africa, Australia, New. Zealand, and in North America through Mexico
to Central America.

3, TRIODIA.

Triodia R. Br. Prod. 182. 1810. Endlicher. Gen. Pl. 98. Bentham & Hooker.
Gen. Pl. $:1175. Hackelin Engler & Prantl. Nat. Pflanz. Fam. II. 2: 68.
Scribner. Bull. U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 20: 128. 4 97. [Rev Bd]

Sieglingia Bernh. Syst. Verz. P. fl. Erf. 40. 1800. Scribner. Bull. WJ.
S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 20: 129. f. 98. [Rev. Ed.-]

Rhombolytrum Link. Hort. Berol. 2: 296.

Tricuspis Beauv. Agrost. 77. pl. 15. f. 10.
Windsoria Nutt. Gen. Pl. N. Am. 1: 70.
Uralepis Fourn. Gram. Mex. 110.
Tridena Roem. & Schult. Syst. 2: 240.

Spikelets 3 to 12-flowered, somewhat terete, the rachis with
bearded joints; terminal flower abortive. Empty glumes unequal;
flowering glumes membranaceous or somewhat chartaceous, much larger
than the 2-toothed palet, convex, 2 to 3-toothed or cleft at the apex,
conspicuously hairy-bearded or villous on the 3 strong nerves, of which
the lateral are marginal or nearly so and usually excurrent, as is the mid-
nerve, especially, into a short cusp or awn. Stamens 3. Stigmas dark
purple, plumose. Grain oblong, nearly gibbous. Leaves taper-pointed,
sheaths bearded at the throat. Panicle simple or compound; the spike-
lets often racemose, purplish. (Name from the Greek words for three
and a tooth; alluding to the flowering glume.)

Bentham & Hooker list 20 species, Hackel recognizes 26. Widely
distributed throughout the temperate zones, and a few in tropical Amer-
ica. Nearly half the number of species occur in the United States, chiefly
in Texas and southwestern territories; Beal lists 16 species and 2 varieties

under Sieglingia.
KEY LO DHE SPECIES OF LRIODTAS

Flowering glume 3-toothed by the excurrent nerves, usually with intermed-
iate, tooth-like lobes, appearing 5-toothed ................. T. cuprea

Flowering glume 2-lobed, with the midnerve excur.ent, palea ciliate.
—T. purpurea. *.

1. TRIODIA CUPREA.
Triodia cuprea Jacq. Eclog. Gram. 2: 1814. Watson and Coulter.

Gray. Man. Bot. 657. p/. 10. 1890. (6 ed.) Scribner. Grasses of
Tenn. Bull. Univ. Tenn. Agr: Exp.Stat 7: 94,7, 1227 sian

GRASSES OF IOWA. 219

Sieglingia sesleroides (Michx.) Scribn. Beal. Grasses N. A. 2:
467. f. 93. 1896. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 184. f. 422.

1896.
Poa sesleroides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 68. 1803.

DESCRIPTION.

Tait Rep Tor. A stout, erect perennial, 3 to 5 feet (7-12 dm.)
high, with long, flat leaves, and an ample, spreading, usually purple pan-
icle, 6 to 12 inches (12-24 cm.) long. Culm leaves and sheaths glab-
rous; the sheaths at the base of the
culm usually crowded and somewhat
compressed. Lower leaves 1 to 2 feet
(2-4 dm.) long, about 4 inch (6
mm.) wide, very acute, usually hairy
near the base; ligule very short, cili-
ate. Panicle ovate pyramidal, the
widely spreading and _ droopirg
branches solitary or in pairs, naked
below, axils bearded. Spikelets 4 to
7-flowered, 3 to 5 lines (7-12 mm.)
long; empty glumes thin, broadly
ovate, acute, I-nerved. the large
second glume about 2 lines (4mm.)
long; floral glumes about 2 lines (4
aoa ) long, 3-nerved, oblong, hairy Fig. 153. Triodia cuprea—l, plant; 2, pan-

on the back below and on the mar- icle; 3, spikelet; 4, floret; 5, floral glumes.
(Holm Bull. U. Tenn.)

ginal nerves for two-thirds their
length, apex of the glumes four-lobed, the nerves projecting a little be-
tween the lobes. Palea a little shorter than the glumes, the keels strong-
ly arched. In fields. July to September.

Triodia cuprea occurs only in southern and southeastern Lowa.
It is found in clay soil, borders of fields and woods.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Decatur County (Fitzpatrick) ; Keokuk (P. H. Rolfs) ;
Muscatine (Pammel and Reppert).

North America. In fields from New York, Alabama (Winston,
Eggert), Florida (Duval County, Curtiss), Texas (Pammel; Dallas,
Reverchon), Oklahoma (Kingfisher, Miller), southern Iowa, central
Illinois, Missouri (St. Louis, Eggert; Jefferson Barracks and Valley
Park, Pammel), Kansas (Comanche County, Carleton).

220 ; GRASSES OF IOWA.

WE aS
mace Rouen
SS AAL ER BRET
SE OTe es

ed Tee,
ire
Baas

Sh
CUStY

ne

\ Si ae

52 Gap
Cae
hoo

iit eS
SY

Evadrost ts Cat \laris
Pra@. 154. Maps showing distribution of Buchloe. Phragmites, Triodia, Noeleria and
Eragrostis. @ Specimens in Herbarium. + From observation.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 221

2. TRIODIA PURPUREA.

Triodia purpurea Hack. Watson and Coulter. Gray. Man. Bot. 658.
1890. (6 ed.)

Tricuspis purpurea Gray. Man. Bot. 589. 1848. [Ed. 1.]

_ Sieglingia purpurea (Walt.) Kuntze. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2:

1 469. 1896. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 185. /. #24. 1896

Triplasis purpurea Chapm. Fl. 560. 1860.

Triplasis purpurea (Walt.) Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div.
Agros. 213. f. 509. 1899.

Aira purpurea Walt. Fl. Car. 78. 1788.

\

E G. 155. Triodia purpurea—a, empty glumes; Fra. 156. Koeleria cristata—a, spikelet; b. spikelet
spike; c, empty glumes;d, flowering glumes. (Div. expanded. (Div. Agros. U.S. Dept. Agrl. )
kgros. U.S. Dept. Agrl.)

Sanp Grass. A smooth, erect or spreading, caespitose perennial,
t to 3 feet (3-9 dm.) high, with narrow, rigid leaves, and simple pan-
icles 1 to 3 inches (2-6 cm.) long. Spikelets 2 to 53-flowered, 2$ to. 4

DOD fe” GRASSES OF IOWA.

lines (5-8 mm.) long, with smooth, empty glumes and hairy, two-lobed
and short-awned, flowering glumes. July-October.
Triodia purpurea occurs only in sandy soil in southeastern Iowa.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Moscow (Hitchcock) ; Iowa City (Hitchcock).

North America. In sandy soil Maine to Ohio (Painsville, Beards-
lee), North Carolina (McCarthy), Florida (Duval County, Curtiss),
and along the Great Lakes; west to Nebraska (Hall and Harbour;
Rock County, Clements, 2883), Texas and New Mexico.

5. KCLERIA.

Koelerta Pers,. Syn. Pl. 1: 97. 1805. Scribner Bally eee
Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 20: 136. 7. 105. [Rev. Ed.]

Atrochloa Link. Hort. Berol. 1: 126. 1827.

Collinaria Ehrh. Beitr. 4: 147. 1789.

Lophocloa Reich. Fl. Germ. Exc. 42. 1830.

Aegialitis Trin. Fund. Agrost. 127. 1820.

Aegialina Schultes. Syst. Mant. II. 13: 222. 1824.

Spikelets 3 to 7-flowered, crowded in a dense and narrow, spike-
like panicle. Glumes membranaceous, compressed-keeled, obscurely 3-
nerved, barely acute, or the flowering glume often mucronate or bristle-
pointed ; the empty ones moderately unequal, nearly as long as the spike-
let. Stamens 3. Grain free. Tufted, with simple, upright culms, the
sheaths often downy; allied to Dactylis and Poa. (Named for Prof.
G. L. Koeler, an early writer on grasses. )

Bentham & Hooker give the number of species as 12; Hackel rec-
ognizes 15, the same number being given by Scribner, one only occurs
in America. The genus is represented in Asia, northern Africa, North
America and South America, but chiefly in Europe, Ritcher giving 16
species. “hese no doubt are in part mere forms of some of the polymor-
phic species.

1. KOELERIA CRISTATA.

Koeleria cristata Pers. Syn. 1: 97. 1805. Watson and Coulter.
Gray Man. Bot. 659. s/. 10. (6th. Ed.]

Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 445. f. 99.

1894. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 194. Ff. 444. 1896.

Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 20: 136. f. Z05591S00)

(Rev. ed.)
Keleria nitida Nutt. Gen. 1: 74. 1818.
Aira cristata L. Sp. Pl. 63. 1753.

GRASSES OF IOWA. oo
DESCRIPTION.

KoELeRiA. Spikelets two to four-flowered, compressed; rachilla
‘articulated above the empty glumes. Empty glumes two, unequal,
keeled, somewhat shorter than the flowering glumes; flowering glumes
membranaceous, more or less scarious, faintly three to five-nerved, ob-
tuse, acute or mucronate-pointed. Palea hyaline, acute, two-nerved,
about as long as its glume. Stamens three. Styles very short; stigmas
plumose. Perennial, caespitose grass, with narrow, usually flat leaves,
and densely flowered, spike-like panicles. Dry, sandy soil. July to Sep-
tember.

Koeleria cristata in many forms is common throughout the state,
usually in dry, sterile soil. See figure 156, page 221.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Cedar Rapids (Shimek); Ames (Zmunt, 179 Ball, Pam-
mel, Miss Hess); Marathon, 3333 (Roberts); Pilot Mound (Miss
King and A. MacCorkindale) ; Grundy Center, 3253 (Miss Paddock) ;
Armstrong, 3262, 673 and 3199 Missouri Valley, 665 Elmore, Minn.,
Iowa-Minnesota line, 3221 Gridley (Pammel) ; Armstrong (Cratty) ;
Rock Rapids, Johnson County, Cedar Rapids, Lyon County (Shimek) ;
Allamakee County (Fitzpatrick and Bartsch) ; Hamilton to Hancock
County (Preston) ; Johnson County (Miss Linder) ; Iowa City (Hitch-
cock and Macbride) ; Twin Lakes Township, Calhoun County (Rigg) ;
Lyon County, northwest corner of state (Shimek); Unionville
(Shimek) ; Lineville (Shimek) ; Ontario, (R. E. Buchanan).

~ North America. Ontario to British Columbia, south to Pennsyl-
vania, Minnesota (Minneapolis, Sandberg, 213; Houston County,
Pammel, 5; Iowa and Minnesota, Parry 3), Nebraska (Oxford 80,
Sherman, Alma 73, Grand Island 110), Missouri (Jefferson, Eggert;
Webster, Pammel), Kansas (Osborne, Shear 706), Wisconsin (La
Crosse, C. MI. King and D. S. Pammel), Texas and California (Parish,
Santa Cruz, Dr. Anderson; southern California, Parry and Lemmon),
Colorado (Greeley, La Poudre River, 41 Golden, 234, 249 Larimer
County, 215 Ft. Collins Pammel; Hall and Harbour, lat. 39°-41’),
Wyoming (Sheridan, Little and Stanton, 81, 184; Big .Horn, 75,
Sheridan; New Castle, 111, Pammel; Black’s Fork, Fuller’s Ranch,
Pammel, Johnson, Buchanan’ and Lummis; Dale Creek and Black’s
Fork, Pammel and Buchanan; western Wyoming, Parry, 289); Utah
(West Bear River 96, Provo River, Pammel and Stanton).

224 GRASSES OF IOWA.

General. Great Britain, Germany, northern Europe and Asia,

the Himalayas to Africa, temperate South America, Australia and New
Zealand. -

6. ERAGROSTIS,

Eragrostis Host. Ic. Gram. 4: 14. 1809. Bentham and Hooker.
Gen. Pl. 3: 1186. Hackel in Engler and Prantl. Nat. Pflanz. Fam. II
2: 69. f 79. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 20: 134. f.
103. (Rev. ed.)

Poa in part. Endlicher Gen. Pl. 98.

Macroblepharus Philippi. L. 29: 100. 1855.

Harpachne Hochst. A. Rich. Fl. Abyssin. 2: 431. 1851.

Coelachyrum Nees. L. 16: 221. 1842.

Spikelets two to seventy-flowered, nearly as in Poa, except that the
flowering glume is but three (rarely one) nerved, not webby-haired at
the base, and is deciduous; palet persistent on the rachis after the rest of
the flower has fallen. Culms often branching. Leaves linear, frequently
involute, and the ligule or throat of the sheath bearded with long, vil-
lous hairs. Panicle various. (Name from two Greek words for spring
and grass.

Bentham & Hooker recognize 100 species; Hackel the same num-
ber; Beal lists 28, including varieties, in North America. The genus
is cosmopolitan, found chiefly in the tropics.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ERAGROSTIS.

Culms prostrate and creeping, flowers imperfectly dicecious.£. hypnozdes.'.
Culms usually diffusely spreading, ascending (or erect in #. capzllarts),
much branched, 4.5 dm. tall or less, usually annual.
Spikelets 2-5-flowered, 2-3 mm. long.
Culms branched only at the very base; pedicelsand panicle branches

long andcapillany See ate ee wae oes ons Lt, CO pia amass
Culms branched above the base; pedicels and panicle branches
SHOT sores ese rsthevehal eee eNoeta en ies eWetiene ol Tes ereveeatesh es E, Frankia:

Spikelets 5to many-flowered, 3-16 mm. long.
Spikelets 3 mm. wide, lower flowering glumes over 2 mm. long,
plant strong-scented from button-shaped glands on leaves and

ral bby aa Ree een eS sci ent Ors ‘ears aeoe E.. major.*.*
Spikelets about 1.5mm. wide, lower oweniie glumes 1.5. mm.
lone’, scentless. mn. oc semen. + cine ait ot ihe ae EE Parshite

Culms erect, simple, panicles very large, 1 foot or more long.
Branches of the panicle widely spreading, lower flowering glumes less

oye saan, Mla ane nso coonaanonoone rds so cos Cq0t E. pectinacea.*.
Branches of the panicle erect or ascending, Loe flowering glumes 2. ze
8 mM. lONSs senescence sete tye a eiee tort at ene E. trichodes.".

*Spikelets about 2mm. wide, scentless, occasionally cultivated in Iowa.
—H. Mexicana.*-a,

a ‘
| GRASSES OF IOWA. 225
1. ERAGROSTIS HYPNOIDES.

Eragrostis hypnotdes B.S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 69. 1888.

Eragrostis hypnoides Lam. B.S. P. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 477. 1196.
Scribner. Bull, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 7: 251. f. 245. 1900. (3d ed.)

Eragrostis reptans Nees. Agros. Bras. 514. 1829. Watson and Coulter.
Gray. Man. Bot. 660. 1890. (6th ed.). Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull.
Univ. Tenn. Agr. Exp. Sta. 7: 95. f. 123. 1896.

Poa hypnoides Lam. Ill. 1: 185. 1791.

DESCRIPTION.

CREEPING ERAGRosTIS. A prostrate,, much-brached, and exten-
sively creeping annual, with ascending flowering branches, 3 to 6 inches
(6-13 cm.) high. Sheaths short, pubescent or smooth; ligule reduced
to a fringe of short hairs, leaf-blade } to 1 line (1-2 mm.) wide, usually

_Fia. 157. Eragrostis hypnoides—a, b and d, Fig. 158. Eragrcstis capillaris—a, spike, b,
spikelets; c, flower. (Div. Agros. U. S. Dept. spikelet. (Div. Agros. U. 8S. Dept. Agrl.)
Agrl.)

15

2°26 GRASSES OF IOWA.

about 4 to 14 inches (1-3 cm.) long, more or less pubescent, acute,
spreading. Panicle narrow, lax or dense, 1 to 14 inches (2-3 cm.) long,
sometimes capitate. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, strongly flattened, 1
line (2 mm.) or less wide, 2 to 6 lines (4-12 mm.) long, ten to forty-
flowered; empty glumes ovate, acute, the first a little longer than the
second, hyaline excepting the prominent, green mid-nerve; flowering
glume ovate-lanceolate, acute, ? to 1 line (14-2 mm.) long, prominently
3-nerved. Palea two-keeled, keels scabrous; grain spherical-oblong. In
ditches and sandy banks of streams. July to October.

Eragrostis hypnoides is abuncant on the wet shores of the pres-
ent flood plains of our streams near the water, or on the banks of lakes.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Ames, 3197 (Hunt and Rolfs) ; 3254 and 3140, Lansing
(Miss King) ; Ames, 905 (Ball, Beardslee, Kaufman, Hitchcock, Pam-
mel); Johnson County (Shimek) ; Carroll 1099, Marshalltown 239
Clinton, Hawarden, 630 Des Moines, Missouri Valley, Story City,
1032 Turin, Des Moines, Boone (Pammel) ; 1098 Boone, Winterset
(Carver) ; Ledges, Boone County, 108 (Pammel and Ball); Dallas
Center, 751 (Rhinehart) ; Manchester, 754 (Ball) ; Sioux City (Miss
Wakefield) ; Keokuk (P. H. Rolfs) ; Birmingham, 1039 (Baldwin) ;
Wadena (Fink) ; Emmet County (Armstrong, Cratty) ; High Bridge,
Dallas County (Shimek) ; Story County (Hitchcock) ; lowa City (Miss
Linder) ; Des Moines County (Bartsch) ; Johnson County (Shimek).

North America. Vermont to Ontario and south to Kentucky
(Harlan County, Cumberland River, Kearney, 55), Lllinois (Indian
Lake, Eggert), Minnesota (Parry), Missouri (Jefferson Barracks,
Pammel), Texas (Joor), Mexico (San Luis Potosi, Palmer), Cali-
fornia and Washington.

General. West Indies, Trinidad to Argentina.

2. ERAGROSTIS CAPILLARIS.

Eragrostis capillaris Nees. Agrost. Bras. 505. 1829. Watson and
Coulter. Gray. Man. Bot. 661. 1890. (6th ed.) Scribner. Grasses of
Tenn. Bull. Univ. of Tenn. Agr. Exp. Sta. 7: 96. 7.128. 1894.

Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 481.
1896. Scribner. Bull. U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros.17: 218.7 574. 1896.
Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 188. ¢. #28. 1896.

Poa capillarisL. Sp. Pl. 68. 1753.

Poa tenuis Bil. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 156.

GRASSES OF IOWA. PAPA |
DESCRIPTION.

CapiLtLary Eracrostis. An erect annual, 6 to 25 inches (15-60
em.) high, branching at the base, the widely expanding panicle usually
much longer than the culm below it. Sheaths and base of leaves more
or less hairy, sometimes glabrous; ligule a minute fringe of hairs; leat-
blade 4 to 12 inches (10-30 cm.) long, to 2 lines (2-5 mm.) wide.
Spikelets three to five-flowered, 1 line (2 mm.) or less long; empty
glumes about 4 line (1 mm.) long, equal, hispid on the keel, acute; flow-
ering glume ovate-lanceolate, acute, obscurely 3-nerved, about 3 line
(14._mm.) long. Palea rough-ciliate on the keels. Grain nearly spheri-
cal. The spreading panicle-branches and long, diverging pedicels cap-
illary. Dry, sandy fields, sandy woods and roadsides. August, September.

Eragrostis capillaris is \ocal-in its distribution, and occurs only on

the carboniferous sandstones and talus in central and eastern Iowa.
See figure 158, on page 225.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Ledges, Boone County, 557 Iowa City (Hitchcock) ; Win-
terset, 253 (Carver) ; Steamboat Rock (Shimek).

North America. From New England to New York; Kentucky
(Harlan County, Kearney, 196), south to Georgia, Texas and Florida
(Duval County, Curtiss), Missouri (St. Louis, Pammel), Lowa.

General. Brazil.

3. ERAGROSTIS FRANKII.

Eragrostis Frankit Steud. Syn. Pl. Gram. 273. 1854-5. Nash in
Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 188. 7. 429. 1896. Scribher. Bull. U.
eeeepe, Asr, Div. Aros. 7: 253. 7. 247. 1900. (3d ed.) —

Eragrostis Frankit Meyer. Watson & Coulter. Gray. Man. Bot.
661. 1890. Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull. Univ. Tenn. Agr. Exp. Sta.
7:96 f. 125. 1894. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 480. 1896.

‘Eragrosits erythrogona Nees. Steud. Syn. Pl. Gram. 273. 1855.

DESCRIPTION.

SHoRT STALKED MEApow Grass. A low, diffusely-branched an-
nual, 3 to 15 inches (6-32 cm.) high. Sheaths pilose at the throat; ligule
less than 1 line (2 mm.) long, lacerated; leaf-blade # to 2 lines (14-4
mm.) wide; I to 7 inches (2-14 cm.) long; flat or conduplicate towards
the apex. Panicle ovate or oblong, with spreading, capillary branches and
pedicels, the latter mostly longer than the spikelets. Spikelets ovate, about
1 line (2mm.) long, three to five-flowered ; empty glumes spreading,

228 | GRASSES OF IOWA.

lanceolate, acute, scabrous on the keel, about 4 line (1 mm.) long;
flowering glume ovate, acute, obscurely three-nerved. Keels of the
palea scabrous. Grain short, oblong. Remarkable for its strong, dis-
-agreeable odor when fresh. Low, sandy ground. August to October:

Eragrostis Frankii is common in trodden fields, banks of streams
and in woods, eastern and central Iowa.

Fig. 159. Hragrostis Frankii—a, b, and e, Fie. 160. Eragrostis major—a, spikelet;
spikelet. (D vy. Agros. U. 8. Dept. Agri.) spikelet. (Div. Agros. U. 8S. Dept. Agrl.)

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Ames (Pammel 170, Rolfs, Hitchcock, Carver, Pammel
and Carver, Bessey) ; Indianola, Ames (Carver) ; Montrose, 818 (H.
Osborn) ; Marshalltown (Stewart); Keokuk (P. H. Rolfs); Mt.
Pleasant (Mills) ; Emmet County, 866 (Pammel and Cratty); Mt.
Pleasant, 991 (Witte); Manchester, 753 (Ball); 295 and 169,
Ledges, Boone County (Pammel and Ball) ; Fayette County (Fink) ;

GRASSES OF IOWA. 229

Greenfield (Stewart) ; Johnson County (Shimek) ; Marshalltown, Car-
roll, Turin, Des Moines, Clinton (Pammel); Armstrong, Emmet
County (Cratty); Johnson County (Hitchcock and Macbride),
Marshalltown (Pammel).

North America. Southern New York to Minnesota: Kentucky
(Harlan County, Kearney, 150), Illinois (Bebb; Palatine, Pammel ; Chi-
cago, Pammel), Missouri (Rock Springs, Eggert) ; south to Georgia,
Louisiana and west to Kansas. .

4. ERAGROSTIS MAJOR.

Eragrostis major Host. Gram. Austr. 4: 14. p/. 24. 1809. Watson
and Coulter. Gray. Man. Bot. 660. 1890. (6th ed.) Scribner. Grasses
of Tenn. Bull. Univ. Tenn. Agr. Exp. Sta. 7: 97. f. 724. 1894 Bull. U.
S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 17: 215. f. 517. 1899. Beal. Grassesof N A.
2: 486. 1896. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl 1: 189. f. 433. . 1896.

Eragrostis powoides var megastachya A. Gray. Man. Bot. 631. 1867.
(5th ed:)

DESCRIPTION.

Canpy Grass. A rather showy, much-branched annual, with erect
or ascending stems, 6 inches to 2 or 3 feet (14-5 or 14 dm.) high. Sheaths
striate, smooth, hairy at the throat; ligule a fringe of short hairs, leat-
blade flat, 3 to 10 inches (6-20 cm.) long, 1 to 3 lines (2-6 mm.) wide,
somewhat scabrous on the upper surface. Panicle elliptical or oblong,
the branches usually spreading, spikelets ovate to linear, seven to forty-
flowered, 2 to 8 lines (4-16 mm.) long, 14 to 2 lines (3-4 mm.) broad;
empty glumes nearly equal, ovate, lanceolate, 1 line (2 mm:) or less
long; flowering glumes ovate, obtuse, prominently nerved, and scabrous
on the keel. Palea ciliate on the keels. June to October. See figure
160, on page 228.

Eragrostis major is a weedy grass in all parts of the state. Intro-
duced by the earliest settlers.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Granite (Shimek) ; High Bridge (Lummis) ; Forest City
(Shimek); Ames (Zmunt, C. A. Wilson, Beardslee); Fairfield
(Bessey) ; Weaver (Hitchcock); Armstrong (Cratty); Greenfield
(Stewart) ; Lee County, Des Moines County (Bartsch) ; Cedar Rapids
(Miss Hall) ; 20 Granite, Keokuk, Johnson County (Shimek) ; Ham-
ilton to Hancock County (Preston) ; Creston (Bettenga) ; 3149 Lan-
sing, 3040 Steamboat Rock, 3350 Postville, 3327 Myron (Miss
King) ; Battle Breek, 958 (Preston) ; Montrose, 765 (H. Osborn) ;

230 GRASSES OF IOWA.

Amana, 703 (Schadt); Manchester, 721 (Ball); Granite
(Shimek) ; Lake Edwards, Hancock County 8 (Shimek); Ames,
161 (Ball); Camanche (Ball); Wheatland (Ball); Mt. Ayr
(Beard) ; Carroll, Logan, Council Bluffs, Jefferson, Dakota City,
Scuth Dakota opposite Hawarden, 801 Des Moines, 292 Car-
narvon, ‘Turin, Clinton (Pammel) ; Lake Edwards, Hancock County,
8( Shimek) ; Emmet County, 1052 (Cratty) ; Harcourt, 1095 ( Daniel-
son); Le Claire (F. M. Rolfs); Iowa City (Hitchcock) ; Lawler,
Keokuk (P. H. Rolfs); Maquoketa (Goodenow); Marshalltown
(Eckles) ; Colfax (Mead); Fayette (Fink) ; Taylor County (Pool) ;
Dixon, 736 and 714 (Snyder) ; Glenwood, 693 (Jackson) ; Mt. Pleas-
ant, 687 (Witte) ; Des Moines, 30 (Ball); Boone, Indianola, Jewell
Junction (Carver) ; Keystone (Koch); Marshalltown (Stewart) ; De-
catur County (Fitzpatrick) ; Belknap, 822 (Rankin) ; Muscatine (Rep-
pert); Alden, 1155 and 1131 (Stevens) ; Jewell Junction (Carver) ;
Carnforth (Pammel) ; Keosauqua (Shimek) ; Traer (Provan).

North America. Naturalized in cultivated and waste grounds. On-
tario to New England to New Jersey (Rariton Landing, Halsted), Min-
nesota (Crow Wing, Sandberg, 864), Wisconsin (La Crosse, D. S$.
Pammel and C. M. King), Missouri (St. Louis, Pammel; St. Louis,
Eggert), Nebraska (Snyder, Miller; Aurora, McCook; Pammel),
South Dakota (Randall, Griffith), Indian Territery (near Ft. Smith,
Arkansas, Rolfs); Texas (Pammel), Colorado (Larimer County,
Frye; Denver, Pammel, Lummis, Johnson and Buchanan, 909), Wyo-
ming (Green River, S. M. Tracy), Mexico (Parry and Palmer).

General. Central Europe, Asia and Africa.
4-A. ERAGROSTIS MEXICANA.

Eragrostis Mexicana Link. Hort. Berol. 1: 190. Nees. Agrost.
Bras. 503. Doel. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2: 3. 143. Fourn. Mex. Pl. Enum.
Gram. 114. Watson Am. Acad. 18: 182.

DESCRIPTION.

Mexican Eracrostis. Culms 1 to 2 feet (3-6 dm.) high, panicle
oblong; branches smooth, single or somewhat verticillate, ascending; 5
inches (1 dm.) long, or less; spikelets four to ten-flowered, I to 3 lines
(3-6 mrz.) long; empty glumes half as long as the contiguous florets;
floral glume subacute, hispidulous on the keel, one-fourth longer than the
hispidulous palet; grain oblong, oblique, nearly smooth under a glass,
about 0.8 mm. long.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 23)

Fie. 161. Eragrostis Mexicana—a, spikelet; b, flowering glume; ec, palet, d, seed.
(Charlotte M. King.)

DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Ames, escaped from cultivation, 306 (Pammel).

North America. Western Vexas to southern California.

5. ERAGROSTIS PURSHII.

Eragrostis Purshit Schrad. Linnea. 12: 451. 1838. Watson and
Coulter. Gray. Man. Bot. 661. 1890. (6th ed.) Scribner. Grasses of Tenn.
Bull. Univ. Tenn. Agr. Exp. Sta. 7: 97. f.-126. 1894. Nash in Britton
and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 189. #. 437. 1896. Scribner. Bull. U.S. Dept.
Agr. Div. Agros. 7: 247. f. 241. (3d ed.)

Eragrostis pilosa L. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 487. 1896.

Poa Caroliniana Spreng. Mant. Fl. Hal. 33. 1807.

Eragrostis Caroliniana Scrib Mem. Torr. Bot. Club. 5: 49. 1895.

2oe GRASSES OF IOWA.

Be | su Me
= aL DN eel
yt te “Ea

oh a
mua PR
SAgeunee ss :
A/T Te Ne
aiineaS Misa

TN CCM? = arrere =
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\ SoauESe ale
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Wiaeeee:
(1 ee

tN kes eee
PSP CEA RRR RES
SR a
SiS ari
SCL ae SEY WETS
eae pel ee C

2 Lar rhena mere Lcana

Fatonse Pennsylvanica

Fiq. 162. Maps showing distribution of Lragrostis, Eatonia and Diarrhena.
® in herbarium. + from observation.

GRASSES OF IOWA. oan
DESCRIPTION.

SOUTHERN SPEAR GRAss. An annual, 5 to 18 inches (1-4 dm.)
high, with the erect or ascending stems diffusely branching near the
base. Sheaths pilose at the throat, otherwise smooth, leaf-blade 1 to 7
lines (2-14 mm.) long; $ to 14 lines (1-3 mm.) wide, conduplicate

when dry. Panicle oblong-lanceolate to pyramidal, 3 to 8 or 12 inches

(6-16 or 24 cm.) long, the widely spreading primary branches solitary
( : Y SI Ek \ }

Fig. 163. Hragrostis Purshii—a, b, ec, spike- Fig. 164. Eragrostis pectinacea -a. jon
lets. (Div. Agros. U. S. Dept. Agrl. ) spikelets. (Div. Agros. U. S. Dept. Agrl.)

or two to three together, the axils not pilose. Spikelets narrow-lanceo-
late, 2 to 44 lines (4-9 mm.) long, three to fifteen-flowered, appressed
to the branches, nearly equalling or exceeding their capillary pedicels;
empty glumes ovate, acute, scabrous on the keel, the longer upper one
about $ line (1 mm.) in length; flowering glume broadly ovate, obtuse,

234 GRASSES OF IOWA.

distinctly three-nerved, scabrous on the keel, about { line (15 mm.)
long. Palea scabrous on the keels. Grain oblong. June to October.

Eragrostis Purshii is a common roadside weed in all parts ot the
state. The species occurs along roadsides, railroad embankments, and is
~ abundant in flood plains of streams.

DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Musactine, 34 (Ball) ; Winneshiek County (Goddard) ;
Steamboat Rock, 3170, 3355, Postville (Miss King); 3289, Boone
Viaduct (Pammei); Dallas Center, 751 (Rhinehart) ; Wilton Junc-
ticn, 2249, 2224, Webster C'tv. Marshalltown, Carroll, Ames, Sioux
City, Clinton, Eagle Grove, 1452 De Witt, South Dakota, opposite
Hawarden, 789 Dakota City, 788 Marshalltown, Cedar Rapids, Logan
(Pammel); Ames (C. A. Wilson, Sirrine, Gucsard and Rich, Arthur,
Pammel, Kaufman, Beardslee, Hitchcock, Stewart); Fairfield, 162
(Ball and Sample) ; Fayette County (Fink); Indianola, Jewell Junc-
tion, Des Moines, Boone (Carver) ; Mt. Pleasant (Mills) ; Fairmont,
Silver Lake, State Line (Cratty) ; Keokuk, Johnson County (Shimek) ;
Keckuk (P. H. Rolfs) ; Taylor County, 1113 (Pool) ; Manchester.
723 (Ball) ; Muscatine (Reppert) ; Fairmont, Minn., 7, near lowa-
Minnesota line (Cratty) ; Manchester (Ball) ; Cedar Rapids (Mis:
Hall) ; Dixon, 717 (Snyder) ; Clinton, 270 (Ball) ; Birmingham, 846 ~
(Baldwin) ; High Bridge, Dallas County (Shimek) ; Iowa City (At
wood, Macbride, Hitchcock) ; Hamilton to Hancock County (Pres
ton).

North America. Ontario and Maine, Florida (Quincy, Combs,
432), to Kentucky (Harlan County, Kearney, 28), Illinois (Pullman,
Pammel; Le Claire County, Eggert), Wisconsin (La Crosse, C. M.
King and D. S. Pammel; L. H. Pammel, 3258), South Dakota, Ne-
braska (Knox County, Clements, 2731; Broken Bow, Webber; Hast-
ings, Pammel), Indian Territory (near Ft. Smith, Ark., P. H. Rolfs),
Texas (Sherman, Pammel), Colorado (Alamosa, Clements 153),
California, Mexico (Parry and Palmer).

6. ERAGROSTIS PECTINACEA.

Eragrostis pectinacea Steud. Syn. Pl. Gram. 272.. 1854.

Eragrostis pectinacea Gray. Watson and Coulter. Gray. Man. Bot.
661. 1890. (6th éd.) Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull. Univ. Tenn.
Agr. Exp. Sta. 7: 98. f. 737. 1894.

Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees. Beal. Grassesof N. A. 2: 488.
1896.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 235

Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Steud. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept.
Agr. Div. Agros. 7: 249. f. 243. (3d ed.)

Poa pectinacea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 69. 1803.
DESCRIPTION.

MEADOW Comes Grass. An erect perennial, 1 to 3 feet (5-11 dm.)
high, with a short, stout root-stock, and a large, spreading panicle. Sheaths
smooth or hairy in the upper part; ligule a fringe of hairs 2 to 3 lines
(4-6 mm.) long; leaf-blade 2 to 3 lines (4-6 mm.) wide, 6 to 14 inches
(14-3 dm.) long, more or less pilose en the upper surface. Panicle 6
to 30 inches (14-8 dm.) long, the rather rigid, widely spreading or
deflexed branches bearded in the axils. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, } to
I line (14-2 mm.) wide, 2 to 5 lines (4-10 mm.) long, five to twenty-
flowered ; empty glumes } to 1 line (14-12 mm.) long, ovate or oblong,
subacute, scabrous on the keel; flowering glumes about 1 line (2 mm.)
long, strongly three-nerved, obtuse or rarely acute. Palea densely cili-
ate on the keels. Grain oblong-spherical, irregularly striate. July te
October. See figure 164, on page 233.

Eragrostis pectinacea occurs in sandy or gravelly soil. Common on
Muscatine Island and sand dunes along the Mississippi River, in central
Iowa found in gravelly soil. It is not, however, abundant.

DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Des Moines, 3282 Steamboat Rock (Pammel); Man-
chester, 722 (Ball); New Albin, 900 (Pammel) ; Muscatine (Rep-
pert); Waterloo (Hitchcock); Ames (Bessey, Hitchcock); Cedar
Rapids (Miss Hall) ; Des Moines, 309 (Carver) ; Cedar Rapids, Des
Moines, 1447 De Witt (Pammel) ; Des Moines County, Skunk River
(Bartsch) ; Keystone (Koch).

North America. Massachusetts to Illinois (Dr. Geo. Vasey),
Wisconsin (La Crosse, D. S. Pammel and C. M. King, 3320, 3325;
Pammel), South Dakota, Nebraska (Crete and McCook, Pammel, 240,
399), Missouri (Carson Station, Eggert; Valley Park, Old Orchard
and St. Louis, Pammel), Kansas (Barber County, Carleton), Arkansas
(Miller County, Eggert), North Carolina (Dunn Mt., Small) to
Florida, Mississippi (Starkville; Tracy; Biloxi, Eggert), Texas (Dal-
las, Reverchon).

236 GRASSES OF IOWA.

,

7. ERAGROSTIS TRICHODES.

Eragrostis trichodes Nash. Bull. Torr Bot. Club. 22: 464. 1895.

Eragrostis trichodes (Nutt.) Nash. Nash in Britton and Brown. IIl.
Fl. 1: 191. £ 4?8. 1896. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros.
a2 1 A eo oy gia | so 2

Eragrostis tenuis Gray. Man. Bot. 664. 1856. (2nd ed.) Watson

{
.
and Coulter. Gray. Man. Bot. 661. 1890. (6th ed.) Scribner. Grasses
of Lenn. Bull. Univ: Denne Agr. Exp. Stay ies Wee 18048
Eragrostis tenuis (Ell.) Gray. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 483. 1896.
DESCRIPTION. |
Hair LIKE Eracrostis. A tall.perennial, 2 to 5 feet (5-14 dm.) |
high, with a rather narrow, elongated panicle, and somewhat rigid leaves.
Sheaths firm, smooth, pilose at the throat; ligule nearly wanting; leaf-

.
é
Fie 165. Aragrostis trichodes—a, b, spikelets; Fie. 166. Eatlonia obtusata—a, empty
(Div. Agros. U. S. Dept. Agrl. ) glumes; b, ec, d, flowering glumes; d, spikelet.
(Div. Agros. U. S. Dept. Agrl ) .

GRASSES OF IOWA. Pasi (

blade 1 to 2 lines (2-4 mm.) wide, 6 to 20 inches (14-4 dm.) long,
glabrous to sparingly hairy. Panicle twelve to thirty inches long, the
ultimate branches and long, diverging pedicels capillary. Spikelets ovate-
lanceolate, about 14 lines (3 mm.) wide, 3 to 4 lines (6-8 mm.) long,
two to six or ten-flowered ; empty glumes narrow-lanceolate, very acute,
nearly equal, 1 to 2 lines (2-4 mm.) long; flowering glume ovate-lan-
ceolate, acute, strongly three-nerved, about 14 lines (3 mm.) long,
smooth or scabrous on the keel. Keels of the palea scabrous. Grain
very short, oblong, strongly grooved. July to September.

Eragrostis trichodes is a very local grass, occurring only on
sandy beaches, Muscatine Island.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Fruitland (Barnes and Miller) ; Muscatine (Reppert).

North America. Illinois to’ Nebraska, Missouri (Carson Station,
Eggert), Indian Territory and Texas (College Station, Pammel).

7. EATONIA.

Eatonia Raf. Journ. Phys. 89: 104. 1819. Endlicher Gen. Pl. 99.
Bentham & Hooker. Gen. Pl. 8: 1184. MHackel in Engler and Prantl.
Hateeeanz. Ham. Il. 2: 70. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div:
Agros. 20: 135. # 704. [Rev. Ed.]

Rebou/ea Kunth. Rev. Gram. 341. 1835.
Colobanthus Trin. Mem. “cad. Petr. II. 6: 66. 1845.

Spikelets usually two-flowered, with an abortive rudiment or pedi-
cel; numerous, in a contracted or slender panicle, very smooth, empty —
glumes somewhat equal in length, but very dissimilar, a little shorter
than the flowers; the lower narrowly linear, keeled, one-nerved; the
upper broadly obovate, folded around the flowers, three-nerved on the
back, not keeled, scarious-margined. Flowering glume oblong, obtuse,
<ompressed-boat-shaped, naked, chartaceous; the palet very thin and
“hyaline. Stamens 3. Grain linear-oblong, not grooved. Perennial, tall
.and slender grasses, with simple, tufted culms, and often sparsely downy
sheaths, flat lower leaves, and small greenish (rarely purplish) spikelets.
(Named for Prof. Amos Eaton, author of a popular Manual of the
Betany of the United States, and of ether popular treatises. )

According to Bentham & Hooker and Hackel there are two or
three species; this number should be increased to 4; Beal recognizes 6
species.

238 GRASSES OF IOWA.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF EATONIA.

Upper empty glume rounded-obovate, very obtuse; panicle usually dense
—£. vbtusata. *.
Upper empty glume oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, panicle longer and
MOTE EMUPtY..)ae) Kasten cb ocx 41s lee se eka yee eee EE. Pennsylvanica. *.

1. EATONIA OBTUSATA.

Eatonia obtusata Gray. Man. 558. 1856. (2nd ed.) Watson and
Coulter. Gray. Man. Bot. 659. p/. 10. 1890. (6th ed.) Scribner. Grasses
of Tenn. Bull. Univ. Tenn. Agr. Exp Sta. 7: 10037297

Eatonia obtusata (Michx.) Gray. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 492. 7. 98.
1896. Nash. in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 192. f. 441. 1896.
Scribner. Bull. U. -S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 7: 2585) 72
(3d ed.)

Eatonta obtusata var. robusta Vasey. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2:
493. 1892.

Aira obtusata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 62. 1803.

DESCRIPTION.

BLuNT ScaLep EATONIA oR EARLY BuNCH Grass. A tufted
perennial, 14 to 2 feet (3-5 dm.) high, very variable, with flat leaves
and rather densely-flowered, nodding panicles. Sheaths smooth or pubes-
cent, longer or shorter than the internodes; ligule about 1 line (2 mm.)
long; leaf-blade 3 to 4 lines (6-8 mm.) wide, 4 to 6 inches (8-12 em.)
long, scabrous on both sides and often downy. Panicle densely flowered,
3 to 4 inches (6-9 cm.) long. Spikelets a little over 1 line (2 mm.)
long; two to three-flowered; lower empty glume narrowly linear, cris-
tate, one-nerved, about 1 line (2 mm.) long, the upper of equal length,
very broadly obovate, three-nerved, hispid on the dorsal surface; flower-
ing glume oblong, carinate, hispid on the keel above. Low ground,
chiefly along streams, usually in shade; March to August. See figure
166, on page 236.

Eatonia obtusata is widely distributed on sterile hills and gravelly
knolls.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Ames, 165 and 159 and 8 (Ball, Crozier 1152, Louthan,
Weaver, Craig, P. H. Rolfs, Hitchcock, Sirrine, Bessey, Thurber 1089,
E. R. Wilson 1069, C. A. Wilson, Bessey) ; Eagle Grove (Crozier) ;
Emmet County, 1047 (Cratty) ; Marshalltown (R. B. Eckles) ; Green-
field (Stewart); Van Cleve (Warden) ; Colfax, 779 (Mead); Du-
buque, Council Bluffs, 667 and 908, Elmore, Minn., lowa-Minnesota
line, Jefferson 1431, Carroll 660, Missouri Valley, Eagle Grove

GRASSES OF IOWA. 239

(Pammel) ; Keystone (Koch)'; Iowa City (Hitchcock) ; Mt. Pleasant,
855 (Mills) ; Cherokee (Wakefield) ; Harcourt (Danielson) ; Mara-
thon (Roberts) ; Davenport, Cedar Rapids, Spirit Lake (Shimek) ;
Johnson County (Hitchcock and Macbride).

North America. Massachusetts, District of Columbia (Washing-
ton, Vasey), Nebraska (Thedford, Webber; McCook, 275, 356, 360,
365, 368, 372; Hastings, Grand Island, Alma, Broken Bow, Pammel),
Texas, New Mexico (Vasey), Florida (Duval County, Curtiss, 3462),
Colorado (Ft. Collins, Pammel), Montana (Craig), and southern
California.

2. EATONIA PENNSYLVANICA.

Eatonia Pennsyvivanica Gray. Man. 558. 1856. (2d ed.) Scribner.
Grasses of Tenn. Bull. Univ. Tenn. Agr. Exp. Sta. 7: 99. f. 133. 1896.

Latonia Pennsy/vanica(D.C.) ray. Beal. Grassesof N. A. 2: 1896,
Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill: Fl. 1: 193 f. 442. 1896. Scribner. Bull.
ies. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 7: 257. f. 257. 1900. (3d ed.)

Koeleria Pennsylvanica DC. Cat. Hort. Monsp. 117. 1813
DESCRIPTION.

PENNSYLVANIA EATONIA, EATON’s Grass. A slender, pale-green
perennial, with flat leaves and narrow,terminal panicles. Sheaths mostly
smooth; ligule about 1 line (2 mm.) long; leaf-blade 1 to 2 lines (2-4
mm.) wide, 3 to 4 inches (6-9 cm.) long, flat, scabrous on both sides.
Panicle slender, 3 to 7 inches (7-15 cm.) long, the branches nearly erect.
Spikelets scattered along the branches, two or occasionally three-flowered ;
empty glumes a little over 1 line (2 mm.) long; the lower narrowly
linear with scabrous keel, the upper narrowly obovate, acute or obtuse,
slightly scabrous on the nerves. Flowering glume about 14 lines (3
mm.) long, acute, somewhat scabrous on the back above. Leaves of
about equal length throughout. Wet meadows, low woods and thickets.

* June to August.

Eatonia Pennsylvanica is found throughout the state in low grounds,
growing in tufts. Not of much value as a forage plant.

DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Marshalltown, 518 (R. B. Eckles) ; Harcourt (Daniel-
son) ; lowa City (Hitchcock) ; Mt. Pleasant (Mills) ; Tama County,
‘961 (Sirrine) ; Harcourt, 1088 (Danielson); Morning Sun, 1105
(Carver) ; Armstrong (Cratty) ; Beaver, 2250 (Pammel and Kinzer) ;

240 GRASSES OF IOWA.

Fig. 167. Eatonia Pennsylvanica—a, spikelet; Fie. 168. Diarrhena Americana—a, spikelet;
b, empty glumes; c, spikelet. (Div. Agros. U. S. b, empty glumes; c, flowering glumes. (Diy.
Dept. Agrl.) Agros, U. S. Dept. Agrl.)

Sioux City 1279, Council Bluffs, Dubuque, 1919 New Albin, Jeffer-
son 1364, Ottumwa, Story City 1041, Elmore, Minne. (lowa-Minne-
sota line), Marshalltown (Pammel); Ames (Hitchcock, Pammel,
Fisher, Beardslee, 167 Ball, P. H. Rolfs); Shelby County (Fitzpat-*
rick) ; Dysart (Sirrine) ; Bartlett (Chambers); Iowa City (Hitch-
cock); Jewell Junction (Carver); High Bridge, Dallas County
(Shimek) ; Clear Lake, Johnson County (Shimek, Miss Linder) ;
Hamilton to Hancock County (Preston).

North America. Newfoundland and Maine to Washington, south
to Georgia, Texas and Arizona; west to Wisconsin (La Crosse, Pam-
mel), Minnesota (Aitkin County, Sandberg), Missouri (Webster and
Valley Park, Pammel; St. Louis, Forest Park, Eggert), Colorado (Ft.
Collins, Pammel), Wyoming (Sheridan County, Pammel).

ae

GRASSES OF IOWA. 941
8. DIARRHENA.

Diarrhena Beauv. Agros. 142. 1812. Raf. Jour. Phys. 89: 104. 1819.
Endlicher Gen. Pl. 102. Bentham & Hooker. Gen. Pl. 38: 1190. Hackel
in Engle & Prantl. Nat. Pflanz. Fam. II. 2: 70.

Festuca Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 67. pl. 10. 1803.

Korycarpus Sgribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl.

Spikelets several flowered, smooth and shining; one or two of the
uppermost flowers sterile. Empty glumes ovate, much shorter than the
flowers, coriaceous; the lower much smaller; flowering glume ovate,
convex on the back, rigidly coriaceous, its three nerves terminating in a
strong and abrupt, cuspidate or awl-shaped tip. Squamulae ovate, ciliate,
Stamens 2. Grain very large, obliquely ovoid, obtusely pointed, rather
longer than the glume, the cartilaginous, shining pericarp not adherent
to the seed. A nearly smooth perennial, with running rootstocks, pro-
ducing simple culms, 2 to 3 feet (4-10 dm.) high, with long, linear-
lanceolate, flat leaves towards the base, naked above, bearing a few short-
pedicelled spikelets 2 to 3 lines (4-6 mm.) long, in a very simple panicle.
(Name composed of two Greek words for two and man, from the two
stamens. )

Bentham & Hooker recognize two species; the same number is
given by Hackel. The Diarrhena Americana occurs in eastern North
America, while the Diarrhena Japonica is native to Japan.

1. DIARRHENA AMERICANA.

Diarrhena Americana Beauv. Agrost. 142. 1812. Watson and Coulter.
Gray. Man. Bot. 662. p/. 70. 1890. (6 ed.) Scribner. Grasses of Tenn.
Bele Univ. Tenn. Agr. Exp. Sta. ‘7¢: 101. f. 237. 1894.

Korycarpus diandrus (Michx.) Kuntze. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 511.
f. 102. 1896. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 196. 4. 449. 1896.
Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 7: 268. f. 362. 1900. (3d ed )

Korycarpus arundinaceus Zea. Acr. Matrit. 1806.

Festuca diandra Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 67. pl. 70. 1803.

DESCRIPTION.

Twin Grass. An erect perennial, 2 to 3 feet (5-7 dm.) high, with
long, narrow-lanceolate, nearly erect leaves,and a few flowered, simple
panicle, 4 to 10 inches (9-22 cm.) long. Sheaths scabrous or some
times pubescent above; ligule very short, rigid; leaf-blade 6 to 24
inches (12-48 cm.) long, 5 to 12 lines (10-24 mm.) wide, tapering to
a narrow base, very long acuminate-pointed. Panicle-branches erect.
Spikelets 3 to 5 lines (6-10 mm.) long, three to six-flowered, the upper

16

942 GRASSES OF IOWA.

most flowers «mperfect; flowering glumes three-nerved, avruptly and
sharply acuminate-pointed. Palea broad, two-keeled, keels scabrous.
Grain about 3 lines (6 mm.) long, enlarged near the middle. Floral
glumes spreading in fruit. August to September. See figure 168 on —
page 240.

Diarrhena is widely distributed in the state.

DISTRIBUTION.

fowa. Ames (Gossard and Rich, Pammel, Ball 137, Bessey,
Hitchcock, Carver, Fisher); Winterset 1060, Jewell Junction (Car-
ver); Decatur County (Fitzpatrick); Dakota City (Pammel);
Cherokee, Sioux City (Miss Wakefield); High Bridge, Dallas
County (Shimek); Johnson County (Miss Linder); Iowa City
(Macbride); Davenport (Parry).

North America. Rich, rocky, wooded hillsides, Ohio (Colum-
bus, Sullivant; Lancaster, Dr. Bigelow), to South Dakota,
south to Georgia, Arkansas and Indian Territory, Missouri (Pacific,

Eggert).
9. MELICA.

Melica L. Sp. Pl. 66. 1753. Endlicher Gen. Pl. 100. Bentham and
Hooker. Gen. Pl. 3: 1189. Hackel in Engler and Prantl. Nat. Pflanz. Fam.
II. 2: 70. f. 82. (Scribner. Bull. U.S. Dept. Agr: Div. Agros: 92021368:
f. 107. [Rev. ed.]c Beauv. Agrost. 68. A/. 74. f.#. Kunth. Enum. 375.
ol, 1.

Chrondrachyrum Nees. Lindl. Introd. Nat. Syst. 449. (2 ed.)

Spikelets two to eight-flowered; the 1 to 3 upper flowers imperfect
and dissimilar, convolute around each other, and enwrapped by the
upper fertile flower. Empty glumes usually large, scarious margined,
convex, obtuse; the upper 7 to g-nerved. Flowering glume papery-
membranaceous, dry and sometimes indurated with age, rounded or
flattish on the back, five to many-nerved, scarious at the entire blunt
summit. Stamens 3. Perennials, with soft, flat leaves. Panicle simple
or sparingly branched; the rather large spikelets racemose, one-sided.
(An old Italian name for sorghum, from mel, honey.)

Bentham & Hooker give the number of species at 30, while Hackel
gives the same number. Beal recognizes 22 species and 5 varieties for
North America. ‘The genus is found chiefly in temperate regions of
Europe, Asia and America. One species 3s cultivated for ornamental
purposes. Most of our species of Melica are western. One species
extends as far north as southeastern Minnesota.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 2438

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF MELICA.
Upper empty glume much shorter than the 3-5 flowered spikelet.
Spikelets usually numerous, panicle branches spreading or ascending.
—M. diffusa’.
ppikelets few, panicle branches erect... .........% 2.05: M. parvitlora.*.

Upper, empty glume nearly or quite equaling the 2-flowered spikelet.
—-M. mutica.*.

1. MELICA DIFFUSA.

Melica diffusa Pursh. FJ]. Am. Sept. 1: 77. 1814. Watson and
Coulter. Gray Man. Bot. 862. 1890. (6 ed.) Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2:
502. 1896. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl, 1: 195. £446. 1896.

Melica mutica var. diffusa. A. Gray. Man. 626. 1867. (Sed.) <=3

Melica altissima Walt. Fl. Car. 78. 1788. Not. L. 1753.

Fia. 169. Melica diffusa—a, spikelet; b, flowering
glume; c, palet. (Charlotte M. King.)

DESCRIPTION.

Tat Metric Grass. Culms 14 to 4 feet (3-8 dm.) -tall, erect,
simple, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, the

244 GRASSES OF IOWA.

lower often overlapping; ligule 1 to 2 lines (2-4 mm.) long; leaves 4 to
7 inches (8-14 cm.) long, 2 to 4 lines (4-8 mm.) wide, rough; panicle
65 to 85 inches (13-17 cm.) in length, open, the branches spreading or
ascending, the lower 14 to 3 inches (3-6 cm.) long; spikelets usually
numerous, about three-flowered, 43 to 54 lines (9-11 mm.) long, nod-
ding, on slender, more or less flexuose, pubescent pedicels; empty, basal
scales very broad, obtuse or acutish, the Airst shorter than the second,
which is generally much exceeded by the spikelet; flowering scales 34

to 44 lines (7-11 mm.) long, acute or obtuse, scabrous. May to June.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Ames, 33 (Ball, Bessey); Mt. Pleasant, 868 (Mills) ;
Johnson County (Shimek); Iowa City (Hitchcock) ; Jasper County
(Preston).

North America. From Pennsylvania, Ohio (Columbus, Sulli-
vant), to Virginia; west to southeastern Iowa, Missouri (Jefferson
Barracks, Pammel), Kentucky and Texas (Coleman County, Pammel,
Reverchon).

2. MELICA PARVIFLORA.

Melica parvitlora Scrib. Mem. Torr. Bot. Club. 5: 50. 1895.

Melica parviflora (Porter.) Scribn. Beal. Grasses of N. A.
2: 502. 1896. Nashin Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 195. f. 447. 1896.
Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 7: 264. f. 258. 1900,
(3 ed.)

DESCRIPTION.

SMALL FLowereD Me tic. A rather slender, erect, smooth peren-
nial, 14 to 24 feet (4-7 dm.) high, with flat leaves and narrow panicles,
6 to 10 inches (15-25 cm.) long. Sheaths short, overlapping, scabrous ;
ligule 1 line (2 mm.) long; leaf-blades 5 to 9 inches (12-23 cm.) long,
1 to 2 lines (2-4 mm.) wide, scabrous. Spikelets pendulous and race-
mose along the panicle branches, 4 to 5 flowered, 5 to 6 lines (10-13
mm.) long; empty glumes obtuse, the first shorter than the second;
flowering glumes 34 to 4 lines (7-8 mm.) long, acutish, scabrous. Shaded
canyons. July to September.

GRASSES OF IOWA. a

Fre. 170. Melica parviflora—a, spikelet; b, empty
glumes. (Div. Agros. U. 8. Dept. Agrl.)

DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Lowa City (Hitchcock, Shimek).

North America. Shaded canyons,mountains of Colorado, New

Mexico, Arizona, and prairies of southern Lowa, Missouri, Kansas and

western Texas.
3. MELICA MUTICA.

Melica mutica Walt. Fl. Car. 78. 1788. Watson and Coulter. Gray.

Man. Bot. 662. p/. 70. 1890. (6 ed.) Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull.
Univ. Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 101. f. 736. 1894. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr.
Div. Agros. 7: 263. £ 257. 1900. (3 ed.) Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2:
505. 1896. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 195. f. 440. 1896.

Melica mutica var. giabra A. Gray. Man. 626. 1867. (5 ed.)

246 GRASSES OF IOWA.

DESCRIPTION.

Narrow Metric Grass. A smooth, slender, erect grass, 1 to 3
feet (2-6 dm.) high, with narrow leaves, and nodding spikelets in
nearly simple panicles. Panicie ftew-flowered, sparingly branched be-

low, often reduced to a simple raceme. Spikelets 4 to 5 lines (8-10

Fie, 171. Melica mutica—a, spikelet; b, palea, ec, Fie. 172. Uniola latifolia—a, spikelet; b,
anthers. (Div. Agros. U. 8. Dept. of Agrl.) empty glumes; ¢, flowering glumes; d, palet. (Div.
Agros. U. S. Dept. Agrl.)

mm.) long, with two perfect flowers; empty glumes thin and membra-
naceous, subequal, about as long as the spikelet. In rich soil. June, July.

Melic grass occurs along our streams as far north as Story County.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 947
DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Winneshiek County (Fitzpatrick) ; New Albin, 933, lowa-
Minnesota line (Pammel) ; Marshalltown, 263 (R. B. Eckles) ; Steam-
boat Rock, 2027 (Pammel).

North America. Occurs from Pennsylvania to Virginia, District
of Columbia (Washington, McLain, Vasey; Washington, Hamilton
Hill, Ball), to Alabama and Florida; westward to Wisconsin, Minne-
sota (Houston County, Pammel), Lowa, Missouri (Pilot Knob, Valley
Park, Crystal City, Pammel), to ‘Texas.

10. UNIOLA.

Uniola L. Sp. Pl. 7L. 1753. Bentham and Hooker. Gen. Pl. 3: 1192
Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 20: 142, ri UO MRCKE
Ed.)

Spikelets three to many-flowered ;_ rachilla articulated above the
empty glumes and between the florets. Empty glumes at the base ot
the spikelet 3 to 8, compressed-keeled, acute, or acuminate-pointed,
striate, many-nerved. Grain compressed, oblong, free. Palea rigid,
two-keeled. Stamens 1 to 3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Erect
plants, with simple culms, broad, and flat or narrow, and involute leaves,
and narrow and few-flowered,or ample, lax and many-flowered panicles.

There are five species, mostly in North America; one native to Cen-
tral America; one native to the Andes of South America.

1. UNIOLA LATIFOLIA.

Uniola latifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 70. 1803. Watson and Coul-
ter. Gray. Man. Bot. 663. 1890. (6 ed.) Scribner. Grasses of Tenn.
Univ. Tenn. 7: 102. p/. 35. f. 139. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros.7: 270.
f.264. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 20: 142. f 277. 1900. Beal..-
Grasses N. A. 2: 516. f. 205. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 197.
Pe oye

DESCRIPTION.

Broap LEAFED SPIKE Grass. An erect grass, with rather stout,
simple culms, 2 to 5 feet (6-15 dm.) high, broad, spreading leaf-blades,
and a drooping panicle of large, flat spikelets, * to 14 inches (2-3 cm. )
long, on capillary pedicels; empty olumes much smaller than the floral
ones, which are 44 to 6 lines (9-12 mm.) long, ciliate-hispid on the

winged keel. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule 4 line (1 mm.)

long, lacerate-toothed ; leaf-blades 4 to 9 inches (10-22 cm.) long, 4 to

948 GRASSES OF IOWA.

1 inch (0.5-2 cm.) wide, narrowed to a rounded, often ciliate base,
acuminate at the apex, scabrous on the margins, otherwise smooth, See
figure 172 on page 246.

DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Not native to lowa as far as known, though sometimes cul-
tivated in this state. .

North America. It is common through central Missouri. Occurs
from Pennsylvania to Florida, west to Illinois, Kansas, Missouri and
Texas.

VACA SS

PDaciylis i. Sp. Pl. 71. 1753. Endlicher. Gen) Ply (00h bean
Agros. 85. Bentham and Hooker. Gen. Pl. 3: 1193. Hackel in Engler
and Prantl; Nat. Pilanz. Fam. Il. 2:°72) 4°34. Scribner. bullWiom Wega
Agr. Div. Agros. 20: 145.

Spikelets several-flowered, crowded in one-sided clusters, forming
a branching, dense panicle. Glumes all herbaceous, keeled, awn-pointed,
rough-ciliate on the keel; the flowering one five-nerved, the upper most
commonly smaller and thinner. Stamens 3. Grain lance-oblong, acute,
free. Stout, tufted perennial; leaves keeled. (Dactylos, a name in Pliny
for a grass with digitate spikes, from the Greek word for finger.)

Species 1, with several varieties; very common from Great JSritain
across the continent; temperate regions of Asia and northern Africa;
generally cultivated in North America and Europe.

1. DACTYLIS GLOMERATA.

Dactylis glomerata. L. Sp. Pl. 71.1753. Watson and Coulter. Gray.
Man. Bot. 663. p/. JO. 1890. (G6 ed.) Scribner. Grasses of Tenn Balk
Univ. Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 104. f. 740. 1896. Beal. Grassesof N. A.
2: 523. 1896. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 200. f. 457. 1886.
Scribner. Bull. U.S. Dept. Agr Div. Agros. 7) 275. 7. 269° O00 ea(Grerey)

DESCRIPTION.

OrcHARD Grass. A coarse, erect, grass, 3 to 4 feet (7-9 dm.)
high, forming dense tufts. Ligule elongated, membranaceous. Leaves
flat, slightly keeled, spreading. Panicle 3 to 8 inches (7-9 cm.) long,
the branches spreading in flower, becoming erect and appressed to the
rachis. Spikelets.compressed, three to five-flowered, crowded at the
ends of the branches in dense one-sided clusters. Flowering glumes 2

GRASSES OF IOWA. DAY

EC =:
fasess ae

Nun,
Par ee Sune

h
Se aa ale SO
LEE EPR

ier ns te cle x a a a
qaueeenene Feeth RASS,

7/000
Bec

tates:
VEER ART LS
‘nl 4 yb bebe.

Fig. 173. Distribution of Melica, Dactylis and Poa. *S3pecimens in herbarium. + Localities
observed.

250 GRASSES OF IOWA.

to 3 lines (4-6 mm.) long, lanceolate, very acute or short awn-pointed,

ciliate on the keel above. May to August. Fields and waste grounds.

Orchard grass is widely naturalized in the state. It is an excellent
forage plant.

b
Fig. 174. Dactylis glomerata—a, spikelet Fria. 175. Briza media—a, spikelet; b, flower
in flower; b, single fioret; c, flower with three ing glume; c¢, palet. (Div. Agros. U. 8S. Dept.
stamens and two plumose stigmas; d, ligule; Agrl. )

e, section of culm at one of the nodes, (Div.
Agros. U. 8. Dept. Agrl. )

DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Mitchellville 3185 (Fields); Shelby County, Decatur
County (Fitzpatrick) ; Denison (McHenry) ; Keystone (Koch) ; Lowa
City (Hitchcock) ; Sioux City (Miss Wakefield) ; Parkersburg 632
(Stout); Mt. Pleasant (Mills) ; Van Cleve (Warden) ; West Union,
1433 (Whitmore) ; Ames 132 (Ball, Beardslee, Hitchcock, Bessey,
Thurber, Van Houten, P. H. Rolfs, Carver,-C. A. Wilson ees,

GRASSES OF IOWA. 25]

Weaver, 1159 Pammel); Johnson County (Shimek); Webster City,
671, Missouri Valley, Logan (Pammel) ; Fayette (Fink) ; Alden 1168
(Stevens) ; Cedar Rapids (Shimek) ; Calhoun County (Rigg).

North America. Fields and waste grounds, New Brunswick, Con-
necticut (Hartford County, F. Wilson), Massachusetts (Reedville,
Pammel), Michigan, (Grand Rapids, Crozier), Wisconsin (La
Crosse, Pammel), Missouri (Eggert), Nebraska (McCook, Pammel,
402) ; west to Idaho and Colorado (Denver and Golden, Pammel).

General. Common in British Islands, France, Germany, north to
Norway and east to Russia and Asia.

12. BRIZA.

Briza L. Sp. Pl. 70. 1753. Endlicher. Gen. Pl. 99. Bentham &
Hooker. Gen.Pl. 3: 1194. Hackelin Engler & Prantl. Nat. Pflanz. Fam. II.
2; 72.7%. 63. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 20: 144. f. 773.
[Rev. Ed.]

Spikelets many-flowered, rounded-ovate, or heart-shaped; rachilla
articulated above the empty glumes and between the florets; florets
crowded, the uppermost usually imperfect. Glumes membranaceous,
with broad, scarious margins, strongly concave, rounded on the back,
and more or less ventricose; empty glumes 2, subequal, shorter than the
florets; floral glumes 3 to many-nerved, cordate at the base, awnless;
palea much smaller than its glume, obtuse, 2-keeled. Stamens 3.
Styles short, distinct; stigmas plumose. Annuals or perennials, with
flat or convolute leaves, loosely-flowered and open, or narrow and spike-
like panicles.

‘There are 12 species of Briza native to Europe; also occurring in
northern Africa, Asia and South America; one species is naturalized in
the eastern states and on the Pacific coast.

1. BRIZA MEDIA.

Briza media L. Sp. Pl. 70. 1753. Watson and Coulter. Gray. Man.
Bot. 663. /. 70. (G6 ed.) Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 199...
455. Beal. Grasses N. A. 2: 520. Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. 7: 103. Bull.
U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 7: 274. f. 268. (3 ed.)

DESCRIPTION.

QuaAKING Grass. A slender, erect perennial, 4 to 2 feet (1.5-6
dm.) high, with rather short, flat leaf blades, and capillary, spreading
panicles, 14 to 5 inches (4-12 cm.) long. Sheaths shorter than the in-

252 GRASSES OF IOWA.

ternodes; ligule $ line (1 mm.) long or less; leaf blades 1 to 3 inches
(2-8 cm.) long; 1 to 24 lines (2-5 mm.) wide. Spikelets 2 to 24 lines
(4-5 mm.) long, 5 to 12-flowered, orbicular to deltoid ovate; empty
glumes 1 line (2 mm.) long; flowering glumes 1 to 14 lines (2-3 mm.)
long, scarious margined. May to July. See figure 175 on page 250.

DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Occasionally cultivated.

North America. In fields and waste places from Ontario to Mass-
achusetts and Rhode Island.

General. Great Britain, central Europe, Siberia and western

Asia.
13s) POR:

Poa L. Sp. Pl. 1753. Endlicher. Gen. Pl. 98. Bentham & Hooker.
Gen. Pl; 3: 1196. Hackel in Engler & Prantl. Nat. Pflanz. Fam. II. 2:
73. f. 85.° Beauv. Agros. 70: pl. 74.. Scribner. Bull. U. S.sDepieaen
Div. Agros. 20: 148. f. 777. [Rev. Ed.]. Kunth. Rev. Gram. 150. p/. 83.
Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 249.

Pseudopoa Koch. Linn. 21: 409.

Leucopoa Griseb. Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4: 383. 1853.

Poidium Nees. Lindl. Introd. Nat. Syst. 450. 1835. (2 ed)

Dioicopoa E. Desv. in C. Gay. Fl. Chil. 6: 413.

Spikelets ovate or lance-ovate, laterally compressed, several (2-10)
flowered, in an open panicle. Empty glumes mostly shorter than the
flowers, the lower smaller; flowering glume membranaceo-herbaceous,
with a delicate, scarious margin, compressed-keeled, pointless, 5-nerved
(the intermediate nerves more obscure or obsolete) the principal nerves
commonly clothed with soft hairs at and toward the often cobwebby
base; palet membranaceous, two-toothed. Stamens 2 or 3. Stigmas
simply plumose. Grain oblong, free. Culms tuftéd, from perennial
roots; leaves smooth, usually flat and soft. (From the Greek name for
grass or fodder.)

Bentham & Hooker give the number of species at 80; Hackel rec-
ognizes 100; Beal lists 43 species and 8 varieties; Heller gives 94
species and varieties. Some authors have extended the number to 200;
there can be no doubt that conservative botanists will reduce the num-
ber of species given for North America. The genus is widely diffused
over the temperate and cool regions in both hemispheres. “They are
also common in Alpine and Arctic regions; there are very few representa-

tives in the tropics. “Chey are excellent forage plants.
J \ ge J

GRASSES OF IOWA.

bo
Cr
9

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF POA.

Culms low and tufted, spreading, annual or biennial.
Flowering glume 5-nerved, not webby at the base.......... P. annua. '.
Flowering glumes 3-nerved, or obscurely 5-nerved, webby at the base
—P. Chapmaniana. *.
Culms low, geniculate-ascending, from a creeping rootstock, much flattened;
panicleisimple and contracted . 2.2... . eee. joe eee we ol. P. compressa. *.
Culms tall, terete, tufted, perennial.

Flowering glumes 3 mm. or less long, web at base much shorter.
Flowering glumes glabrous except for the web at base..P. dedilis. +.
Flowering glumes pubescent on the midnerve only.... 7. trivialis. °
Flowering glumes pubescent on the midnerve and marginal nerves,

at least on the lower half.
Flowering glume silky villous, long web at base...P. Wo/fiz. °.
Intermediate nerves obscure or wanting.

Culm usually 4 dm. or less tall, the panicle usually less

tlneyrie poy nize VOT sy. cissictelsieie ao eicusieiend ote P. nemoralis. *
Culm usually 6-10 dm. tall, panicle elongated, usually 2-4
GTO GE inte, crs Wasasaie ov-' Sovercoeiee stale are RP SOA LZ IRN Ae
intetmediate nerves prominent. ¢. 62.0.2. ..-7 <2... P. pratensis. °.
Flowering glumes 4-5 mm. long, web at base long and copious, exceed-
MEMOS SC QC or oreyalailer soca) nase) ts) eo cs a 5, cleleta{eic!syvahearsi'e ae esate P. avachnifera. ".

TPE OASA NINIWAS

Poaannua L. Sp. Pl. 68. 1753. Watson and Coulter. Gray. Man.
Bot. 664. 1890. (6 ed.) Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull. Univ. Tenn. Agrl.
Exp. Sta. 7: 106. f. 747. 1894. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 530. 1896.
Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 201. f. 459. 1896. Scribner. Bull.
PeomMeptwicrl. Div. Agros. 17: 237. f 533. 1899.

DESCRIPTION.

Low Spear Grass. ANNUAL MEapow Grass. A low, spread-
ing annual, the erect or ascending, somewhat flattened stems 2 to 12
inches (4-24 cm.) high. Sheaths smooth, lax; leaf-blade flat, smooth.
spreading, 1 to 14 lines (2-3 mm.) wide, I to 3 inches (2-6 cm.) long.
Panicle short, pyramidal, the primary branches spreading, solitary or in
pairs. Spikelets ovate or oblong, three to six-flowered, about 2 lines
(4 mm.) long; empty glumes somewhat unequal, the first one-nerved,
the second three-nerved ; flowering glumes about 1 line (2 mm.) long,
distinctly five-nerved, all the nerves more or less hairy below, the base
of the flowering glume pilose. Palea two-keeled, keels hairy. May to
September.

Poa annua occurs only in cities. Especially in eastern Iowa. Found
along the river as far north as Clinton and Mason City. It has been
found in Iowa chiefly in shady lawns, and near buildings.

«

254 GRASSES OF_IOWA.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Clinton, 246 (Pammel); Mt. Pleasant (Mills) ; Mason
City (Pammel).

North America. Fields and waste places, dooryards, etc., through-
out the United States and British America. New Jersey (Middle-
town, Halsted), Wisconsin (Madison, Pammel; Viroqua, H. A., Pam-

F1a. 176. Pou annua—a, spikelet; b, floret. (Div.
Agros. U. 8S. Dept. Agrl.)

mel), Missouri (St. Louis, Pammel), Colorado (Ouray, Shear 1149),
Utah (Ogden, Pammel 46), Wyoming (Mud Creek, Pammel 928),
Vancouver Island (J. McCoun).

General. Great Britain, northern temperate and Arctic Europe,

Asia, North Africa.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 255
2. POA CHAPMANIANA.

- Poa Chapmaniana Scribn. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 21: 38. 1894. Beal.
Grasses of N. A. 2: 545. 1896. Nash in Britton and Brown. lll. Fl. 1:
202. f. 460. 1896. Scribner. Bull.U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 7: 277
fees, 1900. (3 ed.)

Poa cristata Chapm. FI. S. States. 562. 1860.

DESCRIPTION.

CHAPMAN’S SPEAR Grass. A low, caespitose annual, 4 to 8 inches
(1-2 dm.) high, with ascending, flat leaves, and usually narrow panicles,
I to 3 inches (2-8 cm.) long. Sheaths close, mostly at the base of the
culm; ligule 3 line (1 mm.) long, truncate; leaf-blades $ to 1 inch (1-2
cm.) long, $ line (1 mm.) wide or less, smooth. Spikelets three to
seven-flowered, 14 to 24 lines (23-3 mm.) long; empty glumes about
equal, three-nerved, acute; flowering glumes webbed at the base, obtuse,
three-nerved, sometimes obscurely five-nerved, the prominent nerves
sometimes pilose for three-fourths of their length, the keel with a promi-
nent, crest-like fringe. Dry, sandy soil. May to June.

Poa Chapmaniana occurs in southeastern Iowa, especially in flood
plains of streams. See figure 177 on page 256.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Morning Sun (Carver); 1357, Ottumwa (Pammel) ;
Iowa City (Hitchcock).

North America. Dry, sandy soil, southern Illinois, to Mississippi
and Georgia.

3. POA COMPRESSA.

Poa compressa W.. Sp. Pl. 69. 1753. Watson and Coulter. Gray. Man.
Bot. 664. f/. 70. 1890. (6ed.) Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull. Univ.
Tenn. Aerl. Exp. Sta. 7: 107. £ 743. 1894. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div.
Agros. 17: 248. f. 544. 1899. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 546. 1896.
Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 202. £467. 1896.

-DESCRIPTION.

Wire Grass. A slender, but rather rigid, perennial with much
flattened stems, 6 to 20 inches (12-40 cm.) high, ascending from a more
or less creeping base, and usually small, narrow panicles. Leaves about
1 line (2 mm.) long, abruptly pointed at the tip; ligule 4 line (1 mm.)
long. Panicle expanded, or more often contracted, 1 to 3 inches (2-6

256 GRASSES OF IOWA.

cm.) long, the equal, primary branches in pairs; pedicels shorter than
the spikelets. Spikelets lanceolate, five to nine-flowered, 2 to 3 lines
(4-6 mm.) long; flowering glumes about 1} lines (3 mm.) long, ob-
scurely five-nerved, with narrow, scarious margins, the keel and lateral

Fic. 177. Poa Chapmaniana—a, b, spikelets;
c, flowering glumes, (Div. Agros. U. 8. Dept.

Agri. )

nerves smooth, or silky haired below.

Dry meadows and waste places. June to September.

Poa compressa is extensively naturalized in most parts of Lowa,
especially eastern, central, southern and northeastern Iowa. A valuable
forage plant, yielding, however, less than bluegrass.

Fra. 178. Poa compressa—a, spikelets; b
flowering glumes, ¢, cross section of culm; d, secti on
of leaf. (Div. Agros. U. 8. Dept. Agrl.)

Palea two-nerved, nerves scabrous.

GRASSES OF IOWA. Pihd
DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Baxter (Williamson) ; 875, 856 and 1172, Mt. Pleasant
(Mills) ; Armstrong (Cratty) ; 1138, Durant (Weaver) ; Ames (Sir-
rine, Hitchcock, 152, Ball, E. R. Wilson, Rich and Gossard, C. A.
Wilson, Bessey, Fisher, Crozier, Carver, Stewart) ; Sioux City, Clin-
ton, Des Moines, Dakota City, 3191 Moulton, 1927 New Albin,
Webster City, 1454 De Witt, 1427 Carroll, 906 Elmore, Minn., lowa-
Minnesota line, Jefferson, Marshalltown, Russell, Cedar Rapids, 786
Marshalltown, 1244 Council Bluffs (Pammel) ; Gilbert, Jewell Junc-
tion, Boone to Winterset (Carver); Chariton (Bennett) ; Lebanon
(Sample) ; Mt. Zion (Moore) ; 22 Lebanon (Ball and Sample) ; 3276
Ontario. (Faurot) ; Chariton 676 (Mallory) ; 826 Belknap (Rankin) ;
Marshalltown (Eckles); Muscatine (Reppert); Tipton, Iowa City
(Hitchcock) ; Keystone (Koch) ; Keokuk and Lee County (Shimek) ;
Hamilton to Hancock County (Preston), Onslow (Cameron) ; Han-
cock County, Unionville (Shimek) ; Decatur County (Shimek).

North America. Dry meadows and waste places, Newfoundland
to New York (Parry), to South Carolina, Tennessee and westward:
Illinois (Ogle County, Edwards), Missouri (St. Louis, Eggert; Web-
ster, Pammel), Nebraska (northeastern Nebraska, Clements, 2643;
Grand Island, 115; McCook, 397, 403, Crete, 205, Pammel), North
Dakota (Richburg, Condit), California (Mt. Shasta, Palmer, 2654).

General. Great Britain, middle and southern Europe, Siberia,
Kamchatka.

4. POA DEBILIS.

Poa debilis Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 459.1843. Watson and Coulter. Gray.
Man. Bot. 665. 1890. (6th ed.) Beal. Grasses of N. Am. 2: 539. 1896.
Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 206. f 472. i896. Scribner.
Bulle. ss. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 17: 239. 7 535. 1899.

DESCRIPTION.

WEAK SPEAR Grass. A slender, erect, smooth perennial, 14 to 2
feet (3-7 dm.) high, with rather short, flat leaves, and nodding, few-
flowered, open panicles, 2 to 6 inches (4-12 cm.) long, spikelets 14 to 2
lines (3-4 mm.) long, two to four-flowered, with unequal, acute
empty glumes, broadly obtuse and scarious-tipped flowering glumes
conspicuously webbed at the base. In rocky woodlands. May to July.

Poa debilis has been found at one locality only in Muscatine
County, Iowa. See figure 179, on page 258.

17

258 GRASSES OF IOWA.
DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Blue Grass (Barnes) ; Wild Cat Den (Reppert).

North America. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, southward to
Vermont (Charlotte, Pringle), Pennsylvania and westward to Minne-
sota (Itaska Lake, Sandberg).

5. POA TRIVIALIS.

Poa trivielis L. Sp. Pl. 67. 1753. Watson and Coulter. Gray. Man.
Bot. 665. (6th ed) 1890. Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull. Univ. Tenn.
Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 108. f. 145. 1894. Bull.U.S. Dept. Agr. Div- Agros. 17:
243. f. 539. 1899. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 531. 1896. Nash in
Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 204. 7. 468. 1896.

WUe ~

Fic. 179. Poa debilis—a, empty glumes; b,
fiowering glumes. (Div. Agros. U. S. Dept. b, flowering glumes. (Div. Agros. U. 8. .
Agr.) Dept. Agr. )

Fic. 180. Poa trivialis—a, empty glumes;

GRASSES OF IOWA. 259
DESCRIPTION.

RouGH STALKED MeEaApow Grass. An erect perennial, 1 to 3
feet (2-7 dm.) high, with flat leaves, open panicle,and no conspicuous
rootstock. Culm rough or scabrous near the summit, not flattened.
Sheaths a little scabrous; ligule 2 to 3 lines (4-6 mm.) long; leaf-blade
3 to 6 inches (6-12 cm.) long, about 2 lines (4 mm.) wide, acute.
Panicle narrowly pyramidal, 3 to 8 inches (6-16 cm.) long. Spikelets
ovate, usually two-flowered. Empty glumes strongly keeled, very acute,
the lower one-nerved, the upper broader and three-nerved; flowering
glume ovate-lanceolate, strongly five-nerved, fringed on the keel with
silky hairs, otherwise smooth. Palea smooth. Meadows and roadsides.
June to August.

Poa trivialis occurs in southeastern Iowa as far north as Ames.
The Ames and Cordova localities indicate that the grass is native. It
is usually regarded as a native of Europe.

DISTRIBUTION.

lowa. Sedan 3380, Ames 938 (Pammel) ; Ames 668 (Pammel and
Combs).

North America. Meadows and roadsides through eastern, south-
ern and northern United States; Ohio (Columbus, Sullivant ; Lancaster,
Dr. Bigelow), Wisconsin (La Crosse, Pammel) ; Lineville, Centerville
(Shimek).

General. Great Britain, Germany to North Africa, Siberia, Da-
huria.

6. POA WOLFIL.

Poa Wolfit Scribner. Bull. ‘'orr. Bot. Club. 21: 228. 1894. Bull.
Univ. Tenn. Agrl. Ex. Sta. 7: 110. pl. 38. f. 149. 1894. Britton and
Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 207. ¢. 476. Britton Man. 140.

P Wolfttt (Vasey) Scribner. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 553. (2d ed.)

Pammel and Scribner. Proc. Soc. Prom. Agrl. Sci. 17: 102. Contr.
owe. Bot. Dept. 3.

DESCRIPTION.

Wotr’s Meapow Grass. A slender perennial, one to three feet
high, with a loose, nodding panicle. Sheaths rather loose, mostly shorter
than the internodes, the lower scarious; ligule one-half a line long;
leaf-blade three to six inches long, one to two lines wide. Panicle slen-
der, lax, three to six inches long, primary branches two to three, rarely

260 GRASSES OF IOWA.

more, at each node of the main rachis. Spikelets ovate, two to three
lines long, three to five-flowered; empty glumes nearly equal, three-
nerved; flowering glumes strongly keeled, lanceolate, five-nerved, silky-
villous along the margins and keels and with a copious long web at the
base. Keels of the palea villous. ‘This grass has been confounded with
P. alsodes and P. autumnalis. It is closely related to the latter, but both

Fra. 181. Poa Wolfii—a, spikelet; b, flowering glume;
c, palet. (Charlotte M. King.)

empty glumes are three-nerved, the flowering glumes are more acute and
have a tuft of long, webby hairs at the base.

DISTRIBUTION.

lLowa. Only found in northeastern Iowa, Allamakee County, banks

of Yellow River. Rocks and rocky woods (L. H. Pammel, E. Orr.

a a 2S
=

ae

GRASSES OF IOWA. 261

D. O. Wilson), associated with 4 bies balsamea, Pyrus orbutifolia and

Betula papyrifera.
General. Tennessee to Kansas, Illinois and Iowa.

7. POA NEMORALIS.

Poa nemoralis L. Sp. Pl. 69. 1753. Watson and Coulter. Gray.
Man. Bot. 664. 1890. (6th ed.) Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 552. 1896.
Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 205. ¢. 470. 1896. Scribner.
Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 17: 250. f: 546. 1899.

Poa caesta var. stricttor A. Gray. Man. Bot. 629. 1867. (5thed.)

Fig. 182. Pow nemoralis—a, empty glumes; b, Fria. 183, Poa flava—a, spikelet; b, empty glumes; ¢
flowering glumes; c, palet. (Div. Agros. U. S. flowering glumes. (Charlotte M. King. )
Dept. Agr.)

262 GRASSES OF IOWA.

DESCRIPTION.

Woop MeaApow Grass. A slender, erect and rather rigid peren-
nial, 1 to 24 feet (14-6 dm.) high, with narrow, flat leaves, and usually
open panicles 2 to 5 inches (4-10 cm.) long. Spikelets two to five-
flowered, 14 to 24 lines (3-5 cm.) long, with very acute empty glumes
and faintly nerved flowering glumes, which are 1 to 14 lines (2-3 mm.)
long, and webbed at the base. Dry or rather moist soil, Labrador and
Newfoundland to Pennsylvania, westward to British Columbia, Idaho
and Colorado. June to September.

Poa nemoralis has been cultivated in central Iowa, where it per-
sisted for a few years. It is not known to be a native of Iowa, although
occurring in the vicinity of La Crosse, Wisconsin, on sandstone rocks.

DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Ames, cultivated (Sirrine, Pammel, Crozier). “The species
has been found near La Crosse, Wisconsin (Pammel).

North America. Dry or rather moist soil, Labrador and New-
foundland to Pennsylvania, westward to British Columbia, Idaho and
Colorado (Cache, La Poudre River 17, Ft. Collins, Colorado Springs,
Golden, Rists’ Canon, Beaver Creek, Pammel; Larimer County, Cran-
dall; Parry), Wyoming (Williams 2943; Albany County, Nelson,
1885; Yellowstone National Park, A. & E. Nelson; Sheridan County
112, 113, 127; Sherman, 247; New ‘Castle 155, Pammel;@#oleee
Ranch, Black Fork, Pammel, Johnson, Buchanan and Lummis), Utah
(southern Utah, Parry; Haydens’ Fork 153, and Smith’s Fork, Pam-
mel and Stanton), New Mexico (Parry, 233), Wisconsin (La
Crosse, C. M. King), and Minnesota (Carleton, Sandberg).

General. Great Britain, Germany, Arctic and northern Europe
to the Mediterranean Sea, Siberia to the Himalayas.

So.) SEOACRIZAV AS

Poa tlava L. Sp. Pl. 68. 1753. Beal. Grasses of N.A. 2: 550. 1896.
Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 205. f. 477. 1896.

Poa serotina Erhart. Beitr. 6: 83. 1791. Watson and Coulter. Gray.
Man. Bot. 665. 1890. (6th ed.)

DESCRIPTION.

FowLt Meapow Grass. Culms 14 to 5 feet (4-12 dm.) tall, erect,
simple or rarely branched, smooth, glabrous. Sheaths usually shorter
than the internodes, smooth and glabrous; ligule 1 to 2 lines (2-4 mm.)

GRASSES OF IOWA. 263

long; leaves 2 to 6 inches (4-12 cm.) long, 1 to 2 lines wide, smooth or
rough; panicle 6 to 13 inches (12-26 cm.) in length, open, the branches
spreading or ascending, 2 to 5 inches (4-10 cm.) long, divided and
spikelet-bearing above the middle; spikelets three to five-flowered, 13
to 2 lines (3-4 mm.) long; empty glumes acute, glabrous, rough above
on the keel, the lower usually 1-nerved, the upper three-nerved ; flower-
ing glumes obtuse, somewhat webby at the base, 1 to 1} lines (2-3 mm.)
long, silky-pubescent on the lower half of the marginal nerves and the
mid-nerve, the intermediate nerves obscure or wanting. July to August.

Poa flava is common along streams in northern, eastern and central

Iowa. A good forage grass. See figure 183, on page 261.
DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. North Ames (Fawcett); Ceylon 3306, Elmore, Minn.,
Iowa-Minnesota line 1044, New Albin 898, Ledyard 891, New Albin
1009, Dakota City, Steamboat Rock 2329, Marshalltown, Humboldt,
Council Bluffs 1283 (Pammel) ; Spirit Lake (Shimek) ; Ames (Zmunt,
4, Ball and Sample, P. H. Rolfs, Sirrine, Pammel and Hodson, Hitch-
cock, Crozier, Stewart, Beardslee, Weaver) ; Steamboat Rock 3167
(Miss King) ; Sioux City (Miss Wakefield) ; lowa City (Hitchcock) ;
Emmet County, Armstrong (Cratty) ; Jewell Junction 912 (Carver) ;
Hamilton County (P. H. Rolfs) ; Hull (Newell) ; Le Claire (F. M.
Rolfs) ; Clermont 2078 (Walker) ; Rock Rapids (Shimek) ; Marshall-
town 285 (Eckles) ; West Union (Whitmore) ; Iowa City (Hitchcock
and Macbride) ; Mason City, Hanlontown (Pammel).

North America. In swampy places, Nova Scotia and New Bruns-
wick to Vancouver Island (J. McCoun), south to New York (Parry),
New Jersey, Ohio (Painsville, Beardslee), Illinois, Wisconsin (La
Crosse, Pammel 3369), Minnesota (Sandberg), South Dakota (Grif-
fith 823), Colorado (Hall and Harbour; Ft. Collins, Crandall; Lead-
ville, Trelease; Ft. Collins and Greeley, Pammel), New Mexico (Las
Vegas, Vasey 144), Washington (Ophir, Elmer), Oregon (Howell),
Montana (Craig), Arizona (Palmer).

General. Middle and southern Europe to northern Africa and
Asia, in Siberia and Asia Minor to the Himalayas.

9. POA PRATENSIS.

Poa pratensis L. Sp. Pl. 67. 1753. Watson and Coulter. Gray. Man.
Bot. 665. 1890. (6th ed.) Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull. Univ. Tenn.
Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: '08. f. 744. 1894. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros.
7: 279. f. 273. 1900. (3d ed.) Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 543. 1896.
Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 204. f. 466. 1896.

Poa pratensis var. angustifolia Kunth. Enum. 1: 353. 1833.

264 GRASSES OF IOWA.

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Fig. 184. Distribution of Poa, Scolochloa and Glyceria. *Specimens in herbarium. Localities
observed.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 265

DESCRIPTION.

KENTUCKY BLUE Grass, JUNE Grass. An erect perennial, I to
3 feet (2)-7 dm.) high, with smooth stems, flat leaves, open panicle
and extensively creeping rootstocks. Sheaths smooth, ligule about § line
(1 mm.) long; leaf-blade, 4 to 10 inches (8-20 cm.) long, $ to 3 lines

‘
} Pia. 185. Pow pratensis—a, spikelet; b, flowering Fie. 186. Poa arachnifera—a, empty glumes; b, |
glume. (Div. Agros. U. S.Dept. Agrl) flowering glumes; (Div. Agros. U. 8. Dept. Agrl.)

(1-6 mm.) wide, apex abruptly pointed. Panicle pyramidal, 3 to 7
inches (6-14 cm.) long, the primary branches usually in threes or fives.
Spikelets about 2 lines (4 mm.) long, three to five-flowered, mostly on
very short, scabrous pedicels; empty glumes a little unequal, the first
narrowly-lanceolate and usually one-nerved, the second broader and

|
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Gs
7 @

266 ; GRASSES OF IOWA.

three-nerved, flowering glumes ovate, scarious toward the apex, five-
nerved, the nerves silky-hairy below,and with a small tuft of cobwebby
hairs at the base. May to July.

Blue grass occurs in all parts of Iowa, but probably only as am in-
troduced plant. The earliest settlers brought the seed with them. The
species takes kindly to all kinds of soil except the very low grounds. It
is commonly found in woods, and is now displacing the wild prairie
grasses in unbroken sod. Poa pratensis is the most valuable pasture grass.
in Iowa. It runs into many varieties.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Steamboat Rock, Pine Creek (Miss King) ; 3214 Mason
City, 3215 Calmar Junction, 2260 Des Moines, 661 Missouri Valley,
1508 Wall Lake, 2143 Bloomfield, Sioux City, 1025 Story City, Logan,

Jefferson, Carroll, Council Bluffs, 661 Missouri Valley, 2124 -

Wali Lake Pammel); 3162 Lansing, 3195 Steamboat Rock
(Miss King); 633 Parkersburg (Stout); Corwith (Pierson) ; 3297
Red Oak (Miller) ; 1142 Durant (Weaver) ; 1121 Alden (Stevens) ;
2258 Mt. Pleasant (Mills) ; Morning Sun (Carver) ; 2075 and 2076
Clermont (Walker) ; Ames (Stewart, P. H. Rolfs, Fred Rolfs, Sirrine,
1158 Pammel, Beardslee, Fisher, Weaver, Crozier); 2057 Mt.
Pleasant (Mills); Mt. Zion (Moore); Sioux City (Miss Wake-
field) ; 1069 Emmet County (Cratty); Marshalltown (Eckles) ;
Fayette (Fink); Wheatland (Ball) ; Dysart (Miss Sirrine) ; Monti-
cello (Bessey); Johnson County, High Bridge, Dallas County
(Shimek) ; Iowa City (Macbride, Preston) ; Emmet County (Cratty) ;
Calhoun County (Rigg); Wall Lake (Pammel) ; Mahaska County
(White) ; Ft. Dodge (Olson).

North America. Fields and meadows throughout the United
States and British America; Massachusetts (Cambridge, Pammel),
Illinois (East St. Louis, Eggert), Missouri (St. Louis, Pammel), South
Dakota (Brookings, Williams 2227), Nebraska (Hastings 116 and
94, McCook 393, Oxford, Grand Island 69, Pammel), Colorado
(Larimer County, Colorado Springs 290 and 264, Stove Prairie Hill,
Ft. Collins, Beaver Creek, La Porte, Cache La Poudre River, Pammel),
Wyoming (Albany County, A. Nelson; Sherman 244, Pammel; Sheridan
County, Pammel and Stanton; Black’s Fork, Pammel, Buchanan, John-
son and Lummis, 922 and 1681), Utah (Ft. Douglas, Pammel, John-

es

GRASSES OF IOWA. 267

son, Buchanan and Lummis; Rhodes Canon, alt. 9800 ft., Pammel and
Stanton; Mill Creek 156, Wilson’s Peak 158, Pammel and Stanton).
General. Great Britain, Germany to Switzerland and arctic re-

gions of Europe.

10. POA ARACHNIFERA.
Poa arachnifera Torr. Marcy. Exp. Red River La. 301. 1853. Beal.

‘Grasses of N. A. 2: 535. 1896. Scribner. Bull. U. Dept. Agrl. Div.

Agros. 17: 246. f. 542. 1899.
Poa arachnifera Buckley. Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull. Univ.
Genneoer. Exp. Sta. 7: 110.7. /5Z2. 1894.

DESCRIPTION.

?

Texas BLue Grass. A rather strong growing perennial, I to 3
feet (2-7 dm.) high, with an extensively creeping root-stock, longleaves,
and narrow, densely flowered panicle. Sheaths firm, striate, smooth;
ligule about 1 line (2 mm.) long; leaf-blade flat, scabrous on the upper
surface, smooth beneath, the lower 6 inches to 2 feet (1-5 dm.) long, the
upper 2 to 4 inches (4-8 cm.) long, 1 to 2 lines (2-4 mm.) wide, blunt-
pointed at the apex. Spikelets ovate-lanceolate, 2 to 4 lines (4-5 mm.)
long, three to seven-flowered ; empty glumes unequal, acute, the first one-
nerved, the second three-nerved, scabrous on the keels; Howering glumes
five-nerved ; in the fertile plant the nerves are hairy and there is a very
copious tuft of long, cobwebby hairs at the base; in the sterile or stam-
inate plants the flowering glumes are smooth. Palea two-keeled, keels
hispid and subaristate-pointed. Staminate and pistillate plants alike,
differing only in the wooliness of, the flowering glumes. April to June.

Texas blue grass has been cultivated in central Iowa, where it is
entirely hardy. “The species has persisted for several years. See figure
186, on page 265.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Ames (Sirrine).
North America. A native of Texas: (Buckley) ; introduced into
cultivation in some of the southern states.

14. SCOLOCHLOA.

Scolochloa Link. Hort. Berol. 1: 136. 1827.

Graphephorum Desv. Nouv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 2: 189. 1810. Journ.
Bot. 1: 71. 1813. Bentham and Hooker. Gen. Pl. 3: 1197. Hackel in
Engler and Prantl. Nat. Pflanz. Fam. II. 2: 74. Scribner. Bull. U.S.
Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 20: 151. f. 720. (Rev. ed.)

Arundo Endlicher Gen. Pl. 91. —

Fluminia Fries. Summ. Scand. Veg. 247. 1846.

aie ats

268 GRASSES OF IOWA.

Spikelets two to four-flowered, subterete. Rachis hairy at the base
of the flowers, ending in a naked pedicel. Empty glumes concave, mem-
branaceous, unequal, the outer three-nerved, acute, the inner five-nerved,
toothed at the apex, nearly equalling the flowers; flowering glume more
rigid, prominently seven-nerved, toothed at the apex; nerves all parallel.
Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose. Ovary hairy. “Tall perennials, growing
in water, with loosely sheathing leaves, and spikelets in a lax panicle.
(Name probably from the Greek words for prickle and grass.)

Bentham & Hooker, as well as Hackel, give the number of species
as two; they are found in the north temperate zones of both continents ;
one species is common to North America, Europe and Asia. -

1. SCOLOCHLOA FESTUCACEA.

Scolochioa festucacea Link. Hort. Berol. 1: 137. 1827. Watson and
Coulter. Gray. Man. Bot. 666. A/. 75. 1890. (6th ed.)

Scolochloa arundinacea (Link.) MacMillan. Beal. Grassesof N. A.
AZUSA), 16, SUD MUSES,

Scolochloa testucacea (Willd.) Link. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill.
Fl. 1: 209. f. 482. 1896. Scribner. Bull. U.S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros.
U7/B PAPI 7 Keys lst8¥2).

Arundo festucacea Willd. Enum. 1: 126. 1809.
DESCRIPTION.

FESCUE SCOLOCHLOA. A stout, erect, glabrous perennial, 24 to 4
feet (9-15 dm.) high, with long, flat leaves, and open panicles, 8 to 15
inches (16-30 cm.) long. Spikelets three to five-flowered, 3 to 4 lines
(6-8 mm.) long, with unequal, acute, outer glumes, and seven-nerved,
scabrous flowering glumes which have a tuft of hairs at the base. Wet
grounds or in shallow water. June to August.

DISTRIBUTION.

lowa. Gridley 3225 (Pammel) ; Emmet County, Armstrong 1049
(Cratty) ; Kossuth County (Pammel). :
North America. Wet grounds or in shallow water, Minnesota,

Iowa to Nebraska, and northward to Manitoba and Assiniboia.

General. Northern Europe and Siberia.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 269

a ,
Fig.187. Scolochloa festucacea—a, b, spike- Fig. 188. Glyceria nervata—a, b, spikelets ;

lets. (Div. Agros. U. S. Dept. Agrl.) e, d, flowering glumes. (Div. Agros. U. S.
i Dept. Agrl.

15. ‘'GLYCERIA.

Giyceria R. 3r. Prod. 179. 1810. Endlicher. Gen. Pl. 98. Bentham
and Hooker. Gen. PI. 3: 1197. Hackel in Engler and Prantl. Nat. Pianz.
Fam. II. 2: 74. f. 86. 5

Panicularia Fabr. Enum. Pl. Hort. Helmst. 373. 1763. Scribner.
Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 20: 153. f 722. [Rev. ed.]

Hydrochioa Hartm. Gram. Scand. 8: 1819.

Porroteranthe Steud. Syn. Glum. 1: 287. 1855.

Spikelets terete or flattish, several to many-flowered; the flowers
mostly early deciduous by the breaking up of the rachis into joints, leaving
the short and unequal, one to three-nerved, membranaceous, lower glumes
behind. Flowering glume and palet naked, of a rather firm texture,

|
|
|

nearly equal; the glume rounded on the back, scarious (and sometimes

270 GRASSES OF IOWA.

obscurely toothed) at the blunt or rarely acute summit, glabrous, prom-
inently five to seven-nerved, the nerves parallel and separate. Squamu-
lae fleshy and truncate, or none. Stamens commonly 2. Styles present;
stigmas compoundly plumose. Ovary smooth. Grain oblong, free, the
furrow very narrow or none. Perennial, smooth, marsh grasses, mostly
with creeping bases or root-stocks; spikelets panicled. (Name from the
Greek word for sweet, in allusion to the taste of the grain.)

Bentham & Hooker give the number of species as 30; reduced, how-
ever, by Hackel to 16; several of the included species in Bentham &
Hooker are excluded because of their lack of affinity with Glyceria. The
Section Atropis of Bentham & Hooker is excluded by Hackel and the
genus Puccinellia is placed under Atropis. Beal recognizes ten species
of Glyceria for North America.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF GLYCERIA.

Spikelets ovate or oblong; panicle open.
Spikelets 2-3 mm. long, branches of the panicle often drooping.
—G. nervata..
Spikelets 4-6 mm. long, branches of the panicle erect or ascending.
—G. Americana.*.
Spikelets linear, 12 mm. long or more, panicle long and narrow.
Flowering glume thick, hispidulous all over, truncate at the apex.
—G. tluttans.*.
Flowering glume thin, hispidulous on the nerves only, rounded at the
APE Halen ore ceive Eee gieiccion © oe tise annette rie eee G. borealis .*.

\

1. GLYCERIA NERVATA.

Glyceria nervata Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. 1: 365. 1831.
Watson and Coulter. Gray. Man. Bot. 667. p/. 10. 1890. (6 ed.) Scribner.
Grasses of Tenn. Bull. Univ. Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 112. f. 153. 1894.

Panicularia nervata Kuntze. Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 783. 1891.

Panicularia nervata (Willd.) Kuntze. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2:
567. 1896. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 212. £488. 1896.
Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 7: 287. f 287. 1900. (3 ed.)

Poa nervata Willd. Sp. Pl. 1: 389. 1798.

DESCRIPTION.

NeERvED MAnna Grass. .A leafy perennial, 1 to 3 feet (2-6 dm.)
high, with an expanded, nodding panicle. Sheaths scabrous, ligule 1 to
2 lines (2-4 mm.) long, broadly truncate; leaf-blade 2 to 5 lines (4-16
mm.) wide, 6 to 12 inches (12-24 cm.) long, more or less scabrous
above, abruptly acute. Panicle 3 to 12 inches (6-24 cm.) long, usually 4
or 5 inches (8 or 10 cm.), pyramidal, the spreading branches usually

GRASSES OF IOWA. a1

drooping. Spikelets 1 to 2 lines (2-4 cm.) long, three to seven-flowered,
obtuse; empty glumes, rather broadly ovate, less than } line (1 mm.)
long; flowering glumes truncate-obtuse, # to 1 line (14 to 2 mm.) long,
and strongly seven-nerved. Paleas two-toothed. Very variable in size.
Wet meadows, marshes, moist thickets etc. June to September. See
figure 188, on page 269.

Nerved manna grass is common throughout the state in low
meadows, but most abundant in the northern sections. It occurs in con-
siderable abundance in southwestern Iowa, in Fremont and Page

counties. It has little agricultural value.
DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Nodaway River (Stewart) ; Ames (Hitchcock, 5 Ball and
Sample, Bessey, 6 and 7 Beardslee, Crozier, 175 Ball, P. H. Rolfs,
Stewart, C. A. Wilson, Pammel, 14 Ball) ; 6 Elmore, Minn., Minne-
sota-lowa line, 1310 Council Bluffs, 3363 and 3364 Spirit Lake, 2255
Des Moines (Pammel) ; Jewell Junction (Carver) ; Mt. Pleasant 867
(Mills) ; Tama County (Sirrine) ; lowa City (Hitchcock) ; Johnson
County (Shimek) ; Armstrong (Cratty); Story City 777 and 1024
(Pammel and Beyer) ; Decatur County (Fitzpatrick) ; Sioux City (Miss
Wakefield) ; Birmingham 940 (Pammel) ; High Bridge, Dallas County —
(Shimek) ; Hamilton to Hancock County (Preston) ; Ogden (Pam-
mel) ; Ft. Dodge (Oleson).

North America. Wet meadows, marshes, moist thickets, etc., New-
foundland, New York (Parry), Massachusetts (Pammel), south to
Florida, Wisconsin (La Crosse, Pammel), Illinois (Redbud, Pammel),
Minnesota (Itaska Lake, Sandberg), Nebraska (Savage, Reefe), Mis-
souri (St. Louis, Forest Park, Eggert; Washington, Pammel; 8979
Nelson), Colorado (Larimer County, Crandall), Wyoming (Sheridan,
Pammel; Black’s Fork, Pammel, Johnson, Buchanan and Lummis;
New Castle and Sherman, Pammel), Idaho (Sandberg, Heller and

- McDougal), Utah (Parry and Palmer).

General. Introduced in France.

2. GLYCERIA AMERICANA.

Glyceria Americana Pammel nov. comb.

Poa aquatica var. Americana Torr. Fl. U. S. 1: 408. 1824.

Glyceria grandis S. Wats. A. Gray. Man. Bot. 667. 1890. (6 ed.)

Glyceria aquatica Smith. Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull. Univ. Tenn.
Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 112. f. 752. 1894.

Panicularia Americana (Torr.) MacM. Met. Minn. Val. 81. 1892.
Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 568. f. 1/4. 1896. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill.
Wl. 1: 212. f. 489. 1896. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept..Agr. Div. Agros. 7:
286. f. 280. 1900. (8:ed.)

bo
=~)
tw

GRASSES OF IOWA.

DESCRIPTION.

REED MEADOw Grass. A stout perennial, 3 to 5 feet (6-10 dm.)
high, with an ample, open panicle, and rather broad, flat leaves. Sheaths
mostly smooth, and closed nearly to the top; ligule about 1 line (2 mm.)
long; leaf-blade 3 to 6 lines (6-12 mm.) wide, 10 to 20 inches (20-40
cm.) long, smooth on the lower surface, scabrous above. Panicle oblong-
pyramidal, 8 to 16 inches (16-32 cm.) long, branches finally widely
‘spreading. Spikelets narrowly oblong, five to seven-flowered, usually
purplish; 14 to 3 lines (3-6 mm.) long, empty glumes ovate-lanceolate,
obtuse or acute, slightly unequal, the second the larger, about 1 line (2
mm.) long; flowering glume ovate, obtuse; about 1 line (2 mm.) long,
strongly seven-nerved. Paleas two-toothed, about equaling their glumes.
Shaded banks of streams, wet meadows, moist thickets, etc. June to
August. See figure 188, on page 274. .

Reed meadow grass is common in the lake region of northern
Iowa, and along the borders of streams in eastern and central Iowa.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Battle Creek 1029 (Preston) ; 1921 Elmore, Ledyard, 3359
Spirit Lake, 3222 Gridley, 3177 between Armstrong and Gridley (Pam-
mel) ; Algona ( Hitchcock) ; 3273 Robertson (Hunt) ; Ames (Sirrine) ;
3 Ames (Ball and Sample) ; 1464 West Union (Whitmore) ; 5 near
Forest City (Shimek) ; 1115 Armstrong (Cratty) ; Winneshiek County
(Bartsch and Fitzpatrick) ; 3310 Ceylon (Pammel); Hamilton to
Hancock County (Preston).

North America. New Brunswick to Alaska, south to Massachu-
setts (Brookline, Pammel), New. York (Parry), Pennsylvania, Ten-
nessee, Wisconsin (La Crosse 3299 and 3232, Bloomingdale, Pammel),
Minnesota (1228 Sandberg), Dakota (Valley City, Craig), Nebraska,
New Mexico, southern California, Colorado (629 Hall and Harbour;
Larimer County, Crandall), Wyoming (Williams; Black’s Fork, Pam-
mel and Johnson; Sherman and New Castle, 146 A. Pammel).

3. GLYCERIA FLUITANS.

Glyceria tluitans R. Br. Prod. Fl. Nov. Holl. 1: 179. 1810. Watson
and Coulter. Gray. Man. Bot. 667. 1890. (6 ed.) Scribner. Grasses of Tenn.
Bull. Univ Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 113. 7¢. 156 1894.

Panicularia fluitans Kuntze. Rev. Gen. Pl. 782. 1891.

Panicularia fluitans (L.) Kuntze. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 569.
1896. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 213. £ 497. 1896. Scribner.
Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 7: 291. f. 285. 1900. (3 ed.)

Festuca tluitans L. Sp. Pl. 75. 1753.

GRASSES OF IOWA. Bia

DESCRIPTION.

FLOATING MANNA Grass. An erect grass, 3 to 5 feet (6-10 dm. )

\

high, with somewhat flattened culms, long leaves, and a narrow panicle,
1 foot (24 dm.) long. Lower panicle-branches finally spreading. Spike-

lets linear, cylindrical, } to 1 inch (1-2 cm.) long, seven to thirteen-

Fig. 189. Glyceria Americana a,—spikelet ; Fig. 190. Glyceria fluitans—a, inflorescence.
b, empty and fiowering glumes. (Div. Agros. b, flowering glumes; c, spikelets. (Div. Agros. U.
U. 8S. Dept. Agrl.) S. Dept. Agrl.)

flowered; empty glumes broad, hyaline, faintly nerved near the base,
the first about 14 lines (3 mm.) long, the second a little longer ; flower-
ing glumes about 3 lines (6 mm.) long, seven-nerved, scabrous, obtuse,
entire at the apex or obscurely toothed. Wet places, often in running

water. June to September.

18

ee

274 GRASSES OF IOWA.

Common in eastern Iowa, especially along the Mississippi river. It
forms floating islands in slow-moving and sluggish lakes and ponds.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. 761 Armstrong (Pammel and Cratty); 669 Gilbert
(Combs and Ball); Ames (Crozier); Wilton (Hitchcock) ; Ames
(Hitchcock); Mt. Pleasant (Mills); 1048 Armstrong (Cratty) ;
Muscatine 1301 (Reppert) ; 968 Story City (Pammel and Stewart) ;
Ames 669 (Ball and Combs) ; Hamilton County (P. H. Rolfs) ; John-
son County, Armstrong (Cratty).

North America. Wet places, often in running water, Newfound-
land to Alaska, south to New York (Parry), District of Columbia
(Washington, Vasey), Ohio (Worthington, Horr), North Carolina,
Tennessee, Texas and California (Yosemite, Bolander), Montana (J.
Craig), Illinois (Lake View, Pammel).

General. Europe, Great Britain, Germany, etc., to Siberia to the
Himalayas to northern Africa and Australia. Cosmopolitan.

4, GLYCERIA BOREALIS.

Glyceria borealis Pammel /Vov. Comb.

Glyceria fluitans var. angustata Vasey. Proc. Port. Soc. Nat. Hist. 2:
91. 1895.

Panicularia borealis Nash. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 24: 348. 1897.
Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 3: 505. #. #9Z7a. 1898.

DESCRIPTION.

SLENDER MANNA Grass. Culms erect from a creeping base, 13
to 5 feet (4.5-15 dm.) tall; sheaths generally longer than the internodes,
almost closed, the uppermost one enclosing the base of the panicle;
leaves linear, acuminate, 2 to 4 inches (6-12.5 cm.) long, 2 to 24 lines
(4-5 mm.) wide; panicle slender, the exserted portion 1 to 14 feet (3-
4 dm.) long, its branches appressed or nearly so; spikelets compressed-
cylindric, 1 to 14 inches (2-2.8 cm.) long, seven to twelve-flowered ;
empty scales one-nerved, flowering scales scabrous all over, seven-nerved,
about 24 lines (5 mm.) long, the obtuse apex obscurely and irregularly
few-toothed; palet about 6 mm. long, acuminate, a little exceeding the
scale. July to September. See figure 191, on page 276.

GRASSES OF IOWA. para
DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Ames (Carver); 761 Armstrong (Pammel and Cratty) ;
Jewell Junction (Carver).

North America. From Maine to New York, Ohio (Painsville,
Beardslee) ; California, Colorado (Grand County, Shear and Bessey),
Washington and northward.

16. FESTUCA.

Festuca L. Sp. Pl. 73. 1753. Endlicher Gen. Pl. 101. Bentham and
Hooker. Gen. Pl. 3: 1198. Hackel in Engler and Prantl. Nat. Pflanz. Fam.
IJ. 2: 74. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 20: 155. f. 124.

Schedonorus Beauv. Agrost. 99. 1812.

Vulpia Gmel. Fl. Bad. 1: 8. 1805.

Mygalurus Link. Hort. Berol. 1: 92. 1827.

Loretia Dur. Jour. Rev. Sci. Nat. 2: 238. 1874.

Spikelets three to many-flowered, panicled or racemose; the flowers
not webby at base. Lower glumes unequal, mostly keeled. Flowering
glumes chartaceous or almost coriaceous, roundish (not keeled) on the
back, more or less three to five-nerved, acute, pointed, or often bristle-
awned from the tip, rarely blunt; the palet mostly adhering at maturity
to the enclosed grain. Stamens 1 to 3. Flowers, and often the leaves,
rather dry and harsh. (An ancient Latin name of some kind of grass;
of uncertain meaning. )

Bentham & Hooker give the number of species at 80, found chiefly
in north temperate regions, although some authors extend the number to
230. Heller gives 36 for North America.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF FESTUCA.

Low plants, leaves short, very narrow, 2mm. wide or less, mostly
involute; flowering glumes awl-shaped, mostly awned.
Low annual or biennial; panicle spike-like, one-sided; flower-
inePodUmess 1lONSy AWE 2c sreisetileeety ea tes F. octoflora..
Perennial from root-stocks; panicle often red, open in flower-
ing, contracted in fruit, awn short or wanting../. rudra.’.
Taller plants, leaves long, usually 4mm. wide or over, flat; flowering
glumes oblong or lanceolate, usually awnless.
Panicle contracted, spikelets 5-10-flowered; flowering glumes
Peer LetTVITPS SAID ON. Bic d, 5 ai a's 'ons /aic ipo aetna F. pratensis.*.
Panicle open; spikelets 3-6-flowered; flowering glumes about
4 mm. long.
Spikelets very broad; panicle branches spikelet-bearing
from the middle or below............4. Shortii.*,
Spikelets lanceolate, panicle branches long, finally
nodding, spikelet-bearing at theends../. mutans.’.

276 GRASSES OF IOWA.

1, FESTUCA OCTOFLORA.

Festuca octotlora Walt. Fl. Car. 81. 1788. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2:
586. 1896. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 216. f. 497. 1896. Bull. U.
S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 17: 284. 7. 580. 1899.

Festuca tenelia Willd. Watson and Coulter. Gray. Man. Bot. 669. 1890.
(6 ed.)

DESCRIPTION.

SLENDER FESCUE GRaAss. A slender, erect, more or less caespitose
annual, $ to 24 feet (1-5 dm.) high, with narrow, simple panicles, 1 to
74 inches (2-15 cm.) long. Spikelets five to thirteen-flowered, 3 to 5
lines (6-10 mm.) long, with slightly unequal, acute, empty glumes and

\
|

et fll

Fie. 191. Glyceria borealis—a, spikelets; b, Fra. 192. Festuca octoflora—a, lower or

empty glumes; ec, flowering glumes; d, palet. outer glumes; b, spikelet. (Div. Agros.
(Charlotte M, King. ) S. Dept. Agrl.)

U.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 277

narrow, usually scabrous, short-awned or nearly awnless flowering
glumes 14 to 24 lines (3-5 mm.) long. May to August.

Festuca octoflora is common in sandy soil and on gravelly knolls |
in all parts of the state. Very variable as to size.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Greenfield (Stewart) ; 131 Ames, 1363 Cordova, Jefter-
son (Carver); 13606 Cordova (Pammel); Lyon County, Johnson
County, 1 Cedar Rapids (Shimek) ; Des Moines (Carver) ; 1031 Har-
court (Danielson) ; Iowa City (Hitchcock) ; Sioux City (Miss Wake-
field) ; Winterset (Carver); Ames (Crozier, Hitchcock, Bessey) ;
Hamilton County to Hancock County (Preston); Johnson County
(Shimek, Macbride, Hitchcock) ; Cedar Rapids, Lyon County northwest
corner of state (Shimek) ; Johnson County (Miss Linder).

North America. From Ohio (Baltimore Horr; Lancaster Sulli-
vant), South Carolina (Pickens County, Anderson), to Florida, Illinois
(Mead; Red Bud and Lake View, Pammel), Wisconsin (La Crosse,
Pammel), Minnesota (Carmen County, Sandberg), Nebraska (70
Alma, 394 and 406 McCook, 369 Grand Island, Crete, Pammel),
Missouri (Crystal City, Pammel), Texas (Coleman), Arkansas (Har-
vey), Colorado (Ft. Collins, Denver and Golden, Pammel), Wyoming
(New Castle, Pammel), Utah (1606, 886 and 885 Black’s Fork and
La Motte Peak), Utah and Arizona (Palmer), Idaho (Lewiston,
Sandberg, Heller and McDougal), California (Parry).

2. FESTUCA RUBRA.

Festuca rubra L. Sp. Pl. 74. 1753. Nashin Britton and Brown. Ill.
Blow 2iG. 7. 799.

DESCRIPTION.

Rep FEscure Grass. Erect, smooth and glabrous, from under-
ground root-stocks. Culms simple, 1} to 25 feet (4.5-7.5 dm.) tall.
Sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule very short, truncate; culm
leaves finely pubescent above, short, erect; basal leaves involute, 3 to 6
inches (7-14 cm.) long. Panicle often reddish, expanded when in
flower, contracted in fruit, 2 to § inches (5-12 cm.) in length. Spike-
lets 4 to 6 lines (2-3 mm.) long, three to ten-flowered. The lower

278 GRASSES OF IOWA.

td ata
Here Sy = ery

a

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y AY) TNT ea ee
ee oe

Mie

[alee
Am

S et ae
ST ST ee he Bae
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fo Ciel o® mami of
POT TT Tees
‘Se

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Samer cicsks =

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Vestuca nutans.
Fig, 193. Distribution of Glyceria and Festuca. e@ Specimens in herbarium. + Localities
observed.

ae

GRASSES OF IOWA. 279

glumes are acute, unequal, the first one-nerved, shorter than the
three-nerved second; flowering glumes 3 lines long. Awns of
less length than the flowering glume. July to August.

Fria. 194. Festuca rubra—a, spikelet;b, flowering glume and palet.
(Charlotte M. King.)

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Dysart (Sirrine) ; 670 Dysart (Miss Sirrine) ; Ames (Sir-
rine). See page 281, foot note, for Festuca ovina.

North America. Colorado (Larimer County, 70 Pammel), Utah
(West Bear River, 76 and 84, Pammel and Stanton), Wyoming
(Griffith and Williams; Sheridan, Pammel), California (Anderson).

General. Found in Europe from the British Islands, east through
Europe and Asia.

nm ea

280 GRASSES OF IOWA.

3. FESTUCA PRATENSIS.

Festuca pratensis Huds. Fl. Anl. 37. 1762. (ed. 1).

Festuca elatior L.. var.pratemsis Gray. Watson and Coulter, Gray.
Man. Bot. 669. p/. 70. 1890. (6 ed.)

Festuca elatior L.. var. pratensis Hackel. Scribner, Grasses of Tenn.
Bull. Univ. Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 116. f. 263. 1894.

Festuca elatior L., var. pratensis (Huds.) Hack. Beal. Grasses of N.
A. 2: 592. 1896. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 7: 294.
f. 288. 1900 (3ed.)

Festuca elatior. Nash. in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 217. f. 502.
1896.

Fra. 195. Festuca pratensis—a, spikelet. (Div.
Agros. U. 8. Dept. Agr. )

DESCRIPTION.

Tat on MeEapow FEscur Grass. Perennial, culms 1 to 3 feet
(2-6 dm.) high, erect; sheath striate, smooth; ligule short; leaves long,

wi

i
=A

GRASSES OF IOWA. 281

linear lanceolate. Panicle 5 to 8 inches (10-16 cm.) long, oblong or
linear, somewhat one-sided, usually erect, nearly simple, the branches
solitary or the lower in pairs, with few (1 to 4) spikelets. Spikelets
lanceolate, 6 lines (12 mm.) long, five to ten-flowered, empty glumes
unequal, flowering glumes lanceolate, acute. June to August.

Occasionally cultivated. An excellent forage plant, but not adapted
to lowa.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Ames (Sirrine); 3219 Clinton (Pammel); Bartlett
(Chambers) ; Des Moines (Wallace); Lineville (Shimek); Ames
(Sirrine, Bessey, 1173 Pammel, 284 Pammel, 142 Ball, Weaver) ; lowa
City (Macbride) ; Mt. Pleasant (861 Mills) ; Marshalltown (Eckles) ;
Iowa City (Hitchcock) ; Sioux City (Miss Wakefield) ; Blue Grass
(Barnes) ; Winterset (Carver) ; Keokuk (Hitchcock).

North America. Introduced into Nova Scotia, Massachusetts
(Cambridge, Pammel), New York (Parry), to North Carolina, west
to South Dakota (Belle Fourche, Griffith), Nebraska (Grand Island,
Pammel), Washington, Oregon and Kansas.

General. Found throughout Europe well up into the Arctic re-
gions, also eastward into Siberia.

4. FESTUCA SHORTIIL.

Festuca Shortit Kunth. Wood’s Class-book of Botany. 794. 1861.
Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull. Univ. Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 116.
f. 165. 1894. Nashin Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 218. ¢. 503. 1896.

Festuca nutans var. Shortii (Kunth.) Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2:
589. 1896.

. Festuca obtusa Spreng. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros.
17: 278. f. 574. 1899.

DESCRIPTION.

SHort’s Fescuk. Culms about 3 feet (6 dm.) high. Sheaths
smooth; ligule very short, leaf-blade 4 to 7 inches (8-15 cm.) long, 2
to 3 lines (4-6 mm.) wide, acute, scabrous. Panicle 4 to 7 inches (8-
15 cm.) long, nodding, the scabrous branches in pairs below, the lower

Festuca ovina. L. Sp. Pl. 78. 1753. Watson and Coulter Gray Man. Bot. 669. 1890.
Beal. Grasses N. A. 2: 4593. 1896. Scribner, Grasses Tenn. Bull. Univ. Tenn. 7: 115. p/.
40. Bull. U. 8. Dept, Agrl. Div. Agros. 17: 281. f. 577.

DESCRIPTION.

SHEEP'S FEscus. A slender, densely tufted, erect perennial, 24-2 feet (2-6 dm. ) high,
with narrow or filiform, involute leaves, and contracted (expanding while in bloom) pan-
icles 114-224 inches (3-5 cm.) long. Spikelets 8-5 flowered, with empty glumes, and un-
usually short awned, smooth flowering glumes 114-2 lines (3-4 mm, ) long.

DISTRIBUTION.
Occasionally cultivated in Lowa.

282 GRASSES OF IOWA.

ones 2 to 4 inches (4-8 cm.) long. Spikelets obovate, 2 to 3 lines (4-6
mm.) long, three to four-flowered, usually much longer than the pedi-
cels; empty glumes lanceolate, acute, slightly unequal, the first one-
nerved, the second three-nerved, scabrous on the keels, usually about the
length of the approximate floral glumes; flowering glumes 2 to 2} lines
(4-5 mm.) long, rigid, ovate-oblong, rounded on the back, obtuse, ob-
scurely nerved. Palea broad, strongly two-keeled, about as long as the
glumes. Grain obovate, pubescent at the apex. Open woods and
thickets. July to August.

This species is most closely allied to F. nutans, the spikelets and
flowers, however, are larger, and the plant occurs in low, marshy
grounds. Common in central and eastern Iowa to the Missouri river.

Fie. 196. Festuca Shortii--a, empty Fig. 197. Festuca nutans—a, spike-
glumes; b, flowering glumes. (Div. Agros. U. let; b, flowering glume; ec, palet.-
8S. Dept, Agr.) (Charlotte M. King. )

GRASSES OF IOWA. 283

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. 36 Gilbert (Ball and Combs) ; Ames (Beardslee, Hitch-
cock, Fisher) ; ‘‘Watkin’s Well,” 666 Gilbert (Ball and Combs) ; 286
Marshalltown’ (Eckles); Greenfield (Stewart); 278 Wheatland
(Ball) ; Hamilton County (P. H. Rolfs); Scott County, Decatur
County (Fitzpatrick) ; 966 Story City (Pammel) ; Story City (Stew-
art) ; Scott County (Barnes and Miller).

North America. Pennsylvania to Illinois, “Tennessee, Kansas,
Missouri (St. Louis, Eggert); Mississippi, Texas and Montana
(Craig).

5. FESTUCA NUTANS.

Festuca nutans Willd. Enum. 1: 116. 1809. Watson and Coulter.
Gray. Man. Bot. 669. 1890. (6 ed.) Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull
Univ. Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 117. f. 166. 1894. Nash in Britton and
Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 218. £ 504. 1896.

Festuca nutans Spreng. Beal. Grassesof N. A. 2: 588. 1896.

DESCRIPTION.

Noppinc Fescue. An erect perennial, with simple, smooth stems,
2 to 3 feet (5-7 dm.) high. Sheaths smooth or sometimes pilose, striate ;
ligule short and irregularly dentate; leaf-blade linear-lanceolate, 6 to 12
inches (12-24 cm.) long, strongly nerved, somewhat scabrous, dark green.
Panicle slender, diffuse, at length nodding, the long,scabrous branches
usually in pairs, and naked below. Spikelets about 3 lines (6 mm.)
long, ovate-lanceolate, two to five-flowered; empty glumes unequal,
lanceolate, acuminate pointed, scabrous on the keel; flowering glumes
rigid or somewhat coriaceous, rounded on the back, acute, smooth and
apparently nerveless. Rocky waods. June to August. See figure 197,
on page 282.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Ames (Carver, 7 Ball and Sample, 4 Beardslee, Bessey,
156 Ball, 1153 Louthan, Pammel, F. Rolfs, C. A. Wilson) ; 3200
Missouri Valley, 3243 Beaver, Sioux City, 782 Sioux City, 1362 Cor-
dova, 1424 Carroll, 1275 Council Bluffs, 1162 Ames (Pammel) ; John-
son County (Shimek) ; Iowa City (Hitchcock) ; 854 Emmet County
(Pammel and Cratty) ; Sioux City (Miss Wakefield) ; Mt. Pleasant
(Mills) ; Greenfield (Stewart) ; Keystone (Koch); Osceola (Stew-
art); Mt. Pleasant, 2 (Mills); High Bridge (Shimek); Johnson
County (Miss Linder, Preston).

North America. Nova Scotia to Ontario and Nebraska, Missouri
(Crystal City and St. Louis, Pammel; Prairie Dupont, Eggert) ) south
to Florida and Texas, 1618 (Reverchon) ; Ohio (Pickerington, Horr),
Wisconsin (La Crosse, Pammel).

284 GRASSES OF IOWA.

17. BROMUs.

Bromus L. Sp. Pl. 76. 1753. Endlicher Gen. Pl. 101. Bentham and
Hooker Gen. Pl. 3: 1200. Hackel in Engler and Prantl Nat. Pflanz. Fam.
II, 2: 75. f. 88 Scribner... Bull. U.S. Dept. Agrl. 20: 156. 7. 723:

Schedonorus Beauv. Agrost. 99. 1812.

Anisantha C. Koch. Linn. 21: 394. 1847.

Serratalcus Parlat. Pl. Nov. 75. 1842.

Spikelets five to many-flowered, panicled. Glumes unequal, mem-

branaceous; the lower 1 to 5 (the upper 3-9) nerved. Flowering glume
either convex on the back or compressed-keeled, 5 to 9-nerved, awned
or bristle-pointed from below to the groove of the oblong or linear grain.
Stamens 3. Styles attached below at the apex of the ovary. Coarse
grasses, with large spikelets, at length drooping, on pedicels thickened
at the apex. (An ancient name for the oat, from a Greek word for
food. )

Bentham & Hooker and Hackel give the number of species at 40;
Bentham & Hooker divide the genus up into four sections. Beal lists
27 species native and introduced into North America. Monographers
in recent years have greatly increased the number of species; Shear in
his monograph recognizes 35 species, as occurring in North America.
3ritton in his manual describes 14 species.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF BROMUS.

A. Lower, empty glume one nerved, the upper three nerved.
1. Perennial; panicle erect, contracted (except in flower); flowering
glumes glabrous, awnless or merely awn-pointed ....&2. inermis.’.
2. Perennial; panicle open, its branches widely spreading or drooping ;
flowering glume pubescent; awn shorter than the glume.
a. Empty glumes sparsely pubeScent; flowering glumes sparsely
over’ the back s.22)is,c02b 2 oie Stee eave ee B. purgans.’.
(1) Sheaths densely soft pilose-pubescent throughout.
—B. purgans var. tncanus.’.
(2) Sheaths with a conspicuous, pilose-pubescent ring at the
SUMMA E tee eeteteeenere ciate relate B. purgans var. latiglumis.*.
b. Empty glumes smooth; flowering glume densely appressed.
pubescent on the margins for about three-fourths of its
1 obsld Was ee WOO ORO MIURA SAR REUSE C05 0,000.04 6 B. ciliatus.*.
Flowering glumes smooth, or only slightly pubescent.
—B ciliatus var. laeviglumis.°.
3. Low annual; panicle weak, open, its branches drooping; awn 12-
16mm. long, longer than the hairy, flowering glume.
--B. tectorum.'.
B. Lower empty glume 3-5 nerved, the upper 5-9 nerved.
1. Flowering glume pubescent.
a. Panicle small open; flowering glume densely silky; awn
2-3, lONS . ast pipes etait eee idecteeen a eee B. Kalmit.*.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 285

b. Panicle small, contracted; spikelets small, 12-15mm. long, not
compressed; awn 6-9mm. long.....«..... B. hordeaceus.’.

(a) Spikelets glabrous or scabrous throughout.
—B. hordeaceus var. glabrescens,"’.
ec. Panicle large, contracted in fruit, 1-2dm. long, spikelets large,
2-4 cm. long, strongly compressed laterally; awn 4-7mm.
OT Ore aeerasterastestha crn ete Arias kets eraser niezctayet B. marginatus .".

(a) Panicle larger, 2-3dm. long, awn slightly longer.

—B. marginatus var. latior..
d. Panicle large, 1.5-2.5dm. long, pyramidal; spikelets com-

pressed, 2.5-3cm. long; awn 7-10 mm. long.

—B. carinatus .'.
2. Flowering glume glabrous or roughened.

a. Awn straight or merely undulate.

(a) Sheaths glabrous, the lower sparsely pubescent; spikelets
broadly lanceolate in fruit; flowering glumes turgid,
the margin strongly involute in fruit; undulate awn
usually 3-5mm. long; palea equalling or only slightly
Shorter than) the olumer esse. as-is oe B. secalinus .%.

(b) Sheaths densely pilose-pubescent; panicle small, typically
simple; spikelets always acute, awn straight, 5-8mm.
long; Palea shorter than the glume.

—B, racemosus var. commutatus.".

(c) Sheaths as in last; panicle larger, broad, compound;
spikelets lanceolate, 2cm. or over long; awn straight,
7-10 mm. long; palea shorter than the glume.

—B. arvensis...
b. Awn twisted and strongly divaricate at maturity.

(a) Spikelets usually more than 5mm. broad in flower.

—B&. squarrosus.".

(b) Spikelets usually less than 5mm. broad in flower.

B. patulus*.

1. BROMUS INERMIS.

Bromus inermis Leyss. Fl. Hal. 16. 1761. Scribner. Grasses of Tenn.
Bull. Univ. Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 118 f. 769. 1894. Beal. Grasses. of N.
A. 2: 612. 1896. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 7: 296.
f. 290. 1909. (3 ed.)

Schedonorus inermis Beauv. Agrost. 99. 1812.
DESCRIPTION.

SmMootH BROME OR HUNGARIAN BroME Grass. An erect peren-
nial, 2 to 5 feet (6-9 dm.) high, with creeping root-stocks, open panicles,
5 to 7 inches (12-18 cm.) long, and five to nine-flowered, awnless spike-
lets, 1 to 14 inches (2-3 cm.) long. Sheaths striate, smooth, or the lower
ones pilose; leaf-blades 4 to 8 inches (10-20 cm.) long, 3 to 4 lines (6-
8 mm.) wide, somewhat scabrous, the lower often sparingly pilose.

286 GRASSES OF IOWA.

Rachilla pubescent; empty glumes unequal, the flowering glumes: awn-
less, or very short-awned, with a rather broad, scarious margin at the |
obtuse or emarginate apex. Introduced from Europe. Cultivated in
United States for hay. June to July.

Hungarian brome grass is well established in different sections of
the state, and has been widely scattered in recent years. A valuable
grass for Iowa.

SS

a

Fig. 198. Bromus ee —a, spikelet; b, back of Fig, 199. Bromus purgans—a, spikelet; b, awned
flowering glume; c, flowering glume and palet. (Diy. flowering glome., (Div. Agros, EE aaee aaa
Agros. U. 8. Dept. Agr.) ring g . . Agros. U. 8. Dept, Agrl.

DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Ames (151 Ball, 1166 Pammel, Stewart, Sirrine, Weaver) ;
Keystone (Koch) ; Battle Creek 955 (Preston) ; Hull (Newell) ; Har-
court (Danielson).

GRASSES OF IOWA. 287

North America. Introduced throughout the west, Wisconsin (La
Crosse Pammel) Colorado (Ft. Collins, Crandall; Ft. Collins and Lari-
mer County, Pammel).

General. In Europe, France, Holland, Germany, Switzerland,
Austria, Russia to Asia, Caucasus and Siberia.

2. BROMUS PURGANS.

Bromus purgans L. Sp. Pl. 1: 76. 1753.

Bromus ciliatus var. purgans Gray. Man. Bot. 600. 1848. (1 ed.)
Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull. Univ. Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 118.
f. 168. 1894. Watson and Coulter. Gray. Man. Bot. 670. 1890. (6 ed.)
Beal. Grassesof N. A. 2: 619. 1896. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill.
Fl. 1: 219. f. 506. 1896.

Bromus purgans L. Shear. Bull. U.S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros 23.
sotee,. 1900.

DESCRIPTION.

Brome Grass. A rather stout perennial, 34 to 7 feet (7-14 dm.)
high. Culms erect, smooth or pubescent at the nodes. Sheaths usually
coarsely retrorse-pilose; ligule } to 1 line (1-2 mm.) long, rather firm,
truncate; blades broadly linear-lanceolate, 74 to 15 inches (15-30 cm.)
long, 24 to 74 lines (5-15 mm.) broad, somewhat auricled at the base,
short-pilose on the nerves above or smooth, scabrous or smooth beneath.
Panicle large, lax, nodding, mostly 74 to 124 inches (15-25 cm.) long;
lower branches two to four, long, slender, flexuose. Spikelets mostly
seven to eleven-flowered, 1 to 14 inches (2-24 cm.) long, terete-acumi-
nate at first, becoming oblong-lanceolate in outline and somewhat flat-
tened ; empty glumes narrow, acuminate, sparsely covered with short
pubescence; the lower one-nerved, 24 to 34 lines (5-7 mm.) long; the
upper broader, three-nerved 34 to 44 lines (7-9 mm.) long; flowering
glume lanceolate, acute, or sub-acute; five-nerved, or sometimes with
two or more faint nerves when mature, 5 to 6 lines (10-12 mm.) long,
with rather short, sparse pubescence over the back, emarginate or shortly
bidentate at the apex; awn straight, slender, 2 to 3 lines (4-6 mm.) long;
palea 1 to 14 lines (2-3 mm.) long, nearly equalling its glume, rachilla
slender, pubescent. July to August. See figure 199, on page 287.

This is the most widely distributed brome grass in Iowa. ‘The
species occurs in woodlands where it was once common. Blue grass in
many of our woodlands has taken the place of this and other native
grasses.

288 GRASSES OF IOWA.
DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Nodaway River (Stewart) ; Mason City 3132 (Miss King
and Brown) ; Steamboat Rock 3026 (Miss King) ; Ames (Hitchcock,
Thurber, Bessey, Crozier, Chas. Wilson, 121 and 123 Ball; see Shear,
Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl., Div. Agros. 23:40) ; Winterset, Boone (Car-
ver); Marshalltown (Eckles) ; Colfax (Mead); Story City, Sioux
City, 662 Grand Junction, Hawarden (Pammel); Mt. Pleasant 772
(Mills) ; Emmet County 1051, Armstrong (Cratty) ; Lebanon (Sam-
ple) ; Tama County (Sirrine) ; Appanoose County, Winneshiek County
(Fitzpatrick) ; Iowa Lake 853 (Pammel and Cratty) ; Winneshiek
County (Bartsch) ; Lebanon 26 (Ball and Sample; see Shear, Bull. U.
S. Dept. Agrl., Div. Agros. 23:40) ; Fayette County (Fink; see Shear,
Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 23:40) ; Decatur County (Fitz-
patrick; see Shear, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl.. Div. Agrosieeaitane
Myron (Miss King); Hackberry Grove (Shimek) ; Quarry (Pam-
mel) ; Morgan, Decatur County (Shimek) ; Skunk River (Glendale) ;
Ft. Dodge (Oleson).

North America. New England to Florida; Ohio (Baltimore,
Horr; Columbus, Sullivant), Kentucky (Harlan County, Kearney
276), west to Wyoming and Colorado (Golden, alt. 7500 ft., Pammel
261), south to Texas.

General. WKamtschatka.

3. BROMUS PURGANS VAR. INCANUS.

Broimus purgans vat. incanus Shear. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Diy.
Agros. 23: 41. 1900.

DESCRIPTION.

Woop Cuess or Woop Brome Grass. This is very near B. pur-
gans latiglumis, differing from it in having the sheaths densely soft
pilose-pubescent. It also passes into B. Porteri var. lanatipes in the south-
west. It is generally separated from that by its broader leaves and nar-
rower empty glumes, which are, like the flowering glumes, sparsely
pubescent. July to August.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 289

Fie. 200. Bromus purgans var. incantus—a, Fria. 201. Bromus purgans var. latig/umis—a, spike-
pikelet. (Charlotte M. King ) let; b, flowering glume;c, palet. (Charlotte M. King. )

DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Fayette 1084 (Fink; see Shear, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl.,
Div. Agros. 23:41); Sioux City (Wakefield) Greenfield (Stewart) ;
Mt. Pleasant (Mills) ; Ames (Rich and Gossard, Sirrine, Hitchcock).

North America. Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa, South Dakota and
Texas.

4. BROMUS PURGANS VAR. LATIGLUMIS.

Bromus purgans var. latiglumis (Scribn.) Shear. Bull. U. S. Dept.
Agrl. Div. Agros. 23: 40. 1900.

Bromus altissimus Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. 2: 728. 1814.

Bromus cilt tus portert Rydb. Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 8: 193. 1895.

19

290 GRASSES OF IOWA.
DESCRIPTION.

Broap GLUMED BRoME Grass. Culms very leafy; sheaths usually
_ much overlapping, and furnished with a rather conspicuous, pilose-pubes-
cent ring at the summit. Spikelets and flowering glumes rather broader
than in the species. “The pubescence at the base of the flowering glume
is slightly denser than elsewhere. In other respects like the species. July
to August. See figure 201, on page 280.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Boone (Carver) ; Mt. Pleasant (Mills) ; Woodbine (Bur-
gess) ; Ames, Iowa City (Hitchcock, P. H. Rolfs, F. Rolfs, Ball; see
Shear, Bull. U. S.. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 23:41) ; Spirit Lake (Miss
Wakefield) ; Decatur County (Fitzpatrick); Jackson County (see
Shear, Bull. U. S. Dept. of Agrl. Div. Agros. 23:41) ; Rock Rapids 32
(Shimek) ; Dakota City (see Shear, Bull U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div.
Agros. 23:41), Muscatine, Sioux City 222 (Pammel) ; Ames (Beards-
lee) ; Forest City (see Shear, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros.
23:41, Shimek) ; Iowa City (Miss Linder) ; Mason City (Pammel) ;
Steamboat Rock (Miss King).

North America. Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Wiscon-
sin (La Crosse, Pammel), South Dakota, Nebraska, lowa, Montana
and Missouri. ;

5. BROMUS CILIATUS.

Bromus ciliatus L. Sp. Pl. 76. Watson and Coulter. Gray. Man. Bot.
670. 1890. (6 ed.) Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull. Univ. Tenn. Agrl.
Exp. Sta. 7: 118. f. 167. 1894. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 618 1896.
Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 219. #. 506. 1896. Scribner. Bull.
U.S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 17: 287. f. 583. 1899 Shear. Studies in Am.
Grasses. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 23: 31. 190.

DESCRIPTION.

FRINGED Brome Grass. A tall, rather slender, leafy perennial ;
with a broad, lax, drooping panicle. Culm erect, smooth or slightly
pubescent at the dark nodes, about 3 to 6 feet (7-12 dm.) high. Sheaths
retrorsely short-pilose, or nearly smooth, coarsely striate; ligule very
short, rarely extending 4 line (1 mm.) ; blades rather broadly linear-
lanceolate, weak, about 1 to 24 feet (2.5-3.5 dm.) long, and 4 inch (1
cm.) broad, typically sparsely pilose on both sides, but sometimes almost

GRASSES OF IOWA. 291

is | Ne :
Crone irene }
Cimteacasse

Eee
ends
a ai \
es
Rae
aS oy

«

Fig. 202. Distribution of Bromus. ® specimens in herbarium . 7 Localities observed.

292 GRASSES OF IOWA.

-XYS
>
tal

a

ey WS

Vi N!
yf

Fig. 203. Bromus ciliatus—a, empty or outer glumes;
b, flowering glume; c, palet (Div. of Agros, U. S. Dept.

Agrl. ) M. King. )

smooth. Panicle very broadly pyramidal, about 1 to 2 feet (14-24 dm.)
long (lower branches 2 to 4 dm.), slender, flexuous, drooping.
Spikelets narrow, five to nine-flowered, 74 to 11 lines (15-22 mm.) long,
on slender, smooth pedicels; the lower one-nerved, acute, 24 to 4 lines
(5-8 mm.) long, three-nerved; flowering glumes narrow, oblong-lanceo-
late, obtuse and slightly bifid at the apex, distinctly three, or faintly five
to seven-nerved, ciliate-pubescent on each side from the outer nerve to
the margin for about three-fourths the length, 5 to 6 lines (10-12 mm.)
long; awn slender, straight, 14 lines (2} mm.) long; palea narrow,
nearly equalling the lume; rachilla slender, thinly pubescent. July to
August. ‘

GRASSES OF IOWA. « 255

‘The species occurs in woodlands, in central and eastern lowa. A
good forage grass.

-DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Mason City 3137 (Miss King and Brown) ; West Union
(Whitmore) ; Armstrong (Cratty); Traer (Provan); Ft. Dodge
(Oleson).

North America. Newfoundland to New York (Parry), west to
Manitoba, Wisconsin (La Crosse, Pammel; Lake Geneva, C. R. Ball;
Lake Geneva, Ball and Taylor), Minnesota (Aitkin County 819, 5Sil-
ver Creek 905, Sandberg; St. Croix, Parry), Missouri (Eggert), Colo-
rado (Ft. Collins, 6500 ft., Crandall; Grand County, Shear and Bessey
1541; La Poudre River 9200 ft., Pammel), New Mexico (Vasey 314),
Idaho (Sandberg).

6. BROMUS CILIATUS VAR. LAEVIGLUMIS.

Bromus ciliatus laeviglumis Scribd. in herb. Shear. Bull. U.S. Dept.
Agrl. Div. Agros. 23: 32.

DESCRIPTION.

SMOOTH GLUMED OR FRINGED BROME Grass. Differs from the
species in having the flowering glumes entirely smooth, or with a ver)
slight amotint of pubescence on the margin at the base. July to August.
See figure 204, on page 292.

DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Steamboat Rock (Miss King).

North America. Maine and North Carolina.

7. BROMUS TECTORUM.

Bromus tectorum L. Sp. Pl. 77. 1753. Watson and Coulter. Gray.
Man. Bot. 671. 1890. (6 ed.) Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 620. 1896.
Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill, Fl 1: 220. f. 509. 1896. Scribner. Bull,
U.S. Dept. Agri. Div. Agros. 17: 290. f. 586. 1899. (3 ed.) Shear. Bull.
Geo Mept. Agri. Div. Acros. 23; 29. f. 77. 1900:

Schedonorus tectorum Fr. Summ. Veg. Scand. 1: 76. 1846-49.

DESCRIPTION.

Downy Brome Grass. A slender, erect, leafy annual, 7 to 25
inches (14-6 dm.) high, with narrow, softly pubscent leaves, and open,
nodding panicles, 3 to 74 inches (6-15 cm.) long. Spikelets five to

294 GRASSES OF IOWA.

Gp
YY WSs

Fic. 205. Bromus tectorum—a, sterile or outer Fig. 206. Bromus HKalmii—spikelet, inflorescence, .
glumes; b,spikelet. (Div. Agros. U. S. Dept. Agr.) leaves and roots. (Div. Agros. U. 8. Dept. Agrl.)

eizht-Hlowered, with unequal, acuminate pointed, hirsute empty glumes,
_and rough or hirsute flowering glumes, 4 to 6 lines (8-12 mm.) long.
Awns 6 to 8 lines (12-16 mm.) long. Waste places. July-August.

Introduced from Europe. A worthless, weedy grass. It has been
found a few times near Ames.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Ames (Weaver).

North America. Waste places New England, New Jersey (Hal-
sted 93), to Virginia and Ohio; Colorado (Ft. Collins, Crandall, Pam-

GRASSES OF IOWA. 295

mell, E. D. Ball), Utah (Salt Lake City and Ogden, Pammel, 157 and
208), Wyoming (Yellowstone National Park, A. and E. Nelson,
6207) ; also California and Washington.

General. Europe.

8. BROMUS KALMII.

Bromus Kalmti Gray. Man. Bot. 600. 1848. (1 ed.) Watson and
Coulter. Gray. Man. Bot. 670. 1890. (6 ed.) Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2:
624. 1896. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 221. f. 572.1896. Scrib-
ner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 7: 288. f. 584. 1899.

DESCRIPTION.
. a
KALM’s Brome Grass. A rather slender, erect perennial, 14 to
4 feet (44-9 dm.) high, with usually pubescent sheaths and leaves, and
nodding, few-flowered panicles, 24-74 inches (5-15 cm.) long. Spike-
lets six to ten-flowered, 6 to 12 lines (12-24 mm.) long, on slender, flex-
uous pedicels; the first glume three-nerved, the second five to seven-
nerved ; the flowering glume about 4 lines (8 mm.) long, densely silky-
pubescent, and short awned. Dry soils. June to August.
Kalm’s Brome Grass is not widely’ distributed in Iowa. It occurs
from Wisconsin through the northern counties in marshy ground. A
valuable, perennial grass. See figure 206, on page 294.

DISTRIBUTION.

Lowa. Decorah (Holway) ; Charles City (Arthur); New Albin
(Pammel) ; Iowa City, Ames (Hitchcock) ; Steamboat Rock (C. M.
King).

North dmerica. Usually marshy soil, Canada to Pennsylvania,
New York (Parry), Wisconsin (La Crosse, Pammel), Minnesota
(Aitkin, Sandberg 812), Colorado (Leadville, Trelease; Marshall
Pass, ‘Tracy; Larimer County, La Poudre River, Pammel 20), New
Mexico (Vasey), Oregon (Cusick), Idaho and Utah.

9. BROMUS HORDEACEUS.

Bromus hordeaceus L. Sp. Pl. 77. 1753. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 1:
618. 1896. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 222. f£. 573. 1896.
Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 17: 289. 7. 585. 1899.
Shear. Bull. U.S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 23: 18. ¢. 3. 1990.

296 GRASSES OF IOWA.
DESCRIPTION.

Sorr Cuess. An erect, usually slender, pubescent annual, 1 to 3
feet (2-6 dm.) high, with flat leaves, and contracted panicles, 1 to 3
inches (2-6 cm.) long. Spikelets three to eight-flowered, $ to 1 inch
(1.5-2 cm.) long, with pubescent glumes, the flowering ones 33 to 44

Fic. 207. Bromus hordeaceus— Fia. 208. Bromus hordeaceus var. glabrescens—a
a, empty or outer glumes;b, flower- spikelet; b, floret; c, flowering glume; d, palet; e, fruit.
ing glumes; c, palet. (Div. Agros. (Charlotte M. King )
U. S. Dept. Agrl.
lines (7-9 mm.) long, obtuse and awned. Awns 3 to 4 lines (6-8 mm.)
long. In fields and waste places throughout the state. May to August.
An introduced grass along railroads and in streets of cities. Nearly

worthless as a forage plant.

we

GRASSES OF IOWA. 297
DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Ames (Hodson, Sirrine).

North America. In fields and waste places throughout the country,
Michigan (Orion 1372, O. A. Farwell).

General. Europe.

10. BROMUS HORDEACEUS VAR. GLABRESCENS.
Bromus hordeaceus glabrescens (Coss.) Shear. Studies on Am. Grasses.
Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 23: 20, 1900.
Bromus mollis glabrescens Coss. Fl. Descr. Par. 654. 1845.

DESCRIPTION.

SMOOTH SPIKED Sorr CueEss. An erect, pubescent annual, 1 to 3
feet (2-6 dm.) high, leaves flat, panicles contracted, spikelets three to
eight-flowered, spikelets glabrous or only scabrous. ‘The flowering glumes
obtuse, awns 3 to 4 lines (6-8 mm.) long. May to August.

In fields and waste places, a troublesome weed. See figure 208, on

page 296.
DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Ames (Pammel, Hodson, Craig) ; Council Bluffs (Pam-
mel).

North America. Introduced en the Atlantic, and common on the
Pacific Coast.

General. Europe, Germany, France.
ll. BROMUS MARGINATUS.

Bromus marginatus Nees. Steud. Syn. Pl. Gram. 322. 1854. Shear.
Bull. U. S. Dept. Agri. Div. Agros. 23: 53. f. 33. 1900.

Bromus breviaristatus (Hook.) Buckl. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2:
623. 1896. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 223.7. 578. 1896.

Bromus pauciflorus Nutt. in Herb. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 7#. 33.

DESCRIPTION.

SHorRT-AWNED CueEss. An erect, tufted, rather stout, short-
lived perennial. Culm 3 to 6 feet (6-12 dm.) high, mostly
puberulent or pubescent. Sheaths pilose-pubescent; ligule
1% to 13% lines (3-3.5 mm.) long, subrotund, laciniate;
blades broad, linear-lanceolate, somewhat sparsely pilose-pu-
bescent throughout, rather rough and coarse, I to 2 feet (1.5-2.5

298 GRASSES OF IOWA.

dm.) long, 3 to 6 lines (6-12 mm.) wide. Panicle erect, rather narrow,
mostly 4 to 1 foot (1-2 dm.) long; lower branches 2 to 4 inches (5-10:
cm.), lowest rarely more than 33 inches (7 cm.) long, and bearing two
spikelets. Spikelets 1 to 2 inches (2.5-4 cm.) long, 24 to 34 lines (5-7
mm.) wide, oblong-ovoid to oblong-lanceolate, laterally compressed,
somewhat turgid at maturity, mostly seven to nine-flowered, erect or

Fia. 209. Bromus marginatus—a, spikelet and empty
glumes; b, dorsal view of flowering glumes. (Div. Agros.
U. S. Dept. Agrl. )

ascending, the uppermost subsessile; empty glumes, rather broad, sca-
brous to scabrous-pubescent, the lower subacute, three to five nerved,
mostly 34 to 44 lines (7-9 mm.) long; the upper broader, obtuse, 43 to
54 lines (9-11 mm.) long, five to seven-nerved, the lateral nerves broad ;
flowering glume subcoriaceous, coarsely pubescent, ovate-lanceolate,

GRASSES OF IOWA. 299

acute, 5} to 7 lines (11-14 mm.) long, mostly seven-nerved, with two
veryshort,hyaline, subacute teeth at the apex, and a rather stout, straight
awn, 2 to 3$ lines (4-7 mm.) long; palea ciliate-pectinate on the keels,
almost or quite equalling its glume. July to August.

Short awned chess is a valuable forage grass. It has been intro-
duced locally in a few places. The species merits a wider distribution
for cultivation. ™

=<

Fig. 210. Bromus marginatus latior—a, spikelet; b, flowering
glume; c, palet. (Charlotte M. King.)

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Ames (2 and 148 Ball, Craig, Carver, Stewart, Pammel) ;
Dysart (Miss Sirrine).

300 GRASSES OF IOWA.

North America. Colorado (Larimer County, Pammel), Wyo-
ming (Sheridan County, Pammel 96, 51, 148), Arizona, California
(Donner Lake, Pammel), Washington (Sandberg and Leiberg 450),
to Alberta.

12. BROMUS MARGINATUS VAR. LATIOR.

Bromus mirginatus latior Shear. Bull. U.S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros.
23: 55. 1900.

DESCRIPTION.

LARGER SHORT AWNED CHEss. <A larger and stouter plant than
the species, sometimes reaching 8 or 9 feet (17 or 18 dm.) high. Pan-
icle larger, 1 to 14 feet (2-3 dm.) long, with longest, lower branches
5 to 10 inches (10-20 cm.) long, awn usually slightly longer, sometimes
reaching 3 or 34 lines (6 or 7 mm.). Ctherwise like the species. See
Fig. 210 on page 299.

DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Ames 33 and 148 (Ball; see Shear, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl.,
Div. Agros. 23:55).

North America. New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Wyo!
ming, Idaho, Washington, Oregon and California; also in northern
United States.

13. BROMUS CARINATUS.

Bromus carinatus Hook. and Arn. Bot. Beech. Voy. Suppl. 403. 1841.
Shear. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 23: 59. f. 37. 1900.

Bromus Hookerianus minor Scrib. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 614.
1896.

DESCRIPTION.

KEELED Brome. An annual or biennal, with erect culm, linear
leaves, and erect or suberect panicle. Culm about 2 to 3 feet (5-8 dm.)
high, slightly pubescent at the nodes, retrorsely soft pilose; ligule 14 to
2 lines (3-4 mm.) long,. sublaciniate; blades flat, mostly narrow, about
1 to 1 foot (1-2.5 dm.) long, 14 to 3 lines (3-6 mm.) broad, thinly pilose
on both sides. Panicle pyramidal, somewhat lax, about 3? to 14 feet (1.5-
2.5 dm.) long; lower branches about 3, spreading or somewhat drooping.
Spikelets lanceolate to subcblong-lanceolate, compressed, about 1 to 14
lines (2.5-3 cm.) long, and 24 lines (5 mm.) broad, five to nine-flow-
ered; empty glumes lanceolate, acute, glabrous to slightly scabrous pubes-

GRASSES OF IOWA. 301

antec aee oN ;
ae LLL DS LT

| Ne
See LEN Y

poeta Fs a ea \
TEPC.

Se KB |
aa f

Uromus sec

PATER oF caters
nin oan mains
a ey Sea Se

» ATT Te RR
yh teeta :

i wy
ACCC Yy

Irq@. 211. Distribution of Bromus. e@ Specimens in herbarium. -+ Localities observed.

302 GRASSES OF IOWA.

cent; the lower distinctly three or obscurely five-nerved, 33 to 44 lines
(7-9 mm.) long; the upper five or sometimes obscurely seven-nerved, 43
to 54 lines (9-11 mm.) long; flowering glume lanceolate, obscurely
seven-nerved, puberulent or short pubescent, about 64 to 8 lines (13-16
mm. long,bifid at the apex, and tapering into an awn 3} to 5 lines (7-
10 mm.) long; palea nearly equalling its glume, ciliate-pectinate on the
keels; rachilla slender, somewhat pubescent, about 1} lines (3 m.m) long.

DISTRIBUTION.

— ok ee

Towa. Algona (Watson). This plant appears as a native, though
it may have been introduced. If so, it places it far out of its ordinary
range.

North America. Nevada to California, Oregon and Washington. —

Fig. 212. Bromus carinatus—a, spikelet with Fria. 213. Bromus secalinus—a, spikelet. (Diy. —
empty glumes and 3 flowers; b, flowering glume. (Diy. Agros. U.S. Dept. Agr. )
Agros. U. 8, Dept. Agrl.)

GRASSES OF IOWA. 303

14. BROMUS SECALINUS.

Bromus secalinus L. Sp. Pl. 76. 1753. Watson and Coulter. Gray.
Man. Bot. 670. p/. 70. 1890. (6 ed.) Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull.
Univ. Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 119. f. 770. 1894. Beal. Grasses of N. A.
2: 625. 1896. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 222. f. 574. 1896.
Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 7: 297. f. 297. 1900. (3 ed.)

Serratalcus secalinus Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. 374. 1843.

DESCRIPTION.

CuHeEss, CHEAT. An erect annual, 2 to 3 feet (5-8 dm.) high
Culms smooth or pubescent at the nodes. Sheaths striate, smooth, sca-
brous or sometimes pilose; ligule short, blunt; leaf-blade 6 to 12 inches
(12-24 cm.) long, rather broadly linear, smooth beneath, more or less
rough and pilose on the upper surface. Panicle 4 to 8 inches (8-16 cm.)
long, erect, the more or less compound branches, spreading, even in fruit.
Spikelets 6 to 10 lines (12-29 mm.) long, oblong-ovate, turgid, six to
twelve-flowered, pendulous in fruit; empty glume, oblong-lanceolate,
acute, the first three to five, the second seven-nerved; flowering glumes
ovate-oblong, obscurely seven-nerved, smooth or minutely downy along
the margins and toward the apex, becoming nearly cylindrical in fruit.
Palea obtuse, strongly nerved; nerves toothed or fringed with distant
bristles. Naturalized in cultivated and waste grounds. July-August.

A well known weed of grain fields, occurs in all sections of Iowa,
but especially in the winter wheat sections. See figure 213, on page 302.

DISTRIBUTION.

fowa. Ames (Pammel, Carver, Chas. Wiison, Preston, Stewart,
Weaver, Beardslee, Hitchcock, Sirrine, 150 Ball; see Shear, Bull. U.
S .Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 23:17); Muscatine (Reppert) ; Durant,
1144 (Weaver) ; Minerva 9 (Ball; see Shear, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr.
Div. Agros. 23:17); Johnson County, New Market (see Shear, Bull.
U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 23:17) ; Cedar Rapids (Shimek) ; Mt.
Pleasant 858 (Mills); Greenfield (Stewart); Lipton (Hitchcock) ;
Iowa City (Hitchcock); Sioux City (Miss Wakefield) ; Decatur
County, Johnson County (Fitzpatrick) ; Van Cleve (Warden) ; Alden
(Stevens) ; Pittsburg, Unionville (Pammel) ; Johnson County (Fitz-
patrick).

_ North America. New York (Parry), Ohio (Horr), Missouri (St.
Louis and Washington, Pammel; Kansas City, Forsee), Colorado (G.
W. Letterman), Utah (Ogden 34, Pammel), Montana (Bozeman,
Shear 453).

04 GRASSES OF IOWA.

General. (Great Britain, Germany, Scandinavia to northern Africa,
western Siberia, naturalized generally in grain growing countries.
15. BROMUS RACEMOSUS ; VAR. COMMUTATUS
Bromus racemosus var. commutatus L. Sp. Pl. 114. 1762. (2 ed.)
Watson and Coulter. Gray. Man. Bot. 670. 1890. (6 ed.) Scribner. Grasses

of Tenn. Bull. Univ. Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 120. f. 772. 1894. Beal.
GrassesN. A. 2: 625. 1896. Nash in Britton and Brown. [Il. Fl. 1: 222.

ifs BUY eller
Bromus asper Murr. Prod. Stirp. Goett. 42. 1770.

DESCRIPTION.

Upricut Cuess. An annual, 1 to 3 feet (2-7 dm.) high, with a
nearly erect, sparingly branched panicle. Branches of the panicle slightly

Bromus arvensis—a, empty
glumes; b, part ofspikelet, with lower florets
open to show palea. (Div. Agros. U. S. Dept.
Agrl.)

FIG. 214. Bromus racemosus var. commutatus- Fie. 215.

a, spikelet. (Charlotte M. King )

GRASSES OF IOWA. 305

spreading, and somewhat nodding at the tips. Spikelets ovate-oblong, 6
to 9 lines (12-18 mm.) long, five to ten-flowered, flowering glumes
round on the back, somewhat ventricose, shining, awned. Awns straight,
about as long as the glumes. Common in cultivated fields and waste
places. July and August.

This has become a weedy grass in central Iowa. At first introduced
as a forage plant by Capt. R. P. Speer in 1889, at Ames, it has spread
to railroads and streets.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Ames (1148 Louthan, 909 Pammel; see Shear, Bull. U. 5.
Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 23:18).

North America. Newfoundland, Manitoba, Maine to New York,
District of Columbia (Washington, Conant), Michigan to Minnesota,
Nebraska (Grand Island, Pammel 52, 97).

General. Western Europe, Great Britain, Germany to northern

Africa.

16. BROMUS ARVENSIS.

Bromus arvensis L. Sp. Pl. 77. 1753. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2:
626. 1896. Shear. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 23: 20. f.°4. 1900.

DESCRIPTION.

Fietp Brome. A tufted annual or biennial, somewhat geniculate
at the base. Culm nearly or quite glabrous, about 14 to 3 feet (3-6 dm.)
high. Sheaths densely soft pubescent; ligule about 1 line (2 mm.) long,
lacerate; blades linear, pubescent on both sides. Panicle effuse, broad,
apex somewhat drooping; lower rays mostly 4 to 8. Spikelets terete acu-
minate at first, becoming slightly laterally compressed when old, about
seven to eleven-flowered, ? to 14 inches (14 to 24 cm.) long, 13 to 2
lines (3-4 mm.) broad, smooth or minutely scabrous throughout; empty
glumes broad ; the lower-subacute, three to five-nerved, 2 to 24 lines (4-
5 mm.) long, the upper about seven-nerved, obtuse, 2$ to 3 lines (5-6
mm.) long; flowering glume 3} to 4 lines (7-8 mm.) long, broad, ob-
tuse, with the broad, hyaline margin projecting slightly into an obtuse
angle just about the middle, apex hyaline, emarginate; awn inserted
below the apex, 34 to 5 lines (7-10 mm.) long, straight or slightly
twisted when old; palea shorter than its glume. July-August.

Introduced from Europe. ‘This species is local in a few places,
presumably introduced with European grass seed. See figure 215, on

page 304.
20

306 GRASSES OF IOWA.

DESCRIPTION.

Iowa. Ames (Carver, B. W. Wilson, C. A. Wilson, F. Rolfs,
Hodson, 1151 Louthan) ; Cedar Falls (Carver) ; Keystone (Koch) ;
Dubuque (Pammel). '

North America. Introduced from Europe. Missouri (St. Louis,
Pammel), Colorado (Ft. Collins, Crandall).

17, BROMUS SQUARROSUS.

Bromus squarrosus L. Sp. Pl. 76. 1753. Beal. Grasses of N. A.
2: 617. 1896. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 223. f. 576. 1896.
Shear. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 23: 21. f.6. 1900.
Serratalcus squarrosus Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. 375. 1843.

Fria. 216. Bromus squarrosus—a, spikelet, with empty
glumes and four flowers; b, awned flowering glume. (Div.
Agros. U. S. Dept. Agr.)

GRASSES OF IOWA. 307
DESCRIPTION.

; Corn Brome. A more or less tufted annual, 1 to 2 feet (2-4 dm.)
high, with a short, somewhat nodding panicle, and densely soft pilose
sheaths. Culms erect or slightly geniculate at the base, smooth. Sheaths
densely, retrorsely pilose-pubescent;ligule,about $ line(1 mm.) long;
blades linear, about 4 to 7 inches (8-15 cm.) long, 1$ to 24 lines (3-5
mm.) wide, softly pubescent on both sides. Panicle usually 3 to 6
inches (6-12 cm.) long, open, branches ascending or drooping, fre-
quently flexuous. Spikelets oblong, ovoid, turgid, six to twelve-flowered,

+ to 10 lines (15-20 mm.) long; empty glumes broad, obtuse, glabrous,
the lower three or indistinctly five-nerved, two-thirds to three-fourths
the length of the upper, the upper seven to nine-nerved, 3 to 4 lines (6-
8 mm.) long; flowering glume very broad, seven to nine-nerved, obtuse,
with a broad, scarious margin, somewhat obtusely angled above the mid-
dle, glabrous or minutely scabrous, apex minutely notched; awn rather
stout, attached below the apex, about the length of the glume, somewhat
twisted and divergent, especially at maturity; palea a little shorter than
its glume. In waste places. July-August.

Adventive from Europe.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Alden 1167 (Stevens).
North America. It has been found most frequently in waste places
on the eastern coast.

General. Europe, Great Britain, Germany, France, etc.

18. BROMUS PATULUS.

Bromus patulus M. and K. Roehl. Deutsch. Fl. 1: 684. 1823. Shear.
Ball U.S. Dept. Agr]. Div. Agros. 23: 21. 7.5. 1900.
Serratalcus patulus Parl. Fl. Ital. 1: 394. f. 5. 1848.

DESCRIPTION.

SPREADING BroME Grass. An annual or perennial, with culms
smooth, erect, or somewhat geniculate at the base, about 2 to 3 feet (4-
6 dm.) high. Sheaths softly pubescent; ligule 1 to 14 lines (2-3 mm.)
long, subtruncate, laciniate throughout; blades linear-lanceolate, pubes-
cent throughout. Panicle 6 to 10 inches (12-20 cm.) long, very broadly
pyramidal, diffuse, somewhat drooping, lanceolate to ovoid-lanceolate,

308 GRASSES OF IOWA.

terete at first, 1 to 14 inches (2-2.5 cm.) long, 24 to 3 lines (5-6 mm.)
broad, becoming somewhat laterally compressed at maturity, smooth
throughout; empty glumes rather broad, the lower narrower, acute,
three-nerved, 2 to 3 lines (4-6 mm.) long; the upper obtuse, five-nerved,
6 to 8 mm. long; flowering glume nine-nerved, the marginal ones faint,
34 to 44 lines (7-9 mm.) long, broad, obtuse, with a hyaline margin,

Fia. 217. Bromus patulus—a, empty glumes; b,
flowering glume. (Div. Agros. U. 8S. Dept. Agr.)

obtusely angled above the middle, and an emarginate apex; awn 4 to 5
lines (8-10 mm.) long, stout, somewhat twisted and strongly divaricate
at maturity, inserted below the apex; palea conspicuously shorter than
its glume. Introduced. July-August.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 309

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Ames (Miss Sirrine, Pammel, Shepherd, Stewart).
North America. Introduced into Massachusetts, South Dakota
and Colorado (Ft. Collins, Pammel).

General. Europe.

TRIBE XII. HORDEAE.

Spikelets one to many-flowered, usually
hermaphrodite, sessile along the common
rachis, forming a simple or compound
spike; glumes awned or awnless.

A small tribe of 20 genera and about
130 species. It is an important division,
however, for it includes rye, barley and
the many varieties of wheat. English and

! Italian rye grasses are the chief meadow
Fie. 223. Flower of Agropyron

repens (after Gray.) grasses of the tribe.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE HORDEAE.

A. Spikelets 1 at each joint of the rachis (sometimes more in Agropyron).
1. Spikelets placed with one edge against the rachis; empty glume 1.
—Lolium.’'.
2. Spikelets placed with the flat side against the rachis; empty glumes 2.
a. Flowering glumes with a distinct callus at the base, falling at
maturity with the grain, which is adherent to the palea.
—Agropyron.*.
b. Flowering glumes without a distinct callus, persistent grain
ree.
(1) Empty glumes subulate, l-nerved.............. Secale.*.
(2) Empty glumes lanceolate or ovate, 3-many-nerved.
—Triticum.*.
B. Spikelets 2-3 or more at each joint of the rachis.
1. Empty glumes nearly as large as the flowering glumes.
a. Spikelets 1-flowered, three at each joint; the lateral ones

Stialiy Sterile’ ses ares c/a areata wie aise etl ane ate Hordeum.’.

b. Spikelets 1-several-flowered, 2-3 or more at each joint, all with

PELLICLE HOWEFS moc peta neice lors le mia tielieey saa Elymus.°.

2. Empty glumes minute or wanting ............--....-.-- Asprelia.’.
1. LOLIUM.

Lolium L. Sp. Pl. 83 1753. Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 103. Bentham and
Hooker. Gen. Pl. 3: 1202. Hackel in Engler and Prantl. Nat. Pflanz. Fam.
Mie-2: 77. Seribner: Bull. U.S. Dept. Agri. 20: 159. 7. 227.

310 GRASSES OF IOWA.

Spikelets many-flowered, solitary on each joint of the continuous
rachis, placed edgewise; empty glumes, except in the terminal spikelet,
only one (the upper) and external. Otherwise nearly as in Agropyron.
(Ancient Latin name. )

Bentham & Hooker reduce the twenty described species, at the time
of the publication of their work, to two or three; species indigenous to
Europe, northern Africa, temperate Asia,and naturalized in many other
temperate regions. Hackel lists six species; two species are more or less
naturalized in the southern and eastern states, also upon the Pacific
Coast. The Lolium temulentum accompanies grains wherever culti-
vated.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF LOLIUM.

A. Empty glumes shorter than the spikelet.

i) Hlowerine oe lumesiawnlesssvess-)e en eerie Bo HAGE 3
2... ‘Flowering elumes awheds 2 facil: ese achla os ee Gee L. Ltalicum.*.
B, Empty glume equalling or exceeding the spikelet..... L. temulentum.?.

1. LOLIUM PERENNE.

Lolium perenne L. Sp. Pl. 83. 1753. Watson and Coulter. Gray. Man.
Bot. 671. 1890. (6 ed.) Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull. Univ. Tenn. Agrl.
Exp. Sta. 7: 121. 7.775. 1894. Beal. Grasses of N. A.§2:)G297anae
Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 225. f. 527. 1896. Scribner.
Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 7: 301. f. 295. 1900. (3 ed.)

DESCRIPTION.

PERENNIAL Rye Grass. A smooth, leafy perennial, 1 to 3 feet
(2-6 dm.) high, with slender terminal spikes, 3 to 10 inches (6-20 cm.)
long. Spikelets about 6 lines (12 mm.) long, five to twelve-flowered,
rather distant, or crowded above; empty glume much shorter than the
spikelet; flowering glumes obscurely nerved, obtuse, cuspidate, or very
short awn-pointed. May to August.

Lawns, fields and waysides, naturalized, Canada to North Caro-
lina, west to Ohio and Tennessee; California and Arizona. Lolium
perenne has been introduced in different parts of the state. It, however,
persists but a short time. An excellent forage plant. See figure 218, on
page 311.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Ames (Sirrine, 224 Ball, Pammel, Hitchcock) ; Muscatine
(Reppert) ; Dysart (Miss Sirrine) ; Shelby County (Fitzpatrick).

North America. Waste and cultivated grounds. Canada to North

GRASSES OF IOWA. oe

219. Lolium Italicwm—a, spikelet; b, ec,

Fig. 218. Loliwm perenne—a, spikelet; b, Fig.
flowering glume; ec, palet (Div. Agros. U. 8. flowering glume; d, e, palea. (Div. Agros. U. 8
Dept. Agri. ) Dept. Agrl. )

Carolina, west to Ohio, ‘Tennessee, Missouri (Eggert), “Texas
(Nealley), California and Arizona.

General. Great Britain, Germany, Scandinavia, southern Lapland
to northern Africa, western Asia, Falkland Islands.

2. LOLIUM ITALICUM.

Lolium Italicum A. Br. Flora. 1'7: 259. 1834. Scribner. Grasses of
Tenn. Bull. Univ. Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 122. f. 176. 1894. Scribner.
Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 7: 302. f. 296. 1900. (3 ed.)

Lolium multiflorum Lam. Beal. Grassesof N. A. 2: 629. 1896.

DESCRIPTION.

ITALIAN RYE Grass. A biennial or perennial grass, 2 to 3 feet (6-
g dm.) high, with slender, usually somewhat nodding, terminal spikes,
and short awned spikelets. Sheaths nearly smooth; ligule very short,

BAZ GRASSES OF IOWA.

ie
sl
eT Ne Nice
yeritaa: PS

4 mal <

A gropyron Lenerum

Fic. 220. Distribution of Bromus, Loliwm and Agropyron.
e Specimens inherbarium. 7+Localities observed.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 313

scarious; leaf-blades 4 to 8 inches (10-20 cm.) long, 2 to 3 lines (4-6
mm.) wide. Spikelets 54 to 74 lines (10-15 mm.) long, six to fifteen-_
flowered; flowering glumes scabrous near the summit, awned; awn
slender, about the length of the glume. Introduced here and _ there
through cultivation. May to July.

Lolium Italicum has been introduced as a cultivated plant in vari-
ous sections of this state, but it seldom persists more than two years. An
excellent forage plant, but not adaped to Iowa.

7™mms5

Fic. 221. Lolium temulentum—a, spikelet; b, empty
glume. (Div. Agros. U. S. Dept. Agrl.)

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Ames (Crozier, Hitchcock, 160 Ball).
North America. Introduced here and there through cultivation,
especially on the Pacific Coast. District of Columbia (Vasey).

314 GRASSES OF IOWA.

General. Southern Europe, Spain, France, Germany, to Belgium,
Switzerland, Italy, Dalmatia, Turkey and Greece. An escape from
cultivation in Great Britain.

3. LOLIUM TEMULENTUM.

Lolium temulentum L. Sp. Pl. 83. 1753 Watson and Coulter. Gray.
Man. Bot. 671. p/. 77. 1890. (6ed.) Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull. Univ. Tenn.
Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 122 f. 177. 1894. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 630. 1896.
Nash in Gritton and -Brown. Ill. Fl. Ll: 225. #. 522. 1896) )Senbuer-
Bull Us S- Dept Aor Div NorOS ei i7 w2 ole Cleo

DESCRIPTION.

Potson DARNEL. An annual,with smooth, stout, culm, 2 to 3 teet
(4-6 dm.) high. Sheaths scabrous; liguie short. Spike 6 to 12 inches
(12-24 cm.) long. Spikelets five to seven-flowered ; empty glumes sharp-
pointed, as long as the spikelet; flowering glumes turgid,.awned or awn-
less, shorter and broader than in L. perenne. Wet places and cultivated
grounds. June to August. See figure 221, on page 313.

Poison darnel is found in the wheat growing sections of the state.

DISTRIBUTION.
yu

Towa. Ames (Bessey, Hitchcock); Armstrong (Pammel) ;
Charles City (Arthur) ; Cedar Falls (Carver) ; Dallas County (Noel).

North America. A weed, introduced from Europe. North Caro-
lina (Rowan County, Small and Heller), Illinois (Hillsbore, Richard),
California (Southern California, Parry and Lemmon 407).

General. Western Asia, Siberia and India to Germany and Scan-
dinavia, Great Britain and northern Africa.

2. AGROPYRON.

Agropyron Gaertn. Nov. Comm. Petersb. 14: 539. 1770. Bentham and
Hooker Gen. Pl. 8: 1202. Hackel in Engler and Prantl. Nat. Pflanz. Fam.
II, 2: 78. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 20: 1625 Oe

£lytrigia Desv. Bull. Philom. 2: 190. 1810.

Roegneria C. Koch. Linn. 21: 413. 1847.

Anthosachne Steud. Syn. Glum 1: 237. 1855.

Spikelets three to many-flowered, compressed, two-ranked, alter-
nate on opposite sides of a solitary, terminal spike, single at each joint
(the lowermost, or all, rarely in pairs) and sessile, with the side against
the aixs. Glumes transverse (i. e., right and left), nearly equal and
opposite, lanceolate, herbaceous, nerved. Flowering glumes rigid, con-

GRASSES OF IOWA. 315

vex on the back, five to seven-nerved, pointed or awned from the tip;
palet flattened, bristly-ciliate on the nerves, adherent to the groove of the
grain. Stamens 3. (Name from Greek words for field and wheat.)

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF AGROPYRON.

A. Culms tufted, no creeping rootstock or stolons.
1. Flowering glumes long-awned.
a. Culm stout; spike stout, somewhat one-sided; awn 3-4 times as

longasithe flowering: olnmer ooo, a... os = A. Richardsont.’.

b. Culm siender, spike rather slender; awn 1-2 times as long as
aS) WON peaks Alisha nog ootmanoo5 Nooo OCs OF A. caninum .*

2. Flowering glumes awn-pointed or awnless........... A. tenerum.*.

B. Culms from creeping rootstocks.
1. Flowering glumes glabrous or only scabrous.
a. Spikelets compressed, ascending.............. A. occidentale.*.
b. Spikelets narrow, nearly clindrical, erect.
(1) Leaves becoming involute, scabrous on both sides.
—A.pseudo-repens.°.
(2) Leaves flat, smooth below, pubescent above.
—A. repens.’.
2. Ploweringe glume pubescent............ A. occidentale var. molle.*.

1. AGROPYRON RICHARDSONI.

Agropyron Richardsoni Schrad. Linnzwa 12: 467. 1838. (fide Kew Index.)
Scribner. Bull. U.S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 17: 301. f£ 597.1899. Shear.
Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 4: 29. 1897.

Agropyron caninum (L) R. and S. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill.
Fl. 1: 228 (in part.)

Agropyrum unilaterale Cassidy. Bull. Colo. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 12: 63.
1890.

_ Agropyrum violacescens Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 635. 1896.

DESCRIPTION.

RICHARDSON’S WHEAT Grass. An erect, smooth perennial, 3 to
4 feet (6-8 dm.) high, with rather rough, involute, pointed leaves, and
erect, usually one-sided, bearded spikes, 14 to 20 inches (7-10 cm.)
long. Spikelets three to four, with long-awned, flowering glumes 4 to
44 lines (8-9 mm.) long. Dry soil. June to September.

Considered a good forage plant.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Armstrong 3269 and 3264 (Pammel); Ames (Sirrine,
Stewart (679 Combs and Ball) ; Ontario 3274 (Faurot) ; Armstrong
(Cratty) ; Cedar Falls (Carver) ; Milford (Shimek).

316 GRASSES OF IOWA.

Fig. 222. Agropyron Richardsoni. a. glumes. b. spikelet. (Div. Agros. U.S. Dept.Agrl. )

North America. Minnesota (St. Croix, Parry), South Dakota to
the Saskatchewan and British Columbia; in the Rocky Mountains of
Colorado and the Uintah Mountains of Utah (Duchesne River 241,
East Provo Canon, alt. 8000 ft., East Lake Fork, West Bear Lake, 254
Pammel), Rocky Mountains (Hall and Harbour 656), Wyoming
(Burnt Fork 244).

2. AGROPYRON CANINUM.

Agropyron caninum R. and S. Syst. 2: 756. 1817. Watson and
Coulter. Gray. Man. Bot. 672. 1890. (6 ed.)

Agropyrum caninum Reichenb. Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull. as
Tenn. Agr. Exp. Sta. 7: 123. f. 179, 1894.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 317

Agropyron caninum (L.) Beauv. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 639.

1896.
Agropyron caninum (L) R. and S. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. FI.

1; 228. f. 528. 1896. (in part.)
Agropyrum caninum Beauv. Shear. Bull. U.S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros.

4: 29, 1897.
Agropyrum caninoides Beal. (zrasses of N. A. 2: 640. 1896.

DESCRIPTION.

Awnep WuHEaT Grass. A rather slender grass, 1 to 3 feet (2-6
dm.) high, with no creeping root-stock. Sheaths smooth, or the lower
hairy; ligule short; leaf-blade flat, pubescent above, smooth below.

ale |

Fia@ 223. <Agropyron caninum—a, Fig. 224. Agropyron tenerum—a, empty
empty glumes; b, flowering glume. glumes; b, flowering glumes, with flowers, (Div.
- (Charlotte M. King ) Agros. U. 8. Dept. Agrl. )

’

318 GRASSES OF IOWA.

Spikes more or less nodding, 3 to 6 inches (6-12 cm.) long. Spikelets
three to six-flowered, the florets rather distant; empty glumes three to-
tive-nerved, acute or long awned; flowering glumes nerved near the tip,
with awns nearly twice their length. July-August.

Reported from northwestern Iowa only, where it is not uncommon.
‘The species is considered a good forage plant.

DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Ames 38 and 769 (Ball and Combs) ; Iowa-Minnesota
line (Pammel) ; Ames (Sirrine) ; Emmet County (Cratty) ; Lake Oko-
boji (Hitchcock).

North America. From New Brunswick, Saskatchewan and British
Columbia, south to Colorado; south through New England and middle
states and west to Nevada, Wyoming (Sheep Mountain, IT. A. Wil-
liams 2306).

General. Europe and Asia.

3. AGROPYRON TENERUM.

Agropyron tenerum Vasey. Bot. Gaz. 10: 258. 1885. Watson and
Coulter. Gray. Man. Bot. 672. 1890. (6 ed.) Shear. Bull. U.S. Dept. Agrl.
Div. Agros. 4: 29. 1897. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 227. f. 527.
1896. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 17: 297. f. 593. 1899.

Agropyron repens var. tenerum Vasey. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2:
636. 1896.

DESCRIPTION.

SLENDER WHEAT Grass. An erect, caespitose, rather stout,
smooth perennial, 3 to 44 feet (6-9 dm.) high, with narrow, flat leaves,
and slender, cylindrical spikes, 4 to 74 inches (8-15 cm.) long. Outer
glumes five-nerved ; flowering glumes lanceolate, 4 to 5 lines (8-10 mm.)
long, tipped with a stiff, straight awn 4 to 2 lines (1-4 mm.) long. Dry
soil. July-August.

It has been found in eastern, northern and northwestern Iowa, but
native only to northwestern Iowa, from Emmet to Lyon counties. It is
a yaluable forage plant and highly esteemed in the Rocky Mountains.
In lowa it starts early in the spring and matures very rapidly. See
figure 224, on page 317.

DISTRIBUTION.
Iowa. Mason City (Miss King), 895 Elmore, Minn. (Minne-
sota-lowa line), 3366 and 3307 Ceylon, 3362 and 3360 Spirit Lake
(Pammel) ; Cedar Falls (Carver) ; Ames 1117 (Stewart, Carver, Sir-

GRASSES OF IOWA. 319

rine) ; 3344 Marathon (Roberts); 3184 Elgin (Patterson) ; Emmet
County, Armstrong (Cratty); Lyon County (Macbride); Rock
Rapids, Spirit Lake (Shimek) ; Ames (Bessey).

North America. Minnesota, Nebraska (Ravenna and Grand
Island, Pammel), Colorado (Colorado Springs, Pammel; Ft. Collins,
Crandall 49; Rouatt County, Shear and Bessey 1393), New Mexico,
Utah (East Duchesne River 235, Pammel and Stanton; Salt Lake City
and White Rock Agency, Pammel and Stanton; Black’s Fork and Echo,
Pammel, Johnson, Buchanan and Lummis, 1573, 1578, 1581 and 1582),
Wyoming (Snake’River, A. & E. Nelson, Burnt Fork and Sheridan,
246, 247, Pammel and Stanton), Washington (Sandberg and Leiberg
331).

4. AGROPYRON OCCIDENTALE.

Agropyron occidentale Scribner. N. Sp.

Agropyrum spicatum (Pursh.) Scribn. and Smith. Bull. U.S. Dept.
Agrl. Div. Agros. 3: 12. 1896. Scribner. Bull. U.S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros.
17: 298. f. 594. 1899.

Agropyrum spicatum Scribn. and Smith. Shear. Bull. U. S. Dept.
Agrl. Div. Agros. 4: 33. 1897.

DESCRIPTION.

CoLorabo BLur STEM. WESTERN WHEAT Grass. A rigid,
upright, glaucous perennial, 1 to 4 feet (3-12 dm.) high, from creeping
root-stocks, with rather firm, bluish-green leaves, and straight, beard-
less spikes, 3 to 7 inches (6-14 cm.) long. Spikelets seven to thirteen-
flowered, 6 to 10 lines (12-20 mm.) long, with lanceolate, acuminate-
pointed, empty glumes, and acute flowering glumes 4 to 6 lines (8-12
mm.) long. Dry or moist soil. June to September.

This species is widely introduced in Iowa, especially east of the
Missouri divide, except in Emmet, Palo Alto and Cerro Gordo
counties, where it is native. “The Wisconsin localities are most likely
from introduced plants. It is one of the most abundant grasses of the
plain west of the Missouri river and east of the Rocky Mountains. It
covers wide stretches of the western plains forming a considerable part
of the herbage. It is a most valuable forage grass for the west. In
many parts of lowa and Minnesota it is becoming a troublesome weed,
spreading with as much rapidity as quack grass.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. 663 Denison, Mason City, 392 Elmore, Minn., lowa-Min-
nesota line, 3308 Ceylon, 3268 Armstrong (Pammel) ; Ames (Carver,

320 GRASSES OF IOWA.

——

»
\\ !
\

NN
\ fl
Na
\ Hi

Fia@. 225. Agropyron occidentale—a, empty Fig. 226. Ayropyron occidentale var.

glumes; b, flowering glumes with flowers. (Div. molle—a, spikelet ; b,d, flowering glume;
Agros. U. 8. Dept. Agrl. ) c, palet and anther; e, empty glumes.

(Div. Agros. U. S. Dept. Agrl. )

Stevens, C. A. Wilson, Sirrine, P. H. Rolfs) ; Harcourt (Danielson) ;
Hamilton County (P. H. Rolfs) ; 3190 Hampton (Peck) ; 3292 Afton
Junction (Miller) ; 3275 Ontario (Faurot) ; 377 Macedonia (Stem-
pel) ; 1128 Alden (Stevens) ; 305 Pilot Mound (Miss King and Mac-
Corkindale) ; 951 Battle Creek (Preston) ; Twin Lake Township, Cal-
houn County (Rigg) ; Mason City (Shimek) ; Hedrick (J. T. Brooks) ;
Emmet County (Cratty); Farragut, Spirit Lake, Forest City, Rock
Rapids (Shimek) ; Nora Springs (Gaylord) ; Milford (Shimek) ; Ft.
Dodge (Oleson).

GRASSES OF IOWA. 321

North America. Minnesota (Vernon Center, Pammel 2), Kan-
sas, Nebraska (McCook 219, Aurora 55, Alma 56, Pammel), Colorado
(Ft. Collins, Crandall; Malta, Pammel and Stanton 225; Palmer
Lake Pammel), Wyoming (Burnt Fork, Pammel and Stanton; Pied-
mont, Pammel; Pine Bluff, Pammel, Johnson, Lummis and Buchanan),
Texas, Utah (Salt Lake City and Echo, Pammel, Johnson, Buchanan
and Lummis; White Rock Agency and Provo River, Pammel and Stan-
ton; Black’s Fork, Pammel; Southern Mt., Siler) and Arizona; north to
Montana and Saskatchewan.

5 AGROPYRON OCCIDENTALE VAR. MOLLE.PAMMEL. NOV. COMB.

Agropyron spicatum molle Scribner and Smith. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl.
Div. Agros. 4: 33. 1897.

DESCRIPTION.

Sorr WESTERN WHEAT Grass. Culms 1 to 4 feet high, with
compressed, acute spikelets; culms rigid, erect and striate; leaves rough-
ish on the margins, brown nodes; sheaths striate, smooth, shorter than
the internodes; ligule short; blades erect, separating, rigid, bluish green;
scabrous on the margins and along the prominent nerves. Spikes ex-
serted 3 to 7 inches (7-20 cm.) long. Spikelets pedicellate, greenish, 4
to 1 inch (14-3 cm.) long; empty glumes and rachis more or less villous
and pubescent, lanceolate, acuminate, scabrous on the nerves. Flowering
glume 4 to 6 lines (8-12 mm.) long, narrowly lanceolate, acute or acu-
minate; palea a little shorter than the flowering glume. See figure 226,
on page 320.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Ontario (F. W. Faurot 3274). Introduced.
North America. ‘Vhe Saskatchewan to Colorado and New Mexico,
and westward to Idaho and Washington.

6. AGROPYRON PSEUDO-REPENS.

Agropyron pseudo-repens Scribn. and Smith. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl,!
Div. Agros 4: 34. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl.*Div. Agros. 17: 296.
fe 9a. ABO.

(In the past very frequently it has been referred to as Agropyron
repens by many American collectors.)

DESCRIPTION.

An erect, rather stout perennial, 14 to 44 feet (3-9 dm.) high, from
creeping root-stocks, with flat, scabrous leaves, and erect spikes 4 to 8
21

322 GRASSES OF IOWA.

2
Fie. 227. <Agropyron pseudo-repens—a, empty Fic. 228. Agropyron repens—a _ spikelet;
glumes; b, flowering glumes with flowers. (Div. b, parts of spikelet displayed, two empty

Agros. U. 8. Dept. Agrl.) glumes. (Div. Agros. U. 8. Dept, Agrl.)

inches (8-16cm.) long. Spikelets 5 to 8 lines (10-16 mm.) long, three
to seven-flowered, with linear-lanceolate, nearly equal and five-nerved
empty glumes, with acuminate or awn-pointed flowering glumes. Rather
moist soil. May to September.

This species is local in north central and northwestern Iowa. In the
Rocky Mountains it is considered a valuable forage grass.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Granite (Shimek) ; Ogden (Pammel).
North America. Ontario to Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Ne-
braska (Grand Island and Broken Bow 54, Pammel), and the Recky

GRASSES OF IOWA. 323

Mountain region Colorado (Steamboat Springs, Shear and Bessey),
Wyoming (Sheridan County, Big Goose Creek, Pammel, Stanton and
Crone; Bear River, Pammel, Johnson, Buchanan and Lummis 1635,
and 1634), Utah (Burnt Fork, Provo River, Bear River 255, Pammel
and Stanton) ; Black’s Fork, Pammel, Johnson, Buchanan and Lummis
969), Texas and Arizona to British Columbia.

7. AGROPYRON REPENS.

Agropyron repens Beauv. Agros. 146. 1812. Watson and Coulter.
Gray. Man. Bot. 671. 1890. (6 ed.) Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull. Univ.
Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 123. f. 778. 1894. Shear. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl.
Div. Agros. 4: 35.

Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 636. 1896.
Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 7: 304. f 298. 1900. (3ed).

DESCRIPTION.

Coucu Grass, Quack Grass. Culms 1 to 3 feet (2-6 dm.)
high, from an extensively creeping, jointed rootstock. Sheaths striate,
usually smooth; ligule very short; leaves 4 to 12 inches (8-24 cm.) long,
smooth, scabrous, or sometimes pubescent above. Spikes 3 to 10 inches
(6-20 cm.) long, erect. Spikelets four to eight-flowered ; empty glumes
five to seven-nerved, obtuse dr notched, acute or short-awned; flowering
glume nerved near the apex, awnless or sometimes short-awned. June

‘to September. See figure 228, on page 322.

Naturalized in lawns, waysides and cultivated ground. Becoming
a troublesome weed in many sections of the state. “The species furnishes
good forage, but its weedy nature should prevent its introduction as a
forage plant.

DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Ames 153 (Ball); Macedonia 376 (Sample), Boone
(Carver) ; Decorah 3189 (Jacobson) ; Ames (Rolfs) ; Creston (Stew-
art) ; Ames 1150 (Louthan) ; Alden 1133 (Stevens) ; Ames (Hodson) ;
Hamilton County (Rolfs) ; Waverly (Erwin) ; Northwood (Tenold) ;
Ames (Sirrine) ; Rock Rapids (Shimek) ; Jewell Junction (Carver) ;
Grundy Center (Miss Paddock); Keokuk (Shimek); Iowa City
(Hitchcock) ; Delaware County (Cameron) ; Ames (Bessey).

North America. Widely naturalized in North America. From
Maine to British Columbia, New York (Parry), Connecticut (Glaston-
bury, Frances Wilson), Wisconsin (La Crosse, Pammel, 3231), Ne-
braska, Dakotas, Missouri, Colorado and the Gulf states.

324 . GRASSES OF IOWA.

TSF eV ETO wae
lal Ra

CA ER RES
| Sra ree
Lint NESE nee
i ie
ae ES LE: ¢

fe fA ee
Hae LDPE SRY

SPN La fi: it

pe Cs
Ahh Ra

Aer Coes

ce pseudorepens y Agr Op Ri et Zee NS

CEN ,
Shy

L el
| ts

yy Eeabia sa
¢ f-| ewe g
HEE ER PIR

Fra. 229. Distribution of Agropyron, Secale and Hordeum.
e Specimens in herbarium. +Localities observed.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 325

General. Great Britain, the continent of Europe, Scandinavia to
northern Africa, northern Asia and the Himalayas.

3. SECALE.

Secale L. Sp. Pl. 84. 1753. Endlicher. Gen. Pl. 103. Bentham and
Hooker. Gen. Pl. 3: 1203. Beauv. Agros. 105. p/. 20. Scribner. Bull. U. S.
Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 20: 163. f 737. (Rev. ed.)

Spikelets two, rarely three-flowered, solitary and sessile at the
notches of the rachis, forming a spike; rachilla produced above the florets
into a slender stipe. Empty glumes two, rigid, narrow, acuminate or sub-
aristate-pointed ; flowering glume broader, compressed-keeled, five-nerved,
awned from the point; palea a little shorter than the glumes ,two-keeled.
Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain ob-
long, sulcate, pilose at thé apex, free. Annual grasses, with flat leaves,
and dense, terminal spikes, the rachis of which is usually articulated.

Two species, the Secale cereale and S. fragile, both native of the
Old World. ‘The original species of 8. cereale known as S. montanum
Guss, grows upon the mountains of Spain and Morocco, through Siberia
to Asia Minor and central Asia.

1. SECALE CEREALE.

Secale cereale L.Sp Pl. 84. 1753. Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull.
Univ. Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 124. 1894: Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 640:

— 1896. |

DESCRIPTION.

Rye. An annual grass, 4 to 6 feet (10-15 dm.) high, with linear-
lanceolate leaves, and terminal, somewhat flattened,linear, bearded
spikes, 4 to 6 inches (8-12 cm.) long. Culms simple, erect, hairy near
the spike; sheaths striate, smooth; ligule short, dentate; leaf-blade
smooth on the lower surface, scabrous on the upper surface and margins.
Empty glumes linear-subulate, nearly equal, scabrous, bristly-pilose at
the base; flowering glumes ventricose, acuminate, compressed near the
apex, and terminating in a long, scabrous awn.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. 3207 Conrad (Miss E. Paddock) ; Ames (Weaver, 1146
Louthan, Stewart, E. R. Wilson) ; Spring Hill (Jones) ; Mt. Pleasant
(Mills) ; Marshalltown (Eckles) ; Cedar Rapids (Miss Hall) ; Durant
1135 (Weaver) ; Ames (Mast, Carver, Fairfield) ; Denison 674, Web-
ster City, Jefferson (Pammel) ; Johnson County (Cratty).

326 GRASSES OF IOWA.

North America. Widely naturalized, or in a semi-naturalized con-
dition from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

General. Generally cultivated in Europe, the original form native
to the mountains of southern Europe.

Fia. 230. Secale cereale—a, spike; b, spikelet;
d, awned flowering glume; e, palet; kl, k2, k3,
views of seed. (Hackel. )

4. TRITICUM.

Triticum L. Sp. Pl. 85. 1753. Endlicher Gen. Pl. 103. Bentham and
Hooker. Gen. Pl. 3: 1204. Hackel in Engler and Prantl. Nat. Pflanz.
Fam. II. 2: 80. f 93-102. Scribner. Bull. U.S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros.
20: 164. f. 732. (Rev. ed.)

Spikelets two to five-flowered, solitary and sessile at the joints of
the rachis, forming dense, terminal spikes; rachilla articulated between
the florets; lower flowers in each spikelet hermaphrodite, the upper stam-
inate or imperfect. Empty glumes at the base of the spikelet two, rigid,
usually shorter and narrower than the flowering glumes, short-awned or

GRASSES OF IOWA. 327

awnless; flowering glumes oblong, ventricose or rounded on the back,
sometimes keeled above, five to nine-nerved, awned or awnless; palet
two-keeled, keels ciliate. Stamens 3. Style very short; stigmas plumose.
Grain ovoid or oblong, sulcate, hairy at the apex, free or adherent to the
palea. Annual, erect grasses with terminal, cylindrical spikes.

There are twelve species of Aegilops native to southern Europe and
Asia; one species, the 4egilops ovata, occurs in southern Europe. ‘There
are three species of the section Sitopyros.

ee
=———

Ze

—

he a

2

_

FIq. 231-b.

Fig. 231-a.

a—l, English Wheat. Triticwm sativum
turgidum; 2, Flint Wheat. Triticum sativum
durum. (Hackel.)

b—!1, Common Bearded Winter Wheat.
Triticum sativum vulgare; 2, Triticum
sativum vulgare muticum. (Hackel. )

1. TRITICUM VULGARE.

Triticum vulgare Vill. Hist. Pl. Dauph. 2: 153. Beal. Grasses of N.
A. 2: 642. f. 122. 1896.
Triticum sativum Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull. Univ. Tenn. Agrl.

Exp. Sta. 7: 124. 1894.

328 GRASSES OF IOWA.

DESCRIPTION.

Wheat. An annual, with terete, simple culms, 2 to 5 feet (5-14
dm.) high. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, striate, usually scabrous on the
upper surface. Sheaths striate, smooth; ligule short, truncate. Spike 3
to 6 inches (7-14 cm.) long, dense, four-sided, axis compressed, rather

et amen Z = :
= ES: BI ee EE
a =a —— aS =

= Zk

eS =
=——

= =
reeked

==
SSS

eZ
——

——

oe

SS

a

=

imino

#2
FIG. 232-a. FIG. 232-b.
a—l, Polish Wheat. Triticwm Poloni- b—1, German Wheat. Triticum sativum
cum; 2, Bearded Spelt. Triticwm sati- dicoccum; 2, One-grained Wheat. Triticum
vum Spelta (Hackel. ) monococcum. (Hackel.)

broad, margins hirsute; spikelets broadly obtuse, three to five-flowered ;
glumes ventricose, obtuse, mucronate or awned.

Wheat is grown in all parts of the state. Winter wheat succeeds
best in southern and eastern parts of the state; summer wheat in’ north-

western Iowa.
DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Ames (Fairfield, Stewart, Weaver, Pammel, Sirrine, Car-
ver) ; Boone (Carver) ; 1123 and 1171 (Alden (Stevens).

GRASSES OF IOWA. 329

General. Wheat is widely cultivated in temperate regions of the
old and new worlds. Cultivated in Europe in prehistoric times. Its
original home is western Asia.

5. HORDEUM.

Hordeum L. Sp. Pl. 84. 1753. Endlicher. Gen. Pl. 104. Bentham and
Hooker. Gen. Pl. 3: 1206. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros.
Aieelos tL. 133.

Critho E. Mey. Ind. Hort. Region. 1848.

Zeocriton Beauv. Agrost. 114. 1812. ~

Critesion Raf. Jour. Phys. 89: 103. 1819.

Spikelets one-flowered, with an awl-shaped rudiment on the inner
side, three at each joint of the rachis of a terminal spike. The lateral
ones usually imperfect or abortive, and short-stalked. Empty glumes
side by side, in front of the spikelets, six in number, forming a kind of
involucre, slender and awn-pointed, or bristle-form. Flowering glume
and palet herbaceous, the former (anterior) convex, long-awned from
the apex. Stamens.3. Grain oblong, commonly adherent. Spike often
separating into joints. Ours annuals or biennials, or scarcely perennial. ©
(The ancient Latin name. )

Hackel recognizes sitxeen species of Hordeum, although Bentham
& Hooker only give twelve. ‘Vhe species occurs in temperate Asia,
Europe, Africa and North and South America; of the sixteen species Beal
records eight for the United States; but Scribner and Smith" record ten
species in 1897. Several species have been added since then; it is prob-
able, however, that the number of species will be somewhat reduced.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF HORDEUM.

A. Lateral spikelets sessile (cultivated species).
1. Flowers in the lateral spikelets sterile, making the fruiting spike

appear distichouS....-....-++eeereee sees eseees H. distichon.'.
2. Flowers in the lateral spikelets fertile, the fruiting spike appear-
ing Six-rOWEd .....-- secre eee e cette eter e eee ees H. vulgare.’.

B. Lateral spikelets raised on a short pedicel.
1. Empty glumes all alike, subulate.
a. Floret of the lateral spikelets rudimentary, awniess, or short-

awned.
(1) Awn of the flowering glume in the central spikelet 2.5-6
Mimi. LOM ok «ii. 2 ela twee seein te aes crmineln Hi, jubatum.*.
(2) Awn of the flowering glume of the central spikelet less
than l.S em. long. ..c50. wens. 0- eee Hi. nodosum.*.
b. Flower of the very short-pedicelled, lateral spikelets fertile; awn
about 2 cm. long........-:esseeseeeescceeee H. Pammeli.’.

2. Empty glumes of the middle spikelets, and the inner empty. glumes
of the lateral spikelets dilated above the base.. Hf, pusillum.®.

8380 GRASSES OF IOWA.
1. HORDEUM DISTICHON.

Hordeum distichon L. Sp. Pl. 185. 1753. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2:
647.

FiG. 233. Left, Hordewm distichon; right, Hordeum v
trifurcatum ; a, trifurcate scale. (Charlotte M. King

ulgare var.
ing. )

GRASSES OF IOWA. del

DESCRIPTION.

Two Rowep Bartey. Two te three feet (6-9 dm.) high, spikes
strongly compressed laterally, the sterile, lateral spikelets appressed to
the rachis, with or without stamens. Spikelets nodding or upright.

DISTRIBUTION.
Iowa. Lyon County (Shimek).
North America. Cultivated in northern United States.
General. Cultivated in Europe and Asia, and temperate regions
generally.
2. HORDEUM VULGARE.

Hordeum vulgare L. Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull. Univ. Tenn.
Aegrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 125. 1894.

Fig. 234. Left, two-ranked barley; Hordeum distichon. Right, common
four-rowed barley; Hordeum vulgare; b, bl, b3, spikelet; kl, fruit; f, pistils and
stamens. (Hackel. )

ABBY GRASSES OF IOWA.

DESCRIPTION.

Four Rowep BarLey. Annual, 2 to 3 feet (4-7 dm.) high,
smooth. Leaves linear-lanceolate, keeled, nearly smooth; sheaths striate,
smooth, auricled at the throat; ligule very short. Spikes 3 to 4 inches
(6-9 cm.) long, somewhat four-sided, rachis flattened, pubescent on the
margins. Spikelets with one perfect floret; empty glumes, narrowly lin-
ear, pubescent, terminating in a slender awn; flowering glume five-
nerved, scabrous near the apex, long-awned ; awn flattened, keeled, some-
what three-nerved, serrulate on the margins.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Alden (Stevens); Ames (E. R. Wilson, P. H. Rolfs) ;
Jefferson (Stewart) ; Story City (Pammel and Stewart).

North America. ‘This cereal is without doubt one of the most
ancient of cultivated plants. It is supposed to have originated from H.
spontaneum Koch which grows wild in Asia Minor and Caucasian coun-
tries to Persia and Beloochistan as well as Syria and Palestine.

3. HORDEUM JUBATUM.

Hordeum jubatum L. Sp. Pl. 85. 1753. Watson and Coulter. Gray.
Man. Bot. 672. Z/. 17. 1890. (6 ed.) Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 644. 1896.
(2 ed.) Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 229. f. 537. 1896. Scrib-
ner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 17: 307. f. 603. 1899.

DESCRIPTION.

SouiRREL Tait Grass. A smooth, slender and erect, annual or
biennial (perennial ?), 1 to 2 feet (2-4 dm.) high, with flat leaves, and
long, bearded, nodding spikes, 2} to 5 inches (5-10 cm.) long. Empty
glumes awn-like, 14 to 24 inches (3-5 cm.) long, the flowering glume of
the central spikelet 3 to 4 lines (6-8 mm.) long, terminating in a slender
awn I4 to 24 inches (3-5 cm.) long. Moist, saline soils. June to August:

Squirrel tail grass is widely distributed in Iowa; reported from
nearly every county. A most troublesome weed in pastures. See figure
235, on page 333.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Forest City (Shimek); Missouri Valley, 885 Elmore,
Minn., Iowa-Minnesota line, Eagle Grove, 896 Ledyard, Jefferson,
Logan, 659 Missouri Valley, Carroll, Council Bluffs, 1307 Council
Bluffs, Ames, Dakota City, 3218 Clinton, Webster City, South Dakota

GRASSES OF IOWA. 333

G. 235. Hordeum jubatum—a, spikelet. (Div. Fig. 236. Hordeum nodosum—a, spikelet. (Div.
Agros. U. S. Dept. Agrl. ) Agros. U. 8. Dept. Agrl.)

opposite Hawarden (Pammel) ; Le Claire (F. Rolfs) ; Ames (C. A.
Wilson, Bessey, Beardslee, Reynolds, Taylor, 1154 Louthan, Hitch-
cock, 1165 Stewart, Miss Gaylord, Carver) ; Rock Rapids, Mason City
(Shimek) ; Calhoun County (Rigg); Pottawattamie County (Cam-
eron), Newton (Misses Cavanagh and Dilne) ; Muscatine (Reppert) ;
Greenfield (Stewart); Sioux City (Miss Wakefield) ; 1072 Emmet
County (Cratty); Taylor County 1114 (Pool); Battle Creek 953
(Preston) ; Mason City (Parker); Clinton (Ball); 3248 Beaver
-(Pammel and Kinzer) ; Grundy Center, 3251 (Miss Paddock) ; 3277
Ontario (Faurot) ; 3334 Marathon (Roberts) ; 3212 Calmar Junction
(Pammel); 1 Ames (Ball); Harcourt (Danielson) ; Wheatland

304 GRASSES OF IOWA.

(Ball) ; 699 Amana (Schadt); Mt. Pleasant (Mills, Witte) ; Mar-
shalltown (Stewart); Iowa City (Hitchcock); Keokuk (P. H.
Rolis) ; Jewell Junction (Carver) ; Colfax (Mead); Manly (Wil-
liams); Dysart, Benton County (Miss Sirrine) ; 840 Boone (Steele) ;
837 Charles City (Anderson) ; Belknap (Rankin) ; Keystone (Koch) ;
High Bridge, Dallas County (Shimek) ; Des Moines (Pammel) ; Mil-
ford (Skiff) ; Oskaloosa (White).

“Greenfield (Stewart) ; Corning (Bixby) ; Postville (Williams) ;
Rossville (Wiley) ; Centerville (Reister) ; Shellsburg (Budd); Belle
Plaine (Van Dyke) ; Cedar Falls (Speer) ; Madrid (Heaton) ; Row-
ley (Herman); Rockwell City (Heaton); Dedham (Kay); Coon
Rapids (Kay) ; Atlantic (Franklin) ; Mechanicsville (Hubbard) ; Clear
Lake (Carpenter) ; Mason City (Nettleton) ; Larrabee (Strever) ; New
Hampton (Gabrilsen) ; Lawler (Obyrne) ; Hopeville (Ashley) ; Clin-
ton (Roberts); Belknap (Parker); Bloomfield (Duffield) ; Garden
Grove (Wemple) ; Hawkeye (Bopp) ; Hampton (Grenelle;) Geneva
(Thompson) ; Hamburg (Rice); Enfield (Jefferson) ; Casey (Bene-
dict); Iowa Falls ( Parmalee); Williams (Fuller); Mt. Pleasant
(Wright) ; Cresco (Marshall); Humboldt (Wells); Battle Creek
(Preston, Crowley) ; South Amana (Schadt) ; Newton (Beatty) ; Lake
Mills (Keeler) ; Decatur County (Shimek) ; Unity (Hummer) ; What
Cheer (Lawrence) ; Mooar (Thomas) ; Wapello (Miller) ; Chariton
(Burr); Little Rock (Ball); Winterset (Kinsman); Oskaloosa
(Boyd) ; Marshalltown (Eckles) ; Mapleton (Lamb); Villisca (Mc-
Cartney) ; Shenandoah (Mollison) ; Neola (Humesworth) ; Council
Bluffs ( Williams); Grinnell (Price); Sac City (Brown); Ames
(Mills) ; Traer (Wilson) ; Lenox (Hurley); Pittsburg (Duffeld) ;
Wilsonville (Taylor); Seymour (Wagner); Ft. Dodge (Blaine) ;
Forest City (Secor) ; Sioux City (Purcell and Skinner) ; Iowa City,
Davenport (Shimek); Hamilton to Hancock County (Preston) ;
Onslow (Cameron). Localities based on reports.

North America. Moist, saline soils, Canada, the United States
south to Illinois (Venice, Eggert; Chicago, Pammel) ; Minnesota
(Thompson, Sandberg 420), South Dakota (Brookings, Halsted), Wis-
consin (La Crosse, D. S$. Pammel) ; Nebraska (Oxford, Aurora 22;
Broken Bow 106, Alma, Hastings, Pammel), Kansas, Colorado (Lari-
mer County, Fort Morgan, Silver Plume, Pammel; Ft. Collins, Cran-
dall; New Windsor, Osterhout, 2380; Petersburg, Lummis 1561) ;
Utah (Cache La Poudre River, 8000 ft., Pammel; Echo, Pammel,
Johnson, Lummis and Buchanan), Wyoming (New Castle, Sherman;

oa

GRASSES OF IOWA. 335

Sheridan County, Pammel; Yellowstone National Park, A. and E. Nel-
son; Dale Creek, Pammel, Johnson, Buchanan and Lummis), New Mex-
ico (Vasey), Nevada (Montella, Pammel), Idaho (Sandberg), and
California.

General. Europe and Siberia.

4. HORDEUM NODOSOM.

Hordeum nodosum LL. Sp. Pl. 56. (2ed.) 1762. Scribner. Bull. U.S.

Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 17: 313. f. 609. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill.
Meitn ace. f. 529.

DESCRIPTION.

WILD ork MEApow Bar Ey. A slender, erect, caespitose grass, # to 2
feet (2-6 dm.) high, with flat leaves, and narrow, bearded spikes, 3 to 3
inches (2-8 cm.) long. Empty glumes all setaceous or awn-like; Iateral
spikelets imperfect. Awns 3 to 6 lines (6-12 mm.) long. May to
August. See figure 236, on page 333.

DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Hawarden; Lyon County.
North America. Indiana and Minnesota to Alaska, and south to
Tennessee, Mississippi, Texas and California.

General. Europe and Asia.

5. HORDEUM PAMMELI.

Hordeum Pammeli Scribner andBall. n. sp.
DESCRIPTION.

PAMMEL’s WILD BarLey. A caespitose, glabrous perennial, erect
or somewhat geniculate at the base, 6 to 10 dm. high. Sheaths smooth,
shorter than the internodes; ligule a scarious ring about .5 mm. long;
blades flat, linear-lanceolate, 5 to 8 mm. wide, 1.2 to 2 dm. long, mi-
nutely retrose-scabrous on both surfaces, long-acuminate at the apex.
Spikes exserted, nodding, long and slender, 8 to 17 cm. long and 6 to
8 mm. wide, excluding the awns, or 2 to 3 cm. wide with the awns. Joints
of the rachis about 2.5 mm. long, scabrous, articulated, separating at
maturity. Spikelets three at each joint, ascending or somewhat ap-
pressed, the central sessile, the lateral ones nearly so, on very short pedi-
cels, less than .5 mm. in length, all containing fertile flowers, the cen-
tral three-flowered, the lateral two-flowered, the uppermost flower in

336 GRASSES OF IOWA.

each case being rudimentary. Empty glumes subulate, one to two-
nerved, minutely scabrous, produced into a long, slender, scabrous awn,
glume with awn 2.3 to 3.5 cm. long. Flowering glume of the lower
flower of the central spikelet 7.5 to 8.5 mm. long, on a very short stipe,
smoothish at the base, becoming scabrous and indistinctly three to five-

Fiac. 237. Hordeum Pammeli—a, group of three spikelets; b, central
spikelet; c, florets of central spikelet; 1 and 2, parts of fertile flower of
central spikelet;3and4, parts of staminate flower; 5, rudimentary ‘
flower; d, lateral spikelet; 1 and 2, parts of fertile flower of lateral
spikelet; 3 and 4, rudimentary flower. (Charlotte M. King. )

nerved toward the minute, bicuspidate apex, topped with a slender, sca-
brous awn 2.3 to 3.5 cm. long. Second flower shorter, 6 to 7 mm. long,
awn 7 to 15 mm. long. Rudimentary flower about 4 to 5 mm. long,
acuminate, joints of the rachilla about 1.5 mm. long. Floret of lateral

\ Se

GRASSES OF IOWA. 337

spikelets about 7 mm. long, on a stipe 1 mm. long; awn 1.2 to 2 cm.
long. Palea as long as their florets, scabrous on the keels.

Type collected at Dakota City, lowa, by L. H. Pammel, No. 3824,
August 8, 1896 prairies along the line of the C. & N. W.R. R.

In the genus Hordeum the spikelets are one-flowered, with a rudi-
mentary second flower usually present. /Z. Pammeli is unique in hav-
ing the central spikelet normally two-flowered, with a rudimentary third
flower but is still referable to Hordeum] rather than to Elymus. It re-
sembles in general appearance HH. caespitosum or a very large form of
H. nodosum. It is readily distinguished from all other species by the
short-stalked or nearly sessile, lateral spikelets, containing a fertile flower.
These characteristics show it to be closely related to the common culti-
vated barley. See figure 237, on page 336.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Dakota City (Pammel).

North America. Central Illinois to northwestern Wyoming, in
moist situations, sometimes shaded. Apparently rare, and of local distri-
bution, though reported as common in the Wyoming locality. Latter
part of June to middle of August.

There are three other collections of this species. Illinois: Wady
Petra, NW34, Sec. 31, Valley Township, Stark County, moist bank of
ditch V. H. Chase, 45, June 25, 1897, sub nomen Elymus striatus Willd-
This was examined in the herbaria of Mrs. Agnes Chase, Washington,
D. C., Prof. S. M. Tracy, Biloxi, Miss., and the Field Columbian Mu-
seum, Chicago. South Dakota: Brookings, E. N. Wilcox, 68, July
8, 1896. Wyoming: Hulett, moist, shady meadow, common, David
Griffiths 930, July 17, 1898. “The last two specimens are in the her-
barium of the office of the Agrostologist, U. S. Department of Agricul-
ture.

6. HORDEUM PUSILLUM.

Hordeum pusillum Nutt. Gen. 1: 87. 1818. Scribner. Grasses of Tenn.
Bull. Univ. Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 125. f 787. 1894. Nash in Britton
and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 229. f. 530. 1896. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div.
Agros. 17: 314. f. 620. 1899.

Hlordeum pratense Huds. Watson and Coulter. Gray. Man. Bot. 672.
(6 ed) Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 645. f. 723. 1896.

a2

338 GRASSES OF IOWA.

ERR Fae = IaFCL LAS cep.
AY ek ia

ie aN no zit aes

OTT: 14
AS BBE
ye

J RS
GAmesas
ay

| Nee ae
Anan Re »

Fig. 238. Distribution of Hordeum and Elymus.
e Specimens in herbarium. +Localities observed.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 339

Fig. 239. Hordeum pusillum—a, group of Fie. 240. Elymus Virginicus—One of
spikelets; b, central spikelet. (Div. of Agros. the spikelets shown to theleft. (Div. Agros.
U.S. Dept. Agrl.) U. S. Dept. of Agrl. )

DESCRIPTION.

LitrLe BarLey. An annual, 4 to 10 inches (8-21 cm.) high.
Culms more or less geniculate at the lower nodes. Sheaths smooth, the
uppermost often inflated and enclosing the base of the spike; leaf-blade
I to 3 inches (2-7 cm.) long, usually a little pubescent on the lower sur-
face. Spikes narrow, 1 to 3 inches (2-7 cm.) long. Empty glumes rigid,
the four internal ones of each group dilated above the base, those of the
central spikelet sublanceolate, all awn-pointed; outer glumes of the im-
perfect, lateral spikelets setaceous. Flowering: glume of the central spike-

340 GRASSES OF IOWA.

let awned; awn equalling those of the empty glumes. Florets of the
lateral spikelets awnless, or nearly so. April to August.

Hordeum pusillum is an introduced plant, found at several points
in the southern half of the state, from Clinton to Council Bluffs.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Towa City (Hitchcock) ; Marshalltown, Quarry (Ball) ;
Muscatine (Reppert); Council Bluffs, 1361 Ottumwa (Pammel) ;
Decatur County (Fitzpatrick) ; Johnson County (Macbride, Hitchcock,
Shimek) ; Morning Sun (Carver) ; Lyon County, Davenport (Shimek) ;
Quarry 15 (Hodson) ; Steamboat Rock 3193 (Miss King) ; lowa City
(Hitchcock) ; Decatur County (Shimek) ; Keosauqua (Shimek).

North America. From Ontario to British Columbia; south to I1li-
nois (East St. Louis, Eggert), Nebraska (Grand Island, Crete, Mc-
Cook and Hastings, Pammel), Missouri (St. Louis, Pammel), Kansas
(Hitchcock), Texas (Nealley), Arkansas (Harvey), Colorado (Den-

ver and Ft. Collins, Pammel).

6. ELYMUS.

Elymus L. Sp. Pl. 83. 1753. Endlicher Gen. Pl. 103. Bentham and
Hooker. Gen. Pl. 8: 1206. Hackel in Engler and Prantl. Nat. Pflanz. Fam.
II. 2: 88. f. 206. Scribner. Bull: U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 20: 166 /.
134.

Polyantherix Nees. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1: 1. 284. 1838.

Spikelets two to four at each joint of the rachis of a terminal spike,
all fertile and alike sessile, each one to seven-flowered. (Glumes conspic-
uous, nearly side by side in front of the spikelets, two for each spikelet,
forming an involucre to the cluster. Flower coriaceous; the glume
rounded on the back, acute or awned at the apex. Grain adherent to
the involving glume (whence the name, an ancient one for some grain,
from the Greek word for fo roll up).

Bentham & Hooker recognize twenty species, including Sitanion,
while Hackel recognizes thirty species including the same genus. Beal
in his “Grasses of North America” recognizes fifteen species and three
varieties.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ELYMUS.

A. Spikes rigid, erect; empty glumes rigid, thick, indurated and strongly
curved at the base; awns 6-18 mm. long (or wanting in E. Virgini-
cus var. submuticus?).

1, Spikelets glabrous.......... a cies abcvayetetesshetene lous tenete opageye E.. Virginicus.).
2, spikelets Mirsutesctr.. tee corrce om ctetevttots cree L. hirsutiglumis.*.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 341

B. Spikes more or less nodding; empty glumes not thickened or curved at
base, mostly scabrous: awns 2-5 mm. long.

1. Culms slender; spikes slender; empty glumes subulate, 1-3-nerved;

flowering glumes 6-9 mm. long.

a. Spikes very narrow, 5-6 mm. wide or, including theawns, 1

cm. wide; spikelets solitary or in pairs, appressed; awns 1

CMnpPlON SiGrwlegs :j. cis Aw we wleepapel eietealels stake Cail Fi. Macounti.'.

b. Spikes wider, 9-10 mm. wide or, including the awns, 2-2.5 cm.

wide; spikelets in pairs, divergent from the rachis; awns

1.5-3 cm long.
(Cl)F Spikelets} olabrouSt a pacsseieleelcicinis veniete EE. Arkansanus.’.
(he Spikelets: Hirsute: <5 2G. Ku alaeis te tate thane te eras £. striatus.°.
(a) Spike broader, heavier and with more hirsute empty
PIMMES TH. 5 Se cee teels E. striatus var. Balliz.’.

(b) Glumes hairy and having a villous sheath.
—E. striatus var. villosus.*.
2. Culms stout; spikes stout; empty glumes narrowly lanceolate, 3-7-
nerved, (or subulate in 4. vobustus); flowering glumes 10-14

mm. long.
a. Culm 3-9 dm. high; spikeshort, dense; flowering glume smooth,
SCADLOUS rane crete ae oe eee lhian OT ACHUSIACRYS 28
b. Culms mostly taller; spike longer, often loose and interrupted;
flowering glumes mostly hirsute ........ E.. Canadensis .\.

c. Spike very densely flowered, compact, often included at base;
empty glumes narrow, 1-3-nerved, very scabrous; flower-
ing glumes scabrous-hirsute; awn longer....#. rodustus.".

1. ELYMUS VIRGINICUS.

Elymus Virginicus L. Sp. Pl. 84. 1753. Watson and Coulter. Gray.
Man. Bot. 673. g/. 77. 1890. (6 ed.) Scribner. Grasses of .Tenn. Bull.
Univ. Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 126. f. 782. 1894. Beal. Grasses of N. A.
2: 653. 1896. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 230. f. 534. 1896.
Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 17: 316. f. 6/2. 1900.

DESCRIPTION.

‘TERRELL Grass. An erect, smooth grass, 2 to 3 feet (5-7 dm.)
high, with rigid, terminal spikes which are often partly included in the
upper leaf sheath. Sheaths striate, smooth or hairy; ligule short; leaf
blade 6 to 12 inches (14-3 dm.) long, 2 to 4 lines (4-8 mm.) wide;
acute, scabrous.

Spikes 3 to 5 inches (.6-1 dm.) long, the rachis smooth or scabrous.
Spikelets two to three-flowered, smooth; empty glumes lanceolate, thick
and rigid, strongly nerved, awn-pointed; flowering glumes lanceolate,
rounded on the back, awned. Moist soil, borders of thickets and open
woodlands. June to September. See figure 240, on page 3309.

342 GRASSES OF IOWA.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Oskaloosa (White); Muscatine 10 (Ball) ; Steamboat
Rock 3156 (Miss King); Belmond (Clark); Boone (Hitchcock) ;
Jewell Junction (Carver) ; Sioux City (Wakefield); Chariton 679
(Mallory) ; Marshalltown (Stewart); Ames (Rolfs, Rich, Crozier,
Hitchcock, Bessey, C. A. Wilson, 1094 Wilson, P. H. Rolfs, 125 Ball) ;
Keokuk (P. H. Rolfs) ; Iowa City (Shimek) ; Wilsonville (Taylor) ;
Carroll, Boone, 1308 and 1299 Council Bluffs, 902 New Albin, 706
Des Moines, 889 Elmore, Minn., lowa-Minnesota line, Clinton, 782
Houston County, Minn., Iowa-Minnesota line (Pammel) ; Emmet
County 811 (Pammel and Cratty); Dixon 715 (Snyder); Fayette
County (Fink) ; Wheatland (Ball) ; Ames 1094 (Wilson) ; Muscatine
503 (Reppert) ; Linn County 50 (Shimek) ; Appanoose County, De-
catur County (Fitzpatrick) ; Farragut (Shimek) ; Charles City (Sher-
man) ; Millford (Shimek) ; Vinton (Shimek).

North America.. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Florida,
Pennsylvania (Lancaster County, Small), Massachusetts (Sears), Illh-
nois (East St. Louis, Eggert), Wisconsin (‘Trempleau, Pammel; La
Crosse, Miss Pammel), South Dakota (Brown County, Griffith 7),
Nebraska (Alma 47, Omaha, Pammel), Colorado (Laramie Hills, Pam-

mel, Johnson, Lummis and Buchanan).

2. ELYMUS VIRGINICUS VAR. SUBMUTICUS.
Elymus Virginicus var. submuticus Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 255. 1840.

DESCRIPTION.

AWNLESS TERRELL GRAss. Spikes erect, 3 to 5 inches (.6-1 dm.)
long, with scabrous or smooth rachis. Spikelets two or three-flowered,
smooth, empty glumes thick, and rigid, strongly nerved, awnless. Com-
mon in moist soil, with the species.

DISTRIBUTION.

lowa. Marshalltown 785 (Pammel); Ames 124 (Ball);
Plymouth County (Brown).
North America. Low land, New England, Minnesota, Colorado
to ‘Texas and Wyoming.
3. ELYMUS HIRSUTIGLUMIS.

Elymus hirsutiglumis Scribner. Bull. U.S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 11:
58. 1898. Scribner. Bull. U.S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 17: 324. f. 620.
1399.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 343

Fic. 242. Hlymus hirsutiglumis—a, spikelet, b,
awned, empty and flowering glume. (Div. of Agros.

Fic. 241. Elymus Virginicus var. submuticus—a,
spikelet; b, empty glumes; c, flowering glume: d,
palet, flowering glume and fruit; e, f, g, rudimentary U. 8S. Dept. Agrl.)
flower. (Charlotte M. King. )

DESCRIPTION.

Harry FLowerep Lyme Grass. A rather stout, erect, leafy pe-
rennial, 2 to 34 feet (6-9 dm.) high, with smooth culms and sheaths,
and erect, slender spikes, 13 to 4 inches (3-8 cm.) long. Empty and
flowering glumes awn-pointed ; awns 4 to 8 lines (8-16 mm.) long. July

to August.
DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Steamboat Rock 3043 (Miss King) ; Marshalltown
(Eckles) ; Cedar Rapids (Miss Hall) ; Belmond (Clark).

344 GRASSES OF IOWA.

North America. Maine to Virginia and westward to Illinois and

Nebraska.

3. ELYMUS MACOUNIIL.

Elymus Macounii Vasey. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 13: 119. 1886. Beal.
Grasses N. A. 2: 653.1896. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 231. £537.
1896. Scribner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 17: 318. f. 674. 1899.

DESCRIPTION.

Macoun’s LyMe Grass. A slender, upright, smooth, caespitose
perennial, 1 to 3 feet (3-8 dm.) high, with narrow erect leaves, and
slender, nearly cylindrical spikes, 3 to 5 inches (6-10 cm.) long. Spike-

Fig. 243. Elymus Macounii—a, empty glumes;

b, flowering glumes and flowers. (Div. Agros. b, empty glume. (Div. Agros. U. S. Dept. Agrl.)
U. 8S. Dept. Agrl. )

Fra. 244. Elymus Arkansanus—a, flowering glume;

A.)
a ?

GRASSES OF IOWA. 345

lets one to three-fowered, with narrow, lanceolate empty glumes, 4 to 5
lines (8-10 mm.) long. June to August.

* Macoun’s lyme grass iy found in Hamilton County, north to Kos-
suth County and westward. It occurs in low ground, especially in drains

and borders of lakes.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Rock Rapids 37 (Shimek) ; Elmore, Minn. (lowa-Minne-
sota line) 1043 (Pammel) ; Rock Rapids 781 (Shimek) ; Jewell Junc-
tion (Carver) ; Ceylon 3311, Elmore, Minn. (lowa-Minnesota line)
1923, Spirit Lake 3226 (Pammel).

North America. lowa to Colorado (Larimer County, Greeley,
Ft. Collins, Ogden 35, Pammel), Montana and Oregon (Cusick).

4. ELYMUS ARKANSANUS.

Elymus Arkansanus Scribn. and Ball. Bull. U. S: Dept. Agrl. Div.
Agros. 24: 45. f. 19. 1900.

DESCRIPTION.

ARKANSAS WILD Rye. A slender, erect perennial, with a short,
broad, bristly, nodding spike. Culm 3 to 4 feet (6-8 dm.) high, terete,
smooth, nodes smooth, sheaths mostly a little shorter than the internodes,
ciliate on the margins or the lower sparsely hirsute-pubescent; ligule less
than 1 mm. long, membranaceous; leaf-blades 5 to 10 inches (I-
2 dm.) wide, narrowly lanceolate-acuminate, erect or ascending, auricu-
late at the base, scabrous below and on the margins, finely and densely
pubescent above.

Spike long-exserted on the slender pedicel, nodding, 3 to 44 inches
(6-9 cm.) long; internodes of the rachis angular, somewhat compressed,
hispid-ciliate on the margins, 14 to 2 lines (3-4 mm.) long. Spikelets
two at each joint, two-flowered, the upper very small; empty glumes di-
vergent, linear-subulate, cylindrical and coriaceous at base, flattened, sca-
brous and two or three-nerved above, 4 to 5 lines (8-10 mm.) long, or,
including the stout, straight, scabrous awn, 1 to 14 inches (2-3 cm.)
long; flowering glume narrowly lanceolate, acute, raised on a short stipe

‘and separating from it by a horizontal constriction, minutely scabrous,

three to five-nerved at apex, 34.inches (7 mm.) long, terminating in a
straight, slender, scabrous awn, I to 2 inches (2-4 cm.) long. Palea
slighly shorter than its glume, rounded or slightly bidentate at apex, his-
pid on the keels above. June to August. See figure 244, on page 344.

346 GRASSES OF IOWA.

DISTRIBUTION.
Iowa. Logan, Dakota City (Pammel) ; Nodaway River (Stewart).
Arkansas, Missouri to Iowa.
5. ELYMUS STRIATUS.

Elymus striatus Willd. Sp. Pl. 1: 470. 1797. Watson and Coulter.
Gray. Man. Bot. 673. 1890. (6 ed.) Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull. Univ.
Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 127. f. 184. 1894. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2;
655. 1896. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1: 230. ¢. 533. 1896. Scrib-
ner. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 17: 315. f. 67. 1899.

DESCRIPTION.

A slender grass, 2 to 3 feet (5-8 dm.)
Sheaths hairy, or the upper smooth ;

North America.

SLENDER LYME Grass.
high, with bristly, nodding spikes.

Wi i \

if,

tee ai ; Fig. 246. Elymus striatus var. Ballii—a
" div. A A ’
A eee 240. lupus. siriatis—anepizeletss (Dae empty glumes of lateral flowers; b, flowering glume;
gros. U. 8. Dept. Agri.) c, floret showing rudimentary flower; e, flowering
glume of central flower; f, flowering glume.

(Charlotte M. King.)

GRASSES OF IOWA. 347

leaves 6 to 8 inches (12-16 cm.) long, pubescent on the upper surface,
scabrous on the margins. Spikes 2 to 4 inches (4-8 cm.) long; rachis
villous. Spikelets one to three-flowered, pilose hairy; empty glumes awl-
shaped, awn-pointed, cne to three-nerved, two to three times the length
of the florets; flowering glumes 3 lines (6 mm.) long. July to August-

Elymus striatus is common in low woods, in many parts of the state.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Ft. Dodge (Oleson) ; Mt. Pleasant 1918 (Mills) ; Kos-
suth County 852 (Cratty) ; Lucas County (Shepperd) ; Clear Lake 26
(Shimek) ; Monticello (Bessey) ; Winterset, Boone, Des Moines, In-
dianola (Carver) ; Battle Creek 959 (Preston) ; Lebanon 23 (Ball and
Sample) ; Clinton (Ball) ; Sioux City, Cherokee (Wakefield) ; Ames
Crozier; Carver, Ball 166, Fisher, Zmunt, Rich and Gossard, C. A.
Wilson, E. R. Wilson, Hitchcock) ; Council Bluffs, Webster City, 1426
Carroll, 1926 New Albin, Jefferson, 1040 Sioux City, Houston, Iowa-
Minnesota line (Pammel).

North America. Maine to Illinois (East St. Louis, Eggert), Wis-
consin (Lake Geneva, Ball), South Dakota, Nebraska (Alma, Pam-
mel), Missouri (St. Louis, Eggert; Washington, Pammel), ‘Tennessee,
Arkansas, Texas and Wyoming (Devil’s Tar, Griffith 540).

6. ELYMUS STRIATUS VAR. BALLII.

Elymns striatus Willd var. Balliz Pammel
DESCRIPTION.

BALL’s SLENDER LYME Grass. Stems erect, slender, single, 2 to
3 feet (5-8 dm.) high, with bristly, heavy spikes. Sheaths hairy or the
upper smooth, spikes like the preceding, empty glumes more hirsute than
the species. Approaches F. australis. July-August. -See figure 246, on
page 340.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Muscatine (Reppert) ; Ames ( Hitchcock) ; Johnson County
(Fitzpatrick) ; Ames (C. A. Wilson) ; Keokuk (P. H. Rolfs).
North America. Illinois to Missouri and Iowa.
7. ELYMUS STRIATUS VAR. VILLOSUS.

Elymus striatus var. villosus Gray. Man. 603. 1848.

348 GRASSES OF IOWA.

eam
set

42 Shee =
eS

Me thy

we

SEEN SERRE sats]
Pe rael ReRSUES ecirt te
ai AREA - feat | of

Ys)
in|
‘ymus robustus

Elymus Canadensis

Fia. 247. Distribution of Hlymus.
eSpecimensin herbarium. +Localities obse: ved.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 349

Fie. 248. Hlymus striatus var. Fig. 249. Elymus brachystachys—a, spikelet; b,
villosus—a, empty glume; b, flowering

spikelet with empty glumes removed. (Diy. Agros. U.
glume; c, rudimentary flower. 8. Dept. Agrl. )
(Charlotte M. King. )

. DESCRIPTION.

Varies from the type in having the glumes hairy, and having villous
sheaths. Culms 2 to 3 feet (5-8 dm.) tall, with nodding spikes, sheaths

of leaves villous; empty glumes awl-shaped, or awn-pointed, and hairy.
Moist situations in woods. Distributed with the species. July-August.

DISTRIBUTION.

Towa. Blew City (Hitchcock) ; Clinton (Ball); Council Bluffs
(Pammel) ; Steamboat Rock (King).

North America. New York (Parry), with the species.

350 GRASSES OF IOWA.

8. ELYMUS BRACHYSTACHYS.
Elymus brachvstachys Scribn. and Ball. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div.
Agros. 24: f. 27. 1900.
DESCRIPTION.

SHORT SPIKED Rye Grass. A low but rather stout perennial, with
bristly, nodding spikes. Culms 1 to 4 feet (3-9 dm.) high, erect or some-
what geniculate at base, smooth, terete; nodes smooth, sheaths mostly
shorter than the internodes, smooth, striate; ligule a short, entire ring,
less than 4 line (1 mm.) long; leaf-blades 5 to 10 inches (1-2 dm.) long,
3 to 54 lines (6-11 mm.) wide, acuminate, ascending, semi-involute,
smooth or somewhat scabrous below; finely scabrous above and on the
margins. Spike rather dense, 4 to 74 inches (8-15 cm.) long, long-ex-
serted on a stout peduncle; rachis thickened, striate, four-angled or more
compressed and two-angled, entirely smooth or scabrous on the angles.

Spikelets glabrous, two at each joint, three to five-flowered ; empty
glumes flat, scabrous, eight to ten millimeters long or, with the straight
scabrous awn, # to 14 inches (24-34 cm.) long, 4 inch (1 m.) wide,
three or rarely five-nerved; flowering glumes smooth, or minutely sca-
brous, borne on a short stipe, 11 to 13 mm. long, five-nerved, the nerves
next the keel often shortly excurrent, tipped with a straight or some-
times divergent, scabrous awn, I to 2 inches (2-4 cm.) in length. Palea
about 5 lines (10 mm.) long, narrow, tapering to a narrow, truncate, or
minutely bidentate point, scabrous on the keels. July-August. See figure
249, on page 349.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Carroll, Sioux Rapids, Sioux City, Hawarden, Carnarvon,
Dakota City (Pammel), 893 Elmore, Minn., Iowa-Minnesota line
(Pammel) ; Bartlett 934 (Baldwin) ; Elmore 887 (Pammel) ; Sioux
Falls (Crozier) ; Rock Rapids 38 (Shimek).

North America. Moist, open or somewhat shaded ground, from
Michigan and South Dakota, Nebraska (McCook 362, 217 Alma 45,
Hastings 186, Pammel), south to Texas (Nealley), New Mexico, Colo-
rado (eastern part near Nebraska line, Pammel), and to Mexico.

9. ELYMUS CANADENSIS.

Elymus canadensis L. Sp. Pl. 83. 1753. Watson and Coulter. Gray.
Man. Bot. 673. 1890. (6ed.) In part. Scribner. Grasses of Tenn. Bull.
Univ. Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. 7: 126. f. 783. 1894. In part. Beal. Grasses
of N. A. 2: 654. 1896. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1:°231. f. 535.
1896. In part.

Elymus glaucifolius Willd. Enum, 1: 131. 1809.

Elymus Canadensis var. glaucifolius Torr. Fl. U. S. 1: 137. 1824.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 351

.
*

Fig. 251. Elymus robustus—a, empty glumes; b,
spikelet with empty glumes removed. (Div. Agros. U.

Fig. 250. Hlymus Canadensis—a, spikelet;

b, fiowering glume; c, palet. (Charlotte M.
King. ) S. Dept. Agrl.)

DESCRIPTION.

Canapa Lyme Grass. A rather stout, smooth grass, 3 to 5 feet
(7-12 cm.) high, with flat, green or glaucous, scabrous leaves, 6 to 12
inches (14-3 dm.) long. Sheaths smooth. Spikes 4 to 9 inches (1-2
dm.) long, exserted, nodding; rachis hirsute. Spikelets mostly in pairs,
three to five-flowered, with rigid glumes; empty glumes subulate, three
to four-nerved at base, awn pointed; flowering glumes rough hairy or
nearly smooth, usually long-awned. Loess bluffs. July-August.

352 GRASSES OF IOWA.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Ft. Dodge (Oleson) ; Mason City (Pammel) ; Steamboat
Rock 3050 (Miss King); Pilot Mound 3048 (Miss King and Mac-
Corkindale) ; Wilsonville (Taylor); Wheatland (Ball) ; Harcourt
(Danielson) ; Keokuk (P. H. Rolfs) ; Kossuth County 804 (Pammel
and Cratty); Hancock County 9 (Shimek); Greene (Miss Price) ;
Hawarden, Cedar Rapids, South Dakota opposite Hawarden, Marshall-
town 1079, Dakota City, 901 New Albin, 1280 Council Bluffs (Pam-
mel); Keystone (Koch); Hancock County 6 (near Forest City,
Shimek) ; 707 Forest City, Ames (Carver); Ames 1145 (Louthan,
Rich and Gossard, E. R. Wilson, Carver) ; Grinnell (Jones) ; Granite,
Sioux City (Shimek) ; Steamboat Rock (Shimek).

North America. On river banks, Nova Scotia to Alberta, south to
New York (Washington County, Parry), Wisconsin (Bloomingdale,
C. M. King), Minnesota (Sandy Lake, Sandberg 770), South Dakota
(Forest City, Griffith), Georgia, Texas and New Meixco; Colorado
(Ft. Collins, Crandall; Colorado Springs and Ft. Collins 265, 344,
Pammel; Petersburg, Pammel, Johnson, Buchanan and Lummis), Utah
(Duchesne River, Pammel and Stanton, 8500 ft.), Washington (Alma,

Elmer, 518).
10> “ELYMUS ROBUSRUS:

Elymus robustus Scribn. and Smith. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div.
Agros. 4: 37. 1897. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agrl. Div. Agros. 17: alvy oz
1899.

DESCRIPTION.

Rospust Lyme Grass. A stout, leafy perennial, 4 to 8 feet (9-18
dm.) high, with thick, terminal, long-bearded spikes, 5 to 7 inches (10-
14 cm.) long. Spikelets three to four-flowered, with linear, subulate
empty glumes and scabrous or pubescent flowering glumes. Awns
spreading, 14 to 2 inches (3-4 cm.) long. July to September. See figure
251, on page 351.

Elymus robustus is a segregate from E. Canadensis, and is our most
common form. Lyme grass occurs along railroads, on the prairie and
in the flood plains of our streams. Found in all parts‘of the state.

DISTRIBUTION.

Iowa. Oskaloosa (White); Ft. Dodge (Oleson) ; Muscatine 12
(Ball) ; Pilot Mound 3045 (Miss King and MacCorkindale) ; Red

GRASSES OF IOWA. 353

Oak 3294 (Miller) ; Charles City (Pammel) ; Ames (Crozier, P. H.
Rolfs, 117 Ball, Hitchcock, Rolfs, Pammel, Reynolds, Zmunt, Beards-
lee, 1091 Pammel, 259 Carver); Wall Lake (Hitchcock) ; Cornell
(Smith) ; Mt. Pleasant 683 (Witte) ; Keokuk (P. H. Rolfs) ; Key-
stone (Koch) ; Van Cleve (Warden) ; Mt. Ayr 646 (Beard) ; Mason
City 3134 (Miss King and E. Brown) ; Boone, Des Moines, Winterset,
Indianola, Jewell Junction (Carver) ; Hamilton County (Rolfs) ; Hull
(Newell) ; Belknap (Rankin) ; Harcourt (Danielson) ; Manly (Wil-
[iams) ; Sioux City (Miss Wakefield) ; Stillwater (Andrews) ; Mis-
souri Valley, Boone, Marshalltown 1101, 88( Slater, Des Moines, Clin-
ton, Vernon Center, Minn. (Iowa-Missouri line), Turin, Carnavon,
Eagle Grove, Cedar Rapids, Jefferson, Story City, 1302 Council Bluffs,
Dakota City, Dubuque (Pammel) ; Marshalltown (Stewart) ; Jewell
Junction (J. A. Rolfs) ; Spirit Lake 15 (Shimek) ; Emmet County 742
(Cratty) ; Wheatland (Ball) ; Appanoose County (Fitzpatrick) ; Fay-
ette County (Fink) ; Ames 141 (Pammel and Ball) ; Lawler (P. H.
Rolfs) ; Dixon (Snyder); Taylor County 1110 (Pool) ; Muscatine
510 (Reppert) ; Postville (Miss King) ; Plymouth County, Woodbury
County (Brown) ; High Bridge (Lummis) ; State Center (Pammel) ;
Algona (Watson) ; Slater (Fawcett). ;

North America. Illinois (Chicago, Pammel), Wisconsin (La
Crosse, C. M. King, 3119 and 3257), Minneosta (St. Croix, Parry;
Vernon Center, Pammel 3), South Dakota (Mellette, Griffith, 139),
Nebraska (Broken Bow and North Platte, Pammel), Missouri (St.
Louis, Eggert).

7. ASPRELLA.

Asprella Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 132. 1809. Endlicher. Gen. Pl.
103. Bentham and Hook. Gen. Pl. 3: 1207. Hackel in Engler and Prantl.
Nat. Pflanz. Fam. II. 2: 88. Scribner. Bull. U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros.
20: 168. f. 136.

Spikelets two to three, or sometimes solitary, on each joint of the
rachis of a terminal spike, raised on avery short callus; pedicel loosely two
to four-flowered (when solitary flatwise on the rachis). Glumes none
or small, awn-like and deciduous. Otherwise nearly as in Elymus.
(Name a diminutive of asper, rough or prickly.)

Bentham & Hooker give the number of species as 3, while Hackel
gives the number at 4; 2 in North America; 1 in Siberia and 1 in New

Zealand.

23

854 GRASSES OF IOWA.

1. ASPRELLA HYSTRIX.

Asprella Hystrix Willd. Enum. 132. 1809. Watson and Coulter. Gray.
Man. Bot. 674. p/. 77. 1890. (6 ed.) Scribner. Grasses of Ténn. Bull. Univ.
Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. '7: 127. 4 785. 1894.

Asprella hystrix (L.) Moench. Beal. Grasses of N. A. 2: 656. f. 125.
1896.

Asprella hystrix (l..) Humb. Scribner. Bull. U.S. Dept. Agrl. Diy.
Agros. 7: 308. f 302. 1900. (3 ed.)

Flystrix Hystrix (L.) Millsp. Nash in Britton and Brown. Ill. Fl. 1:
233. f. 541. 1896.

Asprella hystrix,

Fia. 252-a. Map showing distribution of
Asprella.

e Specimens in herbarium.

+Localities observed.

Fie. 252. Asprella Hystrix—a, spikelet; b,
spikelet without empty glumes at the base. (Div.
Agros. U. 8. Dept Agrl. )

DESCRIPTION.

BotTLe Brusu Grass. Culms three to four feet high, smooth.
Sheaths smooth or minutely scabrous above, ligule very short, its edge
shortly and finely fringed, leaf-blade 5 to 10 inches (10-20 cm.) long, 3

GRASSES OF IOWA 355

to 8 lines (6-16 mm.) wide, more or less scabrous. Spikes 3 to 6 inches
(6-12 cm.) long, the rachis much flattened, and ciliate along the edges;
the internodes about 4 line (6 mm.) long. Spikelets about one-half an
inch long, at first erect, widely spreading in fruit. Empty glumes awn-
like, usually present in the lower spikelets, which they sometimes equal
in length. Awns of the flowering glumes about 1 inch (24 mm.) long.
Straight or sometimes divergent. July-August.

This grass is common in most sections of the state, borders of woods
or in woods. ‘The grass is of little agricultural value.

DISTRIBUTION.

Lowa. Pilot Mound 3048 (Miss King and MacCorkindale) ; Ft.
Dodge (Oleson) ; Steamboat Rock 3148, Postville 3349, Myron 3328
and 3324 (Miss King) ; Lebanon 24 (Ball and Sample) ; Mason City
3132 (Miss King and Brown); Nodaway River (Stewart); Dallas
Center 819 (Rhinehart) ; Ames (Hitchcock, Ball 140, Louthan, Chas.
Wilson, Sirrine, Beardslee) ; Emmet County 1053 (Cratty) ; Ledges,
Boone County, Carroll 1425, Mason City (Pammel); Iowa City
(Hitchcock, Van Cleve, Warden); Lebanon (Sample) ; Comanche
(Ball) ; Jackson County, Iowa City (Shimek, Preston Miss Linder),
Winneshiek County (Fitzpatrick); Fayette (Fink); Marshalltown
(Eckles) ; Story City (Stewart and Pammel); Mt. Pleasant 862
(Mills) ; Boone, Winterset, Jewell Junction (Carver) ; Wilsonville
(Taylor) ; Alden 1129 (Stevens) ; High Bridge, Dallas County, Hack-
berry Grove, Keokuk County (Shimek).

North America. New Brunswick to Ontario, New England south
to Ohio (Pickerington, Horr), Florida (Curtiss), and west to Texas,
and northwest to Illinois, Wisconsin (Parry; La Crosse, D. S. and Edna
Pammel; Geneva, Carver; C. R. Ball), Minnesota (Parry), Kansas,
Nebraska, Missouri (St. Louis, Eggert), Arkansas.

356 GRASSES OF IOWA.
TRIBE XIII.—BAMBUSEAE.

Spikelets 2 to many-flowered

(rarely only 1-flowered), in racemes

or pancles; empty glumes at the base

of the spikelet two to several; flower-

glumes many-nerved, awnless, or very

rarely short-awned ; culms woody, at.

least near the base, and _ perennial;

leaf-blade usually with a short petiole,

and articulated with the sheath from
which it finally separates.

A comparatively small tribe of

23 genera and about 200 species. The

‘species are chiefly confined to the

region within the tropics. Many of

them are of very great importance to

|! the natives of the countries where

i they grow. Manufactured articles

of bamboo, either of use or for orna-

Fig. 253. Parts of a spikelet of ment, now enter into the commerce of
Arundinaria.
the world. ‘The bamboos are re-
markable for their woody stems and often arborescent or tree-like habit
of growth, some of the species attaining the height of 25 to 40 m. In
parts of India they form extensive forests. One species in this tribe has
leaves 2 to 5 m. long by 10 to 25 cm. wide; another, a Cuban
species, has leaves 7 to 15 cm. long, and as fine as a horse hair.
Fleshy and edible apple-like or berry-like fruits are borne by some of the
species. In the east the bamboos furnish material for the construction
of houses, household furniture, and domestic utensils, ay well as for ar-
ticles of ornament, and even clothing. Some supply drink to the thirsty
traveler, and the highly farinaceous grain is used by the poorer castes for
food. It is recorded that in India the fruit of bamboos have several
times been the means of saving hundreds of thousands of people from
starvation in times of famine. Many species are now in cultivation. and
are used for the decoration of parks and lawns. Arundinaria macros-
perma, which forms the “canebreaks’”’ of the southern states, is our best
known example of this tribe. None of the species are native to Iowa.

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PHYSIOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY.

BY

DR. H. F. BAIN.

PHYSIOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY.
CONTENTS.

Physiography.

CHAPTER II.
PHYSIOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY.

INTRODUCTION.

In any consideration of the plants of a region a word or two as to
the geography and geology of the latter cannot come amiss. Among the
various factors which influence the geographical distribution of plants,
such matters as altitude, diversity of surface relief, the character of the
soils and the conditions of water supply are all of first importance. These
are all more or less primarily dependent upon the geological structure of
the region. ‘The factor of climate is more remotely related to the same
thing. ‘The methods of transportation, the density of population and
other industrial factors which are so largely modifying the early distribu-
tion of our common plants, also stand in definite relationship to the geol-
ogy and geography of the region.

It is important to know the geographical and geological features of
the region from which any collection of plants has been made, particu-
larly when, as in the case of forage plants, it is desired to estimate the
advisability of introducing into other regions any of the plants, or of
bringing into the region foreign grasses or forage plants. It is a common
observation that certain grasses grow well in particular situations while
at neighboring points they sicken and die. While in some cases this is a
matter of climate as influenced by a north and south exposure, in a large
number of cases the preference which the plant exhibits is for a certain
soil. ‘The flora of the driftless and! drift-covered regions of Iowa, for
example, show the sharpest difference. It seemed best, accordingly, to give
a brief description of the physiography and geology of the region from
which the plants herein discussed were collected.

PHYSIOGRAPHY.

The Mississippi Valley forms one of the main physiographic fea-
tures of America. From the gradually decreasing undulations of the
Appalachians it stretches unbroken westward to the abrupt foot hills of

362 GRASSES OF IOWA.

the Rocky Mountains, more than a thousand miles away. From the
highlands of the Lake Superior region to the low shore of the Gulf of
Mexico it is broken only by the dome of the Ozarks and the adjacent
ridges of the Ouachita mountains, the cut off and practically buried west-
ern extension of the Appalachians. In the northwest the valley is diver-
sified by outlying spurs of the Rocky Mountains, and its floor has been
perforated by the isolated group of peaks known as the Black Hills.
Around the edges of this great area which the Mississippi has made its
own, rise some of the important mountains of America. Out into it they
sometimes project, though never far. The territory is not for the moun-
tains and they are either worn away by the rivers or buried beneath the
level expanse of softer rocks. In the main the region is one of slight re-
lief. It is open, largely treeless, and shows but little diversity except in
minute features. “These facts are especially true of the western half to
which Iowa belongs. This portion is a vast, open plain cut only by the
rivers, and rising with an even, gentle slope from about 500 feet above
tide at the Mississippi to 5000 feet along the foot of the Rockies. It is a
region of grass land, dotted with clumps of trees along the low banks of
gently winding rivers; a region of deep, rich soil; a region where bar-
riers, other than those of climate, are rare, and plants as well as animals
have open to them a wide range. In these later days it is a region of
fruitful farms, heavy with the staple grains, and of wide pastures of suc-
culent herbage. “The abundant grass, the cheap corn, the frequent
streams of good water and the nearness to markets make it inevitably
a great dairy and cattle country, and the prosperous little cities and thriv-
ing villages found throughout the state are but the promise of the denser
population of the years to come.

Examined in detail Iowa shows, despite the general sameness, a
considerable diversity both in relief and resources. “The state occupies
the area between the Mississippi and the Missouri, the two great rivers
of the region, and extends from latitude 40° 30’ to 43° 30’. It is in the
heart of the prairie plain region so aptly described by Powell. It has a
gentle surface slant to the southeast from about 1500 A. ‘T. in the neigh-
borhood of Spirit Lake to 477 at Keokuk. ‘The portion of the state
southwest of the divide between the two great rivers slopes more gently
to the southwest; the divide itself declining gently to the south. “The
watershed is not ridge-like, but represents rather a broad, elevated table
land running from northwest to southeast. “The western border of the
state is formed by the Big Sioux and the Missouri, and slopes south from
1300 to goo. The Mississippi falls about 165 feet along the eastern
border ef the state.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 363

No large bodies of water touch the borders of the state and. none
but small lakes are found within it. The region is one largely fashioned
by the action of running water, and the river valleys form, throughout a
large portion of it, the natural physiographic features. One other agent
has been important, almost as important, in moulding the present sur-
face contours; this agent was ice in the form of vast glaciers or ice sheets.
In that portion of geologic time known to the geologist as the Pleistocene
cr most recent a large portion of North America, including nearly all of
Iowa, was buried below the slow moving ice sheets which crept down and
over it from the north. Any study of the physiography of the state must
be largely concerned with the results of this invasion. From this point of
view the state is divided into three separate districts each with certain
characteristics common to its whole extent, and each again divisible into
smaller areas, if minor differences be taken into account. ‘These areas
are (a) the driftless, (b) the region of the older drift, and (c) the region
of the younger drifts. “The first occupies the extreme northeasten por-
tion of the state, the second lies mainly in the southern portion, and the
third includes the remaining area. “The approximate limits of these
divisions is shown on the accompanying map.

THE DRIFTLESS AREA,

The driftless area includes portions of Allamakee, Winneshiek,
Clayton, Dubuque and Jackson counties, with a very considerable por-
tios of southwestern Wisconsin, and smaller parts of Minnesota and [Ili-
nots. It is a region of strong characteristics and of marked individuality
when compared with the country surrounding it on all sides. It stands
is sharp contrast with the drift-covered country. “The land forms seen
in the driftless area are almost exclusively due to river erosion. “The
exceptions are certain ridges and sand dunes which have been heaped up
by the winds. ‘The Iowa portion of the area lies on the west side of the
Mississippi river, and is thoroughly cut up by the numerous tributaries of
that stream. ‘The streams have taken full possession of the area. “The
larger ones have cut to grade and the work of reducing the inter-stream
divides is being actively pushed. From the crest of the encircling range
of dolomitic cliffs to the sandy flood plain of the Mississippi is an interval
of 60c feet. As the distance is rarely more than thirty miles, the streams
have high gradients and are busy in the preliminary cutting characteristic
of young, torrential streams. Sharp mural walls one hundred to two
hundred feet deep are common in the southern portion of the area. To
the north, owing to the rise of the strata, the valleys are still deeper. The
Oneota or Upper Iowa has cut 350 feet below the immediately adjacent

364 GRASSES OF IOWA.

territory, and more than 600 feet below the highest points in the region.
The sharp-walled valleys, narrow, tortuous ravines, the network of
streams, and the occasional uninvaded flats are all characteristic of stream
action on beds of variable hardness.

The strata of the region are of Paleozoic age, and include hard lime-
stones and dolomites, and soft sandstones and shales. These variations in
hardness have resulted in the production of well marked structural plains,
the surface rising to the west in a series of steps or benches. In Dubuque
county there is an abrupt rise from the Mississippi to the top of the
Galena cliffs, about 230 feet. At this level there is an open, rolling plain
rising very gently 150 to 175 feet, to the base of the Niagara. This plain
marks the horizon of the Maquoketa shales. Above it rise the Niagara
cliffs 100 to 200 feet high,and out on it stand the Mounds, isolated

|
a
eet!

Fie. 254. View near Graf showing the effect of the Maquoketa shales on the topography.
The rounded swells and long, cultivated slopes are underlain by shales; the steep, wooded
hill in the distance is composed of the overlying Niagara limestone.

patches of Niagara, which are so characteristic a physiographic feature of
the region. A view showing the effect of the Maquoketa shales on, the
topography, near Graf, appears in figure 254.

In Allamakee exactly similar features may be observed, the struct-
ural plane here being developed on the easily eroded St. Peter sands-
tone, and the Oneota and Galena-Trenton limestones forming the
lower and upper cliffs respectively.

While the valleys are, as compared with the interstream areas, narrow,
they have nevertheless many of the marks of considerable age. As con-

GRASSES OF IOWA. 365

trasted especially with the valley of the Mississippi proper they seem to
indicate a long period of undisputed action of the present streams. ‘The
lower portions of the streams which come down to join the Mississippi
show usually considerable rounding of the cliffs, and quite extensive
slopes are developed. Along all but the streams which in time of flood
impinge against their banks, talus has accumulated, and long, grassy slopes
hide the cliffs. Traveling along the Mississippi north from Dubuque
one sees on the other hand a constant succession of high cliffs fronting the
river. If he climb these cliffs he will find usually long, grassy slopes lead-
ing away from the river, and down to some insignificant stream which has
often cut almost to the level of the main valley. This contrast of the
two slopes is well shown in’Trempalo mountain, and may be seen at many
other points along the stream. The Mississippi is known to have filled
in its valley very considerably at some time during the ice period,* and it
is now bordered by a well developed gravel terrace, due doubtless to the
flooding of the river during the Wisconsin period. ‘The tributaries of
the Mississippi have corresponding terraces, containing, however, local
material, and due to the ponding of the side streams at the time the larger
river was flooded. Manifestly the present Mississippi channel has been
recently widened, and the smaller, neighboring valleys show what must
have been its character before the larger river was turned into its present
course. ‘That the valley has long been the channel of the main stream of
the region is evident from the dendritic arrangement of the tributaries,
but that this main stream was, previous to the ice period, a relatively
small stream there is every reason for belief.

It seems impossible, for the present, to fix definitely the period during
which the valleys of the region were cut. The attempt has been made to
correlate the plane at the top of the Galena with the Tertiary cycle of
erosion, and that touching the tops of mounds with the Cretaceous.f
There is, however, but little evidence to sustain this view, and there are
a few facts which seem to be against it, so that the matter may well be
considered very uncertain.

THE OLDER DRIFT.

Fringing the driftless area on the southwest, but much better dis-
played in the southern part of the state, is a topography notably different
from that just described. It is in the region of the older drift and is well
shown in all the area south of a line drawn across the state through Iowa

City and Des Moines. In this region rock exposures are relatively few.

*Leverett; Mon. S. Geol. Surv. 37.
+Hershey ; Amer. Geol. vol. 20, pp. 245-2-68.

366 GRASSES OF IOWA.

Deep borings and mine shafts show, however, that the rock surface is
nearly as deeply trenched by streams as is that of the driftless area. Deep
down 400 feet below the high, upland prairies, the drill plunges into the
sands and gravels oi old river beds. The streams which, before the ice
came into the country, flowed in valleys as deep, narrow and tortuous as
those of the Oneota, Little Maquoketa or Tete des Morts, are now
blotted out. The whole country has been smoothed over, the valleys
filled and the uplands cut down. The general effect has been a levelling
up. A new upland surface, approximately 100 feet above the old rock
hilltops, has been produced. Below this newer upland the present streams
have cut to an average depth of about 200 feet. Occasionally these new
streams are the lineal descendants of their preglacial prototypes, and run
in rock cut valleys whose sides are veneered with drift. “The valley sides
have, however, gentler slopes and show soft, rounded contours. ‘The up-
land belts are narrow and, especially in the southwestern part of the

Frg. 255. Loess topography near Iowa City.

state, become narrow divides between streams. “The bottom lands are
broad and the streams are bordered by alluvial plains. “The secondary
streams and their numerous branches are regularly and generously devel-
oped. Everywhere there is evidence of long-continued action. ‘The
surface shows the typical erosion topography such as is developed on soft,
homogeneous materials. An example of this is shown in figure 255. Along
the Missouri river borders the erosion has been very sharp, and the coun-
try is minutely dissected. Here, too, the wind has intervened and has

|

GRASSES OF IOWA. 367

heaped up the loose loess which forms the surface material, till sharp,
conical peaks, precipitous bluffs and choked river valleys abound. This
topography is excellently shown in the vicinity of Sioux City and Council

Bluffs.
THE YOUNGER DRIFT.

Approximately the northern half of the state is covered by the newer
drift. It is in this region that the marks of the ice are most abundant.
Across the central portion of this northern area are the marks of a great
tongue of ice which crossed the state line with a front stretching from
western Worth county to Osceola, and extended down to the present site
of Des Moines. This was the last ice sheet which invaded Iowa, and the
heaped-up, moranic knobs around the border and within the area covered
by it are as fresh and sharp as many moraines of living glaciers. ‘The
country is marked by many lakes, and much undrained territory. ‘The
hills are rough and irrelgularly placed, and have no constant relations to
the streams. Much cf the country is wholly uninvaded by streams, and
consists of great, level flats dotted by shallow bogs and small swamps set
with water-loving grasses. Everywhere there is evidence of the recent-
ness of the ice invasion.

East of the moraines which border this area from the north state line
to Hardin county, and stretching from them to the narrow border of
older drift west of the driftless area, is a region which seems not to have
been so recently occupied by the ice; the lakes have disappeared, and un-
drained areas are few. There are no moraines proper, though along much
of the border there are peculiar ridges and heaps of loess which are in a
measure genetically akin to them. ‘The river valleys are very broad and
very shallow. The stream courses are erratic, and the drainage basins un-
balanced. ‘Che streams occasionally turn aside from a broad, even plain to
cut through clusters of high, rocky hills. One frequently ascends from
the plain when approaching the river valley, though the stream itself is
of course below the level of the plain. ‘The peculiar hills, the strange
behavior of the rivers, and many minor factors indicate that it has not
been long that the ice.has left the country to the fashioning-of the rivers,
but the amount of work which the latter have done indicates that the
period has been appreciably longer than in the north-central part of the
state.

In the northwestern portion of the state, west of the moraine and
from Sac county to the Minnesota line, is an area which is in many ways
to be linked with that just described. There are no corresponding loess
ridges, so far as the area has been investigated, and the stream courses are

368 GRASSES OF IOWA.

normal enough as far as direction is concerned. ‘The erosion has not
been, however, so vigorous as in the area of older drift, and the stream
action seems to have about equalled that in the northeast. In the absence
of lakes, but occasional presence of sloughs, the country also resembles the
latter. “The exact relations of this area to that lying east of it are as yet
unknown.

In all this northern portion the drift is even thicker than in the
southern half of the state. Rock exposures, except in the northeast, are
rare, and bluff slopes, except along the major streams, are unusual. Ex-
cept injthe extreme northeastern part of the state, the area is drift cov-
ered, and the smoother, gentler slopes which mark drift covered areas are
common.

GEOLOGY.

The physiography of the state afford an accurate index to its geol-
agy, especially if the younger or surface formations be considered. So far
as plants are concerned it is the geology of these surface formations which
is especially important. Over much of the larger portion of the state the
underlying rocks crop out at only rare intervals, and while these occa-
sional outcrops afford often the peculiar conditions most favorable to cer-
tain individual plants, the major flora of the region must be that sup-
ported by the drift and related soils. ‘The underlying strata have but a
secondary importance from the present point of view, and will be treated
but cursorily.

THE ROCK SERIES.

Sioux Quartzite. “The oldest rock in the state is exposed over a few
square miles in the northwestern part of Lyon county. It is the Sioux
quartzite and consists of a hard, vitreous quartzite, usually thoroughly
indurated. It does not yield readily to weathering, except that frost
action breaks it into rectangular blocks, and aids in the formation of the
river canyons familiar in the region. (See figure 256.) The quartzite
contributes but little to the soil, but its influence in a physical way has
brought about a distinctive flora.1 The area of outcrop is small, but the
quartzite and certain associated porphyries, granites and schists occa-
sionally found in the deep wells of the region formed probably the
earliest portion of Iowa to be exposed. These beds are part of a long
tongue stretching southwest from the Archean complex of Minne-
sota, and are related to the older rocks of central Wisconsin. The

*Shimek: Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., 4: 72-77.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 369

later sandstones and limestones of the Paleozoic were laid down in
the great basin between these two ancient land masses. As the
whole of northwestern Iowa has been buried beneath the Cretaceous
beds which were laid down over the upturned and eroded older
strata, the beds next in age to the quartzite are found in the extreme
northeastern part of the state, where they lie on the flanks of the Wiscon-
fin land. From the northeast to the southwest, successively younger
strata are found in parallel and concentric belts, from the Cambrian
through the Upper Carboniferous. As pointed out by Norton? these

H1@. 256. Jasper poolin Lyoncounty. The bluffs are formed of Sioux quartzite.

beds lie with a gentle southward inclination and, in the north, sag toward
a line approximately marked by the upper Des Moines river. ‘To the
southwest the beds lie approximately level, and, in the southwest and
again at Ames, the lower beds rise in a dome which is concealed below
the later beds. From Cambrian to Carboniferous the different forma-
tions of the Paleozoic occur in regular sequence. “The presence of out-
liers indicates an occasional overlap, and retreating cliff erosion. In the
western portion of the state the Cretaceous is found, laid down evidently
after a considerable erosion, and resting indiscriminately on all the mem-
bers of the Carboniferous.

*Iowa. Geol. Surv., 6: 137.

24

870 GRASSES OF IOWA.

Cambrian. ‘The Cambrian sandstones outcrop along the Mississippi
river and its tributaries in Allamakee and Clayton counties, and occur in
the valley of the Oneota or Upper Iowa river as far west as Winneshiek
county. ‘he maximum thickness of the formation, which is estimated by
Norton at about 1,500 feet', is nowhere exposed, only the upper part
being seen in Lowa. The great bulk of the Cambrian is made up of the
Basal sandstone which is covered by the Lawrence shales and limestone,
and this in turn by the Jordan sandstone.

Ordovician. Above the latter is the Ordovician or Lower Silurian,
which occupies the surface between the Cambrian outcrops and the Niag-
ara escarpment, running from northeastern Howard county to Clinton.
The Ordovician here consists of four members with minor sub-divisions,
the whole having a maximum thickness, as estimated by Norton, about
equal to the Cambrian. “The lower member is the Oneota dolomite with
its upper and lower divisions separated by the New Richmond standstone.
It is this rock which mainly forms the picturesque cliffs of Allamakee
county and which is often known in geological literature as the Lower
Magnesian. Above it is the Saint Peter, a sandstone of remarkable pu-
rity and uniformity in character and thickness. “The Saint Peter is cov-
ered by the Galena-Trenton series, really one formation of which the
lower portion is undolomitized, and is known as the Trenton, while a
varying portion is dolomitized from the top downward and has been
named the Galena. The rocks of this formation form the cliffs around
Dubuque, and are the source of the lead and zinc ores of the state.
Above these cliffs, and stretching by easy slopes up to the base of the
Niagara escarpment, are the Maquoketa or Hudson river shales.

Niagara. The Niagara or Silurian, is divisible into several minor
formations’ but for ordinary purposes may be considered as one great
dolomitic bed stretching across the northeastern portion of the state.
Where not too heavily covered by the drift it yields a very rugged topog-
raphy. Usually, however, the great drift plain sets in at the outer edge
of the formation so that there is little by which to topographically dis-
tinguish its area of outcrop.

Devonian. Southwest of the Silurian is the Devonian which is very
largely made up of non-dolomitized limestones. In its upper portion it
contains an important shale bed, the Lime Creek, noted for its well pre-
served fossil remains. “The Devonian also includes an important breccia
which indicates that the conditions were not wholly undisturbed in this
middle region in Devonian time. ‘There is in addition an unconformable
member as yet known only in Johnson and Muscatine counties, and

*Iowa Geol, Surv., vol. 6: pl. 6.
*Iowa Geol, Surv., 5: 48-60.

a —“‘—ts

GRASSES OF IOWA. 371

called the State Quarry beds. It is noticeable for the peculiar character
of the fish remains found in it.*

Lower Carboniferous. ‘The Lower Carboniferous or Mississippian
is also very largely made up of non-dolomitized limestone, though its
lower member, the Kinderhook, includes an important shale bed, some
sandstone, and the magnesian limestone and oolite quarried at Marshall-
town. ‘The middle and upper members, the Augusta, or Osage of some
authors, and St. Louis, include a smaller proportion of sandstone and are
almost wholly calcareous.

Upper Carboniferous. ‘Yhe Upper Carboniferous (coal measures)
covers approximately the southwestern third of the state, and rests un-
conformably upon the St. Louis, and occasionally on earlier rock. This
division includes two separate formations. “The lower, Des Moines series,
is largely made up of sandstone and shale and carries most of the pro-
ductive coal seams. It occupies a strip of country extending approxi-
mately from Fort Dodge to Keokuk and from What Cheer to Winterset.
Southwest of a sinuous line drawn from southeastern Guthrie county
through Madison, Clarke and Wayne to the southeastern corner of De-
catur county, the upper division of the coal measures is exposed. ‘This
division consists largely of shales and limestone, and carries but little
coal. It underlies the Cretaceous for some distance to the north, being
found along the Missouri river as far north as Monona County.

Cretaceous. ‘The Cretaceous as found in Iowa includes a basal
member, in part conglomeritic and largely arenaceous, running up into
shales, and known as the Dakota. Above it is a series of shales and chalk,
together belonging to the Colorado, and known separately as the Benton
and the Niobrara. In Sioux county there are a few patches of a still
later shale belonging to the Pierre. The latter is the youngest formation
in the state certainly earlier than the drift. There are some sands in
certain of the northwestern counties which may represent a portion of
the interval between the close of the Cretaceous and the invasion of the
ice, but the exposures are few and the relations are uncertain.

THE DRIFT SERIES.

The general distinctions between the older and younger drifts were
noted in describing the physiography. There is, however, a much greater
variety in the drift series than this single division indicates. ‘There are
in fact evidences of at least four and probably five separate invasions of
the state by glaciers. ‘These invasions were separated by interglacial in-
tervals in some cases much longer than the whole of the period since the

*Calvin: Iowa Geol. Surv., 7: 72-79.

372 GRASSES OF IOWA.

ice has left the state. During these intervals the state, and at least much
of the country to the north, was wholly free from ice and the climate
probably did not differ much from that now prevailing.

Pre-Kansan. ‘The earliest ice invasion was the Pre-Kansan. But
little is known of it since only scattered patches of the Pre-Kansan drift
are found. So far as is known it nowhere outcrops except where the later
drift has been eroded. At many points it is absent, presumably having
been destroyed or so worked over as to be unrecognizable in the later
glacial periods. Between it and the Kansan is the Aftonian interval rep-
resented by but few deposits which can be certainly recognized. “The
length of this interval and the climate prevailing are almost wholly un-
known.

Kansan. It is the Kansan drift which covers the greater portion of
southern and western Iowa. It consists largely of bowlder clay, usually
blue at the base but alternating above first to yellow and then to a deep
reddish brown. ‘This change of color and the accompanying phenomena
of oxidation, ferrugination, decalcification, etc., are believed to indicate
that the drift was long exposed to weathering before the beds resting on
it were deposited.

Illinoian. In the extreme southeastern portion of the state there is
an area covered by a later drift which in general constitution and char-
acter is similar to the Kansan. It is, however, quite distinctly younger
and is separated from the Kansan by a well developed soil horizon repre-
senting the Yarmouth interval. The drift itself is called the Ilinoian
and the interval which followed it is known as the Sangamon.

Iowan. Succeeding the Sangamon interval was the Iowan invasion
which covered the most of the northeastern portion of our own state and
certain parts of Illinois. Thelowan icebehaved in avery peculiar fashion.
It seems to have been very thin, particularly along its edge, and stretched
out in a series of long tongues, giving a very crenulate margin. ‘The
drift itself is very thin but the area covered by the Iowan is characterized
by the immense size and number of the surface bowlders. It was appar-
ently during the Iowan period that much of the southern portion of the
state became covered by the loess. “The latter is a fine silt or clay, usu-
ally buff in color rarely showing any signs of stratification, and carrying
no pebbles other than lime balls. It spreads out in an irregular sheet’
forming the surface material throughout the entire state except in the
portion covered by the Iowan or Wisconsin ice sheets.

Wisconsin. Later than the Iowan, and separated from it by an in-
terval presumed to be represented by certain fossiliferous beds near To-
ronto, is the Wisconsin drift. In Iowa we-have no representatives of the

IOWA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY,
SAMUEL CALVIN, Director.

PRELIMINARY OUTLINE
M AP

Compiled from published sources and
the notes of Calvin, Bain,
Leverett, Norton, Beyer,
Leonard, Wilder,

Macbride and
Shimek.

ee

——

3 ~—
Ranke Nee

PLATE A.

[OWA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

IOWA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY,
SAMUEL CALVIN, Director.

PRELIMINARY OUTLINE
MAP

OF THE DRIFT SHEETS OF

rOWA

1900
Compiled from published sources and
the notes of Calvin, Bain,
Leverett, Norton, Beyer,
Leonard, Wilder,
Maobride and
Shimek.

LEGEND.

tion

WISCONSIN

MORAINE

JOWAN :
LOESS
ILLINOIAN Eas
| MORAINE [EERE
KANSAN Seeker]

DRIFTLESS AREA[
Scale: 18 Miles -1 inch

Photo-Lith by A HOEM & CO. Balta., Md,

GRASSES OF IOWA. 373

Toronto beds and are forced to rely on superposition, the slight topo-
graphic difference, and the moraine which generally borders the Wiscon-
sin, to discriminate between it and the Iowan. ‘The general character of
the country covered by the Wisconsin has already been noted.

SOILS.

From the foregoing it is evident that the soils of the state are only
indirectly related to the underlying rock series. While the bulk of the
drift material is derived from the neighboring strata, there is much for-
eign material incorporated as well. ‘The glaciers gathered up the loose
material or ground off the harder rocks over a considerable area to the
north and dumped a generous share of this heterogeneous mixture within
the borders of Iowa. An examination of a bit of the material’ shows a
great variety in the particles. “hey are derived from nearly all the va-
rieties of rock. Some are merely ground up and hence are only potential
plant food. Others have been oxidized or are otherwise acted upon by
the agencies which prepare the rock for the plant. Mixed with this ma-
terial are bits of wood and vegetal matter which, by developing into
humus, aid in enriching the soil.

There do not seem to be many wide and constant differences in drift
soils. As a rule they are more sandy than the usual loam. ‘Their chief
characteristic is their variability with regard to moisture content. ‘Their
heterogeneous texture leads to all conditions from those of drouth to
drowning. With careful cultivation, however, this can be very largely
controlled. ‘The drift soils prevail throughout the areas of the Wiscon-
sin and the Iowan, though often buried beneath a few inches of fine
homogeneous material, probably very largely wind blown.

Much the larger portion of the state has a loess soil. The loess,
while composed of the same material as the’drift, is very fine and is re-
markably homogeneous in texture. ‘This gives it, except in gumbo re-
gions, the valuable characteristic of an even moisture content. It is in
almost every instance abundantly supp . with all the elements of plant
food, and, with its ability to absorb and retain moisture, it is among the
best of soils. Curiously enough in areas of very thick loess it is not so
good as where spread out as a thin sheet over the drift. “To some extent
this seems to be a matter of the topographic development of its surface,
Out it is not certain but that there are other factors in the case.

A third common soil type in the state is the Alluvium which oc-
curs so commonly along the streams, particularly in the region of the
older drift. Since, however, it differs in no way from Alluvium as de-
veloped elsewhere it need not be described.

THE ECOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION

IOWA GRASSES.

L. H. PAMMEL.

¥

THE ECOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION OF IOWA GRASSES,

BY L. H. PAMMEL.

CONTENTS.
General Discussion,
ONSET TEU ORO Ls (LOWEN: sli iciefsvorste cra sists bra Sitio oxs-siorelenak esl otersio Bic lobar aycieteaieteuses 379
EH CRAMM MOD OOTAPILY 1 cicinec wcrc epee’ =| suspen repaclelsvelocokeuiehs eran css neyo acts 382
JAIN TSIGID: So oaaoOe cor Fiat’atole “cian clara betel SraccPateeone aretoro Aare miacohe a ane Renee 382
Sema MeraAtiTe! DIALS. \5.5/0/ cin. xs detec! spslevs aye aNs|als ale) 3/a\/ehe,'sdel mle Oh) staisionsy hele 386
ASSO AGI OMOfe Lae ZONES). «\c/chelolaiclstercieroleialereielaioisiodeiolofeloreielareyorstsie 388
Ecological Distribution.
GOD VES ARS Regn tag doe Gc opo owen ono oCconne rr ooonosoD db cboud- 391
HLDLG TNS Sean eypcea nA Da bono Apo Ono uocod ad oon samOnienn clos Ades 393
MUREOMENENV CL CH st 'ocsiers 1a al oterefobave aie) «io is)s\aistats caskeyeta oxchetels tole: oVsreratelsjsfeterevshe erote 393
[5 WGNOSS) SSAA Apepera Seto Sone Gomi S MERON OOOO mane 0, pono don 395

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CHAPTER III.

The Ecological Distribution of Iowa Grasses.
GENERAL DISCUSSION.

Plants are dependent on their surroundings. ‘The nature of the soil,
such as mechanical and chemical conditions, as well as climate are factors
of the greatest importance in the life relations of plants. Naturally in
a prairie state like Iowa there is less variation than in a region broken by
mountain chains, lakes and bogs. It will not be necessary to treat in

R Fria. 257. Approach to Ledges, Boone county, Iowa. Carboniferous sandstone. Danthonia spicata, Cladonia,

Polytrichum on the bareslopes, Bromus purgans, Festuca tenella and Asprella Hystrix in woods. Eragrostis
pillaris on sandy banks; #, Purshiiin sandy bottoms. (J. A. Caughey, Photo. )

880 GRASSES OF IOWA.

detail all of the regions of the state but to call attention to a few of the
leading physiographic features and the plants found there. The subject
has been discussed briefly by the writer in several papers.

FIa@, 258. Forest, Allamakee county, Iowa. Yaxus Canadensis, Poa Wolfii, Bet-
ula papyrtfera, Abies balsamea and Diervilla trifida (L. H. Pammel, Photo.)

‘Topographic features exert a marked influence on the distribution
‘of plants, such differences are readily observed in the distribution of
grasses, even in a state with a topography so uniform as in Iowa. It will,
therefore, be of interest to discuss some of these features. The greater
part of Iowa lies betwen 90° and 96° longitude, being nearly 90° at 32°
latitude just north of Clinton and 96° 30’ at the west side, in Plymouth
county. ‘The boundary line on the south is somewhat more than 40°
30’, on the north it is 43° 30’. The southeastern county, Lee, exceeds

Some Ecological notes on Iowa Grasses. Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci. 1898: 204.
Contr. Bot. Dept. I. 8. C. 12.

Preliminary notes on the Flora of Western Iowa, especially from the Physiographical,
Ecological Standpoint. Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci. 9: 152. Contr. Bot. Dept. I. 8. C. 21.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 381

this by about one-fourth of a degree. On the 42d parallel of latitude
the distance across the state is 380 miles. On the east the state is bounded
by the Mississippi, on the west by the Missouri, and in the northwestern
part of the state the counties of Lyon, Sioux, Plymouth and a small por-
tion of Sioux, by the Big Sioux. Owing to the general trend of the
streams, the northern and southern boundaries are not separated by
rivers from the adjoining states, except a small portion of Lee county,
where the Des Moines forms the boundary. On the whole, the state is
what may be called a typical prairie state, consisting of undulating hills
traversed by numerous small streams which during the greater part of
the year carry but little water. “Toward the Mississippi, especially in
the northeastern part, the country is decidedly rough, especially in Clay-
ton, Allamakee and Winneshiek counties.

Fig. 259. Marsh in northwestern Iowa, Spirit Lake. Glyceria nervata, Hrigeron
annuus, Juncus. (L. H. Pammel. Photo. )

DRAINAGE.

About three-fourths of the state is drained toward the Mississippi,
receiving its drainage as far back as 95° longitude from the eastern part

382 GRASSES OF IOWA.

of Dickinson, Emmet, Palo Alto, Buena Vista, Sac, Carroll, southeast
part of Audubon, Adair, Warren and Appanoose counties. ‘The general
trend of the streams is in a southeasterly direction. “The counties of
Lyon, Osceola, Sioux, O’Brien, Plymouth, Cherokee, Ida, Woodbury,
Monona, Crawford, Harrison, Shelby, Pottawattamie, Mills, Cass,
Montgomery, Fremont, Page, Taylor, Adams, Union, Ringgold, De-
catur and Wayne are drained entirely toward the Missouri, although
several streams of considerable size reach the Missouri in that state.

GENERAL TOPOGRAPHY.

General topography exerts a marked influence on vegetation. ‘This
is much more pronounced in regions with considerable altitude, since
some plants are quite sensitive to slight changes in altitude and other cli-
matic conditions. It is, therefore, important to discuss altitude. Al-
though Iowa is a prairie state, and one in which but slight variation
might be expected, there are some strongly contrasted topographic fea-
tures which have been set forth in papers by Calvin,t Keyes,? Beyer,’
Norton,® Tilton and Bain.®

ALTITUDE.

The altitude varies throughout the state, but, on the whole it is
much more uniform than in many other sections of the United States. It
is far less variable than the altitudes of Nebraska and South Dakota.
Though the altitude of Dickinson, Emmet, Palo Alto and Carroll coun-
ties is greater than those occurring in eastern Iowa, especially northeast-
ern, the country presents a far less broken appearance than the rugged
bluffs along the Mississippi in the region about New Albin and Mc-
Gregor. While altitude is an important factor in the development of
plant life, especially in mountainous regions, as in the Rockies and
elsewhere, where different species often take on an entirely different char-
acter within a few hundred feet, showing marked zonal distribution. Al-
titude is not so important a factor in the distribution of grasses and other
plants in Iowa as might seem at first sight. “The general aspect of the

. Geology of Allamakee county. Ia. Geol. Survy., 4.
. Geology of Lee county. Ia. Geol. Surv., 3.

. Geology of Marshall county. Ia. Geol. Surv. 7.

. Geology of Linn county. Ia. Geol. Surv. 7.

. Geology of Madison county. Ja. Geol. Surv. 7: 494.

Or w nr

GRASSES OF IOWA. 383

grass flora of Dickinson county is not unlike that of Story or Dubuque
counties. On the high prairies of the former county dndropogon scopa-
rius, A. provincialis, Elymus robustus,Panicum Scribnerianum and Sporo-
bolus heterolepis abound. However, the Sporobolus cuspidatus and
Elymus Canadensis are conspicuous features of the gravelly hills, and
hills and knolls of Dickinson county.

260 Loess bluffs in western Iowa. Sporobolus cuspidatus, Andropogon scoparius, Bouteloua
racemosa, Oxytropis Lamberti and Gauwira coccinea. (W. Newell, Photo. )

Fia.

The altitude of the Missouri river basin is not far from 1000 feet.
It is somewhat less on the immediate shore lines of the Missouri, and
more than this toward the interior and northward. ‘The following alti-
tudes are taken from the Iowa Geological Survey’ and Gannett’s table
of altitudes:

1. Bain, H. F., Geology of Woodbury county, Ia. Geol. Surv. 8: 320.

384 GRASSES OF IOWA.

STATION. ALTITUDE. AUTHORITY.
MNCL E litcrtestore, ierentonvetnicts| St relent rte etre siete 890 "| Co, Mace Stares
PANINIGS 5 to relete crawls Geitactrertaiae ind Saycletecks Gyre 926: | C. & NAW Ra
Chatsworth, Big Sioux Valley............. G2, C., M. @ Sty Bake
Carroll stops/OLpnillSye- ae ee ere ee 1.400° |)... 0 OS eee
Council Bluffs, Federal building.......... 989) | bids. 106. be eee
Dalton, Hloydavalley cn wreecimioe acces ce 1,212, | S. Co & Ney
Des Moines "3 syodk wbas won cwerins claws ne 799 C,, R. 1 Gy Pare
Dubdque's s.5sicapinscr es ewe oemee 611 || C. (GWE ReeRe
Keokuk .3)..5:cicisec.ate ea siete scietuss aie ioe 505 | -C..s Buc Ore reek.
Merrill; Floy@>yalleyac oct sce career nese 1,167 || Le Cay
Mason City =) 20cc-cn scene selec eeccree s2 GC... MENG Sty
New. Albin: «i525 se abies soared) sep sree eee G48 | C. SMS eae
Salix, Missourimiversce suck axe eerieneeeee 1,092 Sy (Gig 2 12), IPG
Sargent’s Bluff, Missouri river ........... 1,103 |S! €ico Ease
Sioux City (low water), Missouri river.... 1,076 Mo. River Comm.
Sioux City (reservoir), Missouri river..... 1,342 | City Engineer.
Struble;Bloyd Walleye cese ee eerie eA7Al S.C. & Ney
Westheld "BiosSiouxsVallleyer rece eeeae es CM Séa Steere

‘Temperature is influenced to a considerable extent by the condition
of the atmosphere. For instance, in 1898, Mr. Sage recorded clear,
partly cloudy, and cloudy days for the year as follows:

CLEAR AND CLoupy Days, 1898 anp 1900.

a4
=
ay
3
o
mM
FOR 1898.
Totalicleat GaySisc cmsty-reom cide ciomice stay eeneet toile 152
Motal partly cloudyadays. ease ceil 93
Total cloudy days....... ison tepeione moraine wee ote enn 120
FOR 1900.
(RotalicleanidaySiecretey-ileiiete tall eer taerereyatatettsters 242
NotalspartlyclowdyiGdayss cree eee else 31
Motaliclovdy Mays sae ele leet tet ee aeteeinar 92

Sioux City.

Council Bluffs.

Clarinda.

Such grasses as Bouteloua oligostachya, B. racemosa, Schedonnardus
paniculatus, Buchloe dactyloides and Sporobolus cuspidatus are influenced
by the drier conditions prevailing in the western and northwestern part

GRASSES OF IOWA. 385

of the state, but it must not be assumed that temperature and moisture are
the only features that govern the distribution of these plants. Coming to
the eastern part of the state, along the Mississippi, we find such strikingly
southern species as T'rioda cupraea, T. purpurea, and T'ripsacum dacty-
loides, the latter species occurring in Decatur and Wayne counties; Pani-
cum filiforme, Aristida intermedia and Eragrostis trichodes. Vhrough the
northern portion of the state, especially the area affected by the glacial
drift, there are a number of typical boreal types such as Hierochloe bore-

Fig. 261. Morainal lake, Cerro Gordo county, Iowa. Hierochloe borealis, Calamagrostis
conjinis, Bromus Kalmii and Cypripedium. (Charlotte M. Kling. Photo. )

alis, Bromus Kalmii, Calamagrostis confinis, Poa nemoralis and Scolo-
chloa festucacea.

Mr. Sage and Doctor Chappel of the Weather and Crop Service
report the temperature data for various stations in Iowa as follows:

25

‘<0. a

GRASSES OF IOWA.
TEMPERATURE DATA.

Mean monthly and annual temperature at various lowa stations, for the number of

years named in the last column.

386

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ee ee eee ee Sod = EA AN a ah a
SOOT | Le cenenae ree ee oe te aes eens seen ea 3 g | TaRSBONTSARAGSSHSSSESSS
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Gyan GSES ES RNR OES RES RRS OREO GO ROR CREE TO) SO BREG ORO Gea ee ecpey : 4 2G GOIN SS a oe ae ae OO se et Gl Ee CI)
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aod AUN RSS it ena nee aires eve Merete Na, OM a Se SG Sa ye Saas oo a patie he Tate tore ame eh ar ergs Ce RE
n aragonite Se gst eo a Teles MCR n ra eS a cea taity 48k theft eats es : Heo = [Pea See eID ran:
Set vaten mg oR Shoe eee sete Tet 22 See ke Cee
; eS ee 5 Ping ; earn ee ee NS
Sige hae Jace eeee ee) eee 2 a2] ::. gaa buses | jeeesee
D Get . 4 cyt . . C= . 4 ah =A = 2
cae ee pOSSbS RE OROESY Soak aSSer s So] gaa BEM “Peaeo sc ba Re On OE
~ a o bl ao re a ae ha ovoor 4 os = 4)
Coates glen PGR aasO Reese ce aesas FF 42) SSEgSSaSeS5easecas aesoe
SME EED eae Sed a sat ESTES Pou doSen aS © ke SHEE CUR one OSs he as el BST
44 4@q@MOODO AAR RR OOSS ESM OSA OOOMEE S| 444q4QLOOCOORRAAARRESHOTE

a

GRASSES OF IOWA. 300

PRECIPITATION TABLE—ConrTINvUED.

é\¢ 2 |E

Stations, glalSlBlelalelwereiaelel st al.

® a) s 5 oo] oO} @ alo
Sle/2[<|S/S]/S[¢4]al/o ;4]4a| 4 ie

Iowa City ....... ..-.. 2... 2202. | Le 74] L.55)2. 58)3, 13) 4. 2115. 03/4. 35 4.67/4.24 3.1/2. 64 1. 74/39, 77|23
PRE tise wel slainics viaisie «sce ve 1, 73} 1. 80/2. 16/2. 96/4. 04/4, 92/4. 19/3.12 3.53/38, 15 2. 03/1. 96)35.87/20
REMAN RE ivieiccxraja)hs[esi< sit seis v's 1. 58} 1. 99}2. 21/2. 74/4. 94/5. 22/4. 09/3.26 3, 26/3. 49/1, 71]1.75/35. 20) 8
Logan ... 1. 80] 1.36)2.06)2, 63/4. 46/5.84/5. 41/3. 82 3. 38/2. 61/1. 31/1. 35/35. 51/16
McGregor. ..................-.-+{ 1. 59/L. 21/1. 90/2 38/8. 68/4. 96/5. 08/3.37|4. 04/3. 18/1. 78] 1. 79/34. 97/16
Wop ELIS OS Seger eee 1. 57} 1.75}2. 37/2. 62/3. 91/4 47/4. 20)3. 69.3.82/2.77/2. 30|2.25/35, 79/438
Muscatine ........................]L.81)2. 05}2. 79/3. 41/4. 38/4, 86/3. 91]4.38 3. 72|3.04 2. 30/2.28)39, 22/43
Nazhua ..... 1. 54}2. 23/2. 76/2. 07/4, 19/5. 35)6 68/3. 87\5. 81 3.45]2. 34/3. 94/45. 16) 10
Newton .... ... ................| .65] . 98/1. 27/3. 37/4. 72/4. 13/3. 50/3. 70 3. 39/2. 60 2. 00)1.26/31.57| 9
2D oo aa noe ee eee .88] 1. 04) 1. 28/2 86/4, 40/4. 21/3, 66/2. 8113. 58/2.62/1. 59/1. 40/30.14] 9
OLIN. cach Seg eee eee 67) ..78) 1. 46)3. 11) 4. 51/5. 64)5, 15/3. 42 3. 36)2.77/1. 23) 1, 01/33. 06) 10
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PAPUA ECE Cif cicisic). on aes o0ssie 1. 29/1. 13] 1. 56)2.91)4. 36)5. 38/4. 11/3 37,3. 46 2, 28/1. 27 1. 28/30. 83} 19
Smithland .......................] .54| .65} .66/2.09/3 50/4.32/2. 96/2.77/2. 84/1. 7611.71] .63/24 43) 9
SVE (ASLO 9 Sa or .. | L.18}1.24]1.49)2. 00)3.38)3. 66/4. 05/3. 714.51 2, 27/1. 40} L. 40/30. 76) 12
Waukon .... ................... -|L.50}L.39]2. 21/2. 34/3. 57/4. 83/4. 90/3.43.4, 41/2 27)1. 77/1. 74/35.20/13
Wesley. ................-...02.-- |L.14/1. 03} L. 42/2. 30/3. 30/4 74/3. 50 ater 2.17)1.13}2.16}29.60]10
EGTA ena ra oino's esc eae sees 1. 05| 1.35] 1.88}2. 60/4. 18)4. 59/4 22|3.25 3..44/2. 78 1.7211. 31/33. 50)..

The regions here considered, naturally, would not show very much
variation in temperature except such as is due to latitude. But the north-
western portion of the state, because of its higher altitude and open
prairies, is somewhat cooler than the more thickly wooded portion of
southeastern lowa. It is an undisputed fact, however, that thermal belts
extend along the Missouri and Mississippi rivers. Certain varieties of
apples and cherries may be grown along the Missouri that will not suc-
ceed further eastward in the same parallel of latitude. Mr. Greene’, in
a paper read before the Iowa State Horticultural Society, has very strik-
ingly brought out these facts in studying fruit bloom. He says, “The
maps for April, 1899 and 1900, show the average temperature on the
‘morning of the first day of May. In 1899 there were nine thermal lines
presented, 54° to 46°, inclusive, and in 1900, eight, 56° to 49°. The
normal temperature for April is 49.5°, so that April, 1900, was 2.7°
above the average temperature for that month and ought to be three days
earlier. And so it proved to be by the tree record. Last year it was
reported from the same place on the 26th, just three days earlier.

In 1899, the isotherm 51° ran through Clinton, Linn, Van Buren,
Fremont and Pottawattamie counties, on April 30th. In 1900 it was
in Allamakee, Buchanan, Kossuth and Lyon counties. The eastern part
was colder, relatively, in the spring of 1900 than in 1899, as compared
with the central and western part of the state.

Heat is an important factor in the development of plants. The
plant zones of Humboldt were established by connecting the points hav-
ing the same mean annual temperature. He called these isothermal lines.
On this basis there were established the Boreal, Austral and the Tropical
Sin Greene, W., Report Ia. State Hort. Soe. 1900: 222.

.

A. provincialis, Bouteloua racemosa, Lithospermum canescens, Castilleia sessilifiora.
Calamagrostis Canadensis, Festuca nutans, Bromus purgans. (Charlotte M. King, Photo. )

388 GRASSES OF IOWA.

zones. It was found, however, that zones established on isothermal lines
did not express the true conditions, since two points of the same mean
annual temperature may show wide differences in the extremes of an-
‘nual, monthly or daily temperatures. It was found that life processes
depend on these more than on the mean, hence some other basis must be

established for the life zones.

Fra. 262. Wooded bluffs near Mississippi river. The bare slopes covered with Andropogon scoparius,

Merriam establishes his life zones on another principle, namely,
that it requires a definite amount of heat to accomplish the life’ cycle of
the plant from the time of germination to maturity. “That for a given
species this is the same, being the sum of the mean daily temperatures
during the cycle of vegetation. “This is the physiological constant.

Dr. Merriam recognizes the following classification :

Hudsonian zone.

Canadian zone.

Arctic or arctic alpine.
(I) {Boreal Remionte sewer retrrteterte ary

Alleghanian
Transition zone.... « Arid transition.
Pacific coast transition.

: : { Carolinian area.
(2) Austral Region. Upper austral zone.... \ Upper Sonoran.

{ Austroriparian.

Lower austral zone... 1 Lower Sonoran

(3) Tropical Region.

—— oe

i i ek

In the woods

PO conker 2 Dee ee ys ee

GRASSES OF IOWA. 389

Alleghanian area. ‘Vhis area reaches its greatest development in
this state along the Mississippi and reaches over to the Missouri river,
extending farther eastward in southwestern Iowa, thence farther north
along the river. ‘he representative plants are:

Juniperus Virginiana (northward). Tilia Americana.

Quercus macrocarpa. Sanguinaria Canadensis.

Corylus Americana. Negundo aceroides.

Rhus glabra. Ulmus Americana,

Prunus Americana. Acer saccharinum.

Dicentra cucullaria. Acer nigrum (Ves Moines basin).
Solidago serotina (northward). Aster Nove-Anglie (northward).

Carolinian. ‘This area reaches its greatest extension in southeastern
Iowa, spreading northward to Dakota, with a few representatives. “The
representative plants are:

Gymnocladus Canadensis . Juglans nigra.

Morus rubra. Rhamnus lanceolata.

Nelumbo lutea. Vernonia Noveboracensis .
Polygonum Pennsylvanicum . Polygonum dumetorum var. scandens .
Martynia proboscidea. Lupatorium serotinum.

Arid transition. ‘Vhis area reaches its greatest development along
the immediate border of the Missouri river, on the loess bluffs, but ex-
tends eastward to the divide between the Mississippi and Missouri rivers
in Carroll and Dickinson counties. Representative plants are as follows:

Cnicus canescens. Shepherdia argentea (N.).
Symphoricarpos occidentalis . Helianthus annuus.

Yucca angustifolia. Helianthus “aximiliant.
Petalostemon multitlorus . : Gaura coccinea.
Aplopappus spinulosus. Gaura parvitlora.
Grindelia squarrosa. Liatris punctata.
Euphorbia marginata. Euphorbia heterophylla.
Hlosackia Purshiana. Lactuca pulchella.
Erysimum asperum. Dalea laxitlora.

Psoralea esculenta. Mentzelia ornata.
Lygodesmia juncea. Sporobolus cuspidatus.
Bouteloua oligostachya. Buchloe dactyloides (N. W.).

Schedonnardus paniculatus(N. W.). Oxytropis Lamberti.
Astragalus lotiflorus var. brachypus.

It should be observed that the zonal boundaries of plants are not
sharply marked, but that the different areas contain some types of each
of the areas. The main features of the flora are essentially prairie. “The
intermingling of western and eastern prairie types is most marked on the

loess bluffs. ;
ECOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION.

Mr. Whitford,t who has made a study of the forests of northern
Michigan, considers the forests under the subject of climatic, ecologicai

* Life Zones and Crop Zones of the United States. Div. Biol. Surv. U.S. Dept. Agrl.
10. Yearbook U.S. Dept. Agrl. 189'7: 115. 1894: 203-214.
1. Bot. Gaz. 31: 291.

390 GRASSES OF IOWA.

and historical conditions. “he ecological factors are discussed under the
heads of edaphic, atmospheric, hydrodynamic and biotic.

Fig. 263. Porcupine grass the Stipa spartea On grassy knolls, drift soil with
Viola pedata, Echinacea purpurea and Ceanothus Americanus.
(Charlotte M. King, Photo. )

1. Vhe Edaphic. ‘he soil is an important matter with reference
to the formation of plant societies. “These conditions are often very local.
Some soils readily retain moisture, some absorb heat more than others,.
and this may determine largely the presence or absence of plants, as in
Sporobolus cuspidatus which is so abundant on the loess bluffs and grav-
elly knolls of western and northwestern Iowa. “The amount of humus.
in the soil is likewise an important matter.

2. Under the term atmospheric are included such factors as forms
of heat, light and wind. We have only to notice how difficult it is to es-
tablish a forest on the open prairie and how much easier it is to establish
a forest in the forested area by proper succession of plant growth. How
difficult it is for grasses of the forest to encroach upon the prairie.

3. Hydrodynamic is used here to designate the action of tides and
Waves upon strand vegetation, and the action of stream and ocean cur-
rents in distributing seeds. “his has been an important factor in de-
termining the presence of Spartina and Leersia along our streams.

GRASSES OF IOWA... 39]

4. The biotic determine the tension line between forest and prairie.
Plant rivalry determines the extermination constantly going on. ‘Lhe
forest in our prairie state is constantly extending its area, as conditions
suitable for the species are made. In western Wisconsin the hills were
usually devoid of tree growth, but since the absence of fire, forest growth
has spread to the grassy slopes; the hazel and birch displacing the Andro-
pogons and Boutelouas; the hazel later being displaced by the white and
scarlet oaks.

ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION.

Several different classifications have been proposed for plant socie-
ties. Lhe classification of Warming is generally used in this connection.
The author has made the following groups: xerophytic, halophytic,
mesophytic and hydrophytic.

XEROPHYTIC.

‘The xerophytic grasses have leaves so constructed that the amount
of water transpired is reduced to a minimum. ‘The leaves never open, or
roll up during dry weather. As an example, Festuca tenella may be given,
which grows throughout the state in dry soil. It is specially common in
western Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming and South Dakota regions where
xerophytic plants are common. “The Sporobolus cryptandrus and other
western species occur on sandy-gravelly soil, and high prairies subject to
drouth. Associated with this species we may mention Stipa spartea, and
in the western part of this state along the Missouri, Sporobolus cuspida-
tus, Calamovilfa longifolia, Sporobolus longifolius, Bouteloua oligos-
tachya locally, and Bouteloua racemosa, more widely distributed. “The
xerophytic grasses of eastern or central, and southern Iowa usually occur
on sandy and gravelly soils, in which there may be an abundance of
moisture at times, but as these soils are well drained, and easily give up
their water, they become very dry. Here we find such grasses as Bou-
teloua hirsuta, Aristida basiramea, Panicum capillare, Cenchrus tribu-
loides and Festuca tenella; in southeastern lowa T'rioda cuprea, Panicum
autumnale, Aristida oligantha and A. gracilis. Another most striking
peculiarity of xerophytic grasses is that they grow in bunches. A single
bunch many contain a hundred or more culms. “These bunches are many
years old. Some one has suggested that the low places in these bunches
are formed for the purpose of providing the plant with water, as the
central part is hollow and the surrounding part elevated. “here can be
no doubt that water collects in this way, but it is only incidentally that
plants have utilized this water. ‘This formation is brought about by the

GRASSES OF IOWA.

392

(‘ojoyg ‘ey3neO “I a)

‘eMoy ‘£yun00 £1099 ‘gsuaqnad wnaYyd *S8V13 AYAZOUITY JO PIOLA “FY a) A: |

GRASSES OF IOWA. 393

death of the older and inner parts of the bunch. ‘The border contains
living plants, the rootstocks with the adjacent soil are naturally raised.
Of the striking bunch grasses belonging to this series we may mention
Calamovilfa longifolia and Sporobolus heterolepis.

HALOPHYTIC.

A close study of the structure of halophytes indicates that these
plants are really xerophytic in their nature. NHalophytic plants, of
course, are such as are adapted to salt marshes and alkaline places, and in
respect to their need of water and protection, they behave like the xero-
phytic plants. Only a single species occurs in the state of Lowa that orig-
inally was a strongly alkaline or salt marsh plant, namely the squirrel tail
grass. ‘This species no longer confines itself to these alkaline marshes but

is found everywhere.

Fie. 265. Poa pratensis, Blue Grass ina planted grove. The conditions here are similar t those
occurring in pastured woodlands. (Charlotte M. King, Photo).

MESOPHYTIC.
The mesophytic type grades between xerophytic on the one hand and
hydrophytic on the other. “They are not able to stand the drying influ-
ences of a sandy soil so well as halophytic plants, but are adapted to our

394 GRASSES OF IOWA.

forest and prairie conditions. The leaves of these grasses are provided
with bulliform cells which cause their rolling up when the soil becomes.
dry. Several grasses of this class are true bunch grasses, as 4ndropogon
scoparius (the bunches often consist of 100 or more culms), Dactylis
glomerata and Elymus robustus. These grasses may be divided into (a)
those occurring in forests and woodland, and (6) those occurring 1n open
prairie. ‘The two communities sometimes merge into each other. In
most cases the communities are easily separated.

Fig. 266. Wild Rice. Zizania aquatica. Found growing with Sagittaria, Phragmites
vulgaris and Acorus, Steamboat Rock. (Charlotte M. King, Photo.)

Woodland: Diarrhena Americana (widely distributed and associ-
ated with Elymus striatus, Festuca nutans, and Melica mutica. The
latter though placed here prefers rather rocky, exposed places. Species
bordering woods and copses: Andropogon nutans, Elymus Virginicus,
Asprella hystrix and Panicum macrocarpon.

Prairies: The most conspicuous grass of the prairies is Elymus
robustus, which grows to great heights, Andropogon scoparius, 1. pro-
vincialis, Muhlenbergia Mexicana, Panicum virgatum, Sporobolus longt-
folius, 8. neglectus, and S. vaginaeflorus.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 395

HYDROPHYTIC.

These grasses are unable to withstand the injurious influences of dry
soil and weather. Bulliform cells are rather poorly developed. he grasses
grow in water or in moist places, however, some species grade into meso-
phytic, as Panicum Crus-galli, an extremely variable species. We may note
here that where these grasses occur, the soil is much colder, and the sea-

Fic. 267. Andropogon scoparius and A. provincialis with Solidago
rigida. Ames, lowa. (Charlotte M. King, Photo. )

son is later than where the soil is well drained. The typical hydrophytes
are represented by Zizania aquatica, which occurs not only in the bogs of
northern Iowa (these very closely resemble the genuine peat bogs of
mountains) and those occurring in Wisconsin and Minnesota but also
occurs in the bayous of rivers and along the small streams in eastern, cen-
tral and western Iowa. Panicularia aquatica, P. fluitans, common in
most bogs of central and northern Iowa, and the Scolochloa festucacea,

396 GRASSES OF IOWA.

abundant in several of our northern counties, are typical representatives
of hydrophytes. Leersia oryzoides and L./lenticularis are semi-hydrophytic
grasses, the first in bogs and along bayous throughout the state, the sec-
ond along the borders of streams in eastern Iowa, especially the Missis-
sippi river. Phragmites vulgaris, a cosmopolitan species, is common in
eastern Iowa and in the cold, wet bogs and lakes of the drift area. Spar-
tina cynosuroides is less selective than many of the other species; it oc-
curs in little valleys or in sloughs, and is mesophytic rather than hydro-
phytic, although early in the season it may grow in very moist soil.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
OF GRASSES.
BY

L. H. PAMMEL.

%

CHAPTER IV.

Geographical Distribution of Grasses.

Grasses are widely distributed over the earth’s surface. Althougli
the species of the order are not so numerous as the Compositae, Legum-
inosae and Rosaceae, yet'in number of plants the grasses outrank every
other order. Grasses are an important constituent of the meadows of
temperate and colder regions. A meadow has a very different aspect
than a plain or desert. In a meadow the grasses form an even turf made
up largely of a few species, among which are many of the most important
grasses like Poa and Glyceria. On the dry plains, savannas and steppes,
Stipa, Festuca and Andropogon predominate. Here the grasses grow in
bunches forming scattered tufts. Here the question is largely one of
obtaining moisture. Look where you will over the earth’s surface, and
grasses occur. ‘They are present in icy Greenland and in the Arctic and
Antarctic regions; they are found at the very edge of the snowcovered
mountains of the Rockies, the Andes, the Himalayas; they are abundant
in the tropical jungle, where they formimpenetrable masses, like the
bamboos which are so common in China, Java, Sumatra and India,
forming a part of the tropical forest in the region of the Monsoon.
Species of grasses are much more abundant in the tropics than in tem-
perate or colder regions. ‘The greensward is typical only in a country
where the ground is covered with a mantle of snow for a part of the year.

The distribution of grasses may best be seen from an analysis of
some of the genera. The genus Poa, of which there are about one hun-
dred species, is found! mostly in the “northern temperate
and Arctic regions, but a few of the species are also found
in colder, temperate regions of the Southern Hemisphere; a
few even occurring in the high mountains of the tropics. The
Poa pratensis is found in Europe and North America. The Poa
alpina in the arctic regions of America and Europe, and the high
mountains of New England and the Rockies. The Poa flabellata, the
largest grass of the genus, occurs in the Falkland and Fire Islands. The
Scolochloa festucacea, allied to Poa, is found from Emmet and Kossuth
counties through Minnesota, Dakotas, to Lake of the Woods and Sas-
katchewan to the Peace River country, and in northern Europe and Asia.

gaa POOL ee
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GRASSES OF IOWA.

400

rst

ol
eae

eae

Fig. 268. Map showing general distribution of Poa and Scolochloa.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 401

The Glyceria grandis, another ally to the foregoing, is common through-
out the northern states to Colorado, California, British Columbia and
Sitka, Alaska. An allied species, G. fluitans is cosmopolitan, occurring in
Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. It is common throughout northern
United States, south to Arkansas and ‘Tennessee. ‘The genus Bromus is
comopolitan, common especially in the Northern Hemisphere, a few oc-
curring in the tropics, well represented in the Rocky Mountains and
Europe. The Bromus inermis of Hungary and Switzerland has a near
relative in the northern Rockies, the Bromus Pumpellianus. The Bro-
mus secalinus, B. arvensis and B. tectorum are cosmopolitan weeds.

The genus Hordeum occurs in Asia, Europe, North Africa, North
and South America. The H. nodosum found in northeastern Lowa is
widely distributed in the United States from Ohio to Minnesota and
Texas; common in the Rocky Mountain region to Nevada, California
and Vancouver. The Hordeum jubatum along the Arctic coast, the
Great lakes and westward to the plains and the Rocky Mountain region,
Utah, Nevada, to Vancouver, Saskatchewan, Peace River, also in south-
ern Russia and eastern Siberia.

‘The genus Elymus generally in temperate regions except Australia
and South Africa. ‘Three species, Elymus striatus, E. Canadensis, and
E. Virginicus are common on the Atlantic coast and in the Mississippi
Valley. The E. condensatus is a Rocky Mountain species abundant in
the flood plains of streams. Sitanion, which is closely; allied to Elymus,
is a development of the North American plain, perhaps reaching south-
western Minnesota. The numerous species made of this genus will
scarcely hold. Another ally of Elymus is Asprella with four species;
North America two, Siberia one, New Zealand one. The Asprella
Hystrix is of wide distribution in eastern North America, while 4. Cali-
fornica has a somewhat limited range on the Pacific coast.

The genus Agropyron, generally distributed in temperate regions, is
conspicuous on the plains and in the Rocky Mountain region.

The 4. occidentale and dA. caninum in northern United States and
Canada, the latter also in Europe, Asia (Siberia and Himalayas). 4.
glaucum, a maratime species of Europe, Asia and eastern United States.
The 4. repens a common weed in Europe and northern United States.

Of the large number of species of Festuca described, one hundred
and twenty-nine are credited to Europe by Richter, however, Hackel gives
only eighty species, found chiefly in temperate regions. The Festuca
ovina and F’. rubra are cosmopolitan, common only in northern portions
of the United States and in the Rocky Mountains; southward these
species have become naturalized. The Festuca octoflora common

26

4()2 GRASSES OF IOWA.

Fic. 269. Map showing general distribution of grass species.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 403

throughout North America on the plains and in sandy soil. ‘The F.
nutans is a woodland species of eastern North America and the Missis-
sippi Valley, while the F. Shortii is somewhat more limited in its distri-
bution, found in low swales and meadows.

Schedonnardus paniculatus and Buchloe dactyloides are essentially
species of the plains east of the Rocky Mountain region. The former ex-
tends from New Mexico and Texas to Assiniboia, reaching northeastern
Iowa and southeastern Minnesota and Arkansas; the latter has a some-
what similar range though extending to Mexico and Arizona. “The Bou-
telowa oligostachya ranges with the Buchloe, excepting that it ranges
westward to southern California and east to Wisconsin. The Bouteloua
hirsuta extends to Mexico and east to the Mississippi Valley. “The BP.
curtipendula extends from Mexico nearly to the Atlantic coast. The
Phragmites vulgaris is cosmopolitan; common in Europe and Asia; also
found in Australia, common in Iowa and the northern Mississippi Valley
to Kansas and Mexico. “The genus Eragrostis is cosmopolitan, chiefly
tropical. The E. major, a common, introduced weed, occurs in Europe
and Africa. The E. reptans is common in the Mississippi Valley extend-
ing eastward to New England, also in Trinidad and Buenos Ayres.

The genus Sporobolus is tropical. The species found in Iowa are
common southward. The S. heterolepis reaches its best development on
the prairies from Minnesota to Teaxs. The genus Muhlenbergia at-
tains its greatest development in the southwest, extending to the Andes

‘of South America. Some species also occurring in Asia (Japan and the

Himalayas). The M. diffusa, M. tenuiflora, M. Mexicana, and M.
racemosa are common in the Mississippi Valley to the Atlantic coast.
The Stipas are largely developed on the plains and steppes. Our
most common species, the S. spartea is common in the northern Missis-
sippi Valley east to Michigan, Canada, Missouri to Colorado and
the Dakotas. “The maximum development is attained from Minnesota
west to Wisconsin and Nebraska. The S. comata is western, but has
made its way into Iowa along the Missouri, its range is much wider than
the preceding. The 8. viridula is an introduced species abundant from
New Mexico to British America. The genus Leersia is represented in
the state of Iowa by three species. “Two of these, L. oryzoides and L.
Virginica are common throughout eastern North America. The L. Jem#i-
cularis, a sub-tropical species, reaches as far north as Lansing on the Mis-
sissippi river, and to Virginia on the Atlantic coast. The L. oryzoides has
been widely naturalized in the old world, especially in southern Europe,
temperate Asia, and north Africa. It is, however, an American species.

GRASSES OF IOWA.

404

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GRASSES OF IOWA. 405

The Zizania aquatica is common in British America, northern Mis-
sissippi Valley, along the Atlantic coast from Newfoundland to Penn-
sylvania and Florida, Arkansas, eastern Texas to Missouri and central
Nebraska. It is also found in central Siberia and Japan. ‘The genus
Zizaniopsis, with one species and two varieties, occurs from southern,
United States to Brazil.

The large genus of Paspalum, with one hundred and sixty species, is
poorly represented in northern United States; Iowa having a single
species and a doubtful second, the P. mucronatum. In southern United
States the genus is a large and important one. The genus Panicum in
number of species outranks the former. Three hundred are recognized.
It is generally found in warm countries with a few in the temperate re-
gions. The genus is conspicuous in the savannas of South America.
Panicum is the largest genus of grasses in lowa. “The genus Andropogon
occurs in warmer regions of North America, Asia and temperate Europe.
The latter with eight or nine species. Fifty species of the Arthrolophis
(subgenus) like 4. provincialis are largely American. ‘The subgenus Sor-
ghum, belongs to the torrid and warm temperate countries (Africa, etc. ).
Hackel in concluding his paragraph on the distribution of grasses says:

“Not less than 90 genera are common to both continents; among
these are many that are exclusively tropical, and besides ten single types.
No one tribe is confined to one hemisphere, and no genus of numerous
species to any one floral region. All this goes to prove that grasses are a
family distributed very uniformly, and that the separation of their tribes
goes back to very ancient times. To be sure, the single tribes have varied
under the influence of the later divisions into zones; while the Paniceae
and Andrapogoneae preponderate in the tropics, they are put in the back-
ground by the Festuceae Aveneae, and Hordeae in the temperate and
frigid zones. “The eastern North American forest region has preserved
many more of them (and in general of tropic types) than has the Old
World.”

Dr. W. J. Beal in an admirable article summarizes the distribution
of grasses as follows:

“North America, as would be expected from its extent and config-
uration, has a greater number and variety of grasses than Europe, and
Europe a greater number and variety than Australia. Europe lacks many
of the species found in tropical and subtropical North America and Aus-
tralia. North America compares favorably with Europe and Aus-
tralia combined. In the nerth of North America are species of European
genera; in the south, species of many of the Australian genera.”

Partial Bibliography Pertaining to Grasses
by |
Harriette S. Kellogg and L. H. Pammel.

CHAPTER V.

Partial Bibliography Pertaining to Grasses.

The following are some of the more important works dealing
with the subject of grasses.

As a matter of convenience to the student of grasses, there is
appended to the descriptive part of this volume a list of some of
the more important works on grasses, as well as papers dealing
with the flora of Iowa and the adjoining states. In making up the
distribution of grasses some of these papers have been consulted.
I have not relied on them except where I felt confident that the
species occurred. For the Mexican distribution, I have made use
in many cases of the statements in Biologia Centrali Americani,
as references to these species of Mexico and Central America are
based on specimens found in the Kew Gardens. I have ina similar
way made use of Watson and Brewer’s Botany of California;
Macoun’s Catalogue of Canadian Plants, Macmillan’s Metaspermae
of the Minnesota Valley, Coulter’s Flora of Texas, Mohr’s Flora
of Alabama, the distribution given by Watson and Coulter in
Gray’s Manual and Britton’s Manual, but above all I have used the
distribution given in the various publications of the Division of
Agrostology, United States Department of Agriculture. Owing
to the many changes that have been made in the names of species,
it was, of course, impossible in most cases to make use of the
many excellent catalogues.

The following abbreviations referring to the character of the
literature have been used: Ec. (Economic), FI. (Floras), Hist.
(Historical), Morph. (Morphological), Ph. (Physiological), Syst.
(Systematic).

ARTHUR, J. C—

Contributions to the flora of Iowa; a catalogue of the phaenogamous
plants. 43. 1876. Charles City. Fl.

BALL, CARLETON R.—

An anatomical study of the leaves of Eragrostis. Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci.
4: 133-146. 3p/. Cont. Ia. St. Coll. Bot. Dept. 4: 133-146. 367. Morph.

Grasses and other forage plants of the Potomac Flats. Cir. U. S. Dept.
Agr. Div. Agros. 28: 18. Ec.

Johnson grass. Report of investigation made during the season of 1901.
Peas. ent. Agr. Bur. Pl: Ind, 11: 24. Jf. Ec.

Pear] Millet. Far. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. 168: 3f. Ec

Winter forage crops for the South. Far. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. 147:
36: 24p/. Ec.

BARNES, W. D., REPPERT, FRED., MILLER, A. A.—

‘The flora of Scott and Muscatine counties. Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci. 8:199-
287. p7.1-2. 1900. FI.
BEAL, W. J.—

Grasses and other forage plants best adapted to endure severe drouth.
Proc. Prom. Agr. Sci. 1895: 26-29. Ee.

Grasses or North America. The grasses classified, described and each
genus illustrated, with chapters on their geographical distribution, and
a bibliography. 1: 706. 226f. 2: 457.175f. Syst. Ec. Ph.

Grasses of North America. 457. f. 775. Ed. 1.

Bravuvois, A.M F. J. PALISOTODE—

Essai d’une nouvelle agrostographie; ou nouveaux genres des gramine’es,
avec, figures representant les caracte’res tous les genres. Atlasin 4°. 1812.
Paris. 8°. Syst.

BENTLEY, H. L.—

A report upon grasses and forage plants of central Texas. Bull. U. S.
Dept. Agr. 10: 37. J4f. Ec.

BESSEY, CHARLES E.—

Injuriousness of Porcupine grass. Am. Nat. 18: 929. 1884. Ec.»

The structure of the wheat grain. Bull.Univ. Neb. Ex. Sta. 32: 100-114.
BESSEY, CHARLES E. and WEBBER, H. J.—

The grasses and forage plants of Nebraska. Ext.Rept. Neb. St.
Bd. Agr. 1899: 162. Ec, FI.

410 GRASSES OF IOWA.

BREWER, WILLIAM H.—

Report of cereal production in the United States. Rep. 10th Census U.S.
1880. 371-563. 16 maps. Ec.

BRITTON, NATHANIEL LORD—

Manual of the Northern States and Canada. Grasses by George V. Nash.
1880. New York, 1901. Syst.

Britton, N. L. and BRown, ADDISON—

An illustrated flora of the Northern United States, Canada and the
British Possessions from New Foundland to the parallel of the southern
boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the 1024
Meridian. Grasses by George V. Nash, 3 vols., 1896, 1897, 1898. f. 1543.
Syst.

Brown, EDGAR, and SCOFIELD, CARL S.—

Wild Rice; its uses and propagation. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur.
Plind:. 50: 2. pl. ae
BUCKMAN, JAMES—

Natural history of British meadow and pasture grasses with an account
of their economy and agricultural indications. 73. Ill. London 1858. Ec.
BuFFrum, B. C.—

Grasses and forage plants. Bull. Univ. Wyo. Ex. Sta. 16: 224-243. Ee.

BuscHAN, GEORG—

Vorgeschitliche Batanik der Cultur—und Nutzpflanzen der alten Welt auf
grund prahistorischer Funde. 268. Breslau, 1895. Hist.
BusH, B. F.—

Notes on the Mound flora of Atchison county, Missouri. Rept. Mo. Bot.
Gar, 1895:: 4215 Fi.
CARLETON, MARK ALFRED—
The basis for the improvement of American wheats. Bull. U.S. Dept.
Agr. Div. Veg. Phys. and Path. 24: 87. Morph.

CARLETON, MARK ALFRED AND CHAMBERLAIN, JOSEPH S.—

The commercial status of Durum Wheat. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur.
Pie Ind’. (70: 70: 5p23 He:
CuIiLcoTr, E. C.—

Forage plants of South Dakota. Bull. S. D. Agr. Coll. Ex. Sta. 51:32.
6pl. Ec

Macaroni Wheat in South Dakota. Bull. S. D. Agr. Ex. Sta. 77: 42.
7pl. Ec.
CuHILcoTT, E. C. AND ROE, R. S.

Forage and garden crops in the James River Valley. Bull. S. D. Agr.
Ex. Sta. 61:41. J0f/. Ec.
CuHiLcoTt, E. C. AND SAUNDERS, D. A.—

Millet. Bull. S. D. Agr. Ex. Sta. 60: 140. 6f/. Ec.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 41]

ComBs, ROBERT—

Histology of the corn leaf. Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci. 5: 6-10. f, 71-13. pl 9-11.
Cont. Ia. Sta. Coll. Bot. Dept. 10: 6-10.. f 20-13. A/.9-11. Morph.

CouLTER, JOHN M—

Manual of the phanerogams and pteridophytes of Western Texas.
Cont. U. S. Nat. Herb. 2: 588. 3#/. Grasses by L. H. Dewey. 484. Syst.

CraiIc, JOHN—

Promising grasses of the northwestern territories. Bull. Ia. St. Coll. Ex.
Sta. 3:76-81. Ec.

Crozier, A. A.—

Forage crops and wheat. Bull. Mich. Agr. Coll. Ex. Sta. 141: 115-45.
4#f. Ec.

Grasses and other forage plants. Bull. ia. St.Coll. Ex. Sta. 2: 16 24 Ec.
Millet. Mich. St. Agr. Coll. Ex. Sta. 117:64. Ec.

DARWIN, CHARLES—

Animals and plants under domestication. 1. 473. 434 N. Y. 1884. Hist

On the hygroscopic mechanism by which certain seeds are able to bury
themselves. Jour. Linn. Soc. 1: 151-167. pl. 23. Phys.

DE CANDOLLE, ALPHONSE LOUIS PIERRE PyRAMUS—

L” origine des plantes cultivees. Ed. 3. rev. & enl. 385.8° Paris.
1886. Eng. trans. 467. Hist.

DE CANDOLLE, AUGUSTIN—

Plantarum succulentaruro historia; ou, Histoire naturelle des plantes
grasses; avec figures dessintees par P. J. Redoute. 1. 2 738 pl. f°. Paris,
1799-1829, Syst.

EpcGar, W. C.—

Story of a grain of wheat. 195. Ill. New York. 1903. Ec.
ENFIELD, EDWARD—

Indian Corn, its value, culture and uses. 308. New York, 1866. Ec.
ENGLER, ADOLF and PRANTL, KARL—

Die natuerlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren
Arten insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen. lLeipsig. 1887. Grasses by E.
Hackel. Syst.

FInK, BRucE—

Spermaphyta of the flora of Fayette, lowa. Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci. 4:
81-107. FI.

FITZPATRICK, T. J. and M. F. L.—

The flora of Southern Iowa. Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci. 6: 173-202. Syst.
FrintT, C. L.—

Grasses and forage plants. 398. /7/f. Boston, 1888.

412 GRASSES OF IOWA.

GARMAN, H.—

Kentucky forage plants. The grasses. Bull. St. Coll. Ky. Ex. Sta: 87:
55-110. Jz f. Ec.

GATTINGER, AUGUST—

The Tennessee flora with special reference to the flora of Nashville,
phanerogams and vascular cryptogams. 109. Nashville. 1887. Fl.

GRAv, ASA—

Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States, Including the
district east of the Mississippi and north of North Carolina and Tennessee.
Sixth edition, revised and extended westward to the 100th Meridian by
Sereno Watson and John M. Coulter. 760. 25 pl. N. Y. Cin. Chicago.
A. B.C. 1889. Syst.

GRIFFIN, H. H.—

Pasture grasses for the Arkansas valley. Bull. Col. Agr. Ex. Sta. 68:
67) Ee:

HACKEL, EDWARD—

The true grasses. English translation by F. Lamson—Scribner and
Effie A. Southworth. 228. 770 of. 7 pl. Henry Holt & Co. 1890. Syst.

HARRINGTON, H. H.—

A study of the composition. of grasses. Bull. Tex Agr. Ex Sta. 20:
178-190. Ee.

HARSHBERGER, J. W.—

Fertile crosses of Teosinte and Maize. Gar. and For. 9: 522. Ph.
Maize: a botanical and economic study. Cont. Bot. Lab. Uniy. Penn. 1:
75-202, pl. 14. Phys. and Ec.

HARTLEY, CHARLES P.—

Broom corn. Far. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. 174: 32. J0f. Ee.
Corn growing. Far. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. 199: 32. J9f Ec.

Harz, Dr C. D.—
Landwirthschaftliche Samenkunde. Berlin, 1:562. 552-1362. f. 20/7. Ec.
Hays, WILLet M.—

Forage and grain crops. Bull. Univ. Minn. Agr. Ex. Sta. 46: 331-361.
Ec. :

Indian corn: habits of root growth; methods of planting and cultivation;
notes on ears and suckers. Bull. Univ. Minn. Ex. Sta. Coll. Agr. 5:
33. ¢pl. Phys.

Meadows and pastures of Minnesota. Bull. Univ. Minn. Agr. Ex. Sta. 12:
119-124, Ec.

Hays, WILLET M. and Boss, ANDREW—

Wheat: varieties, breeding, cultivation. Bull. Univ. Minn. Agr. Ex. Sta
62: 391-494. £ 238-289, Ec.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 413

HEHN, VICTOR—

Kulturpflanzen und Hausthiere in ihrem Uebergang aus Asien nach
Griechenland und Italien sowie in das ubrige Europa. Historisch—lin
guiticshe Schizzen. 522. Berlin. 1887. Hist.

HEMSLEY, W. BoTrinc—

‘

Biologia Centrali Americana: or contributions to the knowledge of the
fauna and flora of Mexico and Central America. Edited by F. D. Godman
and C. Salvin. London. 1882-1886. Fl.

HENDERSON, JOHN—

Hand book of the grasses of Great Britain and America. Jour. Pub. Co.
Northport, L. I., 1875. 238. - Ec.

HENDERSON, L. F.—

Grasses and forage plants in Idaho. Bull. Ida. Agr. Ex. Sta. 38: 193-256.
Hi, He.
Field notes on some Nevada grasses. Bull. Nev. St. Univ. 33: 13. Ec:

Hitcucock, A. S.—

Bermuda grass. (Cynodon dactylon.) Cir. U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros.
Sk: Ee.

Forage plants for Kansas. Bull. Kan. St. Agr. Coll. Ex. Sta. 87: 29.
ipl. Ke.

North American species of Leptockloa. Bull. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Pl.
Ind. 33: 24. 6 pl. Syst.

Hireucock, A. S. and CLorHiErR, G. L.—

Native agricultural grasses of Kansas. Bull. Kan. Agr. Coll. Ex. Sta. 102:
179-220. 16 pl. Ee.

Hopson, E.R.

Phenological observations on the growth of corn. Cont. Ia. St. Coll.,
Bot. Dept. 13: 8. Phys.

Horm, THEO.—
American Panicums in Herbarium Berolinense and in Herbarium
Willdenow. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 4: 17-23. £ 7-15. Syst.

A study of some anatomical characters of North American Gramineae.
Seeeietxaz. 16: 166-171. pl. 75. 2.16: 279-225. p/. 27-22, 3. 16: 275-
alee. 23-27. 4.1%: 358-362. pi. 27. 5.20: 362-365. Al. 26. 6,21:
357-360. pl. 27-28. 7.22: 403-406. f/. 20. Morph.

Hooxkgr, Sir J. D.—
The student’s flora of the British Islands. London. 1878 539. Syst.
HooKkER, SIR WILLIAM JACKSON—

Flora Boreali Americana, or the Botany of the Northern part of British
America; Compiled principally from plants collected by Dr. Richardson
and Mr. Drummond on the late northern expeditions under the command of.
Sir John Franklin. London. 1:351. 2:328. A/. 238 with map. 1840. Syst

414 GRASSES OF IOWA.

Horxins, A. D.—

Some observations on varieties of Timothy (Phleum pratense, L.) Proc.
Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci. 1895: 29. A/.77 Ec.
Hopkins, Cyrit G., SmitH, Lourz H. anp East, EDWARD—

The structure of the corn kernel and the composition of its different parts.
Bull. Univ. lll. Agr. Ex. Sta. 87: 77-112. 4 p/. Morph. and Phys.
Host, NicHoLtas THOMAS—

Incones et discriptiones gramimum Austriacum. 1: 1801. 3: 1805. 4:
1809. Vindolon. Syst.
Hunt, THos. F.—

The cereals in America. 412. 7/7. New York 1904. Ee.

JENKINS, E. H. anp WINTON, H. L.—
Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Off. Exp. Sta. 11. Chem.

Jonses, L. R.—

Vermont grasses and clovers. Bull. Univ. Vt. and St. Agr. Coll. 94:
139-183. 32 f. Ee.
JUMELLE, H.—

Sur la constitution du fruit d. graminees. Soc. d. sci. Nancy Seance,

23 Juillet. 1888 (according to Knoblauch. Just. Bot. Jahresb. 16:432). ©

also abstr. Bull. Soc. Bot. de France, 36: Rev. Bibl. 5. 1889. Syst.

KEARNEY, THOMAS H. JR.—

Revision of North American specimens of Calamagrostis. Bull. U. S.

Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 11: 1-42. 7f Syst.
KELLERMAN, W. A.—

Artificial key to Kansas grasses. Proc. Kan. Acad. Sci. 11: 87-101.
Syst.
KELLERMAN, W. A. AND SWINGLE, W. ‘l'.—

Experiments in cross fertilization of corn. Ist. Ann. Rept. Kan. Ex,
Sta. 1888. 316. Ec. and Phys.
KENNEDY, P. BEVERIDGE—

Co-operative experiments with grasses and forage plants. Bull. U. S.
Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 22: 86. 72f/. Ec

Smooth Brome grass. Cir. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 18: 9. 27.
Ec.

Structure of the caryopsis of grains with reference to morphology and
classification. Bull. U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 19: 44; 84/7. Morph.

KILLEBREW, A. M.—

The grasses of ‘l'ennessee, including cereals and forage plants. 511. 7/2.
Nashville. 1878. Ec. ;

KING, CLARENCE. Geologist in charge —
U. S. Geological exploration of the 40th Parallel. 5. 1871. Washington
4°, Syst.

~

wwe Pk

|

GRASSES OF IOWA. 415

KLIPPART, J. F.—

The Wheat plant. Cincinnati. 1860. 706. ///. Ec.
Knapp, Dr. S. A.—

Rice culture in the United States. Far. Bull. U.S. Dept. Agr. 110: 28.
Ec.
KORNICKE, FRIEDR,—

Die Arten und Varietaten der Getreides. 466. 70 p/. Berlin. Paul Parey.
1885. Ec.
KuNnTH, CARL SIGISMUND —

Enumeratio plantarum omnium hucusque cognitarum, secundum famil-
ias naturales disposita, adjectis characteribus differentiis et synonymis.
Stuttgart and Tiibingen. 1833. Syst.

Revision des Graminees. Distribution Methodique de la Famille des
Graminies. I. 2. 1835. Paris. Syst.

LINNAEUS, CAROLUS. (CARL Von LINNE)—

Amoenitates Academicae, seu dissertationes variae physicae, medicae,
botanicae, antehac seorsim editae nunc collectae et distributae cum tabulis
aenis. Holm. 5. 1759. Syst.

Generum plantarum eorumque characteres naturales secundum numerum,
figuram, situm et proportionem omnium fructificationis partium. Ed. 6.
Ab auctore reformataet aucta. 1764. Holm. 8°. Syst.

Mantissa plantarum. Generum editionis V/ et specierum editionis II.
Holm. 1767. Mantissa plantarum altera. Generum editionis VI. Syst.

Lowe, E. J.—

A natural history of British grasses. 245. 74. f/. London. 1871. Ee.
Lyon, R, T.—
LUEDERS, FREDERICK—

The vegetation of the town Prairie Du Sac. Wis. Acad Sci. Arts and
Letters. 10: 510-524. g/.17. Fi.
Lyon, T. L.—

Hungarian brome grass. Bull. Univ. Neb. Agr. Ex. Sta. 61: 35-63.
Ec. :
Macaroni Wheats. Bull. Univ. Neb. Agr. Ex. Sta. 78: 24.

Lyon, T. L. anp Hircucock, A. S.— Ee,

Pasture, meadow and forage crops in Nebraska. Bull. U. S. Dep.
Beeear. Pl. Ind. 59: 61. 3 /. 6 pl. Bull. Univ. Neb. Agr. Ex. Sta.
84: 66. 5f Ee.

Angars. Report of Experimental farm for the Northwest Territories.
Rep. Gov. Ex. Farm. 1902: Ottawa, Can. 319-356. Ec.

MacMILLAn, Conway—

The Metasperme of the Minnesota Valley. A list of the higher seed-
producing plants indigenous to the drainage basin of the Minnesota River.
Geol. & Nat. Hist. Surv. Minn. ;Bot. Ser. I. 826. Minneapolis. 1892.
Fi.

416 GRASSES OF IOWA.

M’ALPINE, A. M.—

How to know the grasses by the leaves. 92. J/8 #/. Edinburgh. 189
Syst. -
MaCoun, J.—

Catalogue of Canadian Plants. 2. Montreal. 1888-1890. FI.
MERRILL, ELMER D—

Aristida purpurea Nutt., acd its allies. Cir. U.S. Dept. Agr. Div.
Agros. 34: 7. Syst.

Some species of grasses published by S. B. Buckley. Cir, U. S. Dept.
Agr. Div. Agros. 35: 1. 2. Syst.

Some Arizona grasses. Cir. U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 32:9. Syst.

Mour, CHARLES—

Plant Life of Alabama. An account of the distribution, modeof associa-
tion and adaptations of the floraof Alabama together with a systematic
catalogue of the plants growing in the state. Cont. U. S. Nat. Herb. 6:
921. 7? p7. 1901. Geol. Sur. of Ala. ed. with portrait and biography. FI.

MUHLENBERG, HENRY—

Catalogus plantarum americae septentrionalis huc usque cognitarum
indigenarum et cicurum; or a catalogue of the hitherto known native and
naturalized plants of North America. 1813, Lancaster, Pa. 8°. Syst.

Gramineae. Descriptio uberior graminum et plantarum calamarium
americae septentrionalis. 1817. Lancaster, Pa. Syst.

Myrick, HERBERT, Editor—
Book of Cosi. IN Y.) 1903. 3368-0 Be:

NEES VON ESENBACH, CHRISTIAN GOTTFRIED.—

Agrostologia Brasiliensis seu descriptio graminum in imperio Brasiliense
huc usque detectorum. 1829. Stuttgart and Tlibingen. Syst.

NELSoN, AVEN—

The Brome grasses of Wyoming. Bull. U. of Wyo. Ex. Sta. 46: 21.97
Mes. *
Red Desert of Wyoming and its forage resources. Bull. U..S. Dept.
Agr. Div. Agros. 12: 72. 24f. 5 pl. Ee.
Some native forage plants for alkali soils. Bull. Univ. Wyo. Ex. Sta,
42: 23-45. J2pl. Ec.
Squirrel-tail grass. Bull. Univ. Wyo. Ex. Sta. 19: 73-79. ¢#f/. Ee.
The Wheat-grasses of Wyoming. Bull., Univ. Wyo. Ex. Sta. 59: 34.
6f.4 pl. Ec. .

NELson, E. E.—

Notes on grasses tested at the Experiment Farm. 1901-1903. Univ.
Wyo. U.S. Agr. Ex. Sta. 14: 68-79. 2 pl. 1904. Ec.
OcpEN, E. L.—

Leaf structure of Jouvea and Eragrostis obtusifolia. Bull. U.S. Dept.
Agr. Div. Agros. 8: 12-20. 2. 8-9. Morph.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 417

PAMMEL, EMMA—

A comparative study of the leaves of Lolium, Festuca and Bromus.
Proc. la. Acad. Sci. 4: 126-131. 3 p/. Cont. Ia. St. Coll. Bot. Dept.
4: 126-131. 3p/. Morph.

PAMMEL, L. H.—

The histology of the caryopsis and endosperm of some grasses. ‘Trans.
Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. 8: 199-220. p/. 77-19. Morph.

Notes on the grasses and forage plants of lowa, Nebraska and Colorado.
Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 9: 47. JZ f. Ee.

Notes on grasses of Nebraska, South Dakotaand Wyoming. Proc. Dav.
Meade sci. ¢: 229-245. Cont. ia. St. Coll. Bot. Dept. 15: 229-245. Fl.
Syst.

Some ecological notes on Iowa grasses. Proc. Soc. Prom. Ag. Sci.
1898: 204-211. Cont. Ia. St. Coll. Bot. Dept. 12: 204-211. Fl.

Some germination studies of cereals. Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci.
1898: 194-203. Cont. Ia. St. Coll. Bot. Dept. 12: 194-203. 7 pi.
PaMMEL, L. H. anp ComMBs, ROBERT—

Some botanical notes on corn. Bull. Ia. St. Coll. Ex. Sta. 36: 849-855.
& f. Syst.

PAMMEL, L. H., WEEms, J. B. AND SCRIBNER, F. LamMson—

Grasses. Bull. Ia. St. Coll. Ex. Sta. 54: 71-344. 737 f Ec. ;

Pastures and meadows of Iowa. Bull. Ja. St. Coll. Ex. Sta. 56: 385-621.
f.1 38-220. Ec. '

The grasses of lowa. Bull. Ia. Geol. Surv. 1: 525. 220 f, 1901. Ec.
PAMMEL, L. H. AND SCRIBNER, F. LAMSON—

Some notes on grasses collected in 1895 between Jefferson, Iowa, and
Denver, Colorado. Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci. 17: 94-104. 1896. Cont. Ia.
St. Coll. Bot. Dept. 3: 94-104. Fl.

PETER, A. M.—

Analyses of some Kentucky grasses. Bull. St. Coll. Ky. Ex. Sta. 87:
111-119. Chem.

PLumMB, C. S.—
Indian Corn culture. 243. Chicago. 1895. Ec.

The geographic distribution of cereals in North America. Bull. Div.
Biol. Surv. U.S. Dept. Agr. 11: 24. 7f/. Ee.

POINDEXTER, C. C.—

The development of the spikelet and grain of corn. Ohio. Nat. 4. 3-9.
2 pl. Morph.

PorRTER, THOMAS C.—

A list of the grasses of Pennsylvania. Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. 1893: 193-207.
Fl.

RYDBERG, P. A.—

Flora of the sand hills of Nebraska. Cont. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 133-203.
2 pl. Fi.

27

418 GRASSES OF IOWA.

RYDBERG, P. A. AND SHEaR, C. L.—

Report upon the grasses and forage plants of the Rocky Mountain re-
gion. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 5: 48. 29 f. Ec.

SARGENT, F. L.—

Corn plants, their uses and ways of life. 1889. Cambridge, Mass. 106.
Sy Aig Lies

SAUNDERS, D. A.—

Ferns and flowering plants of South Dakota. Bull. S. D. Ex. Sta. 64;
99-229. FI.

SAUNDERS, CHARLES E.—

Report of the Experimentalist. Rept. Ex. Farm. 1908: Ottawa, Can.
217-238. Ec.

SAUNDERS, WILLIAM—
Wheat growing in Canada. Rep. Can. Mag. Ap. 1904. 7. Ec.

SAUNDERS, WILLIAM AND SAUNDERS, CHARLES E.—

Results obtained in 1903 from trial plots of grain, fodder corn, field roots
and potatoes. Bull. Dept. Agr. Cent. Ex. Farm. Ottawa, Can. 63. Ec.

SCOFIELD, CaRL S.—

Description of wheat varieties. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Pl. Ind. 47.
) WES oe

The salt water limits of wild rice. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Pl. Ind.
72:11. 8.. He.

SCRIBNER, F. LAMSON—

American grasses. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1. 7: 1897. 319. /. 1-302.
17: Il. 349. /. 303-627, 1899. III. 20: 197. f. 137. 1900. with bibliography by
C.R. Ball. Syst.

Co-operative range grass and forage plant experiments at Highmore,S.D.
Cir. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div: Agros. 21:. 10. Ee:

Economic grasses. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 14: 85. f 7-97.
3 pl. Ec.

Grass and forage plant investigations on the Paeific Coast. Cir. U. S.
Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 22: 7. Ee.

Grass garden. Yr. Bk. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1895: 301-308. /f. 68-69.
Ec.

Grasses as sand and soil binders. Yr. Bk. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1894:
421-436. f. 100-110. Ec.

Grasses in Elliott’s ‘‘Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina and
Georgia.’’ Cir. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros, 29: 12. #/ Syst.

Grasses of Acapulco, Mexico. List of grasses collected by Dr. E. Palmer
in vicinity of Acapulco, Mexico. 1894-95. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div.
Agros. 4: 7-11. /f. 7-4. Syst.

Grasses of mountain meadows and deer parks. Bull. Univ. Tenn. Agr.
Bx. Sta. 2; 59-67, 7 72 Mec:

The genus Ixophorus. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 4; 5-7.
pl. 7-2. Syst.

ain ii ii

GRASSES OF IOWA. 419

The grasses of Tennessee. Bull. Univ. Tenn, Agr. Ex. Sta. 5: 119.
Page 7: 141. 787 f, Syst.

Index to American grasses. Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci. 1890: 108-12.
Syst.

New species of North American grasses. Cir. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div.
Agros. 16:6. 2f. Syst.

New variety of Panicum Nashianum. Cir. U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros.
29: 9. Syst.

Notes on Melica and Stipa. Cir. U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 27: p.
10. Syst.

Recent additions to Systematic Agrostology. Cir. U. S. Dept. Agr.
Div. Agros. 16: 10.5 4 Syst.

Fescue grass. Cir. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 26:4. 77. Syst. |

Southern forage plants. Far. Bull. U.S. Dept. Agr. 102: 48. 747. Ec.

Two new species of Eatonia. Cir. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 27: 6-8.
Syst.

SCRIBNER, F. LAMSON—AND MERRILL, E. D.—

Grasses in the Herbarium of Dr. H. Muhlenberg. Cir. U. S. Dept.
Agr. Div. Agros. 27: 10. Syst.

North American species of Chaetochloa. Bull U.S Dept. Agr. Div.
Aeros, 21: p. 4). £24, Syst.

Notes on Calamovilfa. Cir. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 35: 2. Syst.

Three new species of Panicum. Cir. U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 35:
3,4. For the New England Panicums see Rhodora 3:93. Syst.

SCRIBNER, F. LAMSON, AND SMITH, JARED G.—

Mexican grasses collected by E. W. Nelson in Mexico. 1894-5. Bull. U.
S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 4: 11-16. f. 56.7. 4. Syst.

Native and introduced species of the genera Hordeum and Agropyron,
Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 4: 23-39. Syst.

SHEAR, CORNELIUS L.—

Field work of the Division of Agrostology.
Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 25: 67. 28 pl. Ec.

Revision of North American species of Bromus occurring north of Mexico.
Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 23: 66: 40 f Syst.

SHELTON, E. M.—

Cuitivated grasses and clovers in Kansas. Bull. Kan. Agr. Coll. Ex. Sta.
25 39: -Ec.

SHEPARD, J. H. anp CuHiLcoTtT, E. C.—

Forage and garden crops in the James River Valley. Bull. S. D. Agr.
Coll. Ex. Sta. 59: 124. 75 p/. Ec.

SHEPARD, J. H., SAUNDER,.D. A. anD Knox, W. H.—

Native and introduced forage plants. Bull. S. D. Agr. Coll. Ex. Sta.
69: 54. 10 f. Ec.

420) GRASSES OF IOWA.

SHEPARD, T. H. AND WILLIAMS, T. A.—

Native and introduced forage plants in South Dakota. Bull. S. D. Agr.
Ex. Sta. 40: 208. 55 p/. Ec.

Native and introduced forage plants. Bull. S. D. Agr. Coll. Ex. Sta.
69: 54. 10£. Ee.

SINCLAIR, GEORGE—

Hortus gramineus Woburnensis, or an account of the results of produce
and nutrition qualities of different grasses and other plants used as the food
of the more valuable domestic animals, instituted by John, Duke of Bedford.
438. J//. London 1825. Syst.

SIRRINE, EmMMa—

A study of the leaf anatomy of some species of the genus Bromus, Proc.
Ia. Acad. Sci. 4: 119-125. 674-8. Cont. Ia. St. Coll. Bot. Depty4aaiig—
125. pl 48. Morph.

SMITH, JARED G.—

Forage conditions of the Prairie Regions. Yr. Bk. U.S. Dep. Agr.
1895: 309. f{. 70-74. Ec

Grazing problems in the southwest and howto meet them. Bull. U.S.
‘Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 16:47. 9f. Ee.

Notes on experimental grass gardens. Cir. U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros.

Tete US ed Of oR

A synopsis of the genus Sitanion. Bull. U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros
18: 21. zl. Syst.

SMYTH, BERNAED B.—

Check list of the plants of Kansas, showing all locations and finders of
every plant in the state so far as known or reported. 1892. Topeka, Kan.
Fl,

SPEER, R. P.—

Cultivated and wild varieties of the grasses in Iowa. Analyses by C. M.
Wade and G. E. Patrick. Bull. Ia. St. Coll. Ex. Sta. 11: 448-480. Ec.
SPILLMAN, W. J—

Farm grasses of the United States. 248. 54f. New York. 1905. Ec,

STEBLER, F. G., SCHROTER, C.—

The best forage plants. Trans. by A. N. M. Alpine. 1889.
STEUDEL, ERNST GOTTLIEB—

Synopsis plantarum graminearum. 1854. 4° Stuttgart. Syst.
STovER, F. H.—

Report on analyses of salt-marsh hay and bog hay. Bull. Buss. Inst. 1:
337-342. Chem.

STUBBS, W.C., and Biourn, R. E.—

Comparative results of seedling sugar cahes, D 74 and D 95, with our
. home sugar canes (Louisiana striped and Louisiana purple). La. St. Univ.
and A. and M. Coll. Agr. Ex. Sta. 78: 46. Ec.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 42]

STURTEVANT, E. L.—

Indian corn and the Indian. Am. Nat. 19: 233. Hist.

A study of Maize. 4th. Ann. Rept. Bd. Con. N. Y. Agr. Ex. Sta. 95, 96.
Syst...

Varieties of corn. Bull. U.S. Dept. Agr. Off. Ex. Sta. 57: 108 74f. Ec.

Sutton, MARTIN J.—
Permanent and temporary pastures. Popular Edition. 174. With plates.
Ec.

TORREY, JOHN—
Catalogue of plants growing spontaneously within 30 miles of the city of
New York. 1819. Albany. 8°. Fl.

A flora of New York, comprising full descriptions of all the naturalized
and indigenous plants hitherto discovered in the state, 2.1843. Albany.
Syst.

Tracy, S. M.—

A report upon forage plants and jforage resources of the gulf states.
Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 15: 50. 207. Ec.

Catalogue of Phaenogamous and Vascular Crypotogamous plants of Mis-
souri. 106. Rept. Mo. St. Hort. Soc. 1886. Fl.

TRINIUS, CARL BERNHARD—
Fundamenta Agrostographiae. 1820. Vienna. 8°. Syst.
De graminibus unifloris et sesquifloris. 1824. Petropoli. Syst.
Graminum in hisce Actis a se editorum generibus et speciebus supple-
menta addit C. B. Trinius. 107. Mr. 1836. Petropoli. Syst.

dlaton oy eds Yaa Ora ;
On the development of the corn caryopsis. Bot. Gaz. 18. 214. pl. 24-26.
J.10. Morph.

UpHAM, WARREN—

Catalogue of the Flora of Minnesota, including the Phaenogamous and
Vascular Cryptogamous plants indigenous, naturalized and adventive.
Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Minn. Rept. 12. 1883. Separate 194. FI.

Principal grasses in the basin of the Red River. (Geographical limits of
spec es of plants in the basin of the Red River of the North.) Proc. Boston
Soc. Nat. Hist. 25: 150-154. 1890. Fl.

Vasey, DR. GEO.—

Agricultural grasses of the United States; also the chemical composition
of American grasses by Clifton Richardson. U.S. Dept. Agr. 1884:139.
120 pl. New revised and enlarged edition. Spec. Bull. Bot. Div. 1899: 148.
114 pl. Ec.

Grasses of the United States, being a synopsis of the tribes and genera,
with descriptions of genera and a list of thespecies Special Report U. S.
Dept. Agr. 63: 1883. 110. Syst.

Descriptions of new grasses from Mexico. Cont. U. S. Nat. Herb.
1: 281-285. A/.19. Syst.

Descriptions of new or noteworthy grasses from the United States.
Cont. U.S. Nat. Herb. 1: No. 8. 267-280. Syst.

4292 GRASSES OF IOWA.

A descriptive catalogue of the grasses of the United States. 1885.
Washington. 8°. Syst.

Grasses of the Pacific Slope, including Alaska and adjacent islands.
Plates and descriptions of the grasses of California, Oregon, Washington
and the northwestern coast, including Alaska. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr.
Div. Bot. 13!: 1892. 50 pZ. 1387: 1893. p/ 51-100. Syst.-

Grasses of the southwest. Plates and descriptions of the desert region
of western Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and southern California. Bull.
U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. 12: 1890. 50 p/. 13%: 1891. 50 fl. Syst.

A monograph of the grasses of the United States and British America.
Cont. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3: 89. Syst.

Notes on some Pacific coast grasses. Cont. U.S.Nat. Herb. 1: 265-266.
Syst.

Report of an investigation of the grasses of the arid districts of Kansas,
Nebraska and Colorado. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1:18. 73 pl. He.

Report of an investigation of the grasses of the arid districts of Texas,
New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and Utah. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bot.
Div. 6: 60. 30 p/. Syst. and Ec.

Special uses and properties of some Mexican grasses. Bull. Tor. Bot.
Cl. 14: 98-100. Ec.

Supplement to Chapman’s Flora of the Southern United States. 1860.
New York. 603-698. Syst. : ;

WATSON, SERENO.—

Botany of California. Grasses by Dr. Thurber. Geol. Sur. Cal. Bot. 1:
628. 1876. 2: 559. 1880. Cambridge, Mass. Syst.
Watrovs, F. L.—

Bromus inermis. Bull. Col. St. Ag. Coll. 61: 10. Syst.

WEAVER, C. B.—

An anatomical study of some species of the genus Andropogon. Proc, -
Ia. Acad. Sci, 4: 132-137, p/. 72-15. Cont. Ia. St. Coll. Botie@epene-
134-146. fA/. 16-78. Morph.
WEBBER, HERBERT J.—

Xenia or the immediate effect of pollen in Maize. Bull. U.S. Dept. Agr.
Div. Veg. Phys. and Path. 22: 44. 4f/. Syst.
WEEMs, J. B.—

A study of the chemical composition of some of the grasses of the state.
Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci. 7: 113-120: Chem.
WERNER, DR. HuGo—

Die Sorten und Anbau. Handbuch der Getreidebaues, Koernicke-
Werner. 1. 2: 1009. Berlin. Paul Parey. 1885. Ee.
WHEELER, W. A.—

Contribution to knowledge of the flora of Southeastern Minnesota.
Rept. Minn. Bot. Stud. Ag. 15: 353-416. £/. 27-27. 1900. FI.
WHEELER, W. M.—

Flora of Milwaukee County, Wisconsin. Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Wis. Ap.
1888: 154-190. Fl.

GRASSES OF IOWA. 423

Wickson, E. J.—

Grasses and forage plants. Rept. Univ. of Cal. Ag. Ex. Sta. 1890:
201-220. Ec.

Reports on grasses and forage plants, Rept. Univ. of Cal. Ag. Ex. Sta.
1895-96: 271-304. Ee.

WILLIAMS, THOMAS A.—

Co-operative grassand forage plant investigations with state experiment
stations. Cir. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 8: 16. Ec.

Grasses and forage plants in the Dakotas. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div.
Agros. 6: 45. Ec.

Mile ear. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr: Off. Ex. Sta. 101: 32; 5%

Ec.
Renewing of worn-out native pastures. Cir. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div.

Agros. 4: 4. gf. Ec.

Report upon the grasses and forage conditions of the Eastern Rocky
Mountain region. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. 12: 78. Ec.

Sorghum: as a forage crop. Far. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. 50: 20,
if; Tic.

Timothy in the Prairie region. Yr. Bk. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1896:
147-148. f. 49.30. Ec.

WILLIAMS, THomAS A. and SHEPARD, J. H.—
Native and introduced forage plants of South Dakota. Bull. S. D. Agr.
Coll. Ex. Sta. 40: 208. pl. 53. Syst.
Witson, A. S.—
A bushelof corn. Edinburgh. 1883: 346. Ec.
Wooton, E. 0.—

Some New Mexico forage plants. Bull. N. M. Coll. Agr. and Mech.
Ante. Hx. sta. 18: 57-95. 5 Ec,

ail

INDEX.

By R. E. BUCHANAN AND ESTELLE D. FOGEL.

EXPLANATION.

Synonyms are in /talics.

Tribes are in SMALL CAPITALS.

Genera arein Bold Faced Type.

The number of the figure isin /talics.

The page of the map showing distribution is preceded

by m,

le Mee el

Abola ....... Perec ae loataetaeeinisig) avalbiele la a/atuie'e

eR REI cae alls Sewic seuss) weeelee sss

TACANOLRETUM. .....- cacnces soccer ccer cscs

BRM P ONO tesa el fere aise <i> ©. 1/= 1m o:010 Stveiclaelenisie
ULES 1 OT IadGe bbe CGO AOE ACES OA EEDICac

pauciflora

LET EDIT Veg sq0aGocd beoe nodose Seneonupo
DUERE NGS vn, caclocicurce eee ass leare sumcupate
LTE COU SRE ACCORDS, . SEC COO EOC e

PETE TT OTD oi < ca aia 00's) « <lee (es
trichodium
TAT LEN GUS SOCCER BO COS ORO

UMTUNTEOULULOT < onwice accic.oe cscs sseeieses ss 148
ee ecco seo 'on eee sjesienies cosa neee
PRAPR ALR IE GU oe ete > sis ale <i Hisists\ 4 P'wlein)y inser eee
Aegopogon...... 40
Agraulus apace 168
Agropyron .. 309, 314
Key to the Species af Baas - B15
caninum. jf. 223. m. 312. wvatenalOs: B16
occidentale. /. 225. m. 324 Atk 315, 319
os var. Molle. /. 226. m. 324.315, 321
pseudo-repens. /. 227. m.824....315, 321
repens. f. 228. m. 324...........- 815, 323
Richardsoni. jf. 222. m. 312....... .. 315
fenerum. f/f. 224. m. 312.....-:... 3 5, 318
Agropyron.
SI A SOOO COOE BOGE 315
PEPCHS VAI. TENETUM 00.020 - 2000s. cree 318
MUTE ET Ti ee siasiariseis Meee ieeie sis oe Hie) sejary/ OLD,
Agropyrum.
unilaterale...... “nf . 3ld
RIES CONG ei aeialcle viaiejas« sis bien ee . ald
WIRE ENUM IL oxs «) a) 0; 0) eons ms 0h 'a (eos; 316, 317
CANINOGIAES.......-<2.-- 4 silly
Spicaltum ........... eotiasiae . B19
PEIN SIATEPE ROU cloia, = = aln'a/-!=)=.n « Givisin-cie.s «8 oie° 155
“AGROSTIDE® . . 4, 5, 113, 194
Key to the Eeanece abe . 113
PSO TOB PIG c0c <<< --- aaa ..114, 168
Key to the Beccles) ce. et epee eles . 168
Minne ist 20. Mm. 166)...5--2..... 168, 169
intermedia. f/f. 123 ae . 168, 174
perennans. 7.121. m.166....... 168, 170
Beara Peles. Mol66 22... 36 162, 172
Agrostis.
EMRE A EILU IES pesos. n'a taio te mix picye'shewiaieisieeitien LOO
TELS... ic CRE SB CHRO e eee 164
BRPPERAPAR ILO, Co 0, 15, 5 ac) S.syeinpeld =. epmjsiesoin= 161
SUMS ERs 5 fala ccisisies 65s cine oissolsislas woes 140
HATTIE erioerc. <5 css) 03ers oases oversees LOS
RVAPSIIAPELER MR ete) acc soci pes S nyu 'eshie rstopels Sie 172

Aira :
CRUSHTOO. Fe aeteteldac ce. sive e\0 ofol eras Sina ntele binininre 222
ODUISALO See ton ceateeaaot ns mates eiecem ROS
DUT DUTE Aaa ctasenias cheeses ees a) ee eRe
VAT OCTUOG ic ktien tin eee s Senne seep 222
Ajleghanian Ree eG Bin wine sr eens ateln ate .« 389
ATOMS CUNUS east viele es = cele sees steno 114, 150
Key to the Species of .................. lal
geniculatus, /. 108. m. 153..... ecmilsy |
pratensis. jf. 110. m. 153.........151, 164
Alopecurus.
TUSTAUALUS Be ope s.s mene Ase cose ce elees . 11
geniculatus var. aristulatus .......... lol
a Var. JUWWUS....-20.-- e002. LOL
TTA: CE Ree pr OBES SOn ronment soos (Cl17
Ammophila . . 181
ieadtononont, Er ee PT ee
Key fe sbeldneciesiar SSeS ogee LA!
Halepensis. /f. 25. m. 39. eels) a0
alliit es ewes Mm OO ce cetera chioec ROS) mee
MutaAns, fase. WB. eens 2%, of
MVOVINCIAUS. Uf 220 | We sOO sa lem- ts 26, 30
scoparius. /. 20. m, 39. SeOs, ed
Sorghum, fn eeciele os esse etme 27, 38
Tennesseensis. /. 23. m. 39....... 26, 32
Andropogon.
AUDEN GCCUSE ee poco eas ate eRe ests en LOe
TUR COL Ue po aratie-aleis aie strait sietal star arat Sore 30
MULAN BCENACOWS). -.. 0.2.55 --6s swore 34
provincialis var. Desnicaneeneise: 32
Sorghum Halepensis.. 36
ok mite WORTH) acopeHDAe Ona eCDe 38
a VL. SQUDUS) colaiaie stele ine) 38
VUIGATE — 5 enn ee cece eer ececeeceeees 38
ANDROPOGONE®, /f.15.........-- 3, 5, 22
Key to the Genera of. ..........-.-. -- 22
VAT UIR ETUC Eire aoe we rio ie ceteris eee =| Coe
Anthoxanthum......... ......---.-106, 109
odoratum, 7.178" ..-.<--<.-s pate seg a LOG,
uh var. puelii. 7.79. m. 104.. 110
PAM TLOSACHTCA Cee eck ee se crae hasan
Arid Transition ........ B89
DN ETKARIT RS ASS 3 toelee
Aristida . ehh eet 118, 114
Key to the Species ore Secs OTR eee a eee 115
basiramea. /. $3. m. 104. ....... 115, 116
dichotoma. f/f. 82. m. 104...... 115
gracilis. f. 88. m. 127...... 115, 122
intermedia. /. 87. m. 127.......- 115, 121
longiseta. f. 84, 90.........-...----119, 118
‘svar, robusta. f.85. m. 104. 115, 119
oligantha. /. 86. m. 104 eee ollow LLe

498° INDEX.
Aristida— Continued. Bermuda Grass. /. 139 ree LOO
tubereculosa. f. 89,90. m. 127 ....115, 123 Bibliography. -...:/.. << <).:3s0.seeeeee 409
Aristida. Biotic Factor ..... -+ e+. --390, 391
Intermediate. f. 87................... 121 Black-fruited Mountain Bice ss 103... 148
Large Purple. f..85:;225.032 sdeancess 219 Blue Grass:
Hetitayt) Gis 8 fo fez 8) Seb ebos occas soonS- 118 Kentucky. /. 185 ..-..2-0. eo
Sonera 6/5 oseiee oa eeieeilaie es irene 122 Texas. (186:,.5:. 35:4 eee _ 267
Aristida. Blue Joint. /. 185. ....:. Bee ilirs
dichotoma var. Curttsit.... -- ..-..... 115 Blue Stem: f.-28. o.<.s0cs:-2<00ee
fasciculata .........- eae noorocenae be be 118 Colorado: /, 226 <:.. A201... eee 319
gracilis var. depauperdta............. 122 Little. f- 20 secede 024 -<« ade eee ee
Arkansas Wild Rye. /. 244.............. 345 Tennessee. f. 29 2s J..ccce eee
Arrhenatherum.... soeece rece reeees 184, 190 ‘Blunt-scaled Eatonia. /. 166/000 238
avenaceum. ff. 129,135. m. 187...183, 191 Binitiag sae 163
Arrhenatherum elatius.............+-... 191 a os
3 SUAVEOLENS \. 000.0005 seni eee ee eee 164
Ceara sarenreste lores avsseersecs 42 Boo Reed Grass. jf. 127-..., ese
wWepalensis— ose, 30. erase Bottle-b:iush Grass. ff. 252........ .... 354
Arundo Pett te neereereensterseees 215, 7a Bontalonal a sauucse 5 lene ieneee
agrostotdes...... Scar = Sear sepals more Le Rey to the Species of en ipmnd
COMNGAENSIS: B55 wa) So5 oct resiasoaeeee 177 curtipendula. Us. m. 208. 204, 205
Jestueacea Rectan teal hace al - 268 hirsuta. ff. et m. 203...........-204, 208
Phragmites Betas Sevaee eine ie Sel ores seiciotars 216 oligostachya. /. 15. m. 203..... 204, 206
VUE GOIAS «0 a anne newes = ans ane atee 216 Boutelowua racemosa .........+..20e-- 205
Asprella ................ Wate Sor toe 809, 353 Brachyelytrum..:......-4-- eee 114, 146
Hystrix. /f. 262. m. 354 - 354 erectum. 7- 106: m-.139222-c--5e6 147
Asprella. ;
oryzoides 100 Brachyelytrum. /-. 106-.-...s2--=ee eee
Parque) .2<cake bette. a ee 99 Brachyelytrum aristatum .............. 147
SALTON ODOQOTE 2:52 2oe ea on ee ee OE ens var. Engelmanni....... 147
apludioides Ty ee eae te tr 205 Briza oje(sle.s\v/a'e's\e 0105-0 coleisioyalniereretatais te stolen 213, 251
GGgURaCTG. 8. oe oe oe. oe media. f..175 ....... 9s see 251
Atmospheric Factor............ .... .... 399 Bread-glumed Brome Grass. 7. 201 ---- 280
Pete 184, 185 Broad-leaved Spike Grass. /. 172....... 247
Key to the Species SF. 186 Brome'Grass.. /. 199. .. << -oesee eee «. 287
PALMA. cfclSos AI lS tacts kad. woe atecene 186 Broad-glumed: 7. 207 (22---oeeeeeee 289
longiglumis. f. 134. m. 187...... 186, 189 Corn. f. 216. . 306
sativa. of.182:; sm: 1872525... 186 Downy. /. 205. «5 us, o's: do ales pel ee 293
Avena setae 191 Wield. f. 215 . ..s.2.0.-32 eee 305
BARDAIGN ose, 188 Fringed. f: 208 3...:: << =2--eee eee
ALITAT pate ee oe eS EIS hese Olen ae 181 Hungarian: jf. 198 ...00, odesssase eee
spicata. . A erat ee eS Kalm’s. /. 206 «own Sure oe ED
PAIRNIUAS 225 ohisioee : 4, 5, 188, 194 Keeled.: 7. 212.22. .....-22e eee _ 300
Key to the Geuerk of. ee 184 Smooth. f. 198...... eee 285
Awn Grass, Tufted Triple. /. 83.. 117 Smooth-glumed Fringed. Y. "20h, 2c) Saar 293
Awned Wheat Grass. f/f. 223............ 81 Spreading. (2 217) —e2----- eee 307
Awnless Terrell Grass. /f. 241... 342 Wood. 7. 200...:..-:0sja: -=--e pees 288
Ball’s Slender Lyme Grass. ff. 246...... 347 Bromus. : 214, 284
Ey RMB IAD. \ictsioc os tiv) Once 4, 6, 8a5 Key to the Species of. Si ciesb Mpeee
BOGAN CRO ene deca rons oedel tone ae LOO arvensis. f. 215 m 301. 20, see 285, 305
Barley: ecarinatus ff. 2/2. m. 301 . 285, 300
Four-rowed. f. 233, 23h. 00. sess cesece- 33] cilia.us. /.203. m 291 284, 290
PAbbIO. ~f5. 259 ce .cceseccs dee 339 ‘* var. leviglumis. /. 204 m.291. 284, 293
Meadow. f/f. 23 5 Sash eS aac ee ae OOe hordeaceur. /. 207. m. 301 285, 295
Pammels Wild. fol 287. 205 snc. ewe al ooo “ var. glabrescens. f. 208. m.301. 285, 297
DPwWO-rOWed. fi /055, 725225 he asc cet ODO inermis. f. 198. m. 291.......... 284, 285
Ae Ld pide {erica ane etme Pom A RS a 335 Kalmii. f, 206. m: 201 -2oceceee 284, 295
Barnyard Grass. f: $6.:.......: oe BO marginatus. /. 209. m. 301..... 285, 297
A WIEBE. 2 187 scission stein eee ae een De ‘* var. latior. /. 210. m. 301. 285, 300
BOCKMANNIA so .cse5 sche ee Betare Lt! patulus: . 7. 217. “m. 3l2 cess 285, 307
eruceformis. f. 140. m. 203..... OT; purgans: /. 199. m. 291 eoeces . 284, 287
Beckmannia Biase iu var.uniflora 197 ‘* var. incanus. /. 200. m.291. 284, 288

174

‘* var. latiglumis. f 201. m. 291.284,

289

INDEX. 429
Bromus— Continued. Chameeraphis.........- 2 Beiter tsi}
racemosus var. cummutatus. /. 214. UAC Oe a oe sine cteisk sty aang Pieces 86
PREM cate stale ace cole cielos Melasiewienys 285, 304 TOGUCR, «\fistadsiens Rien iewinck sias 89
secalinus. /. 218. m. 30l......... 285, 303 DETULOTUALEL donnie. ita Bente dwaine leas 84
squarrosus. /. 2/6. m. 312.......285, 306 UWEPTAIS 06s oe cone oh cattinlestpielilaiee ame
tectorum. /. 205. m.291..........285, 293 Chapman’s ae Grass, RUT din eh tely,s 255
Bromus: Cheat. f. 213.. 303
SERMITINIR RE Hace e acl- n°.) '< Ua'-fnanhasasxcomveoe 2 Ohess.. 9 F.2'213%.. mae eats pis ions ob 303
asper Pics nee e: 304 Larger Short- aamed oe PLO asiee ses (O00
BETNINTRUCIOULE «<5 so da ve oc tie seen eeaas 297 Short-awned. f. 209......... oe 297
RIES TIOTUCTE o.5cce csr caleeiesee nee dawae BOO Smooth-splkeds rcUSt es. cncie au sss cine 297
ts ‘© var. murat PaatToaaentee 287 Soltis wie Cus: acne oro ore niece ante nt 208
Hookerianus minor .........- «+ ee00- 300 Wpright:) feels ns mccminns seers west OOS
MAILOUNS GIGDTESCENS. ©... caves. ss. - renee 297 Wi OGe op UUs hie sec srento ee see oe eh ee eee
RPMOU LOTUS <c55.0c2 00550 cases 297 QHALOCHHOGE osc etd sicietow shit, lavcteteeets seine LES
Bruchmannid. .........-+++ waeccees 197 OHLORIDEZ. 4, 5, 194
Buchlce - SUMO bce 195, 211 Key to the Giehern ie ; 194
dactyloides. /. 148: m. 220.-.......... 211 Chloris curtipendula. f. 144. Spe E On mance)
O GHig le Cinch: A602: eS een acc 211 Chondrosium........: 3 204
TBUlLOUts AGCHYLOtMeS ...... ec eee es eees 211 OCT mere narctelaleiaiele coe to staeneuen eet ies 208
Bunch Grass: OLE OSCLGIVGSUITU arora, iain) statuials spsietalele sielsiararale 206
IIRL EG acces: ewe ch ts cscwcel tes ROS CRrONATACHY TUNG on. <.ccccinieviseilec| ios. Rte
Cciliot) 38. eens tcpercerc 126 CHPYSONMOGON = .20 v2 a5 <cien cocwlecianetee seine! OU
PARPRPAISTLOIME TOD i2 on. cieev.ns Glaciws Casio ee es 92 AUVCNACOUB ccceccs ceca tee eee! (Oe
IBIBINAPSTORUS. - ... 0. os c55 cose sees 114, 17 MULL ONS ase Soe eies Sale ois'o\eiarcies rola ore ele « 34
Key to the Species of . ae . 176 Ciliate-leaved Paspalum. / : 45
Canadensis. /. 125. m. 166. . mi 6, 177 (Chih: Woe mai oh en ATREOOn TOG. Gadoone 114, 163
** var. acuminata. f. 126. m.. “166. 176, 178 Key to the/Species of. ..........-....... 164
inexpansa. /. 127. m. 187 ....... 176, 180 arundinaces. 72177.) ams 1665-6. 7.5. 164
Macouniana. f/f. 124. m. 166.......... 176 latifolia: “fp 119 cs ccestigsee ene seleedOt, LOT
Calamagrostis. Cinna. !
Canadensis var. robusta ............+. 178 arundinacea var. penduid......------ 167
EMEA em yao iol oicie ac esis d'cie's ea svejesa 8's 180 VALOR RA PROP DOLAOC DOI on Soon oF 167
se WHE, (NELPANSA) .....c. 00-005 180 GiNNASEDBUID sade ne: dees ew alee Rinne mteeree MLO.
PMA Rts nice = «veils (seqciees, 182 GUOTNENG eaten een nee 130
Mexicana........ bis 5 UA GOCLACHAY MUNI. coat au cree Geeeistieee see eee
Neglectus var. pansinis”: Bocas tsi) Coie ..2.- Vusaysdee as clan Ameena On Lo
Calamovilfa . of .114, 181 Lachryma- sabi. PS 18 ices cities ee 20
longifolia. he 18. m. 187 Ao Stein ee eae LOS: COURT e oa tite ate nias 222
COERTAIILET Cla cies aos. ceyasnces <2 ee cece: z11 Colobachne. . 150
BPEMISTE ME ain! cinco =< o's 25 2s S2tneasie « 130 Golobanthus.. lagacictrs suai 237
DIPEYYRSETTIME EC ey tascie scars’) « s7siaieealewitlee ele 370 Colorado Bive Stem A O25 Sie necwe 31y
Canada Lye Grass. f/f. 250 351 Colorado Sand Grass. /. 21........ 29
BOREAS Sf 21 7 Os. - sicicre.>,ainies w= aelcicion 107 Comb Grass, Meadow. /f. 164 .......... 235
Reed. f. 77. .-..2...----0.++--.s++e---+- 108 Cord Grass, Fresh Water. f. 141...... 200
WambysGerass. 72160) 2.2... coc ce cece ee R9 GorntBrome: f2 216; .s202.-<2 saeer see. OU0
Capriola.. meeroeranine ss ie 195 Corn.
Gaeboniferous oaks) ee Ser petit ac gone gor! @uszcos ie 10), Ll a cctelccersiscteeaee saa me
RSRVOMIMIANVATCR..5..0..0.2.05 sce ee secs 389 Dente ieroy Oncome cette al eaiebier 9
WEPMRIIDIEIALDGES cies a0 = nie ci-j< cee ee ceca -ne esos LA LUNE. ney encore 9
apenetiveGrasss f. 72. <5... .000--+0 102 Indian. ff. 5; 452) 65 73.5) 9, ‘10, i, ‘22. 8
ReeSIRSPETITE PUR tes ie cic -ia\a< e/sj0.</e.ecie'ais eres 43, 91 BOGS EAD oer nese seamed vere ee eerbeG 9
tribuloides. 7. 65. m. 93... 91 POD ener ti Le xe sui sieie eos a sialeler A 9
Cenchrus Carolinianus ............6.-...- 92 Sof tare rae ea strate a Seeiaeeeteaeeasy #10
TIT BIBIIATIIEULE Roetee ciao e's 2 )sab Szleeixc.e sicite aes 192 Sweet. /. 3, 8.. 10
MRI eon cee leer is, sch ais ceyf sees ee OO Cornucopie :
7) ee Pa eicdete tion hearse ues 80 hyemaie ... ; 172
OLE IIUT, 556 eee eet aoa 89 NERA OIE Agric On DO ORDO SSO UDOR TSP Boo cara LAY)
is THEAGEnMaNiCG .das..0s..0-s.--2 89). Couch Grass) 7) 2282... .) .wacce-wecmcnrs SRO
WEMIMRELIIAL A, © oso gets sce iaie Sea sion 2188 88. CrabiGrase. F220. =. c.06 ca cceneny rennin 57
TATU R RR ood o's ja'a calvaiscsiee isos HeSR ash e0y Oe Slend erie iy 89 tse sass ciee’sscoccepees tgs Ok
MRPEETBCCULEUUUS . © o5.<\0 k's atin ee dele djeclansientd 168 Smooth. /, 40 55

30 INDEX.

Crab Grass—Continued. Key to the Species of ...... 2... .so-sneeiee 238
SJOMOMGL 175 Adprog sn quacodoasanooones 66 obtusata. 7.166. m)./282.5.02-scNeeeeenees
Mexaate ipl peace cece eioseteiia eee 202 Pennsylvanica., ff. 167. m. 282......- 239

Cretaceous.......... . 371 Eatonia:

CHALESTON Fhe Saw sleere ise astersie saicte b eroleotnene 329 Blunt-sealed. f.. 166° <csne cee 238

Critho.. Pos of se Ones Cea diene ety OO Pennsylvania. f. 167 . socccecwee eee

Cr SP eigaachae Wa wal seid se lee eistentete 27155 Eatonia obtusata var. robusta .......... 238

CUPOPOG ON. meester ee teciete meee ayers iets 114 Eaton’s Grass. (5 167.2... scesseetneene

Cuszeo Corn. /f. 10, 11 eel, FL CRUNOCTUO GE 2 fe ex e122: oo ee alae tee 47

Cynodon.. t. SAS sh EEE BRON Edaphic Factor. ...... ! | side oiler
Dactylon. f 139. mi OOSEeeee eo Ehrhartia Eaton: eeie's cite erne lah eee ee 98

Cynosurus.. By EO eons noel) clandestina 228 verses, 100
CTE. em Toast son DE Eleusine Leaves IGS SRE Eee 195, 209

Czernya Oy ainaeen eas Ns mie Sf. 147, MM. 208. 0... 2-2 a i

ymus..... «bow ns ces

Dactylis <....- = eo een ae gee 213, ae Key to the Species en a a aan
glomerata. Wiel TMs DAO ree cris varstereterete 248 Arkansanus, / 2:2 10s 341, 345

Dactylis cynosuroides fs eek en re eee rca 199 brachystachys. f. 249. m. 318....341) 850

Dactyloctentwm .......... ©. ++ doves eevee 209 Canadensis. f. 250. m. 348....... 341, 350

BIBAAU OME eee eevee tar oo ae 184, 192 hirsutiglumis. f, 242......-. .... «os. B40
spicata. f. 136. de eae cee? . 192 Macounii. /. 2/3. m. 348, - oie 344

Darnel, Poison. J. Pea ABP G OCR OCORC Oa a} cs robustus. jf. 251. m. 818..--cc00-: 341, 352

DentiGorny of. 0n0 sescelereset aeawateen ey MO striatus. 7. 2/5. i sen 341, 346

Deschampsia. ‘* var. Ballii. /f. 246. m. 348. 341, 347
CACSPILOSAs Joc /seisicice ose re is sieeiatarcreysjain 183 ‘* var, villosus. 7.248. m. 348, 341, 347

Devonian ..........-..+++++-55 eeeeeee 370 Virginicus. f. 240....0-..-sersseseeOtU, meee

YAN TE Sere eDS eC SIRO OO DAE 175 ‘var. submuticus. f. 241..340, 342
Canadensis aie 177 Elymus.

Macounmiana .....-.+25 ©. + seen ee cesses 176 Canadensis var. glaucifolius.......... 350
PDEOCTUPTUIN: Be cota cs pica amluttete eee ersie o's ioleisiener= 155 LOM cleculet inthe eee 850
Diarrhena.... 9 .... 0 © ...-++-+: 213, 241 Elytrigia.. MP ee

Americana. /f,168. m, 232............ 241 Hrawrastio’ ih soda ee DIB ee
POA NEOCIL CELE orca ase tered ieterelstas no's stele eee 168 Key to the Saoniee ae i a oe
LUTON foresees la siot- le <isiotelst ale oe Oe cise caine 47 capillaris. f, 158. m. 290. PaaS Dosoos

filiformis ......+.---. 54 Frankii. f. 159. m. 220. — . 224, 227

PUTVURUSOL? Saco i cmectececiates cele ace eee OD hypnoides. f. 157. m. 220....... 224, 225

sanguindalis - 57 major. /. 160. m. 282)....ss5eeee 224, 229
TN GQRONDNAS,. .. dels So Ea auctxoreeis 106 Mexicana. f. 161. m. 232..... 224, 230
Dilepyrum Brisiren To eiae eevee nae cieneie 147 pectinacea. f. 164. m. 282........ 224, 234
EVOVILOTUOT Pie sods SOSA OTC eae eee Seep LL Purshii. f. 163. ,m, 282........... 224, 231
DEOTEODOGS «01, | aiteiessio vs av alelotrerasise eles 252 trichodes.: f. 165. m. 232......... 224, 236
IDE CDUL LU BABOEARCAEOROCECOBEE Saas ocer 111 Eragrostis:

Distribution, Ecological, lowa Grasses, Capillary. f--158. ..2.0ssc.seenee eee

879, 389 Creeping: {f:.-157.. <<. 2.ee ee meee 225

Distribution, Geographical, of Grasses 399 Hair-like: . 7.) 165). ©. coves. ene 236

Downy Brome Grass. f. 205... . 298 Mexican. f. 161. ..: 2.0.25 eo seee eee

Dralnages ssh aSeck csceccds tock ees tees OSL Eragrostis:

Drifvless Ares coc Sassine loses snonuriereroOe Caroliniana. .....0cte1 cact 2s pee

DUTIES IS CTICS 2.5 «facisc se vnyec es teier cole weno 371 CTY LNTOG CNG 0.222 aaiclo.s 2+) -Poial eles eee 227
PUINOIAN). © «. waweiseinins fe BG 372 pilosa someiare area ABA socd £22)
OV AUTT o's alo Sistas che saps wees erento otlenionte AHR O TIC pocotides var. meses sia aye Oe 229
ISATISATNS, »/57.70'3 ali's Waele vd comets steele ae 372 TOPLANS -sc000\cdesie! aces) 2 6 OeRE Ee eeeemee
Pre-Kansan .... . 372 tenuis ie eee : . 236
Mie Eats nine. aacanAgnads 5 nsudsdoacdece 372 Erianthus....... we + 0 oles'o 6; ecto sheets mma

Drifty- Che older ss.ceac. erases a tesreceeieembOO. compactus. /. 17.... 24

Drift eheryoOuneer’..s caacerneeeee 367 Briochloa. . 360-250 ee hese Pe oer 46

Drop-seed : MOIS. of.) Bh ok cases vciereied 0 leR
Mexicans if 06s entiesesaenacane Noses tee 1388. Hriocoma’.... .).. 3. ....teea see 142
Slender.” fs; LO2- mn cisenie ateeesictee oa mene 141 CUS TAGE 1n'-t0 «viele» © ole \c)> (ole == eee . 144
Wiood-land) (nf, 1012.56 sco eeekicneeac tO Buchleona. . : os... os 6 scassie caw acte'ss bene eran

Early Bunch Grass. /f. 166.............. 238 Mexicana. 7.2%. ..02 seen ecient 6

WORCONIA 3. 2's oaisbonse's spenicus = sak dens Dis ieoy | Mulalisniet) 26%. eccumeseee MPoreerior 0

Eo

INDEX. 431
O00 ERE SiS ne a GRADE PILOT bate wieisisitsivie we) sare alae seeie et 267
Japonica, f. 16. aieeanecc ewes RM POS) MG rasses sc cae cote sete sn fe hats ene eerns 1
Feather Bunch Gras | R: DIM atts cecianne 126 Mey to PhevLribesOlens. cscs, acensese-7m 82
EINER IUIIOY EGG o cfare, «ade cic arene e aie 2 cle nleldie Os 142 GoyMOrlamMiinc cess cotsceth ne cere lose eee
rhychelytroides ..... . 144 ATECNLCUIMG 0 fi tOlceciet se merecteieate | see Ue:
FPescue Grass: Hairy-flowered Lyme Grass. f. 242.... 342
IPMESREN OO PRL ODS cleh ine iain'ssieie sls oc Sleis wielaa'e 280 Hairy Mesquite Grass. f. 146........... 208
PPTESTRUM MEPL O fscicintec mcf) s+ cove esiewns 283 Hall’s Beard Grass. ff. 21.......000 sexe 29
BUGIGN? L9hs occ. cc - ccc. cocccsccccees. BE HOMPAChNC. ccc cose - ceseccncens ... 224
BSAEBDISL cece oe oie PRRs ceituih = yao: Herd’s Grass. /. 107. sfetee nat eis ei Lao
‘Sirhan Rea d= PUTSNOCHI OO sac se nee cies ees J. 106; D1
bronder, jf. 192 ........ MAM ray (le DOUERLISHE je SUne pI POS sce. ocaearas 112
SRRRIMEENPR TOD Wo csio.vs se ewesice. 22 ess escu ROU 1S ONES Sales Act ant Gn oe necetinnicteess Score: 40
Fescue Scolochloa. /. 187.......... . 268 Holecus.. Ln Weide nave kiciais olen) uses De eealee Om
Festuca.. . Soiiesiewasiee Clay etD ences y. 130+ m. 187.. . 184
Key to thie Basics bf Hicaee 275 Holeus:
nutans. f. 197. m. 278 Bere Seo 275, 283 GRAAT CNUS antsots terse Sap
octofiora. /f. 192. m. 278 Seater Halepensis . 86
pratensis. /. 150, 195. m. 278... 275, 280 (Oe PY TTY athe GATOS SOUS w Ald SOS OUCE: GUt 112
Pape. 292. M. 278....22-5 0». 275, 277 SLOT OU ONS RERICOIOPOO ROO LIOne C OACAICOTE Os,
BBR etO. M28... s.2 500. Dow elee LO MALOCENCHIUS nents -nnesls oe esse eS
ATTEN FAN.) Soc Sinic'e cine sie eise access 241 EG RAR A DLO Eo. 6 clr ACO RIDE ROSCOE CA CU UE AOC 102
PNET MEER ee aes 2-) narnia nalsiwlse eces e's OSL ON ZORAES am chanics leicwnar iste cienen iceeete 100
elatior.. F . 280 Var Gintcuss taco. 26 s-ciaci\acetsseecsrmienes OOo
oC aver, eroterats.. . 280 FLOR D Wier citeeial oe eeversteie site cyersictemoates 4, 6, 309
Jluitans .. : seals - ele Key to the Génera of ............-..... 308
nutans var. | Shorttt.. Estee . 281 Hordeunit=---.. Anewls scsi le ecOUO, Oee
oo ae he caratarayaiate 281 ies teaeisnenionie eer se «s2= O29
DEERE EMER oi nc.2, Sig ays)cieis sleieicial> 2, acc stew 276 distichon. /. 233, 234. mm. 324....329, 330
FESTUCES.. ae ere aaiee cise 4s) 70s) ele Jubatuim: (28. Ms Sose.ss~ 5 cee 329, 332
Key to the Peceen Side 213 nodosum: (ff. 286. m: 388.2... ...-. 329, 335
Fibichia.. ae 195 Rammelinne jacsi. 200 o80 une eea 329, 335
Field Bone. oe 215. Beat etytcecrese 305 pusillum. /. 239. m. 338..........329, 337
IP CEIGTASSs fs LO. coi. coc voce ce cecces 57 vulgare. f/f. 234. m. 338...........329, 331
POOL. fi 8. 9 se ewsccecces 9 Hordeum pratense....... Se eeced Onli
Floating Manna Grass /f. 190.......... 273 Hungarian Brome Grass. /. 198........ 285
UUTEEMINCME Ec fofo t's acces ssjs's) Sa seiseicoce st eOt Hungatiandarass. | f. Ouest cceceerse. OO)
RM HRETTASS 7, 1225s. c cease coe cee. LIA FLY ANOCRLOG ce -)nssjsoey ses cscs sss2ceenins 269
Four-rowed Barley. /f. 2384 ............. 331 Hydrodynamic Factor......... ..... Pees OOD
Fow! Meadow Grass. /. 183............. 262 Ely dnophy tes cdacsm cee lc= mae da taemce ss Lodo
Fox-tail Grass. Hydropyrum sctameutacseetoneoss. 200
OSET GSR Anpnete cs! ystria FYystriue <2... ween Pa oe eae 804
Pte TUS jon eek acapcce Genser oe | UllinoiansDritti a: pack «cde sensnacieves Ole
LOPLI see errs 154 Indian: Corns) -fedsscccs-ciesesteseeeees = |G
PME IEE OF 5... .souscotasceresass ces OOl- Indian Grass. fiiete see -seitacce= cacec Ok
Fresh-water Cord Grass. f/f. 141.... .... 200 Indian Millet. f. 104.. cypress aferstenic|e. WLAME
Fringed Brome Grass. f. 203............ 290 Indian Reed Grass. f. 17 Ge ented. LOD
ePMPRRMO RES S I 00 5. sk Sac) se seveclcces Ol Iowan Drift.. a . 372
Geology...... 361, 368 Italian Millet. +f 64.. ities 90
German Millet.. a cintasieean cclenes sms OO Ft Sk epee Ne Leese e's 83
Glyceria.. me aains ReeeR eee Lae og CG UQUCUS EA ein tor cee neletnels sae soaeie 86
RR: Species of. reteooaid calaacies © sigan 270 TLGQUCUS leeks enna tece es eeset, 89
Americana. f. 189, m. 278...... 270, 271 DETILCTULOALUS icc shcidosnioes chactciaeh eauetine LO
Boreas.) J. 191.. m, 278.... ...... 270, 274 hin 18 eS a geicts ae ODOR CURE LOS DOR En Bote mene Th
fluitans. /f. 190. m. 276...........270, 272 Jarava s. 124
Mervin, jf. 188. mM. 264......0.5... «ese 200 «= DO@chinea.. f = LOT
Glyceria: Job’s Tears f. 13. . s oeeete 19
BRIERE Urata 30s, 'o(<,<.5)2 6, <'<\siesisfols ais 0 0's, 00,0, x 510s 271 Johnson Grass. /. 25 aa siaeinastecccies eee, gat
DIMITAR So) <(e'sic ces Cones wisdes estes enc UL JUNEGTASS. ilo acasasa | mst 265
Grama Oats, Tall. ce LET a.) ances ROD Kalm’s Brome Grass. f. 206...... .. .. 295
GRAMINE.. : CO AS ePECUODATO, ae! Kansans Driftiecccctectstisd cies sssccteces = he
Key Peihe Pribes ef Sa te hacen se KeeledsBromen iiaclcenctsersese sted ss) OU0
Key to tribes of taackel Sole eae as els 4 Kentucky Blue Grass. f/f. 185..... ...... 268

452

ROG Orias oie. cine caiec ees chiccg corse Loy

Meadow Barley. /.236.....
Meadow Comb Grass.

PRLOL A ET RISD

INDEX.

222

eristata. | jenlooe I e20 Ss ser ene 222
Moelerias Ffnld6s ico nicacetede cotati: cmeee
Koeleria: -

TUT RAM rar csataiote las 6 sia sine evel mis ee rniole el pean terete 222

PORNSYIDONICH sn 5 8 ssecniy si Zlade ce Xe Be
HROTEATY loa Wa GORASSe. ae he aaleieeieeeee 40
KOT COTPUS : ciecin kee when bia etal -tsioe 241

CTUNMOUNGCOUS Lx oc bie iniwerals ests cee ere SHOAL

diandrus ...... : 241
Lachnagrostis ...... SS Ct Cee oe
Large Purple Aristida. f.85............ 119
Larger Short-awned Chess. ff. 210...... 300
TGASUAOTOSUIS = adie tistcesetc naar. Shy ne cieaice 124
Leersia...... Ae een aU aS

lenticularis. f 72. m. 93. . .-98, 102

oryzoides. f.71. m. 93. 98, 100

Virginica. f.70. m. 938. 98, 99
TE Pvurus: PANICULALUS: .hee- cae == -lctamtnn oes OOP
TICUCODOG be snaiseisonstan nak Coee ee we leeiemnep IE OR
afer Zones’. . 52.2 s2.606 . 888
Little Barley. f/f. 239 ~ 8Shb
Lolium . mee Uy

Key to the Species of See ee LO.

Italicum. f. 219. m. 312 Spat GEE 310, 311

perenne. 2 21S. MSAD AN odrcecanise 310

temulentum. f/f. 221. m. 312...... 310, 314
Lovium multiflorum........-...---- 311
Long-awned Poverty Grass. f. 89, 90.. 123
Long-glumed Wild Oats. f/f. 134......... 190
Long-leaved Reed Grass. f/f. 128 182
Long-leaved Rush Grass. /f. 111........ 157
EZ LO CTUUO GI 09s rave nictcisssloheles ols . 222
TONED 2 oc 3/2 i553 Seconded can ooeeecader fA
Low Spear Gracey 5 LV6 se ctensiamanete cers eee COD.
Lyme Grass:

Canada, 0 Fi 250 so. ioe eect lsesdsiseee oe ey POOL

Hairy-flowered. ff. 242.............-... 342

Macoun’s: f2i248\o. .5 seks ceases Nae ae

Robust. f. 251 oo

Slender. f/f. 245 PT STOP OC CEL OLU)
Macoun’s Lyme Grass. f/f. 243........... B44
Macoun’s Reed Bent. f/f. 124...... . 176
Macroblepharus...... . 224
Macrochloa.. eee ote eae eee Lee
Mais de Cee, Te eicte ude tee ete werersae, LL
Maize. /.3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, slike poe 8
Manna Grass:

Floating. /. 190 PS Shaemtac eric

IN OEVGG:,. 1-5 188 veces tnciva tres ccscleeer meme ie.

MIEN Moy eB WIRE 9775 0) doa naneo doc s5eKe. 152
Marsh Muhlenbergia. /.97....... .» 135
MAYDEH. /f.1, 2 8, 5, 6

Key to the Genera: ‘of: 6

Meadow Fescue Grass. /. 195.......... 280
Meadow Grass:
Annual. /. 176.... 253
OWS SAK UI SS ae ee stoke ayemie erin ye 262
Reed. /. 189.: Bio BAER E GM RA CLIC
Rough- sotalicese t 180. . 259

Meadow Grass—Continued.

Short-stalked. /, 159° s-.s.2. cesses eee
WiOlt Sra femlediw. oe . 259
Wiood). of-0182: .... ..cente ene 262
Melica........ . 213, 242
Key to the Species of «hei Ie ee
diffusa, f. 169. m. 249. abies Boe 243
mutica: Wfnty1.. is 240leeeee 243, 245
parvifiora. /. 170. m. 249. .. 248, 244
MCliCd) 2. saehaens odes? eee Vrce neu
GILISSTING 500 cass - vai Ven oaleie seem
mutica var. CTY as. . 243°
at var. glabra . 245
Melic Grass:
Narrow. Jf. 171", 2200. cet. . 246.
Small-fiowered. jf. 170..........2....-. 244
Tall, <ofs 169....:..00 25s elem Soca 243
Mesophites. $“\...¢. Seba peeeeeeee 393
Mesquite Grass. /f: 145 5.25.25 see
Hairy. f: 46...» jose 208
Mexican Drop Seed. /. 96........... 133
Miliarium wale
Milium). 0 >. <-ciced en eee 114; 145
effusum. jf. 105... 2 eee eee 145
Millet. (f)45.... ..5 ose eee 64
German, .....065.ccs05- ss seeeeeeD
Indian. /. 104 aie'h[os Shs) cm WOR ce ee
Italians f 64.2.0 loeaccasee eee 90
Pearl, (67 2.2.) 74: ieee eee
Whorled.. f..61 1.2.23 ...caesek ees
Wilds 5 105 os. snag pee 146
Miscanthus, ..)..<.)6500s 20 sere 22
Japonicus:. (216) <...2..45 06. ce ae 23
Mountain Rice, Black-fruited. ff. 103 143
Muhlenbergia................ ......l14, 130
Key to the Species of .................. 131
diffusa. 71.:98: m./189)25s2-e eee 131, 136
glomerata. 7.97: am.) 1307 7oo.0eee 131, 184
gracilis. » f. 102. m. 1395.05 ssueeeea ein
Mexicana. §..96. mm. 1272225 131; 132
sobolifera. 7.95, “am2ieseaeeeeeeeeee 131
sylvatica. f.101. m. 139.... 131, 140
Wildenovii. 7..99)....3..5.5. Genesee eee
Muhlenbergia:
Marsh. f..97-..50..0¢h0ee0 + oe ee 135.
ROCK iin Goenes wee a)k sas, 7 ee
Slender) 7 09eerne ae 138
Muhlenbergia:
GPIESTALD 5.x. sissies ss eee 2 147
GCUNNG«. covene, 0cclee lice e to 505 ee
ONO CED s wien! aie e.0:ainss Sale scainc> + 2 ee 147
VACEMOSA.....+-- . 184
SChrebent vaoa enema eee . 136
tenutflorG.ec.s Ss bons. Yee 138
Miugalurus | cen. 275.
Narrow Melic Grass. . 171. a ofdetee eee 246
Nasella 142
Nazis oie. ence iso siscitac0 anyone meee 40
Needle Grass: /.. 98... -.-- scempeeea <raiate eS
Nerved Manna Grass. /f. 188 ........... 270:
NGA SAT. ace cies sais cs glee (asl ple sielerere isles) ae eaaan 370.
Nimble-will. “f. 98%. 5. ciciecnreci s(cllsie anaes 137

Panicum ...
Key to the Species of

Atlanticoum. f 58. m. 73..........49,
PMREDIAMEEI sey | tt ela isles cies a
capillare. f 41. m. 48.............49,
clandestinum EY. aaieeteten eee
cognatum. /.44 m. “62. eee 49,
commutatum SO SRO EOD a Cnr eaicen
Grus-palli-: 7. 86. m. 48..... ...... 47,

es var. muticum. /. 37. m. 48.. 47,
depauperatum. /. 48. m. 62...... 49,
dichotomum AY ROO naa ne tinde
muisorme, 7:99 m. 48 .....0 2.05.47;
Rinerom, 7. 40. m. 48. ............47;
lanuginosum. /, 59. m. 73 49,
iatitolinm, ff. 54. M. %WZ..i.sccacce 49,
Melbereii, f. 56. mM. 78....5...2600% 49,
Dueamitolum: f.9560. .. © ¢.cias02.. 49,
Macrocarpon. /f. 53. m. 62........49,
miliaceum. /. 45. m. 62....... 49,
Minimum. /. 42. m. 62 49,
ipemioneum. 7. £9. “m:. 62.......... 49,
proliferum, /. 46. m. 62.. 49,

28

INDEX..

lamang Bescue. f. 297 .ccsecewseuseceus 282
MMEPEMESS OAPs. 250n% Src meee eon ccies es es 191
(ILE SiR ia 9 Re ee L)3)
Oats:
BUREEREI SJ LOE los nce siap esses came oe 188
SRM ALOS Ce nass Sccaieras excess crcncees LOO
Wild, Long-glumed. ff. 134,........ . 190
Parente Grass. (f. ATs... ices se ccs cee 58
LER S Betene ta ccinis ce cesses saceler sae (OO
NEETU TEM ie) Nive vivce ees sovclevut 50
mSranerTaiGrass. f. 174 ....5..ccc0e, wees 248
NSE MRTISTERTIME A o's 5. cceiaock ss sessacans OI
SEIEEESTULTUNIES Ca/a'a'sis 0 = \=/aicieleioiss case e hamele 124
Oryza 96, 105
UOTE acto Di eee 96, 105
Onvyeniclrandestinag .......... +... meyorcisce (810)
RPEMIONOMIETE =. OG Nas viviclvane's eo ences 85*5. 96
Oryzopsis.. es ee cee Tee Nal
Key edhe Sse yecies Bere sae > 142
cuspidata. /. 104. m. 139 Weve ta esrers 142, 144
melanocarpa. /. 103. m. 13) ........ 142
OryZOpsis MEMDLANACEA.......ceeeeeeeee 144
Osterdamia ... 40
SE SO ea csc acces seesisaccceeas AL
ORURISEVANONT AD ff, BB csc secs casecsesd, 40
Padia ; Sascoacmelenescsiens ACO
Pammel’s Wild Barley ieee 335
Pampas Grass. /f. 151. aoe sisece Aa rae els
MIRC AC EET ote Fei. <)uciz oS oes sein v dis Sale eimreel de 2
ayhOWHOEriIDes Of. ... c.0.c. cee: «| 8
PRESTR f Ollicitecios es ce sislecss++ Oy Oy 42
Key to the Genera of 43
Panic Grass:
PEEING ME Sadne cw ile acs acesccees., 80
BMSTIGOD. fe Laces gos ats ss et
Panicularia........ tele Mersratetpiovale srtuarejere a’ 1209.
MIDS TELE is ino clos sic locisaser ew cee ees QEL
Jluitans Breer rete
nervata Sey i!)

52

53

Panicum— Continued.
sanguinale. /. 40. m. 48.......... 47,
Scribnerianum, /. 67. m. 73 49,

SpNerOcarpONicw. sc eno. ¢

uncipbyllum. /. 60. m. 78. «49;
MIF ERC ade Mer Geiss se wee ws 49,
Walteris 75788) amas! iv.. 47,
Wilcoxianum. /. 55. m.73. AY,
XANtROPDYSUM!. 70s... 6c ccs eee 49,

Panicum.
Diffuse Purple. f. 44
airy ie oon cs. ean as aa
Harge-fnuwited. fi GBs... civ. 0.-m. ov oon.
IGGIbENeiss “HerbGMeccowacar cade senwetetin.
THINCATAIGAVEC eT a0 aeetita ces cane eetes
Porter’s. f. BRR oan Ss wate
Scribner's. a

52
p
¥e

Slender. /. der
Starved eit Lama waar caet eatin ceorests
AWAl elo SEEN Pa ilengece cue caduss Eo ore ne
PEOUTVECRENIUE 5 erakseye yates, oct, Theron ie Sere
QURUTUTCUI GS el omer aets evsinie eel eeis seat ee
capillare minimum ...........2..0. +0.
Crus-galli var. hispidum
depauperatum var. laxa@

GQUVET GENS Te Seen ten ashi ne oes

CUSUUNT I Wise eae Lae Ra Sea se
GNICULONUITIUES son ote on cttteees
REIN TLECUNE se mets eeeedt as tees isictericien
glaucum......

HOMO COGD ON a te oktober ten Gee
TO A LALIT ie ete tece ier el ER EHOTIG CARGO Ce
hispidum

LURID MUS UOTTO tas Ne Ce tae eee a oe et as
TP RORER GTN ORAS ten AACA Ht AB SE
UUREUKC rascal raajesi ersten me eerste
pauciflorum...... ..
polyanthes
Porlerianum ...
pubescens...
eee

ee

var. Tr either nai Nek NE 0
NERTLESSCENSElaxe cece Sorece
verticillatum
CUT CENE “Pes Goce tacat
Walteri .

Basset
Key to the Bpreniee! one Apa Baan nat eee
ciliatifolium®: of, /d3. "mm. 189)... 5, <n. 44,
LEMMA ACCULIN. Mjisioe sae ciewecclecs vere

POST OUMT eee een coe teies oie eeteee ee
BATU OTOL ORR EAE OSA BOCOOOEOUSA SIGS ACC
AGBRYDIMYUMTM re) sic tcreieiciees acts Sl hase
TP UTONMUC sasha 2 lacks bis ocicisiecwerseieasact a
SON QUANGIE ine 58) ole niscs-divie) de ceisisolee.c
setaceum var ciliatifolium
OT CTAAITUIN ceetie ic visi Sancn hewiceslae teas

Gara tie @ fanO detected’. o:s'ealeeleyat ose eile

Penni SSCUNU GSS 5 cas se ceca cscs emer
orn i tragh bts Sooeeo es semoksecateinin Gor AeD.cic
SEE MOL VET io a et APOE RAMOS Gh cdg
Ligolator(aleyibons) aliigedpeoceo, cic. woe

sayN2 a emDoaonra
wrawnnweon

434

INDEX.
PCRTISCUUNY <20-, a oaw sao Seiscls nae ap taser ieee 83 Poverty Grass. f. 82....s0+-0:-)neee
DET ICTLUCULUTTD wate te Sees aie eacis eee meee ent 84 Long-awned. /. 89) 90 ......4.4sseeeeles
Pentameris.... .. : : - 192 Prairie Rush Grass. ff. 11/...-s2s5seeeeebo
Perennial Rye Grass. Hor laa coe Daag n 310 Prairie Triple Awn. f. 86 . 120
PHALARIDEX% . ease .-4,5, 105 Prairie Xerophytes.. Jains sles eee ee
Key to the Genera of. Ma aiet Sra ieee MLOO. Precipitation Data for Towel cose eee eee 386
AI ATES Se se ts eae ee ae on tobe sma ete 106, Pre-Kansan Drift... <2 .ceseeese eens 372
Key to the Species of . 106 PSUMINGRE emtenicce okie . 181
arundinacea. /. 75, 70. ™. “104. somiaens “106, 108 PSCUCOPOD 5 iscccies | :c0cr2\sc0n soo eaten
Canariensis. f. 76. m, 104 ......... 106, 107 Plilagrosvisc... «c= pee dee eee Eee 124
Phalaris Purple Aristida. [2 S2. ..<. -«.. 2o-2eee eee
CU ULC OBS OF TIVES! ciayotael = nisin) ae keral er ete fate otetes aot 197 Quack Grass. /. 228.5..2- >-ecs-seene eee
OTN ZOLOES. acerca hae a Soma ee pear OO. Quaking’Grass. ff. 1750-2. vide) OL
Phieum.. a sevdeoeasesercee M14, 148 Rebouled,...-=..... 2 2yenlaseceee teem a
Tekenen = 01. nS, eromanipecs ac ite Red Wesene Grass. /f. 192 .-osso-emeeeeee 279
Ted sti: 9 008 hot eos se Oe ODOT ODD 213,215. Red Top: 7: 120, 125)2c-.- ses eee nee
communis (fsJp2. “my 220 see ee eiecene PLO Sharp-pointed. /. 126.... 5.1.2.2 ssseeeemiae
PRP OOIULESS. oe one cies Ee COO eee Dal 5: vacate . deewneh Ganteeee eae 219
Phragmites ....... wre 16, Reed 27-2152 05 A connec soe ieee 216
vulgaris siNS AN Reet a od cla an Seis ERCAGLO. Reed Bent, Macoun’s. f/f. 124 SAR:
Physiography ... Leh oesalecteste aaa OL Reed Canary Grass. fi. 77. seen oer 108
IPiveoniGrass: *fiiGozaeses vce so sco caletes 86 Reed Grass.
PU DCGUerqwin x cnlon om cipekieinina\s clits sae 242 BOgs fe 127) oe. ooo eee . 180
Piptochaetium BBOS ese cceaoanadnnes VER Indian. /. 117... ..:csecske seen 165
Plume'Grasss ofc a7 soos oe cccboee 24 Long-leaved. f.. 128.2... <.ciescesetereeemiee
POR reese once mane chic 212, 213, 252 Slender. /f. 119).....:..ses.sseee seen
Key to the Gnecize of Sale sila nial afeisels seers 253 Reed Meadow Grass. f. 189.......-.00.- 242
AOUMUA ys 270. A edOn ee nee aeeees 253 Relchela ..... sen LTS
arachnifera. f/f. 186, m.264....213, 253, 267 TROMDOLYET UM, ©. ccinn, «acl se toes ieee 218
Chapmaniana. f. 177. m.249. .... 258, 255 Rice-cut Grass. f.71------ . 100
compressa. f. 178. m.249........ 253,255 Rice.
Gebiliss | fi: 279. mm) 249.25. - cc ceesmeoss el Wild. - $169... .<.2:.;0<1001-1 eee eee 97
HAV Ae WiclOo pois sok eas oe ciel e eiaiealdafeen COBH EOS Black-fruited Mountain. f/f. 103....... 143
MENTOLALSS fi 162.9 NOL. ee ceeeDareOL Richardson’s Wheat Grass. f. 222...... 315
pratensis. 7.185. m.264.......... 258, 265 Robust Lyme Grass. f.251.............. 3092
TENG TALIS: i.) 160. e OSs oecas) iereee 253, 258 Rock Muhlenbergia. jf. 95.5.2-9-e)eeeeeenloe
WOT fn an eO4e en wearers 253, 259 Rock Series, The..... ....<5...-=2-0sseeeiee 368
Ith 4 eRe ae OAR GHaES OD COCO OTe OSOGT CLE ROCQNETIG «21-02, lais-eesa0 .0'5.citie eee eee 3l4
aquatica var. Americand..........-- 271 Rottboellia paniculata ... ..-....2. +0024. 202
CEST VAL: SUPICTION: sac cc ecectes er aeOL Rough-stalked Meadow Grass. f. 180... 259
capillaris . . 225 Rush Grass:
Caroliniana .... sails ssieisle sists oateeoOll Long-leaved. /f. 111.....-cc-sscseeeeel
CE SIULOUS 2c, ata laiecie isr{O leeches see eee 255 Prairie. f: 214) 10. bocce eee 160
TLETVONG:. «istics ele nie bia Sierras eneieieoian miette 270 Sand. f. 215. ....4.ss0s 2 eee eee
hypnoides _. : Peete teee Sleathed: f. 112. 22... cece = pepe
pratensis var. l Gigustiaie. eee 83) Small. f. 113. ..5.. i525. +e 159
SETOUNG...-- vanes diessoaerians cosaseenes 262 Rye. Ff. 23002. «isis ser lcene ners
RESTETLOLOLES ccahe wis «ais Aatsiv en since ate 219 Rye Grass:
tenuis . ie 226 Italian. ~f. 219: ..2+ j.cces aeeereeeeeeemeeee
POACE” . Cars B.staiaeerse 3 perennial. f. 218........-..ss+0+-----2- SLO
Key to the Tribes BS Sails oer Schemes nae bee short-spiked. f. 249.. ...2cscceres . 350
[eter |, Cayo Remy en Ia ease ta oso cscrtne 9 Saccharum......-. 2.54.2... see 22
PUGOSCEMMUND «nes ss Seldie aul rete cicero 130 officinarum. f: 28... .<2.<.-% sesso eee 25
PPOLQUIM Incite oeraieie eile woes ate lowes sys eateke SMES Sa t Marsh Cock-spur Grass. f. 38 . 53
Poison? Darnel; wiagel at kacestashs sles e cole Sandbur. 2 65. - 5. nis. seis soe eee 92
POVYTER ETUC wah oases vjeoters # veloctiater oes 340 Sand Grass. f. 150.........0.0- 00s. 221
Polypogon glomeratus .......---.--.+++. 1dt Sand Rush Grass. f. 115 . 161
PPO TUCELEULO in slat sates nininei inlets eieteusie) faites iar 199 SQUGSCANG ccs oe cose occ « «cel dele testes ieieeete 111
Popi@orn =. sf, 7. 12} ce sesstos eerie cs ee OGOTGLA 0.00.5 ssece sors 20h dene eee
Porenpine Grass, 75.92... -peecsesmesiet lcd Schedonnardus ...........-.++++- .. 194, 201
YE NOTE? EL RG CORREIA OE DOBRO OEIC ISOE ODE 269 paniculatus. f. 142. m, 203....... .. 201

INDEX. 435

EBOOTNGANOUS TEXLANUS, ..-..-..ss%0000 202 Spear Grass:

Schedonorus .275, 284 Chapman's Geli s2 cdeclccieoe ccc eek eno
MEINE Sai 3s ei fe s 0:00) Geers) 5 Payeat ROD VIO Word 8/i Lo Osteria cx co ciate yi ce bite en coe ae
NRL Bseoia ican wie vaere's oGninish inre'sio\owiscjesine COO Southern. /. 163 233

Scolochloa sn ORS 214, 268 WW Caler 7 e170 Nae oe cee 257
festucacea. f/f. 187. m. 264 POOR YF EM IIMACIURLO TO. Rarer <carcle «cae Joc seta te tke 155

Scolochloa, Fescue. f. 187............4. 268 Spike Grass, Broad-leaved. /.172...... 247

Scolochloa arundinacea ..............s008 DASiE SDOLODOIM Ace cecdest seas adcctacsi: 114, 155

ee e.. 309, 325 + -Key to the Species of... Pe 156
Seeaeee 7 637. m. 324 _ 325 cryptandrus. Thy 0 _ 153 Basie “156, 161

Serrafalcus. ye | 284 euspidatus.§ f- 114, mm. 153........156, 160
caalice _.. 307 heterolepis. PO Gel Oana 156, 162
cs .... . 303 longifolius: 7 117% mi.’ 163-..........< Ib6
squarrosus an : 306 neglectus. f. 113. m. 153.. ......156, 159

etic ai yas’. _ Ql vaginaefiorus. /. /12. m. 153... 156, 158

ec fT Sporobolus, Strong Scented. /. 1/6 162

Setaria - - 3, 83 snorobolus: i
Key to the Spevies of DOH SCO TOR OOS EOCS 84 AS DEIN Ana pie ceete dS pons, e le ance eee
Germanica . .... weceeees cores cress 89 DE CONOULUS! (ace. Soy coewisic.s sails, oe Ota teiede lOO
glaua. f. 62, m. 93............. 84 86 NOUR OM 2 seers sstee neiaen las «ine. kee eae SE ee 158
Italica. f.6%, m. 93 ...........- 84, 89 ’ vaginceflorus.. BeBe ees nne 159
mernietieta, fi 61. IW. 13. <s.cicc...--. 84 Spreading Rene (Gries fay 307
viridis. f. 63. m. 93... --++++ 84, 87 Gauirrel-tail Grass, f. 235...... ........ 332

Sharp Pointed Red Top. f/f. 126......... 178 Siipa ses oe ; “114, 124

Sheathed Rush Grass. /f. 112........... 158 Key to the species a 2) a8

PIED IMGSCHO nan. <aclcjccw es a oe seceetes 281 comata. f. 93. m. 127, Mie he 125, 128

Short-stalked Meadow Grass /. 159.... 227 spartan. ff 94 mm, 187...#........ 125, 129

Short-awned Chess. f. 209.............. 207 viridula. f. 91. mM. 127....0. se.-2-0. 125

BremIeSNeSCHO, f. 196.606 sees eee esee 281 Stipa: :

Short-spiked Rye Grass. j. 249....... . 350 Green yl PCO ee ree cae Lene nas sca elee

DEPEND TEM) ais tse cwsee ones es oanes 218 Wieekorl Piet aia tea
areealee Meee ess, + Aet Stipa membranacea. ff. 104............. 144
seslerioides .... ..... ny AD | Spee LO DISTR Cart UA ates a so. 192

Sioux Quartzite -.......2.--.... ses +s ee SUCDLACHNG ssccehcaidd = Saws aca teleoe es eeore 124

SisudersAristida. 7.98 ......--<.ceeceee5 122 Sieleonarne ee eee I Ne 148

Blonder Drop-seed Grass. f. 102........ 14 Strong-scented Sporobolus. f/f. 1/6..... 162

Bien eseue/Grass. jf, 192 .....-..... 276 Sweet Vernal Grass. /f. 78,79........... 110

Blender lyme Grass. f. 245............. 345 Sunliietieniasc: 6 fee goed Se ewletersinn ca
Ball's. ff. 246... 2000: sect teee enc eres 347 PUG OTIS Aso ee ae Ae eee 54

Slender Muhlenbergia. /. 99 ........... 188 naira mt a Pe 55

Blender Reed Grass. f. 119............. 167 linearis.......... Ransaitee sn Cetin eases) DO

Slender Wheat Grass. /. 224 ........... 318 preseox : earn BY

Slough Grass. /. 140, 141........... 198, 200 ee iS METAS A 51

DNA etnies scice vs cciesesisiasaesecsee et Be DANE bla eee 55
DED ODT eee eee eee 34 aed et ee ae ae, eis 54
RE SPEERED AI eta o\ colo «\ c ciein!o\c\0/</e\0\ «| hs\o <;e/aieh starts = ScenCoral, fis he ee ae le
eg ooo oF {Sarit Grasse fap} Oe 68
PPE ca c[c oases sien scevievcscecvcce 38 Pall Fescue Grass, /.195...... ...-. 280

Spartina...... Euiee sian. duseaeieeee 5 1O4Ss, 199 Tall Grama Oats. f. 114......0..-... 200. 205
eynosuroides. f. 141. m. 203......... 199 Pall Melic Grass. /. 169... 00.20. 220.2. 243

SugarCane. /f. 18. ZO Pallets Top, falaceaetng. cas. seeeeee 219

Small-flowered Melic. , 100... 244 Temperature Data.................+----. 386

Small Rush Grass. /. 113............... LO Te Teasin bees as ee sen see chee, a

SteESEOWIO, f5°.198).. 2.6 sc c0s sca eos 285 TornelinGrase.. Wippew on an cie once cee 341

Smooth-glumed Fringed Brome. /. 204.. 293 Awnless. /. 241. ieeees) (B42

Smooth-spiked Chess. /. 208............ 297 Thalasium.... .. SOA A ROR REA ck 47

PITRE LU Tossa sic cleo.) vinieeeees'vces oc 206 Nexas\OrabiGrass. jf J42.2..0..0.4 = nen 202

MEER cocefa) ecinereen eecseceses OIG. NIM GEASS fall) sac ase cencuscmeerees 171

Solenachne........... Sate ees cieleias LOO PE IMOU Yan Wii LO cris ata ore ee teanene cee 149

Southern Spear Cae + 163. Py SS 233 AU ANG Re an inate Sees OPE Bre ots earns 198

436

Topography, General, of Iowa......... 382
TOTROS UG atone Beare ecetre sateen scent cere Luk
POBAGHIS Sammie mene eo es ys SOC nee ore OO.
POZE Aad hate eae ey nese neiis aa6s nese OO
TV ACIUTIOUE: Semmens eine = > ais Sa a teleeine ere 199
TPAQENUTUNDS. tem sae eoeienlers ae kee ime acs L DO
Triaphis Gielen
THICHOMULIN dead raceee tas + eedoins see nen ae RLOD

PUJCIMOAUS. Jo daeasidcien Los ecuetiesipar cise or abe

VADIFOUUIU Seo Re cnet cathe hee eines ew
ET ACUS US wm oer sion atden alan eietclatse

UNITE CS ion act cinoe eee aainc seme Renee
Meh e Paes eA e eEITG OM Me Bees eos
PPV LOGI ays taee cers seston ie

Key to the Species of................... 218

CHPLEa eos Ns SLU one te eee LO

purpurea. f. 155. m. 220.........218, 221
Triplasis...-.: Ftc AIC Cees.
TriplasiS PUTPUTED ... v.20. --0+ 0+ -c0scces ORL
Triple-awned Grass.

IPRAITTOn pee OO. eed & cneiceiciatatels

DUtpeae 2105 cexaee a Seeere cronies aie MLL:
TEPID SHUI soccer sos coe sos cd seee nT OsneO

Gacryloides) Myla Od: ait teeter ae 21
EE ES TSS GDN AN oiia'ais 67a eeeclasieisierl n=
Triticum..... SON Vee Baoeiene steer DUGsE eno

vulgare. jf. 251: 282. “m, 3242.5. ...22- 327
Triticum sativum
Tufted Triple-awned Grass. /. 83 ..... 117
PoumbleiG@acsss PaGl deemed sess ce aetmecs) WS

Spiral. ele tsek cas ase ciccicet oacoaeae eo
Purkey-LootiG Tans fs) olsen, = a ieisiosises 29
PwimiG Tass. 7. L68 soe sctscs <a < se tse secre eel
Two-rowed Barley. /. 233, 234.........- 330
DUI ILO GES walotatary tenis ele oie eiarerel einai sioleiel era 106
LUBY Rete Reese sone AcocdoseAcee Bost ras ce a

Natta felon mere oc sce sieisesiernerice: 247
Upland Bent Grass. /. 123.........-. .. 174
Wipright Chess. f2, 214. 2 no: sactase wesan son BUF
GRACHILC = Sor irae Baca see seen cet en aia 142
UPGIEDIS on. n See eee Seca ened eaeeanee 218
Vanilla Grass) 7. (8002.5 <2 tee encsieicecess Leo
Vanilla Grass, Sweet. /. 78, 79......... 110
J VCE A Papp ponboctica.piocadcascccenbeecéaa 2)
Welveti Grass: fe 280) ccletisise «ao- eee 185
Vilfa.... eae sastdarcitiet anne tat eeneae tate OD:

CTUDLON OO sccoaetnte icine Dearest cee LOL

INDEX.

Vilfa— Continued.
CUSPIAGLA .2 2s. 60nd dee ncdatl ane
heterOlepts) «5.0% sine 5s ome a ee
VAGUNACHLOTE) ic. 5.2. 02.2000 Were 158

VU DT Prarsnjceae

Walter’s Paspalum. ff, 32.........0.--:- 44

Weak Spear Grass. jf. 1792.2 sssaeeeeee 257

Western Wheat Grass. /.°225........-. old

Wheat. 7:282). 932: ....2 0010 tne eee

Wheat Grass:
Awned. (f7223-c cule
Richardson’s: -f.. 2282.5.) ae cee eee
Blender. :)'224 -:ncatcsccue, Celtene eee
Soft. Western. f. 226:....--csecseue eee
Western. jf. 225....-1--ee eee

White.Grass.. {. 70°:..:255 see essen 99

Whorled Millet... 72 /60.0-csocestcee eater

Wild Barley. 7. 996. 3..0..0sseee eee 335

Wild Millet. f. 105..<. jen. -sesloster eee

Wild Rye, Arkansas. f. 244...........- 345

Wild Timothy. 2 20l22e.-seeeeeeee = ay 108

Windsoria... nace, Seapets

WireiGrass. jf. 147, 178sss-seeeeeee

Wisconsin Drift.... ... . 725 (2 eeeeenene

Wolf's Meadow Grass. ff. 181..........- 259

Wood'Chess. /- 200) 250 Jenne ss seee eee

Wood Brome Grass. ff. 200 .... ...... 288

Woodland Drop Seed. /f. 101............ 140

Woodland Xerophytes 3 alee eae? Ree

Wood Meadow Grass. /. 182

MCLOPHDYtES....!.)s:.00 ss Sess eee Se eteel el ete ame

Zieh... fi Ber ction doe eee sax, ee 6, 8
amylacea, ........-- 3 3..s)lecee eee ee
amyleasaccharata ............-.. ... 10
canina. ff. 4.... 10
everta.. f: S07; 12.22 coeeneeee 9
indentata. / 3,6 9
indurata. 9
mays. 8
saccharata: {..3; 8 /.2..sasseee eee 10
tunicata.. (f)/5.\. 5.22. ice eee 9

ZEOCTIUON. 0... sas ete eee AB as

96
97
388

f. 8,9...

ZFAZADIS wos sacccees Lise oc eee

aquatica. f. 69. E
Fones, Wife sic. +s +2008) see
Zoysia
ZLOYSIEAB «<2: 010.010 avs c(o1on Ree eee 5

vit i ;
4 in ry \ vu
ee sae ioe WM iPad at
, Thtae . top! i
s t l
ates : ‘ r
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